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Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 aiHNM I '^..• iV**. * [The Extent, Manufactu Latitude, places ; A DETAIL PRI] I A succinct A the United same Wo pean Ga ILLUS1 tsi-^^ tHE FIKs WITH Gi PU ' I IIIIBIUMI BROOKES's GENERAL GAZETTEER IMPROVED j OR, A NEW AND COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY: CONTAINIJfo ^ DESCRIPTION OF THR [empires, kingdoms, states PROViMrvc „w^. FOUTS. SEAS. HARBOURS RIVERS LaJ^; ^I^^^' ''°WNS, CAPES &f ^^^^> MOUNTAINS, IN THE KNOWN WORLD. I CO VERNMEKT CUSTOMS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION OP THE INHABITANTS, '"■"^">'* I Lawiide, Be,rmj, «nd Di.unt," i„ tLSj Sr"',""'' '-»»lfi>"de. p.-.., -,d ^ ,„,.„. ,„„„ t; i'McK-t^r.fei'SrS.I'' INCLUOINO A DETAIL OP THE COrwrivQ ».t^ I TOGETHER WITH I sa^e Work; in^lucVthe n.^erus ™U^^^^^^^^ pe.n Gazetteers, respecting this ^^:t':^:::^T:^i:;^^- ILLUSTRATED BV EIGHT MAPS. NEATLY EXECUTED.' ^^•^ > ^ OHIGINALLV- vVkUtEN BYR^. BROOKES. M. D. fun Ftssr AMERICAN tnirtoN «•*«« *»„ ■" -- --^ ^p» ^x.o.sAi:r,;rvE?E^ -rrE:Er:r,T' PUBLISHED BY JACOB JOHNSON, ^ CO -W,. 147, MARKET.STREET, John Biok en. i»«iNTsg. . 1806. ^ / '>^';^5 ^ DISTRICT OF PE/^/vsri.rjj^ru, «. % L. S. Vi it RtmrmbtreD. That on the twentieth day of . *;'^''""7' ,'" *he thirtieth year of the Indcnemlence of 'he United States of America, A. D. J 806. Jacob John- omr.^h T-T^u r'^'t*' "'"^ '^''''■'"' havcdeposhcd in this office the rule of a Book, the r.ght whereof they claim as Proprie- tors, in tlie words following, to wit : '« Brookes's General Gazetteer Improved ; or, a new and com- pendiousGeo^raplucul Dictionary, containing a descriptionof the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Forts, U'^""' «r ."■"' B'"'''' ^'''"' Mountains. Capes, &c. in the ^nown World. W.th the government. Customs, Manners, and Rehgion of the Inhabitants; the Extent, Boundaries and Natu- « ral 1 roductions of each Countryj the Trade Manufactures, and Curiosmes of the Cities and Towns, their Longitude Lari- - « tilde, Bearings and Distances in English Miles, from remarkable place: i and ihe various events by which they have been distin- « guislitd. Incluuing a detail of the f:ounties. Cities, Boroughs, Market-towns, and principal Villages, in Great Britain and W ! If "d/ together with a succinct Account of, at least. Seven hun- « dred Cities, Towns and Villages in the United States, more than «' has appeared m any preceding Edition of the same Work ; in « which the numerous mistakes and deficiences of European Ga- « zetteers, respecting this country, are corrected and supplied. « [""^'•ated by Eight Maps, neatly executed. Originally written « by R. Brookes, M. D. The first American EdUion from the « latest European, with great additions and improvements in every In Conformity to an Act of the Congress of the United States entitled, « An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Propri- etors of such Copies, during the times therein mentioned." And al- so to the Act, entitfed <« An Act Supplementary to an Act, entitled, **r £r" 5.?'" ^^^ Encouragement of learning, by securing the Copies ot Maps, Charts, and Books to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies durmg the times therein mentioned" and extending the Benefits thereof to the Arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other Prints." o o o b. {, ^ala UiiT. Lib. AU(] 2 'i 1934 J). CjtLDWELL, Clerk of thel District of Pennsylvania. $ twentieth day of le Indcpeiulence of ) 806. Jacob John- c deposited in this r claim as Proprie- or, a new and com- j a description of the ics, Towns, Forts, 5, Capes, &c. in the toms, Manners, and undaries and Natu- Manufactures, and lir Longitude Lati- ;s, from remark able !y have been diitin- , Cities, Borouijhs, eat Britain and Ire- it least. Seven luin- ed States, more than he same Work i in of European Ga- !ctc.1 and supplied. Originally written n Edition from the movements in every the United States, aming, by securing uthors and Propri- itioned." And al- o an Act, entitled, securing the Copies roprietors of such ,nd extending the aving, and etching ELL, Clerk of the 1 t of Fennaylvania. $ AOVniTISEMEN T TO THE TWRLFTF EDITIO.Y. Tims eilition has been carefully revised and corrected ; and besides the considerable improvements which have been intro- duced in former editions of this Gazetteer, the publishers have availed themselves of all the latest and most approved publica- tions, which could be of any utility in the compilation of this work. Park's Travels into Africa have been consulted, and the alterations introduced by that traveller into the geography of Africa h.ive been particularly attended to ; the bte Embassy to Ava, and Journey to Thibet, have been carefully perused, and several alterations in the Geography of these countries have been introduced, besides the names of several towns and other topographical corrections. No pains have been spared to render this edition as correct as possible, and every publica- tion has been consulted by the publishers, from which new geo- graphical information could be obtained. The very material changes which have been introduced in the state of the differ- ent kingdoms of Europe within these few years, by the vicissi- tudes of war, or the still more uncertain operations i internal turr.ult, have been particularly noticed, and the historical events have been all brought down to 1801, except such as happened while the work was at press ; and the distances, longitudes, and latitudes have been given with all possible accuracy. iNaddittotitO'theittlprovemetits detailed in the foregoing adVertisetnenti the present edition being the first of this well known Gazetteer, that has islmed from the American press, con- tains a description of at least 700 principal towns, &c. in the United States ; which, doubtless, will render it the most valuable edition of the work that has yet appeared. Am. Ed. I ;y?fc''.i.i>|,wii.i.yh*te..ai... AN INTRODUCnON TO ASTRONOMY AND GEOGRAPHY. ASTRONOMY, i» the «cicnce of the celntial bodies ; and Ckoor a- PHTjU A dencription of the Earth. A» the^e two scientes have, in many retpecti) a ncceskary connection, we shall talie a cursory view oC each. OF ASTRONOMY. AsTRONOMT is a sciencc, which has been the study and admiration of the most remote ages. The true system of the universe appears to have been known in iht earliest times. Pythagoras, in particular, who flour- ished near 500 years before Christ, was undoubtedly acquainted with the present do trine of the planetary motions, which he is supposed to have learned during his reiiidence with some more enlightened nations in the East. Hence this doctrine, for many ages was called the Fythagorean System. Thiit system supposes the Earth at rest in the centre of the universe, and that the heavens revolve round it from east to west, carry- ing all the celestial bodies along with them, in twenty-four hours. Be- ing coi>«onant to appearances, it was adhrred to for mi ; that beings of our Wc now proceed es round that iumi> lours, or little less ear. Being seldom Sun, and no spots axis, or the length ce from the Sun is al revolution round >ur. These calcu* bllowj.are founded enusover the Sun^ different positiors |appcarances of rlie ly round, a quite tly toward U8| but nee the largest) of 68i89l,OUO miles [iltrs an hour, corn- hours, or about lies, and her diur- lur day« and eight Sun, she rises be- ' ; and when sha evening, and is jrnately, for about (ears, through a te* lo5, 173,000 miles INTRODUCTION. distant from the Sun, and by travelling at tiie rate of 58,000 miles an hour, performs its annual revolution in 365 days, five hours, and 49 minutes, which is the space of our year. This motion, althou • h r20 times swifter than that of a cannon ball, is little more than half the ve- locity of Mercury in his orbit. The diameter of tlie Earth is 7,970 miles ; and as it turns round its axis every twenty-four hours, from west to east, it occasions an apparent motion of all the heavenly bodies from east to west, in the sam.' time. The line which it describes in its annual motion is call'd the ecliptic, and in this line it proceeds from west to east, according to the order of the signs of the zodiac. This motion is the cause of the dilfereiit seasone of spring, summer, autumn, and winter, and con- sequently of the dilfcient hngthofday and night in these seasons. The rotation of the Earthon its axis in twenty-four hours, makes it day in those parts which are turned toward the Siin, and night in the parts which are tamed from him. It is; now received as an incontrov?" ' ie truth, that the Earth is of a spherical figure, nearly lesembling th t of a globe. This is evident from the voyages of several celebrated circumnavigators, who, by steering continually wes ward, arrived, at lenjjth, at the place whence they departed ; which could never have happened, ha I tlie Enth been of any other than p spherical figure. This form is also evident from the circular appearance of :he sea itself, and the cir-umstances which attend large objects when seen at a distance on its surface ; for, when a ship is sailing from the shore, we firit lose sight of the hull, af- terward of the rigging, and, at last, discern the top of the mast onlv. This is evidently occasioned by the convexity of the water between the eye and the object ; for, otherwise, the largest and most conspicuous part would be visible the longest. Another proof of the globular form of the Earth is taken from the circular form of its shadow on the face of the Moon, in the time of an eclipse. The unevennesses on the surface of the Earth, which are caused by mountains and vallie;, do not afford an objection to its being considered as a circular body : for the most lof- ty mountains bear less proportion to the vast magnitude .f the Earth, than the small risings on the coat of an orange do to the oranijc itself, or a grain of sand to an artificial globe of a foot in diameter. Accordingly, we find, that these tnfling protuberances occasion no irregularities in the shadow of the earth, during the time of a lunar eclipse. It has been de- monstrated, however, that the Ear h is not a perfect globe. Sir Isaac Newton found, by mathematical talculatians of the action of srravity on a revolving sphere, that the Earth must be flatted toward the poles; which hypothesis was fully confirmtd by the mensuration of a degree in Lapland and France, from which it appeared, that the polar diameter of the Earth is to the equatorial as 229 is to 330 ; or, tiiat the regions of the equator are elevated about thirty five iniies more than those of the poles; and that the true fi-;ure of the Karth, coiisequtntly, was that of an oblate spher id, or a body nearly resembling an orange. 4. Mars, the next planet beyond the orbit of fhe Earth, is distant from the Sun 145 OD.OO'i miles. He moves at h' rate of 55,000 miles an hour, and completes his revolution rount' "-he Sun in little less than two of our years. His diameter is 5,150 mi! i> -nd his diurnal ro- tation on his axis is performed in twenty-foui houi^ and thirty^nine minutes. He somciraes appears gibbous, but never horned, like the ^ Tin INTRODUCTION. Moon; which evidently demonstrates, thnt his orbit includes thtt of the EHith, and that he shines not by any native light. llTTl t diversified with spots like the Moon j and fron, his fuddy a d ob , e ap- LZT' "• '"" r %°"l °''"'" ^•"•""-^'^"ces. it is concluded; tt his atmosphere is nearly ot the same density, with that of the Earth. 5. J-mT^H, the largest of all the planets, is the next in the system beyond Mars. Hi, distance from the Snn is 494,990,000 miles.^ h" travels at the rate of 39,000 miles an hour, and comple.esTis annual V';;r."i'i;s"'S'"rf '"^ 'r •^^^■^•^ ei-^y-- ^is dtn-xt 94,100 mil s 5 and, by a prodiRious rapid motion on his «is. he oer- oims lus diurnal rotation in nine hours and fifty.six mi." es. The Uiescopicanpearanceof, his planet affords avast field for t e cu ous in! quner. t is surrounded hy several faint substances, resembling belts or bands, whuh are parallel to the plane of .ts oibit. They are not re^ ular or constant in their appearance ; for sometimes onc'oX is t^b; k own "toT"""" ?"• ' '""^ '!' '''' '"'" ^='-' '*° of themJavc b.e„ known to disappear rl.,nng the time of observation. This planet is al- so d.versi ed with a nnmber of large spots, which are on the b g te t which aVeS.- 1 I *'^"'' '"i P"'"''^- "'^ ""'°'"' °^ '"^"ites. Which arc tour in number, were discovered by Galileo, in 1610. soor af ra;;:;ryrsS'^ '-'-'- ■' ^^ ^"^ ^^''= ^- -- ^'-v:::d ;ili fm!.; fh'17'"'' '"'. T' P'""'.* '''y""'' J"Pi''='-' 5» 907,956.000 miies fiom the Sun ; and, by travelling at the rate of 22,000 miles an Tour periomis Ins annual circuit round that luminary in about twenty nie and a ha i o our years. , diameter is 77,9^0 miles ; and h^fs "ur! rounded by belts, like j • , by observations nn which Dr. H.rsche ten honis and sixteen .n.p.. .s, ^,^,,„ -^ ^^^^ ^^ be attended bj IiY'Ihr; ""• '^'^"'1' fi- -ere discovered in the la teen ury^ and tleoth.r two werr first observed by Dr. Herschell. in ("88 a' that seve, ! ot the. stars may frequently be .cen between the inward sur. face ot the ring and the body of the planet ; its distance fromwhich equal to It. breadth, which is about 2 1,000 miles. This r2 wa 5i coverrdbyHuygens, about the y-ar 1655. "S was ais- ped the observation of every astronomer (at least as a planetUill The 3th of March 1781, when it was seen by Dr. HerschellV who gave it he nanie of Gcor^nm Sidu., as a marl: of respect to his pr'e.ent nfaTesty and to convc y an idea to posterity of the time and rlace of the discovery Its distance from the Sun is 1,816,455,000 miles, which is nineteen tunes greater than that of the Earth. Its diameter is stsSo miles" about 82 ) eais. It shines with a taint steady light, somewhat paler Ind secnl ;"' i'^^T'^-' '^= ^PF^^nt diamete? being only b'^Tt Zr etonds, It can seldom be seen plainly by the naked eyefbut may be ea T y diccovered ma clear night, «hen above the horizon by a gJod tdc cope. Six satellites, attending n, on it have since been discovered- Beside d>7y plai centres o those pri our Eart turn; an of their bodies, i from the The A roost cons annual pn by adiffe Moon it% in bulk, Mnonon I once round face td us noon throi additional i various par and every same natun telescopes i forl7»7,hr rala&tronoB every tpo* of them by attending t subjecu W the other ha comes bet we wards us. enlightened s she comes to ward the Ei call the Full Earth. Froi the other hall everyday till she disappeari Comets, planets, '1 he round the Sun, rections. J'h, ery tails, wh eludes th>t of I'his |)k ' t is d obscure ap- luded, that his Earth. in the system )0 miles. He Mes his annual iis diameter is IS axisi he per- i^iuutes. The the curious in- mbling belts or ;y arc not rcg- c only is to be ;hem have bren lis planet is al- n the brightest : to various muo s, or satelliteSf 1 1610, soon af- t discovered till ',956,000 miies ) miles an hour, ut twenty-nine and he is sur- ;h Dr. Hrrschel s performed in [be attended by last century ; in U88. A ,uch a distance, he inward sur- from which is IS ring was dis- Ltem, had esca- lplanet)till the 1, who gave it Treiicnt njajesty, the discovery, bch is nineteen [35,220 miles ; lies *n hour, in Iwhat paler and Inly about four ^t may be easi. a good teles* Iscovcred- INTRdDUCriOk THE SECONDARY PLANETS. Besides the primary planets, there are eighteen others, called secon* Atry planets, satelltces, or moons, whirh rei^ard their primaries as the centres of their motions, and revolve round them in the same manner as those primal ies do round the Sun; namely, the Moon, which attends our Earth; the four satellites of Jupiter; the seven thai belong; to Sa- turn t and the iiii that attend the Georgian. From the continual change of their phases or a)>pearances, it is evident that these also are opaque bodies, and shine only by the reflection of the light which they receive from the Sun. The Moon, which is the constant attendant of our globe, is the most conspicuous of the$e satellites. She accompanies the Earth in its annual progress through the heavens, and revolves round it continually by 8 diflferent motion, in the space of a month. The diameter of the Moou is.S,l«e miles; her distance from the Earth 240,000 miles ; and, in bulk, she is sixty times less than the Earth. The rotation of the Mru»n on her axis is performed Exactly in the same time that she moves once round the Earth, as is evident from her alwtfys presenting the same face t(i us daring the whole of her monthly revbliition. On viewing the noon through a telescope, the hypothesis of planetary worlds reiitivef additional confirmation. Vast cavities and a in all manner of di- rections. They are principally distinguished from the planets by long ery tails, which continually issue from the side tiiat is furthest from. « INTRODUCTIQN. the Sun.The erbits, in which theoe vqst bodies niove,.arc exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric ellipses, of such amazing circumferences, that in some parts of their circuit through the heavens, they approacli so near'Ithe Sun as to be almost vitrified by his heat; and then go offagain intfft»« re..',ions of infinite space, to such immense distances, as to be toiaHy de- prived of the light and heat which the rest of the planets receive froti that luminary. The paths which thcv describe, and the laws to which they are subject, have been discovered by Newton. Their revolutions are fjoverned throughout by the same law, of describing eou»l areas in equal times, which it known to regulate the motions of all the ot^her boi dies in the system. OF THE FIXED STARS. ,: lj. ; >yhat a magnificent id^a of the Creator ^Bd hi^ works is prelofttcd in this account of the solar system ! ^i^ th/9 centre ic( pjaced the SvtD, . a MlW pendous body of fire, around whosf ptb, tbe pUi)pt», sattlliliea, and octtUet*, p?rt«rm their revolution* with an ot Qipnip.),teuce ? But to fonn tome ^dea, however imperfect, ot the extent of the yniwrse, and tlw more glouous works of creation, we must extend, qyij iji^ws to tbow numenous and splendid orbs, which are dispersed far beyond the: bounds ©f our so, «r system. The fixed stars are distinguished fro^ the pj^aets by being more kimh nous, and by continually exhibiting that stppcarance which w/4 cait the tjVftnkhng ot the stars, flui 9 more remarkable property oi the &x<)duir« (and from which they obtain tl}eirnanic),is thfilruever changing tljeii; sit., nation with regard to each other, ap the pjaneudo; for althooghthe to- tation ot the Earth, on its axis, occHssioiis an apparent diurnal niotioa. ol tlie whole frame of the, heavens,, in a contrary direction, y/ft any twa fixed st^rs being obsf rved, *t distant iniervals. of time, will always be found to preserve th? same r?Uliye positipa dnwng the whole of tW* revo^^tion. ■ Ihc stars whidi are the nearest to g^ seem the largest, and are there- fore called stars of the first magnitude, ,»niJ, so on at far as the sixth, ■Vjrhich mvludes all the starf that are visible without a telescope} and Since the invention of that instrument, their nunil)Er ia coiuideredas im- incnie. But the immensity of their number in not alone woitliy of ad- miration; their immense distance from us, .and, from each other, muse equally exalt our ideas of the w©fldersof,0».nipotew;c, and the in, conceivable extent of the creation. The nearest, star to us, ot that tup- posed to be such from being the largest in appearance, is Sirius, or the dog-star; Its distance from the 9u» is computed to be above 32 mil- hons of millions of miles, which is further than a cannon ball would fly in seven millions of years. The stars being at such immense distances from the Sun, cannot re- ceive horn him so strong a light. as they srcni to possess, nor even a de- cree of brightness sufficient to make them vis-ible to us. They, there- in .'.'■. . ?■ fbre, ihf froirfi- the The V ly to ijh ahhbtigh Mot bfc se the eye-, t bt imag^ii finite wisi Hous sun! tlnces frc be benefit cliidtji tha Jtow light rditnd the) blc system rational ii i^li c!apibl( l^kdbwlid DE ONihe rical land and w oegre'es, ev the ^lobe ii about 6d n 24,840 Ei The £quat rest of the the two T the £q ^st'arit fron the world ir eaffed the n is the sbiiti iast, arid t globes passe longitude of the Sun is ir fheworli: I the Mei of the wcirt^ parts, the om zenith and ti ft is called t ^Iiich th« Si xceedingly long ferences, that in 3ach so nearUlie r again intff tlit be totaHy de- X3 »eceive Iroim ; la>»i to which icir rtvolutiont 1 equal areas in lU tJie otititr boi^ ■v* ; i.'Oi ! is pretobted in ilir Svts> a >ttH tea, and couteta, ity which must r dWinci origiab iQse va&t bodies ),t to foim some , and tlw more thoao numenons rounds of our sos >eiiig more lunU fch Wii oait the )£ the fixed ttaca ajigiiig tl}eii( sit* aUhoughthe To- diurn^^l uiotioo. on, yirt any twA r, will always be le whole of tlti*' L and are there* {far ai the sixth, tt-lescope ; and ULiideredas tin< ic wortliy of ad« ich other, muse nee, and the in< us, or that sup- |is Sirius, or the above 32 mil- ball would fly )un, cannot re- nor even a de- They, tbere- fbre, Mitt by their own lustre, ahdi in this respect^ are totally different iVoirti- the planets. The vUliraf knd uninf6t-mrd imagine, that all the stars were made on- ly to [jive a faint glimmering liglic to the inhabitants of this glnhe^ althbtigh Mahy of these stnt'Sarc so far from benefiting Us that they can- Mot bfc seen >l^ithout a tclescojje ; and there are inrtiimerable others which the eye, fcVefi by the aid of that in?tniment can never reach. It cannot b^ imagined therefore, that th« bmnipotent Cr^Atoi') who acts with in- finite wisdom, and Wtvtt att^f iri vain, should have created so many gto« rious sans fitted for so mdhy important purposes^ and placed at such dis- tances front each other without suitable objects sufficiently near them tO be benefited by their infliienbe. On the contrary, it \i reasonable to con- cludt^il that they were created fur the same purposes with our Sun ; to be- stow light, heat, andtegetatioHjon a certain number of planets revolving roiind thehil And, from analbgy We may infer, that all thise innitmera- ble systems are with equal wisdom contrivod ibr the accommodation of rational inhabitants) pTION OF tHE ARTIFICIAL SPHERE. ON the convex part of the terrestrial globe, which is ai drtifibi^l tpf^i. rical body, is truly represented the fchoU ;A/brrd, as it ttthiisti oi land and water. The circumference of the gtdbe is divided iiltb 360 oegrees, every degree containing 6t) geographic ^iles ; conhere into two equd parts, the one oriental, and the other occidental. It also passes through ch6 zenith and the nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called the Meridian, because it marks half th£ space of time during ^hisU the San and stars appear abovt the horizon. As there is an infir^ tmi i' wwW i 1 1 , 1 .. f ^ i y) ii . i , i i jj i m i n ■TNf- Xi! INTRQDUCTION, fiitp nuinbfrof zen'it|)« and hdiizons, tl.ie number of Meridian*! ii,al»» infinite ; i'or the M.ridian is changed, as wfl! as the zenithandhomoo evtry stt-p wc take toward ths cast Oi w??fj but if »vc p»s» in a right line northward or southward, we still, cp^uinur under Jhe same Meridian, i!ioii)f pidcci, north obliquely, and tu dchcribe by i2 parts, called rresponding to vorld into two isible, and the :his circle It is thru conimen- iclosed thetein and on it are e days of the inoctial, des- Itermed Cancer ey are distant iThe Sun dei- t day of De« es the longest Tth pole ; and |he longest day n the contra- n touches the the "tropic of and tlie sum' lare as it were I the arctic and :l to the equi- le poles of the [represents the and squeezed l-ass meridian { thow the lati- INTRODUCnON. «i* tudv, north pr south from the '^quator. Tlie top and bottom are tha north and routli pules ; and the curve lines uniting them, arc the other meridians on the globe, which are drawn at every 10 decrees on the ei|uaror, and show the longitudtt east or west, from tiie meridian o£ London. The equator or equinoctial is the striiight line runnin^p acrost the meridians exadtly in the middle. The tropics and polar circles are delineated at their proper distances on each aide toward the north and south. OF THE ZONES. TIk Zokks arc five broad »paf.es encompassing the globe, and are dis- tinguished chiefly by the temperature of the air. The torrid Zone con> tains all the space between the two tropics, and is so called from its ex» Mssive heat, the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inliabit i£ «T,hisciixle is about 47 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are so called from their lying between the two i^xtreme degrees of heat and cold) viz. between the torrid Zone and tiie frigid Zones, the one being caU led the Northern temperate Zone, ainl the other the Southern temperate Zone. These are both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zonest the one encompasses the arctic or north pole, and extends to the distance of 31 degrees and a half from it) and the other* the antarctic or south poky to the «ane distance* , , OF THE CLIMATES. A Climate is a space of the Earth comprehended betweentwo paral- lels, at the end of which the length of the longest days are increased half sn houfi in the summer season. The better to understand this we must observe, that under the equator the longest day is no mote than twelve hours, and that in proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, the days of each climate increase half an hour, till we arrive at the polar circles ; for then the longest days consist of 24 hours. Thus there are S4 Climates in all| on each side of the equator. Jt is easy to know in what Climate a city is, by observing the longest day ; as for instance, at London, where the days are 16 hours long we need only subtract 12 from the number, and there will remain, four; then multiply ibis l^ two, and you will have eight, which is the Climate of London. The same may be done on ^ny other Climate. OF THE POINTS OF THE COMPASS. The Earth may be considered, with regard to the four cardinal Points which are the north* south, east, and west ; and.nll the points inciuded between them may have respect to a particular place. By this mean* tre know the situation of the different countries of the world, with re* gard to each other ; for some are oriental or toward the cast, with re- gard to those that are occidental, or lie westerly pf them, Thus Ire- land is to the west of England, Poland is to the east of (Germany., and Africa is to the south of Europe. We may easily distingifisb the points ^atlie. between those that are cardinal : tbw,c,tbough. Sp»iin. is to the. s*i^^^^^*■*^ iir INTROOtrcnOM. umith of Frftnce, yet it likewise lie* to tlie wrsrwanl thereof; but hi thtf do not lit- exitctty south or Wf»t of r»ch oilier, Spaininay be said to he !»ou;lnvrit of France ; and for the same reason, on the coniriry, France ■will be northeast with regard lo Spain. The like maybe «aid of any two other countries. OF THE TERMS USED IN GEOOHAPHY. . The v/ord Geography comes from the Greek, and sif^nifies a description of the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terracjueous globe composed of land and water, and it is commonly called the terrestrial globe. CAo- rogrophy'M the drsrrlption of a country, pr-ovime, or county ( as^ for instance, Dorsetshire. Tspography is the description of a particular placet as a town and the like. //vAy is a description of the watery Hifh as oceans, seas, and lakes. . , As the Earth may be represented either in thewholci or in parti tt forms the dilference between geographical charts or mapi, which, how- ever, may be reduced to two kinds < namely, general and particular* Among the former is the mop of the world, or planisphere, ^hich showa the two surfaces of the whol* terrestrial globe, cut in two by the meri. dian passlnjc through the t-qoinoxes ; as also the maps which describe some principal par: of the gtebc j such as Europe, Asia^ or Africa : and even kin;.'doms; as bwcden, Spain, or Great Britain. Howeyer» those maps may be called particular, which represent any particular country ; but they are more properly sutli as give Hn account only of a part, as Naples in Italy, Normandy in France, and Staffordshire in England. After all, nothing cin givfe ii better or tnore g^htral idea tff the Earth than a globe, because it is of tfic same shape and 'figure j but as it is ith* pofisible to make one large enongh to shew every part of the land and sea distinctly, there is a necessity of having recourse to general and par- ticular maps. Geography, as well as other art* and sciences, hai term* ]l>ro]kr to itself) some of which have relation to the land, and others t A the water. A Continent is a Urge part of land that comprehctlds several countfita not separated by any sea : th«4 Europe la a continent. An Island, or Isle, is a portion of land entirely surrnnnded by water. A Peninsula, or Cliersonesus, is a quiantity of land which is joined t* a continent only h)' a neck of the same, it being every where else en- compassed with water ; as the peninsula 6f the GriiMea. An Isthmus, or neck of land, is that part by which a peninsula is joined to the land ; as the istbmui of Su(£. A Promontory is a high part of land, which projefts into the sea, and is commonly called a Cape, when it appeai^s like a mountain ; btft wlitn the advanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of Good Hope is a moantainous promontory. An Ocean is a large collection of waters snrronnding a considerable part of the continent ; »Uch is the Atlantic and Northern Oceans* A Sea is a smaller collection of waters, when understood in a strict sense, as the Irish Sea ; but, in };encral, every part of the ocean may be tailed the sea ; and it is still more general, when the reiratjueous globe iV said to consist of land and sea< I tliereof: butnithef inma/ be laid to lie the contrary, France e ninyr be laid of utif lAPHY. . i^sibj. signifies a description icous globe composed rrestrial globe. Cho- ;, or county ( as^ for of a particular place^ :ription of the «ater| wliolei or in parti it >r mapi, which, how- eral and particular* ■sphere, which show* io two by the nicri- maps which describe ^sia» or Africa : and in. However* those particular country ; It only of a partt as shire in England, iral idea of the Earth llr^ t but as it is itn<* part of the land and le to gctttral and par-* «/mtf pro]b«r to itaelfp 10 the tvater< flds several counttiM nt. ■rounded by water. d which is joined t* ivery where else en- ntea. vhich a peninsula is £is into the sea, and iountain ; a Point. btft wtitn Thug the iding a considerable rthcrn Oceans< nderstood in a strict of the ocean may be le (cira(}ueQUs globe INTRODUCTION. .Xf A Ch9Mtl U a narrow sea, coii&ncd between an islafid and a continent, ^r bcHwccn two islaiKls t as Oie KngUsh Cliaunel, and Si. George's Chan* nel. • A Gu^ is a part of the sea surrmtuded by land, except in cAie part, whctc iti comoiuuU.itcs wiili the ocean ; as the Gulf of Ilen^ai. the (iulf of FloiiUa ; and yet these a,re more properly sraa tliau the Mcditenane- an, the Ualtic, and tb« Black Seas, which properly speaking, are (julb^ as w(tU %a the (»uU'ci VenUr. A B(\)H w iiaid to dtifcr ffbiria gulfottly in b«ir>g less, aud isort; nar^ row. at tV'fntr^uce th«n t^ithilx i but thi&is far trom bieing true ; for m bay ha^ a widur ontKanre iu proportion than a i^ulf, and it irry be also Ufget than sume gulfs i an fpr instance, wie V^»y uf Hiscav ( -hough ie mutt b< acknowMgcd thut bays in generul ate mutii 8m.(l|er. . A Crtek is » suiail intct, and is always m«w;li li'&i than a bay. 4 ^oatl 14 apjbace Vfion auy coast \vhQre'tlii.-rc is a good ancboiagCT and whei,e vessels, in spnie se«se, axe ehelteced from the wind. A Strait '\^ a narrow passage which joiusi two sens, two gulfs, or a qe» and a>gulfi «u«b w the S^tnid, ::ear the Baltic; and the iktssta of ^ib<«,ltar»be(wc(ta,t|i0 A,(ltiG Oceau .and>tlH> MicdittrrAueaa Sea.^ ^ 1 A J^ah* i« a coHectiioD of standing watm tiNrmuuded by land, hivini^ 99 vUiJtle p.^ninmniQation^vith the sea. Thus tihc t::adpidit Sc) is tmi^ and properly a lake. S>w«Her lakea are thpue q£ .LjigodA» GsoevA^ Jiad several others. DESCRIPTION OF A MAP. The top of most modern Maps is considered as the north, the bottom as the south, the right hand as the east, and the left hand as the west. In old Maps, where this rule is not always strictly fnlluwed, a flower de luce is generally placed on some part of it, poiuring toward the north, by which the other points aie easily known. <")n the top of the Map, between the marginal lines, are placed the several figures, which show the number of degrees of eastern or western longitude of every place that is directly under those figures. At the bottom of most Maps are placed the s£me figures as those at the top ; but in Maps of the best sort, instead thereof are placed the number of hourscr minutes every place in it lies distant, east or west, from its chief town or first meridian. For instance, every place which is situate one degree east of another, will a; pear to have the Sun/owr minutes of time before it ; aud any one place, fituatc one degree west of another, will appear lo have the Sun four minutes of time after it. Again, a place situate fifteen degrees east of us, as Naples, will appear to have the Sun one complete hour before us at London ; and any place situate fifteen degrees west of us, as the island of Madeira, will appear to have the Sun one hour after ns at London. On the right and left hand of every Map, between the marginal lines, are placed figures that shew the number of degrees, either north or south latitude which every place parallel with them is distant from the equa- tor. Thus London is situate 51 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude ; that is, it is so many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over most Maps are drawn linei from thf top tc the bottem, and from the :h \ m xvi TNTRODUCnON. rip-ht h«nd to the left ; those which run from the top to the brtttnmt ure lintt (if longitudr, and those which cross them, lines of latituHe i hut thtse are sometimes nmitied, whtn a Map is too full to admit of them. A'/njWcmt or Provinees are divided from each other by a row of sihgic point?, and they are often stained with dilFerent colours. Citie» or great towns art- made like little houses, with a small circle in the middle ot them ; but itmallcr towns or villages are marked only with little cir- cl>-«. Mountains are imitated in the form of Lille rising hillocks ; and Jorrsis are represented by a colWction of little trees. The names of viUa^es are written in a running hand, those ut cities in a Roman cha- rarttr, and those ot provinces in large capitals. The sea is generally left as an empty space on the Map, except where there are rocks, sands, or shelves, currents of water or wind. Mocks are sometimes made in Maps like little pointed things sticking up sharp in the sea. Sands or shelves ■re denoted by a great heap uf little pointi placed in the shape of these sands, as they have been found to lie in tlie ocean, by sounding the drpths. Currents of water arc described by several long parallel croaked •tiokes, imitating a current. The course of winds is represented by the heads of arrows pointing to the coast toward which the wind blowsi Small rivers are described by a single crooked waving line, and large rivers by such double and treble lines made strong and black* 6ridgtf arc di«tingutshcd by a double line across the rivers. ,t ,!!i (Kil p M p to the h(ittnm»' «re in of latituric i but ill to admit of them, tr by a row of «ihglc colours. Citie* or I circle in the middle only with little cir- rising hillocks ; ind ees. The names of r« in a Rninan cha- "he sea is generally lere are rocks, sands, :times made in Maps a. Sand J or shelves n the thnpe of these m, by sounding the ong parallel croaked t represented by the lich the wind blowsi iring line, and large md black. Bridgt$ G GE AA, ar watei Dommel, a Aa, a ri' which watei oppofite Ha Aa, a fm phalia, whic that city, an Aa, a riv of Somme near St. Oi where it fall Aa, a riv Samojitia, a Aa, a riv( in the valk) waldeii, froi Waldftietter gclberg, it h Aar, a lai iiTuet from in the S of t ning N W the lakes of takes a circu it flows £ t below whicl THE GENERAL GAZETTEER- 6r compendious GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. A A R A A, a river of Dutch Brabant, which wateri Helmont, and falU into the Oommel, a little above Boifle-duc. Aa, a river of the United I'rovincei, which waters Zwoll.and enter* the Vecht, oppofite Hafielt. Aa, a fmall river of Germany in Weft- phalia, which rifei near Munfter, wateri thit city, and fullt into the Kmbs. Aa, a river that rifeit in the department of Somme in Prance, becomes navieable (icar St. Omer, paflcs on to Gravelinet, where it falls into the German ocean. Aa, a river of Courland, that rife« in Samojitia, and falk into the gulf of Riga. Aa, a river of Swiflcrland, which rifei in the valley of Engelberg, croflcs Under- walden, from S to N, and fall* into the Waldflstter Sea. Near the abbey of En- gelberg, it has a noble catarad. Aar, a large river of Swifferland, which iffuM from a lake, near Mount Saalberg, in the S of the canton of Bern, and run- ning N W through the whole extent of the lakes of Brientz and Thnn to Bern, takes a circuitous courfc to Soleure, whence it flows E to Arburg, and N E to Brug, below which it is joined by the Reufs and ABA [ LJmmar, and then enters the Rhine below Zurzach. Gold duft is found in its bed, conveyed to it by the river Emme. Aar "• alfo the name of a finall ifland in th« Baltic. Aaraffin, a town of Pifidia in the Hi- ther Alia, thought to be the /Vnaflui of Ptolemy. AarmJImrg, a poft town, in Northumber- land county, Pennfylvania ; fituated on the N fide of Pcnn*» creek, (a branch of the Sufquehannah) about 30 miles W of Lew. ilburg, and 40 of Northumberland, con- tammg about 300 inhabitants. Aafar, a town of Paleftine in the tribe of Judah, fituate between Azolu* and Aikalon. Aiatana, a town of Media, and another of Cana in the Hither Afia. Akantnum, a town of Sicily, whofe ruins are fuppofed to be thofe lying near Trippi. Ataeb, a market town of Germany in Lower Bavaria, on the Danube, feven miles S W of Ratifbon. It has a citadel, and IS remarkable for Roman antiquities, and fome fine fpringt of ntineral water. Loi^ii59E,lat. 4853N. AtaUnJkti, a tow:» of Siberia, in the ABB ABE province of, Tobolflc, feated on the Janef- ka. It » provided with artillery, and has a garrifon. Lon. 94 5 E, lat. S3 5 N. Jialai, a town in Siberia, two miles from Tobolflc ; famous for an image of the Virgin, conflantiy vifited by a great number of pilgrims 5 the clergy carry it every year in proceflion to Tolnllk. Lon. 68aoE, lat. 5811 N, ^hanii, a village five miles 3 W of Pa.* dua, in Italy, famous for warm baths. In one called fiagno di Fango, the patients are covtred with the warm mud, in hopes of a cure. Abara, a town in the Greater Armenia, i;inder the dominion of the Turks. Abarancr, a town of Armenia, where the archbifhop of Nakfivan often refides : he is an Armenian, and yet there are 300 Roman Catholics faid to be in this place. It is 10 miles N of Nakfivan. Lon. 63 59 E, lat. 39 o N. Ahofcia, or Alcas, a country in Afia, tributary to the Turks, fituated on the coaft of the Black fea. The people are poor, thieviih and treacherous. Their commo- dities are furs, buck and tiger {kins, linen yarn, box-wood, and bees-wax ; but their grcateft traffic is in felling their own chil- dren, and even one another to the Turks. Aiajhajof a town of Siberia, on the ri- ver Ifehim. The church is furrounded by 8 rampart and palifades, and garrifoned by dragoons. Lon. 69 j E, lat. 50 10 N. Abaffusf a town of the Greater Phrygia in Afia. AbbeuUU, the principal town of Abbe- ville county. South Carolina; feated on the N W fide of St. John's creek, ^$ miles N W of Cambridge, lio W of Columbia, and 229 N W of Charlefton. Here is a poft office, and the feat of the county courts. Abbeville, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme and late province of Picardy, feated in a pleafant valley, whtre the Somme divides into feveral branches, and feparates the town into two patts. A manufadlure of woollen cloth was fet up here in i66j ; they alfo make iail-doth, coarfe linen, and black and green foap. It is JZ miles S of Calais, and 80 N by W of Paris. Lon. 1 $s E, lat. jo 7 N. Abbey Boyle. See Boyle. Abbey H»lm. See Holm, Abbey Milton. See Milton. Abbots, or Apeviood Cafile, in Stafford- Ihire, fituate on a lofty round promonto- ry, and a ftecp ridge of hills (conjeAured to have been one continued fortification, and a work of the ancient Britons) feven miles from Wolverhamptou. * Abbefj'Bromley, called alfo Pagetei- Bromley, a town of Staffordfliire, with a market Oh Tiiefday. It is fix miles E of Stafford, and 129 N W of London. Lon. 1 5.1 W, lat. 52 51 N. Abbotjhury, a town in Oorfetfhire, where there is a famous fwannery. It has a mar- ket on Thurfday, and is feven miles S W of Dorchefter, and 127 W by S of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 50 38 N. Abbots'Langley, a viilage in Herts, four miles S W of St. Alban's, famous for being the birth-place of Nicholas Breakfpcare, who, under the name of Adrian IV. was the only Engliihman that ever became pope. • AbbottfloivH, a poft town in York coun- ty, Pennfylvania, feven miles N of Hano- ver, 18 S W of York (the county town) and 93 N of the city of Wafhingrton. Abenrade, a town of Denmark in Slef- wick, in a territory of its own name. It is a flourifhing place, and feated on a fpacious bay of the Baltic, furrounded on three fides by high mountains. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 55 6N. Abenjhurg, a town of Germany in the circle of Bavaria, on the river Abens, near the Danube, 15 miles S W of Ratifbon. Lon. II 55 E, lat. 48 46 N. Aberavon, 'a town of Glamorganlhire, feated at the mouth of the Avon, 19 miles N W of Cowbridge, and 195 W of Lon- don. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 51 3? N. Aberbrotbiviei, or Arbroatt, a royal borough of Angusfiiire. it is a flourifhing place, well built and fiill increafing. The town has been in an improving ftate for the laft 40 years, and the number of inha> bitants has greatly augmented; which is owing to the introdudlion of manufadures. The inhabitants principally confift of wea- vers of ofnaburghs and failcloth; others ate employed in white and coloured threads. The glory of this place was the abbey, whofe flupendous and magnificent ruins give fome idea of its former magnificence* It was founded in 11 78, by William the Lion, and dedicated to the celebrated Thomas a Decket. It is 15 miles N E of St. Andrews, and 40 N N F of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 39 W, lat. 5 6 36 N. Aberdeen, Old, a city in Aberdeenfhire, about a mile to the north of the nevr, at the mouth of the river Don, over which is a fine Gothic bridge of a (ingle arch, great- ly admired, which refts at both fides on two rocks. The old town was the teat of the bifhop, and had a large cathedral, com- monly called St. Machers. Two very antique fpires and one aide, which is ufcd as a church. , arc now the only remains of it. — - I -■■ B E called alfo PageUi- StafTordlhire, with a It ii fix miles E of W of London. Lon. N. I in Dorfetfhire, where innery. It has a mar- i is feven miles S W of y W by S of London. 38 N. village in Herts, four >an's, famous for being Nicholas Breakfpuare, le of Adrian IV. was m that ever became : town in York coun- iren miles N of Hano> rk (the county town) J of Wafhington. of Denmark in Slef- if its own name. It is md feated on a fpacious rounded on three fides Lon. 9 14 E, lat. $5 n of Germany in the the river Abens, near iles S W of Ratifbon. «8 46 N. of Glamorganihire, the Avon, 19 miies and 195 W of Lon- lat. SI 35 N. Arbroatt, a royal re. 1 It is a flourifiiing ill increafing. The improving ftate for the number of inha> augmented; which is ':ion of manufadure*. ipally confift of we»- faildoth; others are nd coloured threads. lace was the abbey, id magnificent ruins former magnificence^ 78, by WiUiam the to the celebrated is 15 miles N E of N F of Edinburgh. 36 N. y in Aberdeenfhire, lorth of the new^ at Don, over which is a fingle arch, great- fts at both fides on own was the leat of irge cathedral, com< ihers. Two very aifle, which is ufcd e only remains of it. ABE Dut the capital building is the Kings-col lege, on the fouth fide of the town, which is a large and (lately fabric. It is built round a fquare with doifiers on the S fide. The chapel ii very ruinous within ; but there fiill remains fome woodwork of ex- quifite workmanfliip. Aberdeen, Neiv, a handfome city in Aberdeenlhire, for largenefs, trade, and beauty it greatly exceeds any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on a rifing (rround, and lies on a fmail bay formed by the Dee, over which about two miles from the town is an elegant bridge of feven arches. The buildings, which are of gra- nite from the neighbouring quarries, are generally four (lories high, and have for the mod part gardens behind them, which give it a beautiful appearance. On the high (Ireet is a large church, which for- merly belonged to the Francifcans. In the middle of Callle (Ireet is an odagon building with neat bas relievos of the kings of Scotland from James I. to James Vli. The town-houfe makes a good fi- gure, and has a handfome fpire in the cen- tre. The grammar fchool is a low but neat building. Gordon's hofpital is hand- fome ; in front is a good ftatue of the founder ; it maintains 40 boys, who are apprenticed at proper ages. The infirma- ry is a large plain building, and fends out between 8 and 900 cured patients annual- ly. But the chief public building in the new town is the Marifchal college, found- ed by earl Marifchal in ^593. In both colleges the languages, mathematics, na- tural philofophy, divinity, &c. are taught by very able profelTors. The harbour, which was formerly very dangerous, is defended by a pier, ereded fome years ago; this pier is 1200 feet in length, and gradually increafes in height and thickiiefs, as it approaches the fea, where the head or rounding is 60 feet diameter at ths bafe, and the perpendicular elevation is 38 feet. It Nit built under the diredion of Mr. Smeatnn, and coll upwards of 17,000!. Befide the coailing trade, vefliels are fent hence to Norway, Holland, Portugal, Swe- den, Spain, and Italy, and to the northern dates of Europe. The principal manu- fadure is (lockings. The thread nianu- fadure is likewife carried to great per- feAion. A manufadory of failcloth and ofnaburghs has lately been edablilhed. They have likewife excellent falmon fi(h- eriss. The number of inhabitants in Old and New Aberdeen, and the fuburbs, is ef- timated at 25,000. Aberdeen is 84 miles N W of Edinburgh. Lon. i 50 W, lat. 57 6 N. A B I Aherittnjbiri, a county of ScotlAi4 bounded on the N W of BamlTilhire and the river Devcron; on the N and N E by the German Ocean ; on the S by the counties of Kincardine, Angus, und Feith ; and on the W by Invernefsfhire. Its length, from N E to S W, is 80 miies; its breadth not quite 30. The N E part, extending toward the river Ythan, is caiU ed Buchan. There is much excellent padure in the high parts ; and the level trad, called Strathbogie, contains many well cultivated fields. Aberdtur, a village in Fifefhire, on the N coad of the frith of Forth, about I a miles from Edinburgh. Aberftrd, or Aberfartb, a town in the W riding of Yorklhire, with a market on Wednefday, for horfes, &c It is 16 miles 3 W of York, and 184 N N W of Lon- don. Lon. I ai W, lat. 53 jo N. Aber/raxv, a village in the ifle of Angle- fey, formerly a plate of great account, the prinrcs of N Wales having then a palace here. It is fix miles N W of New- burgh. Abergavenny, a populous well builc town in Monmouthlhire, containing about 500 houfes, with two parilh churches, and an old cadle. It has a market on Juefday and Friday, and is 16 miles W of Mon- mouth, atfd 143 W by N of London. Lon. 3 5 W, lat 51 50 N. Abemetln, a town of Scotland, in Stra- them on the river Tay, formerly the feat of the Pidifh kings, and afterward the fee of an archbiihop. Aberjpwitb, a itnall town in Cardigan- (hire, on the Riddal, near its confluence with the Idwith, where it falls into Car- digan Bay. The market, on Monday, is confiderable. It is 30 miles N £ of Car- digan, and ao3 W N W of London. Lon. 4 o W, lat. ja 15 N. Abex, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on the E ; Abyflinia and Nubia lie on the W ; Eg^pt on the N ; and the coad of Ajan to the S. The principal towns are Eracco and Suaqualb which is the capital. It is very fandy and barren, being deditute of water. The in- habitants are Mahometans. Abiad, a town on the coad of Abex, on a high mountain, and remarkable for its trade in ebony and aromatic plants. Abiagrajfo, a fmall town of Italy, feat- ed on a canal, in the dutchy of Milan. Lon. 9 34 E, lat. 45 ao N. AbiHgdoK, a town in Berks, on the Thames, with a market on Monday and Triday. The afli«es, feifions, and other county meetings, are often held here* It ABO A B Y has a handibme townhall for the aflizes,' &c. and two churches. The town confifts of fevcral well built ftreets, which centre in a fpacious corn-market ; and great quan- tities of malt are made here, and fent in barges to London. It fends two membeis to parliament, and is fix miles and a half ij of Oxford, and .56 W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 51 4Z N. Mii'gJon, a poll town, and the prirci- pal I'cat of jullicc in Wadiington county, Virginia ; fituatcd on the W fide of Hcl- ftein river, 58 miles S W of Wythe court- houfe, 300 W of Richmond the capital of the Aate, and 24 N K of Blountfviltc in 'lenneffee. Abiul, a town of Beira in Portugal, con- taining upwards of 1300 inhabitants. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 40 20 N. AUhas, one of the feven nations m the countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Cafpian. 'I'heir principal and moil ancient eftablilhments are on the fouthcrn flopc of the mountains comprc- liended between the river Cuban and the Black Sea. They are tributary to the Turks, and are divided into two govein- liicnts, the wefltrn and the eaftern ; each . fubje^t to a bafliaw, commonly chofen out i)f the principal native families; one of whom refides at Sutchukkale, and the other at 8oghumk:ilc. The Abkhas fpeak an original language, eflcntially different from all the known ianguages, though appearing to have a very remote affinify to that of the Circufliaiis. They have, at prefcnt, very little religion, although they ftill preferve fome traces of Chriftianity. Their capital is Anacopir formerly Nicopfis. Atlay, a country in Great Tartary, fub- jrdl to the Ruflians : but their chief is a Calmuck prinee. Im\u from 72 to 83 E, l«t. 51 to 54 N. /ihhe, a town in Li 'tie Tartary, bc- tyreen the river Dnieper, and the Black Sta. Lon. 33 15 K, lat. 46 20 N. Abnaiii, a favage people of North Ame- rica, between New England and Canada. They hate labour, and could never be brought to cultivate the ground. jibo, a feaport, the capital of Swedifli Finland, on the point where the gulplis of Bothnia and Finland unite. It contiiiiis feveral brick houfes; but the generality are of wood painted red. Here is a inii- verfity, founded in 1 640, I y queen Chrif- tlana ; and here likewifc is a royal botanic garden, cftabUlhed by the l:itc unfortunate Ouftavus. The iiihabilatits export linen, corn, flax, iron, and planks. Abo is an cpifcopal fee, 140 miles N E of SLockholni. 1 on. 22 18 E, lat. 60 17 N. Aha-fti, or Abo-bus, an ancient fort in Finland, on a peninfula, near the mouth of tl." river Aura. It has often futfercd from the enemy, and by fire. Ahon, /Jboiia, or Abonit, a town and ri- ver of Albion ; the town is fuppofcd to be Abingdon, and the river the Avon. AmuHr, a fniall town of Egypt fituated in the defcrt between Alexandria and Ro- fetta, rendered for ever famous by the me- morable victory gained in Abmiirbay, by the gallant admiral Lord Nclfon, 1799- Jboutijrr, Abuttfi, or Abchibf, a town in Upper Egypt, near the Nile, where there grows plenty of poppies, of which the beft opium is made. It is now a mean place. Lat. 26 50 N. yibrahiimjilo!'/, a fmall town in Hungary, but well inhabited. Lon. 19 50 £, lat> 46 20 N. Abrantts, a town of Portugal, in Eftra- madura, on the river Tajo. It contains 35,000 inhabitants, has four convents, an alms-houfe, and an hofpital. Lon. 7 18 W, lat. 39 13 N. Abreiro, a town of Tra-los-montes, in Portugal. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 41 20 N. Abrolboi, dangerous flioal.i, about 50 miles from the coaft of Brafil, near the ifland of St. Barbe. Abrtig^banya, a populous town in Tran- fylvania, fituated on the river Ompay, 35 miles above Alba Julia, near which are mines of gold and filver. Lon. 23 24 £, lat. 46 jo N. Abruzzo, a province of Naples, bound- ed on the E by the gulph of Venice, on the N and W by Anconia, Umbria and Campagna di Roma; and ou the S by 1'eria di Lavora and Molife. It is divid- ed into two parts ^y the river Pefcara, whereof one is called Ulterior, and has Aquilla for its capital ; and the other Ci- terior, of which Solmono is the capital. Bcflde the Appenninc Mountains, there are two others called Monte Cavallo and Monte Mayallo. This country is fertile in corn, rice, fruit, and faffron; but the woods abound with bci>rs and wolves. AliJlciiKii, a bailiwic beyond the river Mcniel, in the circle of Tapieu, belong- ing CO the kingdom of Pruflia. It is a mouiitainnus, but pleafant cout^try, and abound.! in corn and cattle. Abyilns, a town and caftle of Natolia, on the ftrait of Galiipoli. Lon. 37 36 E, lat. 40 16 N. /Ihyo, or Alihfo, one of the Phillippine iflaiids, where the Spaniards have a fort. Lon. 122 I.; E, lat 100 N. A-'i^-"!.:, a kingdom of Africa, bound- ed on the m| Red Sea and '. ham and pari by Gingia ai and 20 N latJ about 900 mill rainy feafon cl tcmher, which terval, by a cl fun. Cold nil thcfe feorchiii withllanding cold, as to fee the feet ; part rain, when no perpetual cqu< There is no cot iluces a great both wild and tigers. The h numerous, and iiefide many f &c. there is a f dayan, which i and comes pun the return of t rains ; and ftork when the rains are few owls; menfe fize and matkable infedt which is fo fat; particular counti obliged to take the rainy feafon, of cattle from be camel mull yield once attacked, 1 break out into break, and putrei tion of the anir Bruce, the celel fource in this co Geefli, in lon. 3i (iondar is the m mat^kable (oincid in the court of ai Abyflinia. The is a mixture of J tianity of the Gr guage is Ethiopic liuity to the Aral Acadia. See i Acambou, a k Guinea, in Afrie and all his fubjedi does not prevent and infolent. Acanny, an inia 'irdi g the befl There is a town iLiine. Lon. o 30 ancient fort in near the mouth as often futfercd fire. , u town and ri- is fuppofed to be ;he Avon. if bgypt fituated :xaii(lria and Ro- mous by the me- in Aboukirbay, Lord Nelfon, boljiif, a town in lile, where there of which the beft }w a mean place. own in Hungary, n. 19 50 E, lat. Drtugal, in Eftra- 'ajo. It contains our convents, an ital. Lon. 7 18 ra-los-montc8, in ', lac. 41 30 N. hoals, about 50 Brafil, near the town in Tran- river Ompay, 35 near which are L.on. 33 24 £, Naples, bound- of Venice, ou Umbria and ou the S by It is divid- river Pefcara, Iterior, and has the other Ci- is the capital, [ountains, there inte Cavallo and ouiitry is fertile raffron ; but the ind wolves, lyond the river Tapieu, belong- 'ruflia. It is a country, and e of Natolia, on !»• 37 36 E, lat« the Phillippine ds have a fort. r. Africa, bound- iia, life. A C A f d on the N by Nubia ; on the E by the Red Sea and Dancala ; on the VV by Gor- ham and part of Gingira ; and on the S by Gingia and Alaba ; lying between 6 and 20 N lat. and 16 and 40 Hi lon. It is about 900 mileii long and 800 broad. The rainy feafon continues from April to .Sep- tember, which is fuccceded, without in- terval, by a doudlefs iky, and a vertical fun. Cold nights as inmiediutcly follow thefe fcorching days. The earth, not- withftanding thefe days, is perpetually fo cold, as to feci difagreeable to the foles of the feet; partly owing to the fix' mouths r^in, when no fun appears, and partly to perpetual equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world that pro- duces a greater variety of iiuadrupcds, both wild and tame ; but there are no tigers. The hyenas, however, are very numerous, and dreadful in their ravages. Befide many fpecies of eagles, vultures, &c. there is a fpecies of glcdc, called had- dayan, which is very frequent in Egypt, and comes pundlually into Abyflinia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains ; and ftorks cover the plains in May, when the rains become conftant : there are few owls; but thefe are of an im- mcnfe fize and beauty. The moil re- markable infedt is the Ttfaltfal or iiy, which is fo fatal to cattle, that in fome particular countries, great emigrations are ')bliged to take place in the beginning of the rainy feafon, to prevent all their ftock of cattle from being deilroyed. Even the cumel muft yield to this infedt, for when once attacked, his boi'y, heac"., and legs, break out into large bosi'-:s, which fwell, break, and putrefy, to the certain deftruc- tion of the animal. According to Mr. Bruce, the celebrated river Nile has its fource in this country, near the village of Geeih, in ion. 36 35 E, and lat. 10 59 N. Oondar is the metropolis. There is a re- mai'kable coincidence between the cuiloms in the court of ancient Perfia and thofe of AbyiTmia. The religion of the country is a mixture of Judaifm and of the Chrif- tianity of the Greek church; and the lan- guage is Ethiopic, which bears a great af- liuity to the Arabic Acadia. See Nova Scotia. Acambou, a kingdom on the coall of (Guinea, in Africa, whofe king is abfolute, and allhisfubjedsflaves; which, however, does not prevent them from being haughty and infolcnt. Acanny, an inland country of Guinea, af- iordi g the beil gold, in great plenty. There is a town or village of the fame 11. line. Lon. o 30 £, lat. 8 30 N. ion A C H Acafiulce, a confiderable town of Mexico, featcd on a bay of the S Sea. It has a fine harbour, from whence a ihip annually fails to Manila: and another returns annually thence to this pott, laden with all the trea- fures of the E. Indies. One of thefe, laden with filvcr, was taken by commodore An- fon, in 1743. Lon. 101 ao W, lat. 17 22 S. Acaritania, the firft country of free Greece, bounded on the W by the Sinus Ambraicus. and feparated from iEtolia by thc'river Achelous on the eaft. Acaria, a town of S America, in Para- guay, built by the Jcfuits in 16x4. Lon. 51 5 W, lat 26 oS. Acbarabail. .See Agra. Acciimack Court Houft, a village in Acco- mack county, Virginia, fituated near the head of the peninfula, 25 miles N of North- ampton Court-Houfe, 31 S of Snow Hill, in Maryland, and 197 S £ of the city of WalluMgton. Here is a poft-office, and the principal feat of the county cc ts. Acereiixa, a town of Naples, in the pro- '•ince of Dafilicata. It was formerly the fee i)f an archbilhop. Lon. 16 $ E, lat 40 20 N. Acerno, a town of Italy in the citerior principality of Naples, with a biihop's fee, 12 miles N £ of Salerno. Lon. ij 6 £, lat. 40 45 N. Acerra, a town of Nit^iles, on the river Agno, fcven miles N £ of Naples. Lon. 14 30 £, lat. 40 ss N. Acb, a town of Suabia, in the landgra> vate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14 miles N E of SchaiThaufen. Acbaa, a town of the iiland of Rhodes, faid to be built by the Heliades. Aebaia, a province of Turkey in Europe, now called LivaJia, of which Athens was the capital. Acbam, a country in Afia, bounded on the N by Boutan, on the E by China, on the S by Uurmah, and on the W by Hin- dooftan. Aibeen, a kingdom in the N W part of the iiland of Sumatra, now very diScrent from earlier times, when it was powerful enough to expel the l^ortuguefe from the iiland,saud its ft. vereigns received cmbaf- fies from fome of the greateft potentateiof Europe. Achem is comparatively healthy, being more free from woods and fwamps than moil other parts of the iiland. The foil is light and fertile and produces fine fruits, rice, cotton, gold dull, and fulphur. The Achinefe diifer from the other Su- matrans and are, in general, taller, ftouter, and much darker complexioned. They ate more aAive and indufiriout than their I A C H neighbour!, and have more fagacity and penetration. They are Mahometar.j. A.heen, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in Sumatra, feated on a river which flows into the fea, near the N W point of the iiland, about two milts from the mouth; it lies in a wide valley, formed like an amphitheatre by two lofty ranges of hills, 'i'he river, by emptying itfclf in fevcral channels, is very (hallow at the bar. It is an open town, in the centre of which is the king's palace, a rude piece of arclii- tenure, defigncd to refill the force of an enemy, and furroundtd for that purpofe by a wide and deep moat, and (Irong walls. The houf;s arc built of bamboos and rough timbers, and are railed fome feet from the ground, on account of the place being oversowed in the rainy feafou. A large manufadure of a thick fpecies of cotton, cloth, and of fluff for the fhort drawers worn by the Malays and Achenefe, is ef- tabliihed here. Payments are commonly made in gold dull, which is carried a'lout in bladders. 1 he Achenefe are expert and bold navigators. The laws of the Ache- nefe are very I'evere, but thf poor fuffcr chiefly by their feverity. Petty theft is puniOieH by fufpending the ofl'ender from a tree, •. jth a gun, or heavy weight, tied to his feet ; or by cutting off a finger, hand, or leg, according to the nature of the theft. Many of thefe mutiUted people are to be feen daily in the ftreets. Highway-rob- bers and houfebreakers are »irowned ; and their bodies are cxpofed, a few days, on a ftake ; but if a prieft be robbed, the offen- der is burnt alive. An adulterer is not fcreened by his friends, but is delivered up to the relations of the hulband, who take him to a large plain, and forming them- felves into a circle, place him in the mid- dle; a large weapon is then delivered to him by one of his family, and if he can force his way through, he is not liable to further profecution; but he is generally cut to pieces in an inflant; and hi& relations bury him as they would a dead buffalo, re- fufing to admit the corpfe into their houfe, or to perform any funeral rites. Yet, after all, the Achenefe are fuppofed to be the mod diflioneft and flagitious people in the f.aft. Achcen is looo miles S £ of Madras. Lon. 95 34 E, lat. 9 la N. Achmim, a large town of Upper Egypt, on the eaftern bank of the Nile. Though this town be fallen from its ancicntfplendor, it is ftillune of the moll beautiful of Upper Egypt. An Arab prince commands there, and the police is well attended to. The ilreets are wide and clean, and commerce Slid agriculture flouriih. It hM a manu- A C R faiSlory of cotton, fluffs and pottery which are conveyed over all Egypt. It is the fame that Herodotus calls Cbemmii, and otrabo Pannpelii. It has loft its ancient edifices and much of its extent. Nothing remains of the temple defcribed by Abul- feda, but fome flones fo large that the Turks have not been able to move them. A.hotiry^ a fmall town of Ireland, in the county of .Sligo, on the Shannon. Achmeifcbct, a town of Crim Tartary, in the Ruffian province of Taurida and go- vernment of Catharineflaf. Lon. 33 ao E, lat. 45 o N. Acbyr, a llrong town and caftle of the Ukraine, on the river UoHklo, la; miles W of Kiow. Lon. 36 10 £, lat. 49 3a N. Acierno. See Acerna, AcitH, a fmall town in the dutchy of Magdeburg. It has a citadel, and (lands on the £lbe, five milca below Deffaw. Acomu, a town of Ntv '.lexico, feaied un a hijrh mountain, witii a ftrong caftle. It is the capital of the province. Lon. 104 15 W.lat. 35 oN. • Acjs, a town of France, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in thedepartment of Arriege. So called from the hot waters in thefe parts. Lon. I 40 K, lat. 43 o N. ylejua, a town in Tufcany, noted for warm baths. Lon. I a 10 £,lat 43 45 N. Aiqua-cbe-favella, a celebrated fountain of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore. It is near the mouth of the river Grata, and its ruins are called Sibari Rovinata^ AcjMfienJente, a large town of Orvieto, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on a moun- tain near the river Paglia, 50 miles N by W of Rome. Lon. la !;£, lat. 4343 N. Acjuaria, a fmall town in Frigana, a dif- trid of Mudena, noted for medicinal wa- ters. It is I a miles S of Modena. Lon. 11 19 £, lat. 44 12 N. Acjuii/co, apoft-town in Prince George's county, Maryland ; lying on the W fide of the river Patuxent, 9 miles N of Benedi<:i, 41 S by W of Annapolis, and 39 8 of the city of Wajbingtah, Acjuaviva, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari. Lon. 16 ao £, lat. 41 10 N. Acqui, a town of Montferrat, with com- modious baths, and a bilhop's fee. It i* feated on the Botmia, %s nxiles NW of Genoa. I^on. 3 is £,lat 44 40 N> Acra, a town on the coafi: of Guinea, where the Knglifb, Dutch, and Danes,haTe forts, and each fort its particular village. Lon. o a W, lat. 5 o N. Acre, a feaport of Paleftine, formerly called Ptoleraais. It is a bilhop's fee. It was famous in the time of the crufades, and underwent fcveral fiegesf it ha* become lately very fa ance it has ma gallant Sir SidI £nglifli officers! fruitlefs attacksl Bonaparte. Itf 37 N of Jcrtt abounds with whei and pepper; and weigh 351b. each. rich town and has habitants are Mahi AdcH, once a ri port of Arabia Fell Lon. 46 30 E, lat. Adtabiirg, or Ada wi'iw> I nd pottery which gypt. It is the lis Cbemmii, and I loft iti ancient :xtent. Nothing ifcribed by Abul- ge that the Turks re them. >f Ireland, in the lannon. Zriva Tartary, in I'aurida and go- i. Lon. 53 ao and caftle of the iriklo, l^^ milei £, lat. 49 32 N. n the dutchy of tadel, and ftands low OelTaw. '.xexico, feaied :ii a ftrong caftle. irLncc. I.on. 104 ice, at the foot of tment of Arriege. tcrs in thefe ports. fcany, noted for 3E,lat 43 45 N. sbrated fountain eriore. It is near and its ruins 3wn of Orvieto, :ated on a moun- 50 miles N by , lat. 41 43 N. Frigana, a dif- medicinal wa- [odcna. Lon. II Prince George's in the W fide of N of Benedi(», ind 39 S of the aples, in Terra 41 10 N. rat, with com> op's fee. It is miles NW of |44 40 N. aft of Guinea, ■id Danes, have ticular village. :me. formerly >'r fee. It ; crufades, and it has become A D £ lately very famous fur the obftinate refift- ance it has made, under the condudl of thr frallant Sir Sidney Smith and a handful of £n)(liih o£Rcers, againft the reiterated but fruitlefs attacks nfthe French army under Bonaparte. It is 18 miles S of I'yre, and 37 N of Jcrulalem. Lon. 35 3j £, lat. 32 AcroK, a territory on the Gold coaft of Guinea. The Dutch have a fort here call- ed fort Patience : and under it is the village, inhabited only by fiftiermen. The other inhabitants are hufl>andmen, and fell their corn to other countries. There is plenty of game, which is very commodious for the Dutch fadory. This is called Little Acron, Great Acron being further inland, and a kind of republic. Acrottri, « town in the ifland of Santo- r!ni. Lon. 36 i E, lat. 36 35 N. /'am, Eajt, a village fix miles W of London, noted for its medicinal waters. AHoH-Buruel, a village in Shropftiire, eight miles from Shrewfbury. A parlia- ment was held here in the reign of Edward I. when the lords fat in the caftle, and the commons in a barn, which is ftill ftanding. A great part of the caftle remains, the walls exceedingly ftrnng, and adorned with fine battlements and rows of windows curioufly carved ; it muft have been a magnificent ftrudure. Adams PUe, a high mountain in the ifland of Ceylon; on the top of which they believe the firft man was created. Adana, an ancient and handfome town or Natolia, in a charming climate, with a bilhop's fee. It is feated on the Choquen, 25 miles N E of Tarfus. Lon. 36 1 3 E, lat. J7 a6 N. Adda, a river of Swiflerland, which rlfes in the country of the Urifoiis, and falls into the Po, near Cremona. Addi/oit, the chief town of Addifon coun ty, .Vermont, feated on the E fide of lake Champlain, 10 miles S of Vergennes, and 47 M by W of Rutland, the feat of ftate government. Here is a poft-ofiice 509 miles from the city of IVafiingim. Jdtl, a kingdom of Africa, on the S coaft of the ftrait of Babelmandel It fel- dom rains here, and yet the country is fruit- ful, being well watered by rivers. 't abounds with wheat, millet, frankincenfe, and pepper; and the tails of their fliecp weigh 351b. each. Zcita, its capital, is a rich town and has a good trade. The in habitants are Mahometans. jlJeH, once a rich and confiderable fea- port of Arabia Felix, 60 miles £ of Mocli». Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 13 10 N. Adtniiirg, or Addtniwrg, a town of Weft- A D U phalla, in the dutchy of Berg, fubjeA to the elcdor palatine, I3 miles N E of Co- logne. Lon. 7 16 E, lat. 51 3 N. Adige, a river of Italy, v/hich ha* iM fource to the S of the lake Glace, among the Alps, and tuns S by I'rent, and E by Verona, into the gulf of Venice. Admiralty IJIamIt, lie in about 3 18 lat. 146 44 long, in the S Pacific Ocean. I'hejr were difcovered in 1 767. AdoH, a town > f Hungary, in the pro- vince of Stuhrl-Wciflemburg, feated in a fruitful country near the Dauube. Lon« 19 35 E, lat. 47 i% N. Adoni, a town of Golconda, in the pell- infula of Hindoftan, on one of the branches of the Tungebadda. It is 175 miles S W of Hydrabad, and 310 N W of Madras. Lon. 77 o E, lat. 15 37 N. Adeur, a river of France, which rifes in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and running by Tarbes and Uax, falls into the bay of Bifcay below Bayonne. Adra, a feaport of Granada, in Spain, 47 miles S E of Granada. Lon 3 37 W, lat. 36 43 N. dria, a town in the territory of Venice, which gives name to the Adriatic Sea It is a bifliop's fee, 35 miles S S W of Venice. Lon. II 5 E, lat. 45 8 N driano, a mountain of Spain in Bifcay. There is a road over it to Aalba and Old Caftile, which is very difficult : at its be- ginning there ik a durk path of ijo paces, cut through a rock; after which is the mountain that muft be pafted over. I'he number of inhabitants may be about 100,000. The air is wholefome, and the country very pl^faut. It is one of the higheft of the Pyrenees ; and is only in- habited by a few fltepherds, who live in cottages. drianopU, a celebrated town of Tur- key in Europe, in Romaiiis, with an arch- bifliop's fee ; fituate in a fine plain, on the river Maraai, 115 miles N W of Conftan- tiuople. The grand fignior often vifits this place. It is eight miles in circumfer- ence, but the ftreets are narrow and crook- ed. Lon. 36 37 E, lat. 41 43 N. Adriatic Sta. See f^emiee, Cut/t/. Advtnture Ifland, a fmall ifland in the S Pacific Ocean, fo called from the Ihip Ad- venture, in which captain 1-umeaui failed. The people are mild and cheerful, with little of that wild appearance which fa- vages in i^eneral have- They are, how- ever, a' ft totally devoid of adivity or genius, .id arc nearly on a level with the wretched natives of Terra del Fuego. Lon. 147 39 W, lat. 43 31 S. Aduk, a nwnnUin of Spain, in Na« A F R A G A varre, in which are the fountains of the Rhine. Jzinotii, a fmall town of Spain, in Va- lentia, I'eatcd un mount Pcgna Uoiofo. Lon. I i6 W, lat. 39 10 N. ^^gaJis, or Mfriites, three fmall iflandn on tlie W fide of Sicily, between Marfella and 'I'rupani ; their names arc Lcvcnzo, Favignana, and Marctama. JEgean Sereeks. It compiehends all Troas, and the coaft of the Hcllefpont to the Propontcs. Aerjhat, a town in 13rabant, on the river Demur, ten miles £ of Mechlin. Lon. 4 49 E. lat- 51 1 N. Africa, one of the four pruicipal parts of the world ; bounded on the N by the Mediterranean ; on the W by the Atlan- tic ; on the E by the ifthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean ; and on the S by the houthern Ocean. It is a pe- ninfula of prodigious extent, being joined to Afia by the ifthmus of Suez, which is 60 miles over. In its greateft length, from the moft northern part to the Cape of Good Hope, it is 4600 miles ; and in the broadeft part from Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is 3500. The greateft part of it is within the torrid Zone, which ren- ders the heat almoft infupportablc in many places. However, the coafts in general are very fruitful, the fruits excellent, and the plants extraordinary. There are more wild beafts in Africa, than in any other part of the world: there are alfo fome animals peculiar to this country ; as the hippopotamus, or river horfe ; the rhino- ceros, with two horns on its nofe; and the beautiful ftriped zebra. Befide thcfe, they have crocodiles, oftriches, camels, and many other animals not to be met with in Europe. There are feveral de- ferts, particularly one of a large extent, called Zahara, which is almoft without water ; but thefe are not quite without in- habitants. There are many large rivers ; but the chief are the Nile, Niger, Sene- gal and Gambia, the two laft having been falfcly fuppofed branches of the Niger. The moft confiderablc mountains are the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone, 01 the Mountains of the Lions. The inhabitants confift of PagaBa, Mahometans, and Chriftians. The firft, which pofliefs the greateft part of the country, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, are the raoft nu- merous, and are generally black. The Mahometans, who are tawny, poflefs Egypt and the coaft of Barbary. The people of Abyflinia are denominated Chrif- tians, but retain many Pagan and Jewiftt rites. In the N of Africa are fome Jews, who manage all the little trade of that part of the country. The principal divi- fions of Africa are Barbary, Egypt, Bile- dulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea, Bornou, Caihna, Fezzan, Senna, Nubia, Abyflinia, Abex, J^oango, Congo, An- gola, Bengucla, ^ataman, Zanguebar, Monomotapa, Monomugi, Sofola, Caff- raria, and the country of the Hottentots. In 1788, an aflbciation was formed for the purpofe of exploring the interior re- gions of Africa; and Mr. Ledyard and Mr. Lucas were fele(Sled as their miflion- aries. Mr. Ledyard died on his journey. Mr. Lucas was prevented from purfuing the plan flcetched out for him, and was obliged to content himfelf with fach im- perfedl information as his guides could give him. In 1795, the African aflbci- ation defpatched Mr. Park to explore this immenfc continent. His journey has brought to our knowledge more import- ant fadls refpciSting the geography of Africa than the accounts of any former traveller. He has pointed out to us the fources of the great rivers, the Senegal, Gambia, and Niger; the courfe of this laft he has determined to be from W to E, and thus fet this much difputed point for ever at reft. Africa, a feaport town of Tunis, 70 miles SSE of Tunis. It was taken by' Charles V. who demoliflied the fortifica- tions. Lon. II 10 E, Tat. 35 36 N. Afrique, St. a fmall town of France, in the department of Averion, Cz miles E of Vabres. AgaJes, a kingdom of Africa, in Mo grolund, with a town of the fame ntune, tributary to the king of Tombodou. It produces excellent fenna and manna. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 19 10 N. Agamrnticus, a mountain of North AnU' rica, in the diftrid of Main. It is a noted landmark for failors, about eight miles from the fea, in lat. 43 16. Agatha, Si. a town of Naphi, in the Ulterior Principality, with a bifliop's fee, 20 miles N i:. of Naples. Lon. 14 36 Bi lat 41 5 N. Agattoti, a town near the mouth, of the ^. o / n l^l^pi? ./of On I CapttVrM* O C E ^Tro] >"*»»«»> J I of Pagaaa, The firft, tart of the Cancer to he moll nu- black. The my, poffcft hary. The nated Chrif- and Jewilh ; fome Jews, rade of that ■incipal divi- Egypt, Bile- id, Guinea, :nna, Nubia, Congo, An- Zanguebar, iofola, Caff- : Hottentots. formed for ! interior re- Lcdyard and their miflion- I his journey, om purfuing lim, and wai vith fuch im- guides could frican aflbci- I explore this journey has more import- ;eography of I any former lut to ui the the Senegal, mtfe of this e from W to ifputed point of Tunis, 70 ras taken by the fortifici' 5 36 N. of France, in fix miles £ o( *" \li'|»|nt ^" ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ,11^ 4^^% - '''il"'"'" \ \ frica, in Nu- fame nUne, mbocSou. It manna. Lon. : North Am«- It is a noted eight miles lapli, in the a bifliop's fee, on. 14 36 B, mouth, of the 9^ '■^jDgH^- 4 ■^potAMeiT m<»rmmm n" iiili ti utr mmmmmmmKimfmmm'mm tain ; ! >t. 'tammmmttitmlmmmmHm MUMMUMMiiMiMIMMM A G M Forfflofu, on the coaft of Guinea, 80 milet ii of Ucnin. Lon. 7 6 £, lut. 7 ao N. Agile, a town of France, in tlie depart- ment of Hcrault and lute province of I.un- gut-doc, ffutc'il on the river Heruult, u mile and a half from its mouth in the gulf of Lyons, where there is a fmall fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 miles N E of Narbonne. l.on 3 ^y V., lut. 45 19. N. W;«, a city of France, in the late pro- vince of Guienne, the epifcopal fee of the department of Avcirsn. It is feated on the Garonne, in a pleafant country. Prunes, on account of their antifcorhutic property, form here a conGderable ihjedl of com- merce; of which the i itch take great quantities for long voyages. Great part of the hemp in the neighbourhood is ma- nufaAurcd into table linen, which is fent to Cadiz, and thence exported to the Span- ifli iflands. Here are likewife manufac- tures of camblcts, ferges, and failcloth. Agcn is 108 miles S K of Uourdeaux. Lon. o 40 £, lat. 4a 12 N. Jgtnaiat, a town of Tranfylvania ; 10 miles N K of Hermauftadt. Lon. 24 50 £, lat. 46 32 N. jigtr, a fmall town of Catalonia in Spain. Lon. i 50 K, la:. 41 50 N. ylgga, or Aggtna, a town and country on the coaft «f Guinea, in which the £ng- lilh have a fort. Lon. o o, lat. 6 o N. - SS"'^"y'> * town of Norway, and ca- pital of a province of the fame name, which is full of mountains. It is 30 miles N W of Fredcrickfliall. Lon. 10 jo E, lat. 59 30 N. See Cbrijiiana. Agljrim, a village in the county of Gal- way, memorable for the vidlory, gained by king William, over James II. /Igbrin, a town in the county of Wick- low, 13 miles S W of Wicklowi Lou. 6 3,1 W, lat. 52 45 N. Agimere, or zmere, the capital of 3 ter- ritory of the fame name in Hindoilan Pro- per, built at the foot of a very high ii;ioun- tain ; on the top of which is a furtrefs of great llrength. It is 230 miles W of Agra; Lon. 75 20 E, lat. 26 35 N. Agincourt, a village of France, in the department of the ftraits of Calais and late county of Artois, feven miles N of Hefdin, famous for the vi(Sory obtained by Henry V, over the French, in 1 415. Agmat, a town of Morocco, on a river of liie fame name, and on the declivity of one of the mountains of Atl^s, where the i'uil is fertile. It is 16 miles ii of Morocco. Lon. 7 15 W, lat. 30 56 N. Agmonilrjham. See Amcrjham^ AgnaiUiloa, a village of the Milanefe, famous for a vidory gaine4 by Lewis XII. A H U over the Venetians, in I509,and by the duke of Vcndome over prince Eugene, in 17OJ. hit feated on the canal between Adda anj Serio, five miles S £ of CalTana, and 10 N of Lodi. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 25 N. JgHUHo, a circul.\r lake, in the kingdom of Naples, fevcn miles from Puxzoli. It is about half a mile in diameter, furround- ed by mountains ; and on its margin it lituate the famous Grotta del Cane. See Cane, Grotta dtl. Agofta, a feaport town of Sicily, with an excelk'nt harbour. The gnateft part of it was deflroyed by an earthquake in 1693. Lon. 15 15 E.lat. 3735 N. 'gra, the capital of a province of the fame name, in Hindodan Proper, on the 3 bank of the river Jumna, which is fcldom fordable. It was once the mod fplendid of all the Indian cities, and ni>w exhibits the mofl magnificent ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar made it his ca- pital, and gave his name to it ; fince which time it is often named Acbarabad. It wag then a fmall fottifird to%vn ; but it foon fprung up to an exteiifive well built city, regularly fortified according to the Indian method, and with a fine citadel of red freeftone. ^Vgra is 100 miles .S by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 30 K, Int. 27 o N. Agrei'a, a town of Spain ill Old Caftile. eight miles S W of 'I'aracona. Lon. % o W, ht 41 S3 N. Agria, a fmall, but ftrong town of Up- per Hungary, with a bilhop's fee and a ci- tadel. It was taken by the Turks in legi, and retaken in 1687. It is feated on" the river Agria, 47 miles N E of Buda. Lon. 20 10 E, lat. 48 10 N. "grignan, one of the Ladrone iflands which is 40 miles in compafs. Lon. 14& E,lat. 19 40 N. Agua de Pao, a town in the ifland of St. Michael, one of the Azores in the Atlan- tic. Lon. a.f 40 W, lat. 38 o N. 'gaat Bellas, a town of Portugal, in F.f- tramadura, with a diftriiil of two pariflies. Lon. 85 W.lat. 39 40 N. Agui.'a, a towp of the kingdom of Fez, feated on the river of that name. ■'■guilar, a town of Spain in the kingdom pf Navarre, 24 miles W of Eilella. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 4» 35 N. It is alfo the name of another town in Old Caitile. gurande, a fmall town of France in the department of Indre and late province of Berry. Lon. 1 10 £, lat. 47 20 N. Abuys, a town of Sweden, flrong by fi- tuation, in the province of Gothland, witJk a good harbour, 15 miles S E of ChriAian4 ftadt. Lon. 14 if E, lat> 56 IS N. I wijj;ii ^.« II 1 1)11,11 1 I.I i » »ii^^>ii^ii > ai A I G jii, a town of Judc» to the north of Jeri- cho, fHkfn by Jomiia. Ajaiiin, or Aj^itci; a fine ftiiport of Coriica, on the W lulc of tlit illaiul, bu.lt on a point of land that iut» into tht gulf. I. on. X 50 v., lat. .^5 .?o N. /ijiiTZ'i, a Icupoii of Nafolia.in tbr pro- vince of Caramaiiia, anciently Silt fia, Ifated on the Mediterranean, .(O miles N nf An tioch, and 40 W of Al •p|o, where Hood the city of llTnn, aii.l wlierr Alexand.r fought his feeond battle with Dariui. l.on. 33 10 E, lat. 37 oN. AiJ\ a town of Bavaria, on the Par, t.i- kcnby the .Sweden in i6t4, and afterwards burnt. l.on. 11 10 r, lat. 4K 30 N. Aichjtat, a town of l-'ranconia, capital of a bifliopric of the fame name. It is re- markable for a curious piece of workman- fhip, called tlic .Sun of the Holy .Sacrament, which is in the church ; it is of ni;;fry gold, and i» enriched with 3,?o diamonds, 1400 pearls, 250 rubies, and other precious (lones. This place is moderately large, and lies in a valley, on the rive/ Altmul, 30 miles S of Nuremberg. l.on. 11 10 E, lat. 48 j7 N. 'I'hcbilhopric is4.5 milesin length, and 17 in breadth. Aiello, a fmall town of Naples in Abruz- zo Ulterior, belonging to the hereditary prince of Modena. l.cn. 15 io E, lat. 41 40 N. Aigle, •> town of Swificrland, in the can- ton of ..jrn, featcd on the Rhone, fix miles from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. All the houfes, even the niean- cft, arc built of white marble, found i>i the neighbourhood. Aigtf, a fniall town of France, in the department of Ornc and late province ot Normandy, 47 miles SW of Rouen. Lon. I o E, lat. 48 AS N. Aigniii, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire and Cher and late province of Blafnis. It ia in the Ihape of an ariphitheatre, at the foot of which runs the river Cher, at the diftance of 60 miles from Bourgcs. ^/(Ti/f Morte, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and latt province of I.anguedoc. It is very ftrong, on account of its fituation among the moraffes, though at fonie diilance from the fea. It had a harliour, which is now choked up. Lon. 4 3 E.lat. 43 34 N. Aigur-Per/e, a town of France in the department of Puy de Home and late pro- vince of Auvergne, 18 mile N of Cler- mont, and 7 5l S of Paris. It has a foun tain, once retrarded as a prodigy, its cold water havii>g the appearance of boiling. The water of t'-js fpring ia faid to be fatal A I X to the animal] that drink it. Lon. 3 ao E, U. 4ft 6 N. Ailiih, a town of Arabia Petrra, on the !•. fide of the Red fea, l>tar the road which the pilgrims take from E^ypt to Mecca. Lon. 3rt 40 E, lat. i<) 10 N. Ait.Jlury, the larged and nioft populous tovJti in liuckinghanilhire, with a market on .Saturday. It eoufilU of ieveral ftrect» though the houfes aic not very contiguous ; thefe lie abuut the market place, in the mid- dle of which is a convenient hall, in which this town fiiarcs the alTizcs with Bucking- ham. It is alfo the centre of the bufinefsof the vale of Ailelbury which occupies the centre of the county, and is one of the moft fcitiU trails in England. The itjiabitaiits of thin town, and its neighbourhood, fupply the London market with early ducklings. They carry this tr.nde to fuch an extent, that it is laid, 3000I. have been re-^eived at Ailelbury from London in fix weeks, for that article. This town fends two mem- ber! to pu.'liamcnt •, and is 16 miles S E of Buckingham, and 41 N W cf London. Lon. o 4X W, lat. 51 50 N. Ailf.i, A great inl'ulaied rock, to the S of the ille of Arran, in Scotland. Its bafe is two miles in circumference. It eonfifts of a ttupcndous aflcqiblagc of precipitou* clifln, rifing in a wild feries, forming a py- ramidal mountain, 900 feet high, aeceflible only on the N E. The lower parts are in- habited by goats and rabbits and the lofty funmiits are the refuge of innumerable fea fowls. 'Ihe depth of water at the baft is from 7 to 48 fathoms. The ruins cf a chapel, and of a cafile, arc ftill feen ; and within 30 yards of the latter ia a fpring of frclh water. /fi.irc, or Arima, a fmall town in Sa- voy, on the river Ifere. /lin, a dep-'Ttment of France, lately the province of BrefTe. Ainfi, a town of Spain, in Arragon, feated in a plain, on the river Ara. Aire, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Lanues and late province of Gaf- cony, featcd on the river Adour, on the de- clivity of a mountain, 65 miles S of Bour- deaux. Lon. o 16 E.lat. 43 4a N. Aire, a ftrong town in the department of the (Iraits of Calais, and late province of Artois. It is feated on the river Lis, 14 miles S of Dunkirk, and communicates with .St. Omer, by a canal from the river Aa. Lon. a 19 E, lai. 30 4a N. Aifnt, a department of France, including the late province* of Soiflbnnois and Ver- mandois. Aix, an ancient c;ty of France. It was the capital of the late province of Provence, I X nk it. I.on. 3 10 E, ,ral)ia Prtn a, on the Piar the roail which m Knyjn to Mecca. 10 N. i\ and nioft populou* Ihire, with a market lifU of Icveral ftrccti not very contiguoui; rket plarc, in the mid- H-niiiit hall, in which alTizcs with Buckiiig- ntreof the hufinefsof which occupies the and in one of the moft nd. Tlie inhahitant» icighhourhood, fupply with early ducklings. e to fuch an extent, have been re-tcived at don in fix weeks, for town fcndii two mcm- andis 16 miles S F, of H N W of London. ;i5oN. ^ I'ulated rock, to the b in Scotland. Its bafe imference. It tonfifts qiblagc of precipitoui d fories, forminj; a py- 00 feet high, acceflible "he lower parts are in- 1 rabbits and the lofty go of innumi-rable fea )f water at the haft i* ms. The ruin» of a lie, arc ftill feen ; and he latter it a fpring of a fmall town in Ba- re. it of France, lately the f Spain, in Arragon, the river Ara. ?rance, in the depart- , latr province of Gaf- ivcr Adour, on the de- n, 65 miles S of Bour- F.,lat, 43 4a N. wn in the department lis, and late province of :d on the river Lis, 24 and communicates with lal from the river Aa. o 42 N. •nt of France, including of Soiflonnois and Ver- ::ty of France. It was e province if Provence, ALA when it hud a parliament. It is fcatcd in .1 plain, where there arc hot badit near the rivir Arc. It is 75 niile< i. of Muntpel- iier. Lon. 5 ,\i K, In. 4? tiN. ///v, an aiu-iciit town of Sivuy, on the like of Uoiitgt t. Here are miiier.il watern, tiiucli fre<|uenteil. It in ii^ln miles N of Cliamberiy. I.oii. (1 10 K.lat. 4.t 40 N. /tix, a fmall ilhiiul on the eoall of I'l unec, between the ifle of Oleron and the conti- nent. It is memorable for un iiij>lori»u.i ex|H-dltion of the £nglifti in 1757, •''K^tinll U!ichcfort, when they rettirnetl without doing any thing, except deniclifliing the fort of lliiii illund. It is 11 miles N W of Rorhefort. Lon. I 5 W, lat. 46 .? N. Ai\-lu'rta[>ellf, a free and imperial city of VVellplialia. The emperor Charlemagne ehofe this place for his refidencc on account of its beauty. He il interred in the church of Notre Dame, where they keep his fword and belt, and the Four HvangclillH, written in letters of gold, which are made ufe of at the coronatjon of the empen r». lis fa- mous mineral waters draw u great number of ptrfons every year. In 1668 and 1748, it was diililiguilhed by two celebrated trea- ties of peace. 'I'he Kreiich took it in 1 7ya; il was retaken by the Auftrians in 179.I, .nnd again taken by the French in I7'y4. It is feated in a bottom, Oirroundcd by mountains, ai miles N \l of Liege. Lon. (> T. F., lat. so 48 N. Aiiffjt, thr ancient Thyatyra, a town of Natolia, built in a fine plain 18 miles broad, which produces plenty of corn and. cotton. It is inhabited by about 5000 Mahometans, and n f<;atcd on the river Heimits.jo miles. .S E of Pergamo. Lon. a8 30 H, lat. 18 48 N. Aliiia, or Alava, one of the three fiiiallcil didrids of Bifeay in Spain, but pretty fer- tile in rye, barley, and fruits. 'I'here are in it veiy good mines of iron. Vitoria is the capital. AlaJylia, a province of Turkey in Afia, between Amalia and the Mediterranean, toward Mount Taurus. The country is rouj;h, rugged, .iiid mountainous ; yet there ure good paflures, and plenty of liorfes and camilj. Aliigoa, a town in the iflc of St. Mi- elutcl, one of the Azores. .ilnii, a town of France, in the depart- ment of (>ard and late province of Lan- puedoc, ficuated on the river Uardoii, near a beautiful meadow, at the foot of the Ccvennes. It contains ic.coo inha- ifitants, was lately an epifcopal fee, and lias a citadel. It is 37 miles N of Mont- pellicr. Lon. 4 jo £, lat. 44 8 N. AlanJ, a ckfler of iilands at the en- ALB tnnre of the gulf of Uothiiia, in the Bal- tic Sea. The principal illaiiil, winch gives name to the rell, is 40 mile* Ion;;, and from 11 to 16 broad. It is ineliuled III the government of a'.vrdilii I'iiilaiul, .iiid is 7,{ miles N K of Stockholm. Lon. 20 o I'., Lit. 60 o N. Alittam.a, a noble river of N Atnerlca, called alio Si, Corgr'i Hivtr. It rife* In the Allegany mouatjini, and running M V. through Cieorxia, empties itielf, by feve- ral miiuihs, into the Atlantic auout 60 miles S W of the river .Savannah. Aliiiri, t town of Italy, in L'ampagna di Konia, on a kill, v ith a bilhop's lee; .5 miles N VV of V'croli 40 miles S t of Home. Lull. 13 8 K, lat. 41 30 N. Aliiiyr, a town of Hullia, in Afia, on the river Suru, 40 iniie* 1^ of Kal'un. AUiiila, a conliderable river of Turkey in Kuriipe, which riles in the mount'iiiis that fepara'c MolH;ivia and Tranfyivania, runs through Walachia, and falls into the Uanubc, almoll oppolite to Nicopolii. Albti, a town of Italy, in Montferrat, with a bifliup'n fee; feaied on the river Tanaro, 20 miles ti E of 'I'urin. Lon. 8 $ E, lat. 44 46 N. Allia-Julh, a city of Tranfyivania, with a bifhop's fee, and a iiniverlity ; fituated on the declivity of a hill, near the river Ompias, 15 miles W of HermanlUdt. Lon. 24 o E, lat. 46 i6 N. AWani Alliitn'ii. I.ilward VI, incorpiir.itdd the tiiwii, wliicli i» ((ovcrii- fil l)y a mayor, lii);h lUwurd, rccnoiiT, ll uUlirniiii, &.C. Utrc uic three chiirchc*, bcfiJi; the aiK'irnt uiie th.ii hvloii(;eil to the tiii)iulKi-y, which the iiihaliituiits punhuU ed of ICdward VI for 400I. and it now a pari(h ihiirch. The fhrinr of tit. nlhan ftoiot u ve'l'^je befide thi< church, remain* of the abliey, exi'cpt the ({ati:way. In the thurcli nf M, Michael it the monument of the iiliiftriouii Francis Bncon, vilcoiint St. Alban's. In th<- centre of the town ftood one of the mapfnificcnl croffrj, erefled by J'.dward I, In iioiiour of hit queen Mea- ner i and .1 buildin); credlcd in it* (lead, in I TO.?, l\lll retain* the name of tlip Crofj. Near the town, ii a l;ini' of fortification, I'uppoled by (ome to be the camp of Olio- riu-t, tlie Roman propntor ; but others imaijini It to have been the fite of the Suxun r il pal.icc at Kingfbiiry. bt. Alban's ii. uii;ou> for the viiitury obtained by Richard duiie of V'oik, in H^f, over Henry VI ; and Icr a viiflory which queen Margaret gamed in 1 461. over the carl of Warwick. This town rofc from the juins of the ancient city of Vtrulam, no- thing of which remainn except the old walls. The market i« on Wednefday and .Saturday. St. Alban's fends two mem- bers to parliamen:, and is ai miles N by \V of London. l,on. o 14 W, lat. 51 45 N. Alt my, a fortrefs belonging to the Dri- tifli on the S W of Hudion's Bay. Lon. 81 zo W, lat. Si to N. jilb'iny, the chief town of Albany coun- ty. New York, and lately become the feat nf ftatc governmesit. It is fituatcd or the W fide of l-ludlbn river, 160 miles N of the city of New York and ,140 S of Que- bec, in '.he ht. of 42 36 N, and long, of 73 40 VV of London. At the laPt enumcra- ti(in in liioo it contained 860 dwelling lioufcs and 5309 inhabitants, one tenth of whom were flaves. The whites are a mix- ture of many nations, but a j;reiit propor- tion are the defcendaiits of the early Dutch fettlers.— 'I'he city ftands on the fide of Fort Orange, a fortification crc<51cd by the Hullauder* in 1623 ; and is nvaily as aii- ALB eicnt it New York. It was incorporated by tiiivtriiiir t)oii^aii in itports one baii'tt of difcuunt and dcpnfit with approved reputation.— 'I'he principal public edifice* arc a hofpital, city-hall, a jail, and fit or feven houfes for religious worlhip, fonie of which are hand* fomely conftruded. ■ ilhauizm, a town of Spain, in Am- gnn, with a bifhop's fee, feated on the Guadahivir, 100 miles \L nf Madrid. It is an ancient and flrong place, its wool is the bell: in Arragon. Lon. I 16 W, lat. 40 30 N. iliathi, a town nf Great Tartary, with a ftrong fortrefs to defend it againft the Chinefe and Mogul 1'artars. It is on the road from Mofcow to Pekin. Lon. loj 30 h, lat. 54 o N. Ititmarle, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy. From this town the Eng- lifh family of Keppel take the title of earl, its ferges are in hiirh efteem. It is feated on the declivity ' • hill, 35 miles N N E of Rouen, and 70 Ii N W of I'aris. Lon. I 30 1., lat. 4v» 50 N. jlltenguii, an ancient flrong feaport of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with % bifhop's fee. It is furrounded with olive trees, but the air is uiiwholefimie. It is feated on the Mediterranean 37 miles b W of Cienoa. Lon. 8 3 K, lat. 44 4 N. Al/'ifila, a fmall town belonging to the republic of Genoa. Here is a porcelain m^nufafturc, and fevcral country houfes of the Gciioefe nobility. It was bombardf ed, in 1 745, by the r.nglifti. Lon. 8 10 r, lat. 44 1.5 N. Aihrrt, a town of France, in the depart- in. lit of Landcs and late jirovince of (Jaf- i^ony, 37 miles .S of Courdeaux. Lon. O 30 W, lat. 44 10 N. JiourfT, a town of Denmark, in N Jut- land, with a bilhop's fee, feated on a ca- nal 10 miles from the fea, and 30 N of Wiburgh. It has a confiderable trade in herrings ar gunt, pilliil number of Lon. 9 46 1 Alhuijinrrj madura, dc hl« caftle. wool and c Alcaatara. Alty, an the capital c in Langued It is fituate and contain' of architeiSi fipal church France. 11 bigenfes; a the authnrit demned by 1 4 %*ie* thrc the beaiitici produces al winei, flax, aiider, and ford wool of nufadlured i diers, rnttet coarfij wool of Alby arc of Mans. '1 Touloufe, an M, lat. 44 I, .;Uala.Ji.i fia, in Spain ira, five mil W, lat. 37 i Alcal,i.Je-t town of Mpai niou* univel ciflile. It is 1.5 miles E ^ lat. 40 26 N Alcalifdt-K dalufia with near the riv ville. Lon. _ .. Icama, a 1 Provinces, they make t Holland, anc 17 miles N b 44 H, lat. 5; .'leitmo, a of Mazaro, Lon. 13 52 Alcantara, Spain, in Efl of theknighti nificent brid,'' Jan. It was in 1706, but w It wai Siirnrjiorkted ill \(M, jml itnow of A mayor, aliler- -'in^c liiuution for ing furriiiiiuli'J by a iwij^ahlc wutiT', ami ; of a viry rxtcnfivc 'i'hc popuJatioii ill- in guiiirj 1800 p«r- arit.— 1 111' houfct are n the nuigin uf th« n in the oW Dutth )le endt turncil to the t lately built are in a » well ru|ipUed with iidii^ted ihrounh pipe* ihIIch dilUnt. — The baii'x of difcuunt and 'I'd reputation.— The ifirts arc a hofpital, lix or fevcii houl'c« for iiic of which are hand- n of Spain, in Arra- '» fee, feateJ on the ic9 E of Madrid. It it mu placf, itt wool » ^. Lon. 1 16 W, lat if Orcat Tartary, with I defend it a«ainft the 1 Tartars. It is on the to I'ekin. 1-on. 103 1 of I'rance, in the dc- Scinc and late province Mil this town the Eng- rl take the title of earl rh efteem. It Ib feated hill, 35 miles N N E ^ N W of I'arig. Lon N. :ient ftrong feaport of ory of Genoa, with » furroundcd with olive is unwholefonie. It i» tcrrancan 31 miles S W I 3 E, lat. 44 4 N. town belonging to the Here is a porcelain fcvcral country houfes ility. It was bombardf le r.nglifti. Lon. 8 10 f France, in the depart^ d late province of iJaf- f Bourdeaux. Lon. of Denmark, in N Jut- p's fee, feated on a c»- the fea, and 30 N of a confidcrable trade iD A L C hrrtlngt and corn, and a manufiAure of (riini, pillot^ faddles and gloves; a great number of eels are likewife taken here. Lon. 9 46 E, lat. to the T phratcs, and v/hicli towards the fouth terminates in the defert. It is built on eight hills on the higheft of which the calHe is erroted, and is fuppofed to be the ca*>|p of lierxa. The houfcs arc large and commodious, having terraces on their tops, and generally iky- ALE lights in form of a dome, to let the light into the rooms, which from their loftincfs, the gilding on the window-mutters, cup- boards, &c. have at firft entrance a very agreeable effeft. The ftrcets are carefully paved ; have gutters and a foot pavement on each fide ; and the middle of the ttreet is laid with brick, the fmall end upwards, for the convenience of horfes. There is alfo a clcanlincfs obferved heie, unknown to the other cities of Turkey, there being afs drivers who go about the city and take up the rubbifh and dud, which each inha- bitant is obliged to fweep together. The mofquesi are numerous and fome of them magnificent. Before each of them is an area, with a fountain in the middle, defign- ed for ablutions before prayers. The ba- zars or market-places arc long covered narrow ftreets, on each fide of which are a great nuni ber of fmall fliopsjjuft fufficient to hold the tradefman and his goods, the buyer being obliget' to ftand without. The fituation of Aleppo, bcfides the advantage of a rich and fruitful foil, poirefles alfo that of a ftream of frcfh water, which never be- comes dry. Near Aleppo, its hanks are covered with a fertile earth, and laid out in gardens, or rather orchards, which in a hot country, and efpecially in Turkey, cannot but be delightful. The city is itfelf one of the moft agreeable in .Syria. On whatever fide it is approached, its numerous minarets and domes prefent an agreeable profpe>ft to the eye, fatigued with the continued fame- ncl's of the brown and parched plains. Aleppo is the emporium of Armenia a."d the Uiarbekar; fends caravans to Bagdad and into Perfia; and communicates with the Perfian gulf and India, by Baflbra.with Egypt and Mecca by Damafcus, and with Europe by Alexandrctta and Latakia. Their chief commodities are raw or fpun cottons, clumfy linens fabricated in the vil- lages, filfc ftufls manufadured in the city, copper, coarfe cloths, goats-hair, the gall nuts of the Kourdellan, the merchandife of India, fuch as fliawls and nmflins. Eigh- teen miles .S E of Aleppo, is a large plain, called the Valley of Salt, hounded by low rocky hills, which form a kind of natural bafin, that retains the rain dcfcending from the rocks, together with the wato rifing from a few fprings, and caufe the whole to be overflowed m winter. The extent of the furface prevents this water from being of any great depth ; lb that it is foon eva- porated by the fun, when it leaves a cake of f.ilt, in fome places half an inch thick ; and, in April, people are employed to gather this fait, which Is fufficient to Aipply all this part of the country. Aleppo is fcated :.ii".i,i',.wmH L E dome, to let the light ch from their loftincl's, window-mutters, cup- t firft entrance a very 'he ftrccts are carefully s and a foot pavement he middle of the ftreet he fmall end upwards, of horfes. There is ferved heie, unknown (f Turkey, there being ihout the city and take lull, which each inha- fvveep together. The ous and feme of them e each of them is an I -in the middle, defign- ore prayers. The ba- ces arc long covered ach fide of which are lall (hops, jufl: fuflicient tn and his goods, the to (land without. The , bcfides the advantage foil, polTelTes alfo that water, which never be - Aleppo, it;> banks are e earth, and laid out in -chards, which in a hot Uy in Turkey, cannot The city is itfelf one of 1 Syria. On whatever , its numerous minarets n agreeable profpcvft to th the continued fame- and parched plains, •ium of Armenia a.-d Is caravans to Bagdad id communicates with India, by HalTora.with y Damalcus, and with idrctta and L.atakia. lities are raw or fpun IS fabricated in the vil- lufadlured in the city, s, goats-hair, the gall an, the merchandif^ of s and muflins. Eigh- Icppo, is a large plain, Salt, bounded by low orm a kind of natural e rain dcfcending from with the wate) rifing and caufe the whole to nter. The extent of this water from being lb that it is foon eva- when it leaves a cake es half an inch thick ; are employed to gather fuflicient to fupply all try. Aleppo is fcated ALE M a fmall brook, 70 miles E of Alexan- (Iretta, and 170 N by E of Damalcus. Lon. 37 20 E, lat. .15 45 N. Ale/i a ALU ALL lit has fince been lat. 42 30 N. of Portugal, 67 breadth: boimd- e Tea, on the E by e N by Aknteju. idt, dates, olivet, capital it Pharo. ] of Spain, in An- Gibraltar; but at tion, the harbour [O milei N W of r, 5at. 36 14 N. vn of Sardinia, on ilhop'a fee. Lon. Utes of Barbary, mis, on the N by the S by Mount Morocco. It es- to W. The ail ic hnd toward the valleya are full of dry, mountainous, n» have an exqui> I sre ripe in fum- ;r. The ftems of at a man can hard- is arms; and the a foot and a half three provinces, ic W, Titerie or > the E of the city ks, who have the ds, are not above ret the Moors, rr no {hare in it. it : under the protec- , and it is governed le dey, but he can lencc without the ies. The Arabs, diftinA people, go- «vs and magiftrates, >ofe ;i8 often as they Igiers is an abfolute by the Turkifti fol- epofed, and put to revenues of the go- he tribute paid by 1 detachment of this ach province every the prizes they take 1 the taxes they lay he panifli railed Lingua Franca, that is under- stood by thi; commun jjeople and mer- chunts. Tlie complexion of tlic natives is tawny, and tliey a#e rtrong and well mudc. Algiert,*. large and strnnjf town of Africa, in Barbary, the capital of the kingdom of Al;gicrs. Ii is l>uilt i.n tlie declivity of a mountain, and in in the form of an amphitheiitre next the har- bour ; insomuch, tliat tlie liouscs ap- pearing one above anutlicr, make a >e- ry fine appearance from the sea. Tlie tops of the houses are .all fist, for which reason they walk upon tlicm in the evening to take the air ; besides, they ••jre covered with earth, and serve for a sort of gardens. Th'- streets are nar row, and ser\-e to keep oH'tlie extreme heat of the sun. Tlie mole of the har- bour is 500 pacts in length, extending frcm the continent to a small island, where there is a castle and a large bat- tery of guns. The number of inhabi- tants is said to be 100,000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, and 4000 Cii .istion slaves. Their chief subsistence is derived from their piracies, for they make prizes of' all Christian ships that are not at peace : with them. The country about Algiers is adorned with gardens and Bne viUas, watered by fountains and rivulets ; and thither the inhabitants resort in tlie hot seasons. Alters tho' it has, for ages, brjived the resentment of the most pow- erful states in Christendom, ii is said, coidd moke but a feint defence against a regular siege. The emperor Charles V. in 1541, lost a fine fleet and army, in an expedition against it. The En- glish bui-nt their vessels in the harbour m 1635 and 1670. It was bombarded by the French in 1688. In \77S, the Spaniards mad^ a descent near the city with a formidable army, but were de- feated with great slaughter. In 1784, they sent a powerful fleet to attack the forts that defend the harbour ; but they were repelled by the Algerines, al- though they made eight successive At- tacks with great spiri' aad bravery. In 1767, the Algerines took the iead of the other states of Barbary, in refusing to pay any longer their usual (tibiite to the Porte. Algiers is situate opposite Minorca, 380 miles W of Tunis. Lon. 3 18 E, lat 340 N. Jlhutna, a town of Spain, in Grana- da. A little b«low it arc hot baths, accounted the best in Spain, It is scat- 1 «d ut ai valley, surrotmdcd by craggy { mountains, 25 miles S W of Cranada- Lon. 3 24 W, lat. 36 56 X. Alhanibra, the ancient fort-'-ss and residence of the Moorish nionurcns of Granada. In many countries may be seen excellent modem as tvell as ^• cient architecture, both entire and in ruins j but nothing to be (net with any •where else can convey an idea of this edifice, except the deci^i-atiuns of ait opera or tlic talcs of the genii. The iii-st place you come to is tlie court col- led the communa, or cjmtmin buthi 1 an oblong square witi; a deep banon of clear water in the middle ; two flig'hts ot marble steps leading down to the bot- tom J on each side a parterre of flow- ei'H, and a row of orange t .is. The ceilings ore gilt or painted, me lower part of the walls is mosaic, disposed in fantastic knots and festoons, a work so novel, so (exquisitely finished, as must aflit rd a stranger tlic most agreeable sensations, while he treads tliis magic ground. Opposite tlie door of the emnr nmna, is anotiier leading into the apart- ment of the lions, an oJblong court 100 feet in length atid 50 in breadth, envi- roned with a colonnade. The gate tliat leads into tlie hall of tlie two tUteri, ex- ceeds all the rest i|i proportion of orna- ments, and in beauty of prospect, which it affords through a range of apart* ments, where a mitltitudp of arches ternjinate in a large vindow open to the country. In a gleam of sunsliine, the variety of tints aiid lights thrown upon this enfilade are uncommonly rich. It is seated near tlie confluence of the Oro with the Xenil, 125 wiles S W of Miu-cio, and 225 S of Mi.drid, Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 37 8 N. Alicant, a seaport of Sptin, in Va- lencia ; rematfcui)le for its excellent wine, and the fertility of its toil, which produces e.\c«lU;nt fruits, perpe'idicular bluHs. Others gradual- ly subf jlc into a level country, giving rise to the rivers which run soiitiurly into the gulf of Mexico. In the back pai-ts of Pennsylvania, scarcely one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture : but this is not tlie case in all parts ; for numerous tracts of fine ura- dIc and past>irc land intervene between the ridges, having generally a rich black soil. Indeed, some of the mo\in- tauis will admit of cultivation almost to their tops. Alkgany, a river oE North America, which rises in tlie Allegany Mountains in I'.t. 42. At Fort Pitt it joins the A L M AlUhurch, a village of Worcesten- shire. It has an alms-house founded in 1580, and the Roman Ickneld street passes through it. The bishop of Wor- cester had formerly a palace here ; and the church, several parts of which are of Saxon architecture, contains many antique monuments. It is five mile* E by N of Bromsgrove. Alte^ranza, one of the Canai-y island*, lying to the N of Graciosa, and to the E of St. Clare. There arc several castles that defend the harbour. AUmdorf, a small town in the land- gravatc of Hesse Cassel, remarkable for its salt-works, and three stone bridges. It^s seated on the Wcscr, 15 miles E of Cassel. Lon. 9 59 E, lat. 51 19 N. Allentovin, a town in Monmouth coun- ty, New Jersey, 10 miles S E of Tren- ton, 22 S by W of Monmouth court house, and 40 N E of Philadelphia.— And a village, in Northampton county, Pennsylvania, 6 miles S W of Beth- lehem, 18 of Easton in the same direc- tion, and 56 N of Philadelphia. Post offices are established at both these small towns. Alkr, a river which rises in the duchy of Magdeburg, waters Zell, and falU into the Weser below Verden. Alleria, a decayed town in Corsica, a bishop's see, and the place where king Theodore first landed in '736. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 42 5 N. Ailier, a departiiient of France, late- ly the province of Bourbonnois. Ailoa, a commercial town, on the Frith of Forth, about 20 miles higher up the river than Leith, and five miles E of Stirling. It consists of one spaci- o»is street, well paved, and shaded with rows of lime trees. Here is a custom-house for the convenience of shipping in this part of the north, i.nd it is the resort of all the coal vessels :>.» the neighbourhood. It has a gla.s8- house and some other manufactures. Lon. 3 45 \V , lat. 56 10 N. Almacarron, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Mwcia, at the mouth of the Guadalantine, near the Mediter- ranean, 20 miles S W of Carthagena. Lon. 56 \ , lat. 37 28 N. A/mama, atownof New Castile, re- markable for the defeat of the allies, bv the French and Spaniards, in 1707, when most of the English were killed ortaken, having been abandoned by the Mon(*ni;ahcla, bclnff tken cuUcd Ohio. \ Portuguese horse at the iir»t charge. It is 50 milei 56 VV, lat. 38 Almeda, a t( madura, seatt Lisbon. Lon Almedia, a province of T fines of Leon, dad Uodrigo Almvida, al in the provini Coa. Lon. 8 Almendvala Estraniadura, tugal. Lon. Alvieiiii, a province of C see, seated i miles S E of lat. 36 51 N. Ahnisia, a i the mouth of fiimous for its E of Spalatrc 4N. Ainwndbitry riding of Yor! of Huddersfie Ahnondsbur shire, eight n Aimunecar, kingdom of Mediterranet defended by i S S E of Alh 36 30 N. Alniiiict, tl thumberl.ind, d.ay. It is si and is a popu a town-hous< which remaii that it was f wall. It was Gotliic castle Northumberl ly repaired i miles N of : wick, .ind 3 Lon. 1 30 \V Atoit, a to river Dender Brussels and lat. 50 58 N. Alpnaeh, a Undcrwalden itach, an am Cantons, wit StantZBtadt. Alpti^Uxe \ jope, separat r ALP A L S of Worcesten- •lioiise fuuiulcd D Ickncld street bishop of Wor- alacc here ; and rts of whkh are contains many [t is five milei : Canary islands, iosa, and to the ;re arc several harbour, iwii in the land- iscl, remarkable id three stone on the Wcscr, Lon. 9 59 E, lat. Monmouth coun- les S E ofTreii- ^onmouth court ' Philadelphia. — hampton countv, S W of Bctii- i the same direc- ladelphia. Post d at both these 'ises in the duchy s Zcll, and falls Verden. to\\'n in Corsica, Jie place where landed in '736. N. t of France, late- rbonnois. al town, on the t 20 miles higher h, and five miles lists of one spaci- ,'cd, and shaded rees. Here is a t convenience of )f the north, i.nd he coal vessels :*.» It has a g;la.ss- icr manufactures. 10 N. wrt of Spain, in cia, at the mouth lear the Mediler- V of Cai-tiiagena. 28 N. New Castile, re- lat of the allies, )aniards, in 1707, (jlish were killed abandoned by the t tho iirst charge. It is 50 miles S W of Valencia. Loh. ,56 VV, lat. 38 54 N. Almeda, a town of Portugal, in Estra- niadura, seated on the Tajo, opposite Lisbon. Lon. 9. 4 W, lat. 38 .33 N. Ahiieilia, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los-montes, on tlie con- fines of Leon, 17 miles N \V of Civa- dad Uodiigo Lon. 6 15 W,lat.4045 N. Almehia, a fortilied town of Portugal, in the province of Bcira, on tlie river Coa. Lon. 8 15 W, lat. 40 38 N. Almendvalaio, a Xown of Spain, in Estranuulura, near the borders of Por- tugal. Lon. 5 6 W, lat. 38 36 N. Alvieria, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Granada, witii a bishop's see, seated on the river Almeria, 62 miles S E of Granada. Lon. 2 W, lat. 36 51 N. Ahnhsa, a small but strong town, at the mouth of the Cetina, in Dalmatia, famous for its piracies. It is 10 miles E of Spalatro. Lon. 17 45J1, lat. 44 4N. . Alinrmdbury, a village in the AVest riding of Yorkshire, two miles S S E of Hiiddersfield. Alvior.dsbury, a village in Gloucester- shire, eight miles N of Bristol. Aimunecar, a seaport town in the kingdom of Granada, seated on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, defended by a strong castle, 30 miles S S E of Alhama. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 36 30 N. Airraid, the county town of Nor- tluimberl.ind, with a market on Satur- d.ay. It is seated on the rl.er Aine, and is a populous well-built town, witli a town-house. It ha« three gates, which i-emain almost entire, and show that it was formerly surrounded by a wall. It was defended by an old stately Gotliic castle, the seat of the duke of Northumberland, which has been late- ly repaired and beautified. It is 30 miles N of Newcastle, 25 S of Ber- wick, ,ind 305 N by W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 55 25 N. Aloit, a town of Flanders, on the river Dender, in the mid-way between Brussels and Ghe?it. Lon.' 4. 12 E, Ut. 50 58 N. Atpnach, a town of Swisserland, in Underwalden, seated on lake Alp- jiach, an arm of the lake of the Four Cantons, with wluch it unites near Stantzstadt. Alpt^iiUnc highest mo'untaiiis In Eu- JTOpe, separating Italy frotn France and Germany. They begin on the side of France towards the Mediterranean, be- tween the territory ot Genoa and coun- ty of Nice i and terminate at tlie gulf of Carniero, which i.+ part of tlie g\ilf of Venice. They consist of lofty chains of mountains, ranging one u|A)n ai.c- thcr, with only narrow valle) s btlween. 'riicy ai' to 12000 feet high. There :,re lew passes over tlicn^, and those of difficult access. Swisserlantl takes up a good part of these mountain.s, or r:ither the vallics between thein. The fiinioiis Hannibal attempted to cross tliC Al])» on tlie side of Piedmont, in tl.e winter seu.son, when he invaded ItiJy, uv.A lost most of Ilia elcpiiur.ts i.niong'thcm. Alps, Upper, H bcd druggets, and round ihu tops. It is Vi tipton, and 4a n. 56 W, lat. any, intheter- mth a famous 1 a physic gar- )f Nuremburg. rmany, in the 8 M-E of Con- e house of Au- ^7 50 N. crland, capital ated near the on tlie lake o^ Lucem. Lon. Cheshire, with 10 miles E of W of London. ■J. iderable town strong castle, 2 miles S E of ,lat. 41 N. ioucester shire, the Severn, is lied Oldbury, have betn dug y Eof Bristol. n in Valencia, niles S of Va- . 39 6 N. atownof Per- iagdad. Lon. iwn of Asia, in the Turks; ain, 40 miles 5 £, lat 30 5^ e Baltic, near it is separated miles long and' y peopled by oloiiy from £- Friesland, to whom the island was con- signed by Christian 11, at the request of liis queen, for the puq)osc of supply- ing her with vegetables, cheese, and butter. From the intermarriages of these colonists with the DuncN, tlie. present inhabitants are chiefly descend- ed ; but as they wear their own dress, and enjoy peculiar privileges, they ap- pear a distinct race. It has two churcli- es, in which the ministers preach oc- casionally in Dutch and Danish. The men wear broad-brimmed huts, black jackets, full-glazed breeches of the same colour, loose at the knee, and tied roimd tlie waist. The women are chiefly dressed in black jackets and red petticoats, with a piece of blue gla- zed cloth bound on their heads. The island is laid out in gardens and pas- tures ; and still, according to the oi-igi- nal design, supplies Copenhagen with milk, butter, and vegetables. Amal, a town of Sweden, in the pro- vince of Gothland, with a gfood harbour on lake Wenner, 175 miles S W of Up- sal. It carries on a great trade in tim- ber, deals, and tar. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 59 ON. Amalfi, an ancient town in the Cite- rior Principality of Naples, and an arch- bishop's see. Flavio Gioia, who is said to have invented the mariner's com- pass, about the beginning of the 14th century, was a native of this town. It is seated in a charming country, on the western coast of the gulf of SaJemo, 13 miles S W of Salerno. Lon. 14 45 E, lat. 40 28 N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the department of Cher, and late territory of Bourbonnois, seated on the river Cher, 20 miles S of Bourges. Lon. 2 SO £, lat. 46 45 N. Amand, St. a town of France, in the department of the North and in tlie late French Flanders, seated on the Scarpe, seven miles N of Valenciennes. It had lately a celebrated abbey, which is now plundered. When the Prussians and Austrians * invaded France in 1792, it was taken by them, but evacuated on their retreat Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 50 27 N . Amantea, a seaport town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, ne.ir the bay of Eufemia, 20 miles S W of Cosenza. Lon. 16 10 E, lat, 39 12 N. Amapalta, a seaport of N America, in Guatimala, seated on a gtilf of the same name, 220 miles S E of Gu.ttima- la. Lon. 86 40 W, lat. 12 30 N. Amasia, an ancient town of Natolia, the birtliplacc of Strabu, the geogra^ pher. It is tiie residence of a bashaw, and gives its name to tlie province it stands in where there are the best wines and fruits of Natolia. It was destroyed by an earthquake, July 3, 1794. It is seated near the river Casalniack, 36 miles N of Tocat. Lon. 36 E, lat. 40 31 N. Amazon, or Orellana, a (jrcat river of S America, which bus its source in Pe- ru, not fur from the Puiitic Ocean, and running £ falls into the Atlantic Ocean by 84 chamicls, whicli in the rainy sea- son overflow their liunkN, and fertiUze the country. Its course is between 4 and 5000 miles, including all its wind- ings. Its mouth is 150 miles broad; and it receives, in its progress, near 200 other rivers, muny of which liavc a course of 5' or 600 leagues, some of them not inferior to the Danube or the Nile ; and 1500 miles from its moutli, it is 30 or 40 fathoms deep. Amazonia, a country in S America, bounded on tlic N by Terra Firma and Guiana, on tiie E by tlic Atlantic Ocean and lirasil, 6n the S by Lu Pla- ta, and on the W by Peru. It is 1200 miles long, and 960 broad. It was dis- covered in 1580, by Francisco Orella- na, who sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic. Observing companies of women in arms on its bunks, he cal-' led the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to the river. But ibis was probably a fiction, for M. Con- damine could perceive no such women. ,It is generally a flat region, abounding in woods, lakes, rivers, bogs, and mo- rasses. The soil is very ricli and fer- tile ; the trees and plants arc verdant all the year. The rivers and lakes are infested l)y alligators and water-ser- pents. Their banks are inhabited by different tribes of Indians, governed by petty sovereigns, the marks of whose dignity are a crown of parrots feathers, a chain of lions teeth or claws hung round his neck, and a wooden sword whicii he carries in his hand. The Spaniards have made many vwn at- tempts to settle this country. On that part of the coast between Cape North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Portuguese, indeed have some settle- ments. Amhcrg, a handsome town of Germa- ny, capital of tiie Upper Pi'Litiiiute of Bnvaria. It has a strons; ca.nle, and La (!) A M B leMcd on the river Ills, 40 miles E of Nui-ciiitjurtf. Loll. 12 7 K, lat. 49 20 N. Amberl, a town of France in the (ie- piirtnicnt of the Puy Uc Dome und lute province of Aiivergne, x^Hteil in a beau- tiful viillcy, on tlie river Ore. It wus reuiai-kulile, liefore the French revolu- tion, for the great nuniberof paper ina- nufuuturerH m its vicinity, and foi' its trade in course laceii, cunilets, &.r.. It is 21 iiiileii E of Issoire, and lOO S by E of Pari.s. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 4.5 25 N. Ambleside, a town of Wc.stnio;'cland, witli a market on Wiilnisday, ;icatcd on "Winander-niere, 13 miles M\V of Ken- dal, i.nd 2ri NNW of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 54 28 N. AmhteUiise, a seaport of France, in the department of tlie Straits of Calais and late (irovince of Picurdy, eigiit miles N of Boulogne, defended by a battery of cannon. Lon. 1 41 E, lat "50 49 N. ' Amboise, a town of France, intliedc- piulment of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, seated at the con- ttlience of tlie Loire and Massee. The stairc.'ise of the castle, heing without steps, may be ascended to tlie very top. Here Lewis XI. instituted the order of St. Michael; and here in 1506, was formed the famous conspiracy against the Guises, known by the name of Am- boise. It is 1? miles E of Toiu's, and 118 S by W of Paris. Lon. 54 E, lat. 47. 25 N. Amboy, sometimes called Perth Am- boy,tiic capitalofEast Jersey, in Middle- sex county. This town is ttnely situat- ed for a seaport, lying open to Sandy- hook, and approachable from the sea with any wind tiiat blows. Some cfl'orts have been made to introduce commerce, but with small success, the exports having hardly ever exceeded 60,000 dollars per annum. The inhabitants arc about 600.— It lies in the lat. of 40 35 N. and Long, of 75 W. 35 miles from New York, and 70 from Pliiladelphia. Amhoyna, an ifiland of Asia, in tlic Indian Ocean, with a garrison town of the same name. It is the chief of the Moluccas, and remarkable for the quan- tity of cloves and nutmegb it produces. The English and Dutch had factories here at the beginning of tlie irth cen- tury i but the Dutch expelled the Eng- lish, and tortured them with the most lavage cruelty. The natives wear large ■wliiskers, and their dress is only a slight piece of st'lff wrapped roimd tlscir mid j'e. Tiic jnen buv thcii' wives A M E of their parents, and if they prove bar- rcn, the marriage is void. They are generally Mahometans; but there are some Rom.Hn catholics among them. Loll. 127 E, lat. 4 S. Anibieiibury,Atnyn\ in Wiltshire, with a market on Friday, and three fairs six miles N of Salisbury, and 78 W ot" L(mdon. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 51 11 N. Anibrym, one of tlie new Hebrides, in the S Pacilic Ocean. Lon. 168 12 £, lat. 16 10 N. AmeJabaJ, a large and populous city of Indostan, and the capital of the pro- vince of Guzerat. It is one of the best fortified places in India, but was taken by general Guddard, in 1780, from the Poonali Mahrattas to whom it w:is restored in 1783. It stands in .t oeautifiil plain on the banks of n navigable river that falls into tlie guifot' Canibay, 321 miles N of Bombay. Lon. 72 37 £, lat. 22 58 N. AnmJangiir, a city(Of Hindonstan In the Deccan; once the capital of the soubah ofthe game name, which nuw is better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the residence of the emperor Aii- rungzebe, during his conquest of the Deccan and the Carnatic. It is 181 miles, by Poonidi, from Bombay. Lon. 75 E, lat. 19 10 N. Amelia, an episcopal city of Italy, in the state of thechitfch, in the duchy of Spoletto, 20 miles S VV of Spoletto, and 45 N of Rome. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 41 33 N. America, one ofthe four parts ofthe world, and by mtich the largest. It is bounded on all sides by the ocean, as appears from the latest discoveries ; it being formerly supposed to join to the nortli cast part of Asia. It took its name from Americus Vespucius, a Flo- rentine, who is said to have discovered that part of the country seated under the line. But America was first discov- ered by Christopher Columbus, a Ge- noese, in 1401. It is called the New World with great propriety ; for not only the men, but the birds and beastg dittii'r, in some respects from those known before.- It has likewise a g^eat ii'.imber of trees and plants, that grew no wliere else, before they were trans- planted to other places. All the men, except the Eskimaux, near Greenland, seem to have the same original ; for Uiey agree in every particular, from the" sti'aits of Magellan, in the S, t» HiuLon's Bay, in the N. Their skins, ' '■'^^^^ayW'iff.iAfwa'llJU^ id if tliey prove bw- is void. Tliey are .■tans ; but tlierc ure liolics among' them. 40S. wn in Wiltuhire, with y, and three fairs Hix iburv, and 78 W of 40\V, lat. 51 11 N. tlic new Hebridc-s, in ean. Lon. 168 V2 £, ?ge and populou.'i city he capital of the pro- t. It i» one of tiif .-es in India, but was Goddard, in 1780, Maiirattas to whom it 1783. It .stands in ,t on tlic banks of » at falls into the fjuif of ;s N of Bombay. Loii. RN. ty,of Hindoostan in the : capital of the soubali , which nuw is better lowlatubad. This city ■i of tlie emperor Au- ■ his conquest of tlir Carnatic. It is 181 , from Bombay. Lon. IN. scopal ci\v of Italy, in lim-ch, in the duchy of es S W of Spoletto, le. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. )f the four parts of the uch the largest. It is sides by the ocean, as ; latest discoveries; it lipposed to join to th« of Asia. It took its ricus Vcspucius, a Flo- aid to have discovered country seated under iierica was first discov- )lier Columbus, a Ge- lt is called the New at propriety j for not It tlie birds and beast* respects from those It has likewise a g^est i and plants, that grew )efore they were trans- • places. All the men, toaux, near Greenland, le same ori,^inal ; for jvery particular, fron Magellan, in the S, t» n the N. Their skins, I ; 1' h t h; ■ |; V ''•'!l')'.V....«?.l t'" C '•""■^ !^* '"^ -:^& ttHillHil I WM » Vh, |V''<...",v...,., «ui'.Mt«y} t-ttjKjv f''»'4'^« «'-va' ^l;lVJUl»' V-?' i\7?%i o It T II At iJa XT I (• Si- <»-»M»V\"^ I "SP-^ "*<^f '(J I iv*^ ITi' *>w* * .^-f^ )7rtfit %^ W ,.";"''VL '::^' V ^ l/^vAr/i M^n.y-^M^' v»'^ ' ^-~>£;* \>t" W V u— ST^Jf"^ ) IV, V..,.., rC^*****"^-?"""" ~-.i>'JI™"'*'^*<"'->\\\ A^ . ^.':y^""-' y>'>^" i^f--'./.^^,. '' ■.,-- , """^ i-..,juvi«K" ' M/ ^♦r ^'""'" m Ji^^" 'V' o c » jiL >r Si?.* 5 IttjBMf 4^iawiri«T >Vmrgiimc2A J Xinfnir'J tt IVikm/i . ', I ^ '4 •wHfa J A M E iinl«!ii daubed with fp-ckie or nil, tre M'u 1'c'd riip|)»r colour, and thiy lui\«' no bi'iirils, 1)1' liiiir on any otiier piirt of their liodifH, except tlic lu'iid, wlit re i; i» bluck, iitnti|(lit, utul ('oui'nc. Mii- ny »re the conjeituri's uboui the peo- \>\'\ng of ttiiii vuHt ountinent, und ubnott »« vuriouH iiM their iiuthoi'H. Aliierieii i« MO h)nu', thiit it takiH in not only all the Tori'id, but also the Tiinperati' luiil |i;irt of the FriL'id Zoi.es. It in hanl to «:iy how many (liU'eront lunfi^ingcs tliere Mv in America, a vndt number be injc ipcikcn by the ilillerent people In dlt- ftient parts J uud as to tlieir relijfion, there is no g'ivinjf any tolerable account <>fit in ireneral, thoU)fh some of the iniHt eivili/ed amon^tliem hccui to have wnrslii))ped the suit. 'I'lie principal mo- tive of the Spaniurtis in sending' so ma- ny colonies lure, was the thirst of gold i *ml iiuleed thev aiul the PortU)^iese aie possesHcd of* all those parts where it is found in fjrcatcst plenty, 'i'liis immense continent is dividcrl into N and S America, which are joined by the isthmus of Daricn. It has the loOi- (stmoimtainii in the world, such ns those that form the immense chain called the Andes ; and the largest rivers, such as the Amazon, Plata, Oroncjka, Missis- lippi, Illinois, Misunres, Ohio, St. Law- rence, Hudson, Delaware, Susqnchan- niih, Potomac, &c. Beside the Indians »lio inhabit the interior parts, and the United States of America, who possess most of the territory that formerly be- i'lMijcd to Great Britain, the dificrent F.'.iropcan powers have rich and floiu - i»hin(5' colonics here. The United States possess. New Enf^land, New York, New Jersej', Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virpnia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, and all the coun- try to the N of tile Ohio, extending from Pennsylvania on the E, the lakes on the N, and the Mississippi on the W. The countries possessed by Great Bri- tain, arr, Labrador or Ncv Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, No\'a Scotia, and New Brunswick. In N America, Spain possesses East and West Florida, Louisiana, New Mexico, California, and old Mexico or New Spain : in S America, they have Terra lirma, Peru, Chili, and Paragua. In S America, the Portuguese have Bra- «il ; the French Cayenne i and tlie Dutch, Furinam, both in Guiana. Aniersfnrt, a town of the Nether- hin . It was ta. ken by the Spaniards i. 1597, but re- taken by Henry IV, who built a cita- del here. It has muaufactures in linen und woollen cloth, established by Colbert, which employ in the city and adjacent country, 30,000 people. It i.* 20 miles S E of Abbeville, and 75 Nof Paris. Lon. 2 28 E, lat. 49 54 N. Ammercot, a fort in Hindoostan Pro- per, in a very extensive sandy desert, between the Indus, the territm-ies of Agimere and Muultun, and the Pud- dar. This place is celebrated as the retreat ofthe emperor Humaioon, dur- injf his troubles ; and here was born his son, the illustrious Acbar. It is 190 miles N by EofTatta. Amol, a town of Asia, in Usbec Tarta- rv, seated on the river Gihon, 60 milet VVofBokhara. Lon.6430E,lat. 3930N. Amorous, an island ofthe ArChipela. go, fertde in wine, oil, and corn. The best jjarts belong to a monastei-y ; and the greatest inconvenience of this is- land is the want of fuel. It is 30 miles in circumference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon. 26 15 E, lat. 36 20 N. Amour, a river of Asia, whose source is in Siberia ; it runs E through Chinese Tartary, and falls into the bay of Corea. Amoy, an island on the S \V coast of China. Thj English had a factor/ here, but abandoned it cu account of the impositions uf Uic itiliubitakita. A M S Amphipolis, a town of Turkey in Eu- ronc, iinci'.'iitly tlie capitul of Macedo- nia, on tlie river Strymon, 70 miles N E of Saloniehi. I.on. 24. 16 E, iat. 41 ;?8 N. Ampicfiiiis, a town of Franrc in tlie cfepai'lnier.t of Klione and Loire, It is celebrated for its wines, and is 16 miles E i.'f Roanne. AmptliUl, a. town in Bedfordshire, wltli a niarlieton Tluirsiiay, SL.ited plea- santly betw('en two hills, but in a bar- ren so:). It is six miles S of Bedford, and 45 N W of London. Lon. 30 W, Iat. 52 6 N. Aiiipuiias, a seajjort of Spain, in Ca- talonia, seated atthe month of the river I'luvia, 60 miles N E of Barcelona. Lon. ;> 6 E, Iat. 42 5 N. Annas, a ^ery sti'onfj castle in Ger- many, .seated in the 'I'ii-ol, two miles S E of Insprucli. It is remarkable for a rich library, adorned with the pH.rtr.'iits of many learned men. Lon. 11 29 E, Iat. 47 9 N. AmstcnUun, a large, rich, and ]}opu- loiis city in Holland, capital of the United Provinces. The walla are high, and well fortified; and the bridge ■wliicli joins the rampart is built over the river amstel, and is one of the fin- est pieces of Arcliitecture in these parts. Few cities have their public buildings so tine, numerous, and well kept. Here are many handsome chiirches, andhos- {)ital8 for jx'rsons of all religions aiid comitries. Tlie exchange is one of the principal ornanient.s of the city, and the harbour is one of tlie largest and finest in Euiope, where a vast number of inercliant sliio.-i may always be seen ; t'lOU'/h (Ikio Is a bar at its entrance, wluth is, however, a great security against foreign enemies. Tlie founda- t'to't of tills town is laid ii))on piles, driven into a morass, atid imder the stadtlioiise alone are 13,000. The streets are spacious and well paved, and most of them have canals, with rows of trees o:i each side. It is computed to be about half as big as London. It sur- rendered to tlie king of Prussia in 1787, when that prince invaded Holland, in favour of the stadtholder, but was eva- cuated on the restoration of the latter to his rights. Since it surrendered to the French in 1795, its trade has great- ly diminisliod, and its merchants have bceniinpoverished by tlicrc|>eatcd exac- tions of their rapacious coiMjuerors. It is sealed at the confluence of the rivers Aaistel aiid Wye, 65 miles N of Ant- A N C wcrp, 175 E by N of London, 240 N by E of Paris, aiid 560 N VV of Vienna. Lon. 4 50 E, Iat. 52 23 N. Amviell, a village near Ware, in Hertfordshire, famous fiir giving rise to the New River, which supplies Lon- don with water. Anadir, a considerable river of Sibe- ria in Asia, that falls into the Eastern Ocean. Aiiagni, a small town of Italy, in Cainpagna di Roma ; a bishop's see, 32 miles E of Rome. Lon. 13 25 E, Iat. 41 56 N. Anacopir, the capital of the nation of the Abkhas, on the river Makai, which falls below it into the Black Sea. Anattom, an island, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 170 9 E, Iat. 20 10 S. Ancarano, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, five miles N of Ascoli, and 82 N E of Rome. Lon. 13 29 E, Iat. 42 48 N. Ancaster, a small town in Lincoln- shire, 15 miles S of Lincoln. It was anciently a Roman village, on a Ro- man highway, and lies under a hill abounding with antiquities. Ancenis, a town of France, seated on the Loire, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Bretagne, 20 miles E of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W, Iat. 47 15 N. Andam, a town of Germany, in Po- raerania, on the river Pene, 20 miles S of Gripswald. Lon. 14 2 E, Iat. 53 52 N. Ancnber, a territory on the gold coast of Guinea, having a river of the same name flowing through it, tlie banks of which are adorned with lofly trees. On the western bank is a popidous village. Ancona, ik province in the ecclesiasti- cal State. Ancona, an ancient town and citadel of Italy, on tlie gulf of Venice, in the marquisate of Ancona. It was origi- nally built upon a hill, and tlic cathe- dral stands upon die highest part, but tlie houses have been gradually extend- ed down the side of tlie eminence to- ward the sea. The commerce of An- cona has rapidly increased of late j'cars ; for which it is indebted to pope Clement XII, who made it a free port, and built a mole, to render tlie har- bour safe : it is erected on the ruins of tlie ancient mole, raised by the empe- ror Trajan, and is above 2000 feet in length,' ICO in breadth, and about 60 A N C 175 E bv N of London, 240 N F Paris, and 560 N VV of Vienna. 50 E, hit. 52 23 N. )tll, tt villa(je near Ware, in rdshirc, funious for giviniy rise New River, wliich su])plies Lon- tli water. 'ir, a considerable river of Siiic- Vsia, that fulls into the Eastern ni, a small town of Italy, in gna di Roma ; a bishop's see, i;s E of Rome. Lon. 13 25 E, 56 N. opir, the capital of the nation of khas, on the river Makai, which low it into the Black Sea. 'om, an isl.i:id, one of the New es, in the South Pacific Ocean. '0 9 E, lat. 20 10 S. rano, a town of Italy, in the sate of Ancona, five miles N of and 82 N E of Rome. Lon. ;, lat. 42 48 N. Her, a small town in Lincoln- 15 miles S of Lincoln. It was ly a Roman village, on a Ro- jfhway, and lies under a hill ing with antiquities. !/■«, a town of France, seated on re, in the department of Lower ind late province of Bretagne, !s E of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W, 15 N. ■VI, a town of Germany, in Po- 1, on the river Pene, 20 miles •ipswald. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 53 er, a territory on the gold coast en, having a river of the same jwing through it, tlic banks of e adorned with lofty trees. On tern bank is a popidinis village. a, ii province in the ecclesiasti- e. a, an ancient town and citadel on tlie gulf of Venice, in the ate of Ancona. It was origi- lilt upon a hill, and tlic cathe- uis ujx)n tile highest part, but ses have been gradually extend- 1 the side of tjie eminence to- e sea. The commerce of An- as rapidly increased of late for which it is indebted to pope t XII, who made it a free port. It a mole, to render tlic liar- e : it is erected on the ruins of ent mole, raised by the empe- :in, and is above 2000 feet in ICO in breadth, and about 60 ,.weiw«.Mf.WMa,'uni AND in depth from the surface of the sea. The triumphal arch of Trajan, remains almost entire, with its inscription. The streets are narrow and uneven, the ca- thedra! is a low and dwk structure ; and Ihougii the front is covered with marble, the architectui-e has neither beauty nor rcguhu-ity. Hei-e likewise Clement erected a lazaretto, which advances a little way into tlie sea, in tlie form of a pentagon, and is a noble as well as useful edifice. Ancona was taken by the French in 1796. It is 116 miles N by E of Rome. Lon. 13 35 E ;lat. 43 38 N. Andalusia, a province of Spain, 250 miles in length, and 150 in breadth. It is bounded on the S by Granada, on tlie W by Algarva and the Atlan'ic, on the N by Estramadiu-a, and on tlie E by Murcia. The Guadalquiver run . through its whole lengtli ; and it is the best, most fertile, and trading part in Spain, The capital is Seville. Andaman Islands, on the K ni''ic of the entrance into the bay of ilengal. The inhabitants are the most savage in the whole worlds They jyo quite naked, the women wearing a fringe round their middle. The men are craf- ty and revengefiQ j and frequently e\- prcss their aversion to strangers m a loud and threatening tone of voice. Sometimes they appear docile and quiet with the most hostile intent. Andaye, a foitifted town of France, in the department of the Lower Pjtc- nees and late territory of Basques, fa-' mous for its brandy. It is situate at the mouth of the river Bidassoa, oppo- site Fontarabia in Spain, 18 miles S W of Bayonne. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 43 25 N. Andely, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Normandy, parted by a paved cause- way into two little towns called Great Mid Little Andely, a mile from each other. Great Andely is in a vuUcy, on the little river Gambons. It is 20 miles S E of Rouen, and 60 N W of I'aris. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 49 20 N. Amkrnach, an ancient city of Germa- ny, in the electorate of Cologne, ses.t- t'd on the Rhine, 10 miles N W of Coblcntz.. Lon. 7 22 E, lat. 50 29 N. Amkrn, St. a seaport of Spain in the h:iy of Biscay, where the Spaniards build and lay up some of their men of wir. It is eOmiles WofBilboa. Lon 4 30 E, lat. 43 25 N. AND Jndfs, or Cordilleras, a chain of moun- tains in South America, which nin- ning from the most northern pwt of Peru, to the Straits of Magelliir.i, are tilt longest and most remarkable in the world. They divide the whole south- ern p.nrt of America, and run a length, of 4300 miles. They are much supe- rior in height to any other mountains ; for the plain of Qiiito, which may b« considered as the base of the Andes, is elevated further above the sea than the top of the Pyrenees ; and vuk-y rise, in difliirent places, more than one third above the Peak of Tcneriffe, once thought to be the highest land in the ancient hemisphere. The Andes may literally be said to hide their heads in the clouds : the storms often roll, and '.iie thunder bursts below tlieir sum- mlts, which, though exposed to the rays of the sim in the torrid zone, are covered with everlasting snow. From experiments made with a barometer on the mountain of Cotopaxi, it ap- peared that its summit was elevated 6252 y.irds above the surface of the sea, sometliing more than three geo- grupliical miles. In these mountains, there are said to be 16 volcanos. AnJover, a borough in Hampihirc, with a market on Saturday. It sends two i.iembe 's to i)arliament, and is go- verned by a mayor. It is 10 miles N by ^V of Winchester, and 65 W by S of Londcn. Lon. 1 20 W, lat 51 14 N. Andover, a town in Essex county, Massachi-retts, about 20 miles N of Boston — And a town in Sussex County, New Jersey, about 10 miles S by E of Newton, famous for its iron works. Andrarum, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, three miles S of Christian- stadt : where there is the greatest, alum work in the kingdom. Andrevi, St. a fort of the United Pro- vinces, at tlic E end of the isle of Bom- mel Waert. Andrew, St. a town of Germany, in Carintliia, with a bishop's see, seated on the river Levant, 95 miles S by W of Vienna. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 52 N, Andrevi's, St. a city in Fifeshire, with an imivers'ty. It was formerly the ses of an archbishop, and is seated at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a small hill, extending E and W, havings an open prospect of the Germaa Ocean. The town of St. Andrew's was erected into a royal borough by David I. in the year 1140 and thtir pmile£;ci after- E ^ AND wards confinne J. The charter of Mal- colm II. is iiri'sevvcil in t'le tolhootli ; ami ap(x;u'.s written on :i bit of panii- mcnt, but tl)e contents fcf|iially valid witb what would at this time require whole skins. Here also arc kept the silver keys of tlie city; whicli, for i'orm's s.'ikc, arc ilelivrrcd to the kin}f, it' he . 'lould \isit the j)lace, or to a vi'--- torious enemy, in token of submission. In this place, likewise, is to bo seen the monstrous axe which, in 1646, took off the heads of Sir Robert Spots wood and other distinguished loyalist.>*. St. Andrew's i;- now p-eatly reduced in tlie number of its inhabitants ; at pre- sent scarcely cxcecdinjy 2000. It is impossible to ascertain the sum when it was the seat of the primate : all that can be known is, that during the pe- riod of its splendor, thee v/ere be- tween 60 and 70 bakers ; but now 9 or 10 arc sufficient for the place. It is a mile in circuit, and contains three principal streets. On entering the west port, a well-built street, straight, and of _ vast length and breadth, appears , but so grass-grown, and presenting jiuch a dreary solitude, that it forms tlie perfect idea of having been laid waste by the pestilence. The univer- sity, whicli was foimded by bishop Wardlaw, in 1411, consists of three colleges. Tlie cathedral, the chapel of St. Regulus, the church of St. Sal- VRtor, and the priory, have been noble Gothic structures. The castle was the scene of the cruelty and punishment of cardinal Beton : the window is still shown, from which he beheld tlie mar- tyrilom of George Wishart, who was burnt on the spot beneatli ; and in this castle he himself was assassinated in 1546. The houses, tliough built of stone, are gone to decay, tlicre being no manufactures to support the niiirie- pous inhabitants ; nor is the harbour in a good condition. It is 30 miles N E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 56 18 X Andria, a town of Naples, in Bari, ■with a bishop's see, four miles S of B.arlctta. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 25 N. Andros, an island and town in the Archipelago. The inhabitants are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and several monasteries. The princi- pal riches of this island consist in silks, and the fields arc very pleasant and fertile ; being planted with oranges, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, a)>d A N G figs. It lies to the N of Candla. Loa. 25 30 E, lat. 37 50 N. Anduxar, a town of Spain, in Anda. lusia, seated on the Guadalqulver, de- fended by a castle. It is 35 miles E of Cordova. I.on. 64 7 W, lat. 37 55 N. Anegada, one of the English Virgin Islands. Lon. 64 7 VV, lat. 18 40 N. Angela, St. a small but sti-ong town of Naples, in Capitanata, five miles N of ManfredoniB, and two from the sea. Lon. 16 13 E, lat. 41 40 N. Angelas, a populous and trading town of Mexico, with a bishop's see. The air is excellent, and the land aboundi in corn. It is 62 miles S E of Mexico. Lon. 92 22 W, lat. 19 30 N. Angers, an ancient town of France, in the department of Maine an timore. The houses, about 260 and inhabitants 2000 in number, are gene- ndly large and elegant. The design of those wlio jilanned the city was to have the whole in the form of a circle, with the streets, like radii, beginning at the centre, where tht stadthouse stands, and thence diverging into every direction. The principal part of the buildings are ai-ranged agreeable to this ])lan. The stadthouse is the no- blest building of tlie kind in America, possesses great wealth though but lit- Me commerce. Lon. 77 20 W, lat 39 N. Annapolis, a fortified town of Nova Scotia, in N America. It etands on Uie E side of the bay ofFundy, andhas one of the finest harbours in the world. Lon. 64 5 W, lat. 44 52 N. Aiweeji, a town of Savoy, in the dutchy of Gencvois, seated on tlie river Sicrs, and on a lake of its own name, about ten miles long, and foiir broad. It is 70 miles S of Geneva, and 22 NE of Chamberry. Lon. 65 E, lat. 45 53 N. Aimobona, an island of Africa, on the coast of Guinea, so called, because it was found out on New-year's-dav. It ii well stocked with cattle and fruit, and the iiir is mt Hills, are the B S of Scotland. From I the Tweed, the Clyde, I. 'onp fort in the dutcliy of on the Tcnani, 12 miles .on. 8 36 E, lat. 44 56 N. I)e capital of Mar}'land, rica, situate at the mouth rivii', 30 miles S of Bal- houses, about 260 and 00 in nimiber, are gene- id elegant. The design jilantied the city was to c in the form of a circle, ts, like radii, beginning , wliere the stadthouse cnce diverging into every le principal part of the aiTanged agreeable to le stacltiiousc is the no- of tlie kind in America, it wealth though but lit- . Lon. 77 20 W, lat 39 fortified town of Nova nierica. It stands on Uie )ay of Fundy, and lias one harbours in the world. lat. 44 52 N. )wn of Savoy, in the ;vois, seated on the river lake of its own name, long, and four broad. of Geneva, and 22 NE Lon. 65 £, lat. 45 53 island of Africa, on the so called, because it on New-year's-dav. It is th cattle and fhut, and healthfid than in other lame coast It abounds , cocoas, oranges, lem- iid several other fruits ( ts, xiiccp, and chickens, xtremcly cheap. Lon. OS. vni of France in th« d«- ANT partment of Ardcche and late province of Daupiiiny, formerly a fine iii»nufac> tory for paper. It is seated ontliecon- Huence of the rivers Caiu'cs. and Detinies, 12 miles S VV of Viei.ne. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 15 N. Ano-Capri, the largest town in the island of Capri, belonging to the king- dom of Naples. Aiispac'i, a town and castle of Ger- many, in Franconia, and capital of the margravate of the same name. The king of Prussia found means to prevail upon the present prince to resign his do- minions in his favinir in consideration of a stated revenue ; he has since married an English lady and settled in England. Tlie palace at Anspach, which is near tlie castle, has a remarkable cabinet of curiosities. It is seated on a river of the same name, 25 miles S W of Nu- remburg. Lon. 10 47 E, lat. 49 20 N. Anstrutlier, a borough on the S E coast of Fifeshire, 25 miles N E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 VV. lat. 56 15 N. Antemiiera, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada, divided into the Upper and the Lower. The Upper is seated on a hill, and has a castle ; the Lower stands in a fertile plain, and is watered with a gi'eat number of brooks. There is a liU'ge quantity of salt in the mountain; and five miles from the town, a spring famous for the ciu-e of the gravel. It is 26 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 30 \V. lat. 37 1 N. Antequiera, a town of N America, in New Spain, in the pi-ovince of Gua:\Ti of tlie island of Santorini, in the sea of Candia. It hw a spacious harbour in the shape of* crescent, which is so deep, that there is no anchorage. Lon. 25 59 E, lat. 36 18 N. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near Malicollo, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 32E, lat. 16 46 S. Aptnradt, a town of Denmark, in % v.;- APE at low water, and rtsini^ it flood, ships of the great- iie up to the keys j but lited Provinces formed :o ii fi-ee slate, they got ninund of the Ilu^•i(fatlon wliich ruined the trade uid transferred it to Am- monj^ tlic cloisters, the ible are, the noble and St. Michael, on the banki tlie apartments of which , As to the fortifications of Mivironed with a fine wall, rows of trees on each widks between, broad A'o coaches to (jo abreast, ended by a very strong, citadel, in formof apen- 1 by the duke of Alva, in omnumds the town and country. Antwerp wat wince of Parma in 1585, nd memorable siege. It ! taken ))y the Freiich in dlics in 1706, and by the tC. It lias been twice ta- end), smce the beginning It war, (1800.) It is 22 usscls, 22 N E of Ghent, msterdani. Lon. 4 28 E, town and province of Po- tli America, where there ;old. Tiic town is seated ^oca. Lon. 75 25 W, lat. e Bijore. )wn of Piedmont, capital the same name, and a bi- t is remarkable for seve- of the Romans. It it foot of the Alps, on the 50 miles N W of Turin, at. 45 48 N. tchy of Piedmont. It ii ilcs in length, fertile in all sorts of fruits. Afainea, a town of Syria, ssi, 35 miles S of Anti- 56 E, lat. :A 32 N. a towi of tlie island of le sea of Candia. It hu rbour in the shape of» ;h is so deep, that there e. Lon. 25 59 E, lat. 36 the New Hebrides, new he S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 16 46S. town of Denmark, in A C^U Slenwick, with a citadel, seated at the bottom ofagidf of the Baltic Sea, 27 miles N of Sleswick. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 55 6 N. Aphiorn Karahissart, a town of Nato- lia, called Aphiorn. It produces a great dciJ of opium. Lon. 31 48 E, lat. 38 35 N'. Appalachian. See Allegany. Appalachihalu, a river of North Ame- rica, formed by the junction of the Cha- tahouchec and Flint, whicli rise in the Allegany mountains ; and running S unite and fall into the gidf of Mexico. Appennines, a chain of mountains which divide Italy througliout its wi\ole length, as far as the southern extremi- ty of the kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all tlie rivers which fertilize Italy. Abpenzel, a town of Swisserland, ca- pital of the canton of the same name, which is divided into twelve communi- ties ; six called the interior are Roman catholics ; the six exterior, arc protcs- tants. It is 40milc8 EofZuric. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 47 21 N. Appleby, the county town of Wcst- morelani, with a good corn market on Monday. It has gone greatly to decay, being only one broad street of mean liouscs. The church stands at the lower end of the town, and at the up- per part is the castle and town house. It is seated on tlie river Eden, by which it is almost surrounded, and sends two members to parliament; and is 10 miles SE of Penrith, and 266 N N W of London. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 54 34 N. Apt, an ancient town of France, in tlie department of tlie mouths of tlie Rhone and late province of Provence. There are many fine Roman antiquiti'is, and itis seated on the Calaron, 20 miles N of Aix, and 25 S E of Orange. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 51 N. Apulia, the E side of the kingdom of Naples, on t!ic gu)f of Venice. It is divided into three provinces, whose modem names are Capitanata, Barl, and Otranto. Apurima, or Aporamia, a very rapid river of South America in Peru. Aqua-Negra, a small towm of Italy, in the Mantuan, on the river Chiesa, 12 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 45 12 N. Aquila, a to^vn of Naples, capital of Abnizzo Ulterior, with a bishop's see, iind a castle. An earthquake happened li?r« in 1700, by which 24000 persona A R A were killed. It is seated on th« Poi- cara, 52 miles N E of Rome. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 42 20 N. Aquilfia, formerly a trading town of Italy, in A'cnitian Friidi. It is .sc.itcd near tile gulf of Venice, 57 milts NK of Venice Lon. 13 8 E, hit. 46 N. Aquino, a town of N;H)U'S, in I'cir.i di Lavora. It is a bishop's see, but was ruined by the emperor Coniiulo, and now consists of ;il)ou1. i5 houses. It wa« the birthplace of the Roman sntirist, Juvenal, and is 30 miles N W of Capua. Lon. 13 iO E, lat. 41 36 N. Arabia, a coinitry of Asia, bounded on the VV by the Hod Sea and the isth- mus of Sue/ i on the NE by the Eu- phrates, wliich divide it from Diarbc- kar, the ancient Mesopotamia; on the E by the gulfs of Persia and Ornius ; and on the S by the Indian OceaiL It il divided into three parts, Arabia Petrea, Desorta, and Felix. Arabia Pctrea is the smallest of tlic three, and toward the N, is full of mountains, with few inhabitants, on account of its barenness- It had its name from the to^tii Petrea, its ancient capital, now dcstroyecL It differs little from Arabia Deserta, «o called from l!,e nature of the soil, which is generally a barren sand ; but there are great flocks of sheep, and herds of cattle near the Euphrates, where the land is good. In the desert are great numbers of ostriches, and there is a fin* breed of camels in several places. Ara- bii Felix is so called, on account of its fertility with regard to tlie rest The Arabs in the desert live wandering live.*, removing from place to place, partly for the sake of pasture, and partly to lie in wait for the caravans, which they often rob, as they travel over part of this desert from Bassora to Aleppo, and from Egy])t to Mecca, in order to visit Mahomet's tomb. Arabia Felix pro- duces frankincense, myrrh, balm of Gi- lead, gum arable, and coflec, of which latter they expo-t prtnligicus quantities. The famous Mahomet was a native of this country, and his followers, soon af- ter his death, conquered agre.it part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, establishing their religion wherever they came. It lies betM'cen 35 and 60 E lon. and 12 and 33 N lat. extending 14,30 miles in lengtli, and 1200 in breadth. Aracan, or Hcccan, a country of Asia, bounded on the N by Roshaan, on the E by Burmah, on the S by the coast of Ava, and on tlie W by the gulf of B«*> I il ^A A R B ^J. It i» II fiTtilc but not populous fovintrj', govcnicd by 12 iiriiices, sub- jtTt to tbf diii-f king', wlio residfs in Arit(.'ull liis I'unitiil. In bis palaci', \vbi<-b is very liirj^f, arc contained hcvcii gold- fn iiloU, two inrbcs thick, cacb of u inan'n beig-bt, and coveri-d with diii- niondN, rubies, and otiier precious stones. Tbcy have only two seasons, tlic rainy season, wbieli continues from A])ril to October, and tbe fair season, wliicb includes all tlic rest of tbe )ear, and is called the summer. The intiabi- tants ari' idolaters, and tbe women to- lerably fair J but the lonj^est ears arc reckoned tbe most beautiful, and in these tl\ey wear many rinfips. There are s;icb numbers of eleplnnts, biitla- loes, and tillers, that but few places re inhabited, on account (.i the lava^^es made hy these anin.als. The ccnnmo- diti/s arc v inuer, lead, tin, and ele- ph ntstopulous town of France, now in the (hpartmenf of Jura, lately in tiie p.'ovince of FriUuhe-Comtc, fa- mous for its wliite wines. It is 22 miles S W of Besancon. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 46 55 N. Arhon, '.ii ancient towni of Swisscr- land, on the S side '>f the lake Con- stance, in Thurgau. '1 he majority of tbe inhabitants arc proteslriuts. It is 12 miles S E of Constance. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 30 N. Arbroath. See Aberbrothvikk . Arbtirg, or Aarburg, a town of Swis- scrland, in Argau, so.ited on the Aar, with a citadel cut out of a rock, 12 miles E I'i' SoWture. Arcadia, a town of the Morea, near tl;c ;julf of the same name, and in the province of Belvedere, 22 miles N of Navarin. Lon. 21 42 E, hit. 37 24 N. Arccuil, a vill:;ge of Fr.ince, three miles S of Pari.s, reniarkuble for an .iqucduct, which is tho'ight m equal the works of the ancient Romans. It was built in 162-1, by Maryde Medicis: its water is diatribuled into dillerent parts of I'aris. Archangel, a seaport of Russia, capi- tal of the government of the same name. It was the only seaport of Russ-a for many years, and was first resorted to by the Engli.sh in 1553. Great pirt of tbe city was burnt to the ground in 1793; but it is now rebuilding with neatness and even elegance. Archangel is seat- ed on the Dwina, four miles from the White Sea, and 4U0 N E of Peters- burgh. Lon. 39 E, lat. 64. 34 N. Archipelago, a considerable pai-t of the Mediterranean Sea, having Roma- nia on tlie N, Natolia (m the E, Mace- dor.ia, Livadia, I'.d tbe Morea on the W ,. and the isle of Candia on tin S. u is partly in Europe, anc! partly in Asia, containmg 45 pr'ncipal islands. Arciiipelago, Northern, four principal gro\i))es of islands, between Kamt- schatka and the W coast of America. I TJie first contains 5 ; tlie second ** ; ARC coast of Dalmatia, from ; milpH (liHtunt. VTi of Asia, in CurdisUn, del- I'out^littLi: lust batlJe Ir is about 60 miles S E .on. 42 '-'5 E, lat. J5 5 N. kvii of S wiHsrrluml, in the :'n, on u kind ofislund two bnuirlies of tlic Aar. N VV of Bern. I,on. 7 5 )pul<)\i» town of France, purlnifiit ! A R D the third 16; and t)ie fourth, 16; in all 45. Arcii-iur- Aube, asmall town of France, ill the department of Aube and late pro- vince of Champaign'.', seated on the river Aube, 15 miles N of 'I'roycs. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 4b S2 N. Arco, a town and castle in the Tntn- tin, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon atler. It stands on the river Sarca, 15 miles S W of Trent. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 46 N. Areas, a town of Spain in Andalusia, on a craggy rock, at the foot of whicli runs the Gaudaleto, 28 miles N E of Cadiz. Lon. 5 46 W, lat. 36 52 N. Arcot, a city and capital of tiie Car- nalic, in the peninsula of Hindoostun. It is 73 miles \V by S of Madras, and 1'17 E bv N of Seringapatain. Lon. 79 E, lat' 12 30 N. Ardchil, one of the most famous and ancient towns in Persia, tl;i; residence iiiid burial place of many kings ; par- ticularly of Sluek Scssi, the uutlior of tlie Persian sect. Pilgrims resort to tliis place from all pa'-ts of Persia. It is 25 mile.i E of I auris. Lon. 48 20 E, lat. 38 15 N. Anieche, a department of France, part of the late province of Dauphiny. Ardenburg, a town of Dutch Flanders, 10 miles N E of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 51 16 N. Ardennea, a department of France, part of the late province of Champagne, ISO named from the famous forest of that name. Ardennes, a famous forest lying on the river Meuse, extending, in Cxsar's time, far into Geriiouny. Wliat re- mains of it lies between Thionville and Liej,'C. Ardrah, a small kingdom of Africa, in Guinea. It lies at tiie bottom of the {Culfof SL Thomas. The inhabitants are very licentious, and have neitlicr temple nor any place for religious wor- siiip. However they are very coiu'age- wis, and their king was absolute-, till the kingofDaiiomy reduced and b.irnt the towns. The ai. is very unwhole- some to Europeans ; yet the natives live to a great age ; but tlie small pox makes grcr.t destruction among them. This country is fertile in Indian corn, Iialm wine, pbiits, and fruits, whicli last all the year ; and they make a great r«vince of Normandy. It is seated on an emi- nence, in the middle of a fertile plain, on the banks of the river Orne, and carries on a considerable trade in lace. It is 12 miles N W of Seez, and HO W of Paris. L,on. 5 E, lat. 4« 45 N, Argenteuil, a town of tlie Isle of France, on tlio Seine, five miles N W of Pai'is. It is » sfiTf beautiful place. rJ, A R H with n fine vineyard ; and in ihe en\\- rolls tlicv liuvf fiuHfricN of the jdusler of Hi.! it.' I.on. '.' J.' E. lat. 48 5J N Argfiitiera, a hsirri'n ialunil of the Ar« chipohiffo, wliicli takoH itit numt; from the Hilvor mini-H in it. There Ih Init one villuf^e in the inland, and it huN no water hut wliat is kept in ciNtcrnii. Lon. 23 10 E, Ut. 36 50 N. Argentiere, a invm of Franre, in the departiiieiit of Avdeche and latr pro- vince of I'rovencc, five niih-s S VV of Aul>enefi, and 17 W of Viviers. Lon. 4 22 E, hit. 44 30 N. Argenton, a town of France, in the deparlincnt of Indre and late jirovince of Berry, divided into two parts by the river Cretiae. It is 37 miles S W of Boiirpfcs. I.on. 1 38 E, lat. 46 33 N. Argot, II seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morca, 25 miles S of Corinth. Lon. 23 5 E, lat. 3" 30 N. Argmtol, a seaport of the isle of Ce- fihalonia, opposite Alhania ; it is the best harbour in nil the island, and the provcditor resides in tlic fortress, which 18 five miles distant. Arguin, an island and fort of Africa, on the coast of Zahara, 30 miles S E of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17 5 W, lat. 20 30 . Argun, a river of Asia, which divides tJ)e Russian from the Cliinese empire. Argun, a town , a sea]x>rt of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles .S of Wick- low. Lon. 6 5 W, lat. 52 42 N. Arlts, an ancient city of France, in the department of tlie Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. Before the French Revolution it was an nrchie])iscop:d sec. The country around is very pleasant, and produces good wine, vermilion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number of antiqui- ties, of which the amphitheatre and oblelisk are the most remarkable i and the cmpiTor Constantine took great delight in it. It is seated on the Rhone, 12 miles S E of Nismes. Lon. 4 43 E, Int. 43 41 N. Arkihem, a handsome town of Swi«- serland in the bishopric of Basle, where the canons of that city reside. Arlon, an ancient town of the Aus- trian Nctlierlands, now dismantled. It is seated on a mountain, 10 miles N W of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 56 £, lat. 49 45 N. Armagh, a county of Ireland, bound- ed on tlic E by Doivn, on the W by Tyrone and Monaghan, on the N by Lough Neagh, and on the S by Louth. It is in length 32 miles, and in breadth 17, contains 49 parishes, and sends six members to parliament. Armagh, a city of Ireland, once a con^ siderable town, now a small viUan ; but it gives name to a coimty, uia it the sec of an archbishop, who is primate of all Ireland. It is 45 miles S E of Londonderry. Lon. 6 34 W, lat 54 27 N. Armagnac, a late province of Qui- enne, in France, 55 miles in length and 40 in breadUL Tkis province [<:" '•'■"""'"■T'iffi i ■SB ARM town of Naples, in Prin. iow, with II hidhopN see ; if Bcncvcnto, arui 10 N W Lon, 15 19 E, lut. 41 8 N town of Italy, in tlic Fcrrii- ranch of the river Po, 22 )f Fi'irara. Lon. 13 8 E, seaport of Pern, 550 milpi ._ Hen- tlic treasure broiijfht in shipped j and there are employed in the cultivation pepper, ill wliich it has a to Lima. Lon. "1 6 W, la*. town on the west coast of the moutli of the river Sa- he east of it is u pearl fislie- ) 25 E, lat. 8 42 N. I seaport of Ireland, in tlie icklow, 13 miicH .S of Wick- 6 5 W, lat. 52 42 N. ancient city of France, in lent of tlie Mouths of the late province of Provence. ?'rench Revolution it was an )!d see. The country around asant, and produces good lion, manna, oil, and fruits, great number of antiqui- ich the amphitheatre and the most remarkable j and r Constantine took great It is seated on the Rhone, E of Nismea. Lon. 4 43 I N. a handsome town of Swls- e bishopric of Basle, where if that city reside, ancient town of the Aus- rlands, now dismantled. It a mountain, 10 miles N W urg. Lon. 5 56 E, lat. 49 I county of Ireland, bound- by Down, on the W by I Monaghan, on the N by fh, and on the S by Louth, th 32 miles, and in breadth 49 parishes, and sends six parliament. city of Ireland, once a coni wn, now a small village ; name to a county, and is archbishop, who is primate id. It is 45 miles S E of y. Lon. 6 34 W, lat 54 ^a a late province of Gui- lance, 55 miles in length ' proviace breadth. Tkis A R N with Gascony, is now included in the kiepartnient of Gcrs. Armenia, a large country in Asia, buundt'd on the W by the Euphrates, on the S by Diarbeker and Curdistan, on the E by Schirvan, and on the N by Georgia. It is one cf the most fertile countries in Asia, being watered by several large rivers. Part of it belongs to the Persians and part to the Turks. The inhabitants are much attached to romineree, and iindcrtukelongjournies U) carry it on. They arc Cliristians, anil have apatriarrhand an archbishop. Hiilygamy is not allowed among tticni. Tlie country in general i.s full of moun- tains and valleys, lakes and rivers, and pi(Hluecs rice, cotton, Hax, melons, and ifrapcs. Armentiert, a town of France, in the ilcpartmcnt of the North Flanders, H'ateil on the Lis, eight miles N VV of Lisle. Lon. 3 3 E, lat. 50 40 N. Armiert, a. town of France, in the dcpjulmcnt of North Hainault, seated on the Sainbrc, 20 miles S of Mons. Lon. 4 3 E, lat. 50 7 N. Armiro, a town of Macedonia, on the piilf of Velo, 30 miles S E of Larissa. Lon. 23 22 E, lat. 39 30 N. Armuyden, a seaport of tlie United Provinces, in the island of Walchcm, .low inconsiderable, the sea having stopt up the harbour. The salt-works are its chief resource. It is three miles E of Middleburg. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. SI 31 N. Ama, a seaport of Andros, an island of the Archipelago, with a good port. Arnay-ie-Duc, a town cf France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgimdy. It is seated in a valley, near the river Arioux, 2.5 miles N W of Batme. Lon. 4 26 E, Int. 47 7 N. Ameberg, a town of Germany, in Brandenburg, on the Elbe, three "miles from Werbern, taken by the Swedes in 1631. « Arnedo, a seaport of Peru, 25 miles N of Lima. Anihehn, a town of the United Pro- vinces, capital of Gueldrrhmd. It is leated on the Rhine, eight miles N of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 2 Arno, a river in Tuscany. It has its •ource in the Appennines, and passing by Florence and Pisa, falls into the Mediterran«an a little b«lpw the lut« i«r. A R R Jituheim, a town in Germany, in the pidatinatc of tlic Rhine, eight miles fVom Krv^uzenach. Arnttadt, a town of Tluiringia, on the river Gera, 10 miles S \V of Er- furt. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 50 54 N. Arona, a town of Italy, in the diitchy of Milan, on the lake Maggiore, 30 miles N W of Milan. Loti. 8 35 E, lat. 45 40 N. Aronchet, a town of Portugal, ia Alentejo, on the river Caro, five miles S E of Poitalegra. Lon. 7 ^V, lat. 39 3 N. Arm-:!, a town of the Russian empire, seated on the Ocen, 200 miles S of Moscow. It is included in the gov^ai- ment of Kiof. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 51 58 N. Arpino, a town of Naples, in Terra- di Lavora, eight miles N of Aquino. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 41 44 N. An/ua, a town of Italy in tlic Padiinn, where is a tomb of the celebrated Pe- trarch. It is 10 miles S of Padua. Lon. 1158E, lat. 45 13 N. Arques, a town of France, on a river of the same name, in the department of Lo^ver Seine, and late province of Normandy. It has an ancient castle, and is four miles S E of Dieppe. Lon, 1 13 E, lat. 49 53 N. Airagon, a province of Spain, bound- ed on the N by the Pyrenees, wliicli separate it from France, on the W by Navarre and the two Castiles, on the S by Valencia, and on the E by Valen- cia and Catalonia. The air is pure and wholesome ; but the countr}-, though abounding in rivers, is in want of good water. It is fertile in com, wine, flax, and fruit, near the rivers ; but in other places dry and sandy. It produces saffron, and there are many mines of salt. Saragossa is the capital, and the Ebro the largest river. Arran, an island of Scotland, in tlia Frith of Clyde, between Kbityre and Cunningham, 23 miles long and 13 broad. The number of inhabitants are about 7000, who chiefly inhabit the coast, the far greater part of the coun- try being uninhabited by reason of the vast and barren mountains. It abounds with cattle, goats, black, game, and grouse ; and the streams are stored with fish, especially salmon. The cli- mate is very severe, but salubrious, and many invalids resort hitlier to drink the whey of goats milk. Amonff the rocks arc found iron ore, gpai-, ani hi - A R U ASH li i ]ti> ii t RTf»t varirty of boiiiitifiil pchhloii. On tlic const i\fi> many wonderful ca- ♦crns, formrri) tlip rcir« nt of Sroltiuli hei-ot'^, now (Icjjriidpd into a ulitltcr for Hmiif^iflrrN. Trndition ]Jrf»<"nrH the nu-niory of Kini^iil ; and Robert Bruce took refuifc in tliii* iHland, durin)f the time of liiit (p-ciitoitt dU lrcHt. 42 44 N. Ascoti-iii-Satriano, an episcopal city of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, seat- ed on a mountain 70 miles £ of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 41 8 N. Aseer, or Ateergur, a strong fortress of the Soubuh of Candeish, in the Dec- can of Hindoostan, 20 miles N E of Burhanpour. Lon. 76 E, lat. 21 3J N. Athboni, a town in Derbyshire, with a market on Saturday, seated between the rivers Dove and Compton, lO miles N E of Utoxeter, and 139 N N W of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 53 S N. Ashburton, a borough in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday for wool and yam, and on Saturday for provi- sions. It sends two membsrs to pa^ liament, and is one of the four stanno* ry towns. It is seated among the hilk (which are remarkable for tin and cop- ""■"•MMMRMMM ASH lemlicrii to i)arllament, tnd ■M E of Cliicliestcr, and fi8 •ornlon. Lon. 29 W, lat. , a rattle and village of I, on the river Aur, over » a covered bridge. n ancient seaport of Africa, lom of Fc/., once in po*«e». Portuguese, who abandon- I 50 mile* S S W of Tan. 6 3 W, lilt. 35 30 N. river of Kusiiun Lapland, f which, ill 1553, two Enji^. (which had penetrated as ■ 72 N. lat. to Spitzbergen) I by stiTss of weather j and were frozen to death. ". a city of FlintBhirc, on .way, where it unitcH with and over both is a brid|re. p place, of note only for it« It is 24 milcH \V of Ches- 9 N W of London. Lon. . 53 12 N. a barren, uninhabited. If Atlantic, 600 miles N W na. Lon. 14 18 W, lat. 7 mrg, a town of Germany, tl\e elector of Mcntz, who : here. It is 40 miles £ of in. 9 5 E, lat. 50 40 N. populous town of Italy, in ate of Ancona, with a hi- lt is seated on a mousi- bottom of which runs the miles N E of Rome. Lon. :. 42 44 N. latriano, an episcopal city le kingdom of Naples, seat- mtain 70 miles E of Naples. E, lat. 41 8 N. Jteergiir, a strong fortrew ih of Candeish, in the Dec- doostan, 20 miles N E of . Lon. 76 E, lat. 21 33 «. town in Derbyshire, with Saturday, seated between love and Compton, lOmilei oxeter, and 139 N N W Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 53 S , a borough in Devonshire, pket on Tuesday for wool nd on Saturday for provi- inds two membsrs to par- i is one of the four stanna- - n [t is seated among the hilb J^ remarkable fur tin and a^ 4r tf m .fSv' "-> ■.~r^r am..-JM :* "1 ',ia. It is seated on an )y the river, 50 miles ipian Sea. Lon. 47 40 •ovince of Spain, 120 I, and 45 in Lreadth ; E by Biscay, on the S [nd Leon, on the W by tile N by the Atlantic. [to two parts, Asturia .sturia de Santillana. full of moimtains and wine and horses are IS mines of gold, lapi» liilion, and belongs to of tlie king of Spain, lince of Asturias. rn of Luzerne county, the S W side of Sus- , 67 miles N W of [ere there is a po»t-of- im Waihington. irboui- of South Ame- iicre i.s a great desert le. Lon. 70 W, Ut. A T H Atalaua, a town of Portugal, in E.*- trnmadura scatedon an eminence, with a strong fortress, five miles S ofTo- inar. Lon 7 56 W, lat. 39 25 N. Atena, a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriore, 22 miles N of Policas- tro. Lon. 15 58 E, lut. AO ?,& N. Ath, a town in Austrian Huinault, seated on the Dcndcr, 12 miles N W of Mons. Lon. 3 44 E, lat. 50 AS N. Atbclncy, an island of Somcrsi'tshire, «t tile confluence of the Thone and Piirret, memorable for having aftbrdcd shelter to kinp;' AUVid. Athene, now called S'ftinvs, once a r.nlcbruted city, the capital of Ancient Attica, but now of Livadi.o, in Eiu'o- pean Turicey. After man)- revolutions, tiie Turks finally wre.sted it from the Venetians ; and it has now not more tlian 10,000 inhabitants, of wlioin tiiree fourths are Christians of tlie Greek church ; the remainder Turks. It is tile see of an archiiisliop ; and is de- fended by a citadel on the summit of a lofty rock. The town stands beneath the citadel j not encompassing the rock as former!}', but spreading into the plain to the W and N W. Some mas- ses of brick work, standing seiiarate without the town, belonged pei'hajjs to the ancient wall, of which otlier irares also appear. Tlie houses are mostly mean and straggling. In the lanes, tlic high walls on each side, which are commonly white washed, reflect strong- ly the light of the sun. The streets were very irregular; and anciently were neither uniform nor handsome. There are many magnificent ruins, which testify its former grandeur. It is situate on the gulf of Engia, 100 miles N E of Lacedenion, and 320 S bv W of Constantinople. Lon, 23 S7 E, lat. 38 5 N. Athens, or Tyoga Point, a post town of Luzerne coimty, Pennsylvania, seat- ed at the confluence of Tyoga river, with the east branch of the Siisque- hannah, 90 miles N W of Wilkesbarrc, ynd 150 N of Nortliumberland. — And, a part of Clark county, Georgia, 20 miles S E of Clarksborough, and 90 N W of Augusta. Atherston, a town in Warwickshire, with a market on Tuesday ; se.ated on t'le Anker, indiflTcrently large and well built ; 10 miles N of Coventi-y, and 104 N W of London. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 52 40 N. Athlone, a town of Ireland, in the ATS county of West Meath, seated on the Shannon, 60 miles W of Dublin. Lon. 7 41 W, lat. 53 .'2 N. Athnl, a district of Pertlishire ; a beauiiliil, romantic, and mountainous country, containing some fine lakes. Athv.1, or Montc-SrMo, a mountain of Miicdonia, in a peninsula, to tiic S of the gulf of Confessa, about 30 miles in circumference and two in per- pciuLicular height. It is inhabited \iy a great number of Creek r.i,iiVs, who have many fortified monastrrics iii .in it. Here tiiey cultivate oli'.es and vines ; and are carpenters, masons, )kc. leading an austere lile, and living to a great age. It in 70 miles E of S.Oo- nichi. Lon. 26 20 E, lat. 40 30 N. At liy, a. town of Ireland, in the county of Kiidare, and province of Leinstcr, seated on tlie v\\cv Harrow, 12 miles S of Kiidare. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 52 58 N. Atlantic, or Atlantic Ocean, takes its name from mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the W continents of Afri- ca and Europe, and the E continent of America. Its least brcadtli, from Gui- nea in Africa, to Brasil in South Ame- rica, is 2300 miles. On one side of the equator, it is called the North Atlantic Oceun ; and on the other the South Atlantic Oce.in. Atlas, a chain of high mountains in Africa, separating Barbary from Bile- didgerid. Tliey are inhabited almost in every pl.ice, except where the ex- treme cold will not permit. Aiitoi, one of the Sandwich islands, discovered by captain Cook, in 1778. Towards the N E and N W the face of tlie country is ragged and broken ; but to the S it is more even. The hills, rise from the sea-side with a gentle ac- clivity and at a little distance back are covered with wood. The natives are of a middle size, and in general stoutlf made. They are active, vigorous, and most expert swimmers, the women with infants at their breasts often leap- ing over-board in a heavy surf, without endangering their little ones. Atri, an episcopjil town of Naples, in Abru7zo Ulteriore. It is seated on a craggv- mountain, four miles from the gulf of Venire, and 10 SE of Teramo. Lon. 13 48 E. lat. 41 35 N. Atsion, a village in Burlington county, New Jersey, where tliere i»a valuable iron founderv, and a post-office ; 26 miles W of fuckerton, 29 E by S of Philadelphiu [M A U B A U D Attlcbury, a to«ni in Norfolk, with a niarki-l on 1 ucsdav, 14 inik's N E of '1 lit. I II. Ill and V.j ot London. Lon. 1 5 E, i..i. jj oj N. .tri.iu-, a Illy and Fortress of Hindoos- tan l-'iOjitr, on llic £ hanKot llic Indus; iiu)'|A).>viii U) .stand on iJic site oftlie 'la.vila of Alexaniler, wliere lie erosscil tliai liver. It is 180 miles N W oi'La- hoi-c. Lun. ro :.6 E, Jilt. j2 '27 N. .ucod; a river wliicli rises i)i the T;iit.iiian nic)nnlain.s, N of Hindooslan, passes bv Caind, and flows into the In- dus al>o>e Atloek. A ill, a lar^e river wliich rises in Thibet, Mid erosaing' tiie kingdoms of liiiii. 1.1.1 and I'eyii, talis into the bay of 13eng;U l)\ .several niouliis. Jva, a liiige eitv in Asia, capital of the kmgdi 111 of Jlii;rniali, and seated on the ri'er Ava. 'Ine iionses are iiuill with timber or humlioo canes, witli tlialehed lools, and floors made ofteak I'luiiK or i'i lit iiamboo. 'I'fie streets are Vn) »Uaij;iit witli rows of trees ])huit- cil on li.eli siile. T)ie io_\al jialace is a itiLun su-uetiiie, although very larj^e, Mill built v.ith stone. '1 lie inh'abitaiils are well-.- aped, have good features, wid an ouic complexion j but tiie wo- men, wLo aie small, are whiter than the men. Ava is 1150 miles N E of Calcuttx Lon. 96 30 E, hit. 21 N. AVii, a hin^; tract of coast hi Asia, on the E .i.deoltlie^ulfof Bengal, extend- ing- ir.iiii the S extremity of Aracan to C.ipe iNiegruias, and divided from I'cgu on iiie E by the river Ava. Avuion, an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late jn-o- vincc of Bnrg-iindy. It is 20 miles S E of Auxerre. Lon. 3 52 E, lat. 47 30 N. Aube, a tlciiartment of France, the late province of Champagne. Aubenas, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardeche and late pro\ ince of Daiijihiny. It has a manufacture of clotlis of Spanish wool, and of red cotton, in imitation of Indian handker- chiefs. Besiile corn and wine, its dis- trict proiluees truffles, oranges, figs, olives, chesiuits, and widnuts. The silk-worm and nuilberry-tree succeed well here. Anbenas i.s seated on the Ardp.che, at the foot of tlie Cevennes, near the mineral waters of Valtz, and 15 miles N VV of Viviers. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 44 40 N. Aubigny, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province •f Berry. It has a castle, and is seated , in a fine plain, on the river Ncrre. It was a dukedom, and belonged to the dukes of Kichmond ; and was confirm- ed to the ]«-esent duke. At the revo- lution in France it shared the fate of all other titles of nobility. Auhin, a town of the island of Jersey, with a good harbour and a fort. Aubiit itit Cormier, a town of France, in the department of lUc and Vilaine and late jirovince of Bretagne ; famous for a battle between viscount Trc- mouille and the duke of Orleans, after, ward Lewis XII, in 1488, when the latter was made prisoner. It is ten miles E of Keniies. Lon. 1 23 W, kt. 48 15 N. Aubuimc, a handsome town ' of Swis- serland, in the canton of Bern, on a ri- ver oftlie same name, 10 miles W of LaiiSciime. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 46 30 N, y/»/;i(;-H, a town in AViUshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is but an indif- ferent town, seated on a branch of the Kennct, eight miles N E of Marlbo. rough, and 81 W of London. Lon. 1 32 VV, hit. 51 31 N. Aubu^sim, a town of France, in the departni'-nt of Creuse and late territo- ry of Marche. It had a manufacture of tapestry, which made it populous. It is seated on the river Crfense, 37 miles NE of Limoges. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 45 58 N. Aiiciiugrd, a town of Africa, capital of the kingdom of Adel, seated on % moimt.ihi. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 10 N. A:ich, an episcopal city of France, in the department of Gcrsj lately an arehi- episcopal see, and the capital of Gasco- I'.y. It lies on the summit and declivity ofasteep hill, at the foot of which runs the Gers. The cathedral is one of the finest in France ; the biiildings are mo- der.i and elegant, and the streets thoug^Ii generally narrow are clean and well ])aved. The inhabitants arc computed to be 8000 ; and they have manu- factures of velvet, serges, crapes, hats, and leather. Auch is 37 miles W of Toulouse. .':>on 40 E, lat. 43 39 N. Auckland, Bisliofi's, a town in the bishopric of Durham, with a market on Thiirsda}-. It is ple.isantly se.ited on the side of a hill, and noted for its beautiful castle and for its chapel, whose architecture is very curious. It is eight miles S bv VV of Durham, and 251 N N VV of London. Lon. 1 31 W, lat. 54 43 N. Aiide, a department of France, part of the late province of Languedoc. 1 A U D in, on the river Ncrre. It •iloni, ami belonged to the chiiiond ; and was confirm- •csent duke. At the rcvo- •ance it siiarcd the fate of les of nobility, own of the island of Jersey, 1 iiarbom- and a fort. Cormier, a town of France, rtment of lUc and Vilaiiie ivincc of Bretagne ; famous e between viscount Tre^ tlie duke of Orleans, after- s XII, in 1488, when the made prisoner. It is ten tennes. Lon. 1 23 W, lat. a handsome town ' of Swis- the canton of Bern, on a ri- anie name, 10 miles W of Lim. 6 30 E, lat. 46 30 N, town in WiUshirc, with a I'ucsday. It is but an indif- , seated or. a branch of the l^ht miles N E of Marlbo- 81 W of London. Lon. 1 51 31 N. a town of France, in the of Creuse and late territo- ic. It had a manufacture of hich made it populous. It is le river Crfense, 37 miles NE . Lon.215E, hit. 45 58N. , a town of Africa, capital fdom of Adel, seated on % Lon. 44 2.5 E, lat. 10 N. episcopal city of France, in lent of Gcrs, lately an archi. !e, and the capital of Gasco- on the summit and declivity ill, at the f(M>t of which runs The cathedral is one of the ince ; the buildings are mo- ■g-ant, and the streets though larrow are clean and well e inhabitants arc computed [) ! and tliey have manu- ^elvet, serges, crapes, hats, . AiLch is 37 miles W of .':>on 40 E, lat. 43 39 N. Jiisfiofi's, a town in the f Durham, with a market y. It is ple.isantly seated of a hill, and noted for Its astle and for its chapel, itecturc is very curious. It les S by W of Durham, N W of London. Lon, 1 54 43 N. epartment of France, part >rovince of Languedoc. AUG Ariirii, a town of I'ortugal, on the lake of Vouga, with a good harbour, 30 miles S of Oporto. Lon. 8 30 VV, lat. 40 to N. Aveiron, a department of France, in- fhiding tlie late prc)\ ince of Roucrgue. .4i'f//«Ho, an episcopal town of Nuiiles, ill Principato Citfriore. It was almost ruined by an earthquake in 16'.)4, and h J 5 miles E of Naples. Lon. 13 E, I;.'. 10 50 N. .Ivvinhe, a town of Swlsserland, in •'ic iiu\ton of Bern, formerly capital of S.sisserland, but now shows its former ;:'i( ;tness otdy by its ruins. It is 15 mill s VV of Bern'. Lon. 6 52 E, lal. 46 i'J N. M'crno, a lake of Naples, in I'erra di I.;i\ora, two miles long, and one broad. Virgil mid others have said that the water was so bad, that birds drop dead uiieii flying over it, and hence they. call ii tlic lake 'jf hell ; but it is now found 1(1 have no poisono\ia quality \ for birds not only tly over it, but swim upon it. A little to the W of the lake is a cave, «inre some pretend they went former- I) to consult the CumsEau Sybil. There arc also some old walls, which some suppose to he the ruins of a temple of .ApiiUo, and others of Pluto. .hena, a town of Naples, with a bishop's sec. It is seated in a very fine plain, eight miles N of Naples. Lon. U 20 E, lat. 40 59 N. Aver/aboro', a post town of Cumber- land county, North Cai-olina : standing oil the E side of the N W branch of tape Fear river, 35 miles N of Fay- fttcvillc, and 36 S of Raleigli. ives, or the Islands of Birds, so cal- 'fil from the great number of birds that ivqiient them. They are 70 miles E IV S of Curacao, and 100 N of the ' last of Terra Firraa. ■hi'snes, a small but strong town of F.'anre, in tlie departn" ent of the North - 1(1 late province of Hainault, seated on tile Hosper, 25 miles E of Cambray.and 101} N E of Paris. Lon. 3 58E, lat. 508 N. Atifiiay, a pleasant little island in the Icitf of Zuric, below Rapperschwyl. ■lii-^dmrg, an ancient city of Suabia, '" Gern)any. It is a bishop's sec, and ••■1 imperial city, or sovereign state, be- ni^ governed by the town-council :uid tii( representatives of tiie burghers, w'lii are half protestajits and half piipisLs. The churches, townhouse, Hill other public buildings are magniii- •■nt. It iij surrounded bv beautiful A V I ))lains, and large forests, full of all sort* of game. In the bishop's palace, Ihc Lutlierans presented tlieir confession of faith to the enipenn* Charles \ . m 1550 hence called the confession of Augsburg. The bisho]) is one r)flhe princes of the empire, but has no share in the goveiiime'it of the town. It was taken by tlie French in 170.), but aban- doned in the year fbllowiiig, after tin- battle of lliick.studt, and ag'ain Uiken by them August 24, 1796. It is seated between tile ri\ers Werdach and Lech, 30 miles N \V of Munich. Lon. 114 E, lat. 48 27 N. Aii;^uat(i, the ca)iltid of Oi orgia, in North America, situate on the S VV bank of the river Savunnali, 1 JO miles N VV of the town of Savannah. The town does not consist of u.nl but not l.ii'i.'^t', ii'itl in iMcC (if ll'. Ik'sI udirn- C;l ill tlu' lity. It is iulviilii;i;^^-oiisl;. si'iiti'l (n tln-'uiiom-, 'JO n.ilis F. of Niiitics. Lon. 4 5.5 1'., Int. 4>) 5" N. .hi! I, :iii uiicic'i' tow of S,);'iii, in Ol.l ri'.st.lc V Vns ■• vfrh v, and '.i rnv'.' ' • -.ihli- ••• lo; i' • ildr) ill , ' ii.'Idli (. i'tii',- iic'ifc ,1.1111, sur- ri'indi'd -viti. . .M»'<.!i' 'nd covcied witlihvi:i -I'cs ■ J . i;-,' .v ;i,40m'1fsN \.'.l M;alnd. L<. ;■. 'i :i3 W, ''" '■U4oN AhUc^, a town of ;~;iiun, i uiiis d'CviL;(io, on tlic bay of hisiiu 25 in:: s N of Ovicdo. Lon. ti 5 W, hit. 43 ,7 N. Afis, a small town of Portugal, in AUiiti'io, Stated on an cmincnrc, with a I'iistlc, near tlu' river Avis. llc'iice till' nidiiai y order of Uii- kiii^i t.s of Avis have their name. It is 65 miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 W, hit. 38 40 N. Aulcejler, a town in Warwickshire, with a nu>vl;et on Tuesday. It was a Roman station, as a|)|)ears from the coina, brieks, Stc. ofti.ii dii(y i:|) in and near it, and Irom tlie Roman Ic.kneiUl- street pi.ssinj? through it. It is seven miles W of Stratfo.-d upon Avon, and 102 N W of London. Lon. 1 52 W, lat.S.MGN. Aui'ps, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var and late province ot Provence. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 43 40 N. Anmale. See Aii.eni.i'-'e. Au.ik, lately a sif'.all territory of Fr.ince, In Poitou, and now forniiiii^ part of the department of Lower Clia- reiitc. Avim, a river that rise.? in Wilts, and roastinp^ the edge of the Nt-W foriMt, falis into tiic Kni^lish channel at Ciirist- churih IJay in Haniijsliirc. Arxm, a river that rises in Leif ester- shire, and riinnin!^ H W by \V'arwiek iuid Eve'sliam, falls in^o the Severn, at Tewl-e.sbiny, in GU)UFCSterH!'.ire. Aiwi L'Hvvr, a river tlii't ri.ses in "Wiif -, and rnnninjc W to iV.itli, beci.nies navlj;ablc t!:c-e, eontimies its course to Bristol, and f lis into the Severn. Avruch, a foil Hied town of Germany, in the S part of Siiabia, and di.teliy of Wiitenibui-^-; seated at tiic foot of a A U S irnuntnin, on the riv.ilet F.rmst, l.i mil. s L of 'rubi)i)>-eii. Lon. 'J 22 E, lat. 48 20 N. Avranches, r.n anrlent town of Fraiu r, in the de|):!rlnienl of the i haiiiul iind late province of Normandy; the cit) is mean but is Ilnelv seated (>'i ini i .ni. ninee, near wliiili t!ie See runs ahoji a m.l ■ and a half i'loin the ocean and,)') Eof SI. \vAu. Lon. 1 18 VV, l;it.4Hll N. Aiirav, a sni.'.ll seaport of I''i'ance, on the pnlf of >Iorliihaii, in the ilep: rt. W ni i.t III ll .'t name a;id late priniik-i' • t'Brttai.',-iv,' ;.MKl.t miles W of Valines. Lon. :.■ L: \V, lat. 47 40 N. Aiire/iun, a post town of CayiigHCOun. tv. New York: the 'lownship is sitiiut- id .it liie head of Ouasco lake, Ik- tween llie tuwiisliip-t of JiMiius and iMaralliis, and coiiti'ii.s ,]00 '.iihabitaut.s. Aurlcli, a town of Wesli/Iialia, in E FriesUiid, with a castle, where the count reiiides. It is se.ittd in a plain suri'oiinded by forests foil of jfanie, U miles N E of" Eiubden. Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 53 28 N. AwilUw, a populous tradinj;' town iif France, on the ri\ er Jordannc, in the department of Cantal and late province of Ativcrirne. (ijiaiitities of lace aiul velvet are m.'inufacturedliere. It is 30 miles S W of St. Flour, and 250 Sof Paris. Lon. 2 21 E, lat. 44 55 N. _ Aunirti l.laml, an island, one of tlie New Hebrides, in tile S Pacific ocean. It is about twelve leajces loii!^, but not iibovc five broad. Lon. 168 24 E, lat. 15 8 S. Auni'i^^iJxii/, a considerable city of As:.., in the Deccan of Hindoo.stan. It IS but a modern city; owinjy its rise, from a small town, to tlw^ capittl ni Dowlatal.u.d, to the gnat Aiirungzebf, from whom it had its name. It is 260 miles N E of Bumbuv. Lon. 76 2 E, lat. 19 45 N. Austir.ville, a villaj^e with a post of- (ice, in Wythe county, Virpnia; situ.it- ed on tlie E side of Kanhawa river 24 inih.s E of Wythe court house, and 366 from the city of IVashington .-/HiW/.i, one of the circles of tiic Ger- nian eir.r.iiv, bounded on the W by Swisserland ; on the N by Suabia, Ba- .aria, B'lhemi.i, and Moravia; on the E by IIun;;'ary ; and im the S by Italy .md'Croatia. It contains the archdntcliy jf Austria ; the dutchies of Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, andOoritia; the county of Tirol ; and the bishoprics of Briicn luid Trent. A> «f t iliiit iia i I.l^it all t C- .11 tnri'.' Cul'tl and E.ist If I t'.ie t Sa'in of Hi n.iiie Milpl thrci \v!iic niin,. cllViC t'l he city I 111' wl tlie (1 fact II t'iref (kift altlio In SI the c Tour slxtii iiip ]: of h kiiif^i Clov wild The noiic Xi- vf 23 E All 100 I boiin on th ^v bi and ( veniv laeiii Av, lake! mile! two 1 tie i river disc! la-e A^ A U S on till' riv.ik't F.rmst, l.i 'I'uliiiigiii. l,im. y 72 E, ■s, nn anciiiil town of Fniiici-, u'lniciil of tlir ( li;inni.l :iii(l lice of Noiniiindy ; tin.- cit) It i-i HiH'l\ ;:L-uteil (>'i itii ( nii- xr wliuli t!u' Sec riins jilioin ;i liaU'i'ioin the ocean andoO ..1'.. I, on. 1 18 VV, lilt. 481 IN. Mii.iU stiiport of I'"i ancc, (m r Moi'Uiliiui, in till- -. Lon. 76 2 E, N. !k; a villaj^c with a post of- •the county, Virpniaj sitn.it- E side of Kanliawa river 24 )f Wythe court house, and .he city of Jl'nn/iiiigton one of the circles of tiic Ger- ,1V, bounded on the W by id ; oil the N by Suabia, Ba- emia, and Moravia ; on tlic :;'ary ; and on the S by Italy a. It contains the archdntcliv ,1 ; the dutcliies of Stiria, Carniola, and Goritia i the Tirol ; and the bishoprics of 1 Trent. A U X Auitriit, an archdutchy, in tlie circle M The river Kns I- antl Lower: \'iin- tlie Lower, and ,•. Au-tlria excels .■f Cermany in the ,'ic plenty of its pas- ■ oineness of tlu ..ir. riiit, IV pk iitiful ; ■r than that of the of the suniu na*^ aiilde.i it intiiUi) ii:i is the »-apil; \.\a\./, of tlie L; all the pi'ovinci s t; .ility of .ts .ioil, tun Hand tlie wli'' CdIii, wine, an>i .■Hid tiie saffron '.•• £..sl Indies. I't'-uii, an ai.i-ient town ofFranre, t!ie ej):se<)pal see of the di irtni' it >f S,i'ine and Loire, in the late proviiu e (if Uurnuiidy i it contains a (j-rc t niany niiiu's, and produces a g'reat [uantil) of Mllpli'ir. It is seated r.t the fool of tiuve mouatiins on tlie river of Arroiix, wliicli washes its a..."ieiit walls, whose niiii.i are so linn, and the stones so closely united, that tiiey seem almost to he cut out of the solid i o( k, in this ii!y arc the ruins of three teinpks, one (il wiiicli was dedicated to Janiii, and the other to Diana. Tlicy have m;.nu- futures of tapestry from cews liair ami t'li'iad, carpets, and coveili ts. Their (kift ware is (le;.;ener,ite;l into earthen, altliouffh with little iiul.ntry, tlielr ar- ;cil woidd be very propiu- for ])0i'celain. In St. Martin'; jliurch is the tomb of the cruel Brunehaud, Vvhoni Greg'ory of Tours mentions as the monster of the sixtii century : she was accused of hav- iiiif poisoned her son Childcbirt, and (if having prociu'ed the death of IL) kings ; by tlie order of her grandson Clovis IJ, .she was tied to the tail of a wlhlmare, andthiis miserably perished. Tlie cathedral of St. La/ariis, the col- I'.'gc, and the seminary are worthy of nmice. Autim is 45 miles E by S of Xi vers, and 162 S E of Paris. Lon. 4 23 K, lat. 46 57 N. Auvergne, a late province of France, 10(J miles in length, and 75 in breadth ; bnunded on the N by the Bourbonnois, on tlic E by Forez and Velay, on the ^V by Limosin, Qiierci, and La Marche, and on the S by Konerguc and the Ce- vennes. It now forms the twi depart- nienis of Cantal and Puy-de-Dome. Av-'e Loch, one of the most beautiful lakes of Scotland, in Argylesliire, 30 miles long, and in some parts, above two bro.'id. It contains many fine lit- tle islands, tufted with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, is discharged into Loch Etive, at the vil- h'fii: of Bunawe. Aitxerre, an ancient town of France, intho (leparinw nt of Y( niic, lately nn cjiiscopal sc'' of Hin;;undy, advant'agc- oiisly sitiuiu il on the Voniie l>he in- ' abt.ints are .mipuled at 1' ,00()i and it contaii 1 many fiiuntains and sijuaren. I* .s 25 miles'S of Sens. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 47 48 N. Auxaitre, a town of F' i.i.e in the depaitment of Cote d'Or ar.d lute pro- vince of Uurgup'ly, witli a castloj an arsiiial, liandsMiu- bui f.icks, and a foun- ds i\)r cannon. It is seated (,ii tlic saone, over wliith tlitre is a bridge of 23 arcli(.s, ai.d is 17 miles E of Dijon, Lon. 5 21>K, lat. 47 11 N. Avjiitski-liay, a harbour of Kamta* cliatK:i, the safest and most extensive that lias been discovered, and the on- ly one in that part of tlie world, that can admit vessels of a considerable burden. Lon. 15S48E, lat. .5? 51 N. Aw/fi, a small imperial town oi' .Sua- bia, o:i the river Co.lien, 15 miles VV" ofOeting. Il wastaken bvthe Fijiich in Aiigusti;96. Lon.l(J15E, lat.4H36N. Axliii.lge, a corporate town in So- mersetshire, with a market on Thurs- day. It is seated on tlu river Ax, under the Mendij) hills, wlicic there is good [lasturage, li) miles N W of Wells, and 132 W of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 51 17 N. Axti, a small fortified town of Dutch Flanders, seated in a morass, 10 milea N of Ghejit. It was taken by the French in 179-1 Lon. 3 45 K, lat. 51 15 N. Axhoiw, an island in the N W part of Lincolnshire, in Engl.and. It ig formed by the Trent, Dun, and Idle, !ind is ten miles long and five broad. It is a rich tract, in which much flax is cultivated. Axim, a teiTitory on the Gold Coast of Guinea, containing two or three vil- lages on the sea shore. The inhabi- tants are generally rich, and sell a great deal of gold to the English and Dutch. They are likewise industrious in fishing and tilling tlie ground. The excessive moisture of the climate ren- ders it very unhealthy, but it produces plenty of rice, water-melons, lemons, oranges, &c. The Dtrtch have a fort and a factory here, calleiic1 iiiivrfiw clctlis, and n r-imoti* mil' tur c.iriMis. It is 18 miU-s K \t\ N >il' K vjcr, mill 147 \V of London, l.on. .. f. W , I.I. JO-Ui N I- inn, li'llmrly ;i liirj^r city, mid uiirc till r;il..il''iili);s. It IS \\ii lilllk'sW lit' Vm- Kid iMa. l.iiii. .'.(■> 1 K.liil, M. N. ./.;iiii, ill An- dulll^.l!l, u Jli a --li'dn;;' iMhlK- liiiill on ii I'm K :.: Ill' lliiiiitliiil ilu'rnri'(;;iildiiilia, i>|i)i,". N. .liiiiiiuili, u lii«ii of SiiilliMid, in Bi'V- uicV>liii'(., »ix mill > N of l'ir«it k, for- inclU t'ui'iilii d to (Mill (lir i^anison of thill liuMi. I.on. I 'Id U'.lal. SC 11 N. .iji; a.l)'iioii);'li I'f Scollaiit), c;i|iilal ol un I'NU'iisiM' I'uiniH of tlu' siiiiic niiiiii . It is «!tiiiili' on a sand; pl.iin, on botli bidf.i (.1 tli<' I'ivri' A\ r, o\(.T wITkIi is a Ij.idj^i off lur arches. 11 ii|ipcais from history ami otlirr ilocunicnts to liuvc hctii ucousjdciahlo placciit the tinu- of the Norman ron{|UC'st. Its chief trade is in coal and j^rain ; the lishcry liiinj^ in a niii-iiiir i^'ivcn up. In the new town are many ^;oo'l liotiscs, and the ruins of ii Doniinieaii monastery, foniul- cd lis Alexander II. in IJJO. A niiU' N from till- town, is a house called Kin^-'s Chapel, tbiinded for lepers by Uolnrt Briiee ; the lejirosy heiiijr a dis- ease HO eomnion in those dins, iis to he the siibjei 1 of several parliainentary slutiilts. Ayr is (v-) miles S W of Edin- i)uri,^i. Lo'n. 4 M K, hit. 55 30 N. .7,r4'///';'<', a county of iScotland, hinind- ♦■d on the W and' N l>y tlie Frith of Clyde and Uenfrewshire, on the E hy the counties of Lunerk and IJmnt'ries, and < n the S E and S \>\ the shires of Kir. tidbriuliV and Wijj^iiton. It exhi- bits the shape of two vvinp;s, extending' to the N W and S \V, iiiul forming' u vast baj iit tlie mouth of the frith of Clyd''. Between its extreme points it i.s about 5t) miles ; its p'eatest breadth is not quite '27. Its most iiortlierly divi- sion is Cniuiing'hiini, the N \V aiii^le of whii'h lhuuj,'li iiiountainous, is rich in pasiure. Ait!imi:\ a small seaport oi' Afi lea In tile kii!;;;d(iiii of Morocco; fnierly ve- iry ei.ns. ierable, hut leiiuil b\ the Por- tllKUe:ie in 1513. Lon. 7 VV, lat. 32 iON. BAB Azcm. See Auam. Al.iif'. See Atofih. Aciirin, or H'luiirii hlandi, a (froup of inlands, in the Atlantic Ocean, be- tween Jj and ,1.1 Wlon. luul lietween J7 and 40 N lat. IKJO mile s W ol I'.irtiiiral, and as many K of Ni vd'oundlanil. 'I'lie; weri' discoMrid b) the Fhininjjs in llie 1 jlli <'( nturi , but were aflerwi.nU liikni poisi'ssion of by tlii^ I'olliij^uesc, (iiuhoiii llnj bale been subject eicr sini'i . Tbi'y are nine in nnniher, vi/ St. Maria, St. Michael, 'I'ereera, St. Cieoi'j;e, tiracinso, l-'yal, I'lco, Florrs, and Corvo. 1 he} were culled tlic /V/ores, from the nimiber ot hawk* liiiind iinioinf tlu in. The two western- ino?>t were named I'lorcs and Corvii, from the iihundance of HowiTs on the one, and of crows on the other 'I'liey are subject to a governor-jjeiic- ral, who resides at Anj^ru, in Tertera. No ])oisonons aiiiimd, it is said, is to be found in the Azores, and if carried thither it will e.x])ire in a I'ew hours. All of them are fertile, and enjoy u sa- lubrions air, hut arc subject to violent earthipiakes. B jyARKI.MANDKL, a strait be- ■*^ tweeii the coast of Africii and Arn- bia, uniting the Red Sea with llie In- dian ocean. Near it is .1 small island and a mountain of tlic same name. Loii. 44 30 K, lat. U 40 N. liiiiciiliiiiiscii, .1 town of Siiabia, in the iliitchy of VVirtembiirg', live niilcJ N of Tubin(ivn. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 48 35 N. Babolitzti CWethna, or Baboliza, » town of .Sclavonia, near the river Urave, between Posejfa ami Zygetli. Babylon, once a famous city in Asia, and ])erhaps at that time the largest in the world. It is now so ruined, that the )/lace where it stood cannot be dis- covered with any certainty. However, \vc are sure tluit it was seated on the river Euphnites ; and as some think over aj^'ainst Bagdad^ wliich is by many traiellers, fidsely called Babylon. Thi» was also the name of a city in Egrypt, siipi«>sedto .stand near tlie place where Cairo stands now. What authors tell us concerning; the biwicss ofOld Baby- lon is almost incredible ; for they af- finn it wiis ,)G6 stadia in circumference, which is about 50 of our statute miles ; liowe\er, it was not full of hotises ; for within the walls, were not only jjarden* BAB (• A till III. .Uofi/i. Il'iiirni Itlaudt, a (Coup till' /Vtliiiitu: (ki'iin, hi:- .>,'> W Ion. luid Ixluiiii j7 VOO milts W (il I'niiMjjal, tl III' Nrut'oiiiiiUunii. Till'; Till II) I'li; Kit iii'mjfs ill un.lml \MTi! iit'tirwuiilk lull of by tin: I'lUtu^'tK'iii, ) IkIMJ ln'CIl Hlllljcll I'MI- Mv nim- ill iuiiiiIh'I', vi/ I. Mirliiicl, 'Irrceru, St. L'iimii, Fyal, I'liii, Flons, '1 Ik > wcic rulUil llie II till' niinilii.'r ut' llu\^k« llu 111. 'I lie ISVl) WCHttTIl- laiiii'il riiircs and Conn, )uiiil:iii(-e of rtowt-M mi of ci'owH on t)ic otlitr, jjfCt to a govcriKir-jjfiii;- ili'.H at Anjyra, in i'crtfni. i uiiinial, it i.i Huid, iuto lie : Azores, and it' carried II c.\))ire in a t'i'w liourn, iro ffrtiic, and I'lijoy u ««- but arc subject to violent B [t 4 AN DEL, !i strait be- i- coast ol' Africa and Ar«- lic Red Sea with llic In- Ncur it is n small island in of tlic same name. Lon. il 40 N. , .1 towni of Siiabia, in VVirtciiibiirjf, five niilcJ Lon.9 4E,lat. 48 35N. Cartthna, or Jiaboliza, * (Ilia, neai- tiie river Urave, gu and Zyg'etii. K a i'amoiis city in Asia, it tliat lime the largest iii is now so ruined, that re it Ktood cannot be dis- iiiy certainty. However, lat it was seated on the es ; aiul ns some think i^^dad, wliicli is by many ■iely called Uabylon. Tliin lame of a city in Efrypt, iiid near tlie place wliere now. What authors tell the biffncss of Old Baby- incvcdible ; for they af- 6 studia in circumference, I 50 oi' our statute miles ; as not full (if houses ; for lis, were not only jjardtni BAD and nrrhanls, but cult \'it('d fiildK It va'> iliviili'd b\ the Kii|iliri.l< s into two i'(|li.il parts tli.'it I'oiiiiiiuiiicati'd by a ntiiiic liriil)('e (>i\ fret in li'n)Ft|i, imd .ill briiud. 'llie tower of llalicl, w.tliiii this citv, was built in a »i|iiai(' form, 4tiO ciioitt liijfli ; and the liniinifcr- ciice at the bottom 4 or jdOO. '1 be lia!ij^inj, jjardcns at Uabylon xM-re such a jimiri;j.ious work, that tlic) jjmsm d for oiii' "I'tlK; St veil wonders oftlie world; l^.iir of titcm contained each four aires 111 land, and weie supported by vast columns, at the tii|i of .i palace ^..'i()>l pai'es in cii'ciiml'ereiiie ; tliey were dis- |io«i'il in the liirin ot an ai!i]>liith('ati'e. 'I'he walls of llaln I'll were also so as- toiiishing', that these also passed I'or one of the seven wiimlers i tliev wre built of bricks and liit'imen ; 6U miKs in circumference, 2(J0 feet bijfli, luid 50 thick. There was also a temple coii- Kccrateil to ill Ills, whose mafpiilicence corresimnded with the g'randeur of the city, first the capital of the Assyrian empire, and afterwards tli;it of the kiiin-- dom of Uabylun founded by Nabonas- ner. flacn, or JItizn, a town of S)iain, in the kiii|i'doiii of Granada, l.i miles N K of Gaudix, Lon. 2 42 W, lut. 37 18 N. tiiuiino, a villa^'e of Italy, in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, on a small lake, neai a river of the same name, well known on ttccoimt of the defeat oftlie Fabii, in the 277th year of Home. liacateray, u town in the Russian pro- vince of Tuiiridi, wiiere the late khans of the Grim Tartars wen accustomed to reside. It is 70 miles SofPrecop. Lon. 35 40 E, lat, 45 30 N. Biicnmic/i, a town of Germany, in the ])alatiiuite of the Hliiiu', forinerlv iinperiul. It is famous fur its wines, and is Seated on the Hliiiie, 20 miles \V of Mentz. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 49 55 N, Bachian, one of the Molucca itdands, in the East Indies, wlilch produces cloves. It is ver\ fruitfii! and beloiiifs to the Dutch. Lon. 125 a E, lat. ''25 S. Builnjoz, :i town of Sjiain, cajiital of F.Htrainadiira, and a b.isluip'.'i see. It i:; s'.Mted in a i'ertile territory on the Gati- ili ma, over which tliere is a faiiimis briiljje built by the Rimir.ni;, On tliis hiid^;'!' llie Portu niese weie defe: ted liy lj<.ii Joliii of Aii.v.ri'.v, ;n U'lGL It is Jr5 inllrs S In \V oi Mailriil. Lon.. 6 ■ lO VV, hit. 38 32 N. Bmk-ion,;, a town of Rp:.in, in C:X:-- BAG Ionia, scaled on the Mediterraiiciin, 1# niilei N K of Harceloiia. I. nil. 2 20 K, lat. 11 28 N. iliiilin, a town of Silabia, caplt.il of a mar^rat :itr ufthe s.ii i< name, with a c.'islle, on the top of a iiiouiitaili, where the prime often rcsihs It is niii'iik- able for its baths, wlliiic" it t:il.e'. ilk name, and is seated near the Itliiiie, four ii.iles S of llastadl. Lon, H 1 I- I':, hit l;; :MJ N. Hadcn, u marjfra* ;.t e of Snabia, bound- ed on the N by the palatinate of the Uliiiie and bishopric of Spire, on the E by the diitehv of Wirti mhiirif and principality of Fiistenbiir{<', on the S by the Brisj.^-aw, and on the VV by the Kliine. it IS divided into the Uppei* and the Lower. Httitfii, an ancient and handsom« town in a emmtyofthe same name in Swisserland. It is remarkable for its baths mentioned by the inhabitants un- der the names of Aqua; and Thermic Helvetica.' i aiid for the tre'ity conclud- ed here in 1714, be 'ween Germany and S])aii). It is seated i,n the Limmat, 10 miles N W of Zurie. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 47 2.'> N. /iuden, a neat little walled town of Austria, fainoiis for it.s liet baths i seated on the river Suechat, I.'j miles S W of Vienna. Lon. If) 25 E, lat. 48 1 N. Bademvei/ler, n town of Siiaii'ia, bc- lonjjiniy to the tower marji^ravate of Ba- den, seated near the Rhine, 10 miles S E of Frihtirj,'. Lon. 7 52 E, hit. 48 1. N. Bai/gei-ortli, a village i:i Gloiiceslcr- ,',liire, remarkable for a s]>riiig' of mine- ral w.ilcr, called Gold I'oul, nearly the sanje ns tliose oi Glieltenham. It is seven miles N E of Glouce.ster. BiieZ(t,nU>\vn of Spain, in Andalusia. It is the see of a bishop and hu» a uni- ver.sity, seated on the Gaudalqui- ver, 15 miles N E oijaeii. Lon. 3 18 W, hit. 37 45 N. Btiffin'\-liay,a bayin North America, di.srovercd by Mr. IJaffin, mi En.irlish- iiiaii, who attvniiJted to f.nd out a N \V passaffe that way to the South Sea. It extends from 70 to 80 N latitude. liuffo, a considerable town in the island of Gyprus, with a fort near tlic ancient I'apUos, of which considL-riible r'.ilr.s remain, particularly some broken eoliiiiins. which probably belonged to the temp!" of Venus. Lon. 3;J 30 E, lat. S4 50 N. Bii^'lii'l, ('ulsely V';i.;'c;icd to !:c an. I ( , I ♦ BAG elcnt nabylim, a iM)piill tin,' 'l'lj;riH is MO KiiisitliruMo, \\\\\, li';;i,fil to coniiiici-i I', lli;iliiltlioii('li the ciiriN.li' "iH fXtt'SbivC llDt and ill OIIUT ;•< H|H'(ts fi'T li'olii l)< ill);- u;fr('i:ilili', u i. t!ic ih lu- lii'i* of itx inliuliit.'iiits JH foiiipiucil i.t 3'Ji),()U0. '1 III- rixfiiiic w'liilii i)i' im. im Use if tin' p)Viriiiiu'n1 wi.h liuld \ hut iii'ti-Uil oi'tliiM the I)..jIi..\> is ciin. tiini:ill_\ i:.tortin)4 iiK.iu'y t'loni the \vA\i inliiiMtunis i tVimi ik.iu' inoi-c tliiu< tioiii till- Clirisli:ins aiid Jews, many ot wiiom luc olil.gdl lo liavc tlir tity, In till' nidiitlis ofjiim', Jrly, and Auj^iist, till' wcatlul is so t\tli iikIv lu.f, an to o!ili),'c tlic iiilialiitaiils to live for tliosc months III Hiihtfnancoiis a|)avliMcnt», wliicii arc arcl.c'd over to admit tlic fi'icr circiil.itioii of'tlic air. 'i lie lioiru's ni'c jfi'iicially l:.i)C>', li'idt of britk, und fcnK'iit, and arc arrlifd over ; many of tile windows arc madr of (de- fiant Venetian g-jass ; the ce'liiii^s are mostly ornr-mented with a kind of eliec- <|nered work, which has friiurally u noble ap])e:iranei j most of tlie lioiines Imve a court-yard htliirc them, in the middle of whic!) is a plantation of oran^-e trees, See. that lias apleasinjyef. feet. The soil, whii h would produre not only every ronveniency of life, hut Almost every luMiry, is tliro' the niitu- nd ind'.dente of the Turks, in ii great measure imcultivated luul neglected. The ha/.ars or markets here are large and extensive, heinifeovered over with luxhes built of masonry, and divided into difl'erent streets filled with sho|.s of all kinds of merehandise, to the iHimhir of 12,000. On the N side of the town is the citadel which com- mands the river. In the city arc seve- ral large beautiful nio.s(iues. There ure also a number of antique buildings. At the distance of about 10 miles stand tlic ruins of an ancient tower called the Tmver of Nhnrud. Whether this tower was at first of a sfpiarc or round form is now dillicult to determine. The height of the ruin is about 126 feet, the diameter of the larf;'est and middle part about 100 feet. Bagdad ■was the capital of the Saracen em- pire, till taken by tlie Turks in the l.jtli century ; since which it has been taken and retaken several times by tile Turks and Persians; and last of all BAH hv the Turks in 16,)8. It is 2.50 mil? • N hv VV of Hassora. I, on, 4) .j> K, hit, .l.i J.) N. /iiig.'.ina, or Diici'aiui, a country of llii.ii iiiMfan, in t; < Deecaii, wlili.'i ex- tii.d. Ii'oin till- .Siiii;! ri^tr to I'ouiinh, iin t l:i ineliHcd ly a ridn'c of niouii- t;.i'ii, (.,lk,l' !.■ U.iiit.i. It is boil (led on t' e N h" Ciindeis'i, or. the S \V by X'^'iiiDoiir, and on the S I. by Dowla- tabail'. iiii(>>-(int, a seaport of Naples, eight m les S '.f I'aliiia. In t.ii.) town Ml\T pi r-'OU'* pirlsi.td, h' till- ilr. adliil eurlli- <;iiakc 111 l,-H.!. I.Vn. Ki 8 li, l.it. 38 Ij N. /Lifrniirea, a town of li.dy, with a l)i- sliiip's see, ill the pa'.riiiiiniy of >.jt, Peter, five miles S of ()r\ieto. I. on. 12 2a K, hit. 42 .56 N. li(-^ne!cs, a town of I'riiiic" In the dip;itnieiit of the Upjier P\ reiiees and late province of Higorre. Il lies at the foot of the I'Miiieeii, on the rivcp Adoiir. It is iiiueli frequented, on ac- count of its hot mill ral waters, and is 10 miles S E of 'I arbes. Lon. 12 E, lat. 4;1 .} N. Bii^r.iiU, a town of Trance, in the de])artnient of Herault and late pro- viiiee oi' LangiieiUic, near the river Cese, 8 mil.s S W of Pont St. Esprit. It has a handsome square and two fountains wliicli rise in tlie middle of tlie town. l,or.. 4 4.> E, lat. 44 10 N. Buhama, or Lucnya Is/tiiiJ.i, situate to the S of Carobna, between 22 and 27 N lat. and 7.5 .mil 81 W lon. They e\tei\d al'ing the coast of Florida to Cuba, and are said to be 500 in mim- bcr, some of them only mere rocks, but 12 of them are hi'ge, fertile, and ill not!iiiig di;!eient frinn tlic soil of Carolina. These islands were the first fruits of Col. iiibns's discoveries, hut tliey are all unliiliahited, except Pro- vidence, ard are s'.ibj^iet to tlie Eng- lish, to whom tiiey were not known till 1667, wleii c'.ptain Seyle being driven among lliem in hi.s passage to Carolina, gr.ve his name to one of tiieni, and, b'.'ing a second time driven upon it, (viUed it Providence. TT.e cotton seed lu'.s been receiitlv introduced into these islands from Ge(l •mKlfiH'i, .,!. till- S \\ hy ■I ,5ti N. town of I'lMnc" ill tlis I'tlic UpjuT l'\ rencis unci of Hi^^'orii'. Il liis at tlic I'\ niiifit, on till- river n.iiili frcqucnti'd, on uc. E, town of I'rancc, in tlie f Hcraiilt and lato pro. ij^nidor, mar tlii' river S \V of I'ont St. Esprit, idsonio sepiarf and two ell rise in the middle of nr.. 4 4.1 E, lat. 44 10 N. • l.iicayti hlamln, situate iroliiia, I'etwten 22 and -.'. .md 81 W lon. iliey the coast of Florida to ; said to be 500 in niiiii- theni only men- rocks, m lire hi' (;e, feitile, and U'leiit fr )in tliC soil of ese islimils wi'i'e the first lnl)us^^ discoveries, but nliiiiablted, except Pro- are s'.ihjeet to tliO Eii^f- tliey were not known en c^'.ptain Scxie l)ein(f tluni in his passajje to ■ liisnanie tooiie of tiieni, ecor.d time driven upon Providence. 1 he cotton recentlv introduced into rom Ge(r its hot batlis and elegant palaces. Its iipK uchir may be inferred from its in- numerable ruins, heaps of niarhle, niui- sacs, stucco, and other prec ious fra}-'- ineiits of taste. It lloiirished in full jflory (h)wn to the da\s of The.idorie the Goth ; but the deslruetion of tlie^e enchanted palaces followed quickly upon the irruptiun of the northern con- (pierors. Loss of foitune left not the Uonians the means oj' su|)portin)^ luieli expensive establjslinieiits. No sooner had opulence withdrawn its hand than the unbridled sea riisheil hack u|>on tile g'round from whence it had been forced back by Komaii luxury ; nioks and buttresses were torn usoiuler Mid washed away ; wliole |)roinoiilories with tile proud towers that once crown- ed tlieii' brows, were undermined and tiniibleillieadlon)^' into tlie tlee|), where many iii't below the siiif.iee, )jave- nieiits of streets, foundations of iiouses, and masses of w:ills iiia.' still be seen ; ycl JJaia in its ruined state, and strip- ped of iiU its ornaments, still presents many beautiful and strikin;.; objects for the pencil. It is seated on the bay of Naples, 12 miles W of Naples. Lon. 14 .«J E, lat. 40 51 N. Btija, a popul-jiis town of Hiit'(fary, on the Danube, 35 miles N VV of Es- »eck. Lon. 20 E, lat. -Ifi 10 N. Bajador, a cape on the W coast of Africa, S of the Canary Islands. Lon. 14 22 W, lat. 46 10 N. ISaikal, a p'trat lake in Siberia, in tlie province of Irkut/.k, 420 miles long and 80 broad. There are a great many seals in it of a bhickish colour, anil sturgeons of a monstrous si/.c. Sailleul, a town of France, in the department of the North and late French Flanders, nine miles S W of Yjires. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 50 45 N. B A L H,itn Conifii, or flui/i River, « rlvff of Mindoosiaii, whicli I'ii, s near the Nerbiidda, runit suuthw.ti'il thruiigli lierar, and, al'ler u coiir S W of Frankfort. Itiilxuvll, a town in the Peak of I)er- bvsliii'i', with a marki't oil Monday, sealed on the river W'je, among tiie hill.s, 20 miles N N W'of Derby uiul 1 jl of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lut. 53 U N. tiulni, a town of Per.sia, in the pro- viiice of Schirvaii, the most comiiiodi- ous haven of the C... Jiian Sea, on the VV coa.st of which il is situate. The number ufNliiialM and suulbanks render the eiilr'inee soiiiewhat diltieiilt. Uakii is a fortress, surrouiuled by high brick, walls, oOO miles S of Astracan. Lon. 4U 15 E, lat. 40 2 N. liitla, a town in Merionethshire, with a market on Saturday. It Ht.inds on the lake of Bala, or Pembleiiiere, which is 13 miles in length, and six in breadtii, and abounds with a iish cal- led a giiiiiard, resembling a salmon in shape, and tasting like i trout. The river Dee runs througii this lake. The town i.'J noted for a great trade in knit woollen stockings. It is 50 miles S S E of Molvhead, and 1*)5 N VV of Lon don. Lon. 3 35 VV, lat. 52 50 N. Halagat, a pro\iiicc in the Deccan of lliiiaooHtan, and the largest of the three which compose that kingdom. It consists of a vast extent of fertile and pojmloiiH ])lains, supported in the na- ture of ft terrace, by a slupendmis wall of mountains, called the Gaiits, which rises abruptly from the low country called the Cnncan. This tract is so elevated, that the air is cool and plea- sant. It extends througii the penin- sula, to the southern extremity of My- S"i- . tlaguer, a fortified town of Spain, in C 'alonift, on the river Segra, at the foot ol a craggy rock, 75 miles N VV of Barn lona. Lon. 1 1 E, lat. 41 55 N. Balaruc, a to^vn of Fr.tnce, near the road from MontpcUicr to Tovdouse ; noted for iti batJis. B A L Rala.tore, a seaport to tlio N VV of till.' bay ()t' Bcnj^al. '1 lii' ii\lial)ilaiit.s make stulls of silk, coUoli, aiu' a sort oi'gr;.ss. It IS IHO uiiiis S VV oi' Iloog'- \y. Loll. 8/ 1 E, ..It. 21 ju N. lia/iuiftro, an ijiist-opal l.iwii ot'S])ain, in Ai'ragon, on llit river Wto, 42 milc-s N E o{' Sai-agossa. Lon. '27 E, lat. 42 a N. Balbfi-, a city of Asia in Syria, an- ciently called ih'tvpditi. It IS situated at tlie foot of Ami-Lebanon, precisely on tlif last ri.sin).^ groimd, where the mountain teniiMuites in a plain. On the E side are. the remains of ancient ruins, of whose mapiltieenee it is dif- ficult to give an a W, lat. 54 io N. BaUj-naiitl, a borough of Ireland, in Qiieen's county, 18 miles N W of Kil- kenny. Lon. 7 25 VV, lat. 52 50 N. Ballyshannon, a large seaport of Ire- land, in the county of Donncgal, with a good harbour, 110 miles N W of Dublin. Lon. 7 50 VV, lat. 54 33 N. Buiiochtan, Little, a coimtry of Hin- dooslan Proper, bordering on the N of Mewat, and approaching williin 14 miles of Delhi. It is 80 or 90 miles long, and from 3U to 40 broad. VVi'st- ward it bordcis on the country of the Sciks. BaiUtoM'ii, a towniship of Saratoga county, New-York, witli 2000 inhabi- tants. Hei'e is a post-oHice, 25 miles N VV of VVaterford, aiul 30 N of Al- bany, Ballntcrvm Springs : these waters are within the precincts of the town, and are eminently celebrioiis for their me- dicinal virtues. There are several bath- ing houses erected, and the accommo- dations for visitors arc very conve- nient. Baltic, a large sea between Den- mark and Sweden to the W, and Ger- many, Poland, and Russia to the E, from which run the giilfs of Bothnia, Finland, Riga, and Dantzic. It is r«. nuu-kable tiiat this sea neither ebbs nor ilows, and a current always sets thro' the Soinid into the Ocean. Yellow amber is found on the coa.st. Bitltiiiioie, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, seated on a headland which runs into the sea, nine miles N E of Cape Clear. Lon. 9 14 W, lat. 51 24 N. Ballinwrr is the principal town of Baltimore county, and the largest in the stiite of Maryland. It is seated on the N side of Potapsco river, at the head of Chesape:ik bav, in the lilt, of 39 21 N, and long, of 77 48 W. In point of si/e as well as commerce, this thriving city I'luiks as fourth in the United .States. At the last enumera- tion (l.SOO) the inhabitants were reck- oned 26,514, having doubled in ten vears : One eighth are in a state of sla- very. — Fells Point which may be con- sidered as part of the town, being se- parated from it only by a small creek, possesses an excellent harbour, where B A L SI'b'o, 22 milcH S of Sl^ff, AV, lat. 53 56 N. "^ "mel, a town o* Ireland, h, tyof Ciivim, II inilcs.N li of Lon. 7 2,' W, lat. 54 io N. ititl, ;i borough of Ircluiul, in county, 18 miles N W of Kil- -on. 7 25 W, l;it. 52 50 N. «««()«, a large seapoit of Ire- 'he county of Donnegal, with iu-bour, 110 miles N W of Lon. 7 50 W, lat. 54 So N. ■tun. Little, ii counti-v of Hin- 'roper, borclcring on 'tiie N of ami apiH-oaciiiiijr MJtliin U Wcllii. It i.s 80 or 90 mile., 'roni 3U to 40 broad. West- >rd(;is on tlie country of the w, a towisl.ip of Saratop-a iiw-Yorlv, witli 2000 inliabi- t'i(- is a po.si.oHice, 25 miles watertonl, aiul 30 N of Al- an Springs .■ these waters are E precincts of tJic town, and ntly celebrious for their mc- tucs. Tliere arc several batli- I erecterk, seated on a headland mto the sea, nine miles N Clear. Lon. 9 14 W, lat. ? is the principal town of -•ounty, and the largest in Maryland. It is seated on ot Potapsco river, at the csapeak bay, in the lat. of nd long, of 77 48 W. In as well as commerce, this y ranks as fourth in the cs. At the last enumera- llie inhabitants were reck- i, liaving doubled in ten eighth are in a state of sla- Point wliich maj be con- irt of the town, being se- I it only by a small creek, excellent harbour, where BAN all large vessels belonging to the port lade and imlade. — The moiitli of the liarbour is defended by a fortress of considerable strength. — The imports (if 1798 amounted to 12,000,000 of dol- lars, and the shipping to 59,000 tons. There arc in the city nine places of public worship belonging to as many sects, three banks, besides a brancii of the United States bank, and several insurance offices. — Tiie streets are of a convenient width, being from 40 to 150 feet wide, and la;d with consider- able regularity, mostly paved and light- ed. — The markets are regular and we'l supplied with fresh meat, fish and ve- (jclablcs : the butter is not to be pr lis- cd, and the clieese consumed is im- ported from Europe or the neigh oour- iiig states. Bamberg, a large, handsome town of Franconia, formerly imperi.il, but now capital of a bishopric of tl>c same name, of considerable extent, with a university. It suiTendered to the French in 1796. It is seated at the confluence of the Maine and Rednitz, j5 miles N of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 T E, lat. 50 2 N. Bamberg, a town of Bohemia, seat- ed at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles S of Glatz. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 49 55 N. Bamff. See Banf. Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market on Monday, seated near the Thames, 12 miles W of Oxford, and 70 W by N of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 51 46 N. Bampton, a to\vn in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday, seated in a bottom surrounded by hills. It is 14 miles N N E of Exeter, and 163 W i)v S of London. Lon. 3 38 VV, lat. 51 2N. Banbury, a borough in Oxfordshire, with a market on Thursday. It sends one member to parliament; and has'' been long noted for its cakes and cheese ; it is seated on the Charwcll, 75 miles N N W of London. Lon. 1 11 W, lat. 52 4 N. Banca, an island of Asia, in the East Indies, on the E coast of Sumatra, with a town and strait of the sam^ name. Lon. 106 50 E, lat. 2 35 S, Bancalis, & seaport on the E coast nf Sumatra, where the Dutch have a scatlement. It is 130 miles W of Ma- liicra. Lon. 100 7 E, lut. 1 15 N. Bancock, a town of Asia, iix tlie king- BAN dom of Siara, with a fort, once in the possession of tiie Fivnch, wlio were expelled in 1C88. I'hc houses are made of canes, and covered witli palm- leaves. The inhabitants are almost naked, and having no t'lirniture in tlicir iiouses, sit on tlie lioor. It is 17 mili'S N of tiie sea, and 40 S of Siam. Lon, 101 5 E, lal. 13 23 N. Banda, the general name of five islands in the East Indies, of which Banda is the chief If we e.xcejjt the prodiictivin of the nutmeg the Banda islands are barren to a terrible dejiiee. The climate is also very unhealthy. These islands iiave been subject to the Dutch, ever since 1609, when they expelled both the English and natives. Since the present war (1800) they have been captured by the Briti.sli. They are all very small, the largest being scarcely 20 miles in length ; and are subject to eurthciuakes. Banda is 75 miles S E of Ambojua. Lon, 128 5 E, lat. 4 50 S. Bander Congo, a seaport of Persia, seated on tiie Persian gulf, 80 miles VV of Gombroon. Lon. 55 8 E, lat. 27 ION. Bandora, tiie capital of Salsctte, an island separated from Bombay by a n.arrow channel. Lon. 73 40 E, lat. 19 ON, Banff, a seaport, and the coimty. town of Banffshire, pleasjintly situated on tlie side of a hill, at the moutli of tiie Deveron, over which is a hand- some bridge of seven arches, erect- ed by government. It has several streets, of which that with tlie town house in it, adorned with a new spire, is very handsome. The harbour is very bad, as the cntr,ince at the mouth of the Deveron is very uncertain, being often stopped by tlie shifting of sands, which are continually changing in great storms ; the pier which is defende' m \'ale beneath. Banff Is 32 miles N W of Aberdeen. I.on. 2 15 W, lat. 57 35 N. Banffshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the Nby the Murray Frith, on the S E by Aberdeenshire, and on the N W by Murrayshire. Its greatest length is 30 miles, and its extent along the coast neai-ly 30. Bangalore, u strong fortress of My- sore, in the peninsula of Hindoostun. It is a place of great political import- ance, as it Is, from its situation, the key of Mysore, toward Arcot. It was taken by tlie English in 1791 ; but re- stored ill 1792. It is 74 miles N E of Seringapatani. Lon. 77 o7 E, lat. 13 N. Banghir, a town of Ireland, in King's countv, on ihe Shannon, 15 miles .S of Athtone. Lon. 7 41 W, lat. 53 7 N. Bangor, .lU cpis>..)j)id city in Carnar- vonshire, with a market on A\'cdnes- day. It was once s" considerable, that it was called Bangor t'.ie Great, and defended by a castle, 'i he principal buildings are the catliedral, tii'.' bis1i(.,)s palace, and a free school. It is 36 r.iihs W of St. Asaph, and 251 NW of Lcn- don. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 53 12 N. Bangor, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, on the S shore of Carrickfergus, opposite the town of that name. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 54 40 N. Bangor, a. post town of Hancock county, Maine ; lying on tl'.c W side of the river Penobscot, at tlie head of navigation, about 37 miles N of Cas- tine en tlie same river. Banjar, a river in the island of Bor- neo, at the moutli of which there is a town, where the English have a fac- tory. Banstead, a village of Surry, noted for its downs, one of the most delight- ful spots in England, on account of its fine carpet gi-ound, covered with short herbage, perfimned with thyme and juniper. These downs form a tract of 30 miles, extending, under differ- ent denominations, from Croydon to Farnham. Banstead is 13 miles S S W of London. Bantam, a large town on the N W coast of Java, It is the capital of a kingdom of the same name, with a good harbour, and a castle. It is di- vided hito two towns by a river. The English and Danes had factories here till 1C82, when tliey were expelled by the Dutch, who deposed tlie king* of the ancient race, and suffer nothing to be done in this kingdom but what they please. The produce is pepper, of which they ex])ort vast quantities. Bantam, once populous imd flourish- ing, is now a poor and wretched place. Lon. 105 26 E, lat. 6 20 S. Bantry, a town of Ireland, in the county of Coi's, on a bay of the Atlan- tic, to which it gives name ; in this bay the French licet lay for several days in their late attempt to invi.cle Ireland 1799. Lon. 92 5 W, lat. 51 36 N. Bafiaume, a strong town of France, in tlie department of the Straits of Calais and hrte province of Altois, 12 miles S E of Airas. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 50 8 N. Bar, a strong town of Poland, in Podoha, on the river Bog, 40 miles N W of Bracklaw. Lor,. 27 30 E, lat. 49 14 N. Bar, or Barrois, a late dutchy of France, lying on both sides tiie Meuse, beiween Lorrain and Champagne. It now forms the department of Meuse. Bar-cic-duc, a town of France, in the department of Meuse, capital of the late dutchy of Bar, with a handsome castle. It is divided into the upper and lower town : the latter is watered by the rividet Oniey, in which are very fine trouts. The wine is excel- lent, and as delicate as Champagne. It is se.ns, oranges, with plenty of roots and herbs in their kitchen gar- dens. Their chief trade consists in their fruits, in the horses called barbs, Morocco leather, ostrich-feathers, indi- go, wax, tin, and coral. The establish- ed religioH is the MaJiometan, and there are some Jews ; but no Chris- tians, except the slaves. Barhe, St. a town of New Biscay, in Mexico, near which are ricii silver mines. It is 500 miles N W of Mexico. Lon. 107 5 W, lat. 26 N. Barbering, a town of Tuscany, seated at the foot of the Appeninc mountains. BAR on the river Sicva, 12 miles N of Flo- rence. I-on. 11 15 E, lat. 43 59 N. Barbezieux, a f'.wn of Fri;:ice, in the department oi' Chai-ente imd late jiro- vince of Angoumois. It lias a mineral spring called Fontrouilleuse, and had a manufacture of linen cloth. It is 45 miles N E of Bourdeaux. Lon. 0, lat. 45 30 N. Barbuda, one of the British Caribbee islands, subject to the British, about 20 miles long, and 12 broad. The in- habitants (about 1500) are chiefly em- ployed in raising com, and breeding cattle, for whicli they find a ready market in the neighbouring islands. It is the property of the Codrington fami- ly, and is 19 miles N E of St. Christo- pher. Lon. 61 50 W, lat. 17 49 N. Barca, a country of Barbary, on the S coa.stofthe Mediterranean, between Tripoli and Egjpt. It is a barren de- sert, inhabited by none but wandering Arabs. Here was seated the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon, so difficult of access on account of the burning simds. Barcelona, a city of Spain, in Catalo- nia, of which it is the capital, seated on the Mediterranean Sea. Its shape is between a square and an oval ; it contains about 15,000 houses, and is defended by a fort, called Mont Joy, which stands on a rocky mountain, a mile W of the town. It has double walls on the N and E, and the sea ori the S, with a* mole for the security of ships. The city is divided into two pai'ts, the Old and the New, separated from eacii other by a wall and a large ditch ; the streets are handsome , well paved with large stones, wide, and ve- ry clean. It is the residence of a vice- roy, is a bishop's see, has a fine univer- sity, a mint, a good port, and is adorn- ed with handsome buildings. The ca- thedral is large, handsome and adonied with two towers. The arsenal con- tains arms for several thousand men, and docks for the biulding of gallies. It is a place of great trade, and they make curious works in glass ; the knives are likewise in great reputation, as well as the blankets. In 1705, it was taken by the earl of Peterborough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706, Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, but was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was taken by tlie French and Spaniards, when it was deprived of all its privilcg-es, and the BAR BAR 51 f k» t< 1 1 !*? II " i »: » ■ cit'idcl liuilt to keep it in awe. It is 250 miles E ol" Mailrid. Loii. 2 13 E, lilt. 41 JG N. IiarcL-!:metta, a town of France, in the dcpiu'tmcntortlic i,.)Wer Alps and late J)r()vinte of Duiii.h'.iiy, 12 inili;s .S E of Eiiibnii). Lon. 6 i'-j E, hit. 44 2J N. B.irceloiie, a town of tlie penin.sula of Hiiidoostan, on tlie coast of M:il;>bar. It w.is a Diitcli fictorv 1.30 miles S of Goa. Lon. 74 15 E, fat. 13 25 N. Biircdos, a town of Portugal, on the river Sounlla, 20 miles N of Oporto. Lon. 8 20 W, lat. 41 30 N. liiirJtviict, ibrnierly a larpc town of Gcniiany, In tin- diilcliy of Lunenburg', on the river Ilmenau, \7 miles S E of Hamburgh. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 53 24 N. Bardsey, a small island of Carnarvon- shire, at tlic N point of Cardigan Bay. Bardt, a town of Germany, in Swed- ish Pomcn'iiia, with a castle and har- bour, near the Baltic, 12 miles W by N of Stralsund. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 54 23 N, Baregci, a village of France, much frcfpiented on account of its miner' baths. It is ^■e:ltcdiil avalley ofthe same name, 12 miles S of Bagneres, Bureithy a town of Fi-anconia, in the mar;,"ravate of Cidembach, with a fa- mous tollige, 15 miles S E of Culem- bach. Lon. 11 56 E, lat. 50 N. Banfidds, a jiost town in Liberty county, Sou*h Carolina, 414 miles from IVitsliiiifrlan. Biirflcur, a town of France, in the de- partment of the CI innel and late ])ro- vince of Normandy. It was ruined by the English in 1346, and the havbou'r filled up. The cape of that name is 12 miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of tlie na>y of France was destroyed by the English, in 16v;2. It is 175 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 1 6 VV, lat. 49 40 N. Bari, formerly a good seaport town of Naples, till its iiarl>aur was ruined by tiic Venetians. It is seated in the guH" of Venice, is the capital of Terra di Daii, and an archbishoi)'s see. It is 20 niiies E of Trani. Lon. 17 5 E, lat. 41 -26 N. Bmi, or Terra di Bari, a province of N;ipUs, on the gulf of Venice. The air is temperate, and the soil fertile ; but there are many serpents and taran- tulas. Barking, a town of Essex, with a market on Saturday, seated on the riv- •r Roding, near the Thames, in an un- wholsome air. It is chiefly celebrated for a magnificent nunnery founded in 675 J a gateway and a part ofthe wallt of which arc still visible. It is seven miles E of Loudon. Lon. 12 E, lat. 51 52 N. Barkttet, a handsome and stronjf town of Naples, in Bari, with a bishop's see, seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles VV S VV of Bari. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N. Barnard-Castle, a town in tlie coun- ty of Durham, with a market on Wed- nesday. It is stated on the river Tees, and has a manufacture of stockings, 30 miles S VV of Durham, and 244 N N VV of London. Lon. 1 49 VV lat. 5435 N. Bariiet, a town in Caledonia county, Vermont, situated on the VV aide of Connecticut river, 19 miles N of Haver- hill, New Hampshire. This township is settled principally by emigrants from bcotland, as the name implies, who were estimated at 858 in 1800. Here is a post ofIic(; 596 miles from Washing- ton. Barnet, a town partly in Middlesex, and ])artly in Herts, with a market on Monday. It is in the parish of East Barnet, and situate on the top of a hill, whence it is called High Barnet, and also Chipping Barnet, from a market granted here, by Henry II. to the miniks of St Alban's. At the meet- ingof the St. Alban's and Hatfield road» is a column, with an inscription to com- memoratetlie decisive battle, which waf fought 1471 near this place between the liou.ses of York and Lancaster. Bar- net is 11 miles N by W, of London. Lon. 5 W lat. 51 42 N. Barnsley, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednes- day, and a considerable manufacture of coarse linen. It is seated on the side of a hill, 13 miles N of Sheffield, and 174 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 28 VV, lat. 53 35 N. Barnsley, a villpge of Gloucestershire. It is noted for large quarries of excel- lent freestone, and 4 miles N E of Ci- rencester. Barnstaple, a seaport and borough of Devonsliirc, with a market on Fri- day, seated on the river Tau, 12 Ihile* E of Barnstaple Bay in the Bristol Channel, 38 m. N N W of Exeter, and 191 W of London. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 51 8 N. Banstabie, a town of Banistable BAR It is chiefly celebrated ent nunnery fduiidcd in ay and a part of the wallt still visible. It is seven iiidoii. Lon. 12 E, lat. . handsome and stronjf :s, in Bai-i,with abisliup'g 1 the gulf of Venice, 25 ' of Bari. Lon. 16 32 E, itle, a tovm in tlte coun- , with a market on Wed- stated on the river Tees, anufacture of stockings, f of Durham, and 244 N idon. Lon. 1 49 W lat. )wn in Caledonia county, uated on tlie W aide of iver, 19 miles NofHaver- mpshire. This township icipally by emigrants from the name implies, who :d at 858 in 1800. Here ; 596 miles from Washing- iwn partly in Middlesex, Herts, with a market on s in the parish of East ituate on the top of a hill, ;alled High Barnet, and Bariiet, from a market , by Henry II. to the Alban's. At the meet- ilban's and Hatfield roads ith an inscription to com- decisive battle, which wa» lar this place between the k and Lancaster. Bar- js N by W, of London. it. 51 42 N. town in the W riding of til a market on Wednes- ansiderable manufactui'e n. It is seated on the 13 miles N of Sheffield, W of London. Lon. 1 35 N. •illpge of Glonc«stershire. large quarries of excel- , and 4 miles N E of Ci- a seaport and borough , with a market on Fri- the river Tau, 12 rtiile* pie Bay in the Bristol . N N W of Exeter, and tidon. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. a town of Barnstable B A S county, Massachusetts, where there is a post office. It is situated on a bay of uie same name about 72 miles S £ by S of Boston. The inliubitants are enu- merated at 3000, who depend princi- pal!" on the sea for a sustenance, and arc accounted among the most expert icamen. Biiroach, a town in the Deccan of Hindoostan, on the S bank of the Ner- budda, 40 m"ies N of Surat, formerly a verv commercial place. Lon. 72 55 E, hit. 21 25 N. Barraux, a fortress of Dauphiny, at tilt entrance of the valley of Gresivau- dan, built by a duke of Savoy in 1597. It is seated on the Isere, six miles S of Chambcrry. Lon. 5 52 E, lat. 45 29 N. Ba.'n, a post town of Worcester county, Massachusetts : it is distant about 60 miles W from Boston, and contains 2000 inhabitants. And a vil- lage with a post office in Orange coun- ty, Vermont, about 15 miles from New- bury tlie county town. B(irt/iolo7>iew, St. one of the Caribbee islands, in the West Indies, 30 miles N of St. Christopher. It i.s 20 miles in circumference, and has a good har- bour. The French ceded it to tlic Swedes in 1785. Lon. 63 10 W, lat. 17 36 N. Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, situ- ated on the Humber, where there is a ferry into Yorkshire, of great advan- tage to the town, which is 35 miles N of Lincoln and 166 of London. It has a. market on Monday. Lon. 20 W, lat. 53 42 N. Baruth, once a considerable town of Svria, with a Christian church, 30 miles hf E of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N. Basartschick, a.tovm of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania. It has a great trade, and is seated on the river Meritz. Lon. 24 40 E, lat. 42 19 N. Basil, or Basic, the capital of the canton of Basil, in Swisscrland, witli a bishop's see, and a famous university. It is divided into two parts by the Rhine ; the larger of which is on the side of Swisserland, and the least on that of Germany ; but they are joined by a handsome bridge. The largest has five gates, six suburbs, 200 streets, six large squares, and 46 fountains, and is partly seated on a hill. The other utands on a plain, and has but two gates with several streets and foun- tains. The catliedral is an eleg^ant B A S Gothic building, but disfigured by a daubing of rose coloured paint, spread over the whole etlifice. 'I'hc great Erasmus is interred here under a mar- ble tc nb. The town-house, and fine paintings in fresco, particularly an ex- quisite peace oftlie suftcrings of Christ by Holbein, are much admired. The li- brary contains a prodigious number of books and inanusci ipts ; and there is a rich collection of medals, among whlcb are several exceedingly scuvcc. The clocks always go an hour too fast, ac- cortliiig to some for the quick dispatch of business ; others say it was owing to an assault, or according to some a conspiracy to nmrdci ttjc magistrates being ])revented by that means. This town is surrounded by tliick walls, flanked by towers and biistions. 1 he art of making paper is said to have been invented here. They liavc several ma- nufactures, ])articul:irly of ribands and cottons, and carry on an extensive trade. The bisho|)s of Basle once |)osscssed the sovereignty over the city and can- ton ; but, in 1501, when the canton joined the Helvetic confederacy, they fixed their residence at Porentru ; still retaining the dignity of princes of the empire. The sumptuary laws are very strict at Basil ; and no person is :dlow- ed to have a servant behind hi., car- riage. Three treaties of peace were concluded here in one year, 1795, with the French republic ; by the king of Prussia April 5, the king of Spain July 22, and the landgrave of Hesse CasscI August 28. Basle is th» largest, and seems to have been once one of th» most populous towns in Swisserland. It is capable of containing 100,000 in- habitants ; but their number is scai-cely more than 14,000. Basle has now lost its independence, and has together with all Swisserland been obliged to bow to the tyrannical yoke of France, who without even the pretence of a provocation invaded and laid waste this tranquil country, and reduced it to sla- very. It is 174 miles N by E of Gene- va, and 250 E by S of Paris. Lon. 7 29 E, lat. 47 35 N. Bastlicaio, a province of Naples a- boundiiig in corn, wine, oil, eotton, honey, and saffron. Cirenza is the ca- pital. Basilipotamo, a river of Turkey, in Europe, in the Morea, which falls into the gulf of Cfllochina. It was colled Eurutes by the anclenU. I B A S B A S I \0 " ■■. i Basiiigstote, a corporate towii in U;(iii])»liirf, witli a market on Wcdi'cs- da\, 35 miles E 1)V N of Salisbury, and 47 \V by S of London. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 51 19 N. Daakinridgc, a post town in Somerset counlN , New Jersey, on a branch of the Passaic river, 7 miles S W of Morris- town ! famous for tlic capture of Gene- ral I,i;e, by Col. Hi.:court of tlic Bri- tish army, in tlie year 1776. /?.7o7UM, a late territory of France, Wiiicii included Lower Navarre, La- bourd, and Sould, and now forms, with Berne, tlie department of the Lower Pyrenees. Bitsu, a great insulated rock in the GcrmaJi Ocean, one mile from the coast of Haddingtonshire, at a small distance from the town of Nortli Berwick. It is inaccessible on all sides, except the S W, and there it is with great difficul- ty tliat a man can climb up by the help of a rope or ladder. In summer this remarkable rock, which overhanjjs the sea in a tremendous manner, rising in the form of a cone, is tiuite covered will) the nest.'!, eggs, and youiig birds of the gannets, or solan geese ; so that it is scarce possible to walk without treading on them : and the flocks of birds, ill flight, are so prodigious, as to darken tln" air, like floudi ; and their noise is such, that people close by each other hear what is spoken with diffi- ■culty. These birds come hither to breed. The rock is one mile in cir- C'lmfcrence, ^iid siipplied with water by u spring at t)ie top. A ruinous cas- tle, once the state prison of Scotland, Stands at tlie edge of the precipice. Ihe garrison in IbM, suirendeied to king Wiill;im, and tlic fortifications ■vN'cre demolished. A cavern runs through tlie rock, (, iite dark in the centre, where, it is said, there is a deep pool of fresh water. It also contains a small w;irron for rabbits, and pasture for a few sheep. Lon. 2 3i W, lat. 53 J N. Bassano, a town of Vicentino, in the territory fif Venice, on the river Brante, in a country fertile in excellent wine. Lon. 11 24 E, lat. 45 51 N. Basse, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of Flanders, famous for the m.iny sieges it has sustained ; but its fortifications are now demolished. It is 18 miles S W of Lisic. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 50 28 N. Baiieen a city and fortreis in tlie Decan of Hindoostan, opposite the N end of Salsetto. It is 27 miles N of Bombay. Lon. 72 10 E, lat. 19 19 N. Bassentlfuiaile-'uiater, a tine lake in Cumberland, three miles N VV of Kes- wick. It is four miles hug, bounded on one side by high hills, wooded, in many places, to their bases; on the other, by the fields, and ihe skirts of Skiddaw. Basseterre, the capital of St. Christo- pher, built by the French, before the island was ceded to tlie English in 1713. Basset^rv, tlie capital ol'Gaud.iloupc, in a district of the same name, in the W part of the island. It is defended bv a citadel and other fortifications. Lon 61 59 W, lat. 15 59 N. Bassnra, or Bussarah, a city and sea- port of Turkey in Asia, 40 miles N W of the gulf of Persia. It stands on tlie Euphrates, a canal from which divides the city into two parts ; and over it is a bridge of boats. The houses are constructed of bricks dried in the sun, !Mid have a very mean aspect. The cir- cumjacent tract is looked upon !))• the Arabs to be one of the most delightful spots in Asia, and even as one of the most beautiful gai-dcns in the world. The hot winds that blow here are ve- ry troublesome to travellers, sometimes ovei whelming them with sand driven out of the neighbouring deserts. Here ai'e many Jews, who live by bro- kerage imd exchanging money ; but they arc kept very poor. In 1691, th« plague destroyed 80,000 of the inhabi- *:ants ; but it was afterwards peopled by the wild Arabs, who were soon brought under the subjection of the Turks. The trade here is not so con- siderable as it was formerly. It is 240 miles S by E of Bagdad. Lon. 44 52 E, lai. 29 26 N. Bastia, a seaport of Albania, in Tur- key in Europe, opposite tlie island of Corfu, at the mouth of the river Calamu. Lon. 20 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Bastia, the capital of Corsica, with a good harbour, a strong castle, and a bishop's see. It suiTendered to lord Hood in 1794, but has since revolted to France. It Is 70 miles S S W of Leg- horn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 42 36 N. Basthnentos, the name of some small islands near Terra Firma, in South A- merica, at the mouth of the bay of Nombre de Dios, with a fort and a good harbour. I B A S ty and fortrcis in tlie jostaii, ojipiisltc the N . It is 27 miks N (if 72 lOE, lut. ly li)N. •■'water, a fine lake in rce miles N W of Kcs- lur miles hmg, hounded lligh liills, wooded, in to llicir hfisrs ; on tht [:lds, and the skirts of e capital of St. Christo- the French, before the jdtothcEnjrlish in 1713. V capital olGaiidaloiipc, tlie same name, in the island. It is defended ,nd other fortiiications. lat. 15 59 N. Huaarah, a city and sea- in Asia, 40 miles N VI crsia. It stands on the mal from which divides ,'o parts ; and over it is oats. The houses are bricks dried in the sun, • mean aspect. The cir- t is h)oked upon by the e of the most delightful and even as one of the f^avdcns in the world, that blow here arc ve- to travellers, sometimes them with sand driven ibouring" deserts. Here ivs, who live by bro- changing money j but •y poor. In 1691, th« d 80,000 of the inhabi- 'as afterwards peopled Vrabs, who were soon the subjection of the ade here is not so con- vas formerly. It is 240 " Bagdad. Lon. 44 53 )Ort of Albania, in Tur- opposite tlie island of uth of the river Calamu. .3940 N. pital of Corsica, •with a strong castle, and a suiTendered to lord ut has since revolted to miles S S W of Leff- E, lat. 42 36 N. he name of some small ra Firma, in South A- mouth of the bay of tis. witli a fort and a it BAT ltastwg:i(, a town of Atistrian Luxem- burg, 25 miles NWiof Luxemburg. Lon. 6 E, lat. 50 N. Jlittitcn/a, a seaport on the coast of Malabar, bi'twecn Onorc and Barce- Idi'c. Here arc the remains of a once considerable city, on the banks of a small river, four miles from the sea. The country produces a good de:d of pepper J tiie English had a factory iiiic, taut w .I'e all massacred by the natives, because one of their bull dogs killed a consecrated cow. liiitasect, a town of Lower Hungary, (11 the Danube, 70 miles S of Buda. i.nn. 19 20E, lat. 46 15 N. n.ttavia, the ancient name of an island ill Diitcli GucldiTland, from which the Dutch arc sometimes called flatavians. Slc Bettnue. Batnvia, a city of the inland of Java, r.ipital of all the Dutch stttlemf nts in the East Indies. The fort is buiU at a distance from the town of stone brought IVom Europe. In general, the place is very beautiful and built of white stones ; tlieyhave canals in the principal streets, planted on each side with evergreen trees. Batavia contains a ])rodigious number of inhabitants, of every c(mntry in these parts. It is the residence of the governor-general of all the Dutch coloities in the Ea.st Indies. It has a liandsome hospital and arsenal ; and all the goods brought from other parts of the East Indies are laid up here, till tticy are exported to their places of destination. The air is very unwhole- some i and this place is represented as tlie grave of European navigators. Its iiarbour is excellent, and seated on the N E part of the island. Shortly after the Dutch declared war against Eng- land, Batavia was capturedov the Brt- lish. Lon. 106 51 E, lat. 6 10 S. Batavia, a post town of Groen coun- ty, New-York, situated on Batavia creek, a branch of Schoharric rinic and Corinthian orders. The principal seasons for the waters are spring and autumn. The porn- who come here to drink the waters, may be received in- to a magnificent hos|)ital. B.ath is seat- ed on the Avon, which has been made navigable hence to Bristol : 12 miles E S E of Bristol, and 107 W of Lon- don. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 51 22 N. Bath, a village in Steuben county, with a post-olhce, 20 miles N W of the Painted Post, and 120 S E of Niagara. Bath, a village with a post-office, in Berkley county, Virginia ; situated on the S side of Potomack river, about 35 miles W of Winchester, and famous for its warm springs. Bath court-house, a post town of Bath county, Virginia, and the principal seatof justice, 50 miles W of Staunton, and 237 from Washington. Batha, or Bachia, a town of Hunga- rv, in a coiintvofthe same name, on the Danube, 110 miles SSE of Buda. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 45 36 N. Battel, a town in Sussex, with a mar- ket on Thursday, famous for the deci- sive victory gained by William I. over Harold in 1066 j in memory of which he founded here a celebrated abbey, which its remains shew to have been a noble structure. This town is noted for a manufacture of gunpowder, well known by the name of Battel powder. It is 22 miles E of Lewes, and 57 S E of London. Lon. 33 E, lat. 50 55 N. Battecola, a fortified town, on the E coast of Ceylon. Lon. 81 3 E, lat. 5 55 N. Bat^ndmrg, a town of Dutch Guel- derland, seated on the N bank of the Meusr. ten miles S W of Nimegiien. Lon. 5 J3 E, lat. 51 48 N. Battersea, a village in Surry, noted for its tine asparagus. Near it stands a distillery and a curious 'Horizontal air- mill. Here Sir Walter St. John found- ed a freeschool ; and here is a timber B A U BAY 4; bridjrp over t!ic Thamois to Cliclupa, U'.iticiscu is f;)ur links \V S U of Liii. Jia-ctr Pa.iUinate tif, souie- tiliies called KonigiVK, from its .situation in the N part of the circle of Bavaria. It is a dutcliy, subject to tlie elector palatine. Its capital is Amberg-. Havax, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late |)ro- vince of Hainault, to wliirh the French retired after the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709. in 1~'J2 it surrendered to the Austriiuis bui. was retaken the •an vear. It is three miles S W of Ma ) ,qiiet, and 12 S \V of Mons. Lon. , J2E, lat. 50 16N. BaUf^t, a small towi) of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It is seated on the river Coesnon, 18 miles E of Angers. Lon. 1 W, lat. 47 30 N. Baiigenci, a town f»f France, in the department of Loire, ;«nd late province of Orleanois, seated on a hill, at the foot of wliich runs the Ix'ire. It is fa- mous for its wines, and is six miles W of Orleans. Baume-ks- Nones, a town of France, in the department of Doubs and late province i.f Fra'iche Comle. It 'lad before the French rcvoluticm a ririi nimnery, from which it received its a;)])onation. Five milosfrom this town is a famous cavern, whose entrance is 20 paces wide, ;dul idler dcscendinjj ! ."^00 pares, a grotto in seen, SS pare» , (lee]), 60 wide, and co\ered with a kind of \aidted roof, from which water continually drops. Buunie is 15 miles S VV of Besuncon. Lon. 6 24 E, lat. 47 24 N. Biiuiik, or Bmith), a small but impor- tant town of Courland, on the froiitiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is seated on tlie river Mus/a, 15 miles .S E of Mittaii. Lon. 23 56 E, lat. 56 30 N. Bautzen, a considerable townof Ger- many, an*e;i, at the disUince of .i (jiuiitir of a league. A b^iili of sand, at the Tiioiitliof the Adour, itiiili is the I ntraiire of the harbour dilKcull ; l)Ul Ne-isels, wlieii they liave entered, find it a safe one. Tlie citadel is the strongest in France. llayoMiie was lately a bishop's see ; and the ancient ratiicdral is remarkable for the Ueij^ht (if the nef, and tlie delicacy of the ]n\- liii's which su|)port it. The military weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented. Tlie hams and chocolate of Bayonne are famous. It is 25 miles S VV of Dax, and 425 S by W of I'aris. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 43 2y'N. limus, a towji of France, in the de- partment f>f Gironde :ind late province of Guiciine, and lately an episcopal see. It is seated on a rock, five miles from the river Garonne, and 42 S E of Bour- deaux. Lon. 2 VV, lat. 44 22 N. Beachy-head, a promontory on the coast of Sussex, between Hastings and Shorcham, where the French fleet de- feated the English and Dutch in 1690 Lon. 19 E, lat. 50 54 N. Beuconsfield, a town in Bucks, with a market on Thursday. The Poet Waller died here, and is interred in the churchyard, as is likewise the late Ed- mund Burke who resided here. It is 23 miles W N W of London. LoiV. 30 W, lat. 51 36 N. Beaminsttr, a town in Dorsetshire, with 11 market on Thursday, seated on (he Bert, 15 miles W N W of Dor- chester, and 138 W by S of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 50 50 N. Beam, a late province of France, bounded on the E by Bigorre, on the S by Spanish Navarre, on the W by Saiilc and a part of Lower Navarre and on the N bi^Gascony and Arinagnac. It now forms with Basques, the de- liartment of the Lower Pyrenees. Bemieave, a town of France, in the department of Gard and late province of Lan,niiedoc, on the Rhone, opposite Tai'ascoii, witli which it has a commu- nication by a bridge of boats. The fair, held July 22, "at this place, is one of the most famous in Europe. It is 10 miles E of Nismes. Lon. 4 39 E, lat. 43 50 N. Beauce, a late province of France, between the Isle of France, Blasois, '7m B E A and Orlcanois. It now forms the de- partment of Kure and Loire. /ictiii/iiif, a .sin 11 town of France, in the department of Maim: and Liiire and late l)ro^in••e cif yXiijou, eoiitaininjf about 100 hinisos. It is 15 miles E of Angers, Lon. 9 W, hit. 47 26 N. Hfititfurt, a strong town of Savoy, in Italy on the river Oroii, 12 miles N E of Moiistier. Lon. 6 28 E, lat. 15 50 N. Binii/hrt, a town of South Carolina» on Port Roytd Island. Lon. 80 10 W lat. 31 40N. Beatijcii, a town of Fr.ince, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire, and late jjrovince of Lyonois, with an old castle. It is seated on the river Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, eight miles VV of Saonc. Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 46 9 VV. Beaumaris, the county town of An- glesey, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It stands on the strait of Menai, and was fortified with a cas- tle by Edward I. It has no trade ; yet there is verj' good anchorage in the bay that lies before the town \ vessels often iind se'-iirity here in hard g.ilcs. It is governed by a mayor, and sends one member ' to parliament. It is 59 miles VV bv N of Chester, and 241 'T VV of London. Lon. 4 15 VV, lat. 53 15 N. Beaninont, a town of France, in the dcjjartment of the North and ate French Hainault. It was ceded to the French in 1684, and taken by the Eng- lish in 1691, who blew up the castle. It is seated between the Maese and Sambre, 10 milesEofMaubeuge. Lon. 4 19 E, lat. 50 12 N. Bcaumont-ile-Lomagne, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, on the Gimone, Ive miles from the mouth of that rive;', and 12 5 E of Lectoure. Beaumont-le-Roger, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, 22 miles S VV of Rouen. Lon. 56E, lat. 49 7 N. Beaumont-le-Vicmnte, a town of France, in the dep.irtmcnt of Sarte» and late province of Maine, 10 miles N of Mans. Lon. 12 E, lat. 48 4 N. Beaumnnt-sur-Oise, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise, and late province of the isle of France, seated on tlie declivity of a lull, on the river Oise, which has a bridge, 2<* I mm in DEC mill* N of Piiris. 1,011.2 2t) E, lal. 49 9 N Hfdiiiie, ;i tiiwiiof ri'.'ilu'C, in tl.c ilc- partr.uiit of Critc d'Or iiiiil liilc pi-o- viiK'i' of Hiir;{Mnil_\, n'liiiiikablc I'ur its cxci'll^nt Willi', 'it in J.i niiliH S W of Dijon. I,(.n. 4 47 K, lat. -iT N. /huuviiij, aiic|iis''op»l rit_\ of Trancc', in tlic (li'iiaptnicnt of Oise limllatL' ()ro. vinci' of llie Isle of I'ramio. 'I'lic cii- tliiilral was iloilicatod to St. IMlt, nnd i.s ailiniivd for i»s tine aiTliiti'itun' j the i-linrcii of St. Stcpiiin is runiark- alili' foi- its cnrions windows. It wa.s bcsic'|,'ed in 14().i, i)y tlic duke of llnr- giindy, wlien the women, under tlie roiuhirt of Jeanne Maciiette, foi-eed tile dillie to raise the siege ; and in memory of their exploits, tliey used to walk first in u proecssion on tiie 10th of July, th(! anniversary of tlielr deli- veruiue. Tlie inhal>itunts carry on a good trade in beautiful tapestry. It is seated on the river Theiiin, 42 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 26 N. Bfauvnfr-tiir-Mcr, a seaport of France, in the ilepartment of Vendee «nd lat(' province of Poitou, 25 miles S W of Nantes. Lon. 1 S-; W, Int. 46 55 N. Bebdinguen, a town of Suabia, in the dutchy of Wirtemburjy, seated on a lake, from which runs the river Worm, 10 miles N VV of Stutgard. Lon. 9 2 E, lat. 48 53 N. Bee, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy. It liad formerly a noble Benedictine abbey, 18 miles S W of Rouen. Lon. 52 E, lat. 49 14 N. BeccUs, a town in Suffolk, on the navigable river Waveney, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It has a noble church, with a lofty steeple ; and two free schools, one of them with 10 scholar- ships for Emanuel College, Cambridge. It is 12 miles S W of Yarmouth, and 108 N E of London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 36 N. Bcc-tP-Arieux, or Bedarietix, a town of France, in the province of Herault and late province of Languedoc, on the river Obe, 20 miles N of Beziers. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 43 39 N. Bechiit, a town of Bohemia, situated on the river Lausnics, 55 miles S of Prague. Lon. 14 53 E, lat. 49 13 N. Beckum, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster, situated at BED the souiTO of the river Verse, 20 milci S E.of Munster. Lon. 8 .) E, lut. 51 41 N. Bicsaitfiit, n province of Asia, in Na. toliu, bounded on I lie N by the l>hak Sea, on the \V l>y the Sea of Marmo- ra, on the S by Proper Natolia, ami on the K by the Jiroviiuc of UoUi. It was aiii:ienlly culled tlithynia. Tliu eupital is Uursa. BtiLil, a town in the north riding of Yorkshire, througli wbieh passes u Roniaii eaiisewav. It is 10 miles S E of Kiehniond, aiid 220 N N W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 20 N. BeddiiigHm, a village near Croydon, in Surry. Here is Uedilliigton Park, the ancient seat of the Care ws, one of the many said to have been the resi- dence ot queen Elizabeth. The ehurcli is a Gothic ))ilc, with stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Bcileii, or Belling, a village in Sussex, 13 miles W of Lewes, near a river of its own name, wliirli runs into the English Channel at NewSh&reham. BeJer, a fortified city of the Derran of Hindoostan, in Dowlatabad, once the capital of a considerable kingdom. It is 80 miles N W of Hydrabad. Lon. rs E, Lit. 17 N. Bedford, a borough, and a county- town of Bedfordshire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is divid- ed into two parts by the Ouse, over which there is a bridge with a gate at each end. It is , not lurg'j nor well built. It has five churches, and form- erly had a strong castle, whose site is now a bowling green. It is govern- ed ))y a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is 27 miles E by N of Buckingliam, and 50 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 30 W, lat. 52 13 N. Bedford, a village with a post office, in West Chester county, New York; about 35 miles North Eastwardly from the city of New York, wul has about 2400 inhnbitimts. Bedford, an incorporated town, the capital of Bedford county, Pennsylvania, about 210 miles W of Philadelphia, 106 E by S of Pittsburg, and 150 N W of Washington. The coimty was divided from Cumberland, and Bedford erect- ed into a county town, March 1771' It iias a post otKcc and about 300 inhabi- tants. Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, it the Isle of Ely, consisting of 300,000 acres, and extending into the counties ofS'ii-f Mllpli'll :iHeli>l' iviu'li"- WiUial (lirtool nign < istabli ^rcat i-;il ■ (|iiMiti* 1%' \h BED rUic river Verse, .20 milfi iter. Lori. H ,) E, kt. 51 a province of Asiii, in Na. ■il oil Hie N In the Ulna W l)_v tlic Sen of Marnio. liy Proper Niitoliu, uiul lie iiroviiiee of Uolli. It >■ culled Uiliiyniu. The I'sa. iwn in the north riilinp of hroiin-h Aviiieh pusses a iwav. It is 10 miles S E , ami 220 N N WofLoii. 25 \y, hit. 54 20 N. a villag'c near Croydon, ere is liediiiiigton Park, •at of the Carcws, one of I to liave been tlic rcsi- ;n Elizabeth. The church lo, witii stalls in the aislts, •al. eding, a vilhig'c in Sussex, if Lewes, near a river of c, whicli runs into the ncl at NcwShorcham. •tificd city of the Dercan 1, in Dovvlatabad, once a con.siderable kingdom, NTVVof Hydrabad. Lon, 'ON. borou|;'h, and a county- !)rdsliire, with a market id Saturday. It is divid- larts by the Ouse, over s a brii I M i Rr/fnit, a jioitt tciwn «'" Kaiifork routity, MiiiiU', near tin- nioutli of lViii)l)scnt rhcr, M miliN N "l" 'I'lio- niastowii (III l'i'iiiiliii<.' miles S K of Vienna, and 400 N W (ifCoiistantinoi)le. Loii. 2\ 2 E, lat. 45 10 N. Jielf;ra(le, a small town of Uomaiiia, in European 'I'lirkey, on the strait of Constaiitiiiople, 20 miles N of that «.!ty. Ton. 29 01:, lat. 41 23 N. /}i'/grii(/(i, a town of Italy in \'eiie- t!an Friiili, 10 miles E by S of Udino. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 43 56 N. BrlliKt a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Viennc, and late province of Liinosin, seated on the Vincon, 20 miles N of Limoges. Lon. 1 20 E, lat 46 10 N. Bvllf-air, a post town of Harford county, Maryland, 77 miles from IViuh- iiigton: heinj^ the principal scat ofjiis- tice, it has a court house and jail, but few inli: bitants. Bcltrganle, a strong place of France, in tlie department of the Eastern Py- renees, and lute province of Konssillon, above tlin defile of I'ertuis. It is an im])ortapt place, on account of its be- ing' apas.'iage to the Pyrenees, It sur- rendered to the Spaniards in 1793, but was retaken the ne.\t year, after an obstin.ite defence, and named by the French government Sud Libre. Lon. 2 56 E, lut. 42 27 N. Bvllfgiirde, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, seated on the river Saone, 15 miles NE of Cha- lons. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 46 57 N. Belleuie, an island of France, 15 miles from the coast of Brittany. It is a mixture of craggy rocks, and pleasant fertile plains. The principal place is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was taken by the English in 1761, ( Mul rmtorcd in 176.!. Lon. 3 ft W, lat 47 17 N. Brlliiilf, aw island of North Amcri. ea, at the Itiouth of t!ie strait between [ New Uritain and Ni' wliiundlainl, whe'iee thi- >.lraits take also the name of lielleisle. Lon. 5.) 25 W, lat. ,il .i.S | N. Hr//i'.:iiic, a town of France, in tlir dipai-tmeiit of Oirie and late pro\iac-e of Perelie, with all ancient castle, 7) miles S VV of Paris. Lon. 42 K, lat. 48 23 N. ttclley, an epiHCopal town of I'riiiico, in the dcp.artmeiit ol Ain and l.iie pro- vince of Uresse, near thi' Hhoiie, 12 miles N of Chamberrv, and 250 S E of Paris. Lon. 5.50 E, hit. 45 47 N. liilUw^liam, a town in Northiimhcr- land, with a market on Tiiesd.iy, 14 I miles N N W of Hexlium and 2''4 (if| Lonih.n. Lim. 2 10 VV, lat. 55 10 N. Bi of note. liM"u),a. towni of Italy, capital ofj the Uellunese, and formerly u bishop's see. It is seated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles N Eof Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat. 43 13 N. BfhiKmti', a town of Naples in Cala- bria Cilcriore, on the coast of the Tus- can Sea, 10 miles VV of Cosenza. Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 39 20 N. Be/t, Great, a strait of Denmark, between the islands of Zealand andFu- nen, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not so commodious, nor so much I freipicntcd as the Somul. In 1658, it was frozen over r.o liard, that Charles f XII. marched over it with a design to take Copenhagen. I Belt, Little, a strait to the W of the Great Belt, between Fui'.en and North! Jutland. It is one of the passages from I the German Ocean to the Baltic, I though not tliree miles in brcadtli, audi very crooked. I Belvedere, a town of Greece, capital I of a province of the same name, in thi; I Morea. This province hes on the WJ coast, and is the mo&t fertile in all the] Morea. The town is delightfully situ- BEL III 17(''.!. I.oii. J rt W, island (if Ndi'tli Amcri. itli eautif'nl .squares, lilt walks. It is siirrouiulcil some (gardens, whirli pro- lent fruit. Berlin is divid- •e parts without includinjf IS. The i<.)al street is one I'st and mo.st frequented in It is crossed hy live others lar{i;c and line. On the new r tl.c Spree is an etjuestrian V^illlam tlie Great, which is in excjuisite ])ieee of work- After this hridge is jjast, palace appears, whicli is :\ superb edifice ; it is four h, anil the apartments are magnificent. No palace in IS sucii a preat quantity of .'s, lustres, branched candle- The opera-house is an ele. rn edifice. The front has a ico supported by Corinthian md a pediment adorned with ;vos and statues. The col- h support the roof throw the a )j;'rand saloon. Tiie arse- ts of four )^rand buildings, a court in the middle, like a ach front has tliree-large ])or- ere are other things worthy ation, surli as the cabinet , and of tlie .■.ntiqulties be- ' the king ; i.nd the royal li- ich has many scarce books scripts. There is a canal cut •iver Spree to the Oder, oa 1 annotlier thence to the Elbe It has a comiinuiieation by th with the Baltic Sea and an Ocean; and is seated on , 42 miles N W of Frankfort ler, and 300 N bv VV of Vien- 13 26 E, hit. 52 32 N. a post-towm of Hartford lonneeticut, 10 miles S of a village with a post-office IS county, I'eiinsvlvania, six >f Abbotatown, 20 S of Car- about 100 W of Philadelphia. la, Somers, or Sitminer hlanus, of email islands, nearly in the shepherd's crQok, and sur- 3y rocks, which render them accessible to strangers. They ; Atlantic Ocean, 500 miles ilina, and are inhabited bythe They were discovered by BE R BE R Juan Bermudez, a Spaniard ; but not inhabited till 1609, when Sir George Somers was cast away upon them, and they have belonged to Britain ever since. It is universally agreed that the nature of these islands has under- gone a surprising alteration to the worse since tliey were discovered ; the air being inucli more inclement, and the soil much more barren than fon/iei'ly. The town of St. George, on .St. George's Island, is the capiud. hon. 63 28 VV, lat. 32 35 N. Bern, the largest of the 13 cantons of Swisserland, 15U miles in length, and 75 ill breailth, It is divided into two ])i'iiicipal parts called the German and Homaii ; but the lust is most commonly called the Pays de Vaiid. The reli- gion is Calvinism, and Bern the capi- tal. Bern, the capital of the canton of Bern in Swisserland. Here is a cele- brated school, a rich library, and 12 companies of tradesmen, in one of which every inhabitant is obliged to be enrolled before he can enjoy any of- fice. It is a strong place in a peninsu- la, formed by the river Aar. The houses arc mostly btiilt of white free- stone, and in the principal streets have piazzas or arches under them, for the conveniency of walking in wet weatlier. Criminals, with iron collars I'ound their necks, are employed in removing rub- bish from tlie streets and public walks. The public buildings are magnificent. In 1799 Bern was, together with the rest of Swisserland, ol)ligedto surren- iler to the French. Bern is 70 mil6s N E of Geneva. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 46 53 N. Bernard, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Brandenbur?, five miles fi'om Berlin, famous for its excellent beer. Bernard, Great St. a moimtoin of Swisuerlond, between Vullais and Val- d'Aousta^ at the source of the river Di'ance. The top of it is always co- \ (-red with snow, and there is a large |•o^^ent, where the monks entertain all strangers gratis for tliree days, with- out any distinction of religion. Bernay, a trading town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro*, \inee of Normandy, seated on the rir- er Carantonne, 20 miles S W of Rouen. Lon. 50 E, lat. 49 6 N. Bernburg, a towh of Germany, in the principality of Aniialt, where a branch of the house of Anhalt residei. It if seated on the river Sara, 22 miles S W of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 46 E, lat. 51 51 N. Berncaitte, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, with a castle. It is remarkable for its good vine, and is seated on the MoseUe, near Trar- bach. Berry, a late province of France, bounded on the N by the Orleanois and Blaisois, on the £ by the Niver- nois and Bourbonnois, on the S by the Boitfbonnois and Marche, and on tlic W by Touraine and Poitou. It is fer- tiie in corn, fruit, hemp and flax i and there is excellent wine in some places. It is now included in the departments of Cher and Indre. Bertella, a fortified town of Italy, in the Modenese, seated near the conflu- ence of the Linza and Po, 10 miles N £ of Parma. Lon. 10 56 £, lat. 4445 N. Berauire, a town of France, in the de- partment of the two Sevres and late province of Poitou, 12 miles S W of Thouars. Lon. C 27 W, lat. 46 52 N. Bertinero, a town of Italy in Romag- na, with a strong citadel, and a bish- op's see. It is seated on a hill, 50 miles N E of Florence. Lon. 11 40 £, lat. 44 18 N. Bertrand, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne and late province of Languedoc, 43 milea S of Aiich. Lon. 48 E, lat. 42 56 N. Bervie, a seaport and borough in the coimty of Kincardine, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 25 milea S W of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 W, l»t 56 40 N. BerviieJ,a. town and county of itself, on tlie borders of England and Scot- land, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor ; and was once a strong fortress^ of great importance when England and Scotland wei« hos- tile nations. It is still fortified and has a ditch on the N and E ; on the S and W it has high walls, regularly fortified and planted with cannon, to which the river serves af a Qiwat. It had asb-ong castle novrin rukii. It is large and populous, has a good trade in corn and salmon, -and is seated on the Tweed, over which is a handsome jhridge of 15 arches. It sen^s two aMinibcrs to pariisment, and is 147 m^ Nof Toilc,. 52 S £ of Edinburj^, jM>d 336 N" by W of London. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 55 45 N. K * t B E S Benvici-Kurth, a Iwroutjii in the comity ofiast Lothian on the frith of Forth, 30 miles N \W of Berwick up- on Tweed. Lon. 2 3J VV, lat. 56 5 N. Berviictshire, a coiiDty of Scotland, Rnnietime.i called the Mers ; bounded on the E hv tlic Gcrnian Ocean, on the S E by tiic Tweed, on the S by Rox- burgshirc, on the W byEdinburgshirc, and on the N W by HuddinKtonshire. It abounds with com and grass, and. bcinrj a low and fliit country, is some- time!* called the How [Hollow] of the Mcrs. The S E angle is occupied by Berwick Bounds ; a district only eight miles in compass, governed by English laws, and aceouuti-d part of an Eng- lish count}'. The principal rivcrR are the Tweed, Leather, Blackadder, Whiteaddcr, and Eye. Scnvici, a town of York county, Maine, on the E side of Piscutaqua river, about seven miles from York, the county town. It has a post-office, and an ncademy. The township contains 3891 inhabitants. Benuici, a village with a post-ofRce, in Northumhcrland county, Pennsylva- nia! situated on the Wside of Susquc- hannah river, opposite to the head of the turnpike road, between this river and the Lehigh, a branch of the river Delaware. It is 16 miles N E of Cat- tawissey, 37 of Northumberland, and about 35 W of tlie navigable part of the Lehigh. Berujit HitU, lofty hills at tlie N E angle of Merionethshire, bcncatli which apreads the fine vale, in wluch flows the infant river Dee. Besaiicon, an ancient and populous city of France, in the department of DoTibs and late province of Franche Conit^. It has a citadel, on a high rock, the base of which touches both sides of tlie Doubs, which here forms a peninsula. The triumphal arch of Aurelian, and other Roman nntiquitica are still to be seen. The streets are wide and handsome, and the houses are well built with frce-stonc. It is 53 miles E of Dijon, and 208 S E of Paris. Lon. 6 2 E,,lat. 47 13 N. Betsarabia, a ten-itory of Turkey in Europe, between tlie Danube and the Dniester, along whose banks the Tar- tar inhabitants rove and maintain them- selves by their cattle, by husbandry, and by robbery. Their common food is the flesh of oxen and horses, cheese, and mai-c's milk. Bender i« the c.ipital. BET Bcatricia, a town of Trans)lvanl«,r< markiiblc for the pfold mines near it, 85 miles N W of Htrmanstadt, and 90 E of Tockay. Lon. ii 45 E, lat. 47 30 N. Betanzot, a town of Spain in Gali- cia, seated on tlie Mandeo, on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles S of Ferrol. Lon. 7 55 W, lat. 43 12 N. Bete/fagiii, a town of Arabia Felix, famous fo.' the vast quantity of cotlee boiiglit and sold here to tli<; Europeans. It is 25 miles E of the Red sea. Lon. 44 3U E, lat. 15 40 N. Bethania, a post town of Stokes county, North Carolina ; a Moravian settlement, about four miles distant from Bethahara, their capital town, 10 S W of Gcrmantown, and 15 N E of Hiintsville. It has about 200 inhabi- tants. Bethlehem, a town of Palestine, fa. mous for the birth of Christ. It is seated on the ridge of a hill, running from E to W and has a delightful prospect. It is now an inconsiderable place, but much visited by pilgrims. Here is a church yet entire, erected by the famous Helena, in the forni of across: also a chapel, called the Cha])- el of the Nativity, where tliey pretend to show the manger in which Christ was laid ; as also another, called the Chapel of Joseph ; and a third of tlie Molv Innocents. A few poor Greeks reside here. It is six miles S of Jeru- salem. Lon. 35 25 E, lat. 31 50 N. Bethlehem, a town of Austrian Bra- hiint, two miles N of Louvain. Lon. 4 VJ E, lat. 50 55 N, Beth'ehein, a post town in Northamp- ton county, Pennsylvania, the capital of the Moravian colonies in North America. It stands on a branch of the Lehigh river, a few miles S E of Easton, and 53 N of Philadelphia, in the lat. of 40 37 N. and lon. of 75 14 W. The brethren were settled here by Count Zinzendorf in 1741. In 1800 the town contained 543 inhabitants, and the township 1343, principally of the same sect. The buildings are not remarkable for grandeur, or elegance ; but are generally comfortable. They have one house for public worship, ase- parat'; apai-tment for the residence of the single brethren, and another for the sisters. There are likewise seminaries of learning in wliich children of both sexes are taught all the iiseful and some of the ornamental branches of P. BET town of Tratidjlvanid, r« lu- jjold mines near it, 85 r HirinaiiNtndt, and 90 E .on. '23 45 E, Jat. 47 30 town of Spain in Gali- the Mandeo, on a bay of 20 miles S of Fcrrol. , lat. 43 12 N. a town of Arabia Felix, ; vast qiiantiiy of coUue lid here to tin; Europeans. E of tJtc Red sea. Lon. 15 40 N. a post town of Stoke* 1 Carolina; a Moravian bout four miles distant ira, their capital town, 10 lantown, and 15 N E of It has about 200 inhabi- a town of Palestine, fty birth of Chuist. It is ridge of a hill, running V and has a delightful is now an inconsiderable ucli visited by pilgrims, urch yet entire, erected IS Helena, in the forn. of a chapel, called the Chaii- ivity, where tliey pretend manger in which Christ also another, called the aseph ; and athirdoftlie ts. A few poor Greeks It is six miles S of Jeru- 35 25 E, lat. 31 50 N. a town of Austrian Bra- N of Louvain. Lon. 4 N. post town in North amp- cnnsylvania, the capital iau colonies in North stands on a branch of •, a few miles S E of N of Philadelphia, in 37 N. and lon. of 75 14 thrcn were settled here ndorfinir41. In 1800 itained 543 inhabitants, l)ip 1343, principally of The buildings we not grandeur, or elegance i Uy comfortable. They for public worship, a se- nt for the residence of the and another for the are likewise seminaries wliich children of both ght all the useful and ornamental branches pf 55 ;n, B E V cditcf.tion ! and so great is the rcpnta- tion of these schools, for the attention paid to the morals as well as the lite- rary improvement of the pupils, as to in- vite tiiem from Philadelphia and other capital cities. Betfilehnn, a town in Albany county. New York, situated on the W side of Hudson river, eight miles' S of tlie city of Albany. This township is famous for its dairies, and contained 3095 in- liabitants in 1800. Bethune, a fortified town of France, in the department of the Straits of Ca- l.iis and late county of Artcis, with a castle. It is seated on a rock, by the river Brette, 20 inilcs 5 of St, Omer and 120 N of Paris. Lon. 2 35 £, lat. 50 45 N. Betley, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Thursday, 16 miles N N W of Stafford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 53 5 N. Betlii, a town of Asia, in Curdistan, situ.^te on a steep rock, on the fron- tiers of Turkey and Persia, but subject to its own bey, and a sanctuary for the subjects of the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E of Diarbckar. Lon. 42 50 E, lat. 37 30 N. Betuvie, a fertile island of Dutch Gueiderland, 40 miles long and 10 broad, containing, in tliat space, eight cities and several hundred villages, It is formed by the bifurcation of the Rhine above Nimegucn, and by the union of its streams, under dih'ercnt appellations:, near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, and formerly gave the name of Batavians, to the iniiabitants of the Dutch Netherlands. In this morass (as it then was) the ancestors (if the present race first settled, when, they emigrated from Germany ; and it was principally hence that the Dutch spread themselves over the diiFerent ])rovinccs. Bevecum, a town of Austrian Brabant, 17 miles S of Louvain. Lon, 4 50 E, lat. 50 36 N. * Beveland, N and S, two islands of the United proviiices, in Zealand, between the E and W branches of the Scheld. Bevergorn, a town of Westphalia, 22 miles from Munster. Beverley, a borough in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday, and two churches, beside the minster. It ii seated on the river Hull, 9 miles N of Hull and 182 of London. Lqq. 15 W, Ikt. 53 52 N. B I B Beveniiigfit, a town of Germany, in the dioccsij of Padeihorn, at the con- fluence of the Bcve Mid Weser, 22 miles E of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 £, lat. 51 46 N. Beverly, atown inEsscx county, Mas- sachusfitts, 15 m. N by E of Boston, and separated from Salem by a bridge. In 1800 the inhabitants were 3881. BcMCattle, a village in Cumberland, on the I^cven, said to have been built about the time of the Norman conquest. The church is in ruins; and in the chnrchyard is an ancient cross, with several scidptures, on which are illegi- ble inscriptions, Bevidley, a boroiigh of Worcester, shire, with a market on Saturday. It sends one member to parliament, and i» seated on the Severn, 14 miles N of Worcester, and 128 N W of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 52 20 N. Bevitey, or Beaulieu, a river which rises in the N of Invemesshire, and flowing along the S border of Ross- shire, forms the fine estuary on which stand Inverness and Fort St. Genrgpe, and which terminates in the frith df Murray. Beziert, a tovm of France, in tlie de- partment of Hcrautt and late province of Languedoc. The remains of a cir- cus, and some inscriptions, bespeak its ancient grandeur ; and it has an acade- my of sciences, and twohospitals. The iniiabitants are computed at 17,000. It is seated near the Royal Canal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Or- bre, 12 miles N E of Narbonne. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 21 N. Bex, a village of Swiaserland, in the canton of Bern, near the town of St. Maurice, remai-kable for its delightful situation, and the salt works near it, the largest of which is entered by a passage cut out of the solid rock. Travellers who have the cui-ioaity to explore these rtoomy abodes, are fur- nished with lifted torches, and dress- ed in a coarse habit, to defend them fi cm the drippings that fall iroin the roof and aides of the passage. ' Biitfar, the capital of a kingdtim of the same name, in Negroland, aitu«te4 to the EofQenin, on the rivev Los-Cia^ morones, Lon. 17 46 E, lat. 6 10 K.-^ Biaua, a ioym of Hiiidbost&n Properj^ remarkable ibr excellent (ndigo, 50' miles W of Agra. I^on, ^ ^ 1, Ut. 26 son; BiSerach, $k fte^ ujnperial to^fm o( >.»■ . ■ . ' J i „ ii >] i I , ' TT' B I E B I L Suabia. It hai a manutarture of fus. tians, and is seated in a pleasant valley, on the Reuss, 17 miles S W of Uliii. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 48 10 N. Bicetier, or Bunester, a town in Os- fordsliire, with a market on Friday, between Oxford and Buckingham, l." miles N of the foi-mer and 57 W by N of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 51 54 N. Bidache, a town of Franco, in the de- partment of tlic Lower Pyrenees and late province of Basques, suated on the river Bidouse, 12 mile.t E of Bayonne, Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 43 31 N. Bidassou, a river of Spain, which has its Nource in the PjTenees, and falls in- to tiic bay of Biscay between An- daye and Fontarabia. Biddeford, a seaport and town cor- porate .n Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday ; seated on the Torridjje, over which is a stone bridjfc of 24 ar- ches. It is a well inhabited trading place 16 miles S by W of Ilfracombe, and 203 W of London. Lon. 4 10 W, 51 10 N, Biddeford, a port of entry, and post to\vn in York county, Maine. It is situ- ated on the sea coast, near cape Poi'- poise, 23 miles S by W of Portland, and 40 N E of Portsmouth, New Hamp- shire, and contains about 1300 inhabi- tants. Bieez, a town of Poland, in Cra- CDwia, remarkable for its mines of vitriol ; seated on the Wescloke, 50 miles S E of Cracow. Lon. 21 5 E, lat 49 50 N. Biela, a town of Piedmont, capital of the Bellese, near the river Cerva, 20 tnilcs W of Verceil. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 45 35 N. Bielogorod, a strong town of Bessa- rabia, on lake Vidcno, near the Black Sea, 42 miles S W of Oczakow. Lon. 30 10 E, lat. 46 20 N. Bielak, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Polachia. near one of the sources of the river Narew, 100 miles V E of Warsaw. Lon. 23 39 E, lat. £2 40 N. Bicme, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Smolensko, 80 miles N E of Smolensko/and 170 W of Moscow. Lon. 33 5 E, lat. 55 40 N, Bienne, a town of Swisserland, on a Udce of the same name, at the foot of Mount Jura. It is 17 miles N W of Bern. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 47 11 N. Bitroiiet, n town of Patch Flanders, two miles N of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 K, lut. 51 21 N. Bigglrnvadf, a town in BcflfordHhirc, with u market on Wednesday, one of tlic greatest barley markets in Eiig. land. It is seated on the Ivel, ovtr which is a neat stone bridge, 10 milts N W of Bedford, and 45 N N W of London. Lon. 21 W, lat. 52 6 N. Bigorn, a late province of Fi'iUirp, boinidrd on the N by Armngiiac, oii the E by Commingcs, on the W by Beam, and on the S by the Pyrenees. It is now included in tlic department of the Upper Pyrenees. Bijinagur. See Bisnagur. Bijoft, a province of Hindoostan Proper, between the rivers Indus and Attock, having Cabul on the W, the Bockharian mountains on the N, Casli- mere ontiic E, and Peishore on the S. It is 40 miles from N to S, ami 30 from E to W. It is full of mountains and wilds, inhabited by a savage and turbu- lent race. Bilboa, a cityof Spain, capital of Bis- cay, with a good harbour. Its exportslar* wool, swdrd-blades, and other manu- factures in iron and steel. It is re- markable for the wholesomeness of its air, and tlie fertility of the soil about it. It is seated at the mouth of Ibaica- bal which enters the bay uf fiiscav, 50 miles W of St. Sebastian, and 180 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 XO W, lat. 43 33 N. Bildeiton, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednesday. It has one large church, about a quarter of a mile from the town, and is seated on the river Breton, 1 he only business of the town consists in spinning of yarn. It is 12 miles S E of Biu^, and 63 N E of London. Lon. 55'E, lat. 52 16 N. Biledu/gerid, a country of Barbary, bounded on the N by Tunis, on the E by Tripoli, on th« S by Guergula, and on the W by Tuggurt. It lies be- tween 5 and 11* E lon. and 28 and 32' N lat. The air is virholesome but hot, and tlie soil yields a great deal of bar- ley. Bilevelt, a town of Germany in West- phalia, in the county of Ravensburg, seven miles S E of Ravensburg. Lon. 8 50 ^, lat. 52 10 N. Bitlericay, a to^vn in Essex, with a market on Tuesdiiy^ It is seated on a hill, before which opens a beautiftd prospect over a rich valley, to the "^|»1l*rt;-'* B I L J of Sluys. Lon. 3 39 K, le, a town in Bcflfonlithire, ct on Wediicsdiiy, one of '. barley mnrki-ts in Eii;;- HPatcil on the Ivcl, ovtr cat Htonc bridge, 10 inilus dford, and 45 N N W of on.0 21 W, lat. 52 6N. I late province of Fi'iuicp, the N by Armaj^iac, on [iinminjfcs, on the W by )M the S by the Pyrenees, nchided in the department p Pyrenees. See Bianagur. province of Hindoostan veen the rivers Indus and inp Cabul on tlie W, the mo\intain* on the N, Ca.sli- E, and Peishore on the S. I from N to S, and 30 from is full of mountains and ited by a savage and turbu- ity of Spain, capital of Bis. Hid harbour. Itsexportslar* •blades, and other manu> iron and steel. It is re- the wholesomenesH of its fertility of the soil About ;ed at the mouth of Ibaica- ters the bay of Biscay, 50 )t. Sebastian, and 180 N Lon. 3 XO W, lat. 43 33 a town in Sufiblk, with a iVe4nesday. It has one I, about a quarter of a e town, and is seated on eton, 1 he only business onsists in spinning of yarn. 1 S E of Bury, and 63 N Lon. 55E. lat. 52 16 {, a country of Barbary, he N by Tunis, on the E 1 the S by Guergula, and •y Tuigurt. It lies be- ll* E lon. and 28 and 32» lir is wholesome but hot, ields a great deal of bar- own of Germany in West- e county of Ravensburg, i E of Ravensburg. Lon. 2 ION. a to^vn in Essex, with a ie«d!i)\ It is seated on a which opens a beautiful r « rich valley, to the B I N 'IlKtmes, nine miles S VV of Cliclnis- tinl, and '2.) E of London. Lou. 31 E, lat. 51 30 N. lidlaica, a. post town of Mithllcscx county, MasHacliiiHctt:^, about 20 uiilcs N W of Bo.st<)n, iind 10 S of of Dracul on the Merrimack river. It coutain- c.l IJ83 iiihabitimis in 1800. llitloin, a linvu of France, in the dc- liailincnt of Puy-dc-Dome and late pii)\in;'c of Anvei'g-nc, 15 miles S E of Clcnnoi.t. I. on. .) 28 E, hit. 4.^ 41 N. lliliuii, 'I hiirnini^-ilcscrt of Africa, to the S E of i'v/./.-.w, between 21 and W N lui; Hiitden, a town in Lcireslershi;':?, t'fi miles N bv VV of London. Lon. 51 W, lat. .52 35 N. Hitsnii, a town of WeHtjjIialla, in the 1'i.shopric of Liege, on tiie river Demer, 15 miles N of Liege. Lou. 5 29 E.lat. 50 50 N. Jliinini, one of the Bahama i.slands, near the Clianncl uf ISahama, eight miles in length, and a.s much in brcadtli. 1* is very woody, and dilliciilt of ac- cess on account of the phoals, but is a very pleasant place, ami inhuinted by the native Anicricans. Lon. 79 30 W, l.it. 2.5 N. Mitnlepatam, a seaport of Golconda, in the Deccan of Hiiuloostan, seated fin the bay of Bengal, 12 miles N of Visiigapatam. Lon. 83 5E, lat. 18 N. Binaros, a small town of Spain, in Valencia, remarkable for good wine j .seated near the Mediterranean, 20 miles S of Tortosa. Lon. 35 E, lat. •10 3i N. BiHch, a little fortified town of Aus- trian Hainault, nine miles E of Mous. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 50 24 N. Bindtester, a village on the river Were, near Durham. Several inscrip- tions and monuments shew it to liave been tlie Roman Vinovium j many Ro- man coins are dug np here, which are called Binche.ster Pennies ; and two al- tars have been discovered from which it appears that the 20th legion was stationed in this place. Bincaza, a seaport of 'Africa, in the kingdom of Tripoli, 140 miles W of Deina. Lon 19 10 E, lat. 32 20 N. Binf.eld, a village in Berkshire, in Windsor forest, three mijes N by E of Okinghani. Binfield was the scene of Pope's youtliful dajs, and here he wrote his Windsor Forest. Bingeii, an ancient town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Mentz, seated B I R at the place where the rivet Nirhc fulU into the Rhine, with a sh.ne l>i'iiiue over tiie former. It is 15 miles AV . by S of Menl/.. Lon. 8 E, lut. 49 1') N. Bivgham, a town in Nottingbamshii e, with a smalt market on Thursday, nine miles E of Nottingiiam, and 1?U N bv W of Lotulon Lon. 51 W, Ut. ii.' j3N. Binnidiiiri;, a town of Finl.ind. in Sweden near the mouth of the Kiine, in llie gulf of Bothni::, 7S miles N of Abo. Lon. 22 5 E, lat. 61 42 N. Bir, or Bfi'r, a town of Di.U'hcrk in Turkey in Asia, wllli a citstlc, wIiCk; .the g(-,vernor ic-.iilc.i. It stand.s on tl',« E bank of the Eu|'.Iirates, near a iii,ih niountuin, in a fruitful country. It is 50 miles N E of Aleppo. Biriei/M, a town of Germany, ctipi- tal of a cotmty of the same name, ift the circle of the Upper Rhine. It sur- rendered to the Frencli in 1794, at".. I is seated near the rivei- Nahc, 22 niih^i S E of Treves. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 49 55 N. Birmingham, alirpfff town in War- wickshire, with a market on Thtn'r.d;iy, It is no corporation, and therefore free for any person to settle there ; which has contributed greatly not only to the increase of buildings, but also of the trade, which is the most ilourishinq;' of any in England for all sorts of iron work besides niany^ other curious ma- nufactiu-cs. The town stands on the side of a hill, nearly in the form of a half-moon. The lower part is filled wiiTi workshops and warehouses, and consists cliiefly of old buildings. The upper part contains a number of new and regular streets, and a handsome square, elegantly built. It has two churche.'. ; one in the lower part of thu town, which is an ancient buildinj^, with a Ipfty spire ; the other, a grand modem structure having a square stone tower, with a cupola, and turret above. it ; it has also two chapels and several meeting houses. It had an elegant theatre, which was burnt in 1792. Birmingham has been long famous for its hai-dwarc manufactures ;imt of late vears, by great additions to its trade from a vast variety of articles, such as metal buttons, buckles, plated' goods, japanned and paper vrare, &c. it has oecome more populous than any of the modern trading to\vns in England. They export their goods in great quan- tities to foreign countries, where, in I B I S B I T point of ilicipnt'f*^ nnd elcffnnrp, they Krc iinii.iillcii It \h plciitii'illv ■tii[)plic(l villi ODhl liy means iit" n catiul to Wcd- nchh'i.y : 'Mil it liiis II ciiinniiiiiicutiiin xvitli tlir Cri'ia Trimk from tli<; Trent ♦ n tlie Scvrrii, by u brancli pussinp;' by VVoi\orlmni|it'in. The iinprovnl Ktciiin eiiffines, made here by Ildlton iiiu! W'utt, (IcMcrvc to rank lilj^h unioii)f the proituftion i of hiiinnn injfeniiity : their upplituticm to various mcchiiniral pur- poses, uiul nitrtinilui 'v to the tli'iiininif of mines, plitces thein iniong ttic most valuuble inventions of the ugc. Bir- miniffliam is 17 miles NW of Coventry and 116 of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat, 32 .10 N. iiirviaira, a town of Spain, in Old C.'i.stile, 15 miles N of l)tirg;<>s. Lon, 3 30 W, hit. 42 35 N. Siaaccia, a smnll handsome town of Naples, in PriiK'ipato Ullcviore, with a biahoii's sec, 15 niilcn N E of Conza. Lon. 13 40 E, hit. 41 3 N. Biscay, a province of Spain, hounded on the N by the buy of Ritiiay, on the S hy Old Castile, on the W by the As- tiirius, and on tiie E by Upper Navarre. It contains three divisions ; Biscay Proper, Guipusc.ia, and Alava. It is Sr miles in both Icn^h and breadth, and priHliiceg ap]>les, oran((eB, and ci- trons ; it has also wood for building' ships, and mines of iron and lead. 7'lie Blscayers are tlie best seamen of Spain. Their language is accounted aboriifiiial, and is unmixed with either Frouli, Latin or Spanish. Bilboa is t!ie'citi>l- tal. Bhcii, Bay of, an extensive bay of the Atlantic, between Cape Ortegal, in lon. 7 35 \V, lat. 43 48 N, and the isle of Ushant, in lon. 5 W, lat. 48 30 N. Biscay, New, a province of N Amer- ica, in Mexico, noted for its silver mines. Bischnfishcm, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Ment/.,on tin- riv- crTaiiber, two miles W of Wiirtzburg. Lon. 9 10 p. lat. 49 40 N. Bisc/iqfa Ze/i, a town of Swis.icrlaiid, in Thurgau, with a castle. The inha- bitants were independent, and govern- ed by a supreme council. But their j^overnmcnt ha.s been since overturned by the French. It is scateri at tiie con- fluence of the Sitter andTlnir, 1 J miles S of Constance. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 47 27 N. Bischvseillen, a fortress of France, in the department of Upper Rluue a)\d l.itp pro\Iiite of AUncc, five milei, W of the Uhinc. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 4« 40 N. Bitegtia, a prtpuloiis town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a bishop's ser, near the gulf of Venice, six miles E of Trani. Lon. 16 45 E, lat. 41 2B N. .0(.vc;'rii, a seaport ofTnnit, in Afrira, near the place where Utlra onec stood, 37 miles N VV of Tunis. Lou. 9 46 E, lat. 37 10 N. Biihof) and his Clrrh, d-ingerous rneki on the coast of Pembrokeshire, near St. David's. Lon. 5 20 W, lat. 51 57 N. Bishopt- Auckland. Sec Auckland. Bishofii-Castle, a borough in Slimp- shire, with a market on Friday. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated near the river Clun, eight miles E of Montgomery, and 132 W N \V of London. Lon. 2 55 VV, lat. 32 22 N. Bithops-Stortford. See Stcrtford. BisigitaiiO, u town of Naples, in Ca- labria, with a strong fort, and a bishop's see. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Boccona, 18 miles N of Co- senza, and 133 S E of Naples. Lun. 16 20 E, lat. 39 38 N. Bisley, a village in Surry, noted for a spring called St. John Baptist's Well. It is thiCfc miles N of Woking. Bimufi'iir, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in Mysore, seated on tli9 river Tungebadra. It waa the capital of the ancient king(h>m of Narsinga, and when visited by Cesar Frederic in 1567, was a large city. It is 140 miles E l)v S of Goa. Lon. 76 10 E, lat. 15 30 N. Bisiagos, a cluster of islands on the coast of Negroliuid, 200 miles S E of the I'ivcr Guinbia, in 11' N. lat. Bissau, an island in the coast of A- frica, u few leagues to the S E of the river Gambia. 'I'hc island is about 35 or 40 miles in circumference. So rich is the soil of Bissaa, that wheat and inaix Hpring up to the size of Indian com. 'I he cattle also are of an extraordinary si/e, and seem to keep pacQ with the luxuriant growth of the corn. Bistricz, a town of Transylvania, on a river of the same name, 142 miles N E of Coloswar. Lon. 25 3 E, lat. 47 33 N. Bitchy, a fortified town of France, in the department of Moselle and late pro- vince of Lorrain, with a castle, on a rock. It is seated at the foui of a luotin- B I T of AlHni'f , five mllf* \V I.on. 7 51E, bt. 48 40 irtpulr>ui town of Naplfs, iri, with II liiNlinp'it hcf, if Vriiicc, nix milfs E of 16 45 E, lat. 41 '-JB N. aj)()i'l t)f Tiinii.in Afrlra, ' wlicre Utica once stood, ' of Tunis. Lou. 9 4fi E, is Clerh, danpfproim rock* of HcmhrolccHliire, near Lon. 5 20 W, Ut. 51 57 ktaml. Sec Auckland, tit, a bdi'oiigh in Slirop. I market on Friday. It mliers to jiurliamt-nt, and ir the river Chin, eight rlonlgomcry, and 152 W kdoii. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. rtford. See Stortford. a town of Naples, in Ca- strong fort, and a bishop'* ated on a mountain, near ccona, 18 miles N of Co- 33 S E of Naples. Lon. 39 38 N. Uagc in Surrv, noted for d St. John BajjUst's Well, lies N of Woking. \ town «)f the peninsula of in Mysore, seated on the jadra. It was tlie capital It kingdom of Narsinga, ted by Cesar Frederic in gc city. It is 14^ miles Lon. 76 10 E, lat. 15 luiitor of islands on the oland, 300 miles S E of ibia, in 11»N. lat. island in the coast of A- aijiies to the S E of the I'hc island is about 35 circumference. So rich is aa, that wheat and inaix ic size of Indian com. are of un extraordinary m to keep pacp with the wth of the corn, town of Transylvania, on same name, 142 miles N Lon. 25 3 E, lat. 47 33 rtificd town of France, in irt of Moselle and late pro- ain, witli a castle, on a ted at the foot of a moun- B L /V tjiiii, near the Schwelb, 30 mile* N by \V uf Strajiburg. Lon. 7 44 E, lat 49 5 N. Bitiinio, an'episcnpal town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, ten miles W S W of Buri, and 117 E by N of Naples. Lon. 16 30 E, lat. 41 6 N. BluMank, ix town of Irelr.nd, in the coiuuy of Arniagli, seven miles S of Armagh. Lon. 6 .15 W, lat. .14 20 N. llliiMurn, a town in Lancashire, with, a market on Monday. It carries un a vast trade in calicoes for printing, snd is seated near the Derweiit, 203 miles N N W of London. Lon. 2 :ii W, lat 53 42 N. Black Fnreat, a forest of Germany, in tlie W of the circle of Snabia. It is (mrt of the ancient Hcrcynian forest. Blackheath, an elevated plain, five miles SE of London, commanding beau- tiful prospects, and adorned witli hand- some villas. Btacifiool, a village in Lancashire, much resorted to for sea-bathing. Black Sea, the ancient Eiixine, liDUiidcd on the N by Tartary Taurica, and the sea of Asojih ; on the £ by Mingrclia, Circassia, and Georgia 1 on the S by Natolia ; and on the W by Romania, Bulgaria, and Bessai'abia. It lies between 33 and 44? £ long, and U and 46« N lat. Blackviater, a river of Ireland, run- ning through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Youghall bay. Blackviater, a river in Essex, which rises in the N W of the county, is join- ed by the Chelmer at Mahlcn, and en- ters the estuary, to which it gives the name of Blackwatcr Bay. Bladeruburg, a, town in Prince George county, Marylan:/iciin, a village in Snabia, me- morable- for the victory gained over t!io Ficncli, Auf^ust 2, 1704, by the duke of Mailborough. It is seated on tlio n;.imbe, llirce miles N E of Hoch- stet, :.ii('. 2/' N E of Ulm. Lon. 10 35 K. hit. 48 40 N. Ji!e:i/iei>ii, /^oK^e, near Woodstock, in O.-tordiihirc, a noble palace, built in htijiuur of tlic duke of Malborouirh, at the e>pence of tlie nation, in com- ^Tienioi ution of his victory at Blen- heim. JHoi-.Hyl, a town of the United Pro- vince;., in Ovcrysscl, with a fort ; seat- ed at the nioiith of the Aa, on the Zuidcr Zee, where there is a good harbom-, eight miles N E of Stecnwick. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 52 44 N. Biuis, an ancient commercial city of France, lately the capitiU of Blaisois, now included in the department of Loi.* and Cher. It is seated on the banES of the river Loire, partly on a pla'n, partly on an eminence, in the midst of one of the .iiost agreeable countries in France. The castle is the ornament of this city. Tl»e most re- markable thing in this castle is a fine long g:J!ery ; adorned with many curi- t>U!» and uncommon pieces ; it is in the ir.idst of two gardens, one of which ifi full of fruit-trees ; and the other cf parterres, fountains, cascades, and raarblc statues brought from Italy. The town-house is a tolerable building, .md stand.s on a. street, which termin- ates on the Muay, where is a public walk, rhat has afpic prospect on the Loire, over wliich there is a handsome bridge. 'I'lie country ab .,/ Blois produces covn, wine, eattl , and game of every kin;l, and the waters a great quantity i-,f lisli. It is seated on the Loire, 47" .niles W of Tours, and 100 S W of I'avis. Lon. 1 25 E, lat, 47 35 N. JJ.'oiicu, a town of Poland, in the province of WarsoA-ia, 20 miles W of \V:;rsaw. Lon. 20 35 E, lat. 52 10 N. liljili, a. town in Nottinghamshire, wii'i a market on Thursday. It is 23 niilnri N N W of Newark, "and 146 N by W of London. Lon. 1 10 \V, lat. Xi 22 N. 15obc:ihatiscn, a town of Germ.iny, in V/eteravia, with a castle, three miles S E of Francfort on the Main, and seated on the river Ger^jbi-cntz. Hobio, au cpisc ipal town of Italy, in BOH the Mil.incse, on the Trebia, 25 mile* S E of Pavi;i. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 44 4.=^ N. Bocat, a valley of Syria, in Asia, in whicli are tlie famous ruins of nalbcf. Bocca-Chiai, the enfriince into tlic harbour of Cavthagetui, in S Anieric:i. It is defended by several forts, wliich were all taken by the English in 1741 Bacca-iicl-Uragii, a strait lictwecii the island of Tnnidad and Aiididusin in Terra Firm.-i, in S America. Bdchfttit, a chain of mountains, inllic territory of Genoa, over wUicli is tlu- ro.id liadini^- from L3m!).^rdy to Gfc',io:i On the peak of the lii;.;hcst niountniii is a pass, wliich will hardly admit thrit men to go abicabt : this jiass, is piv.. pcrly, tlic Porhitta; for the defciici- of which there arc ti.rce forts. It la tlic key of Genoa, and was taktii in 171(5 by the Au.-^trians. Buctltvlt, a town of \Vcsti)liaiI.i, in the diocese of Mtmstti', 20 miles E of Cloves. Lon. C 22 !•', lat. 51 42 N. Bticcir^', a large villuge in Esses, adjoining to Uraintrce. It h.i!! a gic.Vi. manufacture of baize, and is 41 miles N E of London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 56 N. Bodmin, a borough i)i Cornwall, witii a market on Saturday. It scnd;> tv.ii members to i arliament, and is 33 miles N E of Falmouth, and 234 W ! v S of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 o.' N. Bpdon, a fortified town of Turkey in Europe, in BiUgaria, vi-ith an Arch- bishop's see i seated on the river Dan- ube, 26 miles W of Viden. Lon, 2j 54 E, lat. 44 10 N. Bodroch, a town of Hungary, on the Danube, 100 miles S E of Buda. Lou. 1952E, lat. 45 55 N. Boetcfiot, a town in the i)rovince of Austrian Brabant, seated on the river Nethe, 12 miles N E of Mechlin. Loi.. 442E, lat..518N, Bog, a river of Poland, which rum S W through Podolia and Budziac Tartary, falling into tlio Black Sea, between Oczakow and the river Dnie- per. Bodlio, a town of Italy, in the county oi" Nice, 25 miles N W of Nice. Lou r 6 E, lat. 44 2 N. Bogota, the capital of New Granada, in Terra Finn a, in South America, near which are gold mines. Lon. 7o 53 W, lat. 4 ON. Bohiimia, a klng^dom of Europe) BOH ancsc, on tlic Trebia, 25 miU« 'avi;i. Lou. 9 12 E, lal. 44 45 , a vMlpy of Syria, in Asi.i, in re tliu famous ruins of nalbcf. -Chka, tlic entnuice into tlic of Caitliajjena, in S Anicricii. fended by scvoral forts, wiiicli I taken by the English in 1741 ■iUl-Urago, a strait between id of Tnnidad and Aiuldusiji I Firma, in S America. H,/, a chain of monntaiii.s, in llic ■ of Genoa, over wliic'ii is the ,dini>' ironi Lsmbardy to Geno:i iH-aic of the hi;;-hcst niountuiii i, wlucb will hardly admit tbvti ji-o al)VCMst : this jiass, is pii- he Porhitta; for tb.e defenci li there arc thrc o forts. It !., \- of Genoa, and was tal;.cii I by the Austrians. it'h, a town of \Vesti)haVia, in •esc of Miinstf I', 20 milci E lif Lon. 6 '22 K, lat. 51 4'! N. ,;g, a larj;e v:llii;;-c in Essex, \^ to Braiiitree. It has a grciii cture of baize, and is 41 miles London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 »!/■», a borough in Cornwall, wit!i ct on Saturday. It send;, twii rs to 1 arliani'ent, and is 33 I E of Falmouth, and 234 W bv mdon. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 j; I. a fortified town of Turkey in in Bidgaria, \yith an Arch- see i seated on the river Dan- miles W of Viden. Lon. 23 44 ION. )ch, a town of Hungary, on the 100 miles S E of Buda. Lou lat. 45 55 N. iot, a town in the province of n Brabant, seated on the riVcr 12 miles N E. of Mechlin. Loi;. :it. 51 8 N. „ river of Poland, which nmi [hroufvh Podolia and Budziac falling into the Black Sea, Oczakow and the river Dnie- I, a town of Italy, in the coimty 25 miles N W of Nice. Lon .at. 44 2 N. o, the capital of New Granada, a Finna, in South America, lich are gold mines. Lon. 73 at. 4 N. nia, a kingdom of Europe> B O K bounded on tlie N by Misnia and Luaa- tia, on the £ by Silesia and Moravia, on tlie S by Austria, and on tiie W by Bavaria. It is 200 niiks in length, and 150 in breadth, niid is feitile in corn, saf- fi-oii, hops, and jjasturc. In the moun- tains arc mines of gold and silver, and, ill some places they fmd diamonds, granates, copper, juid lead. The Roman catholic religion is the principal ; tho' there ai'c many protectants. T.ie chief rivers are the Muldaw, Elbe, and Oder. Their language is Sclavonian, with a mi.\turc of German. It is sub- ject to the house of Austria. The capi- tal town is Prague. Bitjador, a cape of Africa, in Negro- land, discovered by the Portuguese in 1412, and doubled by them in 1433. Lon. 14 27 W, lat. 26 12 N. Boiano, anepifcopal town of Naples, in the Molisc, at the foot of the Ap- pennines, near the river Tilenio, 45 miles N of Naples. I..on. 14 40 £, lat 41 30 N, Boitnitz, a town of Upptir Hungary, in the county of ZoU, remarkable for its baths, and the quantity of saffron about it. Lon. 19 10 E. lat 48 42 N. Bois-le-Duc, a large will fortified town of Dutch Brab>_, nany small rivers, which rendt" the soil the most fertile of any in Italy. It produ- ces all sorts of gvain and f.ults, parti- cularly muscadine grapes, wk'ch are in high esteem. Thi country round Bolog?ia seems one continued garden. The vineyards are not divided by hedg- es, but by rows of elms and mulberry trees ; the vines hanging in festoons, from one tree to anotlier, in a beauti- fid manner. There are also mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the capital. Dnlsenna, a town of Italy, on a lake of the same name, 45 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 42 38 N. BoU'oiamt, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in W Friesland, eiglit miles N of Slooten. Lon. 5 25 E, lat. 53 3 N. Bolton, a town of Lancashire, with a market on Monday. It lias been en- riched by the manufacture of fustians, counterpanes, dimities, and muslin?. BON It is 11 miles N VV of Manchester, and 239 N N W of London. Lon. 9 35 VV, lut. 53 3i N. Bolzano, a town of Germany, in tlie Tirol, on the river Eisach, 27 miles N of Trent. Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 46 35 N. Bomal, a town of Austrian Luxem- burg, on the river Ourt, 20 miles S of Liege. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 58 18 N. Bombay, an island of Hindoostan, one of the three presidencies of the En|i;'lish East India Company, by which their oriental territories are governed. It is situated on the W coast of the Deccan, seven miles in length, and 20 in circumference. It came to the En- glish by the marriage of Charles II. with Catharine of Portugal. It con- tains a strong and capacious fortress, a large city, dockyard and marine arse- nal. The gi'ound is barren, and good water scarce. It was formerly count- ed very unhealthy ; but, by draining the bogs, and other methods, the air is greatly altered for the better. It has abundance of cocoa-nuts, but scarce any com or cattle. The inhabitants are of several nations, and very numerous. It is 150 niiles S of Surat. Lon. 72 38 £, lat. J8 58N. Botnene, a seaport of the United Provinces, in Zealand, on the N shore of the island of Scho wen. Lon. 4 £, lat. 51 42 N. Bomvtel, a town of the United Pro. vinces, in the isle ofOverflacke, seven miles W of Williamstadt. Boniviel, a handsome town of Dutch Guelderland, in the island of Bommel- Wacrt, seated on tlie Waal, six miles N E of Huesden., Bominel-Waert, an island of Dutch Guelderland, foi-mf! by the jimction of tlie Waal and the Maese. It is 15 miles long and five broad. It was tak- en by the French in 1794. Bonaire, an island of South America, near the N coast of Terra Firina, t« the S E of Curacao, belonging to the Dutch. Lon. 68 18 W, lat. 12 16 I?. Bonaventura, a bay, harbour, and fort of South America, in Popayan, 90 miles E of Cali. Lon. 75 18 W, lat 3 20 N. Bonavista, the most eastern of the Cape dc Verd Islands. Lon. 22 47 W, lat, 16 N. ■Bonavista, a cape on the E side of the island of Newfoundland. Bondou is bounded on the E by Bam- bouk ; on tlie S E and S by Tenda, J O N N W of Manchester, uni ' London. Lon. 9 35 VV, :own of Germany, in tlie river Eisach, 27 miles N n. 11 26 E, lat. 46 35 N. wn of Austrian Luxem- •ivc.v Ourt, 20 miles S of 5 38 E, lat. 58 18 N. I island of Uindoostan, ree presidencies of the jidia Company, by which territories are p)verned. on t!ic W roast of the 1 miles in Icngtli, and 20 ice. It came to the En- marriage of Charles II. ve of Portugal. It con- and capacious fortress, a ?kyard and marine arse- und is barren, and good It was formerly count- althy; but, by draining other methods, the air red for the better. It has :ocoa-nuts, but scarce any The inhabitants are of s, and very numerous. It lOfSurat. Lon. 72 38 E, seaport of the United Zealand, on the N shore )f Schowen. Lon. 4 E, town of the United Pro- isle of Overflacke, seven illiamstadt. handsome town of Dutch in the island of Bommel- on tlie Waal, six miles len., lert, an island of Dutch forme '. by the junction nd the Maesc. It is 15 five broad. It was tak- nch in 1794. sl.ind of South America, jast of Terra Firma, t» racao, belonging to the 68 18 W, lat. 12 1614. a bay, liarbour, and America, in Popayan, 90 li. Lon. 75 18 W, lat he most eastern of the Islands. Lon. 22 47 cape on the E side of >Jewfoundland. lunded on the E by Bam- S E and S by Tenda, BON and the Simbani Wilderness ; on the S W by Woolli ; on the W by Foota Torra ; and on tlie N l)y Kajaaga. The country, like that of Woolli, is very generally covered with woods, buttiie land is more elevated, and towards the Faleme river rises into considerable hills. In native fertility the soil is not surpassed, (according to Mr. Park,) by any part of Africa. From tlie cen- tral situation of Bondou, between tlie Gambia and Senegal rivers, it is be- come a place of great resort, both for the Slatees, who generally pass tliro' iL in going from the Coast to the inte- rior countries ; and for occasional tra- ders, who frequently come hither from the inland countries, to purchase salt. By means of the duties, v/liich are very heavy, the king of Bondou is well sup- plied with arms and ammunition ; a cir- cumstance which makes him formida- ble to the neighbouring states. The chief inhabitants ai-e the Foulahs wiio are in general of a tawny complexion, with small features, and soft silky hair. They are naturally of r. mild and gentle disposition, but tha uncharita- ble maxims of the Koran have marobably washed down >y torrents. It produces pepper, fruits and bees- t is used instead of mo- lts are oxen, bufl'aloes, elephants, tigers and s island has mie rivers rd the W and S. The ntinues for eight months d, as dm-ing that time iti-y is overflowed, the . very unhealthfiil, and are forced to build their I 'Which they make fast houses hare but one tions made of cane. The swartliy, and gti almost are Mahometans on the the rest are Gentoos. Company had factories ■ences arising between ttivcs, they were driv. dered. The capital, of is large and populous, irbour, and seated on Lon. 112 27 E, lat 4 stand of the Baltic Sea, Schonen in Sweden. . 54 55 N. ;ensive country in AfH- he N W by Fczzan,on sert of Bilma, on the ,nd on tlie S VV by Nn- from 12 to 22 dcgprees m 17 to 21 «leg;rees of Ihem part is poor, and he provinces of Zaarai B O R h(it :dl the rest is well watered by springs ami rivers that tumble dovtm with a dreadful noise fi-om tlic mountains rendering tlie country prolific in com, grass, and fruits, and giving it a pleasing as|)ect. The eastern and western fron- tiers are divided into mountains and valleys, tlie latter being all covered with tiocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the mountains witii wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. The climate is said to be characterized by excessive, though not by miiform licat. Two seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of April, the o- tlier at the same period in October, di' vide the year. The first is introduced iiy violent winds, that bring with them, from the S £ and S an intense heat, with a deluge of sultry rain, and such tempests of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of the cattle and ma- ny of the people. At the commence- ment of the second sejtson, the ai-dent heat subsides ; tlie air becomes soft and mild, and the weather perfectly serene. The complexion of the natives is black ; hill they are not of the Negro cast Tlie dress of the greater part consists of shirts of blue cotton manufactured in the country, of a red cap imported from Tripoli, and a white muslin ttv- ban from Cairo. Noserings of gold are worn by the principal people. But the only covering of the poorer sort, is iometimes a kind of girdle for the waist. They cultivate Indian com, the horse-bean of Europe, tlie common kidney bean, cotton, hemp, and Indigo. Tiiey have figs, grapes, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, limes, and me- Idiis. Horses, asses, mules, dogs, liorned cattle, goats, sheep, and cam- els (of the flesh of which they are ve- ry fond) are the common animals. Tiieir bees arc so numerous, that the wax is often thrown away as an article of no value. Their game consists of the partridge, wild duck, and ostrich, tlie flesh of which tiiey prize above every other. Their other wild animals .ire tiie lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox ; the elephant, which is not com- mon, and of which they make no use ; the antelope, camelopardalis, crocodile, Slid hippopotamus. They are much in- fisted with snakes, scorpions, centi- I'fdcs, and toads. More than thirty '^ilicrcnt languages are said to be spo- ken in Bornou and its dependencies i »iid the reigning religion is the Maho- ''^SfflSSSfe B O R metan. Their monarchy is elective. On the death of the sovLreigii, the privilujj'e i)t choosing a successor IWuii uinong Ins sons, is confei'i-cd on tiiree persons, whose age, and chajactir for wisdom, are denoted by the titb of ciders. These retire t > .t icqucstercd plat o, the avenues to wLi.l, are guar'ied j and while their deLucrat'ions last, the pi-in- ccs are confined in sepurate ctianibers of the palace. The choice beinp; niiide, they proceed to tl c apartment of the sovereign elect, ai . coiiduct himtotiift gloomy place where the corpse of his fatlier, that cannot be interred tiii liie conclusion of this awful cereiiioiiy, awaits his arrival. There tiic ciders expatiate to him on tiie virtues and ilc. fer.ts of his deceased pai'ent ; describ- ing witli panegyric or censure, the measures that exalted or sinik the glo- ry of his reign. The sultan is said to have 500 ladies in his seraglio, and that his stud likewise contains 500 horses. He has a vast army, which consists al- most entirely of horse i the sabre, lance, pike, and bow, are their weapons of. offience, and a shield of hides is their armour. In their manners the people are courteous and humane : they ore passionately fond of play, the lower classes of draughts ; and tin» higher excel in chess. The capital is of tlie same name. Bornou, the capital of the empire of Bornou, situate in a flat country, on the banks of a small river. It consists of a multitude of houses, neatly plastered, both within and without, with clay or mud i but they are so irregularly placed, that the spaces between them cannot be called streets. Their mosques ju% constructed of brick and earth ; and they have schools, in which the Koran is taught, as in the principal towns of Barbary. The royal palace, forming a kind of citadel, is built in a comer of i the town. Bornou is surrounded by a wall, and is 650 miles S E of MOtm>zok. Lon. 27 30 E, lat 19 40 N. Boroughbridge, a borough in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday ; seated on the Ure,' over which is a stone bridge. It sends two members to parliament ; and is 17 miles N W of York, and 218 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 10 N. Borromdale, u dreary disti'ict in the S part of Cumberland, abounding, be- yond any other part of the world, with the finest soit of black lead or wad ; BOS tlic mines of which arc only opened at iiiUnvuls, ;iiul tlicn r;u-( I'ully closed ajvai'i, irst tliis ])Ptil(>iis substance slioulil licconii,' too coiiinv.in. Crppi-r, lead, and cidiiniiiio, ure uhu) r>iiui d in this tract. Iliin-iiwstoiiniiess, or Bones.'!, a lill.ig'c of Linlithn'owshirc, on tlic t'l'itli of Forth, siirroiindid \vit!i cc.d pits a'ld salt pans. It linn a good part, but its trade i.s not on t!if i'xrciisc, Uojii, an ancient sscJijairt of Sardinia, witli II bliihop's S( c, and a castle, on a ri^(■r of the same name, 17 miles S E Of Alijerl. I.t n. 8 .K F,, lut. 4') 29 N, ifoti.), or A'.iir/i/, a town of Italy, in the Ivl laiiese, se.vlcd ; t!ie Aihe, five niiie-i t^ of Aiexund .,. Lou. 8 52 £, lut 'U J4 N. Bii:a,M, a viilag'c in Sliroijslure, nine n.des S E of Newport, narliaincnt soldiers pass by in quest of him, attcr tiie battle ofVVor- ccster. The tree is now almost cut away by tra.ellers. Boira SiTfiso, a larg'e and strong town of 'luikey and capital of Bosnia, seated on the river Bosna, 110 miles S VV of Belgrade. Lon. 17 57 E, lat. 44 40 N. Bosiua, a province of Turkey in Eu- rojie, botnulcd on the N by Sdavonia, on tlie E l)y Servla, on the S by Albania, and on the W by Croatia and Dalniatia. Ceraio is the capital. Jiossiiw", aborovigh in Cornwall, that sends two members to parliament. It is .seated on tlie Bristol Channel, 17 miles N W of Launcestrm, and 233 W by S of London. Lon. 4 40 W, lat. 50 45 N. B(/.:t, a strong town of Persia, capi- tal of Sa-blestan. Lon. 64 15 E, lat. 31 50 N. Boston, a borough of Lincolnshire, with a mavket on Wednesday and Siitiird.iy. Itis seated on both sides of the Witham, not far from its influx in- to tlie sea ; but its harbour can admit vessels of inferior burden only. It lias !i navijjation fr{)m Lincoln, partly by tlie Witham, and p.irtly by a canal, at t!ie terniinationof whlcii, in Boston, is a large and curious sluit e ; andthcre is anotlit'r canal to Bourn. It i.s a flourishing town, with a spacious ni.ir- ket-pl;ice, .nnd the tower of its Gothic cln!;ch is one of th(' most iol'ty and ele- gant of the kind, and a noted seamark. It is 37 miles S E of Lincoln, a;id 115 B O T N of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 53 1 N. Brntnn, the capital of Massachusetts, asweU a.sofallthe New England States, rontaiiilng 2370 d-.vc'.linr< liouscs, and 24,'.>37 innabiti.ras. It is seated at the br.l'oni of M;i.'sf!ae!iusetts bay, on a peninsida wliicli wiu called by the In- iliiins Shaiimul, tlie first buildings being ereclud ill 16.11. The entrance is nar- row aiid ddiicui., but the harbour is safe, aii'l capicious cr.oiigh to con- tain 500 sail of sliipping in a good (h'pth of water. — Tiie quays and wlitrvcs are convenient, one of the lat- ter, called the Long Whai-f, extend- ing 600 yards into the bay with a breadth of 100 feet, and far excels any other structure of the kind in tiie United States. — The principal public buildings .^re, a State House, a grand and superb edifice, erected in 1795, Fanuel Hall, an alms house, work house, bridewell, and 16 places of re- ligious worship, besides banks and theatres. Souieoftiiese buildings are finished in a style of great elegance.— The entrance into die harbour is de- fended by a castle, formerly called Castle William, on which are mounted about 40 pieces of heavy artillery, be- sides many of a smaller size. — Great part of the town is built in a semi-cir- cular form fro:iting the harbour, on which side it appears to g^i-eat advan- tage. — The strc'ets are irregidai-, with exception of a few, particularly the main street which leads from the long wharf, and exhibits tlience a l)lea.suig prospect of the town house, and a double range of well built dwell, ing houses. — It lies in the lat. of 42*' 23* N, and lon. of 70» 52' W of Lontlon, 252 m. N E of New York, 347 of Phila- dclphia, and about 481 from the city of Wushington. Bosworth, or Market Bosviorth, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Wednesday, seated on a high hill, and famous for the battle which decid- ed for ever tlie contest between the houses of York and Lancaster. It is 13 miles N W of Leicester, and 106 N N W of London. Lon. 1 18 W, lat. 52 40 N. Botany Bay, a bay of New S Wales, on the E coast of New Holland, so called from the great quantity of herbs found on the shore. It was orig^ally fixed on for for a colony of convicts from Great Britain, which, in the sequel, took place at port Jacksun, 15 miles B O T B O U BO U 1. Loii. 5 E, lat. 53 1 N. c ca|)itiil iif Miiss;ichusetts, nil 1 he i^i (• w lini^lanil Statcj. 1670 ilwc'.'.iir< houses, and j'ltunU. It is seated attlie Mrit-i;.ti.!uiscUs bay, on a Uk li wii.4 CiilU-tl by the In- >iit., tlK- -st buildings beinp oil. Tlx entrance is nar- liinii., bill thf barboiip is Mipuciou.s ci.oi!j;h to con. Ill of sliipprng- in a gnod WHter. — 'I'iie quays and ?. convenient, one of tlie lat- Llu; Lorify Whwf, cxtend- iirds into the bay with ft 100 feet, and far excels tructure of the kind in the itcs. — The principal public le, a State House, a grand editicc, erected in 1795, ill, an alms house, work ewell, and 16 places of re- rship, besides banks and Some of these buildings are a. style of preat elegance.— ICC into tlie harbour is de- a castle, formerly called lliam, on which are mounted icccs of heavy artillery, be- r of a smaller size. — Great ; town is built in a setni-cir- i fronting the harbour, on ; it appears to gi-eat advan- i str(:et.s are irregulai', with of a few, particularly the ft which leads from the •f, and exhibits tlience a rospectof the town house, le range of well built dwell- —It lies in the lat. of 42 •^ 2» . of 70' 52' W of London, of New York, 347 of Phila- nd about 481 from the city ton. ., or Market Sosviorth, a ;icestershire, with a market iday, .seated on a high hill, for the battle which decid- Oie contest between the York and Lancaster. It is N W of Leicester, and V of London. Lon.l 18 W, lay, a bay of New S Wales, coast of New Holland, «o the gj-eat ([uantity of herbs .e shore. It was originally • for a colony of convicts from tain, which, in the ncquel, at port Jackson, 15 mile* nirther to the N. Lon. 151 22 E.lat. 34 S. Botany Island, a small island in the South Pacific ocean, to tlic S E of New Caledonia. Lun. 167 16 £, lat. 22 26 S. Bothnia, a province in Sweden, on a rulfof tlie same name, whicli divides it into two parts, called £ and W Bi'tliniu. Botesdale. Sec BudJesdale. Bot\aitr, a town of Suabia, in the Jutchy of Wurteniberg, 15 miles S E ofHailbron. Lon. 9 3:^ W, hit. 49 9 N. Botzenburg, a town of Germany, in the diitchy of Mecklenburg, on the river Elbe. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 53 30 N. Bova, an episcopal town of Naples, neai- the Appcnniues, 28 m. S E of Keg- gio. Lon. 16 20 E, lat 37 50 N. Bouchain, a fortified town of France, in tlie depai'lmeiit of the North and late French Hainault, divided into two paits by tlie Scheld. It is nine miles \V of Valenciennes. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. iO 18 N. Bouchait, a towm of France, lately in the province of Touraine, now in the department of Indre and Loire, situate in an island of the river Vienne, 15 miles S S Wof Tours. Boudry, a town of Swisserland, in the county of Neufchatel. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47 1 N. Bouillon, a town of France, in tlie dutchy of the same name, and territory of Luxemburg. It has a castle, seated on an almost inaccessible rock, near the river Semois, 12 miles N of Sedan. Lon. 5 20 V, lat. 49 45 N. Botiignei, a. town of the Austrian Netherlands, in Namur, on the river Meuse, ten miles S of Namur. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 19 N, Bovino, an episcopal town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated at the foot of the Api)ennines, 15 miles N E of Bencvcs- to. Loij. 15 15 E, lat. 4117 N. Boulogne, a large seaport of France, in the department of the straits of Calais and late province of Boulonncij, It was lately an episcopal see ; and is divided into two towns, tlie Higher and the Lower. The former is strong both by nature and ai*t ; and the latter is only surrounded by a single wall. The harbour has a mole for the safety of the s}iips i and which at the same time, prevents it from being choaked up. It is seated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14 miles S of Calais. I^on. 1 42 E, lat. 5v 44 N. JlourLon, an island of Africa, in the IiKiiun Otean, 60 miles long, and 45 bi-oiid. 'i here is not a safe harbour in the island; but many good roads for 8hi]);;in^'. It is for the most part mountainous, but in some places tlicre are very beautiful and fertile plains. The climate is liot, but not to such a de- gree as ini^iit be expected IVom its situation, the breezes from the moun- tains being constant, and very refresh- ing. On the S L is a volcano. It is a fertile island ; producing in particular, excellent tobacco. Tlie French set- tled here in 1672, and had some con- siderable towns in the isluiid ; hut it now belongs to the English East 4n- dia Company. It is 300 miles <¥. of Madagascar. Lon. 55 30 E, lat. 20 52 N. Bourbon Land, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy, re- markable for its castle, and hot baths. It has a large marble pavement, culled the Great Batli, which is a work of the Romans.. It is 15 miles S W of Autun. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 46 47 N. Bourbon I' Archavibeau, a town of France, in the department of Allier and late province of Bouibonnois, sit- uate in a bottom, near the river Allier. It is remarkable for its baths which are very hot, and for giving name to the family of the late unfortunate king of France. It is 15 miles VV of M is, and 362 S of Paris. Lon. 3 5 E, 1;. . o 35 N. Bourbonnc-les Bains, a town of France, in tlie department of Upper Marne and late province of Champagne, fa- mous for its hot baths. It is 17 miles E of Langrcs. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 47 54 N. Bfurbonnois, alate province of France, bounded on the N by Nivernois and Berry, on the W by Berry aiul a small part of Marche, on the S by Au- vergnc, and on the E by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in com, fruit, pasture, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the department of Allier. Bourdeaux, an ancient city of France, in the department of Gironde, and late province of Guienne. It was an arch- bishop's see ; hus a university, and an academy of arts and sciences. It is buiU in the form of a bow, of which the river Garonne is the string. This riv- 111 B O U B O U «r is bordered by alnrgfc quay, and the wa'c'i- ribcu four yards ut full tide, for viiicli reusonti tiie luri^esi vcsselsi can conic iij) to it very readily. The cas- tle culled the Trumpet in seated at the entrance of the quay, and the river ruuB round its walU. The town has r2g'ute:>; and near another custle are line w;.!ks under several rowsoftrees. The ancient city of Bourdeaux, tiiough considerable in point of size, was ill built, badly paved, without police, or un) of tiiesc municipal regulations, in- dispensably requisite to render a city splendid or elegant. It has entirely changed its a])pearance within tliese last 40 yeiirs. The public cdiiices are ver) noble, iuidall the sti-eets newly built are regular and handsome. The quays are four miles in length, and the river itself is considerably broader than the I'humcs at London bridge. The beauty of tiie river Garonne and the be.iut)- of the surrounding coiuitry were probably the causes which in- duced the Romans to lay the founda- tions of this city. The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet remain, con- structed under the emperor Galienus, btiilt of brick ; likewise several aque- ducts. It is 87 miles S of Rochelle, »nd .325 S W of Paris. Lon. 34 W, Ittt. 44 50 N. Bourdines, a town of the Austrian . Netherlands, in Namur, five miles N W of Huy. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 35 N. Bourg, a town of France, lately in tlie province of Bresse. Near this place is tlie magnificent church and monastery oi'thc late Augustins. Bourg is seated on the river Ressousse, 20 miles S £ of Macon, and 233 of Paris. Lon. 5 19E, lat. 46 UN. ■Bourg, a. town of France, lately in the province of Guienne, now in the tle]jai'tinent of Girondc, with a good 4iarb(i\ir on the Dorgogne, near the point of land brmed by the junction ring called Bourn Well-head, from which proceeds a river that runs through the town. From Bourn is a na- vigable canal to Boston. It is 35 miles SofLincoln, and 97 N of London. Lon. 30 W, lat. 52 42 N. Bouro, an island in the Indian Ocetn, between the Moluccas and Celebes, subject to the Dutch, who have a for- tress here. Some mountains in it are ex- tremely high, and the sea on one side ij uncommonly deep. It produces nut- megs and cloves, cocoa, and banana I trees, and many vegetables introduced by the Dutch. The banks of the riven | are infested by crocodiles of an aston- ishing size, who devour such beasts as fall in their way ; and men are protect- 1 ed from their fury by no other metliod than carrying torches. Bouro is 50 | miles in circumference. Lon. 127 25 £, lat- 3 30 S. Bourton-on-the'hill, a village in Glou- cestershire, on the side of a hill, witlia I fine prospect into Oxfordshire. It is five miles from Stow, and ^0 frm | Gloucester, Bourton-on-the-vater, a village, one I mile from the preceding place, water- ed by a river tJiat rises near it, which I here spreads 30 feet viide, and over I which i-M a stone bridge. Adjoiniifg to I it is a Roman camp, where coins aixl | other a.itiquities are dug up. . BoMJac, a town of France, ipthe it- I -■ wuwnm i w i 'ww ii n ii^ iwu i n i n i .m B O U Lou. 1 35 E, lat. 4ji ^9 N. n ancient city of Frunite in lent of Chur unci lute prov. y. I' atundi uvon a gr(}iit nd but ibbuttliinly pcopiij men students and ccclcsius- lolc number of students only to about IB.OOO. It is the )f Lewis XI. the Nero of d tlie celebrated nreatiicr It is seated on tlic riviia YevTc, 25 miles N W uf 1125 S of Paris. Lon. 2 2» ; N. I tovm of Savoy, on a lake of lame, six miles N of Cham- n. 5 50 E lat 45 41 N. Relnt, a town of France, one " Paris. t, a town of France, in t!ie t of Upper Marnu and late ' Champagne, 22 miles E by mont. Lon. 5 43 E, lat. 48 town in Lincolnshire, with a et on Saturday. It is seated ng called Bourn Well-head, \\ proceeds a river th.it runs e town. From Bourn is a na- lalto Boston. It is 35 niiku In, and 97 N of London. Lon. iat. 52 42 N. n island in the Indian Ocean, ;he Moluccas and Celebes, the Dutch, who have a for. Some mountains in it are ex- gh, andtlie sea on one side is ily deep. It produces nut- cloves, cocoa, and bansna | many vegetables introduced xh. The banks of the riven :d by crocodiles of an aston- :, who devour such beasts as ir way ; and men are protect- ' leir fury by no other metliod ing torches. Bouro is 50 ircumference. Lon. 127 25 los. \on-the-hill, a village in Oton- e, on the sideofahUl, W"\* i lect into Oxfordshire. R is from Stow, and ;}0 from I*"' ... I on-the-v>ater, a village, one | the preceding place, water- i^er tliat rises near it, which |ads 30 feet viide, and over stone bridge. AdjowBig to iman camp, where cohw awl | [uities are dug up. . a town of France, ipthe «• BRA partmentofCreuse and late province of Murclie, with a castle almost inaccessi- ble, 25 miles N E of Gucret. Bnuton, an island in the Indian Orran, 12 miles S E nf Celebes. The inhabi- tuiits arc small but well shaped, and of a dark olive comjilexioii. Their rclig'ion is Maliomctanisni. Lun. 123 30 E, lat. 5 S. B(K), a town in Devonshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated at the source of a river that falls into the Taw, 14 miles N \V of Exeter, and 188 W by S of London. Lon. 3 49 W, lat. 50 50 N. Bam., or Stratford le Bavi, a considera- ble "illage in Middlesex, two miles E N £ of London. It is said that t'ii° bridge here, was the first stone one built in England, and that from its arch- es it received tlie name of Bow. Bowling Green, a village with a post- office, in Cai'oline county, Virginia, 84 miles from Wathington, and 22 S of Fredericksburg on the Rappaltonnock. Bovmets. See Bulneti. Box/«y, a village in Kent, near Maid- stone, famcus for an abbey of Cister- tian monks, founded by William earl of Kent in 1146, the remains of which still exist. In this abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the city of Lon- don, empowering them to elect a mayor from their own body. Boxtet, a town of Dutch Brabant, on the river Bommel, eight miles S of Bois-le-duc. Lon. 5 15 E,lat. 51 32 N. Boxthude, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of firemen seated on a brook whicli falls into the Elbe, 12 miles S W of Hamburg. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 53 26 N. Boyle, or Abbey Boyle, a borough of Ireland, in tl>e county of Roscommon. It is seated near \ak& Key, 23 miles N of Roscommon. Boyne, a river of Ireland, which rises in Qiieen's county, and runs by Trim and Cavan, into the Irish channel, be- low Drogheda. Here the decisive battle was fought between James II. and William III. Boyolo, a town of Italy in the dutchy of Mantua, capital of a territory of the same name, subject to the house of Austria. It is 15 mites S W of Man- tua. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 45 6 N. Braan, a river of Scotland, which descending from the hills of Perthsf.ire, E of loch Tay, falls into the Tay above Duiikeld. Upon tlui^ riv^r U ft ^and BRA scene, at a plarc called the Rumbling Bridge. Uniler an anli, tlirowtt omt a narrow rliasm, between Iwn project- ing rocks, the river is precipitated in a full of iiear 50 feet. Brabant, a dutchy of the Netherlands, bounded on the N by Ilullund, on the N E by GueUlcrland, on the E by Liege, on the S by Nanuir, and on the W by Hiiinault, Flanders, and Zealand. It it divided into Dutch Brabant and Aus- trian Brabant, watered by several riv- ers, of which the Schcld, the Ruppel, and the Domnicl arc the chief. It was overrun by the French in 1794. Bracciano, a town of Italv in the pa- trimony of St. Peter, "\ a lake of tlie same name, 12 mile. N W of Rome. There are some celebrated batlis to t!ie Wofthc town. Lon. 12 24E,lat.423Nj Bracilav!, a strong town of Poland in Podolia, on the river Bog, 85 miles £ of Kaminieck. Lon. 2830E,lat. 48 49 N. Bradley, a borough in Northampton- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on the river Ousc, and contains two churches, and had for- merly a college, now a freeschool. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It lies 18 miles S of Northampton, and 64 N W of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 52 2 N. Bradealey, or Badesley, a village near Bromsgrove, in Worcestershirs, where are the ruins of a superb abbey, founded byempress Maud, mother of Henry II. Bradjield, a town in Essex, with a market on Thursday, 16 miles N of Chelmsford. Lon. 30 E, lat. 51 58 N. Bradford, a town in Wilts, with • market on Monday. It is the centre of the greatest mamifactiire of super- fine cloths in England, which it sharei with the surrotmding towns of Trow- bridge, Melksham, Corshanrt, and Chippenham. It is seated on the Avon, 11 miles W of Devizes and 102 of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 51 20 N. Bradford, a town in the W riding of .Yorkshire, with a market (m Monday. It is seated on a branch of tiie Aire, 36 miles S W of York, and 193 N N W of London, and has a trade in shalloons, everlastings, &c. which are made in the neighbourhood. Lon. 1 40 W, latt 53 49 N. Brae-Mar^ a fertile vale in Aber- deenshire, surrounded by rugged pre* cipices. Here the earl of Mar begaa the rebellion in 1715. \t is %T bUM N W of Aberdeen* airMXii ! i BRA BRA Brrn^a, a town of Portupfal, capital of Em c'-Minhoe-p.Douoro, 8eatcbacco, Indian corn, and of fruits and medicinal vyqod brought from Bra- 80 called, is of great uie and within the country and several sorts of pre- Tbc cattle carried ovM ki to BRA from Europe, increase prodigiously. Tlicy have several oiiiinaU nut known III Eurulic i anuiiig the rest, a bcauti- I'lil bird called Culibri wliicti in size is nut much largur than that uf a Mayb'iK', but siiigN uit iiurmoiiiuusly as a iiiglitiii- gulc. The Portuguese chicHy inhabit (lie- cuaut j fur tlicy have luit |)t:nctra- icd fur into the country. Tlic inland parts arc full of |>euplc of diflcrcnt lan- guages I but they uU agree in wearing III) sort of clothes. They are of a cup- [ic colour, witli long coarse black hair un their heads, but without anv on the otiicr parts of their bodies, iikc the rest of the Americans. They are strong, lively, and guy, luid being subject tu few diseases, live a long time. They love to adorn themselves with feathers, and are fond of feasts, at which they dance immoderately. They have no temples, nor any other sign of religion; and they make no manner of scruple to marry their nearest relations. They huve huts made of the branches of trees, and covered with palm leaves. Their furniture consists chiefly in their ham- mocks, and dishes, or cups made of calibashes, painted without of a reil roloiu', and black within. Their knives arc made of a sort of stone and split canes ; and they have baskets of dif- ferent sizes, chiefly made of palm leaves. Their arms are bows, arrows, and wooden clubs. When they travel they fasten their hammocks between two trees, and sleep all night therein. The Portuguese divide Brasil into fif- teen governments, which are governed by a viceroy, who resides at St. Salva- dor, the capital. Braua, one of the Shetland Islands, where is the noted Bracsa Sound i in which 1000 sail may at once find com- modious mooring. Brattma, or Cronitadt, a strong town of Transylvania, on the river Burczel, 50 miles £ by N uf Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 55 E, lat. 46 35 N. Brattleborough, a town of Windham county, Vermont ; situat i on the W side of Connecticut Rive *, 36 miles E uf Bennington, nine S. of Pultney, and has about 2000 inhabitants. The post office is 445 miles from Washing- ton. Braubach, a. town of Germany, in Wetaravia, witli a castle, seated on tlic Rhine, eight miles S of Coblentz. Braunavi, a- town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, icHted on the river B R E Kiun, 35 miles S W of Pausiau. Loiv 13 3 E, lat. 4D lU N. Braumburg, a town of Poland, in Ne\T Prussia, w>tli a cumnHulioiia liai'botir, seated near the Baltic, 50 miles b uf Duntzic. Lon. 30 6 E, lat. .U '2'2 N. Braurjfetd, a town of Ueriiiuny, in th* count) ufSolms, with a liandMuine i>:u lace, 26 miles N by W of FrancforU Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 50 21 N. Btava, a town of Africa, on the coast of Ajun, with a pretty goud harbour. It is 80 miles from Maguduxo. Lon. 43 25 E, lat. 1 20 N. Bravo, one of the Cape-dc-Verd Is- lands, remarkable for excellent wine, and inhabited by the Portuguese. Lon, 24 59 W, lat. 14 32 N, Bray, a seaport of Ireland, In tha county of Wicklow, seated on St. George's Channel, 10 miles S of Dub> lin. Lon. 6 1 W, lat. 5.) 11 N. Bray, a village in Berkshire, seated on the Thames, one mil« S of Maidcuj head. Brazza, a town and island on tho coast of Dalmutia, in tlie gulf of Ve-. nice, opposite Spalatro, and subject to Venice. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 43 50 N. Breadalbane. See Albany. Brechin, a borough m Angusshire. It consists of one large handsome street, and two smaller ; and is seated on the side of a small hill, washed by the ri- ver Soiithcsk, over which there is a stone bridge of two large arches. It is a royal borough, and with four others sends a member to parliament. It lies at eight miles distance from Montrose, and the tide flows within two miles of the town. The cathedral is a Gothic [)ile, supported by 13 pillars. It is in length 166 feet; in breadth 61; put is ruinous, and part serves as a parish church. The west end of one of the aisles is entire ; its door is Gothic, and the arch consists of m.iny moukUngs. The steeple is a handsome tower, 130 feet high ; the four lower windows in form of long narrow openingfs. The top is battlemented, ana from it rises a handsome spire. At a small distance from the aisle stands one of those sin- gular round towers, whose use has so long biiffled the conjectures of antiqua- ries. ' "(his tower has been observed to shake with the wind. The castle of Br«chin was built on an eminence a lit- tle S of tlie town, and was gallantly defen4ed against the English in 1303, by Sir IThomas I|f aule, The family ^f \ IP' ^ f m r B R E rw.muie li»ve now a lioimo in tlic »it-' U:Uiaii iil'llio (llil ( iiHlh'. IttI nililivit':i('- (iri'i nfi iiarxf liiii'ji uixl h.uI rlotli art- lit pprHciit |»ros|)« rmm, il Inn it w«rkl} niaikrl oil riic.diiv, ti> wliK'li (frriit qiluntiticK orviiin nrr lir<>ii)clit iViiiii tlir country fi)r n.ile i tliiri' an- iiUdlicTe hc- vcral (iiii'N tlii'dui^li tlic \»iir fur cattliv It in ru niiliM N ['. of Etliiiburgli. Lnn, 2 IHK, l..t. 36 40 N. Brtrhi.x'K or ttrecm, tliC cnijitiil of Uri'ikiMK-k^liiri', culled liy tin- Wi'Uli AljlHT-Hondiiry, iind seated ut the cuDlIiieiK't' (if tli>- llimddey nnd Usk. Il In nn niieient |>laee, as u|i|iear< bytlu' Hoinun coins tluit lire oflen dii(^ ii|) here. It sends one rneliilier to purlia- nicnl, and is .Vl miles N W of Mon- inoiitli, mid 1()J W bv N of London. Lon. i 2.' W. lat. 51 54 N. hieihuicithin; u. county nf Soutli Wales, 3!) miles in U'ii(;tli, and 27 in hreadtli I bounded on tbf V, by Here- foi'dsliirc and iMoninoutlisbire, on the S by t;lamor),'aiisbirc, on the W by CHrniartheimliiiv Hiid Curdi)r';iiisliirc, and on the N by Hiulnor.shire. It is full of mountuins, some of which are exrecdintrly hi^h, particularly Monuch- dcnny hill, not far from Urccknock ; but there are larjje fertile plains and vallics, wliich yield plenty of com, and feed (frent numbers of cattle. Its principid rivers are the Wye und the Usk. Hivda, a city of Dutch Brabant, lar«e, popnldus and well built. It is reK^'"''')' fortilled after the modern ■way, and in one of the strongest places en the Dutch frontiers. It is seated on the river Meek, in a murshy coun- try, which may be overflowed and ren- deifd inacce.4Hible to an army. The preai »hurch is a noble structure, with a fine ipirc, 362 feet hifj'h. It was ta- ken by the French in 1793, and apnin ill 17'J5, wlieii thcv overran Holland. It is 22 r.iilcs W IJv S of Bois-le-duc, 25 N N K of Antwerp, and 60 S of Amsterdam. Lon, 4 50 £, lat. 51 35 N. Bregentz, a town of Germany, capi- tal of a county of the jame name, in Uie Tirol. It is seated on the lake of Constance, 70 miles N K of Appenzel. Lon. 9 45 E. lat. 47 27 N. Brchar, the ti.ost tnoimtainouB of the ficillv Islands, 30 miles W of tlic Lund's End. Lon. 6 42 W, lat. 50 2 N. Brele, a river of France, wliich di- B R R vidcs tlir drpnrtmftit of Lower Seine rmm that of Snmnie, iiiid watering Vm, enters the Kn^^lish Cliiiniul. H)i nigdrhii, n town of Swisitrrlntid, in the free lower bailiwies, watered by the KeiiHS between tlip eai tons of Zu. rie and Hern. The inhabitants dent ehieflv in paper ; and are I'apists, It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town, has a biitidsome iirid^e over the Ueiiss, and i» 10 miles W of Zurio, Lon. H 17 E, lat. 47 20 N. Bretnrn, a eonsideruble town of Ger- many, ea])ital of u diitehy of the same name, with an urelibishop's see, which is serul.ri/.eil. It is divided by th« Weser into the Ohl and New 'i'«)wn. In 1739, while the inhabitunts were asleep, the maffn/.ine of powder was set on fire by li^''litnin)7, and all the houses were shaken, as if there had been an cartlupiake. It is 22 miles E of Oldcnburi;. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 N. Bremen, a dutchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lyinjf between the Weser und the Elbe, of which the former separates it from Oldenburtr, und the other from Holstein. The air i.i cold i but the country is fertile and well peopled. It formerly bclonjifcd to the Swedes, but was sola to the elect- or of Hanover, in 1716. In the win. ter it is subject to inundations, and piur> cnlarlv in 1()17, on Christmas-day, sev- eral tlioiisand cattle were drownec' | beside several hundreds of men. Bre- men is the capital. Bremeniuoeril, a town of Geroiany, in the dutchy of Bremen, 27 miles N of Bremen. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 53 33 N. Brent, a town of Devonshire, with ft market on Saturday, 26 miles S W of E.xeter, and 200 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 50 33N. Brent, a river in Somersetshire, which rises in Selwood Forest, on the edge of Wilts, and fulls into Bridge- water Bay. Brente, a river which rises in the bishopric of Trent, and fulls into the gulf of Venice, opposite that city. Brentfiinl, a town in Middlesex, with a maiket on Tuesday. It is seated on the Thames, into which at tlie W end of the town, flows a rivulet called the Brent Here the freeholders of Mid- dlesex choose the knights of the shire. It is divided into Old and New Brent- ford, in which l.nst are the church and market-house. It ii seven miles W of R r. tmriit of I.nw*r Sriiio HUM', mill watering' Ku, inll CIllilllU'l. a town of Swinncrliind, ■r liHiliwirN, Wtttrrcd hf vfcii llir ml tiiiiH of 7.U. 'I'lif iiiliuliitunts ri^l^;^■ over tlie 10 inil(!< W of Zurir. It. 47 '20 S. m*\{\vvMf town of Ger- >f u (Intcliy of the Mume uri'lil)ii*h- oji'x ler. It ii seati'd on the li.ifz.i, 9.^ iiiilcH \V of Veniic. Loll. 10 5 E, lut. 4j:)l N. tircteiann, a province of Italy, in tlir ti'iTitory of Venice j lioiindcd on the N l>\ till- cniinlry of the CiriitonH and the jjiijioprir of Trent 1 on the E by lake C.iriiit, the VcroiH'Ne, and the Man- liuui ; on the S by the Mantuun and the Cn-inoncKej iind on the VV bv Crein- aHco, Bergamo, and the Vulteline. It \* watered by Ncveral small rivers, and ii full of towns and villages, of which Ui'cHcia is the capital. BreirlUi, a town of Italy, in the Mo- ilcnese, on the river Po, 27 miles N VV »f MiKlena. Lon. 10 41 E, lat. 44 50 N. Vrealmv, a large, rich, and populous town of Germany, capital of Silesia, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is seated at the conflux of the Oder and Ola, which last runs through sev- eral of the streets. All the houses are built with stone, and it is surruiuulcd liy govHl walls, strengthened with ram- parts and other works. There arc two inlRnds near it, formed by the Oder i in otte of which is a church, whose tuwer was burnt by lightning in 1730 i iu the other, called Thum, is the ciub- cdral. The royal palace was obtained liy the Jesuit.i, where they founded a university in 1702. The two priricipsJ churches bclimg to the Ptutestants ; nrar one of which is a college. It is 112 miles N E of Prague, uml 165 N of Vienna. Lon. 17 8 E, lat. 51 3 N. Bresse, a late province of France, wliich now forms the department of Ain. Is bounded on the N by Burgun- dy and Franchc Comte, on tlie E by Savoy, on the S by the Viennoies, and on the W by the Lyonois. Brestici, or Brzetk, the capital of Polesia, in Poland, seated on the river B'lg, 100 miles E of Wars.aw. It is a fortified town, and has a castle built tipnn a rock. Here is a synagogue, rc- SDi-tcd to by the Jews from nil the iimntries in Europe. Lon. 24 6 E, lat. 52 4 N. Breuuire, K town of France, lately hi B R £ the province of Poitoii, now inrluJad in the (lepurtMirrit of tlie Two Sevres. Bniit, u town of Krunre, in the de- partintnt olFiiiestcrre ami iati' pruvinco of Hrittuiiy, with a castle seated on « I'raggy rock by the seaside. The street* are narrow, crooked, luid all upon a tli'i'livity. Thecpiu) is alioxe u mile iu length. The arsenal was built by Lew- is XIV. whose »iu'i:r».sor established a murine academy here in 1752. 'I'liis is llu- lest jMii't in France, and has ev- ery act'oinniodntion for the navy. Tho English attempted in vain to Like this place in 1694. It is 30 miles S E of Morlaix, and 325 N of Puiis. Lon. 4 30 VV, lat. 48 22 N. Brelagny or Brittany, a lute pro^ inco of France, 150 miles in length, and 113 in breadth. It is siirroiuided liy tha ocean except on the E where it is uni- ted to Anjou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou. The air is lemi)eratc, and it has large forests. It now forms the departments of the North Coast, Fin- isterre. Isle andVillaine, Lower Lobe, imd Morbinun. Breteuit, a town of France, in the de- purt.mcnt of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandv, seated on the Iton, 15 miles S W of Evreux, and 65 VV of Paris Lon. 1 E, lat. 48 56 N. Breton, Cape, un island of North A- merici, between 45 and 47* N lat se- parated from Nova Scotia by a narrow strait, called Canso, and is 100 milct in length, and 50 in breadth. It is a barren country, subject to fogs through- out the year, and covered with snow in the winter. There is an excellent fish- ery on this coast. It was confirmed to England by treaty in 1763. See Louii- bourg. . Brevafdt, a town of Dutch Guclder- laud, 24 miles S E of Zutphen. LOn. 6 25 E, l«t. 52 2 N. Brev:tri-Uaven, a g«od harbour on the N end of the island of Chiloe, on the coast of Chili. The Dutch landed here in 1643, designing to get posses- sion of some pai't of Chili i but they were driven from thence by the Span- iards and natives. Lon. 74 W, Ut. 42 30 S. Breviood, a town in StafTordshire, with a market on Tuesday, 10 miles S by VV" of SUiflbrd, and 130 N W of London. Lon. 2 5 VV, Lit. 52 43 N. Bray, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Liege, 14 miles N of Maesti'icht. Lon. 5 39 E. lat. 51 4 N. I. K \''!|i B R I BR I Brlancon, a town of France, in the tk:|)arlmcnl oi' iJpi)tr Alps and late pro- vmiu of Dauj)liiny, with a castle stated on :i eragg)' rock. It is remarkable for the manna giitlierwl in its neighbour- hood, wliicii at first appears on the leaves and sin:dl branches of a sort of pine-tice; but they make incisions into the bark, ti (fct lai'ger (juantities. It has a noble bridge over the Durance, and had a handsome church ; it is 17 miles N W of Embrun. Lon. 6 'Z^ E, lat. 4-1. 46 N. Biiaire, a town of France, in the department of luii-et and late province of Orleanois, seated on the Laire, and remark iilile for a canal of communica- tion between that river and tlie Seine. It i.s 35 miles S E of Orleans, and 88 S of Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 4/ 40 N. Biidgeiid, a town in Glamorganshire, witli a market on Saturday ; •cuted on the Ogmore, which divides it into two parts, joined by u stone bridge. It is seven miles VV by N of Cowbridge, and 1? 8 W of London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 51 30 N. BriJgeport, a town in Fairfield coun- ty, Connecticut, situated on Long 1- eland Sound, on the E side of Sasco river, opposite to Fairfield, 10 miles S W of Stratford and 10 N E of Nor- walk. Here is a post office 304 miles from Wathington. Bridgetown, the capital of the island of Barbadoes, situate in the inmost part of Carlise Bay. It contains laOO houses, and would make a figure in any kingdom of Europe. The streets are broad, the houses well built smd finished, and their rents as liigh as •uch houses would let for in London. '^'he wharfs and quays are convenient, and the f ;its strong. The chur€h is as large as some cathedrals, and it has a fine organ. Here also is a freeschool, an hos])itaI, and a college ; the latter •rccted by the society for propagating the gospel, pursuant to the will of colonel Codi'ington, wlio endowed it vitli 2000/. a year. Lon. 50 36 W, lat. 13 5 N. Bridgetcmin, a post town of Cumber- land county, Maine, about 40 miles N VV of Portland. BridgetoiL'n, a post town in Cumber- land county, Maryland, 120 miles fi-om Washington. Bridgetcmn, a principal town ofCum- herland county. New Jersey, 14 miles S of Salem, 48 N by W from Cape Mav, and about 50 from Philadelpliii. . Here is a post office 185 miles fram Washington, Bridgtnorth, a borough in Shropshire, with a market on Saturday t seated on the Severn, which divides it into the Upper and Lower Town, joined by a stonu bridge. It has two churches, and a freeschool that sends and main- tains 18 scholai-s at the university uf Oxford. It was formerly fprtified with walls, and had a castle, seated on » rock, now in ruins. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is 20 miles W bv N of Birmingham, and 139 N W of London. Lon, 2 28 W, lat. 52 36 N. Bridgcuiater, a borough in Somerset- shire, with a market on Thursday and Saturday, and a large handsome church. It is seated on the river Parret, over which is a stone bridge, and near it ships of 100 tons burden may ride. It is a well frequented place with the ti- tle of a dutchy, carries on a considera- ble coasting trade, and trades with Ireland and Norway. It is eight miles S of the British Channel, 31 S S W of Bristol, and 137 W by S of London. Lcn. 3 10 W, lat. 51 7 N. Bridgewater, a post town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 22 miles S of Boston. In 1800 the township contain- ed 5200 inhabitants. Bridlington, or Burlington, a seaport in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on a creek near Flamborough-head, with a commodious quay for ships, and is a place of good ti-ade, 36 miles N of Hull and 208 of London. Lon. 5 W, lat. 54 8 N. Bridport, a borough in Dorsetshire, with a mai'ket on Saturday. It is seat- ed between two rivers, and had once a harbour, which is now choked up with sand. It is 12 miles W of Dorchester and 135 W by S of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 50 42 N. Brieg, a handsome town of Silesii^ capital of a territory of the same name, with a college, and an academy for the nobility. It is seated on the Oder, 20 miles S E of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 50 50 N. Breil, a town of the United Provin- ces, capital of the island of Voom, seated at the mouth of the Maese, 13 miles S W of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 51 50 N. Brientz, a lake of Swisserland, in \\\a canton of Bern, tliree leagues Ion; ^i; ■fi ' BR I id about 50 from Philadelpliia, I a post ofiice 185 miles fram (fton. .north, a borough in Shropshire, narket on Saturday ) seated on cm, Avhich divides it into the Hid Lower Town, joined by a ridge. It has two churches, ecsi'hool tliut sends and main. scliolars at tlic university of It was formerly fortified with nd had a custle, seated on a w in ruins. It sends two mem. jarliament, and is 20 miles W Birming-ham, and 139 N W of Lon. 3 28 W, lat. 52 36 N. ^aier, a borough in Somerset, 'ith a market on Thursday and ,', and a large handsome church, ted on the river Parret, over 9 a stone bridge, and tiear it 100 tons burden may ride. It frequented place with the ti- lutchy, carries on a considera- itiiig trade, and trades with uid Norway. It is eight miles British Channel, 31 S S W of and 137 W by S of London. W, lat. 51 7 N. ■water, a post town in Plymouth Massachusetts, 22 miles S of In 1800 the township contain- inhabitants. tgton, or Burlington, a seaport riding of Yorkshire, with a in Saturday. It is seated on lear Flamborough-head, with idious quay for ships, and is a g^ood trade, 36 miles N of Hull }f London. Lon. 5 W, lat. rt, a borough in Dorsetshire, arket on Saturday. It is seat- en two rivers, and had once a w^hich is now choked up with 'a 12 miles W of Dorchester IV by S of London. Lon. 2 52 42 N. handsome town of Silesia^ a territory of the same name, liege, and an academy for the It is seated on the Oder, 20 of Breslaw. Lon. 17 35 E, N. 1 town of the United Provin- tal of the island of Voom, the mouth of the Maese, 13 V^cf Rotterdam. Lon. 4 23 SON. a lake of Swisserland, in 1 of Bern, tliree leagues long B R I and OHe brrtad. The Aar nins through the whole estentof this lake, and unites it to tliat of Thun. Briescia. See Poleaia. Brieux, St. a town of France, in the department of the North Coast and late province of Brittany, with a good harbour. It is seated near the English Channel, 50 miles N W of Rennes. Lnn. 2 38 W, lat. 48 31 N. Briey, a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, lately in tlie province of Lorraine, seated near the rivor Manse, 30 miles N E of St. Mi- chael. Brlgg. See Glandfordbridge. Brighthelmston, or Brighton, a sea- port m Sussex, with a market on Thursday. It was a poor town, inha- bited chiefly by fishermen, but having become a fiisliionable resort for sea- bathing, it has been enlarged by many handsome houses, with public rooms, he. Here Charles II. embarked for France in 1651, after the battle of Worcester. It is the station of the packet-boats, to and from Dieppe, and ia 56 miles S of London, and 74 N W of Dieppe. Lon. 6 E lat. 50 52 N. Brignotlti, a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, famous for its prunes. It is seated among mountains, in a pleasant country, 325 miles S S E of Paris. Lon. 6 IS E, lat. 43 24 N. Brihuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, seated at the foot of the moun- tain Tajuna, 43 miles N E of Madrid. Lon. 4"l0 W, lat. 40 50 N. Brimpsfield, a village in Gloucester- shire, at the rioiu-ce of the river Stroud, wherie are the foundations of a castle long destroyed. It has also a nunne- ry. It is seven miles S E of Glouces- ter. Brindiei, an ancient seaport of Na- ples, in Otranto, witli an archbishop's tee, and a fortress. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 32 miles E of Ta- rento. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 40 45 N. Brintt, a town of Moravia, where the assembly of the states meet. It is seat- ed at the confluence of the 'Jwitta and Swart, 53 miles N of Vienna, and 27 S W of Olmutz. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 49 6 N. Brioude, in France, the name of two towns, a mile distant from each other now in the department of Upper Loire, I lately in the province •f Velay ; one of I B R I which is called Old Brioude, and the other Church Brioude, on account of » famous chapter. Old Brioude is seat- ed on the river AUier, over which is a bridge of one arch, whose diameter is 173 ieet. It is 16 miles S of Issoire, and 225 S by E of Paris. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 45 16 N. Briqueras, a town of Piedmont, in the valley of Lucem, three miles from the town of that name. Lon. 7 34 E, lat 44 56 N. Briaach, Old, a town of Siiabia, ones the capital of Brisgaw, seated on th« Rhine, over which is a bridge of boats, 25 miles S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 49 Z, lat. 48 2 N. Briaach, .Mju), a fortified town of Frtince, in the department of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsiice. It is built opposite Old Brisuch, about % mile from tlie Rhine, and 23 S of Strasburg. Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 48 5 N- Briagam, a territory of Suabia, <.'n the S side of the Rhine, which separates it from the department of Upper Rhine. Briaaac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, seated on the river Aubence, 13 miles S of Angers. Lon. 27 W, lat. 47 20 N. Brialol, a city and seaport in Glou- cestershire • and Somersetshire ; t« which last county it was accounted to belong, before it formed a separate ju- risdiction. In wealth, trade, and po- pulation, it has long been reckoned the second in this kingdom. It is seated at the confluence of the Avon with thj Frome, ten miles from the influx of the Avon into the Severn. Bristol ha* a prodigious trade ; for it is reckoned that hence 2000 ships sail ycarl}'. The tide rising to a great hciglit in these narrow rivers, brings vessels of consi- derable burden to the quay. But the largest ships are discharged at Hung* road four miles below the city, and the goods are brought to the quay bjr lighters. For building, equipping and repairing ships, there are docks, yards, rope walks and ship-wrights. There are some considerable woollen ma- nufactures ; and no less than IS gLua- houses, and a sugar refinery which • one of its principal manufactures. Fo supplying the city with water there are six public conduits ; and hand- some hackney coaches may be hired at reasonable rates. There are also Stage coaches which set out every d*/ fli l!l B R I B R I for Bnth, London, and otlicr places. Hitiicr 13 a gruat resort in the suniinur of invalids us well as other company; for whose accomniodatifm and enter- tainment there is a pur-;[)-rooin, ball- room, coflce-housc, v.ith ta- orns, and a great mnnbi'i" of cleg-ant lodg-ing houses, l)i)tli below, on a level witli tlic well, and above in the dclig^htful village of Clifton, which is situated '>n tlic brow of a hill, from whence there are downs extcndinpj several miics where the company ride ont for ex- ercise. It has 18 churches, beside the cathedral, a hrid};-e over the Avon, a evistom-hoiise, and an exchaiijjfc. 'Ilic Hot Well, about a mile from tlic town, on the side of the A\onj is iiuich resort- ec Island is into England, Scotland, and Wales. Briuiin, Ne%u, a cotmtry in N Ameri. ca, commonly csHed the Esquimaux country. Is is sulyectto Great Britain; ai\d lies between 50 and 70" N lat. and between 50 and 10U° W lon. There are innumer;.ble lakes and morasses, which are covered with ice and snow a great part of the year. The princi- pal settlements belonging to the Eng- lish H :d3on's Bay Company are Ciiurchill, ^^elson. New Severn, and Albany on tlic W side of Hudson'* Bay. Britain, Jfew, an island to the N of New Guinea, has Hudson's B.iy, and strait on the N and W ; Canada and the river St. Laurence, on the S ; and the Atlantic on the E, from whicli it is separated by a strait thro' which Dampier first sailed. It is divided in- to two islands by another strait tliro' which Capt. Carteret sailed in 1767. New Britain lies in lon. 152 19 E, and hit. 4 S. The shores of botli islands arc rocky, the inland parts high and mount.iinous, but covered with trees of vai'ioiis kinds, among which are tlie nutmeg, the cocoa-nut, and different kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their flat noses and tiiick lips. Brittany. See Bretagne. Brives-la-Gaillarde, an ancient town of France, in the department of Cor- rez and late province of Limoscn. Iti» seated near the confluence of the Cor- rezc and' the Vezcrc, in a delightful valley, and has a handsome hospital and college ; and a fine walk, planted with trees, which surrounds tJie town, and adds to tlie beauty of its situation. It is 37 miles S of Liaioges, and 320 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 45 15 N. Brixen, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, capital of the bishopric of the same name. It is seated at tlie conflu- ence of the Kientz t^^ ^ysoch, \^ 3 B R I Great Britain, the mont of ill! the European islands, miles from N to S, hiiJ to W. It lies to tlie N (jf wlilch it is separateil by Chiinncl. riic ancient l»lun(l was Albion, which, time gave way to that of i\i\v\\ it was kno%vn to Ju- The general division of , into Engiand, Scotland, fw, it country in N Araeri- ly csHed the Esquimaux j suhjectto Great Britain; keen 50 and 70" N lat. and md lOU" W Ion. There :.ble lakes and morasses, ivered with ice and snow of the year. The princi- nts belonging' to the Eng- n's Bay Company are leUon, New Severn, and tlic W side of Hudson') ^ew, an island to the N of I, has Hudson's Bay, and N and W ; Canada and Laurence, on tlie S ; and on the E, from whicli it is »y a strait thro' which ;t sailed. It is divided in- Is by anoUier strait tliro* Carteret sailed in 1767. n lies in Ion. 152 19 E, and rhe shores of botli islands he inland parts high and but covered with trees nds, among which are the cocoa-nut, and different Im. The inhabitants are ooUy-headed, like negroes, their flat noses and tliick See Bretagne. Gailiarde, an ancient town the department of Cor- province of Limoscn. lti» the confluence of the Cor- ic Vczcrc, in a delightful has a handsome hospital and a line walk, planted n'hich surrounds tlie town, the beauty of its situation, s S of LiHioges, and 320 aris. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 45 town of Germany, in the of the bishopric of the It is seated at tl>e conflu- Kiontz aiid Eysoch, U B R O miles E of Tirol, and 40 N of Trent. Lon. 1147 E, lat. 46 45 N. ^/■j'xe/i, a bishopric of Germany, in the Tirol. It is surroimded with moun- tains wliich produce excellent wine. The bi.shop is a prince of the empire. Brizen, or Brietzen, a town of Ger- many, in the middle marclie of Bran- denburgii, seated on the river Adali, 12 miles N E of WirtemberK". BroadfieU, it. post town of Westmore- land county, Virginia ; 96 miles from Waahiiigton. Bromltill, a village with a post office, in Sussex county, Delaware, on Broad- kill creek, about ten miles from Lewis- town. Brodera, a. principal fortress and towni of Hindoostan Proper, in Giize- rat, in the N E part of the tract lying between the rivers Tapty and Myhie. Through this place runs the great road, from Surat to Ougein. It is 95 miles 5 by W of the former, and 195 N E of the latter. Lon. 73 11 E, lat. 22 15 N. Brod, or Brodt, a strong place of Hungary, on the river Save, famous for a battle gained by the Turks in 1688. It is 20 miles S E of Posega. Lon. 19 25 E, lat. 45 20 N. Broil-ifetneii, or Teutch-Brod, a. town of Bohemia, seated on the river Soza- wa, 20 miles S by E of Czazlaw. Lon. 15 40 E, lat. 49 33 N. Broei, a town of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Berg, tlie capital of a county of the same name ; seated on the Rocr, 11 miles N of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 53 E, lat. 51 23 N. Broei, a beautiful village in N Hol- land, six miles from Amsterdam. The inhabitants, tliough peasants only, are all rich. The streets are paved in mo- saic work, with variegated bricks. The iinuses are painted on the outside, and look as Tresh, is if quite new. The gardens are .J.DMied with china vases, prottos of shell-work, trees, and flow- ers ; with borders composed of minute particles of glass, of different colours, and disposed into a variety of forms. Behind the houses and gardens are meadows, full of cattle grazing : the oiitliouses are likewise behind ; so that wafjgons, carts, and cattle, never enter these neat streets. Broken- Bay, a bay of New S Wales, on the E coast of New Holland. It is formed by tlie mouth of a great river railed the Hawkesbury. Lon. 151 27 K, lat. 33 34 S. B R O Bromley, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Thursday, situated on the river Raveiisluini. Bromlev is 10 miles S by E of London. Lon. 6 E. lat. 51 23 N. Bromley, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterwards Pugets-Bromley, being giv- en to lord Paget when Henry VIII. pluntlered the abbies. It is seven miles E of Stafford, and 130 N W of London. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 52 50 N. Bromley, a village near Bow, in Middlesex. It had formerly a mon- astery, the church of which is still used by the inhabitants. Brampton, a village in Middlesex, two miles W by S of London. Brom,pton, a vill.igc in Kent, situate on an easy ascent from Chatham, and containing the fine barracks for the military of that garrison. Brtmugrove, a town in Worcester- shire, seated on the river Salwarp. It is a pretty good town, 15 miles N NEof Worcester, and 115 N W of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 52 25 N. Bromyard, a town in Herefordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is 18 miles W of Worcester, and 125 W N W of London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 50 8N. Bronno, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, 10 miles S E of Pavia. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 45 6 N. Brookfield, a town of Worcester coimty, Massachusetts, of great an. tiquity, being settled as early as 1660, 15 miles S W of Worcester. In 1800 the township -jntained 3284 inhabi- tants. Brookfield, a town of Fairfield coun- ty, Connecticut, on the W side of Housatonick river, about eight miles N E of Danbury. Brookhaven, a town on Long Island, in Suffolk county, New York, 14 miles S E of Smith town, and about 60 E of New York. The township contains 4122 inhabitants : the post office is 317 miles from Washington, Brookingtoh, a post town of Amelia county, Virginia, at the distance of 132 miles from Wathington. Brooklyn, a town of Kings county. New York, pleasantly situated at the W end of Long Island, opposite the city of New York. Here are about 2400 inhabitants, and a post office, Brooklyn, a, post tov^n of Windban 1' ! I' iii B R U coiint\% Connecticut, situated on the ! Qiiiiiboufj, a l>rancti of tlic river Thames, between FointVct and Cau- terbni'v. BruoKviilt, a post town, in Mont- gomery count), Maryland, on the W side o'ftlic river Patuxent, 20 miles from Washington. Brcmm Loch, and an extensive salt- water and arm of the sea, in Rosshire, on the W coast of Scotland. It has lon)j been noted for its excellent her- rings, and is esteemed one of the best fishinjj stations on the cost. Brora, a seaport on the E coast of Sutherlandshirc, Scotland. Here is a coal n)inc which was lately worked, «nd tlie coal used in the manufacture of salt ; but it cannot be carried to any distance, as it takes fire on being exposed to the air. Brora is 40 miles N bv E of Inverness. Brora, a river in Suthcrlandshire, Tvhich issues from a lake of the same name. Above the tOAW of Brora, it forms several fine cascades ; and, be- low t)iat village, falls into the British Ocean. Brotiage, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente and late province of Saintongc. Its salt •works arc tlic finest in France, and the salt is called Bay salt, because it lies on a bay of the sea. It is 17 miles S of RochcUe, and 170 S VV of Pnris. Lon. 1 4 W, hit. 45 52 N. Brouca, a town of Sicily, on the S side of the gvdf of Catania, 15 miles S of Catania. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 37 25 N. BrouershaMcn, a seaport of the Unit- ed provinces, in the island of Schoncn, nine miles S W of Helvoetsluys. Lon. 4 15 E, lat. 51 40 N. BroKr.shurg, a town in Rockbridge county, Virginia, 22 miles R by W of Staunton, and 200 from Washington Here is a post office. Brmvnsville, sometim s called Jfed Stone Old Fort, is a post town in Fay- ette county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the E side of the river Mononga- hela, 12 miles N W of Union, 25 S E of Washington, and 35 S of Pitts- burg. It is in the centre of a settle- ment of Friends, and contained at tlie last census 425 inhabitants. Bnichsal, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Spire, seated on the river Satz, five miles S E of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 49 V.^. B R U Brvgg, or Broug, a town of Swisscr- land, in Argau, seated on the river Aar, over which is a bridge. It is 22 miles S E of Basil. Lon. 8 4 E, lat. 47 21 N. Brugti, a lai'ge episcopal city of Aus- trian Flanders, once the greatest trad- ing town in Europe ; but in the 16tli century, the civil wars occasioned by the tyranny of Philip II. drove the trade first to Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. It is seated in a plain, eight miles from the sea, and has a communication by canals, with Ghent, Ostend, Sluys, Newport, Fumes, Yprcs, and Dimkirk. There are seve- ral fine cht, on the Nile, two miles W of Grand Cairo, being the se:iport of that city. On the N side of it is the Calisch, whose banks are cut every year to convey tlie waters of the BUR Nile, by a canal, to Grand Cairo, Lon. 31 22 E, lat. 30 2 N, Buiam, an island of Africa, at th« mouth of the Uio Grande, 'ihe soil ia good ; and as it wus uninhabited, a settlement of free blacks was formed here, in 1792, by the English, wli» purchased it of the neighbouring king, but has been since entirely rclinquitihed. Lon. 15 W, lat. HON. Bulgaria, a province of Turkey in Eiu-ope, bounded on the N by VVala- chia, on the E by the Black Sea, on the S by KoHiunia and Macedonia, and oa the W by Servi.i. Buliiest,nY B(mnest,a,\''\\\Si^e in Cum- berland, at tlie end of the Picts Wall, on the Solway Frith. It wai a Roman station, called BlatiMii Bulgium ; ai.d hence Antoninus bc^an his Itinerary. It is 13 miles W by N of Carlise. Bumleta, or Bundelcund, a territory of Hindoostan Proper, on the S W of the river Junna, and separated from it by a narrow tract of low country. It is surrounded by the dominions of Oiule, Benares and tlie Mahrattas. It is a mountainous tract of more than 100 miles square, and contains the cele- brated diamond mines of Panna, with some strong fortresses. Chatterpdur is tlie capital. Lon. 79 75 £, lat. 25 N. Bungay, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Wavney, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It is 36 miles N by E of Ips- wich, and 107 N £ of London. Lon. 1 30 £, lat. 52 35 N. Bungo, a kingdom of Japan, in the island of Ximo, whose capital is Lunay. Buntingfurd, a town of Herts, with a market on Monday, seven miles S of Royston, and 31 N by £ of London. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 58 N. Buragrag, a river of Barbary, in the kingdom of Fez, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean, at tlie town of Sallee. Bureiia, or Ciuta Burrella, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, 20 miles S of Lanciaiio. Lon. 14 48 £, lat. 41 58 N. Buren, a town of Dutch Guelder- landj which gives the title of count of Buren to the prince of Orange. It ia 22 miles W of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 51 58 N. Buren, a town of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Paderbom, seated on the Alme, 10 miles S of Paderbom. Lon. 8 S:i £, lat. 53 16 N. BUR BUR Buret), & town of Swisserland, in the tnnton of Hern, seated on tlie river Anr, between Arberjf, and Soleurc. Burford, ii town in Oxfordsliiio, with :> )iiarkct on Suturthiy ; seated on tlie river Wiiulrush, and noted for the niakinpp of saildles, aiul for tlie downs in itH neiglilioiirhood. It is 17 miles W by N ot Oxford, and 71 W of Lon- don. 1,011. 1 5i W, lat. 51 49 N. Burg, a town of tlie Dutcli Nether- lands in Zutphcn, seated on the Old Yisel, 18 miles E ofNimegucn. Lon. 6 15E, lat. 52 59 N. Burgifiv, a town and castle of Suabia, capital of a niargravate of tlie same name. It belong's to tlie house of Au- Btria, and is 26 miles W of Aiigsburj'. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 48 28 N. Btirgdorf, a handsome town of Swis- fcerland, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is pretty large and seated on an eminence, eight miles N E of Bern. Lon. 7 19 E, lat. 46 58 N. Biirgh-upon-Sands, a village in Cum- berland, near Solway Frith, where Ed- ward the First died, in 1307. It is five miles N W of Carlisle. Burgos, a town of Spain, capital of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. The squai-es, public buildings, and fountains are fine, and the walks agree- able. It is seated partly on a moun- tain, and partly on the river Aranzon, 95 miles E by S of Leon, and 117 N •f Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat 42 30 N. BurgtirAy, a late province of France, which now forms the three depart- ments of Cote d'Or, Saon^, Loire, and Yonne. It is 112 miles in length, and 75 in breadth : bounded on the E by Franche Compte, on the W by Bour- bonnois and Nivemois, on the S by I.yonois, and on the N by Champagne. It is fertile in corn, fruits and excellent wines. Burhanpmir, a city of Hindoostan in the Deccan, the capital of Candeish, and, at one period, of the Deccan also. It is yet a flourishing city, and is situ- ated in tlic midst of a delightfid coun- try, 225 miles E by N of Surat. Lon. 76 19 E, lat. 21 25 N. Burici, a town of Germany, in the dutchy of Cleves, seated on the Rhine, opposite Wesel, 17 miles S E of Cleves. Lon. 6 18 E, lat. 51 32 N. Burihausen, a town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, on Uie river Saltz, 27 miles N by W of Saltzburr. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 40 17 N. Burlington, an ancient city, in B«r. lington county. New Jersey ) seated on the S E banlcof the river Delaware, opposite to Bristol, and 20 miles above Philadelphia. It was founded in 1677, and called New Beverly s it has a safe harbour for shipping, with a consider- able depth of water, but has progress- ed slowly in population, containnig at present (1805) but a few more than 2000 inhabitants. The municipal juris- diction is vested in a mayor and alder- men. The buildings arc principally of bricks, and constructed in a plain com- modious style, with a large garden lot to each house. There is an episcopal church, two or three meetinghouses, a considerable brewery, a courthouse, and gaol in this town, though the scut of justice has been lately removed to MounthoUy. Burlington, a post town of Chittenden county, Vermont, situated on the E side of Lake Champlain, four miles S of Onion river, and 20 milts northerly of Vergennes. The situation is healthy and pleasant, which induced the legis- lature to pass a law for the establish, ment of an imiversity at this town. The township contains 815 inhabitants. Burmah, an extensive kingdom of Asia, to the E of the Ganges ; some, times, but erroneously, called Ava, from its reputed capital. It is bound, ed by Pegu on the N and occupies both sides of the river Ava, as far as tiie frontiers of China ; on the N W by Meckley ; on the W it has Aracan, and on the E Upper Siam. This country, which is little known to Europeans, produces some of the best teek timbet in India. Ships built of teek, upward ot 40 years old, are no uncommon ob- jects m the Indian seas, where an Eu- ropean ship is ruined in five years. Burnham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Monday and Saturday. It is seated near tlie sea, 29 miles N Wof Norwich, and 126 N E of London. Lon. 48 E, lat. 53 4 N. Burnham, a town in Essex, at the mouth of the river Crouch, which it here called Burnham Water. The Walfleet and Bm-nham oysters are the product of the creeks and pits of this river. Burnham is 11 miles S E of Maiden. Burnley, a town in Lancashire, with a mai-ket oa Monday, 35 miles S £ of 1 BUR W of Saltzburg. Lon, 12 ir N. I, an ancient city, in Bnr. ity, New Jersey ; seated on i)Iuof the river Delaware, Bristol, and 20 milen above I. It was founded in 1677, 4ew Beverly ; it has a siit'e shipping, with a consider- >f water, but has progress- 1 ]>(ipululion, containnig at 105) but a few more titan tants. The ntuniripal juris- stcd in a mayor and alder- buildings arc principally df constructed in a plain com- ic, with a large garden lot le. There is an episcopal ) or three meeting houses, lie brewery, a court house, this town, though the scut las been lately removed to I, a post town of Chittenden rmont, situated on the £ e Champlain, four miles S er, and 20 milts northerly :s. The situation is healthy t, which induced the le^is- i8B a law for the establish- university at this town. The tntains 815 inhabitants, an extensive kingdom of : E of the Ganges ; some- erroneously, called Ava, uted capital. It is bound- on the N and occupies both river Ava, as far as the China ; on the N W by the W it has Aracan, and iper Siam. This country, tie known to Europeans, ne of the best teek timber lips built of teek, upward lid, are no uncommon ob- Indian seas, where an £u- is ruined in five years, a town in Norfolk, with a Monday and Saturday. It ir tlie sea, 29 miles N W of id 126 N £ of Loiidun. lat. 53 4 N. a tovm in Esses, at the le river Crouch, which is Bumham Water. The Burnham oysters are the le creeks and pits of this ham is 11 miles S E of town in Lancashire, with Moiiday, 35 miles S £ of fi BUR I.ancKHter, and 208 N N W of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 53 *6 N. Burntisland, a borough in Fifeshire, on the frith of Forth, with an excellent hui-boiir. It is seated under a stupend- 011)1 rock, ten miles N W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 56 8 N. Burrampooter, a river of Asia, which rises near the head of the Ganges, in the mountains of Thibet. It first takes its cimrse to the E directly opposite to that of the Ganges, and winding with a nipid current through Thilict, where it is named Sanipoo, or Zanchin, it washes the border of the territory of Lussa, and proceeds S E to within 220 miles of Yunan, the westernmost pro- vince of China : then turning suddenly to tlie W through Assam, it enters Bengal on the N E, where it assumes the name of Borramjiooter. It then makes a circle round the Western point of the Garrow mountains, and al- tering its course to S, meets tlie Gan- ges about 40 niles from the Sea, after having meandered for more than 2000 miles. During the last 60 miles before its junction with the Ganges, it forms a stream which is regularly from four to five miles wide ; and, but for its freshness might pass for an arm of the lea. Common description fails in an attempt to convey an adequate idea of the grande\ir of this magnificent object. Bursa, or Prtisa, one of the largest cities of Turkey in Asia, capital of Bec- tangil. It was the capital of the Otto- man empire before the taking of Ccn- itantinople. It stands upon several little hills, at the foot of Mount Olym- pus, and on the edge of a fine ])lain full of fruit trees. So many springs pro- ceed from the mount, that every house has its own fountain. The mosques ..I'c elegant, as are the caravansaries. Bursa is 99 miles S of Constantinople. Lon. 29 5 E, lat. 39 22 N. Burton upon TYent, a town in Staf- fordshire, with a market on Thursday. It had formerly a large abbey ; and over the Trent is a famous bridge of free- stone, a quarter of a mile in length, supported by 37 arches. It consists chiefly of one long street, which runs from Uie site of the abbey to the bridge, and has a good market for com and provisions. Burton ale is accounted ••xcellcnt, and g^eat quantities tu-e sent tiown the river to Hull, and exported to otiier parts of the' kingtlom and a- broud. It is 12 miles N £ of Lichfield, BUT and 124 N N W of I ondoii. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 52 48 N. Burton, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Monday ; seated on a hill, near the river Trent, 30 miles N of Lincoln, and 164 N bv W of London. Lon. 36 W, lat. 53 40 N. Burton, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Tuesday t seated in a valley, near a hill called Farleton- Knotliiil, 11 miles N of Lancaster, and 247 N N W of London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 54 10 N. Burville, a town in Anderson coun- ty, Tennessee, on the N side of Clinch river, 30 miles N of Knoxville, tlie ca- pital of the state. Here is a post office 570 miles from Washington. Bury, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Irwell, and noted for its fustian intmu- facture, and the coarse goodj railed half-thicks and kerseys. In 1787, the theatre fell, and buried under its niina more than 300 persons, many of whom were killed or much bruised. Burv it 36 miles S E of Lancaster, and 190 M N W of London. Lon. 2 24 W, lat. 53 36N. Bury, St. Edmundi, a borough in Siif* folk, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The situation is very plea- sant, and the air is supposed tu be the best in England ; for wiiich reason it ia frequented by genteel people. The noble ruins of its abbey, are still stand* ing near the two churches, which ai-e both large, and seated in one church- yartl. In St. Mary's, lies Mary, queen of France, who was married to Charles Brandon duke of Suffolk. Bury seiuls two members to parliament, and took its name from St. Edmund the king, who was buried here, after being mur- dered in a wood. The assizes are held here. It is 14 miles E of Newmarket, .and 72 N N E of London. Lon. 4ft E, lat. 52 22 N. Bussletdion, a thriving village hk Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, 11 miles N by E of the city. Here is a post office, and about 20 dwellinjp houses. Buteshire, a county of Scotland, con- sisting of the islands of Bute, Arran, and Inchmarnoc, which lie in the frith of Clyde. They are fertile in com and pastures, and there is a considerable lierring-fislvery. This shire sends * member to parliament alternately with Caithnesi-sliire. lltiiE B U X Bl'agn, « town of Spain, in New Ciistilc, m. alcd on t!>c Lo/fi-, a, ,'Jo miles N l>v K oC ivLidnil. Lon. J .I \V, lal. 40 41) N. liutriiito, ft spiipnrt and cpisropul town ot'l urkiy ii huropc, in Alliania, on ihp can«l iil' Corfu, Bnd iit the en- trnni I' oftlnnfiillor Vcnicf-, ,50 milps Sofr::iiui.ini. i.')n.:JU 'JK, l..f. .')•.» 49 N. Hiittermere Water, u ialic in Cimdicr- land, ti^lit miles S W of Keswick, two nilr , long, uiul neiirly oin' liroad. Ii is fni iiK'd by a vast number of ttrrent.s whitli riiftbinfrdown in never iiiilinfrra- tarai ts from a roik of \ast iieig!i1, raj- Icil 11. 'I'.ster Cra),', fiirmM tlie lake be. low. iliis lake is eulleil tiie Upper Luicp, and near a mile from it, to tlie N K is tbe L )wer Lake, called also Cromai k Water. Tlic river Cocker fl:)ws tjiretj^h both tlifsc lake.s to Cockerniimt'i. Butternuts, a town of Otsejfo cotintv. New York. The township lias lo'>0 inliabitants, and tbe post otlice is 44U milt .. fr;mi W(,sliii ^^tnn. Duttm'i flay, tbe M part of Hudson's Bay, tlironj-b whieti attempts iiavc bc'pn made n discover a N ^V passage to Cliina. It is so called from SirTlio- mtts Hiitton, who here lost his ship, aiid came 'lael: in a sloop built in Hit country. It lies between 60 and 66" N lut. flutz(nv, a town of Germany, in the bisliopric of Schwerin, 17 miles S W of Rostock. .Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 54 N. , ,ixtrm, a village in Derbyshire, at the entranre of the Peak. The wiirm wiitcrs oi' Buxton are the bath consist- ing of nine springs, St. Anne's well and St. Peter's well. St. Anne's wei! for- merly rose into a stone bason, over wliicli an arch was erscted, which still continues. It is 13 feet long and 12 broad, set round with stone-steps in tbe inside. In the midst of this dome the water now springs up into a stone bason two feet si|uare. It appears by several ruins fomid here, that their waters were known in the time of the Romans. They are hot andsulphureoi>.s, but create an appetite, and open .ib- structions ; and. if bathed in, give re- lief in scorbutic riicumatisms, nervous cases, &c. Much company resort to them in the summer. The duke of Devonshire has erected a beautiful building in the form of a crescent, which is divided into different hotels, shops, &c. with a public coftee room, CAB M\<\ a very elegant room for asscmbliei and eoncirts. A mile from hence ia another of tbe wonders, calle sliiluctitioiis coiuTetioni, iM'ious ri'presfntatior » both Hire, prodiucd by the pc. r contliniuMj dropping from iiMon ;>. ,12 n.ili'it N W of IfiO N S \V of London. I town of Girniany, in We- in till- roiinty of Solms, 29 : of Fraiicfort. Lon. 8 44 N. town of Lithnnnia, on the miles S W of Wilno. Lon. )3 38 N. . Sec CaiMantinnfile. C A C town of Epypt, on the ri; , whence they tPRnsport jse to Mecca. Soii.e fine covered with hicroplyphi- •s, liavc In-en found here. S.S S of Cairo. Lon. 30 23 N. Court-hnuie, the principal Iff in Cubarras county, na, situated on the N side a branch of the great s S of Salisbury, and S! dcm, the Moravian town, it office 439 miles from nt, rry tl> a villapfc with a post county, Virginia, 36 if Petersburg, and about Nt^rfolk. le, a t')M'n of Portugal in a strong castle, 13 PortalegTO. Lon. 6 43 N. u pest town of Amherst Ilia, 215 miles from Waih- paport nf'A^lca, in Con- S E of Loang. 5. island in the Mediter- seven miles S of Major- •ge harbour defended by Caliul, a province of Hindooslan Pro- )«r, boiuided on tiic W by Persia, on the Nojlh by the Himloo-ko, on tlic N ]•; I)', C;«l'eri!ttaii, and on the E by Uash- niere, and on the S by Candahar. It is ii t'lMiiiiry highly diverNificd; consisting of iii.iuntaliis covered with eternal snow ; hills of mcMlerate height ai\d easy MHCcnt j rich plains and stately forests ; and these enlivened by innumerable lU'eams. It produees every article ne- rcssary to human life, with the most delicate fruits and tlowers. It is some- times called Zabulistan, from Zabid, one of the names of Ghi/ni, which was the ancient capital of tlie country. This province it subject to the king of Can- duhar. Cabul, the capital of the province of Cubid, and of the dominions of the king (if Candahar, seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko, and the source of the Attock, which nms near it. Its sitii- »tion is spoken of in terms of rap- ture by the Indian historians, being no less romantic than pleasant i and it has withip its reach, the iruits and other products both of the temperate And tor- rid 2one. In a political light it is coii- !r its iine wool, and seated on the Sabrot, 32 miles S E of Aleanta-a. Lon. 5 44 E, lat. 39 11 N. Cachjn, or Catfian, a town of Persia, in Irae Agemi, where the/ carry on u considerable trade in silks, silver and gold brocades, and fine earthen ware. There are many Christians and Gue- brcs, or worshippers of fire, in this place. It is seated in a vast plain, 55 miles N by W of Ispaliau. Lon. 51 55 E, lat. 33 20 N. Cachao, the capital of a province of the same name, in Tonquin, on the W side of the river Hoti, 80 miles from the gulf of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with thatch. The houses of the English factory is the best in the place. The trading p -ople sue civil to strangers, but the great men are haughty, and the poor tniev- ish. They are pagans and have a great number of pag^odas. The ftctorits CAD piirrhasc silks and lackered wsre, as in China. Loll. Un, Jl E, lat. „'.' 10 N. (.'iif/ieo, a town of Negroland, seated on the rivor St. Domingo. It is sub- ject to the Portuguese, who have three forts, and carry on a great trade in fla.\ and sluvei. Lon. 14 55 £, lat. 13 N. Cdtongo, a small kingdom of Africa, on the river Zaire. The inhabitants have a considerable trade ; and their manners, religion and government, aro the same as in Loango. It lies in lat. 5 OS. Caeorla, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, on the rivulet Vega, between two mountains. It is 15 mile* E S E of Ubeda. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 37 40 N. Cadenac, a town of France, in the department of Lot and late province of Qiierci, on the river Lot, 27 miles £ N E of Catiors. Lon. 2 E, lat. 44 32 N. Cadenet, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone, 28 miles S E of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 42 N. Cadillac, a town of France, in the department of Gironde and late pro- vince of Guienne, seated on the Ga- ronne, with a handsome castle, 15 m. S E of Boi rdeaux. Lon. 23 W, lat. 44 40 N. Cadiz, a large and rich city of Spain in Andalusia, with a good harbour. It is a bishop's see, and seated on an is- land, 18 miles in length and nine in breadth i but the N W end, where the city stands, is not two broad. It has A communication witli the cantinent, by a bridge. The bay formed by it is 12 miles in length and six in breadth. Th« S side is inaccessible by sea because it is edg^d with craggy rocks i and two forts, the Piintal and Matagorda, com- mand the passage into the harbour. Except the Callt Aneha, all the streets iu-e narrow, ill-paved and insufferably stinking. The roofs are flat, covered with an impenetrable cement, and few are without a turret for the purpose of commanding a view of the sea. High above all these, stands the tower of signals. Here flags are hung out on the first sight of u sail, marking the size of tlie ship and the nation it bea longs to. The equare of St, Antonioia large and tolerably handsome, and there are a few smaller openings of no great note. The public walk or Alameda ia pleasant in the eveninff. The se* mt fc^ ' \m C A E C A F prevents \hr ipcch tVom ilii'UinjT, ""il (li'sinnt ull liiijii-H lit lutiirc ith^iili' ■VVi'stw.iril of till' Aliiiiit'ciu is CaiiiiKi- » i.iln, u I'liyc cKiil.iiw.'li', r.iu ii'il_> iiir- iii^' for coaiMCH. ()|),i .^itc to it in tlu' loj'iri'.^i lit' St. S(iiiJi.Hii, liiiilt on .• ik'jIc III lii'iil iMi;iiiiii>f "III nlo iIk! bcu, Tl.i' i(i.iii;l t.iwiT lit til'- txtiiinitj ii ■ii|>poff tt.nftl tin" city in ilii- c;i,t.i(| I 'u ill 1^5,), fniiii biiinf hvvi'IM l»vv...i !>.. tlic- t\\r\ .if the wiui'N. 'I'lu' ilLl iii'aiU.t lire i-diiiputrd itt 100, OuO. It iti u vci) aiiciciit plm r, Ixiii^' built li; tiic I'lif.-iL.'i.iMS j It w:n iil'ui wiinls a ii.,ii iii\v;i i iiinl iliiTi" iuo still Hc- vci':'.l it'iii li.is of H'liii^ih uiitiijiiitii'H. It in 4j iiiiKs \V of i;il)raU.ir, and 90 W hv H of Malaga. Lon. 6 11 W, lat. 31) 3"t N. Cuilnye, tlic capital of the (liotrirt of C.diiriii", in It.ilv, 15 in Ics N of Ucl- luio. Lon. IJOE, hit. 4^) :28 N. C\il iriii'), a p.oviiu'i' uf I'll), in the tor .tiiry oi' ViMicc ; boiiiidctl on tlic li In Fr'' ill Propir, on tlie .S and W by till- il'ii'uu'Hc, a. id 'in t'.i- N by llrixcn. Till' I'l I't towi in Cadorc. <.'m:.i,iii.I, an isluiid on the N roast of Fliiii'.loi-s, at the in mtli of the iiclicld, W li 'h river it C'liniii .;uIh. (,'.'('«, n co'isidei'id)le city of France, in t'.i: ilei.irt uc'it ot' Calvados and late nvn, oof L iwcr N iriuaiid; .ol'wiiicli it w iH t'le c.pital. It lins a celebr.ited uni.eiHity, and an acidcmy of litcra- t'l"', iiiid Uie inhabitants are comp'.ilril nt 4').;j')0. U'illiaiii the conqueror \v. is buried iiere in the abbey of St. Steplicii, w'lii !i lie founded. The liver Oi'iie runs ihioiig'h the city, to which the till" brings up laiK'e vessels. It is 65 niiii's W by S of Rouen, and 125 W of P. ris. Lon. 17 W, lat. 49 11 N. C\ier. For some places that bejfin th'is, as Cuerditt, see under Car. Cueiie'tn, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Tlmrsdav. It was a lloiiian town, as is evident, from the (intiqMlties found here ; nnd it has the ruins of a castle. It is seated on the Usk, 19 miles S W of Monmouth, and 148 W by N of London. Lon. 3 W, lat. 51 40 N. Caerphitty, a town in Glamorganshire, with a market on Thursday, live miles N of LandaH', and 158 W of London, Lon. 3 18 W, lat 51 33 N. Caeneent, a village in Monmouth- shire, famous for a beautiful tcsselated pavement, discovered here in 1777 ; W^ asserted to be superior to any such diacovf rfd on this nirle the Alps, .ini ••ipial to lliose prcstTvi-d :il I'orti' i Cajfa, a town of the Criiiu'a, with an !• xcfllciit li.rrboiir : it in Hralcd on thi' Ulack Sta, 1.60 miles N K of Constun. tinoplr. Loii.iJ A,S K, lat. 45 H N (■'iii, a very extensive country nf AfiiC.i, boiiiidt'd on the N by NcktoIuikI and Alnssiiiia, on the \V by (larl ofOiii Ilea, Ciinjfo, and the si-.i ; or, tin- S liy the Cape of (iood llnpi*, and on the K b) the sea. The CalVrcs uie tall ami widl proportioned ; and, in (general, c- viiice ici'eat cnuraffc in attacking lioiw and other beasts of |)i'ey. Their colour is a jet black," their teeth white hh ivoi'j, and their eyes large. The elodi ing oflioth sexes is the same, consist- ing- entirely of the hides of oxen, wliitli are as pliant as cloth. The men wiav tails ofdiirei'ciit animals tied round their thigiis; p eces of brass in their hair, and large ivoj-y rings on their arms ; they are adorned also w'th the hair nf lions, and feathers fastened on their hca(I.i, with many other fantastical or- naments. They are extremely fond of dogs, and if one particularly pleases Hit m, they will give two buUocki in exchange for it, their whole exercise is hunting, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in throwingtheir lances, and in time of war, use shields made of the hides of oxen. The women are em- ])loyed in the cultivation of their gar- dens and corn. They cultivate scvcial vegetables, which are not indigenous to tlie ccMntry, a» tobacco, watermel- ons, kiili. <.. .ans, and hemp. The men have g> eat pride in tlieir cattle ; anil cut their horns in such a way as to be able to turn them into an)' sliape they ])lease j when they wish their cattle to return, they go a little way from the house and blow h whistle, which is made of bone, njid so constructed as to be heard at a great distance, and in this manner bring them all home with- out any difficulty. Their huts are high- er and more commodious than those of the Hottentots, and their lands more fertile ; but their oxen ami almost all their animals, are much smaller. They entertain a very high oi)inion of the Su- preme Being, and of his power: they believe in a future state of re wards anil puiiislunents, but have no idea of C A F tliU niclf the Alps, and . i„virr\ril 111 rcirtiri -nnttln- CriiiKM, witli ail l,.M\r : It i« Hfrili'il im 'li'" ■,0 inilrn N l'^ of Coiixtuii- ,;U4Al'., lut.43HN it of, till- aM'ii< *■""• ,„l'llH, tt Hliuil (lull fniun ,iiti«i\)l>. I >,nc\»ii>Hivc country nt l,.a.mtlM-NbyN»-KmUiul ■I, on tlu- NV l.> purl "I li«;>- lui.i Oil' H.:i i '". tlic s iiy (;(ioa lli-i"-' «'"! "" *'"^ ''; Tilt; CiilVr«-s uif tall lunl ioiit-a 1 uiul. in Ktnei'ill. c cnuniicc in iittackmu lioii^ •iislsofpn-V. Tliiip cnlo.ii ack; tlu'lr tc.-tli vvl.itc !.s lieircvcitWKf. Tlif ••I'j'l' sfxcs'istlii- uiiim', coiiMSt- oftlic- liiilcsofoxfii.wliicli t u» clolti. 'I'll'- '»i"'» ^^''■'!'' rent animiaxtio.l round tlii;ir fos of l)rass in tluir huir, iv.g'v rinK'it on tlii-lr arms ; lonifd also w-.lh the Imir nt icutlicrs fastened on then- li many oth«r fantiiHlical or- They are extremely fond of if one particularly pleases ,• will K'^'-" ^^^" *-"*'"'^''* '" for ;t, tlicir whole exercise fiKlitintf, or dancing. Thev in throwing their lances, and war, use shields made of the xcn. The women ore tm- he cultivation of their gar- orn. They cultivate several , which are not indiKenom nrv, as tobacco, watcrmel- ans, and hemp. The men pride in tlieir cattle •. an.l lorns in such a way as to be n them into any shape they hen they wish their cattle to cv tfo a little way from tht ■i 'blow it whistle, which is jne, and so constructed as to It a irreat distance, and in pr bring them all home with- fficulty. their huts are high- re commodious than those ol rtots, and their lands more It their oxen ami almost all als, are much smaller. They I very high opinion of the S«- mff, and of his power : thev a future state of rewards m lis, but have no idea oi C A I the creation, tliinkinic tlint the worltl liad ii« li 'ginning', and will vwr con- liiiiie ill iti prcKint stud', 'riirv have no .tai'i'ed ecr'-iiioiiliM, ai /. iii'M'r pra\ i tliev iiiHlriict tlii'irrlijlilien thciiiHi'lieH, li,i\iiig no priests ; hut instead oftluin .1 Iviiid of conjurors whom tliey (greatly icMie. 'I'liey arc ffovcriud hy an lu'r- (diiary kinjr, whose power is very lim- it. il, recriviiig no tux, anil liuviii);' no triKips at liis iiiininaiid i lieliiif pcniiit- ti(l to tiilft- art iiiaiiy wives as lie picas- is, he has a iargrr portion of land to ciillivalr, and a (^nuter number of cat- ll( lo lend uiiil rccii. Mis laliin is nci. ilicr hi^'liir, nor biltei driorali il I'lan lilt' rest ; and liis wiiole family Ine a- oMind liiiii, coniposiiig a ^roiip ol' I'^or I.) huts. 'I'lie distanre of the dilierenl liordes makes it necessary that they should have inferior chiefs, wiioare ap- |iiiiiited by the kinpf. Ciigti, an ancient episcoiial town of Italy, in the diitchy of Urbiiio, at the tiiot of the Appenniiies, 'JO ni'les S of Urbino. I,on. 12 42 K, lat. 4J 26 N. Ciigliari, an ancient and rich city, ca- ]iital of Sardinia, with an archbishop's see, a universitv, a castle, and u good liurbour. Lon.'a 14 li, lat. 39 27 N. Cithokia, a post town in Indiana ter- itory, and St. Clair county, standing iin the E side of the river Mississippi, 6.1 mill's N by W of Kaskaskias, and y6;} from Washington. Ca/ior«, a considerable town of France, in the department of Lot and late pro- vince of Qtierci, with a bishop's see, and a university. It is seated on a pen- iimila made by the river Lot, and built partly on a craggy rock. There arc tliree bridges over the river. The cath- cdral is a Gothic structure, and has a large square steeple. Caliocs is 50 miles N \V of Alby, and 287 S of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 32 E, lat. 44 26 N. Cajanaburg, the capital of E Both- nia, in Sweden, on Lake Cajania, 300 miles N E of Abo. Lon. 27 45 E, lat. (4 13 N. C'ajazzo, or Cajizzo, an episcopal tfiwn of Naples, in Terri di Lavora, 22 miles N E of Naples. Lon. 14 34 £, lat. 41 10 N. Caicoa, islands of the West Indies, lo the N of St. Domingo, which takes their name from the principal one. l.on, 7130 W, lat. 21-40 N. Caifvng, a large and popul"'i8 city of China, seated on the Hoang-ho, in the |)i(ivincc of Honaji. When besieged by C A I iliry cut tlic dikes liownrd .]()U,00U Lou. 11.) 27 E, lat. the rehcli in 1642, lit' the riicr, wliiil of the inhuhitants. .1.1 U N, (.'aimtin Itliini/n, in the West ImiIIch, to the N VV of jainalr I, IkIwccu 81 aid »()• W lon, and 'Jl» N lit. f.'iiini, a post town ^lUil tlic cajiital of Ciiiiibirlaiid cdMiity, \'iii(.n'u, I'K) ni. from Wasliington. A iiaiiie, eiiiiiineni- opi.tiM' iif Kniirh mailiu.is. vei-y im- lU'operly given tu an Aiiicricuii seat of ,|ustiee ! Ctiinigorm, a mountain of Srotlaiul, in the K of luxiriuss-s'Mre, fain.ii.s t'or h'liiiiifiil roik iivstals of various tiiitM, some (ifwliicii lia\ing tin' I'istxr i,f lincr NIK-, and seven miles in circumference, 'i'he stri'ets are so narrow and winding, that it is imniissilile to fullow their di- rection amid the multitudes of houses which stand erowiliiig on each other. The castle includes the palaces of the sultans of Egypt, now almost buried under their own ruins ; domes over- thrown, heaps of rubbish, gilding, and pictures, the colours of which have de- fied corroding time, sta ely marble co- lumns still .standing, but in general without capitals ; such arc the tokens of its former magnificence. From Jo- seph's hall, there is a delightful ])ros- pect over the city, the pyramids, and all the country round. It was probt- bly a terrace to that magnificent room which is now open on the top, and is adorned with large beautiful pillars of red (granite. There are several public bagnios, very handsome within, and used Ks places of refieshment and'di- vcrsioii, especially for the women, who go there twice a week ; but the wives of great men have baths at home. It is exceedingly populous ; several families living in one house, and a number of people living in each room i and in the busy time of the day, the streets are so crowded, that it is difKcult to pass along. The women have greater liber- ty here than in any part of the Turkish empire ; and there pa-e particular streets where the courtesans sit at the doors, richly dressed. The Calishis a caital 1 %m W \\ I -Id' C A L C A L which conveys the waters of the Nile into the city ; it is 20 I'ctt broad, ai rl has lioiises on eacli side of it. As soon as the water bepfins to i-ise, they close tlic month of the canal with eartii, and place a mark, to show the time when this and all other canals in the km)>-- dom are to he opened, wiiich is done with gTcat solemnity. There iire not less than .^OO mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which present a vcr} pictnresqiie appearance. The Euro- peans have consuls and factors here ; and it was a place of very great trade, before the discovery of the Capo of Good Hope. It v.'as taken by the French under Bonap.irte, in their late expedi- tion to Eg'V]>t. It is 100 miles S of the mouth of tlie Nile. Lon. 31 27 E, lat. 30 2 N. Cairoan, or Kairoan, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, on the river Ma- prida, 80 miles S of Tunis. iarliaincnt, and is seated on i{ river of tlic same name, 25 miles E of Bristol, iuid 88 VV of London. Lon. 1 :<9 W, lat. 51 30 N. Ca/vaJos, a lejjartment of France, tDrniirche-ndingjiarl ofthe late province ol' Normandj'. Cii/vi, an epiicopal town of Naples, in 'r^-rra di Lavora, eight miles N of Ca- [jiiu. Lon. 14 19 E, lat. 41 15 N. Cahi, a town of Corsica, on a craggy mountain and gulf of the same name, witli a strong fortress and a goorl har- bour. It was taken from the French, by the Enghsh, Aug. 10, 1774; but has been since retaken. It is 32 miles S W of Bastia. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 42 26 N. Catii, or Grant, a river wh-'.-h i-ises in Herts, and rimniiig N E by Cam- bridge into the isle of Ely, there fai!*; into the Ouse, to which river it is navi- gable from Cambridge. Camarat, a seajiort of France, in the department of Finisterre and late jiro- vincc of Brittany. It stands on a bay ofthe same nam". Cambay, a large city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Guzerat. It stands on a deep and dangerous gulf of tlic same name, and w.''. It sends fiiiir n\einbers to par- iiauiciif, two lor tl\c borough anil two fv>r tlie luiivcrsltj-. It is 17 miles S of Ely, and M N bv E of London. Loii. 4 xC, lat. 52 li' N. CiUjihrid^c, a viliuge in Glonccster- sliiro, near }-,t: klev, on tlie river Cam. C'i:)/,-vri !ge, a j)ost town in Middle- sex cdiinly, Tvlaasacbusells. It has 2450 inhai>itants, and a flourishing Mni-iiTsily, w-hich consists of four ele- g-anl briek houses, and is, with respect to its library, ijhilosophical apparatus, and i)rofesaorshij)s, tlic first literary in- stitution in America. It was establish- ed in 1638, and has generally from 120 to 150 students. It lies in!the lat. of 42" 23' N. and ri«> 7' W, about three miles iroiu Boston. Cavibridgeslilre, a county of England, boimded on the W by Lincohisliire, on the N E by Norfolk, on the E by Suf- folk, on tiie S by Essex and Herts, and on vlie W by tlie counties of Hunting- don, Bedford and Northampton. It ex- tends 50 miles from N to S, and 25 from E to W. It lies in the dioceses of Ely and Norwich ; it contains 17 hundreds, a city, a tmiversity, seven market-towns, and 163 jiarishes ; and sends six ni< nd)ers to parliament. The j'rincipal rivers arc the Grant, Ouse, iNcn, .>iidCrim. In the fens it is moist and fog;,yy, and therefore not so whole- some ; but in the S and E parts it is very good, tUese being much drier tl^.an the other ; b>it both by the late improvements, have been rendered very "ruitful, so that it produces plenty of corn, and affords the richest pastures. The tens called Bedford Level, con- sist of 30,000 acres of marshy groimd, which receive all the waters of the middle part of England, which do not run into the Thames or the Trent. And in the latter part of the year, ■when tbej^ are overflowed by water, tliey api^car covered with jogs ; so that while the higher grounds of the adjacent coimtry glitter with the beams of the svm, the isle of Ely appears wrapt in a mist. See Bedford Level. Cninden, a post town in Kershaw county. South Carolina ; situated on the E side of Watcrec rivei-, 35 mjles N E of Columbia, and 150 N hy W of Charleston. It has about 1000 uihabitaiits, and was tlie scene of two considerable actions between the Bri- tish and American aaniies duiing the War. Camdei'., a village in Gloucester county. New Jersey, on the E bank of the river Delawai-e, opposite to Phila- delphia. Caniclford, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday, seated on the river Camel, 24 miles W of Laimccs- ton, and 229 W by S of London. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. A great quantity of yarn is spiui in this place and in its neighbourhood. Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 50 42 N. Camerino, an ancient ajid populous town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see. It is" seated on a mountain near the Appennlnes and the river Chiento, 37 miles S W of Ancona. Lon. 13 E, lat. 43 15 N. Caininha, a seaport of Portugal, in the province of Entre-Douero-e-i\iinho, at the mouth of the river Minho, 12 miles N of Viana. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 50 N. Cainmin, a district of Pnissian Po- mcrania, converted into a principality, in favour of the House of Brandenburg, by the treaty of Westphalia. Colberg is the capital. Cammin, a seaport of Pruss.an Po- merania, in the principality of the same name ; seated on the Oder, oppo- site the isle of WoUin, 30 miles N of Stetin. Lon. 14 55 E, lat. 54 4 N. CampagnH, or Campania, a town of Naples in Prir.eipato Ulterior^;, with a bishop's see, 40 miles S E of Naples. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 40 35 N. Campagna di Roma, anciently Lati- urn, a province of Italy, in the Ecclesi- astical State, extending 60 miles S E along the Medite'.'ranean, to tlie fron- tiers of Naples, formerly the most de- lightful and most populous ooimtry in the world j ft:w villages. Utile cultiva- tion, and scarcely any inhabitants are now to be seen : no trees, no inclo- sures ; nothing, in short, but the scat- tered ruins of temples and tombs, which pre ent tlie idea of a country de- populated by pestilence. Rome is the capital. Ca' pbelton, a borough of Scotland, in Argyleshire, situate on a bay to- ward the S exti-croity of the peninault : A M imbia, and 150 N hv on. It has abrnit 1000 111 was tiic sccMic of two (•lions bctwcfn the Bri- 'icuu ainilus duiing tlie villag'e in Gloucester Jersey, on tlie E bank of wai'c, opposite to Phila- A borough in Cornwall, on Friday, seated on the '4 miles W of Launces- V by S of London. It is mayor, and sends two parliament. A ^eat irn is spun in this |)luce hbourhood. Lon. 4 55 N. n ancient and populous in the patrimony of St. bishop's see. If is seated near the Appcnnines and ento, 37 miles S W of I. 13 E, lat. 43 15 N. seaport of Portugal, in r Entre-Douero-e-Minho, of the river Minho, 12 ana. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. disti'ict of Prussian Po- 'crted into a principality, e House of Brandenburg, of Westphalia. Colberg ieaport of Pruss.an Po- he principality of the eated on the Oder, oppo- ' Wollin, 30 miles N of 14 55 E, lat. 54 4 N. or Campania, a town of ■-cipato Ultcriore, with a bO miles S E of Nbples. lat. 40 35 N. Soma, anciently Lati- of Italy, in the Ecclesi- extending 60 miles S E litevranean, to tlie firon- s, formerly the most de- lost populous country in w villages. Utile cultiva- ely any inhabitants are en: no trees, no inclo- »•, in short, but the scat- )f temples and tombs, tlic idea of a country de- lestilence. Rome is the borough of Scotland, situate on a bay to- iti-cmity oftbe peninault CAN •f Cantyre,of which it is the capital It lias a good harbour, and is now a considerable place, for which it is prin- cip.ally indebted to its being the general rendezvous of the fisliing vessels that annually visit the W coast. It is ten miles W of the isle of Arran. Lon. 5 42 W, lat. 53 29 N. Canipden, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday, 22 miles N E of Gloucester, and 87 W N W of London. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 52 4 N. Campeachy, a town of Mexico, in South America, in the pcninsiila of Yu- catan, on the E doast of a bay of tiic same name. It is noted for loijwood, which, however, docs not grow very near it. It is defended by a good wall, anrl .strong forts, but is neither so rich, nor carries on such a trade na fornier- Iv, it having been the port for the sale. Lon. 90 57 W, lat. 20 N. See Hon- duras. Campden, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overysscl, with a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It was taken by the Dutch in 1578, and by the French in 1672 : but they abandoned it in 1673. It is seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuider Zee, 44 miles N E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 52 38 N. Campoli, atovtm of Naples in Abruz- zo Ulteriore, 23 miles N by E of Aquila. Lon. 43 57 E, lat. 4242 N. Canipo MajoK, a town of t'ortugal, in Alentejo, lOQ miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 74 W, lat. 38 53 W. Campredon, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Tcr, 45 miles N of Barce- lona. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 42 N. Canaan, the country so ramed from Canaan the son of Ham. It lies be- tween the Mediterranean and ' the moimtains of Arabia, and extends from Egypt to' Phenici.v It is bounded to the E by the mountuns of Arabia ; to ihe S by tlie wilderness of Paran, Idu- me a, and Egypt ; to the W by the Mediterranean; and the N by the mountains of Libanus. Its length is about 70 leagues, and its breadth in some pl.ices 30. Canaan, a post town In Kennebec county, Maine ; situated on the vV side of Kennebec river, 10 miles E of Noridgwock, 68 N of Wiscasset, and ^30 N E of Boston. Canaan, a post town of Litchfield county, Connecticut, near the line that CAN diWdes tills state from Mr.ssuchusettSi situated on the Housatonlc river, 18 niilos N of Litchfield the shire town, imd47 N W of Halt ford. Canaan, a post town in Grafton county. New Hanipsliire, on the Mas- cany river, about 12 ntiles E uf Dart- mouth college. Canada, a large country of North America, bounded on tlie N by New Britain, on the E by the gulf of St. Laurence, on the S by New Brunswick and the United States, and on the \V by unknown lands. It lies between 61 aiid 81» W lon. and 45 and 52» N lat. and was discovered by John and Se- basti.in Cubut, father and son, in 1497. This coiuttry, in general, is pretty good; but the winter continues for six months very severe. The land that is cleared is fertile, and tlie wheat sowed in May is reaped at the end of August. The climate is not very different from that of the northern British colonies ; it h:is a much severer winter ; and like most of tike American tracts that do not lie too far to tha N, the sum- mers are very hot and exceeding plea- sant. They have a great variety of an- imals, such as, stags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martins, wild cats, ferrets, wea- sels, hares and rabbits. The marshes, and lakes with which this country abound swarm with otters and bea. vers, which are highly valued for their furs, which form a principal article of commerce in Canada. Canada tur- pentine is ^atly esteemed for its bal- samic qualities, and for its use in dis- orders of tlie breast and stomach. The different tHbes of Indians, or orig^ntd natives in Ck.iada, are almost innuma- rable ; but they have been observed to decrease in population where the Eu- ropeans are most numerous, owing; chiefly to the immoderate use of spi- ritous liquors. Canada was conquered by tlie English, in 1759, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. In 1"74» this country was foniied into a pro- vince, called Qiicbec, fpom the name of the capital; a government was in- stituted conformably to the French laws of Canada: and^the Roman Ca- tholic religion, was established. In 1791, the counti^^llhts divided into two provinces. Upper Canada, uid Lower Canada, of which latter province Que- bec is the chief town ; and a constitu tion, in imitation of that of England, was given to each of these provinces. CAN Cananorf, alavg^ seaport on the cnast of Malabar. It was ceded by Tlppoo Sultan, regent of Mysore, to the Eng- lish £ust India Company, in 1792. Lon. 74, 10 E, lat. 12 N. CanandaigUit, a post town, and the principal seat of the courts in Ontaria county, New-Vork. It is seated at the E end of Cauandai|;ua lake, 16 miles \V of Geneva, and 26 E of Hartford. Canara, a province on the coast of M:ilabiir, subject to the regent of My sore. Its most northerly port is Onore, in lat. 14 20 N, Canaria, or the Grand Canary, the principal of the Canary Islands, about 180 miles from the coast of Africa, ■which (rives name to the whole. It is a fruitful island, and famous for the wine that bears its name ; the tempe- rature of its air is delightful ; and it abounds with good water, with trees, herbs, and delicious fruits. Here arc two wheat harvests, in February and May, and the corn makes bread as white as snow. It is 42 miles long, and 27 broad ; and lies 18 leagues W by S of Fuertaventura. Lon. 15 34 W, lat. 28 14 N. Canary Islands, anciently called the Fortunate Islands, on account of their tem]5erate healthy air and excellent fruits, are seven in number, lying in ihs: Atlantic Ocean, near the continent of Africa : namely, Palma, Ferro, Go- mera, Teneriffe, Canaria, Fuertaven- tura, and Lancerota ; to which may be Added several smaller isles, as Gracio- sa, Koccas, AUegranza, St. Clare, Infiemo, and Lobos. From these islands the Canary birds originally came. The N E point of these is in lon. 15 38 W, lat. 28 13 N. Canary, the capital of the island of Canaria, with a bishop's see, an inqui- sition, supreme coimcil of the Seven Islands, and a castle seated on a hill. They have sugarhouses, in wliicn a great quantity of sugar is made. The wine called Sack, has hence been of- ten termed Canary. It is computed that 10,000 hogsheads are sent annually to England in time of peace. Lon. 15 50 W, lat. 28 4 N. Cancalle, a bay on tl)e coast of France, 10 miles E of St. Maloes, where the English made a descent, under tlie duke of Mai-lborough, in 1758, and hence proceeded to bum tlie ships at St. Maloes. Camlahar, a rich trading city of Asia, CAN capital of a kingdom of the same mme,. While the Persian and Mogul empires were severally undivided, it was tha frontier fortress of Hindoostan toward Persia : and was esteemed the key of the western provinces of the latter, and not unfrequently changed masters, although very strong by situation, be- ing s\u'roimded by fens and rocks. It is 145 miles S W of Cabul. Lon. 67 IS E, lat. 33 N. Candahar, a kingdom of Asia, bt- twcen the river Indus and Persia, bounded on the N by Cabul, on the £ by Lahore, on the S E by Moultan, and on the W by Persia. The domin- ions of the king of this country extend westward to the neighbourhood of the city of Tarshish ; incUuling generally Cabul, Candahar, Ghizni, Gaur, Pais- ha\vur, Korasan and Seistan ; this tract is not less than 800 miles in length ; its breadth is not well known, and on tlie E side of the Indus, he possesses the territory of Cashmere, and some districts above the city of Attock. These countries are all called by the general name of the coimtry of the Ab. dalli. Ahmed Abdalla, the founder of this kingdom, was originally the chief of an Afghan tribe, named Abdal, (whence tlie name Abdalli) who was stript of his coimtry by Nadir Shah, it 1739. On the death of Nadir, he sud- denly appeared among his former sub- jects, and erected a considerable king- dom in the eastern part of Persia, add- ing to it most of the provinces to the W of the Indus, which had been ced- ed by the Great Mogtd to Nadir Shah, together with Cashmere on the £ of that river. Candia, an island in the Mediterra- nean, formerly Crete, lying to the S of the Archipelago. The capital, of the same name, though populous formerly, is little better than a desert, there be- ing nothing but rubbish, except at the bazar or market-place ; and the har- bour of Candia is now fit for nothing but boats ; but the walls of the town are standing, and it is the see of a Greek archbishop. This island was taken by the Turks, in 1669, after a war of 25 years. It was attempted to be retaken by ahe Venetians, in 1692, witliout effect. The products are com, wine, oil, wool, silk, and ex<. client ho> ney. The climate of Candia is delight- ful. The heat is never excessis'e; and in the plains violent cold is ne> er felt. rais^, : A N (^om ofthe same iMme.. sian and Mog-.il empires undivided, it was tli« S9 of Hindoostan toward vns esteemed the key of provinces of the latter, [uently changed masters, strong by situation, be- d by fens and rocks. It ii 7 of Cabul. Lon. 67 IS I kingdom of Asia, b«- ver Indus and Persia, lie N by Cabul, on the E \ the S E by Moultan, by Persia. The domin- ng of this country extend tlie neighbourhood of the »ish ; including generally bar, Ghizni, Gaur, Pais- lan and Seistan ; this tract an 800 miles in length; not well known, and on the Indus, he possesses of Cashmere, and some )ve the city of Attock. ries are all called by th« ofthe country ofthe Ab- id Abdalla, the founder of I, was originally the chief lan tribe, named Abdal, name Abdalli]) who was country by Nadir Shah, it he death of Nadir, he sud- fed among his former sub- ected a considerable king- astern part of Persia, add- t of the provinces to the lus, which had been ced- ■eat Mogul to Nadir Shah, h Cashmere on the Eof island in the Mediterra- ly Crete, lying to the S of ^ago. The capital, of the hough populous formerly, !r than a desert, there be- jut rubbish, except at the aket-place; and the har- ia is now fit fornothing It the walls of the town and it is the •ee of a tishop. This island wa« Turks, in 1669, after a rs. It was attempted to ahe Venetians, in 1692, . The products are com, ol, silk, and ex. ellent ho. imate of Candia is delight- it is never excessive ; and violent cold is ne> er felt. ;tr'"* CAN In the \tarmest days of summer the air is cooled by breezes from the sea. Except December and January the whole year is one continued fine day . The sky is always unclouded and serene ; the winds mild and refresliing breezes. The mountains arc covered with ft {^eat number of odoriferous plants; the rivulets which flow down the vallies, are overhung with myrtles, and laurel-roses -, clumps of orange, citron, and almond trees are scattered over the fields ; some extensive plains are arrayed in saffron, and the cavities of the rocks arc fringed with sweet smel- ling dittany. In a word from the hills, the voles, and the plains, on all hands there arise clouds of exquisite per- fumes, which embalm the air and rea der it a luxury to breathe it. Candia is 200 miles in I'engtli, and 50 in breadth. It is 500 miles S W of ConsUntiiwple.' Lon. 25 18 £, lat. 35 18 N. Candeish, a rich and populous pro- vince, in the Deccan of Hindoottan, sub- ject to the Poonah Mahrattas. It is bounded on the N by Malwa, on the E by Berar, on the S by Dowlatabad, and on the W by Baglana. Caiidlemai Itlet, near the coast of Sandwich Land. Lon. 27 13 W, lat. 57 10 S. Candy, a kingdom of Ceylon, con- taining about a quarter of tlie Island. It is full of hills, whence rivulets pro- ceed, which abound with fish. The inhabitants are dexterous in turning these rivulets to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, pulse, and liemp. The king is absolute, and his subjects are idolaters. Candy, the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Cey- lon. It was often burnt by the Portu- guese, when they were masters of these coasts. Lon. 80 52 £, lat 7 45 N. Cane, Grotto del, a famous grotto, on the banks of Lake d'Agnano, seven miles from Puzzoli, in the kingdom of Naples, A suffocating vapour rises a foot above the bottom of this cave, and is destructive to animal life. A dog having his head held in this vapour, is convidsed in a few minutes, and soon after falls motionless to the earth. The fellows who attend at the cave, have always some miserable dogs, with ropes about their necks, ready for this cruel purpose. Canea, a itonsiderable town of the CAN island of Candia, with a gootl harbmir. Tlie environs are adorned with forests of olive-trees, mixed with fields, vine- yards, gardens, and brooks, bordered with myrtle-trees, and laurel-roscsi Lon. 24 15 E, lut. 35 20 N. Caneto, a town of Italy, in the Man* tuan, on the river Oglio, often taken and retaken by the French and Aus- trians. It is 20 miles W of Mantua. Lon. 10 22 E, lat. 45 9 N. Canfield, a small town with a post office, in Trumbull county, Ohio, 28 miles N by VV of Fort M'Intosh, and 321 from Washington. Cangerecora, a large river ofthe pen- insula of Hindoostan. It has its source in the Gauts, and running S W to the coast of Malabar, enters the Indian Ocean, four miles to tlie N of mount Dilla ; before which its course is pa- rallel with the seacoast for about 11 miles, being separated only by a spit of sand. Caniaderago Late, a narrow lake of Nortli America, in tlic state of New- York, six miles \V of Lake Otsego, and nine miles long. Caaina, the capital of a district of tlie same name, in the N part of Alba- nia, a province of Turkev in Europe, lying near the entrance o^ tlie gulf of Venice, eight miles N of Valona. Lon. 19 25 £, lat. 41 12 N. Cannay, one ofthe western isles of Scotland, S W of the isle of Skyc. This island is fertile, and is noted for vast* basaltic columns, which rise above each other to a great height, in many suc- cessive ranges, each separated from the other by a stratum of pebbly con- cretions. On the £ side of the island, the tops of an immense number of these columns appear at low water, forming a sorrt of causeway of surprising ex- tent, the surface of which is smooth and regular, like an ordinary paved street. Canme. See Canota. Canoge, the ruins of which are at pre- sent of great extent, is a tovn of Hin- doostan Prefer, in th.c province of A- gra, seated on tlie Ganges, near its confluence with the Calini. It is now reduced to tlie size of a middling town. It is said to have been built more than 1000 years before the Christian era, and to have ■ been the capital of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus, who fought against Alexander. In the 6th century, it was said to coii- lim "w CAN CAN [ lA '■Jv -■-* I: tain 30,000 sliops, in whii-h hetel-nut was sold. It in i'27 mili-s S £ of Agru. Lon. 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N. Canobia, u town of K.Jy, in the Mil- anfsc, on Lake May;,' .re, 35 uiilcs N N W of Milt.li. Lou. 8 U E, lat. 4j 55 N. Canonsburg, a post town 18 miles S W of I'itt ib(ir;r, Hittiriteil )ii tiie V sidt^ oi' Ciiartel'ii crecic in Wasliingtou county, Pennj. Ivaiiia. Ciiiiosa, a ti'Wn of tlie kirgxloin r)f Naples, in Terra di ll:avi. It •■oatuii.s not more tliiiii 300 lio.i.ses, and oicu- pics t;ic site of l.ie aneieiit Canii.siuiii, one f/t tlie iiiosi nopuloii.s and niiij^nili- cenl .ities oi' Italy. Beiwet-n Canono and tlic! river O.santo, are sliU aimt traces of the ancient town orCunnu:, in the jilain of whioli wus foujfht the cel- ebrated battle between Iliainibal ai^d the Uoiiiaus. Lon. iLi 32 1j, lat. 41 3\) N. Canso, r. seaport of Ni>v;i Scotia, in North America, on a strait w.iich se- piu-atcs Nova Scotia from Cape iiicton. Near tlii:5 town is a line fisliery forc«l. Lon. 60 55 W, lat. 45 20 N. CWiStat, a town of bu:.bia, in the dutchy of Wirteinbei'fy, seated on the Neckar, two miles N E of Stutg-ard. Lon. y 14 E, lat. 48 5^ N. Cuntal, a department of France, in- cluding part of the Lite province of Auver{fne. The capital is St. Flour. Cuntazaro, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Calabria Cilcr.ore. It i.s seat- ed near the se.i, 20 iiii.es E of Nicas- tro. Lon. 16 4,7 E, lat. 39 3 N. Canteibxtry, an ancient city, the cap- ital of Kent, with an arclibishop's see, the metropolitan of all England. The eathedral, a large structure, was once famous for the shrine of Thomas Beck- et, to which so great was the resort, «nd so rich the offerings, that Eras- mus, who was an eye witness of its wealth, says, the whole chui'ch and chapel in which he was interred, glit- tered with jewels. But Henry VIII. in 1538, not only pillaged this rich shrine, but caused the saint to be cited in court, tried, and condemned as a trait- er ; ordering his name to be struck out of the calendar, his bones to be burnt, and his ashes thrown inv.'j the vir. In this cathedral are interred Henry IV. •nd Edward the Black Prince. The city has likewisr, 14 parish churches ; the remainf of many Roman antiqui- ties i and on ancient castle, with walls and a deep ditch. It is governed h- a mayor, and possesses a share of the silk manufactures introduced by the VV^alloons, who have here a church un- dtr t!ie cathedral. This citv is noted for its InuwM, a:id tl.e adjacent coun- tiy ;)imJ;i( { ', ali'.ii.dui.cc of liops. It ha» a ni.^rk^jl i):i \\^.'(liusd.t) and Saturday, soiidb '.w>) nteini;eis to parliament, and in Heated on t!:e riM-r .Steiir, 26 inileii .". S E (yf KooliLoter and 56 of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 51 10 N. Ciii'.li:rou> ,;aX*i\\\\ m Windham coun- ty, C'lr.nertu III, on the f.i;iinaboag ri- ver, 10 miies h of Wiiitliiam, and 15 K In E of Norwich, wliii lt^2'." inha- bitants. Here is a post ortice 412 miles troni Wathiiigtoii. Car.tiii, Ci./.'e, a promontory of the Atlantic Ocean, on tlic cui'st of Moroc- co. Lon. 9 5 W, lat. 32 40 N. Canton, or S^ttiigtung, one of the southern provinces of Cliina j bounded 1)11 the N E by Fokien : on the N by Kiangsi, on the W by Qiiang-si, and tie kingdom Tonking, and every where else bj tlic sea. The country is diver- sified with hills and plaiiiti, and the soil is in general so fertile that it pro- duces two crops annually. Abundance of valuable aromatic woods ai'c to be met witli in this province, as well as eaifle-wood, ebony. Sec. ; and in the mineral kingdom tlie province furnish- es gold, precious stones, tin, quick- silver, and copper. C?nton is tiie ca- pital. Canton, a large, populous, and weal- tliy city of Cliina, capital of the province of that name, stands on the river Taa, one of the finest in the empire. The buildings of Canton are in general low, consisting of one story and a ground floor, which is covered with earth or red tiles to keep it cool j but the hou- ses of the most respectable merchants and mandarins are comparatively lofty, and well built. The streets of Canton are long and narrow, paved with flint- stones, adorned at intervals with tri- umphal arches, which have a pleasing effect and are much crowded with people. In Canton there ai-e no carri- ages. The better sort of people are carried about in chairs ; but the com- mon sort walk barefooted and bare- headed; and their goods are carried by porters. At the end of every street is a barrier^ which is shut every evening, as well as the gates of the city j so that people grc obliged to be at home early? A N tch. It is jfovemed \r pusscMscM :i Hhurc of tlie urcs introduced by tiie I liavc here u cluirch im- Ira!. 'Vliis city is notctl , a:.d ti.e adjacent coiin- il'.lnduM'C of'hopH. ItilUV k ..•dp.i-sduj and Saturday, iii;ei » to |iarliament, and !:(• n\i-T Sti'iir, 26 inileit iLjtcr and 56 ol' London. It. 51 19 N. ite ca- rgo, populous, and weal- na, capital of the province stands on tlie river Taa, ist in the empire. The anton arc in general low, one story and a ground covered with earth or ep it cool ; but the hou- respectable merchants are comparatively lofty, The streets of Canton arrow, paved with flint- at intervals with tri- which have a pleasing much crowded with anton there ai-e no carri- tter sort of people are n chairs ; but the corn- barefooted and bare- leir goods are carried by he end of every street is cli is shut every evening, gates of the city ; so that ged to be at home early^ ;d CAP The river is co>cred wiih barks, wliich have apartments in tlicm for famiiie.-*, where many reside. The luiinber of iniiabitants is computed at 1,0U0,000, but li'ler calculations have made Uiein cuiisiderablv less. Lon 133 12 E, lat. 23 7 ti. Caiilviell's Bridge, a post town in New Castle county, (Uel.) 9 miles S of St. Georges, and 19 of New Castle. Cantyre, a soutlicrn division of Ar- gyleshire in Scotland. It is a narrow peninsula 60 miles long, and from five to eight broad. It is connected on the N by lui isthmus to the mountainous district of Knapdalc. Across this isth- mus, which is scarce a mile bi-oad, a canal might easily be cut. To the S the peninsula terminates in a great promontory, surrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the Mull of CantjTe. The soil, in general, is fertile. Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on tlie coast of Venetian Fri- uli, 20 miles S W of Aquileia. It has a town of the same name, with a bish- op's see. Lon. 12 30 E, lat, 45 42 N. Capacio, an episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 16 miles S of Salerno. Lon. 15 E, lat. 40 20 N. ' Capt Breton. See Breton, Cape ,• and otiier Capes, in like manner, sec un- der their respective names. Capelle, a town of France, now in the depai-tmcnt of Aisne, lately in the ])ro- vince of Picardy, eight miles N E of Guise, taken by tlie Spaniards in 1636,' but retaken the year after. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 49 58 N. Cape May Court Houie, the principal seat of justice in Cape May county, New: Jersey, situated a few miles N of Cape Ma3', 34 S E of Bridgetown, and 74 of Philadelphia, in the lat. of 39" N 4pd 75* W. Here is a post office' 231 miles from Wathington. Capeatan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aude and late province of Lan^uedoc, near the river Aude and the famous canal of Languedoc. Lon. 3 8 E, lat. 43 21 N. Capitanata, a province of Naples, bounded on the N by the gulf of Ve- nice, on the fi by Terra di Bari, on the S by Basilicata and Principato Ulteri. ore, and on the W by Molise and A- bruzzo. It is a level country, witliouv trees ; has a sandy soil, and a hot air ; but the land, near the rivers, is fertile m p.istures. The capital is Manfredo- (lia. CAR Capo Fino, a barren rock, in the tei'- ritory of Genoa, with a castle ua, and was built out of its ruins. Here Hannibal and his ofAcers trifled away their time in pleasure, and gave time to the Romans to recover from their consternation after the battle of Cannte It was taken by the Austrians in 1707; and is seated on the Voltumo, 15 miles N of Napier. Lon. 14 19 £, lat. 41 7 N. Caraceat, a district of South Ameri- ca, in Terra Firma, included in the W part of the province of Venezuela. It is boimded on the N by the gulf of Mexico, on the E by Cumana, and on the S by New Granada. The coast is rocky and mountainous, interspersed witli small feitile valleys, blessed in general with a clear air and wholesome climate. The chief t( vm is Caraccas. The commerce of this town was for a long time open to al! the subjects of the Spanish monarchy But in 1728 a company ;va8 formed, who obtained an exclusive right of trading to this part of tlie world. It is sometimes caJled I' the Company of Caraccas, and some- times the Company of Guipiscoa, from th.e province of Spain, in which it is « l ll»- CAR CAR St. Jkgo dc Leon \* the •Ktabllshrd. rupitnl. Carainania, n prov'nu'p of Turkey in /.Kin, in the S pint of Natoliu. MoHt of the lioiisc!) Ii;ivi> tufrets so (•ontri\<-' con- tain several islands. It is formed by a branch of the Danube, not far from its entrance into the Black Sea. Caravacca, a town of Spain, among the mountains near the river Scgura, in Murcia. It is 50 miles N W of €arthagena. Lon. 2 5 W, lat. 38 5 Carcassone, an ancient town of France, in the depart mriit .of Aude and late province of Languedoc. It is divided mtotlie Upper and Lower Town by the Audit, over which is a stone bridge. In tha Upper Town are a strong castle and the cathedral. The Lower town is square, built aflcr the modem taste, and kept very neat by means of an aque- duct, which brings the water of the Aude to different fountains. The Up- per town,, which is also called the City, is very ancient, and in the castle are preserved some old records written on the bark of trees. Here arc manu- miles \V of Narboune, and 400 S oi Paris. L norgansliire, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It is a large and welt built town, and has a castle, a wall, and four gates. It is seated ori the Taafc, over which is a bridge, and it has a considerable trade with Bristol I for vessels of small burden may come to tl)c bridge. The castle, tho' much decayed, makes a grand ap. peArance at this time, and the walls of the castle are very strong and thick. The constable of the castle is the chief magistrate, whom they call mayor. Near tl^e town are some inm-worksi and a canal, extending 25 miles hence, to the iroti-works at Merthyr-Tidvil, In the castle, died Robert, didce of Normandy, eldest son of William the Conqueror, aft ,r having been blinded, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henr)' I. Cardill'is 12 miles E of Cow- bridge, and 164 W of London. Lon. 3 12 W, 1st. 51 30 N. Cardigan, the county-town of Car. diganshirc, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday ; situate on the river Ty- vy, over which is i handsome stons bridge. The walls and castle are gone to ruin. It is governed by a mayor, sends one member to parliament, and is 33 miles N E of St. David's and 225 W N W of London. Lon. 4 38 W, lat. 53 10 N. Cardigan Bay, on the const of Car- diganshire, at the mouth of the Tyvy, extending to Borsey island in Camar- vonshirc. It is 40 miles from one cape to the other, and aflbrds secure shel- ter for ships. Curdiganihire, a county of S Wales, bounded on the N by Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire, on the £ by Radnorshire and Brecknockshire, on the S by Carmarthenshire, and Pem- brokeshire, and on the W by Cardigan Bay. It extends 42 miles from N to S and 20 from E to W ; and is divid- ed into five hundreds, containing six market-towns, and 64 parishes. It lies in the diocese of St. David's, and sends two members to parliament The air is milder here than in most parts of Wales. To the S and W are plains fruitful in com ; but the N and. E parts are a continued ridge of moun- tains, however there are cattle bred ill all parts ; but they have neither wood fectuves of all sorts of clotlt It is 15 (nor coals of their own for fuel. Thej :: A R irbtiiinc, and 400 S r) 25 E. Ut. 43 14 N. nu)ch of S Wales in GU- irith II market on Wed- aturilav. It ii a large town, und has a castle, ur gitcs. It U icatcd over whiih i» a bridge, c(in»iderable trade with 'esseU of ainall burden J)c bridge. The caatle, ayed, makes a grand ap- lis time, and the walls of e very strong and thick. of the castle is the chief vhom they call mayor, m are some inm-worksj xtcnding 25 miles hence, rorks at Merthyr-Tidvil. , died Robert, didce of dest son of William the ^',r having been blinded, 28 years, bv his brother •dilris 12 miles E of Cow- 64 W of London. Lon. 51 30 N. the county-town of Car- rith a market on Tuesday ; situate on the river Ty- ich is a handsome stont ; walls and castle are gone is governed by a mayor, ember to parliament, and »I E of St. David's and 22S London. Lon. 4 38 W, ay, on the const of Car- it the mouth of tlie Tyvy, Borsey island in Camar- is 40 miles from one cape and aftbrds secure shel- \ire, a county of S Wales, the N by Merionethithire )mery8hlre, on the E by and Brecknockshire, on irmarthenshire, and Pem- ^nd on the W by Cardigan ends 42 miles from N to [m E to W ; and is divid- hundreds, containing six s, and 64 parishes. It [ocese of St. David's, and members to parliament .lilder here than in most fes. To the S and W are - in com \ but the N ani continued ridge of moun- jr there are cattle bred in It they have neither wood leir own for fuel. Thcj CAR have fish in plenty witli fowls both tame and wild. Near tlic rivers are great numbers of otters i and in the val- leys arc several lakes. The mountains abound with veins of kiid and silver ore j and the mines have been worked several times to great advantage : Sir Hugh Middlcton is said to have clcur- ('(I 20(X)/. a moMtli, for several vcars togelher, wiiieh enabled him to bring the New River water to London ; but lie expended the whole on that great ubjcct. The ]>rineipal rivers are tlie I'yvy, the Rydul, and the Istwith. CarJona, a town uf Spain, in Catalo- nia, witli a castle. Near it is an inex- liuustiLle mountain of salt, of seve- ral colours, which, when washed, be- comes white ) and there are vineyards, which produce excellent wine. It is icated on an eminence, near the river Cardencro, 30 miles N W of Barcelo- ua. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 41 36 N. Carelia, the eastern part of Finland. It belongs partly to tlie Swedes, and partly to the Russians. See Wiburgh. Carentan, a town of France, in the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, with an ancient castle, eight miles from sea. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 49 16 N. Cariati, a toMm of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is two miles from the gpulf of Taranto. Lon. 17 19 £, lat. 39 35 N. Caribbean Sea, that part of the At- lantic, Ijnng between Cuba, St. Domin- go, and Porto Rico on the N, and Ter- ra Firma on the S, It was former- ly called the North Sea; for the Spaniards having crossed the isthmus of Daricn from N to S, gave the sea they discovered the name of the South Sea, and this, of course, the North Sea, although with respect to the Anierican continent, the Pacific is the western, and the Atlantic the Eastern ocean. Caribbee Itlandt, the most eastern islands ot the West Indies divided in- to Windward and Leeward islands. As the Caribbee islands are all be- tween the tropics, their inhabitants are exposed to perpetual heat. In those places where the wind does not blow, the air is excessively hot, and none but easterly winds contribute to refresh it The torrents of roin which fall refresh the air; but their humid exlialations render the cUmate uobeal- tffv. CAR Carigiiann, a town of Piedmont, in • dlKtricl of the sitnie name, seated on the river Po, three miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 S7 N. Cariuian Java, a eliinter of islands to the N of Java, at tbe principid of which ships toueli for refreshmentN, in their vovage to Borneo. Lon. 110 12 E, Int. 5 56S. Ctirinola, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Terra di Lavora, seated near Mount Massico, 25 inilcM N W of Na- ples. Lon, 1418E lat. 41 15 N. Carinthiii, a fertile dutchy of Ger- many in the circle of Austria, bound- ed on the N by Austria, on the E by Stiria, on the S by Curniola and Friu- li, and on the W by Tirol and Saltz- burg. Clugenfiirtis the capital. Cariilnook Cattle, an ancient castle, near Newjiort, in the Isle of Wight, where Charles I. was imprisoned. Cariito, an episcopal town of Greece, in the E part of the island of Negro- pont. Lon. 2445E, lat 38 4 N. Cartingford, a seaport of Ireland, on Ciirlingford Bay, in the county of Lowth, 21 miles N of Droghcda. Lon. 6 W, lat. 54 11 N. Carlisie, an ancient city, the capital of Cumberland, with a market on Sa- turday. It is walled round, and plea- santly situated above a rich tract of meadows, bordering the Eden and two other rivers, which here unite their streams. The gates of this city are called tlie English, Irish, and Scotch. It has a castle, on the W side of the town ; and tlie cathedral is a stately structure. The eastern part which i» tite ne west, is a curious piece of work- manship. The choir with the aisles, is 71 tcet broud ; and has a stately E window, 48 feet high and SO broad, adorned with curious pillars. Carlisle has a considerable manufacture of print- ed linens and checks, for which 3000/. per annum is paid in duties, and is no- ted for the making of whips und fish- hooks. It was taken by the rebels in 1745, but retaken by the duke of Cum- berland It is governed by a mayor., sends two members to parliament, ani'i is 60 miles S of Edinbui-gh, and 30; N N W of London. Lon. 2 53 W, lat. 54 56 N. Cttrliile, a post town and tlie capital of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, sit- uated on the south side of Conedog- winnet creek, 18 miles W by S of Harrisburg, 37 N by W of York, about CAR CAR 54 N W of Lnnra«tep, anil 124 of Plii- liicl«-l|i|iiii. 'I'lio ciiiiiity wus ilividcd from I.:iiu' iiii-r, niiil Chi'IIsIu made (liu priiicipiil !i«'ul Drjimtice of Ciimbcrlnnd county Janiriry, 174!>-.VO. 'I'lic town is plcnnuntlv sitiiiitfd, and tlic houscx urc l»iill ])rini-i|iiilly with lii'icki, pluin and coinniodiiiiis. 'I'lii; Hti'i'«rt« ui'i' laid out in Htriii«lit lincH, and of u conve- nient widtli. Mciv in u scniinnry of leurninff, called Dickenson collcjfi!, wliicli luis liit!i(:rtnt.ttion i t!ie laio prin- cipal Dr. Ncnt>it bcinp;' a tCHclier of distin};uii«hcd leurnin)^ unJ piety. At the lant cniimrrutiou in 1800 tiic in- habit :intH amounted to 20.1i. Ciiilov), or Cathrrtough, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 28 niilesinlcn(^h,andei)(htin brcudtli ; boinided on tlic E bv Wicklow and Wcxfonl, on the W by Qiicen's coun- ty and Kilkenny, and on the N by Kil- clarc. Carlmu, or Catherlough, a town of Ireland, in a coimty of the same name, w\ the river Barrow, 16 mileit N K of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 14 W, lat. 52 48 N. Corloviits, a town of Sclavonia, seat- ed on the Danube, 33 miles N W of fielfirTRdc. Lon, 20 5 £, lat. 44 45 N. Carltcrona or Carlteroon, a seajjort of Sweden, in the province of Blckinpen. It derives its orig^in and name from Charles XI. wiio firht I 'id the founda- tions of a new town in 1680, and re- moved the fleet from Stockholm to this place on account of its advantujje- ons situation in the centre of the Swedish seas and tlie superior securi- ty of its harbour, wliich has depth of water for first-rate ships to cairy their lower tier of guns ; the entrance into tiiis harboiu", is defended by two stronp forts. The greatest part of the town stands upon a small rocky island, ^vhich rises gently in a bay of the Bal- tic : the suburbs extend over another small rock, and alwiig the inolc, close to the basin whei e the fleet is moored. The way into the town from the main land, is carried over a dyke to an island, and from thenrc along two long wooden bridges joined by a bar- ren rock. The lawn contiiins about 18,000 inhnbitants ; and the suburbs are fortified towai-d t.hc land, by a stone wall, Formei-l}-, vessels in uii«' port, when careened and ri-paired, were laid upon tl*elr .^idcs in the open hkrhour ; until a dock was hollowed Ml the solid rock, in 1724, capuble of receiving a lirst rate man of war. A project for constructing ,10 covered docks, and other improvements, wus l)cgun in 1759 i but they have proceed- eil slowly. One dock wat flnisiied in 1779, and gives an ide:» of the expiiiirc und gri'utnesH of the plan: the bottom and sides urc of hewn granitu i rows of granite pillars .support the roo.", and bear rather tiio upnearancc o!'a colon- nade to a temple tlutn a receptacle for siiipH. CarNcronu is 'JJOmilei S W oC btockliulm. Lon. 15 26 K. lat. 56 20 N. Carmtiidt, II. c cupitid of Croiitiu, on the river Kidp, 140 miles S of Vienna Lon. 15 21 K, lat. 46 2 N Carlttwlt, a town of Sweden, iu Wernieland, on the island of 1 higwul- la, which is formed by two blanches of the Clara Elb. It is a bishop's see. The town contains 1500 inhubitants, who carry on a trade in iron and woimI acrois lake VVcuncr. It is IJJ milci W of .Stockholm. Lon. 13 43 E, lat. 59 16 N. CurUtadt, a ti>\vn of Germany, in th« bishopric of Wurt/burg, seated on the Maine, 16 miles N of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 49 56 N. Cannagniula, a trading town of Pied- mont, with a strt.ng citadel. It was taken by tlie French in 1691, but reta- ken by prince Eugene tlie same year. It is seated on u small river, which runs into tlie Po, 14 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 51 N. Canuanlien, \ he county -town of Car- murtiienshire, with a market on Wed-,, nesday and Saturday. It is seated .pfk' tlie river Towy, over wliich is a stoM bridge, to which small vessels may come up. It was once fortiBed with % wall and acastle, now in ruins. It sends one member to parliament, and is 24 miles S E of Cardigan, and 207 W by N of London. Lon. 4 23 W, lat. 51 52 N. Carm.arthemhire, a. county of South Wales, 35 miles in length, and 20 in breadth ; bounded by Cardiganshire on the N, the Bristol channel on tlie S, Brecknock and Glamorganshire on the E, and Pembrokeshire on the W. It lies in the diocese of St. Davids t con< taining eight market-towns and 87 pa- rishes ; and sends two members to parliament. Its principal rivers arc the Towy, Tyvy, and Taafe. It i» friiitM in corn and grass, having many CAR until a J rork, ■r tlio uppcaraiii'c iii'a coU tc-mple timii a receptacle '» nee. 1 contains IjUO iiihubitants, ' on a trade in iron and wo(hI e VVcnncr. It in IJJ milci khoim. Lon. 13 43 E, lat. It, a t^)^vn of Gcrniuny, in the of W urt/.biir(f, seated on the 6 niilcN N of VVurtzbur^. E, lat. 49 56 N. niiula, a tradlnn^ town of Pied- ill a stri.iig I itudel. It w»8 the French in 1691, but reta- I'ince Eugene tlie same year. ;d on a smuU river, which the Vo, 14 milc! S of Turin. E, lat. 44 51 N. then, the county-town of Car- liire, with a market on Wed^ d Saturday. It in seuted ,pi^' Towy, over wiiich is a stoni wiiich small vessels may It was once fortified with a castle, now in ruina. It sends ler to parliament, and is 24 , of Cardigan, and 207 W by don. Lon. 4 2.3 W, lat. 51 ■theiuhire, a county of South 5 miles in length, and 20 in bounded by Cardiganshire on c Bristol channel on tlie S, k and Glamorganshire on tlic Pembrokeshire on the W. U ! diocese of St. Davids t con- ght market-towns and 87" pa- niid sends two members to it. Its principal rivers ar* ry, Tj-vy, and Taafe. It i» 1 corn and grass, having many CAR CAR pleai.ant and rich meadnwi, alio wood, eii.il, and lea-fisli, especially salmon^ porary winch is cxccpdinfif good. The air is mild aixl wholnomr, it not being so iii'iiiiitainous as the other counties of Wiil.i, Cinnef, a mountahi in Palestine, no- ted (or haviii)f been the retreat of the |ii'nears that tlic pcriodicid rains, whicit almost deluge the rest of India, are shut out of Cashmere by the height of the r.ountains, so that only light showers fall there j these howev- 'r are in abundance enough to feed some hundreds of cascades, which ar^ precipitated into the valley, from every port of this stupendous and romantic bulwark tliat encircles it. The soil is the richest that can be conceived, and its productions those of the temperate zone. A vast number of streams from all quarters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Chelum, the parent of the soil, and a large navigable river. Many lakes are spread ovdr the siir- facc, and some of them contain floating islands. In a word *hc whol's scenery is beautifully picturesque ; and a part of the romantic Circle of the motmtainii ma^es a psirt of every hndscape. The superstition of tlie in- h ibitants has multiplied the places of v/orship, of Maliadeo, Beschan, and i}rama. All Cashntere U holy land, and miraculous fountaint^ abound. They are co.intantly subject toi earthquakes! and, to g^ard against ^e most terrible effects, all their houuiss are buiU of wood. Among other 1 curious m^u- factures of Cashmere iithatof8|iawls: and the delicate wooj of whir^hl ipey are made, is the product of a species of goat of thi^ country, or of the ddjoiiunK j Thibet. Here are bned a 8peci.U9, limuleli Mount, and on ■f Lahore. The valley or ilimere is 80 miles iong^, and is celebrated for its ties, the fertility of tlie ;nipcrature of the atnios- hese particulars may be , when (t is considered, evat'jd and extensive vai- led by steep mountains ove the regions of snow ; soil is composed of the 1 by a capital river, which ed its waters into u lake, lie whole valley, until it a passag*; through the d left this fertilized val- field to human industry, .ommodation of a happy :ars that tlie periodical silmost deluge the rest of t out of Cashmere by the r ountains, so that only fall there ; th^se howev- indance enough to feed Is of cascades, which arcs ito the valley, from every tupendous and romantic encircles it. The soil is at can be conceived, and s those of the temperate , number of streams from the valley, bring their Chelum, the parent of a large navigable river. re spread ovdr the snr- ;ome of them contain Is. In a word *hc whole itifuUy pictujesque ; and romantic eircle of the a^es a psirt of every he superstitiion of the in- multiplied the places of Maliadeo, Beschan, and Cashmere U holy land, s fountain^ abound. They subject to earthquakes \ against- tbe most terrible leir houubs are buijt of ig other 1 curious mtptu- shmere it thiat of sfiawls ; ate wpo^ of whi'-.h tijey le product of a species of tmtry, or of the tidjoining s are bned a specie* >-Cassel, divided into Uic Old add New Town. The streets are broad, the marketplacef spacious, and there are four churches. The castle, or palace, whence thei-e is an extenalte and de- lightful prospect, is buUt of free stone. The gardens, the arsenal, and the ca^ . binet of curiosities, deserve tlic atten- tion of travellers. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 miles S of Paderbcm. Lon. 9 29 £, lat. 5119 N. Castel, a town of France, in the de- paitnicnt of the North, and late French Flanders, seated on a mountain, whence may be seen 33 towns, and the German Ocean, though 50 miles from it. It is :0 miles N E of St Umei. Lon. 2 36 £, lat 50 48 N. t' tsiet, a strong town of Germany, ia the circle of the Lower Rhine, situate on the Rhine, op]>osi^ Meats, with which it has a communicatibd by a bridge of boats. CaMovia, or Ca*hav, a Strang town of Hungarv, with a fine arsen:^, seated neai- tho river Horkt, 55 miles N £ of Agria. Lon. 21 25 £, lat 46 48 N. Cartanovitz, .» town of Austrian Cro- atia, seated on the river Unna, which livide B that coimtry from Turkey. Lon. 17 19 £, lat. 45 40 N. ' CasteUtmara, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a biithop's see, vkd a good, itarhour, 15 ruiles S £ oi:^\f», Lon. 1135 £. li^ 41 40 N. m \m. :i CAS f^astcl-Aragnneac, a seaport of Sardi- nia, with a Msliop's scf, SOnilcs N E ot Si^aai-; Lon. 9 1 E, iat. 40 56 N. CMtfl-Baldo, a town of Italv, in tl.e N iToncse.on the nvcr Atlig-e/Sj miles R K or Vcroiia. Lon. 12 7 E, Iat. 45 b N. Castdbar, a toun of Ireland, in the eounly ..f Miivo, 35 miles Nof Galwav. LfMi. y 15 VV, Iat. 53 54 X. Castcl-Braiu-n, a town of PortU)?al, capital of iJeira, situated on the river Lyra, 38 miles NW of Akantai-a. Loti. 6 40 W, Iat. 3!) 52 N. Cattc'-de-FiJc, a town of Portugal, in Aleiitejo, cijfht inili's N of Portaletrre. Lon. 7 31 VV, Iat. 30 13 N. Castel-FoUt, a town of .Spain, in Ca- t*loMia, on an inaccessible eminence, near the ri^er Fulvia, 15 miles W of Gironna. Castcl-Gandolfo, a village in C:unpRg. nadi Koina, near Lake Alixmo. Near Ujis villagx: is t!ic villa Uarbarini, with- in the gardens of which are the ruins of on immense i>alace, built bv the empe- ror Domitian. It is 10 miles S by E of Rome. Cutel-Jalmtx, a to\CTi of France, Utely in the province of Guienne, now in the department of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the Avance, 20 miles E of Bazas. Lon. 25 E, Iat. 44 20 N. C.isie.l-Nu(wo, a town of Venetian nalrantia, situate on the gulf of Cata- to, 12 miles N by W of Cataro. Lon. IB 2:-) E, Iat. 43 36 N. Custel-Ro:liig,j, a town of Portugal, in llic province of Tra-los-Montes, 30 m. N V/ of Cividail-RocU'ieo. Lon. 6 22 W, Iat. 41 ON. Caitd-lhcnyy-di-Carfagnana, a town of Italy in the Modenese, with a strong fort. It i.s the cipital of the valley of Carfiignjuia, and seated on the river Serchio, 17 miles above Lucca. Lon 10 4aE, Iat. 44 5 N. Castdlmic, a town of France, in Uie dcp.'.itraent oltiie Lower Alps and late province of Pn)-,cnce. It is seated an the Verdon, in a hilly countrv, 27 miles S by E of Senez. Lon. 6 34'E. Iat. 43 55 N. Cattdlon, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, five miles N W of Roses. Lon 24 58 E, Iat. 42 18 N. Cattdnatidary, a town of France, in the department of Aude and late pro- vince of Languedoc, on an eminence. The Liuij^uedoc Cuiwl here forms a ba- j CAS son about 3600 feet in circumferenee Castelnuudaiy is 15 miles W of Ca:'. cassoniie. Lon. 2 E, Iat. 43 19 N. Castigfiniir, a town of Italv, in the Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the Frencii on August 3, 1796 It IS 20 miles N W of Mantua. Lon JO 32 E, Iat. 45 23 N. Castile, the principal and most opii. lent of the kingdoms into which Spain was formc) ly divided. It now forms the two piovinces of Old Castile and New Castile. Castile, Old, a province of Spain, 199 miles in lengtli, and 115 in breadth- bounded on the S by New CusUIe, on the E by Arragon and Navarre, on the N by Biscay and the Asturias, and on the W by Leon. Burgos is the capi. tiil. Ca^ile, He-Mi, or Toledo, a province of jspam, 200 miles in length, and 184 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Old CiLstile, on the E by An-agon and Va. lencia, on the S bv Murcia and Anda. lusia, and on the W by Estramadura. It IS divided into three parts ; Arga- na to the N, Mancha to the E, and Sierra to the S. Madrid is the capital. Castile del On, or JVctu Castile, m A- merica. See Terra Finna. Castillara, a town of Italy, in the dutchy of Mantua, six miles N E of A^intua. Lon. 10 54 E, Iat. 45 14 N. C-'stillon, ato^vn of France, in tlie dep. nment of Gironde and late pro- vince of Guienne j famous for a victory gained by the French over the English m 1451. It is seated on the Dordogne, 25 miles E of Bourddaux. Lon. 2E. Iat. 44 52 N. Castine, a post town in Hancock county, Maine ; situated on the E side of Penolwcot bav, 4 miles S of Penob. scot, in tl.e Wt. of 440 24/ N, and lon. of 680 31/ W. It is a place of consider- able foreign trade, and has about 1000 inh.ibilants. Castle-Cary, a town in Somersetshire, with a miu'ket on Tuesday, 12 miles S E of Wells, and 112 W byS of Lon- don. Lon. 2 42 W, Iat. 51 5 N. Castle-Comb, a town in Wiltshire, so called from its ancient castle. It for- merly had a market. It is 12 miles N NE of Bath. Castle- Hedingham, a village in El- sex, seven miles S W of Sudbury. Castle-iiising, a borough in Norfolk, which had a market, now disused, on account of its h^rboiir beipif choked up, CAS oOO feet in rircumferfRee. ly i» 13 miles W of Ca;'. Lon. 2 E, lat. 43 19 N. ', a town of Italy, in the ith a castle. It was taken cli oil August 3, 1796. It ^VV of Mantua. Lon. 10 ;23N. e principal and most opu- injfdoins into which Spain y (lividcfl. It now forms inces of Old Cuatile and /, a province of Spain, 192 ertli, anci 115 in hrcadlhj the S bv New C:i8Ule, on agon and Navarre, on the and the A.sturias, and on 5on. Burgos is the capi- !u, or Toledo, a province of liles in length, and 184 in inded on the N by Old le E by An-agon and Va. ^ S bv Murcia and Anda. the W by Estramadura. into three parts j Arga- Mancha to the E, and 3. Madrid is the capital. >ro, or JV«u Cattile, m A- Terra Finna. a town of Italy, in the (intua, six miles N E of 1. 10 54 E, lat. 45 14N. to\vn of France, in tJie Gironde and late pro- ne i famotis for a victory French over the English seated on tlie Dordogne, Bourd<;aux. Lon.OSE, lost town in Hancock situated on the E sitle ay, 4 milci S of Penob- of 44«' 24/ N, and lon. It is a place of consider- kde, and has about 1000 town in Somersetshire, on Tuesday, 12 miles and 112WbySof Lon- 2 W, lat. 51 5N. A town in Wiltshire, so ancient castle. It fbr- rket. It is 12 miles N ham, a village in E(- sS Wof Sudbury, a borough in Norfolk, irket. now disused, on M'l'our beiiiifchoktd up^ CAT but it is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. The cas- tle, whence it has its name, has now fallen into ruins. It is seven miles N E of Lvnn, and 103 N N E of London. Lon. 30 E, lat. 50 52 N. Cattlrton, a village in the peck of Derbyshire. At tne foot of a rock al>ove 250 feet high, on which are the remains of a castle, ascribed to Wil- liam Peverei, natural son of the Con- queror. Cuttletowi, the capital of the isle of Man, with a castle, but of no gi-eat in - portance, on account uf its diHtmicc from the rocky and shallow harbour. Lon. 4 35 W, lat. 53 55 N, Cation, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Monday, 10 miU-s N N W of Norwich, and 113 N E of London. Lon. 1 22 £, lat 52 48 N. Cottar, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday, 15 miles N E of Lincoln, and 159 N of London. Lon. 9 W, lat. 53 SON. Cattre*, a town of France, in the de- partment of Torn and late province of Languedoc, of which it was recently an episcopal see. Near this town, are mines of Turqucise stones, it is the birthplace of Rapin Thoyras, Abel Boyer, and M. Dacier. It is seated in a fine valley, on the Agout 20 miles S of Alby. Lon. 2 20£, lat. 43 37 N. Cattro, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, 40 miles N W of Rome. Lon. 11 54 E, lat. 42 23 N. Castro, a maritime town of tlie king- dom of Naples, six miles S of Qtranto. Lon. 18 31 E, lat. 40 16 N. Cattro, a town of South America, in Cliili, capital of the island of Chiloe. It is 180 miles S of ialdivia. Lon. 75 5 W, lat. 42 4 S. Cattro-Marino, a town of Portugal, in Algarve. It is strong by situation, and seated near the mouth of the Guadiana, 55 miles S of Beja. Lon. 7 12W, lat376N. Cattro-Veregna, a town of Peru, re- markcble for mines of silver, good to- bacco, and wholesome air. ft 'is 125 miles S £ of Lima. Lon. 74 45 W, lat. 12 50 S. Cat Itland. See Guanahami. CatabofiB, a town belonging to the Catabaws,the only Indian nation in the state of S CaroUna. It is seated on the river Catabaw, on the line which separates North and South Carolina. l.on.8115 W,Ut34 49N. CAT Catalonia, a province of Spain, bound* ed (III llie N by the Pyrenees, un th* E and S by the Meiliterrancan Sea, and on the W by Arragon aitd Valen- cia. Its gieatest extent from E to W is 112 miles, and from N to S 148. It is 155 miles in leng^ and 100 breadth. The air is wholesome ; and it is full of high mountains, covered with forest and fruit-trees. It abounds in wine, corn, and pulse, and there ore several quarries of marble uf all colours, chrys- tiJ, alabaster, amethysts and lapis liixuli. Gold dust has been found among the sand of one or two of the rivers, and there are mines of tin, alum, vitriol, and salt. They likewiso Hsh for curul on the Eastern coast. Barccluna is tlje capital. Catania, a celcbr;ited city of Sicily on a gulf of the same name, with a bishop's see, and a uni\'crsity, the only one in tl'.e island. I'he church is a no- ble fabric, the Inrgebt In Sicily; and the organ is much admired by musical connoisseurs. The land about it isfer* tile in corn, e.icellent wine, and fruits. By an eruption of Etna, in 1669, it was almost totally destroyed ; and in 1693, it was entirely swallowed up by an eartliquake, which buried 18,000 peo- ple in the ruins. It is 52 miles S W of Messina. Lon. 15 29 E, lat. 37 36 N. Catanzaro, atown of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, witlk a bishop's see, seated on a mountun, 15 miles S W of Belcastro. Lon. 16 48 E, lat. 39 N. Cataro, atuwn of Venetian Dalmatian with a castje, and a bishop's see ; seat- ed on a gulf of its own name, 30roilei WofScuiari. Lon. 18 40 E, lat. 43 40 N. Cateau. See Chateau Caml>resit. Categate, a gulf between Sweden and Denmark, by wiiom the Baltic communicates with the ocean. Catharinenslqf, or Scaterrinentiqf, a government of the Russian empire, divided into two provinces; name- ly, Catliarinenslaf, which includes New Russia and the late govern- ment of Asoph ; and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catharinentlaf, tlie capital of a pro- vince of the same name, built by the late empress of Russia ; and its name signifies The glory'of Catharine. It is seated near the confluence oftheKilt- zin and Samara, 178 miles N E of Cher- son. Lon. 35 15 E, lat. 47 23 N. Catharint't, St. tbe principal ishuid Iw, "' J MB C A V on the coast of the 9 pan of BraslI, with a harbour defended by several forts. It is 27 miles Jon^, but not more than six broad. Lon. 4'J \7 W Ut 27 25 S. Catherlo'if^h. See Carlon. CatinanJu, the capital of Napaul, in Hindoostan Proper, 445 miles E of Dcllii. Lon. 84 51 E, lat. 28 6 N. Cittoue, C'.ifie, the N£ promontory of TiiCiitan, in N America, \vhere the English adventurers fivim Jamaica first attempted to cut logwood. Lon 86 30 W, Ikt. 22 10 N. See Honduras. CatsHll, a town in Green ouiit}', New York ; situated on the W side of Hudson river, ut the maiith of Catskill crock, eight irriles from the city c-f Tludson, and 135 N of New York. Here is a post office. Cattack, or Cuttaci, the capital of Orissa, a province of Hindoostan, in the Deccan. It is a post of consequence on the Mahanuddy, as it lies on the only road between Dengal and the Northern Circars i and the possession of this city and its depei.aencies gives the Berarrajaii (a Maliratta prince) more consecjuence in the eyes of the government of Bengal, than 'even his extensive domdin and centrical position in Hindoostan. Cattack is seated on the Mahanuddy, near its influx into the bay of Bengal, 220 miles S W of Cal- cutta. Lon. 86 1 E, lat. 20 51 N. Cattarid; a village near Richmond, in tlie W riding of Yorkshire, li has a bridge over the river SWiJe, and a sort of cataract near it, fi'om Which it seems to have derived its name. It ap- pears to have been a great city in the time of the Romans, one of whose high- ways cro.ssid the river here. On tlie banks of wliich are the foundations of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast height. Many coins and urns have been dug up here. The final dd- struction of this city was by the Danes. Cattawessy, a thriving post towh on the E bank of Susquehartnah river in Northumberland county, Pennsylva- nia, at tlie distance of 21 m. E by N of Northumberland, and 150 miles N W of Philadelphia. It lias about 1500 inlial)itants. Catwici, a village of Holland, on the German Ocean, near which the only branch of the Rhine that retains its original name, is lost in the sands. It is six miles N by W of Leyden. •' Cava, a considerable and populous C A V town of Naples, ih Principato Cite- riore, witli a bishop's see j seated at the foot of Mount Metelian, three miles W of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 E lat. 40 26 N. ' Cavaillon, a town of France, in Ven. aissm. It lately liad an episcopal sec and Was subject to the pope. It ii seated <„. the Durance, ^0 hiilcs S E Aviglion. Lon. 5 17 E, lat. 43 34 Oivan, a county of Ireland, in thi province of Ulster, 47 miles in lenfftli. and 23 in b:-cadth; bounded on the N 1 £,''["'""«&'» a"J Monaglian, on theE by the latter county and Louth, on the Why Lei trim, andonthcSby Lonford, West Meath and East Meatli It has but two towns of any note Cavan and Kilmore. It J sent six members to the Irish parliament, and It contains :i7 parishes. Cawn, a boroujrii of Irelartd, capital of the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 23(.W, lat. 54 51 N. Cmieasui, a very high mountain of Asia, being one of that great ridge of mountains that rims between tlie Black and Caspian seas. These mountains are inhabited by seven distinct nations, each speaking a diHiSicnt language- namely, tlie Turcomans, the Abkhas, the Circassians, tHie Ossi, the Kisti the Lcsguis, iftid the Georg'ians! They have fine complexions and the Mrort^ ai-e beautiful. Of this ridW mount Caucasus is the highest anb<>;.t this puss. Cayenne pepper, sn^^ar, and I'oiiee are the princijial conimoJitles. Lon. 52 15 W, lat. 45 6 N. Cai'ugci, tiie principal town of a coun- ty bearing the same name, In New York Slate. Here is a post-office 439 miles from Woihingtun. CdKenovia, a post town of Chenengo county. New- York J situated at the head of Chenengo river, about 40 miles S W of Whitestown, and 4i)4 ftom IVtuhington. Caztmer, a town of Little Poland, in the p^Jat'nate of Lublin, seated oa the Vistula, 80 miles £ of Zamaw. Lon. 22 3 E, lat. 51 N. Cebu, one of the most southerly of tHe Philippine motmtains. CeJar Crtei, a water of James River in Virginia, in the county of Rock- b? ■ ige i remarkable for its nacural b. idge, which is one of tlie most aston- ishing works of Nature. It stands on the ascent of a hill, which seems to - have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure, just at'the bridge, is by some admea> surements 250 feet deep, 45 wide at the bottom, and 90 at the top. This of course, determines the length of the bridge and its height from tne water. Its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends, andtlte thickness of the mass at tlie summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth tp many large trees. The residue, with the hills on both sides, is one salid rock of limestone. This bridge gives name to the county of Rockbridge, and af- fords a conunodioua passage over a valley, which cmlliet be crossed elser where for a coiUddieral^l« distance. C £ R C E T Cedonga, a town of Naples, in Prin« eipato UllcriDie, with a bisliop's see ; seated at the foot of the Appenni'ies, 12 milt ,H N W of Melft. Lon. 15 38 E, kt. 41 5 N. Ctfatoitia, a considerable island of the Mi'ditorraiiean, on the coast of Livadia, and opposite the (fiilf of Le- f)aiito. It is fertde ui oil, and excel- ent muscadine wine. It is subject to the Venetians, and the Ciipital is of the aainc name Lon. 20 J6K, lat. 3822 N. Cefalu, a sea|>ort of Sicily, in tiie valley of Demona, witii a castle, and a bishop's see. Lon. 13 58 £, lat. 38 25 N. Celano, a town of Naples in Abrtuzo Ulteriorc, a mile from the lake of Ce- lano. Lon. 13 39 ^, lat. 41 56 N. Cefebet, or JUaca4iar, ^ ■ isl:m ' in die Indian Ocean, to the E of Borneo. Tl;.: heat woidcl be insupportable but for the N windn aiul the rains, which overflow Miis country and for wliicli reason the iniiabitvc-trec9 here. Loo. 129° E, lul. 3 S. a small dintrict, partly of Jtttulonia, and partly of lie department of the Eaa* es and late province of Piiycerila is the capital of part, and Mont Lewis of town of Naples in Cula. re, with a bishop's acej rock, 12 miles N W of St. :.on. 17 2 E, lat. 39 23 N. wn of France, in the dp- the Eastern Pyrenees onti •e of Ko.issillon, with a bridge of one arch over is 12 miles from Perpig- 2 46 E, lat. 42 36 N. island of the Arciiipelago, :he Morea, :md to the N of nerly known by the name , and not3«l for being the f Venus. It is 45 miles in ice, full of mountains, and 1 town of the same name. E, lat. 36 20 N. seaport of C>-prus, v. ith * a Greek bishop's sec. Lon. 35 59 N. orth, a village in Gloiicea- :ar the dow.is, wiiere Gl- ees are run. In .in adja- a camp i'■ rc- vocaticm of the edict of Nantz, a rem- ti.int of the j)erseculed Huguenots took refuge. Ceuta, a seaport of Africa, with a bislu>p's see. John, king of Portugal, took it from the Moors, in 1415, but it now belongs to Spain. It is seated on the straits of Gibraltar. Lon, 5 20 VV , lat. 35 50 N. Ceylon, a. large island in the Indian Oeean, 250 miles in length, and 195 in breadth. In general the air is very good, and though the country is full ot moun- tains, there are fertile vallic*. In some places there are rich mines, whence .ire got rubies, sapph);-es, topazes, and other stones of less value. Here is abundance of wood for all sorts of u^es, and some proper for dying red. It is remarkable for abundance of cinna- mon ; and in the kingdom of Candy is plenty of very large cardamoms. The pepper here is so good, Uiat it sells dearer than that of otner places. One o*f the most remarkable trees in Cey- lon is the tallipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as big at the mast of a Dhip : the leaves are so large as to co- ver 15 or 20 men ; when dried, they are round , and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a piece of tl»e leaf on their head when they travel to shade them from the sun, and they are so tough tliat they are not easily torn, though those that wear them make tlieir way throiigli the woods and bush • rs. Every soldier carries one, and it serves for his tent Common deer are found in this island in (^at abundance as well as Guinea deer : but the hom- ed cattle are both very small and very scarce. They have the largest and best elephants in the world ; and the woods are infested by tige-s the most terrible of all ravenous beasts. They abound also with snak'''s of a monstrous 91 /.e, one of which has been known to (Ifvour a tiger at one meal. Mr. Ives saw one fifteen feet long, and thirty in dies in circumference. Spiders, cen- tipedes, and scorpions, also gfrow here to an enormous size. Mr. Ives saw a spider here as large as « load, with brown hair upon it, aiul logs as thick aft the shank uf a tobacco pi|.c. A sror. pion taken out of a piece of wood was eight inches long, from head to tail ex- elusive of the claws ; and the shfll was as hard as that of a crab. The inhabi- tants are diviny other tribe. They are Pagans \ and tliough they ac- knowledge a supreme God, they wor- ship none but the inferior sort, and a* mong these they reckon the stm and moon. In their temples arc images, well executed, though their figures are moitstrous : some are of silver, copper, &,c. The ditiierent sorts of g^ls have various priests, who have all some pri> vilcgcs. Their houses are small and low, with walls made of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the roofs thatched. They have no chim- niei, and their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with two copper ba« sins, and two or three stools ; none but the king being allowed to sit in a chair. Their Irlod is generally rice, and tl:'^!'* common drink is water, which they pour into their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-|K>t, through the spout, never touching it with their lips. There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which must be very ancient, t li;ivi> 4,5 towns imd vilhigcs cuntaiiun)^ 12,1^3 souls, of wiiich 4,041 we l';^;'iiii.i^; iiitMi. CliacittiKhe Hay, a. bay in Norton Soiiiul, (liMcovcred bv Ciiptuin Cook in 1?7«. Urn. 162 4r W, lut. 64 31 N. Chitroneti, llic last town or ratlici village of Beoiiii, towaids I'hocis, the birth place of Phit.ux-li ; famous for the defeat of the confederate Greeks b) P)iiii]i of Marcdon. Chitgre, a fort of South America, in the ])rovince of D iricn, at the mouth of a river of tlie same name, to tlie S ■W of Porto-Bello. It was taken by Admiral \'ernon in 1740. Lon. 80 7 Vf, lut. 9 20 N. Chais-Dieu, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire, and late province of Velay. Its Benedictine ab- bey was much celebrated. It is 12 mile.s E of Brioude. Lon, 3 4 E, lat. 45 15 N. ChaLka. See Irac Arabia. Chaloi.s-sur-Saone, an ancient city c*" France, in the department of Saone and Loire, lately an episcopal see in the province of Burginidy. It is the Staple of iron for Lyons and St. Etien- ne, and of the wines for exportation. The great Roman way from Lyoni to Boulogne passed by Chalons ; and here are various indications of Roman mag- nificence, particularly the ruins of an amphitheatre. Chalons is seated on tlie Saone, 35 miles S of Dijon. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 46 47 N. Chalont'tur-Marne, a city of France, in the department of Marne, lately an episcopal see in the province of Cham- pagne. It contahis 15,000 inhabitants, ■who carry on a considerable trade in shalloons and other woollen stufTs. Here is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-lettres. Chalons is seated on the rivers Marne, Mau, and Kau, 40 miles S W of Verdun, and 95 £ of Paris. Lon. 4 27 E, lat. 48 57 N. Chamb, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, capital of a county of its own name, seated on the river Chamb, 37 miles N E of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 55 E. lat. 49 16> N. Chambeny, a populoiu town, the ca- pit.d of Savoy, with a castle. It Is w»,. ored by many Blreams, whioli nava lieii' NOurccN in St. Martin's Hill, and .'iMi tin;)ii;;li seviral of ?lie streets I'here are pia//,as under most of the .lOUscs, wliere (leople may walk dry in ilie worst weather. It has large and handsome siibin'bs, and in the centre of the town is the (lural palace. The prin- '■ i])Hl rhurch is St. Legcr, and the Je- suits college is the most magnificent of dl tlie monasteries. It was taken l)y the French in 1792. It is 27 miles N E of Grenoble, and 85 N \V of Turin, Lon. 5 50E, lat. 45 35 N. Chambersburg, a post town and the principal town of Franklin county, Peimsylvania ; situated on the Conego- cheage creek, 11 miles S W of Ship- pensburg, 50 of Carlisle, and 157 Wof Philadelphia. This is a very thriving town, being seated in the bosom of a very fertile valley, and a populous settlement. diamond, a town of France in the dc|)artment of Rhone and Loire and laic province of Lyoi:ois, with a strong rustle, on the river Giez, 17 miles Sof Lyons. T,on. 4 55 E, lat. 45 29 N. Champagne, a late province of France 162 miles m length, and 112 in breadth, ...lu.ulcd on the N by Hainault aqd Lnxeniburg, on the E by Lorrain and Franche Comtc, on the S by Burgiih'< ily, and on the AV by the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms the department of Ardenries, Aubc, Mome and Upper Marne. Champlain, Lah, a lake of North A« merica, 80*miles long, and 14 in its broadest part. Lon; 74 10 W, lat. 45 N. Champlaintmxn, a town in Clinton county. New york ; situated on the W side of Lake Champlaine, near its jimction with the Sorrel river : being on the border of Canada. Here is a post office 591 miles fi-om Wathington. Chancha, a rich and considerable town of Egypt, five miles from Cairo, at the entrance of the desert which leads to Mount Sinai. Chanda, a considerable cityof Berar, in the Decan of Hindoostan, subject to the chief of the Eastern Mahrattas. It is seated on a branch of tlte Godarery, 70 G m-les S of Nagpour. Lon. 79 40 E, lat. 20 10 N. Chandernagore, a large town of Hin- doostan Proper, in Bengal. It was a French setUement, and had )i very ■A C H A r, with a caRtle. It In w».. my Hlrfams, wliirh iiava in St. Miirtiii'M Hill, mul spvinil of Mie streets uv.f.u» iinilcr inimt of the ■e iieoiilc itiiiy wulk dry in .•atlicr. It liHs Inrgc and biii'bs, and in the centre of he chiral palace. The prin- '\H St. Leji^r, and the Je- is the miiHt maKnificeiil of stcries. It w«.s taken hv w 1792. It 18 27 miles N e, and 85 N W of Turin, lut. 45 35N. irg, a post town and the wii of Franklin cotuUv, i situated on the ConcTO- ;, 11 miles S W of Ship- of Carlisle, and 157 W of This is a very Uiriving seated in the bosom of a valley, and a populous a town of France in the of Rhone and Loire and of Lyoiiois, with a strong i river Giez, 17 miles Sof . 4 55E, lat.45 29N. , a late province of France length, and 112 in breadth, the N by Hainaidt aqd on the E by Lorrain and itc, on the S by Biirpfiih'- e W by the Isle of France lois. It now forms the f Ardeniics, Aubc, Mome arne. Laie, a lake of North A« liles long, and 14 in its . Lon. 74 10 W, lat. 45 tncn, a town in Clin^ Vork ; situated on the W s Champlaine, near its the Sorrel river: being r of Canada. Here is a 1 miles fi-om Wathington. a rich and considerable t, five miles from Cairo, nee of the desert which nt Sinai. onsiderable cityof Berar, of Hindoostan, subject to ie Eastern Midirattas. It branch of the Godavery, of Nogpour. Lon. 79 40 N. we, a large town of Min- er, in Bengal. It was « sment, and had » very C H A C H A strong fort, destroyed by admirallV at-' while some b-ve on their tops vnirt son ill l7J7i and, in 1793, the English plains no less fertile thuii t!io rirhcnt ajrain disposseNscd tiie French of this iittlcnicnt. It is a neat and pretty lar^e town, and is seated two leagues and a half above Calcutta, witli an ex- . tclkat hai-bour. ] Clutng-hiti, u town of China, in the IowIuikU. TheiM.- uioimtaiiis ahoiiiid Willi colli, wliii'li the inliabituiitH |iiiiiiid and make into cakes w.lh water ; u ki'id of fuel, wuitli tlioii|;'li not very in- llamniable, altiinls a strong and liLstiiig (ire, when once kindled. Here an- live province of Kia.ig-niin. In this town, I cities of tlie fust class, and eighty-live ' '' '" ^ ' - ' • - •- of the second. Cliantill), A town of France, cclebra* ted for a line forest, and magnilicont hunting seat, which belonged before the late revolution, to the prince of Condu, wiio had made it one of tlic most delightful places in the world. It is 17 miles N by E of i'uris. Lon. 2 36 E, lat. 49 UN. Chuu-hin^-fuu, a city of China, in tlio province ot Tche-kiang. It has eight cities of the third rank under its juris, diction. The inhabitants of this district are said to be the greatest adepts in chicanery of any in China. Indeed they are so well versed in the laws, that th« governors of the provinces and gfreat niandiu-ins choose their sccrotarie$ from among them. Cliao-tcheofou, a city of China in the province ofQiiang.tong,situate between two navigable rivers, and celebrated for a monastery of tlie bonzes, in its neighbourhood. Lon. 114 22 E, lat 25 ON. Chapurang, or Dtaprong, a considera- ble city of Thibet, seated on the south- ernmost of the two heads of the Gan. ges, not far westward from the lakes Mansarour and Lanken. Lon. 78 42 E, lat. 34 N. Chapeli Hill, a post town of Orange county. North Carolina, situated on k branch of Cape Fear river, about 14 miles S of Hillsborough and 24 W of Raleigh. Chapel in Frith, a town in Derby- shire, with a poor market on Saturday, seated on the confines of the Peak, se- ven miles S E of Manchester, and 165 N N W of L«»ndon. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 53 22 N. Chaptico, a town in St, Mary's coun- ty, Maryland, 12 N W of Leonard- town, and 56 from Wathington. Here is a post office. Charabon, a seaport on the N coast of Java, in the Indian Ocean, 150 miles £ of Batavia. Lon. 109 10 £, lat. 6 S. Charcot,, Lot, a province of South A\v\ the villages ilcjieiulant on it, are more than 2(JU,0Cl> weavers of common cotton cloth. Chang-tong, a province of China, hounded on the E by Petcheli and part (if Honan, on the S by Kiang-nan, on the E by tlie sea, and on the N by the sea and part of Petcheli. The country is well watered by lakes, sti-eanis, and rivers i but is nevcrtlielcss liable to suf- fer from drought, as rainfalls here but seldom. The locusts also sometimes make rreat devastation. However, it abounds greatly in game i and there is perhaps no country where quails, par- tridges, and pheasants, are sold cheap- er, Uie inhabitants of this province lie- ing reckoned the keenest sportsmen in the empire. The province is greatly enriched by the river Yun, called the Grand Imperial Canal, through which all the barks boiuid to Pekin must pass in their way thitlier. The duties on this canal alone amount to more than 450,000/. annually. The canal itself is greatly admired by European travellers on account of its strong and long dikes, the banks decorated with cut stone, the ingenious mechanism of its locks, and the great number of natural obsta- cles which have been overcome in tlie execution of tlie work. The capital is T.si-nan-foH. Chamnanning, a city of Thibet, which has been the residence of tlie grand lama. It is 130 miles W of Lassa. Lon. 89 45 E, lat. 31 ON. Channerqy, a village in Ross-shire, near the frith of Murray, 30 miles W of Elgin. Chan-ti, a province of China, and one of the smallest in the empire, is bound- ed on tlie E by Petcheli, on the S by Honan, on the W by Chen-si, and on tlie N by the Great wall. Tlie climate is healthy and agreeable, and tlie soil gen- crally fertile, tlio' the country is full of ilioimtains. Some of these last are rough, wild, and uninhabited ; but others are cultiiated with tlie greatest care from top to bottom, and cut into terraces forming g very agreeja)le prospect >i America, in Peru. It iuu the finest C H A C H A Jt/KI •ilvcr mine* in tin* worlil. (.a Pluta Ik the cujiititl. Sir I'iutisi. Cliiiril, u tiiwii in .Soiiur«ctHliirc,willi n ni.irki't on Miiii(Ia\ ; acatccl on tlir did.- (if R liill, NIX iniick W of Ci'cw- kcriic, and 141 W liv S of Lomlun. Loii. ,) 18 VV, III. 50 .5,' N. C/mriiitc, 11 (li'inii'tnii'nt of France, inrliiding; tlic lulc province uf An^^m- niois. C/iiirvnte, Lm-jer, a. dcpartnicnt «♦' France, conMiNtiiiK of the two late pro- vince!) of AnniM and Suintonifc. Saint. cs iH the capital. C/iiireninn, the nume of two towns in Frjuice, the one upon the Marmaiide, in the ilepartment of Allier, the other on the rnei' Seme, four mile* S of Pa- ris ; once famous for its protcstant church. Cliarlciihurg, a post to\vn of MontgD- mcry county, Maryland, 26 miles N of Wiuhii.gtnn. Churlet City, a town of Virjfinia, in u county of the same name, on tlie N •ide of James river, 35 miles S K of Ridimoiid, and 167 from Wuahlngton. Chiirite, a town of France, in the de pnrtnieiit of NievTC and late province of Nivernois. Its sittiation ort the road from PiuMs to Lsons, and the canal of Briare, has ma(le its trade very brisk. Here are forpfcs for convcrtinpf the iron in the neiiyhhourhood into steel, a wool, len manufacture, and another for arms, helmets, and luirdware in general. The Rubtirb is hituutc in a kind of island, which forms nbDut a fourth of the town. The stone bridffe communicat- ing witli it was ruined by the melting of the ice in 1789. The town derives its name from the charity of the late prior of tl-.e Benedictine Clunistcs, tip- on whose bounty it subsisted in a time of scarcity. Loii. 3 10 E, lat. 47 10 Charlemont, a borough of Ireland, in the count)' of Armagh, seated on the river Blackwater, six miles S of Diin- gannon. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 54 44 N. Charlemont, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the county of Namur, ceded to the French by the treaty of Nimeguen. It is seated on the Meuse, 25 miles S W of Namur. Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 50 6 N. Charleroy, a to\vn of the Austrian Netherlands, in the coimty of Namnr, built by the Spaniards in 1666. It has been fi-eqnently taken and retaken, the last time by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Sambrc, 18 miles W of N.iiiiur. I.on. 4 MK, lut. M) VU N. (.iuirlri, Cibr, a promontory of Vir. finiu, on the N tide of Chesapeak Bay I.on. 75 50 W, lut. 37 Vi N. Cliiirle.1, f.'.i/M', a promontory on tlia S \V pint of the strait enti'iing into Hudson's Uiiy. Lon. 75 15 \V, lat. 62 ION. Cluirlca Fort, a fortress of Ireland, at I lie entrance i>f Kinsule harbour. Lon. .' J.i W, lat. 5J 1 N. Charleitim, the principal town of Cliai h.'Nton county, and the metropolis of the Ht.ite of South Curoliini. It \sm planted mi 1669 at thu conMucnce of Cooper and Ashtev Hivers, ii\ the lat. of .!2" 50' N, an. :'vll H A lanihro, 18 milei W of I :;uK, lut. 50 vo N. , II iironmiitory of Vir- liilc olCliiiinpottk lliiy lut. 37 U N. ', u pronionuiry on the 111- Htniit fnlfiiiijc into Lon, 75 15 W, lut. 62 n fortreufi of Ireland, at KiiiHulc hurbour. Lon. I 1 N. llie principal town of nty, and tUc mctropolii So'utli Curolina. It was i) at tin: coilMdCiuir of ,lilev HivtTH, in tlio lut. imci lon. of H(J" lA' W. iiavi((iil)le 20 niilen ab'ivo uiIh of I'lMisidcrable biir- in(j placed on a low »pot I in tlic vicinity of the iject to bf inundated by I lia.s often Biifit'redfrom well as by fires and tre- •Iwinds. Cliarlcston in 1 capital of great riches i the exports of 1803 a- J 7,811, 108.— Tlie bank* l)o\c and beloVrthc town with fine plant^tionii, and crsedwith rows of tree*, but lie E and W run in from r'n cr to river, and d by others at right au- tlie'y have one common [oo narrow, some of them e 35 feet wide. Mo^tt, hem are provided with drains that carry off tl>c li of the city.— The hous- urc prinripally of bricks, lem in a style of compar- ir and eletjance. The [lificcs are an exchange, a hank, an armoury, and Ihousc, with ten or adoz- ■ligious worship. Here [ besides a branch of the bank. The inhabitents itedto 18,824, nearly one Slaves. The entrance of 8 defended by a fort on [nd, about six miles be- This fort repelled the •itish fleet under Sir P. revolution war, Mritha ive eft'ect to the assail- 1 town of Nortl> America, Rhode U\md and comv- ^1* C H A tv of Wanhiiiifton It is remarkable iiir liein(f the roaidcnco of the greater part of the Indians thai «till remain (to the number of 500) in this state. They arc i)euceablu and well disposed to- ward the government, and siicuk the CnK'lish lang^uago. Cluirlnion, a town on the SW side oftitc island of Nevis, it) the West In- dii's. It is the scutof ifovemmeiit, and defended by a fort. Lun. 6:2 50 W, hit. 16 10 N. CliarltiUntin, a post town in Chcsliirc county. New Hampshire t situated un the V. side of Connecticut river, 12 m. N of Wulpolc, .^>8 .S of Dartmouth col- lege, and 80 W by N of Portsmouth. Chiirlettmun, the principal town of Middlesex county, Massachusetts, op- posite to Boston, from whicii it is se- ovr.tted by Ciiarle* ri-.cr, over which IS constructed one of tiie most elegant bridges in the United States. It con- tains about 2000 inhabitants. C/tarieitavin, a post town of JefTerson county, Virginia, 73 miles from fyaih- inglon, Chartettovin, a town in Cecil rotmty, Maryland i situated on tiic \V side of North East Kiver, near its nioutli, 10 miles W of Elktoii and 47 E by N of Baltimore. Here is a post oflico. Charletton, an island at the bottom of Hudson's Bay. Lon. 79 5 W, lat. £2 3 N. Charleville, a borough of Ireland, In the county of Cork, 30 miles N of Cork. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 52 23 N. Charleville, a town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne. The streets arc as straight as a line, and the hous- es of an equal height, covered witli slate. Here is a magnificent square, and in the centre a handsome fountain. It is seated on the Mcuse, near Mez- iers, from which it is separated by a bridge and a causeway ; IS miles N W of Sedan, and 115 N E of Paris. Lon. 45 E, lat. 49 50 N. Charlotte, a post town on the E side ef Lake Champlain, in Chittenden rounty, Vermont ; at the distance of 10 miles S of Burlington, and 13 N of Virgennes. Charlotte, a town in Virginia, the ca- pital of Cliarlotte county, 30 miles N of Halifax, and 100 S W of Richmond. Charlotte, the principal town of Meck- lenburg county. North Carolina i situ- ated on bugar cre«4(, a branch of Ca- C H A tahavr rivrr, 4fi miles S of Slatc*v!ll«, and about the same distance S VV of Salisbury. Charloite-tmun, formerly fioteau, thn canitul of Dimiinica, 21 miles S E of Prince Rupert's Bay, on a |)oint of land on tb(; S VV side ot ilic island. Lun, 61 25 W, lat. 15 25 N. i^iren Charlotte't Itland, an island in the South Sea, first discovered by Cap- tain VVallis in the U'llphin. It has a- bundance of good water, cocoa-nuts, f>alm-niits, and scurvy grass. The in- lubitants are of a middle stature, and dark complexion, with lung hair liang- ing over their shoulders. Charli)tics\)ille, a post town and the capital of Albemarle county, Virginia, situated on Rivannah rii cr, 42 miles E by S of Staunton, aiid 85 N VV uf Richmond. Charlton, a village in Kent, on an c- minence that commands a line view of the Thames. Charlton is six miles E S E of London. Channel, a town of France, in the department of the Vosges and late pro- vince of Lorrain, seated un the Mo- selle, over which is a handsome bridge, eight miles E of Mirecuurt. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 48 31 N. Charnuool, or Charley Forest, a rough open tract in the N W part of Leices- tershire. Charollei, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy. It has a ruinous castle, and is seated on tlie Re* conce, 24 miles W N W of Macon. Lon. 4 24 £, lat. 46 28 N. Charoat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and late province of Berry, seated on the Arnon, six miles N E of Issoudun. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 1 N. Chartre; an ancient city of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Bcauce. It is tlie episcopal see of the department, and, before the abolition of nobility in France gave the title of duke to tlic eldest son of the duke of Orleans. Here is a gen- eral hospital, and another for 120 blind persons. The cathedral is one of the finest in France, and its steeple much admired. The principal trade consist.^ in corn. It is seated on the Eiire* 45 miles S W of Paris. Lon. 1 34 £»lat 48 27N. Chartreuie, or Grand Chartreuse, late- ly one of the most celebrated monas- C H A C H A i.iiii tcries in France, eight mlle« N of Grenoble, now converted into a kind of arsenid. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 45 20 N. Charybdit a fiimouH whirlpool, in the Strait ot Messina, on the coast of Si- cily, opposite the celebrated Scylla, in Italy. According' to the poets, it was very formidable to mariners ; but it is •aid to have been entirely removed !)y the dreadfid earthquake in 1783. On diving into it, T ore were fovmd vast {^dphs and whirlpools below, which produce all the commotion on the sur- face of the water. ChateM-Briant, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Britaiiny, with an old castle, 24 miles S of Renncs. Lon. 1 16 W, lat. 47 46 N. Chateau-Cambresit, atown of France, in the department of the North and late province oftiie Canibresis, with a magnificent |)!iiace, which belong- ed to the archbis'iop of Cambray. It is famous for a treaty concluded be- tween Henry II. of France and Philip IL of Spain ; and is 12 miles S E of Cambray. Lo)i. 3 40 E, lat. 13 7 N. Chateau-Cliinon, a town of France, in the department of Nievre, and late province of Niven"iis, with a consid- erable manufacture of cloth. It is seat- ed on the Yonne, near the source of tliat river, 36 miles E of Nevers. Lon. 4 8 E, lat. 47 N. Chateau-Djuphin, a strong castle of Piedmont, 18 miles W by N of Salu- tes. It was taken by tlie French and Spaniards in 1744, and restored in 1748, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. Cliateau-du-Loir, a town of France, in the depai-tment of Sarte and late province of Maine, famous for sustain- ing a siege of seven years against the count of Mans. It is seated on the Loir, 22 miles S E of Mans, and 97 W of Paris. Lon. 30 E, lat. 47 40 N. Chateau-Dun, an . ancient town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Bcauce. Here is a castle, and a holy chapel, built by the famous count of Dunois. The streets are straight ; the houses uniform ; and the great square is very spacious. It is seated on an eminence, near the Loire, 30 miles N of Blois, and ra S W of Paris. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 48 4 N. Ckateau-Gontier, a town of Prance, in the department and late province of Maine, seated on th^ river Maine, with a castle. It lias a mineral spring', its trade consists in linens ; and it is 22 miles N W of Angers, and 147 3 W of Paris. Lon. 36 E, lat. 47 47 N. Chateau- Landmi, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France. It lately had an Augustine Abbey, seated on a hill, five miles S of Ne- mours, and 50 S by E of Paris. Lon. 2 38 E, lut. 48 11 N. Chateauiin, a town of France, in the dcpai'tnient of Finisterre and late pro- vince of Brittanny, 18 miles N of Ciliiniper, on the river Auzon where there is a salmon fishery. Chateau- Meillant,atQvmo{¥ra.nce, in the department of Cher, and late prov- ince of Berry, nine miles E of Chatre. Here is a castle, with a tower, said to have been built by Julius Cesar. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Berry, 16 miles S of Bourges. It is the nanie of other two inconsiclcrable towns of France. Chateauneuf, a toym of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, 12 miles N £ of Chartres. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, seated on the Sarte, 12 miles N of Angers. Chateau-Renaud, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, 20 miles N W of Amboise, and 88 S W of ''aris. Lon. 1 1 W, lat. 47 33 N. Chateuroux a town of France in th« late province of Berry. It has a manu- facture of cloth, and is seated in a plea- sant plain, on the Indre, 15 miles S W oflssoudun, and 148 S of Paris. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 46 46 N. Chateau-Thierry, a tovm of France, in tlie department of Aisne and late prov^ ince of Champagne, with a castle on an- eminence, seated on the river Maine. It is the birth place of the inimitable La Fontaine ; and is 27 miles S W of Rheims, and 97 N W of Paris. Lon. 3 33 E, lat. 49 2 N. Chatel, town of France, in the de- partment of the Vosges and late province of Lorrain, seated on the Moselle, 8 miles E of Mirecourt. Chatel-Chalon, a town of France, in the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comii, remarkable for its late Benedictine nunnery, 20 milas S of C H A tic. It !ias a mineral spring-, consists in linens ; and it is r W of Angers, and 147 3 u. Lon. 36 E, lat. 47 47 N. Landon, a town of France, jrtment of Seine and Marne, ■ovince of the Isle of France, had an Augustine Abbey, a hill, five miles S of Ne- 1 50 S by E of Paris. Lon. :. 48 11 N. in, a. town of France, in the It of Finisterre and late pro- Brittanny, 18 milos N of on the river Auzon where salmon fishery. A/f/7/anf, a town of France, in mcnt of Cher, and late proy. :rry, nine miles E of Chatre. castle, with a tower, said to built by Julius Cesar. wif, a town of France, in the It of Cher and late province of miles S of Bourges. It is the :her two inconsiderable towns wtf, B town of France, in the It of Em-e and Loire, and late >f Beauce, 12 miles N E of teuf, a town of France, in the It of Maine and Loire and late if Anjou, seated on the Sarte, N of Angers. -Renaud, a town of France, in tment of Indre and Loire and ce of Touraine, 20 miles N W e, and 88 S W of "aris. Lon. t. 47 33 N. mx a town of France in the ice of Berry. It has a roanu- cloth, and is seated in a plea- on the Indre, 15 miles S W and 148 S of Paris. Lon. 46 46 N. Thierry, a town of France, in ;ment of Aisne and late prov^ ampagne, with a castle on un- seated on the river Maine, birth placeof the inimitable ne ; and is 27 miles S W of nd 97 N W of Paris. Lon. 3 49 2 N. town of France, in the de- f the Vosges and late province seated on the Moselle, S Mirecourt. halon, a town of France, in ment of Jura and late province e Comti((, remarkable for its lictine nunnery, 20 milas S of C H A Dole. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 46 46 N. ChntdlerauU, u town of France, in the department of the Vienne iind laic pro- viiice .)f Poitou, seated on tlie Vi- enne, over which is a hands'iiuc stone biklg'e. It is noted for its I'ltiery, wateiimaking, and the cutting of i'Axv diiiiiioiids. It gives the title of d.ike to the Scotcli duke y N of London. Lon. 221 55 N. Landing, on the W side of er, in New London county, t, at tlie distance of 14 im New London. Here is nr yhyltim, a river of Hin- [iper, being the westernmost astembranches of the river ises above Cashmere, waters nd flowing through the pr«- CHE vincc of that name, in a S E direction, joins tlic Indus below Moultan. It is joined by a vast number of streams in "its course. This river is tlie famous llydaspes v-." Alexander and is some- times called Behut. Chemingo, a post town of Tyoga coiiity, New York, situated on the N Hide of Tyoga river, 10 miles N W of Athens or Tyoga point. In 1800 the townsllip contanied 1149 inhabitants. Chen-si, one of tlie most extensive provinces of China, bordering on the grcit wall. It is divided mto two pints, the eastern and western, and contains eiglit cities of the first rank, and 106 of the second i.nd third. It is fniitf d, commercial, and rich, but sub- ject to long drouglits; and clouds of lo- custs sometimes destroy every tiling that gi'ows in the fields j these insects the Chinese eat boiled. In Chen-si, are rich gold mines, wliich, for politi- cal reasons are not allowed to be open- ed. Singan-fou is the capital. Chen-jan, or Moiig-den, the capital of Eastern Chinese Tartary (or coun- try of the Mantchew Tartars) and of :i department of the same name, which is bounded on tlie S by the gi'eat wall of China. Chepelio, an island in the bay of Pa- nama, three miles from the city of Pa- nama, which it supplies with provisions and fruit. Lon. 80 15 W, lat. 8 46 N. CItepstcKo, a town in Monmouth - .shire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near its confluence with the Se- ven). It was formerly a considerable place, and had a large castle on arock, and a priory, part of which is convert- ed into a parish church. It is walled round, has a handsome high bridge over the river, and sends provisions and otiier commodities to Bristol. The tide is said to rise higher here than . i any other part of Europe, it swelling to 50 or 60 feet perpendicular. It is 18 miles N of Bristol, and 127 W of London. Lon. 2 36 W, lat. 51 42 N. Cher, a department of France, includ- ing part of the late province of Berry. Bourges is tlie capital. Cheraico, a considerable town of Piedmont, ca]>ital of a territory of the same name, with a strong citadel, to which the duke of Savoy retired in 1706, during the siege of Turin. It is seated at the confluence of the Stu- ria and Tanaro, opon a mounttdn, 24 CHE miles S E of TOrin. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 45 K. Clierav} Court House, the principal scat of justice, in Darlington county, South Carolina, situated on the S side of Black Creek a branch of the Great Pedce. Here is a jjost oflfice 43'4 miles from Washington. Cherbourg, a seaport of France, in the de])artinent of the Channel and late province of Normamiy. It is remarka- ble for the scafig-lit between tJie Eng- lish and French in 1692, when the lat- ter were beat, and upwards of twenty of their men of war burnt near Cape la Hogue. The English Imided here in August 1758, took the town, with the ships in the basin, de- molished the fortifications, and ruined tiie other works which had been long begun for the purpose of enlarging the harbour, and rendering it more safe and convenient. These works were resumed, by Lewis XVI. on a very expensive plan, but their progi'esi was stopped by the revolution. Cher- bourg is 50 miles N W of Caen. Lon. 1 33 E, lat. 49 38 N. Cheresoul, a town of Turkey in Asia, capital of Curdistan, 150 miles N or B.ij.'-dad. Lon. 4A 15 E, lat. 25 50 N. Cherokee River. See Tennessee. Cherry Island, in the Northern Ocean, between Norwav and Green- land. Lovi. 20 5 E, lat. 74 30 N. Cherry Valle^, a post town in OtsegfO county. New York, 12 miles N £ of Cooper's town, and 60 W of Albany. Cherso, an island in the gulf of Ve- nice, with a town of the same name, near Croatia, belonging to the Vene- tians. The soil is stony ; but it aboundf in wine, cattle, oil, and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 45 11 N. Chersnn, the Capital of New Russia, in tiie government of Catharine slaf. It is a new towni erected by Catharine II. on the N bank of the Dneiper, 10 miles below the mouth of the Ingulep, It is not yet very large ; but the church, and many of the houses are built of stone, in an excellent taste. It is intended to be the principal mart of all the commodities of ex]x>rt and import. It has a dock, for tlie con- struction of large vessels from which severid men of war and merchant ships have been already launched It is supplied with fuel by reeds onhr, of which there is an inexhaustible rarest in the shallows of the Dneiper, oppa^ 1 't CHE site tlic town, Rails, and e\rn tempo- taiy Ixmsfs, are made of them. J lie\ arc tull and sitroiiR-, and aHbrd slicllei- to v:,ri;iiia kii.dsor.Kjuatir birds, seme of wliUh are veiv beautifid. The for- tificatioiis art- ni.idc, anci tlie planta- tions fcrnied, Ijy mi.lcfactors, who imiount to sonic hundreds. In \7S7. tlie empress miide a lriiini;,liant jonr- ne> l.nliis cai>;tal, and met the emi)e. rcn- Joseph II Her ititention it l.s s..id, was to be crowned here queen of Taii- vica, and emjircss of the East. But the design, whatever it was, did not take place ; and she was cohtent to have inscribed over one of the pates oftliecity, "TliroMjrh this gate lies the road to Byz.intinni." In this place, in 1790, tlie excellent Mr. Howard, so well known for his plans of reform of the different hospitals and prisons of Europe, fell a victim to his indefati- gable humanity. Cherson is 50 mWciC E of Oczaknw. Lon. 33 10 £, hit. 46 5 N. Chcruey, a town in Siirrv, with a market on Wednesday. It" is seated in a low wet situatiin) iiot far from the river Thames, over which is a hand- some stone bridj^o of seven arches. It IS seven miles VV of Kingston, and 20 \V by S of London. Lon. 20 W. lat. 51 25 N Cherz, an ancient town of Poland, in Ma.=.ovia, 15 miles from Warsaw. Lon. 21 8 W. lat. 52 1 N. Chesapeak, one of the hrgest bavs in the known world. Its entrance is be- tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia, 12 miles wide, and it ex- tends 2r0 miles to the N, dividing Virginia from Mar) land, thro' this extent it is fi.,.n seven to 18 miles broad, and generally nine fathoms deep J affording many commodious bar- hours, and a safe navigation. It re- ceives the Susquehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James Riv- vers, which are all large and naviga- ble. Lon. re W, lat. 36 45 N. Cheaham, a town in Bucks, with a market c..\ Wednesday, 12 miles S E of Ailesbury, and 29 W by N of Lon- don. Lon. 36 W, lat. 51 42 N. Cheshire, an English county pala- tine, bounded on the N by Lancashi-e, on the N E by Yorkshire, nn the E by Derbyshire, on the S E bv Stafibrd- sh.re, on the S by Shropshire, on the W by Denbighshire and Flintshire, and on the N W by Uie Irish Sea. CHE This county extends 33 miles from N to S, and 42 from E to W, without m. rluding a peninsula 13 miles in length and six in breadth, which pro- jects into the Irish Sea, or a nwrow trac-t of land which stretches between Lancashire and Derbyshire, to York, shire, on the N E, It is supposed to eontain 125,000 inhabitants. It is ili. vided into seven hundreds, containing one city, 11 market-towns, and 101 par- isbes. It sends two members to par- liament for the county, and two for Chester. Both the air and soil are good. In many places of the country arc peat mosses, in which are of\cn found trunks of fir trees, sometimes so- vcral feet under ground, tliat are used hy the inhabitants both for fuel and ed- dies. Here also are many lakes and pools well stored with fish ; besides the rivers Mersee, Weaver, Dane, and Dee, which la.st falls into a creek of the Irish sea, near Chester. It is rich in pasture and corn land ; but there arc several heaths upon which horses and sheep feed, among which are the extensive forests of Macclesfield and Delamcre. 'I'hc country is generally level, the highest hills in it are about Frods!;ani ; and its extensive pastures feed a great number of cows, whose milk is i)ecili;(ily rich, and of which is made excellent cheese, for which this country is chiefly remarkable. Tliis cheese has a peculiar flavour, and is not inferior to any of Europe. Such quantities of these cheeses are made, that London aloiie is said to take an- nually 14,000 tons; and vast quanti- ties are also sent to Bristol, York, Scotland, Ireland, &c. This county IS likewise famous for its salt springs at Namptwich, Middlewich, North- wich, and Winsford ; and, at North- wich, there are vast pits of solid salt rock, Chester, the capital of Cheshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturdav. It is a very ancient city, supposed to have been founded by the Romans, and plainly appears to have been a Roman station, by the many antiquities which have been and are still dis- covered about the town j the walls are near two miles in circumference, and there are four gates, towards the four cardinal points. It has a strong castle, in which is the shire-haii, and 10 churches, besides the cathedral. The structure of the principal streets CHE extends 33 miles from N I'roin E to W, witliout m. peninsula 13 miles in X in breadth, which pro. le Irisii Sen, or a narrow which stretches between ind Derbyshire, to York- N E. It is supposed to lUO inhabitants. It is (li- ven hundreds, containing narkct-towns, and 101 pur- ids two members to pur- he county, and two for ith tlie air and soil are imy i)laces of the country issos, in which are often of fir trees, sometimes sc- erg'round, that are used by ts both for f\iel and c?ui- a!so are m«ny lakes and stored with fish ; besides Hcrsee, Weaver, Dane, which last falls into a Irish sea, near Chester. I pasture and corn land ; several heaths upon which eep feed, amon^ which are foi'ests of Macclesfiekl and I'hc country is (generally best hills hi it are about md its extensive pastures number of cows, whose iiirly rich, and of which client cheese, for which is chiefly remarkable, las a peculiar flavour, and to any of Europe. Such ;hese cheeses are made, done is said to take an- tons ; and vast quanti- sent to Bristol, York, land, &c. This county imoiis for its salt springs Middlewicb, ISTortli- insford ; and, at North- re vast pits of solid salt capital of Cheshire, with I'ednesday and Saturday, ncient city, supposed to unded by the Romans, ppears to have been a by the many antiquities )een and are still dis- the town ; the walls miles in circumference. Pour g'ates, towards the mints. It has a strong h is the shire-iiaii, and besides the cathedral. of the principal streeU CHE Ls very singular. They are ns if ex cuvated out of the earth and sunk ma- ny feet below the surface ; tlie carn- ages drive far beneath tlic le\cl of the kitclicns on a line with runj^es of shops. The houses arc mostly of wood, with galleries, paizzas, and covered walls before them ; by which not only the sliops, but those who are walking :d>out the town are so hid that one would ima- gine there were scai'cc any Inhabitants in it, though it is very ijopulous. The back courts of all the houses are on a level with the ground ; but to go into any of the four principal streets, it is necessary to descend a fliglit of several steps. It has a constant com- munication with Ireland ; this and Holyhead being the principal places of taking shipping for Dublin !t has a small share of foreign trade ; and its two annual fairs are the most noted in England, especially for the sale of Irish linen. It has a nl!!::gir,;-,. Chesti.tmL-ii, the chief town of Kent county, Maryland j situated on Ches- ter river, 17 miles N of Centcrvillc, and about the same dist.ance S W of Georgetown, on Sassafras river. It is a post town and the seat of a college. Cheviot, .1 district in Northumber- land, to the S W of Wooller, on the borders of Scotland, famous for the free chace, much used here by the Enp-lisli and Scots gentry. The adja- cent country being hilly is called the Cheviot Hills, of which or,; is so high that it is seen 60 miles of, and is the first land discovered by slijps coming from the E : near the chace are some fenny grounds called the Cheviot Muirs. This is the Cheviot famous fcr the fierce encounter between the English and Scots under the carls Percy and Douglas, which is cele- brated in the ballad of Chevy Chace. Chiapa-de-loa-Indios, a large town of North America, in Mexico, in a pro- vince of its own name. Lon. ,96 5 W, lat. 15 16 N. Chiapa-el-Real, a town of North Ame- rica, in Mexico, in a pro^ince of its own name, with a bishop'.'-, see. It» principal trade consists in cocoa-nuts, cotton, and sugar, Lon. 94 45 W, lat, \7 10 N. Chiaren!"'., a seaport of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea, opposite the i sland of Zante. Lon. 21 35 E, Jat. 37 50 N. \ Chiari, a town of It&Iy, in the Bres- Piili I I'll ' i C H I C H I Mi '5 ' •1 ciano, v.herc the Imperialists defeated the French in 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 45 30 N. Chiartt-Monte, a town of Sicily, on a mountain, 25 miles W of Syracuse. Lon. 14 S9 E, lat. ir 3 N. C/itavenna, a town of Swisserland, ea]iit!d of a cotinty of the same name, imder the sovereignty of the Grisons. It iH a trading ])lace, especially in wine and delicate fruits ; but its ciiief sup- port is the transport of merchandise, it beiniy the principal communication be- tween the Milanese and Germany. The governor's palace, and the churches are magnificent; and the inhabitants are Roman catholics. Chiavenna is seated ncaj" the lakes of Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 46 19 N. Chiavenna, Laghetto di, a small lake of the coimtry of tlie Grisons, in Swis- serland, near the town of Chiavenna, remarkable for its defghtful views, which are ^vild and magnificent. It is surrounded by biu'ren rocks, craggy, and rising into spires sprinkled with snow. The bases of these dreadful precipices lire lost in the overshadow- ed viter, dangerous on account of its malignant vapours, and affording no asylum, soarcely a landing place, to the crews of lliose frail boats, which ere ciiuj^ht unwarily in the violent storms to which it is subject. Chkasans, a nation of Indians, set- tled on the head branches of the Tom- becbe, Mobile, and Yazoo rivers, in the N W corner of Georgia. Th" number of these Indians has been reckoned at 1725, of which 575 are fighting men. They hav<: seven towns, the central one of which is in lon. 89 43 W, lat. 34 23 N. Chichestvr, the capital of Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Sa- turday. It is surroimded with a wall, which has four gates answering to the fotir cardinal points ; from which run two streets that cross one another in the middU" and form a sqnare, where the market is kept, and where is a fine Btone piazza built by bishop Red. The space between tl>e W and S gates, is taken up with the cathedral church, and the bishop's palace. It has seven parish churches, and is seated on the little rirer I.avant, which washes it on all sides exi^yit the N. The principal manu&cturc! is malt and needles. Its market is nnted for fish, wheat, barley, malt and o«.ts -. the fmest lobsters in I England, are bred in the Lavant, and it is observable, that this river unlike most others is very low in winter, but in summer often overflows its banks. It is 61 miles S W of London. Lon. 48 VV, lat. 50 50 N. Chielefa, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. It was taken by the Venetians in 1685 ; but the Turks re- took it. Lon. 22 28 E, lat, 36 35 N. Chienuee, a lake of Germany, in Ba- varia, wliich contains an island and town of the same name, with a bishop's see. The island is 17 miles in eircum- ference, and the town is 22 miles WS W of Salt/burg. Chieri, a fortified town of Piedmont, seated on the declivity of a hill, in a Eleasant country, bounded on all sides y hills covered with vines. It is eight miles E of Turin. Chifti, a town of Naples capital of Abruzzo Citeriore, with an archbish- op's see. It is seated on a mountain near the river Pescara, eight miles S W of Pcscara. Lon. 15 7 E, lat. 42 20 N. Chigwell, a village in Essex, near Epping Forest, noted for a freeschool, foimded by archbishop Harsnett, who had been vicar of this place. Chigwell is 10 miles N E of London. Chihiri, or Port-Cheer, s. sriport of Arabia Felix, whicii carries on a con- siderable trade. Lon. 49 25 E, lat. 14 40 N. Chilesburg, a post town in Caroline county, Virginia, on the E side of Pa- munkey river, 32 miles S by W of Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannoc, and 90 miles from Washington. Chili, a large country of South Ame- rica, on the coast of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by Diego d'Alma- gro in 1525. The mountainous part of it is still possessed by the Puelches, Araucos, and other tribes of its origi- nal inhabitants, formidable neig^ibours to the Spaniards, with whom, during two centuries, tliey have been obliged to maintain almost perpetual hoatility suspended only by a few intervals of insecure peace. The Spanish colonies, therefore, are dispersed on the bor- ders of the South Sea, to an extent of about 900 miles. They are parted from Peru by a desert of 80 leagues in breadth, and bounded by the island of Chiloe, at the extremity next the straits of Magellan. The climate of Chili is tlie most delightful in the Me# 1 - yMWRMMMri^lM** H I in ths Lavant, and at this river unlike 1 low in winter, but Dverflows its banks, iV of London. Lon. )N. af Turkey in Europe, was tukcn by the ; but the Turks re- 28 E, lat, 36 35 N. ! of Germany, in Ba- tains an island and name, with a bishop's s 17 miles in circum- iwn is 22 miles WSW id town of Piedmont, clivity of a hill, in a bounded on all sides vith vines. It is eight of Naples capital of e, with an nrehbish- 5atcboimd in Chili, as if tliey had been native in the country. Here all the fruits imported from Europe attain to full maturity ; and the animals not on- ly multiply, but improve. The horned cattle are of a larger size than those of Spain ; and its horses excel in beauty and spirit, the famous Andalusian race from which they spnmg. Nature too has enriched Chili with valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. Yet with all these advantages Chili has no direct communication witli the mother- country. Their trade is confined to Pei-u^ Paraguay, and the savages on their frontiers. Chili is governed by a chief, who is absolute in all civil, poli- tical and military afliurs, and is also independent of the viceroy. If on some occasions the viceroy has inter- fered in tlie government of Chili, it was when he has been either authoriz- ed by a particular trust reposed in him, or by the deference paid to the emi- nence of his oflfice. In the whole ex- tent of Cbili tliere are not above 80,000 white inhabitants, and 240,000 negroes and people of a mixed race. Chilicotha, the capital of Ross county, in the state of Ohio ; situated on the W side of Sciota river. Here is a post-office, 420 miles from Washington. Chilia, a lake in the Decan of Hin- doostan, which bounds the five Circars on the N, It lies on tlie coast of Hie bay of Bengal, and se ;m8 the efi'ect of tiie breach of the sea, over a flat sandy surface, whose elevation was Boroe- tliing above tlie level of tlie country within. It is 40 miles in lengtli from N E to S W, apd in most places 1 1 or 15 wide, with a narrow slip of sandy ground between it and the sea. It hu many inhabited islands on it. On the N W. it is bounded by a ridge of mo'ona tains, a continuation of that which, ex- tends from tl)« Mabanuddy to the Go^ € H I davery river, and shuts up the Clwar* towards the contincjit. It affords aa agreeable diversity of objects ; moun- tains, islands, and forests i and an ex- tended surface of water, witli boats and small vessels sailing ou it. To those who sail at some distance from the coast, this lake has tlie appearance of a deep bay ; the sUp of luid not be- ing visible. Chiloe, an island of South. America, on the coast of Chili, 125 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. I'he prin- cipal town is Castro. Chiltern, a chain of chalky hilhi, run' ning from E to W through Bucking- hamshire, and forming tlie S part of the coimty. They are covered, in va- rious parts, with woods : and some of tlie eminences are of considerable height, and afToid rich prospects. The air on these heights is extremely healthful J the soil, tho' stony, produ- ces good crops of wheat and barley. This district belongs to tho crown, which, for time immemorial, has had an officer under it, with the: title of Steward of tlie Chiltern Hun>dreds. Chiviay, a to\vn of France, kn the de- partnient of tlie North, and Ute pro- vince of Hainault, seated on the river Blanche, 20 miles S S W "f Charleroy. Lon. 4 15 £, lat. 50 N. Chinittra, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name, intruding a chain of mountains, of which one part is free, and the other subject to the Turks. It is seated on a rock at the entrance of the gulf of Venice, 29 miles N of Corfu. Lon. 20 8 £. lat. 40 8 N. Chitnbeigh, a town in Devonshire* with a market on Wednesday. It is almost surrounded by the rivc;r Dart ; and is 21 miles N W of Exetei-, and 195 W by S of London. Lon. 3 5;3 W, lat. 50 57 N. Chiua, an extensive empire in Asia, bounded on the N by Tarta.ry, from which it is separated by a great wall 500 lesgues in length ; on the E by the Yellow Sea and the Chinese Ocean : on the Sby that ocean and the kingdoms of Tonquin, Laos, and Burmah; .and on the W by Thibet. It lies betwe en 100 and 125* E lon. and 20 and 41° M lat. It is 2000 miles firom N to S, and 1500 from E to W, and divided into IS pro- vinces, which contain 4402 walhtdci- ties< divided into clAwes. the civil tS:5S2^SSl3SSSSSi5^^^ At.-* C H I C H I oil. •• ltd M.: '. •, R kbic . .1 ex- and the militan ; the rivil class con- tniim 2045, ami tliat of the militan 2357. 't i* in niia-ral a pluinuiut level country, with tt \v niountuinN of niiy note, but the nvt-rs are very iiuincroiis «nd considerable ; th<)ii(;h llie water commonly used is of a very indiflcrcni quality, and Hometimes re(iiiires boiling to rentier it fit for use. The iuit eroiis rivers are of great Herviee for the in- land navigation of the coiintry, and it is besides assisted by such luimbers of canals as are not to be met wit'- in my country of the WOT ' These !•■••' orn. tl in a m.'inner supt i ».o t' / luitiofi (ht |irii..i~ i l/'li's/.T ;■ liewn sioiic, so dec; '■-\,'V,( to carry vessels ' any )'«*•'.«:( tending in some plac *'> '. length, They are furnisl.L.I with i quays, and sonielinics witli bri(l|.;e. .n a surprising ronstruclion. 'Ihe vessels are l-.ttod with :J1 the coii\euiences of life, u!id it has been s'lpposetl thai the ciiiijire of China contr.'n.s as many in- habitants by water as by land. '1 lieir navigiition, however, is slow, and tliey are sometimes drawn by men. Accord, int^ to the calculatlnns of fatlier Amiot, China conUiins 200,000,000 intiabitants. Astonishitig as tiiis may appear t.jEuro- jH-ans, Ahhe Grosier is of opinion th.nt this account is b\ no means exaggerat- ed ; and he himself not only states nil the calculations of Amiot, but gives a variety of rei'sons, from circumstances lilinost pecidiar to China, to account fir this wonderful population in that re- mote corner of Asia. The climate ami soil are various, as the different pro- vinces are nearer to, or remote from, the S i severe cold being felt at Pekin, while the sorithern provinces are expo- sed to excessive heat. In several of the provinces, the land yields two crops n-yearj yet, though the husbandman •idtivate's it with such care, as not to lose the smallest portion of ground, China has been often desolated by fa- mine. Its numerous mountains (which are chiefly in the N and W parts of tlic empire) contain mines of iron, tin, cop- per, qnicksilver, gold, and silAcr i but those of gold and silver are not permit- ted to bf opened ; the emperors having always feared, that if the people shoidd be exposed to the temptation of these artificial riches, they would be induced to neglect the more useful labours ol agriculture. Qjiarries of marble, coal mines, lapis lazuli, rock crystals, pre- cious stones, and a kind of sonorous stones, of which musical instruments arc composed, are a'tundant in China. 1 hey havir potter's eartli loo of sucii various and superior kinds, that their celebrated fine porcelain will ever re- muin unrivalled- The whole of the finest is reserved for the emperor, .so that none of it ever comes into the hands of other persons, unless it hup. pen to be cracked or otherwise dama- ged in such a manner as to be unwor- thy of being presented to the sovcr(>ign. 'J'here is ■ome chmht thcrefoie, if any of the fi' est Chinet porcelain was ev. " er seen in Europe, ilesidc the fruitH pecidiar to the country, China produces l!ie greater part of those of Europe ; hut (excepting the grapes and ponu:- uTanates) they are much inferior. O- i.njjcs were first brought us from Clii- na. They ha taste, but dangerous cess : the long-yen, or pulp, white, tajt and reeable to the tAte, jme than the li-tchi. pass us in the art of n-ffarilcns, and have a ables unknown to us. en the bottom of their of their lakes, ponds lucing crops unkno\vn • of the pllsi, or water . of which (fo\md in a its root) is excecd- iind of a very delicate tains and vast forests animals of every spe- uable quadruped, the uliar to it. Of their autiful in China, and orld, is the kin-hi, or E complexion of the of tawny, and they ids, small eyes, sliort I, long beards, and hose are thought to dsomc who ar.' the women aflfcct a great and tire remarkable t. The men endea- pompous an appcar- hen they go abroad; cs are mean and low, ground floor. Learn- and sciences in gen- vated in tUis coun- try rhc government is absolute, i\nd till' cmper ir is more unlimited in his aiitliority lii.inany other ni.inarch upon c;iiM'i; liis edict .ire respet tid thri)' V came from ;i di- the empire, as it' vinity ; !ie aloru |;la(en, and men eti, raises t) iin oil! til. |)iivile)»-e of ( !i aii'l tiiiTe have I . Ill' his maki igu" ■ cliiif mandarin iiiiit of his faults the disposal of all . luo. real or suppos- i o. he has lil^cWi.se '• sing' his siici'e ' ir, I several instances ''this rij, "t ; but tlio perinisston tfi tell He looks upon his - il; '"ts ai liii> chllilren, am' profess til H,'overn t'lem witli paternal afli;cti'.)ii. Their empire is very aucient, and they jiretend that it existed m iny tlio isaiij years before N^iah's Hood ; it is gener- ally allowed to have continued 40(J0 years. The anmal revenues of the crown are computed at 41,000,000/. sterling, and the li.irse arc said to consist of 5,000,000 in time of peace; but they have no enemies to cope with. The principal defence of the empire against a foreign enemy is the great wall which separates China from Tartary, extending more tlian 1500 miles in length, and of such thick- ness that six horsemen may easily ride abreast upon it. It is flanked wltli tow- ers two bowsh ',s distant from each other i and it l* said that a third of tl\e able-bodied men in the empire, were employed in constructing it. Tli^ work- men were ordered under pain of death to place the materials so closely, that not the least entrance might be afford- ed for any iM'trument of iron ; and thus the work was constructed with such solidity, that it is still :dmost entire, though 2000 years have elapsed since it was constructed. Their religion is Paganism. The Chinese are flowed only to have one wife, whose rank and Age must be nearly equal to that of their husbands ; but they are allowed to have several concubines, whom they admit into their houses without any for- mality, after paying the parents a sum of money, and entering into a written tiigagemcnt to use their daughters well. Divorces are allowed in China ill cases of adultery, mutual dislike, incompatibility of tempers, jealousy, iic. No husband, however, can put away or sell his wife until a divorce is legally obtained ; and if this regulation be not strictly observed, the buyer and seller become equally culpable. If a wife lately married, privately withdraws C H I herself fn m her husband, he may im- mediately comnienre an .letion at law, by the sentence of which ;.l'e become* his slave, .iiid h" is at liixM'ty to sell 111' {} whoi. I'C pl< .ises. O'. the other liand, i''.iu husband leaves his wife for til x years, she is at liberty, after lay- ing her case before the nu' 'arins, to take another husband ; hn' .i she wero to anticipate their consent, she would be liable to a severe > imishment. The Chinese pretend to have a great vcnc- ral'' '1 for their ancestors ; and soma !. tpliniiges of them in their houses, to whieli ihcy pay a .sort of adoration. 'I'hey have laws which regulate the ci- vilities and ceremonious sariitatiions, who eoK^g- It \k'i :25() nnlcs N C is suliject to the Great 76 10 E, Ut. 2J oU N. r of Piedmont in Italy, : Po, ten miles N of Tu. :en by the French after ice in 1705, but reiover- fcderules the following jcct to the kinjf of Sardi- 5E, lut. 45 12 N. vn of Macedonia, on tht chi, where the moUier, of Alexander were mur- ander ; and where Per- fcatcd by the Komans. Ut. 4U 20 N. . a town of the peninsuU , in Mysore, 117 miles N ig^apatum. Lon. 76 15 E, wn of Piedmont, which k-ul times taken and retJk- ^ advantaffeously situat* Po, tliat it is called tha It is 12milesNEofTu- E, lat. 45 13 N. liscopal town of Tuica- j>led, on account of its air. It is 35 mileii S E )n. 10 52 E, lat. 43 N. own of Turkey in Aua, lia Proper, and the resi- rand Signior before the itaiuinople. It is seated ala, 75 miles E of Bur- E, lat. 39 30 N. own of Moldavia, on the was taken by the Poles, :hey had totally defeated my, before its walls. It 1788 to the Russians but was restored to tli« lubseqiient peace. It is V^ of Jassy. Lon. 26 25 N. m of France, in the de. aine and Loire, aiid lat* C H R province of Anjou, with n castle, 170 miles S W of Paris. Lon. 45 VV, lat. 47 ION. Chonnt, an episcopal t'lwn of Hun. gary, capital of ii nmnty of the (tame name, on the Mt-rich, 25 mili-s E of Sejfc'lin. Lim. 21 4 E, lat. 46 20 N. Chiirget, a tovvii of France, in the de- partmi-nt of the l/ppcr Alps and late province of Duuphiny, burnt by the duke (if Savoy in 1692. It is 10 miles )i. of Gup. Lcin. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 N. Choitey, a town in Lancashire, with a market on Tuesday. It is t'-ated near tlic source of a rivulet called Chor, not far from the river Yarrow, six miles S S E of Preston, and 205 N W of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 38 N. Chu-uile, a town on the coast of \f a- labar, with a harbour for small vessels, which is fortified. It belongs to P, iron, cop- per, planks, i oftlicni. The uir is g'ood, the soil liffiit, suiidy, and fruitful ; but it is tub- ject to hiirricunes, '1 hi* pmdnce is chiefly Kiijfar, cotton, jfinjfcr, indi(;o, and the tropical fruits. It was taken liy the Irene h in 178.;, but restored the next year. Basseterre is tlic capital. CliiHtltigli, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday i sealed near the river 'I'c'p-nc, iing life. The fatlier makes the bride a present on the wed- ding-day, but reserves the greater part of what he intends to give her till the birth of her first child. On this occa- sion she pays him a visit, receives from him the remainder of her portion, and is clothed by him in the dress of a matron, the principal distinction of which consists in a veil. Until this time, the dress of the women is much like that of tlie men, ex.cepting that the cloak is longer, and frequently white, a colour never worn by men : the cap too is generally red or rose- coloured. Before marriage, the youth of both sexes see each other freely at the little rejoicings which take place on festivals. Before the ball, the young men show their activity and ad- dress in a variety of military exercises, and the most alert have the privilege of choosing the most beautiful part- ners. Their musical instruments are a long flute with only three stops, a species of mandoline, and a tambou- rin. The dances are in the Asiatic style, with little gaiety or expression ; the steps diiiicult, but not graccfiil. The women participate in the general character of the nation : they take pride in the courage of their husbands, and reproach them severely when de- feated. They polish and take care of the armour of the men. Their lan- guage they have in common with the other neighbouring Tartars, although the. chief people among them are also not ignorant of the Russian : their re- C I R e parts), their good hum. frcfdoni in toincrsittion, •v.dcr tleni \eiy uttisxt- gtunil'mg whiili Hiy liave ,n of being very tliustc, seldom wautcpvort'iiiity ; to the acoMints of a lute is an eslabllshcd point of rs among them, that &a person comes in to speak tlie husband goes out of b»it whetlier tliiscontinen- proceeds from their own to recompcnce their hus. be confidence they put in las its foundation only in retends not to determine. Toom pays for his bride » 'resent, consisting of arms mail, but he must not see abit with hc". without the ivstcrv; and *'''* r^serfe &l Hfe. The father bride a present on the wed- lut reserves the greater part > intends to give her till the r first child. On this occa- m» him a '"'*• '•e^eives he remainder of her poruon, hed by him in the dress ot the principal distinction of .sists^in a veil. Until this dress of the women is much 3f tlie men, excepting that is longer, and frequently colour never worn by men: ioo is generally red or rose- ^ Before marriage, the youth :xe8 see each other freely at cioicinps which take place lis Before the ball, the [n show their activity and ad- variety of military exercises, ,ost alert have the privilege kg the most beautiful part- eir musical instruments are Lte with only three stops, of mandoline, and a tambou- dances are in the Asiatic ■h little gaiety or expression i ' diflBcult, but not graccfiil. ,en participate in the general of the nation : they take ,c courage of their husbands, Lch them severely when de- they polish and take care ot fur of the men. Their Ian- .y have in common with the rhbouving Tartars, although people among them are also it of the Russian: their re- C I R tigton is Paganism ; for notwithstand- ing they use circumcision among them, tlicy have neither priest, ulcorun, or mosque, like other Mahometans. Eve- ry body here olFcrs liis own sacrifice at pleasure ; for which, liowcver, tliey have certain days, established rattier by custom titan any positive command ; their most solemn sacrifice is ottered at the death of their nearest friends ; upon which occasion both men and wo- men meet in the field tc be present at tlie offering, whicli is an he-goat ; and iiaving killed, they flay it, and stretch tlie skin with the head and horns on, upon a cross at the top of a long pole, placed commonly in a quickset hedif (to keep the cattle from it) ; and near the place tlie sacrifice is otlered by boiling and roasting the flesh, w'.iich they afterwards eat. When the feast is over, the men rise, and havin ^ paid their adoration to the skin, and mut- tered over some certain prayei s, the women withdraw, and the mei con- clude the ceremony with drinking a great quantity of aquavitx ; and tliis generally ends in a quarrel before they part. The face of the country is plea- santly diversified with mountains, val- leys, woods lakes, and rivers ; and, though not much cultivated, ia far from being unfruitful. In summer the inhabitants quit the towns, and en- camp in the fields like the neighbour- ing Tartars ; occasionally shilling their stations along with their flocks and herds. Besides game, in which the country greatlv abounds, the Circas- sians eat beef and mutton ; but that which they prefer to all others is the flesh of a young horse. Their bread consists of tiiin cokes of barley meal, baked upon tlie heai-th, which they al- way:] eat new ; and their usual drink is water or mare's milk ; from tlie lat- ter of which they distil a spirit, as most of the Tartar nations. They allot no fixed hours for the refreshments oftb^ table or sleep, which they indidge irre- gularly, as inclination or convenience dictates. When the men make ex- cursions into an enemy's country, they will pass several days and nights suc- cessively without sleeping; but, at their return, devote as much time bj repose as tlie space in which they had before with held from that gratification. When they eat, they sit cross-legged on the floor, the slun cf some animal serving them itutead of a carpet. In C I R removing from one part of the country to another, the women and children arc caiTied in wuggons, which arc a kind of travelling houses, and di-uwn by oxen or camels, they never using horsies for draught. Their breed of the latter, however, is reckoned exceeding good ; and they arc accustomed to swim almost any river on horseback. The women and chiltL'cn smoke tobacco us well as the men ; and this is the most acceptable commodity which a traveller can c.irry with him into tlie Tartar countries. There are here no public inns, which indeed itre unneces- sary ( for so great is tlie hospitality of the people, tliat they will contend with each other who shall entartain any stranger that happens to come among them.—- The principal branch of their traflic is their own chiUU-en, especially their daughters, whom they sell for the use of the seraglios in Turkey and Persia, where they frequently many to great advantage, and make the for- tune of their families. Whatever may have been the original religion of tliia people, they have been successively converted to Christianity and Mahom- etanism, and have now no religion or worship among them. They break, without scruple, such oaths as they have token on tlie bible and the koran ; but tliere are certain forms of oaths, and certain places, in the neighbour- hood of tlieir ruins (supposed to be remains of Christian churches) which insure their fidelity. Their courage, g^eat as it is, is not proof agsunst reli- gious terrors. Like all barbarians, they believe tliat what is called accident, may be influenced by particular cere- monies. The Circassians have not any letters of their own ; those among them who wish to write their language being obliged to make use of Arabian chai'ac- ters. Cirencester, a considerable borough in Gloucestersliire, with a market on Monday and Friday. It is seated on the river Churn, and was a place of great account in the time of tiie Ro- mans. The ruins of the walls and streets are to be seen in the adjacent meadows where many Roman coins, checquered pavements, and inscrip- tions of marble have been found. It had also a castle and an abbey. Many Ro- man antiquities have been discovered ; and here the Roman roads crossed each other. It '.i one of the greatest meJc^ - ■'UV«?«««^W»«"'" C I V C L A ^i in England for wool, sends two mem- bers to pwliainent, and is 18 miles S E of Gloucester, and 89 W of London. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 51 43 N. Chema, a towni of Najjles, capital of Basilicata, with a bisliop's see. It is seated on tlie river Brandonn, at tlie f-9toftlic Appennincs, 97 miles E of Naples. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 40 44 N. Cittadello, a seaport and capital of Minorca, on the W side of that island. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N. Citta-di-Cattello, a populous city of Italy, capital of a county of tlie same name, in Umbria, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Tiber, 27 miles S W of Urbino. Lon. 12 18 E, lat. 43 32 N. Citta-Nuova, a city of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, containing 16 churches and convents witliinits walls, and 15 without. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles SofLoretto. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 43 16 N. Citta-Nuova, a seaport of Venetian Istria, with a bishop's see, 60 miles E cf Venice. Lon. 14 2 E, lat. 45 35-N. City Point, a post town of Prince George county, Virginia ; situated on the S side of James river, 11 miles N E of Petersburg, 24 miles S E of Rich- nond, and 169 from Washington. Ciudad-JReal, a town of Spain, capital of Mancha. The Inhabitants are noted for dressing leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 90 S of Madrid. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 38 58 N. Ciudad-Hodrigo, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a bisliop's see, seated on the river Aquada, 40 miles S W of Sal- amanca. Lon. 5 58 W, lat. 40 33 N. Civita-di-Friuli, a small but ancient town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, seat- ed on the Natisona, 10 miles E of Ude- na. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 46 12 N. ■ Ciiiita-di-Penna, an ancient to^vn of Navies, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, with a bishoji's see, near the river Salino, 35 miles N E of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 E, lat. 42 27 N. Civiui-Caatellana, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, on a high rock, at the foot of which is a river, which falls into the Tiber. It is 25 miles N W of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 25 N. Civita-Vecchia, a seaport of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, witii an arsenal. Here the pope's gallies were formerly stationed, and it was a free port J but tlie air is unwholesome. It is 35 miles N \V of Rome, Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 42 5 N. Clackmannan, a small town in Scot- land, and capital of the county of tlie same name. It is seated on the N sliorc of tlie Forth, and stands on a liill, on the top of which is a castle, commanding a noble prospect. A large square tower in this castle df rives its name from the illustrious Robert Bruce, whose gi-e.it sw M'd wul casque are here preserved. A large sword is also shown, said to have belonged to Sir John Graham, the faithful uttoindant of the heroic Wallace. It is 23 miles N bv E of Glaigow. Lon. 3 40 W, lat. 56 5 N. Clachnannaiiihire, a county of Scot* land, bounded on the E by Fifcshire, on the N and W by Perthshire, and on the S by the Forth. It is eight miles in length, and five in breadth. The country is plain and fertile towards the frith, producing corn and pasture in a- bundance. This shire, with Kinross, sends one meinber to parliament. It is watered by the rivers Forth and De- van. Clagenfurt, a town of Germany, ca- pital of Carinthia, 50 miles S W of Vienna. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. Glair, St. a lake of North America, half way between the lakes Huron and Erie, 90 miles in circumference. It receives the waters of the great lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, and dischai'ges them, through the strait called Detroit, into the lake Erie. Clameci, a town of France, in the department of NievTe and late province of Nivernois. Clameci is seated at the confluence of the Beiivron and Yonne, 112 miles S by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 E, lat. 47 28 N. Clapham, a village in Surry, noted for many handsome villas, which chief- ly surround a beautiful r. immon. In the old parish church, divine service i» performed at funerals only ; an elegant new church having been erected on the common, but without an adjoining cemetery. Clapham is three miles S S W of London. Clara, St. a small island of South A- , merica, in Peru, in the bay of Guia- qiiil, 70 miles S W of Guaiaquil. Lon. 82 20 W, lat. 2 20 S. Clare, St. a small ■ island, or rather rock, one of the Canaries, betvfeen Laucerota and .^Ucgranza. L A is unwholesome. It of Rome. Lon. 11 51 I small town in Scot- of tlie co\inty of llu! is seated on the N rth, and stands on si of wliich is a castle, uble prospect. A large this castle derives its ustrious Robert Bruce, k >rd Mid cusque are A lurge sword in idso have bclon(;ed t(i Sir lie i'aitlil'iLl attendant of ice. It is 23 miles N v. Lon. 3 40 W, lat. lire, a county of Scot- )n the E by Fifcsbire, ■ by Pertiishirc, and on rtli. It is eijjht miles five in breadth. The and fertile towards the f corn and pasture in a- s shire, with Kinross, ber to parliament. It le rivers Forth and De- town of Germany, ca- hia, 50 miles S W of 14 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. ike of North America, en the lakes Huron and in circumference. It Iters of the great lakes ■gan, and Huron, and through the strait into the lake Erie, •wn of France, in the iJiewe and late province Clameci is seated at the le Beuvron and Yonne, of Paris. Lon. 3 36 tillage in Surry, noted ome villas, which chief- beautiful ^.^mmon. In jhurch, divine service i» incrals only ; an elegant living been erected on ut without an adjoining pliam is tliree miles S I. mall island of South A- u, in the bay of Guia- W ofGuaiaquil. Lon. 20 S. small island, or rather Canaries, between AUegranza. C L A Cfare, a town of SufTolk, with 8 mar- ket on Monday. The nuns of a castle and of a collegiate church arc still visi- ble ; and here is a manufactiu-e of bays. It is seated near the Stour, 15 miles 5 of St. Edmund's Bury, and 56 N £ of London. Lon. 36 E, lat. 52 12 N. Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munster, 55 miles in length, and 38 in breadth ; bounded on the £ and S by the Shannon, which separates it from Tipperary, Limeric, and Ker- ry i on tiie W by the Atlantic, and on the N by Gidway. It contains two market-towns and 76 parishes, and be- fore the Irish union sent four members to the Irish parliament. Clare, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, 17 miles N W ofLimaric. Lon. 8 46 W, kt. 52 52 N. Claremont, a town in Cheshire coun ty, New Hampshire. It has a post of- fice, and contains 1900 inhabitants. Clarendon, a village, tlu'ee miles E of Salisbury, where Henry II. summon- ed a council of the barons and prelates, in 11' 4, who enacted the laws, called the Constitutions of Clurendcm ; and here were tivo palaces built by king John. Clarent, or Chatillard, a village of Swisserland, in the Pays de Vaud, ce- lebrated as the chief scene of Rous- seau's Eloise, though its ancient castle by no means accords with the descri])- tion in that work. It is delightfully situate, not far from Vevay, on an em- inence, whose declivity slopes gradu- ally towards the lake of Geneva. Clarksburg, a post town in Montgo- mery county, Maryland, 29 miles from Washington. Clarksburg, the principal town of Harrison county, Virginia, situated on the main branch of MonongaheTa river, 36 miles S by W of Morgantown. Clarksbu-g, a post town in Jackson county, Georgia, situated on the N fork of the Appalachy river, IIC miles N W of Augusta, and 704 from Wath- ington, with a post office. Clartesville, a post town, and the ca- pital of Montgomery county, Tennes- see ; situated on the N side of Cum- berland river, about 45 miles N W of Nashville, and 790 from Washington. Claude, St. ahandsome city of France, in the department of Jura and latepro- vi|ice of Franche Comte j with a bish- CLE op's »ee. It is seated between three high mountains, on the river Lison, and owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, built in 425, in this tiien barren and iminhabited country. The cathedral is extremely elegant. From Mount St. Cioude, which forms part of Mount Jura, is a fine prospect over Swisser- land and Savoy, the lake and town of Geneva, and tiie Pays de Vaud. In this city are many public fountains witli large basins. It is 35 miles N W of Geneva. Lon. 6 18 £, lat. 46 24 N. Claveraci, a post town in Columbia coiuity. New York, 5 miles E of Hudr son. Clausenbtirg, a town of Transylvania, «n the river Samos, 60 miles N W of Hermanstadt On one of the gates is an inscription in honoui- of the emperor Trajan. Lon. 23 20 E, lat. 46 53 N. Claji, a town in Norfolk, seated on an arm of the sea, between two rivers^ 20 miles N W of Norwich. Here are . some Lirge salt-works. Clear, Cape, a promontory of a little island on the S of Ireland. Lon. 11 15 W, lat. 51 18 N. Cleburji, a town in Sliropshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the ri- ver Rea, 28 miles SSE of Shrewsbury, and 136 N W of London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 52 21 N. Clerac, or Clairac, lately in tlie pro- vince of Guienne, now in the depart* ment of Lot and Garonne. It is seated on the river Lot, 10 miles N W of A- gen. Lon. 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Clertrwnt, a town of France, in the department of Meuse and late territory of Barrois, 127 miles N W of Paris. Lon. 5 9 E, kt. 49 34 N. Clermont, a town of France, in the department of Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 37 miles N of Pa- ris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat, 49 25 N, Clermont^ a consMerable city of France, in the department of Puy de Bome, and late province of Auvergne, with a bishop's see. The cathearal, public squares, and walks, are very fine i but the sti-ests are narrow, and lined with houses built of stones of a sombre hue. Many Roman antiqultiet are found in the neighbourhood. Ther« are also some mineral springs ; and that of the suburb St, AUyre has form- ed a natural bridge over the brviok into which it falls ; it is called the Mineral firid^^o, and carriages may pass ovex CLE C L W ' ■*; isi it. Clermont contains 30,000 inhabi- tants, unci lias niunuf^xctiires of ratteens, di-(;^;;^cts, serges, and ledtlier. It is tlic l)ui!i place of the celebrated Pas- cal ; and is 30U miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 10 £, lat. 45 47 N. Cicnaont, a town in Columbia coun- ty, Nlw York, on the E side of Hud- sou i'i\cr, and 15 miles S of the city of Hudson. The township has 1150 inliabitants. The post oflice is 361 miles fiom Wanliington. Ckiy, a viUage in France, nine miles S W of Orleans, once famous for the pilgrimages to our lady of Clery. Here vras the tomb of that monster Lewis XI. who appeared, in white marble, as tihe saint and tlie patriot king. C/erie't Island, lies in the North Pa- cific Ocean, between the coast of Kamt- scliatka and that of North America. It was disco\ered by Captain Cook in 1778; and was ^.o named in iionour of Captain Clerks, his KRcoiid in command. A landing could not be eHected. At a distance it appcai-ed to be of » c^nsid- ert-ble extent, and to have ."cveral hills connected with the low grounds, in such a manner as to make it look Uke a gi oup of islands. Near its E extremi- ty is a little island remarkable for hav- ing three elevated rocks upon it. It is quite uninhabited. Lon. 169 30 W, lat. 63 15 N. Cieces, a dntchy of Germany, in the circle of Wcstohalia, divided into two parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, deligliifully variegated with hills, ■woods, fields, towns a*- d villages ; and is subject to the king of Prussia. Cleves, a city of Westphalia^ capital of the dutchy of Clevcs. It is seated on the eastern side of three hills, about a mile VV of the Rhine ; with which it communicates by means of a canal, which is large enough for great barg- es. It has a castle built by Julius Cse- sar. Several of the streets from their elevated situation, extend their views many leagues deep into the ccuntry, on the opposite shore. It has been often taken and retaken ; the last time by the French in 1794. It is 15 miles S E of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 50 £, lat. 51 45 N. Cleybrook, Great and Little, two villa- ges in Leicestershire, on the N W side of Lutterworth They are supposed to have 'been a part of Cleycester, situate <)ne mile to the W, which was a flour- fihing city of the R ince of Bretilgne, on the rivt • Seure, n miles S of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 47 1 N. Clithero, a borough in Lancasliire, with a market on Saturday, and the re- mains of an ancient castle.. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated near Peiidil Hill, 36 miles 9 £ of Lancaster, and 213 N N W of Lon^ don. Lon. 2 21 W, lat. 53 54 N. Clogher, an episcopal tovra and bo- rough of Ireland, in Tyrone. Lon. 6 50 W, lat. 54 30 N. Clonr.iel, aboroiigh of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, seated on the riv- er Sure, 19 miles S E of Tipperarj', Lon. / 27 W, lat. 52 14 N. Cloud, St. atownofFrance, four miles W of Paris, seated on the Seine. Here w.as lately a magnificent royal palace, wardens, and a beautiful cascade. Cloyiie, an episcopal town and bo- rough of Ireland, in the county of Cork. 16 miles E of Cork, Lon. 8 W, lat 51 54 N. Cluny, a towm of France in the de- partment of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for its late famoiis Benedictine abbey. It is seated on tlie Gvosne, 10 miles N W of Macon. Lon. 4 33 E, lat. 46 24 N. Cluse, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, seated on the Arve, 22 miles 3 E of Geneva. Loiv 6 29 E, lat. 45 57 N. 6Vwy<4 a celebrated vale of Denbigh^ L W (1 coins have been frcr I in Northamptonshire, on Tuesday, 30 miks N pton, and 88 N N W of J 37 VV, lat. 52 53 N. luge in Westniprelaiui, lE of Penrith, noted for ween tlie king's forces in 1745, in wliich tl\c idvantage. .age in Gloucestershire, oted for tlie hot well iu )od, upon the lower Av. of St. Vincent's rock, ost town in Dutchess 'ork. The township is untaining at last census ;s, 340 miles from JVatli- of Dalmatia, taken from he Venetians'. It is seat- f mountain, six miles N m. 17 31 E, lat. 44 Ion. ,vn of Prance in the de- iwer Loire, and late pro- pie, on the rive • Seure, Nantes. Lon. 1 28 W, lorough in Lancasliire, on Saturday, and the re- incient castle.. It sends to parliament, and is iKlil Hill, 36 miles 9 £ uid213 NNWofLon. 1 W, lat. 53 54 N. episcopal town and bo* d, in Tyrone. Lon. 6 50 )rough of Ireland, in the erary, seated on the riv- les S E of Tipperarj'. lat. 52 14 N. )wn of France, four miles iited on the Seine. Here .gnificent royal palace, beautiful cascade, piscopal town and bo- d, in the county of Cork. Sork. Lon. 8 W, lat of France in the de- one and Loire and late rgundy, remarkable for Benedictine abbey. It Gvosne, 10 miles N W n. 4 33 E, lat. 46 24 N. of Savoy, in taucigny, \ne, 22 miles 3 E of 6 29 E.iat. 45 57 N. brated vale of Denbiglu c L y •hire, extending from its upper iend to the Irish Sea, above 20 miles; its breadth var}'ing from three to eight, jir ^ording to the approach or recess of the higii mountains inclosing it, through which, in diilerent parts, are faps formed by nature for entrances, 'h 8 delightful spot is in a high state of cultivation, even far up thp ascent of the hills. A river of the same name, whicli rises in tiie middle of the coun- ty, runs uion^- this vale and having en- tered Flintshire, falls into tlie Irish Sea. Clyde, a river in Scotland, which arising in Annandale, falls into the sea over against the isle of Bute. Next to the Tay it is the largest river in Scot, land ; and is navigable for small craft up t < Glasgow. The can.il, which joins tiie Fortli, fulls into it a little be- low that city. Near Lanerk, tliis riv- er runs, for several miles, between high rocks covered witli wood ; and in its course exhibits many astonishing cataracts. At StonebjTes, it is con- Gncd within a very nan'ow bed, and makes one entire slioot, falling about 60 feet over a perpendicular rock ; the water then pouring over another pre- cipice, is dashed into a deep chasm be- neath. The horrid and incessant din with which this is accompanied, un- nerves and cvercomes the heart. At Cora-lin, the falls are see* to most ad- vantage iirom a solitary and ruined tower in a garden, placed in a lofty si- tuation. The cataract which is preci- pitated at least 100 feet between two vast rugged precipices, is full in view, .seen over the top of trees and bushes, precipitating itself for an amazing way, from rock to rock, with shori. .interruptions, forming a rude slope of various foam. The sides are bounded by vna'i. rocksj clotl^ed on their tops witli trees : on the summit and very verge of one is a ruined tower, and in jront a wood o^e^topt by a verdant hill. A path conducts the traveller to tke beginning of the fall, into which nrojects a high rock in floods insulated by the water ; and from the top is a tremendpus view ofthe furious stream. In floods, the rock and tower have been observed to shake in such a man- ner as to spill water in a, glass standing on a table m the castle. Clydesdale, a wild district in the S part of Lanerkshire. Amid the moun- teins^ere, particles gf gold have soiqe- C Q C times been washed down by the rains and etreams of water ; but this tract i> cliieily remarkable for producing me- tals of inferior worth. The veins of lead lie mostly N and E, and tUeir tliick'.eas, whicli seldom exceeds 40 feet, varies greatly in diflerent parts. The scanty pasture here feeds sums sheep and cattle. Coati Castle, Caf-e, tlie principal set- tlement of tiie English on the co;i«t of Guinea, with a strung citadel. It is 30 miles E by N of St. George del Mina. Lon. lat. 5 6 N. Coblentz, an ancient city of Germany, in tlie electorate of Treves. It is the residence ofthe elector, who has lately built a new palace here ; the old one being on the opposite side of tlie Kiiiue, in the •vale of Ehrenbreitstein. Over the Rhine is a bridge of twelve arches, built for the convenience of the inhabitants of Coblentz and the adja- cent places. The castle appears to be almost inaccessible to an enemy, and entirely commands the city of Cob- lentz. It -was taken by tlie French in 1794. It is seated at tl'C confluence of the Rhine and Moselle, 50 miles N £ of Treves. Lon. 7 32 £, lat. 50 24 N. Coburg, a town of Gernumy in the circle of Franconia, capital of a princi- pality ofthe same name, with a college, a fort, and a castle. This town, and its principality, belongs to tlie house of Saxony. It is seuted on the Itch, 20 miles N of Bamberg. Lon. IJ IS E, lat. 50 22 N. Coca, a town of Spiun, in Old Cas- tile, near which is a strong castle for state prisoners. It is seated among mountains, at the confluence of tiie Morvedro and Ele^ena, 25 miles N N E of Segovia. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 41 17 N. Cochieim, a town in the electorate of Treves, formerly imperial. It was forced to surrender to the French in 1794, and is seated on the Moselle, 2^ milts S W of Coblentz. Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N. Cochin, a seaport on the coast of' Ma- labar, in 'I'nivancore. It is a Dutch settlement, and was captured by the British fleet in 1795. It is 120 miles S by £ of Calicut. Lon. 79 30 £, lat. 10 ON. Cochin China, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the E by tJie Eastern Ocean, on the N by Tonquin, on the W by ^ambodis, «nd on the S by C O E C O I i il Ciampa. It abounds in gold, raw silk, and di'iigs. It is iinniially overflowed und consequently fruitfid in rice. Tliey have likewise Hiigar-canes; but nu prapes, and tlierciore tlicy drink ii liquor brewed from rice. The reli- gion of tlie inhabitants is much *he Skmc as that of China. 'I heir ciue.s and towns have gates at tiie end of each street, wliicli aie shut every night ; and if any iire bi't-ak out in a ward, all the inhabitants aie destroyed, except tlie women und riuldien. Coder, a river wliicli rises m tlie S of Cumberland, and Howing through the lakes of Butternierc, Cromack-wa- ter, and Lowes-w.itcr, joins the Der- went, below Cockermoutli. Cociermouth, a populous borough in Cumberland, with a market on Mon- day. It lies between tlie Derwent and Cocker, over which latter are two stone bridges ; and between two hills, on one oi which stands a handsome church ; and on tlie other a stately castle. It lias a manufacture ofslial- loons, worsted stockings and hats. The number of inhabitants are be- tweecii 3 and 4000. It has a square buihlini^, and is strengthened witli se- veral square towers ; on eacii side of the inner gate ait two dungeons capa- ble f'f ho'''!r.j 50 persons in either ; tl.ey arc vaul' ';d at tJic lop, and have only a small opening 'n order to lower thro' it llic unhappy prisoner intQ this dire prison. It sends two members to parliament, and is 27 miles S W of Carlisle, and 29u N N W of London. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 54 42 N. Coconato, a town of Pieamont, re- markable for being tlie birthplace of Columbus. It is 20 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 9 E, lat. 45 5 N. Cod, Cape, on the S side of Boston Bay, in the state of i\):< .sachusctts, in North America. Lon. 70 18 W, lat. 42 ON. Codo^no, a town of Italy in the dutchy of Milan. .It was taken by tlie French in May 1796. It i° seated near the confluence of the Ae most con- siileratole iron works in Eingland ; and a curious bridge over the Severn, con- structed rntirely of caat-irtan. ColeiKi, Cape, a cape of tie inland of New Caledonia, in tlie Snmth Pacific Ocean. Lon. 164 56 E, lat 20 30 S. Colerain, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, on the river Bann, 25 miles N E of Loodonderryi Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 55 16 N. ■ Colerain, a town in Bertie county, Nortli Carolina, having a post oifice, 270 miles from Washingerm. Coleshill, a town in Warwickshire, witli a market on Wednesday ; seated on the side of a nill, on the Coin, over which is a stone nridge. It is of a tol- erable size, ano very elegantly built. It is 11 miles N W of Coventry, and 105 of London. _on. 1 35 W, lat. 52 ,12 N. Colesville, a])OHttownof Chesterfield county, Virginia, .32 miles from Wash- ington. Colford, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday, 14 miles S of Hereford, and 123 W by N of Lon- don. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 51 4S N. Celima, a seaport of Me»i'Ji>j capital COL COL ^f a fertile valley of the same name. It iit sealed ut the niontli gf a river, near tlie Noilh Pueidc Ocean, JOO miles W «f Mexico. Lon. 106 5 W, liit, 19 10 CoUoun; a seaport of Frunce in tbe .Ue|>artnieni of the EaHtern PjTcnccs »r.(l late province of Uoiuillon. It was taken liy tiie Spimiards in 1793. biitre- tiikcii tiie next year. It is a small b\it atronp town, seated at the foot of the Pyri.-uces, JO miles S E of Pcrpignan. Lon. 3 8 1;, lit. 42 CA N. Collr, an episcopal town of Tuscany, 10 niiU-s N W of Sienna. Lon. 11 7 L, lat. 43 16N. Colivnifjtiin. See Colunihton. Coinuir, a city of France, c.ipital of tlic depavlnient of Upper Uhiiie, and late province of Upjier Al.sacc. It is seated near tlic river 111, 35 miles S l)v W of SUasbiirg. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 43 SN. Cohnars, a town of France, now in the (lepaitnient 4ter in Essex, f?lls into tl'c German Ocean, between Mersey Island and the mainland. In ,r G/EiHumy, ui Lower Uliinc, bound, tlie ilutchy of Cleve* d, on tlu! E by tlic on the S by the arcji- ves, ^lKl on tlv: W by ilicra. '!rhe *lrc,tor i? )f ll»e etapirc for lt»ly, to consecrate the em- witli tli»t of Mcntz. It ost fertile countries in mnding with all, the ne- rtcicnt city of .Qcnnany, electorate of Cologne, see, and a famous uni- 1 on the river Rhine, lifted with strong wall;), 3 large towers, and sur- ihree large ditches ; but ions, being executed af- ,t manner, could make encc at present. It lies ' a half-moon, and is said es, 19 parishes, 37 nion- iibout 10 collegiate*, aiid ihurchcs, with about 50 if which are candidates on of the devout and cu- ir fine paintings. The cral are badly paved, the the houses composed of round glass, and the inha- it few for so large a place, nicrial citv, and tho' the palace here, he has not f staying in it for many r ; nor is he admitted to trith a numerous attend- inliabitants arc generally \)lirs, but there tre 9ome who ai-e obliged to perform ' at Mulheim, three .miles In the cathedral we-the l,cr or treasury, tl>e riches llmnicnsei and the chapel Magi, )\ which they pre- IV the bodies of the three the Three Kings. Co- •e one (lithe Hanse Towns, |r its commerce, which i» \(\ to tht manufacture of.a stockings, lace, and some , persecution it owes tlus [e expulsion of the Jaws m I the Protestants in 1618^ Iftlvis city have sincelallen id streets and squares aje ito kitchen-gardens and ;o\ogne was taken by the 94. It i» seated on Uje COL Rhine, 17 miles Eofjuliers. Lon. 7 JO K. hit. 50 55 N. Coloinbutz, a castle of Turkey, in Europe, in Bulgaria, on a liill, under wliicli is tiie strong pass of Urania. Odomej, or Cotmnia, a (iiwii of Po- Innd, in Red Russia, seated on the ri- ver Pruth, 42 miles S E of Hahtz. Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 48 41 N. Cotonna, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, 18 miles E of Rome. Lon. 12 56 E, lat. 41 55 N. Coloiisa, a fiirtile little island, on the \V coast of Scothmd, seven miles VV of the island of Jura. Colorado, a river of New Mexico, wliich being joined by the river of the Apostles, enters the gtdf of California, in lon. 101 W, lat. 32 20 N. Colorno, a town of Italy, in the Par- masan, near the Po, eigiit miles from Parma. The duke of Parma liad a plcasurc-housn here, which was one of the most delightfid in Italy, and the gardens were very fine. Lon. 10 22 E, lat. 44 54 N. Colos'uiar, a large town of Transylva- nia, where the states meet. It is seat- ed on the river Samos, 37 miles N VV of Weisscmburg, and 120 E bv S of Vienna. Lon. 2J 15 E, lat. 46 53 N. Columb, St. a town in Cornwall, with a miU'ket on Thursday, seated on a hill 10 miles W of Bodmin. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 50 30 N. Columbia, a post town, the principal of Richland county. South Carolina; and the present scat of the state go- vernment. It is situated on the E side ofCongaree river, 35 miles S by W of Camden, and 1 15 N by W of Charles- ton, the former capital. Columbia, a small town in Washing- ton county, Maine, 18 miles S W of Machias, that has a post offlce. Columbia, a post town on the N aide of James river, in Fluvanna county, Virginia, about 46 miles N W of Rich- mond, and 136 from Waahingtoti. Columbia, a flourishing village in Lancaster county, Pennsylvaiiia, that has a post office, being seated on the E side of Susquehannah river, 12 miles E of York, 11 W of Lancaster borough, and 74 of Philadelphia. Colombo, a town on the W side of the island of Ceylon, which was taken iy the English fleet in February 1796. 11 was built by the Portuguese in 1638, and in 1658 they were expelled by tlie natives and Dutch. It is 18 miles S of COM Ncgombo. Lon. 80 25 E, lat. 7 10 N. Columbton, :. town in Devonshire, with a market on Satvint.iy. It hai a woollen manufacture, uuil is »e.ited on the river Columb, over wiiicU il'.oru is a bridge. It is 12 m;lea N E of Exe- ter, and 104 Vf of London. Lon. 3 23 VV, lat. 50 53 N. Colummi, a town of Russia, in tlio govenuneiit of Moscow, with an areh'^ bislio])'» see, 50 miiea S E of >ioscow. Lon. 38 25 E, lat. 55 5 N. Coluri, an island of Greece, formerly called Salamis. The principal town is of the same name, on the !? siilc, at the bottom of tlic harbour, wiiicii is one of the finest in the world. Though Ajax, who makes sucli a figure in Momer, was king of this ishuid, it is but a poor place. It is seven miles 'S of Athens. Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 38 U N. Com, a populous town ol' Persia, in Irac Agcmi, 100 mi\cn N of Ispahan. Lon. 51 56 E, hit. 34 5 N, Comachio, 'mx episcopal town of Ita- ly, in the Ferrarc.se. The air is bud, for which reason it is inliubited by a few fishermen only. It is seated in a lake of the same name, 27 miles .S E of Ferrara. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 44 45 K Comachio, a lake of Ituly, in the Fer- rarese, between the two mouths ofthe river Po. It is 10 miles in circumfer- ence J but dry in several places, and on one port a town of the same name is built. Comana, or Cumana, a seaport of South America, capital of the province of Comana, in Terra Firma. Lon. 64 29 W, lat. 10 10 N. Com^nagotta, a town of South Ame- rica, in Terra Firma, 10 milas W of Comana. Lon. 64 40 W, lat. ^0 10 N. Comb'Abbey, a village in Warwick- shire, three miles fi'om Coventry, once famous for a rich abbey. The church is demolished, but the abbcj', modern- ized, is the seat of lord Crave*n. Comb-Martin, a town in Devonshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seat- ed on the Bristol Channel, where it has an inlet which runs through the town. It is but a small place five miles £ of Ilfracomb, and 176 W by S of London. Lon. 4 2 W, lat. 51 13 N. Cominet, a town of France, in the department of the Nprth and late French Flanders, seated on the Lis, five miles S W of Mcnin. Lon. 3 4 E, Ibt. 50 45 N. '■ Si COM CON Cr^ninerrm't a. towji of France in the dcpaitinciit of MciiKc iiiiil lute iliitcliy f>r U'lr, witli a nij^v<>>'>''cnt cii-stlc, built by cardinal (k' Rftz. It is scati^d on ilie rivtu' Mouhc, 160 inik'.H E of Pans. Lon. .S 44 E, i;.t. 48 4U N. fXniio, :i pii|i'il<)iiii town (if Itii'./, in the Milanese, with u l)isli()])'s hi-c ; si- tualc in a v.tllcv, inrloseil hy fertile liillM, on the S t'xlPciuity of n hike of the same name. The hniscs are neat- ly hnilt of stone ; an.l tlic cuthedral is a handsome edihie of while- marhle, hewn from the nci),'lihourinjf quarries. It is (nirroinuUd by a wall, gaarded by towers, and hacked hy a coniral emi- nence, on which arc the ruins of nil ancient castle. Como is 80 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 9 7 E, lat. 4545 N. CirtHo, the larpfCHt lake in Italy, in the Milaiiese. It l.s 8ii miles in circumfer- ence, hut nut ubove six miles over in •ny one part. Co-niira lilwuls, five islands in the In- dian Ocean, i)ctwecn tiie coast of Zan- Ifiiebar and the N p.irt of tlie island of Madiijjascar. 'I'hey all abound in horned cattle, sheep, and a variety of hoji^ common in warm countries. They are c.>Hcd Hinznan, Mayotta, Mnhilla, Aniro/eia, and Coinora. Set llinzttan. Coiiiorin, Cape, the most southern point of the jieiiinsula of Hindoostan. Lon. 77 oi E, lat. 7 50 N. CjiiLura, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of a territory of the same name. It is so well fortified, that the Turks could never take it. The greatest p:irt of the itilLihltants arc of the Greek relij^ion. It is seated on the niunibc, in t!ie island of Sibut, 70 miles S l)\ E of Vienna. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 47 43 N. Lhnifiiegiie, a town of France, in the <' Madrid. Lon. 8 17 \V, lat. 42 52 N. Qmtpustdla, Nevi, a town of North America, in New Spain, near the South Pacific Ocean, 400 miles N W of Mexi" CO. Lon. 109 42 W, lat. 21 20 N. Conajohtiry, a post town in Montgo- mery county, New-York, on the S side of Mohock river, 41 miles W by N of Skenectady, and 57 N W of Alba- ny. ConCiVi, a low tract of country, on the \y co.istofthe Decan of Hindoos- tan. From this tract rises abruptly that stupendous w.dl of mountains cal- led the Gp.iits. It is subject to the Mahrattas, :uid lies between 15 and 20? Nlat. Concarneau, a seaport of France, in the department of Finisterre and late province of Brittany, with a castle, 12 miles S E of Qiiimper. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 47 46 N. Conception, a town of Chili, with a bishop's see, with a very large har- bour. It has been often taken and ra- vaged by the native Americans, and is seated on the South Pacific Ocean, 230 miles N of Baldivia. Lon. 73 20 W, lat. 36 40 S. Conception, a town of New Spain, seated near tlie gulf of Mexico, 100 miles W of Porto-Bello. Lon. 81 15 W, lat. 10 N. Concord, a post town in Rockingham county, New Hampshire ; situated on the W side of Merrimack river, 18 miles S by E of Salisbury, and 49 N W of Portsmouth. O N l)o(Iy of St. Jameii wa> liicli (Iruwi a great ms t tliey wulk in pro- cliiircli, and vin'it his which HtaixlH on thn is ilhiniiii it'jil by many "hey kiss it tlircc times per.tful devotion, and Its on its head. In tlir. c 30 silver lamps, al- nd six cliundeltcrs of high. Tiic poor pil- ;lvcd into an hospital, purjMj.sc, wiiich stands , and round it arc gaU inc, supported by larpe •ciibishoi) is one of the in Spain, having 70,000 From this towii the rst. Jago, or St. James, It IS seated in a jienin- tlic Tanibru and Ulla of Madrid. Lon. 8 17 S^e%ti, a town of North vv Spain, neartlic Soiith KK) miles N W of Mexi- 2 \V, lat. 21 20 N. . |)ost town in Montpo- cw-York, on the S side er, 41 miles W by N and 57 N W of Alba- V tr.ict of country, on the Uccan of Hindoos- tract rises abruptly i w.dl of mountains cal- It is suhjecw to the lies between 15 and 20? I seaport of France, in of Finisterre and late ttnny, witli a castle, 12 jumper. Lon. 4 2 E, town of Chili, with B (vltli a very large har- con often taken and ra- ative Americans, and is outl) Pacific Ocean, 230 divia. Lon. 73 20 W, town of New Spwn, e gulf of Mexico, lOO 'orto-Bello. Lon. 81 15 st town in Rockingham lampshire ; situated on f Merrimack river, 18 • Salisbury, imd 49 N W CON Cmteerd, A village with a pott -office in Sussex county, Delaware, about 20 miles N W of Dagsbury, and about M W by S ui Lewistown at Cape Henlo- pen. Concorti, a considerable town with a pu.st-ofKcc, in MidiUuicx county, Mas sachusctts, 18 miles N W of Boston, rendered famous by being the unfortu iiutc scene of tlic first hostilities he- Iween Great Britain and her colnnics, at the beginning of the revolutiuna)-y war. Concordia, u town of Italy, in the dutchy of Mirandola, on the river Sechia, five miles W of Mirandola. Lon. 11 13 £, lat. 44 52 N. Concordia, a town of Italy, in Vene tian Friuli, with a bishop's sec, 28 miles S S W of Udina. It is now al- most ruined, and Ute bishop resides at Portu Gvuaro. Condavir, a fort in the peninsida of Hiiidoostan, and the principal post of Guntoor, one ofthe five Circars. It is stroiwly situate on a mountain, 16 miles \V of Gimtoor. Comic, a strong town of France, in the department uftlie North and French part of Hainault. It has a castle, and gave the title of prince to a branch of tiie late royal family. It was taken by the combined armies July 10, 1793, but was retaken by the French Oct. 1, 1794, when its name was changed to thatofNord Libre. Conde is seated on tlie Scheld, seven miles N £ of Valenciennes, and 117 N by E of Pa- ris. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 50 27 N. "onde, a town of France, in the de- partment of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. It is 15 miles W of Pa- ris. Lon. 37 W, lat. 48 50 N. Condecedo, a cape of North America, in Yucatan, 100 miles W of Merida. Lon. 9127 W, lat. 2050 N. Condctm, a large town of France, in the department of Gers and late pro- vince of Gascony. It is a poor place, being thinly peopled. It was lately an episcopal see, and is seated on the Baisc, 22 miles W of Auch. Lon. 36 E, lat. 44 1 N. Condore, the capital of a number of islands, in the Indian Ocean. It pro- duces mangoes, which grow on trees, as large as apple-trees: the fruit is of tlie size of a small peach, and when ripe has a pleasant smell and taste. The inhabitants are small in stature, well-shaped, and of a dark olive com- CON nlexion; their facet are long, witl% black straight hair, HU)all black eyes, high noses, thin lips, white tei'th, and little mouths. Tliey are very pf)or, and their chief employment is getting tar out of the trees. They arc very frc» of their women, for when ships arrive there \\\fy will bring them on board, and otier them to the sailors. Thev have a little idol temple, built of wood, and thatched like their houses, which are very mean. The English East In- dia Company had a settlement here in 1701 i but the factors falling out with the natives, mort of them were mur- dered, and the rest driven thence in 1705. Lon. 107 26 E, lat. 2 40 N. Condrieu, a town of France in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire and lat* province of Lyonois, remarkable for its excellent wines. It is seated at the foot of a hill near the Rhone 17 miles S of Lyons. Lon. 4 5i E, lat. 45 23 N. Caneottnt, a town of France, in thai department of Charentc and late pro- vince of Angoumoit, on the river Vi- cnnc, 30 miles NE of Angoidcsme. Lon. 43 E. lat. 48 55 N, Congleton. a town in Cheshire, with 4 market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, nnd has two chiiri les, but the principal one is two miles distant It has a manufacture of leather gloves ( and a more considerable one in silk, there being n large silk mill, which em* ploys 700 hands. It is seated on the river Dane, seven miles S of Maccles- field, and 164 NW of London. Lon, 2 10 W, lat. 53 8 N. Congo, a country of Africa, between the equinoctial line Mid 18 degrees of S lat. containing ( le kingdoms of Loango, Congo, A lUfjla, and Benguela< It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1481, and is bounded on the N by Benin, by the inland part of Africa oh the E, by Matamon on the S, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the W. It ia sometimes called Lower Guinea; and the Portuguese have a great many settlements on the coast, as well as in the inland country. They have many desert places within landj but near the coast tlic soil is more fertile j and there are fruits of many kinds, besides palm- treew, fVom which they get wine and oil. In the lowlands the grass grows so high, rank and thick, that it be- comes one of the most dangerous re- ceptacles for wild beasts, serpents, and venemous ijuects: on this accounjr ilH* CON CON hi- !^ iTAVtWtrt arc in rontimml danpfer of | be 11^ ntiintf to (Iciitli. Tlie uiit> nic- 1 till) I <)r)riiur(liii|i' ;i(,'itiiiNt alUltrsi- vviU ; elti (MiiiiUy, iH ny m'ttiDfC firr to ti.c grain III Lot wi'iitlici , bat i-vcii tliiH Cknnot be (lone witliout iliiii((ci'i uh thoRf uiiiiniiU t>i'in)f i-oiiscd out nt'lht'ir liii'lciM^'' ijlucfi, Will Hy i'liruMiMly ut tboHi' wlio l\ii|ipcn to l>e in tlirir wiiy. Lions, Icopunis, liners, wolves, unci otluT lieastn ofprey ubouiul berr, uiul do niiicli daniii)(e. Here are idso a viist viirii'ty of iii'inkey!i of all sbupcs. Tbc Achva, weil known foi" its fXtreiiie beauty and swiftness, in uUo met with in tiiis ('oui)lry. I'be inhabitants are ■kllfnl in weiivin^f cotton cloth ; and tbc. trade in slaves, ivory, cassin, and taniaiindsj the (rreatcst part of them go ahnost nuked ; wor8hi|)piii)( the snn, in )on, and utars, besides animals of diH'erent kinds i but the Portuguese have made many converts. Conjjo pro- perl\ go ralird, is only 150 miles broad aI'Mijr tiic eoasf, but is 3i"j inliuul. From March t) .September is called the Winter season, when it rains ulniost every day j and the summer is from October to March, wlien the weather is very hot. The river Zaire is full of crocodiles and river-horses. The principal town is St. .Salvador. Colli, a town of Piedmont, Ciipital of a territory of that name, with a citadel It surrendered to the French in April 1796. It is seated at the conHuencc of the Gresse and Sture, 35 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 30 N. Coningneck, a town of Suabia, capital of a county of the same name, 20 mile.-- N of Constance. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 4" 50 N. Conington, a village in Huntingdon- shire, near .Stilton. CoiiUton-Mere, a lake in Lancashire, ■which aflords plenty of chai". It is five nfiies Wof Winandermere. Connaught, a province of Ireland, 130 miles long, and 84 broad , boimded on the E by Leinster and Munater, on the S by tlie latter province, on the W and N by the Atlantic, and on the N W by Ulster. It has several convenient bays and creeks, and is fertile in many places, but thp inhabitants being lazy, IS the least cultivated of any of the four provinces. It contains one archbi- shopric, five bishoprics, six counties, seven market towns, 10 boroughs, and 330 parishes. It I as no rivers of any great not^ except the Shannon*. Connteticut, one of the United Statti, in Ni-w England, Hi miles long and ij j bro.id I bouniled on the N by Mussa. chusetts, on the K by Khud'e Island, on the W by New York, and on llie S by the Sound, wliicli divides it from LoU)( Island. In the maritime towns, the weather is variable, according ai the wind blows from the sea or liiiiil. As you advance into tbc country, iha sua brec/.es have less efl'ect ui)on the air, and consequently the weather i« less variable. The N VV winds, in the winter season, are often extremely «e. verc. The clear and serene tempera- ture of the sky, however, make) amends for the severity of the wcatlicr, and is favourable to health and longevi- ty. The comitry ii generally broken land, made up of mountains, hills, and vullevs I and it is exceedingly well wa- tered. It is the most populous in pri)- portion to its extent, of any of the United States, and proiluces the ne- cessaries of life in abundance. Its princi|>al rivers are the Connecticut, Housatonik, uii.'. Thames. It contains the counties of Hartford, Nowhaven, New London, Fairfield Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex, and Tolland. It 1782, the nund)er of inhabitants wa.s 276,395. Hartford and Ncwha- .en are the capitals ; the general as- sembly being oiutually hoUlen at the former in May, and ai the latter in October. Cnimecticut, a large river of New England which gives name to one of i the five colonies of that province. It rises in a swamp in Int. 45 10, lon. 4 £. After a sleepy course of eight or ten miles, it tumbles over four separate falls, uud turning W, keeps close under the hills which form the N boundary of the vale, thro' which it runs. Be. I ween the towns of Walpole on the £, and Westminster on the W side of | the river, are the great falls. The whole river, compressed between two I'ocks scai'cely 30 feet asunder, shoots with amazing rapidity into a broad ba< :y Maisa- llii- K by KIi.kIo Islaiul, New Yoi'k, UDil on lilt' S , wliich divides it t'rom III ilic niurilinie towns, a vurlublc, m'cordiiijif ai WK from the scu or iiiiul. CO into the country, ilia iHve IcsB «rf1'fct ui)ou the sc(j\ii'nliy the wcuthcr ia Tlie N VV winds, in the 1, ure often extremely »e. luu.r und serene tempera. sky, however, iiiakei e Hcvcrity of the weuther, il)le tohcidth and lonifcvi- mtry ii generally broken j> of mountains, lulls, und It is exceedingly well \va- tlic most |>opulous in pni. s extent, of any of the 4, und produces the nC' life in ubiinduncc. Its :rs arc the Connecticut, 111,'. Thames. It contains of Hartford, Nowhaven, n, Fairfield Wiiulhftm, liddlescx, and Tolland. nund>er of inhabitants Hartford and Ncwha- rapitids ; the general as- annually holden at the ly, and at the latter in a large river of New ch gives name to one of J lies of that province. It >mp in Int. 45 10, Ion. 4 £. y course of eight or ten nblcs over four separate ling W, keeps close under ch form the N boundary tliro' which it runs. Be- WHS of Walpole on tho ninster on the W side of ■e the great falls. The :ompressed between two y 30 feet asunder, shoots • rapidity into a broad ba. Dver these falls, a bridge, ngtli was built in 1784, the highest floods may detriment. This is the reeled over this noble riv- rth of thi» beautiful river, line, is nearly 300 miles. which are settled almost j are many pleasanty neat, t tQwnst 7 IMAGE EVALUA7SON TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4r ^^ V3 7 °h J>> •> 1.0 ^1^ l££ == 1^ y£ 12.2 vi lift 1.1 1.*^ ■- j4 L25 1 1.4 III 1-6 « ^ 6" - ► HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation «' ^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 iiM 1^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatltuta for HIttorlcal MIcroraproductlona / InatKut Canadian da microraproduetiona liiatoriquaa CO N N »iv ( COI six I Lit. < vin bot; Bf< C bis! bet Coi one Ivt tiie turn it V she But woi ed V.a Ittl ing fell Con 151. Jerc like Wk bun Tlie tyir Zuri mou 38 > Cc cons whi< part I stani all t deep whic I the tains Co, Goo( whic 80 m by tl wine Coi bte tl Algii CON CON ■4i>nneltville, a post town in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, standing in the N E side of Yoghigany river, 12 miles N E of Union, 31 W of Somerset, and about 45 S E of Pittsburg'. Connor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with a bishop's see, six miles N of Antrim. Lon. 6 6 E, ljit.54 59N. Cunquet, a town of France, in tlie I department of Finisterre and late pro- vince of Bretagne, with a good har- bour and road. It is 12 miles W of Brest. Lon. 4 41 W, lat 48 23 N. Conitance, a city of Suabia, with a bisliops's see ; seated on the Rhine, I between the upper and lower lakes of Constance The commerce of this once flourishing town has gone great- ly to decay, and grass now grows in the principal streets. By the assis- tance of Zuric end Basil, with whom it was in alliance, it expelled the bi- siiop, and embraced the reformation. But the Protestant cantons being worsted in 1531, Constance was oblig- ed to submit to the emperor Charles V. and to readmit tlie catholic raligion. It thus lost its independence, and be- ing neglected by the house of Austria, fell by degrees into its present state. Constance is famous for a council, in 1514, which caused John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burnt j and likewise condemned the doctrine of Wickliffe, and ordered his bones to be burned 40 years after be was dead. The French took possession of this ci- ty in July 1796. It is 35 miles N E of Zuric. The inhabitants scarcely a- mount to 3000. Lon. 9 10 £, lat. 47 38 N. Conttance, Lake of, one of the most I considerable lakes of Swisserland, which it separates from Suabia, that pari excepted, where the city of Con- stance is seated on its S side. Like all tlie lakes in Swisserland, this is deeper in sum.iier tlian in winter ; which is owing to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent moun* tains. Conttantia, a district at the Cape of Good Hope, consisting of two farms, which produce the well known wine 80 much prized in Europe, and known by the name ;!pf Cape or Constantia wine. vi Cbn^toMtnOr ft strong and considera- ble town of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, and coital of a territory of the same name. It is the largest and strongest in all the eastern parts, and seated at the top of a gi'eut rock. There is no way to X but by steps cut out of the rock; and tie usual wn:' of punisliing criminals here is to throve them down the clitt. Here are many Roman antiquities, particularly a tri> umplial arch. It is 75 miles fi-om the sea, and 210 E bv S of Algiers. Lon. 7 E, lut. 36 4 N. Conttantina, .1 town of Spain, in An- dalusia, with a castle seated on a moun- tain, 40 miles N E of Seville. Lon. 5 35 W, lat. i7 40 N. Conitantinople, the ancient Byzanti- um, one of the most celebrated cities in Europe, in Romania, and capital of the Ottoman empire. Constantine the Great chose this place for his abode, and rebuilt it after tlie model of Rome. It was taken, in 1453, by the Turks, who have kept possessioM of it ever since. It is seated at the eastern extremity of Romania, on a smull neck of land which advances towards Natolia, from • which it is separated by a channel of a mile in breadth. The sea of Mar- mora washes its walls on the S, and a gulf of the channel of Constantincjple does tlie same on the N. It is delight- fully situated between the Black Sea and the Archijielago, from whence it is supplied with all necessaries. The grand seignior's palace, called the Se- raglio, is seated on the sea side, and is surrounded with walls flanked with towers, and separated from the city by canals. It is said the harbow will easily hold 12000 ships. The number of houses must needs be prodigious, since one fire has burnt down 30,000 in one day without greatly changing the aspect of the city. However, in general, they are but mean, especially on the outside, where there are few or no windows ; and the streets being narrow, gives them a melancholy look. They reckon that there are 9770 streets, small and great : but they are seldom or never clean ; and the people are infested with the plague almost every year. The inhabitants are half T«rk8, two-thirds of the other half Christians, and the rest Jews. Here are a great number of ancient monu- ments still remaining, and particularly the superb temple of Sophia, which is turned into a mosque, and far sur- passes all the rest The street called Adrimople ia tite lengtvt and hioadtft 'iitl ss-^mmm CON Ift the city ; and the bazars or bezes- teins, are the markets for selling all sorts of merchandise. The old and the new are pretty near each other ; and are large square buildings covered with domes, and supported by arches and pilasters. The new is Uie best and contains all sorts of goods which are there exposed to sale. The mar- ket for slaves of both sexes, is not far off; and the Jews are the principal merchants who bring them here to be sold. There are a great number of joimg girls brought from Hungary, Greece, Candia, Russia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for the service of the Turks, who generally buy them for their seraglios. The great sq|iiare, near the mosque of sultan Bajazet, is tlie place for. public diversions, ■where the jugglers and mountebanks play a great variety of tricks. The cir- cumference of thi»city is by some said to be 15 miles, and by Mr. Toumefort 23 miles : to which if we add the su- (jjurbs, it may be 34 miles in comp.iss. The suburb called Pera is charmingly tiituated ; and is the place where the ambassadors of England, France, Ve- nice and Holland, reside. This city is built in the form of a triangle ; and as the ground rises gradually, there is a view of the whole town from the sea. The public buildings, such as tlie palaces, the mosqvies, bagnios, and caravansaries for the entertainment of strangers, are many of them very mag- nificent. Lon. 29 20 E, lat. 41 4 N. Constantinople, Strait of, anciently the Thracian Bosphorus, and forming the communication between the Euxine or filack Sea, and the Propontis, or sea of Marmora. It is 20 miles long, and a mile and a quarter broad, where nar- rowest. The Turks have built two castles opposite to each other, to de- fend the passage. It forms the 'separa- tion here between Europe and Asia. On one side of it is situate Constantino- ple, and on the other, Scutari, where the grand signior has his seraglio. Constantinovi, a town of Poland, in VoUiinia, on the river Selucza, 62 miles K E of Kaminieck. Lon. 27 20 £, lift. 49 58 ii. emtetta, a seaport of Turkey in Eu- »ope, on a gulf of the same name in the Ai-chipelago, 200 miles W of Constan- tinople. Lun. 23 58 E, lat. 41 8 N. .Conti, a town of France, in the de- partment of ilomQis au4 Ut$ province COP of Picardy. It formerly gave the title of prince to a branch of the late royal family of France. It is seated on tiie Seille, 14 miles S W of Amiens, and 62 N of Paris. Lon. 2 13 £, lat. 49 42 N. Convertano, a town of Naples, in Ter- radi Bari, vnth a bishop's see, 12 miles S E of Bari. Lon. 17 6 £, lat. 41 20 N. Conviay, a town in Carnarvonshire, witli a maiket on Friday ; seated at the mouth of the Conway, and distinguish- ed by tlie massy remains of its castle, formerly one of the most magnificent structures ofthekindin the kingdom. It is 18 miles E N E of Carnarvon, and 235 W N W of London. Lon. 4 1 W, lat. 53 20 N. Conviay, a river of N Wales, which flowing through a fertile vale of tlie same name, along the whole eastern border of Carnarvonshire, falls into the Irish Sea, at the town of Conway. Coma, an ancient town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, with an archbish- op's see. It was so greatly ruined bf an earthquake in 1694, that the place where the cathedral stood is hardly known. It is 52 miles £ of Naples. Lon. 1535E, lat. 40 50 N. Cook^s Siiier, a large river of N Amer- ica, which flows into the N Pacific Ocean. It was discovered, in 1778, by Captain Cook, who left a blank for ita name which was filled up by the earl of Sandwich. This river was traced aa high as lat 61 30 N, which is above 70 leagues from its moutii, in lon. 152 W. Cook'i Strait, a strut dividing the tw« islands of which New Zealand is com- posed : it is about four or five leagues braad. Cooper^* Town, a new uid thriving town in Otsego county. New York. It has a post oflice, and is the principal seat of justice in Otseg^o county, being 77 miles W of Albany. Coos, an island in the Archipelago, 56 miles N W of Rhodes, subject to the lurks. Lon. 27 44 E, lat. 37 1 N. Coosaviatchy, a post town in Beaufort county, Soutii Carolina; lying on the river Coosa, about 75 miles westward from Charleston. Cootstovtn, a village with a post ofRct^ in Berks county, Pennsylvania, situa- ted on Maiden creek, a branch of the river Schuylkill, and about 17 mile* N E of Reading. Copenhageitt thc^ capital of the king- »tw*^L. — , COP It formerly gave the title ) a branch of the late royal F'rance. It is seated on the niles S W of Amiena, and ris. Lon.2 13E,Ut.49 42 10, a town of Naples, in Ter- mth a bishop's »ee, 12 miles i. Lon. 17 6E,lat.4120N. a tovm in Carnarvonshire, ket on Friday ; seated at the he Conway, and distinguish, massy remains of its castle^ )ne of the most ma^ificent of the kind in the kingdom, les E N E of Carnarvon, and W of London. Lon. 4 1 W, a river of N Wales, which irough a fertile vale of tlie le, along the whole eastern Carnarvonshire, falls into the at the town of Conway, m ancient town of Naples, in ) Ulteriore, with an archbish- It was so greatly ruined by juake in 1694, that the place e cathedral stood is hardly It is 52 miles E of Naples. 5E,lat.40 50N. River, a large river of N Amer- h flows into the N Pacific [t was discovered, in 1778, by :ook, who left a blank fop iti ch was filled up by the earl of 1. This river was traced aa It 61 30 N, which is above 70 ■om its mouth, in lon. 152 9 Itrait, astrsutdivitUngthetw* which New Zealand is com- is about four or five leagues ToKn, a new and thriving Jtsego county. New York. It |st office, and is the principal ktice in Otsego county, being [W of Albany, island in the Archipelago, 56 V of Rhodes, subject to the .on. 27 44 E, lat. 37 1 N. Itchy, a post town in Beaufort pouth Carolina; lying on the |sa, about 75 miles westward irleston. m, a village with a post ofiic^ county, Pennsylvania, sitiu- [aiden creek, a branch of the lylkill, and about 17 mile* N E ' tn, th^ capital of the king- COP dom of Denmark, situated on the east- em shore of the island of Zealand, upon a fine bay of tlie Baltic sea, not for from the strait called the Sound. Lon 13 E, lat 55 30 N. Copenhagen is the best built city of tlie north ; U)T although Petersburgh excels it in superb edifices, yet as it contains no wooden houses, it does not display that striking contrast of meanness and magnificence, but in general exhibits a more equable and uniform appearance. The town is sur- rounded towards the land with reg- ular ramparts and bastions, a broad ditch full of water, and a few outworks ; its circumference measures between four and five miles. The streets are well paved, with a foot- way on each side, but too narrow and inconvenient for general use. The greatest part of the buildings are of brick ; and a fe w are of free-stone brought from Germany. The houses of the nobility are in gener- al splendid, and constructed in the Italian style of architecture. The busy spirit of commerce is visible in this city, which contains about 80,000 inliabitants. The haven is always crouded with mer- chant ships ; and the streets are inter- sected by broad canals, which bring the merchandise close to the warehouses that line the quays. This city owes its principal beauty to a dreadful fire in 1728 that destroyed five churches and 67 streets, which have been since re- built in the modern style. The new part of the town raised by the late King Frederic V. is extremely beautiful, scarcely inferior to Bath. It consists of an octagon, containing four uniform and elegant buildings of he wn stone.and of four broad streets leading to it in op- posite directions. In tlie middle of the area stands an equestrian statue of Fre- derick V. in bronze, as big as life, which cost 80,000/. The Royal Mu- seum, or Cabinet of Rarities, merits the attention of travellers. This collection, which was begun by Frederic III. is deposited in eight apartments, and ranged in the following order : animals, shells, minerals, paintings, antiquities, medals, dresses, arms and implements of the Laplanders. The royal palace, called Christianburg, built by Christiait VI. one of the most commodious and sumptuously furnished in Eiu-ope, was destroyed by fire, Feb. 26, 1794 : and on June 6, 1795, a fire broke out in the dock-yard, which soon communicated across the owial to tbe house*, and con- COR tinued to rage for two days, by whick one fourth of the city was destroyed. This city is five miles in circumicrence^ and seated on the E shore of the isle <^ Zealand, 300 miles b W of Stockhohn, and 500 N £ of London. See Amai. Copilcniata, a town of Turkey, in £u> rope, in Bulgaria. Lon. 36 35 £, lat. 46 40 N. Goporia, a town of Ingria, in the Rua* sian government of Petersburgh, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Lon. 29 E, lat 59 34 N. Coquet, a river in Northumberland, which crossing tlie centre of that coun* ty, falls into the German Ocean, «t Warkwortli. Coquet, an island on the coast of Northumberland, opposite the mouth of the river Coquet. Cotjuimbo, a seaport of Chili, on arivc^ of the same name. It has been often pillaged by the English. Lon 71 11 W, lat. 29 54 S. Corah or Corahjehenabad, a city of Hin- doostan Proper, in Dooab, subject to the nabob of Oude. It is 60 miles S S W of Lucknow. Lon. 79 45 E, lat 26 5 N. Corbach, a town of Germany, in the principality of Waldeck, 10 miles N W of Waldeck. Lon. 8 58 E, bit 51 20 N. Corbtck, a town of Austrian Brabant, three miles S of Louvain. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 50 N. Corbeil, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Oise and late pro- vince of the Isle of France, seated on the 'Seine, 17 miles S of Paris. Lon. 2 26 £, lat. 43 33 N. Corbie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme and late province of Picardy, with a late celebrated Benedic- tine abbey, seated on the Somme, 10 miles E of Amiens. Lon. 2 38 E, lat: 49 54 N. Coiby, a town of Germany, on the confines of Westphalia, with a famous abbey, whose abbot is a sovereign prince. It is seated on the Weser, 30 miles £ by N of Paderbom, Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 51 50. N. Cordova, an episcopal town of Spain, in Andalusia, remarkable for its anti- 3uity, and for having preserved its oplen- our and riches through so many ages, it being well knovm to tlie Romans by the name of Corduba. In 759, Ab- doulrahman only heir of the Ommiad line fixed his royal residence at Cordo- va. Th^ began those ilovrivhing ageif COR COR of Arabian gallantry and magnificence, which rendered tlie Mooru of Spain su- perior to uU their cotcinpuraries in arts and arms, and made Cordova one of the inoiit splendid cities of the world. When Eiiro|)e was buried in ignorance and debased l>y brutality of manners, it became tlie centre of politeness, indus- try and genius. Great and expensive monuments of architectiu-e were under- taken and completed by many of these Spanish monarclis ; whose remains no- body can behold without being strongly impressed with a high idea of tlie ge- nius of the ui'tists, as well as the gran- deur of the prince who carried them into execution. It is seated on tlie Guadalquivcr, over which is a magnifi- cent Btone bridge. The circumference is large, but it is not peopled in propor- tion to its extent, f<)r'there ai-e many orcliards and gardens within the walls. The palaces, churches, and religious houses are superb, particularly the ca- thedral, which is very magnificent. It was a mosque when the Moors possess- ed the town ; for which reason it still retains the name of Mezquita. The square, called the Plaza Major, is sur- rounded by fine houses under wliich are piazzas. The trade consists in wine, silk and Cordovan leather; and in the neighbourhood are a vast number of orange and lemon trees. The best Itorses in Spain come hence. Cordova is 75 miles N E of Seville, and 137 S by W of Madrid. Lon. 4 4 W, lat. 32 lOS. Cordova, a town of S America, in Tu- cumun, with a bishop's see, 180 miles £ by N of St. Jugo. Lon. 62 S W, lat. 45 36 N. Corduan, a famous lighthouse of France, at the mouth of the Gironde, 55 miles N W of Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 9 W, lat. 45 36 N. Coita, a peninsula of Asia, extending between China and Japan. It is bound- ed on the N by Chinese Tartary, on the £ by the sea and isles of Japan, on the S by the ocean, and on the W by the pilf and province of Leao-tong. This Kingdom is commonly reckoned 200 Icag-ues from N to S, and 100 from E to W. The king has absolute authority oyer bis subjects, but is himself tribu- tary to China. It is divided into eight provinces, which contain 33 cities of the first rank, 58 of tlie second, and 70 oi' the third. KinpkHao is the capital. JgiiVis. ciiiefly pruluccs wlicat, rice, and ginseng, with a kind of palm-tfee which yields a gum capable of produ- cing a yellow varnish little inferior to gilding. Hence also are exported cast* or and sable skins ; also gold, silver, iron, and fossil salt ( a kind of small brushes for painting, made of the hair of a wolf's tail, ar<: likewise manufac- tured here, which are exported to Chi- na and highly esteemed there. The sea-coasts abound in fish, and great numbers of whales arc found there every year towards tlie N E. The Co. reans are well made, ingenious, brave and tractable ; arc fond of dancing, and show great docility in acquiring the sciences, to which they apply with great ardour, and honour in .a particular manner. The northern Coixans are larger sized and more robust thanttiose of the south ; have a taste for arms, and become excellent soldiers. Their arms are cross-bows and long sabres> Men of learning are distinguished from other classes of people by two plumes of feathers in their caps; and when merchants present the Coreans with any books for sale, they dress them- selves in their richest atUrc, and burn perfumes before they treat concerning the price. The Coreans mourn three years, as in China, for a father or mo- ther ; but the time of mourning for a brother is confined to three months. Their dead are not interred until three years after tlieir decease; and when the ceremony of interment is perform- ed, they place around the tomb the clothes, chariot, and horses, of the de- ceased, with whatever else he showed the greatest fondness for while alive j all wliich they leave to be carried ofi" by the assistants. Their houses, as in China, consist only of one story, and are very ill built. Their writing, dress, religious ceremonies, and creed, as well as the greater part of their cus- toms, are borrowed from the Chinese^ Their women, however, are less con- fined, and have the liberty of appear- ing in public with the other sex, for wiiieli tijcy ai-e often ridiciUed by their neighbours. They differ from the Chi- nese also in tiieir ceremonies of mar- aiage, and in the manner of contracting it; the parties in thia country taking tlie lilicrty to choose for themselves, without consulting the inclinationg of their parents, or suffering them to throw any obstacles in their way. Corfe-Cattie, a borough in Dorset*- 9f^"S^ : o R with a kind of palm.lfee a gum capable of produ- r varnish little inferior to ce also are exported ca«t- skins; also gold, silver, isil salt; a kind of small aintinff, made of the hair il, aP': likevfise manufuc- rhich are exported to Chi- ly esteemed there. The bound in fish, and great whales are found there iwards tl»e N E. The Co- :11 made, ingenious, brave .; arc fond of dancing, and docility in acquiring the , which they apply with r, and honour in a partjcular 'he northern Coi-cans are andmorc robust than those li ; have a taste for arms, ; excellent soldiers. Their i-oss-bows and long sabresv rning are distinguished irom Es of peopte by two plumes , in their caps; and when present the Coreans with for sale, they dress them- leir richest attire, and burn jefore they treat concerning The Coreans mourn three tn China, for a father or mo- Ithe time of mourning for a confined to three months. 1 are not interred untd three r Uieir decease ; and when ony of interment is perform- ilace around the tomb the lariot. and horses, of the de- ith whatever else he showed •St fondness for while alive ; [hey leave to be carried ott by ants. Their houses, as in naist onlv of one story, and il built. Their writing, dress, ceremonies, and creed, as e greater part of their cus- borrowed from the Chinese, men, however, are less con- L have the liberty of appear- ,Uc with the other sex, for •v aie of\en ridicided by their s They differ from the Chi- in their ceremonies ofmar- a in Uie manner of contracting artics in thU country taking , ,0 choose for themselves, consulting the i'W^l'nf """^^ nts, or suffering them to throw Hcles in their way. ^ _^,. .. attie, a borough m Dorset- 1 COR shire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated in a peninsuU, called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between two hills, on one of wliich stands the castle, fonnei'ly a place of g^eat importance. The town is governed by a mayor, and its aldermen tiuvc the title of barons. It sends two members to parliament, and is 21 miles E of Dorchester, and 120 VV bv S of London. Lon. 2 4 W, lut. 50 36 N. Corfu, an island of the Mediterra- ncan, near Albania, subject to the Ve- netians, and the most important place tliey have in tliese parts, because it rommands the gulf of Venice. It is defended by an impregnable castle. Here is made a great quantity of salt ; .ind it abounds \n ith vineyards, lemons, and olives. The capital is of the same name, with a handsome metropolitan church of the Greeks, on tlie £ coast Lon. 20 E, lat. 39 40 N. Coria, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leon; seated on the Alagon, 120 miles S VV of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 40 ON. Corinth, now called Corantho, or Go- ravie, a celebrated city, in the Morea, with a Greek ai'chbishop's see. It was one of the most important ])lace9 in Greece, on account of its situation on the isthmus into the Morea; its castle on tlie top of an almost inaccesible rock ; its harbours on the gulfs of Le- panto and Engia; its riches, and its architects, sculptors and painters, who were the most skilful in Greece. It once belonged to tlie Venetians, but the Turks became masters of it in 1715, and have kept it ever since. It is now greatly decayed; for the houses are not contiguous, but intermixed with fields and gardens, which make it look like a village. The country about it abounds with com, wine, and oil, and from tite castle is a fine prospect over the bea to the E and W, and a fertile country N and S. The inhab.tants are chiefly Christians, of the Greek chui'ch. It is 40 miles N W of Atliens Lon. 23 3 E, lat 38 14 N. Corinth, Isthmus nf, in the Morea, a neck of land which joins tlie Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the gulf of Le panto to that of Engia. There are still the ruins of a town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the Sim, Plu- to, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bac- chus. The narrowest part of it is six miles over ; and on a mpunt there, call- COR ed Oneius, were formerly celebrated the Isthmian games. Julius Cesar, Caligula, and Nero, in vain attempted to cut a channel through the isthmus ; they therefore built a wall across it, called Hexamilium, because it was six miles in lengtii. This was demolished by Amurath II. rebuilt by the Vene- tians, and let'elled a second time by Mahomet II. Corita, a town of Spain, in Leon, 33 miles E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 41 5 N. Cork, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of M.inster, 80 miles in length, and 50 in bi-cadtli ; hounded on the W by Kerry and the Atlantic, on t!ie N by Limerick, on the E by Waterford, and on the S and S E by St. George's Chan- nel. It contains 232 parislies, and be- fore tlie Irish Union sent 26 members to parliament. It is fertile and popu- lous, and has two remarkable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, with a !>isbop's see. It is a neat, wealthy and populous place, on the river Lee, where it has a commodious harbour. It is the first town of Ireland for trade except Dublin. It was taken by the earl of Mai-lborough in 1690. It is 14 miles fi-om St. George's Channel, and 124 S VV of Dublin. Lon. 8 23 W, lat 51 54 N. Corlin, a town of Prussian Pomera- nia, seated on the river Persant, eight miles S E of Colberg. Lon. 15 47 £, lat 54 16 N. Cormentin, a fortress on the Gold Coast of Guinea, belonging to ^he Dutch, Near it is the town, which is large and po,/ulous. Lon. 15 W, lat. 5 30 N. Cannery, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine. It had before the French revolution a rich Benedict* ine abbey, and is seated on tlie Indre, eight miles from Tours. Lon. 38 £, lat. 47 30 N. Cornet, a castle on the island of Guernsey. Lon. 2 40 W, lat 49 30 N. Corneto, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, with a bishop's see, seated on the Marta, tliree miles E of the sea, and 37 N W of Rome. Lon. 11 53 E, lat 42 15 N. Corniaall, a county which forms di» S W extremity of Engl-md ; bounded on the £ by Devonshire, on the S t^.. m .. L- COR COR the.Enp^Ii«h Channel, and on the N W by St. Georffe's Channel This coun- ty is 80 miles long-, 40 broad, and 350 in circumference, containing 960,000 kcrcs, and 126,000 inhabitants. Its chief rivers are the Tamar, Tale, Co- ber. Loo, Camel, Fowe, Haile, Le- mara, Kcnse and Aire. Its principal capes or head lands are the Land's End, the Lizard, Cape Cornwall, Dcadman'8 Head, Kanie Head, &c. and a cluster of islands, 145 in number called the Scilly isles, supposed for- merly to have belonjifed to the main- land, thoug'li now 30 miles distant ; •bounding with antiqtilties particularly druiilical. It lies in the diocese of Ex- eter ; contains nine hundreds, 27 mar- ket-towns, and 161 parishes ; and sends 44 members to parliament. As Corn- wall is surrounded by the sea on all sides except the E, tlie summers arc less hot, and the winters less cold, than in other parts of England, and the spring and harvest are observed to be more backward. High and sudden wmds are also more common in tliis than in other counties of England. The soil, as it is shallow, is not ve- ry fruitful, especially in the centre or the hilly parts ; the valleys are very pleasant and fertile, yielding great plenty both of corn and pasture. The lands near the sea-coast are manured and fertilized with sea-weed, and a kind of sand formed by the particles of broken shells as they arc dashed against each other by the sea. It has plenty of gea-herbs, and soi^e other plants peculiar to its insular situation. The Phenicians early visited these coasts, come think, 400 or 450 years before Christ. It derives its chief importance Crom its minerals. The mines of tin are numerous, and are, in general, very rich in ore ; these have rendered this county famous in all ages. There has been sometimes found a small quantity of gold and silver, but not worthy of notice. With the metalline ores are intermixed large quantities of mundic and arsenic- Many sorts of stones are also found here, particularly moorstone which is used both in buildings and for millstones ; when polished, it appears more beautiful tlian any of the marble kind, and makes the richest Aimiture, as tables, chimneypieces, &c. but being exceedingly hard, the polishing is ex- pensive. The copper mines are also 9umerou8, and rich in ore. |(t many cavernous parts of the rocks are (bund transparent crystals, railed Cornish di- amonds, they being very brilliant when well polished. This county was one of the places to which the ancient Bri- tons retreated, whose language wag retained even to this century, but it is now quite extinct. The king's eldest son is born duke of Cornwall, and de- rives a revenue, not only from lands appertaining to the dutchy, but from the mines of tin and copper ; he has under him an officer, called lord ward- en of the Stannary Courts, whose juris- diction extends over the mines and mi- ners of Cornwall and Devonshire ; and he appoints in his privy council, the sheriflTofthe former county. Launce- ston is the capital. Corivuiall, a post town in Litchfield countv, Connecticut, 10 miles N W of Litchfield, and 42 W by N of Hart- ford, with 1614 inhabitants. Coro. See Veneztiela. Corotnandel, Coast of, the most eastern partoftlie Hither India, lying between 10 and 20 (leg. N lat. and 79 30 and 8« 30 E long. It is terminated by Golconr (la on the N, by the bay of Bengal on the E, by Madura on the S, and by Bisnagar Proper on the W. Some geographers consider the southern li- mit of Golconda to be Cape Comorin, and the noi-them Masulipatam. On this coast, Madras, or Fort St. George, Pondicherry, and many other Europe- an forts and factories are situated, from whence chintz, calicoes, and mus- lins are exported to Europe, together with some diamonds. There is not a port for large ships on the whole coast. Madras is tlie principal town. Corcm, a seaport of the Morea, seat- ed on a bay, 15 miles SE of Modon. Lon. 21 50 E, lat. 36 50 N. Coronation Cape, a cape of the island of NewCiledonia, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 1 67 8 E, lat. 22 5 S. Corregio, a town of Italy, capital of a territory of the same name in the Mo- denese, with a castle, nine miles N £ of Reggio. Lon. 11 12 £, lat. 4A 46 N. Correze, a department of France, con- taining the late pfbvince of Lio^osin. It takes its name from a river, whi6h falls into the Vezere, afler having watered Tulles and tirives. Tulles is the capi* tal. Ccavham, a town in Wilts, where the Saxon king fithelred had n, pfdi^. COR urts of the rocks are (bund crystnlH, called Cnrnigh di- y beinfi; very brilliant wlicn (1. Tliis county wus one I to wliich the ancient Bri> ed, whose lunguacfc was n to this century, but it is xtinct. The king's eldest duke of Cornwall, and de- cnue, not only from lands ' to the dutchy, but from f tin and copper; he has n officer, called lord ward- innary Courts, whose juris- nds over tlie mines andmi- iwall and Devonshire ; and in his privy council, the ; former county. Launce- apital. a post town in Litchfield necticut, 10 miles N W of and 42 W by NofHart- 514 inhabitants. B Venezuela. '.I, Coast of, the most eastern iither India, lying between :g. N lat. and 79 30 and 86 t is terminated by Golconr ■, by the bay of Bengal on udura on the S, and by roper on the \V. Some I consider the southern U« )nda to be Cape Comorin, irthern Mosulipatam. On Iitdras, or Fort St. George, , and many other Europe- d factories are situated, ; chintz, calicoes, and mus- orted to Europe, together "umonds. There is not a e ships on the whole coast, le principal town, eaport of the Morea, seat- 15 miles S £ of Modon. lat. 36 50 N. Cape, a cape of the island donia, in the South Pacific . J67 8 E, lat. 225 S. town of Italy, capital of a he same name in the Mo« a castle, nine miles N o. Lon. 11 12 £, lat. 44 department of France, con<- atepfbvince of Limosin. It [le from a river, whi6h falls ere, afler having V'tered (rives. Tulles ia the capi* L town in Wiks, where the £tbelred bad «, p«db^. 1 COR Here are some considerable clothier*. It is t") w iniles S VV of Chippenliam. (,'inica, an ishuul in the Mediterru- ne;iii, lietween 8 and 10" E lon. and 41 and 43° N hit. On the ii it is sepa- ratcil from Sardinia, by tlie strait of Doiiifiicio ; to the E it hus tlie Tuscan Sea; to the N the gulf of Genoa; and t(i tiie W it is opposite the coasts of Fr;ii'."c und Sp.iin. It is 150 miles friiin V to S, und from 40 to 50 in bi'f . Itli. It was known to the ancient Gi'ci Us by the names of Calista and CvinuR, anil to t!ic Romans by its pre- sent .ippcllation. On the coast arc mnny excellent harbours. The air 'u very imwholcsomc, and the land hilly, full of stones, and cultivated very poor- ly ; however the vallies produce wheat, and the hills fruits, viz. olives, figs, grapes, almonds, and chesnuts. They iiavc horses also of a very fiery nature. Besides, there are mines of iron, and a great deal of Hsh and coral on the coast. In the middle there is the mountain Gradaccio, where there are two l.ikcs, near each other, from whence proceed the two principal ri- vers. There is a ridge of mountains, which divide the island into two parts, •he N and S. The capital is Bastia. It belonged to the Genoese, but the na- tives having for many years taken up arms aged,'^and complai- sant to strangers. The Uralian Cos- sacs dwell in villages, along the b«4lm GOV of tlie Urul, and their cliief town is Ur;ilsk. Tlic countiy wliich the Kos- akki-sa-Parovi inlialnt, is called the L'kr;unc : and their towns arc built of •wood uCtcr tile iiiunncrof tlie Russians. Tiic Kosakki-Donski, dwell on both sides of the Don ; are under tlie protec- tion of Russia, and profess tlic same religion, See Ukraine and Uraiian Cos- tacs. , Cossimbazar, A small city of Hmdoos- tan Proper, in Bengal, nearly adjacent to Moorshediibad. It has been at all times the residence of the diherent European factors, tliis being the cen- tre of tlieir trade. It is seated on an island, in Hoogly River, 110 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 85 22 E, lat. 23 40 N. Coitagnazzar, the highest mountain of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, an- ciently called Haemus. Costa /?;crt, aprovinoE of North Ame- rica, in New Spain, bounded on tlie N E by the gulf of Mexico, on the S W by the Pacific Ocean, on the N W by Nicaragua, and on tlie S E by Veragua. New Carthage is the capital. Cotbiis, a town of Lower Lusatia, subject to the king of Prussia. A great number of French protestants fled here from the persecutions of their own country, and introduced their ma- nufactures. It is noted for excellent beer, pitch, and the cultivation of flax. It is seated on the river Spree, 60 miles S by E of Berlin. Lon. 14 12 E, lat. 51 36 N. Cote d'or, a department of France, containing part of the late province of Burgundy. Dijon is the capital. Cotes nu J^or(/,adepartment of France, 80 named from its northerly maritime position, containing part of the late province of Bretagne. St Brieux is the capital. . Cotigniac, a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, on the river Argens. Cotesviold, or Coisviotd Hills, a long tract of high gi'ound in the E part of Gloucestershire. Affording in many places a fine short grass for the feed of sheep, and ovicrs are devoted to tlie growUi of corn. Couiy, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aisne, nine miles N of Soissoijs. Lon. 3 13 E, lat. 49 31 N. Coventry, a city in Wai-wickshire, which, with Lichfield, is a bishop's see. Its market is on Friday. It is a c o u county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliameni. It has three parish-chuiches, two fite- * schools, and several hospitals. 'Ihe houses being mostly old, and built of wood and plaster, with stories projec- ting over each otlicr, make a mean ap- ])earancc. The walls were ordered to be demolished at the Restoration, and now nothing remains of them but the gales, wliich are very lofty. The town- house is much admired for its painted windows, reijresenting several kings and others that have been benefactors to tlie city. At present its principal blanch is that of silk ribands \ some gauzes, camblcts, and lastings are also made here. It has a communication with the Staflbrdshlre Grand Trunk, by a canal to Fradley ; and by another canal, which joins the Oxford canal at Braunston, it has a communication with the Ihames. Coventry is 91 miles N W of London. Lon. 1 28 W, lat. 52 28 N. Coventry, a town in Tolland county, Connecticut, 14 miles W of Windham, and 19 E of Hartford, with about 2000 inhabitants. Here is a post office. Covoerden, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overyssel, with a fortress in the marshes, strong botJi by nature and art. It is 35 miles N E of Deventer. Lon. 6 35E, lat.52 46N. Courland, a dutchy of Europe, bound- ed on the N by tht Baltic, on the E by Livonia, and on the S and W by Poland. It is divided into Courland Proper and Seinigallia; its length is about 150 miles, and its breadth is in some places 30, in others scarcely 10, and towards the S E it stretches to a point. The cwmtry swells into gentle hills, and is fertile in corn, hemp, and flax. It is mostly open i but in some parts there are forests of pine and fir, and groves of oak. It is nominally a feudatory province of Poland, but, in reality, dependant on Russia. Mittau is the capital. Courtray, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, on the river Lis, 22 miles E of Ypres. It was taken by the French in April 1794, in whose pos- session it still remains. Lon. 3 6 E» lat. 50 50 N Couserans, a late province of France, lying along the river Satat, and form- ing, witli Folx, the department of Ar- riege. , Coutmces, a seaport of France, la mn i ii t l ii r iii ti ii ■flitl'iir i1ll*iii< t otlicr, make a mean ap- 1 he walls were ordered to cd at the Restoration, and ■remains of them but the II are very lofty. The town, ich admired for its painted •cpresenting several kmgs Lhiit have been bcneii.ctor* At present its principal that of silk ribands i some nblets, and lastings are also It has a commnnication Stattbrdshire Grand Trunk, :o Fradley ; and by another :h joins the Oxford canal at it has a communication Ihames. Coventry is 91 r of London. Lon. 1 28 W, a town in Tolland county, lit, 14 miles W of Windham, ^f Hartford, with about 2000 s Here is a post office. ),, a town of the United Pro- Overyssel, with a fortress in les, strongboUi by nature and I 33 miles N E of Deventer. E,lat.52 46N. /, a dutchy of Europe, bound- N by tht Baltic, on the E by nd on the S and W by Poland, led into Courland Proper and a- its length is abont 150 ui its brettdth is in somo », in others scarcely 10, and the S E it stretches to a he cwintry swells into gentle is fertile in corn, hemp, and is mostly open ; but in some ■re are forests of pine and hr, es of oak. It is nominally a • province of Poland, but, in epcndanton Russia. MitUU ital. . . , . »,,, a town of the Austrian nds,on the river Lis, 22 mUea )res. It was taken by the n April 1794, in whose pos- t still remains. Lon. Soft. ana, a late province of France, mg the river Satat, and form- Foix, the department of Ar- cet, a seaport of France, ia ■MMMO*r C R A the department of the Channel and late prnvinrc of Normandy. It was foniicr- ly a hisliop's see, and had a fine cathe- dral. It is 22 miles N of Avranchcs. Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 49 3 N. Cmitraa, a town of France, in llic de. partment of Dordogne and late pro- vince of Perigord, seated on the Dor- dogne, 20 nules N E of Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 W, lat. 40 4 N. CmubrL'se, a. corporate town in Gla- morganshire, witii a market on Tues- day. It is called, by the Welsh, Pont-Van, from the stone bridge over the river, which soon after falls into the Bristol Channel. The streets are broad and paved ; and here the assizes for the county are held. It is 12 miles W of Cardiff' and 176 of London. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 51 28 N. Cmues, a seaport, on the N E side of the isle of Wight, eight miles S W of Portsmouth. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 50 46 N. Coytan, See ^i/on. Cozumei, an island of North A^ieri- e.1, on the E coast of Yucatan, where Cortez landed and refreshed his troops, before he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It abounds with fruits, pulse, cattle, and fowls. The original na- tives possess this island, but are sub- ject to Spain. Crabb Itland. See Boriquen. Cracatoa, tlie southernmost of a clus- ter of islands in the entrance of the straits of Sunda. It consists of elevat- ed land, gradually rising on all sides from the sea, and is covered with trees, except a few spots, which have been cleared by the natives for the purpose of forming rice fields. The population is considerable, and its corid reefs af- ford small turtles in abundance. Lon. 105 56 E, lat 8 6 S. Cracov), a city, formerly the capital of Poland, where the kings were elect- ed and crowned. It was once almost the centre of the Polish dominions, but since the partition of Poland in 1774, it is become a frontier town. Cracow stands in an extensive plain, watered by the Vistula, which is broad but shallow: the city and its suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground, but are so badly peopled, that they scarcely contain 16,000 inhabitants. The great square in the middle of the town is very spacious, and has several well built hotises, once richly fumisihed and well inhabited, but most of them now either uptenapted 9r in a state of C R A melancholy decay. Many of the streets ai-e broad and handsome ; but almost everv building bears the niost striking marks of ruined grandeur : The churches alone seem to have preserved their original splendour. The devas. tation ot this unfortunate town was begun by the Swedes at the com» mcncement of the present century, when it was besieged and taken by Charles XII. but the mischiefs it suf- fered from that ravager of the N were far less destructive than those it cxpe> rienced during the late dreadful com- motions, when it underwent repeated sieges, and was alternately in posses, sion of the Russians and confederates. The eil'ects of cannon, grape, and mus- ket shot, are still discernible on the walls and houses. In a word, Cracow exhibits the remains of ancient magni- ficcncc, and looks like a great capital in ruins : from the number of fallen and falling houses one would imagine it had lately been sacked, and that thf enemy had left it only yesterday. The town is surrounded with high walls of brick, strengthened by round and square towers, of whimsical shajies, in the ancient styles of fortification: The university of Cracow was former- ly, and not uujustly, c>illed the mother of Polish literature as it principally sup- plied the other seminaries with pro- fessors and men of learning t but ita lustre has been greatly obscured by the removal of the royal residence to Warsaw, and still more by the lat« intestine convulsions. Towards tho southern part of the town, near the Vistula, rises a small eminence or rock, upon the top of which is built tb^ palace, surrounded with brick 'vValli and old towers, which form a kind of citadel to the town. When the gene^ ' ral insurrection broke out, in 1794, against the Prussian and Russian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kos- ciusco, the chief of tlie patriotic insur> gents, expelled the Russian mrrison troin this city, on the 24th Of March 1794 ; but having marched, in the se- quel, to the protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered to the Prussians, on the 15th of Jyne. U is seated on the Vistula, 130 miles S S W of Warsaii^, Lon. 19 50 E, lat 50 10 N, CraijimiUar^ a ruinous castle, twO miles S £ of Edinburg-h, in which Ma-. ry queen of Scots re9ided, after Jieit r«tum from P^urisa in 1^02. I)e( C R E C R E French retinue were lo(l§fed in an ad- jacent village, thence called Little fi-muc. Cniii, a boroiipfh in Fift-shire, at the month of the Frith of Fortli «e\eii piiles S £ of St. Andrew's. Lon 2 36 ^V, lat. 56 15 N. Craiiihiirg, a town of Germaiiy, in Curniolii, on tiie river Suve, 20 miles N W of Liiubuch. Lon. U 5 E, lut. 46 36 N. Crtinntiond, a »m 11 villapc of Midlo- thiuii, Scotland, rcinurkuble for the traces of ii Roman station. Critviiiiond ir,ite>; a /ivcr In F.din- burglishirc, called al.so the Almond. For several miles it divides this cotmt) from Linlithgowshire, and falls into the Frith of Forth, at the village of Crnmniond. Cranbourn, a town in Dorsetshire, with u market on Wednesday. It is ■well watered with streams, and has a fine chase which extends almost to Salisbury. It is 38 miles N E of Uor- cheater, and 94 W of London. Lon. 1 51 W, lat. 50 54 N. Cranbrmi, a town in Kent, with a market on Satuiday, 13 miles S of Maidstone, and 52 S E of London. Lon. 39 E, lat. 51 4 N. Cranganore, a town and fort on the coast of Malabar, lately subject to the Dtitch by whom it was t.ikcn from the Porttiguese in 1662. In 1789, the Dutch sold this place to the rajah of Travuncore. But Tijjpoo Sultan re- gent of Mysore, disputing the^r right to sell it, a war ensued, which was terminated in 1792 ; Tippoo con cnt- tng to pay three crores of rupees, and to cede one half of his dominions to the three confederate powers. Cranga- nore is seated at the moiitli of a river, 24 miles N by W of Cochin. Lon. 76 30E, lat. 10 23 N. Crato, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tejo, seven miles E of Portalegra. It has 29 parishes under its jurisdiction, beside the capital priory belonging to the order of Malta. Lon. 7 20 W, lat. 39 6 N. ' ■ Crecy, or Creity, a village of Francp, in thp department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, remarkable for the victory gained by Edward III. in 1346. It is 32 miles S by E of Calais. Crediton, a town in Devonshire, with » market on Saturday. The church )b 8 han49ome structure, built in the form of a cathedral, to wliich belongi a free school. I he town was alniost all destrojcd by lire in 1743. It, has a considerable nianufacture of scrn'cs, and is seated between two hills, U miles N W of Exeter, and 181 \\ by N of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lut. 50 49 N. Creetirun, a small port of Scotland, on the E side of VVigton Day, in Kirk- cudbrig'itshire. Here several bloops arc constantly employed in carrxinjf scashells coastwise, or importing coal and lime from Cumberland. Crtiff, a town in Perthshire, v/ith an annual fair for cattle, one of the great- est in Scotland. It is seated on the Earn, 20 miles W of Perth. Cm/, a town of France, now in the department of Oise, lately in the pro- vincc of the Isle of France, seated on the Oise, five miles E of Scnlis. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 49 13 N. Crema, a town of Italy, capital of Cremasco, with a bishoji's see. It is seated on the Serio, 20 miles N nf Pl.iceiitia. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 45 25 N. Creniiii, a town of France, in the department of Iscre and late province of Dauphiny. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, near tlic Rhone, 20 miles N E of Vicnnc. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 45 44 N. Cremnitz, the principal mine -town of Upper Hungary, 70 miles N E of Prcsburg. Lon. 19 6 E, lat. 48 32 N. Cremona, an ancient town it c(l by lire in 174,3. Itliaj ible niHiiiitkcturL- ol' sci-hts, ted between two hills, ij ' of tlxeter, and 181 W [,y Ion. Loll. 3 45 W, lut. 50 , ft small port of Scotland, (Ic of VV iffton Day, in Kirk, iiire, litre several bloops ntly employed in currjinjf oust wise, or importing coid om Cumberland, town in Perthshire, v/ith an for cattle, one of the great- land. It is seated on the ilcs W of Perth, own of France, now in the L of Oise, lately in the pro. .' Isle of France, seated on ive miles E of Scnlis. Lon. 4913 N. I town of Italy, capital of with a bisho]i's see. It is the Serio, 20 miles N of Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 45 35N. II town of France, in the of Iscre and late province y. It is seated at tlie foot in, near tlie Rhone, 20 miles inne. Lon. 5 20 E, lat. 45 , the principal mine -town iungnrv, 70 miles N E of Lon. 19 6 E, hit. 48 32 N. an ancient town of Italy, le Cremonesc, dtfenileerlan(l,eiglit N of Frankfurd, and 155 from Waaltiiij^ton. Ciencentiiw, a town of Piedmont, on the river Pi). It was taken bv the French in 1704, and by the allies in 1706. It is 20 miles N E of Turin. Lon. U E, lat. 45 20 N. Creipy, a town of France in tlie de- partment of Oise and late province of the Isle of Fninrc, 32 miles N W of Paris. Lon. 2 3.') E, lat. 49 10 N. Creasy. See Crecy. Crat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Drouse and late province of Dauphiny, seated on the Drome, 15 miles S E of Valence. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 44 40 N. Creveeoeur, a town of Frnnce in the department of the North und late pro- vince of Cumbrcsis, on the Sclu-hi, five miles S of Cambray. Lon. 3 20 E, lat. 50 6 N. Creveeoeur, a town and fort of Dutch Brabant, at the confluence of the Dom- niel with the Maesc, four miles N W of Bois-le-Duc. It was taken by the French in 1794, when they overr.iu HolLmd. Creuse, a department of France, con- taining tlie late province of Marche. Gueret is the capital. Creutznach, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, witli a cas- tle, on an eminence. It has been fre- quently taken during the present war, the last time by the French in 1796. It is seated on tiie Nahe, over wliich is a stone bridge, 20 miles S \V of Mentz. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 49 44 N. Crewieme, H town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed near a branch of the Parret, 25 miles S of We'.ls, and 132 W S W of London. Lon. 3 W, Ikt. 50 50 N- Crevisville, a post town of Goochland county, Virginia, lying on the S side of South Anna river, a branch of Pa- munkey river, 20 miles ? E of Colum- bia Court-house, and 122 froip Wath- ingtojt. Cricihoivel, a town in Brecknock- shire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on the river Usk, 10 miles S E of Brecknock, and 149 VV by N of London. Lon. 3 7 W, lat. 51 49 N. Crkklada^ a borough in "^iits, with C R I ft market on Saturday. It is almoftt surrounded by the Thames ; and is 21 miles VV by S of Oxford, and 83 VV by N of London. Lon. 1 50 VV, lat. 51 38 N. Crimea, or Crhn Tartary, the ancient Taiirica Chersoiu-sus, a peninsula in Asia, bounded on the S and VV by the lllack Sc'U ; on the N by the provinca of Cathurinenslaf, with which it com- municates by the isthmus of Perekop | and on the S by the sea of Asoph and the strait of Callii. The moiintaiiioui jiarts were inhaiiited by the Tauri, pro- bably a colony of Scythians ; and iti coasts on the VV, the E, and the S, by Greeks. The Scythians were driven out by Mithridates j the Greeks by the Sar- matians i and these again by the Alani and Goths, a northern liord of Scytlii- ans. I'jie Hungarians, the Cossacks, and Tartars succeeded in tlieir turn j while the Genot^e in the 12th century, held a temporary and precarious posses- sion of the seaports, wliicli they were obliged to yield to the Turks in 1475. At the j>eace of 1774, the Tartars of the Crimea were declared iiule|)endent. The mountains are well covered with woods fit for the purpo.se of ship-build- ing, and contain plenty of wild beasts. The valleys consist of line arable land j on the sides of the hills grow corn and vines in great abundance, and the earth is rich in mines. But these mountaineers are as careless and negligent us the in- liiibitiiiits of the »leserts : slighting all these advantages ; and, like their bre- thren of the lowlands, are sulHciently happy if they are in possession of a fat sheep undiis much bre:id as serves them to eat. In 1783, the Russians took pos- session of the country with an army ; the following year, it was ceded to them by the Turks j and the peaceable poi-'session of the whole was secured to them in 1791, by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow The Crimea !• divided into two parts, by mountains which run E and VV. The N division is flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only. In the S parts, the valleys are aston- ishingly productive, and the climate extremely mild, from the exclusion of those violent winds by which the N di- • vision is frequently incommoded. Be- sides the poi-ts of Kerth and Jenikale, the raad of CafFa, and the harbour of Baluclava, there is, near Sebastapol, one of the finest harbours in the world. The Crimea now forms one of the tw« C R O C R O provinces of the government of Catlia- rinensluf, under tlic name ofTaurida; in soTne lute nrnps it is culled Taiiricu. Achmetscliet -vrum made the capital in 1785. Croatia, formerly a part nf the ancient lllyricuni, now a ])rovince of Hunjjurv, bounded on the N by Stlavonia, on the E by Bosnia, on the S by Dalmatia, and the gulf of Venice, and on the \V by Cainiola. The {p-eatcst [.art of it be- long-s to the ho\ise of Aiiiitria. Carls- tadt is the capital. Croia, a to%vn of Albania, witli a hi- shop's sec, seated near the gulf of Ve- nice, 13 miles N E of Durazzo. Lon. 19 2r E, h.t. 42 6 N. Croisic, or Croisil, a town of F'rance, now in tiiC department of Lower Loire, lately in tlic pr vince of Bretugne. It is seated on the bay of Biscay, between the nioutli:< of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 miles W of Nantes. Lon. 2 31 W, lat. 47 17 N. Croix, St. a liver of North America; which forms the N E boundary ; a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It is seated near the German Ocean, and formerly bad 2 churches, one of which, with several houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The inliabitunt.'i are now chiefly fisher- men ; «nd the best lobsters, on this part of the coast, are taken here. It i.s 22 miles N of Norwich, and 127 N E of Lordon. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 53 N. Cromford, a village in Derbyshire, on the river Derwent, two miles N of Wirks worth. Cronach, a strong town of Germany, in tlie bishopric of Bamberg, with a ci- tiidel, 25 miles N E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 35E, lat. 50 27N. Cronborg, a strong fortress of Den. mark, on tlieisle of Zenland. near Elsi- nore, which guards the passage of the Sound. Not far fiom this is Hamlet's Gai'den, said to be the spot where the murder of his father was perjietratcd. Lon. 12 54 E, lat. 56 N. Croiienburg, a towni of Germany, in the landgTuvate of Hesse Cassel, with a castle. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 10 miles N of Fr.mcfort, on the Maine. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 55 N. Cronstadt, ato\vn and fortress of Rus- sia, on the island of Retusari, in tlie gulf of Finland. It has a good harbour, which is the station of the Russian fleet, and great magazines of naval stores, as well as docks and yards for building ships. It is 12 miles W of Petersburg. Lon. 29 56 E, lat. 59 56 N. Cronstad:, a town of Transylvania. See jirassau. Croasen, a handsome town of Jilesia, capita) of a principality of the same name, at the confluence of the rivers Bobar and Oder, in a country abound- ing with wine and fruit. The bridge over the Oder is fortified ; and it is 35 miles N W of Glogaw. Lon. 15 49 E, lat. 52 5 N. Crotona, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, on the gulf of Taranto, with a bishop's see, pnd a citadel, 15* miles S E of St. Scerina. Lon. 17 27 E, lat. 39 9 N. Crouch, a river in Essex, which ris- ing near Homdon, terminates its course in the German Ocean, between Burn- ham and Foulness Island. Croviland, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed in the fens, and had formerly an ab- bey of gTeat note. There is no com- ing at it but by narrow causeways, which will not admit a cart. It has three streets, separated from each o- ther by watercourses, whose banks are supported by piles, and set with I willow, tre«« The chief tfade is in C R O le coast, are taken here. It s N of Norwich, and 127 N ion. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 53 ■d, avilkBC in Derbyshire, on Derwent, two miles N of rth. i, a strong town of Germany, ihopric of Bamberp, with aci- miles N E of Bamberg. Lon. lat. 50 27 N. -f, a strong fortress of Den- the isle of Ze-Mand, near Elsi- licli ffiiards the iiaasagc of the Not far fiom this is Hamlet's said to he the spot where the of his father was perpetrated. 54 E, lat. .^6 N. tbxirg, a towi of Germany, in .rravate of Hesse Cassel, with It is seated at the foot of a n 10 miles N of Francfort, on ";. Lon. 8 40E, lat. 49 55 N. Wf, a town and fortress ofRus- the island of Retusari, in Uie Finland. It has a good harbour, is the station of the Russian md great magazines of naval as well as docks and yards for g ships. It is 12 miles W of Lrg. Lon. 29 56 E, lat. 59 56 ,iad^, a town of Transylvania. \assau. . ... . ten, a handsome town of >.\iesia, of a principality of the same at the confluence of the rivers and Oder, in a country abound- hwine and fruit. The bridge e Oder is fortified; and >* is 35 «J W of Glogaw. Lon. 15 Vi !!.» L, a town of Naples, in Cala- =teriore, on the gulf of Tar^nto, bishop's see, pad a citadel, 15 E of St. Scv-erina. Lon. 17 £1 39 9 N. c/i, a river in Essex, which ri«- ir Homdon, terminates its course German Ocean, between Bum- nd Foulness Island. . )land, a town in Lincolnshire, market on Saturday. It is seat- the fens, and had formerly an ab- oTcat note. There is no com- it but by narrow causeways, will not admit a cart. It has streets, separated from each o- Dv watercourses, whose banKs ipported by piles, and ft with trew. The chief tjrade w m CUB fish and wild fowl, which are plentiful in the adjacent pools and marslies. It ia 11 miles N of Peterborough, and 93 N by W of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 52 41 N. Cravm Point, formerly a strong fort of the British, at the entrance of Lake Champ'ain, now a post town of Essex county, New York, witli about 950 in- liubitants, and distant 502 miles from Washington. Croydon, a town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated near the source of the Waiidle, surrpunded in a m.tnner with hills, and lias an hospital and frceschool, founded by archbishop Whitgift. In the church are many fine monuments of the archbishops of Can- terbury, who had here an ancient pa- lace, which was alienated from the see, by an act of parliament, in 1780 : the building, and adjoining premises, are now occupied by some manufactures. Croydon is nine miles S of London. Lon. 1 W, lat. 51 20 N. Ouxhaven, a small maritime town of Germany, in the N part of the dutchy of Bremen, seated at the mouth of the Elbe, 70 miles N W of Hamburgh. Cuba, an island of the West Indies, .It the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, 700 miles in length, and 87 in breadth. On the E side it begins at 20 20 N lat. touclies the tropic of Cancer on the N, and extends from 74 to 85 15 W lon. It lies 60 miles to the W of His- paniola, 25 leagues N of Jamaica, 100 miles to the E of Jucatan, and as many to the E of Cape Florida. It commands tlie entrance of the gulphs both of Mex- ico and Florida, as aho the windward passages. It was discovered by Co- lumbus, in 1492. The Spaniards are entirely masters of it, having extirpa- ted the natives. The soil is not ex- tremely fertile ; but there are pastures sufficient to feed a great number of sheep and hogs, which were originally brought hither. There are several sorts of mines in the mountains, and forests full of game. The produce is sugar-canes, ginger, cassia, wild cin- namon, and very good tobacco, called by the Spani.irds Cigarros. The hills run through the middle of the island from £ to W, but near the coast the land is generally level ; and many rivu- lets flow from the hills to the N and S, The hundredth part of this island is not yet cleared. The true plantations u» all confined to Um beautiful pUins C UL of the Havannah, and even those arC not what tlicy might be. This island was taken by tlic EngUsh in 1761, but i-estored by the peace of 176J. It is 75 miles N of Jamaica, and Havannah is the capital. Cuba, or Alcuba, a town of Portugal, in Aleiitejo, 36 miles S by E of Evora. Lon. 7 10 VV, lat. 38 ON. Cubagua, a barren island of South America, between that of Marg.iretta and Terra Firma, where the Spaniards, in 1509, established a fishery of pearls. Lon. 54 30 W, lat. 10 15 N. Cuban, a large river, formed by th« junction of many streams that rise in the coimtries between the Black Sea and the Caspian. It divides the Abk- has and Circassians from part of Tau" rica, and falls into the Black Sea. Cuban, or Cuban Tartary, a country of Asia, in the Russian province of Tauricf '., junded on the \V by the sea of Asoph ; on the N by the river Don, whiclk separates it from Europe ; on the E by the desert of Astracan; and on the S by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circassia and the country of the Abkhas. Cuckfield, a town in the county of Sussex, with a market on Friday, 13 miles N W of Lewes, and 40 S by W of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 51 4 N. Cuddalore, a town on the coast of Coromandcl, belon,^ing to the English, very near tlie place where Fort St. Da- vid once stood. It is naturally a strong situation. It was taken by the French in 1781 ; and, in 1783, it stood a severe siege against the English, which waa ended by the intelligence received of the peace. It is 80 miles S of Madras. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 11 41 N, Cuddapa, a tow^ of the peninsida of Hindoostan, ceded by Tippoo Sultan to the nizain of the Deccan. It is seated on the Pennar, 95 miles W by N of ita entrance at Gangapatiam, into the bay of Bengal, and 140 N W of Mad. ras. Lon. 78 47 E, lat. 14 3 N. Cuenza, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a bishop's see, on the ri- ver Xucar, 74 miles E by S of Madrid. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 40 7 N. " Culemhach, a town of Franconia, ca- pital of a margravate of the same nar .e, with a citadel. It is seated on the Maine, 25 miles N E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 33 E, lat 50 11 N. Cuh-nburg, a town of Dutch Quel- derUui, on th*.m«c Leek, 13inilea. CUM CUR S E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 51 58 N. CuUacan, a town of North America, in Mexico, capital of a province of the same name. It is oppo.site the S end of California. Lon. 10S5 W, hit. 24 N. CuUen, a small town on the coast of Banffshire, 40 miles N VV of Aberdeen. Near it are seen three lofty spiring rocks, formed of flintv n\asses, called the Three Kings of Cullen. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 57 40 N. CulUton, a town in Devonsliirc, with a market on Thvn-sday, seated on tiie Cully, 17 miles S E of Exeter, and 154 W by S of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 50 46 N. Cullihkn, a viUfige in Scotland, three miles E of Inverness, where the duke f,i Cumberland gained a decisive victo- ry over the rebels, in 1746. Collumpton. See Cobmibton. CuLin, a ' )wn of Western Prussia, with a bishop's see. It is seated near the Vistula, 60 miles S of Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 E, lat. 53 24 N. Cithiwie, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, seated on the coast of Loiiglifoyle, five miles N of Londonderry. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 55 8N. Cw.'/ie/ie.*-, aposttown, and tlie capital of Culpeper county, Virginia, 20 miles N of Orange Court-house, 45 N VV of Fredericksbur, -^ the Rappahannoc, and 76 from f 'on. Cuirass, a u on the frith of Forth, in a tn ,. c antry between Clackmananshirr ai..» . . nrosshire, wljicli is reckoned a! appendage of t'lc county of Pertli. Hcie is a magnificent palace with 13 windows in front, built about the year 1590, bv Edward lord Kinloss. Lon. 3 34 W", lat. 564 N. Cumana. See Coinana. Cumhcilaml, a county of England, bounded on the N by Scotland ; on tlic E bv Norlluimberland, Uiu-ham, and We'stmoi-elaud ; on the S by Lanca- shire, and on the W by the Irish Sea and Sol way Frith. Tii-? length from north to south may amount to 55 miles, but the breadth "does not exceed 40. It is well watered with rivers, lakes, and fountains ; but none of its streams are navigable. In some places there are very high mountains. The air is keen and piercing on these mountains towards the north ; and the climate is moist, as in all hilly countries. The soil varies with the face of the country j being barren on tbe moors and moun- tains, but fertile in the valleys and level ground bordering on the sea. In gene- ral the eastern parts of the shire arc barren and desolate ; yet even the least fertile parts are rich in metals and minerals. The mountains of Copland abound with copper : veins of the same metal, witn a mixture of gold and sil- ver, were found in the reign of queen Elizabeth among the fens ot Derwent ; and royal mines were formerly wrought at Keswick. The county produces great quantities of coal, some lead, abiuidauce of the mineral earth called black lead, several mines of lapis cala- niinaris; and an inconsiderable pearl- hshery on the coast near Ravenglass. The Skiddaw is tlie principal moun- tain J and the chief rivers are the Eden and Derwent, Tills county and the adjoining one ofWcstmoreluud, ai-e ce- lebrated for their lakes, which have been repeatedly described by the pen and pencd. Tlie lakes in Cumberland are the Derwent-water, Bassentli- walte-water, Buttermere-water, Cro- mack-water, Lowes-water, Uls-water, West-water, Ennerdale-water, Elder- water, Broad-water, &c. Carlisle is the capital. Cumberland, the principal town of Alleghany county, Mj^ryland ; situat- ed at the junction of Wills creek with tl;e Potowmac river, 148 miles from Washiiij-ton. Hither retreated the re- mains of Braddock's army, after tlxeir defeat near Foit Pitt in ir55. Cumberland, a county of Pennsjlva- nia, 37 miles long, and 28 broad. The inliabitants were reckoned in 1790, at 18,243. Carlise is tlie capital. Cumiray, t ■ :at and Little, two islands in the frith of Clyde, to the E ofthe isle of Buie. The former is re- markable for its excellent freestone : y R le in the valleys and level •iiig on the sea. In gene- i parts of the shire are desolate; yet even the Arts are rich in metals and le moimtains of Cophmd ;opper : veins of the same mixture of jjold and sil- and in the reiijn of queen me the fens of Ucrweiit ; BS were formerly wrought The county produces ies of coal, some lead, the mineral earth called 2veral mines of lapis caU- an inconsiderable pearl- ; coast near Kavcnglass. V is the principal moun- ; chief rivers are the Eden t. Tills county and the ! ofWestinoreluud, ai-e ce- tlicir lakes, wliich have dly described by the pen The lakes in Cumberland ervvent-water, Bassentli- Buttermere-water, Cro- Lowcs-water, Uls-water, , Ennerdale-vTOter, Elder- d-water, &c. Carlisle is J, the principal town of •ountv, Miicyl'^nd; sltuat- ictioii of Wills creek with lac river, 148 miles fniin Hither retreated the re- Kdair of stones, winch they use for gr.nding corn, weighing together about 12 or 14 pounds, are sold for five dliillings. The country abounds with buttUlocs, deer, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry of various kinds, particulai'ly Guinea hens, and Muscovy ducks ; and the lakes are plentifully stored with fish. Their religion consists of a jum- ble of superstitious nonsense, of wliich it is impossible to convey any idea to the reader. Tlieir government is the most perfect despotism that exists per- haps on the face of the earth. There is no intermediate degree of subordin- ation between the king and the slave, at least in the royal presence, where the prime minister is obliged to pros- trate hiiQself with as much object sub- mission as the meanest subject. On hia entrance into the palace, he crawls towards the apartment of audience, cm his hands and knees, till he arrives in the royal presence, where he lays him- self flat upon his belly, rubbing his head in the dust, and uttering the most hu- miliating expressions. White visitors are honoiu:ed with a glass of some cor- dial liquor, filled by the king's own hand ; which, if refused, is apt to give offence. Favours of this kind are re- ceived with avidity by his own subjects, on account of the honour conferred up- on them. The subject lies on his back while the king holds the bottle to his mouth. He must drink till the royal hand be withdrawn, which sometimes does not happen till the whole contents be emptied, especially when he has a m;nd to sport with the drinkef. A considerable standing army is main- tained, wllo must hold tlieinselves in readiness to take the field at the com- mand of the sovereign. Within the diflerent palaces, like\Yise, a^e immur- ed no less than 3000 women, of whom several hundreds are trained to the use of arms. These warriors are regularly exercised, and go through their evolu- tions with as much expertness as the male soldiers. The king's palace is surrounded with a clay wall of a quad- rangidar forin, and about 20 feet nigh. In the middle of each side is a guard house, with two centinels at the gate, and a guard of armed women and cu- fiuchs wiUiin. Ou the tf^atcbed roofo DA L of these guard houses are ranged, on small woos now lost its indc- pendcnci', being forced to submit to the king of Prussia, who forcibly usurped the sovereignty, in a second partition ofthc Polisii dominions. Besides <'orn, of which sreat quantities are exported, they trade in naval sti res, and a great variety of other articles. It is seated on the Vistula, ne.ar the gulf of Angil, in the Baltic, 30 miles i E of Marien- burg, and 160 N VV of Warsaw. Danube, the largest river in Europe, called the Ister by the ancients. It rises at Donesi liiiigen, in Siiabia, and flows N E by Ulm ; then E through Ba- varia and AusU'ia, bv Kutisboii, Pas- sau. Ens, and Vienna : it then enters Hungary, and runs S E by Presburg, Buda, and Belgrade : after which it divides Bulgaria, from Morlachia and Moldavia, discharging itself by several chiinnels into the Black Sea. It be- gins to be navigable for bo.its at Ulm, and receives several large rivers as it passes along, it is so deep between Buda and Belgrade, that the lurks and Germans have had men of war up- on it ; yet it is not navigable to the Black Sea, on account of the cataracts. See Doneschingen. Danville, a smalltown of Pittsylvania county, Virginia, situated on the Dan river, a branch of the Roanoke: here is a post oflice 302 miles S W from Washington. Danville, a post town in Northum- berland county, Pennsyl a, on the N side of Susquehannah r. . u' , 13 miles N W of Nortliumberl.ind. Danville, a town of Mercer county, Kentucky, once the cajiital of the state ; situated on the W side of Dicks river, a branch of the Kentucky, 40 miles S by E of Frankfort : here is a post office, and about 300 inhabitants. Danville, a post town of Caledonia county, Vermont, seven miles W of South Johnsbury, containing 1544 in- habitants, mostly emigrants from Scot- land. Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary, built by the Tm-ks in 1686, and taken by the Austrians the next year. It is seated on the Drave, at the end of the bridge of Esseck, eight miles S of Baranwhar, and 80 N W of Belgrade. Lon. 19 56 E, lat. 45 45 N. Dardanelles, two c.Hstlcs of Turkey ; on cAch side the ancient Hellespont D A R D A R now the strait of G.illipoli, the S W ent:aj!cc 1)1" w!ii-h tt.ev c iinmiiiid; the one IS cilic'l St .it is, seated in Roniu- niu; the otlier Al). (los, in Nat<)lin. At the latter, t le riaint of this gulf, b it met with such discourageme'U from the jealousy of the niaritimc powers '.f I'/irope, and particularly of the D^ii^'U East India Company, that they were obliged to hba'idon their design. Darien, a post town in M'Intosh county, Georgia, lying on the N side of Alatamaha river, near its mouth ; 6,? m.le.s b of Savannah, and 709 from IVashingtoii, in the lat. of 31" 23' N. andloi,.of80»lu' W. Djrtiiig, or Dori^//i^, atown in Surry, witli a market «m Thursday, noted for corn and [xxiltry. It is seated on tlie river Mole, 23 miles S W of London. Lon. 14 W, lat. 51 17' N. D irlntton, a village near Stone, in Staflbrdshire, where are the remains of a castle, on a hill. Duriington, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Monday, seated in a flat, on the river Skeme, wiiich falls into tlie Tees. It has a spacious market-place, and a long stone bridge over the river. A curious water machine for grinding optical ghisses, and spinning linen yarn has been erected here, the invention of a native of the tow.i. Darlington is 19 miles S of Durham, and 239 N by W of London. Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 32 N. Danrutadt, the capital of the land- gravate of Hesse Darmstadt, with a castle, where its own prince generally resides. It has handsome suburbs and a good college. It is seated on u river of tile same name, 30 miles N W of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 43 N. Dan, a river in Devonshire, which ri- ses at the fo;IM>MmMI>M«MM«MMMM| L D A R umc climate. The princl- e I'unatnM and Pi>rto Billo. river unci gult <>f !^'>»tl> A- eri-a Firma, wliicli divide s of Daiien and Caitliajrc. 5 tl>e Scotcli obtained a 11 'king WiUiiim, empower- form a settlement on the ofth»h-ilf, b.t met with rafjeme'it from the .ieal £««* I'"l'» hat they were obliged to 1 post town in M'lntosli orgia, lyini? on the N m.Ic »ha river, near 't* ^"J''"^'^; of Savannali. and 709j^-om . i„ the lat, of 31» 23' N. hO'lu' W. . ^ ,ori>or>.dtry. It is seated on U.e . 23 miles S W of London. 'W, lat. 51 ir N. »., a village near Stone, in ,ire. where are the remains . on a hill. ^ - ;„, a town in the county of with a market on M°"«;^>' a flat, on the river Skerne, Is into tlie Tees. It has » n..irlcet-place, and a long Ipe over the river. A curious uchine for grinding opt.c^ lind spinning linen yarn hM :ted here, the invention of a the town. Darlington IS !» fDurha.,T..and239Nby W Lon. 1 25 W, lat. 54 33 tadt, the capital of the land- ,f Hesje Darmstadt, with a here its own prince generally It has handsome suburbs and allege. It is seated on f. river me name, 30 miles N W of •rg. Lon.8 40E,lat.4S43N. I riv.;r in Devonshire, which n- efm.t of Dartmoor HilU. cros- mo.jr to Ashburton, and fidl. irelish Channel, at Dartmouth. mrl: a town in Ke"«./.th a ,n Saturday, seated on the Da- far from its influx into. th«. Here are the remams ot » ».erv, founded by Edward IIL ^ is finely watered by tvro or ry good springs, and is full of ^afonofits being a great iJio. re from London Vj Dover ttw D A U 16 miles E by S of London. Lon. 16 E, lat. 51 25 N. _ D.trtinoor, an extensive moorish traci, in Uevousliire, bounded on the N by bleak lulls, and extending soutliward quite through the centre of the county to tiie sea. it is watered by the river Dart. Darttnouth, a borough of Devonshire, with a market on Friday. The town wliicli is a mile long, stands on the side of a craggy hill, with very irregular streets. It is seated near the river Dart, near its fall into the sea, and has a spacious harbour defended by a fort. It has a considerable tra<]f^ to tJie S of Europe and to Newfoundland, as well as a share in the coasting traf- fic. It is governed by a mayor, and sciids two members to parliament. It contains three churches, and is 30 miles S S W of Exeter, and 204 W by S of London. Lon. 3 45 W, lat. 50 22 N. Dcuien-Eyland, or Isle of Deer, one of the three small islands to the N of the Cape of Good Hope ; so called, on account of the great number of deer which were first carried thither in 1601. Here are also sheep whose tails weigh 19 pounds. Lon. 18 7 E, lat. 33 25 S. Daventry, a corporate tovm in North- amptonshire, with a market on Wed- nesday. It is governed by a mayor, and seated on tlie side of a hill, 10 miles W of Northampton a-id 72 N \V of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 52 15 N David't, St. a city in Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday ; seated ill a barren soil, on the river Hen, scarcely a mile from the sea-shore. It was once a considerable place, and the cathedral is said to have the high- it s^t roof of any in England. It is 24 miles N W of Pembroke, and 255 W by N of London. Lon. 5 15 W, lat. 51 56 N. David, Fort St. an English fort, on the coast of Coromundel. It was ta- ken and destroyed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles S of Fort St. George. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 11 30 N. Davit' Straitt, an arm of the sea, be- tween Greenland and North America, discovered by captain Davis, in 1585, when he endeavoured to find out a N W passage. Daun, a to'wn of Germany, in the electorate «f Treves, >uate4onthe Le- D E A 7,ef , at the foot of a mountain, on which is a castle. It is 12 miles N of Mont Hoxttl. Dauphin, a county of Pennsylvania, 45 miles long, and 25 broad. In 1790, the inliabitunts were computed at 18,177. HtUTisburg is the ca|>,ital. Dauphin, Fort, a fort built by the French, i)ii the K coast of Madagascar. Lon. 45 10 E, lut. 24 55 S. Dauphin^, a late province of France, extending 40 leagues from N to S, and 36 from E to W ; bounded on the W by the Rhone, on the N by the Klione and Savoy, on the S by Provence, and on the E by the A j. Two thirds of Dauphiny arc intersected by mountains, which anbrd good pasturage ; plentjr of timber, fir-trees in particular, for the building of ships ; and very scarce, simples. In these mountains, which are branches oftlie Alps,are bears,chamois, marmonts, eagles, hawks, &c. The vallies aflord wlicat, and the hills, in the vicinity oftlie Rhone, excellent wines, olives, and silk. Mines of iron, copper, and lead, have been worked here to great advantage. The principal rivera are the Rhone, Durance, Isere, and Drome. It now forms the depart- ments of Drome, Isere, and upper Alps. Dax, or Acqs, an ancient town of France,, in the department of Landea and late province of Gascony, witli a bishop's see, and some famous hot baths. It is seated on the Adour, 24 miles N E of Bayonne. Lon. 1 W, lat. 43 42 N. DeadmanU-Head, a cape in Cornwall, between. St. Maw's and Fowey. Dead Sea, a lake of Palestine, into which the river Jordan rims. It is 70 miles long, and 20 broad, inclosed on the E and W by high mountains. It abounds in bitumen. It is supposed 'to be the site of Sodom and Gomorrha. Deal, a seaport in Kent with a m.w- ket on Thursday. It is seated on the strait of Dover, and is a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich, governed by a mayor. It has about lOOO houses, which are mostly built of brick. The inhabitants amount to 4500, and, as no manufacture is carried on here, they chiefly depend on the seafarine men who resort hither. The port is demnded by two castles ; Deal or Walmer caa< tie to the S, and Sandown castle to the N. Between this place and the God- vria Sands, are tbe Downs, where the -m D E D DEL thipi ustmlly ride iit tlifir kaving or coitiintf iiilii till! rivur TlmmL's. It is seven miles S l>v K of Saiutwicli, luul 72 E bv S 1)1' l.oiuloii. Loll. 1 -"J li, lat.5113N. Dean, it tmvn in Gloiicestcrsliirc, witli :i n;.irki't on Monday. It liiid its name (i-oiii tliu foi'e«tol'l)eiin, in whicli it is sr;itcd, 11 niilesi \V of Gloucfster and 112 W S W of London. Lon. 2 ;il W, lat. .51 50 N. Dean, ii forest in Gtonccstersliirc, includinjf that part of tlie coiintj whieli lies between tlie Severn and the shires of Monmouth and Hereford. Deben, a river in Snilolk, whicii rises near Deheiihani, and e.xpands into a lon)^ narrow arm of tlie German Ocean, a little to tlic N of Harwich. Debenham, a town in Sutlblk, with a market on Friday, seated near the head oftiic Doben, on the side of a hill, 24 miles E of Burv St. Edmund's, and 84 N E of London. Lon. 1 17 E, lat 52 22 N. Debrecen, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a district of the same name. It is lOr miles E of Buda. Lon. 22 11 E, hit. 47 32 N. Deccan, an extensive tviict of co\intry in Asia, which, in its most extensive signification, the South, includes the vdiole peninsula South of HindoosUui Proper. However, in its ordinary ac- ceptation, it means oidy the countries situated between Hindoostan Proper, tlie Carnatic, and Orissa, that is the provinces of Candeish, Dowlatabad, Visiaponr, Golconda, and the VV part of Berar. It is bounded on the N by the river Nerbudda. by Bengal, and by Bahar ; and the river Kistna forms its separation on the S. from the peninsu- la of Hindoostan. All this vast coun- try was once a province of the Mogul •empire. Candeish, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad, are subject to the Malirattas ; the remainder, to the ni- zam of the Deccan. Deche, an ancient town of France, in the dcijartment of Nievre and late province of Nivernois, seated in an island formed by tlie Loire, 16 miles S E of Nevers. Lon. 4 31 E, lat. 46 50 N. Dtkkendorf, a town of Lower Bava- ria, seated near the Danube, 37 miles S E of Ratisbon. It was taken by the Swedes in 1641. Lon. 12 55 £, lat. 48 42 N. Dtddington, a town in Oxfordshire, with a market "ti Tuesday. It is Ifi | mill's N of Oxford, and 70'W N W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 52 2 N. Dc.i/iam, a village in Essex, iDtcil for an ancient large church, which has a tine Gothic steeple. It is six mih's N of Colchester. DcUliam, a town of Norfolk county, Mussachusetts ; situated on the S siili- of Charles river, about 11 miles from Uost.jn. It has a post ollicc and IDr.l inhabitants. Dee, a river of N Wales, which rises in Merionethshire, in N Wales, ] and runs V. to the borders of l)<'nl)i);h- shire, where turning N it washes thi' walls of Chester, and then with a broad channel fulls into the Irish Sea. Dee, a river of Scotlanil, which rises 1 in Ahei'dcenshirc, amid the mountuin* of Mar Forest, and Hows through a I wild country till it readies the fertile vale of Brae-mar, whence it proceeds in an easterly direction to Aberdeen, below which it falls into the British I Ocean. Over it there is a bridge of seven arches. It abounds with salmon, so as to form one of the greatest salmon fisheries in Scotland. Dee, a river of Scotland, which rise* I in the N W part of Kircudbrightshire, | and joining the Ken, below New Gal- Iowa)-, falls into the Irish Sea, at Kirk- cudbright. Deeping, a town in Lincolnshire, witll I a market on Thursday. It is seated! on the Welland, in a fenny country, f six miles E of Stamford, and 90 N of | London. Lon. 21 W, lat. 5242 N. Deerfield, a post town of Hampshire I county, Massachusetts ; lying on tlie W side of Connecticut river 5 miles S of Greenfield, and about 90 westward | from Boston. Deerhunt, a village three miles SI of Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, I subject, by its low situation, to frc-j quent inundations from the Severn. Deinse, or Deynte, a town of Austri- an Flanders, seated on the Lis, eight I miles S W of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. f 5059 N. Delcntiart, one of the United States! of America, bounded on the N byl Pennsylvania, on the E by Delaware I river and bay, and on the S and W byl Maryland, "it is 90 miles long and 16| broad. The climate in many parts isl unhealthy. The land is generallyl low and flat, which occasions the wa-l ters to stagnate, and tlie inhabitantar DEL nfkct '111 Tuesday. It U 10 | OxfoM, ami 70 'W N W of Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 52 2 N. , a villajfK in Essex, ii'itcd cut lai'iyc churcli, wliicli lias j Ihlc sti^uplc. It in six miles iicstcr. , a town of Norfolk count) , | letts ; situiitcd on the S siiii- s river, about 11 miles from t has a post office and 1973 i, river of N Wales, which lerioncthshirc, in N Wah's, 1 to the borders of Di-nhinh- !re tuming N il wiishcs tlic hester, and then with abroad j dls into the Irisli Sea. •iver of Scotland, which rises I eiishire, amid the mountains 'orest, and ilows through a I itry till it reaches the fertile ' rae-mar, whence it proceeds I iterly direction to Aberdeen, liich it falls into the British I 3ver it there is a bridge of hes. It aboimds with salmon, rm one of the greatest salmon | in Scotland, river of Scotland, which rise* \V part of Kircudbrightshire, ig the Ken, below New Gal- lls into the Irish Sea, at Kirk. t. f, a town in Lincolnshire, witli I ■ on Thursday. It is seated kVelland, in a fenny country, I I E of Stamford, and 90 N of | Lon. 21 W, lat. 52 42 N. W, a post town of Hampshire I Massachusetts ; lying on tlie f Connecticut river 5 miles S leld, and about 90 westward | iton. rat, a village three miles SI [eshury, in Gloucestershire, I by its low situation, to fre>| undations from the Severn. , or Deynte, a town of Austri- j ers, seated on the Lis, eight I W of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. | are, one of the United States I ica, bounded on the N byj ■ania, on the E by Delaware j I bay, and on the S and W byj d. It is 90 miles long and 161 The climate in many parts isl y. The land is generally| flat, which occasions the wa.| stagnate, and tlie inhabitant* f^fm mmm DEL DEL are consequently Hiibjcrt to intermit- tin;; fcvcrit. It Is dUided liitii lliric coiiiitits, Ncwi-iiHth', Kiint, und Siisut-x i und in tliu convL-ntion held iit l*liiliidcl- pliiuin 178^1 the IniiabitiintH wore coni- I.iitfd at .17,000. Delaviart, u county of Pennsylv.iniu, 00 miles \tm^ und 11 broad. In 17'J0, it contuined 'J,4y.) inhubitunt>er 9( vheep' TUia D E S D E V U part of the county is called the peak, i'roiii a Siixon word signifying nn emi- nence. Its mountains are very bleak, liigh and barren; h'n extremely profit- able to the in1'.il)itants. Tliey yield grent qnnntitics of the best lead, anti- mony, iron, sc_\ thc-stones, grind-stones, marble, alabaster, a coarse sort > f cry- stal, azure, spar, and pit-coul. In tiiese mountains ai-e two remarkable caverns, named Pool's Hole, and Elden-Hole. The prmcipal rivers are the Dcrwcnt, Dove, Erwash, and Trent. Dereham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. The market is no- ted for wool and yarn. It is 14 miles W of Norwich, and 100 N N E of Lon- don. Lon. 1 E, lat. 52 42 N. Deienhurg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Hulberstadt. Dereote, or Deiroute, a town of Egypt, in the isle formed by the canal from Cairo to Rosetta. Here is a magnifi- cent temple. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40. N. Derne, a town of Barbary. It is the capital of a district in Tripoli near the coast. Lon. 31 45 E, lat. 30 40 N. Derp, a town of Ilnssia, in the gov- ernment of Riga, with a bishop's see, and a imiversity. It lies rear tiie river Ambec, 50 miles N W of Pskof. Lon. 26 15 E, lat. 58 30 N. Deruyter, a post town in Chenango county, New York, with about 320 in- habitants, 466 miles from Washington. Dervient, a river in Devonshire, -which rises in the high Peak, passes Derby, and empties itself into the Trent on the borders of Leicester- shire. DenxenU a river of Yorkshire, which rising in the N riding, flows into the Ouse, below York. Dervient, a river of Durham, which flowing for some time between Durham and Northumberland, falls into the Tyne, above Newcastle. Denvent, a river of Cumberland, -which Tiowing through the lakes of Dcrwcnt-water and Bassenthwaite-wa- ter to Cockermouth, enters the Irish Sea, neai' Workington. Denxent-viater, a lake of Cumberland, in the vale of Keswick. It is tlirce miles in length, and a mile and a half wide. Five islands rise out of this lake, -which add greatly to the beauty of the appearance. On one of tliem is an ele- gant modern-built house. Descada, one of the PfWDch Carib- bcc I.tlands, in the West Indies. It i« 10 miles long and five broad, aiul is gi- nerally tlie lir.;t land that is made in .sailing to the West Indies. Lon. 61 20 W, lut. 16 40 N. Dcseada, or Capt Detire, the southern jwintcifthe straits of Magellan, in S America, at the entrance of the South Sea. Lon. 74 18 W, lat 53 4 S. Destaiu, a strong town of German}', in the circle of Upper Saxony, and pro- vince of Hanhalt. It belongs to its own prince, and is seated on the Elbe, 37 miles N of Leipsic. Lon. 12 22 E, kt. 51 53 N. Dethmold, a town of Westphalia, on the river Wehera, 15 miles N of Pa- derborn. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 52 N. Detroit, a post town of Indiana Ter- ritory, situated on the W side of a strait of the same name, which connects lake St. Clair with lake Erie, in the lat. of 42° 22' N, and lon. of 83" W. This is 1^ principal staple of the fur trade bmireen the United States and the Indians ; it is strongly fortified, and contains 2000 inhabitants, mostly Canadians. Dettin^.-'ti, a village of Germany, in the teiTitory of Hanau. The French were defeated in 1743 by George II. It lies between Hanau and Aschafien- biu-g, four miles from each. Deva, a seiqiort of Spain, on the bay of Biscay, in the province of Guipuscoa, 15 miles S E of Biiboa. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 43 24 N. Dtrcento, a to-wn of Bidgaria, with a Greek archbishop's sec, seated on the river Paniza, 65 miles NE of Adriano- pie. Lon. 37 33 E, lat. 42 33 N. Deventer, a city of tlie United Pro- vinces, the capital of Overyssel, -with a university. It is surrounded by strong walls, and seated on the river Yssel, 50 miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 56 E, lat. 52 18 N. Deeetto, or Zagorta, a town in Bui- garia, not far from the see of a Greek archbishop. It is situated near tlie Black Sea, 106 miles N of Constanti- nople. Lon. 27 22 E, lat. 42 25 N. Devizes, a borough in Wilts with a market on Thursday, and a manufacture of serges and other woollen stuff's. It is seated on a hill, sends two members to parliament, and is 24 miles N W of Salisburv, and 89 W of London. Lon. 2 2 W, iat. 51 20 N. Devon, a river of Perthshirie, over which, in the beautiful vole of Glende- the of I of I 9Sf" D E V I the WcBt Indies. It i* Mid five broad, luul is ge- it land til at is niude in Went Indies. Lon. 61 20 N. Cape De*i>e, the southern traits of Magellan, in S the entrance oi' the South 4 18 W, lut 53 4 S. jtrong town of Germany, )f Upper Saxony, and pro. lalt. It belongs to its own is seated on the Elbe, 37 eipsic. Lon. 12 22 E, lat. a town of Westphalia, on ihcra, 15 miles N of Pa- nn. 8 55 E, lat. 52 N. post town of Indiana Ter- tcd on the W side of a same name, which connects M with lake Eric, m the >2' N, and lon. of 83° W, jrincipa) staple of the fur •en the United States and "; it is strongly fortified, J 2000 inhabitants, mostly a village of Germany, in y of Hanau. The French ted in 1743 by George II. f/een Hanau and Aschatten- miles from each. Bciiport of Spain, on the bay nthe province of Guipuscoa, EofBilboa. Lon. 2 40 W, k town of Bulgaria, with a .bishop's see, seated on the a. eSroilesNEof Adrjanc '37 33 E, lat. 42 33 N. a city of tlie United Pro- capital of Ovei-yssel, with a It is surrounded by strong seated on the river Yssel, , of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 50 or Zagorta, a town in Bui. far from the see of a Gre« U is situated near the -. 106 miles N ofConsUnU- m. 27 22 E, lat. 42 25 N. a borough in Wilts with a Thursday, and a manuf»ct\u« and other woollen stufls. U ma hill, sends two members lent, and is 24 miles N W of and 89 W of London. Lon. t. 51 20 N. ft rver of Perthshire, over tlie beautiful vole of GUntU- D E V TOO, is a great curiosity, called the Uiinibling bridge. In consists of one arch, tlirown over a horrible cliusm, worn by tlie river, about 80 feet deep, jind veiy narrow. In other jjlaccs, the river has forced its way, in a surprising manner, throiigli tlic rocks. At the Caldron-lin, it has worn away the softer parts of tlie stone, and formed • immense pits, into which tlie water falls Willi a tremendous noise. Be- low this, the whole river is precipita- ted in one sheet, from a height of 40 feet. Devonshire, an English county, 69 miles long, and 64 broad. It is 287 miles in circumference, of which its maritime coast is nearly 150 miles. In its figure it represents a parallelogram, and is bounded on the N and N W by the Bristol Channel, on the E by Som- ersetshire aiul Dorsetshire, on tlic S and S E by the English Channel, and on tlie W by Cornwall. Though there .ire some unwholesome situations, yet upon the whole this county enjoys a remarkable salubrity of mr, imd mild- ness of seasons. The tops of the moun- tains are cold and bleak, but the air in the vallies is mild and warm. The country is very beautifully interspersed with hills and vales, and tlie climate is no less various ; the vallies being fruit- fid and the hills barren. In the east- ern parts there is plenty not only of good corn, but of fine pasturage for ilieep, where the grounds are dry and chalky. The soutliem part of the county is remarkably fertile, and is as justly called the Garden of Devonshire as Italy is the Garden of the World. Fruit-trees are plentiful, especially sip- ples, with which a great quantity of ci- der is made. The western parts a- bou.' ralimed, and a few more indeed con- tinue to be i>o])ulous and wcullliy ; but the rest can sc: ;e be called by any o- ther name than that of sorry places. The rivers Euphrates aiul l'igi-is have almost their wliole course through this country. Diarbekir, the capital of the above province, is situated in a delightfiil plain, on the banks and ne:u' the head of the I'igTis, about 155 miles or 15ca' ravan da>. ioiirnev, N E from Alcp{>o, in lon. 40 50, lat. 37 35 E. The bridge of 10 arches over the said river is said to have been built by the order of Alex- ander the Gi'eut. Ills one of the ricliest and most mercantile cities in all Asiatic Turkey! and is w< 11 fortified, being encompassed with u double wall, the outermost of which is fiunked with 72 towers, said to have been raised in me- mory of our Saviour's 72 (Usciiiles. It has several stately ])iazza8 or market- places, well stored witli all kinds of rich merchandise, and 12 magnificent rnosques, said to have been formerly Christian churches. Its chief manu- facture is the dressing, tanning, and dying of g^at-skino, commonly culled Turkey-leather, of which tlie vent is almost incredible in many parts of Eu- rope and Asia. The city is under the gurcmmentof a baahaw, who has great II i 'i >laud in 1515. It i» pretty Iwrge, D N I and fortified by a high stone wall, well furnished with cannon. The trade of the town, once so important, is ulniust entirely removed to Sural. It is 180 miles W by S of Surat, and 200 N VV of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 E, lat. 20 43 N. Dixan, I he first tovm in Abyssinia, on the side of Taranta. It is built on the top a hill, exactly in the form of a sugar-loaf, a deep valley surrounds it like a trench, ajul tiie road windu spirally up the hill till it ends amonr the houses. The town is well peopled by Moors and Christians, wiiose only trade is the selling of children. The Christians bring such as they have sto- len in Abyssinia to Dixan, where the. Moors receive them, and carry them to a market at M.isuah, whence they are sent to Arabia or India. The priests uf the province of Tigre, are openly concerned in this infamous traf- fie. Lon. 40 7 E, lat. 14 57 N. Dix-niude, a town of Austrian Flan- ders, which has been often taken. It was forced to surrender to the French in 1794. It is celebrated for its ex- cellent butter ; and is seated on the river Yperlcc, 10 miles N W of Ypres. Lon.. 2 57 E, lat. 51 2 N. Dizier, St. a considerable town of France, in the department of Upper Mame and late province of Champagne, seated on the Marnc, where it begins to be navigable for boats, 15 miles S E of Vitri le-Fnuicois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 48 35 N. Dnieper, anciently the Boristhenes, a large river of Russia, which rises in the government of Smolensko, and flowing in a southerly direction, enters the Black sea, between Chcrson and Ocziikow. From its source to its mouth, it now flows entirely through the Russian dominions ; and tlu'ough this whole course of above 800 miles, its navigation is only once interrupted by a series of cataracts, which begin below tlie mouth of the Samara, and continue for above 40 miles ; but these may be passed in spring, without muck hazard, even by loaded barks. Dnietter, a fine river which rises fn Galicia, in Austrian Poland, and taking a S E direction visits Choczim, divid- ing Podolia from Moldavia ; it tlien se- parates Bessarabia from tlie Russian ^vemment of CHtharinens]af,and hav- ing watered Bender, falls into the Black Sea, between the mouths of the Dnieper and the Daitube. DOM DOM i Dobelin, a town of Courland, 20 miles S W of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E, Int. 56 28 N. Dobrzin, a to\vn of Poland, in Ma- •ovia, capital of a territory of the same name, seated on a rock near the Vis- tula, 14 miles N W of Plucksko, Lon. 19 5 E, lat. 52 54 N. Docttmt, a to^vn of the Unite-ass, five miles from the sea, and 21 S E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 41 VV, lat. 48 33 N. Dolce- Aqita, a town of Piedmont, ca- pital of a marquisate of the same name, Tvith a castle. It is seated on the Ner- via, five miles H of Vintimiglia. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 43 58 N. Dokigno, a strong to\vn of Albania, witli a bishop's see, a good harbour, und u citadel. It is seated on the Dri- ?io, 10 miles S E of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 £, lat. 42 12 N. Dole, a town of France in the depart- ment of Jura, and late province of Franche Comte, seated on the river Doiibs, 25 miles S \V of Besancon. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 47 6 N. Dolegelly, a town in Merionethshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seat- ed on the river Avon, in a vale so cal- led, and at the foot of the great rock Cader-Idris which is extremely high. It has a good manufacture of Welsh cotton, and is 31 miles N W of Mont- gomery and 205 of London. Lon. 9 48 W, lat. 52 42 N. Dollart Bay, a largo, gtilf, separating East Friesland, in Germany, from Gro- ningen, one of the United Provinces. homazliz^, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen. It was taken by the Swedes in 1541. It is seated on tlic rivulet Cadbuzz, 17 miles S of PiU 3en. Domfront, a town of France, now in the department of Orne, lately in the province of Normandy, seated on a steep mountain, which has a large cleil from the summit to the base, through which flows the little river Varenne. It is 35 miles N W of Alencon. Lon. 43 W, lat. 48 38 N. Domingo, St. one of the richest islands in the West Indies, 400 mrles in lengtli, and 75 in breadth. It was disco\'ered by Columbus, in 1492, and is surroimd- ed by craggy rocks and dangerous siioals. The heat to the N and S E would be insupportable for six months of the year, if not qualified by the eas- terly winds, and frequent rains ; but the latter soon spoil tlie flesh, bread, and fruits. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and crystal. The Spanish name »f it, originally giv- en by Columbus, is Hispaniola. Since the French revolution this island has been desolated by the most dreadful calamities. In 1791, a most alarming insurrection of tlie negroes began in the French plantations, A scene of the most horrid cruelties ensued. In a little time no less than 100,000 ne- groes were in rebellion, and all the manufactories and plantations of more than half the northern provinces ap- peared as one general conflagration. The plains and mountains were filled with carnage, and deluged with blood. In 1793, the royalists of fort St. Jerc- mie invited the English to take pos- session of that part of the island. They were obliged, however, partly on ac- count of the disorders which desolated the island, and partly on account of that dreadful scourge the yellow fever, to abandon this island altogether. By the peace concluded between France and Spain, the whole of this island has fallen into the hands of the French. Domingo, St. tlie capital of the Span- ish part of the island of St. Domingo, with an archbishop's see, whose ca- thedral is a superb structure. It i< seated on a large navigable river, diiB- cult of access, and has an excellent harbour. The town is built in the Spanish manner, with a great square i« tlie middle of it, about which are the cathedral and other public buildings. From this sqiure run the principal bri ^1 I O M •ilsen. It was taken by I 1541. It is seated on idbuzz, 17mile8SofPi^ a town of France, now in nt of Orne, lately in Uio >rmandy , seated on a steep lich has a large cleR from r)thc base, through which le river Varenne. It is 35 fAlencon. Lon. 43W, St. one of the richest islands Indies, 400 mHes in lengUi, eadth. It was discovered 8,inl492,andis8urroimd. ev rocks and dangerous e heat to the N and S E gupportablc for six months if not qualified by the e»». ,, and frequent rains ; b^ oon spoil tlie flesh, bread. It has a great many rivers, of gold, talc, and crystal. ,h name of it, originally giv. imbus, is Hispaniola. Since .revolution this island has lated by the most dreadtul in 1791. a w"*^ alamung m of tlie negroes began in ,h plantations. A scene ol horrid cruelties ensued. In 'e no less than 100.000 ne. t-e in rebellion, and all the ries and planUtions of more the northern provinces ap- , one general conflagration. 9 and mountains were taUea age, and deluged with blood. l^e royalists olfort St Jcre. Vd the English to take pos- thatpartofthe island. 1 hey KKed. however, partly on ac- he disorders which desolated d. and partly on ffcount of dfulscourge the yellow fever. m this island altogether. OJ ■^ concluded between France , the whole of this island hat |o' the hands of the French.^ , L,5f. tlie capital of the Span- 1 Tf the island of St. Domingo, archbishop's see, whose ca- iB a superb structure. It " „ a large navigable river, diffi- „,cess,%nd has an esceU^n I The town is buiK m tnc manner, with a great square^^ lie of it, about which are tne landotiier public buildings^, hi» square run the princip»l I DON streets in » direct line, they being cros- sed by others at right angleti, so tliat tlie form of tlie town is ahnost square. Lon. 70 10 W, lat. 18 20 N. Dominica, one of tlie windward Ca- ribbce islands in the West Indies. It lies about hulf-way between Guada- loupe and Mui-tinico, and is near 28 miles in length, and 13 in breadth. It was taken by the English in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. The French took it in 1778. but resto- red it in 1783 ; and in 1795 they made ail unsuccessful attempt, fur all the Frenchmen Uiat landed were either killed or taken prisoners. The soil is tliin. and better adapted to the rearhig of coflee than sugar ; but the sides of the hills bear the finest trees in the West Indies^ and tlie island is well supplied with rivulets. The capital is Charlotte Town, formerly Roseau. Dmninica, one of tlie islands of the South Pacific Ocean, called the Mar- quesas. Lon. 139 2 W, lat. 9 41 S. Domino, St. one of the Tremiti Islands, in tlie gulf of Venice, 15 mUea from the coast of Naples. Domitz, a town of Mecklenburg Schwcrin, with a fort, seated at the confluence of the Elbe and Elve, 25 miles SofSchwerin. Lon. 11 41 £, lat. 53 15 N. Dommel, a river of Brabant, which receives the Aa. below Boia-le-Duc, and tlien falls into tlie Meuse. Dmno-d'Ostola, a town of Italy, in the dutchy of Milan, with a castle, seated on the small river Tosa, at the footof the Alps, 16miles N of Varallo. Domrtmy'la-Pucelle, a village of France, in the department of Meuse and late province of Barrois, remarka- ble for the blrtli of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the Meuse, five miles from Neufchateau. Don, a large river that separates Eu- rope from Asia. It issues from lake St. John, in the government of Moscow, .•md divides, near Tcherkasle, into tiir^e streams which fall into the sea uf Asoph. This river has so many windings, is in many pai-ts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, ex- cept in the spring, on the melting of the snows ; and its mouths also ai-e so clioaked up with land, that only flat> bottom boats, except in the same sea- sun, can pass into the sea of Asoph. Don, a river'of Scotland, which rises DON in Aberdeenshire, joins the Urie Water at Inveracy, and passing by Kintore, fulls into tlie German Ocean at .\ber- dccn, within two miles of the mouth of the Dee. Upon both of these rivcra is ail excellent salmon fishery. Don, a river in Yorkshire, which waters Sheftield. Rotherhr.in, and Uon- castcr. and joins the Aire, near its ter- min.ition with the Ousc. Donivaert, a strong town of Germany, on tiic frontiers of Suahia, subject to the duke of Bavaria. It is seated on the N side of the Danube, 25 m-les N of Augsburg. Lon. 11 5 E. lat. 48 52 N. Doncaster, a corporate town in the West riding of Yorkshire, with a mar- ket on Saturday. It is seated on the river Don, and has a castle now in ru- ins. It is large and well built, and go- verned by a mayor. It was noted Tor knitting worsted stockings, but that article of trade is now on tiie decline. It is 37 miles S of York, Und 160- N by W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 53 33 N. Doncherry, a handsome town of France, in the department of Arden- nes and late province of Champacpie, seated on the Meuse, three miles m>in Sedan. Lon. 5 2 E, lat. 49 42 N. Donegal, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 68 miles in length, and 44 in breadth ; bounded on the £ by Londonderry and Tyrone, on the W and N by the ocean, and on tlie S by Fermanagh and the bay of Donegal. It contains 40 parishes, and before the Irish Union sent 12 members to the Irish parliament. It is in general, a champaign country, and aboundu with harbours. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name, seated on tlie bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Ballyshannon. Lon. 7 47 W, lat. 54 42 N. Donetc/iingen, a town of Suabia, in the principality of Furstenburgh. It is the chief residence of the prince of Furstenburgh, in the court-yard of whose palace tlie Danube takes its rise. Some small springs bubbling from the ground, form a bason of clear water, about 30 feet square. From this issues the Danube, which is here only a little brook; and though the small rivers Bribacb and Breg«, unit- ing below the town, are far more con- siderable tlian this stream, which flows into them soon after their junc- B B DOR DOR lion, yet has tliis alone the lionour of liclnnf called the 8oiivcc ol'thc Danub';. Dongala, or Dancala, a town of Nu- bia, With a cattle seated on the Nile, among' mountains, 150 miles N of 8cn- nur. Lon. SO 35 E, lat. 21 N. Donzy, a town of France in the de- portment of Nicvre, and late territory of Nivcrnois, 22 miles N of Never*. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 47 22 N. Dooal), or Doabah, a tract of land in Hindoostan Proper, occupying all the flat country between the Ganges and the N mountains, as well us the princi- pal part of that tract lying between the Gardes and Jumnah. It is so named by way of eminence ; the word signi- fying a tract of lend formed by the ap- proximation of two rivers. The prin- cipal part of it is subject to the nabob of Oude. Doon, Loch, a lake of Ayrshire, in the S E pan of Kyle, six miles in Icngtli, iuid of considerable breadth. On on island in this lake stands Bal- loch Castle. Doon, a river of Scotland, which is- sning from Loch Doon, runs N W, di- vides the district of Kyle from Carrick, the southern division of Ayrshire, and falls into the frith of Clyde. Dorat, a town of France, now in the department of Upper Vienne, lately in the territory of Limosin, seated on the Abrax, near its confluence witli the Sevrc, 25 miles N of Limoges. Lon. 1 24 E. lat. 46 12 N. Dorcheiter, the county -town of Dor- setshire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is a town of great antiquity, was formerly a city, and much larger, the ruins of the walls being still to be seen in some places. It has three churches, sends two members to par- liament, and is govcrnrd by a mayor. The streets are broad and paved, and n fine terrace-walk, planted with trees, almost surrounds the town. It has no manufactures, but is famous for excel- lent ale. At a mile's distance stands Miuden Castle, with intrenchments thrown up in the time of the Romans. It nves the title of earl to the family of Darner, and is seated on the river Frome, on a Roman road, eight miles N of Weymouth, and 120 W by S of London. Lon. 2 45 W, kt. 50 42 W. Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, which was a station of the Romans, and ruined in the wars with the Danes. It was the see of a bishop 500 years till 10R6, when William the conqueror translated it to Lincoln. It gives the title of baron to the family of Carleton, and is seated on the Tume, 10 mile» S E of Oxford, and 49 W N W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 W, lat. 51 39 N. Dordogne, a department of France, which includes tlie late province of Pe- rigord. Dorn, a village in a detached part of Worcestershire, three miles S E of Cumpdcn in Gloucestershire, where have been found abundance of Roman and British coins. Dornoch, a royal borough, the coun- ty-town of Sutlierlandshire, at the en- trance of a frith of the same name, over which it has a ferry to Tain. Part of the cathedral serves for a parish church ; the other part is in ruins. IC is a small place, and half in ruins, but was the residence of the bishops of Caithness. It is 40 miles N £ of In- vem«iss. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 5/ 52 N. Dorpt, or Dorpat, a town of Livonia, on the Ember, between the lakes Wo- sero and Pepas, 60 miles S of Narva. Lon. 27 52 E, lat. 58 18 N. Dortetthirt, a county of England, bounded on the S by the English chan- nel, on tlie N by Somersetshire and Wiltshire, (m the £ by Hanipshire, and on the W by Devonshire, and some part of Somersetshire. It is between 40 and 50 miles long from E to W, and 34 broad from S to N, and contains 34 hundreds, 22 market'towns, and 248 parishes. This county enjoys a mild, pleasant, and wholesome air, and a deep, rich, and fertile soil, finely diver- sified. Towards the N it is level, un- der the high lands that divide it from Somersetshire, where there are fine arable grounds that will yield large crops of difierent kinds of grain. But on the S from the borders of Hamp- shire by the sea-coast, for an extent of almost 20 miles in length, and in some places four or five in breadth, is an heatliy common, which renders this country less populous than it otherwise would be. From E to W run a viAfge of hills called tlie Downs, abounding witli sweet and short herbage, whieh nourishes a vast number of sheep equally esteemed for their flesh and fleece. The country is also very plen» tifully watered ; and in all respects so well suited both for pleasure and profit,, tliat it was distinguished by the Ro- mans above all others. llUa county ) O R n William the conqueror [) Lincoln. It gives the to the family of Carleton, I on the Tame, 10 mile* 1, and 49 W N W of Lon- W, lat. 51 39 N. , department of France, :s tlic late province of Pa- ige in a detached part of re, three miles S E of Gloucestershire, where nd abundance of Roman lins. royal borough, the coun- tlierlandshire, at the en- rith of the same name, has a ferry to Tain. Part Iral serves for a parish ather part is in ruins. IS ce, and half in ruins, but idence of the bishops of It is 40 miles N E of In- n. 3 48 W, lat 5/ 52 N. Oorpat, a town of Livonia, r, between the lakes Wo- as, 60 miles S of Narva. , lat. 58 18 N. , a county of England, he S by the English chan- N by Somersetshire and 1 the E by Hampshire, and t Devonshire, and some irsetshire. It is between les long from E to W, and (» S to N, and contuns 3* ! market-towns, and 248 his county enjoys a mild, d wholesome wr, and a nd fertile soil,finely diver- ards the N it is level, un- I lands that divide it irom re, where there are fine ^ds that will yield large ;rent kinds of grain. But m the borders of Hamp- sea-coast, for an extent of iles in length, and in some or five in br-adth, is an mon, which renders this populous than it othervrise From E to W run a ridger :d tlie Downs, abounding and short herbage, whim I vast number of sheep icmed for their flesh and E country is also very plen- red ; and in all respects so )0th for pleasure and profit,. distinguished by the Ro- all others, llii* county D O U yiclil.1 many and very v-iliiable com- modities. The quBri'ies in Purbeck and Portland supply stones of different qunlitics suited to various uses, and in prodigious quantities, together with .some very rich and beautiful marble. The best tobacco-pipe clay in England is also found in this county. Madder, iiemp, and flas, also thrive in many places, also grain of all sorts. The principal rivers are the Stour and Frome. Here is plenty of poultry of all sorts, swans, woodcocks, pheasants, partridges, (icldiiires, &c. It is dis- tinguished for its woollen manufac- tures, and its fine ale and beer. Dor- chester is tlie capital. See Portland and Purbeei. Don or Dordrecht, a city in Holland, famous for a protestant synod held in 1618, which condemned the tenets of Arminius. It is seated on an island of the Meuse, opposite that of Yssel- mond. It was detached from the mainland in 1421 by a flood occasioned by the breaking down of tlie dyke, which overwhelmed 70 villages and nbout 100,000 persons. In 1457, this city was almost entirely destroyed by fire. It was taken by the French in January- 1795. It is 10 miles S E of Kottei-dam. Lon. 4 48 E, lat 51 50 N. Dortmund, a strong imperial town of Westphalia, in tlie county of Marck, seated on tlie Emstor, 35 mUes N E of Cologne. Lon. 735 £, lat 51 26 N. Douay, a city of France in the de- partment of the North and late French Flanders. It is seated on the river Scarpe in a very pleasant and fertile country. The town is large and popu- lous, and exceedingly well fortified. You enter it by six gates, and the streets, from each of these gates, lead to the market place. It has a fine ar- senal, a foundery for cannon, a milita- ry school, a citadel, and three famous colleges. The great square in the cen- tre of the city, and tlic principal church, are wortliy of notice. It was taken by the French in 1712, after the suspen- sion of arms between Great Britain and France. It is seated on the river Scarpe, whence tliere is a canal to the Deule, 15 miles N W of Cambray. Lon. 3 10 E, lat 50 22 N. Doubt, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Franche Comt^. Doue, a small tovm of France, in the department of Maine and I and near it is a vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid rock. It is nine miles S W of Saumur. Dove, a river in Derbyshire, which rises in the Peak parts, the county from Stafliirdshirc, and falls into the Trent, four miles N of Burton. The Staflbrdshire canal is carried over this river in an aqueduct of 23 arches. Dovedale, one of the most romantic spots in Derbyshire, in tlic neighbour- hood of Ashbom. Here the r'ver Dove runs in a chasm between ptti- cipitous rocks. Dover, a seaport of England in the county of Kent, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, who are styled Barons of the cinque ports of which Do- ver Is the chief It is situate between two high clifls, on one of which is an ancient castle, £ from the town. It was repaired in 1756, and there are bar- racks in it for 3000 men. The town was once walled round, and had ten gates, but there now remain only three, and those much out of repair ; also seven churches, which are now reduced to two in the town and one in the castle ; and it was formerly deemed the key of the island. It is tlie station of the packet boats that, in time of peace, pass between Dover and Calais, from which it is distant only 21 miles. The harbour is made by a gap in tlie clifiii, whose height is truly sublime. Hence, in fine weather, is a prospect of tlie coast of France. Dover is 15 miles S E of Canterbury and 72 of London, Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 51 8 N. Dover, a post town of Strafford coun- ty. New Hampshire, lying on the river Cochocho, 12 miles N by W of PorU- moutli. Doner, the principal town of Kent county, Delaware, as well as the seat of state Government; situated on Jones' creek, near its junction with the river Delaware, about 36 m. S of New Castle. Here is a pest office, and about 800 inhabitants. This small town is neatly built ; the houses being mostly of bricks, and the streets dis- posed with regularity In the centre 18 a handsome square, on which the state house ana public ofllicea are erected. It lies in the lat of 39 10 N. and Ion. 7530 W. Doutro, or JDswv, » river In Spain, DOW D R A #. which rise* in OM Castile, in muuntains of Urhiitn. It runs W by Mrvf^ral towiiH, and crnRsini)^ P(>i'tii|rii|, lulls into tliu Atlantic Occun, near Oporto. Douglas, a to^vn in L«norknliirp, on a river of the aanie name tliut I'alU into the Clvfic ; alwve Lancrk. Hiic ii Doug'la.i CaNtIc, for many (ircs the resiclcMcc of the second hmii'y in Scot- land. A modern hiiildin}; Iiuh hocn erected on the same site, in imitation of the ancient caHtle. It is 37 miles S WofEdinbiirpli. Dou^lai, a seaport of the lile of Man, nearly at the same distance from the Kn^lish, Scotch, and Irish shores, and the host harbotir in the island. It is produces wwnj, a road on the E coast of Kent, between the N and S Foreland. It is a famous rendezvous tor shipping. See Gottwin Sandt. Dmmham, u town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Ouse, on which there is a bridge, and noted for the prodigiotis quantity of butter that is brought hither and sent to L(mdon, and known there by the name of Cambridge butter. It is 35 miles N E of Cambridge, and 86 K by E of London. Lon. 20 E, lat. 52 4(1 N. Dmmungtawn, a pleasant village in Chester county, Pennsylvania, 32 miles W of Philadelphia, and about the same distance E of Lancaster. Here is a |)ost office. Dotvnton, a borough in Wilts, with a market on Friday. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to ]>arliament, and is seated on the Avon, six miles S E f.f Salisburv, and 84 W S W of London. Lon. 1 36 VV, lat 51 0. N. Doylvs-unvn, a post town in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, about 26 miles N of Philadelphia. Dracut, « town of Middlesex county, Mass.ichusetts ; situated on the N side ofthe river Merrimack, about 35 miles N W of Boston. Here is a post oifice 51 1 miles from Wathingtem. Draguignan, a town of France, in the department of Var and lato prontice ) R A >ck. Lon. 76 E, lat. 19 niinty of Irplanil, in tlio Istcr, 43 milcR in liniftli, ule river of Ger- many, wliicli rises in the Tirol, niiis M-ross Carintliin, ami entering Stiriit « ontinucs its rourse bj Marpurg : then it runs along the contines of Srlavonia iitul Lower Hungary, passes by Esseck, ami a little after falls into the Uunuhe. Drayton, a town in Shropshire, with u market on Wednesday, seated on the river T()rn, which separates this coun- IV from Staflbrdshire, It is 17 miles N E of 8hrcwslniry, and 154 N W of London. Lon. 2 22 W, lat 52 54 N. Drentelburg, a town of Germany in the principality of Hesse. Lon. 857 E, lat. 51 23 N. Dretden, the capital city of the elec- torate of Saxony in Germany. It is Heated on the river Elbe, which divides it into two parts. One part is called Old Dresden, and the other the New Town, in the German language New Stadt They are joined together by a stone bridge, supported by 19 piers, 630 paces m length. It has a castle, a university and a magnificent church fur the Koman catholics, and the prin- cipal church for the protestants ; that of the Holy Cross, is also a noble structure. It is surrounded by strong and handsome fortifications ; and con- tains according to the latest accounts 1 10,000 inhabitants. AU the buildings of this city are constrticted with square free stone, and are almost all of the same height. They have stone from the neighbourhood of Pima, about ten miles from this city, which is readily hroiight down the Elbe. In general the liouses are high and strong; the streets kvidc, straight, well paved, clean, and well illuminated in the night; and tlicrc are large squares, disposed in such a manner, that Dresden may pass for one of the handsomest cities in the world. The elector's palace is a mag- nificent structure, and abounds in ma- ny valuable curiosities both of nature and art. The coljection of pictures is reckoned one of the finest tliat exists, and is valued at 500,000/. This city was taken by the king of Prussia in 1 745, but was soon restored : and a- gain taken by him in 1756, but retaken in 1759. It is 75 miles N W of Prague. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 51 N. Dretden, a town in Lincoln county, Maine, Ijing on the Kenebec river, about 50' miles N E of Portland. D R O Dreux, an ancient town of France, in the departnu'iit cturc in cloth for the uriiiy, and is 8eatcounded on the E by the Irish Sea, on the N by East Meath and tlie Irish Sea, on the W by East Mcatlt and KiUhtre, and on the S by Wicklow. Before the Union it sent ten members to the Irish parlia- ment. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, in a county of the same name, with a. bi- shop's see i Ncatedon the Litfcy, in v'wyi oftlic Irish sea on the E. Its form it thut of a square, two miles and a half ill extent on each side, and it contain* about 22,000 houses, whose inhabitanti are cslimnted nt 156,000. With re spect to its streets, Dublin bears a Mi^ar resemblance to London t some oC the ohl streets were formerly narrow, but great improvements have been lately maile, in regard both to conve- nience and embrliishment, and tlio new streets are wide and commodi- ous, the houses lofty, uniform, and elegant. Among these, un the N side of the river, are Gardiner's row, north Great George's street, -Cranby-row, Cavendish-row, and Palace-row ; the List three form a superb square, havinj; t!)c garden of the lying-in- hospital in the centre ; the old wall that encom- passed the garden has been lately ta- ken down ; there is now a full view of this delightful spot, surrounded with iron palisades, and upwards of 100 glulies with double burners disposed at equal distances, which, added to the globes from the surroimdinghnuacr, have a most brilliant cfl'ect. Among new the streets and buildings on tlie S side of the river, tliose wherein per- sons of distinction reside, lie chiefly to the eastward of the college and Stephen's green; which last, though it does not rank with the newbuildinga, possesses much grandeur and ele- gance, being one of the largest squares in F'lrope ■. it is an English mile in cir- cui. . ncc, surrounded by a gravel w Ok planted on each side witli treea ; within this walk is a smooth level mea- dow, having in the centro an eqiiei- trL-m statue of the late king : there ate several fine edifices, though almost all diflering in the style of their architec* ture. There are several magnificent squares, some of which are newly built. Among the principal public buildings arc tlie Castle (the residence of the viceroy) the Parliament Hotue, Trinity College, the Royal Exchan^, the Customhouse, the Royal Hospital | of Kilmainham for invalids, and Essex bridge, one of the five bridges over the Lifley, which bein^ banked inthroup;h I the whole length of the town, exhibits spacious and beautiful quays, where | vessels below the bridge load and un- load before the. tnercSants door? and I DUB c capital of IreUml, i» u c Biinii; name, with a hi- ..alca.miUel/iiUy.inviiw .caouthcE. Its Jornn, nun-, two milcH uml a li»» cad. side, ami it cotUuini (houneH, wl.oic ■»ih»l"tw»» cd at 156,000. With re , Btre. tH, Dublin bcM. » ,\ancc to London t lomc o* cts were formerly narrow, improvemcntH have been in vtirard both to conve. ' eml)*UiHl""«"». »"«! "'» , are wide and conimodi- ,„««* lofty, iinilorm, and \nioni? these, on the N swlc .. are Gardiner'ii row, north ;rire'» street, Cranby-row, .TOW, and Palarcrow s the form a miiKrb square, havinj . of t\ic lying-inhospital m , . the old wall that encom. .garden lias been lately ta- ;''tliere la now a fv"/'-.T ightful spot. »"'•'«"" I "^iS udca, an^l upwards of 100 ilh double burners disposed Stances. -I'icK/'lJ-d t.. i from the surroimdinghoustf, n„,t brilliant efiect. Ai«ong .trccts and buildings on the the river, those wherein per. fiistinction reside, lie chiefly astwai-d of the college and rjreen, which last, though rt rank with the newbuddin«, , much grandeur and eJe- ^.ngone of thelargest square. ., itlsanEnfflishTn.lemcir. [cc, surrounded by a gravel J,vea on each side wiU..-ee.i L walk is a smooth level mea- ving in the centra an eque.- ^,0 of the late king -.there we ,„c edifices, though almost aU ■ in the style of their arehiuc- here are several magnificent /'some of which are new^y Among the principal public peL Castle (the resuknc* ccrov)the Parhament House, College, the Royal Exchange, 'Souse, the Roy»V»-P;S ainham for invalids, and Essex loLofthe five bridges over the Lhicli being banked inthl^T, K length o?theto«ii,exhbi^ t and^eautiful quays, where [below the bridgeVda^dun. Iforc the merchants door? wo DUB wnreluHiscs : it i^t navigable as fur as Ksscvbi'i'lgc, This bridge was first l)iiilt in 1()81, and took ItH name from tilt' iinfoi'tuiute eai'l of Essex, then viceroy of Ircluiul. It w:is taken dovn in iri.i, and rebuilt in un elegant fnnn, ut'tcr the model of Wcstniiiislcr bridge, but much better pitiportioned, and un a more nccui-c foundation. It has live arrlies, the buttresses between which siipiiort scmicirculur niches that pro- ject from the parapet i there arc bal- liistrudes between these niches, and continued to the ends of the bridge wliich is commodiuusly flagged tor I'liot passages t the whole constructed with hewn stone in a very fine taste. There are four bridges besides this cls of case, 15 Roman-catholic ciiupels, »\x meeting-houses for Pres- livterians, one Anabaptists, four for Methodists, two for Quakers, a church tiir French Calvinists, a Danish and a Dutch church, and n Jewish syna- 1,'oviie. Christ-rhurch, or tlic Holy Trinity, built in 1038 by Donat bishop uf Dublin, is a venerable Gothic pile i and its present appearance evinces its antiquity. ' St. Patrick's cathedral is also a fine Gothic structure t it stands on the east »ide of Patrick street ; the monuments here arc more numerous thun ill Christ-church ; and tlic stce- |)le is the liighest in the city. St. Werburg'h's church was originally built in a very early age. In 1301, when a great part of tlie city was con- sumed by an accidental fire, tJiis church sutt'cred in the conflagration : it was burnt a second time in 1754, and re- paired in its present beautiful form in 1759. The front and steeple are ad- mired for tlieir elegance, lightness, and symmetry : the spire is a. fine octagon supported by eight pillars ; and a gilt bail terminates tlie whole, being 160 feet from the ground. The House of Commons was destroyed by fire in 1792, but is now rebuilt. The har- bour is choked up by two banks of sand, upon wliich at high water there is not above 17 feet ; which prevents vessels of large burden from going over the bar ; a defect which will be remedied, no doubt, by some fine pro- jected improvement . A canal has been made from the Lifiey, which communicates with the Shannon near Cloiiicrt. Dublin is 60 miles W of D U L Holyhead, in Wales, and 330 N \V of Loiidon. Lon. 6 6 VV, hit. 53 21 N. Dticit Cri-vi, sometimes called Salet- Ai/rr, a thriving town of Kent county, Delaware, 12 niiles N by VV uf Dover, and :28 S of New Castle. It has a post ofiicc, and about (JUO inhuhituiits. Dudly, a town in WontHterihirc, with u market on Saturday, uihI » great manufactiiie of nuils and otiier iron-wares, 'i'here is a church at each end of the longi.-st street. It ia ten mileH N W of Uirminghain and 1:20 r Lundon. Lon. 2 VV, lat 53 ^U N. Dueritatie. Sec Wici-Je-Duertlailf. Duiiu, or Doiiio, a seaport of Ger., mHiiy, in the dutcliy of Camiola, eight miles N VV of 'i'ricat Lon. 13 46 K, lat. 45 55 N. Duiiburg, a toMm of Westphalia, in the dutcliy of Clcves, witli a university, seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 miles N of Dusseldorf. Lou. j 50 K, lat. 51 2i N. Duitz, or Duytz, a. town of West- phalia, un the E side of the Rhine, op- ijositc Cologne. It is chiefly inhabited by Jews. JJuie ofTori't Itland, an island in the Soiitli Pacific Ocean, discovered by commodore Byron in 1765, lying N of the Friendly Islands. The ground was covered by land crabs, but no other animal was seen. Lon. 172 30 W, Ut. SOS. Duie (fTorft Itlaiui, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, lying between lord Howe's Group and the S £ point of New Ire- land. The natives go entirely naked ; arc stout, well made, and of a light copper colour. This island is a perfect garden, and produces, betle-nut, m.in- goes, bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are also dogs, hogs, poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen by cap- tain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this island, in Mar, 1731. Lon 152 42 E, lat. 4 7 S. Dulat, a village on tlie N £ side of the isle of Anglesey, much frequented on account of the com and butter trade, and for fern ashes. Dulderttadt, a town of Germany, in the dutchy of Brunswick. It is seated on the river Whipper, 1:5 miles E of Gottingcn, and 130 N E of Mentz. Lon. 10 14 E, lat. 51 28 N. Dulmen, a toMm of Westphalia, in the bishopric of Munster, ISmilesS W \.\ .■ :ii D U M of Munster. Lon. 7 4 W, lat. 51 47 N. Dulvtrton, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on a branch of the Ex, 24 miles E of Barn- staple, and 164 W by S of London. Lon. 3 30 W, lat 51 3 N. Dulwich, avillage in Surry, five miles S of Lonkon. Dumbarton, a borough, the capitid ot Dumbartonshire, seated at tlie conHu- enceofthe Leven and Clyde, witli a stone bridge over the former. Its prin- cipal manufacture is glass ; but many ofthe young women are employed in the print-fields on the banks ofthe Le- ven. Dumbarton Castle, in whicli a garrison is still kept, is a strong place, and in ancient times was deemed im- pregnable ; it is a vast rock, steep on every side, rising out of a plain to the height of 500 feet, and unconnected with any high ground for the space of a mile. It is almost surrounded by the Leven and Uie Clyde. Dumbarton is 15 miles W N W of Glasgow. Lon. 4 SO W, lat. 56 N. Dumbartomhire, or Lenox, runs far N among a cluster of hills, and is bounded on tlie S by the Firtli and riv- er of CJyde j on the E by Lanerkshire and Stirlingshire ; on the N E by Perth- shire and tlie Giampian-hills ; and on the W by Argylesliire and Loch Long. It is above 20 miles broad from E to W, and about 40 long from N to S. That part which lies to the E is very fruitful in corn, the other parts being hilly, feed vast flocks of sheep. Du7nblane, a villaire in Perthshire, remarkable for a battle, called the bat- tle of Sheritt'-mulr, between the duke of Argyle jvihI the rebel eiu-l of Mar, in 1715. At the upper end ofthe village IS a ruinous cathedral. It is 30 miles N W of Edinburgh. Dumfirmline, a borough m Fife- shire, which is a considerable manu- facturing town, and has fi good trade in linen goods, particularly diapers. Here was a magnificent abbey and pa- lace, where the princess Elizabeth, from whom the present royal family are descended, was born. Adjoining to this was a magnificent abbey, part of tlie remains of which now serve for a church. In this place were buried Malcolm and his queen, and several kings of Scotland. It is 1 5 miles N W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 27 W, lat. 56 5N. DUN Dumfriet, a town of Virginia, on ;h« river Potomac. Dumfries, a royal borough of Scot- land, capital of Dumfriesshire, plea- santly seated between two hills, on the river Nith. It is a regular well-built town, eight miles N of Solway Frith, and 30 VV N W of Carlisle. Lon. 3 29 VV, lat. 55 12 N. Duni/riss, a county of Scotland, which includes Annandale and Niddisdiilc ; it is bounded on the N by part of Ayrsliirc, T.anerkshire, Peeblesshire, and Sel- kirkshire ; on die VV by Selkirkshu-c and Roxburghshire ; on the S by the Solwav Firtli ; and on tho W by the counties of Ayr and Kircudbright ; ex- tending about SO miles in Icngtii and 30 in breadth. Eusdale is the most eastern division, and divided from An- nandalc bv Eskdale. Annandale lies on the banks' of the river Annan which runs through the middle ofthe county and falls into the Solway Firth, after a course of 27 miles. Ibis division is a stewarty, abounding with pastvre and pleasant woods, is about 27 miles long and 14 broad. Niddisdale or Nithdale receives its name from the river Nid, that passes tlirough it and runs into the Solway Firth ; this is the western di- vision, abounds in pastures and arable lands, produces abundance of corn, and some woods and forests ; gold has been found in some of its brooks after great rains. Its chief rivers are, the Esk, Annan, and Nid. Its chief towns are, Annan and Dumfries. Dumfries, a post tOMWi and port of entry, in Prince William county, Vir- ginia ; situated en Qjiantico Creek, which communicates with Potomac, about 25 miles below Alexandria, and 36 from Washington. Dunainond, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga. It is situated near the mouth ofthe Dwina, 15 mdes N W of Riga. Dunbar, a royal borough in Hadding- tonshire, seated near tiie German O- cean. It bas a good hai-bour, formerly defended by a castle. Under the i-ock, on which the castle stands, are two na- tural arches tlirough which -Uie tide flows : and between the harbour and tiie castle is a stratum of vast basaltic columns. Dunbar is remarkable for the defeat of John TJaliol's ai-mybyearl Warenne, in 1290, and for a victory gained by Cromwell over the Scots, m DUN friet, a town of Virginia, on Ihc 'otoinac. ifriea, a voyal borougli of Scot- lapital of Dumfriesshire, plea- ieated between two hills, on tlio Nitl). It is a regular well-built eight miles N of Solway Frith, VV N W of Carlisle. Lon. 3 29 :. 55 12 N. ifrku a county of Scotland, which Ls Annandale and Niddisdalc ; it iried on tlie N by part of Ayrshire, kshire, Peeblesshire, and Scl- ii-e ; on Uie VV by Selkirkshue oxburghshire ; on the S by the V Fivth ; and on the W by the es of Ayr and Kircudbright ; ex- ,ff about 50 miles in length and breadth. Eusdale is the most n division, and divided from An- le bv Eskdale. Annuudalc lies on anks of the river Annan which hroughthe middle of the county dls into the Solway Firth, after a e of 2r miles. I'his division is a irty, abounding with pasture and ant woods, is about 27 miles long i. broad. Niddisdale or Nithdale ves its name from the river Nid, )asses through it and runs mtothe ay Firth; this is the western di- ,, abounds in pastures and arable I produces abundance of corn, omc woods and forests j gold has found in some of its brooks after rains. Its chief rivers are, the Annan, and Nid. Its chief towns Annan and Dumfries. nnfrici, a post town and port of in Prince William county, Vir- situated en Qiiantico Creek, n communicatee with Potomac, ; 25 miles below Alexandria, and om Washington. ma')nond, a town of Russia, m the rnmcnt of Riga. It is situated the mouth of the Dwina, 15 miles of Riga. mbar, a royal borough m Hadding- lire, seated near the German O- It has a good haibour, formerly ided by a castle. Under the rock, hich the castle sUnds, are two na- ai-ches tlirough which .Uie tide 1 : and between the harbour and •astle is a stratum of vast basaltic tnns. Dunbar is remarkable for lefeat of John Tialiol's ai-my byearl enne, in 1290, and for a victory d by Cromwell over the Scots, m DUN 1650. It is 25 miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 W, hit. 56 12 N. JJuncannon, a forti'csa and town of Ireland, in tlie county of Wexford, seated on tlie river Ross, six miles E of VVaterford. Lon. 6 46 W, lat. 54 12 N. Diuidalt, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Louth, on a bay of the same name, 20 miles N N W of Droglitda. Lon. 6 17 W. lilt. 52 16 N. Dundee, a royal borough in Angus- shire, with an excellent harbour. Its situation for commerce is very advan- tageous. Trading vessels of the largest biu'den can get into the harboui- ; and (in tlie quay there are three very con- venient and handsome warehouses, built in 1756, as well as good room for HJup-buildiiig, wliich i.s cai'ried on to a large extent. The houses are built of stone, generally tlirce or four stories high. Tlie market-place or high street in the middle of tlie town is a very spa- cious oblong square, 360 feet long and 100 feetbroatl ; from wlience brancli out the four principal streets, whicli with ;i number of lesserones are all paved m the best manner. On tlie south side of the market-place stands tlie town-house, an elegant structure, with a v^ry hand- some front, piazzas below, and a neat spire over it 140 feet high. This build- ing was finished in the year 1734, and contains the guild-hall, t!ie courtroom, a very neat mason lodge, tiie bank, vaulted repositories fur the records, and the common prison, which is in the upper .story, and docs honour to tlie taste and humanity of tlie magistrates, under whose auspices it was construct- ed, being well aired commodious rooms at the same time .very strong and s'.*- cure. Each prison is 20 feet by 12, and 7 feet and a half high, well arched a- bove and below. Dundee, besides St. Andrew's church,ba8 4other churches, and five ministers on the legal esta- blishment. I'he old church, in which ware orginally four places of worship when entire, had been a very magnifi- cent building, with a Large square Go- thic tower or steeple 186 feet high, on tlie west end of the church. This building .was in the form of a cross, erected by David .Earl of Huntingdon, brother to William I. of ScoUand. 'I'his he did on his return from the third crusade, anno 1189, in gratitude f(jr his deliverance from several immi- nent dangers, and particularly from DUN shipwreck, by wliirii he had nearly perished when in sight of iJiis town. I'lic principal and sta|ih- ni:tniit'actiiics ai'e osnaburglis, sail-cl;)tli, of wiiicli in 1788 were uiaiuifacturiHl to the value ')f 112,587/.; tliis iii;iiu.factiirc has since the comincnccineiitol'llie present war incrt-ased to an enormous e.xteiit. A manufacture of cotton lias likewise been establisijcd, which has been car- ried on with considerable success for some yeiu-s past. The Dundee colour- ed tlii-tjads have been justly esteemed; indeed it was here that coloured thrci.da tii'st in.ide a figure among tlie articles of trade in Scotland. A sugar-house was also erecteil liere, but has been given up, as likewise a large glass- house, which was carried on for some years. The salmon-fishing in Tay is of much consequence, and the town is generally well supplied with fish off various kinds. The population in 1788 amounted to nearly 20,000, but the in- habitants have increased to 23 or 24000. It is seated on the N side of the Frith of Tav, 12 miles from its mouth, 40 N E of Edinburgh, 22 E of Perth, and 14 N W of St. Andi-ews. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. 56 30 N. Duneburg, a town of Livonia, on the Dwina, 90 miles S E of Riga. Lon. 27 OE, lat. 568 N. Dungannon, a town of Ireland, in th» county of T^Tone, 11 miles N N W of Armagh. Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 54 38 N. Duiigarmon, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, seated on Dungarvon Bav, 22 miles S W of Wa- terforil. Lon.' 7 29 W, lat. 52 6 N. Dungeness, a cape on the coast of Kent, eight miles S bv W of Romney. Lon. 59 E, lat. 50 52 N. Dunield, a town of Scotland, in the shire of Perth, seated on the N side of the river Tay, in a aitu.ition truly ro- mantic, under and among very high» and almost inaccessible crags, part na- ked, and part wooded. Its romantic situation, and the benefit of drinking goats whey, render tliis place the re- sort of much genteel company in sum- mer. It is the market town of tlie Highlands on that side, and carries on a manufacture of linen. The duke of Athol has a line seat here, skreened by the Grampian mountains. Hitt Gr.ice's seat is a modern building, and not large, with pleasant walks and ter- races, and neai' it is a fine cascade on the water of £ran, which in its way C c ■' \ ■ I' D UN D U R ^!*l from the western hills forms an aslon- isliingfaU of 150 feci, called the Rum- bling Brig, from a nurrow bridge made by the fall of two rocks across the stream. Here are also the ruins of a cathedral, part of wliich ancient struc- ture is now the parish church. Dun- kekl is 12 miles N of Perth. Lon. 3 36 W, lut. 56 35 N. Dur.tiri, a considerable seaport of France, in the department of tiie North and hite French Flanders. It was ta- ken from the Spaniards by the English fcnd ifrciicli in 1653, and put into the hinls of tlie Eiiiflisli, but sold to the Frciicli, by Chai-ies II. in 1662. Lew- is XIV. made it one of the best forti- fied prrts in the kingdom ; but all the Aast and expensive wm has a manufacture (f shalloons, tammies, and calaman- coes ; and around it arc grown larg^ quantities of the best mustard. Ne- vil's Cross, near the city, was erected in memor" if tlie victory obtained by queen Fhii.ppa, in 1346, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, who was ta- ken prisoner in this battle. Dur- ham sends two members to parliament ; is 14 miles S of Newcastle, and 257 N by W of London. Lon. 1 27 W, lat, 54 50 N. Durloct, in Schoharrie county, New-. York. Here is a post-office 449 nniles from Washington. Dursley, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursday, and a cas- tle, now in ruins. It is inhabited by clothiers, and seated near the Severn, 13 miles S W .!' Gloucester, and 107 W of London. Lon. 2 23 W, lat. 51 40 N. Durtal, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and hito province of Anjou, whose chief trade consists in tanning, Duiiy Bay, a bay of the Island of New Zealand, in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon. 166 18 E, lat. 45 47 S. DiuselJorf, a strong city, capital of the dutchy of Berg. It contains about 18,000 inhabitar^ts, including the gar- rison. Dusseldorf derives an air of dig., nity from its palace and gre^t church. The palace is now desar-ted and a soli, tary guard or two suggests the idea of departed magnificence. U contains however the invaluable collection of pictures, which is celebrated for its unrividled assemblage of Flemish proi ductions. A new town called Carl« stadt, is nearly completed. Itisdivi^* ed into six regular quarters that'epeQ into an exteiuiv« aquare ; «nd, fr«g» ■«?» EAR E A U the unifonnity of the biiildings forms ft , beautiful addition to tlie old city. Diis- seldorf was surrendered to the French i in 1795. It is seated on the river D«s- j sel, near thc.Rhine, 22 miles N W of Colotnie. Lon. 6 52 E, lat. 51 12 N. Duttitigen, a tt)wn of Suabia, with a castle, seated on a mountain. It is si- tuated on the Danube over wliirh it lias a bndije. It belon|»s to the duke of Wirtcniburg, and is 33 miles N W of Constance. Lon. 9 2 E, lat. 48 10 N. Duxbury, a sca])ol't town in Ply- mouth county, Ma.ssachusetts j situat- ed on Cape Cod Bar, about nine miles K » K'^™*'" A U he middle ; and in this 1 on which Btands Inni- town in Sussex, noted ihe birds called wlieat- pluce of resort for bttli- ated near the English les E S £ of Lewes, and ndon. /, an island in the Sotith n leagues in circuit. K stony surface, an iron- ind affords neither safe esh water, nor wood for , evident marks not only rigin, but of having been ago ruined by an er«p- E same that was seen by i : it was next visited by 1 1722, and again by cap- 1744. Lon. 109 46 W , ttieh, a seaport and post county, Rhode Island, 15 rovidence, and 14 K of on. im, a post town of MidiUe- Connecticut ; situated ott Connecticut river, 10 niiles dleton, and24 of Hartford. I town in Barnstable coun- usetts, situated on Cape la, 10 miles S of Wellfleet, miles by water from Ply- las a Tjost-office, and ac- st ccnsiis 700 inhabitants. See Loot, Eaet, and so ords tiiat have the same :ion. ; capital of Northamptort isylvania, situated on the ; river Delaware, 12 miles Ichem, and 55 N of Phila- e are a post office, a court and according to last ce«- ibitants. e principal town of Talbot ^land, standing on abranch river, near Chesapeak mileSSof Cintreville. post town in Urifttol coun- isetts, aboiit 12 tailes fi-om lii*rard. B, the most easterly cape on Sufl<)lk, and the N point bf ay. post town in Washmgtoh lie, 897 miles from Wa»h' ancient town of France, in ent of Gcrs and late ?«>* £ D D yince of Armagnac, IFMies f? W of Condom. Lon. 10 E, hx. 43 51 N. Eberbach, a town of Germany, tn the palatinate of tlic Rhine, remarkable for its wine. It is seated on the Nockar, 10 miles N E of Heidelberg Lon. 8 36 E, lot. 49 26 N. Eherberg, a castle of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, seated at the confluence of the Nahe and Alscn, 8 miles S W of Creutznach. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 49 38 N. Eberttein, a district and castle of Suabia, subject to the margrave of Ba- den. The castle is the chief place, six miles S E of Baden. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 4il46N. Eberttein, a town of Germany, in Al- Kace, ciprht miles S W of Sti-asburg. Lon. 7 46 E, lat. 48 29 N. Ebemille, a town of France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome and late province of Anvergne. It lately had a Benedictine abbey, which was very rich. It is seated on the Scioidc, eiglit miles NE of Riom. Lon. 3 15 E, lat. ■15 59 N. Ettro, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Santillane, in Old Castile, and watering Saragossa and Tortossa, falls into the MediteiTaiiean. Kcaterrintnilaf. See Catharhetistaf. Ecdefechan, a village in DumfVics- shire, noted for its great monthly mar- iict for cattle. It is 10 miles S E of Dumfries. Ecckthal, a town in StafTordstiire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on a branch of the river Sow, ahd the bishop of Lichfield and Coventry has a castle here. It is six miles N W of Stattbrd and 143 "f \ ondon. Lon. 2 9 W, lat. 53 2 N. Eehternach, a town of Austrian Lux- emburg, on the rivet SoUt, in a valley surrounded by mountains, 18 miles N E oI'Luxembttrg. Lon 6 33 E, lat. 49 50 N. Ecya, or Ezij a, an episcopal town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on the Zenil, 28 miles S W of Cordova. Lon. 4 27 W, tat. 37 39 N. Edam, a tow^ of New Holland, fa- mous for its red rind cheeses, and seat- ed ou the Zuider-Zee, 20 miles N by* of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 52 32 N. Eddystone, the name of some rocks in tile English Channel, which cause va- riety of contrary sets of the tide or cur- fpnt in tiieir vicinity. Tfcey are nttiate E D £ S S W from the middle of Plymouth Sound, at the distance of 14' mile». They are almost in the line %vhirh joins i the Start and the Lizard Points, and I their situation with regard to the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic is such, that they lie open to the swells of the bay and ocean from all the S W points, so i that all the heavy seas from the S W break upon Eddystone with the utmost fiifv. On the principal rock, (for the rest are unilcr wiitcr) Mr. Winstanley in 1696, undertook to buiki a light- house I and he completed it in 1700. Thig ingenious mechanic was so cer- tain of the stability of this structure, tliat he declared it was his wisl» to be in it during the most tremendous storm. Unfortunately, lie had iiis wish, it was clestroyerl in the dreadful storm, November 27, 1703, wlien he perished in it. In 1709, another built of wood, but on a different consti uction, w.ta erected by Mr. Rudyar)undat!on, is a solid bed of stones, engrafted into each other, and united by every means of additional strength. The building h.is four rooms, one over the otlier, and at the top a gallery and lantern. The stone floors are flat above but concave beneath, and arc kcptfV-om pressing against vhc sides of the build- ing by a f liainj let into the ^valls. It is nearly HUfeet high, and has been staiiil- ing 36 years, during which time it ha& been assaulted by the faxy of the ele- ments, without suffisring the smallest injury ; and, in all probability, nothing but an earthquake can dcstt«y it. Its distance fVom the Ram Head, the near- est point of land, is 12 miles. Lon. 4 24 W, lat. 50 8 N. Eden, a river which rises in West- moreland, on the confines of Yorlishire, arfd running N by Appleby and Car- lisle, fails into Sol way frith. Eiknton, a post town, port of cnttTT, and the capital of Chowan count;', N CaroUna ; situated near the head df Albemarle Sound, 18 miles N by E of Plymouth, on the opposite shore, 22 E of Windsor, and aooat die wum ^«i'r* ' E D I ttnce S by W of Hcrtfonl. It contitins a.ljo;it ISOJ i;ili'il)it.in: s, mkI lies in tlij l:4t. ol 35" 5:V N, it:iu Jt)n. of 77"^ jJ' W. JC.l^MtuV'ii, a ii.'sl town <)f Ditl.e's county, Mu»H.i(ii.i;iOLi* ; It is a poil ot entry, llic cuict L'lwn ol'ilic county, and tlif iaj)it:(iol i>la.-lli.t'a Vjiic\ ul'd : silu- ati 1 i:i tiie Im. of 41 iii N, !;:k1 Lu. ot 70 ,;u .V. L t^liiU, a vllla;^e in VVarwicksliive, ■whtjic ..10 first b:ialo was foiijflit be- Iwceii diaries I. and llie parliament, in 164'2- It is li inilfs S of Warwick. KlgeWiiic, a town in MiildlesL-x,\vitli E D I the parliamciilBi^oiisc, now occupied h/ till- courts of session uiul cxclicfiner. i he Idfiy roof of the great ludl, 12'Jfcct by 49, wiiicli lias been lately repaired and eiiibeihslicd, is much admired. In the Bqiiure iidjoimn)^, is a huiulsome eiiiK-strian statue of Cnarles II. The rtijVul Excimngp, on tlie opposite side of t;ie street, is an extensive building', foimded in liij; but not occupied as an Exchainfe ; ..ppositc to wliicli atoad tlie cross, i lie i'roii-CliiKCi, t'omidcd in Ibj/', has been lately i.i'K'.Lmizcd, ind bus a neat appearance. Tbe pa- ;'t o;i Tlisiraday, eight miles N lace v)f Holyroodiiousc forms a grand quadrangle, with a court ut the <;entre surriiunded by piazzas : t!ic N W tow- ers were built by James V. and the wiiolc was completed in the reign of Cliarles II. A spacious gallery here il !ivi:ig with the pictures of HI mon- arciis, from Fergus I. to James VI. tlie greatest part of them im.iginary. In the N \V tower is shown the chamber wiiere queen Mary sat at supper, when Hizzto was dragged from her side and murdered, and tiie ])rivatc staircase by wliich Kuthven entered with the assas- sins to perpetrate the ruthless deed. Adjoining are the magnificent ruins of an abbey, founded by Uavid I. in H28, and converted by Charles II. into a roy- al chapel. TbeNew Town is situated on the N side of tiic Old, on a.i elevated plain, from which the ground descends to the S and N with a gentle declivity. It forms an assemblage of very elegant and uniform streets and squares ; the most remarkable of which are Prince's street, George street, Qiieen's street, St. Andrew's square, and Charlotte square. The public buildings are the Register Office, a vast pile of modern architecture, uniting elegance and sta- bility; St. Andrew's Church, with an elegant slender spire i the Physician's Hall ; the Excise Office j and the Nevr Assembly Rooms. The communica- tion between the N and S parts of the city is facilitated by two noble bridges, the N bridge founded by Provost Drum- mond in 1763; and tlie S bridge, by provost Htinter Blair, in 1785. iJe- twcen the Old and New Town, consid- erably to the westward of the N bridge there' is also a commimication called the Earthen Mound, an immense pile of earth formed from the rubbish dug out of the foundations of the new hous- es. There are a number of public • Hi ..!' W ot i^.iiidon. Loll. (J 14 W, lat. 51 37 N- KMtijfen, a town of Germany in the palatinate of tlie ithiiie. A bloody bat- tle was fought iiere between the Prus- sians iind t.ie Frcncli i'l 1794, which terminated io favo'ir oi'i'ie French. Ediiiuur^h, tlic liicirjpolis of Scot- laii'!. situaii-d In a county of the same nam^. It may proj.erly be divided into the Old and Now Towns. The Old Town is situated on a narrow steep hill, about a mile in length, terminated abruptly on the W side by the cas- .tle, from which there is a gradual de- clivity to the palace of Holyrood-house, •which is placed in a beautif d plain cal- led St. Ann's Y.ird.s. From the level tif this plain, unA on each side of the ridge or hill on which tiie Old Town stands, riui two narrow vallies, nearly parallel to each other ; the southern one forms a street called the Cowgate, the northern continued a marsh till ve- ry lately, which was called the North Loch, but is now drained. 'I'he high- street whicli runs between the castle and Uolyroodiiousc, is long and spa- cious, and the houses arc very high. From this street ni.iny narrow lanes or closes run oil" at right angles, towards the N and S. The castle is seated on a vast perpendicuhu" rock, accessible only by a drawbridge on one side, and in ancient times was considered ns al- most impregnable. The apartment is still shewn to strangers where the un- fortunate Mary bro.igiit fjrth James VI. who afterwards inherited the crowns of England and Scotland. The regalia of Scotland are kept here, in what is called the crown-room. The church of St. Giles, on the high street, is very ancient. It is a fine Gothic structtire, and is at present divided in IP four churches. Near to this stands ' buildings in Edinburgh, beside? tho&e E D I BMHidusc, now occupied by of session uiul cxclief|uer. ofoftlic great hull, 122 feet ih lius l>cen ktely repaired slicd, la inucli iidinired. In iidjiiining', is a lutidsome statue ofCiiiirlcs II. The innpfo, on the opposite side t, IS ail extensive building', 1,'5J; but not occupied us fe i •.i)j)i)sitc to whlcli stood ihc 'rron-Chiirc.!, t'ouiidcd \a been lately iiiut'LHilzed, neiit appearance. The pa- ilyroodiiousc forms a gr;uid , with a court \\\ the <:entre , by piazzas : t!ie N W tow- )ullt by J Ames V. and the I completed in tlie reign of A spacious gallery here ii the pictures of 111 mon- r» Fergus I. to James VI. tlie irt of them ini.iginary. In Dwer is shown tlic clianibcr en Mary sat at supper, when 1 dragged from her side and and the iirivatc staircase by liven entered with the assas- rpetrate the ruthless deed, are the magnificent ruins of founded by Uavid I. in 1128, ■teKxiiin of the Ej^yptiaiis is tawny, ;ind llic fiirtlicr S llie darker, ■(> tliat tliohe nc»r Nubia arc aliiiost black. 'I'liey arc gcucriilly indolent Kiid cowardly : tlic riciiti- suvt do notltiiiif all day but drink col, of, smoke tobacoo and sleep; and tiicy are igno- rant, i)roud, hauj^bty, and ridiculously viiin. From Marcii to November, the heat, to an European, is almost insiip- [jortablei but tlie otbcr months arc more temperate. 1 be S winds ai-c by the natives called poisonous winds, or Ibe hot winds, of the deserts • they «re of such extreme heat and aridity, that no animated body exposed to it can withstand its fatal influeDce. Diir- in-j the three days that it gci^.i-ally lasts, the streets are deserted ; and woe to the traveller whom this wind BuriM'ises remote from shelter. It rains Ten- seldom in Egypt i but that want is fully supplied by the annual inunda- tion of the Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then they only harrow their com into it, and, in tbe following March, they have us vcars i many uf these have been brought to England, :ind were former- ly deemed of grc:a use in niedicinc. 'i'hc principal city i» Cairo. The an- cient kings governed Egypt, till Cam- byses became master of it, 5:J5 years li. C. anil in tucir time all those won- derfid structures were raised, which wa cannot behold without astonish- ment. 1 hese urc the pyramids, the lab^rintlis, the iinnicnse grottos of tlie I'hebais ; the obelisks, temples, and pompous palaces ; tlkc lake Moiris, and tJic vast canals, which served both for trade and to render the land fruitful. Afler this conquest Cambysea demol- ished the temples and persecuted the priests. After his dcatli, this country continued under the Persian yoke till the time of Alexander the Great, who having conquered Persia, built the famous city of Alexandria. He was succeedetl by Ptolemy, the son of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name succeeded each otlier, till Cleopatra, the sister of tlie last Ptole- my, ascended the tlwone s when E^pt became a Roman province, and cootinu- ed so till the reign of Omar, the se- cond calif of the successors of MfthoB- ct, who drove away tlie Romans, after it had been in their bands 700 years. When the powerof the califs declined, Saladine set up the empire of the Main- louks, which became so fiowcrful in time, that tluy extended their domin- ions over a great part of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Egypt was then con- quered by Sellm, a Turkish emperor, and g^eat mimlicrs of its ancient in- habitants withdrew into tlie plains. An attempt was then made to tlcprive the Ottoman I'orteaf its authority over Egyjit by Ali Bey, who having been for some time extren>ely rortin>ate, was at last defeated and killed in 1773. Egypt has been since torn by civil wars between the adherents of Ali, awl other beys or princes, wlio rose on hij* ruins. Alternately expelled from Cai- E G Y to a hen, or any oUie;- ank, instantlv bit ami luUcA pxraiiiids of EK.vpt. me I trRVcliers ; the lurgesi; ac;v» of grouiKl, ar.d is. e rc»t, biult upon a rock lo caverns, out of wliicU niumnucs, or cmbalniea wliicli are foimil i" >;<>t- ,rtii in niclics of the wiUls, itnuicd tlicrc at least 400(> ,v of these have been ;;>iflanil, unci were former- ii OTcia use in Ti\cdiciiic. a citv r» Cairo. The an- rovcvncd Egypt, fiU Cam- nc ni!.«U-r of it, 525 vear» , t'ui ir time all those won- •tu'/es were raised, which »;clio\d witliout astomsli- se ure tlie p>Tamids. the il,e ln.mcn.ic K''"""* "' ^^, he obelisks, temples, and ilticesi tlw lake Mains, and nals, which aerved both for „ render the land fru.tftt . conquest Cambyaea dcmol- emples ami persecuted the ,fler his dcaUi, this country under the Persian yoke tiU of Alexander the Great. ,p conq«erei'<)i-ecdc(l toKosetta and Cairo, whlcli tlu-y took without much diHiculty. 'Jlity would probably imve subdued tlie whole country, anil Hnally over- luriied the 'I'urkish enii)ire, had not their proffresi been arrested at Sit. John d'Acre, by the gallant Sir Sidney Smith, who detondcd that inconsidera- ble place with such ijivincilile courage jind skill, that the enemy were com- pelled after innumerable desperate at- tacks to abandon the attempt. They were shortly afterwards deserted by tlieir commander, who has returned to I'rancc. A treaty lias since been en- tfivd into by Sir Sidney Smitli, which has not met with, the approbation of the British govc nment. Es}ften, a ^own of Poland in the dutchy of Couriand, 100 miles S E of Mittau. Lon. 2640 E, lat. 56 2 N. Ehigen, the name of two small towns of Suuoia, the one near the Danube, and the other on the Neckar. They Ik-Ioii}; to the house of Austria. The Jormer is in lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 18 N. xnd the latter in lon. 8 45 E, litt. 48 25 N. Ehrenbreitttein, a very ancient castle, in the electorate of Treves, on the E liankofthc Rhine, opposite Coblentz. It stands on the summit of a stupen- dous rock, not less than 800 feet above tile level of the river, and is thought, when supported by a competent gar- rison, to be impregnable. It has a rouimunication with Coblentz, by sub- terraneous passages, cut out of tlie so- lid rock; and is plentiflilly supplied 'uajth water from a well 280 feet deep, 'rae prospect from this castle is ma- jestic, extensive, and variegated ; and liie stream at its foot is decorated with two small islands, on each of which is a convent. In the vale of Ehrenhreit- stein, is the old palace of the elector. 'I'his forti'ess was besieged by the French, in 1796, above three months ; Imt on the 17th of September, tlie Austrians comjielled them to retreat. Eimeo, one of the Society Isles, in the South Pacific Ocean, lying near Ota- 'nite, and visited by Captain Cook in Wis last voyage. luinb'd-. a town of Germam, in the E L B territory of Grubephapcn, 25 mites S of Hihlesiitini. Lon 10 E, lat. 51 46 N' AV/niW/M, n town of Swit/ciland, ia the canton of Si hwitz. It it situated on the river Siiil, between the lol'ty nioiMitains, whose distant scniniits are. covered with snow. ELlet'cii, a town of Germany, in the county of Mansteld, famous as the birth-jilure ofl.utlier. It is {i\e niilps Br of Mani-leld. Lon. l;i 16 L, lat. 51 42 N. Eimuich, a town of Tliurinfjria, cu|iital of a district cf tiie same name, with a celebrated college, 36 miles \V of Er- furt. Lon. 10 ^5 t, lat. 30 59 N. Eiilitn, or Ythan, a. river in Aber- deenshire, which crosses that county in a S E direction, and falls into the British Ocem at Ncwbnr(fh. Ekerefo'i, a town of Denmark, in the uutcny of Sleswirk, seated on th» Eahic, 12 miles S E of Sleswick. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 54 5ti N. Elba, an island on the coast of Tus- cany, remarkable for mines of iron and loadstone, and quarries of marble. £/^iiMa'io, a town of Albania, 45 mile» SE of Durazzo. Lon. 20 9E, lat. 41 34 N. £/Ac, alai-ge river of Germany, which rises in the mountain of the' Giants, on tlie confines of Bohemia and Silesia ; flows to Koningsgratz, Leutzmcritz, Dresden, Dessaw, Meissen, Wittem- berjj, Magdcberg, Hamburg, and Gluckstadt, and enters the German Ocean, at Cruxhaven. It is navigable for large ships to Hamburg, which \» 70 miles from the sea. Etberton, the principal town and seat of justice, in Elbert county, Georgia, 23 miles N W of Petersburg on the Sa- vanna river, and 30 S E of CarnesviUc. It has a post-office, court-house, gaol, &c. Elbeuf, a tovm of France, in tlie de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy. It has a manufac- ture of cloth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 mile* S of Uoucn, and 65 N W of Pa- ris. Lon. 1 8 E, lat. 49 19 N. Etbing, a strmg town of Western Prussia, in the lalatinate of Marien burg. It carries on a considerable trade, and is si ated near tlie Baltic Sea, 30 miles S xi of Dantzic, and lOO N by VV of Warsaw. Lon. 19 35 E, lat. 54 9 N. Elbogcn, a town of Bohemia, eapttal" of a circle of the same name, with a ci- tadel, on the river Eger, 16 milies N E ofEgra. Lon. 13 E, lat. 5a 16 N \i u Ulburg, a town of Uiu United Provin- ces, in GiiclderlitncI, on tlie L coast of the Ziiidcr-Zec. ten niiku N £ of Har- derwick. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 30 N. Klcatif, :i bC'U|M)i't of Arabia I'clix, on tlie W coast of the gulf of I'crsia, ;>U0 miles S of Basiioru. Lon. Si 5 £, !at. 26 N. A'/c/k-, .» town of Spain, in Vulcncia, 20 miles S W of Alicant. Lon. 2J W, hit. 38 7 N. Eltphauta, an island on the W coast of the Dcccan of HindiNistan, five miles from the castle of Bonil)ay. It contains one of the ini..,i incxplicitblc utitiquitics in the worid. It in about three miles in compass, and consists of iilinost all hill, at the foot of which as you land yon see the figure of an ele- phant, of tlie nutural size, cut coarjely in stone. An easy slope then ler-ds to the portal of a magnificent temple, hewn out of tiic solid rock. It is an nblon)j^ square, 80 feet long, luid 40 broad. 'I'hc roof which is about 10 feet high, is cut flat, and is supported by regular rows of pillars, with capi- tals resembling round cushions, as if pressed by tlie incumbent mountain. At the further end are three gigantic figures, which were mutilated by the absurd zeal of the Poi-tuguese, when this island was in their possession. Elephanta was ceded to the English by the Mahrattas. Eleuthtt, a kingdom of Tartary, ly- ing to the N W of Chinese Tartary. It was c<.mquered in 1759, by the empe- ror of China. Sec Kalviuci*. Elgin, the county-town of Murray- iiUire, pleasantly seated on the river Lossi. Hei-e are many larg^ old build- ings erected over piazzas. Its cathed- ral, founded in 1224, was one of the most magnificent Gothic structures in Scotland. Its magnificent ruins ^auffi- ccjfitly prove its former grandeur. It is I've miles S of Murray Frith, and 37 E oflnvemess. Lon. 3 15 W, lat. 5737 N. Elghinhirt. See Murraythire. EUzabeth'i Itlmd, an island on the coast of Massachusett'a Bay, having Cape Cod to the N, and the island of Nantucket to the E. The natives are chiefly employed in the fisheries. Lon. 69 3 W, lat. 42 N. Elizabethtcmn, a town in Essex coun- ty, New Jersey, six miles S of New- ark, lONof Amboy, and 16 by land W of New York. It is a post town and the «cat «{*> respectable coUcge. ELM EUzahtthtovin, a post town of Kit. sex rounty, New-York \ situated on the ^V siili- of lake Champhiine, alxnit l.lU miles N o** Albony, aiul containinj; about 900 inhabitants. Elizabethtauin, a |>«)st town of Lan. raster ciiunly, Pennsylvania i seatett at the moutli of Conew.igo creek, aboulT 18 miles N W of the borough of Lan- caster, containing 600 inhabitants. Elizabetlitovin, a post town in Wash- in^'lon cotuity, Peimsylvania, situated on the E aide of Monongahela river, about 12 miles abovu its junction with the Ohio, and tliC same distance S by £ of Pittsburg. Etizabethtmun, the principal town ot Washington county, Maryland (some- times called Hagerstuwn) seated on Antietam cr'-ck, 26 miles N W of Fred- ericktown, and 14 N of Sharpsburg; having a post ofi)<'C osid containing about 2000 inhabitants. Elkhohu, a seaport af Sweden in Blckingcn, seated on the Baltic, 24 miles \V of Carlcscroon. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 56 20 N. Elkton, a post town, and the capital of Cecil county, Maryland ; seated on Elk river, at the head of navigation, at tlie distance of 10 miles E by N from Charleston, and 45 S W from Phila- de1))liia. It is the cntreportof a conai- ilerable trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia, being the general ren- dezvous of the regular stages that tra- vel between the two cities. EUerena, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estramadura, 54 miles N of Seville. Lon. 5 20 W, lat. 38 26 N. EUertntre, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Tueaday. It is seat- ed on a large mere, in a small but ftr^ tile district of the same name, 16 milea N N W of Shrewsbury, and 176 N W of London. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 52 53 ^ EUichpour, the capital of the W part of Bt^rar, in the Decern of Hin- doostan. It i» a fine city subject to the nizam of the Deccan ; and is 395 miles N£ of Bombay. Lon.77 46£,Ut. 21 13 N. Ellinille, a small post town in Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, \SA miles from Waihington. Ehnadia, or Makadia, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, aeated on the gulf of Capes. It is surrounded by the sea, is well fortified, and has a good har- bour. It was taken by the emperor Charles V. but retaken aooD after. Lon. 8 47 W, lat. 35 4 N. ; L M M, a post town of Ei- Jew-York I »ituatcd on ittkc Ch»mpliui»e, hImhU ♦• Albuii) , aiul eoiitaininif ibitunu. vn, a post tovm of I.an- Pennsylvania i aeatetl at Conewftgo cn-ck, abouC ■ of the bmoviuli of Lan- ning 600 inhabitants, un, a post town in Wash- Pennsylvania, situated ■' of Mo'nongahcla river, E» abova its junction with I Uic same Uistajwe S by E iwn, the principal town ol county, Maryland (some- Hajterstown) seated on -ck.26milesNWofFrcd. iind 14 N of Sharpsburg i ist offi'C a:id containuig inhabitants. a seaport of Sweden in inated on the Baltic, 24 Carlcscroon. Lon. 14 50 post town, and tlic capital nty, Maryland; seated on t the head of navigation, ice of 10 miles E by N from and 45 SW from Phila- t is the entreportof a conai- ie between Baltimore and a, being the general ren- the regular sUges that tra- 1 the two cities, an episcopal town of Spwn, iura, 54 miles K of Sevdle. W, lat. 38 26 N. t a town in Shropshire, ket on Tuesday, ."t***"*- re mere, in a small but ftr, of the same name, 16 miles Shrewsbury, and 176 N W Lon. 2 52 W, lav. 52 53* the capital of the W :«r, in the Decctn of Hm- it is a fine city subject to the ,e Deccan j and is 395 miles bay.Lon.7r46E,Ut.2112N. r, a small post town in Cu^ 'ounty, Pennsylvama, IW 1 Wathington. i, or Mahar^ia, a town oft** f Tunis, acaUd on the guU It is surrounded by the sea, tified, and has a good har- vaa taken by the emperor ' but retaken soon »««•■• W, lat. 35 4 N. par. E L T ]:lme, St. a castle of the i*ile of Mai t a, seated on a rock near the city of Vuletta, at the mouth of a very tine harbour. Elmo, Fnrt, St. a fortress of France, in the department of tlie Eastern Py- renees. It surrendered to the Spani- ards in 1793, but wa.s retaken in i7i)4. It iii seated on the river Tct, five miles N of Colioih'e. Elora, See DoviLitabad. Elfthin, a town of Ireland, in the rounty of Roscommon, and the see of a bishop. Elrich, atradingtown of Upper Sax- ony, formerly the capital of the county of Klettenburg. Ehimburg, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, seven miles E of Elsinore. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 56 N. EUinore, a seaport of Denmark, sea- ted on the Sound, in the isle of Zeiiland. It is the most commercial place in Denmark, next to Copenhagen; and contains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are a considerable number of foreign merchants, and the consuls of the prm- cipal nations trading to the Bultic. The passage of the Sound is guarded hy the castle of Cronborg, situate on the edge of a peninsular promontory, the nearest point of land fVom the oppo- site coast of Sweden. Every vessel, US it passes, lowers her top-sails arid pays a toll at Elsinore. The constant ilischar{;« of the toll, is not so much owing to the strength of the fortress as to compliance withthe public law of Europe. All vessels, beside a small duty are rated at one and one fourth /wrcMt. of their cargoes, except iheEn^'- lish, French Dutch, and Swedish, which pay only one per cent, and, in return, the crown takes the charge of construct- ing lighthouses, and etacting signals t* marii the shoals and rocks, from the Categate to the entrance into the Baltic. The tolls of the Sound, and of the two Belts, produce an annual re- venue of above 100,000/. Lon. 13 23 E, lat. !!6 N. See Crmborg, Ehtirutn a town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Wortsburg, on the river Maine. Lon. 10 Si E, kt, 50 8 N. Elfham, a town in Kent, with a mar- ket on Monday, eight miles S cf Lon- don. Hei% aM to be seen, tlie ruins of a pidace, iA trhieh Ed^rurd II. often re- sided, and his son, John of Eltham was born. Its sutely hall, (till entire is converted into * btfn. E M B Ti HI' Elt/yr. See Tor. Eltz, a town of Germany, in the bi- shopric of Hildeshcim, scutcd on the LeiMu, 10 miles S \V of KiUlcshcim. Lnn. 10 5 E, Int. 52 5 N. Etvai, a strong frontier town of Por- tugal, in Alcntejo, with a eustle and bishop's see. The streets are hand- some, and the houses weH-built. Hert; is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough for the town for six months. It is brought by a magnificent aqueduct, three miles in length, which, in some places, is supported by four or five arches, one upon another. On the side of it is a forest of olive-trees, three miles in length, among which are widks and fine fountains. Elvaa was bombar- ded by the French in 1706, to no pur- pose. A royal academy, for young gen- tlemen, wr>s founded here in 1733. It is seated on a mountain, near the Giia- diana, 50 miles N E of Evora, and 100 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 58 43 K. Elviangen, a town of Suabia, with k chapter, wliose provost is a ]>rinoe of the empire and lord of the town. It is seated on the Jaxt, 17 miles S E of Halle, and 25 S W of Anspach. Lon. 10 28 E, lat. 49 2 N. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, with a bishop's see, and a market on Satur< day. It is seated on the Ouse (which is navigable hence to Ljun) irt the fen- ny tract called the isle of Ely. The assizes are held here once a year only. It is a county of itself including the ter- ritory ai-ound it, and has a distinct civil and criminal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head, in the same nmnnei^ as the bishop of Durham is of that county. It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean place. It is 17 miles N of Cambridge, and 68 N by E of Londo.v Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 24 N. Ely, Itle of. See CambridgeMre. Embden, a strong town of^Westpha* lis, capital of E Friesland, with a good harbour. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is seated at tlie mouth of the Embs, opposite Dollart Bay, 23 miles N E of Groning^n. Leu. 7 5 E, lat. 53 26 N. Embo, a village near Brora, on th. I, M K, lat. 41 .> I N. Kmha, u liM'l- (if Wt'htjiliulia, vvliirli rises ill llif county of I, ip|)i', und falls into the Dollart, it buy of tilt- Gcriniiii Ofouii, near Enilxlrn. Kmttui, a town of Syria, in the po- vcrnniiiil of Dami.sciis. 'Micic arc Btill noble niins, t'lat sliow it was nn'-icntly a niajfiiilicciit city. Kminrrkt, a lai-jvc city if Germany, in tlic I)..liliy of Clc\c>i. It carries on a c,on«iili rablc trade witli Holland, and is seated ne;.r the Uliinc, cii',!it niiii?a E of C!evcs. Lon. 6 4 K, lat. .'Jl 4.5 N. £iiiiiii:t.:iiwf;, a po,st town of Freder- ick county, Maryland, about li! miles N W from Taiie_\to\vn, wid ubout 50 inllics;ine direction from Baltimore. EiiKixr, or Jliinneii, an isluiul of Chi- na, Iv iiig' oil' the coast of the province of Fo'kien. It is celebrated lor its port, which is inclosed, on one .side, by tlie ishind, i.nd on the other by the main land, anil in so extensive, thai it can contain innny thousands of vessels j and 60 deep, that the largest ships may lie close to the id. ore without danger. This island is i)arliciilarly celebrated {in account of tin- magnificence of its principal paijod, dedicated to their god To. I.on. lUiLV E, li>«. 24 3 N. Kvipnti, a tov.'ii of '1 U3cany, with a hisliop's see, seated on the Arno, 1" ■miles S W of Florence. Lon. \\ 6 E, lat. 43 42 N. Eiichuu.scn, fi seaport of N Holland, nil the ;er Inn, from its source to the Tirohrse. Upj" r Engadina is a beautiful valley i jet, on account of its elevation, produces noth- ing but rye and hailcy. The winter sets ill early, and even in suinnier, the air is cold" and piercing, uml the corn occasionally much damaged by the hoar-frost. Eiigen; a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, capital of a coun- ty of the same ntinic. It is seated on tiie Rhine, 11 miles N of Coblciitz. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 50 35 N. Enghien, a town of Austrian Ilain- ault, near which was Itiught the famous battle of Stccnkirk. It is 15 miles S W of Brussels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 42 N. Eii^'ia, on Ei'giiia, an island of Tur- key in Europe, in a gidf of the same name, betweei, Livadiaund the Morea. There is a town upon it of the same name, 22 miles S of Atlicns. Lon. 23 59 E, lat. 37 45 N. Eiig/and, the south and most consi- derable part of the island' of Great Britain, hounded on the N by Scotland, on the N E and E by tbS» German Ocean, on tlie S by the English channel, and on the West by St. George's cUoq- nel, the principality of Wales and tlie Irish Sea. It is of a triangular form. From the South Foreland in Kent, which may be termed the E point of the triangle, to Berwick upon Tweed, which is the N. its Ipngth in a straight line, is 345 miles; fi-om that point to the Land's End, in Cornwall, which is the V/. it is 435! ,tnd the breadth thence Xp the South Foreland is 340. The face of the country in England, afibrds all tbcit beautiflil variety which can be fo»md in the most extensive tracts of tlie globe. In some parts, verdant plains extend as far as thf ey§ ■• : fu^vt m . »|I PV ' K N G E N G E N G kr M.ii'lar. It con^tUlf K.dcii lioiiMCR, wliirli uvr mik-H W ot'Stocklioliii. Lit. 52 45 N own ill MidillcNrx, with .i >utiir«lny. It wtiK (iiKc fi4. fxtfii.sivf rojal ciiiisc, dis- 1779. Mere whs h i'on.iI rev E(l\v.4nl VI. wint in > tl.c '|i>wi'i', (III liis imcTH. irone, wmrli i:t inw t;iki'u 1(> miles N of London IM. 31 n iN'. roiiiiiry oC tlio Gri.ion.H, !iiMs oi'tlic Alps. It is di- L'ppi'P ami LoMci', ixtciul- hunks of the ii^cr Inn, cc to the Tirohrsc. U|>|)i r a heuiitifvil vuHey ; }et, on s elevation, pro(hiccii notli- and l)arley. 'rlic winttu' , and even in sninnier, the and ])icrcin(r, mi, I tlio corn liiiich duniu^ed hy the town of Germany, in the ■ Treves, eupital of a coiin- ne name. It is seated on 11 miles N of Coblciitz. lat. 50 35 N. a town of Anntrian Ilnin- hich was tbu)(ht the famous cnkirk. It is 15 miles S \V Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 4'J N. I l''.»gina, an island of Tur- opc, in a gulf of t)ie same L-ei, Livadiaund the Morea. town upon it of the same liks S of Athens. Lon. 23 7 45 N. the south and most consi- t of the island' of Great nded on the N by Scotland, E and £ by the German le S by the English channel, kVest by St. George's cboQ- ncipality of Wales and tlic It is of a triangular form. Soutli Foreland in Kent, be termed the E point of , to Berwick upon Tweed, : N. its Ipngtii in a straight miles ; fram that point to Snd, in Cornwall, which is is 435; ;ind the breadth he South Foreland is 340. if the country in England, l}cit beautiful variety which fid in the most extensive le globe. In some parts, ns extend as far as tb^ eyQ r»nre«<;h, watcrcil by copious streams, nnd lovcred hy innumerable cattle. In otliiTit, the plcaHing viciNHitiulcs of pntly-risiiig lulls and bending' valc^, ii'i'lile in corn, waving with wikhI, and iiit clo;thcd with so beautiful and lasting a verdure : but the harvests, <*s|)eciany in the northern parts, frequrnily huIIct IVoni unseHSonable rams; and tlie fruits often fall short of their perfect maturi- ty. The rigours of wintci-, however, as well as the parching heats of sum- mer, ar<> felt here in a much less de- gree than in parallel climates on the continent ; a circumstance common tn all islands. While the seaports of Hol- land and Germany are every winter liu'kcrl up with ire, those of England, and even of Scotland, are never known to sutler this inconvenience. The wes- tern side of the kingdom, receiving first the great clouds from tlic Aii-.ntic Ocean, which arc afterward irterci'jjt- cd in their passagi-. by the miildle ridge of hills, is considerably more ex- {losed to ruin than the eastern ; but the atter is more frequently involved in fogs and mists. 'I'hc whole country, some particidar spots excepted, is suf- ficiently healthy ; and tlie natural long- evity of its inhabitants is equal to that of almost any region. All the most va- luable productions, both animal and vegetable, of liis country, have been imported fnni the continent, and have been kept u|)iind improved by constant attention. Originally, this great island seems to have been, like the wilds of America, overrun with wood, and peo- pled only by the inhabitants of the for- est. Here formerly roamed the bear, the wolf, and the wild boar, now to- tally extirpated. Large herds of stags ranged through the woods, roebucks bounded over the hills, and wild biUla grazed in the marshy pastures. By de- grees the woods were destroyed, in or- der to make way for cultivation ; the marshes were drained ; and the wild animals, invaded in their retreats, gra- dually disappeared, and their places were supplied by the domestic kinds. England now possesses no other wild quadrupeds than some of the smaller kinds ; such as the fox, the vvild cat, the badger, the marmot, and others of the weasel kind ; the otter, the hedge- hog, the hare and rabbit; the squirrel, dormouse, mole, and several species of the rat and mouse. On the other hand, every kind of domestic animal, import- ed from abroad, has been reared to the greatest degree of perfection. The horses are to be foimd in England of all sorts and fit for all kinds of sygrice. for the saddle, the race, and the car- riage, all equally good thoug'li of yen "W ^v^. E N G different natures, some small and har- •ly, others large and strong; so that 4sses are but little and mules still less Mscd. The horned cattle have been iirougljt to the largest size and the greatest justness of shape. The differ- ent; races of sheep in England are vari- ously distinguialied, either for uncom- hion size, goodness of flesh, and plenty or fineness of wool. The deer of our parks, which are originally a foreign breed, are superior in beauty v,f skin, ihe delicacy of flesh, to those of most countries. Even the several kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of courage, strength, and sagacity rarely to be met with elsewhere. The im- provement ill the vegetable products of this island is not less striking than in the animals. Nuts, acorns, crabs, and a few wild berries, were almost all the variety of vegetable food which our woods could boast. To foreign coun- tries, iind to the efforts of culture, we are indebted for our bread, the roots and greens of our tables, and all our garden fruits. The barley and hops for our malt liq»iors, and apples for our ci- der, are equally the gifts of other lands. The meanest labourer is now fed with more wholesome and delicate aliments than the pettj' kings of the. country tould obtain in its savage and unculti- vated state. The rivers and seas of England are stocked with a great va- riety offish, which yield a plentiful ar- ticle of provision to all ranks of people. The river fish are in many parts dimin- ished. But the sea is an inexhaustible source ; and every exertion of industry to procure food from thence, is amply repaic. The fisheries, at present, are A SjTeat object of attention ; and the wlioie sea-coast is enlivened by numer- ous inhabitants, who gain their chief ■ubsistence from the deep. The man- ufactures and commerce of this coun- try are so vast, extensive, and various, tliat a particular account of them would lead us beyond our limits. In the woollen, cotton, and hardware manu- factures, in particular, it has long main- tained a pre-eminence ; and, though nat\ire has denied it the rich fruits of other countries, yet the manufacture, if it may be so called, of home-made wines, in imitation of all the varieties of the foreign, has been brougitt to an wicommon degree of perfection. Th,e government of England is a limited mo- luirchy ; the legistotive power residing E N G in the king, lords, and commons ; and the executive in the king, the great of- ficers of state, the judges, and all the inferior gradations of magistracy. The civil division of the country is into cir- cuits, and shires, or counties ; these last are subdivided into wapentakes, or hundreds, and parishes. The cir- cuits are six in number, and in each of them, for the most part, two of the judges administer justice twice a year. They are, 1. The Home Circuit, con- taining the counties of Kent, Surry and Sussex. 2. The Norfolk Circuit, con- taining the counties of Bucks, Bedford, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Suffolk, and Norfolk. 3. The Oxford Circuit, con- taining the counties of Oxford, Berks, Gloucester, Worcester, Monmouth, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford. 4. The Midland Circuit, containing the shires of Warwick, Leicester, Derby, Not- tingham, Lincoln, Rutland', and North- ampton. 5. The Northern Circuit, con- taining the counties of York, Durham, Northumberland, Lancaster, West- moreland, and Cumberland. 6. The Western Circuit, containing Hants, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. Two other counties, Mid- dlesex, and Cheshure, are not included in any circuit. The established reli- gion, as contained in the 39 articles of the Church of England, is Calvinism; but these articles are interpreted, by the clergy in general, according to the more liberal principles of Arminius; and all other religions are tolerated. I'he ecclesiastical division of England is into two archbishoprics, called the provinces of Canterbury and York. That of Canterbury contains the dio- ceses of London, Winchester, Bath and Wells, Bristol, Chichester, Ely, Exe- ter, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield, and Coventry, Lincoln, Norwich, Ox- ford, PeterbormJgh, Rochester, Salis- bury, and Worcester, besitle the four Welsh bishoprics of St. David, Bartgor, Landaff, and St. Asaph. The proviiM« of York contuns the dioceses of Dvf- bam, Chester, and Carlisle, and that of SodorandMan. Every prelate of tfie sees enumerated, that of Sodor and Man excepted, has k seat in the home of lords. London is' the Capital, nai the metropolis also of ttf i«1iofe British empire. #*■ ; England, JVmv, H^ltUMty of Notth America, bounded oil the N by Canada, on the £ by N«w Btmnwhcki and flit E N G ijf, lords, and commons ; and itive in the Sling, the jfreat of- state, the judges, and all the radations of magistracy. The lion of the country is into cir. i shires, or counties ; these subdivided into wapentakes, eds, and parishes. The cir- six in number, and in each of r the most part, two of the iminister justice twice a year. , 1. The Home Circuit, con- le counties of Kent, Surry and 2. The Norfolk Circuit, con- le counties of Bucks, Bedford, ion, Cambridge, Sufl'olk, and 3. The Oxford Circuit, con- he counties of Oxford, Berks, er, Worcester, Monmouth, 1, Salop, and Stafford. 4. The Circuit, containing the shires irick, Leicester, Derby, Not- , Lincoln, Rutland", and North- 5. The Northern Circuit, con- ;he counties of York, Durham, nberland, Lancaster, West- d, and Cumberlamd. 6. The \ Circuit, containing Hants, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and U. Two othe* counties, Mid- and Cheshire, are not included :ircuit. The established reli- contained in the 39 articles of rch of England, is Calvinism; le articles are interpreted, by gy in general, according to the Serai principles of Arminius; other religions are tolerated, clesiastica) division of England wo archbishoprics, called the I of Canterbury and York. . Canterbury contaiYis the dio- London, Winchester, Batli and Bristol, Chichester, Ely, Exe- )uce8ter, Hereford, Lichfleld, 'entry, Lincoln, Norwich, Ox- -terborwigh, Rochester, Salis- nd Worcester, besitle the four jishoprics of St. David, Batifer, , and St. Asaph. The pronnCe contuns the dioceses of D«»- M-ster, and Carfisle, and that of nd Man. Every pteltte of the umcratcd, that of Sodor and cepted, has a seat in the house . London is the capital, atta ropolis also of )*» yAwU: British md, Wmi, l»#W*ty of NotA a, bounded o« the N by Caita*, E P E Atlantic, on the S by tltut ocean and .Long Island Sound, and on the W by New York. New England is a high, hilly, and in some parts a mountainous country, formed by nature to be inha- bited by a hardy race of free, indepen- dent republicans. The mountains are comparatively small, running nearly nortli and south in ridges parallel to each other. Between these ridges flow the great rivers in majestic meanders, receiving the innumerable rivulets and larger streams which proceed from the mountains on each side. It contains the states of New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Vermont ; which see. Engtlberg, a valley of Swisserland, 10 miles long, entirely surrounded by very lofty and barren mountains, and bounded by tiie cantons of Bern, Uri, and Uaderwalden. It was forn.crly subject to the abbot of a Be<'.:dictine monagt^ry of the same name, who was under. the protection of the cantons of Lucem, Uri, Scbweitz, aid Under- walden. The romantic scjnery of this country 1ms always deligiited the tra- veller, and engaged the attention of the naturalist. Glaciers, of a very great extent, and extremely diversified, are found on the side of very fertile moun- tiuns, and exhibit singular C/oints of view. There is abundance of tine blark marble, white veined ; a vitriolic earth, slat« impregnated with vitriol i small crystals, called Swiss diamonds; sil- ver, and vitriol. The abbey is 13 miles S W of Altdorf. See fitlitberg. £no, or £tiot, a town of Romania, near tJie gulf of Eno, with a Greek archbishop's see, 125 miles W of Con- stantinoplie. Lou. 26 IS E, lat. ,40 46 Em, a town of Upper Austria, on a river of the same name, 12 miles S E of Lintz, and 90 W of Vienna. Lon. 14 22 E, lat. 4S.13 N. Enaithtim, « town of France, in the department of tht \Jppt.r Rhine and Ut« province of Alsace, seated on the in, 10 nults S W of Btisaoh. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 47 58 N. Etukiritn, ft tovB of Germany, in tii« dutichy of Juliers, 15 miles S W of Cologne. Lon. 6 29 £, lat. 31 N. EHtM'Dout^^,Minko, » province of Portug^ 45 m. in length, and braadth. Braga is the capital. Efitriet, % tftwn of Upper Hungary, capital of the county of Saros, reuurk*. E P P able for its mines of salt. It is seated on the Tat/.u, 20 miles N of Cussovia. Lon. 21 13 E, lat. 49 8 N. Epernay, an ancient town of France, in the department of Marne and late province of Champagne. The wines produced in its neighbourhood, are very exquisite. It is 17 miles N W of Chalons. Lon. 4 E, lat. 49 5 N. Ephesus, an ancient and celebrated city of Natolia, in that part anciently called Ionia. It is now called Ajasa- louc, by the Turks ; but of its former splendour there is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, ... a turned walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of sta- tues. Tlie fortress, which is upon an eminence, seems to be the work of the Greek emperors. The eastern gata has three basso-relievos, taken irom some ancient monuments ; that in the middle was constructed by the Ro- mans. The most remarkable structure of all, was the Temple of Diana, deem- ed one of the seven wonders of the world, and 'Rlucb the primitive Chris- tians had converted into a church ; but it is now so entirely ruined, that it is no easy matter to find tlte place whera it stood : however, there are some ruins of the walls, and of five or six marble columns, all of ri piece, 40 feet m length and seven in diameter. Ephesus is seated near a gulf of the same name, and has still a good haibour, 40 miles S of Symma. Lon. 27 33 £, lat. 37 48 N. Ephrata, or Tunkes-stavin, a town of Pennsylvania, in the county of Lancas- tc. It is the principal settlement of a sect, who are professionally baptists, of German exti-action, and -first ap- peared in America in 1719. It is 60 miles W of Philadelphia. Epinal, a town of France, In the de- partment of the Vosges and late province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Moselle^ near the mountains of the Vosges, and is 35 miles S £ of Nancl Lon. 6 £, lat. 48 9 N. Epping, a town in Essex, with a mar- ket on Friday. Its butter is highly es- teemed in London. Epping is seated at the N end of a forest of the same name, 17 miles NNE of London. Lon. 9 E, lat. 51 46 N. Epbittg Forest, a fine forest in the S W or Essex, formerly a much more ex- tensive district, that contained a great part of tlte county. Epping, a post towH of Rookini^ara H I JOI I W ■ «%!»— I* MKj f .—- litj tl £ R I county, New Hampshire, about 20 mil';'; W of Portsmouth, and cig'lit S of Not- tlng'liaui, with 1120 inhabitants. Kppingen, a. town of Gei many, in the palatinate of the Rh'ne, with a castle, seated on the Elfats, 20 miles N E of Philipshurg. Lon. 9 E, lat. 49 24 N E R N festcd '.vilh rattlesnakes, as to reiidei it dangerous to land on tliem. The lake is covered ncarthe banks of the islands with a large pond lily; the weaves .f which are thickly spread on the surface of the water to an extent of many acres j on these, hi the sumnier, lie Epsom, a town in Surry, tiiat has, ' myriads of watersnakes basking in the from the number of opulent people re siding in and near it, a daily market. It is celebrated for its mineral waters and salts. It is 15 miles S S W of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 51 25 N. Epsom, a town of New Hampshire, in the county of Kockingham, 34 miles W by N of Portsnumth, and 14 S E of Concord. Here is a post oiHce 556 milcj from AVashington. Tiic inliabi- tants at tlie last enumeration amoimtcd to 1034. Epviorth, a village of the isle of Ax- holm, in Lincolnshire, nine miles N of Gainsborough. It is the birthplace of John Wesley, one of the founders of the sect of the methodists. Erfurt, a town of Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia, with a university. It was formerly imperial, but is now subject to the elector of Mentz, and i.a defended by two strong forts. The principal magistrate is sometimes a protestant and sometimes a papist ; but the greatest part of the burghjrs are protestants. It has three fine libraries, one of which belongs to the papists, another to the universit)', and a third to tlie protestant ministers. A fire hap- pened liere in 1736, wiiich burnt down 180 houses, and several churches. It is seated on the river Gere, 30 miles E S E of Malhausen. Lon. 11 23 E, lat. 51 ON. Eriboi, Loch, an arm of the sea, on the N coast of Sutherlandshire, capable of afibrding a safe retreat to the largest vessels. It receives several streams ; particularly that which flows from i lake called Loch Hope. Ericht, Loch, a large lake in Perth- shire, which extends several miies iuto Inveniess-shire. Near this place the unfortunate Prince Charles wandcved, after the battle of Culloden, in 1746, lurking in caves, and among rocks. The waters of this lake descend into iiuothcr, called Loch Rannoch. Erie, Lake, in North America, lies l)ctween 41 and 43° N lat. and 79 wid ii4° W lon. It is 290 miles long, and 40 in its broadest part. The islands (tnd banks towards its W end arc do in- sun. It is also infested by the hissinij snake, witich is IB inches long, small, and speckled ; when approached it flat- tens itself in a moment, and its spots, wliich arc of various colours, become visibly brighter through rage. Tliis lake, at its N £ end, communicates with lake Ontario bvthe river Niagara. Erisno, a town of" Macedonia, with a bishop's see, ut the bottom of the gulf of Monte Sancto. Erith, a village in Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse, five miles E N E of St. Ives. Near this place is a piece of an- tiquity r '.ied Bclfar's Hill, an artificial mount, ^-enerally supposed to be the |)l.ice where the people took up arms aj.;ainst William the Norman, in 1066^ after he had defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings. Erhan, a city of Asia, in a province of the same name, and capital of Per- sian Armenia, witii an Armenian pa- triarch. It is defended by a fortress, in which is the governor's palace, and by a castle, on the river Zuengui, near a hike of its own name, wiiich is very deep, and 60 miles in circumference. The Meidan is an open square, 400 pa- ces over, wherein are very fine trees. The baths and caravanserics have like- wise their iieauties, but tiie churches of the Christians arc small, and half under ground. It is 10^ miles N W of Astrabad. Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 40 20 N. Erkelens, a town of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Juliers, with a castle seated on the Roer, 10 miles N W of Juliers. Lon. 6 35 E, lat 51 4 N. Erlang, a town of Germiny, in the circle of Franconia and marquisate of Cuiembach, se.ited on tlie Regnitz, 12 miles N W of Nuremburg. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 49 35 N. Emieland, n country, now become a province of Prussia, by which it is sur- rounded. Ernee, a town of France, in tlie late province, now in the department of Maycnne, situate on the Mavenne, 15 - miles N N W of Laval Loii. 40 W, lat. 48 19 N. JU R N :tlesnakes, as to rc-ndei I i:ind on them. Tlic lake •the banks of «.he islands pond lily; the itaves .f kly spread on the surface to an extent of many se, in the summer, lie tersnakes basking in the infested by the hissinij s 18 inches long, small, wlicn approached it Ual- a moment, and its spots, rarious colours, become er through rage. This K E end, communicates ario bv the river Niagara. wn oi Macedonia, Avilh a ■.it tiie bottom of the gulf cto. lagc in Huntingdonshire, five miles E N E of St. his place is a piece of an- Belfar's Hill, an artificial rally supposed to be the the people took up arms am the Norman, in 1066^ defeated Hai-old at the tings. city of Asia, in a province name, and capital of Pcr- ia, with an Armenian pa- is defended by a fortress, he governor's palace, and >n tlie river Zuengui, near own name, wliich is very >0 miles in circumference, is iin ojjen square, 400 pa- herein are very line trees, id caravanseries have like- eauties, but the churches stians are small, and half It is 10^; miles N W Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 40 n town of Westphalia, in of Juliers, with a castle le Roer, 10 miles N W of ,n. 6 35 E, lat 51 4 N. town of Germ! ny, in the anconia and marquisate of seated on tlie RegTiitz, 12 ofNuremburg. Lon. 11 5 ^ a country, now become a Fnissia, by which it i» »ur- own of France, in the late ow in the department of ituate on the Mayenne, IS ■"ofLavuL Lon. 48 W, ESC Erpach, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, 30 miles SE of Francfort. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 40 32 N. Erpach, a town of Suabia, capital of ,1 county of the same name, with a cas- tle, eight miles S E of Ulm. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 48 20 N. Erquino, a seaport of the Red Sea, on the coast of Abex, subject to Tur. key. It is 320 miles S W of Mecca. Lon. 39 5 E, lat. 17 30 N. Erzerum, a city of Turkish Arme- nia, with Armenian and Greek episco- pal sees. It is situate between tlie two sources of the Euphrates, in a hcautifid plain, at the foot of a chain of mountains, fruitful in all sorts of com. Wood is very scarce, for which reason tlieir fuel is only cow dung. It is sur- rounded by double walls, defended by square towers. The Turks, who arc all janizaries, arc about 12,000 in num- ber ; but most of thiim are tradesmen and receive no pay. The Armenians have two churches, the Greeks but one ; the latter arc mostly brasiers, and live in tlie suburbs. They drive a great trade here in furs, Persian silks, cottons, calicoes, and di'igs. This town is a thoroughfare, and a resting place, for the caravans to the East In- dies. It is 104 miles S by E of Trebi- sond. Lon. 40 35 E, lat. 39 56 N. Escaiona, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 14 miles N N E of Segovia. Escaiona, a town of Spain, in New Castile, surrounded with walls. It is situate on an eminence, in a fertile country, near the Albreche, 20 miles N W of Toledo, and 32 S W of Ma- drid. Eschellcs, a town of Savoy, on the frontiers of Dauphiny, 10 miles S W of Cliaraberry. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 45 30 N. Eichwegen, a town of Germany, in tlie landgravate of Hesse-Cassel, seat- ed on the Werra, 22 miles S E of Hes- sc-Cassel. Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 51 9 N. ffcurto/, a village of Spain, in New Castile, seated on the Guadai-a, 15 "lilps N W of Madrid. Here Philip II. built a famous structure, in 1563, in memory of the victory gained over tlie I'rcnch near St. Quintin. It is c;ilfid liV the Spaniards the eighth wonder of the world. It consists of a royal pa- hice, a church, a monastery, a college, a library, shops of JiOerent artists, apartments for a great number of peo- ]'U\ hesutiful walks, large alleys, an E S K extensive park, .ind fine gardens, li stands in a «lry barren couutr)', sur- rounded by rugged mountains ; and !•< built of gray stones, found in the nc'ii;Ii bourhood, which was the principal reason of its being erected on such :i disagreeable spot. Thty worked :i ♦.bought by some to be the r.iost curious piece of architecture in the woild. The fatlicrs belonging to the monaste- ry arc 200 in number, and have an in- come of 40,000 ducats a year. The church is built after the model of St. Peter's at Rome. Lon. 3 35 W, lat. 40 35 N. Etaens, a town of E Friesland, on the German Ocean, 20 miles NofEmbdcn. Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 53 47 N. Esfarain, a town of Persia, in tliu province of Korean, famous for the great number of writers it ban produc- ed. It is 90 miles E of Astrabad. Lon. 41 23 E, lat. 36 48 N. Liher, a village in S'irry, on the rl\- er Mole, five miles S W of Kingston. It is distinguished by a noble Gotliic mansion, the two towers of which ui-e as they were originally built by car- dinal Wolsey. Esi, a river in Dumfriesshire, whicL forms part of the boundary between England and Scotland, and falls into Solway Frith. Esk, a river in Edinburghshire, formed by tlie jut.ctifln of two streams called N and S Esk. They seem to encircle the to^vn of Dalkeith, ijaasing on each side of the eminence on which it stands ; and uniting % little below the town, this river enters t!ic Frith of Forth, at Musselburgh, Esk, Njrth and South, two rivers in the shire of Angus, which rise in the Grampian hills. The former divides the county from Kincardineshire for several miles, and falls into tha German Oce.nn about four miles N of Montrose. The latter after traversing tlu? wliole breadth of the county, falls i.ito tliv> bason on the \! of the' same tow.v.. E E 1:1] m'tsS^lii -" '.' ESQ Etidale, the most easterly division of Dumf.. .jssliire, so named from the riv- er £sk which flows tlirough it. Estingen, a large imperial city of Suabia, in the dutchy of Wii-temburg. It is seated on the Neckar, ciglit miles S E of Stutgard. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 48 47 N. Esne, Asne, or Estenay, a large town of Upper Egjpt, on the Nile, supposed to be the ancient Syena, but Nordcn thinks it was Latopolis. It is situated on the edge of a rich country, and shaded by groves of orange trees load- ed wiUi fruits and Howers. In the middle of it is an ancient temple, with %valls on three sides, and in the front 24 colunnis, very well preserved ; Avithin it are three stories of hiero- glj'phics, of men about three feet high ; tipdtlie ceiling is adorned with all sorts of animals, painted in beautiful colours . On the N side of the town is another temple, with pillars somewhat of the Corinthian order i the whole building IS richly carved with liieroglyphics, particularly with crocodiles heads, and whole crocodiles, that probably this animal was worshipped here. A mile to the S is the monastery of St. Helen, by whom some say it was found- ed: it now appears to have been a large burying- ground, and there (...•e many magnificent tombs in it. Esn lies near the grand cataract of the Nile. I^on. 31 40 E, lat. 24 46 N. Etperie, a town of Hungary, near which are some famous salt mines. It is 22 miles N of Caschaw. Lon. 21 S8 E, lat. 49 5 N. Esperiion, a town of France in the department of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce, seated on the Guesle, 12 miles N E of Chartres. Lon. 1 44 E, lat. 48 36 N. • Eapiers, a town of Austrian Flan- ders, where ari^er of the same name, falls into the Scheld, eight miles N of Tournay. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50 53 N. Esquimaux, a people of North Amer- ica, chiefly inhabiting Labrador. They have no fixed abode, but rove from place to place, and sometimes come as far S as Newfoundland. They are of a different race from the other native Americans ; for, as they have no bea, ds, these have them so thick and large, that it is difficult to disrover any fea- ture of their faces. They are idways well clothed, for there is nothing to be seen but part of their faces »nd theii- ESS hands. They have a sort of shi't, made of the guts offish, with a coat of bear or birds skins, and a cap on their head. They have likewise bree- ches made of skins, witli the hair with- in, and covered with furs without. They have also two pair of boots, one over another, of the same sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing to cover tli^m in the night ; and in winter they lodge tngetlier promiscuously in caves. The dress of the women is neaily the same as tliat of the men. As for mur- der which is so common among all the tribes of southern Indians, it is seldom heard of among them. A mur- derer is shunned and detested by all the tribe, and is forsaken even by his relations and former friends. The women perform the most laborious oflices ; they pitch the tents, carry or haul burdens, make or mend clothes, and cook the victuals. AVhen any thing is prepared for eating, the wives and daughters of the greatest captain in the country are never served, till all the males, even those in the capacity of servants have eaten what they think proper. Esseck, a trading town of Sclavonia, with a strong castle. It has a bridg« over the marshes, 8865 geometrical paces in length and 15 m breadth, with towers at a quarter of a mile distant from eacli other, and hand- somely railed on each side. It is a difficult pass, and there have been sev- eral battles fought here between (he Turks ^nd Germans. There are trees in all the streets of the town, which was taken from the Turks in 1687, since which time it has continued in the hands of the house of Austria. It is seated on the river Drave, 80 miles W bv N of Belgrade, and 175 S bvE of Vienna. Lon. 19 58 E, lat. 45 40 N. Essen, a town of Westphalia, former- ly iuiperial, but now subject to the ab- bess of Essen. It is eight mileu £ of Duisburg. Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 51 22 N. Etsequ;/io. See Isteipiibo. Esstx, a co^inty of Englimd, bound- ed on the N by the Stour, which se- parates it from "Suflblk and Cambridge- shire ; on the E by tlie German sea; on the W l>y Hertfordshire and Mid- ditsex ; and on the S by the nver Thames. It e^tend846milesinJength from K to W , and about 42 in breadth, fi-om N to S, atid 200 in circuit. This ESS EST EST ley have a sort of slii't, ; gutsoffi»lii with a coat birds skins, and a cap on They have likewise bree- nf skins, wiUi the hair with- vered with furs without, idso two pair of boots, one r, of the same sort of skins. , they ha\ e notliing to cover : night ; and in winter they ]ier promiscuously in caves of the women is nearly the It of the men. As for mur- is so common amon^ all of southern Indians, it it rd of among them. A mur- umned and detested by all .nd is forsaken even by hi» nd former friends. The rform the most laborious icy pitch the tents, carry or ns, make or mend clothes, the victuals. When any spared for eating, the wives ters of the greatest captain itry are never served, till all even those in the capacity ; have eaten what they think i trading town of Sclavonia, jng castle. It has a bridge marshes, 8865 geometrical length and 15 m breadth, ers at a quarter of a mile om each other, and hand- iled on each side. It is a iss, and there have been sev- s fought here between the Germans. There are trees streets of the town, which from the Turks in 1687, ch time it has continued in of the house of Austria, cd on the river Drave, 80 ly N of Belgrade, and 175 S enna. Lon. 19 58 E, lat. 45 town of Wcstjihalia, former- J, but now subject to the ab- ssen. It is eight mileu E of Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 51 22 N. See htetptibo. rovinty of England, bound- N bv the Stour, which se- from Sufi'olk and Cambridge- thc E by tlie German sea ; Hertfordshire and Mid- jiul on the S by the nvcr It exU-nds 46 miles in length I W , and abo\it 42 in breadth, S. and 200 in circuit. This county is in the diocese of London, and gives the title of Earl to tlie family of Cuiiel. It is divided into 19 hundreds, and contains 27 market towns, and .100 villages, witli .ihout 34,800 houses, and 208,1.00 inliabitants. Its S W part is occupic;d principally by the two forests of Epping and Hainault : and is noted for its butter, which is sold at :i high price in London, under the n:\me of Epping-butter. About Saf- fron Walden, tiie earth, after bearing satfron three years, it is said, w'U pro- duce good barley for 18 years sicces- sively without any manure. Its produce, which is very plentiful, consists of corn, most exrullent saffron, cattle, fowl, fish, and particularly oysters. The chief manufactures of this county ^e cloth, stuffs, and particularly baize. The middle part is a fine corn country, varied with gentle inequalities of sur- face, and sprinkled with woods. The air in the inland part is healthy ; but in the marshes near the sea it produces agues, particularly in the part called the Hundreds, However their fertili- ty is very great, and even the higher }.;rounds in this county are very fruit- fiil. The principal rivers are the Thames, Blackwater, Coin, Chelmer, Stour, Crouch, and Roding. Beside vast quantities of com of all kinds, abundance of calves are sent to the London market ; also wild fowls, and oysters. The chief manufacture is b.iy8, but that is not so flourishing as formerly. Chelmsford is the county- town. Estaplct, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais iind late provinr of Boulonnois, seated .'tt the tlie mouth of the Canches, 12 miles S of Boulogne. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 50 46 N. Estapo, a strong town of New Spain, seated at the mouth of the river Tlaluc. Lon. 103 5 W, Lit. 17 30 N. hste, a town of Italv, in the Paduan, 15 miles S W of Padua. Lon. 12 44 E, lat. 45 55 N. Eitella, an Episcopal town of Spain, in Navarre, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated on the Ega, 15 miles W of Pumpeiuna. Lon. 2 W, lat. 42 40 N. Eatepa, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, with an ancient castle, on a moun- tain, 62 miles N by W of Malaga. Lon. 4 19 W, hit. 3716 N. Ettlionia, or Revd, a government of tlie Russian empire, bounded on the VV by the Baltic, on the N by the gulf of Finland, on the E by Iiigria, ana on the S by Livonia. After having been long an object of bloody contention bc- tweenthe Russians, Poles, and Swedes, it w.as confirmed to the latter by the peace of Oliva in 1660 ; but it was subdued by Peter the Great, in 1710, and finally ceded to Russia in 1721. Esihwaite Water, a lake in Lanca- shire, between Uawkshead and Win- dermere Water. It is two miles and a half in length, and half a mile broad, intersected by a peninsida from each side, jutting far into the lake. Its banks are adorned with villages and scattered houses, and clotlied with de- lightful verdure. Eitramadura, a province of Spain, 175 miles in length, and 100 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Leon and Old Castile, on the E by New Cas- tile, on the S by Andalusia, and on the W by Portugal. It abounds with com, wine, and fruits ; but the air is bad for foreigners, on account of the excessive heat. It now makes a part of New Castile. Estramadura, a province of Portugal^ lying about the mouth of the Tajo ; bounded on the N by Beira, on the E and S by Alentejo, and and on the W by tlie Atlantic Ocean. It abounds with wine, excellent oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oranges were first planted that were brought from China, and which are known oy the name of China oranges. Lisbon is the capital. Eiiravayer, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle, seated on the lake of NeuchateU Lon. 6 56 E, lat. 46 55 N. Ettremos, a town of Portugal in Alentejo, divided into the upper town and tlie lower. The upper is com- manded by a citadel, on the top of a hill, strongly fortified and surrounded by a large ditch. The houses are white, and the principal are adorned with fine marble pillars : here is also a tower of marble, finely polished. The lower town is the newest, and has a a large square, in the middle of which is a basin. An earthen ware is made here, greatly esteemed for its beauty and fine smell. The Portuguese gained a complete victory over don John of Austria, near tliis place, in 1663. It is seated on the river Terra, which falfs into the Tajo, M quIcs W gf Bft- .-..■(r m ■m^^ r/*w^i^' E T N E T N '•ifa't tlili iliijiiz, and 75 E of Lisbon. Lon. 7 16 NV,l:it. 38 44N. iu-tieciii, a town of Gfi-many, in the Wiiul^ijfavate of Hcssc-Cassel, 25 miles S E of Casscl. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 51 11 N. Etain, :i town of France, in the de- jjartinciit of Mouse and late dntcliy of Har, 15 miles N E of Verdun. Lon. 5 ,i5 K, lat. 49 15 N. Kmvipes, a town of France, in the dei)artincnt of Seine and Oise and late jirovince of the isle of France, seated on the river Loct or Etampes, which abounds with crawfish. It is 15 miles I'', of ClKivtrcs. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 48 30 N. Etnva, a townof Hindoostan Proper, in tlic])ruvince of Agra, situate on a iiij;li bank of the Jumna. It is a large, l)ut very wretched town, having but two t'llcvable houses. It is (52 miles S E of Agra. Lon. "9 25 E, lat. 26 43 N. EtlAoj^ia, a name oy which a vast re- s^ion of Africa, has been distinguished by some pcog'raphers, who have divid- ed it into Upper and Lower Ethiopia. Tlie fast includes the centrical part of Africa, under the equinoctial line. The second contains what is now called Nlpritia orNcgroland. Ascacli coun- try will be described in its proper place, it is unnecessary furtlicr to k'lipiihen this article. Ktknne, St. a city of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and Lite i)iovince of Forez, remarkable for its iii.''.nufactures in iron and steel, for tlic tcmwring of which, the water of the brock Eurens, on which it is seat- ed is extremely good. It carries on likewise a considerable manufacture of ribands. Coal is found in its neigh- l)C)tulu)od, and also a soft stone fit for j.','rindstoncs. Its merchandise is con- veyctl to Paris, Nantes, aiid Dunkvrk, bv the Loire, which begitis to be navi- giible i'or sntall barges at St. Lambero. ^t. Etiennc Is 22 miles S E of Fucrs, and 260 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 30 E, Lit. 45 22 N. Etlin^en, ux\ ancient town of Suabia, in the margravate of Badcn-Dourlach, seated at the confluence of the Wirim, and F-nt'/, three miles S of Ddbrlach. L(;n. 9 30 E, lat. 48 59 N. Etna, Mount, a volcano of Sicily, iKiw called Giljcl by the inhabitants. It is G.l miles in circumference at the Li,. •, and 10,954 feet in height. But travellers vary greatly in thelf accounts both of its height and circumference. This mount.iins famous from the remot- est antiquity, both for its bulk and ter- rible eruptions, stands in the eastern part of the island, in a very extensive plain. This single mo\intain aflords an epitome of the diflerent climates throughout the whole world : towards the foot it is very hot ; fartJier up, more temperate ; and grows gradually more and more cold the higher we as- cend. At the very top, it is perpetual- ly covered with snow ; from thence tlte whole island is supplied with that ar- ticle so necessary in a hot climate. Great quantities of snow and ice arc likewise exported to Malta and Italy, making a considerable branch of com- merce. In the middle of the snowy regions stands the great crater, or mouth of Etna. It is a little mountain about a quarter of a mile perpendicu- lar, and very steep, situated in tl»e middle of a gently inclining plain, 6f about nine miles in circumference. It is entirely formed of stones and ashes; which as Mr. Hamilton was informed by several people of Catania, had been thrown uj) 25 or 30 years before the time (1769) he visited Moimt Etna. In the middle oftlie little mountain is a hollow, about 20 miles and a half in circumference. It goes shelvhig down, from the top, like an inverted cone. In the middle of this fimncl is the tre- mendous and unfathomable g^lph, so much celebrated in all ages. From tliis gulph continually issue terrible and confused noises, which in eruption* are increased to such a degree as to be heard at a prodigious distance. The first cniption of Etna, on record, is that mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, without fixing tlie period when it hap- pened ; but tne second, recorded by Thucydides, was in the year 734 B C. From this period to the year 1447, there were 18 more eruptions. After this it ceased to emit fire near 90 years. The next was in 1536 ; others followed in 1537, 1567, 1603 (which continued till, 1636), 1664 (which continued 14 years) 1682, 1686, 1693, 1755, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1780, 1787, and 1794. Of all its eruptions, that of 1663 was the most terrible ; it was attended with an earthquake that overturned the town of Catania, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins. It is 10 miles W of Cata- nia, E T N E U G £ V R ry greatly in thcif accounts ifi(;lit and circumference, ins famous from the rcmot- , botli for its bulk and ter- iins, stands in the eastern slund, in a very extensive single mmmtain aflords of the dificrent climates the whole world : towards is very hot ; fartJier up ;r up, diiallv rate ; and grows gradually ore cold the higher we as- he very top, it is perpetual- fith snow i from thence tl)e d is supplied with that ar- cessary in a hot climate, titles of snow and ice are [ported to Malta and Italy, maiderable branch of com- the middle of the snowy mds the gi-eat crater, or tna. It is a little mountain irter of a mile perpendicu- iry steep, situated in tlte a gently inclining plain, of miles in circumference. It formed of stones and ashes: [r. Hamilton was informed people of Catania, had been 25 or 30 years before the ) he visited Mount Etna, lie of tlie little mountain is a lUt 20 miles and a half in nee. It goes shelving down, ip, like an inverted cone. In of this funnel is the tre- md unfathomable gnlph, so l)rated in all ages. From continually issue terrible and loises, which in eruptioni ed to such a degree as to a prodigious distamie. The ion of Etna, on record, is )ned by Diodorus Sicuhts, ing the period when it h»p- t the second, recorded by s, was in the year 734 B C^ period to the year 1447, • 18 more eruptions. After led to emit fire near 90 years, vas in 1536 ; others followed iC7, 1603 (which continued 1664 (which continued 14 2, 1686, 1693, 1755, 1763, 17*0, 1787, and 1794. Of litions, that of 1663 was the )le ; it was attended with an s that overturned the town and buried 18,000 persons It isi 10 miles W of Cata- Eton, a town of Bucks seated on the Thames, over which is a bridge to Windsor. It is famous tor a school and college i founded by Henry VI ; and King's college in Cambridge admits no other students for fellows but what have been brought up here. It is 20 miles W of London. Lon. 36 VV , lat. 50 30 N. Jitrtiria, a village in Staffordshire, near Newcastle. It is the principal scat of the potteries in this county, and here the most elegant vases of every u'je and form arc made. Ettrict, a river in Selkirkshire, which rises from the mountainous region in the S W, and having formed a June tion with the Yarrow, their united streams meet the Tweed,' where that river enters Roxburghshire. From the woods, formerly on the banks of this river, the county obtained tlie name of Ettrick Forest. Ettrick Banks are the subject of a pastoral Scotch ditty. Eu, a seaport of France, ix\ the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a strong cas- tle, and a handsome square. The prin- cipal trade is in serges and lace. It is seated in a valley, on the river Brele, 15 miles N £ of Dieppe. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 50 3 N. Evmx, a town of France in the de- partment of Crcuse and late province of Marche, 20 miles from Mount La- con. Lon. 2 35 E, lat. 46 13 N. Everding, a town of Germany, Li the circle of Austria, seated on the Dan- ube, 12 miles W of Lintz. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 48 19 N. Everthot, a town in Dorsetshire, v/ith a market on Friday, 12 miles N W of Dorchester, and 129 W by S of London. Lon. 2 55 W, lat. 50 52 N. Evethavi, a. borough in Worcester- shire, with a market on Monday. It hag a manufacture of stocking^, is go- verned by a mayor and sends two members to parliament. It is seated on a gradual ascent from the Avon, which almost surrounds it, and over which is a stone bridge. It wa> for- merly noted for its abbey, and still contains three parish churches. It B^ves name to an adjacent vale, re- markable for producing plenty of com. It is 14 miles S E of Worcester, and 95 N W of London Lon. 1 45 W, Jat. 52 4 N. Engublo, an episcopal town of Italy, in the dutchy of Urbino, 35 miles S of Urbino, and 87 N of Rome. Lon. 1.5 37 E, lat. 43 18 N. Evian, a town of Savoy, in ChahlaLs, on the S side of the lake ofGeniva, 22 miles N E of Geneva. Lon. 6 50 E, hit. 46 21 N. Evoii, an ancient town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 12 miles E of Sa- lerno. Lon. 15 16 E, lat. 40 46 N. Evora, a fortified town of Portugal, capital of Alentcjo, with ..in'.!.:i, and Pro- Jikm.- tcstant churches. There are also Jews in every country, and Maliometanism is the established religion of the Tarks. Eustatia, St. one of the smallest of tlie Leeward Islands in the West In- dies. It is a mountain in tlie form of a sugaj'-loaf, whose top is hoilow.'and lies to the N W of St. Christopher. It. was taken from the Dutch by the Eng- lish in 1781 ; but was afterwards taken bv the Frencli and restored to the Dutch in 1783. Lon. 63 10 W, lat. 17 '29 N. Euthn, a town of Holstein, with a castle, where the bishop of Lnbec re- sides. It is seven miles from Lubec. ICw^i, a town in Surry, w'»li •• marke* on Tbursi a; , seated on a rivu- let which empties itself into tho Th.'imcs, ai Kingston. It is 10 miles' N N E of Darking, and 13 y, S E of London. Lon. 15 W, Int. 51 26 N. F.x, a river, which rises in the forest of Exinoor, in Somersetshire, and after being joined by several little streams leaves tliat couniy, below Dulverton, and runs to Tiverton, Exeter, aud Top- sham, from wheni.?it forms an estuary, .vh'ch terminates m thf I'nglish Chan- nel, at Exmouth, after a course of 40 miles. Exeter, the capital city of Devon- shire, situated on tlie river Ex, 10 .nilesNofthe British channel. It is large, populous, and wealthy, witli gates, walls, and slurbs ; the circum- ference of the whole is about tliree mil s. It is the see of a bishop, trans- ferred hither from Crcditon, by Ed- ward the Confessor ; and is one of the principal cities in the kingdom for its buildings, wealth, aod number of its inhabitants. It had six gates, be- sides many turret*, several of which are now pnlled down. Besides cha- pels and five large meeting-houses, there are now 15 churchei within the walJ-, and four without. St. Peter's, the cathedral, is a magnificent pile ; though little now remains of the an- cient f'lbjic of the churoh, except that part which is called Our Lady's Chapel. A most I .autiail modern pain- ted glass window has beeti latt.v erected at .In.: w.^stern end of tlic ca- thedi A, the eastern end having before H remarkable fine antique:: otre. In the othci- windows there is much fine an- cient tainted glass. Th.' altsj* is re- markable tor its beautifil design and execution, liie grand western end '^i / t .. K Y E F A I of the church is nnst maK"nificcntly adorned with the statiici ofthe putri- anlis, Jic. Tlie Chiiptcr-liou.sc whs built ill 14:39. The beautil'ul tlirone for the bishop was comtructeil aboiil 14/6, and is si>id to be the grandest of the kind in Britain. Ships of bur- den formerly came up to this city i but the navif^ation was almost destroyed by Henry Courtney, earl of Devon, and though repaired, coidd not be rcBlored to its former state. Its port, therefore, is at Topsham, five miles below. It has 13 companies of tradesmen, a manu- facture of serges and oilier woollen goods, an e.vtensivc foreign and domes- tic commerce, and a share in the fish- eries of Newfoundland and Oreenlaiid. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is 68 miles S W of Bristol, uiid 173 VV by S of London. Lon. 3 33 VV, lat. 50 44 N. Exeter, a town of North Carolina, (m the N E branch of Cape Fear River, 30 miles N of Wilmington. Exeter, an ancient town in Rocking- ham county, New Hampshire, settled as early as 1637. It is a post town, and seaport, next in importance to Portsmouth, and lies in the lat. of 43° N and lon. of 71 W. — This town is fa. mous in the annals of New England, as the assylumofthc Rev. John Wheel- wright, whenh« was disfranchised and banished by the government of Massa- chusetts for his religious opinions. Exillet, a strong fort of France, now in the department of the Upper Alps, lately in the province of Dauphiny. It was taken by the duke of Savoy in 1708, but restored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is an important passage, six miles W of Suza, and 40 N E of Embrun. Exttwor, a forest in Somersetsliire, in the N W corner of that county, ex- tending thence into Devonshire. Exmouth, a village in Devon.shire, on the E side of the bay wliich forms the moutli of the river Ex, 10 miles S by E of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of sea-bathing. Eye, a borough in Suflblk, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, and has the ruins of a castle and a Benedictine ab- t)ey. It is a mean built place, with narrow streets ; the chief manufacture is bonelace and spinnrng. It is 20 miles N of Ipswich, and 91 N F, of London. Lon. 1 10 E, lat, 52 20 N. 7?r, » river, which rises in the N W of Berwickshire, and falls into the Bri> tisli Uccuii at E)einouth. Eyeuwuth, a seaport in Berwick* shire at the nuiutli of the Eye, former- ly fortified to curb the garrison of Her- wick from which it is distant nine miles. Lon. 1 50 W, lat. 35 51 N. Eyetdale, a small island on tli>; coast of Argyleshire, to the S E of Mull. It is noted for its slate quarries. Eyndhoven, a town of Dutch Bra- bant, in the district of Bois-le-Uuc, at the continence of the Eyiuls and Dom- nicl, 13 miles SEof Boit-le-Duc. Lon. 3 26 E, lat. 51 31 N. Eysoch, a river of the bishopric of nri.\en, which waters the town of that name, and f;dls into tlie Adigc below Meran. p.lABORG, a seaport of Denmark, ■*• on the S coast of the island of Fu- nen. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 53 12 N. Fabriano, a town of Italy, in the mar- quisate of Ancona, famous for its good paper. It is 23 miles N £ of Foligni. Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 43 10 N. Faenza, an ancient town of Italy, in Roniagna, with a bishop's sec. It is famous for fine eai-then ware, invented here ; and is seated on the river Amo- na, 12 miles S W of Ravenna. Fahlun, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalecarlia, situate in the midst of rocka and hills, between the lakes of Run and Warpen. It contains two church- es, and (including tin; miners) 7000 inhabitants, whose houses are general- ly of wood, two stories high. It is chief- ly celebrated for its copper mine, which is on the E side of the town. It is 39 miles N W of Hedemora. Lou. 16 42 E, lat. 60 34 N. Fairfax, a post town of- Franklin coimty, Vermont ; situated about nine miles eastward from lake Champlain, and containing about 800 inhabitants. Fairfield, a town of Connecticut, seated near the Sea, 100 miles S W of Boston. Lon. 7:i 30 W, lat. 41 l2 N. Fairfield, a town of Vermont, near the borders of Cinada; situated in Franklin county, about 10 miles to the E of lake Champlain. Here i.s a post> office 575 niilef from WashinQtm. E A L F A L _ I I' ' Fitirjifld, the ]irinri|inl town of Fnir. tield county, Connc( tii'Ut, lying ul)oiit 20 iiiilcH S \V of New Haven, in the Ut. of41° 10' N aiulZd'^ W. Fairford, ;i town in GloiiccRtci'shirr, with II market on 'Ihursday. The church h.iH 2H \\\r^ window!*, curioiiH- \y pniiited with scripture hiHtories, in bcautifiU roloiirH, und desif^rd by the fiiinous Albert Diirer. It is seated on the Cohi, 25 miles S E of Glouces- ter, and 80 VV bv N of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 51 40 N. Fairhuwii, u |>ost town of Vermont, in Rutland county, 18 miles VV of Rut- land, and 50 N of Ucnnington, with about 450 inhabitants. Fair hie, an island of the Northern Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney, from both which its hijfh towering^ rocks are visible. On the £ side, the duke of Medina Sidonin, admiral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked m 1588. Fainitmh, a sm.'ill village in Ross- shire, Scotland, the proprietor of which had formerly the privilege of distilling' malt spirits free of duty. Faiaani, an island in the river Bi- dassou, which separates France from Spain. It is also called the isle of Con- ference, because Lewis XIV. antj Phi- lip IV. here swore to observe the peace of the Pyrenees, in 1660, after 24 con- ferences between their ministers. Here also the hostages of France and Spain ai'e received and delivered ; this being a neutral island, the sole dominion of which can be claimed by neither king- dom. It is situate between Andaye and Fontarabia. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 43 20 N. Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Thursday, sit\iatc on a hill, 20 miles N W of Norwich, and 110 N N E of London. Lon. 58 E, lat. 52 53 N. Falaise, a town of Fr.incc, in the de- partment of Calvados and late province of Normandy, with a castle, and one of the finest towers in France. It is remarkable for being the birthplace of William the Concpjcror. It has a good trade in serges, linen, and lace ; and its fair, which bcgln.s on August 16, is the most famous in France, next to that of Beaucairc. It is seated on the river Ante, 20 miles S E of C.ien, and 115 W of Paris. Lon. 2 W, lat. 48 35 N. Falkcnberg, a se.T,port of Sweden, on the Baltic, 17 miles N VV of Ilclmstadt, Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 56 52 N. FtiUenbtir/f, a strong town of Ger- many, in the new marchc of Branden- burg, seated on the river Trye, fiO miles E of Stetin. Lon. 15 58 E, lat. 53 is N. FiiUingham, a town in Lincolnshire, with a mai-ket on Thursday, 18 miles VV by S of Boston, and 104 N of Lon- don. Lon. 20 VV, lat. W 48 N. Faltirt, a town in Stirlingshire, re- markable for a battle gained by Ed- ward I. over the Scots in 1298, and where the highlanders in 1746 defeat- ed the king's forces. It is chiefly sup- ported by tlic great markets for High- land cattle, called Trysts, which are held in its neighbourhood thrice a year: 15,000 head of cattle are some- times sold at one tryst, which for the most part, are sent to England. It is nine miles S of Stirling. Lon. 4 58 W, lat. 55 57 N. FatHand, a small town in Fifeshire, made a royal borougli by James II. in 1458. It is situated at th« foot of one of the beautiful green hills called the Lomonds. Here is a royal palace wliose magnificent ruins evince its for- mer elegance. Falkland has some linen manufacture, but its inhabitants are chiefly employed in agriculture. It is 20 miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 7 VV, lat. 56 18 N. Faltland hlandt, near the straits of Magellan, in S America, discovered by sir Richard Hawkins, in 1594. In 1764, commodore Byron was sent by lord Egmond to take possession of them, and he made a settlement on a part which he called Port Egmont. Though this was then thought to be a v^ry valuable possession, yet it was to- tally deserted by the English in 1774, owing to some applications by the Spanish court. In 1770, the Spaniards forcibly dispossessed the Englisli, which produced an armament on the part of the British court ; but the af- fair was settled by a convention, and the Englisli regained possession : how- ever, in 1774, it was abandoned. Lon. 60° W, lat. 52° S. Falmouth, a corporate town and sea- port in Cornwall, situated where the river Fale runs into the English chan- nel. The harbour is so extensive and commodious tiiat ships of the greatest burden come up to tlic quay. It is guarded by the castle of Maircs and FAN FAR N W of Hclmstadl, i6 52 N. •oiiff ti)wn of Gcr- narc-.hc of Braadcn- he livtT Trye, fiO Lon. 15 58 E, lal. iwn in Lincolnshire, rhursilay, 18 miles and 104 N of Lon- \ lat. .'j2 48 N. in Stirlinicshire, rc- itllc gained by Ed- Scots in 1298, and ileM in 1746 defeat- s, It is chiefly »up. It markets for Higli- , Trysts, which are libourhooil thrice a I of cattle are somc- tryst, which for the nt to EngUind. It is rling. Lon. 4 58 W, II town in Fifeshire, )Ut,'h by James 11. in cd ut th« foot of one freen hills called the : is a royal palace it ruins evince its for- Falkland has some !, but its inhabitants ioycd in agricidturc. nf Edinburgli. Lon. N. /, near the straits of America, discovered ;awkins, in 1594. In E Byron was sent by ) take possession of ule a settlement on a ;;dl6d Port Egmont. then thought to be a session, yet it was to- ■ the English in 1774, applications by the n 1770, the Spaniards ;8scd the Enghsh, an armament on the ih court; but the af- hy a convention, and ned possession : how- vas abandoned. Lon. rporate town and sea- , situated where the nto the English chaii- i- is 30 extensive and ships of the greatest to the quay. It is castle of Maivcs and ^endennlt, on a high rock at the en- truiu'c, and tlierc i* luuh excvUeitt •liclur in tlie many creeks belonging to it tJiat tlie whole royal naw might rid« Miife here in any wind. It is gov- cnii'd by a inuyur i and is a town of great tratiic, much improved by Its being tiic station of the packets to Spain, I'urtiigul, and America. I( is 168 ifiiles W S W uf London. Lon, 5 -' W, lal. 50 8 N. Falmouth, a seaport town of Darn- bluble count), Massachusetts I situated lit the S W end of tlic peninsula uf Ua.iistkblc, 18 miles S by W of Sand- wich, and 41 S of Plymouth. Falmouth, a post town in Cumber- land couiitv, Maine, Kve miles N \V of Portland. Falnwuth, a town StalfDrd coun- ty, Virginia j situated on the N side (if the river Kappahimnock, opposite to Fredericksburg, 70 miles N of llicli- mond, and 60 S by W of Washinj^ton. FaUt Bay, a bay E of tlie Caiie of Good Hope, frequented during tlie pre- valence of tile N VV winds which be- gin in May. Lon. 18 33 E, lat. 34 10 a. Falte, Cape, E of tlie Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 S. Falster, a little island uf Denmark, Hear the entrance of the Baltic, be- tween the Islands ufZeulund, Lapl.ind, hiid M»na. Nikojiing is the capitLil. Fainaguitii, a town in the island of Cyprus, wiUi a Greek bishop's see, and a harbour, dcrcnded by two forts. It was taken by the '1 tirks, in 1570, after a siege of six mimths, wlien tiiey fia}'ed the Venetian governor alive and murdered the inhabitants, the 'I'hames, 18 miles W of Oxford ; anil 50 \V by N of London. Lon. 1 27 \V, lat. 51 44 N. Farsistaii, a province of Persia, bounded on the E by Kerman, on the N by Irac-Agemi, u.\ the W by Kusis- tan,'and on the ? by ilie gulf of Persia. It is very fertile, and famous for its ex- cellent wines, called the Wines of iSchiras, the capital of Uiis province. Here are the ruins of Persepolis, per- haps the most migniticent in the world. Fartaci, a town of Arabia Felis, at tlie loot of a cape of the same name. Lon. 51 25 E, lat. 15 55 N. Fattipour, a town oi Hindoostan Pro- per, in the province of Agra, where tiie emperors of Hindoostan, when in tlie zenith of their power, had a palace. It is 25 miles VV of Agra. Lon. 77 43 E, lat. 27 22 N. Favagnana, a small island, 15 miles in compass, on the W side of Sicily, with a fort. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 38 16 N. Fauqueinont, or Valkenburg, a town of Dutch Limburg, on the river Geule, seven miles E of Maestricht. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 52' N. Faval, one of the Azores, or West- ern Islands, which suflcred greatly by ah earthquake, in 1764. Its capit;d is Villa do Horta. Fuyence, a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, near tlic river Biason, 10 miles W of Grassc. Lon. 6 44 E lat. 43 r,s N. F(r;ette, a post town in Kennebec county, Maine, with 532 inhabitants. The post oflice 677 miles from Wash- ington. Fayette, a county of Kentucky, bound- ed on Ihc N by the Ohio, on the E by Bourbon county, and on the S W by the river Kentucky. Lexington is the capital. Fayette, a county of Pennsylvania, 37 miles l9D(f and 33 broad. In 1790, PEL it contained 13,325 inhabitants. Union is the capital. FayetteviUe, the principal town of Cumberland county. North Carolina ; situated on the W side of the N W branch of Cape Fear river, about 60 miles S of Raleigh, and 80 N W of Wilmington. Fe, Santa, the capital of New Mexico in North America, and the see of a hi- shop. It is a rich and well bailt city, situate on the N river. Lon. 108 48 W, lat. 36 50 N. Fe, the capital of the province of the same name in Terra Firma, in South America, situated on the river St. Martha, 212 miles S of Carthagena, and subject to Spain. Lat. 7 18 N, lon. 76 49 W. Fe, Santa, a small place of Granada in Spain, situated on the Xemil, but erected into a city by Ferdinand the Catholic, when he besieged Granada, from which it is only ten miles. Lati 37 26 N, lon. 3 47 W. Fe, Santa-de- Bogota, the capital of New Granada in 'I'erra Firma, in South America, situated at the foot of mount Bagota, in a very fertile country; is the see of an archbishop, and the seat of the governor and the supreme courts. It lies 218 miles S of Pampe- luna. Lat. 4 15 N, lon. 73 14 W. Fear, Cape, a cape of North Carolina, remarkable for a dangirous shoal, cal- led, from its form, tlie Fryr g Pan. Fear, Cape River, a river in North Carolina, which opens into the sea at Cape Fear, in about lat. 33 45. In as- cending it you pass Brunswick on the left, and Wilmington on the right. The river then divides into N E and N W branches, and affords the best na- vigation in North Carolina. Fecamp, an ancient seaport of France, in the de])artment of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy. It had lately a Benedictine abbey, remarkable for its opulence and great privileges. The church is one of the largest in France. Fecamp is 24 miles N E of Ha- vre-de-Grace. Lon. 33 E, lat 49 37 N. Feldiirche, a trading town of Germa- ny, capital of a county of tlie same name, in Tirol. It is seated on the river 111, near its entrance into the Rhine, 15 miles E of Appenzel. Lon. 9 49 E, lat. 47 10 N. felicuda, one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean, 28 miles W oi' Lipari. "fWR" ' %.Kt VlMtfmiW" "TIBei, ? E L J,325 inhabitants. Union the principal town of lounty, North Carolina; le W side of the N W le Fear river, about 60 Laleigh, and 80 N W of he capital of New Mcxicn ;rica, and the see of a bi- ricli and well bailt city, ; N river. Lon. 108 48 N. italof the province of the \ Terra Firma, in South uated on the river St. miles S of Carthagena, to Spain. Lat. 7 18 N, 11 small jilace of Granada lated on tiie Xemil, but a city by Ferdinand the en he besieged Granada, it is only ten miles. Lafe 3 47 W. ie-Bagota, the capital of a in 'lerra Firma, in South uated at the foot of mount I very fertile country; is archbishop, and the seat ;rnor and the supreme cs 218 miles S of Pampc- 1 15 N, lon. 73 14 W. , a cape of North Carolina, "or a dangtrous shoal, cal- form, the Fry)' g Pan. ; Rher, a river in North lich opens into the sea at in about lat. 33 45. In as- !ii pass Brunswick on the rdmington on the right, en divides into N E and N and affords the best na- [orth Carolina. 1 ancient seaport of France, tment of Lower Seine and of Normandy. It had jjdictine abbey, remaikable ence and great privileges. 1 is one of the largest in ^ampi8 24mile8NEof Ma- E. Lon.033E,lat49 37N. a trading town of Germa- of a county of tl»e same 'irol. It is seated on the ^ar its entrance into the liles E of Appenzel. Lon. 47 10 N. one of the Lipari Islands, literranean, 28 miles W of F E R Felix, St. an island in the South Pa- cific Ocean, N N W of Juan Femandes. Lon. 86° W, lat. 26° S. Felletin, a town of France, in the de- [virtmcnt of Crcuse, and late province of Marce, noted for its manufacture of tajjestry. Fellcn, a town in the Rtissian govern- ment of Riga, seated on a river of the s:imc name, 62 miles S E of Revel. Lon. 24 5 E, lat. 58 22 N. Feltri, an ei)isc()pal town of Italy, in tbe Trcvisano, caj>ital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the Asona, 40 miles N of Padua. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 46 3 N. Femereii, a fertile island of Den- mar!:, in the Baltic, tiiree miles from tiie coast of Holstein. FfncsticUe, a town and fort of Pied- mont, in tlie valley of the Vaudois It was taken by tlie duke of Savoy, from the French, in 1708, and ceded to him by the treaty of Utrecht. It is 18 miles VV of Turin. Lon. 7 21 E, lat„45 10 N. / Frrabad, i to^vn of Persia, in the province of Mazunderan, seated among the mountains wliich bound the Cas- pian Sea to tlic S, and 12 miles from it. Shah Abbas often spent his winters licre. It is i30 miles W of Astrabad. Lon. 53 21 E, lat. 37 14 N. Fcrabail, a town of Persia, two miles ^Vom Ispahan, and extending almost jlirce miles along tlie banks of tlie Xcndcroad. It was built by Shall Ab- b;;3, who broiij^'ht the Armenians here from the preceding town, after tlic liad revolted from tbe Turks. Fere, a t )wn of France, in the de- partment of Alsne, and late pi ovince of Picardy, famous for its powder-mill, and school of artillery. Near this town is tlie castle of St. Gobin, famous for its manufacture of line plate glas.s. Fere is seated at the ccmfluence of the Serre and Oise, 20 miles N of Soissons and 75 N E of Pai-is. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 49 29 N. Ferentino, or Fiorento, nn episcopal town of Italy, in Carapagna di Roma, seated on a mountain, 44 miles S E of Rome. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 41 46 N. Ferettc, a town of Alsace, in Germa- ny, 49 miles S of Strasburgli. Lon. 7 3'6 E, lat. 41 .50 N. Fermanagh, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 38 miles in length, and 23 in breadth ; bounded on tile j^reat morass of Comacliia, which has a l)a(l eriect on t!ie air. It is thin of people, and imlillerently cul- tivated, tlio'.igh fit for com, ptilse and hemp. The I'o and the lake nf Coma- chio yield a large quantity offish. Fer- r'lra is the capital town ; besides which there are Arano, Comachio, Magpia- vacra, Belrii^nardo, Cento, Biiendenoi •11(1 Fichcrola. Feirendlna, a town of Naples, in Ba- »ilic:ita, near the river Basianto, 25 rnilcs S W of Matera. Lon. 16 34 E, lat. 40 40 N. Ferro, tlie most westerly of the Ca- nary Islands, near tl'C African coast, wl'.cre the ti"st meridian was lately fix- ed in most maps. It is a dry and bar- :n spot, afi'ording no water except what is supplied by the fountain-tree, wliich distils waters from lis leaves in such plenty, as to answer all the pur- poses of the inhabitants. Lon. 17 46 \V, lat. 27 47 N. feiro, Faro, or Feroe Islands, a clus- ter of little islands, lyinpr in the Nor- thern Ocean, between 61° and 63" N Int. and between 5" and 8^ W lon. Tl'.ey belonjy to Denir.ark. There are 17 whicli arc hi»bitable ; each of which (s a lofty mountain arising' out of the waves, divided from tlie others by deep and rapid currents. Some ot them arc deeply Indei.ted witii seciu-e har- bours i idi are very steep, and most of them faced with most tremendous pre- cipices. The surface of the mountains consi.sts of a shallow soil of remarkable fertility ; for barlev, the only corn sowTi here, yields about 20 for one ; ai\d ihi; grass" afiijrds abundant pastur- nRc for sheep. The exports are, salt- ed mutton, and tallow, goose-quills, feathers, and eider-down, and by the industry of the inhabitants, knit wool- len waistcoats, caps, and stockings. No trees beyond the size of juniper or stunted willows will grow here ; nor are anv wiM quadrupeds to be met with except rats or mice, originally escaped from the shipping. Vastquan. ties of sea-fowl frequent the rocks ; and tiie taking of them furnishes a very perilous employment to the natives. Among the numerous whirlpools of these seas, that of Suderoc, near the island of the same name, is the most jictcd. It is occasioned by a crater 61 fathoms in depth in the centr<^, and from 50 to 55 on the sides. The water fonns four fierce tircuingirations. The danger at most times, especially in storms, is very great. Ships are irre- sistibly drawn in ; the rudder loses its power ; and the waves beat as high as the masts ; so tliMt an escape is almost miraculous ; yet at the reflux, and in ver)- still weather, the inhabitants will venture in bouts for the sake of fishing. Ferrol, a seaport of Spain, in Galicia, on a bay of tlie Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the best in Europe, for the vessels lie safe from all winds; and here the Spanish sqiiadrons frequently rendezvous in time of war. It is 20 miles N E of Corunna, and 65 W of Rivadcs. Lon. 8 4 W, lat. 43 30 N. Fene-Aliiis, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise and late province of the isle of France, ISmiles S of Paris. I.on. 2 27 E, lat. 48 30 N. Ftite- Bernard, a towi oC France, in the department of Sarte and lete pro- vince of Maine, seated on the Huisne, 20 miles N E of Mans. Lon. 39 E, lat. 48 8 N. Feversham, a seaport in Kent, on a creek of the Medway, much frequented by small vessels. It is a member of the port of Dover, and governed by a mayor. It has a market en Wednesday and Saturday; and has several gun- powder mills in its reighbourl-.ood. The London markets arc supplied from hence with abundance of a]>ples and chenies, and the best oysters for stew- ing. It is a populous tlo\irishing place, consisting chietiy of two long broad streets, with a market-house in the centre. Here are the remains of a stately abbey, built by king Stephen : and here James II. attempted to em- bark, but was stopped by the popu- lace. Feversham is nine miles W of Canterbi.rv, and 48 E by S of London. Lon. 55 E, lat. 51 22 N. Fuen, an ancient town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Forez, seated on the Loire, 23 miles S W of Lyons. Fez, a kingdom of Barban', 125 miles in length asid breadth ! bounded on the W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N by the Mediterranean Sea, on the E by Algiers, and on the S by Morocco and Tafilet. The air is temperate and wholesome, and the country fidl of moimtains, partiwdarly to the W andS, •where mount Atlas lies i but it ifl po- k\^ I z in the centw, and he sir. It is 20 mmna, and 65 W of 1 4 W, Int. 43 30 N. own of France, in the •ine and Oise and late lie of France, 18 miles . 2 27 E, lat. 48 30 N. a town of France, in nf Sarte and lete pro- seated on the Huisne, • Mans. Lon. 39 E, seaport in Kent, on a Iwav, much frequented . It is a member of er, awl governo.eir hair a short curly black, their lips thick, their noses flat and bro.id ; and their t.kin emitting a very fcliil efiUlvia: they are Udl, and well- siiaped ; l)ut wciikly, indolent, and in- active, 'll'.cir dress is similar to that of tilt iVI'iors of Uarbary. In their com;'.i()ii intercourse, all distinctions of r.ir.!: occm forijolton; t!ie shorecf (or {Tovcrnor) and t!ic lowest ]ilebian, tiie rich, and the poor, the master and the .servant, converse familiarly, and eat and drink togetJicr. Generous and hospitable, lei liis fare be scanty or abundant, the Fezzanner is desirous that othc's should partake of it ; and if 20 persons were unexpected'y to ri- hit his dv Uing, they must all partici- pate as far as it will go. 'Vhen they settle llieir money transactions, tlicy squat upon the ground, and having lev- elled a spot with their hands, make dots as they reckon ; if they are wrong, llicy smootli the "lot again, and repeat the calculation, liven the bystanders are as eager ti correct mistiJtes as if the affair were their own. Gold dust constitutes the clieif medium of pay- ment; and value, in that medium, is always e.\pressed by weight. In reli- jriop they are rigid, but not intolerant Maliomctans. The government is mo- narchical ; but its povcrs are adminis- tered with such regard to the happi- ness of the people, tlic rights of pro- perty are so revered, tiic taxes so mo- derate, and justice is directed by such a firm, yet temperate hand, tiiat the jjcoplc arc ardently attached to their sovereign. Mourzook is the capi- tal. Fiaiio, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated on the Tiber, 15 miles N of Rome. fianona, a town of Venetian Istria, FIG seated on the gulf of Carnero, 17 miles N of Pola. Fiiucone, an episcopal town of Italy, in the territory of the church, noted for fine muscadine wine. It is seated on a mountain near Lake Bolsena, 12 miles N W of Viterbo. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 42 34 N. Ficherulolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Ferraresc, seated on the Po, 12 miles W of Ferrara. Lon. II 31 K,lat. 45 6 N. Fifranzuolo, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, 10 miles S K of Placentia. Lon. 9 44 E, lat. 44 59 N. Fiezoli, an ancient town of Italy, in the Fhn-entino, with a bishop's see, five miles N E of Florence. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 43 49 N. Fifeahire, a county of Scotland. It is a fine peninsula, inclosed between the Fortii and the Tay rivers, boimdcd on the E by the British or German ocean ; on the S by the Frith of Forth j on the W by the Orhill-hills, Kinross and Perthsliire ; and on the N is divided from Forfar by the Tay. It is about 36 miles long from N K to S Yf, and about 17 wlierc broadest. The eastern part is the most level. The N and S parts are fruitful in corn, and the mid- dle fit for pasture. It has ])lenty of black cattle and sheep, whose wool, is much esteemed. On the S are coal pits, and much salt is made ; and it produces crvstals of various colours, freestone and lead. It has several mi- neral waters, viz. Kinghorn, BiiUgrig)', &c. The principal rivers are the Le- ven, and the Eden, which abound with salmon, Ecc. The coast is well planted with little towns that are nurseries for seamen : and the sea produces great quantities of herrings, &c. The num- ber of towns is almost unparalleled in an e(]ual tract of coast j for the whole shore, from Crail to Cidross, about 40 miles, is one continued chain of towns and villages. Cupar is the county- town. Figari, a seaport of Corsica, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 23 miles W N W of Bonifacio. Figeac, a town of France in the de- partment of Lot .ind late province of Qiierci, and Guienne, seated on the Selle, 22 miles E of Cahors, and 270 S of Paris. Lon. 1 58 E, lat. 4432 N. Figiieiro-dot-Viiihos, a town of Portu- gal, in Estramadura, seated among mountain?, near the river Zizerc, and JC n n ji i ii • X la yii ii '' I G of Carnero, 17 miles icopal town of Italy, the church, noted wine. It is seated : Lake Bolsena, 12 >rbo. Lon. 12 13 E, rtified town of Italy, seated on the Po, 12 •a. Lon. 11 31 E.lat. iwn of Italy, in the ;8 S E of Placentia. 4 59 N. eiit town of Italy, in »ith a bishop's see, Florence. Lon. 11 nty of ScotlaiKl. It is iic'losed between the If rivers, bounded on sh or German ocean ; rith of Forth ; on the ll-hills, Kinross and on the N is divided le Yav. It is about n N K to S ^V, and roadcst. Tiie eastern level. The N and S •11 corn, and the mid- re. It has jilcnty of hecp, whose wool, is On the S are coal salt is made; and it of various colours, .. It has several mi- Kingliorn, Ballgrigj', lal rivers arc tlic Le- , which abound with . coast is well planted that are nurseries for sea produces great lings, &c. The num- lost imparalleled in ;oast i for the whole to Culross, about 40 linued chain of towns ;upar is the county- of Corsica, at the J)f the same name, 22 I Bonifacio. af France in the de- [vnd late province of enne, seated on the lof Cahors, and 270 S l58E, lat. 4432N. W, a town of Portu- Idura, seated amonff \he river Zizcrc, ana i««Lta*#iMlb« F I N remarkable for its excellent vineyards. It is 2~ miles N of Tomar. Lon. 7 45 VV, lat. 39 49 N. J'igiieraa, or St. Fernaiulo-de-Vigucrat, a very Strang fortress of Spain, in Cuta- Iniiia, which was taken bv the French ill 1794 Lon. 2 46 E, lat.' 42 18 N. yillech, a town of Hungary, in the (■(unity of Novigrad, seated on the Ipol, 'Jj miles from Agi'ia. Lon. 19 8 £, lat. 48 24 N. Final, a town of Italy, on tlie coast of llcnua, with a strong citadel, two forts, iiiul a castle. It was sold to the Geno- ese, by the emperor Charles VI. in irij. It is situated on the Mediter- ranean, and is 30 miles S W of Genoa. Lon. 80E, lat. 44 14 N. I'ina/e, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denese. It was besieged and taken by the French in Nov. 1795. It is seated on an island formed by tlie river Pvna- ro, 22 miles N £ of Modena. Lon. 11 i.'5 E, lat. 44 26 N. Fincastle, a post town of Boutetourt county, Virginia, 255 miles distant from Washington. In 1800 tlic inhabitants amounted to 602. Findhorn, a fishing town in Murray- sbirCi at the mouth of a bay of the ^:lmc name. It is a considerable town and has a good harbour. It is 1/ miles W by N of Elgin. Lon. 3 40 W, lat. 57 45 N. Findhorn, a river of Scotland, which lias its source in Invemesshirc, and crossing Kaimcshire and the N W cor- m-r of Murrayshire, forms the bay of imdho n, which opens into the frith of -Murray, attltc town of the same name. Finisterre, Cape, the most western c:ipc, not only of Spain, but of Europe. It was thought, by the ancients, to liave no country beyond it, and therc- f'lrc they gave it a name which signi- lios the end of the earth. Lon. 9 17 W, lat. 42 51 N. Finisterre, a department of France, which includes part of the late province is)iop's sec, 25 miles S W of Satalia. Lon. 31 57 E, lat. 36 45 N. Fiorento. See Ferentino. Fiorenso, St. a seaport of Corsica, on a gulf of the same name, seven miles \V of Bastia. It surrendered to the English and Corsicans, in 1794, but has since revolted from England. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 42 35 N. Fishcr-rovo, a village about five miles from Edinburgh. It is seated on the W aide of the mouth of the river Esk, and has some elegant viUas in its vicin- ity. Fiskardt, a corporate town in Pem- brokeshire, with a market on Friday. It is governed by a mayor, and carries on a goml trade in herrings. It is sit- uate on a steep cliif, at the influx of the river Gwainc, into St. George's Channel, which here forms a spacious bay. It is 16 miles N E of St. David's, 'and 242 W by N of London. Lon. 4 52 W, lat. 52 4 N. F'ishiill, a post town in dutchess county, New York, 61 miles N ofthe ci- ty of New York, and about the same distance S of Hudson. Fish Jfirer, Great, a considerable river of Africa, wliich rises in the un- known interior regions, tiivides Caffra- ria from the country of the Hottentots, and falls into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 30 30 S. Tlie deepest parts of tliis ri- ver arc inhabited by the hippopotamus, and the adjacent woods by elephants, rhinoceroses and buflalocs. Fistella, a fortified town of Morocco. The inh.ibltants carry on a great trade in fine garments. It is 135 miles N £ of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 W, lat. 32 27 N. Hvc Churches, an episcopal town of Ilunjfai"-, Sj miles SofBuda. Lon. 18 13 E", l:.t. 40 N. Fium, the capital of .i province ofthe same iianic in EgJT^t. It is veiT pop- ulous, and tlic Cophts have a bishop's see. Hen are many ruins of niagifi- ccnl ancient sUi:cturc:>; and it has a -^mm&£-. s F L E FL I considerable trade in flux, linen, mats, raisins, and figs. The province con- tains a great number of cunuts and brdges built by the uncicnt Egy]>tiuns. The town is seated on a canul, tliut communicates with the Nile, 70 miles S W of Cairo. Lon. 30 49 E, lat. 29 2N. Fiunie, or St. Veit, a seaport of Aus- trian Istriu, with a castle and a good harbour formed by tlie river Fini.'iriia, which enters the bay of Carncro, in the gulf of Venice. It is very populous, noted for wine, good figs, and other ftuits ; and t!ic tathednil is wortli ob- servation. It is 37 miles E of Capo d'Istria. Lon. 14 46 E, lat. 45 40 N. Flaniborough Head, a loity promontory in Yorkshire, whose snow-white clifls serve for a direction to ships. Its rocks arc occupied by innumcral}le multitudes of sea-fowls, which fill tiie air and ocean all around. It is five miles E of Burlington. Lon. 4 E, lat 54 9 N. Flanders, a couriti-y of the Nether- lands, divided into Dutch, Austri;ui, ant French Flanders ; the last now in- cluded hi the department of the Nortii. It is 60 miles in length and 50 in breadth ; bounded on the N by the Ger- man Ocean and the United Provinces, on the E by Brabant, on the S by Hain- ault and Artoia, and on tiie VV by Artois and the German Ocean. Flanders is perfectly champaign, with not a rising ground in it., and watered with many fine rivers and canals. Its chief com- modities are fine lace, linen and tai)es- try. Flattery, Cape, on the W coast of N America, so named by Captain Cook, who discovered it in 1788, because he was disappointed at not finding a har- bour. L'm. 124 S7 W, lat. 48 25 N. Flavigiii, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, ano!isesses u ill trade. piftty larjfc town of J of Slcswick, with it It is situiited on ;i buy id lius a harbour dcup shippinj^. It is a place commerce, 15 mile* k. Lon. 9 47 E, lat, je of the Austrian Ne- : province of Namur, le foufflit in its ncigh- I, bcLween the French Here alsoin Jime 1794, ide a general attack un s, but were repulsed. i of Charlcroy. \ of France in the de- ne and Loire and late pundy, 30 mileb N of ♦ 50 E, lat. 47 13 N. iiJ, an island on the i, at the middle of the Zuider-Zce. I in flintsliirc which e county, and sends one anient ; but it is a small Tade, and the assizes Id. Here we the re- :, in which Richard II. ito tlie hands of his ri- Henry IV. It is seated 12 miles W by N of .93 N W of London. .5316N. ounty of N WrJcs, 29 and 12 where broadestj N and N E by u bay, tlie Dec, which divides ■e i on the N W by the le E by tlie Dee, which m\e it from Cheshire, d S AV from Denbigh- Flintshire extends on cDce, about ni>ie miles ire and Shropshire. It ve hundreds j in which .towns and 28 parishes, ibitants. The greatest ty lies in the diocese of the rest bt'longs to tliat sends two mcinbers to for the counu' and one ays one part of t)ie land FLO tax. The air is cold, but healthful. It is full of hills, intermixed with a few valleys, which are very fruitful, produ- cing' some wheat and plenty of rye. The cows, though small, yield a great quan- tity of milk in proportion to their size, and arc excellent beef. The mountains arc well stored with lead, coal, and mill stones. This county also produces good butter, cheese and honey. Fiix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both by art and nature, tt is built on a peninsula in the river Ebro, where it makes an elbow, which serves the town instead of a ditch, and may be conducted quite round it. The side where the river does not pass, is cover- ed by mountains, and defended by a castle on an eminence ; and near it is a water-fall. It is 20 miles S of Lerida. LoB. 26 E, lat. 41 15 N. Florence, the capital of the dutchy of Tuscany, and one of the finest cities in Italy. It is surrounded on all sides but one with high hilis, which rise insensibly, and at last join the lofty mountains called the Appennines. Towards Pisa, there is a vast plain of 40 miles in lengtli ; which is so filled with villages and pleasure-houses, tliat tliey seem to be a continuation of the suburbs of. the city. Independent of the churches and palaces of Florence, most of which are very magnificent, the architecture of the houses in gene- ral is in a good taste ; and the streets are remarkably clean, and paved with largpe broad ston<^'Mu$ekd so as to prevent the horw;{Fpp SCding. The city is divided inn iiti iinecj^ual parts by the river Amo, over which there are no less than four bridges in sight of each other. That called the Ponte detla THnita, which is uncommonly elegant, is built entirely of white marble, and ornamented with four beautiful statues representing the Sea- sons. The quays, die buildings on each side, and tlie bridges, render that part of Florence through which the river runs by far th« finest. Every comer of tliis beautiful city ia full of Wonder's in tlie arts of painting, statu- ary, and architecture. The streets, squares, and fronts of the palaces are a- donied with a great number of statues : some of them by the best modem mas- ters, Michael, Angelo, Brandinelli, Uonatello, Giovanni di Bologna, Ben- vtiiuto Cellini, and others. Some of the Floieiitliic mer<;kaiita formerly FLO were men of vast wealth, and lived in a most magnificent manner. One of them, about the middle of the fifteenth centiu-y, built tliut noble fabric, which, from the name of its founder, is still called the Palazzo Pitti. The man was ruined by the prodigious expence of this buikling, wiiich was immediately purchased oy tiie Medici family, and has continued ever since to be tlie resi- dence of the sovereigns. The gardens belonging to tliiH palace are on the de- chvity of an eminence. On the sum- mit tliere is a kind of fort called Bel- vedere. From tliis and from some of the higher walks, you have a complete viewof the city of Florence, and the beauteous vale of Amo, in the middle of which it stands, This palace has been enlarged since it was purchased from the ruined family of Pitti. I'h^ furniture is rich and curious, particu- larly some tables of Florentine work, which are much admired. The most precious ornaments, however, are the paintings. The walls of what is culled the Imperial Chamber, are painted in fresco, by various painters ; the sub- jects are allegorical, and in honour of Lorenzo of Medicis distinguished by the name of Uie Magnificent. The famous gallery attracts every stranger. One of the most interesting parts of it in tlie eyes of many, is tlie series of Roman emperors, from Julius Cxsar to GallienuB, with a considerable number of their empresses arranged opposite to them. This series is almost complete ; but wherever the bust of an emperor is wanting, the place is filled up by that of some otlier distinguished Ro- man. The celebrated Venus of Medi- ci, is thought to be the standard of taste irt female beauty and propordbn, stands in a room called the Tribunal. The inscription on its base mentions its b eing made by Cleomenes an Athe- niari, the son of ApoUodorus. It is of white marble, and surrounded by other master-pieces of sculpture, some of which are said to be the works of Praxiteles and other Greek masters. In the same room are many valuable curiosi- ties, besides a collection of admirable pictures by the best masters. There .ire various other rooms, whose con- tents are indicated by the names they bear ; as, the Cabinet of Arts, of As- tronomy, of Natural History, of Me'dab, of Porcelain, of Antiquities; the Sa- loon of the Hermaphrodite, so called G G ^W FLO F O C ^1 I from a statue whioli divides the admi- ration uf the amateurs with that in the Boi'i^hetie villa)(c at Rome, thuugli tite excellence of the execution is disgrac- ed by the vileness of the subject; and the Gallery of Portraits, v/hich con- tains the |)ortraits of the mos^ em- inent painters (all exec d buildiii, " 'if Hor-it ■■ V* i; * r . howevi; omit iPtn't.Ai'tiijj t'ut ch.ipef of St, Lorenzo, a" i. o.;^ (><;'» ii.?- the finest and most • xp4-;>p!4» iwiS.ii-Ation that fver was reared li. '. j ueai' is encrusted with precious li'.ones, adorned by the workmanship of the best modem sculptors. Florence is a place of some strcnj^lh, and contains an arch- bishop's see !Uid a university. The number of inhabitants is calculated at 80,000. Florence is 45 miles S of Bo- logna, and 125 N \V of Rome. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 43 46 N. Ftorent, St. a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late provence extensiv ranges f< cattle. Florida was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497. Having oiten changed masters, belonging alternately to the French and Spaniards, it was ceded by the latter to the English in 1763; in vhose hands it continued till 1781, when it was taken by the Spaniards, and ceded to them in 1783. Florida, a post town in Orange coun- ty. New York, about 60 miles N W of the city of New York, on the post road to Albany. Ftotz, a town of ^alachia, seated on the Genissa, near its influx into the Danube. Flour, St. an episcopal town of France, in the department of Cantal and late province of Auvergfne. It carries on a considerable trade in knives, and ita fairs are famous for the sale of mule* and rye. It is seated on a mountain, 45 miles S of Clermont, and 350 of Paris. Lon. 311 E, lat. 45 2 N. Flawden, a village in Northumber- land, five miles N of Wooler, famous for a battle fought here by the English and Scots in 1513, iii which James IV. was killed together with the flower of his nobility. Fluthing, a strong and congiderable seaport of Dutch Zealand, in the island of Walcherin, with a good harbour, and a great foreign trade. It was put into the hands of queen Elisabeth aa a security for the money she advanced. It was taken by the French in January 1795, and is four miles S W of Middle- burg. Lon. 3 35 £, lat. 51 29 N. Fochabert, a town in BaniTshire, seated on a plain, near the river Spey. Here is Gordon Castle, tlie princely mansion of the duke of Gordon, now greatly modernized. It is surrounded by ancient trees and elegant pleasure- grounds, and the adjacent hills are crowned witli fir and other trees. In the town, many girls are employed in spinning, and in the manufacture of T F O K F O N Floridas are of a su- well adapted to tl\c corn, wliile tlic in- ch is high und ple:i- h wood of Hlm'ist jlurly white and red , cypress, red and : intervals between iducc gpont«neoualy to Geor((ia and tiie c whole country is li'>r manner^ lor tlie f( cattle. Florida Sebastian Cabot in en clianged maateri, lely to the French was ceded by the iglish in 1763 ; in continued till 1781, n by the Spaniards, 1 in 1783. own in Orange coun- jut 60 miles N W of ork, on the post road Walachia, seated on X its influx into the icopal town of France, nt of Cantal and late •gne. It carries on a le in knives, and its for the sale of mules ;ated on a mountain, lermont, and 350 of E, lat. 45 2 N. age in Northumber- of Wooler, famous here by the English , in which James IV. ler with tlie flower ing and considerable Zealand, in the island ith a good harbour, fn trade. It was put queen Elisabeth as a money she advanced, he French in January nilesS WofMiddle- „lat.5129N. .own in Banffshire, , near the river Spey. Castle, tlie princely uke of Gordon, nov«^ :d. It is surrounded ind elegant pleaaure- » adjacent hills are and other trees. In ;irls are employed in the m«nuf«cture of •liorthe palronanv of 1 48 miles N W of sewing thread, \ t!ie iliitchess. Alici'tlocn. Fo-chan, a. viliv,o c China, in the province tf fjjang long. Itis call<-d a village because ' los no walls n ,, a presiding govei ■, altlu-i: li it has a ffreat trade, ar i ntuins more houses . (1 inhabitan man Canton. It is iv 'konc' to t)t nine miles in circu'ri- /c.eMCc, and to coiiiain 1,0"'),000 -)f . ■• liabitaiUs, It is 1:^ mile.s from Canton. Fochia Nofoa, a town of Nat')lia, on tlie gulf of Sanderly, with a good har- bour, and a castle. The Venetians heaX. the Turkish flc$t, neartliis place, in 1650. Fodgia, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, seated near the Cerbcro, 10 miles E of Manfredonia. Foduiatj a town of Hungary, seated on the Danube, opposite Colocza. Lon. 19 36 E, lat. 46 39 N. Fogareu, a town and castle of Tran- sylvania, on the river Alauta, 30 miles N E of Hermanstadt. Lon. 25 25 E, lat. 46 30 N. Fogiia, a river of Italy, which rises on the confir s of Tuscany, crosses die dutchy of Urbinn, and falls into the gulf of Venice, at Pesai-o. Fogo. See Fuego. Fohr, an island of Denmark, near the coast of Sleswick. It is about 12 miles in circumference. Foia, !.n ancient town of Natolia on tlie gulf of Smyrna, with a good har- bour, and a strong castle, 30 miles N of Smyrna. Foix, H town of France, in the de- partment of Arrieg^ and late county of Foix. It is noted for its manufacture of coarse woollen cloths, and some copper-milts, which metal is a conside- rable object tof commerce. It is seated on the Arriege, at the foot of the Py- renees, eight miles S of Pamicrs. Lon. 1 52 E, lat. 43 N. Fo-kien, a provmce of China, bound- ed on the N by Tche-kiange, on the W by Kiang-si, on the S by Quang-tong, and on the E by the Chinese Sea. It is commodiously seated for navigation and commerce, part of it bordering on the sea, in which they catch large quantities of fish, which they send salted to other parts uf the empire. Its shores are very uneven, by reason of the number and variety of its bays. Its climate is warm ; and yet the air is so *)ure, that no contagious diseases ever prevail her'- The mountaiis arc al- lost cvpry \\ ,icre disposed ,iito a kind of ampin heatres, by the lahoiu of the ii abitants, with lerrace.i< p' iced one above another. The fields ui kvatered with rivulets and spring;s, vvliich issu^ out of the mountains, and which the husbandmen coni' rt in. such a manner as to overfloT,v tiie fields of rice when th please, because it thrives best in watery ground. Thcv make use of pipes of bamboo for this purpose. They have all commodities in comn. jn witli the rest of China; but more particular- ly musk, precious stunes, quicksilver, silk, hempen-dotli, calico, iron, ;uuJ all sorts of utensils wrouglrt to tlic greatest perfection. From other coun- tries they have clovea, cinnamon, pep- per, sandal- wood, amber, coral, and many other things. The capital city is Foutcheou Fou. It contains nine ci- ties of the first, and sixty of tlie third class. Foligni, an episcopal and trading to\vn of Italy, in the dutchy of Umbria, remarkable for its sweetmeats, paper- mills, silk manufactures, and fairs. It is seated on the declivity of a mountain near a fertile plain, 69 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, lat. 42 48 N. Folkttone, a town in Kent, with a market on Thursday. It was once a flourishingplace,containingfiTc church- es, which are now reduced to one, and the inhabitants arc chiefly employed in fishing. It is a member of the port ot Dover, governed by a mayor, and is seated on the EnglLsh Chaiuiel, eight mUes S W of Dover, and 72 E by S of London. Lon. 1 14 E, lat. 51 5 N. Fondi, an episcopal town of Naples, in Terra dj Lavora. It is seated on a fertile plain, but in a bad air, near a lake of its own name, 42 miles N W of Capua, and 50 S £ of Rome. Lon. 13 24 E, lat. 4122 N. Fong-uiang-foh, a city of China, in the province of Chcn-si. Its district contains eight cities of Uie second and third class. It is 495 miles S VV of Pekin. Fovg-yang-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kian^-nan. It is seated on a mountain, which hangs over the Yel- low River. It encloses within its walls several fertile little hills, and its juris- diction is very extensive, as it compre- hends five cities of the second and 13 of the third class. It is 70 miles N it of Nanking. I « ij ' • miP'iwiHft, F O N FimtalMeau, a town of Frai'vce in the dc!)uitm«:nl of Seine and Marne and late inovince of tlic i>le of France, re- murkuble fnr its fine palace, where the kin^-H of Fi'uJice used to lodjje, when hiiiiimi,''. It was first eniV)ell)!ilicd by Fraiu-is I a'ul each successive king added something' to it j insonmch tliat it was one of the finest |>lea«ure-houses in the world. It stands in the midst of a forest, 35 miles SE ijf Paris. Lon. 2 47 E, lat. 4« 25 N. Fontaine L'£vrr/tie, a town of France, in the department of the North and late province of Huinaidt, near the ri- ver Sanibrc, three miles W of Charle- roy. Lon. 4 18 E, lat. 50 23 N. Fontarabia, a seaport of Spain, in Biscay, seated on a peninsula in the bay of Biscay, and on the river Bidas- 8on. It is w'ell fortified both by nature and art ; has a f,'ood harbour, though dry at low water; and is surrounded on tilt land side by the Pyrenean moun- tains. It is a very important place, be- ing accounted tlie key of Sjiain on that side. It suiTendered to tlic French arms in 1794. It is 22 miles S W of Bayonne, and 6*^ E of Bilboa. Lon. 1 33 W, lat. 43 23 N. Fontenai, a village of France, in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, remarkable for a bloody battle fought, in 841, between the Ger- mans and the French, in which the Ger- mans were defeated with the loss of 100,000 men. It is 20 miles S E of Auxerre. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 47 28 N. Fontenai-le-Comte, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou. It has a woollen manufacture, and its fair is famous for cattle, particularly for mules. It is seated on the Vendee, near the bay of Biscay, 35 miles N E of Rochelle, Lon. 55 W, lat. 46 30 N. FiMtenoy, a village of Austrian Hain- ault, remarkable for a battle between the allies and the French, in 1745, in which the former were defeated. It is four miles S W of Tournay. Fontevrault, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. Here was a famous abbey, founded by Robert d'Ar- brissel, in 1100. It was the chief of a religious order, which, by a singular whim of the founder, consisted of both (exes, and the general of wiiich was a woman. Qiieen Bertrade, so famous in liiatory, was anioni; tlic iirst nuns FOR * that entered tliis abbey. It !i nine miles S E of Saumur, and 160 S W of Paris. Lon OE, lat. 47 9 N. Forcat(/uier, an ancient town of France in the department of the Lo-ver Alps, and late province of Provence, seated on a hill by tlic river Laye, 20 miles N E of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 43 58 N. Forchain, a strong town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Bamberg, with a fine arsenal. It was taken by the French in 179G, who were afterwards compel- led to abandon it. It is seated on tlie Rednitz, 18 miles S by £ of Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 44 N. FordingbrUge, a town in Hampshire, with a market on Satiu'dav, seated on the Avon, 20 miles W S VV of Win- Chester, and 87 VV by S of London. L(m. 1 49 W, lat. 50 56 N. Forctun, a small village of Scotland, in Kincardineshire. ForUviich, a member of the port of Sandwich, in Kent, seated on the riv- er Stour, ai»d governed by a mayor. It is noted for excellent trouts, and it three miles N E of Cantcrbuiy, and eight W of Sandwich. Foreland, North, a promontory which is the N E point of tlie Isle of Thanet, in Kent. It is also the most southern part of the port of London, which is thence extended N, in a right line, to the point, called the Nase, in Essex, and forms what is properly called the mouth of the Thames. Here is around brick tower, near 80 feet high, erect- ed by the Trinity House, for a sea- mark. Foreland, South, a headland, forming the E point of the Kentish coast, and called South, in respect to its bearing from tb.e other Foreland, which is about six miles to the N. Between these two capes, is the noted road, called the Downs, to which they afford a g^eat security. Forett-Tvmnt, four towns of Suabia, lying along the Rhine, and the confines of Swisserland, at the entrance of the Black Forest Their namen are Wald- schut, LaufFenburg, Scckingcn^ and Jtheinfelden ; and tliey are subject to the house of Austria. Forez, a province of France, bounded on the W by Auvergne, on the S by Velay and the Vivarais, on the E bytbe Lyoiiois, and on the N by Bwgundy and the Bourbonnois. It is watered by the Loire, and several othrr streams. R * bbcy. It is nine r, «na 160 S W of Ittt. 47 9 N. ieiitU)Mfiiol'Fr»ncc ' the Lo-ver Alpt, Provence, Heated er Laye, 20 mile* 5 48 E, Ul. 43 58 town of Fp»nconia, Bunibcrf^, with « taken by the French »fterwiir«U compel- It ii teated on tlir ) by E of BRmberg. 19 44 N. own in Hampuhire, iatiirdav, seated on 1 W S W of Win- V bv S of London. JO 56 N. village of Scotland, nber of the port of t, seated on the riv- med by a mayor. It ;llent trouts, and it of Cwiterbuiy, mid 'ich. a promontory which )ftlie Ule ofThanet, JO the most southern if London, which ii N, in a right line, to the Nase, in Eisez, properly called the nies. Here is a round 80 feet high, erect- ly House, for a aea- a headland, fbrminr Kentish coast, and ■spect to its bearing 5land. which is about Between these two ted road, called the they afford a great \)m towns of Suabia, line, and the confines k; the entrance of the ieir namto are Wald- Irg, Scckingen^ and tliey are subject to jtria. he of France, bounded Iivergne, on the S by Tarais, ontheEbythe the N by Burgundy Jmois. It is watered Igevend othrr »tre»«Mi FOR Mild l.is several mines of coal and iron. It lit now included, witii the Lyonois, in tlic 'lipartmcnt of Rhone and Loire. Forfiir, a borough of ScotluntI, and capital of the county of the same name. It stands on the valley of Struthmore that runs from Perth N E to the sea. It is an ancient place, and here are the ruins of a palucc built b^ Malcolm Canmorc. The lake of Forfar, stretch- ing two miles in length from £ to W, and half a mile in breadth, covers the palace on the N. This lake abounds with trout, . pike, perch, und eel. Of late years it has JK-en greatly reduced by draining i to which the immense quantity of fine murle at the button is the principal inducement. Forfar is a fine flourishing place, and its inhabi- tants arc doubled witliin tlicse 30 years ; the houses have also increased in proportion besides being greatly im- proved. The church has been rebuilt in an elegant and extensive plan, calcu- lated to contain 2,000 hearers. Its principal manufaeture is osnaburghs, and it is 20 miles W of Montrose. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 56 35 N. Forfarthire. See Anguuhirt. Forget, a town of Fiance, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, reiiiurkahle for its mineral waters. It is 60 miles N W of Paris. Lop. 40 £, lat. 49 38 X. Forli, an ancient town of Uoniagnia, capital of a territory of the same name, wit!) a bishop's see. The public struc- tures are very handsome, and itis seat- ed in a fertile and healthy country, 10 miles S £ of Fazena. and 40 N £ of Florence. Lon. 1 1 44 £, lat. 44 16 N. Formosa, an island in the Chinese Sea, 90 miles E of Canton, lying be- tween 119 and 122* E lon. and 22 and 25° N lat It is subject to the Chinese, wl)o, notwithstanding Ks proximity, did not know of its existence till the year 1430. It is about 85 tetcues in length, and 25 broad ; and a raain of mountains running from N to S, divides it into two parts, the E and W. The nutch built the fort of Zealand, in the W part, in 1634. They were driven tlience, in 1661, by a Chinese pirate, who made himself master of all tlie W part, which in 1682, submitted to the emperor of China. This island presents extensive and fertile plains, watered by a g^at number of rividets tliat fall from the E mountains. Its air is ])urc and wboleaoine ; and it produces ai>un- ■^IPS'-' FOR dance of corn and rice, und the greater part of otlK-r gr liuM. Most ul' the In- dian fruits, many of those of Europe, tobacco, sugar, pep|)er, campliire, uiid cinnamon, are fnund here The inha- bitants rear a great number of o.\en, which tilt « use for riding, from a want of hordes. 1 hey accustom Uiem early to that kind of seiMee, and, by daily exerciac, train them to go as well as the best horses. 'I'hese oxen arc fur> nished with a brdlc, saddle, and crui>- |)er. A Chiiiese looks as proud, when mounted in this manner, as if he wer« carried by ilic finest Barbary courser. Wholesome water is the only thing wk.iting in Formosa. It ii very extra- ordinary tliat every kiiul of water in it is a deadly ])oisun to strangers, for which no remedv has yet been found. On the 22dof May 1782, this fine island was overwhelmed, and almost desuU- ted, by a furious hurricane and dread- ful inundation of the sea, supposed to have been occasioned by an earthquake. Tai-quang is the capital. Forte*, a town in Murrayshire, seat- ed on an eminence, clime to a rivulet, it is a small well built town pleasantly situated, two miles to the £ of the riv- er F ndhom. A little to the N E near the road, is a remarkable column, call- ed King Seven's «)r Sweno's Stone, above 20 feet high, and three broud, covered on both sides by antique sculp- ture. It is supposed to have been erected in memory of a victory obtain- ed over tlie Dane i, in 10U8, before their final retreat from Scotland. Forres manufactures sonic linen and sewing thread, and is 15 miles W of Elgin. Fort Ann, a small posttown, of Wash- ington county, Ncw-Yoik j at the dis- tance of 10 miles N W of Fort Edward, and 459 from Washington. Forteventura, one of the Canary Is. lands, 65 miles in length, and of a very irregular breadtli, consisting of two peninsulas joined by an isthmus 12 miles in breadth. It produces plMty of wheat, bai-ley, beeves, anil goats. Lon. 14 26 W, lat. 2a 4 N. Fort Edviurd, (formerly a coiisidert.- ble British fortress) nnw a post tow i' rf Washington county, Ncw-Vork -, >. ated on the E side of Hudson river, v; miles N of Albany. Fort George, a town in Wnshin^tiif; county, Ni.'w-York ; on tlic S W fci nerof lake Gtioge. Here is a post-oi- fice 465 miles from Washington. 11 I i F O U FOX i$ m Forth, nne of tlio inoitl noble and comniddiouN rivcrH in Scotland. It takr* itn ri.si! ni;ar tlio bottom of Lomond hills J and iMinniii(f from K to \V, re- i-eiveii in its pasHUf^c nmny roiiiiidcra- ble KtreaniH, derivinjc their waters from tbc eminences in tlic- midlund coimties of North Britain, llctwcen Stirling and Alloa, the Forth winds in «i niottt beautiful uikI surprising' miinncri »o that, though it i» but four miles by land, it is 24 oy water, between those two places, Below Alloa the river ex- pands itself to 11 great breadth between the counties of Lothian and Fife, till at Qiieen's-ferry it is contracted by pro- inontorics shouting into it from both coasts ; so that, from being four or five, there it is not above two miles bmud. At the mouth of it, from North Ber- wick to Fifencss, it is ftill five leagues broad j having the little island of May in the middle of it, and to the W of this the rnrkv island of Bass; notwith- standing which, the largest fleet may enter and sail up it many miles with the utmost facility and in the greatest safety. There is a communication be- tween this river and the Clyde, by a canal 35 miles in length. Fort Wiliimon, a post town in Han- cock coimty, Georgia ; situated on the rivor Appalachy, 30 miles W of George- town. Fortrote, a borough in Hossshire, si- tuate on the frith of Murray, nearly op- posite Fort George, and nine miles W of Inverness. • Fos^ano, a strong town of Piedmont, with a bishop's see, seated on the Sture, 10 miles N E of Coni, and 27 S K of Pigncrol. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 44 45 N. Fossmnbrnne, a town of Italy, in the dutcliy of Urbino, with a bishop's see ; seated near the river Metro, 16 miles S W of Pesaro, and 12 S E of Urbino. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 43 40 N. Fot/ieriiigay, a town in Northampton- shire, nine miles S of Stamford, near the river Nen. It i.s noted for the ru- ins of the castle where Rich.ird III. •was born, and where Mary, queen of tirotland, was beheaded. i''iwf,an ancicnttown of Lower Egypt, seated on the Nile, 7!> nillos S of Uo- sctto, and 40 E of Alexandria. Lon. 31 15 E, hit, 31 12 N. Fmigere.r, a town of Fr.ince, in tiie department of Maine and Loire and late proiince of Bretagne, with an an- cient castle. It is seated on the Ccrj- nom, iS miles N K of Krnnes, and 15U W of Paris. Lon. 1 13 VV,lat. 48 22 N, Foulthnm, a town in Norfolk, with a market on 'I'nesd.iy, 16 miles N VV of Norwich, and 111 N K of London. Lon. 1 7 E, lat. 52 51 N. Four Canlonn, Late iif the. See Wald- ttitttcr Sea. Foiirneaux Island, a small island in the South Pacific Ocean. Lon, 143 2 VV, lat. 17 lis. Fotirncit, in Loynsdale Lancashire, is a tract, Ixitwcen tlie Kent, Leven, ami Dudden-Sands which runs N pa- rallel with tlic W sides of Cumberland and Westmorelai d j and on tlic S runs out into the sea as a promontory. This whole tract, except on the coast, rises in hills and vast piles of rocks called Forncss-Fells. In these motmtainoui parts are found quarries of a fine dura« ble blue slate to cover buildings with, which are made use of in many other parts of the kingdom. The low or plain part of Foumess, produces all sorts of grain, but principally oats, whereof the bread eaten in this coun- try is generally made ; and tliere arc found here veins of a very rich iron ore. Fou-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in Fo-kicn ; one of the most considerable in that province, on account of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, the number of its literati, and the mag- nificence of its principal bridge, which has more than 100 arches constructed of white stone, and ornamented witli a , on account of the jfriut number of black, gray, and red fdxcs witii which they abound. The tli'i-ss of the inhabitants consist* of a rap, and a fur ccut tliat reaches down to the knee : some of them wear com- mon caps of a party-coloured bird-skin, upon wliicli tlicy leave part of the wings and tail. Un the forepart of tiieir hunting and fishing caps, they place a smallboaril, like a tkreen, a- dorned with the jawbones ofseabears, :uid ornamented with glass beads, which they receive in barter from the Kussiuns. At their festivals and danc- ing parties they use a much more shewy sort of caps. They feed upon the flesh of all sorts ofsea animals, and generally eat it raw ; but when tliey rcss their food, they place it in a hol- low stone, tliey tlicn cover it witli ano- ther, and close the interstices witli lime or clay ; they next by it horizon- tally on two stones, and light a fire under it. The provision intended for keep- ing, is dried without salt in the open air. Their weapons are bows, arrows, and darts ; and for defence, they use wooden shields. The most perfect equality reigns among tliem ; they liuve neither chiefs nor superiors, nei- ther laws nor punishments. They live together infamilies, and societies of se- veral families united, which form what tliey call, a race, who, in case of attack or defence, mutually aid each other. The iniiabitants of the same island always pretend to be of the saine race, and each one looks upon ids island as a possession, the property of which is common to all individuals of tlie same society. Feasts are very common a- inong them, and, more particularly, when the inhabitants of one island are visited by those of another. The men of the village meet their guests, beat- ing drums, and preceded by the wo- men, who sing and dance : at the con- clusion of the dance, the hosts serve up tlieir best provisions, and invite their guests to partake of tlie feast. They teed their children, when very young, with the courscst flesh, and for the most part raw. If an infant cries, the JiioiLer immediately carries it to the sea-side, and whether it he summer or winter, holds it naked in tlii' water till it is quiet. This is so fur friiiii doing the i-hildren any harm, tiiat it hardcnit them against tlic cold: and they ac- cordingly go baretiioted through tlio winter, without the least inconveni- ence. I'liey seldom heat tlieir dwel- lings ; but when they would warm themselves, tiicy light u bunillc of hay, and stand ovei' it ; or they set fire to truin-oil, which they pour into a hollow stone. I'hey have a good share of plain natural sense, but are ratlierslow uf un- derstanding. They seem cold and in- dilFercnt in most of their actions ; but let an injury, or even a mere suspicion, rouse ihcm from this phlegmatic state, and they become furious and inflexible, taking the most violent revenge, with- out any regard to tlic consequences. The least affliction prompts them Ui suicide ; the apprehension of even an uncertain event often leads them to despair ; and they put an end to their days with g^cat apparent insensibility. The Russians call these islanda the Lyssie Ostrova. Fraga, a town of Spain, in Arragfon, with a castle. It is stroiij^ by situa- tion, having the river CiiK a, before it, whose high banks arc dilticult of ac- cess, and at its back ahill, which cannot easily be approached with large cannon. The gardens produce herbs and saf- fron, but the parts about it are moun- tainous and uarren. Alphon.so VII. king of Arragon, was killed here by the Moors, in 1134, when he besieged this town. It is 46 miles £ of Sara- gossa. Lon. 28 E, lat. 48 46 N. Framlingham, a town in Suffolk with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed near the head of a rivulet, and has the remains, of a castle said to have been built in the time of the Saxon heptarchy. To this castle the princess Mary (aftcrwai'ds Mary I.) retired, when lady Jane Grey was proclaimed qt 11. Here is a stately clwrch, in wi. 'i are the monuments of some no- ble 1.. nilics. It is 30 miles £ of Burv, and 87 N E of London. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 52 ?5 N. Framfjon, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Thursday, seated on the Froroe, 12 miles N yV of Wey- mouth, and 126 W by S of London. Lon. 2 50 W, lat. 50 45 N.' France, a country of Europe, bound- ed on the K by the English channel and mi r;l F R A the Austrian Netherlands ; on the E by Germany, and the Alps, which separate it from Swisscrland, Savo} , anil Piedmont ; on the S by the Mc-di- terruncaii Sea and Spain, from ^vhich kingdom it is divided by the Pyrenees ; and on the \V by the Atlantic Ocean. Frc.ni tlie Pyrenees in the S, to Dunkirk in the N, its extent is 625 miles ; and something more from the most easterly part of Alsace tothe most western point of Bretagne ,• which province, it must be observed, extends above lOO miles further into the ocean than any other part of the country. France was lately an abso- lute monarchy, and divided into seve- ral militai7 governments, or provinces. These were Alsace, Angtjumois, Anjoii, Armagnac, Artois, Aunis, Auvergne, Barrois, Basques, Beam, Berry, Bi- gorre, Blasois, Boulonnois, Bourbon- nois, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cam- bresis, Champagne, Couserans, Uauphi- ny, Forez, Fois, Franche Comte, French Flanders, Gascony, Gevasidan, Gui- enne, French Hainault, Isle of France, Languedoc, Limosin, Lorrain, Lyonois, Marche, Maine, Marsan, Navarre, Nivernois, Normandy, Orleanois, Per- che, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Pro- ynce, Qjierci, Houerdne, Rousillon, Suntongc, Soissonnois, 'i'ouraine, Ve- lay, and Vermandois. .\11 these pro- vinces were divided into disti'icts, •which had their particular names. The ajj' of France is said to be peculiarly mild and wholesome. The soil in ma- ny places is excellent, though in others the heat in summer entirely consumes tlie verdure ; and these parched spots are scarce found capable of producing !•} e and chcsnuts suflicient for the maintenaT'.ce of the poor people who inhabit tjiem. It must be owneil, how- ever, that affriculture was never well understood in this country. France in general is not a mouniainoiis country ; though its boundaries on the land side itfe the hiijh ridges called the Alps, which separate it from Italy, tlie Py- renees which divide it from Spain, and mount Jura which sepai'ates it from Swisserland. Besides these, there are the Cevennes, in the pro- vince of Languedoc, and Mount Dor in that of Auvergne. The country abounds with many and fine rivers, as tlie Loire, whic'-. runs N and N W ; its course including tlie windings, not le£s than 500 nules. The Rhone tiov/s F R A through the country in a S W direc- tion, and then running due S falls into the Mediterranean. The Garonne rises in the Pyrenean mountaing, and running N E communicixtes with the Mediterranean, by a canal made by or- der of Louis XIV. The Seine, the Sonie, Somme, Moselle, Var and Adour, are all considerable streams, which are of great service to the in- land commerce of the country; and this is still further augmented by ',he great number of artificial canals which open a communication betwixt one part of the country and another. That of Languedoc was 16 years of being completed, and is carried through an extent of near 100 miles over hills and vallies, and in one place thro' a moun- tain. It was intended for a communi- cation between the ocean and Medi- teiTanean, to afford a more speedy pas- sage for tiie French fleet ; but did not answer the purpose. The gi-eatest part of the fuel used by tlie inhabitants of tliis kingdom is wo<>d ; which in the northern parts is scarce, which proves very distressing to the people. In other places, however, there are large forests, particulai-ly those of Orleans, which cover an extent of 14,000 acres. In Alsace there are roinesof silvir and copper, but too expensive to be brought J but there are min is of vari- ous metals in other parts, aiid coal is likewise met with in some orovinces ; there are several quarries ot excellent stone, and a kind of a gem nanned the Twoquoise is met with in Languedoc. Salt is made in great quantity in the island of Rhee, and at Rochefbnl, and in the southern parts of the kv.igdoms, where they employ the he.-.c of thesun successfully for the purpose of eva- porating the sea water j but in general the commodity is scarce and dear all over the kingdom. There is great abundance of wine made ift this coun- try ; the vines being the greatest care of the inhabitants, and next to these the cultivation of garden vegetables for soups and sallads. Formerly the French were celebrated for their sWU in gardening, but they arc now much inferior in this respect to the British, 'i he animals are the same with those of Britain, wolves only excepted, which in some places are very numerous and very dangerous. The Frencn breed of cattle of all kinds is much inferior to that of England, the wool of the sheep R A untry in a S W direc- running due S falls into aneun. The Garonne 1,-reneun mountains, and Communicates with the , by a canal made by or- XiV. The Seine, the E, Moselle, Var and 1 considerable streams, ^reat service to the in- e of tl>e country! and ther augmented by 4he of artificial canals which nunication betwixt one mtry and another. That was 16 years of being id is carried through an 100 miles over hills and 1 one place thro' a moun- intended for a communi- 5n the ocean and Medi- ifford a more speedy p»«- french fleet ; but did not purpose. The greatest el used by tlie inhabitants im is wood ; which in the. g is scarce, which proves iing to the people. In however, there are large culaily those of Orleans, an extent of 14,000 acres. :re are mines of silvsr and too expensi/e to be there are rain :s of vari- other parts, aiidcoalis with in some orovinces ; »ral qiiarries oi excellent ind of a gem nailed the met with in Lan^uedoc. in great quantity in the e, and at Rochefonl, and pn parts of the k-.igdoms, mploy the beet of the sun for the purpose of eva- lea water ; but in general is scarce and dear all gdom. There is great wine made ift this coun- bcingthe greatest care ■cants, and next to these an of garden vegetables i sallads. Formerly the celebrated for their sWl but tliey are now much i respect to the British, are the same with those lives only excepted, which s are very numerous and The Frencn breed of inds is much inferior to id, the wool of the sheep F R A is less fino, and tlie seacoiistsarcnotso well supplied with iish. Such was tlie situation of France in the year 1789, M'licii tlic revolution commenced, since which time it has been in siic.l) an un- settled state, as renders it impossible to give a true representation of the state of that country. It cannot be imagined tliat \vc can here minutely trace the progress of the French re- volution. For a particular liistory of the events of that period, we must re- fer to more co])ious histories. On ac- count of the deranged state of tl'j finances Louis XVI. was induced to cjii- voke an assembly of the notables, and .ifterwards the states general, wh j hud not assembled since 1G14. These cjnsist- ed of the nobility, clergy, and tlie third estate or the commons, who .vere all mingled in one assembly. In t .le mean time it was reported that P iris was surrounded by an arnied force Not- withstanding this, on the removal of tlie popular minister, M. Neckar, in July J 789, a dreadful insurrection en- sued in Paris j the military refused to fii'e upon the peo|)lc ; tlie formidable Bastiie was captured by the citizens ; tlie governor, and some other obnox- ious persons, were beheaded, and their heads carried about in horrid triumph on poles ; in a word, eight weeks after tlie opening of the states genttral on the lifth of May, a revolution was ef- iected, which then excited astonish- ment, and since that period even ter- ror and alarm in all Europe. On the 17tli of July, the king visited the Hotel fie Ville in Paris, and surrendered himself, as it were, to his people. From th.it moment, from being an absolute monarch, he became one of the most limited m Europe. The national as- sembly, now triumphant, pi'oceeded to the most extraordinary measures. They abolished nobility and the whole feudal system, and, confiscating the possessions of the clergy, rendered tliem dependant for support, on a pub- lic allowance, like the servants of the state ; and all the monasteries were .suppressed. In October, in conse- quence of another dreadful riot at Ver- .sailles, the king, the royal family, and the national assembly, wera removed to Paris. The king was now, in fact, a state prisoner treated with the for- malities appendant to royidty, but watched in all his motions with the utmost circumspection. From this F R A irksome situation he attempted to escape in June 1791, with tiie queen, his sister, ti;e dauphin, and the prin- cess his (lauglitcr. He hail almost reached the frontiers, when he was arrested at Varennes, and conducted back to Paris. The national assembly completed a new constitution, which was accepted by the king in Septem- ber of the same year, when a new na- tional assembly was elected. But it was impossible that the king could long submit to the insults, which as they were not punished, seemed to be sanctioned by the national assembly. Some of their decrees vvliich were quite contrary to the spirit of the New Constitution he refused tx) sanction. This refusal concurring with other cir- cumstances excited the most violent tumults among the profligate populace of Paris. Innumerable libels issued from the press, full of tlie most mali- cious and absurd calumnies against the king, queen and the i-oyal family, whom the Jacobin faction endeavoured by the vilest arts to render odious to the people. At last in August 1792, the mayor of Paris, at the head of a deputation from that city, appeared at the bar of the national assembly, and demanded the dejjositioii of the king. Before they could deliberate on this demand, a dreadful insurrection ensu- ed ! the Tliuilleries, the royal resi- dence, was attacked ; the Swiss guard.-; were defeated and massacred ; and the king and the royal family took re- fuge in the national assembly. That body instantly decreed the sus]:ension of the executive power in the hands of the king, and the convocation of a national convention. The king and his family wasf conveyed to a house in Paris, called the Temple, and there kept in close confinement^ with cir- cumstances of the most himiiliating degradation. Between the prison and the grave of a deposed sovereign, the distance, it has been observed, is not very, remote. The cqnyention met on the 2 1st of SejHemlier, and in- # stantly decreed the abolition of royalty, and the formation of a republic on tlie principles of liberty and equality. In December followin}^, they decreed, that the king should be tried before them. The trial accordingly took place; PMi this tribunal, exercising at once tne incompatible characters of accusers, prgsecutors, and judges, ^ Hh "•rr* I '4 F R A F R A • .ij! fM condemned the unfortunate monarch ; who, ill piirsiianre of their sentence, was publiclj' beheaded, in the Phice de la Revolution, lately called the Place de Louis XV. on the 21st of January l?'-)3. All Eurofie exclaimed a(!;ainst the injustice and cruelt_v, not to gay tlie impolicy, of this proceedinj^. Pow- ers, hitherto neutral in the war, were eager to take an active part in it ; and the new republic had to contend with the principal powers of Europe. After the murder of the king, France be- came a prey to the most afflicting ca- lamities. The people either enslaved by bloody tyrants or oppressed by a lawless mob, harassed by proscrip- tions, arbitrary imjirisonment, massa- cres, confiscations, submitted patient- ly to every new oppression, the nobility, clergy and men of landed property, be- ing robbed of their estates, have been either brought to the scaflbld ; or been obliged to seek safety in poverty and in exile. The country has been wasted by the fury of contending factions ; its fertile plains and populous cities desolated by civil war and polluted with blood. With respect to the v/ar, it may be sufficient to state, in general, that after four campaigns, in which great reverses of ibrUine were ex- perienced, tlie French nation displayed again.st tlie combined powers such wonderful energy and resources, that, before the conclusion of 1795, they wore in the entire possession of Savoy, and of the Austrian and Dutch Nether- l.-uids, and the whole of Holland. In Spain, Italy, and Germany, they had made such jirogress as to procure a jjeace with Prussia and Spain, and form an alliance with the United Pro- vinces. Their commerce, however, was ruined ; their finances were sup- ported bv a vast emission of compul- sive paper c\in'ency, and by plunder and confiscation ; their armies which fought with the ardour of enthusiasm, were recruited by despotic requisi- tions. The campaign of 1796 was f^carricd on with varimis success. In Se])*pmber they met witli a reverse of fortimc, and were driven from almost r)\ ti!'>ir ntv'ly acquired dominions. Th«' ariiiv iind'n' Bonaparte were more succesoi'ul ; they defeated the Imperia- lists in several obstinate engagements ; took MantiKi, niul t'lreaUned the Im- perial cani'.il itself. The emperor was Utei-etore induced to cummcnce a negocialion for peace. Rastadt was the place appointed for a congress of deputies from the states of Germany. During this negotiation the French employed themselves in executing other ambitious enterprises. Under pretence of an insult 'jllercd to their ambassador at Rome, they declared war against the P<)i)e, wiiose capital they took and plui.dered, and whose government they overturned. They likewise obtained possession of Mentz, blockaded Ehrenbretztein, and forced that important fortress to surrender. Intent upon plans of aggrandizement they sent a formidable lieet and army to Eg)'pt, who overran that coimtry with uninterrupted success till their progress was stopped at St. Jolin D'Acre by the gallant efforts of Sir Sidney Smith. I'lie emperor having now formed alliance with the emperor of Russia determined to submit no longer to the injuries and insults of the French. Hostilities were accordingly commenced, when the French gained some advantages. They were, howev- er, under general Jourdan completely defeated by the archduke Charles, and forced to recross the Rhine. The Aus- trians in Italy were afterwards joined by tJie Russians under Suwarrow. The French were vanquished in re- peated*engagements, and were finally driven out of Italy. The emperor of Russia has since withdrawn from the confederacy, and the campaign of 1800 has terminated unfavourably for the allies by the fatal battle of Marengo. The internal government is at present directed by Bonaparte, who rules with despotic sway. How long the tyrant will remain in his present insecure situation is a question difficult to de- termine, and indeed foreigfn to this work. The geographical division of the country, however, requiies to be noticed. By the first legislative a«-' sembly France was divided into d«- partments, and these departments were subdivided into districts, cantons, and municipalities. The names of the departments, by the constitution of 1795, are Ain, Aisne, Allicr, Alps Upper, Al]>s Lower, Ardcche, Ar- dennes, Arricge, Aube, Aude, Avei- ron, Calvados, Cantal, Charentc, Char- ente Lower, Cher, Corre7.e,C(>te d' Or, Cotes du Nord, Cre-is(;, Dcjrdog^e, Duubs, Drome, Eure, Euic and Loire, Fiiusterre, Gard, Garonne Upper, Gers, m- F R A F R A ;e. Rasladt vtm for at conprcis of itates of Germany, ation the French k-es in executing terprises. Under I yllered to their ne, they declared ))e, whose capital Jered, and whose )vertiirned. They )S8esgion of Mentz, itztein, and forced ress to surrender, jf aggrandizement able Heet and army erran that country I success till their ^ped at St. John Ulant efiorts of Sir le emperor havingf e with the emperor ined to submit no es and insults of the IS were accordingly the French gained They were, howev- Jourdan completely chduke Charles, and le Rhine. The Aus- ■e afterwards joined under Suwarrow. vanquished in re- its, and were finally The emperor of .ithdrawn from the lie campaign of 1800 iifavourably for the battle of Marengo, •iiment is at present irte, who rules with ow long the tyrant Is present insecure Ition difficult to de- :d foreign to this •aphical division of /er, requiies to be first legislative »••' is divided into dt- hese departments ;o districts, cantons, The names of the Ithe constitution of isne, Allicr, Alps er, Ardcche, At- .ube, Aude, Avei- .al, Cliarento, Char- ICoire/.e.Ccte d'Or, rc-ise, Dordogjne, |re, Eui'c and Loire, rftronne Upper, Gers, Gironde, Herault, Indre, Indre and Loire, Iseru, Isle and Vilainc, Jura, Landes, Loire and Cher, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Loiret, Lot, Lot and Garonne, Lozere, Maine, Maine and Loire, Manche, Marne, Mame Upper, Meurthe, Meusc, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Nievre, Oise, Orne, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Up- per, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrenees East- ern, Rhine Upper, Rhine Lower, Rhone, Bouches dii, Rhone and Loire, Saoiie Upper, Saone and Loire> Sarte, Seine, Seine and Oise, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne, Sevres les deux, Somme, Tarn, Var, Vendee, Vtenne, Vienne Upper, Vosges, and Yonne. Each of these departments has an archiepiscopal or episcopal town ; there being now only ten archbishop- rics or metropolitan circles, and 73 bishop's sees. The population of France was formerly reckoned at 20,000,000. By ai\ estimate of Mr. Neckar, which, has been very much questioned, it amounted to 25,000,000. Since tlie revolution, on a moderate calculation, no less thin 400,000 have perished by massacre or by war, which occa- sions a considerable diminution in the population of that country. Paris is the metropolis. France, hie of, a late province of France, so called, because it was for- merly bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now Qomprebends the four departments of Oise, Seine and Oise, Seine and Mame, and Paris. France, hie of, or Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean, 200 leagues E of Madagascar. It was early discovered by the Portuguese. After them, the Dutch settled on the S E shoi-e, and gave it the name of Mauritius, in ho- nour of prince Maurice, their stadt- holder. But they abandoned it, on their acquisition r>f the Cape of Good Hope. It titen remai.ied uninhabited, till the French landed there in 1720. This is- land is about 45 leagues in circumfer- ence. The climate is healthy t but the soil not very fertile. There are many mountains, some of uhicli are so high that their tops are covered with snow ; tliey produce the best ebony in the world. The vallies are well watered with rivers, and are made very produc- tive by cultivation, of wliich indigo is the principal object. The town and harbour are called Pert Louts, aad are strongly fortified; the town is larga and covers a great deal of p^pouiid. But in the hurricane months, the liurhour cannot aifbrd shelter for more than eight vessels. Here are l.irge store- houses and every thing necessary for the equipment of fleets. The number of inhabitants on tlie island exclusive of the militarv, is 8000 whites, and liOOO blacks. Lon. 57 28 £, lat. 20 9 S. Franckfort on the Maine, an ancient and free imperial city of Germany, iu the circle of Franconia. The chief structure is the townhouse, in which is preserved the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the empire, and here is tiie chamber in which tlie emperor is elected. All religions ai'S tolerated at Franckfort under certain restrictions ; but Lutlieranism is the established faith. It has been repeat- edly taken and retaken during the pre- sent war, the last time by the Austri- ans in September 1796. It is seated on the river Maine, 15 miles N E of Mentz, and 350 W by N of Vienna. Lon. 8 ^ E, lat. 49 55 N. Francfort on the Oder, a flourishing city of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, formerly imperial, but now subject to the king of Prussia. It is remarkable for three great fairs, and its university. It is 45 miles S E of Berlin, and 72 S of Stetin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 52 23 N. Franche Comte, a late province of Friince, bounded on the N by Lorrain, oil the E by Alsace and Swisserland, on the W by Burgundy, and on the S by firesse. It is 126 miles in len^h, Afid 80 in breadth, and abounds in com, wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, cop- per and lead. It was conquered by France in 1674, and ceded to it by tiie treaty of Nimegfuen in 1678. It now comprehends the three departments of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. Franchennont, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Liege, 12 miles SE of Liege, Franeiade. See Denyt, St. Francistawn, a post town of Hillsbo- rough county. New Hampshire, 15 miles N W of Amherst, and about 55 W of Portsmouth, with 1400 inhabi- tants, Francois, Cape, a fine town in tiie N part of the island of St. DominjfO, be- longing to the French, who often call it the Cape, byway of eminence. It was almost ruiued by the dreadful »♦' V R A F R E m m commotions wliicli attended (he French revolQlion. Lon. 72 18 W, lat. 19 46 N. Franconia, a circle of Germany, bounded on tlie N by the circle of Up- per Saxony, on the E by that of Bava- ria, on tlie S by that of Suabia, and on the W by^he circles of the Khine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine and fruits, but the borders are full of woods and barren mountains. The Franks, who conquered France, came from ttiis province, and gave their name to that kii;gdom. Vrancker, or Franker, a town of the United Provinces, in Friesland, with a castle and university. The public building's and palaces are magnificent. It is seven miles W of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 E, lat. 53 11 N. Franiemtal, a town of Germany, in the palaiinute of the Rhine. It has been often taken and retaken, the last time by the allies in 1794. It is seated near the Khine, seven miles S of Worms. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49 25 N. Frankenstein, a town of Germany, i.. the palatinate of the Khine, 12 miles N VV of Landau. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 49 18 N. Frankfort, a handsome post town in Philadelphia coimty, Pennsylvania, 5 miles N E of tl e city. This has been a favorite retreat of the citizens, when- ever PhiladLlphia has been visited with the yellow fever, and has experienced n considerable increase us well as im- pro^■ement in its buddings from this cause. Frankfort, a post town of Hancock county, Maine ; situate' en the W side of Penobscot river, r f'W miles above the head of Penobsrot iSay. FrarJfort, a town in Virginia, the capital of Pendleton county, situated at the fof't of the Allegheny mountain, 55 miles N of Bath, on the S branch of the river Potowmac i here is a post of- fice. Francfart, the capital of the state of Kentucky, situated in Franklin county, on the N side of the river Kentucky. Here is a post office ; and tlie inhabi- tants are estimated at 800. Franklin, a Coimty of Pennsylvania, 30 miles Ions; and 24 broad. The in- habitants in 1790 were computed at 15,6fi5. Chambcrsburome of the mftst magnificent villas in Italy. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Tusciiluin, the I'lisculan villa of Cicero is jit no icruiii iIiilMiee. Frcsiati, with i ivcli uiid Albano, isf Hungary, in the comity of Neitra, with a strong castle, seated on the Waag, opposite Leo- poldstadt. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 48 32 N. Freystadt, a town of Silesia, in the dutchy of Treschen, 20 miles E of Trop- paw. Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 50 ON. Frias, a considerable town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on a mountain, near the river Ebro, 35 N W of Bur- gos. Lon. 3 46 W, lat. 42 52 N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swis- scrland, surrounded on all sides by the canton of Bern. It is fertile in corn, fruits and pastiu'es. Friburg, a town of Swisserland, ca- pital of a canton of the same name. The public buildings, especially the cathedral, are very handsome, and the inhabitants are papists. It is govern- ed in spirituals by the bishop of Lau- sanne, who resides here, and in tempo- rals by a coimcil, over which an avoyer presides. Its situation is very extra- ordinary, for only the W side is near plain ground, and all the rest is biult upon rocks and precipices, several parts of which are accessible only by stairs and ladders. Three miles from this town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, which contains a church and steeple, a vestry, a kitchen, a large hall, two rooms on e.ich side, two pair of stairs, and a cellar. The church is 63 feet long, 36 broad, and 22 high ; but the most wonderful thing of all i.s the steeple, which is 70 feel high above! m F R i the rock : and the chimney of the kitchen is 90 feet in heiffht. It is al- mnHt iiiconceivuble how one man, with his servant, could perform so difticiilt a w(irk, tliutigli they were .25 years about it. Friburg is seiited un the t.v- er Sau, 15 niiles S W of Bern. Lon. 6 55 E, lat. 46 48 N. Vrib-urg, a town of Suabia, capital of Brisgaw ; remarkable for the steeple «f the great church and for its univer- sity. The inhabitants are famous for polishing crystal and precious stones. It surrendered to the French in June 1796. It is seateil on the river Triser, 10 miles E of Brisach, and 26 S uf Straslnirg. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 10 N. Friccnti, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Frincipatu Ulteriore, near the river Triapalto, 20 miles S E of fiencvento. Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 40 59 N. Friedberg, an imperial town of Ger- many, in \Veteravia, seated on a moim- tain, 15 miles N E of Francfort Lon. 8 4b K, lat. 50 10 N Fiiedberg, a town of Germany, in Ba- vai-ia, with a castle, taken and plunder- ed by ti.e Swedes in 1632. It is 30 miles N W of Munich. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 40 23 K. Vriedberg, n town of Germany, in Misnia, remarkable for its mines, and for being- tlie buryinjj-place of the prin- ces of tlie house of Saxony. It is seat- ed on the Mult.1, 15 niiles S \V of Dresden. Lon. li 36 \V, lat. 51 N. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Thuringia, seated on the Unttrue, ,10 miles W of Leipsick. Lon. 11 41 £., lat. 51 19 N. Friedberg, the name of two smuil towns in Silesia ; the one in the dutchy ofJ.iver, and the cthf i in the dutchy of Schweidnitz. The last is remarka- ble for u- battle gained there by the king of Prussia, over the Auati'ians, in 1745. FriMng, a town of Suabia, on the Danube, 30 miles N £ of Constance. Lon. 9 .11 E, lat. 48 11 N. FrLtand, a town of Bohemia, on the confines of Silesia, 55 miles E of Dres- den. Lon. 15 15 E, lat. 52 4 N. Fridlingen, a town of Suabia, three miles E of the Rhine, and four N of Basle. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 47 40 N. Friendly Islands, a group of islands in tlie South Pacific Ocean, so named by cap' Cook, in 1773, on account of the . : ndship that appeared to subsist F R I amongthc iiihahitunts -. and their cotir- teous beiiaviour to sti'iingers. Tasman, a Dutch navigator, first touched here in 1643, and gave tiie nameii of New Amsterdam, Kottcrdam, and Middle- burg, to three of the principal islands. Captain Cook explored tlie whole clus- ter, which he fiund to consist of more tlxan 20 islands, the principal of which are Tongatal>oo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoo- we, or Miildleburg ; Annamooka, or Rotterdam ; Ha]>aee, and Lefouga. The first, whicii is tlie largest, lies in 174 46 W, lon. and 21 9 S lat. The general appearance of these islands convey an idea of tlte most exuberant fertility; the surface, at a distance, seems entirely clothed with ti'ees of various sizes, some of 'which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa-palm, and a species of fig with narrow pointed leaves. On closer examination, they are almost wholly laid out in planta- tions, in which are some of the richest productions of nature ; such as bread- fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds is scanty j but they received from cap. tain (Jook some valuable adaee, and Lcfou^a. is tlie largest, lies in ,nd 21 9 S lat. The ice of these islands ' tlie most exuberant •face, at a distance, lotlied with ti-ees of me of 'which are very y the tall cocoa-palm, ig with narrow pointed er examination, they ly laid ovrt in planta- re some of the richest itiu-e ; such as bread- •nut trees, plantains, es, and a fruit like a stock of quadrupeds ley received from cap- ; valuable additions, al and ve(yetablc king- omestic fowls are as I Europe. Among the and parroqviets oif va- fumish the red fea- iteemed in the Society nvis reefs and shoals an endless variety of Islands are all inha- people, who cultivate peat industry j and na- little ai't, appears n.o splendour. Agricul- j, boat-building, and employments of the ►men is confined the loth. rn of Germany, in the Saltzbiirg, with » a moimtain. It is 56 zburgh. Lon. 14 1* of the United Provin- ;he K by the German ' by the Zuider-Zee, same and Overyssel, ^ Groningen, bounds warden is the cafMtal. a provinc e of Germa- of Westphalia, lying Ocean. It ia bound- ed on the S by the bishopric of Mon- ster, on the E by the county of Olden- burg, on the W by the provinre of Groningen, and on the N by the sea, being about 50 miles in length, and 30 in bi'cadth. The country being level kiid low, is obliged to be secured a- gainst inundations by expensive dykes. It is a very f-.rtile coimtry, and feeds a great number of cattle ; but _ it was greatly damaged by an inundation in 1717", and the repair of the dykes cost an immense sum. The principal towns are Norden, Leer,£ssenH, Whitniunde, and Aurick. Embden was an imperi- al city, and the principal place in the country ; but now belongps also to tlie king of Prussia, who bought it of tlie Dutch. Friesland, Wett, another name for that part of Holland, called North Hol- land. The states of Holland hence take the title of the states uf Holland and West Friesland. Frimoalt, a town of Germany in the murgravate of Brandenburg, seated on the Oder, 30 miles NE of Berlin. Lon. W 10 E, lat. 52 50 N. Frio, Cape, a promontory of Brasil, jji the province of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 41 31 W, lat. 22 54 S. i'rischah, a bay of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Vistula. Fritzlar, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse-Cnssel, 20 miles S W of Cassel. FriuU, a province of Italy, bounded on the N by Carinthia, on the S by the gulf of Venice, on the E by Camiola and the gulf of Triesto, and on the W by the Trcvisano and fielluiiese. It 'is iertile in wine and fruits, and subject partly to the Venetians, and partly to Austria. Udiiia it the capital. FrobUher'it Siraits, a little N of Cape farewell, and West Greenland, disco- vered by Sir Martin Frobisher. Lon. 42 W, lat. 63 N. Frodingham, a town in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thurs- (lity, 36 miles E of York, and 194 N of London. Lon. 12 W, lat. 53 56 N. Frodihatn, a town in Cheshire, vith 5 castle at the W endj and a market on Wednesday. It is seated near the Mersey, by Frodsham Hills, the high- est in the couiitv, 11 miles N E of Chester, and 182 N N W of London. Lon. 2 48 W, lat 53 21 N. Frame, or Frooni, a river in Dorset- sliire, which comes from the S W part of tlie county to Dorchester, and pro* ceedingto Wai-eham empties itself in- to the bay that Ibrms the harbour of Poole. Fiome, a river in Somersetshire, which Hows bythetownof Frome, and unites witJi the Avon at Bristol. Frame, a town in Somersetshire, witli a niancet on Wednesday. Their chief manui>.cture is second cloths. It is seated uu the Frome, 12 miles S of Bath, and ltd* W by S of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 10 N. Froruac, a tuwn of France in the de- paitinent of Gironde and late province of Guienne, seated on the Uordogne, 23 miles N E of Beurdeaux. Lon. 16 W, lat. 45 4 N. Fronteira, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 19 miles. N E uf Estremos. Fromigraac, a t«rwn of France, in the department of Uerault and late province of Languedocji-ematrkable for its ezceU lent muw adine wmes. It is seated en Lakt; Maguieone, 14 miles S W of Montpellirtrr. Lon. 3 48 E, lat 43 46N. Front HoyalySitovm in Frederick coun- ty, Virgimia, on the £ side of Sheiian- doali river, near the Blue-Rid^pe moun- tain, 20 nuiLes S of Winchester, and .18 N of Culpepper. Here is a post-office. Froyen, UD> island in the NortJi Sea, about 35 miles in circumference, and situated nr-ar tl;e coast of Norway. Lon. y E, lat. 63 46 N. Frutingen, a beautiful town of Swis- serland, situated in tlie canton of Bern, 31 miles S E of Friburg. Fryberg, a post town of York countj', Maine ; lying on tl»«-. N branch of Suco river, .58 mile.') N VV of Portland, and. 648 from Washingtoii. Fuego, one of tht- Cape de Verd Is- lands, in the Atlantic Or>ean. It is much higher tliar .uiy of th«- rest, and seems to be u single mountun at sea, but on the sides ttieri are deep vallici. It is a volcano, whicr. bums continual- ly, and may be seen iLjgreat may off at sea. The Portugueae. who first inha- bited it, brought neproes with them, and a stock of' cows, urai-ccs, and hogs j but now the chief inhabitants are blacks, of the Ronusn religion. It is 300 miles W of Cape rie Verd. Lon. 24 30 W, lat. 14 54 N. Fven-hau-fou, an extensive and popu- lous city of China, ill the province of Petchcli, celebnitea for the beauty of its streets and triumphal arches. It has under its juriadietion two civet of the I FUN F U T |l mi lii ? tn t, !. II DCConJ rank, eitfht of the tliii'il, aiul many fortresses, which bar the cn- ti-ance of China agaiiibt tlic Tartars. It U seated near the great wall, amid mountains. Fuen-tclicou-fou, a commercial city of Cliina, in the province of Chanpf-sii. It is noted for its baths and sjjrin^s, whicii are almost as hot as boiliiijj water, and attract a great number of strangers. Its district contains one city of tiie se- cond, and seven of the third class. It i.s seated on the river Fuen-ho, 250 miles S \V of Pekin. Fufiite- Duenna, a town of Spain in New Castile, seated on the Tajo, 35 mlhs S E of Madrid. Lon. 3 W, lat. 40 14 N. Fucssen, a town of Siiabia, belonging to the bishop of Augsburg, with an an- cient castle. It is seated on the Lech, 50 miles S by E of Augsburg. Lon. 11 15 E, lat. 47 40 N. Ftiiik.itatl, a town of Silesia, in the dutchy of Troppaw, seated near the Mohra, 16 miles W by S of Troppaw. Fata, ar Thulc, one of the Shetland Islands, W of Mainland, thoup^ht by some to be the Ultimata Thule of the uncients. Fuide, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of the Upper Rhine, with a cele- brated abbey, whose abbot is primate of the abbies of the empire, .and sove- reign of a small territory between Hesse, Franconia, and Thuringia. I( is seated on tiie Fuldc, 55 miles S of Cassel '.on. 9 43 E, lat. 50 40 N. Fidh I. , a village in Middlesex, four miles V^ .y S of London, seated on tJie Thamos, over which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It has been the de- mesne of the bishops of London ever since the conquest : here they have -i palace ; and in the churrh-yr.rd are the tombs of several of the prelates of that see. Funchalf^c capital of Madeira, situ- ate round a bay, on the gentle ascent of the firsthills, in form of an amphithea- tre. An old castle, which commands the road, stands on the top of a steep black rock, surrounded by the sea, at high- water. On a neighbouring eminenre above the town is another, called St. John's Castle ; and on the seaside are sf^veral batteries. The streets arc nar- row, ill-paved, and dirty. The houses are built of freestone, or of brick ; but they are dark, and only a few of the best, belonging to the English mer- chants, or the principal inhabitants, are provided with glass windows ; all the others have a kind of lattice-work in their stead, which hangs on iiinges, and may be lifted up occasionally. Lon. 17 6 W, lat. 32 38 N. Fundy, a bay of North America, be- tween New England and Nova Scotia, rem.arkable for its tides, which rise to the heiifht of 50 or 60 feet, and tlow very rapidly. Funen, an island of Denmark, 340 miles in circumference ; separated from Jutland by a strait called the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is remarkably fertile in pas- ture and grain, and exports to Norway, barley, o-its, rye, and peas. Odcnscc is the capit.d. Furness, a town of Austrian Flanders, seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk, whicli was destroyed by the English forces in 1798. It was one of the barrier towns; but, in 1781, the emperor Joseph II. expelled tlie Dutch garrison. It sur- rendered to the French in 1793, and is 12 miles E of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 43 E,. lat. 51 4 N. Furruckabad, a district of Hindoostan Proper, contiguous to the W bank of the Ganges, and surrounded by the do- minions of Oude. It is little more than 30 miles in extent, and belongs to a cluef of the P.itan Rohilla tribe. Its ca- pital is of the same name. Lon. 79 30 W, lat. 27 28 N. _ Furstenbiirg, a principality of Suabia, bounded by thedutchy of Wirtemi)urg, the county of Hohenburg and other territories of the house of Austria, by the Brisgaw, the Black Forest, and the lake and bishopric of Constance. In this .state the river Diuuibe takes its rise. Furstenburg. the capital of a princi- pality of the same name, in Suabia, with a cattle, seated on a mountain, nejir the D.ii'nbc, 17 miles S of llot- weil. Lon. 9 E, lat. 47 53 N. Fiirstenfeld, a town of Lower Stiriii, with a castle, on the river Ausnitz, 50 miles S of Vienna, Lon, 16 5 E, lat. 47 23 N. FurstemoaU, a town of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg,- seated on the Spree, 20 railea W of Francfort on the Od«r. It was taken bvthe Swedes in 16M. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 52 23 N. F:ittypo;tr Shri, a considerable town ■■■'"" "mm ■ U T F Y Z G A E iicipal inliabltantfi, are i miles S hy E ot'Kdinlnirifh. Galiiso, a river c>l' Na|)le», in Otranto, which rises in the openiiij^ near Oria, and fulls into the g-ulfof Taranto. Galtita, the principal suhurb of Con- slantinoi-.le, seatt^-i'^a. :> A L iiUcy in tlie centre of •itorics, close to the ub- iiit priiu i: rcNidcH, wlio iuircmiulcd l)y the town, uii ancient libniry whicli 1 valiiuble MSS of tlie spciN, I'he linen miinu- ui'isiictl here for many preserves its reputation. vv.ry sensibly tell in the 1th whicli it hus diHii- ranks. It carries on factures of muslin unil t is 37 miles N E of Zu- E, lat. 47 20 N. of Ceylon, bclor.ffing to o drove tlic Piirtujfuese Some call it Puiita de ) 30 E, bit. 6 :jo N. wn in Sumner county, lied in lionoiir of a Ge- isides at the liead of the ; United States. This s NE of NaslivlUe, and hiitgwn, and has a poNt mda, a number of islands lecan, discovered by the diom they belong. They cd ; but the Spaniards fresh water and provi- ;y sail from America to re a jjreat number of client tortoises. They juatur, the centre island seaport of Naples, in with a bishop's see is place is a great mart It is seated on a rock, the sea, and joined to a bridge, 23 miles W m. 18 5 E, lat. 40 20 N. seaport of Turkey, in mania, with a bishop's IS about 10,000 Turks,^ Eside a great number of open place, and has no an a sorry square ■cas- es of the Greeks and not above three teet to prevent the Turks houses. It is seated e same name 100 miles tinoplc. Lon. 26 59 E, rait between European ■key. It is defended at ce by the Dai-danellee, omm'unication between and Uie sea of Matno- GAM ra It i" horo two miles over, and is ,1,! miles long It was anciently called Ihc Hcllenpoiit. Sec DtiiJanflUt. (iiillii, M\ island 'if the P.telfii' Oc^-.in, mar the coast of I'eru ; tin- fn-st place piinscssed bv the Spaniards, when they attempted tile conquest of Peru. It is also the place where the Bhccanncers used to romp for \voo«i'(l to till' cxtini ndariiy by enric h- iii(.r till- i;ii.d.i, u(ii iili;:)^- an easy ton- vc ance liir the productions o) its bor- ders, ai.d nivinjf employment to manj tlioiisuiid boatmen. Gaiigntri, u town of Thibet, situated on the Ganges, Ijti miles N of Dellii. Lon. 76 Jj L, lat. 3,5 U N. Gaiifipoiir, atownoftlic peninsula of lli'diiostun, 22(J miles S of Palna. It is in the conntrv of Orissa. Lon. 83 57 K, lat. 21 2a N.' Giiiijam, a. town of the peninsttla of Hindoostait, in one of the Northern Cireiirs, subject to the Enf^lisb. It lies on the bay of Benf;'!d, between a river and the S W end of Chilka Lake. Lon. 85 20 fcl, lat. 19 22 N. Ganifat, a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier, and late province of Dourbonnois, SO miles S of Moidins. Gap, an ancient town of France, in the (lep^irtHient of the Upper Alps, and late province of Uauplilny, and lately a bi.sliop's sec, It was taken, in 1692, by the duke of Savoy, who burnt a great part of it. Gap is seated on the small ri- ver Bene, at the foot of a nioimtain, in which sonic mineral waters are found that are deemed febrifuge. It is 27 miles N of Sistron. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 44 CA N. Giiraci, an island of Asia, in the gulf of Persia, remarkable for the tine pearls fished up on its coasts. Lon. 48 OE, lut. 28 15 N. Gard, a dcpartmentof France, which comprehends part of the late province of Langucdoc. Nismes is the episco- pal town. , Garda, a town of Italy, in the Vero- nese, seated at the end of a lake of its o-wii name, 17 miles N W of Verona. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 45 36 N. Garitckben, a town of Germany, in the old marchc of Brandenbiii'i^ . It liht a trade in hops uiul exn-llent beer, and is seated on the river Ueise, .)J mile* N In W of Ma({deburjf. Lon. 1 1 35 E, lat. 52 41 N. GiiK/iiiii; tt river of France, which I has its koiirce in the I'Meiieaii niouii- { tains, und taking u N \V direction, wa- ters 'I'ouIoUNe und lloiiriieaux, below | whicli it is joined by the Uordogne, and iheiH'C to its entrance into the hay of Biscay, assumes the name of the Gi- rniiilc. It commanicates with the Mo- iliierranean, by its junction with the Royal Canal. Ganmiic, Upptr, a depnrtinuit parliament, but now has neither mrvlcct nor fair. It ia 19 miles S by W of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 51 18 N. Gavardo, a town of.Italy, in the Bres- ciano, seated on tiie Wcise, seven miles W of Lake Gai-da. Lon. 10 9 E, lat. 44 40 N. Guudens, St. a town of France in the department of Upper O.tromie, and late jirovince of Languedoc, seated on tlie Garonne, eight miles N E of St. Ber- tri nd. Lon. 56 E, lat. 43 1 N. Gavcren, or IVawren, a town of Aus- trian Flanders, seated on the Scheld, eight miles S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 £, lat. 50 46 N. mp iOmm -^— —- --. ^.^^ ,„^^.„ ^^^^ 3 A V ; orilraiMlcnburff, It Iiai iiiul fxrcllfiit luiT, and 111- river Ucisc, .ij mili.., Ifilfliur^. Lull. 11 J5K, •iver of Trance, which in the I'ui'iifHii iiiiiun- iiff It N W (lircction, wa. uikI Hdurdiaiix, holuw liiK-d by ilic U()r(l()j.iu>, t* ciitrunrc intr) the hay lines the name of the Gi- ni.inieatcii with the Mc- • its junttioii with the yitr, a (lepnrtment ugli in Surry, which •ers ut parliament, but mr.yljct nor fair. It is ' of London. Lon. 10 i n of.Italy, in the Bres- m t'lie Wcise, seven : Gai-da. Lon. 10 9 E, town of France in the jper O.iromie, and late fuedoc, seated on tlie tiilcs N E of St. Her- S E, lat. 43 1 N. m-ren, a town of Aus- ieated on the Scheld, Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // .«^% id. U.x fA 4' It CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Csnadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian da microreproductions historiquas wmmm G E I Cjv:, a town of Italy in the territory of Genoa, seated on the Lcmo, 19 miles N \V of Genoa. Lon. H o7 E, hit. 45 40 N. Gaiits, or IiiMaii Appennines, a stu- pendous wall of mountains, which ex- tend 13 dejfrees of latitude from Cape Comorin, tiie S extremity of Hindoos- tun, to the Tapty, or Siirat river, at unequal distances from the coast ; sel- dom more tlian 70 miles, and common- ly about 40 i and witiiiiione short space only, it approaches witliin six miles. Tliey rise abruptly from the low coun- try, called the Conean, supportinjy, in the nature of a terrace, avast extent of fertile andpopul)us plains, which are so elevated, as to render tJie air cool and pleasant. This celebrated rulge does not terminate in a pi-omon- tory, when it approaches the Tapty ; but, departing from its meridional course, it bends eastward, in a wavy line, pai-allel with the i-iver ; and is af- terward lost among- the bills, in the neig-hbourhood of Bin'hampour. In its course along- the Taptj-, it forms several passes or descents toward that river. Gaza, an ancient and celabrated town of Palestine, three miles from the Mediterranean, with a harbour called New Gaza. It is now verv #mallj but, from appearance ot the rums, it was formerly a considerable place. There is a castle near it, where a bashaw resides. It is 50 miles S W ol J erusalem. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 3 1 28 N. Cearon, or yaron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan, in whose territory the best dates of Persia are produced. Lon. 51 17 E, lat. 28 15 N. Cejle, tiie capital of the province of Gestrike, in Sweden, seated on three branches of a river of the same name, which begms to be na\ig-able here, and falls, in a short distance, into a bay of the Baltic. It is the most com- mercial town in this northern part of Sweden j and \Xa exports ere principally iron, pitch, tar, and planks. It is 65 miles N by W of StocUiolm. Lon. 17 E. lat. 63 N. GegKnliach, a free imperial city of Suabia, and under the protection of the house of Austria. It is seated on the Kmzia, 12 miles S E of Strasburp. Lon. 8 2 E, lat. 48 24 N. Geiidure, a town of Suabia, near the i-iver Kocher, with a castle, belonffinir toUieloidsofLimburg. "^ GEN Geuki!f;en, an imperial town of Sun- bia, Ir iniks NMV of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 £, lat. 43 3(> N. Geiituar, a town of Germany, in the in-incipalily of Hesse. Lon. b 57 E, lat. 51 19 N. Gelhauicn, a small imperial town of Weteravia, under the protection of the elector palatine, with a castle, seated on the Kintzig, 25 miles E of Hanau. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 50 7 N. Geinappe, a vilhige of Austrian Hai- nault, tiirec miles W by S of Mons. It is rem„i-kable for a bloody battle be- tween the Austrians and the French, Nov. 5 1792, in which the. Austrians were defeated with great loss. Geinb ours, a town of Austrian Bra- bant, with an ancient abbey. Den John of Austria gained a battle here over tiie Dutch in 1578 ; and it was twice burnt down, in 1628 and 1712. It is seated on the Orneau, 22 miles S E of Brussels. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 50 37 N. Ceiiiiniant, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Floreiitino, seated on a mountain, in which is a raine of V'iuiol, 25 miles 5 S W of Florence. Gemviingm, a town of Germahy, in tJie palatinate of the Rhine, 30 miles E of Philipsburg. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 49' 6 N. Gemund, an imperial town of Suabia, witli a manutiicture of chaplets or beads, which are sent to distant coun- tries. It was taken by the French in August 1796 ; and is seated on the Keims, 30 miles N by W of Ulm. Lon 9 48 E, lat. 48 48 N. Gevuind, a town of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Juliers, seated on the Roer, 24 miles S W of Cologne. Lon. 6 48 R, lat, 50 38 N. Gmiund, a town of Upper Austria, remarkable for its salt works ; seated to the N of a lake of the same name, on the river Draun, 20 miles S S W ofLintz. Genap, a town of Austrian Brabant, with an ancient castle, seated on th» Dyle, 15 miles S E of Brussels. Lon. 4 40 £, lat. 50 40 N. Ger.ep or Gcnnep, a, town of Westpha- lia, subject to the king of Prussia, and seated on the Nears, five miles S W of Cloves. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 51 42 N. Geneva, an ancient, large, and popu- lous town, capital of a republic of the same name, near the confines of France GEN m and S^isserlanJ. It is .sc-itcd on ti.e )n'>:st nii,ro\v' part of the lake of the saiiii' nanu", wlicro the Rhone issues in two iiirg'e naiTow channels, whicli soon utter unite. This river divides the cit.v into two unequal parts. Gen- eva, which lies parth in Die plain on GEN Genera is 40 miles. N E of Ciiambcm' and 135 N W of Turin. Lon. 6 5 F l«t. 46 13N, ' Gcnevii, Lake of, a niaf,niinccnt ex- panse ot water, in -Swisscrland, which from the city of Geneva to V.lieneuve' the borders of~thriak;':;n;r„j;Hv'"!: f^'•=';:^5^'^iles in length; and its' gently ascent, is irre-nd X' b , r It ^ u't;," 'V'" ^f^'' P''"' ''' ^- ^^ is the most populous to V of Sw s^el Q . "^'Tc "^ ^ "'^^'^ent, of wliici, land, conta'nim. 2^0^ smds TlT; U'''''':i'""'' '^™' the concave, mul treaty of allianc^e whch Geneva con LZie '',f r''^! TS ■'''^">' "^"''"'^ tractcd with Bern and Fribnir.,.' a "wful boundary of aspirin}; i526. n.av he co.i.side.^d as he .*^ a f i^ '''V "'''S^^^>' «"'' '"^vcred with the its liberty and indenem enrn fi if • "* "?"• ^'■""' Geneva to the en- long- aftei, the IK-^s S Sa ov wero ' f"'""" "*^ Lausanne, the co,u,try slopes. deprived of the authoritv which they posses.scd over this citv; the bishoo was expelled ; a republican form of S'ov^^nmient was cslablised, and the re- lorni;.lion introduced. In 158.1, Gene- va concluded a treaty of per.)etual al- liance with Zurich and IJern. by which It IS a|l,e,I will, the Swiss cantons. JJiimiff the cpi-eatcr part of the last I century, to the ye.r l?a;), the hi.storv ot Geneva contains little more than "a Ti.iiTat,ve of conteMs between the aris- tocratic and the popular parties, the history of winch would require a vol. iimc to relate. It n.av suflice to ob- serve here, that the years 1768, irSS and 1789, were distinj^-ulshcd b*- CTeat revolutions; and that, bv the last, the constitution was wiselv inodelled into amean betyveen tiie too popular form cstabl.shcdmirGg, «„-! the too aris- tocratic f.u-ni established in 178-^ The hotiaes of Geneva are h.fty ; and n>any, that stand m the trading- part of Uie city, have arcades of wood, which aie raised even to the upper stories: these arcades, supported by pillars g'lve a gloomy appearance to the street' but ai-c useful to tlie inhabitants inT)ro! tectmg them from the sun and rain Playing at cards, or drinking at pub- Jic hou.ses is not permitted ; but thev exercise their militia, plav at bowls, and have other diversions on Sund-iy • where, howevei- the duties of the dav' flunng the hours appropriated to divine service, are observed with tlie utmost decorum. In 1794, by the intrigues «t tiie French faction, a revolntioV, or msurrection was brought about. of the lake, and is enriched with all the varieties that nature can bestow 1 he long ridge of the Jura, fertile in pasturage, and varied with woods, backs thiji beautiful tract. Near Lausanne, the : banks rise considerably, and form a. j charnung terrace. A few miles bevond , that town is a rapid descent. Near Ve- vay, begins a plain, which is continued far beyond the end of the lake, but con- tracting by the ai)proach of the moun- tarns, toward the water; the colour of whicli IS extremely beautiful and clear ; and at a distance seems of a lovely blue. '1-he depth is various; the greatest yet found by sounding is 160 fathoms. Like all inland lakes, inclosed with high mountains, it is subject to sudden storms. Among the birds that fi-ecpipnt this lake :u-ethe tippet grebes (see Pennant's Urit. Zool. Vol. II. No. 222.) wiiich appear in December, and retire in February. Their skins are an elegant article of luxury, and sell for 12 or 14s. each. These birds are oi.hged to breed in other places, this lake being almost totallv destitute of reeds and rushes, in which tliey form their floating nests. The river Rhone runs through tlie whole extent of the lake, from its E to its S W extremitj-. Geneva, a town in Ontario county New York ; situated on the N W cor! ner of lake Seneka : here is a post of- lice 42 miles E of Hartford, and 432 from Washington. Gciicvois, a dutchyof Savoy, of which Geneva and its territory were formerly a part. Annecy is tlie capital. Geugen/Mcl; a town of Suabia, 10 Lon. 7 53 icincic^ot the msurgcnts. land Loire and liitc province of Burgua, „>.„....^__^^ Piil E N !s N E of Cliambcm', Turin. Loii. 6 5 K, -if, a mapiificcnt cs- I Swisscrlrind, wliicli, ieinv.i to V.ileneiive, s in lengtii ; and its dest piirt, is 12. It a crescent, of which 19 tiic concave, and part. S:.\oy afibrds boundary of aspirinjy id covered witlj the m Geneva to the en- e, the country slopes, 5 way, to the margin IS enriched \v!tl\ all nature can bestow. the Jura, fertile in ied with woods, backs ;. Near Lausanne, the lerably, and form a A few miles beyond id descent. Near Vc- 1, which is continued I of the lake, but con - proach of tlic moini- vvatcr J the colour of y beautiful and clear ; e seems of a lovely til is various j the 1 by sounding; is 160 inland lakes, inclosed ins, it is subject to tmons' tlic birds that :u'e the tijipet gTe!)es •it. Zool, Vol. II. No. r in December, and IV. Their skins arc f luxury, and sell These birds are other places, this totally destitute of in wliich tliey form The river Rhone hole e.\lent of the its S W extremity. in Ontario county, d on the N W cor- iierc is a post of- Hartford, and 433 ' of Savoy, of which Itory were formerly Vhe capital, kvn of Suabia, 10 jburgh. Lon. 7 53 \l, St. a town of )artmcnt of Saone tovince of Burgua., GEN Jy, remarkable for its excellent wines. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 17 miles S W of Chalons. Lon. 4 43 E, lal. 46 37 N. Gciiies, St. a town of France, in the department of Aveiron, 24 miles N E of Rhodes. Lon. 3 E, I at. 44 35, N. Geiiis, a town of Savoy, seated on the Guier, 12 miles W of Chamberry. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 4540 N. Genoa, a territory and republic of Italy, extending along that part of the Mediterranean called the gulf of Ge- noa, 152 miles j but its breadth is ve- ry unequal, being from eight to 12 miles. Where it is not bounded by the sea, it is bordered from \V to E by Piedmont, Montscrrat, Milan, Pla- centia, Parma, Tuscany, and Lucca. It is ]iopulous, well cultivated, and fertile near the sea ; but the inner parts are mountainous, and barren in several places, having neither trees nor grass upon them. Genoa, an ancient city of Italy, capi- tal of a republic of the same name. It is situated at the bottom of a little gulf, jiarlly on the flat, and partly on the de- clivity of a pleasant hill ; in conse- quence of which it appears to great ad- vantage from the sea. It is defended on the land-side, by a double wall, which in circumference is about six miles. Two of the streets consist en- tirely of a double straight row of magni- ficent palaces. The others, though clean and well paved, are crooked and narrow. The palaces of the nobility are almost all of marble, and many of them are painted on the outside. The city contains a vast number of palaces, churches, and convents, and several hospitals. The palace where the doge resides, and where the great and little council, and tlic two colleges of the procurator! and govematori assemble, is a large stone building in the centre of the city i but it contains some fuie pain- tings in fresco ; two statues of An- ilrew and John Doria in white marble; and an arsenal, in which are said to be arms for thirty-four thousand men. All the inhabitants here except the princi- pal ladies, who are carried in chairs, walk on foot, on account of the narrow- ness or steepness of the streets. The fortifications of the city, towards the sea, are remarkably strong. There are two fine stone bridges over the rivers Bonzevera and Bisagno, the first where- of washes the W, and the other the £ GEO side of the city, witliin which there is also a surprising stone -bridge joining two hills. The harbour, though large, is far from being safe j but no care or expence have been s|>arcd to render it as safe and commodious as possible. The trade of Genoa is chiefly in vel- vets, damasks, plush, and other silks, brocades, lace, gloves, sweatmeats, fruits, oil, Purniesan cheese, anchovies, and medicinal drugs from the Levant ; but the badness oftlie harbour, and the high price of commodities, greatly check its commerce. Tjie nobility car- ry on velvet, silk, and cloth manufac- tures. Another \ery profitable article of trade carried onbytliem is banking, and dealing in bills of exchange. Be- fore Genoa was taken by the French, the government was aristocratic, and none but the nobility had any share in it. It was taken by the Austrians from the Frencji in ISCK) ; but by the con- vention after the fatal battle of Ma- rengo, it was ceded to the French. Genoa is 62 miles SE of Tiu-in, and 225 N W of Rome. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 44 25 N. George, Fort, a strong and regular fortress in Inverness- shire, which has several handsome streets of barracks. It is seated on a peninsula running into the Murray-frith, and completely com- mands the entrance into the lurbour of Inverness. George, Fort, St. See Madrass. George, Lake, a lake of North Ame- rica, ill the state of New- York. It lie* S \V of Lake Champlain, and is 35 miles long, but is narrow. The adja- cent coontry is mountainous ; the val- lies toh.rably good. George, St. one of the Azores. The inhabitants arc employed in the culti- vation of wheat, and may amount to 5000. Lon. 28 W, lat. 38 39 N. George, St. an island of the United States, in the strait of St. Mary, that forms the communicaticn between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. George del mina, St. the best fort on the Gold Coast of Guinea, and the prin- cipal settlement of the Dutch in tlioge parts. It was taken from the Portu- gfuese in 1630. The town under it, cal- led by the natives Oddena, is very long, and pretty broad. The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon, for in other places they are composed only of clay and wood. It was once very populoi4^, but tbe inhabitants were :l!is GEO GEO greatly reduced by the small pox It Ls 30 miles W by S ol"Capc Coast Cas- tle. Loti. 22 VV, l«t. 5 .1 N. George's, St. a. small island in the gulf of Venice, lyini^ to the S of Ve- nice, to wliich it is subject. Hero is a Donedictine monastery, whose church is one of the finest in Itnly. George's, St. the larg-est of the Ber- muda islands, in which is the town of St. George, the capital ofall the islands. Lon. 6,3 oO W, hit. 32 45 N. George's, St. an island in the gidf ol' itfxico, opposite the mouth of the Appalachikola. Lon. 84 50 W, lit. 29 . 50 N. George's A'tv, St. a small island of North America, ofi' the coast of Hon- (luras. It is likewise called Casina or Cayo Cassina. By a convention in 1786, the Eng-'.ish Lo^rwood cutters were permitted to occupy this island. George Town, the seat of justice, in a district of the same name, in South Carolina ; stands on a spot of land near the junction of a nvmber of rivers, which when united is named the Pede e, anil falls inti- <^he Atlantic Ocean, 12 miles below the town. It is 55 miles N by li of Charleston. Lon. 79 30 VV, lat. 3;.; 20 N. Georgetov.'jj, a post town in Lincoln county, Maine, lying' on the Kennebec river, and 1534 inhabitants at the last census in 1800. Georgetown, a post town, and the ca- pital of Sussex county, Delaware, 12 miles W of Lewistown at Cape Heiilo- pcn. G(orgetov:n, a post town in Scott county, Kentucky, 17 miles W of Franckfort. Georgetmin, a post town in V.'arren countv. Gcorsria : situated on tlie Great bgcechee river, 25 miles N W of Louisville. Georgetovin, aposttown of Montgome- ry county, Maryland, within the district of Columbia ; situated on the N E banli of Potomac river, four miles from tt'a.ihington, the seat of General Go- vernmtnt. Lat. 38" 50' N, lon. 77° 3' W. Georgia, a beautiful country of Asia, called by the Persians Giirpistaii, and by the Turks Gurtshi. It is one of the seven Caucasi:m nations, in the coun- tries between the Black Sea, and tlie Cas[--an, and comprehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It is bounded on tke N by Clrcassl^i, on the E by Di:g- liestan and Schirvan, on the S by Ar- menia, and on the W by the Cuban, or new Russian pivernment of Caucasus. Georgia is as fertile a count)-y as can be seen; the bread is as good here as in any i)art of the world ; the fruit of an exquisite flavour, and of ditlerent sorts ; no place in Euroj e yields better pears and ajjplcs, and no place in Asia better pomegranates. The country a- bounds with cattle, venison, and wild fowl, of all sorts ; the river Kur is well stocked with fish ; and the wuie is so rich, that the king of Persia has al- ways some of it for his own table. Th.e inhabitauts are robust, valiant, and of a jovial temper ; great lovers of wine, and esteemed very trusty and faithful ; endowed with good natural parts, but for want of education very vicious. The women are so fair and comely, that the wives and concubines of the king of Persia and his court we for the most part Geoigian women. This country formerly abounded with great cities, as appears liot only from its history, but from the ruins of many of them still visible, which show that they must have been very large, opulent, and mag-nificently built. These were all destroyed by the inundations of northern barbarians from mount Cau- casus, as the Alans, Huns, Sucvi, and some others, so much noted in history for their strength, courage, and con- quests. The' latest division of this country is into ni.ie provinces ; live of which form what is commonly called the king !om of Georgia ; and four compose the kingdom or principality of Imeritia. The hills arc covered witli forests of oak, ash, beech, ches- nuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of grapes. From these is annually made as much wine as is necessary for their yearly consumption ; the remainder are left to rot on the > incs. Cotton grows spon. taneously, as well as the finest Em-ope- an fruit-trees. Rice, wheat, millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plain*, almost without culture. The vallies aflbrd the finest pasturage in the world ; the rivers are full of fish ; the mountains abound in minerals j and the climate is delicious ; so that nature ap- pears to have lavished on this country every production that can contribute to the happiness of its inhabitants. On the other hand, the rivers of Georgia, b«- »fl^. i o , on the S by Ar- I by tlie Cuban, or inient of Cimcasiis. a country as run is as good bevc as rorld J the fruit of ir, and of ditiercnt iiM-o'i (: vields better nd nc place in Asia s. The country a- venison, and wild he river Kur is well and the wine is so ; of Persia has al- ius own table. The list, valiant, and of a :at lovers of wine, trusty and faithful ; I natural parts, but on very vicious. The r and" comely, that :ubinc3 of the king ourt:u-efortbc most men. This country d with great cities, ly from its history, s' of many of tliem ich show that they very large, opvilent, built. 'Ihese were the inundations of IS from mount Cau- w, Hims, Sucvi, and \wz\\ noted in history , courage, and con- test division of this \e provinces ; tivc of is commonly culled Georgia; and four ■dom or principality > hills are covered k, ash, beech, chcs- uid elms, encircled .vlng perfectly wild, t (I'luntities of grapes, maliy made as much ary for their yearly remainder are left Cotton grows spon. . as tl>e finest Euiope- nice, wheat, millet, e raised on the plains, ulturc. The vallies pasturage in the are full of fish; the in minerals ; and the as ; so tliat nature ap- ished on this country that can contribute to ts inliabitants. On the rivers of Georgia, b«- GEO ing fell by mountain torrents, are at all seasons either too rapid or too shallow for tlie purposes of navigation ; the Black Sea, by which commerce and ci- vilization might be introduced from Europe, has been till lately in the ex- clusive possession of the Turks ; the trade of Georgia by land is greatly ob- structed by the high mountains of Cau- casus ; and tliis obstacle is still in- creased, by the swarms of predatory nations, by which those mountains arc inhabited. I'he Georgians 'are Chris- tians of the Greek communion, and appear to have received their name from their attachment to St. George, tlie tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress nearly resembles that of tlie Cossacks ; but men of rank (fre- quently wear the habit of Persia. Tra- vellers accuse the Georgians of drun- kenness, superstition, cruelty, sloth, avarice, and cowardice ; vices which are every where common to slaves and tyrants, and are by no means peculiar to the natives of this country. The de- scendants of the colonists, curried by Shach Abbas, and settled at Peria, near Ispahan, and in Masenderan, have changed their character with tlicir go- vernment ; and thci Georgian troops, employed in Persix' agai,.3t the Aft- glians, were advantageously distin- guished by their docility, their disci- pline, and their courage. The other iidiabitants of Georgia are Tartars, Ossi, and Armenians. These last are foinid all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with the natives, and sometimes in villages of their o^vn. They speak among themselves their awn language, but all understand and can talk the Georgian. Their religion is partly the Armenian, and partly the Roman Ca- tholic. Tliev are the most oppressed of the inhabitants, but are still distin- guished by that instinctive industry wiiich every where characterizes the nation. Beside these, there are in Georgia considerable numbers of Jews, some having villages of their own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Ar- menian, and Tartar inhabitants, but never with tlie Ossi ; they pay a small tribute above that of the natives. Tef. flis is the capital. See Iineritia. Georgia, the most southern of the United States of America, 600 miles long and 250 broad ; bounded on tlie £ by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S by East and West Florida, on tlie W by G E R the Mississippi, and on the K and NE by North and South Carolina. That part of Georgia wliich is laid out in counties is divided into the following; Chatham, Effingham, Burke, Rich- mond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glyn, Camden, Washington, Green, and Franklin. 'I'he principairivers are the Savannah, Ogee- chee, Alatamaha, Turtle river, Little Sitilla, Great Sitilla, Crooked River, St. Mary's, and Appalluchikola, the Catahooche which springs in this state, and runs the greatest part of its course through it, and the Flint River, which is a considerable part of the same. The winters in Georgia are ^ery mild and pleasant. Snow is seldom or never seen. The soil and its fertility are va- rious, according to situation and di.ler- ent improvements. By culture are pro- duced rice, indigo, cotton, siUc, Indian corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, pomeg^'a- nates, &c. Rxe, at present, is the staple commodity ; but great attention begins to be paid to the raising of to- bacco ; the soil being suited to tlie cul- ture of that plant, "i'he whole coast of Georgia is bordcre\l with islands, the principal of which are Skidaway, Was- saw, Ossahaw, St. Catharine's, Sapelo, Frederica, Jekyl, Cumberland, and Amelia. The capital of this state is A.ugusta. Georgia, Southern, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by cap- tain Cook in 1775, and so named by him. It is 31 leagues long, and 10 in its great- est breadth. It seems to abound with bays and harbours, which the vast quanti- ties of ice render inaccessible the great- est part of tbs year. The valleys were covered with snow ; apdthe only vege- tation observed, was a bladed grass, growing in tufts ; wild bumet i and a plant, like mass, which spFung ffwiu iiie rocks. Not a stream of fresh water was to be seen on the whole coast. This island lies between 38 13 and 35 34 W Ion. and 53 57 and 54 57 S lat. Gepping, an im]>erial town of Suabia, in the dutchy of Wirtumburg, sejtted on the river Wils, 25 miles E of Stut- gard. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 44 N. Gera, a town of Germany, in Misidl, with a handsome college, on the rivet Ehter. Lon. 1 1 56 E, lat. 50 50 N. Gera:w, atown of Germany, in Hesse- Darmstadt, capital of a district of the. same name, 10 miles N \\^ of Darm- stadt. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49 45 N. Gerberoy, a town of France, in the K K G E R G E R ,/ department of Oise, and late province of the Isle of France, 50 miles N \>y W of Paris. Lon. 1 54 E, lat. 49 S'2 N. Gerhet, Gerbi, or Zorbi, an island un the coast of Tunis. It bears no oilier corn than barley ; but has large quantities of fijj^s, olives and grapes, which, when dried, form the principal trade. It de- pends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 33 56 N. Gerbevillert, a town of France, in the dc])artment of Menrthe and late pro- vince of LoiTain, with a handsome cas- tle. The Church of the late Carmelites is very elegant. It is seated on the A- gen, five miles from Lunevillc. Gergenti, a town of Sicily, with a cas- tle, and a bishop's sec ; seated near the river St. Blaise, 50 miles S of Pa- lermo. Lon. 13 24 E, lat. iT 24 N. Gerisau, a village of Swisscrland, on the N side of the lake of Schweitz, at the foot of the Rigi. It is a republic, the smallest in Europe. Its territory is two leagues in length and one in breadth, composed entirely of scatter- ed houses and cottages, of a very neat and picturesque appearance. The in- habitants are computed at about 1200 and are much employed in preparing silk for the manufactures at Basle. This i-epublic is imder the protection of the cantons of Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, and Underwalden ; and, in case of war, fur- nishes its quota of men. Gerisau is 12 miles S W of Schweitz. Gennain, St. a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oise and late province of the Isle of France, with a magnificent palace, embellished by se- veral kiiigs, particularly Lewis XIV. Here James II. found an asylum, when he fled to France. It is seated on the Seine, near a fine forest, 10 miles N W of Paris. Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 48 52 N. Gemiatn\ St. a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Friday. It was once the largest town in the county, with a bishop's see, and a cathedral. The town is now mean, consisting chiefly of fishermen'^ cottages, but is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It stands near the sea, 10 miles W of Plymouth, and 224 W by S of London. Lon. 4 24 W, lat. 50 22 N. Germain Laval, St. a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire, and late province of Forez, remarkable for excellent wine. It is 225 miles, S E of Paris. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N. German Flatts, a post town in Herke- mer co«inty, New York ; situated on the N side of Mohock river, 79 miles VV N VV of Albany, with about 1800 m. habitants. Gennania, a town in Culpeper coun- ty, Virginia! with a post-office, distant 82 miles S W from Waihington. Gennano, St. a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, at the foot of Mount Cussano, and belonging to an abbey on tlie top of that mount. Lon. 13 59 E, lat 41 13 N. Germantovin, an ancient town in Phi. ladclphia county, Pennsylvania; plea- santly situated 7 miles N by W of Phi- ladelphia : most of the houses arc built in one street which is near two miles long. It was originally settled by Ger- man*, and contains about 3500 inhabi- tants. Germantmun, a post town of Stokei county. North Carolina, 10 miles N E of Bethany the Moravian settle- ment. Germany, a country of E\iropc, 640 miles in length, and 550, in breadth ; bounded on the E by Hungary and Po- land, on the N by the Baltic Sea and Denmark, on the west by France and the Netherlands, and on the S by the Alps, Swisscrland, and Italy. It is di- vided into ten circles, three of which lie on the N, namely Upper Saxony, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia ; three on the S, Austria, Bavaria, and Suabia ; three about the middle, Franconia, the Upper and Lower Rhine ; the tenth and last is the circle of Btirg^ndy, or an- cient Belg^ium, which formerly consis- ted of the dutchyof Burgimdy, and the 17 pi-ovinces of the Low Countries, but these have been long since severed from the empire of Germany. In tliis coun- try are upwards of 300 sovereign prin- ces and states, most of them indepen- dent in their respective territories: the emperor, or head of the Germanic bo- dy, is chosen by the nine electors, spi- ritual and temporal ; the ecclesiastical princes, consisting of archbishops, bi- shops, abbots and abbesses ; secular princes, consisting of dukes, marquii- scs, counts, landgraves, and barons, with free cities, either imperial or Hanse towns ; both which are sovereign states, and send deputies to the gene- ral diet or parliament of the empire. Germany is for the most part level to- wards the NandE, being a barren sand or marshy soil. On the S. it is encum- bered with tlie Alps ; but in the mid- : R G E R G E R I • York ; situated on 3ck river, 79 miles witli abuut 1800 in> n in Culpeper coun- a. pnst-onice, distant Wathington. town of Naples, in t the foot of Mount iging to an abbey on lunt. Lon. 13 59 E, ancient town in Phi- Pennsylvania i "(jlea. liles N by W of Phi. the houses are built 1 is near two miles inally settled by Ger- s about 3500 inliabi- }ost town of Stokei rolina, 10 miles N e Moravian settle- ntry of Europe, 640 ind 550, in breadth t by Hungary and Po- { the Baltic Sea and west by France and and on the S by the 1, and Italy. It is di- :les, three of which nely Upper Saxony, d Westphalia ; three Bavaria, and Suabia ; Idle, Franconia, the Hhine ; the tenth and of Burgundy, or an- ich formerly consis- r Burgundy, and the Low Countries, but g since severed from nany. In tliis coun- 300 sovereign prin- )8t of them indepen- itive territories : the )f the Germanic bo- le nine electors, spi- ; the ecclesiastical of archbishops, bi- abbesses ; secular of dukes, marquis- ^aves, and barons, either imperial or which are sovereign eputies to the gene- lent of the empire, most part level to- being a barren sand the S. it is encum- but in the mid- dle of the country is an intermixture of hills and dales, com fields and mea- dows, especially on the banks of its ri- vers, namely, the Rhine, Danube, Sec. It has several fine cities, castles, pala- ces, and seats, and is more populous than France. Charlemagne, the son of Pepin, and king of France, was the founder of the German empire in the year 800 of the Christian ara, being then sovereign of Italy, great part of Spain, and the S of Germany. The em|)irc was divided among Charle- magne's descendants, and the iiovcreigfn of Italy and Germany only retained the style of emperor, the princes of the em- pire being then his feodaries or vassals. The imperial crown continued heredi- tary for 300 years after Ch-irlemugne, when the Pope of Rome, in order to diminish the emperor's authority, and increase his own, stin-ed up the Ger- man princes to alter the constitution, and make the imperial dignity elective. So that duringthe mutual struggles be- tween the head of the church and the empire, for superiority, several sove- reign states were erected in Italy and Germany, independent of either. The emperors, after the breaking of the he- reditary line, were at first elected by the body of the people ; but the nobili- ty, and great officers of state, observing that tliis gave occasion to endless con- fusion, excluded the people from their share in the election and assumed the right of chusing the emperor them- selves ; and at length the numberof elec- tors was reduced to seven, namely, the archbishops of Meritz, Trierit, Cologne, the king of BoherJia, the duke of Sax- ony, the prince palatine of the Rhine, and the murquis of Brandenburgh j but upon the paisgrare Frederick incurring tlie h«n of the empire, the duke of Ba- varia was added as an eighth elector, and the duke of Hanover since that made the ninth. But though the im-' perial crown ivas elective, the house of Austria found means by the count of Hapsburg to continue it in their family upwards of 300 years, till upon the failure of the male issue of Austria, in tlie emperor Charles VI. the elector of Bavaria Wis crowned emperor in 1743, who, contending with Maria Theresa queen of Hungary, and daughter to the said Charles, for the hereditary domi- nions of Austria, he brought himself in- to great distress, ruined his country, and after a short reign, died in his ct- pital, January 9, 1745. But Francis, grand duke of Tuscany, who ninrricil Muria Theresa, was ufterwai'ds cli cted to the imperial dignity, through the in- terest of Great Britain and its prince the elector of Hanover; and his de- scendants still sway the Germanic scep- tre. The nine above mentioned elec- tors now chuse an emperor, when the imperial throne is vacant, unless a king of the Romans hath been elected in the preceding reign, who succeeds of course. The emperor is the fountain of honour in Germany, disposing of all places and dignities both civil and mi- litary, except those that are hereditary, as the great chancellor, treasurer, sword-bearer, cup-bearer, which are only honorary posts with little or no pro- fit. Germany is a fruitful,country, par- ticularly in the valleys ; and its moun- tains abound with mines, from which proceed Kome of the best medicinal springs and baths in Europe, as those at Pyrmont, Baden, Aix-la-Chapelle, &c. The inhabitants are excellent me- chanics and chemists, yet among tlie latter have arisen several pretentlgrs to the grand elixir; as among the former, several projectors have pretended to have found out the perpetual motion. The invention of printing and gunpow- der is generally a8crib;!d to tne Ger- mans, and they have also brought clocks, watches, swords, locks, and fire-arms to very greatperfection. The manufac- tures of tin-plates or white iron they, have entirely monopolized. They are reputed g^d painters, engravers, en- amellers, and engineers. Their fo- reign trade they cai'ry on with great suc- cefis, by tneans of the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Weser, and tlie Baltic Sea { more particularly from Hamburg, Lu- beck, Bremen, Stetin, &c. and by land with Italy, Switzerland, France, and Holland. Germertheim, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, situate near the Rhine, five miles W of Phil- ipsburgh. Gen, t, department of France, in which are comprehended the late pro- vinces of Gascony and Armag^ac. Gertrudenburg, an ancient town of Dutch Brabant, one of the principal bulwarks of the Dutch, situated at the E extremity of the Bies boch lakes which are fonned by the Maese, and make a good harbour. It has, been of. teai^||ken, the last Ume by the French < ■,'■§ :*;•'■; U »JIBW^|i M|y- G H E in 1795. It is 10 miles N of Breda. Lull. 4 52 E, lilt. 52 44 N. Genivicnhi, an ancient town of Por- tii|;al, in Alcntejn, with a strong can- tie i but was taken, in 1662, by tlie Spaniards. It is seated on a hill, near the river Guitdiunu, 18 miles below Ba- dajox. Geatri/te, ft provinre of Sweden, bounded on the N by Helsinjfiu, on the E by the piU'of Bothnia, on tlie S by Upland, and on the VV by Dulccarlia. It is diversified by forests, rocks, hills and dales, pasture and arable land, lakes and rivers ; and the river Dam nican the rock in Ihe night-time, but were driven down headlong in "tlie morning. In 1727, the Spaniards besieged it again, and at- tempted to blow up the rock, which they found impracticable, and were obliged to raise the siege. It was be- sieged in the last war, from the 16ih of July 1779 to the beginning of Feb. 17UJ, when the siege was finally rais- ed. But it may be considered as ter- minated on ti)e 13th of Sept. 1782, on tl)e failure of the g^and attack made by the Spaniards, whose dreadfuLfioating batteries nvere destroyed by red hot shot from the garrison. The garrison here are cooped up in a very narrow compass, and have no provisions but what are brought from Barbary and England. The strait of Gibraltar is 24 miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and a strong current always runs .through it from the Atlantic to the Mediterra- nean. Gibraltar is 25 miles N of Ceu- ta, and -^5 S E of Cadiz. Lon. 5 17 W, lat. 36 6 N. Gien, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loiret and late province of Orleannois, seated on the Loire, 76 miles S E of Paris. Lon. 2 43 K, lat. 47 34 N. Gienzor, a town of Barbary, in Tri- poli, 10 miles from the town of Tri- poli. Gierace, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Calabria Ult^riore, seated on a mountain, near the sea, 32 miles N E of Reggio. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 38 13 N. Gieten, a town of Germany, in the G I R landgravate of Hcs8e-Caseir : wcolcly supported beneath, they are transverse chasms ; learance of walls, • fantastic shapes, ht», and in all situ- e declivity exceeds Jut in those parts which they rest is •ently inclined, the IS nearly uniform : few and narrow, >»8eB on foot, with- . The surface of pery as tiiat of fro- s 1 it is rough and only dangerous to :ep descents : it is , extremely por«!S ibbles, whicli «el- tizc of a pea, and Igo compact as com- lieory of the forma- the reader is re- |s8ure. The Upper .divided into those immits, and those Uie sides of the' h cover tlie sum- (we their origin to it all seasons of the lains nearly in iuo- Higealedintoahard ;onverted into ice. ;h clotlies the side* oftlieAlpsis neither pure snow like thut of tiiu summits, nur ice which foriiiH the Lower Glaciers, but i« un Hsai'iMblutfc of both. It contains Uiih snow than the summits, bocuusc tlie !-e as the seaport of the city of Glasgow, whose magistrates appoint a ballitt for the government of it. It has an excellent harbour with a noble pier ; but still moat of the ships that trade to the West Indies, sail from Greenock, and return ~ to that port. The herring fisheries, in the frith of Clyde, form a considerable part of its fradc. This port is situate 21 miles W by N of Glasgow. Glastonbury, a town in Somerset- shire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated near a high hill, called tlie Tor, and is famous for an abbey, some ru- ins of which still remain ; particularly tlie curious structure, called the ab- bot's kitchen, which is entire, and of a very untisual contrivance. The last abbot of this place was hanged on the top of the Tor.byorderof Henry VIII. for not acknowledging his supremacy ; this hill, so called from the tower •which stands on it, commands an ex- tensive prospect, and is an excellent seamark. Glastonbury has two church- es, and a manufacture of stockings. It is six miles S W of Wells, and 129 W I)V S of London. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 51 8N. Glatz, a county of Germany, seated between Silesia, Bohemia, and Mora- via ; and surrounded by mountains, . which render it very difficult of access. It is 38 miles long, and 23 broad. It lias mines of coal, copper, and iron, good quarries of mnrble and stone, iind iine springs of mineral waters. In 1724, it was ceded to the king of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary. Glatz, a city of Bohemia, and capi- tal of a county of the same name. It is situated at the foot of the mountains whicli divide that kingdom from Sile- sia, near the river Neisse. On the top of the hill is an ancient castle ; and the Prussians have not only greatly aug- mented and improved it, but have built a new citadel. It has been frequently besieged and taken. It is 48 miles S S £ of Breslaw, and 82 E N E of Prague. Lon. 16 50 E, lat, 50 25 N. Glencoe, Vale of, a valley in Scotland, near the head of Loch Etive, in Ar- gylesliire, noted for the cruel massacre of its unsuspecting inhabitants in 1691. King W illiam had published a procla- mation, inviting the Highlanders, who had been in arms for Kiiig James II. to accept a generid amnesty before tiie 1st of January, on pain of military exe- cution after that period. Alexander Macdonald, laird of Glencoe, on the last day of December, went to Fort Wil- Ijiim, tlie governor of which referred him to a c\v\\ officer. This made it the first of January before he could r- .>ch Inverary, where he surrendered to the sheriff', who, however, accepted his submission, in consideration of hisc'. fer to surrender the day before. The laird having taken the oatJis, returned to Glencoe, in full assurance of safety ; notwithstanding which, he, and his whole clan, were butchered, on the 15th of February, and the whole of that beautiful valley rendered a scene of massacre and desolation. Glencroy, Vale (if, a wild and roman- tic tract, near the N E extremity of Loch Loung, in Argyleshii-e. The two ranges of mountains^ which overhang this valley, approa>;h each other, aiid between these the traveller is immur- ed. Their stupendous heiir^ht, and the roaring of numerous cataracts, tliat ])our over their broken surface, pro- duce an eflect awfully sublime. Glcnluce, a town in Wigtonshire, "eated on tlie river Luce, near its en- trance into the bay of that name, 16 miles W by S of Wigton. Glemhee, Spitalof,a.nottii pass of the Grampian mountains in Scotland, a lit- tle S of the point where the counties of Perth, Angus, and Aberdeen meet. In 1718, a small body of Highlanders, with 300 S aniards, took possession of this pass : but at the approach of the ii "'. '.^ ' L E G L O G N E he king of Prussia, by iigary. )f Bu'hemia, and capi- ' the same name. It is foot of the mountiiins* It kingdom from Sile- ;r Neisse. On the top ancient castle; and the not only greatly aug- iroved it, but have built It has been frequently aken. It is 48 miles aw, and 82 E N E of 16 50 E, lat, 50 25 N. of, a valley in Scotland, )t Loch Etive, in Ar- 1 for the cruel massacre Ling inhabiunts in 1691. Ijad published a procla- T the Highlanilers, who ns for Kli.g James II. to pal amnesty before the on pain of militaiy exe- hat period. Alexander I'd of Glencoe , on the last )er, went to Fort Wil- mor of v/hich referred )fficer. This made it the f before he could r .-ch re he surrendered to the however, accepted his consideration of his c • er the day before. The »ken the oaths, returned full assurance of safety ; (- which, he, and his ere butchered, on the iry, and the whole of alley rendered a scene ,.d desolation. hie of, a wild and roman- the N E ertremity of in Argjleshii-e. The two mtains> wliich overhand ipro»v;li each other, aiid ; the traveller is immur- iipendous heiitt'^t, and the limerous cataracts, tlut ir broken swface, pro* awfully sublime, town in Wigtonshire, river Luce, near its en- bay of that name, 16 , of Wigton. {italoj, a noted pass of the luntains in Scotland, a lit- lint where the counUes , and Aberdeen meet. »,i body of Highlanders, fiiards, took possession of t at the -ipproach of the kintj's forces, they retired to the pass al Strachell. They were driven from one eminence to another till night, wlicn the Highlanders dispersed; and the next day the Spaniards surrender- ed themselves prisoners of war. Glogavi, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, and well fortified on the side of Poland. It has a castle, with a tower, in which se- veral counsellors were condemned by duke John, in 1498, to perish with hunger. Besides the Papists, there is a great numberof Protestants and Jews. It was taken by assault by the king of Prussia, in 1741. After the peace, in 1742, that king settled the supreme couit of justice here, it being next to Breslaw, tlie most populous place in Silesia. It is seated on the river Oder, 50 miles N W of Breslaw, and 115 N E of Prague. Lon. 16 13 E, lat. 51 40 N. Glomme, the longest river of the province of Aggerhuys, in South Nor- way, which flows uito the North Sea, at Fredericstadt. It receives the river Worme which issues from Lake Mioss. It is not navigable in any part of its course from this lake to Fredcricstadt, its stream being intercepted by such fre- quent cataracts and shoals, as, in some places, to render it necessary to drag the trees, whii,.i are floated down, over the ground. At least 50,000 trees are annually floated by this river to Fredc- ricstadt. Gloucester, a city in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday and Sa- turday. It is seated on the E side of the Severn, where, by two streams, it makes the isle of Alney. From the middle of the city, where the four prin- cipal streets meet, there is a descent every way, which makes it not only clean and healthy, but adds to the beauty of the place. It once contained 11 churches, but now has only five, be- side the cathedral of St. Peter, which is an ancient but magnificent fabric, and has a tower, reckoned one of the neatest and most curious pieces of ar- chitecture in England. In wliich ca- thedral are the tombs of Robert duke of Normandy, 8(m to William the Con- queror, and of Edward II. and there is a whispering palace like to that of St. Paul's at London. It has five hospi- tals, two free-schools, and a new coun- ty gaol ; and was fortified with a wall which Charles II, after the restoration, ordered to be demolished. Gloucesi tcr is a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to pju*- liament. Great quantities of pins avc made here ; and there arc 12 incorpo- rated trading companies. Here is a good stone bridge over the river Sev- ern, with a quay, wharfs and custom- house, but most of its business is en- grossed by Bristol. It is 24 miles N E of Bristol, and 106 W by N of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 50"n. Gloucester, a maritime and post town in Essex county, Massachusetts, situ- ated near Cape Ann, 14 miles N E of Beverly, and about 18 from Salem, and Marblehead, in the Lit. of 42° 40' N. and loM. of 68° 45' W. Gloucester, a nost town and the capi- tal of Gl( , ^Mter county, Virginia, seated on the N side of York river, 12 miles N E of Williamsburg, and 45 E by S of Richmond. Gloucester, a small town in Glouces- ter county. New Jersey, on the E bank of the river Delaware, four miles below Philadelphia. Gloucestershire, a county of England, 63 miles in length, and 47 in breadth ; bounded on the W by Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, on the N by Wor- cestershire, on the E by Warwick- shire and Oxfordshire, and on the S by Wiltshire and Somersetshire. It con- tains 13 hundreds, one city, 27 market, towns, and 218 parishes ; and scndj eight members to parliament. The air is generally healthy ; sharp in the E, or hilly part, which contains the Coteswold Hills ; but, as mild in the rich vale of Severn, which occupies the centre. The W part, which is by much the smallest district, is varied by hill and dale, and is chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean. The staple commodities of the county arc its woolle.i cloth and cheese. Its principal rivers, are the Severn, which is joined to the Thames by a navigable canal the Warwickshire, Avon, the Lower Av- on, the Wye, Thames, Coin, and "Lech. See Cotesviold I Dean, Forest of; Jive- shew. Vale of,- and Severn, Vale of. Gluckstadt, p. town of Lower Saxony, in the dutchyof Holsteip, with a strong castle. It is seated on tlie Elbe, near its mout'r, 30 miles N W of Hamburg, and 55 N «f Bremen. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 53 5, NT. G '",, a city of Great Poland, of which it 1. ♦.he capital, with an arch- L I, .--*. l;:i:'" G O A G O E \i bishop's «ee, whose prelate is primiite of Pjhiiid, and viccrov (luring the v;i- caucj of the throne. It was tlie first town built in the kingdorn, and former- ly more considerable tlian at present. It is yo miles N bv E of Breslavy, and 125 W of Warsaw. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 52 28 N. Gnu, a. considerable city, of the Hi- ther India with an harbour to tlu; coast of Malabar, in the kingdom of Deccan, in Visiapour. It is the capital oi the Portuguese setilenients in India, and the seat of a viLCioy. It stands in an Island, 22 miles in lengtli, and si.x in brcadlii ; and the city built on tlie N side of it, having the conveniency of a fine river, capable of receiving shipi. of the greatest biu'dcn, where tliey lie wiiliin a mile of tlie town. The banks of the river arc biaulilied with a great number of chiirc.es, castles, and gen- tlemen's houses. The viceroy'^ pa- lace is a noble building, and stands at a small distance from tlie river, over one of the gates of the city, wliich leads to a spacious street, terminated by a bea>itif;;l church. This city con- tains a great number of handsome churclies and convents, and a, stately hospital, the market-place takes up an acre of ground ; and hi the shops about it may be had the p. " e of Europe, China, Bengal, : \- countries. The houses arc larj • ni'ikc a fine appearance, but are jor' :"-"" "jhed. Tiic inhabitants fn contented with preens, fruits, and roots, \.'^ich, with a little bread, rice, and fiih.iithei" prin- cipal diet, thougii they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Theif religion is .he Roman catholic, and they have a se- vere inquisition. The ckrgy are nu- merous and illuerate ; the cliurchcs are finely eml)elllshed, and have a great number of images. It is remarkable, that only one of the churclies has glass windows; for they make use of clear oyster-shells instead of glass, and all their fine houses have the same. Goa has few manufacturps or productions, their best trade being in arrack, which they distil from the sap of the cocoa nut-tree. The harbour is defended by several forts and batteries. It is 292 miles S by E of Bombay. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 15 28 N. Goar, St. or Gmvcr, a. town of Ger- many, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, subject to tlie landgrave of Hesse Cassel. It stands immediately under the stupendous rock of Rheiii- fel.-', and was taken by the French in irU4. It has a considerable commerce in wines and hides, and is 15 miles SE of Coblentz. Gobcein, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 18 nides b E of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 56 K, lat. 49 6 N. GoOi/i, St. See Fere. Goc/i, a town of Germany, in tli(? diitchy of Cleves, seated on the Neers. six miles S of Clevcs. Lon. 5 52 E, lat. 51 3'J N. Ci)v((/Ho, a town of Sardinia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle, .seated on the Thurso, 25 miles E of Alghcr. GoiicUming, a town in Surry, with a market on Satuiday. It is seated on the Wcy, where it divides into several streams, four miles S W of Guildford and 54 of London. Lon. 34 W, lat. 51 13 N. Godavcry, or Gonga Godo%iiry, n river of the IJecc.in of Hindoostan, which has its source 90 miles to the N E of Bombay. After crossing Dowlatabad and Golconda, from W to E, it turns to the S E, ft»(l receiving the Bain Gonga, about 90 ipiles abov: the sen, besides many smaller rivers separates into two principal channels at Rajamun- dry; andtliese subdividing again, form altogether several tide harbours, for vessels of moderate burden. Ingcram, Coringa, YiUam, Bandarmalanka, and Narsujjour, arc among the places situ- ate at the mouths of this liver, which appear to be the most considerable one between the Ganger md Cape Comor- in. E.\ten»ive fbresvs of teek timber border on its banks, within tlie moun- tains, and supply ship-timber for the use of the ports above mentioned. Gfxhnancliester, a large village in Huntingdonshire, parked fi'om Hunt- ingdon by the river Ouse. It is seated in a rich and fertile soil, which yields great plenty of corn ; and is inhabited by a great number of ) eomen and far- mers. Here is a school called the Free Grammar School of queen Eliza- beth. Cinitvin Sanda, famoio sandbanks off the coast of Kent, lying between the N and S Foreland, and as they run pa- rallel with the coast for three leagues together, at about two Uagucs and s half distant from it they give addition- al security to the Downs. Goei, or Ttr Goes, a strong towo of E 18 rock of Rlieiii- by the Frencli in lei'iible commerce nd i» 1^ niilcii SE Germany, ii) the nc, Iti nitlcii S E a56E, lat.49 6N. re. Gcimany, in th^ itcd on tlic Neera. cs. Lon. 5 52 E, ' Sardinia, capital iRie name, with u i Thurso, 25 niiles n in Surry, with a . It is seated on livide* into several S W of Guildford Lon. 34\V, lat. ra Godmnry, a riyer Hindoostan, which iles to the N E of ussinjj Uowlatubad I W to E, it turns eceiving the Bain iles ahov: the 8e«, ler rivers separates lannels at Hajamiui- lividing again, form tide harbours, for burden. Ingcram, andarmalanka, and mg the places situ- f this liver, which )gt considerable one md Cape Comor- svs of teek timber , within the moun- ihip-timber for the ive ment;«:ned. a large villege in pared fi'om Ifimt- Ouse. It is seated soil, wliich yields and is inhH^itod uf ) eomcn and far- school called the ool of queen Eliza- nous sandbanks off lying between the and as they run p«- t for three leagues two If'agucs and • thty giv« addition- lowns. a strong town o| G O L the United Provinces, in Zealand, and rajiit.il of the island of South Beveland. It communicates with the Scheld by a vm:A, and is 21) miles £ of Middleburg. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 51 33 N. Gngmngng Mills, three miles from Cambridge, remarkable for the in- trenchmcnts and other works cast up here ; whence some suppose it was a Roman camp ; and others, that it was the work of the Danes. They are co- vered with afme dry carpet of turf; and tiie peopl*;, near these hills, tell strange stories about them. Gngra, or Soorjevs River, a large river which rises in Lake Lankee Dhe, in Thibet, in lat. 33 17 N, and forcing its way tlirough Mount Ilimmaleli, takes a SE direction, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, intlie province of Bahar. Gohttd, a territory of I-tindoostan Proper, in the province of Agra j Sub- Ject to a rajah, who is tributary to tlie Poonah Mahrattas. Gwalior is the ca- pital. Goochland Court Mouse, the principal scat of justice in Goochland county, Virginia. It is situated on the M side of James River, 30 miles W by N of Richmond, and has a post office, court house, gaol, &c. Guito, a town of Italy, in the Man- tnan, seated on the river Mincio, be- tween the lakft of Mantua and that of Garda, 15 rtiiles N W of Mantua, Lon. '0 40 E, lat. 45 16 N. Golconda, a country of the Deccan of Hindoostan, between the lower parts of the courses of Kistna and Oodavery rivers and the principal part of Dowla- tubad. It Was formerly called Telling- ana, or Tiffing, and is subject to thfe nizam of the Oeccan, It is most re- markable fot its diamond mines, the most considerable in the world, rtcrc are also mines of salt, fine iron f6r sword-blades, and curious calicoes' and cliintzcs. Mydrabad or Bagnagur is tlie capital. Golconda, a celebrated fortress, in a country of tlie same name, six ftiilcs W N w of Hydrabad, and joined to th.1t city by a Wall of communication. It occupies the summit of a hill of a co- nical form and is deemed impregnable. VVlien Aurengzehe conquered the kingdom of Golconda, in 1687, this fortress was taken possession of by treachery. Goldberg, a town of Silesia, in the G O M Idutchy of Lignitz, 36 miles W of Bres- law. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 31 3 N. Gold Const, a maritime country of Guinea, where the Europeans liave s6- vcral forts and settlements. It rcf.ch- es from the Gold River, 12 miles W of Assine, and ends at the village of Port- ni, eight miles E of Acraw. It includes several districts, in which are two or three to^frns or villages, lying on tlie seashore. Seven of these districts arfe dignified with the title of kingdoms, though tliey contain but a smaU tract of land i for tiie whole Gold Coast is not above 180 miles in length. Thfc negro inliabitants are generally very rich, as tliey carry on a great tradfe witli the Europeans for gold ; and ma- ny of them arc employed in fishing, and cultivating their rice. Which grow* in incredible quantities. This they exchange with others for Indian col-n, yams, fiotatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhabitants go naked ; and thos6 who are best clothed have only som6 yards of stuff' wrapped about tlieir raid- die. Golden Island, a barren island at the mouth of the river or gulf of Darien, where the Scots attempted to make i. settlement in 1698. Lon. 77 10 W, lat. 9 N. Goldingeh, a town of Courland, witli a castle, seated on the Wela, 60 miles W of Mittau. Lon. 22 21 E, lat. 5^ 48 N. Goldsborough, apoSttown of Hancock county, Maine ; situated on the E side of Frenchman's b.iy, about 50 miles of Eastine, in the lat. of 44° 22' N, and ton. of 67" 52' W. iSoleita, an island of Africa, at the entrance of the bay of Tunis j taken by the emperor Charles V. when he at- tempted the Siege of Tunis, and kept by the ChHstians several years, tt is 29 miles N of Tunis. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 37 10 N. Golnam, a town of Prussian Pomera- nia, seated on the Una, 18 miles N £ of Stetin. Lort. 14 59 t, lat. 53 46 N. Gombroon, a considerable seaport of Per8ia,*in Farsistan, called by the na- tives Bandar Abassi. The best houses are built of brick, flat at the top, witlL a square turret, having holes on each side for the free passage of the air : upon these roofs tliey sleep in the sum- mer season. The common people have wretched huts, made with the boughs of palm-trees, and covered ^ith leaves. .,:':';i:ttp G O N The streets are narrow and iiTegular. The English and Dutch have factories GOO here, which is a great advantage to the trade of the place. The soil is bai-i-eii, but provisions brought from other countries are very plentiful. The weather is so hot in June, July and August, that this place is extremely unhealthy; and there- fore tiie English retire to Asseen dur- ing those months. It is frequented by people of several nations, as well Eu- ropeans as others; and the Banyans are so numerou.s, that they bribe the tovernor not to permit any cows to be Killed in tlie town. It is seated in a bay of the strait of Ormus, 120 miles S S E of Kerman. Lon. 56 30 E. lat. 27 28 N. Gu^nera, one of the Canary Islands, between Ferro and Tenerift". It has a town of the same name, witli an excel- lent harbour, wliere the Spanish ships often take in rcl'reslimcnts. Here in corn sufficient to .support the inhabi- tants, and one sugar- work, witli gieat plenty of wine and fruits. Lon. IT 3 W, lat.::8 6N. Gondiir, the metropolis of Alnssinia, iituatc on a hill of considerable height, and containing about 10,000 families in time of peace. It is about 10 miles in circumference, and the houses consist only of one story, av.d most of them re- semble a funnel, with the narrow end upwards. They have no shops; but carry on their trade in a large square, where tlicy expose their merchandise to sale, laid upon mats ; and gold and rock salt are the only money made use of Each bar of sult'is a foot in length, and they break ott' as much as they agree for in the purchase of small wares. There ai-e about 100 churches and their patriarch depends on that of Alexandria. The habit of the better BQits is made of silk and cottons ; but the common people have only drawers to hide their nakedness. It is 180 miles S E of Sennar. I.on. 37 33 E. lat. 12 34 N. Gondegama, or Gondlacomma, a river of the peninsula of Hindoostan, which rises near Combam, forms the nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N, and falls into the bay of Bengal, at Mootapilly. Gondiecourt, a town of France, in the department of Meuse and late dutchy of Bar, seated oa the Orney, 20 miles S of St. Michel. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 4830 N. Gondrevilie, » town of France, in the department of Mcurthe and late pro- vincc of Lorrain, with a castle and a, magnificent hospital. It stands on a hill, on the river Moselle, eight miles, from Nanci. Lon. 6 9 E, lat. 48 40 N. Cimesse, a town of France in the de- partment of Seine and Oise, and late province of tlie Isle of France, remark- able for the goodness of its bread,' which is broujfht twice a week to Pa. ris. It is the birthjilacc of king Philip Augustus ; and is seated on the Crould, 10 miles N E of Paris. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 48 58 N. Gonga, an ancient town of Romania, seated near the sea of Marmora, 37 miles N E of Galipoli. Lon. 37 31 E, lilt. 40 53 N. Gonjah, a kingdom of Africa, be- tween tlic coast of Guinea on the S, and Tombuctou on the N, supposed by major Rcnnel to be the Conche of M. d'AnviUe. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 miles W by S of Cashna. Lon. 6 10 W, lat. 13 20 N. Good Hope, Cape of, the southern ex- tremity of Africa, in 18 23 E lon. and 34 29 S lat. discovered by the Portu- guese in 1493. The Dutch have here built a neat town and fort, which rises in the midst of a desert, surrounded by black and dreary mountains. From the shipping, the town appears pleasantly situated, but at the same time small. On landing, however, yoti are surpri- sed, and agreeably disappointed, to find it not only extensive, but wel". built, and in a good style ; the streets spa- cious, and intersecting each other at right angles with great precision. The only landing place is at the E end of the town, where there is a wooden quay running some paces into tlie sea. To this place excellent water is con- veyed by pipes, which makes the wa- tering of ships both easy and expedi- tious. Close to the quay, on the lefl hand, stands the castle and principal fortress : a strong extensive work, hav- ing excellent accommodations for tlie troops, and for many of the civil offi- cers belonging to the company. With- in the gates, the company hare their principal stores ; which are spacious as well as convenient. This fort cov- ers and defends the Epart of the town and hai-botir, as Amsterdam fort does the west part. There are two churches iin tlie town and one plain and unadorn- ed for the Calvinists, and a smaller one for the Lutherans. The religion o o Mcurthe and late pro- in, witii a castle and a >pital. It stands on a r Moselle, eight miles, on. 6 9 E, lat. 48 40 N. vn of France in the du- ne and Oise, and late Isle of France, remark- oodness of its bread,' ht twice a week to Pa- irtliplacc of king Philip Is seated on tlie Crould, f Paris. Lon. 2 30 E, ;ient town of Romania, e sea of Marmora, 37 alipoli. Lon. 57 31 E, ngdom of Africa, be- ; of Guinea on the S, on the N, supposed by Lo be the Conche of M. ijah, the capital, is 870 f Cashna. Lon. 6 10 W, ape of, the southern ex- ;ii, in 18 23 E lon. and covered by the Portu- Thc Dutch have here vn and fort, which rises a desert, surrounded by •y mountains. From the )wn appears pleasantly the same time small. wever, you are s\irpri- bly disappointed, to find ensive, but wel' -built, tyle J the streets spa- cting each other at great precision. The ice is at the £ end of there is a wooden )me paces into tlie sea. (cellcnt water is con- which makes the wa- both easy and expedi- the quay, on the leil castle and principal [)g extensive work, hav- commodations for tlie nany of the civil offi- the company. With- company have their which are spacious nient. This fort cov- the E part of the town Amsterdam fort does here are two churches one plain and unadom- inists, and a smaller heriuui. The religion th GOO nf did slaves is as little regarded here as ill the colonies of otiicr European states : in otlicr respects, they arc trettt':d with humanity, and are lodged and boarded in a spacious house, wiiere they are likewise kept at work. Another great building serves as an liospital fur tlie sailors belonging to the Dutch East India ships which touch liere. It is situate close to the Com- pany's gardens, and is an honour to that commercial body, and an oma- ment to the town. The convales- cents have free access to these gar- dens, where they enjoy the benefit of a wholesome air, perfumed by the fra- grance of a number of rich fruit-trees, and odoriferous shrubs, plants, and flowers. The inhabitants of the Cape, tliougii in tlieir jiersons large, stout, and atiiletic, have not all that phlegm about them which is the characteristic of Dutchmen in general. The ladies are lively, good-natured, familiar, and gay. The heavy draught work about the Cape, is chiefly performed by oxen, which are here brought to an uncom- mon degi-ee of doeility and usefulness. It is not uncommon to see 16 and some- times 18 in one of their teams, which the slaves have in the most perfect subjection. One of them places him- .self on tlie top of the load, and with a tremendous long whip, which he is o- bliged to hold with both his hands, ma- nages, those creatures with inexpressi- ble address. The inhabitants, in gene- ral, travel in a kind of covered wag- gon, drawn by oxen, which better ?uit the roughness of the country than more elegant vehicles ; but the governor, and some of the principal people, keep I'oaches, which are much in the Eng- lish style, and are drawn by six hors- es. The mountains behind Cape Town are, the Table Mountain, which is the highest; the Sugar-loaf, so named from its form j the Lion's Head, Charles Mount, and James Mount, or the Li- on's Rump. From these mountains de- .scend severaln-ivulets which fall into (IKTerent bays, as Table Bay, False Bay, &c. The view from the Table Mountain is very extensive ; and all along the valleys and rivulets among these mountains, is a great number of plantations, this fine colony surrender- ed to General Clai-ke and admiral Sir George Keith Elphinstone, September 16, 1795, See Hutttntofi, Country of G O R Goompty, a river of Hindoostan Pro- per, which rises in the Kohilla Coun- try, and flowing S E by Lucknow and JioHpour, falls into the Ganges, a little below Benares. Guoty, or Gutti, a strong fortress in the peninsula of Hindoostan, formerly the seat of government of a Maliratta prince, and now subject to the British. It is seated on the Pennar, 25 miles S by E of Adoni. Lon. 77 35 E, lat. 15 15 N. Goraim, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, which carries on a considerable trade in cheese and but- ter. It is seated at the junction of the Linghc with the Wahal, 12 miles E of Dort, and 32 S of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 51 51 N. Goree, a small island of Africa, near Cape de Verd, subject to the French. It is barren, but of great iin])ortaiice on account of its good trade. Lon. 17 25 W, lat. 14 40 N. Goree, the capital of an island of the same name, in Holland, eiglit miles 5 S W of Bricl. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 44 N. Gores Island, a barren and uninhabi- ted island in the North Pacific Ocean, so named by cajitain Cook, who disco- vered it in 1778. Cape Upright, the S E extremity, is in lon. 172 50 W, lat. 60 30 N. Gorgona, a small island of Italy, in the sea of Tuscany, eight miles in cir- cumference, remarkable for the large quartity of anchovies taken near it. Lon. 10 E, lat. 43 22 N. Gorgona, an island in the South Pa- cific Ccean, 12 miles W of the coast of Peru. It is high land, very woody, and some of the trees are proper for masts. It is 10 miles in circumference,, and has several rivulets of excellent water. Lon. 77 50 W, Lit. 3 20 S. Gorkain, a post town of Cumberland county, Maine, 11 miles W of Portland and contained 2500 inhabitants in the year 1800. Goritz, the capitalof a county of the same name, in the dutchy of Carniola, with a castle, seated on the Lisonzo, 16 miles N E of Aquileia. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 46 20 N. Gorlitx, a sti-ong town of German v, in Upper Lusatia, on the river Neisse, 55 miles E of Dresden. Lon. 15 40 E. lat. 51 10 N. Gorze, a town of France, in the de- partment of Moselle and late province n jr; ■■;!■ m m ^' \ GOT orLorraln. It had a rich abbey, pre- vious to the revolution, and is seated on a hill, ciglit miles S W of Metz. Goshen, a town in Oranfjn county. New York, famous for excellent cheese, •listant 60 miles N W from the city of New York. It has a post office and about 500 inhabitants. Goslar, an ancient, free, and imperial city of Lower Sa.tony, in the territory of Brunswick, seated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Gosc. It de- rives its principal subsistence from the ncighbourinpj iron-mine ; and it is fa- mous for breweries o' •ccellent beer. Here the art of makiiv^- gunpowder is said to have been discovered by a monk. It is 28 miles S of Brunswick. Lon. 10 4J E, lat. 52 N. Gospnrt, a fortified to\vn in Hamp- shire, on the W side of the harbour of Portsmouth, over which is a ferry. It lias a market on Saturday ; is a large town and of great trade, especially in time of war. Here is a noble hospital, built for the relief of the sick and wounded sailors. It is 78 mites S W of London. Lon. 1 3 W, hit. 50 49 N. Goityiieii, or Gostavin, a town of Po- land, in the palatinate of Rava, 36 miles N E of Hava. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 51 54 N. Gotha, a town of Upper Saxony, ca- pital of a dutchy of the same name, 18 miles W of Erfort. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 51 ON. Gotha, a river of Sweden which is- srues from Lake Wenner, and falls into the North Sea, at Gotheborg. Gothard, 5t. one of the highest moun- tains of Swisserland, being 9075 feet, above the level of the sea. It is eight miles from Altorf. Gothland, the most soutbern province of Sweden, being a peninsula encom- passed on three sides by the Baltic sea. It contains the provinces of Ostrogo- thia or Esist Gothland, Smoland, Wes- trogothia or West Gothland, the isles of Gothland and CEIand, Wermland, Daha, Halland, Blekingen, and Scania or Schf lien. Gothland, an island of the Baltic, on the E coKst of Sweden. Wisby is its only town. Lon. 19 45 E, lat. 57 N. Gotheborg, or Gottenbuig, a flourishing town of Sweden, in West Gothland, seatad at the mouth of the Gotha, which forms ancxcellent h.f tiie (Jrenadines, •itiiate in Ol 4U W Ion. and between 11 5J and 12 V^ N lat. It is the luatof the Windward Caribbccs, and 30 lea- gue.s N W (if T<)bHg'<). 'I'lic chief port Called l.cvis, is on the weMt side, in the middle of a large hay, wilil a saiidv bottom, a.id IS very spaeious. The is- land abounds with wiUi g'ame and fish, and prudiRis very Hne tinilicr, siiprar, tohaeco, ami inilig'o. It has been ofteji taken and I'etakeri. In 1*95, tiie French landed some tronps a;,(l raised an iii- surrectiuu in t;iis i.sland, which was not finally queiied till Jine l;'96. Grami.ia, a ti.wn of North America, in the pro- ince of Nicara,t;iia, seated on the lake Kicin.-.pua. It was tak- en twice i)y the 1-rencli buccaneers, and pdlancfl. I'l.e inhabitants carrj on a ^;rcat trade by means of tlie lake, whicii conimunicatcH witl\ tlie Atlantic Ocean. It i.s .•■j4 miles S E of Leon. Lor.. 87 W, iat. l'^ 5 N. G'a:iaiia, Nero, an extensive inland country in South America, denominated fcy the Spaniariia the new kingdom of Granada. It is bounded on the W by I'opayan; on the N liy other provinces of Terra Firnia, namely .Santa Martha, Rio de la Hacha, and Venezuela; on the S by Peru ; and on the E by a country which stretches alonj^the banks of the Oi'onoko, and is little known, .■md im])prrect!y cccu]iied by the Span- iards, New Granad.i was conquered by the Spaniards in 1JT)6. It is so far flcvated above the level of the sea, that thoui^h it approaches almost to the equator, the climate is remarkably tem- perate. The i'ertility of its vallics is not inferior to that of the richest dis- tricts in America ; and its hip;lier grounds vield gold and precious stones of various kinds. Its towns are popu- lous and flourishing ; and the capital is Santa-Fede-Bag^ola. Grantk-Pre, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes and late pro- vince of Champagne, seated on the Ayrc, 32 miles E of Rheims. Lon.4 55 E, lat. 49 21 N. Granic, or Granieus, a small river of Natolia, which has its source in Mount Ida, near the ruins of ancient Troy, and f.dls into the sea of Marmora, to the E oi' Lumpfacu. On its bimks was fought the celebrated battle, in which Alcv. ander the Great, obtained his first vic- tory over the Persians. Grunson, a town of SwisserlanJ, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a castle. Charles the Bold, duke uf Burgundy, ty the Marquis of Brandenburgh, who burnt it. Gravetatide, a town of Holland, the residence of the ancient counts of Hol- l.ind. It is seven miles W of Delft. Gravesend, a town in Kent, with a uiai'ket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is situated on the banks of the Thames, and is a place of great resort, being tlic common landing-place for seamen and strangers in their passage to London. It has a blockhouse well mounted witli cannon opposite Tilbury tort. A g^-eat part of the town was Imnit down in 1727; and 5000/. was |,'ranled by paj-liament for rebuilding its church. It is called the cor|)oration of Gravesend and Milton, these two places being united under the govern- ment of a mayor. They were incorpo- rated by queen Elizabeth j but, long before, Richard II. had granted them the exclusive privilege of conveying passengers to London in boats at two- pence a head. They still enjoy this privilege ; but the fare is now nine- ))ence a head. Gravesend is famous for asparagus ; which is preferred to that of Battersea; and tlie chief em- iiloyment of tlie labouring people is spinning of hemp, to make nets for iishing, and ropes. It is 22 miles S E •if London. Lon. 27 E, lat. 51 25 N. Gravina, a town of Naples, in Terra
  • 0' of north latitude, and between s again visited by William Barciitz and John Cornfliiis, tv.ro Dutchmen, who pretended to be the orig'tnal disco\ercrs, and called the comitry Spitzbergen, or Sharp Moun- tains, from the many sharp-pointed and rocky mountains with which it abounds. The only quadrupeds of either W or E Greenland, arc deer, white bears, anc capi- tal of Westmoreland county, Pennsylva- nia, 31 miles E by S of Pittsburg, and 264 W of Philadelphia : it has a court ho\isc, gaol, and abcut 800 inhabitants. Grceitsbwg, a post town in Green county, Kentucky j situated on the N side of Green river, about 56 miles 9 W of Springfield. Greensttd, a village in Essex, one mile W of Chipping Ongar, remarkable for its little church, the walls of which are formed of the solid trunks of trees pl«- ccd in rows, and arc entire tho' built before the conquest. Grceimil/e, a post town of Mecklen- hvirg county, licnfuckj, on the W side of Green river, 14 miles S W of Har- ford. Gieenville, a post town in Pitt coun- ty, North Cai'olina, on the S bank of Pamptico livcr, 23 miles above IVaab' ington, on the same stream. Greenville, a post town in Green county, Tennessee, 82 miles N W of Knoxville. Greeimillc, a post town in Greenville county, So\ith Carolinr. , situated on the W side of the Great Pedee river, 20 miles N E of Camden. Greeirwich, a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is famous for a magnificent hospital for decayed seamen, and a royal obser- vatory in a delightful park. The hos- pital is thought to be the finest struc- ture of the kind in the world ; the front to the Thames consists of two ranges of stone buildings. These buildings perfectly correspond with each other, and have their tops crown- ed with a stone balustrade. Under one pf these is the hall, which is finely painted by Sir James Thomhill, and contains many royal portraits ; and un- der the other the chapel, which by ac- cident was destroyed by fire. This fire broke out in the hospital on the second of January 1779, and totally consumed tlie dome at the S E quarter of the building, with the chapel, which was liie most elegant in the world, thp. E ^ ORE G R I It i» a place of iiff, ' lit its tr«ilo UB^uW. It lius H lien-in^r iighcry. :, a rope ami sail null fort for the r. It in 23 milcH , 4 29 W, Ut. 55 iwnanclViccapi- mnt) , Pennsylva- )f Pittsburg, and a : it Itas a court t 800 inhabitants, town in Green tuated on tiie N ibout 56 miles 9 n Essex, one mile •, remarkable for vails of which are unks of trees pU« entire tho' built own of Mecklen- :\, on the W side I'Ues S W of Har- Bwn in Pitt coun- on the S bank of nilcs above Watb' ream, town in Green 12 miles N W of )wn in Greenville , situated on the Pedee river, 20 I. in Kent, with a lay and Saturday, ignificent hospital and a royal obser- park. The hos- tile finest struc- the world; the consists of two luildings. These correspond with their tops crown- trade. Under one which is finely IS Thomhill, and portraits ; and un- ipel, which by ac- byfire. This fire )ital on the second . totally consumed E quarter of the lapcl, which was the world, th? frrratdinin^-lMll, and eight wards con- taining the lodgings of near 600 pcn- .siiiners, the wliolc has been since rc- liiiiit. The dome was rebuil* about tlie year 1785 j but the reparation of the whole damage is not yet completed. ' The observatory was built by Charles II. on the summit of a hill, called Flam- stead Hill, from the great astronomer of that name, wiio was here the first astronomer royal. The English com- pute the longitude from the meridian of this place. Here was once a royal palace, in wiiich Edward VI. died, and queen Mary and queen Elizabeth were born. It has been long pulled down, and on part of the site of it now stands the house belonging to the rang«r of tlie park. Here is a college, called the Duke of Norfolk's College (though founded by Henry earl of Northampton, father of the celebrated earl of Surry) for the maintenance of 20 decayed housekeepers ; and an hospital, called Queen Elizabetli's College, founded by Mr. Lambard, the first erected by an English protestant subject. Green- wich is seated on tlic Thames, 5 miles E of London. Greenwich, a post town in Fairfield rounty, Connecticut ; situated on Long Island sound, about half way between New York and New Haven : the town- 8liip contains 3147 inhabitants. Greemiiich, a village in Ciunberland county. New Jersey, on Cohansy creek, about 20 miles S E of Salem, and 10 S W of Bridgetown. Grenoble, an ancient town of France, in the department of Isere and late pro- vince of Dauphiny. It contained a ^■sat number of handsome structures jiarticulai-ly churches, and convents, wiiich were destroyed by the French revolutionists. Tlie catlicdral was a line ancient building in tlie Gothic taste ; and St Andrew's church is adonied with a curious spire. The leather and gloves that are made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on the Isere, over which iire two bridges to pass into that part called Perreire, a large street on the side of the river. It is 27 miles S of Chamber}-, and 105 W by N of Tiurin. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 45 12 N. Gretna, a village in Dumfriesshire, near the mouth of the Esk, and on the borders of Cumberland, nine miles N W of Carlisle. It has been long noted u!> tlie resort of tlie young persons in England, who arc licrc united without incurring tiic penalties of the m:u-riBgc act, nutwiliistuuding the pi-oltibitiuns of their parents and guardians. Thu ceremony is performed by a blacksmith. Griffenliaien, a town of Prussian Po- mcrania, in the dutchy of Stctln, seated on the Oder opposite Gurtz. Lon. 14 42 E, lat. 33 25 N. Grinibergan, a town of Austrian Bra- bant, with an abbey and a castle, six miles N of Brussels. Lon. 4 27 E, lat. 50 57 N. Grimm, a town in the electorate of Saxony, with a citadel, seated on the Muldaw, 10 miles S £ of Leipsick. Lon. 1^ ^5 E, lat. 51 15 N. Grimmen,a town of Swedish Pome- rania, five miles S of Stralsund. Lon. 13 27 E, lat. 54 12 N. Grimperg, a town in the electorate of Treves, with a bishop's see, 17 miles S E of Treves. Lon. 6 59 E, lat. 49 :iS N. Grimsby, Great, a seaport and bo- rough in Lincohisliire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It ha.s. now only one churcii, a large stnicture, like n catlicdral. It sends two mem- bers to parliament, and is governed by a mayor. The harbour, ot the moiifhcf the Huniber, is almost choakcd up. It is 35 miles N E of Lincoln, and 170 N of London. Lon. 6 E, lat. Si 34 N. GrindonSig, a river in Northumberr land, near Berwick, famous for the victory gainsd over the Scots, in 1558, by the earl of Northumberland, and his brother, when many of the Scots were drowned in this river. On a ri- sing gi-ound near Grindon, arc four up- right stone pillars, funeral monuments of the chieftains slain in that action. Grinttead, East, a borough in Sussex, witli a market on Thursday. The as- sizes are sometimes held here, and' it sends two members to parliament. It is 20 miles N of Lewes, and 29 S of London. Lon. 2 E, lat. 51 12 N. Gripiviald, a strong town of Swedish Pomerania, formerly imperial, with a gootl harbour, and a university. It is seated near the Baltic Sea, 15 miles S E of Stralsund, and 55 N W of Stetin. Lon. 13 44 £, lat. 54 4 N. Orisons, a people inhabiting the Alps, and in alliance with Swisserland. They are divided into tlirce parts called the Leagues, which form one republic ; namely, the Grey League ; the League Qf tlic House of Qod i and that of \h% G R O G R U T«'n Jurisdictions. Throujflioiit tlic three Icui^iic.i llic Hor.iaii law prt'vails, inoilillcil by the iiiiiniriiial custoinx. Tlif courtH ofjiKitiee in caeh ciinimii- nity are e(iin|jiisc(l oi'thc chief inaifis- trttte, wh(i |ire»iiy tlie people : tliey have no rcg'iilar Halarien, hut re- ceive fur their attendance a small Hum, urisin); in some comnninitics from the expenecs of the process, wHiich are de- frayed by the criminals ; in others from n share of the liiics. 'I'lie country of the (irisons is about 87miles inlenfflh, and very pujjulous i bounded on the .' by the dutchy of Milan and the terri- torics of the Venetians, by Tyrol on the E and N, and by the Swiss cantons on the W. 'I'hey are |)artly l'a])istsand partly Protestants. 'I'hey possess the Vultelinc, and the counties of Bormio And Chiavcnna. Grodno, a pretty larpe city of Lith- uania, in Poland, and next to Wilmu, the best in that dutchy. It is situated on the river Nicmen, partly on a idain, iind partly on a mountain. It is u larpe and strapplinp place, but contains no more than ;]{I00 Christians, exclusive of the persons employed in the manu- factures, and 1000 Jews. It h.ia the appearance of a decayed town \ con- taining' a mixture of wretehe i hovels, falling' houses, and ruined palaces, with Tnagnificent g^atcways, remains of its ancient splcuitovir. A few habitations in ffood repair make the contrast more striking'. Here is a cnllcffc and physic garden ; the king of Poland hav- ing established a royal academy of phy- sic for Lithuania. In the new palace, built by Augtistus 111. are the apart- ments, where the last diet was held in 1793, which was compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the second ])artilion of Poland : and here, in 17S5, the unfortunate Stanislaus III formally resigned his crown. Grodno is 125 miles N F. of Warsaw. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 53 28 N. Groll, a town of Dutch Guelderland, in the county of Ziitphen. The French took it in 1672, and demolished the for- tifications. It is seated on the Sling'he, 15 miles S E of Zutphen. Groiiingeii, a populous city of the Uni- ted Pi-ovinccs, capital of a lordship ot the same name, with a citadel and i. university. It is seated on tiie rivers Hunes and Aa i at 10 miles distance ibom the sea, with which it has a com- munication by a canal. It is 85 milef N E of Amsterdam. Lon. 6 31 E, lat. 5J 10 N. Groningrn, one of the United Provin- ces, bounded oti the F, by East Fries- land, on the W by Friesland, on the N , l)y the German Ocean, and on the S by Overyssel. It is divided into two parts, of which the town of Groningcn and its district arc one, and the Om- merlands the other. The excellency of this cotmtry consists in pastures, which feed a great number of large horses, tit for the coach. Grnssd, an island of Dalmntia, in the gtdf of Venice, near the coast of the county of Zara. It is 50 miles in cir- cumference, and belongs to the Vene- tians. Grossctio, a to^vn of Tuscany, with a castle and a bishop's see i situate near the sea, 30 miles S W of Sienna. Lon. 11 1 E, lat. 42 40 N. Grntskavi, a town of Silesia, capital of a province of the same name, 30 miles N E of Glatz. Lon. 17 25 E, lat. 50 27 N. Grotskcrui, a town of Servia, where the Turks defeated the Germans in 1739. Lon. 21 10 E, lat. 45 10 N. Groton, a post town in Middlesex county, Massachtisctts, 35 miles N W of Boston, which contained 1800 inha- bitants at the last census in 1800. Groyne, a river of Spain, in Gnlicia, which enters the bay of Biscay, at Co- runna. Gniben/ia;;en, a town and castle of Lower Saxony, and the chief plat-e of a principality of the same name, be- longing to the house of Hanover. In the mountains near it are mines of sil- ver, iron, copper, and lead. It is 45 miles S of Hanover. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 51 31 N. Gnickfeltit, a town of Carinthia, with a castle on the river Save. Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 46 7 N. Gninberg, a to^vn of Germany, in Up- per Hesse. Here Charlemagne and the kings of the Merovingian race held their court. Grunberg, a town of Silesia in the principality of Glogan ; it is surroimd- ed with vineyards, and has a manufac- ture of cloth. Grumie, a town of Germany, in the dutchv of Brunswick, and in the moun- lains of H«rtz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 53 ION. Gruningen, a town of Lower Saaony, G U A G U A il. It U 85 milei Lon. 6 31 E, l:it. 10 UnitPil Prnvin- F. bv Eiidt Fricn- ricMland, on tlie N , n, and on tlie S (livldrd into two own of GroninRcn ic, and the Om- The excellency sistH in pasturcH, number of large ncli. P Dalmntia, in the the coast of the i 50 miles in cir- ing» to the Vcnc- f Tuscany, with a see i situftte near V of Sienna. Lon. of Silesia, capital e same name, 30 Lon. 17 25 E, lat. of Servia, where the Germans in lat. 45 10 N. wn in Middlesex t», 35 miles N W ,l!iincd 1800 inha- nsns in 1800. S])ain, in Galiria, ' of Biscay, at Go- wn and castle of the cliief place of same name, be- of Hanover. In t are mines of sil- lead. It is 45 Lon. 10 3 E, lat. of Carinthia, with Save. Lon. 15 45 f Germany, in Up- Charlemagne ana ovingian race held of Silesia in the I ; it is surround- nd has a manufac- Germany, in the , and in the moun- m. 13 35 E, lat. 52 of Lower Saaon;)?, tn the principality of HalJM'rHiadt, on the river Fclkc. Lon. 11 41 E. lat. 5'.' 4 N Gnir.ingen, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of ZiiriCtCipital of a bail- iwic of the samv.* mime. The castle stands on a lofty rf.?k, an inteiiHc, that nothing' will grow upon them but fern, and some iis'"lL"!>i shriibn covered with moss. t>ii 'In- lop of these rorks, a nmuntain rises to an im- mense height. It exhales through va- rious ()|>rnings, a thick black sinokr, intermixed with sparks that are visible by night. The French settled in this island, in 16,!.?. Il has been often ta- ken and retaken the last time by the French in 1794, in whose possession it still remuini' Basseterre is tlic capi- tal. Guadttli/iiiver,a river of Spain, wliicli rises in tlve S part of New Castile, flows through .\iidalusiii, and falls into the bay of Cadi/. Guadarnma, a tnwn of Spain in Old Castile, remarkable for its great trade in cheese. It is seated on the Guada- ram, 25 milct' N VV of Madrid. Lon. 3 48 VV, lat. 41 45 N. Guadiaiia, a river of Spain, which having its source in New Castile, crosses Estramadura into Portugal, .ind separating Algarva from Andalu- sia, fulls into the buy of Cadiz. Gaudix, a town of Spain, in Gi^nada, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E of Gra- nada. Lon. 2 47 VV, lat. iT 4 N. Gualdo, a town of Italy, in Ancona, eight miles N VV of Nocera. In 1751, it was almost destroyed bv an earth- quake. Lon. 12 43 E, lat. 43 6 N. Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Is- ' lands, in tho North Pacific Ocean, 100 miles in circumference. It tlcpenda upon the Spaniards who have a garri- son here, but the inhabitants arc almo.st all natives of the country, and reputed to be very skilful in building boats. It a- bounds with e.icellent fruit, and the air is wholesome ; notwith.st.indirg which the natives are subject to a kind of le- prosy. Lon. 145 15 E, lat. 13 5 N. Guainanga, a. town of Peru, capital of a province of the same name with a bishop's sec. It is remarkable for sweetmeats ; and near it arc mines of gold, silver, loadstone, and quicksilver. It is 200 miles S E of Lima. Lon. 74 15 VV, lat. 13 20 S. Guannhanii, or Cat Island, one of tixe Bahama Islands, tlie first land of Amer- ica, discovered by Columbus, in 1491, i G U A G U I »nd named by him St. Salvador. Lon. 7S 5 W, lat. 24 20 N. Guaiiugo, » town of Peru, capital of a district of the same name, that a- bounds in all the necessaries of life. It is 172 miles N N£ of Lima. Lon. 75 15 W, lat. 9 55 S. Guamaveka, a rich town of Peru, whose neighbourhood abounds with mines of qU'.<;luilvcr. It is 159 miles E N E of Pisca. Lon. 74 39 VV, lat. 12 36 S. Guardqfui, a. cape of Africa, at the entrance of the strait of Babelmandel. Lon. 52 5 E, lat. 11 46 N. Gtiardia, or Guarda, a town of Portu- gal, in Beira, with a bishop's see. It is fortiiicd both by art and nature, and has a stately cathedral. It is 138 miles E of Lisbon. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 40 22 N. Guardia-Atferez, a town of Naples, in the Molise, with a bishop's see, sev- en miles N \V of Larino. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 41 39 N. Giiartna, a seaport of Peru, 120 miles N W of Lima. Lon. 77 49 W, lat. 10 10 S. Guaetalla, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, ceded to the duke of Parma, in 1748. It is noted for a battle between tlie Austrions and the French, in which the former were defeated with the loss ef 5000 men. It is seated near the ri- ver Po, 15 miles N of Reggie. Lon. 10 38 E, lat. 44 56 N. Guaito, or Vasto, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, on the gtdf of Venice, 15 miles SE of Lanciano. Lon. 15 6 E, lat. 42 15 N. Guatimala, an audience of Ne w Spain •bout 750 miles long, and 450 broad, bounded on tlie N W by the audience pf Mexico, on the N E by the gulf of Mexico, on the S E by the Isthmus of Parien, and on tlie S W by the Pacific Ocean. It is subdivided into the pro- vinces of Guatimala Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Veragua. The indigo of this country is superior in quality to that of any oth- er in America, and is cultivated to a considerable extent. Guatimala, Neiti, the capital of the audience and province of Guatimala, in New Spain, with a bishop's see and a university. It is situate not far frfMn the site of the former town of th^t name, whicli was destroyed, June 7t)i, 1773, by a dreadful ea-.lhquake, at- tcoded by an eruption from the neigh- bearing volcano. Nevr Guatimala i< 600 miles S W of Mexico, ^^on. 90 30 W, lat. 13 40 N. Guatimala, a burning mountain in New Spain, which tlirows out fire and smoke. It has twice destroyed St. J»> go de Guatimala. Guaxaca, a province of New Spain, bounded by the gulf of Mexico on the N, and by the Pacific Ocean on the S. It is fertile in wheat, Indian com, coch- ineal, and cassia ; and contains minea of gold, silver, and cryf^l. Guaxaca, a town of New Spain, ca- pital of a province of Uie same name, with a bishop's see. It is noted for fine sweetmeats and chocolate ; and has several rich convents. It is 160 miles E of Acapulco. Lon. 100 W, lat. 17 25 N. Guben, a town of Germany, in Low- er Lusatia, seated on the Neisse, 62 miles N E of Dresden. Lon. 14 39 £. lat. 51 58 N. Guhia, or Eugubio, a town of Italy, in the dutchy of Urbii\o, with a bishop's see, 82 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 39 E, lat. 43 16 N. Guelderland, or Gueldret, a territory of the Netlierlands, which was over- run by the French in 1794. Guddres, a town of the Netherlands, in the territory of the same name, which has been often taken and retaken. It was ceded to the king of Prussia by \h<6 ])eace of Utrecht, and was taken by the French in 1794. It is 10 miles N £ of Velno. Lon. 6 E,lat. 51 26 N. Gueranda, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and lat^ province of Bretagne. It carries on a considerable trade in white salt, and is three miles from the Atlantic, and 250 W of Paris. Lon. 2 20 W,lat '7 ION. Gucret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gieuse and late province of Marrhe, seated on the Gdrtampe, 35 miles N E of Limoges, and 170 S of Paris. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 46 10 N. Guernsey, an island on the coast of Normandy, subject to Great Britain, but governed by its own laws. It is naturally strong, being surrounded by high rocks, and of a, round form, 30 miles in circumference. The natives speak French, it having been a part of Normandy. Lon. 2 37 W, lat. 49 32 N. Gueta, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, 60 miles- E of Madrid. Lon. 1 56 W, lat. 40 22 W. Guinna, a large counti^ of South G U I G U I GUI mo. New Cuatimalft is J of Mexico. ;^on. 90 30 N. a burning^ mountain in ivhich tliraws out fire and 18 twice destroyed St. Ja- lala. province of New Spain, le gulf of Mexico on the i Pacific Ocean on the S. wheat, Indian corn, coch- isia; and contains mines r, and crystal. town of New Spain, ca- rince of tlie same name, }p's see. It is noted for ats and chocolate ; and has convents. It is 160 miles 0. Lon. 100 W, lat. 17 >wn of Germany, in Low- leated on the Neisse, 62 Dresden. Lon. 14 39 £, Eugubio, a town of Italy, of Urbino, with a bishop's N of Rome. Lon. 12 39 N. ', or Gueldret, a territory rlands, which was over- rench in 1794. town of the Netherlands, ryofthe same name, which 1 taken and retaken. It was king of Prussia by tb E lon. and is divided into the Lower and Upper. This last comprehends the Gram Coast, the Tooth Coast, the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, (which includes Whidah and Ardrah) and Benin. The lower part is commonly called Congfo. It is very unhealthy for Europeans, though the negroes live a considerable time. The natives in general go almost naked, ui^ GUN G W A tliere seems to be litUe religion or ho- nesty uiiiong tliem. 'i'^.c commodities pm-c'lKisecl liere, iiic j;iini-seneca, at Se- negiil; grain, ui)im tlic Gniiii Coast ; elephants" teetli, upon tlic Tooth Coast ; the greiilcst plenty of golJ, upon tlic Gold Coast i and all in general, furnish slaves. The English, Dutch, French, Danes, and other nations, have facto- ries upon this coast, and purchase slaves and other commodities. There are many little states, whose chiefs the Bailors dignily with the name of king ; but very few desen-e that title. They are often at war with each other, when the ))eople taken, on both sides, are sold for slaves ; and it is not uncommon for the neaiest of kin to bcll each o- tlier. Guinea, Nevi, an island of tlie South Pacific Ooean, to the N of New Hoi- land This island, which is long and narrow, extends S E fro;n the equator to 12° S lat. and from 131 to 155° E Ion. It was supposed to be connecte»l with New Holland, till Captain Cook discovered the strait which separates them. The land in general is low, but is covered with such luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can scarcely be conceived. The cocoa-nut, bread-fruit, and jjlantain tree, flourish in the great- est perfection. 'I'he inhabitants make much the same appearance as the New Hollanders. Gui'.CLimp, a town of France, in the depurtnientof the North Coast and late province of Bretagne, seated on the Trieu, 13 miles S of Tregiiier. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 48 36 N. Guiptmcoa, the NE division ef the province of Biscay, bounded on tlie N by the bay of that name, on the E by Navarre, on the W by Biscay Proper, and on the S by Alava. Tolosa is the capital. Guise, asn.i'.Hown of France, now in the department of Aisne, lately in the province of Picardy, with a castle, seated on the Oise, 25 miles E of St. Qiiintin, and 95 N E of Paris. Lon. 3 42 E, lat. 49 54 N. Guntoor, one of the Northern Circars, in tlie peninsula of Hindoostan. It is also called Mortinazagur and Condavir, and occupies the space between Cond- apill.v, the southmost of the four En- glish Circars, and the N part of the Car- natic ; extending Along iIr- sea-coastof tlie bay of Bengal more than 30 miles. Tlie maritime parts of thia circar are flat and open, but the interior part* contain some very strong fortresses and posts. It was subject to the nizam of the Deccan, but has been ceded to the English. Guntzberg, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Burgaw, with a castle, seated on the Danube, 16 miles N E of Ulm. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N. Guntzenhausen, a town of Franconia, five niilcs from VVcissembcrg. It is seated on the Altmul, near a forest, and subject to the king of Prussia. Gurk, a town of Carinthia, witli a bishop's see, seated on the river Gurk, 55 miles E of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 4r 12 N. Gustruw, a city of Germany, in the dutchy of Mecklenburg Schwerin, and capital of the circle of Wenden. The chief courts of judicature for the dut- chy are held here ; and it has an ele- gant palace, in which the dukes some- times reside. It is 35 miles NE of Schsverin. Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 57 N. Gutta, a town of Hungary, seated on the E side of the Danube, opposite the island of Schut, 29 miles E by S of Presburg. Lon. 17 47 E, lat 48 10 N. Gutstmo, a town of Swedish Pome- rania, capital of a county of the same name . It is seated on the Peene, 14 miles W of Wolgast. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 54 N. Guzcrat, a peninsula of Hindoostan Proper, about 200 miles long, and 140 broad, formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cauibay and Cutch, The W part is mountainous and woody, and inhabited by a wild liai-dy race, gov- erned by rajahs of their own. But the largest as well as the finest part is subject to the Mahrattat;. Amedabad is the capital. Gvialior, an ahcient fortress of Hin- doostan Proper, in the province of Go- hud. It stands on a vast rock, about four miles in length, but narrow and of unequal breadth, and nearly fiat on the top. The sides are so steep as to appear almost perpendicular in every part ; for where it was not naturally so it has been scarped away ; and the height from the plain below, is from 200 to 300 feet. The rampart conforms to the edge of the precipice all aroupd; and tlie only entrance to it is by steps running upthe side of the rock, which are defended on the side next the coun- try bv a wall and baslioiiSj and further mmtm he interior parts strong fortresses jject to tlie nizani las been ceded to of Siiabia, in the w, wilii a castle, e, 16 miles N £ of lat. 48 35 N. )\vn of Frauconia, issembcrg. It is , near a forest, and f Prussia. ^arintUia, wltli a on the rivev Gurk, jurg. Lon. 14 18 ' Germany, in the iirg Schwerin, and i>f Wcnden. The cature for the dut- and it has an ele- h the dukes some- 35 miles NE of 13 E, lat. 53 57 N. Hungary, seated on Danube, opposite , 29 miles E by S ir47E, lat 48 10 )f Swedish Pome- junty of tlie same on tlie Peene, 14 St. Lon. 13 39 E, Ilia of Hindoostan liles long, and 140 c Arabian Sea and y and Cutch, The )U8 and woody, and 1 hardy race, gov- leir own. But the the finest part is rattat.. Amedabad :nt fortress of Hin- the province of Go- a vast rock, about h, hut narrow and and nearly Wat on 5 are so steep as to lendicular in every ivaa not naturally »o 2d away ; and the lain below, is from ,e rampart conforms rccipice all aroujid ; ce to it is by steps : of the rock, which ; side next the coun- islionsj and further HAD pnardcd by even strong gateways, at rertain distances from each otjicr. Tlie are.i witliin is full of noble buildings, rcsci'\()irs of water, wells, and culti- vated land ; so tiiat it is a little district within itself At the N W foot of the mountain is the town, |)rctty large, and well built, the iiouses all of stone. This place is considered as the Gibraltar of the East J but, in 1780, major Popliam took it by an unexpected nocturnal es- calade. It is 80 miles S of Agi'a. Lon. 78 30 E, lat. 26 9 N. Gjjhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of Lunenburg, seated on the rivers AUer and Iscr, 25 miles N of Brunswick. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 52 49 N. H TTAAG, or Hag, a town of Bavaria, ■^ *■ seated on a hill, on the river Inn, 30 miles E of Munich. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 18 N. Hatha. See Rio-de-la- Hacha. Hactetstoviii, a post town in Sussex county. New Jersey, 12 miles E of the river Delaware, and 22 W of Morris- town. Haciiitsact, a town in Bergen coun- ty, New Jersey, an^ the principal seat of justice; it has a post office, and is distant from the city of New York about 15 miles N W. Hackney, a populous village to the N E of London ; the first that was ac- commodated v.'ith carriages for occa- .sional ,ias!i"';,'ers ; from hence the hackney coaches of London derive their name. Hadamar, a town of Germany, in Wetaravia, with a castle, seated near tlie Elss, 22 miles N VVof Mentz. Lon. 8 E, lat. 50 23 N. Haddam, a post town of Middlesex roOnty, Connecticut ; situated on tlie W side of Connecticut river, 17 miles NE of New Haven. In 1800 it con- tallied 2307 inhabitants. Haddington, a borough of Scotland, in a county of the same name, with a market on Friday for grain. Part of a Franciscan monastery here is occupied as a parish church ; and at a small dis- tance are tlie ruins of a nunnery, found- ed in 1179- Uaddin^oii is seated on HAG the T\-np, 18 miles £ of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 39 W, lat. 55 58 N. Haddiiigtomltire, or Kast Lothian, a county of Scotland, bounded on tlic N an(' E' by the Frith of Forth \ S by Ber- wickshire, and W by Edinburghshire. It is about 27 miles long from E to W, and about 17 from N to S. It produces corn of all sorts, andhas plenty of grass, coals, limestone, and some considerable woods. It feeds great flocks of sheep, especially near the hills of Lammer- moor and VV Lammerlow ; and abounds with rabbits. A great deal of salt is made here, and the herring fishery is carried on with success at Dunbar, both for home consumption and expor- tation. Here are several convenient harbours, with the advantage of some fishing towns. This county may be reckoned as fruitful, rich, and pleasant as any in Scotland ; or indeed as most in England. The chief towns are, Dunbar, Haddington, and North Ber- Vvick J and its principal river the Tjtio, which receives several small streamy. Haddottfield, a town in Gloucester county. New Jcvsr , 8 miles E of Phi- ladelphia, and six from Gloucester, where there is arpost office. Hadenleben, a maritime town of Denmark, in Sleswick, with a strong citadel, on a small island, in a bay of the Baltic, 25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E, hit. 55 18 N. Hadlty, a corporate town in Suffolk, with a m,""''et on Monday. It is a pretty large town, and has a very liandsome church. Large quantities of yarn are spun here for the Norwiclx manufacture ; and it had a considerably woollen manufacture, which is now de' cave I. It is seated on the Bret, 20 mi'les S E of Burj-, and 64 N E of Lou- don. Lon. 1 6 E, lat. 52 10 N. Hadley, a village in Essex, five miles S W of Roehford. Here are to be seen the ruinous remains of r. castle, on a channel of the Thames betvi'cen Can- vcy Island and the shore. Hadley, a post town in Hampshire county, Massachusetts; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 43 miles W of Worcester and 97 of Boston Ifagarstovm, a flourishing inland town of Maryland, in the fertile and well cultivated valley of Conegocheague. It car -ies on a considerable trade with tli? western country. Hague, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, wliich may compare i I mm H A I HAL ■with the handsomest cities in Europe, in extent, the beauty of its palaces, its streets, its agreeable walks, and its great trade. It is seated two miles fron. the sea, and there is a pavement across the 8anf the bishopric of Halbcrstadt, now secular- ized. The cathedral is a superb struc- ture ; and hefe are three regular ab- bies, and two niumeries. The Jew* are tolerated, and carry on a great trade ; and the inhabitants brew excel- lent beer. It is subject to the king of Prussia, and seated on the Hothiem, 32 miles S E of Brunswick. Lon. H 24 E, lat. 52 6 N. Haldenstein, a free and independent barony ofthe country of the Grisons. It consists of a semicircular plain, be- tween the Rhine and the foot of Mount Calendar, about five miles in length, and scarcely one in breadth. Halen, a town of Austrian Brabant, on the river Gect, 24 miles W of Maestricht. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 50 58 N. Ha/es-OtvPi, a town in Shropshire, inclosed by Worcestershire, six miles E of Stourbridge. It is the birthplace of Shenstone, and near it is the celebra- ted seat of Leasowes. Halemiiorth, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Tuesday. It has a trade in linen, yarn, and sailcloth, and about the town is raised agreat deal of hemp. Ic is seated on a neck of land, between two branches of the river Blyth, 28 miles N E of Ipswich, and 101 of Lon- don. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 52 25 N. Halibut Island, an island in the North ifm*- A L il sort of people, short nd of a copper colour j i from the waist down- paint their faces like Hiun-tcheou-fou is tlie ovince of the Netlier- on the N by Brabant, Flanders, on the W by s by Cambresis, Picar- ague, and on the E by f Liege and Namtn-. It Austrian Hainaiilt, of d is Mons ; and French 1 is comprehended in of the North, rest in Essex, S E of supposed to be so cal- )f the deer, with which having been brought ::e of the same name in 9. )wn of Austria, on the cs E of Vienna. ' Lon. UN. , town, of Lower Saxo- principality of the same formerl) capital of the ilberstadt, now secular- ledral is a superb struc- ! are three regular ab- nunneries. The Jew» and carry on a great inhabitants brew excel- s subject to the king of ated on the Hothiem, f Brunswick. Lon. 11 N. I free and independent juntry of the Grisons. It semicircular plain, be- le and the foot of Mount t five miles in length, le in breadth, n of Austrian Brabant, Sect, 24 miles W of .on. 5 4 E, lat. 50 58 N, a town in Shropshire, rcestcrshire, six miles E . It is the birtliplace of 1 near it is the celebra- isowes. I town in Suffolk, with Liesdny. It has a trade and sailcloth, and about sed a great deal of hemp, a neck of land, between of the river Blyth, 28 pswich, and 101 of Lon- I E, lat. 52 25 N. id, an island in the North H A§ Pacific Ocean, so named by Ciptain Cook on account of the number of fish of tli.1t name they caught here. It is seven leagues in circumference, and except the heatl very low and barren. Lon . 164 15 \V, Jat. 54 48 N. Halifax, a town of Nova Scotia, be- gun to be built by the English planters in 1749. It is delightfully seated in Chebucto harbour, which is large e- ivough to shelter a squadron of men of war through the winter. It is 789 niles N E of New York. Lon. 63 30 W, lat. 44 45 N. Halifax, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, seated in a hilly country near a branch of tlie Caldcr. It is a very large pa- rish, containing 12 chapels of ease, and upwards of 12,000 inhabitants, who are principally employed in the wool- len manufacture. It is the great mart for sballoons, calamancoes, everlast- ings, and has a large market house, called the New Piece Hall, and vari- ous otiiers for particulai- goods. It is 40 miles W S W of York, and 197 N by W of London. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 53 45 N. Halifax, a post town in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania ; standing on the E side of the river Susquehaimah, 19 miles N of Harrisburg. Halifax, a post town in Halifax coun- ty, North Carolina, 67 miles W N W of Edenton, and on the S Ifenk of the river Roanoke. Halifax, a post town and the capital of Halifax county, Virginia; situated on the W side of Staunton river, 20 miles abavc its junction with the river Dan. Halitz, a town of Poland, capital of a territory of the same name, in Red Russia, with a castle. It is seated on the Dniester, 46 miles S of Lemburg. Lon. 25 19 E, lat. 49 20 N. Halland, a province of Sweden, on the W coast of Gothland. It is 60 miles along the coast, but not above 12 k breadth. Halmstadt is the capital. Hallaton, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Tluirsday, 12 miles SE of Leicester, and 90 N by E of London. Lon. 50 E, lat. 52 32 N. Halle, a dismantled town of Austrian Hainault. The church contains an im- age (if the Virgin, held in great vene- ration. It is seated on the Senne, eight miles S S W of Brussels. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 50 4§ N. HAM Halle, a considerable city of Upper Saxony, in the dutchy of Magdeburg, seated on the Sale, 40 miles E of Mag- deburg. It is famous for its university, and salt works. Lon. 12 8 £, lat. 51 36 N. Halle, a free imperial city of Suabia, famous for its salt pits. It is seated oa the Kocher, among rocks and moun- tains, 37 miles N E of Stutgard. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 49 20 N. Halle, a town of Germany, in Tirol, six miles N E of Inspruck. Lon. 11 33 E, lat. 47 12 N. Hallein, a town of Germany, in the arclibiahopric of Saltzburg ; seated on the Saltza, among mountains that a- bound in mines of salt, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is seven miles S E of Saltzburg. Lon 13 12 E, Ut. 47 33 N. Hallov:ell, a post town in Kennebec cotmty, Maine j situated on the W side of the river Kennebec, nbout 25 miles above the junction of this river with the Andrascoggin. Halmttadt, a strong seaport of Swe- den, capital of Halland, situate on a buy of the North Sea, 80 miles S S E of Gotheborg. Lon. 12 48 E, lat. 56 39 N. HaUtead, a town in Essex, with a market on Friday, and a manufacture of bays, says, and callamancoes. It is seated on the declivity of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Coin, 16 miles N of Chelmsford and 47 N E of Lon- don. Lon. 45 E, lat. 51 59 N. Halteren, a town of Germany, in the bishopric of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 25 miles S W of Munster. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 51 40 N. Halton, a town in Cheshire, \rith a market on Saturday, seated near the Mersey, 13 miles N E of Chester, and 184 N N W of London. Lon. 2 47 W, lat. S^ 23 N. Halva, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the' Cebu, eight miles S of Fez. Lon. 5 5 W, lat. 33 32 N. Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of the county of Marck, seated on the Lippe, 24 miles S of Munster. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 51 36 N. Ham, a town of France, in the de- paitraent of Somme and late province of Picardy, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Somme, 48 miles N of Paris. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 49 45 N. • Ham, a village in Surry, one mile Arom KingnoB. Near itis Uftin Walks, -■^p M HAM A M cdobratcd by Thomson and otlier po- ets. Hani, West, a. vWUgc In Essex, where are the remains of an opulent abbey, founded in 1135, This village is seat- ed on the river Lea, four miles E by N of London. Mdiii, JCciat, a village in Essex, .id- joining to West Ham. In this parish is a spring called Miller's Well, the excellent water of which has never been known to freeze, or to vary in its heiglit. Hiimah, a large town of Syria, seat- ed among tlie hills. The best houses, the mosques, and the castle, are built of black and wiiite stones. The river Assi, formerly called Orontes, runs close by the castle, and fills its ditches, which arc cut deep into tlic soliil rock. The inhabitants have a trade for linen of their own m.inufacturc. It is 78 miles S W of Aleppo. Lon. 34 55 E, lat. 36 15 N. Jlamamet, a town of Barbary, on a g\df of the same name, 45 miles S of Tunis. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 36 35 N. ILiinar, a town of Norway, in the government of Aggerhuys, 60 miles N E of Christiania. Lon. 11 5 E,lat. 60 33 N. Hameledon Hill, near Sturminster, in Dorsetshire. Here was a Roman camp, and many Roman coins have been dug up. Hamiiurg, a free imperial city of German)', in the dutchy of Hulstein, consisting of the Old Town and the New Town ; both nearly of an equal size. It stands on the N side of the ri- ver Elbe, which is not less than four miles broad opjjosite the city. Most of tlie houses are built after tlie mamier of the Dutch, and richly furnished within. The principal streets of the Old Town have long and broad canals, which are filled by the tide. It is ve- ry populous in proportion to its size and contains about 100,000 inhabitants. Hamburg is well fortified, and on the ramparts are handsome walks. The brnj^hcrs mount guard tliemselves, and ai'e "divided into several companies. The senate of this, town is composed of four burgomasters, of whom one only is a tradesman j four syndics ; 24 senators, of whom 11 are men of let- ters, and tlie rest tradesmen j four se- cretaries one of whom is a prothonota- ry, and another belongs to the ai-- t;^i\ e$ i so that the whole senate con- sists of 36 persons. The town is divi. ded into five parishes ; and out of each are formed several colleges, or compa- nies, who take care of public affairs, unless there is any thing too bigih for tlieir determination, and then it is jud- ged by a sort of general assembly. Hamburg, from its situation, has all possible advantages for foreign and do- mestic trade ; particularly from its com- munication, by the Elbe, with some of the principal navigable rivers of Ger- many ; and hence it is one of the most commercial places in tlie world. There are not less than 200 ships at a time, belonging to foreign merchants, at an. chor before the city ; and there is a handsome exchange. The inhabitants have the liberty of performing divine service in a chapel of their own. Other religions are tolerated at Altcna, a lai'ge town neai* the harbour of Hanir burg ; except the Jews who have no synagogue. Besides the five principal churches, there are 11 smaller onei for particular occasions, some of which belong to hospitals. The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure, Hamburg is 55 miles S E of the mouth of the Elbe in the German Ocean, and 55 N E of Bremen. Lon. 9 5S E, lat. 53 34 N. Hamburg, a thriving inland town in Berks county, Pennsylvania ; about IS miles N of Reading on the post road to Northumberland : has a post office and about 400 inhabitants. Hamelburgh, a to\^ of Franconia, in the territory of tlie abbey of Fulde, seated on the Saab, 28 miles S £ of Fulde. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 50 16 N. Hamelin, a strong town of Germany, in the dutchy of Calenberg, at the ex- ti'emity of the dutchy of Berwick, of wliicii it is the key. It is situate at the confluence of thanb, 28 miles S E of 12 E, lat. 50 16 N. )ng town of Germany, Cidenberg, at the ex- utchy of Berwick, of iy. It is situate at the Hamel and Weser, Hanover. Lon. 9 36 castle and village of ^ing to the elector of stle is seated on a lof- the E side of the 18 N by W of Ander- itry situate to the N E country of Hami, led by deserts, is ac- tlie moat delightful in : soil produces abun- fruits, leguminous, ire of every kiud. The H A|| rice which grows here is particularly (esteemed in China; and pomegranates, orunj,res, peaches, raisins and ])nincs, have a must ex(|ulsite taste. It is u kingdom, tributary to that country ; and its capital is of the same name. Hamilton, u town in Lanei-kshire, fieated in a very agreeable plain. Here are the remains of u collegiate church founded in 1451. Near it is Hamilton House, the magnificent scat of the duke of Hamilton. The town is situ- ate on the Clyde, 10 miles S E of Glas- gow. Lon. 4 16 W, lat. 55 58 N. ffamiiton, a post town of Essex coun- ty, Massachusetts, 10 miles N VV of Sideni, witii 800 inhabitants. Hamilton, a post town in Albany county, New York, at the distance of 10 miles from tlie city of Albai-y, fa- mous for its glass works. Hainilton, a post town in Chenango county. New York; 27 miles N W of Cooper's-town. In 1800 the town- ship contained 2673 inhabitants. Ifaminersmitk, a large village in Middlesex, seated on the Thames, foiu- miles W of London. Here is Brandenburg House, the magnificent seat of the margrave of Anspach. Hamont, a, town of Germany in tlie bishopric of Liege, 17 miles W of Huremonde. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 41 17 N. Hampthire, Hantshire, or Hants, a county of England, bounded on the N by Berks, on the E by Surry and Sus- sex, on the S by the English Channel, and on the W by Dorsetshire and Wilts. It extends, exclusive of the Isle of Wight, 42 miles from N to S, and 38 fi'om E W. The air is very pure and pleasant, especially upon the downs, on which vast flocks of sheep ar« kept and bred. In tlie champaign part of the county, where it is free of wood, tlie soil is very fertile, pro- ducing all kinds of grain. The country is extremely well wooded and water- ed ; for besides many woods on private estates, in which there are vast quan- tities of well grown timber, there is the new forest of great extent, belong- ing to the crown, well stored wiUi ve- nerable oaks. In tliese woods and fo- rests, great numbers of hogs run at large, and feed on the acorns i and hence it is tliat tlie Hampshire bacon so far excels that of most other coun- tries. The rivers are the Avon, An- ton. Ark', Test, Stowre, and Itchin ; Icjides several smaller streams, uU HAM abounding in fish, especially trout. A> its sea-coast is of a considerable extent, ' it pos.sesses many good port.s and har- bours, and is well supplied with salt- water fish. Mncli honey is produced in the coiuitry. Here is also plenty of game, and on tlu: downs is most de- lightful hunting. Hampaliire, Nn^ one of the United States, bounded on the N by Canada, on the N E by the district of Maiji, on on the S E by the Atlantic, on the S by Massachusetts, and on the W and N W by t'.ie river Connecticut, which separates it from Veinioiit. It is divi- ded into the five counties of Hocljng- ham, Stafibrd, Hiilshorough, Cheshire, and Grafton. The land neoi' tlie sea. is generally low, ]fyA, advancing into tlie country, it rises into hills. The air is serene and healthful; the wea- ther not so subject to variation as in the more southern dimes. From the vicinity of some mountains, whosu summits arc covered with snow most of the year, this country, is intensely cold in winter. In summer the heat is great, but of short duration. The ca- pital is Poi-tsmouth. Hampstead, a village in Middlesex, four miles N N W of London, former- 4y famous for its medicinal waters. It is seated on tlic declivity of a hiU, on the top of which is a fine heath that commands a delightful prospect. Hampttead, a town in Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 30 miles W by Sof Portsmoutli, with 790 inhabi- tants. Hampton, or Minching Hampton, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seated on tlie Cotes- woid Hills, 14 miles S of Gloucester, and 90 W of London. Lon. 2 15 W, lat. 51 36 N. Ham.pton, a seaport town in EHza- betli-city county, Virginia; situated on Hapipton road, about 20 miles N W of Cape Henry, and 10 miles E of York, on York river, in the lat. of o7° N and lon. of 76° 28' W. Hampton, a small maritime town, in Rockingham county. New Hampshire, about 6 miles E of Exeter, between Rye and Newtown. Hampton, a village in Middlesex, famous for a royal palace, called Hamp- ton Court, built by cardinal Wolsey, who gave it to Henry VII. It is seat- ed on the N side of the Thames, 14 miles S W of London. HAN Hanau, a co\mty of Germany, in llip circle of the Lower llliinp, which b.- lonj^.s to its own prince. It is 45 miU ■ in leiii^tli, Ixit tlie breadth is sm:i'.i ; buiindcd on t!ie E by the cwinty oi Riiciiiec and the territory of Fuldc, on tlic W l)y the counties of Weissemhurg and Solinn and on the N and S by tlic territories of MenV, and Franefort. Its soil is very fruitful, in corn, wine and fruits ; yieldi% salt sprin^rs, will 1%A P copper, silver, and cobalt i its and nianuf.irl'.ircs are also in a •oinc trade ttoiirishing' condition. H.mitu, a strong town of Germany, rnpital of a county of the same name. It is divided into two towns, the Old and the New, and is seated near the Maine, 18 miles N E of Darmstadt. Hire is an university with several ma- nufaeturcs, and a very considerable traffic. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N. Hung-Tclieoti-Fou, the capital of the province of Tihe-kianjc, in China. It is four leagues in circumference, ex- clusive of its suburb!;, and contains more than a million of inhabitants. It is seated on a small lake, called Si-hou; has tinder its jurisdiction, seven cities of the second and third class; and is 225 miles S E of Nan-king^. Lon. 110 aO E, lat. 30 21 N. Hancock, a post town in Washington county, Maryland, standinjf on the N side of the River Potomac, 35 miles W of Hagerstown. Hanover, an electorate of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. It com- prehended at first only the county of I..aweiiroad ; but now it contains the dutchics of Zcll, Saxc-Lawcnburg', Bre- men, Lunenburg', and tlie principali- ties of Verdcn, Grubengen, an»l Over- wald. The soil produces abundance of corn, fruits, hemp, flax, tobacco, mad. dcr, and some wine. There are scve^ val large salt works. A good deal of tattle arc reared, and a great number of excellent horses. The forests fur- nish timber, and quantities of pitch and tar. Most metals and minerals arc also found here. HanoTfr, a city of Germany, capital of the king of Great Britain's German dominions The electors resided here before George 1. ascended the British ♦isrone j and the regency is now ad- iniiiistcrcd in the same manner as if the sf)vereig« was present. It is a well built town, ami well fortified. The e>ubli5l-C'' 'Tlij-ic; is " •. I.- -)r.'r=ai biit the Roman catholics arc tolerated, 'id have a handsome church, It i.s .')tcd for a particular kind of beer, ;cckoned excellent in these parts. It is seated on the Lcina, which divides it in two, 25 miles W of Brunswick. Lon.. 10 5 E, lat. 52 25 N. Hano-otr, a town of Virginia, on York River. Hanover, a post town in Grafton coun- ty. New Hampshire, distinguished as the seat of Dartmouth college, in tha lat. of 43 43 N, and loil. of 72 14 W. Hanover, a )K)st town in Plymouth county, Massachusetts, 28 miles SEof Boston, containing 958 inhabitants. Hanover, a post town in York coun- i ty, Pennsylvania, sometimes called M'Callister's-town, at tlic distance of 18 miles SW from York. Hanover, Nevi, a large island in the South Pacific Ocean, opposite the N W ' extremity of New Ireland. It is high and covered with trees, among which are many beautiful plantations. Hanibach, a town of Bohemia, with manufactures of paper, thread, aiid cot- ton. Han-tchong-fou, a large and populows city of China, in the prorince of Chen- si. It has 16 cities of the second and third class under its jurisdiction, and is settte 1 to the greatest tnds extend about sf Li>-onia in Rus- t of Revel, seated ilcs S W of Revel f Dago. Lon. 22 ttiiptburg, an ancient costlc, now in ruins, on a lofty eminence, ncai* Srhint/- nach, in Swisserland, famous for bc-ing the pati-imony of Uodolph Count of Hapsburg, who In Ills bravery and a- bilitics raised himself to the imperial throne of Germany. The remains of it are inhabited by the family of a pea- sant. There is nnothcr castle of the Name name, nr the lake of Lucern, which some ..utiiors have erroneously asserted to be that from which the counts derived their title. See Ger- many. Harborough, a town in Leicester- shire, with a market on Tuesdav, seat- ed on the Welland, 14 miles S of Lei- cester, and 83 N by W of London. It is observed of this town, that there are no lands belonging to it. Lon. 52 W, lat 52 28 N. Uarburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in ihe dutchy of Lunenburg, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Elbe, opposite Hamburg, equally well situa- ted for trade as that citv, and is 37 miles N W of Lunenburg' Harcourt, a town of France, now in the department of Calvados lately in the province of Normandy. It is 12 miles S of Caen. Hardeberg, a town of Germany, 52 miles S of Vienna ; it is situated in the dutchy of Stiria. Lon. 16 12 E. lat. 47 22 N. Hardegien, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Calenberg, 10 miles NW of Gottingen. It haj a con- siderable manufacture of leather. Hardtnberg, a town of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Berg, it is 13 miles E N E of Dusseldorp. Lon. 6 43 E. lat. 51 19 N. Hardenburg, a town of Overyssel, sit- uate on the Vecht, 10 miles S W of Covoerden. ffarderviiei, a town of Dutch Gueld- eiland, with a university. It was often taken and retaken in the civil wars of tlie 16th century ; tl)e French did it a great deal of damage in 1672, since whicli time it has been upon the de- cline. It is seated on the Zuider-Zee, 32 miles F. of Amsterdam. Lou. 5 40 E, hit. 52 23 N. Harfleur, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy. Its fortifica- tions have been long demolished, and its harbour choked on. Tlic Engli.sh took it by assault in 1415. It stands at the mouth of the Seine, .10 miles N W of Rouen. Lon. 19 E, hit. 49 30 N. //artjjird, a city in Connecticut, plea- sanlly situated on the W bank of the river Connecticut, 37 miles N bv E of New Hfven, in the lat. of 41' 44' N and lon. 72° 50* W — This is intcr- cliangeably with New Haven, the seat of state government; it has a bank, and post office, and in the year 1800 con- tained 5347 inhabitant*. Harford, a post town in HarforA county, Maryland, at the head of Bush river, on the post road from PhiladcU phia to Bahimore, and at the distance of 25 miles NE from the latter. Harlebeci, a town of Austrian Flan, ders, on tlie river Lis, three miles If E of Courtray. Lon. 3 29 E. lat. 50 52 N. Harlech, a town in Merionnthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on a rock, on Cardigan Bay, and but a poor place, though the coiintv town, and governed by a mayor. It had for- merly a strong castle, "which was a gar- rison for Charles I. in the civil wart, for which it was demolished bv the parli.iment. It is 28 miles SSE of Carnarvon, and 213 N N W of London, Lon. 4 W, lat. 54 57 N. Harlem, a populous citv of the Unit- ed Provinces in Holland, menibrable for the siege it held out against tiie Spaniards in 1573, for ten months ; the townsmen, before they capitulated, being reduced to cut the vilest animals and even leather and grass. The church, which is the largest m Holland, is a- dorned jvith the finest organ in Eu- rope. It consists of 8000 pipes; the largest 38 feet long, and 16 inches in diameter ; and there are 68 stops, of which tlie most wonderful is the vox humana. Harlem is seated near a lake of the same name ; and to the S of the town is 3 wood, cut into delightful walks and vistas. This place claims the invention of printing ; the first at- tempts In the art being attributed to Laurentius Costa, a magistrate of the city. It is situate 10 ni'.es W of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 38 E, lat, 52 24 N. Harlem, Mere, a lake of H'.lhmd, near Harlem, 14 miles long ari.l the same broad. It lit-.s between Leyilrn, Harlem, and Amsterdam; thouglt it It is navigable, it is subject to danger- o.is storms ; o-i which account, the riii.ils from I,.-yden to Amsterdam were miule, wliich are a safer passage. H A R H A R Itd'inti-m, a ♦own in Korfulk, with a 1 and lOlT V! by N of Pliilailelpliin, intlin iirk.t on Wo.ln.s,i.,v, scidcl on tlic \ lat. of 40" 10' N. and Ion. of 76° 40' W. It rontains 1500 inlialiitanta, lias u post ofTice, and iii conveniently situated for m \Viivciiey,<>vir wIih ii there ia al>i-iilffe, Jf) milca S ol N'orwlcli, and 100 N K of London. L<.n. 1 20 VV, lat. Si 2fi N. Har ing, a town in Norl'olk, \yitli a mnikel on Tuesday, seated on a riridct between Thctford and linckcnliam. It manufuctureb a little lineM-clolli, and i.s 24 miles S W of Norwirli, iind HK N E of London. Lon. 58 E, lat. 52 27 N. JIarlingen, a seaport of til c United Provinces, in West Kricsland. It is now very well f irtilied, and is natu- pallv stronp. 'rlllc}fe of Frii'sland has its seat here. The ma- mif:irtiires are salt, bricks, tiles, and all sorts of linen cloth. It is 13 miles W of Lc warder,. Lon. 5 14 E, lat. 53 9N. Iliirlov, a town in Esse x, seven miles N W! (if Cliii)l)inp Onj^ar. On a com- Tiion, two miles froui the town is a fa- mous annual fair on the 9th of Septem- ber, e.illcd Hnrlo'.v Push Fair, muci; frequented by tho neighbouriug gen- try. ' l{armim'.tiin;nrth\'\W\!i^c in Middle- sex, two miles E by N of Colnbrook. It is reiTinrkaWe for one of the larfjest barns in En},^uMd, whose supportinp piilars are of wtone, and supposed to be of (freal antiquity. 'uro, a town of Spain, in Old Cas- tile, seated on the Ebro, and the chief place of a county. Lon. 2 23 \V, lat. 42 32 N. Harfter's-feny, is on the river Potow- niac, in Derkl'cv eountv, Virfyiniaj 30 miles E by N of Wincliester, 21 W by S of Fredcricktown, Maryland, and 65 from Washington. Here is a jjost office and a public armoury. Harpersfeld, a jiost towi in Delaware eountv, New York, 65 miles W of the city of HiuLson, with 1008 inhabitants. Jfarponelly, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, 152 miles N N W of Serinpapatam, capital of a district of the same name, in the Mysore country. Lon. 75 28 E, lat. 14 40 N. Harria, or Jfarelinlantl, a province of Livonia, Iving on the N VV part of the pnlf of FinLiiid. Kcvcl is the only towr. Harrh. Sec Lewis. Hanhburg, the capitrd of Datipliin county, Pennsylvania ; situated on the E bank of the Susquehanuah river, 25 miks W of Lebanon, 18 E of Carlisle the reception of prain and lumhcr brou);'ht down the river ; in both which articles it supports a considerable trade. HanoJshurg, a post town in Mercer county, Kentucky, lyinjf erus, and glass works ; and ■ji catiul h:u been cut through u solid rock to the harbour. Hintzgcro.lc, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, situate near the Hart/, mountains, in the principality of Aiilialt Bernburg. Lon. 11 2 E, lat. 51 46 N. Uarvey't It/and, an island in the S Sea. LoM. 158 48 \V, lat. li) 17 S. Harviich, a seaport and borough in Essex, with u market on Tuesday and Friday. Here the packet-boats are stationed that go to Germany and Hol- lantl. It has a capacious harbour, and the bay is so spacious that 100 sail of men of war with their tenders, besides .'300 or 400 sail of colliers have been seen here at one time, and u dock for the building of men of w.ir. The en- trance into the harbour is defended by A strong fortress, called Londp^iard Fort, built on a s?ndy point on the Suf- folk side of the water. Harwich is 42 miles E by N of Chelmsford, 72 E NE of London. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 52 ON. Harviich, a town with a post office, in Barnstable county, Massachusetts, .situated on Barnstable Bay, nine miles from Chatham, and eight from Yar- mouth, containing 2857 inhabitants. Harviington, a post town in Litchfield coiMitv, Connecticut, eight miles E of Litchfield, and 24 W of Hartford, con- taining at lust census 1430 inhabitants. Ilatbat, a province of Africa, in Bar- liary, and in the kingdom of Morocco. Ilatelfetde, an ancient town of Ger- many, in Lower Saxony. IJaslem, an island of Denmark, in tin- Categat, at the entrance of the Haltic, N of Zealand. Lon. 11 51 E, lat. 56 21 N. Jfdsle'mere, a borough in Surry, with a market on Tuesday. It sends two members to parliament, and is 12 miles S W of Guildford, and 43 of London. Lon. 38 W, lat 51 6 N. Haslingden, a town in Lancashire, vith a market on Wednesday, 16 miles N by W of Manchester, and 196 N N W of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 40 N. Hutelt, a handsome town of the U- nited Provinces, in Overvssel, seated "n tlie Vecht, five miles N of Zwoll. Hasselt, a town of Germany, in tUc H A V territory of Lii^,'e, seated on the De- mer, 20 miles N W of Mucstricht. Hattli, a small territory uf Switz- ci'laiul, in the county of Bern. HjttenLeck, a town in the principal, ity of Calenberg, In Lower Saxony, 5 miles SE of Hanitlin. Here the duke of Cuniberlund was defeated by tho French under Miu-shal D'Estrei. //listing!, a b.mmp-h in Sussex, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and sends two members to parliunu>nt. Here William the Conqueror landed, in 1U66, and Harold II. was slain in battle. It is 24 miles E of Lewes, and 64 S E of London. Lon. 46 E, lat. 50 52 N. Hatfitld, a town in Herts, with a market on Thursday. It formerly be- longed to the see of Ely, but was ulien- utt'd to the crown in the reign of Eli- zabeth. Sir Uobert Cecil, afterward earl of SaKsbury, built the p-esent magfnificcnt seat called Hatfield House. It IS seated on the river Lea, 20 miles N N W of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 5148N. Mitfield-Broad-Oat, or Hatfeld Re- git, a town in Essex, with a market on Saturday, 30 miles N N E of London. Lon. 20 E, lat, 51 48 N. Hatherly, a town in Devonshire, on a branch of the river Towridge, with a market on Friday, 26 miles N W of Exeter, and 301 'W by S of London. Lon. 4 9 W, lat. 50 52 N. Hattem, a town of Dutch Gueldcr- land, se»ted on the Vessel, five miles S W of Zwoll. _ Hattengen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, in tlin county of Marck, seated on the Roer, 17 miles E N E of Dusseldorp. Lon. 7 14 £, lat. 51 17 N. Hjtuan, a town and fort of Upper Hungary, seated on a mountain, 28 miles N E of Buda. In 1596 the im- perialists took it and dismantled it. Lon. 19 ^ E, lat. 47 53 N. Havannah, a seaport on the N W part of Cuba, opposite Florida. It ig two miles in circumference, and fa- mous for its large harbour, that will hold 1000 vessels, and yet has a mouth 80 narrow, that only one ship can en< ter at a time, which entrance is ^ell defended by forts. This is the plh|Mp where all tlie ships that come from the Spanish settlements rendezvous to their retwn to Spatn. It is near two miles in circumference, and contains about Oo H A V HAW '.'000 itihabitanlK. Tlic buildinifa «re rlei^ant, built of Htonc, nml hiiiiic of thvni iiipcrbly i'lirniitbed i uml the rluirchcs are ric!i and ninipii(irei>t. It is the capitui of thi- island, where tlic govrrnoi' and citptuin-genrral rc^idcx, and iiUo un a.snessor fi)r the aftHiMtunre of tlie governor and ea])t!iiii-jfencral of the W Indies It v/im taken by the l!'.ii)rli!th in 1762, with an iinmenHc quantity of plunder and u licet of ships of war and tnerehantnien, but restored to tiie Spaniards in 1763. It is seated nn the W side of the liurbour, and wa- tered bv two hramhes of the river La- gida. Lon. 82 13 W, lat. 23 12 N. Havnnt, a town in Humpsliirc, be- tween Fnrehain and Chichester, with a market on Saturday, seven miles N E of Portsmouth, and 64 W by S of Lon- don. Lon. 58 E, lat. 50 32 N. Have/, a river of Germany, in Bran- denburg, which empties itself into the Elbe. Havelhcrg, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Brandenburg, with a secularized bishop's see. It is seated on the Havel, 37 miles N W of Bran- denburg. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 53 5 N. Havenatein, a small village in Suabin, where are tlie ruins of a castle, which was thrown down by an Earthquake in 1356. The town is situated on the Khine, 13 miles NW of Baden. Haverfnrdviest, a borough in Pem- brokeshire, with a mai-ket on Tuesdiiy and Saturday. It is seated on a cre>:k of Milford Haven, over which is a stone bridge. It is a large, handsome place, inhabited by many genteel families, and contains three parish churches. It has a considerable trade, with several vessels belonging to it, and sends one member to parliament. The assizes are kept here. It is 15 miles S by E of St David's, ami 329 W by N of Lon- don. Lon. 5 W, lat. 51 50 N. Haverhili, a considerable town in Essex county, Massachusetts, lying on the N W side of the river Merrimack, fct the distance of 15 miles W from Newburyport, and 32 N from Boston ; it has a post office, and ca. ries on a brisk trade, foreign and domestic. Haverhill, a post town in Grafton county. New Hampshire, on the E side of Connecticut river, 35 miles N W by N of Dartmouth college. Haverilt, a town in Sunblk, with a market on Wednesday, and a manufac- ture of checks, cottons and fustians. It nj^ears by the .'itins of a church and castlr, 'o have been of more conse- (pience formerly than now. It is 16 hmIcs S W of Bury, and 59 N E of London. Lon. 2H E, lat. 52 6 N. Havering Rtnuer, a villace in Ekiex, three miles N E of Kumford. It was onee the scat of a royal palace, in which died Joan, queen of Henry IV. Havre-de-Grace, a considerable sei- port of France, in the department of Lower Seine, and late province of Nor- mandy, on the English Channel, in a large plain at the mouth of the river Seine. It is a small fortified town, di- vif Rumwrd. It was rovnl palace, in which of Henry IV. a considerable lea- i\ the deportment of I late province of Nor- nglivh Channel, in a mouth of the river tall fortified town, di- parta by the harbour, a wall, and other ided by a itrong cita- ther with it» foreign le of the moat imijor- ance. It U 45 miles id 112 N W ofParii. 49 29 N. ', a considerable tet- arford county, Mary- i th« head of Cheaa- lat.of39»35'N, and W. It ia a principal ie lumber and grain le river Suaquehannab, ce, and ia 37 miles N •e. town of France, in the pper Garonne and late guedoc, seated on the 1 36 E, lat. 43 26 town of France in the ;ame and late province where the best cham- It is seated on tlie Sby £ of Rheims. asaiitly situated town seated on the Tiviot rocks, cataracts, and ;sSW of Kelso. ffoute, the principal in Hawkin's county, _re is a port office, 67 loxville, and 477 fi^m village in Kent, noted town in Lancashire, ness, 24 miles N N W ■d 273 of London. Lon. 4N. _ lake in Westmore- ith, three miles long, over in some places. It " in the middle by » H £ B prnmnntory of incloHurcn, so tliat it cu..ii)ti of two shectH of water, /luvithornJen, an ancient building, a few miles to tlie S E of Edinburgh, fa- niiius fur some artificial caves cut out of the Holid rook i it was tiie scat of Drummond the poet and historian. /fay, a town in Brccknotkiihirc.with a market on Saturday, seated between the Wyll and Dulas, 15 miles N E of Brecknock, and 151 \V by S of London. Lon. 3 4 VV, lat. 51 59 N. Hiiyt, a town of France, now in the department of Indre and Loire, lately in the province of Tourainc. It is me- morable for being the birtltplnce of Dca Cortes, and seated on the Creuse, 25 miles S of Tours, and 135 S W of Pa- ris. Lon. 46 E, lat. 46 56 N. Hayhham, a town in the county of Sussex, with a morket on Saturday, \2 miles E of Lewis, and 58 S E of Lon- don. Lon. 20 £. lat. 5Q 55 N. Uayrtiarht, a pMt town in Prince William county, Virg^inia ; at the dis- tance of 38 miles W from Wathington. Meadford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Gal^ay, and province of Cou- naught, X2 miles N of Galway. Lon. 3W, Ut. 23 12N. Head of EU, a town Oif the United States, in Maryland, situate near the head of the boy of Chesapeok, on a small river of its own name. It enjoys great advantages fVom the carrying trade bctvreen Baltimore and Plkila- delpliia, being about 50 miles from each. Hcbriiiet, or Wtttern hlandi, numer- ous islands on the W coast of Scotland, the principal of which ore SIcye, St. Kildo, Lewis and Harris, Uist, Can- nay, StailU, MuU, J[ura, and Islay. The tiituation of these islands in the great Atlantic Occa^ renders the air cold and moist in the most of them. In the most northerly isles the sua, at the summer solstice, is not above on hour under the horizon at midiiight, and not longer above it at mid-day in tlic depth of winter. The soil of the Hebrides varies also in cliiTerent isles, and in dif- ferent parts of the sonie island ; some are mountainous and barren, producing little else than heatli, wild myrtle, fern, and a little grass ; while others, beine cultivated and manured with sea weed, yield plentiful crops of oats and barley. Hebridtt-i Nea, a ^^uster of islands, lying in the Soutk Pacific Ocean, dis- H £ D emercd by Qiiiros in 1606, and con* sidcred as port of a great southern con- tinent, under the name of Tici-ra Aus- tralia scd of islands, which lie called tlie Great Cyclades. Captain Cock, in 1774, akcrrtained the extent and situ- ation of the whole group, and gave them the name they now bear. They lie between 14 25 and 20 4 S lat. and 166 41 and 170 21 E lon. extending 1 25 leagues. The principal islands are Tierra del Espiritu Santo and Malicol- hi, besides several uflcss note, some of which are from 18 tu 25 leagues in circuit. In general, tliey are higti and mountainous, nl>oiiiiding with wood, water, and the usual productions of the tropical islands. The bread fruit, cocoa nr.ta, and plantain* are ncitliur so goo'l nor so plentiful as at Otaheite t on the other hand, sugar canes, and yams, arc not only Ln greater plenty, but of superior quality, and mucb larger, some of the latter weighing' 56 pounds. The inhabitants are of very difierent a|ipearaiice8 at diflfereiik islands, but arc ' chiefly of a slender make, and dark colour, and most of tliem have frizzled hair. Their canoes and houses are small, and poorly con- structed ; and except their arms, they have scarcely any manufacture, not ev- en for clothing. They pre, however, hospitable and good natured, when not prompted to a contrary conduct by tba jealousy, which the unusual appear- ance of European visitors, may natural- ly be supposed to excite. Hebron, a town of Palestine, seated at the foot of an eminence on whiclk are the remains of an ancient castle. The sepulchre of Abraham is shovnt here which is visited by Christians and Mahometans. It is 35 miles S W of Jerusalem. Nebran, a post town in Tolland coun- ty, Connecticut, 18 miles S E of Hart- lord, with 2266 inhabitants. Hebron, a post town in Washington county, New-York situated about naif v{ay between Fort Miller, and Fort £d«(ard, and containing 2528 inhabi- tants. Keda, Mount. %tt Iceland, Hedamora, a town of Dalecarlia ia Sweden, seated on the lake Hafran, fa- mous for the gunpowder otMe h^rC'^ H EL H E L ' H is 5.7 miles N W of Upsal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 6- i-i N. J/^i'itiiii<:m, iilown of Suabia, and in the iia.tiiiy of Brentzhall, with a han s.iiiitjiuh.cibelfiin^ingtolhi house of W'li'tcnibuig-. It \v;ii; t:il;cii by the Fn iiih n Aajjj-.ist 17*'6, uiul is 22inilts N <,( Ulin. Lon. IJ K, Int. 4847 N. Hi i.e. lag, a I'itv of Gen.iany, cap ■ tal of the |).ilatii)ate tif ti.c Khiiic, with a ccli;biatc(i imiversity. It is noted for its fficul ti.i., wliic-b iiolds 800 liogs- hc:i(ls, generally kept full of good Hlic- nisii wiire. It .st..nn island in the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles in circumference, be- longing to the English East India Company. It has some high mountains, particularly one called Diana's Peak, ■which is covered witli wood to the ve- ry top. It is in general rocky and mountainous, but far from being bar- ren, the interior vallies and even moun- tains being • leasant and fertile. Mr. Forstcr tells us, that " having travel- led about half a mile from the town in- to the coiiiitry, he was transported witli one of tlie finest ])rospects he had ever seen, consisting of several little hills, covered with rich verdure, and interspwsed with fertile vallies, which containc i gardens, orchards, and various phiiitiitions ; that many pastures surrounded b' ' inclosures of 6lohe, were filled ^•,i\X\ a small but fine breed of cattle, and with Engli.sh sheep; that everv valley was watered by a little rivulet J that the mountains in tlie centre of the island were hung with woods; that the soil, which cov- ered the rocks and mountains, was in general a rich mould, from six to ten in- ches deep, clothed with a variety of plants and slirubs, among which was a tree, which the inhabitants call a cab- bage tree, though only used for fuel, gum-trees, and red wood ; that in the governor's garden, about three miles from the town, he saw several plants of Europe, Africa, and America, and particularly a ]5rofnsion of roses and lilies, interspersed with myrtle and laurel; that several walks of peach- trees were loaded with fruit, which had a peculiar rich flavour, dlllcrcnt from that of our peaches; but that the other European fruit-trees throve but indifiercntly, and never bore fruit ; that vines had been planted several times, but had not succeeded, on ac- coiuit of the climate ; that cabbage* and other greens thrive extremely *ell, but are devoured by caterpillars; that barley, and other kinds of corn, are generally devoured by rats, which are immensely numerous ; that the ground, for that reason, was laid out chiefly in pastures, the verdure of which was surprising ; that the whole island co\ild support 3000 head of their small cattle ; that the beef is juicy, de- liciotis, and very fat ; that the island, besides cattle, abo.nuls with goats, rabbits, a small breed of horses, ring- pheasants, red-legged partridges, rice- birds, pigeons, &c. of some of which the breed is indigenous, but others have been brought from Africa, Eu- rope, or the East Indies ; that the number of inhabitants on the island does not exceed 2000, including near 500 soldiers and 600 slaves, who are supplied with all sorts of manufactures and other necessaries by the compa. ny's ships, in return for refreshments ; and that many of the slaves were cm- ployed in catching fish, which are very plentiful." It lies between the conti- nents of Africa and South America, about 1200 miles W o. the former, and 1800 E of the latter. Lon. 5 49 W, lat. 15 55 S. I/eien's, St. a town in East Medina in the isle of Wight. li has a large bay, and, in a war with France, is often tin; station of the ro^ al navy. H E L ' H E L HEM r cattle, and with English oen vuUey was watered iiilet; that the mountain* ; of tlie island were hung ; that the soil, wliichcov- ks and rriountuins, was in h mould, from six to ten in- clothcd with a variety of lirubs, among which was a the inhabitants call a cab- hough only used for fuel, and red wood j that in the garden, about three miles ivn, he saw several plants A.frica, and America, and a profusion of roses and s])ersed with myrtle and I sc\cral walks of peach- loaded witli fruit, which liar rich flavour, dift'crent our peaches; but that the lean fruit-trees throve but , and never bore fruit ; had been planted several lad not succeeded, on ac- le climate ; that cabbages greens thrive extremely e devoured by caterpillars; and other kinds of corn, ly devoured by rats, which sely numeious ; that the that reason, was laid out pastures, the verdure of surprising ; that the whole support 3000 head of their that the beef is juicy, de- . very fat ; that the island, :tle," aboands with goats, nail breed of horses, ring- -d-lcgged partridges, ricc- ns, &c. of some of which is indigenous, but others )rought from Africa, Eu- e East Indies ; that the inhabitants on the island :i^(l 2000, including near [ind 600 slaves, who are all sorts of manufactures icessaries by the compa- return for refreshments j of the slaves were cm- ching fish, which are very It lies between the conti- ica and South America, ilcs W o. the former, and latter. Lon. 5 49 W, a town in East Medina in 'ight. Ii has alurpe buy, with France, is often tlit; roval navy. ffe/ier, St. the capital of the island of Jersey, in the English Chr.nncl, seated in tlie bay of St. Aubin, wiierc it has a iiarbour and a stone pier. The inhabitants are computed to be 2000. At the top of the market-place, is the statue of George II. in bronze, gilt. In the church, where prayers are read al- ternately in English and French, is a monument to t)ie memory of Major Pierson, who fell here in the moment of victory. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 49 UN. See yersey. Helier, St. a little island, near the town of the sarne name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on ihe S side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerius or Helier, a holy man who lived in this island ma- ny centuries ago, and was slain by the f agan Normans at their coming here. His cell, with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks j and in me- mory of him, a noble abbey was found- ed on this island. On the site of this abbey now stands Elizabeth Castle, a very large and strong fortification, it is the residence of the governor and gar- rison of Jersey, and occupies the whole island, whicii is near a mile in circuit, and is surrounded by the sea at every half flood ; and hence, at low water, is a passage to the town of St. Helier, called the Bridge, half a mile iong, and formed of sand and stones. Hell-Gate, a celebrated strait of N America, near the W end of Long Island Sound, eight miles E of New York. It is remarkable for its whirl- pools ; but, at proper times of the tide, a skilful pilot may conduct a ship of a- ny burden through this strait. Helmsdale, a river in Sutherlandshirc, which descends from the mountains bordering on Caithness-shire, and empties itself into the German Ocean, where tliere is a good salmon fishe- ry. Hellespont, a strait, dividing Asia from Europe, now called the Darda- nelles. Hdinont, a town of Dutch Brabant, in the low countries with a strong cas- tle, seated on the Aa, 17 miles S E of Bois-le-Duc, and 20 VV of Venlo. Lon. 5 3- E, lat. 51 31 N. Helmslcy, or Helmsley-Blactmore, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, in Rhidalvule, witi\a marketonSaturdiiy. It had formerly a castle, fi)r the de- fence of thi.s part against the Scotch invaders, and is seated on tlie Rye, 20 niiles N of York, and 220 N by W of London. Lon. 1 \V, lat. o4 19 N. H'.'iiiJtaJt, a town of Brunswick and '.ower Saxony in Germany, with a universitv, 20 miles S E of Brunswick. Lon. 11 16 i; 'if 52 16 N. Hclnistaat, .. str.ir.g- r.;.-iritime town of Sweden, and capital of a province of Holland. Helsiiighiirg, or Ekingburg, a seaport of Sweden in the province of Gothland and territory of Schonen, seated on the opposite side of the Sound, seven milr.vince of Languedoc , and tlie capital is Mont- pellier. Herbemont, a town of Austrian Lux- emburg, with a castle on » mountain, near the river Semoy, tltree miles N VV of Chiney. Herbtm, a town of Germany, in the circle ot'the Upper Rhine and territo- ry of Nassau, witli a famous university and woollen manufacture, eight miles S W of DUlenburg. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 50 40 N. Hereford, the capital of Hereford- shire, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday, and a biahcp's see. It is almost encompassed by the river Wye and two other rivers. The city is about a mile and a half in com- pass, but not very populous. The houses, are old, and by r ason of ita low situation the streets ai-e dirty. It had six parish churches, but two of them were demolished in the civil wars. In 1786, the W lower of the cathedral, fell down, and destroyed part of the church. But it has been since rebuilt. The chief manufacture of Hereford is gloves. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is 34 miles W S W of Worcester, and 130 W N W of London. Lon. 2 35 W, lat. 52 4 N. Herefordshire, a county of England, nearly of a circular form, bounded on the E by Worcester and Gloucester, on the S by Monmouthshire, on the W by Radnorshire, and Brecknockshire, and on tlie N by Shropshire. Its length from N to S is 46 mdes, its breadth from E to W 40, antl its circumfer- ence 220. The air of this county is allowed to be as pleasant, sweet, and wholesome, as Uiat of any other in HER H E S 9wn in Germany, m lentz, with a castle a. 8 41E,lat. 49 29 icnt seaport of Ro- ck archbishop's sec. g in ancient times ; considerable remuins ulour. It is 50 miles pie. Lon. 37 58 E, f Persia, in Korasan, Mcsched Lon. 61 ; the departments of I from a river vrhich [f of Lyons. It m- Lhe late p^^vince of tlie capital is Mont- ovm of Austrian L»ix- castle on » mountwn, eraoy, tl»ree miles N m of Germany, in the per Rhine and temto- itli a famous university nufacture, eight milea arg. Lon. 8 20 E, Ut. : capital of Hereford- narket on Wednesday, lurday, and a bisiittp's 8t encompassed by the two other rivers. The nile and a half in corn- very popiUous. The . and by r ason of its e streeU arc dirty. It churches, but two oi raolishcd in the civii the W tovrer of the dovm, and destroyed rch. But it has been The chief manufacture ttloves. It is governed ■ sends two members It is 24 miles W S W and 130 W N W of 2 35 W, lat. 52 4 N. , a county of England, ular form, bounded on ester and Gloucester, .nmouthshire,ontheW and Brecknockshire, ; Shropshire. Its length 46 miles, its breadth i and its circurafev- ali of this county is pleasant, sweet, iu"l Uiat of any oUicr ui 1 England, there being nothing either in the soil or situation to render it other- wise. The soil throughout is excel- lent, ind inferior to none, cither for grain, of wliich has its sepa- lul its inhabitants are 'apists. It is seated on miles S S .E of Hano- E, Ut. 52 10 N. , a town of Francomii, the same iiauic, an?l H I N principality of Colbourg. It is subject to the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who has fc palace here. It is seated on tlie river Werra, and is 22 miles N by W of Cobourg. I.on. 11 5 E, lat. 50 53 N. Hitlsboro', a post town in Loudon co\uity, Virginia, 33 miles N W of Washington. Hitlsboro', a j)ost town in Orange county, North Carolina, lying on the N side of the Kivcr Eno, about 30 miles N W of Kulcigh, the capital of the state. HilUboro', a post town in Hillsboro' county. New Hampshire, about 24 miles W of Concord, and about the same distance S E of Charleston on the river Connecticut. Hillsdale, a j)ost town in Columbia county. New York ; 18 miles S E of the city of Hudson. In 1800 the town- ship contained 4702 inhabitants. Himmalch, Mount, a. vast chain of mountains in Asia ; which extends from Cnbul along the N of Hindoostan, and is tlie general boundary of Thibet, through the whole extent from the Ganges to tlie river Teesta j inclosing between it and Hindoostan, a tract of country, from 100 to 180 miles in breadth, divided into a number of small states, none of which are understood to be either tributaries or feudatories of Thibet ; such as Sirinagur, Napaul, tiC. This vidgfe is precisely that de- signed by the ancients, under tlie names of Imaus and the Indian Cf-.uca- siis. The natives now call it Hindoo- ko (the Indian monniains) as well as Himmaleh ; which last is a Sanscrit word, sig^iifying tncmy ; its summit be- ing covered with snow. j. Hinchinbrook Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 33 £, lat. 17 35 S. Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, with a market on Monday. It has a large church with a lofly spire, and a considerable stockingmanufacture. It is 12 miles S W of Leicester, and 91 N N W of London. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 52 34 N. Hindelopen, a seaport of the United Provinces, in Friesland, seated on the Zuider-Zee, 20 miles S W of Lewar- den. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 52 58 N. Hinetburg, i\ post town in Chittenden county, Vermont, about 12 miles S E <)f Burlington on lake Champlaine. Hinlopen, Cape, ft cape of N /^werica, H I N on the S side of the mouth of the De- laware, Lon. 75 2 W, lat. 3(i 47 N. Hindon, a borough in Wills, with a market on Thursday. It sends two members to parliament ; and is 2J miles W of Salisbury, and 97 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 9 W, lat. 51 6'N. Himloo-ko. See Himmaleh, Mount. Hindoostan, or India, a celebrated country of Asia, which in its most ex- tensive signification, cora|>rehends the tract situated between the Thibetian and Tartarian mountains on tiie N, the Indian Ocean on the S, the Burrunipo'j- ter and the bay of Bengal on the E, and the Indian ocean and Persia on the W. But this country must be consi- dered under the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper, the Dccean, and the Peninsula. Hindoostan Pi-o« per includes all the countries on the N of the River Nerbuddah, which bounds it on the S .ts far as it goes ; Bengal and Bahar compose the remainder of its southern boundary. It is divided into eleven soubahs, the names of which are Lahore, Aroultan (including Sindy) Agimere, Delhi, Agra, Oudc, Allakabad, Baliar, Bengal, Malwa, and Guzerat. A 12th soubah, named Cu- bul, was formed out of the countries contiguous to tlie W sources of the In- dus, and three new ones out of the conquests of the Deccan; Bcrar, Can- duste, and Amednagur. The Deccan in its most extensive signification is Ap- plied to the whole region of Hindoos- tan Proper ; in its more limited sense it means only the countries situated be- tween Hindoostan Proper, the Csrr.a- tic, the W sea, and Orissa ; that is the provinces of Candeish, Duwlutabad, Visiapour, Goleonda, and tlie W part of Berar, The tract S of tliese, or tlie river Kistna, is generally called the Peninsula ; although its form does by no means warrant it. There is no known history of Hindoostiui extant bet fore the M.ihometan conquests. Thci first irruption of the Mahometans was in the year 1000. From this period tlie provinces of Hindoostan were held ra- ther tributary kingdoms, than as pro- vinces of the same empire ; and they seldom failed to revolt when a favoura- ble opportunity offered. In 1398, the Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Tamerlane, invaded Hin- 'doostan; but the conquest of the coun- try w!is not effected till 1525, by Sul- tan Bubar, oneofliis dcscenduits, wh» i H I N H I N •*- ■ If was the First of tlic line of Tamevliiiic who mounted tlie throne of Hindoost/m ; but their goii-rniiicnt WHS not cstahlish- cd till the reign of Achar his son. Ua- bar was however the real founder of the Mogiii dynasty ; and from tliis event Hindoostan came to he called the Mopul empire. The illustrious Achar, failed in his attack upon the Deccan ; an attempt, in winch many of his suc- cessors were equally unfortunale, and -which tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolution of the empire. Achar was succeeded by Jehangubue his son, wlio reigned 22 years, in his reif^n, in 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was sent as the first English ambassador to tlie emperor of Hindoostan ; and the Portuguese had, by this time, acquired considerable settlements in Bengal and Cti/erat. In 16G0 Aurungzehe peace- ably ascended the throne after he had deposed iiis father and murdered or ex- pelled his brethren. During his reign Hindoostan enjoyed the most profound peace it had ever knowni. The con- quest of the Deccan employed the last jeiirs of his life, from 16/8 to 1707 du- ring 15 years of which time he was ac- tually in the field. This dereliction of his capital for nearly 30 years occasion- ed great disorders there, and laid the foundation of many more. Under his reig^ the empire attained to its full measure of extent, see Major Kennel's memoir of a map of Hindoostan, p. Jxiii. In a word, instead of finding the em- perors attcmping now the conquest of the Deccan, their empire was attacked by the |K>werful nizam of that country, through whose contrivance. Nadir Shah, the Persian usurper, inv.'uled Hindoostan in 1738. By the intrigues of the Nizam and his party Mahomed Shah was ind\iccd to throw himself on the clemency of the invader, who en- tered Delhi, and demanded SO millions sterling, by way of ransom. Tumults, massacres, and famine were the re- sult ; 100,000 of the inhabitants were massacred, and 62 millions of plunder ■were said to be collected. He eva- cuated Delhi, however, and left the Nizam in possession of the whole re. maining power -of the empire, which he sacrificed to his ovrn views in the Deccan, where he established an in- dependent kingdom. Mahomed Shah died in 174", having seen the Camatic and Bengal become likewise indcpen- tient, under their f espectivc nabobs ; an independent state too, formed by the Uohillns (a tribe from the mountains between India and Persia) on the E by the Ganges, within 8U miles of Delhi ; and the kingdom of Candahar, erected by Abdalla, one of the generals of Na- dir Shah. Ahmed Shah, the son of Mahomed, succeeded ; in whose reign the entire division of the empire took place ; nothing remaining to the house of Tamerlane but a small territory round Delhi, with the city i'self (no longer a capital) exposed to depreda- tions, massacres, and famines, by the contests of invaders. The last imperial army was defeated by the Rohillas in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, found- ed a state in Agra ; Oudc was seized by the grandfaiiier of the jn-esent na- bob ; Allahabad, by Mahomed Kooli. The Mahrattas, besides their ancient domains in the Deccan, obtained great part of Malwa, Guzerat, Berar, and Orissa. The Mogul empire was now become merely nominal : and tlie em- perors from this )ieriod, must be re- garded as of no political consequence, otherwise than as their nami:s ami persons, were made use of, by dif- ferei.t parties, to promote their own views. That the name and person of the emperor were of use, as retaining a considerable degree of veneration a- mong the bulk of the people in Hindoo- stan, is evident, from the ajiplication made, at different times, fiir grants of territory, forcibly obtained by the gran- tec, hut which required the sanction of the lord paramount, to reconcile the transaction to the pop»ilar opinion. Ano- ther instance of the eflcctof this opini- on is, that tlic coin throughout the whole tract, known by the name of the Mogul Empire, ^s to this day struck in the name of the nominal emperor. Ah- med was deposed in 1753, and was succeeded by Allumgiiire, who was deposed and murdered in 1760. He was succeeded, however, by his son Shah Aulum, who was alternately de- pendent on the contending powers, and more pai-ticularly upon the English, who obtained from him a grant of the ])rovinccs of Bengal, Bahar, and Oris- sa, together with the Northern Circars on condition of paying him 360,000/. ]ier annum by way of tribute. It was hi.t misfortune however, that he could not accommodate his mind to his circum- stances, and put himself into the hnndH of the Malirattas, who promised to scat J_ I N ate too, formci' by the from tlie iiiduntu'ins [\ Persia) on the E by in 80 miles of Delhi ; of Candahiir, erected if the pcncrals of Na- eininul : and the em- period, must be re- lolitiral consequence, ns their names and ladc use of, by dif- I promote their own name and person of ; of use, as retaiiiinp gTce of veneration a- the people in Hindoo- from the application : times, for grants of obtained by the (jran- luired the sanction of int, to reconcile the (opnlar opinion. Ano- e eflcctof this opini- coin throughout the n by the name of the to this day struck in iminal emperor. Ah- in 1753, and wa.s umguire, who was tiered in 1760. He owever, by his son. was alternately de- itending powers, and upon the English, liini a grant of the al, Buhar, and Oris- he Northern Circars ing him 360,000/. per tribute. It was his that he could not mind to his circiim- msclf into the hands who proiniscd to scat H I N him on the throne of Delhi. He thus lo.st all he had acquired with tli>> Bri- tish, and has ever since continued a kind of Htute prisoner; living on the produce of a trifling domain, allowed liini out of veneration for his ancestors, aiid for the use of his name. In the sc- <[uel, he was detlironed and murdered by the Kohillus. These being dd'cated l)y Madiijce Sindia, a Maiiratta chief, his son, Jewan Ducht, was permitted to succeed him, and to live in the same deplorable state of degradation. The whole of Hindoohtan in 179:^, consisted of six princii>al states, wliich hold as tributaries, or feudatories, some inferi- or states. These six principal states, were, the British, the Poonah Malirat- tus, the Berar Mahrattas. Nizam All)-, soubali of the Dcccan ; Mysore, or the dominions of Tippoo Sultan ; and the Seiks. The British posse<;sions are Bengal, Bahar, Benares, the Nortliern Circars, the Jaghire in the Carnatic, Bombay, Salsette, the district of Mid- napour in Orissa, and some considera- ble cession from Tippoo Sultan, in 1792. Since 1792, war broke out with Tii). p(M), who was defeated, and his capital taken by assault, together with an im- mense quantity of plunder, Tippoo lost his life in the attack. By his fall, a great extent of territory will accrue to the British, and their power will be se- cured on a stable and |)«rmanent foun- dation. The allies of the British, who may be considered as dependent upon them, are the nabobs of Oude, and the Carnatic, and the rajahs of Travancore and Tanjore. For the five other prin- cipal states, see their respective names, and for an account of some inferior in- dependent states, see Bundcla, Ballo- gistan, the Jats, Ko^lcun pencnilion, the same families have fol- lowed, and will always coi\tiiinc to fol- low one nniform line of life. To this n\ay be asrribed that hif^li degree of perfection ronspieuous in many of the Indian maniifactnres ; and thouj^h ven- er.itiiui for the practices of their .^nces- tors may rhetk the spirit of invention, yet, by adhering to these, they acquire such an cxpertness and delicacy of hand, that Em-opcans, with all the ad- vantages of superior science, and the aid ot more complete instruments, have never been able to eijual the CAeen'lon of their worknvinship. To this eircum Rlanco also Dr. Uobcrtson ascribes a striking peculiarity in the state of Hin- dnost.in, Ibc j;crnianency of its institu- tions, and tlic immutability in the man- ners of the inltabitanls. Hence it is, tliat the Hindoos adntit no converts, nor are themselves ever converted, whatev(;r the Koman missionaries may pretend. The Hallachorcs may be here excepted, wh) are glad to be admitted into any society where they are treated as fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie with the Clilnese, in respect to the an- tiquity of thi-ir nation i and the doctrine of tran-mij^ralion is one of their distin- guishing tenets. Their institutions of religion form a complete .system of su- perstition, upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence of tlic people. The temples consecrated to their deities are magnificent ; their religious cere- monies splendid ; and the absolute do- minion which the Bramins have obtain- ed over the minds of lhe])eople,is sup- ported by the command of tlie immense revenues, with which tiic liberality of princes, and the zeal of pilgrims and devotees, have enriched their pagodas. The dominion of religion extends to a thousand particulars, which, in other countries, arc governed by the civil laws, or by taste, custom, or fashion. Their dress, their food, tiie common intercourses of life, their marriages, und professions, arc all under the juris- diction of rellgii,n. The food of the Hindoos is simple, consisting chiefly of rice, jfUoc (a kind of imperfect butter) milk, vegetables, and oriental spices. The warrior cast may eat of the flesh of goat.'i, sheep, antl poultry. Other superior casts ntay cat poidtry and fish, but the inferior' casts arc prohibited from eating flesh or hsh of any kind. Tlieir greatest lu.\ury consists in the use of the richest spiceries and per- fumes, of which the great people are very lavish. They esteem milk the purest of food, because they think it partakes of some of the properties of the nettar nf their gods, and because tliey esteem the cow itself almost as a divinity. Their manners are gentle, rheir happiness consists in the solaces of domestic life; and they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indispensable duty in every man, wlio docs not entirely separate liimself from the world, from a principle of devotion, riielr religion permits them to have several wives ; but they seldom hav» more than one ; and their wives ar© distinguished by a decency of demean- our, a s >licltude in their families, and, a lldelity to their vows, which'.mightdo honour to human nature in the most civilized countries. The custom of women burningthemselvcs on the death of their husbands is still practised in Hindoostan. In some parts of India, as the Carnatic, it is asserted, that thejr dig a pit, in which is deposited a large quantity of combustible matter, whicti is set on fire, and tiie body being let down, the victim throws herself into the flaming mass. In other places, a pile is raised extremely high, and tho body, with tlic wife, is placed upon it, and tlicn the whole is set on fire. In tlie Code of Gentoo Laws, translated by Mr. Hallica\ l)v tlie jjuliii iiiul cocoa-nut trees, wliose loH(r iuiil nakvil slelDs leave ii elear and unilite-niptcil piissaffc heiicalli ; while their tut'lol and o.er5])readin)^ t'>l)S 1'>rm a tliiek shadt; uhove, and keep otl the sroreliing' rays ot'tlies-ni. In the iiitei'lor purt of the island, s\irronn(Ud by inoiintains of u prodif^ious lieight, and about 15 nirlei from the town, in u uaered lakti, half a mile in cireiiinier- enee. The adjacent hills covered with loftv tree i, and the holitiiue of tlic jilarc seem m(i;-c eakulated to inspire reli i;liins awe, than any sanctity that is to be diseovereil in a parcel of wild >, a town of Sweden, in West «':ithland, seated on the lake Wetter, 14.5 n.i.'es S VV of Stockholm, and 25 K ofKaltopm^ I.on. 14 E, lat. 57 53 N. IJircaiiiii, unJ'T this name the an- cients comprised tiiC Provinces of Per- sia in Asia, lyiii(V on the S'shore of the Caspian Sea, which \vas ai:;') callcdtiic llircanian sea. Hirch-Hoin, a town of Germany, in tl:e palatinate ot'thc Kliine. witlia eas- tle. It is seated on the side of a hill, «m the Neckiir, near Klierbucli. Hirchfeld, a town of Germany, in the cirt'Ie of the U))|)er Rhine, capital of a principality of the same name, depend- ing on a famous abbey, which was se- cularized in favour of the house of Hcs- Ke-Cassel. It is seated on the Fidde, 16 miles NE of the town of Fidde, anci .•)2 S E of Cassel. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 50 56 N. Hiraber^, a town of Silesia, famous for its mineral baths. It is the most trading; place in all Silesia, ne.vt to Breslaw, there being in the town and Mubuibs considerable manufactures It is scuted on the Bosar, 44 miles S W of Breslaw. Hispnniola. See Domingo, St. Hitchin, a large and populous town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Tuesday. The hihabitants make great quantities of malt; andthemarkctisonc of the greatest in England for wheat. It is 15 miles N N W of Hertford, and .-34 N W of London. Lon. 10 VV, lat. 51 58 N. /litht, or Hyihv, a borough in Kent, with a nurl-'et on .Saturday, It is one [of the Cinque Ports, and had formerly live parislii:s, but h\ the ehoakingupof th<- harbour it is now reduced to one. Il is 10 miles VV of Dover, ami 68 S Eof London. Lon. 1 10 E, lat. 51 8N. Ilmii-ni^aii-fou, a city of China, in the; province of Kiang-nan, seated in a marsh, and ineloseil by a triple wall. Tlii.s place i.s very populous, and every iliipg in it announces u biisk anductiv* trade. llna»g-Hi'. Sec Yetlov) /fixer. /Idiing-tiheou-fiiu, a populous and com- mercial city of China, in the province of Hou-(puing. Its district contains one. <'ity of the second and eight of the third class. Jfnchherg, a marqiiisate of Snabia, in Brispaw, belonging- totlie ]>rinee of Ua- ileii Uourlach. f/iicbsM, a t«wn of Suabia, remark- al)le for the great battle gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, i;nd which the English call the battio of Blenheim, from a village three miles S VV of this place. It is seated on the Danube, 22 miles N E of Ulm. Lon. 10 33E, lat. 38 48 N. Htchi/and, a territory of Gemiany, and one of the circles of Prussia. HudJcstlon, a town in Herts, with a market on Thursday, seated near tho I.eii, tliree miles S of Ware, and 17 N by E of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 51 49 N. Hod-trlieou, the most southern city of the province of Kiang-nan, in China, famous for its teas, varnish, and en- gravings. It is one of the richest ci- ties in the empire, and has oix cities of the third class dependant on it. Hoei-tcheou-fou, a commercial city of China, in the province of tijiaiiiy-tong. Its jurisdiction contains 11 cities of thi) seccnd and third class. ri.ietelm. Sec HeuMum. Hoexzcllcni, a towi\ of Suabia, capi- tal of a county of the same name, 25 miles S of Stutgard. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 48 23 N. Hoesht, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, seated oh the Maine, three miles from Francfort. Ifygut', Cape la, the N W point of Normandy, in France. Lon. 1 52 W, lilt. 49 45 "N. Jfo-t.enffiu, a city of China, and one of the principal in the province of Pe- tcheli. '* has two cities of the second ant It Loi mil lat. J Ui.i W Me a OK , a borouffh in Kent, Sntill'dHV, It la (iiil: ts, itiiil hull (ormcrly l)\ tlic ('luj«kiii){U|) of 11(1 w reduced Ui oiur. of Dover, uitd 6H S 1. 1 ll» E, liU. 51 «N. 1 rily of Cliinii, in tlu; i)^;-Miin, seated in a ed by :i triple ^viill. popiiloiiH, iind every :es u bi'isk iiiid uctiv* TrUmu Ki%rr. , a populous undcom- lina, in tlie province district contuiiis one uiul eight of titc third 'quisate of Sualiia, in g'lothe jiriiicu of 11a- ^ of Suabia, remark, battle gained near it iirlboroiij^h, in 1704, g'l'iih call the battle I a village three inilet It is seated on the N E of Ulm. Lon. N. rritory of Gennany, •les of Prussia. ,vn in Herts, with a lay, seated near tilt; S of Ware, and 17 m. Lon. 5 E, lat. most southern city iung'-nan, in China, varnish, and en- of the richest el- and has tix cities of sndant on it. commercial city of ince of ti;iani^-t()ng. iiins 11 cities of thp iss. feiiielum. \vn of Suabia, capi- the same name, 25 I. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. Germany, in the tz, seated oh the from Francfort. he N W point of ice. Lon. 1 52 W, of China, and one lie province of Pe- ;ities of the second H O L and 1< of the third rlann in i«» dislrift. It in U5 miles S of IVIiln. Holbeach, a town in I.inroInNhire, with a market on 'I'liursclay, U miles S by E of Uo.Htim, and 1(J8 N bv E of London. Lon. 11 i:, lat. 5 J 47 N. /f!)i/lsworlhv, a town iti Devoimhire, with a market on Saturday. It ii seat- ed between two branches of t!ie Ta- mar, 43 miles E N K of Exeter, and ns W by S of London. Lon. '2 42 W, lat. 50 .50 N. HiUliind, the Iar(:;c9t of the seven Uiiitcd Provinces, is bounded on the W by the German Ocean, or North lea ; to the E by the Zuyder-sea, the province of Utrecht, and part of Gel- derland ; to the S by Duteli Brabant and Zealand : and to the N by the Zuy. der-sea. Its greatest extent from N to S, including the island of Texel, is about 90 English miles ; but from E to \V its extent varies from 40 to 25. To defend it against the sea, dykes hare Ijcen erected at an immense expcnce, and innumerable canals cut to drain it, as being naturally very low and marshy. Some parts of the province are very fruitful in corn ; but the greater part's consist of rich pastures, wherein arc kept large herds of kine, which supply tlicin with incredible quantities of but- ter and cheese. Of the latter, that of Edam, in North Holland, is highly es- teemed. The many rivers and canals that intersect the provinces arc of great advantage to its commerce, but con- tribute to render the air foggy and un- wholesome. There is acommunicstion by water betwixt almost every town and village. Towards the middle dso of the province arc great numbers of turf-pits. It is so populous, that the number of inhabitants is computed at 1,200,000. In point of cleanliness no country surpasses, and few come up to it, especi.illy in North HnlL-md, and that even ;n the villages. It has consi- r!ii/e, a nmgli niid vomlv irart in S'lrrv, lyiiijf ininu'diattly Ik iicutli tlir liilU ti) lliK S mid K ol'tli.'t roiinty, and t'xUMliii^ into K( nt U<'d deer sirr still Idiind licrc ; and it aboinids with tlic lidlin link. lliUiriii, a diitcliy of Ocrmany, boinidtil by the Cionnaii occi'.n on thi' IV i llip Baltlcc.i- thi- jfidl'd' I.Mhcik, on tlic E ; tlif diilrhy of" Mttklfnhin'jf on the S V, ; that nl' Jlicnicn, with the river Elbe, on the S \\' ; and Lanen- burfc, with the teriitory of llandini'ij, «m tlic S Its greatest kiiffth ir* nboiit HU miles, and iti breadth Oo. A p-eat part of thiH country (onsist.H nfrirb ninrsh- land, which hvw.y; niiirh exposed to in- undations bn'.h from the sea and rivers, HON ini of a stately monastery ; and hero was anciently a bisiiopVi sec, removed with the body of St. Cutlibert, first to Chester le Street, itiul afterward to Durham. Hotyhetvt, a seaport and cape of tho isle of Anglesca. It is the most ustial place of cnibarkation for Dublin, there being packi t-boats that sail for that ci- ty <\ery day, exce[it Tuesday, wind and weather permitting. On the ad- jacent rocks the herb ifrows of which kelp is made; ; and in the neighbour- hood is a large vein of white f'ullcr'4 earth, and another of) ellow. On the islo of Skerries, nine miles to the N, is a light house. Holvhead is 93 miles \V N W of Chester.'and 276 N\V ofLoi\- doii, I,on. 4 22 W,lat. 53 19 N. llnlyviell, a town in I'lintshirc with a market on Friday. It takes its name from the famous well of St. Winifred, concerning which so many fables and su- perstitious notions have prevailed. It is a co))i(Mis stream, bursting out of the groimd with a considerable degree of impetuosity. Desides the cola bath, celebrated for wonderful cures, formed at the spring-head, and covered with a beautiiid Gothic shrine, it is now o])- plicd to the purpose of turning several mills for the working of copper, mak- ing brass wire, paper, and snufV, and spinning cotton. It is 10 miles E of St. Asaph, and 212 N E uf London. Lon. 3 21 \V, hit. 54 13 N. Hohneshurg, a thriving village with a post-oflice, -n IMiiladclphiu county, Pennsylvania, s.ttiated on the post and stage road to New York, 10 miles N E of Philadelphia. Homlnirg, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse Cassel, 150 miles N of Franckfort. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 50 45 N. IJrmiburg, a town of Germany, in the dutchy ot Ucux-Ponts between the Moselle and the Rhine, 50 miles S £ of Treves. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 49 16 N. Hu-nan, a province of China, bound- ed on the N by the province of Pe- tchcli and Chan-si, on the E by Kiang- si, and Chan-tong, on the S by Hou- quang, and on the W by Chen-si. As every thing that can contribute to ren- der a country delightful, is found in this province, the Chinese call it Tong- hoa, The middle Flower. It is, indeed, situate almost in the centre of China. Beside-K^iu-1'ungfou, its capital, it con* r tlUI 10 ) N HON II O R Kiiiastcry ; and licro il^((])'^ sri', removed it. Ciitlihcrl, tiritt III t, uiid Ht'ttrward to )ort and cupe of Uio It in tlic nioHt iiHtiid inn I'lir DiiMiii, tlicrc it thut null for tliiit ci- iipt 'liUNdRy, wind \ittiii(f. On llic nd- lii ill ifriiws f>f wliicU [I in tlie neigliliour- tin of whito fuller'* ■of)illow. On the isle mills to the N, i* a Ivliiad is 03 miles W /imd276N\V ofLon- V.lat. 5,n9N. ,n in I'lintsliire with a y. It takeB its name well of St. AVinifrcd, \ HO many fablt-s and su- iH have prevailed. It Am, bursting out of the onsiderahlc degree of jsideH the cold bath, ondcrful cures, formed ad, and covered with ic shrine, it is now np- [insc of turning several iking of copper, mak- papcr, and snulV, and [ It is 10 miles E of St. N E of London. Lon. - N. thriving village with a Philadelphia county, ..ated on the post and w York, 10 miles N E wn of Germany, in the ■sse Cassel, 150 miles Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 50 wn of Germany, in the c-Ponts between the Rhine, 50 miles S E 7 32 E, lat. 49 15 ince of China, bound- jy the province of Pe- s'i, on the Eby Kiang- g, on the S by Hou- le W by Chen-si. As can contribute to rcn- flightful, is found in Chinese call it Tong- Flowcr. It is, indeed, 1 the ceiitre of China. fou, its capital, it con- tain* ncven cities of tlie first clan, and 102 of the second and third. Konan-fou, a city of China, in tlie priivincu of llopan. It has under its pirisdiction one city of the second ihisi, and 13 of the third. It is 5U0 miles S W of Pekin. Hondurat, a large province of New Spain, bounded on the N by the hay of Honduras, on the E by tho Mosquito Shore, on the S by Nioara;;iia, and on the W by Chiapa and Gualimala. This province, and the peninsula of Juca- tan, nn the other side of tlic bay of Honduras, do not, like the other terri- tories of Siiain, in the New World, de- rive their value cither from the ferti- lity of their soil, or tne richness of their mines; but they prmluce in great- er abundance than any part of Ameri- ca, the Ipgwood-tree, which, in dying some colours, is so far preferable to any other material, that ilic consump- tion of it in Europe is considerable, and it is become an article in commerce of grc.1t value. During a long period, no European nation intruded upon the Spaniards in these provinces, or at- tempted to obtain any share in this branch of trade. But, after the con- quest of Jamaica by the English, one of the first objects of the settlers on that island was the great profit arising from the logwood trade, and the facility of wrcstmg' some portion of it from the Spaniards. Their first attempt was made at Cape Catoche, the S E pro- montory of Yucatan. When most of the trees near this cape were felled, they removed to the island of Trist, in the bay of Campeachy ; and, in later times, their principal station has been in the bay of Honduras. The Spaniards alarmed at this encroachment, endea- voured by ncgociation, remonstrances, and oi)en force, to prevent the Enjplish from obtaining any footing on that part of the American continent. But, after struggling against it for more than a century, the disasters of an unfortu- nate war extorted from the court of M.idrid, in l/'63, a reluctant consent to tolerate tliis settlement of foreigners in the heart of its territories. This privilege was confirmed by the defini- iive treaty of 1783, by which, however, it was stipulated, that X)\cy should con- fine themselves within a certain dis- trict, lying between the rivers Wallis, or Belli ze, and Rio Hondo, takinjg the course of the said two rivers for luial- tciible boundaries, so as that the navi- gation (if tl.cni be common to hoiii na- tions. Uut by a oonvention si^neil in 1786 the English were not only ptrmit- te seldr:ii content themselves with one covp.ing, but almost always have two, ar d very often three. These are made < f well- greased skins, and arc fastened about their bodies with a thong, a'lnost like the aprons of our ladies, 'i'hc outer- most is the largest, finest, and most showy, and frequently adorned with glass beads strung in different figures. Both the men and women generally go bareheaded. Neither their ear* .>or nose arc adorned witlj any pendent ornaments, as they are among oilier sa- vages ; but the nose is sometimes, by way of greater state, marked with a black streak of soot, or with a lai-ge spot of red lead ; of which latter, on high days, they likewise put a little on tlieir cheeks. Both sexes wear rings on their ^rms and legs. Most of these are made of thick leatlier straps, cut in a circular shape ; and these have given nse to the received notion, that the Hottentots wrap guts about their legs, in order to eat them occasionally. Rings of iron, copper, or brass, of the size of u goose-quill, are consiaered as more genteel than those of leathc<- ; but the girls are not allowed to use any rings till they are marriageable. Tiie Hot- tentots seldom wear any shoes. What they do wear, are made of undressed leather, with the hairy side outward j they arc rendered soft and pliablo, by being beat and moistened, and are very Lght and cool. Their habitations are adapted to tlieir wandering pastoral life. They are merely huts, resembling a round bee-hive or a vault, from 18 to 24 feet in diameter, and so low, as scarcely possible for a middle-sized man to stand upright. But neither the lowness of the hut, nor t|xat of tlte door H O T which is barely three feet high, can be considered as any inconvenience to a Hottentot, who finds m .'.ifticulty in stooping and crawling on all-foms, and wlio is, 8t any time, more inclined to He down tlian stand, 'i he fire-place is in the middle, and they sit or ht round it in a circle. Tlie low door is the only place that iidniits the liglit, and the only outlet that is If ft for the smoke. The Hottentot, inured .. .t from his infancy, sees it hover round him, with- out feeling the least inconvenience aris- ing from it to his eyes ; and rolled up, like a hedge hog snug in his skin, he lies in the midst of tins cloud, till he is now and then obliged to peep out from beneath his sheep-skin, in order to stir the fire, or perhaps to light his pipe, or turn the steak he is broiling over the fire. The order of these huts in a craal or clan, is most 'requently in the form of £ circle, with the doors inward ; by which means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle are kept at nigiit. Such are the Hottentots in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1778, lieutenant Paterson visited a Hottentot village in the small Nimiqi--i Land, in the N W part of the country ; it consist- v^d of 19 huts and about 150 inhabitants. 'I he ensign of authority, worn by their chief, WHS a cane with a brass top, given to him by Uie Dutch East India Company. The Hottentot? amused them, part of the night, with music and dancing ; their visitors, in return, trea- ted them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their music was produced from flutes, made of the bark cf trees, of different sizes. The men form them- selves into a circle, with their flutes s and the women dance round them. Among other tribes of Hottentots are the Boshmans, who inhabit the moim- tains in the interior part of the country, N £ of the Cape, and are enemies to the pastoral life. Their weapons are poisoned arrows, which shot from a small bow, will liit a m-irk with a tole- rable degree of certaint}', at the dis- tance of lUO paces. Their habitationii arc not more agreeable than their man- ners and maxims. Like the^wildbeast^s, bushes and clefts in rocks, serve them by turns for dwellings. Many of these savages are entirely naked ; but some of them cover their body with the skin of any sort of animal, great or -.inalli, from tUc shoulder downward as far m 11 1 H O T HOT lull ' 'iji li v\ i II it will reach, wearing i\. till it full offj their back in rags. As ipioiant of agriculture ua apes and monkies, tli«y are obliged, like them, to wunder over hills and dales after certain wild rod:, berries, and plants, M'liich they cat raw. Their table, however, i.s coni])o- scd of several oilior dishes, among which are caierpillar.s, termites, lo- custs, grassiioppc rs, snakeu, r.nd spi- ders. Another tribe of Hottentots, near the mouth of Or:.'.ip,-c River, were observed by lieuloi..int Palerson, in his joiu'ney to tlic N W in ITT'-J. Their huts were loftier, and thatclicd with grass. Their mode of living is in the higliest dcgiee wretched, u'.id they ure apparently the most dirty of all the li itteulo*: tiibes. 'I'iicir dress is com- po.sed of tlie sivins of se;'.ls and j»c kails tiu :lesh of whicli they cut. Wiieii a gi';..npus is est ashore, t'aey remove ti:iir Iiuis to the place, and subsist up- on it us long as any part of it remains ; anil in this manner, it sometimes aflords tiicm su.stenance for half aycar, though in a great measure decayed and putri- fied hv the sun. They smear their skin wiili the oil, the odour of which is so powerful, tliat their approael. may be perceived some time before they appear in view. With respect tu tiic Hotten- tots, in general, none of them seem to have any religion, nor do tliey app ar willing to receive any instruction. All of them, however, have the firmest opinion of the power of magic ; whence it might be inferred, that they believe in an evil being, but they pay no reli- j^lous worslup to liim, tliough from this hource they dcri%-e all the evils that huppen ; and among these tliey reckon cold, rain, and tliunder. So monstrous- ly ignorant arc they, that tlie Boi t- wans will abuse the thunder with ini.ny opprobrious epitliets, and threi'.teii to assault the lightning. E^en the most intelligent of them could not be con- vinced by Dr. Sparrman, tiiat rain, was not always an evil, and tiiat it would be an imhappy circumstance, were it never to rain. They seem, however, to have some idea of a future state, as they reproach their friends, when dead with leaving them so soon, admonisli- ing them to behave henceforth more properly ; by which tliey mean, that their deceased friends should r.ul rome back again and haunt them, nor allow themselves to be made use of by viz- luds, to bring any luitichicf on those that survive them. The Hottei;tots sleep promiscuously in tlie same hut, and are ncitlu'r acquainted willi tlie ditterence of age, nor with that invin- cible luirror which separates beings con- nected by blood The country pusses- sed by the Dutch is of a pretty consid- erable extent, comprehending not only the lai'ge tract between Table Bay :i;id False Buy, 'nit that which is called Hotlentiit Holland, extending from False Bay tc the Cabo dos Agulhas, or Cape of Needles, and the country further E beyond St. Christopher's Ri- ver, called Terra de Natal. The whole oftliis country is naturally barren and mountainouii ; but the industrious Dutch have overcome all natural difliculties, and it j>r'>duces, not only a sulHciency of all t' ^- necessaries of life for the in- habi'.^'ts, but also for the refreshment of all the European ships that touch here. The Dutch consider the year as divided intu two seasons, which they term monsoons, the wet monsoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, or summer, in September, A- mong the quadrupeds of tliis comitry are antelopes, which go in herds of 20,000 each ; buffaloes j cameleopardi- lises ; the gems-boch, a species of an- telope, which has remarkably long sharp horns, and when attacked by dogs will sit on its hind quarters, and defend itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are verj' destructive to sheep i eicphaiits ; elks ; hyenas ; the koedo, an animal of a mouse colour, rather larger than our decr, witli three white stripes over the back, and the male having very large twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quacha, a species of the zebra, but more tracta- ble i rhinoceroses ; horses ; domestic homed cattle ; common sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered with h'lir instead of wool. The hippopota- mus or river-horse is frequently seen here. Among the birds arc vultures, ostriches, whose eggs are excellent food; and the loxia, a s])ecies of gre- garious bird ; these latter build their curious nest in the mimosa tree, where they form a kind of thatched house, with a regular street of nrsts on bath sides, at about two inches distance from each other, and containing under its roof, in one that lie .enant Pater- son saw, upward of 800 birds. Among the insects are, the termites, or white ai'.ts, which »ia no injury to ^vood O T H O X HUD em. Tlie Hottcw'.ots usly ill the same Init, • acquainted with tlie e, noi- witii tiiat iuvin- ;li separates btiiigs con- The country pusses- li is of a pretty c(.p.sid- •oniprehending not only jctween Table Bay ::;id that which is called land, extending from a Cabo dos Agulhas, op lies, and the country id St. Christopher's Ri- ■a de Natal. The whole is naturally barren and .It thi- industrious Dutch all natural difticultics, , not only a sulHciency savies of life for the in- dso for the refreshment )pcan ships that touch Itch consider the year as ■o seasons, which they s, the wet monsoon, or iu March ; and the dry er, in September. A- Irupeds of this country which go in herds of luflaloes ; cameleopardi- .s-buch, a species of an- has remarkably long and when attacked by I its hind quarters, and wild dogs, which travel are very destructive to iits ; elks ; hyenas ; the mal of a mouse oloiu", ban our decr, witli three over the back, and the iry large twisted horns ; ! tigers ; the quucha, a zebra, but more tracta- >ses ! horses ; domestic . common sheep, and a s of sheep covered with ' wool. The hippopota- horse is frequently seen llie birds arc vultures, 3sc eggs arc excellent loxia, a »i)ecies of gre- these latter build their the mimosa tree, where ind of thatched house, street of ufsts on both It two inches distance r, and containing under that lie- .eiiant Pater- irri of 800 birds. Among , the termites, of white ly no injury to wood Ui in the East Indies, but by raising a number of hills, they impede the progress of vegetation. The Hotten- tots eat them ; and lieutenant Paterson, who tasted this /ood, found it far from disagreeable. The locusts arc esteemed excellent food by the Bosh- mans, by whom they are dried and kept for use. The black, or rock iicorpion,'is nearly as venomous here as any of the serpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. Houat, an island of France, near the coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles in circumference. Hnudan, a town of France, now in the department of Eurc and Loire and lately iu tiie province of Beauce, witli a manufacture of vvooUen stockings. It is seated on the Vegre, 10 miles from Dreux, and 32 miles S W of Palis. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 48 47 N. Hounslmi, u town \\\ Middlesex, with a market on Thursday. It is situate on a heath of the same n.^me, on which arc some powder-mills, on a branch of the river Coin. Here is a charity school and a chapel. The heath is noted for robberies and horse ruces. Hounslow is 10 miles W by S of Lou- don. Hou-quang, a province of China, which occupies neai-ly the centre of the ciiipire. Yang-tse-kiang traverses it from E to W, and divides it into two parts. This province (the greater jjart of which is level, and watered by ca- nals, lakes, and rivers) is celebrated fop its fertility i the Chinese call it the storehouse of the eni[>ire. It cont^iins IS cities of the iirst class, and II4 of the second and third. Vout-chang-fou is the capital. Hou-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in tlie province of Tche-kiang. It takes its name from a lake of the same name, on which it is seated. Tlic quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incre- dible. Its district contains one city of the second and six of the third class. It is 160 miles N E of Nan-kinr . Lon. J19 45 E, lat. 30 35 N. Mnuden, a town in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It give name to s. .mall district called HowdcnsI;:re, and has a large church,, I'lkf a cathedral. It is seated on the north side of the Ous- 15 mileii S E of York, and 179 N by W oJ" London. Lon. 51 W, lat 53 46 N. JloxUi, a town of Westphalia, seat- ed on the Wescr, 8 miles N W of Cdr- wey, 27 miles N E of Paderborn. Lon. 9 39 E, lat. 51 50 N. ffoj; one of the Orkney Islands, si- tuate between the Island of Pomona and the N coast of Caithness-shirc. It is 10 miles long. On this island, be- sides the great conic hill of Holyhead, which is a sea mark, there is a stupen- dous rock, called the Beary, where a bird, named the layer, supposed to be a species of penguin, is found. In a gloomy valley in this isU'-...", is a large stone, 36 feet long and 18 broad, cal. led the Dwariic stone It is hollow within, having the fornr. of a bed and ]>illow cut in the stone ; and is su])po> sed to have been the habitation of a, hermit. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 58 36 N. Soje, a town of Westphalia, capital of a count)' of the same name, subject to the elector of Hanover, seated on the Weser, 43 miles N W of Zcll. Lon. y 6 E, lat. 52 57 N. Haradisch, a town of Moravia, on an isl"nd in the river Moi-ava, 30 miles S E of Olmutz, .ind 30 £ of Brinn. Lon. 17 53 E, lat. 49 N. Hua, or Kahau, a large town of Asia, capital of Cochin-China, with a royal i-alace. It is seated in a beautiful plain, .nnd divided into two parts by a large river. Lon. 105 5 E, lat. 17 40 N. Iluahine, one of the Society Islands in the S PaciRc Ocean, 30 leagues from Otttheite. It is 21 miles in comp.nss, and has a conmodious harbour. Lon. 151 1 W, lat. 16 44 S. Hubert, St. a town of Austrian Lux- emburg, with an abbey, 20 miles S £ of Rochefort. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 50 N. Huddertfield, a town in the W ridings of Yorkshire, with a mu-ket on Tuc8> day. It is the mart for narrow cloths, called plains. It is 42 miles S W of York, and 189 N N W of London. Lon. 1 40 W, lat. 53 40 N. Hudtnn, onf: oi Xhe most flourishing cities in the state of New York ; situ- ated on the E bank of Hudson river, in Columbia county, 132 miles N of the city of New Yorkj and 40 S of Albany, in tlie lat. of 42 15 N and Lon. of 74 9 W. The foundation of the first house was laid in 1783, and in 1800 it tronUincd 3664 inhabitants. Here is a post oiiice, and a bank whose capital is limited bv act of Assem- bly, to 160,000 Dollars. JiudsoiCe Bay, a bay of Noith Ameri- ■?g MVf« ':^ta'"sJi't»:-rs;K!!i1 '^m'Ti^^Nkrr^ HUD H U L ra, lying' between 51 and 69° N lati- tude, and discovered, in 1610, hy cap- lain Henry Hudson. He liad ni?de two voyages before on the same adven- ture ; tl.e first in 1607,. and tlie .second in 1608. In iiis third and hist, in 1610, he entered tlic straits tljat lead into the bay known by his name ; coasted a great part of it, and penetrated to 80 30 N lat. His ardour for tlic dis- covery not being abated by the difRcul- tiesbc struggled with in this enipireof frost and snow, he staid here till the ensuing sprinp, and then prepared to pursue his discoveries ; Imt his crew, ■who suHered equal hardships, without tlie same spirit to support thetn, mutin- ied, seized him and seven of those who were most faithfid to liim, and com- mitted them to the icy seus in an open boat. Hudson and his companions ■were never beard of more ; but the ship and the rest of the men returned home. Otlier attemps towards a dis- covery of tliut passage have been since made, but hitherto without eflcct. The entrance of this bay, from tlie ocean, -IS between Uesolution Isles on the N, and Button's Isles on the Labrador coast to the S, forming the E extremi- *y of the strait, «iibting\iished by the name of its great discoverer. This bay communicates on the N, by two straitfl, witli Daflin's Buy : on the £ »ide it is bordered by Labrador, on the S W by New South Wales, and on the W by New North Wale.s. These countries arcinchided under the name ©f New Britain, and abound with ani- mals whose skins and furs are far supe- rior in quality to those found in less northerly icgions. The natives are called Esquimaux, and Northern In- dians ; and are materially diflercnt from alltlie Southern tribes. In 1670, a char- ter was granted to a company, which docs not consist of above ten persons, for the exclusive trade to this bay. Tbts com]niny possess three forts on the S coast of James Bay, by whicli the S termination of Hudson's Bay is distinguished. These factories are called Rupert, Moose, and Albany, and they lie, from 51 to 52° N lat. and from 75 to 79° W Ion. On the W side of Hudson's Bay, considerably up Hayes River, is a factory called Flam- borough ; and beyond this is York Fort, on Nehjm River, in Ion. 92 30, and lat. 57 25 : but the most northern »t*;'«mcnt is Prince of Wales' Fort, at the mouth of Church-hill River, in Ion. 94 7, and lat. 58 48. I.n Decem- ber 1770, Mr. Hearne, in the service of tlie Hudson's Bay Company, set out from Pi-incc of Wales' Fort to explore a river, tlmt the Es^iimaux, who came to the company's factories to trade, liad brought to their knowledge ; and which, on account of much copper be- ing found near it, had obtained the name of Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of those Indians, he arrived at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he came in sight of the Pacific Ocean, finding it emcumbered with shoals and falls to its mouth, which is in lat. 72» N, and Ion. 1 19° W. In 1782, the settlement, &c. of the company, valued at 500,000/. were destroyed by a French squadron j but the damage has been repaired, and the commerce is again in a flo"ri.shing situation. Hudson' I £iver, one of the finest riv- ers of the United States of America. It rises in the mountainous country, between the lakes Ontario and Cham- plain, waters Albany and Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean, at New York, after a course of 250 miles. It is navigable for sloops to Albany, uid for ships to Hudson. Huena, an island of tlie Baltic, three miies from tlie coast of Sweden, and subject to the Swedes, to whom it was ceded by the Danes in 1658. It has one scattered village, and produces hay and com, more than sufHcient fop its own consumption. In this island was tlie obsei-vatory of tlie celebrated Tycho Brahe. It is six miles in cir- cumference ; nine miles S by £ of Elsi- nore, and 14 N by £ of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 38 E,lat. 55 54 N. Huesca, an ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, writh a bishop's see, and at tmivcrsity. It is seated on the Issuela, 35 miles N E of Saragossa. Lon. 2 W, lat. 42 18 N. JIueicar, a to wn of Spain, in the king- dom of Granada, with a castle, 60 miles N £ of Granada. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 37 45 N. Uuesten, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, seated on tlte Rhine, three miles S of Arnheim. Huetta, an old and small town of Spain, in New Castile, 67 miles E of Madrid. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 40 22 N. JIuU, or Kingston upon Hull, a bo- rough and seaport in the £ riding of Yorkshire, with a market ou Tuesday 4! I U L Church-hill River, in 58 48. I.n Deccm- jarne, in the service Uy Company, set out ales' Fort to explore iscjhlmaux, whocaine > factories to trade, eir knowledge ; and L of much copper be- t, had obtained the mine River. Under e Indians, lie arrived anc 1771, and traced sight of the Pacific : emcumbered with its mouth, which is on.ll9''W. In 1782, kc. of the company, )/. were destroyed by on i but the damage , and the commerce ishing situation, one of the finest riv- States of America, lountainous country, s Ontario and Cham- Ibany and Hudson, lantic Ocean, at New •se of 250 miles. It loops to Albany, and an. 1 of tlie Baltic, three )ast of Sweden, and edes, to whom it was nes in 1658. It has lage, and proy E of Copenhagen. 55 54N. :ient town of Spain, a bishop's see, and ai seated on the Issuela, Saragossa. Lon. 2 of Spain, in the king- , with a castle, 60 nada. Lon. 2 20 W, of Dutch Gueldcr- e Rhine, three miles and small town of Castile, 67 miles E of 55 W, lat. 40 22 N. lon upon Hull, a bo- rt in the E riding of market ou Tuesday HUM and Saturday. It was built by Ed- ward I. who called it Kingston, and it is seiLted on the river Hu'.l, on the N side of the Humber. It is a large town with two parish churches, and is a county of itself, governed by a mayor. It is fortified, and is the first town that shut its gates against Ciiarles I. but its fortifications are now inconsiderable, while its coi.-imcrce is increased so much, that it is deemed the fourth port in the kingdom. Its situation is extremely advantageous j for, besides its communication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it has access also to the Trent and all its branches j hence it has the import and export trade of many of tlie northern and midl.-uid counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic : but it has regular traffic with the so-itliem parts of Europe, and with America. More ships are sefit hence to Greenland than from any other port, that of Lon- don excepted, and more grain is ex- ported from Hull than London by means of its extensive inland com- merce. The harbour is artificial ; and here are docks for building and repair- ing ships. Among the public biuld- ings, arc the Trinity House, for the re- lief of seamen and their widows; a custom house, an exchange, and a town-hall. Tl^s stone bridge, over the river to Holdemess, was rebuilt in 1787, and consists of 14 arches. Hull sends two members to parliament, and Is 36 miles S E of York, and 173 N of London. L' i. 14 W, lat. 53 45 N. Hulpen, a town of the Austrian Netherlands, nine miles S E of Brus- sels. Lon. 4 37 E, lat. 51 44 N. HaUt, a strong town of Dutch Flan- ders, seated on a plain, which may be overflowed. It has a very fine town- house, and is 15 miles N W of Ant- werp, and 17 N E of Ghent. Lon. 4 6 £, lat. 51 18 N. Humber, a river of England, formed by the Trent, Ouse, Derwent, and several other streams. It divides Yorkshire from Lincolnshire, and falls into the German Ocean, at Holdemess. Hummock, an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean, about six miles long. The rajah is supported in his authority by the Dutch East India Company. The island is exceedingly fertile, and produces most of the tropical fruits ; but the principal articles of trad^ with HUN the Dutch are bees-wax anaf/if. See I/it/ie I J JAR a river rising near Tongres miles E c in t,ie bishopric of Liege, and i..: Calcutta. ter a N E course falls into the Maese at Maestricht. yablunka, a town of Silesia, in the territory of Teschen, 35 miles S E 'of Troppaw. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 49 41 N. Jacca, an ancient town of Spain, in .'\rragon, with a bisho;)'s see, and a *ort. It IS seated on a river of tlie same name, among the mountains of Jacca in a very pleasant and fruitful plain' which are a part of the P\ienees -^a miles N of Hucsca. Lon. 6 19 W 'j.rf 42 36N. yy.iK. yaci-d'-Agtiila, a seaport town on the eastern coast of Sicily, 10 miles N bv I', of Catania. Lon. 15 26 E, lat. 3r 27 Jachonburg, a post town in Colleton county, South Carolina ; situated on the W side of Edisto river. 30 miles \V of Charleston. yacisonbvrg, a post town in Scriven eoiinty, Georgia, 59 miles S W of Sa- vannah. yarn, a strong and handsome to%vn of Spain, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see, and a ciwtle. It is seated i,, u country producing excellent li-iilts. -uid very tme silk, at t!ie lijot of a nioMMfiin 15 miles S W of Uaeza. Lon, 3 2> \v' lat. 37 38 N. ' ' 5'"#". a town of Palestine, formerly callcd Joppa, and entirely fallen from Its ancient grandeur. It'is 50 miles N W of Jerusalem. Lon. 3,J E, lat 5" lo N. Jajfray, a ])ost town in Clieshiro county. New Hampshire, b.ing near tliC hounduiy line l)etwe.,u this State and Massaclnisetts, about 70 niiii-s S W of PorTsmouth, and 25 castw;;rd of Connecticut river. Jj/iuipatitn, a sc.iport of Ccvion, in the Last Indies at the X end "of that island, and 100 miles N of Candy. Tl,,, Dutch took it from the Portuguese in .16o8 ; and it was taken by the Enjrllsli m October ]-95. Thev export ^reat fiuantities of tobacco from lience, and some elephants, which are accounted the most docile of .iny in the world Lon. 80 45 E, lat. 9 4?" N. ^lig-rr.wit, a famous pagoda, in th-* pemnsula of Hindoostan, and province of Orissa. It is one of the first objects of Hindoo veneration, .ind visited by vast crowds of pilgrims from all parts ot India, and is an excellent seamark It lies on the bay of Bengal, a few miles E of lakeChilka, and 311 S Wof Lon. 85 40 E, lat. 19 35 N yagerndorf, a town and castle of Sil lesia, capital of a province of the same name, seated on the Oppa, 65 miles S by^E of Breslaw. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 50 yageraburg, a town of Germany, in the principality of Hesse Darmstadt yaghtre, a tract of land, in the Car. nat.c, subject to the English East India Company. It extends along the bay of bengal, from Madrass to Lake Pulli- cate on the N, to Alemparve on the S and to Conjcvcram on the W ; bein^ 108 miles along the shore, and 47 in- oiln '" "'•' "^.'/'"^ P'"""*- It contains -440 square miles, and its annual reve- nue IS about 150,000/. yogO' ■y^ the largest, most populous, and most fertile of the Cape \\l Verd Islands in Africa. It lies 13 miles W of the island of Mayo, and abounds ^yltll high barren mountains ; but the air, in the rainy season is unwholesome to strangers. The animals are beeves horsgs, asses, mules, deer, goats, hog,! JAG J A M :t' :i nw, civct-caU, «T)d monkies. Here are fowls, and liiiv's of almost all soi'ts ; And IndiHii corn, planUins, bananas, pornpioiig, urung'c's, lemons, tuma- rincU, junc-applcs, cocoa-nuts, g;tiava.s, tar, auples, und su^ai'-canc-s. It has also sotiii; cedar trees, and plenty of cotton. St. Jago or Rib's ra-Crande is tliL cu'.ital, but llio iruvcrnor resideb at Praya. y^'go, St. a iKoiiisonic and considera- ble town of Soi.t'.i America, the capi- tal ul' Clii!':, >Mtli a ^od harbour, a bishop's sec, and a royal audience. It is 81 :itid in \ lj'-;r.!tif ;1 pKiii. abound- ing in all the uice.-.sarie!i of me, at tli«' foot of tl;c Andes, on t'le river Mipo- cho. Here are scvera' canHl',ai.da dike, by means of which they water tiu; gardens and cool the streets. It in su'ijtct to ea.'thquukeii, .ind the inha- biiants are na'-iv-e ./Vuicricans and Spa- niurds. i...n. 71 5 W, lat. 34 10 S. yimi-de-Cii'ja, St. tlie capital of the island of Cuba, with a good harbour, ;.t the bottom of a bay, and on a riv< r o; the same name. Lon. 76 10 W, lat. 20 5 N. yago-de-toS'Ca^-'ler'X; Si. a town of tlispaniola, on the river St. Jago, in a fertile soil, but bad air. Lon. 70 38 W, lat. 19 22 N. yago-itet-Entero, St. a town of South America, in Tucr.ian, and the usual residence of the inquisitor of the pro- vince. It is seated on a large river called the Didce in a flat country, 475 miles S S E of Potosi. Lon. 62 W, lat. 28 25 S. ycgo dt Guatimala, St. Sec Guati- nulla. New. yago dc las Vallen, St. a town of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, seat- ed on tlic river Paniico. Lon. 100 W, :Bt. 23 N. yago de la Vrga, St. or Spanish Tmm, i town of JilKaica, where the assembly and the grand courts of justice are hei 1. It was once a populous place, contain - ;.;g two churches, a monastery, and several chapels ; but it is now rcducd to a small compass, and has only o.ir the S E part of th'- island in a pleasar.t vadey, on the Rio Cobre, sevci' r>iile< N W of Port Passage, oi. the bay of Port Royal. Lon. 76 49 W, lat. 16 6N. y<:igo de Leon, St. the capital of the district of Caracras, in South America. Lon. 64 48 W, lat. 9 32 N. yago^ina, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Scrvia, seated on the Morava, 70 miles SE of Belgrade. Lon. 21 18 E, lat. 43 40 N. yaJM, a large river of Tartary, which fails into the Caspian Sea. yaicza, a town of Turkey in Eiu^pc, in Bosnia, with a strong citadel, seated on the Plena, 50 miles N E of Bosna- Seragn. y.ituttkni. See Yakutsk. yalalahad, a town of Ilindoostan Proper, situate on the Kameh, 60 miles E S E of Cabul. yatkndar, a town of Hindoostan Proper, in llie country of Lahore, capi- tal of a district of the same name. Lon. 74 10 E, lac. .10 50 N. yui'viitz, a town of Turkey in Eu- rojv, in \V allachia. It is seated on the river Jalonil.:, and is 95 miles SVV of lamael. yoth sides, yet none of tiie.Ti are navigable, even for barges ; but some are so large, tliat the sugars are car- ried upon them in canoes ti-om the re- mote plantations to the seaside ; some of them run under ground for a consid- erable space, and particularly the Rio- Oubre and the Rio-Peura. The moun- tains, and great part of the island, are covered with woods, which look green ;c aamcname. Lon. N. n of Turkey in Eu- . It is seated on the [ is 95 inilci S VV of 1 of Hiudooslan Pro- yofAfimere. Lon ; N. own in the KusBian ;. I'etcrsburg, with u on the Jama, 1'2 miles .on. 28 J E. lut. 59 25 land of the West In- hv Columbus, in 1494 itic Ocean, 30 leagues marl} the same dis- and 145 leagues N of le continent of South an oval fi(jurc, 150 bioad in the middle, da of 4,000,000 acres, ridpe of hills which .om E to W. Here vers take their rise yet none of tlie.Ti are i)r barges ; but some . the sugars are lar- canoes from the re- . the seMide ; aomc ground for a consid- rticularly the Rio- ^-Feura. The moun- jart of the island, are ids, which look ^een year ; for hcc if vy-i iiere are many di'.ei- s atl.jrning the brow forming giovet and mong these are the ■edur, and tlie malio- ic ^ Jlies are sugar, variety of fruxioii/me-apples, star-apples, prick- ly pea/s, melons, pompions, guavas, and many otlier gort.\ K of Carrick, and 7:J N \V of IJublln. " Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 53 51 N. yaviets, a town of Franco, in tlie de- partment of Mouse, and late province of IJanMis, \2 miles S of Stenay. Janeiro, a province of IJrasil, in S Anierira, seated between the tropic of Capricorn and 22" of Slat. It is boimd- ed on the N by the province of Spirito Sancto, on the K and S by the Atian- tic Ocean, and on the W by the inoim- " *?which S('])arale it from Guiana, in Spanish America. Tiiis is the most valuable province which tlic I'ortuj^uese are masters of; for tliey import yearly froTu thence (jreat epiantities of gold and precious stones, which they find in the mountains, to aiirodiicious value. yur.ra, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, bounded on the N by Macedonia, on the S by Li lulia, on the W by . bania, and on the E by the Archipcla- !;•(>. It is the Tlies.^aly of the ancients, iind Lari.ssa is the capital. yanna, a town of 'I'lu-key in Europe, in a province of the same name. It is 62 miles W of Larissa. l.on. 21 36 E, lat. .» 48 N. 'y.iiiiri-.its, a tov\-n of Bohemia, in the •.iicle of Kaushim, famous for a battle between the Swedes and Imneriali.'ts in 1645 when thdlty are also brought up at court, where they continue till they are jiromoted to some .)i('Si. '1 hi.i prince, when he njipears abroad is at- tended by 5000 or 6u00 of his guards, and maintains an army of 20,000 horse, and 100,000 foot, though there seenvi tVH||. no necessity for so lai ge a body .ilMnen, uides.s he suspei ts the fidelity 6f his vassals. His revenues, accord, ing to the accounts given of this coun- try, exceed those ot all the monarchii uj)on earth added together; and the riches of the coimtry are an.swerable, it being said by the Portuguese, and some of our own countrymen, wlio formerly traded to Japan, that their palaces are covered with gold plates instead of tiles. But Christians of no denomina- tion have been sullered to settle in Ja- pan for above a hundred years, on pre- tence of a conspiracy formed by the Portuguese and their prosely tes against the government. The Dutch alone were admitted to traffic afterwards, upon declaring, it is said, they were no Christians, and then trampling upon the cross, to coniirni the Japanese in this opinion ; and they are so jealous even of the Dutch, th&t upon the arri- v.il of any of their ships, they take away their guns, sails, and rudders, carrying them on shore till they are ready to sail. The goods which the Dutch im- port to Japan, are spices, sugars, silks, woollen liPd linen n^.2nufacturei;, ele- phants teeth, and haberdashery wares, for which they have in return, gold, silver, fine cop])cr, cabinets, and other curious Japan works, and lacquered wave. The Japanese make no use of tables, beds, or chairs, but sit and lie- upon carpets, in the same manner as the Turks and Persians. yapara, a seaport on the N coast of the island of Java in Asia, with a good harbour. It was the capit.il of a con- siderable kingdom, till the Dutch made ^ hemselves masters of it ; and now they have a colony here, and a considera- ble trade. It is 253 miles E by S ^ p lire snrrmiiulcd l>y % i' smiillcr. All tlicsi; • sovcrcij;n, iir cmpi-r- 60 viissal kin^'ft under lom lie I'liii (Icpose or sure. '1 lifj iirr olili- lie jear to uUciul li'n ore ciicii of tlicm i\ii» lie vcrnc ot'tlic i-mpc- (Ulo. '1 lie i-li.estsoi)n L- also broiijfl't up at ;y coiitini'e till ihcy J some .)>o.si. '1 hi.) appcaPH abroad is at- ir 6u00 of bis ptiards, aniiy of iO.OOtJ lioi'sc, tbo'iij^h there scciii!) y for HO bir^rc a body 1? suspects llsc fidelity llis revnuics, arcord- Its pvcn of this couii- : of all the iiionarclM ;d together; and the itry are answerable, it Fortugiiese, and some trymcn, who formerly tiiat their palaces are [)ld !)latcs instead of itians of )io denoniina- lilered to settle in Ja- ivnulred years, on prc- ipiracy iormed by the heir proseh tes ag'uinst The IJiitch alone to trafiic afterwards, it is said, they were d then tramplinff upon nfirni the Japanese in they are so jealous , that upon the arri- ships, they take away im 20 S. y^rgcau, a town of France, now in file department of Loiret and lately in the province of Orleanois. It is 10 miles S E of Orlea.is, and 70 S W of I'aris. yarislau. Sec farmlnf. ''/urijiiii'it', a town of I'olaiid, in Red Russia, 100 miles K of Cracow. yiirnac, a to\vi\ of Frai\it in »ome places there are excellent pas- tures, and the jjrass has a fine smell. The ice which gets loose from the more n6rthern country in May, brinps with it a larg(! quantity of wood and several animals, such as foxes, wolves, and bears. Mount Hecla i« the most noted mountain, and is a volcano, which sometimes throws out sulphure- ous torrents. The inhabitants believe that some of the souls of the damned tfo to this moimtain, and that others are coMfinerdshir<;, with a fair on April 5. /cM'ff?';, avill.ij;'!; in Cambridgeshire, with a fair on Au|;nst 2d. Ichiort/i, a town in Sufiblk, with a market on Friday. Here are the ru- ins of an ancient priory, and several Homan coins h.ive Ixjcn dug up. It is 2.5 miles N W of Ipswich, and 74 N N E of Lonilon. Lon. 1 E, lat. 52 22 N. Icolmkill, formerly lona, a famous little island, one of the Hebrides, near the S W point of the isle of Midi. It is only three miles lonjf anil one broail ; but is very fertile. It has a mean vil- la)rc, and tlie ririns of an atigust mon- astery and ci^thcdral, said to have been founded by St. Columba, where tlure are three chapels, or rather cemete- ries in wiiich several ancient kinjfs of Scotland, Ireland, and Norwjiy arc Vm- ried. In former times, this i.sland wns the place, where the archives of Scot- land, nnd many valuable and ancient MSS were kept. Many of these, it i>i said, were carried to the Scotch collvje at Douay in France. This once cele- brated ser.t of royalty and learning is now almost destitute of an instnir- tor, to teach the people the common duties of religion. Ilia, Mount, a lofty aniniH, tliscovercd in 1497. It is seated amid mountains, in a deep valley, on the river Idria, 17 miles N E ofGoritz, and 2.'i N of Triest. Lon. l.;52E, lat.46 2() N. Lutein, a town of Germany, in VVe- tcravia, which is the residence of a branch of the house of Nassau, to whom it belongs. It is 12 miles N £ of Mcnlz. I-on. 8 23 E, lat. 50 2 N. yean, St. a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, formerly in the province of Lorrain. It is seated on the Sare, 12 miles W of Dcux-Ponts. Lon. 7 12 E, lat. 49 16 N. yeanrt, St. a town of France, now in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, late province of Lower Nuvane. It is Hr:iteil on the river Nive, at Uic ciitranrc o| iIkjsc passages, or deldes, in tlie Pwenccs, which in this comitry are cidled Ports, and dcfendrd by a citiidcl u|K)u an iui< incncc. Itis2'J miles S E of BuMyniie, and 30 N E of Pampcluna. Lon'. 1 33 E, lat. 43 12 N. ycan-d'Uihula, St. on island of North Aniirica, in New Spain, lying in the North Sea. Lon. 101 15 W, lat. 19 N. ye:l, a river in Roxburghshire, which joins tiie Tevint, a little below Jed- burgh, at a place where the marquis of Lothian lias a scat, called Mount Tcviot i and near thi.s on (he W side of the river are the beautiful ruins of an abbey, loutuled by king David ; a part of whirh ancient pile still serves for a purihli eliurrh. On tho banks of this river, are also several liu-ge caverns, which were the hiding places of the ancient border warrior.?. ycdburgh, a borough in Roxburgh- shire, situate on the Jed, near its con- fluence with the Tcviot. It h.is a good inarlvi't for corn and cattle, and is the seat of the courts of justice for the county. It is 36 miles S E of Edin- burgh. Lon 2 25 VV, lat. 55 55 N. ycddo, the capital town or city of the islands of Japan, where the emperor resides. It is open on :dl sides, having neitljer walls nor ramparts ; and tha houses are built with earth, and board- ed on the outside to prevent the rain from destroying the walls. In every street there is an iron gate, which is shut up intlio night, and a kind of cus- tom-house or magazine, to put mer- chandises in. It is a large place being nine miles in length, and six in breadth, and contains 1,000,000 of inhabitants. A fire happened in 1658, which, in the space of 48 hours, burnt dovm 100,000 houses, and in which a vast number of inhabitants perished. The emperor's palace and all the rest were reduced to ashes j but they are all rebuilt again. The royal palace is in the middle of the town ; and is defended with walls, ditches, towers, and bastions. Where the emperor resides, tliere arc three towers nine stories high, each covered with plates of gold ; and the hail of au- dience is said to be supported by pil- lars of massy gt>ld. Near the palnce are several others, where the relations of the emperor live. The empress has v^. J E N J E R M a ))a'iace of Ikt own, and there arc 20 small ones for tlie oncubincs. Besides, all tlic vassal kinj^s have each a palace in the city, with a handsome panlt-n, and stables for 2000 horses. The hous- es of the comi^on sort a.-e notiiiiij,' but a (cro;ind iimr, and the rooms are part- c(i by folding- screens ; so that tlieycan make t!ic rooms larger or sm:jller at pleasi'.e. It is seated i'l an ;i|,'feeable pl.ii'i, at the bott'im et' a fine bay, »nd tlie river wh'cli rrosst s it, is ili- vided into sevc;al canals. Lon. 140 K, lat. 35 32 N. 'fefferov'.nn, n. post town in Cidpeper ro-.imy, VJrj.pni:i, 20 miles N of Cill- pepcr town, and (il h \\f (^i Wnsliing- ton. yviffrso-ito-:i!i, n town in Jackson c)unt\, Geor;;ia, witii a jwst-oftice, "11 niiloj from Jfaslungton. Ji'r/i.i'/, or yvi't, ainDitalns in the N W part of Hii.'loo.stan Proper, cxtend- niyfiom yVtt ick, ea';*w.\r.l to Rcinbor. Tiicy are p.irt of tlf territory of the nioiintaiiicers, eidled G.rk'.'>rs, Geh- kers, or Kakares. After Tiiniir had passed the Indus, in 1398, the rhiefs of these aiountains came to inakc; their submission to liim, as Ambisarcs, the kinff of the Same eounlry, did to Alex- rnuler, about 1730 years before. ^'e'y/, a small island of North Arae- rira, en the coast of Georj;^ia, S of tl>c island of St. Simon's. ^fcmptcrland, a provinr-e of Sweden, toundcd on the N by Anpcrmknia, on tiie K by Medel])adi.7, on the S by Hel- .singia, and on the W by N.Tway. It is full of moimt.ains. ycna, astronfftown of Upper Saxo- ny, in Thurlnpfia, with a university. It IS scaled ou the Sala, 10 miles S K of "Weimar, and 2j S E of Effort. Lon. 12 4 E, lat. .VI 2N. ycna.ih. See C'hiir.ciu!). ^en fa, a preat lake of Sweden, in the province of Finland. '/eniiii. See Yimisei. 'fenistoi. See Iciiiseisi'. jenitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt Dessau, situ- ate on the Mulduu, two miles N E of Ucssau. [fciiintnn, a villag'e in Monttjomcry county, Pennsylvania, 10 miles N of Philadel])hia, on the post road to Beth- lehem. ^er.o, a town of Upper Hungary, 20 miles S of gi-eat Waradin, and 48 N E of Segcdin. Lou. 21 5 E, lat. 46 40 N, yericho, an ancient and famous to an of Palestine, built by the Jebusites. It: is now called Her\il(i by the Arabs, and is nothinj^ but a few wretrhert huts, where si.me beg^garly Arabs re- side. It Is five miles VV of the river Jordan, and 20 E by N of Jerusalem. LoM. 3.5 50 E, lat. 31 58 N. Jericho, a town i,f Lower Saxoiiv, situate on the Elbe, 32 miles N N E of Mag-dcbur{j. yeric/io, a post town in Chenango county. New- York ; situated on the E brancli of Susquchannali river, 45 mile* N E of Union, and about 100 W of tlic city of Hudson. ytrkin. Sec Irekin. yerm.ah, a town of Africa, in Fez- z.m. It is distinguished by the nume- rous herds, of sheep and goats, that are seen around it ; by the various and abundant produce of the adjacent fields , and by numerous and majestic ruins, Jerinah is 60 miles SE of Mour- zook. Lon. 17 17 E, lat. 27 5 N. Iferoshnsi, a town of the Russian em- pire, and capital of a dutchy of the saine name, on the river Volga. Lon. 40 55 E, lat. 57 24 N. jfirsey, an island in the English Chan- nel, 18 miles from tlie coast of Nor- mandy in France, and 84 S of Portland ill IJor.setshire. It is subject to the English; but is still govt .Mied by the ancient Norm.in laws. It is 30 miles in circumference, and difficult of ac- cess, on account of the rocks, sands, and forts erected for its defence. It contains 12 p.irishcs ; and the chief town is St. Helier, in the S part of the island. It is well watered M-ith rivu- lets, well stocked with fruit trees, and lu'S a noted manufacture for woollen .stockings and caps. The soil is fer- tile though there is a great deficiency of arable land for corn on account of the vast quantity of apple trees planted here for cider, 24000 hogsheads hav- ing been made here in one ye;ir. In 1781, a body of French troops landed on this island, surprised the lieuten- ant g'overnor, made him prisoner, and compelled him to sign a capitulation : but tmtjor Pierson, the commander of the English troops, refused to abide by this forced capitulation, and attacked the French in the town of St. Helier. The French were compelled to surren- der prisoners of war ; but the gallant major was killed in the moment of vic- tor j-. 'i^h ■<•»> E R [■ient antl famous to \\i\ It by tlie Jcbusitts. li. cnilji by tlie Arabs, but a few \vrotflic(i IP beffgarly Arabs rc- niles W of tlic rivcp , bv N of Jcnisalcm. ;.31 58N. vn <f janissaries, always resides here, to pro- tect them from the Arabs. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, which the pilgrims come to viiit, is a large structure, with a round nave, and has no light but what comes through the top, Uke the Pantheon at Rome. In tlte middle of the rmt, and directly J E R under the opening of the dome, is the Holy Sepulchre, which is placed in a chupel, whose door is three feet high and two broad. It is so small, thut it v-'.U hold but tliree p-Tsons on tlieir knees at a time. At tlie entrance, on tlie right hand, is the place where the body of our Saviour was laid, 'i'hc table on which he was said to have been laid at first is two feet and a half high from the pavement, which is now covered with white mai-ble, because its visitors were all for carry* ing away a small bit. Tl>is chapel it cut out of tlie rock, and tiiere are three holes in the roof, to let out the smoke of the lamps, which are 44 in uuinber, and always kept lighted. The whole is covered with wiiite marble both within and without ; and on the out- side tliere are ten fine colums of tlie same. It is covered with a pUtfuiin, tlie middle of which is exactly above the three boles, and forms a small dome, six feet in height, covered with lead, and supi>orted by 13 colums of porphyry, placed by pairs on the platform, and so making six arches, jiaving three lamps under each. Be* fore the gate of tlie sepulchre is a sil- ver lamp, so large, that two men can- not fathom it. Every year, on Good- Friday, all the parts oi' our Saviour's passion are solemuiaed anl acted here. They have first a sermo.i, and tlieu every one takes a lighted taper in his hand, with crucifixes &c. to begin the ]>rocession. Among the crucifixes is one as large as liie, being (Irowiied with thorns, and besmeared with blood. They visit first the pillai- of flagellation; r.xt the prison; aftcr- wanls the altar of tlie division of Christ's garments : then they advance' to the chapel of derision, and thence to Mount Calvary, leaving tlieir shoes at the bottom of the stairs. Here are two altars ; one where our Lord was supposed to be nailed to the cniss ;' and another where it was erected} here they set up the crucified imagA, then pull out the nails, take down the' boton county, Virginia, situated on the N side of the river Nottoway, 63 miles S W of Norfolk. yentelmere, a town of Asia, in Hin- doostun, in the dominions of the great Mopid. Lon. 72 40 E, lat. 26 40 N. yeti, a town of Italy, in Ancona, ■with a bishop's see. It is seated on a. mouiititin, near the river Jesi, 17 miles S W of Ancona, and 112 N E of Home. Lon. 13 16 E, lat. 43 30 N. yeto, a group of islands on tlie E coast of Asia, lying between those of Japan and the Kuriles. The southern- most, called Matmai, lies N of Ni- phon. It is governed, by a tributary prince, dependent on the empire of Japan, and fortified on the side toward tlie continent. It is full of woods ; and the inhabitants, who live by fishing and hunting, are strong, robust, savage, and slovenly, when compared to the Japanese. The two islands to the N E of Matmai, Kunachtr and Zellany, and likewise the three still further to the N E, called the three Sisters, are per- fectly independent. The Japanese give the name of Jeso to the whole chain of islands between Japan and Kams- chatka. See Ktiriles. Jever, a town of Germany in the cir- rle of Westphalia, and capital of Je- verland, with a citadel. It is 17 miles N E of .\iuick, and 30 N £ of Embden. Lon. 741 E, lat. 53 33 N. yeverland, a ten-itory of Germany, in Westphalia, bcloii^ng to the house of Anhalt-Zeibst. If, an island of France, the most eastern of the three before the harbour of Marseilles. It is well fortified, and its port is one of the best in the Medi- terranean. Jgh, a town of the country of tlie Orisons, in Cadoca with a magnificent castle, in which is a cabinet of curiosi- ties, and a library. It is 23 miles S W of Coire, and 23 S of Glarus. Lon. 9 E, lat. 46 33 N. Jglav), a considerable and populous town of Moravia, where they have a manufacture of good cloth, and excel- lent beer. It is seated on the Iglaw, 40 miles W of Brinn, and 62 S E of Prague. Lon. 15 42 E, lat. 49 8 N. • IgUtiai, a town in the S part of the ^land of Sardinia, witl) a bishop's sec. Lon ^7 miles W S W of Cajllari 8 39 E lat. 39 18 N. Jhor. See yaliore. Jionpour, a city of Hindoostan Pro- per, capital of a circar of the same name, in Benares. It is seated on the Goomty ; and not far from the conflu- ence of that river with the Ganges ; the fort of Jionpour is a building of con- siderable extent, on a high bank com- manding the bridge over thh Goomty. It is now chiefly in ruins, although, formerly, it commanded the country from the Gunges to Lucknow. The jilace was, at one time, the seat of an empire. Chaja Jahan, vizier to sultan Mahiimmud Shah, during the minori- ty of his son, Mamood Sliah, assumed tile title of sultan Shirki, or king of the East, took possession of Bahar, and fixed his residence at Jionpour, where he built the great mussud, or mauso- leum, which is still remaining, for him- self and family. The stone bridge over the Goomty consists of 16 pointed arches : and on the top of it are many little shops on both sides. It \vaa built in 1567, upon such sound principles, as to have withstood, for such a length of time, the force of the stream, which, in the time of the riuns, is very great. The inundations have been known to rise frequently over the bridge, inso- much that in 1774, a bripde of the British army passed over it in boats. Jionpour is 49 rpiles N W of Benares. Lon. 84 7 E, lat. 25 45 N. Ila. See Islay. Ilak or yalat, a town of Nubia, on the Nile supposed by some to be tlie ancient Meroe. Loii. 36 30 E, lat 18 48 N. Ilanti, a town in the country of the Grisons, capital of the Grey League. It is partly surrounded by walls. Here the general diet of the three leagues assembles every third year. It is seat- ed on the Rhine, 17 miles S W of Co-re. Jichester, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is of great antiquity, as appears by the Ro- man coins dug up, and once had six- teen churches, but now only two. It sends two members to parliament, and here the county gaol is kept. It is seated on the Ivcl, 16 miles S of Wells, and 123 W bv S of London. Lon. 2 37 W, lat. 50 56 N. Jldefonio St. a village of Spain, in New Castile, five miles N of Uzcda, D ; -""': '- )f Hindoostan Pro- circar of the same It is seated on the 'ur from the conflu- with the Ganges j •is abuildinjfof con- n a high bank com- e over thh Goomty. in ruins, although, Handed the country to Lucknow. The time, tlie seat of an ihan, vizier to sultan , during the minori- mood Shah, assumed !\ Sliirki, or king of session of Bahar, and e at Jionpour, where mussud, or mauso- U remaining, forhim- The stone bridge consists of 16 pointed ic top of it are many :h sides. It was built ich sound principles, aod, for such a length ofthe stream, which, e nuns, is very great. have been known to Bvcr the bridge, inso- [74, a brigade of the «ed over it in boats les N W of Benares. 25 45 N. town of Nubia, on bv some to be tlie Lon. 36 30 E, lat 18 in the country of the )f the Grey Leagiic. unded bv walls. Here of the "three leagiies :hird vear. It is seat- 17 miles S W of wn in Somersetshire, Wednesday. It is of appears by the Ro- und once had sis- ut now only two. It lers to parliament, and gaol is kept. It is 1, 16 miles S of Wells, of London. Lon. 2 37 village of Spain, in i'c miles N of Uaeda, I L L on the river CogoUudo. Here is a majf- iiificcnt palace, built by Ph. lip V. It is a superb structure, with iiue water- works and gardens. Ildeforuo lie lot Zapotatot, St. a town of New Spain, seated on a mountain, 50 miles N £ uf Autequiera. Lon. 27 JO W, lat. 17 5 N. Uderton, a village in Northumber- land, four miles S of Wooler. On a hill near it, is a semicircular encamp- ment, defended by two liigli rampiers of earth, and a deep fosse, witli an in- ner circle tif stones, which appear un- ceinented. The area is about lOU ya>-ds diameter, and contains many reniuins of buildings. Illeiug.iguen, a strong town of Africa in tlie kingdom of Morocco. I'fracombe, a seaport and corporate town in Devonshire, with a market on Satui-day. It is governed by a mayor, lias a spacious basin, formed by a good pier projecting into the Bristol Chan- nel. And employs a number of brigs !ind sloops, chieiiy in carrying ore from Ciirnwall, coal from Wales, and com from Bristol. It is seated almost oppo- site Swansea, in Glamorganshire, 49 inlles N N W of Exeter, and 181 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 5 W, lat. 51 14 N. lilieot, a seaport of Brasil, in South America, capital of Uio-los-Uheos, it is seated in a fertile country, and is 150 miles S S W of St Salvador. Lon. 41 25 W, lat. 15 5 S. Ilheof, or Hio los Ilheos, a province of South America, subject to poi-tugal. Ilkuch, a town of .Poland, in tlie pa- latinate of Cracow, remarkable for its silver mines, mixed with liead. It is seated in a barren country, at the foot of several mountains, 15 miles N W of Cracow. Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 50 20 N. ///, a river of Germany, which rises near Basle and falls into tlie Rhine. lUe, a town of France, now in the department of thtt Eastern Pyrenees and lately in the province of Rousillon, 10 miles S E of Perpignan. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 42 is N. liter, a river of Germany, which ris- es in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, passing by Kempten, Meminingen, and Kirchberg, and falls into tiie Danube, at Ulm. lllinoii, a river of North America, which rises in the Western Territory, near the S end of Lake Michigan, and taking? a S W course, falU into the I M £ Mississippi. Between the Illinois ant. the Ohio, is the country uf a noted In- dian nation, called the Illinois. liloci, a strong town of Sclavonia seated on the Danube, 15 miles fron Pcterwaradin, and 55 N W of Belgrade. Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 45 36 N. Ilin, or Stadt lim, a town of Uppe: Saxony, in tlie county of Schwartz- burg-Rudulstadt, 14 miles S of £r< furt. Ilmene, a lake of Russia, in the gt>> veriiment of Novogorod, which has « communication with the lake Ladoga, by tlie river Volkhof. Lon. 34 U E. lat. 58 N. Ihiiiniter a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It ia seat- ed in a dirty bottom, among the hills, 137 miles W by S of London. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 51) 55 N. lite, a river of Germany, rising in the mountains of Bohemia, and running S falls into the Danube at lUstadt. lltley, Eatt, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is seated on a pleasant valley, between two hills, and excellent downs for feeding sheep. It is 53 miles W of London. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 51 32 N. r/«(, a towa of tlie United Provinces, in Friesland, seated on the Weymer, 12 miles S of Lewarden. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 53 1 N. Ilttadt, a town of Germany, in Ba- voria, seated at the confluence of the Danube and Ills, opposite Passau. Lon. 13 37 E, lat. 48 27 N. lUtrop, a town of Sweden, in Wesb Gothland. Lon. II 51 £, lat. 57 23 N. Ilten, a town of Lower Saxony, in the principality of Lunenburg. > lUzhofer, a town of Suabia, in the territory of Halte hnbro, a woody and mountainous i»- land in the Grecian archipelago. It abounds with game and is about 20 miles in circumference. Ilmenitadt, a towv of Suabia, 90 miles E of Lindau. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 47 35 N. Iineritia, a countryof Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian, bound- ed on the S l>y Turkey, on the W by Mingrelia, on the N by Ossetia, and on the E by Georgia, of which it is, properly speaking, a part. The reve- nues of tlie sovereign, who is styled czar, arise from a contribution of Um peasants in wine, grain and cattle, and i '\ I M M Troin the tribute of the neifi^hboiiring princes s and amony the extraordinary sources of revenue, coilfiscations hare a considerable share. But as all this is insufficient for tlie subsistence of the prince, he usually travels from house to house, living on his rassals, and never changing his quarters till he has con- sumed every tiling eatable. The court of Imeritia is, thcretbre, not remarka- ble far splendour, nor tlie prince's ta- hle sumptuously served. His usual fare consists of gom, (a species of mil- let, ground, and boiled into a paste) a piece of roasted meat, and some pres- sed caviare. These lie eats with his fingt-rs ; forks and spoons being un- known in Imeritia. At table he is fre- quently employed in judging causes, which he decides at his discretion, there being no law but his own will. He usually wears a coarse dress of a brown colour, with a musket on his shoulder ; but upon solemn occasions, be puts on a robe of rich gold brocade, and liangn round his neck a silver chain. He is distinguished from his subjects by riding upon an ass, perhaps the only one in Imeritia, nnd by wearing boots. He has no i-egular troops, but can col- lect an undisciplined army of 6,000 men, npr has he any artillery. His ci- vil ordinances are issued every Friday, which is tlie market day, when one of his servants ascends a tree, and with a loud voice proclaims tlie edict, which is communicated to the people, by e:vrh person, upon his return to the place of his abode. The inhubitunts, estimated at 20,UO0 families, are not collected into towns or villlRijes, but scattered overthe country in small hamlets, 'i'hcy ■end yearly considerable quantities of wine to tiie neighbouring parts of Geor- gia, in IcMhem bags, carried by horses. Bu<: they are without manufactures, Very poor and miserable, and cruelly (^pressed by their landlords. The Imeritians are of the Gi-eek religion. Their patriarch, who is generally of the royal family, can seldom read or write i and tiie inferior clergy are not better instructed. Their churches are wretclied buildings, scarcely to be dis- tinguished from comniuH cottages, but from a paper cross over the principal door, and some painiings of the virgin and the saints. Cutais is the capital. Immenhauten, a town of Hesse-Caa- sel, in Germany, ImmeiuUnit, a to^vn of the county of I N D Konegsegg in Suabia. It is situate on a small river 14 miles S E of Isny. Imota, a populous town of Italy, in Rnmagna, with a bishop's see ; seated on the Santemo, 4S miles N by E of Florence. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 44 28 N. Imperial, a pleasant town of South America, in Chili, seated on a craggy rock in a charming country. Lon. 72 35 W, lat. 38 W S. Inchco/m, an island in the frith of Forth, near the coast of Fife, but with- in the county of Edinburgh. Here are the fine ruins of a monastery, founded in 1123, by Alexander I. in gratitude, it is said, tor his escape, when driven on this Lsland in a tempest, and for the hospitable treatment he received here, for three days, from a hermit, wlio en- tertained him with the milk of his cow, and a few shell-fish. It was of the or- der of Aug^stines and dedicated to St. Culomba. Inehteith, a desolate little island in Edinbui'ghsliire, in the frith of Forth, lying midway between the ports of Leitli and Kingiiorn. Here is a ruinous fort Inchmamoci, a beautiful little island of Scotland, S W of the isle of Bute. It is one mile long, and on the W side are vast strata of coral and shells. It derives its name of Inchmarnock from a chapel dedicated to St. Marnoc, the ruins of whioh are still to be seen. India, an extensive region in Asia, which lies between 66 and 93° E lon. and 7 and 35" N lat. Under this name, the Europeans have erroneously inclu- ded all tlie countries which lie S of Tartary, and extend from the eastern frontiers of Persia to the eastern coasts of China. But the name of India can be applied, with propriety to that coun- try only, which is distinguished both in Asia and Europe, by the name of Hin- doostan. The countries to the E of the river Burampooter (-namely Aracan, Assam, Ava, Burmah, Cunihr)di:>, Co- chin-Ciiiua, Laos, Malaccu, Pej;u, Siam and Tonquin) which gengrn|>Iiers have hithertodistingiiis'iedbythc name of tlie Peninsula of India beyond the Gani^es, are no more to be considered as belong- ing to India, than the bordering coun- tries of Persia, lartary, and 'I'hibet. See Hindooitan. Indapour, a seaport of the island of Sumatra. Lon. 100 50 E, Lt. 41 46 N Indiet, Eatt, the name given by Eu- ropeans, to a great number of islands I ND Suabia. It is situate on 4 miles S E of Isny. ipuloiis town of Italy, in h a bishop's see ; seated 10, 45 miles N by E of n. 1145E, lat. 44 28N. pleasant town of South liili, seated on a crn^fry mine country. Lon. 7'2 WS. island in the frith of 5 coast of Fife, but wit!i- f Edinburgh. Here are f a monastery, founded esander I. in gratitude, lis escape, when driven 1 a temjiest, and for the tment he received here, from a hermit, who en- vith the milk of his cow, -fish. It was of the cr- ies and dedicated to St. lesolate little island in , in the frith of Forth, between the ports of liorn. Here is a rninous a beautiful little island V of the isle of Bute. It g, and on the W side of coral and shells. It ! of Inchmarnock from ed to St. Marnoc, the re still to be seen, jnsive region in Asia, een 66 and 93° E lon. lat. Under this name, lave erroneously inclu- intries which lie S of tend from the eastern ia to the eastern coasts he name of India can propriety to that coiin- s distinguished both in , by the name of Hln- juntries to the E of the ter (flamely Aiacan, irmah, Canibndi:i, Co- , Malacca, PeffU, Siam lich geograj>liers have s'ledbvtlic name oftiie ia beyond the Guni^'es, : considered as belong- 1 the bordering coun- Tartaiy, and 'I'hibet. iport of the island of 00 50 E, lut. 41 46 Jf e name given by Eu- »t number of islands I'l »>iM v.d I. •IIS .NMHwintu'S- **"^ ^/'' 'j-* O'^ tjl'9 6i f^J t^'o iBSirES^JDICIESo c At So/a / c'§7^' Jw- t „.1" >i^ -'« Ilk- (madalouprj nammtca lonair IN D in the Indian Ocean, extsndinjf from the peninsula of Hindoostan Rg Wr E as New Guinea, and from the hajof Ben- g'al and the China Sea as far S as New Holland. The most western of them are the Maldives, and the most eastern the MoUuccas ; Ijctween which are se- veral very large ones, as Ceylon, Su- matra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes, be- sides many others of considerable im- portance as to riches, though much in- ferior in extent. Their produce nnd other particulars, are described under tlieir several heads. Iniliet, West, tlje name given to a great number of islands in the Atlantic O- cean, which extend across the entrance of the gidfof Mexico, from the N W extremity of the Bahama Islands, off the coast of Florida, in lat. 27 45 N, in a S E direction, to the island of Toba- go, 120 miles from the coast of Terra Firms, in lat. 11 30 N. Cuba is the most western, and Barbadoes the most eastern of these islands. When Colum- bus discovered them in 1492, he con- sidered them as part of those vast re- gions in Asia, comprehended under tlie general name of India, to reach wliich, by a W course across the Atlantic O- cean, liod been tlje grand object of his voyage ; and this opinion was so gene- ral, that Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Castile, in their ratifica- tion of ao agreement, granted to Co- lumbus, upon his return, gave them the name of Indies. Even after the error which gave rise to this opinion was de- tected, and the true position of the New World was ascertained, the name has remained, and the appellation of the West Indies is given hy all the people of Europe to tliesc ishmds, and that of Indianii to the inhabitants, not only of these islands, but of the conti- nent of America. They are likewise called the Caiibbee Islands, from the aborigines of the country, and the sea in wliich they lie is called the Carrib- bean Sea. JBy the French, they are called the Antilles i and nautical men distinguish them, from ilie diflerent courses taken by ships, into t!ie Lee- ward and Windward Islands, which •ee. The name of Caribbec should properly be confined to the smaller is- lands, lying between Porto Rico and Tobago. These were inhabited hy the Caribs, a fierce race of men, nowise resembling their timid neighbours in the larger islands. Columbus i^ras a I N n witness to their intrepid valour. Th» same character they have maintained invariably In all subsequent contests with the Europeans. The Britisli is- lands are Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. Christopher, Antigua, Aneguda, Ne- vis, Montferrat, Barbuda, Angriiilla, Dominicii, St. Vincent, Granada, the Bahama Islands ,■ and part of the Vir- gin inlands with Tobago, Martinico, and St. Lucia, conquered from tite French, the lirst in 1793, and the other two in 1794. Cuba, Porto Rico, Tri- nidad, and Margarita, belong to the Spaniai'ds, who liave the eastern part of Hispaniola. I'hc French have Gua- daloupe, Mtirigalaiite, Deaeada, and the possession of Hispaniola it dnpii- ted between the French and Mulaftocs. Tlie Dutch have St. Eu.statia, Cura- cao, Stiba, and St. Mai'tin ; the Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of the Virgin Islands ; and tlie Swedes, St. Bartholomew. IiuUans of North and South America, the original natives of these two vast continents i of whom it is observable, that there is a natural distinction be- tween the inhabitants of the temperate zones and those of the torrid ; and that accordingly, they may be divided into two great classes. Tlie one com- prehends all the North Americans, from the river St. Lawrence to the gulf of Mexico, togetlier with the peopk* of Chili, and a few small tribes toward the .jxtremity of tlie southern conti- nent. To the other belong all the in- liabitants of the island^ and thaic set- tled in the provinoens^' which extend from the isthmiisM Daricn aimo.st to tlie so'jtherii confines ol" Brasil, along the E side of the Andes. In the for- mer, which compreliendsall the regie?'.* of the tempcri'.te zone in America, that are inhabited, the hura:tn specie* appears raanifeslly to be more perfect, the natives ave move robust, active, in- telligent, and courageous ; and have de- fended their liberty with perse^'erinj fortitude against the Europeans, who siibdued tlie other rv|de nations of A- merica with the giettcst ense. The natives of the temperate xone are the only people in the new world who are indebted for their freedom to their own valour. The North Americ.-ins, though long encompassed by three rbrmidahle European powiTS, retain part of their original possessions. Tlie >eoi;!e of Chili, Ui<»u|fh early invaded. I N D I N D :i . ;!i, 8t!U maintain a gallant coiitest with the S|)aniurd»i ami iia\c Hct IxjundH to their vncrokchnicnts I wlicrcus in thv warm- er ri'i^ong, nMn ure more feeble in their frame, leia vigoroct, in the ef- forts of their mind, of a gentle but das- tardly spirit, more enslaved by plea- ■iire, and more sunk in indolence. Ac- cordingly, it is in the tcrrit' zone that the Europr. s have mo efit. tually es- tablished 1 , doi)'' ovc Anieri- ij i. id, .*'.,,'. mi :.bi.i '.I. re, still iiijoy indepi..ii''.Mi.f, ii i- - itiier because they have ne."." iii.'iii :i. eked by un enemy ah .ady 5:tM(i'"'eautiful feathers, heads, wam- pum, and such like baubles. Their eai's are bored, and stretched by a thcmg down to their shoulders. They are wound round with wire to expand them, and adorned with silver pen- thiiits, rings, and bells, which they likewise wear in their noses. Some of Uiom will have a large feather through till; cartillage of the nose j and those who can uHoi'd it, wear a collar of wampum, a siKer breast plate, and bracelets on the arms and wrists. A bit of cloUi about the iniihlle, a shirt of the English make, on which they be- slow innumerable stitciirs << ad'>rn it, a sort of cloth boots and niuckasons, which are shoes of a make peculiar to llie Indians, ornamented with porcu- pine quills, with a blanket thrown over all, complete tiieir ile- nt of natural tloqiieiu-e. ,)cr nd in villuges, eit' r f^onius ; » grcc, the 'I'hey live in tl c vntxl;, or on the banks of riv- ers, when t ley have little iiitations of Indian' -n, and '"lots, not enough Id suppi} ii families half the year; and they ..osist, the remainder of it, by hunti'g, fishing, and fowling, »' ' the fruits of the PTth, «v! h ,^.<'W -spontaneously in great plenty, 'i heir huts are generally built of small logs, and covered with bark , each iiaving a chimney, and a door, on which tliey phfe a padlock. One of their towns called Old Chclicothe, is built in the form of a parallelogram ; and some of their houses are shingled. A long council-house extends Uie whole length of the town, where the king and chiefs of the nation frequently meet, and con- sult on all matters of importance, ■whether of a civil or military nature. Some huts arc built by setting up a frame on forks, and placing bark a- gainst it j others of reeds and sur- rounded with clay. The fire is in the middh jf the wigwam, and the smoke passeii through a little hole. They join reeds together, by cords run tlirougli them, which serve them for tul)les and beds. They mostly lie upon skhis of •wild beasts, and sit on the groimd. They have brass kettles and (jots to boil their fooit religion. O- theis continue tlKii"- ■ vrnicr supersti- tious worship of tlic objects of tlieir love and fear, id especially those be- ings whom they most dread ; tlioiigh, at the same time, it is allowed tliey pray to the sun, and other inferior be- nevolent deities, for success in their undertakings, for pU •r'ty of foo)fefiil, hut this ri". ( ii^r isunl_» (hi- inif themsehcs jiintire on tliosc wlio injure tliein anci is Hciiltini executed but in rases nt ni'irdcr or adiiliery. Tlieir king hiis no |i'> a'( r to put any «>')e to (leatli hy his'iwi mitt'oiit, ; hut the nninliTi T is (^eiienilly did. vert d iiii ti tlie friends ot the decciiM-d, to do ah tlie_\ |ilii'»e. Wiicii oiu l.ills ;i'. ll'.fr, his tiieiKl k.lls him, anu s.> llicy coi,- tinne imtii ih.h h hlood is slu'd ; and »t ' isl the (|iiiriel is ended h; m'ltiiil rreseiils. Th'*ir hir-jjH are hcirdilar; , iiiiV tlieir authority e,\trcmcly liii.itcd. No peiiph- an- a loore sti'ikiiiKcvidente ot'H.e niisenc's of mankind in the want of jn, and treated witii ii.iter- tihI kind.'iess. And if he avoids their nwpieions of ifoniff away, he is allowid the sunie priviU'jjes as their own peo- ple. B"t sonictines their prisoners are destined t'> lie tovtnred to death, in order to satiate the reventje of their e.or.q'.erois. AVhile their lot is in siis))ense, the prisoners appear aho- jjetlicr unconcerned about what may bpfalt!icm; they talk, they eat, they sleep, a» if tliere weie no danger im- pendinff: and when the fatal sentenre is intimated to them they receive it ■nrirth an unaltered con .tenance, raise their death-song, and prepare to suf- fer like men. The victors assemble as to a solemn festival, »e84ilved to put the fortitude of the captives to the ut- most pro«)f. A scene ensues, the bare descriptiou of wluch is enough to chilJ[ ; the lieart ■with liorror, wherever men liHvc been airustotned, by mild institu- tions, to respect their siweies, anil to melt into teiicterness at tjiv sijrht ot hu- man sulierings. '1 he prisoneis are tied nuked to a Htake, but so as tu be nt l.bert.' to mo\e round it. All pre- sent, men, W'|fonu l-, in torturing, that, by uvoidiiix to touch the vital |)arts, they often prolon{; this srcno of ai'jfuisli for several days. In spite of all their suffe.'iiigs, the vivtiins cintin- ue lo I hunt their deulli-s.iiiL; with u t:riii voice, they boast of their own ex- ploits, I hey insult their to.-niciitcrs for tlieir want of skill to aveni^'e t.'ie death of their friends and rclaiions, they w«rn them of the vciipeai.ee that a- waits l.'iem on aceonnt of what they are now doiiijr and exeitc their ferocity by ll;e most pi'ovnkinjj reproaches ami tlire'its. 'lo display imdauiitejl flirti- tiide in siicii dreadful ttiluatiuns, is the niblest triumph of a warrior; to avoiil the trial hy a voluntary death, or to shrink under it, is deemed cowardly iiM'l infanuiiis. If any one betrays symptoms of timidity, his tormentors dispatch him at once with contempt, !is unworthy of being treated I'ke a man. Animated by these ide<\s, they endure without a groan, what it seems almo,st impossible that hum'»n nature sliovdd Sitstain. Weary at length, of contending with ii>eu, whose constan- cy they cannot vanquish, some ciiief, in a rage, puts a period to their sutiicr- i".gs, by dispi'tching them with his dagger or his club. The people of South America gratify their revenge in a m.inncr somewhat diii'erent, but with the «nme unrelenting rancour. Their prisoners, alter meeting at their Hrst entrance, with the same rough re- ception as among the North Ameri- cans, arc not only exemjK from injury, but treated with the greatest kindness. They are feasted and caressed, and son^ beautiful yoimg women are ap- pointed to attend and solace them. But, by a refinement of cruelty, while they seem studious to attach their cafrtives to life, their doom ie irrevoca- bly fixeuU On aq app()vfft^d day, tb* ND Brror, wherever men >iiH'(l, by mild iiistitii- tliuir 8|><:i-icM, aiul tu es» at Uiv si)(lit ut hu- 'I lie prisoiieis nre nke, but no as tu bo '. round it. All pre- 1, and cliiklreii, rush tunes i Dome burn rcdIioL irons, »oinc I'lfs witU knives, o- chI) from tlicir bonen, ills b; tb<; roots, and '.■ir siii<'w* ; aiul Huch Ifonu ly in torturing-, H u< touch tlie vital prolonjj tliis srenc of ■ul (la)s. In spite of fs, tl.e victims I'lntin- r (touUi-s.)ii^f with IV loiist of tlicir own ex- . their to.-nicnters for II to avi'iii^-c t;ie death and rcla mills, they le vcngeaiice that a- •ount of what they are stitc their ftrocity by kiim; reproaches anil ij)lay undaunted Cirti- idhil kiiuationsi, is the i)f a warrior : to avoid ohmtiiry death, or to is (Icemcd cowardly If any one betrayi* idity, his tormentors once with contempt, being treated like a , by these ide; that humin nature Weary at length, of nven, whoso ronstan- vaiujuish, some chief, period to their sufler- Mng them with his chib. The people of gratify their revenge Ticwhat diliiercnt, but unrelenting rancour, atler meeting at their ith the same rotigh re- g the North Amcri- !y exernjK from injury, 1 the greatest kindness, ed and caressed, and I'oimg women arc ap- nd and solace them, ment of cruelty, while dious to attach their their doom \e irrevoca- aq appqqvUd day. th* I N D Wrtorious tribe nssemlilcs, tlio prison- fr is broujfht forth with jjirat sulciii- iiity, he nit-ets his fate with undiiiinti^d liriiincss, and ii dispatchud by a single blow. 'I'lie imnient he fidls', the wo- niiii sei/.e the body, and drtxs it fa- ille feast. They besmear their chil- dren witli the blood, in order to kindle ill their bosoms a hatred of their ene- (iiies, and all join in feeding upon the flesh with a-,n;i/iiig g-reedincss and ex- ultation. Wherever this pracllee pre- vails, captives never csca|>e death ; bit they are not tortured with the ^iUlle cruelly as among tribes which ;irc less accustomed to such horrid feasts. The Iiuliiiiis of South Ameri- ca, immediately under the Spanish Kovernnieiit, although the most de- pressed order of nieu in the country which belonged to their ancestors, arc iiow far from being treated with that rigour and cruelty which was laid to the charge of the first conquerors of that continent. They arc no longer considered as slaves ; on the contrary, they are reputed as freemen, and enti- tled to the privileges of subjects. A certain tribute is, indeed, imposed up- on them, and certain services required ; hut these are all under due regulation;! of policy and humanity. The Indians vyho live in tlie principal towns are en- tirely subject to the SpaiiiHli laws and magistrates ; but, in their own villages, they are governed by c.-iziques, some ofvyhoinare the descoiidaiils of their ancient li,.ds ; others arc named by tile Spanish viceroys. These regulate the petty art'aiis of the people under thein, acciirding to n.a.\ims of justice, transmitted to them by tradition. To the Indians, this jurisdiction, lodged ill such friendly hands, affords some con- solaticm; and so little formidable is this dignity to their new masters, that they oilien allow it to descend by here- ditary right. For their further relief, the Spanish court h^is appointed an of- ficer in every district, with the title of Protector of the Indians, wliose duty is to assert the rights of tlie Indians ; to appear as their defender in the courts of justice ; and to set bounds to the exactions of his countrymen. A por- tion of the annual tribute is destined for the salaries of the eaziqiies and protectors ; another part is appropria- ted to the payment of their tribute in years of famine, or wlien a particular district is alHicted by any extraordinary I N G local calamity. Provision too is m.ntfe, I"- various laws, that h(Mp:i,.li should be (liiindeil in every new sitUe- nieiit, for tlic leceptioii' nf Indians. Such hospitals lia\c ateordiiigly been erertc-.l, both flir the iiidi(^ent and in- lirni, til Lima, Cilsco, and Me.\ico, wheie the Indiana are treated with teiidernc4s and humanity. See F.si/ui- iiiaiixt Indus, Went; Pataguiiia .• txwd Vincent, St. Imirti/iure, a Dutch Settlement on the W coast of Sumatra, in the E Indies, 16u miles N W of Ueneoolcn. Imire, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, which'risea in this department, and passing into that of Indie and Loire, falls into the Loire, between Cliinon and Saumur. Cliateauroux is the capital. InJie and Loire, a department of France, which includes the late pro- vince of Toiiraine. Tours is the capital. Indore, or Kiulorc, a modern city of Hindo(istan Proper, capital of a terri- tory in the province of Malwa, subject to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefs j aOmilcs Sof Oiigein. Lon. r6jK, lat. 24 M N. Lidus, a great river of Hindoostan Proper, called by the natives Sinde or Sindeh ; formed of about ten princi- pal streams, which descend from the Persian and Tartarian mountaina. From the city of Attock to Moultan, or to the conflux of the Chunaub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Below the city of Moultan, proceeding in a S W direction, through the pro- yince of that name, and that of Sindy, it enters the Arabian Sea, by several mouths, N W of the gulf of Ctitch. Ingatstone, a town in Essex 23 miles N E of London. LigUsheivi, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, re- markable for having been the residence of the emperors, seated on the rivev Salva, on an eminence from whence there is a charming prospect, five miles S W of Mentz. Lon, 8 15 E. lat. 49 48 N. Jiig'eton, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire. Ingoing, a town of France, now in the department of Moselle, lately in the province of Lorrain. IngoUtadt, a handsome town of Ger- many and the strongest in Bikvaria, with a famous university, and a %a% ;; |i •" I J 'iiv I N G tluircli. Tlic lirAurs art? built of IiIdiu', ami tlie stiTctii arc larf^r. It wan talidi by tlic Aiistriaiis in 174.2; Mini \v:is liiiMll)npllcMl In liic I'l-ciirli ; but rfl'fvnl hy ticc AiiNti'i»ii.s, Sip. 11, 17'.)(). It i»'iipufp(l on till' Danuhf, five miles N N K nf Nniliiirjf, and ^.l N l)v \V ..{• Muni.li. 1,011. 11 10 E, lot. ;i« 46 N. ligr'nt, a jifovincc of the Russian fnipirc, will'. !i now forins the j^ovt-ni- nu'iil of St. I'ck'i-slnirjr. It is 1:50 miles loiijf ami .VJ ln-oail ; lioinulcd on the N l)\ till.' river Neva and tlif; jfulf of !•' inland, on thf K and S by tlio foM-riiinent of Novoporod, and on tliu V by that of Livonia. The c/.ar I'rtcr lliL- Great wrested it from the Swedis, and it was conHrmrd to him by the treaty of NysladL in 17J1. 'I'lie Ls- rliort/.i have for a lonjf time fallowed jLTJcidturo, as will a.s the other Finns. Tlicir economy is an ill-chosen mean hi twixt tliat of the Russians and that . The boyu tioin several villages together fre- (pienll. elope at once; and there i» every ria«on in the world to believe that this is for very bad jxtrposes. Tlic dress of the men is exactly like that of the Finn boors; but tikc habit of the women betrays u vanity, which, (■oii.ildering the poverty of this people, and tlie tyranny wiiich their hubbandu ;uid failiers e.\ereise over them, may pass for lu.sury. When a man is in- clined to marry, he buys himself a, 1,'irl, and celebrates his nuptials. All the way to the church they are accom- panied by two women in veils, who sing as they go compositions, if one may call them so, totally destitute of cornmon sense. No sooner is the marri- age eereinony perlbrmcd, than the hus- band begins to treat hi.s wife with the utmost severity, and thcnceforwiird keeps her under strict discipline; though notalwa>s with the greatest attention to justice. She is ofien bea- ten for the Aiidts of the children, and .sometimes for those of the domestics. The dead are buried by the priests of the profession t» which they belong ; but these superstitious people return to the grave under covert of the night, and, having taken up the sod, deposit eatables iiir their de])arted friend, which they renew during a fortnight or three weeks. Iiij-ushi, See Kinti. Iiiluimliana, a kingdom of Africa, lying under the equator. Tonqua is the capital. Inn, a river of Germany which has its source in the country of the Grisons, at the foot of the mountain Septimcr- bcrg. It runs N E through Tirol, by Inspruc, anil continuing its course N E through Bavaria pusses by Kuffstcill* Vasseburg, Braunaw, luid other towns, and Hills into the Danube, between Pasnnu and Instadt. Innacanda, a fortress of the Dcccan of Hindoostan, in the Gunloor Circar, situate on a hill, 46 miles N W of On- gole, and subject to the nizani of tlie Deccan. ' Iniierliithi'ng. Sec Inverhithing. Iiiiiiclicr, a tov 1 of Germany, in the Tvrol, situate on the Drave. Lon. 12 17 E, \nt. 46 48 N. Innisclochran, or the Stony Itiand, an island in the river Shannon, where tUei'c was a monastery. 32 1 N N liiH and Other crimes lie liij^liway. 'I'lic boy» \iU;(He« tojfethtr iVc- !it once i ami tlierc i» I tlio world to believe ir very bud purpose*, lie men in exactly lik© II boor.t ; but tbe habit )etruyH a vaiiitv, whirli, ! poverty of thiH people, y wliich their husbundt* -reise over tlicm, may When a man is in- ry, be buys biniself a rates his nuptials. All church they are accom- ) women in veils, who go compositions, if one so, totally destitute of No sooner is the niarri- jcrforincd, than the h>is- 1 treat his wife with the ty, and thenceforwnrd I'der strict discipline ; wajs with the jrreatest stice. She is often bea- Its of the children, and those of the domestics, buried by the priests of t» which they belongs erstitious people return iider covert of the night, ken up the sod, deposit their departed friend, enew duriiij; a fortnight s. ;e Kisti. a kingdom of Africa, he equator. Tonqua is of Germany which ha» ic country of the Grisons, the mountain Septimer- 1 N E through Tirol, by lontinuing its course N E ma passes by Kufsteiii* raunaw, luid other towns, I the Danube, between istadt. I fortress of the Deccan I, in the Guntoor Circar, ill, 46 miles N W of On- iject to the iiizam of the a. See Inverieithing. tov 1 of Gei-many, in the ; on the Drave. I.on. 12 48 N. m, or the Stony Itland, an ; river Shamion, where monastery. I N V Innlafail, one of the ancient nameR vf Ireluiul. ImiiJ'atlfn, an island in the lake of Kill..riiey, in the county of Kerry, and province of Muntter. Innuluinnon, » town in the co\inty of Coik, and province of Minister, situiitc on the river Duiidon, 1,J4 miles from U.iblin, and lix miles from Kinsule. Jnnishiriaii, an isUnd btlween Cape Clear island and Bidtimurc bay, in tlu county of Cork. InniaHling, a town of Ireland, in the ennnty of Fermanagh, with a itrong Tn-t, it being a pass of the greatest importance from tlie N to tlie S of Ire- land. It IS seated in the niiddli^ of Lough Earnc, where that great hke is cimtrncted, for about six miles, lo tliebreiiihh of an ordinary river. It in 20 miles E of nullysiiunnon. Lon. C 50 W, lat. 54 25 N. Inntlml, a district of Germany, in the Tirol, watered by the river Inn. In- «pruc is the capital. IiiowislailUlmv, a strong and consider- able town of I'oland, and capital of CiiJHvia, with a fort and a palace wlicre the bishop of Cujavia resides. It is 37 miles N E of Gncsna, and 70 VV of IVarsaw. Lon. 18 50 E, lat. 52 58 N. Jiufiruc, a ])opulous town of Germa- ny, in the Tirol, capital of the district of Inntlial, witli a strong castle, for- merly the residence of the arckdukes of Austria. It is sc-atcd in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, '27 miles N W of Brixen, and 60 S of Munich. Lon. 11 27 E, lat. 27 10 N. Jiutadt. See Pusiau. Imterburg, a. city of Lithuania in Prussia, where the inlial>itjuits, who are in number about 3000, trade prin- cipally in beer and grain. I^on. 21 40 E, lat. 54 40 N. Interluchen, a town of Swisserland 32 miles S £ of Bern. InveriVj/, a. royal borough in Argyle- Bhire, seated on' the N W sideof Locli Eyne. In the neighbourhood of this place is a considerable iron work. U is 75 miles N W of Edinburgh anti '• of Glasgow. Lon. 5 W, lat. 56 16 1, Inverbervie. See Bervie. Inveresi, a village in Edinbnrgli- sliire, situate on the £ side of the mouth of the rirer Esk, on tlie frith of Forth. In 1783, tlie subterraneous remains of a Roman hypocaust, or hot bath, were discovered here. Inverieithing, a royal horoufj^b in Ftfe^ I N V shire, »it'ifttc in the frith of Forth It ha.s a beautiful bay with h good liur- boiiruiid ronHideriible tnulf in ro^l and other articles i audi* 18 miles N \V ofKdinburg. Lon. 3 i;.j W, lat. 57 N. Invrrlochy, MX untient castle in tli* neiglibourliood of Fort Wiiliam, in In. vt-niessliire. Iiii'cn'na, a royal borough of Scot* land, capital of a county of (be sani* name, situate on the S bank of the river Ness, and overlooking the frith of Murray. It has a safe aiiil convenient harbour, and a good deal of shipping. Several large buildings liave been erected on tlie N side of the town, in which a considerable maiiiifVcluro of ropes and canvass is c»rrie infinite number of fish. The western Islaodft pjPUU%, which l)eloQ|f to thi^ If I 11 ,' ' . 11 im m^mu J O H J O N I ]:> county fire, the S part of lewis cnllcd Harris, Skie, Barra, Noitli and South Uist, Benbecula, St, Kllda, Uona, Ua- sa, Rum, and several smaller outs. The cliicf towns arc Inverness, Inver- lochy or Fort William, Fort Augustus, Bcaulieu, and Beriicra. In Skie the chief town is Portry, where vast lur.ii- bers of cattle are S(jld annually. Tlie common people in the liiffh parts of the country, and on the western shore, speak Gaelic, but tlie people of f'asliiou in Inverness, and its nuii^hbourliond, use the English lang'uag-e, and pro- nounce it with propriety. Iiiverury, a sm;ill borough in Abcr- flcenshire, situate on the beautiful and fertile ba ks of the Don, just above its confluence with the river called Urie Water. It is 15 miles N W of Aber- deen. ynanna. See Himuam. yohanncsburg, a town of Poland in Suadavia, a canton of Ducal Prussia, with a citadel, seatv>,d on the river Pvch, near the lake Spirdiiip, 95 miles S E of Koningsberg. Lon. 22 39 E, lat. 53 16 N. ^ohn-n'' -Groat's House, the remains of a noted house, reckoned the most northerly dwelliiijy in Scotland, and situate on Dtuigsbay Head, which forms the N E point of Great Bri- tain. yohti's, St. one of the Philippine Is- lands, in the East Indies, E of Minda- nao. Lon. 126 32 E, lat. 9 30 N. yohn's, St. an island of North Amer- ica, in the bay of St. Lawrence, hav- ing New Brunswick on the W, and Cape Breton on the E. It was taken by the English in 1758. ^tilm's, St. a. river of North America, in New Brunswick, which enters the bay of Funday, at the city of St. John's. f/ohh's, St. a city of North America, in New Brunswick, situate at the nioutli of the river St. John's. Lon. 65 15 W, lat. 45 12 N. yohn's, St. a town on the E siile of the island of Newfoundland. It has a good harbour, defended by several forts in one of which the governor of the is- land resides. Lon. 52 21 W, lat. 4" 32 N. yohn's, St. the capital of Antip;ua. It is one of tl'c most regular towns in the West Indies, and has the ni.)st commodious harbour in the Leeward Jslanda, Lon. 62 4 W, lat. 17 4 N. yohti'jiie^a, a very ancient town ot S]i:iin, in Catalonia, sc.ited at the foot of the Pyrenees, 20 miles S of Perpig- uan. f/nhnre, a tov.Tt of M.ilacca, in Asia. Lon. y3 55 E, lat. 1 15 N. yo/^'H,', a town of France, now in the department of Yoniie, and lately in the provinre of Burgundy. Its red wines, though not of the ilist quality, have a gixat demand. It is liandsouLi-- Iv seated on the Youne, 17 miles S S E (if Sens. Lon. 3 :j6 E, lat. 48 N. y<)iiivil/e, an ancient and considerable town of France, now in the dei)artnu-.iit of Upper Murnc, and lately in the pro- vince of Champagne, with a large mag- nifircnt castle. It is seated on the Marne, 25 miles S W of Bar-le-diic, and 125 S E of Paris. Lou. 5 20 £, lat. 48 20 N. yonesborough, a to-vvn in Washington county, Tcnni.'S!;i;, where there is a post office, 107 miles NE of ICuoxville, and 16 miles S of Blountsville, on the river Holstein. yonestmvn, a post town in Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, 7 miles N of Le- banon, and about 30 N E of Harrisburg, M'ith about 300 inhabitants. yohnsnnburg, a town in Morris coun- ty. New Jersey, with a post office, at the distance of 29 miles N E of Easton in Pennsjlvania. yu/msion, the principal town of Mont- gomery county. New York, 31 miles N \V of Shenectady, and 6 miles from the N bank of Moh.ock river. This was formerly the scat of Sir William John- ston, whose brave)'y rescued the coun- try from devastation, by a decisive vic- tory over tlie French and their savage allies, in 1755; on his demise it be- came tlie property of his stm Sir John Johnston ; and was cimliscated by the state of New York in the revolution w.ir, for his adherence to the royal party. lona. See Icolmtill. yonhiopii:g. a town of Sweden, capi- tal of the province of Smoland, and seat of the parliament, or superior court of of justice tur Gothland, it is seated on the S side of lake Welter, with a strong citadel, 50 miles ?' W ofCalaiar. Lon. 14 46E, lat. 57 12 N. ■ yonr/uieres, a town of France, now in the department of Var, and lately in the province of Proience, 12 miles S W of Aix, and 10 N W of Mursill. Lon. 5 I'J E, lat. 43 20 N. J O N , a very ancient town ot italonia, scaled !it llic foot lees, 20 nilU-s S of Pcrpig- tov.Ti of Malacca, in Asia. a, hit. 1 1;> N. town of France, now in iient of Yonne, and lately mrc of Unround}'. Its red ijifli not of tlie fust quiility, t demand. It isliarulsoiiie- I 'die Yonne, 17 miles S S E ,on. 3 o6 E, lat. 48 N. an ancient and considerable mcc, n^)w in the department [lime, and hitclj' in the pro- iinvpagne, with a large mag- itle. It is seated on the miles S \V of Bar-lcdiic, : of Paris. Lon. 5 20 £, lat. nigh, a town in Washington mess;;-, where there is a post miles N E of Kuo.wille, and of Blountsville, on the river n, a post town in Danphin nnsjlvania, 7 miles N of Le- about 30 N E of Harrisbiirg, : 300 Inhabitants. 'iirg, a town in Morris coun- ;rsev, willi a post office, at •e of 29 miles N E of Easton vania. , the principaltown of Mont - unty, New York, 31 miles N lectady, and 6 miles from the f Mohock river. This was le scat of Sir William John- e bravery rescued the coun- cvastation, by a decisive vic- ;he French and their savage 1755! on his demise it bc- -iropcrty of his son Sir John and was coniiscated by the Tew York in the revolution his adherence to the riiyal ice Icolmiill. 't:g. a town of Sweden, capi- )rovince of Smoland, and scat liamcnt, or superior court of tur Gothland. It is seated on : of lake Wetter, with a strong miles ?^ W ofCalmar. Lon. lat. 57 12 N. ■ res, a town of France, now in 'tmcnt of Var, and lately in ice of Pro\enec, 12 mdes S X, and 10 N W of Marsill E, lat. 43 20 N. *K| I P s ynrdan, a river of Turkey in Asiu in Palestine, which rises in Mount Liba- nus, and running from N to S, forms two lakes, the one formerly called the sea of Galilee, or the lake of I'lbcrias, anf. Irc'in, yerkin, or Tarkan, a rich and po]nilous town of Tartar)-, tlie capital of Bocharia, with n castle. It is the staple town of all the trade carried on between India and the N part of Asia. The Kalmiuks are ma.steis of it; and never disturb any one on account of their religion. It is eight, miles N of Oashgiir. Lon. 73 25 E, lat. 41 40 N. Ireland, one of the British islands, lying t) tlie W of that of Groat Britain. It is bounded on the E by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea, which se- parates it from England and Wales ; on lti\ I R E tlie N E by a clmnncl about 15 miles Imiad, wliicli si;p:ir;ites it from Scot- land ; and on all other sides bj' tlic o- reaii, being' about 30iJ niiks in lenj^th, find 60 in breadth. It is divided into foiu- lar^'c provinces j namely, Ulster to t!ie N, lA-inster to tlic E, Munster to the S, and Connautj^'ht to tlie \V, and these again r.re sul)clividcd into coun- ties. The climate of Iieland didcrs little from tlial of En;,;land, except that it is more moist ; the nir in general is mild and temperate ; the summers cooler, and the winters warmer, tiian those of Enfj'u'.id. 'I'he country in gcn- ei-al, is level and well watei-ed with lakes and rivers : and tlie soil tiioiig-h rocky, is in most parts very good and extremely fertile in tliose ])laees where it has been ])roperly culvivated. It jjro- eing granted, they next required a rcnuncia- I R K tion on the part of Great Britain, of all- right to interfere in the judgments of their courts, or to make laws to bind Ireland in time to come. The pcrilo-.s situation of Great Britain at that period left her no choice, all the demands of Ireland were therefore agreed to in a bill passed by the British legislature soon after. These concessions, great and important as they were, did not prove satisfactory j the total repeal of all the disqualifications under which the Roman catholics laboured was de- manded, and various schemes of parlia- ment.iry icform, were devised; the a- gitation of these topics served greatly to enfiame the minds of the jjeople, the Iji-eaking fin-tli of tlie French revolu- tion, and the introduction of its perni- cious principles into Ireland, completed their discontent. A tr:iitorous society was soon after iormed, undcj- the name of United Irishmen, which soon spread itself o-ev the country ; their pretended purpose was to obtain parliamentary I'eform, but their real views wore to separate Ireland from Great Britain, and erect it into an independent repub- lic, similar to and under the protection of France. The vigorous and active measures of government forced tliem into open rebellion before their schemes were fiiUy ripe : the consequence was, that after great numbers of the insurg- ents v/ere killed in various battles, the consp/iracy was defeated, and tranquilli- ty began gradually to be restored to the country. The consolidation of the em- pire by the union of both countries seemed now to be the only thing want- ing to impart prosperity and miit.ial security both to Great Britain and Ire- land. This mcasiu-e was accordingly |iroposcd in the parlianients of both countries, and after a good deal of op- position in Ireland especially, was at last finally agreed to, and will take place on the 1st of January, 1801, wheiv the Imperial Parliament will assemble. Ireland contains 32 counties, fourarch- bislioprics, and 18 bishoprics Its p-in- cipal rivers are, the Shannon, Boyne, EilTey, Sure, Blackwater, and Lee. Dublin is the capital. le/an't, A'i'iti. See Britain, Ntrtv. Ltutzk, the largest and least popu- lous government of Russia, comprising all the E part ot Siberia, from the Nor- thern Ocean to the frontiers of Chinese Tartary, and from tlie boundaries of tlie government of Tobolsk to the Eas- m R K f Great Britain, of all- in tlic judgments of make laws to bind 1 come. Tl)e perilo-.g : Britain at that period e, all the demands of refore aprccd to in a le BritisTl legislature se concessions, threat • they were, did not \' J the total repeal of cations under wliicU lies laboured was de- ans schemes of parlia- were devised ; the a- topics served greatly luls of the i)eopie, the ' tlie French revolu- oduction of its pcrni- ito Ireland, completed A traitorous society ■med, undci- tlie name •n, wiiieh soon spread ntry ; tlieir pretended obtain ])arliamentary real views wore to from Great Britain, n independent repub- under the protection vigorous and active rnment forced them I before their schemes ,hc consequence vas, imhers of tlie insurg- n various battles, the i'eated, and tranquilfi- y to he restored to the isolidation of the em- in of both countries the only thing want- •osperity nnd mut>ial Jrcat Britain and Ire- ure was accordingly parliaments of botii nr a good deal of op- id especially, vvaa at 1 to, and will take r January, 1801, wheiv ament will assemble. 2 counties, four arch- bishoprics Its p-in- he Shannon, Boyne, ackwater, and Lee. ital. ■5ee Britaitt, Iftrtv. Test and least popu- )f Russia, comprising liberia, from the No;-- B frontiers of Chinese n tlie boundaries of ["Tobolsk to the Eas- I S A tern Ocean. This large territory was gradually conquered and appropriated by the Russians in tlieir desultory ex- cursions from Tobolsk. It is divided into the four provinces of Irkutzk, Nertshiusk, Yakutsk, and Okatsk. Iron-acton, a village in Gloucester- shire, at the conflux of the Staure and Laden, wiiich form tiie river Frome, 10 miles N E of Bristol. Much iron has formerly been dug up, and many iron works, and great heaps of cinders are to be seen here. Irromango, a considerable island, and one of the New Hebrides, in the Soutii Sea. Lon. 169 20 E, lat. 18 48 S. Irronam, one of the Hebrides, in the South Sea, ne:ir Tanna. Lon. 170 26 E, lat. 19 31 S. Irongate Mountains, in Transylvania, are part of tl»e boundary between Chris- tendom and Turkey. Iroquok, a people of North America, inhabiting near the Lake Ontario, commonly called the Five Indian Na- tions. Irtysh, a large river of Asia, in Si- beria, which rises in the country of the Kalmucs, and running from the S to N E, falls into the Oby, near Tobolsk. The N VV shore is low pasture ground ; on the other side, are a prodigious num- ber of black bears, wolves, red aiid gray foxes, and gray 8'moniou3, and supcr,-ititiou&. Boiled snails, served up with oil and pepper, or fried in oil, and the hinder parts of frog.s, are '•eckoned dainty dishes. Kites, jackdav.-.s, lia-wks, and magpies, are also eaten not only by the cntiinion people b\it by the better sort. Wine ia drank here both in summei* Ir A tflcrent situations of ies contained in it. of the Appeniiines it , but on the S it ig irni. The air of the ;, and of the Ferra- Linliealihful ; which is not being duly cul- arslies drained. That s is gunerally pure. In summer, the heat E kingilom of Naples, est intolerai)le, if it at alleviated by the ; soil of Italy in gen- , being watered by a ivers. It produce* a ines, and the best oil ent silk in abtindance, >ut not in such plenty ■ countries ; oranges, megranates, almonds, ulbcrry-trees without •hes, nectarines, apri- ss, filberts, chesnut.s, ! also yields goodpas- 9 with cattle, sheep, vild boars, mules and :sts are well stored the mountains yield iron, lead, alum, sul- all sorts, alubsistcr, &c. but also gold and at variety of aromatic ans are generally well igh their complexions , With respect to their in aixhitecture, paint- lusic.they are thought and to leave the other far behind them j but s too soft and effemi- l the praise bestowed lOiiHcs are far inferior iid in respect of conve- imtry hatli produced •<, historians, poets, Iptors, we mean since arts and sciences, ex- f ancient times. The ifl'able, courteous, in- nd ready-witted j but 8, vindictive, lascivi- I, and supcr4titiou&. rved up with oil and in oil, and the binder are i-eckoned dainty ackdav.'.s, ha.wks, and eaten not only by the \it by tlie better sort, ere both in summei' J U A J U D und winter, cooled by ice or snow. The women affect yellow hair, .ui the Ro- man ladies andcoiirtesans formerly did. They also use paint and washes, both for their hands and faces. The day here is reckoned from sun-set, as the /Vtlienians did of old. Soe Lmnbardy. Itclien, a river in Hants, wiiich rising in the centre of tlie county, passes by Winchester, and enters the bay of .Southampton, at the town of tiiat name. Itzehoa, an ancient and handsome town of Germany in Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of Holstein, seated on the Stoer, 15 miles N E of Gluckstadt, and JO N W of Hamburg. L.ni. 9 3U £, lat. S3 58 N. yuan Je la Frontera, St. a town of Chili, in South America, in tlie pro- vince of Chiquito, near the lake Guana- clio. The territory of this town is in- habited by 20,0U0 native AmL-ricans, who are tributary to Spain. It contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds that are very delicate. It is seated at tlie foot of the Andes, 98 miles N E of St. Jago. Lon. 65 55 W, lat. ii 25 S. yuan de Puerto Rico, St. an island of the West Indies, 50 miles E of Hispa- niola, and usually called Porto Rico. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and be- longs to the Spaniards. It is full of very high mountains, and extremely fertile vallies, interspersed with woods autl well watered by springs aiul rivu- lets. It produces sugar, rum, ginger, corn, and fruits, partly proper to tiie climate, and partly introduced from Spain; and there are so many cattle, that tlicy often are killed for the sake of the skins alone. Here arc a great number of uncommon trees, and there is a little gold in the N part of the is- Und. It is commonly said, that the air is healthy, .ind yet, in the reigni of queen Elisabeth, the earl of Cumber- land, wlien he had taken this island, lust most of his men by sickness, and, on that account, was forced to aban- don it. It is subject to storms and liur- ricanes, like the rest of these islands. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 0,7 4 W, lat. 18 ir N. yuan de Puerto Rico, St. the capital of an island of the same name, with a good harbour, defended by several forts. It is a bishop's see, and seated on the N coast of the isl,and. Lon. 69 1 W, ht. 18 29 N. yuan Fernandez, an isl:,nd in the S Pacific Ocean, Iviiig in 8J" W lon. and JJ"" S lat. 300 miles W of Cliili. It is untniiabited, but is found extremely convenient to touch at and w:iter. Tliero art instances of two men living alona at litterent times on tliis island for se- serA years; the one a Musquito In- duui, the other Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, who having been left on* shore, in this solitary place, by hiscup> tain, lived here five years, till he waa discovered by captain Riigers, in 1709. From this remarkable bistory, Daniel de Foe \h said to have derived the hints wmich gave rise to I's celebrated product.. 1, The Adventures of Robin* s(jn CriMwe. This island is not quite 15 miles long and about six broad ; its only safe Harbour is on the N side. It is said tro have plenty of excellent wa- ter, and to abound witii a great variety of esculent vegetables highly antiscor- bdtu- ; besides wiiicb, commodore An- son sowed a variety of garden-seeds, and planted the siomes f)f plums, apri- cots, and peaches, whieh he was, many wears afterwards, in&irmed, had thriven giTeatly ; and now, doubtless furnish a wsry valuable addititon to the natural productions of this ssoot. yuan de Ulhua, St. an island of New Spain, lying in the gidf of Mexico, near Vera Cruz. It was discovered in 1518, by Grijelva. Lou. 97 25 W, lat. 19 12 N. Ivanagorod. See Narva. yuho, capital of a kingdom of Africa of tile same name, subject to the Por- tuguese. Lon. 43 20 E, lat. 50 N. yucatan, or Tucatan, a large peninsu- la of New Spain, opposite the island of Cuba. It projects from the continent 100 leagues, but does not exceed 25 in breadth. It contains a great quantity of timber, proper for the buildingof sliips, as also sugar, cassia, and Indian corn. The original inhabitants are few, hav- ing been ill-treated by the Spaniards. Ii is a Hat level country, and unhealthy. The inhabitan*" ?re abundantly suppli- ed witli water from pits, wherever tliey dig them. In all Jucatan, there is not a river or stream. Merlda is the ca- pital ; but some say Campcachy. See Honduras. yudda, a seaport of Arabia Felix, with a fort, seated on the Red Sea, 34 miles S W of Mecca, to which it is the port. Lon. 30 22 E, lat. .21 29 N. yudenliurg, a gonsiderablti t<)wn u. r i J U L J U N Germany, tlic capital of Upper Stiria, with II liaiiil.suinc castle. I'lie public Imildin^-s, witli tlic squui't", arc mai^ni- ticcnt. It was taken by 'liL- French in Ajiril l~(f7, iUKl lierc an avniistice was settlfd bitwi en the iiixlidiike Cliarles and Bonaparte. It is .scaled on tiie Muclir, 45 miles W by N of Gratz, and 100 S W of Vienna. Lon. 14 2b E, lat. 4r 10 N. yiidaigiu!, SL town of Austrian Bra- bant, near which the duke of Marlbo- ronj^h jfaincd that signal victory, in 1706, called the battle of Ramillies. It is seatctl on tiie ri\er Gcetc, 13 miles SE of Louvain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 12 E, lat. 50 45 N. Ivts, St. a sea|)ort and borough in Cornwall, with a market on Wednes- day and Saturday. It is seated on a bay of the same name, which being un- ,safe, is frequented b) l^shcrnien only for the taking of pilchards. It is gov- erned by a mayor, sends two members to ))arli;inient, and is ei^lit miles N E of Penzance, and 277 W bv S of Lon- don. Lon. 5 30 \V , lat. 30 18 N. Iiics, St. a town in Huntingdonshire, with a considerable market on. Monday for cattle. Here was a priory, wnich is now in ruins. In the ninth century it had a mint, and was noted for its medi- cinal vvaters. It is seated on tlie river Ousc, over which is a stone bridge, six miles N E of Huntingdon, and 59 N bv V if London. Lon. 20 W, lat. 52 20 I . l/ii^^on, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Nortli Coast, and late province of Bretagne, seated on the small river Arqueon, 12 miles from the English Channel. Jngora, a considerable province of M'.iscovy, depending on the govern- ment of Archangel. iV/c-rt, an island of tlie Mediterrane- an, 56 miles S W of Majorca, it is about 60 miles in circumference, is moun- tainous, but fertile in corn, wine, and .fruits ; and is remarkable for the great quantity of salt made here. The capi- tal, of the same name, has a good har- bour. Lon. 1 25 E, lat. 38 52 N. Ivinglw, a village in Buckingliam- nhirc, has a market on Friday, six miles S W of Dunstable, and 32" N VV of London. Lon. 32 W, lat. 51 54 N. Julian, Port, St. a harbour of Pata- goi'.in, wliere iiliips tliat . !• bound for tftc Pacific Ocqan usually touch for re- freshments. Lon. 68 44 W, lat. 45 10 S. yulicti, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late province of Limusin, 13 miles W of Limoget. I.on. 1 4 E, lat. 45 50 N. yuliin lilt Suu/t, St. a town of France in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, seated between two mountains covered with vhies, near the river Yonne, live miles from Joigny. ^uiitrs, a dutchy of Westphalia, 64 miles in length, and 36 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Guelderland, on the E by the archbishopric of Cologne, on the S by Luxemburg and Treves, and on the W by Limbiirg. It is sub- ject to the elector palatine, and ia remarkable for the quantity of woad it jjroduccs, which is much used in dye- ing. yuliers, a town of Germany, capital of a dutchy of the »ame name, with a strong citadel. It fell into the liand» of the Fi-ench in 1794 It is seated on the Uoer, 15 miles E of Aix-la- Chapelle, and 18 W of Cologne. Lon^ 6 40 E, lat. 50 56 N. yulpha, once the capital of Armenia, in Asia, now in ruins, the inhabitants having been transplanted to a suburb of Ispalian, called New Julpha, where they have several churches. Before the civil wars, which in this century have desolated Persia, the colony of New Julpha was very flourishing. yumella, a town of Spain in the pro- vince of Murcia, 22 miles S W of Mur- cia. ytimiege, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a late cele- brated Benedictine abbey. It is seated on tiie Seine, \2 jniles S W of Rouen, and 77 N W of P.tris. Lon. 55 E, lat 49 24 N. yuminoo, or yiivilio, a town of Hin- doostan Proper in the country of La- hore. It is situated on the side of » liill by the river Rawee. This city tliougii in a decayed state, is a mart of the firut note in that part of the coun- tiy ; it is 90 miles N of Lahore. Lon. 23 16 E, lat. 32 45 N. yumnah, a large river of Hindoos- tan Proper, which rises to the N VV of j)elhi, water:) that capital as well as the city of Agra, and joins the Ganges, 100 n)iles below Benares. yunksilon, a seaport of Asia, the pruj- r N 68 44 \V, lat. 45 '11 of France, in the per Vienne and late sin, 13 miles W of 4 E, lav. 45 30 N. St. a town of France t of Yonne and late iidy, seated between ovcred with vhies, ine, Hve miles from y of Westphalia, 64 ind 36 in breadth ; by Gueldcrland, oti lishopric of Cologne, mburg and I'revea, Linibiirg'. It is sub- or palatine, and is : quantity of wuad it s much used in dyc- of Germany, capital name name, with a L fell into the hand» 1794i It is seated miles E of Aix-la- IV of Cologne. Lon^ N. : capital of Armenia, ins, the inhabitants planted to a suburb New Julpha, where churches. Before the in this century have the colony of New iourishing. 1 of Spain in the pro- 2 miles S W of Mur- 1 of France, in the wer Seine and late mdy, with a late cele- ? abbey. It is seated liles S W of Rouen, :iris. Lon. 55 £, tvibo, a town of Hin- 1 tlie counUy of La- ed on the side of a Rawee. This city ed state, is a mart of at part of the coun- N of Lahore. Lon. ) N. e river of Hindoos- i( rises to the N \V hat capital as well as uid joins the Ganges, Benares. )oitof Asi.i, the priu- I V R eipal town of an island on the S W coast of Siam, it is situated on the N pan of ti.e island, and has a liarboiu- capable of receiving ships of a mode- rale size J the island is fertile, 63 miles long and from 10 to 20 broad. Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8 40 N. yura, one of the Western Isles of Scotland, N E of Islay, supposed to be 34 miles long and 10 broad. It is com- posed principally of vast mountains quite naked, and without a possibility of cultivation ; three of them called the paps of Jura aie most remarkable ; they are of a conic form and stupen- dous height. The rest of the island is flat, and generally covered with heath. yura, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Franchc Comte. It contains mines of iron of a superior quality, mines of copper and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jasper, and alabaster. It takes its name from Mount Jura. yura. Mount, a chain of mountains, which begins in the canton of Zuric, in Swisserland, extends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure and the prin- cipality of Neuchatel, branches out to- wai'd the Pays de Vaud, separates that country from France, and contin- ues beyond the frontiers of the Gene- vois as fai- as the Rhone. In various parts of tlie Pays de Vaud, this chain forms many elevated vallies j of thes the most delightful is the valley of the lake of Jou.x, upon the top of that part called Mount Joux ; it is beauti- fully cliequered with wood, arable, and pasture ; and is watered by two pictur- esque lakes i the largest of which is called the lake of Joux, and the other, lake Hrenet. This little vale is very populous, containing 3000 inhabitants ; some employed in making watches, but the greater part in polishing crys- tids, granites, and m.^ircasites. These parts ai'e much infested with bears and wolves. The descent from this de- lightful vale, through a variety of hill, valley, wood, and lawn, affords a very extensive prospect of great part of the Pays de Vaud, the lake of Geneva, witli its mountains, and the lake of Neuchatel. Ivrea, an ancient town of Piedmont, ca)>ital ot Canavez, with'a strong fort, a bishop'.s see, and an ancient castle. It is seated on the Doria, between two ImUs, 20 mile? N vf Twin, wid 32 E I Z (^ by N of of Susa. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 4S 22 N. Ivry, a tovm of France, in the de- partment of Eurc and late province of Normandy. It had a bcnedictine ab- bey, and is seated on the Eure, 10 miles N by W of Drcux. Lon. 1 28 E, lat. 48 54 N. yutland, a jjeninsula, the principal part of Denmark, 180 miles in length, and 50 in breadth; bounded on the S E by the dutchy of Holstein, and on the other sides by the German Ocean and the Baltic. The air is very cold, but wholesome. The soil is fertile in corn and pastures, and feeds a great number of horses and beeves, which are sent to Germany, Holland, &c. It was anciently called Cimbrica Cher- sonesus, and is supposed to be the country whence the Saxons came, that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, called N and S Jutland j the latter being the dutchy of- Slcs- wick, and lies between N Jutland and Holstein. Ivy Bridge, a village in Devonshire, 11 miles N E of Plymouth, remarkable for its rural and picturesque scenery j the river Arme nuis tlirough the vil- lage. Ixviorth, a village in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. It is seven miles N E of Bury St. Edmunds, and 79 N N E of London. Lon. 51 E, lat. 53 20 N. yyepour, a city of Hindoo.stan Pro- per, capital of a territory of the same name, and subject to one of the Raj- poot princes. It was built by rajali Jessing. It is about a league from Ambeer the ancient capital, now a place of great wealth and consequence, being the staple for goods that are brought from every quarter of India, It is 136 miles W by S of Agra. Lon. re 9 E, lat. 26 56 N. Izquiiitenango, a town of New Spain, in the province of Chiapa. The coun- try about it produces cotton and a gfreat number of pineapples. Lon. 93 45 W, lat. 16 N. K (Xj* Words that sometimes begin viith K, and are not found under that tetter, may he. iQKghtJifr under th^ letter C. K A L >m .'• :il ,,| '.■■ •f I^AFFUtfGEN, a town and nionag- •"■ tc'i'N ul Gfi tiiiiiiv, ill Hi'ssc, near Cwssc'l." Lon. 9 JO E, lut. 31 15 N. Kuhua. Set' Una. Kiiirvun, u city of Africa, in Tunis, caj)itul uf u t^ovcriniicnt ui tlie sunie name. It i:i llic sccdiid city in tlit kin^'Uuni ti)r tnuie and jiopidKtion , is cc'lcbi'utcd for tlic must nia|fniKcci)t and i>M'!'cd mosque in Burliury ; and is 20 nidcs VV of hiisu. Lun. lU 25 E, lut. i5 40 N. Kitiaar, a town of Persia, in Ciiilan, willi a considtrublc manufacture of •ilk. Lon. 58 45 K, lat. 36 '23 N. Kalimbiiri;, u town of Denmark, in tlic idIc oI Zealand, the capital of a consiileiuiile bailiwick. Lon. 11 11£, lat. 55 47 N. Auiir, a town of Suabia, in the dutcliy of VVinemburg', with a castle. Lon. 9 45 £, lat. 48 38 N. Aaiitcli, a palatinate of Poland, bounded on tlic W by that of P(isuia, on the li by Siradia, on the N by Wes- tern Prussia, and on the S by Silesia. Ii was lorcibly seized by the king' of Prussia, in 1793. Ktilisch, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the same name, wjiere the Jesuits iiad a miiifnificeiit coUeg'e. li IS seated on ti\(' river Prosna, in a morass, which renders it difficult of access, llu mileij W of Warsaw. Lon. 18 5 W, lat. 52 N. A'(j//f(i«, atribe of the Mogul Tartars, ill Ciiinese 'I'artary. They inliabit the country N of the Mogul Tartars, pro- perly so called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of the Eleuthes ; and is near 300 leagues in extent from E to W. i hcylive in tents, on the bunks of their numerous rivers. They adore a lama of the second order, who is held in such vencraticm, tliat bonzes from China, Hiiidoostan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their devotions at his re- sidence in Iben Pira. Kaimucs, a nation of Tartary in Russia; the deserts which they inha- bit, witli their herds, lie between the Don, and tiie Volga, and on the river Dial from Irgis to the Caspian sea. They consist of a strong loam, are quite arid, dcsvifutc of wood, abound in .salt, contain many fresh-water lakes and brooks, and numbers of lakes that are perfectly salt. 1 hty produce w'lolesome plants and good herbage, for wiiicli reason tlie cattle ai'e in gen- eral vijj'orpits, and sjjeedily become K A L fat. The Kiilmucg are ofa middliniir statuie, Bcldom large: for the moii j)art, raw-boned and stout, 'i'hcir vi- sage is so Hat, that the skull of a Kal- muc may easily be known from that of any other man. The eyes too are smaller, and the corners of them flat- ter, than among the Europeans. They have thick lips, a small nose, a shori' chin ; and their heard is scanty, and ajjpears late. Their teeth are even and white. Their complexion is a red- dish brown i generally indeed from the wind and sun, and their neglect of cleanliness, it is of a yellowish brown. Their ears are very large and promi- nent ; tiieir hair ia black. Their kneea alwav.s stand outwards, like a bow i this proceeds ft'om their customary manner of sitting on their ankles, and their being almost constantly on horse* back. Tlieir senses of feeling and taste are dull : but those of smell, sigiit, and hearing, are wonderfully ([uick. The women are of the shame shape and make with the men, only the skin of their face is very clear, and of a. wholesome white and red. Their standing character is rough, but less dissr'lute and base than they ai'e com- monly supposed to be. Their prevail- ing temperament is a mixture of the sanguine and the choleric ; the melan- choly is seldom uppermost. They have a good understanding, and a quick comprehension; eager after no- velties ; of a tractable and teachable disposition ; sprightly, hospitable, rea- dy to do kind ofhcts, active, and vo- luptuous ; very much attached to their masters, though of otiter nations, and not dispirited or dejected by tlieir fickleness and ill-nature, but contented with their lot. Their women are live- ly, frank, agreeable and very industri- ous. The clothing of the men is en- tirely Oriental, and their heads are exactly Chines«. They wind linen a- bout their feet, and draw their buskins over it, which are of black or yellow, or some other coloured leather. Their breeches are large and ample : their under garment is of light stuff with narrow sleeves, and a girdle, to which is suspended tlie sabre, a knife, and the implements for smoking tobacco. The upper garment is of cloth, with wide sleeves. They let the beard grow ; but shave the head to one lock, wiiich they plait into three strings. The covering for ute head ift a. flat yel- K A M IC AM are of a mlddUng gc ; for tl>e njoii •tout. 'I'lieir vi- Lhe skii\l of a Kal- ;ii(iwii from that of Tlic cye» too ai'« ■ucr» of tlicm flat- Europeans. They mall noie, a ithon aid is Hcanty, and ;ir teeth are even ()m])lcxion in a red- .Tully iiiilecil from_ will their neglect of a yellowish brown. \- large ami promi- black. Their knee» urils, like a bows m tlifir customary n their aiikle», and constantly on hornet ies of feeling and tiiose of Hniell, sight, wonderfully ii«ick. if the shame shupo : men, only the skin erv clear, and of fc ind red. Their r is rough, but less than they are com- be. Their prevail- s a mixture of the ;holeric i the melan- uppermost. They derstanding, and a lon; eager after no- table and teachable itly, hospitable, rea- is, active, and vo- iicii attached to their other nations, and dejected by tlieir lature, but contented leir women are llve- and very industri- of the men is en- iid their heads are They wind linen a- d draw their buskins of black or yellow, )urcd leather. Their . and ample : their of light stuff with id a girdle, to which sabre, a knife, and or smoking tobacco. nt is of cloth, with rhey let the beard tlie head to one lock, into three strings, lie head 18 a flat yel- low bonnet, with a small roimd brifn, act olf witii a tasarl. Ka/mum, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria. It is 12 mile, fmm Hatisbon, and situate at the cc.i- tluenco ofthe Vilz ami Nail. Kalnici, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Drackluw. Lon. 2V 18t, lat. 48 5rN. Kaluga, now » government of the Russian empire, hut it was formerly a province in the government of Mos- cow. Its principal town, of the same name, is seated on the Occa. Kamaiura, a famous island of Japan, about three miles in circumference, lying on the S coast of Niplion. It is here they confine their great mm, when they have committed any fault j ;ind the coast is so steep, that they are forced to be lifted up by cranes. Kamauchinzt), i» the name of a peo- ple in Tartary. In the year 1629 they were made tributary to Russia, and then led a rambling life. At present their habitations are in tlie neighbour- hood of Kansk and Ahnkansk, two ostrogs, situate one on the Yenisei, and the other on the Kan. Even at the time that they submitted to Russia, they were only a scanty people, or rather the remains of some ancient nation. Kamhala, Mount, a ridge of moun- tains in Thibet, between Lake PiJte and the Biirrampooter. From the top of this ridge may be seen, to the N, a range of stdl higher mountains, covered with snow. The foot of mount Kam- hala is 31 miles S of Lassa. Kaminieck, a very strong town of Po- land, capital of Podolia, with two cas- tles and a bishop's see. When the Russians seized part of the Polish ter- ritories in 1793, this fortress held out a long time, but at last sin-rendered to their arms. The castle is seated on a craggy rock, 85 miles W of Bracklaw, and 100 S E of Lembui-g. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 48 58 N. Kamtschatka, is a peninsula, formed by a chain of stony and barren mountains, ■which run toward the S S W from that part of the continent inhabited by the Koraiks. It is bounded by the Eastern Ocean, the gulf of Penschins- koi, and by the sea of Oghotzk ; in all probability the Koiirili, a range of isle which in many directions extend .•18 far as Japan, are i part of Kamts- rhatka. It is situated between about 51 and 62° degrees N lat. The soil is atony, fill of cold springs, difstitnt^ rtf tile smullu.st piece of fertile ground, and so cold even in the stiiiimer, that 'lie earth is totally unlit for cidture, :ir)d of itself docs not produce a suHi- liency for the cattle. The Kamt- sciiadutcs are for tlie most purt of a low stature, with broad .shoulders, large lieads, long flat faces. Hut noses, small eyes, thin lips, and short legs. The women have black eyes and eye-brows ; tlieir skin is rather delicate, of a lively red complexion, a pretty hand, and small foot, and they are in general very well made. 1 he Kamtscliadales have a lively imaginati.in, n stroiif^ memory, and such a genius fur imitation that they can copy with Ciise whatever they see. Poverty gives them no con- cern ; and nothing but the calls of hun- ger can drive them to the chace ; and then they seldom go so far but they can return to pass the night in the arms of their women. They care not how their meat is prepared, so. it doea but fill their stomach ; nor of what quality their liquor is, so it does but intoxicate them. Pleasure and inac- tion are their only objects j they there- fore steal nothing l)ut women and dogs, which formerly were the contin- ual causes of national war. They are cowardly and base to an excessive de- gree, gratifying their reveng-e only by the darkest and. most secret means. Every family has its summer and win- ter house The Kosoutch or winter house is iii form of a square ; a hole five feet deep is dug, which is siuv rounded with palisades, and covered with rafters laid across, branches of trees, hay and earth. To get into the house they descend through a hole- at the top, this hole sei-ves as a door, a window and a chimney, for the smoke has no other passage, and the light and air no other entrance. The Pehins or summer-houses are built like pigeon houses of bnlks, about two fathoms from the ground ; some are built in a circular, others in an angu- lar, form. They are very small, and built close to one another, so that boards are laid across as bridges of communication. The Kamtschadales, as well as the Tungusians and other Siberians, eat all kinds of quadrupeds, birds, and fish, excepting lizards, &c. Dogs and mice they eat only in timea of scarcity. The bodies of whales, sea-dogs, and other sea animals, which K A R K A U ■;; ^ tticy find on the shore, arr pxrrcdinff- K anTfCililc to lliciii. Tlicy iHc wilil roots iiiul tViiit, Hiul dry tish, roots, uiul di.:»;i(nt kmd!» of HchIi, for winter firovUioii. The wiiy of prcpiiring their victual!* is aicxtrnordlnury u8 (Uh- yllHtilljr. Ami u'^'liai, or CUimilrf;vie, a town of the |iciiin.snhi of }liiiilooHtun, in tlic Ciirnatii', the nilc 111' thi' capital of liie am lent iiin(^(loin of Narsiiij^ii. In 1599, it w.is l!ic residence of a llinihio kinij, wllii»c il.iiinniim e\l, u de- scciicLmt of tluH princi' reigned tlicre ; and pcrnutU'd the English to seiih- tiierc It IS 70 niilcH distant from Mailia.^s. Lon. "9 24 K, lal. 1;> -Iri N A'aiicD), a city of Africa, in tlie em- pire of Jiorno'i, capital of a fertile province of the same name. The in- liabilants raise {jreat (tiianfitie* of horses for tlic service of the kinjf. It ia l.JO nules N W of Bornoii. Kwilui-uia ctiurt- house, the principal ireut of juKticc in i^anliawa, one of the frontier connties ((f Virjfinia; situat- ed on the S hank of fc'.lii .-iver, at it i junction with the Kanhawa. Here is a post otRce 406 niiie» from W.ishirgtim. Kiiniiij, a strong town of Fii!ai\d, in tlic palaljiile of Kiow, seated near the Dnieper, 6i miles S by E of Kiow, and 10 miles N E of Uracklaw. Kimisca, an imprefrnablc town of Lower Hungary, capital of the countj ofSalawaj-. It was taken by the A. is- trians in 1690, ami is seated on the lli-ave, 100 nules S hv E of Vicnuti. Lon. 17 WE, lat. 46 43 N. Kiin-tclieou-f'iiu, a very rich aiul po- pulous city of China, in the province of K.ian{f-si, it has an excellent port and is celebrated for its rivers. Its district contains 12 cities of the third class; and it is 250 miles N by E of Canton. Kao-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Ci;ianpf-t')n(f. The .u- liabitant.s of this city cut slaljs and ta- bles out of a kind of marble that is found in its vicinity, which represents, naturally, rivers, moiu\tains, landscapes, and trees. Kao-tclieoii-foii has one ci- ty of the second class, and five of the tliird, under its jurisdiction. Kapuj-uiar, a f{jrt of Lower Hungary, on tile river Kupos, which washes its •walls. It is 55 indes \V of Tohia. Lon. 18 13 E, lat. 46 31 N. Karakassiam, a people of Tartary, subject to Russia, who make n part of those Ninall remnants of the difU-rent people comprehended under the name of the nations of Krasnoyarsk, related to the Samoyedcs. Tlity are so extreme- ly |)oor, that, cxceptinjc a smull num- ber of rein-deer, they are in possession of no one thing in the world of any va- lue. In winter they live entircl\ b\ tho (•hare, in the sur nicr wild roots aiirt fish arc all their ,jo<1. For procuring these they commonly quit their station every three days during summer, to look out for the lakes most abundant in tish, and whose banks are the most productive of roots. Kareck, an island in the Persian Gulf, lying nearly in the middle of it, aiiout seven leagues from each side, and 30 from Bassorah Uiver, where all the ships bound fiir that port must call fir pilots It is five mileu long, and I wo broad. Here baron Kniphaiisen, about the midille of this century, form- ed a Hourishing Dutch settlement ; hut on his (|uitting their service, it became H'lbject to its former master, the slieick of ilundaric. Kar/tcru/tc, a city of Germany, in tlio circle of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden Darlach, with a magnificent pa- lace. The city is built on a regular plan, and the houses are all as uniform :is the streets. It is 12 miles N by E of Baden. Knsiiii, H large country of the Russian em|)ire, lying on both sides of the river Volgii. It was formerly an indepen- dent kingdom, belonging to the Kal- niiic Tartars, to whom tlie great dukes of Moscow, with other petty principal- ities of Kussia, were tributary. But in 1552, Ivan Vassilicviteh II. conquered Kasan, which now forms tlie three RiLS- sian governments of Kasan, Simbirsk, and (enza. Kuian, the capital of the Russian go- vernment of the same name, seated on- the rivulet Casanka, where it falls into the Volga, 414 miles E bv N of Mos- cow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 43 N. fCastatkia, a post town in Randolph county, Indiana Territory ; situated on the \V side of the River Kaskaskia, near its junction with the Mississippi, at tl'.e distance of eight miles from the latter river, and about 180 S W of Vincennes in the same territory. It is ilic principal seat of justice, and con- tains about 500 inhabitants. Katiffbewen, a free imperial town of A U I, will) mnk« ft part of MUlllH of tllf ilK'iTcnt m'.cd uiiilir the naiiic iiMsnoyursk, rclnttd to ■rlii\ :ii'i' sdcxtrciiin- > tlio r'licr wild riiots and ,j,id. For procuring lonly quit their station li during suiiiiiitr, to lakes nioHt abundant in (> banks are the most DtS. dand in the Persian ly in the middle of it, ijifiies from each side, isoruli Kivcr, where all , for that port must call » five miles lonp, and re baron Kniphausen, e of this century, form- Dutch settlement i but their service, it became^ rmer master, the slieick city of Germany, in the i, in the marRravate of , with u magnificent pa- / is built on a repdar ouscs are all as uniform It is 12 miles N by E e country of the Russian II both sides of the river s formerly an indepen- belonging to the Kal- 1 whom the preat dukes th other petty principal- were tributary. But in silievitch 11. conquered low forms the three UiLS- its of Kasan, Simbirsk, apltal of the Russian (?o- e same name, seated on- lanka, where it falls into t miles E bv N of Mos- 8 E, lat. 55 43 N. . pjst town in Randolph no. Territory ; situated of the River Kaskaskia, on with the Mississippi, - of ei|?ht miles from the and about 180 S W of he same territory. It is seat of justice, and con- inhabitants. , a free imperial town of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l^|28 I ■50 ""^^* llml 2.5 2.2 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 mmsmmmmsfmmmm ■-.iiil-j„i. ^ :.<^^ d' CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVi/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut canadien de microreproductions historlques K E H KEN Germany, in the circle of Suabia, in i Frencli rcgainc J possession of it the the territory of Kenipten. It is seated ) suiiie day. Lon. 7 a3 E, liit 48 34 N. on the Wiirdecli, 18 miles N E oi KciU[)tcn, and 30 S bv VV of Augsburg. Lon. 10 43 £, Lit. 47' 58 N. I^nye's Is/ami, u\i island in the North Pacihc Ocean, discovered by captain Cook, in 1778. It.s N E point is a nalied rock, considerably elevated above the land within it. Some parts of the shore are interru|)ted by small vallies, filled with pine-trees. These also aboiiiid in otiier parts of tlie island, which is covered, in a manner, with a broad girdle of wood ; but the trees are far from being of an extraordinary gi'owth, so that tliey would be of no great use for siiipping, unless as materials for small tilings. Lon. 131 48 W, lat. 59 51 N. Kaysersberg, a town of France, now in the department of Upper Rhine, and late province of Alsace, 9 miles N W ofColmar, and 25 N \V of Basil. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 48 10 N. Kayserdautern, a town of Germanyf in the palatinate of the Rhine. In tlie present war it was taken by the French, is seated on the Lauter, 22 miles S W of Worms, and 38 S by W of Mentz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 49 20 N. Kayserstuhl, a town of Swisserland, in tlie county of B.-.dcn, with a bridge over the Rhine, and a castle. It be- longs to the bishop of Constance, and is eight miles S E of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 47 8 N. KaysemerJ, or KeUe^ert, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Berg, seated on the Rhine, eight miles N of Dusseldorp, and 22 N W of Cologne. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 51 14 N. Keen, a post town in Cheshire coun ty. New Hampshire, 14 miles S E of AValpole, and 95 W of Portsmouth ; containing 1645 inhabitants at last cen- sus in 1800. Kehl, a strong and important fortress of Germany, in .Suabia, seated on the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Stras- Durg. It was built after the design of Vauban, to defend that city. It was strongly fortified by the French, who took possession of it in 1684. Some of the ancient fortifications ai-e in ruins, but it is irtill an important pass, between France Sid Germany. It was taken by the French in June 1796! retJikcn by the Austrians on Sept. 18th following; but thu bridge not being destroyed, tlie | are 12 chapels of ease belonging to it. X X KcL-u, aponuliMis town in Roxbiirgli- 'Jiiie, with ttg.KJtlnir.ikcl lor com, and I biidge of six arches oicr the Tweed, near its Cdiifliiciice with the I'cviol. Magnificent ruins of the abbey, found, ed by David I. in 1128, slill remain. Mitcii wheat is raised in tiiis neigh- bourhood, and tlic fleece.^ of tiic sheep are rcuiai'kitbl. hue. Kel.sois 20 miles 5 \V f.f Berw.ck, and 338 N N W of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 55 36 N. Kelvin, a small river of L;uiarkshire, in Scotland, over which t!ie great ca- nal is conveyed by an aqueduct bridge. Kempen, a town of German)-, in tiie electorate of Cologne, seated on the Niers, 30 miles N VV of Cologne. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 51 18 N. Kempten, a free imperial town of Su- abia, iu the territory of the tbbot of Kempten, who is a prince of the em- pire. The inhabitants are protestants. It is seated on tl>e lUer, 45 miles S bv W of Augsburg. Lon. 10 21 E, lat. 47 49 N. Ken, a river in Westmoreland, which has a c:itaract near its moiitii, that ob- structs the navigations so that Mil- tliorp, situate below tliis cataract, is the only port of Westmoreland. Ken, a river in Kirkciidbriglitsjiire, that Hows to New Galloway, below which it expand.s into a lake, four miles long and one broad. The stream that issues from this lake, falls into the riv- er Dee, and their united waters meet the Iri-sh Sea, at Kirkciidljright. Kendut, a corporate town in Wcst- morelanil, with a market on Saturday. It ia seated on tl'.a Ken, over wliiclv are two stone bridges, and one of wood, which leads to the castle, now in ruins. l"he inhabitants have driven a trade with the cotton and woollen manufac- tory, throughout Englantl, ever since the reign of Edward III. It is of note also for the manufactory of cottons, druggets, serges, hats, worsted and yarn stockings, 8tc. It has a large beautiful church, which stands on tlie other side of the brook calle'cr Qtind- beck, out of the liberty of the town, a large neat and handsome building 180 feet long and 99 broad, with five aisles each parted by a row of eight plllar.s, iind a strong square steeple. . In 175,5, a new chapel was erected in the mid- dle of the town, besides which there m KEN KEN Tlio (lissentei's nndc|iiakei's liave meet- itit^-lioiisrs. Here is ;i t'rco )>'i'aminar- si-liool Willi ciulowcl i ami also a cliar- ity-scliool foi- 10 l;(iV9 ar.d 1(5 pfirls.who art: clotlicil as well as taui^'lit. It lias fairs on May (itii, and Novcnilior 8tli ; and l)ii wccn tluMii a great, bcast-inar- ket cxci-y tfirtiii^'lit. '1 lie river licrc, which runs iialt' through tlic town in a stoiiy channel, aboMiids witii trout and s;dmon. Lon. 25 J W, lat. 51. 15 N. Kf.'.nebck, a river which rises in the northern jiart of the district of Maine, in New iCiipfland, and falls into the At- lantic Ocean, hctwccn the bays of Cas- co and Penobscot. Kaii-.ckiiti.; a post and seaport town in York roiiiity, Maine, 33 miles S by AV of Portland, and about the same tlistanee N E of Portsmouth, in New Hani;jshirc. Ktnmt, a. river, which rises among tiie chalky hills in Wilts, and flows to JNewhury, in Pierks, where it becomes navii;ab!e ; it is then augmented by the Lain!)orn, anil runs to Heading, below which it mingles with the Tlir'iTies. Kc>inet-S(juare, a village in Chester Cfunity, Pennsylvania, about 30 miles S W of Philadelphia. It has a post of- fice. Kawquei a fort of Austrian Flanders, six miles from Dixmude. Ktiisington, a village in Middlesex, two miles W of London. Here is Kcn- 6inf.;ton jirdiicc, formerly a seat of the lord chancellor Finch, afterward earl of NoVthampton, bi;t piuxiiased of that n^iblcman by William III. The exten- sive gardens, (>f late u'ar.i, have be- come a very fashionable w.dlc. Kent, one of tiie counties of Kngland, situated at the S E corner of the island, and from thence enjoying many advan- tages. As to the climate of this coun- try it varies according to the situation of places. In the low flat land, and es- pecially in the marshes, the air is heavv, moist and unhealthy ; and yet not to such a degree as it has been sometimes represented j for, with a little care and caution, strangers, as well as natives, quickly reconcile their constitutions to the temperature even of these parts, and live in them without much incon- vcnicncy or apjjarent danger. But, in reference to the rest of the country, the air is thin, pure, and wholesome, as in any part of Britain. There is no re- gion more happily or more beautifully diversified in regard to soil, so that every kind thereof is, somewhere or other, to be met with in its bounds ; and in no shii-e are any of these soils more fertile than they are in this. Tlic Weald yields variety of fine timber, particularly of chesnut ; the middle part has very rich arable land, annuallj bearing every species of grain in im- mense plenty, and the.se excellent in their several sorts. There are also many beautiful orchards, which pro- duce a variety of fine fruits, and more especially apples and cherries, which v/ere introduced here from Flanders. I'he many rich commodities protluced In this county, is the reason why most of our writers have represented it as in a manner void of manufactures which, however, as appears upon a strict and impartial examination, is very far from being the case. Of iron works thera were anciently many; andthei-e are still some, where kettles, bombs, bullets* cannon, and such like, are tpadc. The principal rivers, besides the Thames, are the Medway, Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. Maidstwie is the county, town. Kentaiffe, Mount, a ridge of moun> tains in tlie S part of Thibet, bordering on Hindoostan Proper. On the W side of this ridge are the two heads of the Ganges, and from its E side issues the Burrampooter. Kentsinguen, a town of Suabia, in the Brisgaw, seated on the river Elz. Lon. 7 S7Y., hit. 48 18 N. Kentticky, first discovered in 1754, formerly a part of Virginia, settled in 1773, and ceded to Congress in 1792. It is situated between 36° 30' and 39" 30' N lat. and 8» and 15° W lon. being 250 miles in length, and 200 in bi-eadth. It is bounded N W by the river Ohio ; W by Cumberland riv- er ; S by North Carolina ; E by Sandy river, and a line drawn due S froih its source till it strikes the northern boun- dary of North Carolina. This whole country, as far as has yet been discov« ered, lies upon a bed of lime-stone, which in general is about six feet be- low the surface, except in the valleys whero the soil is much thinner. A tract iif aboi'.t 20 miles wide aluig the banks of the Ohio is hilly, bro^ land, interspersed with many fertile spots. Tlje rest of the country is agreeably uneven, gently ascendinjj aiid descend- i* E N )ily or more beautifully regard to soil, so that reot' is, somewhere or ict with in its bounds ; are any of tlicse soils m they are in this. Tlic variety of fine timber, hesnut ; the middle part arable land, annually pecies of grain in im- and these excellent in lorts. I'hcre are also orchards, which pro- )f fine fruits, and more ;s and cherries, which :d here from Flanders, commodities produced is the reason why most ave represented it as in )f manufactures wliich, pears upon a strict and nation, is very far from Of iron works there lany; and thei-e are still ettles, bombs, bullets, h like, are tpadc. The , besides the Thames, .-, Darent, Stour, Cray, :aid8tone is the county. mnt, a ridge of moun> rt of Thibet, bordering 'roper. On the VV side J the two heads of the m its E side issues the town of Suabia, in the on the river Elz. Lon. 8N. t discovered in 1754, of Virginia, settled eded to Congress in iiated between 36° 30' lat. and 8«» and 15° miles in length, and It is bounded N W by W by Cumberland riv- Carolina ; E by Sandy drawn due S from its kes the northern boun- -arolina. This whole s has yet been discov- a bed of lime-stone, l1 is about six feet be> , except in the valleys is much thinner. A miles wide akuig the o is hilly, broken land, h many fertile spots. ■ country is agreeably jcendinj; and descend- K E R ing at no great distances. This countrj' in general is well timbered ; and such is the variety and beauty of the flower- ing shrubs and plants which grow spon- taneously in it, that in the proper sea- son the wilderness appears in blossom. The accounts of the fertility of the soil in tills country have in some in- stances exceeded belief, and proba- bly have been exaggerated. That some parts of Kentucky, particidarly the high .Trounds, are remarkably good, all accouri'i aj;ree. The larls of the first rate are too rich for wlieat, and will produce 50 and 60, and in some in- stances it is affirmed 100 bushels of ffood corn an acre. In common the land will produce 30 bushels of wheat or rye an acre. Barley, oats, cotton, flax, hemp, and vegetables of all kinds common in this climate, yield abun- dantly. The old Virginia planters say, that if the climate does not prove too moist, few soils known will yield more and better tobacco. — The climate is healthy .ind delightful, some few places in tlie neighbourhood of poiids and low gi'ounds excepted. The inhabitants do not experience the extremes of heat and cold. Snow seldom falls deep or lies long. The winter, which begins about Christmas, ;s never longer than three months, and is commonly but two, and is so mild as that cattle can subsist without fodder. Kentucky, a river of North America, which rises from a mountainous part of the country of the same name. Its N branch, which interlocks with Cumber- land river, falls into the Ohio in lat. 3t 27 N. Its bank may be called preci- pices, f(tr almost every where they consist of tljrco or four hundred feet of a solid perpendicular lime-stone rock. Kercolang, an island in the Indian O- cean, between 80 and 100 miles in cir- cumference. The face of the country seems to be steep hills and extensive vallies, and every part to be covered with trees and verdure, with some ]>leasant cultivated grounds. Lon. 126 31 E, lat. 4 28 N. ICerguelen's Land, an it>1and in the Southern Ocean, visited by c.iptain Cook, in 1779. From its sterility, it might properly have been called the Is- land of Desolation; but captain Cook ■was unwilling to rob M. Kerguelcn of the honour of its bearing his name. Lon. 69 37E, lat. 49 3 S. KES Kermnn, a pro\'ince of Pcrsi.T, b'ing on the gulf of I'cr.s'.a. The iiilwii)itunts drive a great Ir.'ule in their wool. Kerman, a. town of Persia, capital of a province of llie same, name, called also Caramania. It is 120 miirs N N W of Gombroon. Lon. d5 15 E, lat. 29 20 N. Kerpen, a tnwni of Germany, in \.\\c circle of Westphalia, in the dutchy of Jiiliers, 14 miles S E of Julicrs. Lon. 6 56 E, lat, 50 N. Kerry, a coimty of Irel.ind, in the province of Munslcr, 57 miles long and 45 broad ; bouudcd on Uic E by the counties of Limerick and Cork, on the W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N by the Hhunnon, which separates it from Thomond, and on the S by Desmond and the ocean. It is a mountainous countrj-, but in many ])laces are gooil corn-fields. It co;itains 84 parishes, and sends eiglit members to piU'lia-. ment. Ardfert is the capiti;'. Kertsch, a fortress of great import- ancc, as this and that of Ycnikale com- mand the passage wliicli forms the communication between the sea of A- soph iind the Black Sea. It is situate on the E coast of the Crimen, near the N entrance of the str.iits of CaflFa. Kearoan, a chain of mountains, on the coast of SjTia, which makes a part of Mount Libanus. Kes3cl, a town of Prussian Gueider- land, with a handsome castle, seated on the Maese, between Ruremond and Venlo. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 15 16 N. Kesseldorf, a village of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, three miles below Dresden, remarkable for a vic- tory gained by the king of Prussia, over the Saxons, in 1745. Kestewn, one of thetlnee grand divi- sions of Lincolnshire. It contains tlio W part of the county, from the middle to tlie S cxti-emity. KeiU'ici, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday ; it is seated in a vale surrounded by hills, near the rapid river Grceta; near this vale the finest black lead in the world is dug up. It is 25 miles N W of Kendal, and 287 N N W of London. Lon. 3 16 W, lat. 58 35 N. Kesviici, Vale of, a district in the S part of Cumberland. Here is tlic lake of Derwent-water. To the N of this is the lofty mountain Sklddaw, one of the mostdistinguished in England ; and to the S is th^ 4i'earj' region of Boito w- wm f"' K I A «l;ilr. Sep Rnncfuidalc, Dcrwent-Kater, •■tiiil Sli.uLivi. ilfttcriii^, a town in Nm'tliiiiniJton- sliiiv, wall a iii:ii-l of sv'Vi II arr'ies to Hrentf ird. Here is a royal ])alacp, fine jj^ardens, and his inajesty's exoiie garden. Many new plaats Irom tlie S')utli Sea and Ciapc oi' Good Hope beios^ transplanted to it. The l.itter has been hrouji-ht to great pcrfeeti'>n, Kcw pa. ('ens ai'o open to the piihlie, every Mm iay, from Mid- summer to tlie end of Autumn. Kcx/ioim, a town of the Rurssicn gov- ernment of vVibnrgh. It is well forti- fied, and has a strong castle. The houses are built of wood. Ne.ir it is a eonsiderable salmon fishery. It is scat- rd on two islands of the lake Ladoga, fi ' niles NE of VViburg, and 67 N of PetersDurirh. Lon. 30 25 E, lat. 61 3N. Kejnsharn, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Thursday. It has some trade in malt, and is seated on the Avon, over which there is a bridge. It is five miles S E of Bristol, and 119 W of London. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 51 24 N. _ A'/iariqf, a government of the Rus- sian empire, formerly comprised in the government of Ukr.unia-.Slovodskaia. Its c.ipital of the same name, is seated on the Uda, which falls into the Do- netz. Kia-thg^fou, a city of Chitia. in the province of Tc'>it-ki.^ng,rem.irivabK- for nothing but its streets, ornamented bv beautifid piazzas, ttiat slieltcr passen- gers from the s'ln and rain. Seven ci- ties of the tlurd class are dependant upon it. Kiuitf(-nnn, a province of China, bounded on the W by Honan .■uid Hou- quang, on the S by Tclic-ki:ing and Kian-si, on the E by tlie gulf of Nan- kin.T, and on the N by c'hanlong. It u: of vast extent !ind contains 14'cities of the first r:mk, .ind 93 oCthe second »md tlijrd. 'I'hc.sc cities are verv po- pulous, and all of (hem arc preid 'trad- ing places, it is fdl of hikes, ri\. is. rmd canals ; and tlieir filKs, j;,j);mned' g-ood-s, ink, mi paper, .bring liighcr K I E prices than that of the other province*. Nan-king is the capital. A7«/,i'-5/, a province of China, bound- ed on ilie N by Kiang-n.in, on the W by Hou-(jiiang, on the S bv Qiiang- tong, and on tlie E by Fo-kien and rehe-kiaug. 1 he mountains of thirt |>rovince contain mines of gold, silver, lea be unilod with tht^ Bailie ; and is to be formed across Holstcin, by the canal of Kiul, and the K I E K I L KI L : of tlif! otlier provinceif. capital. Dvinre orCliina, boiincU )• Kianff-iiaii, on the \V oi\ tlie S I)y Qiiaiijj- hc E by Fo-kien and 1 !-e mountains of thirt 1 mines of gold, silver, te it produccB is very I porcelain is the finest It contuini! 13 cities of "8 of the second and lanp-foti is the capital, 'n of Swisserland, and Zuric, witli a castle. It river Theolf, 14 miles of 2u.-ic. Lon. 8 46 E, . a corporate town in , with a market on seated \inder a hill, on •, and is the prinrijml lace in tile county, and ly noted for a woollen ailed Kichlerminster ner trade of stulis is on .iccoiint of the go- on goods i but its car- has greatly increased, lai-kct in Kngland for pets, 1000 looms being at branch of traffic, y of colonr and jjat- iny other. These are Wilton, from having at that town. The ide has also been in- and employs many miles S E of Bridge- ■ W of London. Lon. 28 N. m in Carmarthenshire a market on Tuesday. 1 creek of the Bristol B mouth of the Towy. ,1 canal has been cut ies, whence coal is 1 exported. It is eight rtlicn, and 224 W by 1. 4 20 U', Lit. .56 44 N. ind considerable town the circle of Lower f Holstcin, with a cas- iity. It Btaiuis on a bay of the Kaltic, and IS harbour for ships of A canal was begun •li the niivif,-:;rion of is t') be united with s to lie formed acra.ss :unal of Kiul, and tlie Tivfr Eyder, which passes by Rends- liurg, and falls into the German Ocean «t 'i'onningen ; by M'hich the trade of Kiel idready one of the most commer- cial places in Holstcin will be further augmented. Kiel is 37 miles N W of Lubec, and 46 N by E of Hamburg. Lon. 10 E, lat. 54 20 N. Sec ffolstein. Kiema, a promontory of Swisser- land, on the VV shore of the lake of Zug, of which it is remarkable, that the ground belongs to the canton of Lu- ccrn, the timber to that of Zug, and the leaves to that of Sclvweitz. Kien-ning-fou, a city of China, in the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the conquest of China by the Tartars, it sustained two sieges, and after some time it was taken, and all the in- habitants were put to the sword. Hav- ing been since re-established by the same Tartai-s that destroyed it, it is ranked among cities of the first class, and has eight cities of the third class imder its jurisdiction. It is 260 miles S E of Nan-king. Kiernow, a town of Lithuania, seated on the Villia, where the duke resides. Lon. 35 21 E, lat. 54 50 N. Kilbarchan, a village in Renfrew- shire ; it is a manufacturing place, and has cxte.isivc bleaching grounds. It is fivt; miles S W of Renfrew. Kilbeggan, a borough of Ireland, in West Mcath. It is seated on the 13os- na, and is 44 miles W of Dublin. Kilbtirn, a village in Middlesex, in the vicinity of London j famous for a fine well of mineral water. Kilda, St. a small island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, 18 leagues to the "W of North Uist. A great number of the poor people in this island live chief- ly by fishing and catching wild fowls. In the latter cmjiloyment, they are in- credibly adventiu'ous ; being often let down by a rope from the summit of high precipitous rocks, where they clamber .among the rugged clilTs, in .search of the eggs and nests of various birds. But the more safe and common method of catching these fowls is, by spreading a large net over the face of the rock where they lodge, in which great numbers are at once entangled, and lowered down into a boat. St. Kil- y TipperaiT, on the N by Qiicen's Coim- ty, and on the S by Waterford. It is one of the most healthful pleasant and jiopujuus cuuiilici* in Ireland, contains 96 p.arishcs, and .sends 16 members to parli.iment. Kilienny, a town of Irehind, capital of a county of the same niime. It is one of the mo.st populous and commerc-al towns of Ireland j and consists of the Irish and English Town, the bst of which is the principal. It once had a. bishop and the cathedral is yet stand- ing. It is 26 railes N of Waterford. and 54 S W of Dublin. Lon. 6 55 W, lilt. 52 36 N. Killala, a seaport of Ireland, in the counly of Mayo, and province of Con- naught, with a bishop's see. It is 21 miles N of Castlebar. Lon. 9 11 W, lat. 54 15 E> I m. ;v! m>'* K I L K I L KHldlpe, n city of Ireland, in the coinit\ ol'Cbrc, i.nil province of Miiii- htt;r with a liislioji's see, seated on the SliiiiiiK.n, over whicli is a hi'idye of ly arrlies. Here i.s u eonsiik ruble sal- mon and fcl lislun. 11 is 10 miles N N li of Limtnck.' Lon. b 27 \V, iat. i>2 50 N. AHiiiiney, a town of Ireland, in the rcnniy ol Kcrrv and j:i(ivinee ol Mui.- «tei', on tlifc siui: of ji l;,ke of the same nuiiie. Within half a mile of this ])la'.e are the ruins of the catliedr.d of Agiiadoc, an aiujent bishopric uiii- tcd v.. Atdfert. It is 14J uiiles o \v of loibun. A'Humie.; a beautiful lake of Ire- land, in the eoiuity of Kerry, otherwise called I,i»if,l) Lean, from Us being' sur- louiided liy hijrh mountains. It is di- vided into tliree parts, c.dledthe Low- er, iVliddle, and Up))er Lake, 'i he nortlieni, or lower lake, i.s six miles hi lenirth, und from tliree to lour in brL;.dlli. On the side of one of the mountains, is O'.Sullivan's Cascade, ■wiiieh fa Is into the lake with a roiir that strikes the timid with iiwe. The view of this slupt of water is xmcom- moiily iine, a))pcarinp as if it were de- seendinjT Irom an arch of wood, which overhangs it above TO lect in height from the jxiint of view. The islands sire not .so numerous in this as in the upper hike ; but there is one of uncom- mon beauty, called Inni.sfallen, nearly opposite O'SuUivan's Ca.scadc. It con- tains 18 Irish acres : anil the coast is larmcd into a variety of bays and pro- moniories, skirted and crowned with arbutus, holly, and other shrubs and trees. The promontory of Mueriis, which divides the upper from the low- er lake, is a }-,erfect land i>f cneliaiit- ment ; and a road is carried throug-ii (he centre of tliis pronioiitory, which unfolds all the interior beauties of the place. Among the distant mountains, Turk apjiears an obleet of wagniii- cence : and R-Iangerlon's more iofty, though less interestiuf;- summit, soara above the whole. The passngf to the iipp'er Inkc is round tlie extremity of Mucruss. which confines it on one side, and the ap|n-oachuig niountr.iiis on the other. Here is a celebrated iw k, cal- led the Eagle's Nest, which produces ■«voiulerful echoes : the report of a sin glc cannon is answered by a succes- sion of peals resembling- the loudest thunder, which seems to travel the .surrotindlnff uccnery, and dli? away among the di.itani mountains, fhe \il)pcr lake is four miles in length, and Irom two to three in breadth. It isal- mo.st surnjunded hy mountains, from wliii h descend a number of beautiful cascades. The islands in this lake are numerous, and aiiords an ania/ang va- rietv of picturesque views. The cen- Ire Ilk. which communicates with the upper, is sm;;li in comparison with the other two, und cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shore.i are, in uiany jdaces, indented with beautiful bays, surrounded by dark groves of trees. The E boundary is formed by the base of Mangt!rton,down the steep side of wh.ch descends a cascade, visi- ble ihr 150 yards. This fall of water is supplied by acircularlake near the sum. mit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch Bowl ; which on account of its immense dejrth, and the continual overflow of water, is consiilered as one of the greatest curiosities in Killarney. One of the best jn'ospccts which this admired lake aiiords, is from a rising ground near tlie ruined cathedral of Aghadoe. In tha several moimtains adjacent to the lakes are still to be seen vestig^.s of mines of iron, lead and copper. Killcvan, a town of Ireland, and pro- vince of Ulster in the county of Monag- han, eight miles S W of Monaghan. Lon. 7 26 W, Iat. 54 10 N Kilticrankie, a noted pass in Perth- shire, near the junction of the Tumel with the Gan-y. It is the grand en- trance into the Highlands in those parts, and is fonncd by the lofty moun- tains impending over the Garry, which rushes through in a deep, darksome, and rocky channel, overhung with trees. In the last century, this was a pass of much difficulty and danger : a path hanging over a tremendous pre- cipice threatened destruction to tlie least false step of the traveller. At present, a fine road gives an easy ac- cess to tlie remote Highlands ; and the two sides are joined by a fine arch. Near llic N end of this pass, in its o- pen and unimproved state, king Wil- liam's army under general Mackey, was defeated, in 1689, by the Highlan- ders, commanded by viscount Dundee, who was killed in the momeJit of victo- ry. Here also a body of Hessians in 1M6 made a full jjause, refusing to marth fiu-thcr, for it appeared to them I I L cncpy, aiid dir; away itani mountains. I'lie ur miles in leiigtli, and ee in brcatltli. It is al- ii l\v mountains, from a nunibi!)' of beautiful ishiiula in this lake are liiui'iLs an anin/.ing- va> que views. The cen- uiiiimunicates with the in comparison uith and cuniiot boast of lilt the shorr.i are, in lented with beautiful •d by dark groves of loiindary is formed by trertoii, down the steep sccnds a cascade, visi- i. Tliia fall of water is 'ularlake near the sum. ain, called the Devil's hich on account of its , and the continual r, is considered as one uriosities in Killarney. jnospccts which tliis ;)rd8, is from a rising e ruined cathedral of lia several mountains lakes are still to be F mines of iron, lead m of Ireland, and pro- 1 the county of Monag- S W of Monachal). . 54 10 N noted pass in Perth- unction of the Tumel It is the grand en- Highlands in tliose led by the lofty moun- ter the Garry, which n a deep, darksome, incl, overhung with St century, this wa« ifficulty and danger : ler a tremendous pre- d destruction to the jf the traveller. At oad gives an easy ac- lote Highlands ; and joined by a fine arch. of this pass, in its o- •ed state, king Wil- ier general Mackey, 1689, by the Highlan- l hy viscount Dundee, ithc moment of victo- body of Hessians in ill ]jause, refusing to r it appeared to thetu K I L xnihc tie plus ultra of habitable coun- try. Killiltagh, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, seated on an arm of Strangiord Lough, where shipt may be sheltered from all winds. It suf- fered much in the war of 1641 ; but it is now a thriving place, with a linen and thread manuiactui-c. Here is a castle, formerly the scat of tiie family of Hamilton, now carls of ChmbrMsil. The celebrated Sir Hans Sloane was born in this town, which is 80 miles N by E of Dublin. Killinaulc, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary and province of Connaught, 14 miles N of Clonmell. Lon. 7 26 W, lat. 52 27 N. Killingvsorth, a post town in Middle- sex county, Connecticut ; situated on Long Island Sound, 20 miles S W of New London, and about 25 N E of NevT Haven. Killony, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, six miles S of Sligo. Lon. 8 25 W, lat 54 UN. Killough, or Port St. Ann, a seaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, and province of Ulster, situate on the N of St. John's Point, in the Irish Sea, and has a good quay where ships He very safe. Here is a manufacture of salt. It is 76 miles Nby E of Dublin. Killybegs, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, with a spacious harbour on tlic N side of Donegal Bay. It is 12 miles K \V of Ballyshannon. Lon. 8 6 W, lat. 54 40 N. Kilmac-Thomai, a town of Ireland, in the county of Waterford and pro- vince of Mimster, 12 miles SE of Wa- terford. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 52 14 N. Kihnainham, a town of Ireland, si- tuated about half a mile from Dublin. It has a session-house and a gaol ; and here the quarter sessions are held for the county of Dublin, and the knights for the shire elected. It was some- ttmes the seat of government, before 'Se Castle at Dublin was appropriated to the purpose. Kilmallock, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Limerick. Lon. 8 34 W, lat. 51 24 N. Kilmarnock, a populous town in Ayr- shire, with a manufacture of gloves, carpets, stockings, nightcaps, bonnets, and other woollen goods. It is 15 miles S W of Glasgow. Kilmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cavan and province of Ulster, K I N with a bishop's see, three miles S W ofCavaii. Lon. 7 11 \V , la),. 51 ^ X. Kiltecirn, a. town of Hossliuv, \n Scotland, rcmarkublc for bi-iiit^ the burial place by Qiieen's County and on the \V by the diviiles it from Kos- y, and another part of contuins 56 parishes, lembers to parliament. as some of tha other it so well inhabited, 'hillpstown. J, a Village in Herts, f St. Alban's. ,It re- E from a palace which It liere, the ruins of seen. Richard II. was nastcry, but removed, Wcsttiiinster. :rou(j fortress of Nor- ;ricitiiUt. t town in Rockingham ampshire, 19 miles S li, with 8oO inhabitants. St town in Plymouth hiisetts, situated on a 2u\,. Cod, at the dis- :s S E of Boston, with St town in Ulster coim- lyin(;- on the VV side of >2 miles S of tlie city ch was burnt by the 1 17T7, being at that ill. Geo. Washington's lies. wn of Jamaica, on thn ' of Port Royal, about 1 and half a mile in I built after the gre.it i92, it is a place of g-ood cli resorted to by mer- len, because most of ) load and unload their -on. re 52 W, lat. 17 K I N A'J>i:;ston upon //«//. Sec //«//. K'ni-sfon upiiii T/mmes, a corporate town ill Surry, with u market on Sa- turday. A great national cour.cil w. s li'.ld here in the year H38, at which Eo'hcrt the Krst king of all England, and his .son Alhelwoif, were piv.seiit j and scvpial of the Saxon i„oiuirclis were crowned here. It is a populous tradingtown and scut iiicmbers to par- liament in the reigns of the second and tlia-d Edward. Qiioeii Elizabeth found- ed i.ere a freescliool ; and the Lent assizes are constantly held at this I'liice. The wooden bridge, over the Tliames, is the most ancient on that river, except London bridge i and the corporation have a revenue for its sup- port. It is 11 miles S \V of London, i.on. 12 W, lat. 51 27 N. ^inj-tf-tc/iiiig, a town of China, in the province of Kiang-si and district of Jao-tcheou-fo'!. It is famous forits beau- tiful porcelain! and 500 furnaces are said to be employed in the midcingofit, and it is computed to contain a million of inhabitants, and extends a league and a half along the banks of a river, which here forms a kind of harbour, about a league in circumference. King-nan-fou, a city of China in the province of Kiang-si, seated on the banks of a river in a very fertile canton, abounding with gold and silver. png William, Court Houie, the principal seat of justice in Kin"- Wil- nam county, Virginia! situated 35 miles N E of Richmond, about half way between, Mattanony and Pamim- key rivers. Here is a post office. Kinrom, a. borough in Kinross-shire, seated on a plain, near Loch-Lcven, skreened on the N by tlie Ochil Hills Its mannfactures are linen, and some cutlery ware ; and it is 20 miles N of Ldinbm-gh. Lon. 3 22 \V, Lit. 56 15 N. Kinro»3-ahire, a county of Scotland, between the shires of Perth and Fife, and 30 miles in circuit, and its lengtli and breadth nearly equal. It sends one member to parliament, alternately with the county of Clackmannan. A'insale, a. seaport and borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Munster. It is a very populous trading place, and has an ex- cellent harbour, 14 miles S of Cork Lon. 8 26 \V, hit. 51 41 N. k'inmic, a post town in Wo.stmore- land county, Virginia ; situated on the K I O .S W side of the river Potomack, near Chesapcuk bay. Kimuit, a peiiiiiMiila in Hoss-sliirc, situutcil lietwccn Luch Gurrou .and Loch Oiiieh. Kiii-t.-ham-foii, a city of Cliiiia, in the province of Ilau.,|iian';. Its dis- trict contains two cities of the second. and 11 ofibc tliird cL.ss. Kiitt-h-liin^, the ea],ital of the islands of Lieoii-kieoii, ill the Cliina Sea. Its hmr gates coi r. spoiid to the four Car- • iuial points and tlie western on« txr.iis the giMiid entry. j;,e king'* palace is reckoned to be four leagues in circiinifereme. Kint-tching is seat- ed in Cl.eonli, tlie S part of the island. Lon. 146 30 E, lat. 26 2 N. A/Hfore, a borough in .•\hcrdeeiishirc, 10 miles \V by N of Aberdeen. Lon. 2 5 W lat. .57 8 N. Kief, a town of Poland, and capital of tiie Ukraine, in a palatinate of Uie same name, with an arclibishop's see, and a castle. It is the capital of the Russian government of Kiof, and carries on a cimsiderable trade. It ia divided into the Old and New Town, and seatejl on the VV side of the Dnieper, 180 miles N E of Kamin- leck, and 335 E by S of Warsaw Lon. 31 51 E, lat. 50 30 N. AVn/l or KiutM, a govemment of the Russian empire, being part of the Uk- raiiie, or litde Russia. It lies on tlio E side of the Dnieper, although. Kiof, tliR capital is on the W side. It was once a dutcliy, belonging to the n-reat dukes of Russia, and Kiof was their capital, and principal residence. This country was conquered by the Tartars, and came again into the possession of the great dukes, but was over run and possessed by the Cossacks, under the protection of Poland. In 1664, the natives, discontented with John Casi- mer, king of Poland, submitted to Russia, and h.ave ever since remained subject to that empire. The vast pri- vileges that they enjoyed have been gradually abolished, and they arc now reduced to the same state as the other provinces of the Russian empire. This govemment contains eleven districts ; and its principal rivers are the Dnie- per, Desna, Oster, Udai, Sula, Psol, and Trubesh. Khf, or Kiov}, a pr.latinate of Poland m tliat part of the Ukraine whicli lies on the W side of the Dnieper. It contains only two districts, and several y Y K I R K I R gmull lovirrn urarct-lv worthy of nnt'tce j its cupitui, Kiuf, being aubjvct to Hun- tin. Kio-feou, a city of China, in tlie pro- vince of Ch»ng-tong and district of Ycn-ti'lieou-foii. It iit cclcbnilcd Kit the birthplace of ConfuciuK, Ncveral luonu- mcnts urc still to he seen here, erect- ed in bnnuitr of tbi^ eminent man. Kio^r, or AV;.. , u s'lajiort of Den- mark, in the i.tU of Zealand, with a fro(Hl harbour, lU iiiikii S of Cojjcnbn- Ifen. Lon. 12 40 1':, lat. 59 31 N Kii>f)i:i!(, a town of Sweden, in Wer- mcland, beated on a imall stream, that fall.^ at a little diitanec into the lake Maeler. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 59 38 N. Kiuiim 2eik, a well built to wn of Pegfue, kitiiatcd on the river Irrawaddcy. It seems to be in a state of improvement, and lias a manufacture of cotton cloth, which is the source of its prosperity. A'ii/iy-LunsJ(tlc, a town of Westmor- land, with a market on Thursday. It i( a large town with a manufactory of woollen cloth, seated on the Lon, over which is a stone bridge, lU miles S £ of Kendal, and 253 N VV of London. Lon 2 5T W, lat. 54 3 N. Kirby-MiM-aiile, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesdiiv. It is seated on the edge of the moors, near the river Oow, 25 | mills N of York, and 225 N by W ofi London. Lon. 1 3 VV, lat. 54 20 N. | Kirhy-Stephen, a town in VVcstmor- 1 land, with a market on Monday, near ■ the skirts of the hills which separate ! this country from Yorkshire, and has I » manufacture of stockings. It is seat- 1 cd on the river Eden and is nine miles S of Appleby, and 281 N N W of Lon- don. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 54 26 N. Kirchherg, a town of Germany in the circle of Suabia, capital of a terri- tory of the same name, subject to the house of Austria. It is seated on the Danube, nine miles S of Ulm. Lon. 10 12 £. lat. 48 16 N. Kirchbtrg, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, belonging to the house of Austria. Kircheim, a town of Germany in tlie Circle of Suabia, 25 miles from Ulm. Kircheim Poland, a town of Germany in the circle of Upper Rhine. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 49 39 N. A7;7h, one of the three departments of East Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N by the river Saghalien, on the K by Uie Sea, on the S by Corca, and on the W by Leacong. Thi« eountryi which ii rendered extremely cold, from the number of forests by which It is covered, is scarcely inhabited. It contains only two or three ill built ci* tics, surrounded by mud walls. The valuable plant ginseng grows here ; mid the emperor sends hither thw rriminals banished by the laws. Airin, the capital of the province of the same name in E Chinese I'artary, situate on the river Sonj^ari, which is here called Kirin, is the residence of a Mantchew general, who is invested with the autliority of » Viceroy. Kirkcaldy, a seaport in Fifeshire, oa the frith of Forth, with a dockyard for small vessels, and a cotton manufac- ture. It is a pretty populous, large, well built town, 10 miles N of Edin< burgh. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 56 8 N. Kirkcudbright, a scapoM in Kirltcud- brightshirc, at the mouth of the river Dec, which forms its harbour. It it a small inconsiderable place, ad nira* bly situated for the fishcir, and other branches of commerce. It is 60 miles W of Carlisle, and 83 S W of Edin- burg. Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 55 N. Kirkcudbrighuhire, a county or stcw- artry of Scotlanil, which once form- ed, with Wigtonshirc, the ancient pro- vince of Galloway. It is bounded on the N £ by Ayrshire and Dumfries- shire, onthe S by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, and on the W by Wigtonshlre and Ayrshire. Its exten| from N to S is 30 miles, from E to W 45. Kirklets, a village in the W riding of Yorkshire, in the vicinity of which ia the monument of the famous Robin Hood ; and on the adjacent moor are likewise two hills, called Robin Hood's Butts. Kiriomald, • town in Cumberland, with a market on Thursdny. It had formerly a castle M^icb was demolish- ed above 100 years ap^, it is seated on « hill near the river Eden, nine miles N by E of Penrith, and 292 K W of London. Lon. 2 48 W. lat. 54 48 N. Kiripatrick, a town in Dumbarton- shire, lying £ of Dtimbarton, said to be the birthplace of the tutelary saint of Ireland. The vestiges of the Ro» man wall, called Graham's Dike, built by Antoninus, extend from the frith of Clyde, at this place to the frith of Foith. Kirkviall, a borough of Scotland, capital of Mainland, tlis principal of the Orkney islands. It ia built on w I R K I T K N acong^. Tl>i» countt)-, ;rcd extremely cold, cr of forciU by which scarcely inhnbited. It or three ill built ci- 1 by mud wall*. The ginseng grows here i or »end» hitlier tliw led by the laws. lital of the province of in E Chinese Tartury, ivcr Soni^ari, wiiich is in, i» the residence of nigral, who ia invested ■ity of a Viceroy, seaport in Fifeshire, oa •th, with a dockywd for and a cotton manufuc- pretty populous, large, 1, 10 miles N of Edin- I 8 W, lat. 56 8 N. , a seaport in Kirltcud- thc mouth of the river irms its harbour. It it iderable place, admira- •the fishery, and other nroerce. It is 60 miles , and 83 S W of Edin- 8 W, lat. 55 N. tthire, a county or atcw- land, which once form- onshire, the ancient pro- way. It is bounded on Ayrshire and Dumfriea- i by Solway Frith and and on the W by tid Ayrshire. Its exten% 30 miles, from Eto W 45. illage in the W riding of the vicinity of which ia it of the famous Robin (n the adjacent moor are tills, called Robin Hood's a town in Cumberland, t on Thursday. It had itle which was demolish- years ago, it i» seated on e river Eden, nine miles nritU, and 292 N VV of 1. 2 48 W, Ut. 54 48 K. a town in Dumbarton- . of Dumbarton, said *• ace of the tutelanr saint I'he vestiges of tl>e Ro» led Graham's Dike, buUt 1, extend from the frith of place to the fritli of Foilh. J borough of Scotland, tinland, tlis principal of slands. It ia built on » inlet of the sea on the E side of the island, and has a tolerable harbour, with a fortification, im which suuic guns are mounted for its defence ; the most striking object is the stutely ca- thedral of St. Miignus. It is 30 miles N E of Thurso, in Ciiithncsshlre. Lun. 2 57 W, lat. 58 54 N. /Cirton, a town in Lincolnshire, with s magnificent chui-rh, and a market on Saturday, '20 niilos N of Lincoln, and 151 Nby W of London. Lon. 38 W, lat. 53 33 N. Kiimiih, an island of Asia, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, about 50 miles in length and five in brea4ttli, with a remarkable pearl fishcn'. It is fertile, populous, and 13 miles S of Gombroon. KM, an Asiatic nation, which ex- tends from the liighest ridge of Cauca- sus, along tift Sundsha rivulets i they are bounded to the W by the little Cabarda, to the E by the Tartars and Leaguis, and to the S by the Lesguis and Georgians, The different tribes of this restless and turbulent nation are generally at variance Witii each other, and with all their neighbours. Their dialects have no analogy with any known language, and tlieir history and origin are at present utterly un- known. They are capable of arming about 5000 men) they call themselves Inguihi, KM, or Hatha ,• they live in villages near each other, containing .about 20 or 30 houses are diligent husbandmen, and rich in cattle. Many of their villages have a stone tower, which serves in time of war as a re- treat to their women and children, and rtt(;ni of its wall'*. Its distiii-t con- tains three cities of the second, itnd 10 of the third class. k'iattavj, a town of Rohcmin, 46 miles S W of Prague. L-m. 14 6 E, lat. 5U30N. Kletenlirrg, a town of Swisserliind, 8ea:tcd on tlic river Aar, tlirce miles from Wnldsc'liut. The bishop of Con- stance exercises the spiritual jcrisdio* tion ) but the sovereignty belongs to the cantons. Lon. 8 12 E, lat. 47 35 N. K/utit/ert, a strong fortress of the United Provinces, ui Holland, near the arm of the sea, called Holllinds Uiep. It is nine mllel S E of Wit- liamstadt. Knapdalt, a mountainotis district in Argyleshire, Scotland, adjoining to Ar- gyle Proper, and connected on the S by a narrow neck of land, to the penin- sula of Cantyrc. Knaresborough, a town in tlie N rid- ing of Yorkshire, with a market on Wednesday. It is delightfully seated on the river Nid, famous for its medi- cinal springs, on a rugged rock where there was a castle. Knaresborough sends two members to parliameiit, and is 18 miles. W by N of York, and 211 N by W of London. Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 54 5 N. Knighton, a commercial town in Radnorshire, with a market on Thurs- day. It is seated on the Tend, ov^r which there is a bridge, and is 14 miles W of Hereford, and 135 N W of London. Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 52 13 N. Knighttbridge, the first village from London, on the great Western road. Here is an infirmary for the sick and wounded, called St. George's Hospital ; and a considerable manufacture of painted floor cloths. Knittelfeldt, a town ofGermanyintho dutchy of Stiria. It is a small place, 78 miles from Vienna, seated on the river Muehr. Lon. 14 57 E, lat. 47 29 N, Knottford, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Saturday. There are two towns of this name pretty near toge- ther, called the Higher and Lower. Ib the hi|[her it th^ parish church. K O L K O N ' Slid in the loiv(>r a r'uipcl of cafe. It, in seven miles N F. oi'Norwieli, iiiiil 173 i; N W i.e (il Ki:uii;-si, snvroiinded hy liijjfii niocntiiins. lis district contains se\en cltt-s of the third class. Aoiii, Ciilled hy the Chinese, Chavio, a \ast de.sort of Cliinese T artary, 100 le!,i;iies from E to W, and almost as ninch ii'oni N to S. JCmi-tcl'enu, one of the smallest pro- vinces in China, bounded on the S by Q;iai';^ si, on the E by Hon-qnanp;, on the ;j by Se-te,huen, and on th.e W by Ynn-nan. The wliole co\intry is al- most a desert, and covered with inac- cessible numntains, it i>>ay be justly' called t!ie Siberia of China. The in- habitants are monntninecrs, accustom- ed to independence, and who seem to form a separate nation j they are no less ferocious than the Bavacre animals amonp wliirli tliey live. This province prixluces the best h.orses in Chin.i. Besides Koei-y.ini,'-, the cajiltal, it con- tains nine cities of the first, and 38 of the second and third diss. Koei-tchntif,in, ii city of jcrc.it trade, in the ])rovince of Sc-tcliuen. Its dis- trict contains one city of the second class, and nine of tlie third. Koei-Tavg, the capital of the pro- vince of K(iei-tcheoii, in China, said t( have been forinei'ly the resideiice of the ancient kinps. 'J'lic remaiits of temples and palaces, still anno'ince its former magiiilicence. It. is 420 miles NW of Canton. Koleihansen,i\ strong town of Li- tiniania, s'lbjei't to Russia. It is seated on the river Dwina, .and is 42 miles E of Ri(fa. Lon. 26 3 E, lat. 5C> 40 N. Kola, a t.iwn of the Russian j^overn- Tne' ^ .,(' Arclianpfcl, capital f>f Russian I.apland, with a irood harbour on the river Kola, near a b.iy of the same name on t- - ;•• zen Ocean, Lon. 32 26 E, lat. 68 34 N. aVi./«'| ernka, fl town nf Russia, whicli iji plcasantlv situ.sted on an emineme near Moscow- Lon. 38 16E, lat. 55 40 ^• Kbl^-vm, a government of tlic Ruk- sian empire, comprchrndinp ji part of Western Siberia, and foi nierly included in tlie government of Tobolsk. Its capi- tal, ol the same name, is seated on the Obv . '1 his conntry has very productive silver mines, which have been called the Potosi of Russia. They lie between theOhyand Irtvsh, near the mountaiiis which form tiie frontiers of Siberi.'., and separ.ite that country from Chinese Tar- tary. Kongnl, a town of Norway, belonging to Sweden, seated on the river Gotel- ba. Lon. 11 5 £, lat 58 30 N. Kovgsberg, a town of Southern Nor- way, celebrated for its silver mines. It lies on both sides of the river Lowe, aiul contains including the miners, COOO inhabitants. Kongsberg is 45 miles S W of Christiania. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 59 40 N. Kongsv-'higer, a fortress of Norway, on the frontiers of Sweden. It is seated, near the river Cloninic, at the foot of a .stce]) rock, , \v!;icli liavp been called t'Rnssia. Tliey lie between Irtysii, near the jTiountaiiis the frontiers of Siberi.'., ind it country from Chinese Tiir- towr of Norway, belonging seated on the river Gotel- 1 5 £, lat 58 30 N. •, a town of Southern Nor- uted for its silver mines. It li sides of tiie river Lowe, s including; the miners, COOO Kongsberg is 45 miles S tiania. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 59 j'ler, a fortress of Norway, on rs of Sweden. It is seated, 'cr Clon)nic, at tlic foot of a (HI whirii stands an impreg- el; at least, Cluirles XII, :)itrcd it, thought it prudent he attempt. ng-fou, a city of China, 'ince of Clien-si. It is sur- ■ inaccessible iiountains, mb is seen wliich tlic Clii- id to. be that of Fold. Its tains three cities of the src- even of the third class. It i S W of Pekin. rg, a town of Franconia, be- the house of Saxe -Weimar, N E of Schweinfurt. I..on. ;. 52 5 N. rg, a toAm of Upper Saxony, uisutc of Brandenburg, 47 atetin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. rg, the ca]))tal of Prussia, iversily and a magnificent i-hich is a hall2r4 feet long, d, without pillars to supp do not • -v-hase them ; but, like the Kamtsc> -s, they first endea- vour to gai.. .Tectio'ns, and then to catch tliei le ' ich marry among tlicmaelvcs, w.iiou ,.. ,1 •; any regard to consangu.nity J *'ie poor' are obliged to {ret wives from among the ])<>or. The wives of the settled Koriacs live in ti;e same hut with t'lem -, those of the wanderinf, aro distributed among their diHisrent flocks, so that each has a flock under her care. These latter are exceedingly jealous, and torment tKi 1- unhappy wives in a most oniel manner. Even an ill-founded susjiicion sometimes drives the husband to sac- rifice his innocent wife to his furious .fcaloiLsly rand the suspected gidlant falls likewise a rictim to his rage. The set- tled Koriacs err as much on the other extreme ; for their compliance towards their wives is unbounded. They are happy to see them charm strangers ; and the caresses the wife receives is so much pleasiue bestowed on the hus- band. They ofier their wives and daughters to strangers as companions for the night. An acceptance of such offers is estccmcis« R A K U B K U R attended with iornt the stranger thus en- ••St of all, his polite ■a water in his pre- him a bowl of it to with. The wander- rn the bodies of the torn is not uncommon tied Koriacs. They and carry the corps g-e drawn bv rein-deer, est cloatlis, and bum •ms and utensils of the kill tlie rein-deer thither, eafc the flesh, mains into the fire. In e the memor}' of the lake anotlier" feast of i-k; 73 miles W of from Washington. , a fortified town of river Oder, 17 miles Lon. 17 54 t, lat. 50 fin, a town of Russia seated on the river E, lat. 49 3 N. vernment of the Rus- lerly included in that divided into the pro- la and Unsha. The Former is Kostroma, th of the Volfra; the nd is Makarief, situ- ity of China, in the an, seated between . The inhabitant* ;h uncommon hospi- Lithuania, seated on men, 40 miles W of E, lat. 54 56 N. iwn of the dutcbyof »e declivity of a hill, 1 and Clevcs. It is nage of the Virgin, raculous. 1 of Bavaria, seated ; E of Munich. m of Germany, in lioia, seated on the f of Laubach. m of Upper Silesia* hctwaen Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17 49 E, lat. 50 7 N. Kraintlavi, a town of Poland, in the province of Red Russia and palatinate ofChelm, 110 miles SE of Warsaw. Lon. 23 E, lat. 51 15 N. Krapitz, a town of Silesia, in the dutch} of Oppelim. Lon. 18 10 E, lut. 50 39 N. Kreiitk, a corporate town in Carnar- Tonsliirc, with a market on Wednes- day. It is seated on the Irish Sea, near Traeth-Amawer Bay, where a cattle formerly stood, now in ruins. It is 13 miles S by E of Carnarvon, and ?37 N W of London. Lon. 4 18 W, lat 52 57 N. Krempen, a strong town of Denmark, in Holstein, with a castle. It is five miles N of Gluckstadt, and 30 N W of Hamburg. Lon. 9 '5 £, lat. 53 58 N. Kremes, a town of Austria, seated on the Danube, 3j miles W of Vienna. Lon. 1540 E, lat. 48 18 N. Kreuzenach, a town of the Lower Rhine, with a castle, on an eminence. It is seated on the Nalie, 20 miles S W of Mentz. Krutnlitm, a town of Germany, in Moravia, 50 miles S W of Olmutz. Lon. 1649 E, lat. 48 46 N. Krutxam, a town of Lithuania, 30 miles S W of Mozcillaw. Lon. 32 4 £, lat. 54 8 N. Krylam, a strong town of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiof, seated on the Dnieper, 140 miles S E of Kiof. Lon. 33 50 E. lat. 48 50 N. Kubctha, is a large strong town si- tuated.on a hill between high moun- tains. Its inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a name common in the cast to all Europeans), and relate that their ancestors were brought hi- ther by some accident, the particulars *f which are now forgotten. The common conjecture is, that they were mariners cast away upon the coast; 'lUt those who pretend to be better versed in their history tell the story this way: The Greeks and Genoese, «ay they, carried on, during several centuries, a considerable trade, not on- ly on the Black sea, but likewise on the Caspian, and were certainly ac- quainted with the mines contained in these mountains, from which they drew by their trade with the inhabi- tants great quantities of silver, copper, and oUier metals. In order to work tb«s« upon tlw spot; they SQn\; ItitUer a number of workmen to establish ma" nufacturcs, and instruct tlic inhabi- tants. The subsequent invasions of the Arabs, Turks, and Monguls, du- ring vvilich the mines were hlled up, ancl the manufactures abandoned, pre- vented the strangers from ettecting their return, so that they continued here and erected themselves into a re- public. What renders this account the more probable is, that they are still excellent artists, antl make very good fire-arms, as well rifled as plain ; sa. bres, coats of mail, and several articles in gold and silver for cs|iortation. They have likewise, for their own de- fejicc, small copper camions, of three pounds calibre, cast by tlieroselves. They coin I'urkish and Persian silver money, and even rubles, which readily pass current, because they are of tlie full weight and value. In their valley* tliey have pasture and arable lands, aa well as gardens ; but they purchase the greater part of their corn, tnitsing chieBy for support to the sale of their manufactures, which arc much admir- ed in Persia, Turkey, and the Crimea. They are generally in ^od circum- stances, are a quiet inoffensive people, but high spirited and indcpendJent. Their town is considered as a neutral spot, where the neighbouring princes can deposit their treasures with salety. They elect yearly twelve magistrates, to whom tliey pay the most unlimited obedience ; and as all the inhabitants are on a footing of perfect equality, each individual is sure to have in his turn a share in the government. In the year 1725, their ma6 J N. Kmistun, a pi-ovince cf Persia, bound- ed en the N ar.dEby Ii'ac-yVg'emi, on the S by Farsistan.'and on the \V by Irac-Arabia. Susler is the eai/ital. A'ltf'cr.lnri', a town of Bohemia, seat- ed near a mountain, reni..ikiible for its silver ir.ints, 35 miles S E of Prague. Lon. 13 37 !Z, lat. 49 56 N. Kxauire, a country v,\ Asia, whicli contains a g-reat nunib( r of towns ar.d villages, at:d is exceedingly poj.-ulaus. Its princ;j al towns aie Tonk\d and Jourkul ; those being' the residence of its rulers. It ;,bound.s in iiuits, such as grapes, apples, jilunibs, &c. It likewise yields rire, whc::t ;-.nd other sorts of grain. Th.» n;.tivf-s are ex- ceedingly fond of -.vipc .-ind hogs ticsii ; although Uifir country is well HtO( kcd LAB with cows and goats. They have « diatinct language, and their arms con- sist ofthe bow and- arrow, the sabru iind the sling. A'lijnJ/T, a fortress nf the United Pro- vuu-es, 2o miles S (if Lewardcn. Lon. 5 24 K, lat. 52 50 N. A'j/iiu, ;r, a town of Germany, In tha elc( torate of 1 reves, seated on the Kvll, 16 miles N \V of Treves. Lon. 6 37 E, lat. 50 1 N. Kyr.ehm, a town in Hertfordshire, with a good trade in narrow cloth, and a market on \Vednesdav. It is 15 miles N VV of Hereford,' and 149 V/ N \V of London. Lon. 2 50 VV, lat. 52 12 N. Kyueton, a village in Somersetsliire, N E of .Sonierton. It is naturally pa- ved, for half a mile, with one smaotii rock, wiiich looks like ice. T-'i-U Laah, or Lahab, a town of Austria, seated on the Teya, 21 miles NW of Vienna. Lon. 16 9 E. lat. 43 48 N. Labadia, u strong town of Italy, in Polesino di Rovigo, subject to the Venetians. It is seated on the Adige, 30 miles N W of Ferrara. Lon. 11 54 E, Lit. 45 39 N. LuLiit, a town of Turkey in Europe, in .Servia, 62 miles S W of Nissa. Lahiau, a town of Western Prussia, ;it the moutli of the Deime, near the Curlschhaff, with a strong castle, 30 miles N E of Koningsberg. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 54 37 N. Labourd, a late territory of France, part of that of Basques. It abounds in fruits, and the inhabitants are said to be the first that went to fish for whales. It is now included in the de- partment nf tl;c Lower Pyrenees. Lubrador, a country on the E side of Hudson's Bay, in'Jforth America. The clinialc, 'in only lat. .5"'> N, is ex- ce.ssivoly old diiring winter. Wine freezes in a solid mass ; brandy coagu- lates ; ai'd the very breath falls on the blankets of a bed, in the fi,rni of a hoar-frost. The ice begins to disap- pe;>.r in Mays an I .ibout the middle of June, commences liot weather, which, at times Is s) violent, as to scorch the faces of tlic hunters. Mock svuia wid i B :outB. Tliey have a and tlieir arms coll- ide arrow, liie nnhru ss of the United Pro- (.f Lewardcii. Lou. N. of Germany, in tlit; ves, seated on the IV of Treves. Lou. 1 in llcrtfordsliire, in narrow cloth, .ind ?(lnesih'.y. It is 1.1 ercford, and 14'9 W Lou. a 50 \V, lat. 52 g'c in Somersetsliirc, It is nuturally pa- c, with one smooth like ice. • Lahah, .1 town of ed on the Teya, 2/ ;nna. Lon. 16 9 E, ig town of Italy, in g^), suhjcct to tlie seated on the Adijje, •"errar.-i. Lon. 11 54 Turkey in Europe, WofNissa. Western Prussia, lie Deime, near tlie strong castle, 30 ninjjsberg. Lon. 21 territory of France, isr['.K-s. It abounds hu!)itaiUs are said Kit went to fish for included in the de- ■ver Pyrenees. trv on tlie E side of Korth An»f.rica. lylat. .'»"'' N, is ex- rinty winter. Wine ass ; brandy ciii\gu- hreath falii on the in the fwrni of a CO bejjins to disap. .about the middle of ot weather, whiohj Hs to scorch the Mock suns and I It, LAD halo* are not unfrequent ; they arc ve- ry hripht, and richly tinged witii all the colours of the rainbow. The sim rises and sets with a large cone of yellowish light j ann.\es, martens, squirrels, ermines, wild cats, and h.arcs. The fiatliered kitids are geese, bustards, thicks, partridges, and all kinds of wiid f)wls. The fish are whales, morses, seals, codfish, and a white fish prefera- ble to herrings j and in tlieir rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch, carp, and trout. In summer, there is here, as ill other places, a variety in the co- lour of the several animals : when that season is over, which holds only for three months, tliey all assume the live- ry of winter, and evcrj' sort of beasts, and most of their fowls, are of the colour of the snow ; every thing cni- niate and inanimate is white. But one of the most striking things, tiiat draws the most inattentive to an admi- ration of the wisdom and goodness ot Pi-o^idenee, is that the dogs and cats from Great Britain, that have been carried to Hudson's Bay, on the ap- |)roach of winter, have changed their appearance, and acquired a much longer, softer, and thicker coat of hair than tliey originally had. See Nex\: Britain, Egquiniaux, and HuUsoti't JJav- Lad, or Bischifs-Lack, a town of Germany in Carniola. Here is not on- ly a great deal of iron, steel, quicksil- ver, and corn, but a large quantity of linen is made liere, and sent to Fiume and Tricst. It is 26 miles W by N of Laubach, and 35 N of Triest. Lun. 14 7 E, lat. 46 31 N. Ladenburgh, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, seated or. tiie Neckar, eight miles N VV of Hie- (lelberg. Lon. 8 42 £, lat. 49 30 N. Ladoga, a lake in Russia, between tlie gulf of Finland and the lake of Onega. It is 150 miles long, and 90 broa"olkli()f La.loi^na, or Laced j^iia, a town of Naples, ill Capitanalii, with a bisliop's see, 60 miles E vf Naples. Lon. 15 46 E, lat. 41 1 N. La.inme Islarw's, islands of the N Pacific Ocean. They are 11 in num. ber, cxcliisivf of the small islets and rocks, and lie in about J 40° E lon. and between 11 and 26" N lat. They were discovercfl by MagclLin, in 1521. He touched first at tho isKind of Guam, where the natives stole some of his goods, which caused him to name these islands the Ladrones, or iislamls of Thieves. Beside the other f-uits na- tiiral to the soil and climate, here is the bread-fruit tiec in abun lance. The names of the principal is amis are Saypan, Tinian, Guam, and Kota. Lagny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, and late province of the Isle of France, with a late famous Benedictine Abbey. It is seated on the Marne, 15 miles E of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 48 50 N. Lagoon, one of the new discovered islau'is in the S Sea, inhabited by a race of ludians, of a copper colour. Tills island was discovered by Captain Cook. Lon. 139 28 W, lat. 18 47 S. Lagos, a seajiort of Portugal, in Al- garva, with a castle. Here the Eng- lish fleets bound to the Str.iit8 usually take in fresh water. Near this town is Cape Lagos, oil' which, in 1759, admiral Boscawen defeated a French fleet. It is 120 miles S E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 33 W, lat. 37 2 N. Lagi'na,a town of the island of Tene- riflie, one of the Canaries, where the governor has a palace, but generally resides at Santa Cruz. The lake from which it has been supposed to derive its name, is now a very inconsiderable piece of water. Lon. 16 13 VV, lat. 28 30 N. Lagunes of Venice, the marshes or lakes in Italy, on which Venice is seat- ed. They c immunicate with the sea, and are the security of the city. Thet-e are about 60 islands in these Lagunes, which together make a bishop's see. Euarano is the most considei-alde, next to those on which Venice ataiids. LAM J^aht, a. river of Gcmiany which Tisc.-f 111 Hesse Cussel, and fidls in- to till- Khihc, iiliove CobUntz. jLi./iK.-Ji, ii. seaport i)fS\veilcn, in the proviiiee i) Hailuiul, sealed near the Baltic, Willi till- ciislle, /-O miles N of C(i;;t'.ili!igen Lvince of Kindntistan Proper, boiiiuled rm the W by Cand.i- liar, on the N hy Cnsliinere, on the E by Sirinajjiir and Delhi, and or. the S byMcii'iiin. It is often calleil Panjab, or \ ( ountry fif Five Rivers. It is very extensive and reniarkubly fertile ; atlijrdinj^ in addition to all the necessaries wf lite, wine, ki:gar, and cotton wooil. In the tract between the Indus and the Chehim, are salt mines, wonderfully jiroductive, and af- fordinjy fragments of rock salt, hard enough to be formed into vessels, &c. See Panjnh. Lahore, a city, the capital of a pro- vince of the same name, in Hindoostan Proper. It is a place of hitfh antiqui- ty, and was one of the most considera- ble cities in the Mopid dominions, con- taining a great number of mosques, ca- ravanseias, and pagods, and the resi- dence of the Mahometan conciuerors of Hnidoostan, before th.ey hwl esta- LAM late province of Bretagne- It is tli<; cliieftmvn of the late dutchy of Pen- thievre, and gave tlic title of ])rincess totlie unfortunate lady of tlial name. Lainbale has a g'ooil trade in cattle, clinient, and is o7 niiles s. Lon. ^' 'Jl W, lat. 4K to^vll of France, in the f tlie Moutlis of the e province of I'rovcncc, ifAix. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. villaj^e in Surry, on tin lite Westminster, where pb of Canterbury have an By the vast increase ..ambeth is now joined to i, in a direction to ccch rid.t;'es. Here is a mann- ificial stone, |which an- U'posc of Btone carving-, not only to statues from lets, but to c^x•n kind of ornaments. Here like- iisivc works for vineg;ar ae wine, a patent shot and numerous timber d with almost incredible ign timber. I town in Berks, with a iduy, seated on a river of me, wliich falls into the w Newbury. It is seven V of Uungerfoi'd, and 68 . Lon. 1 26 W, lat. 51 ■own of Portugal inBeira, 's see, and a strong cita- g two churches, an hos- : convents. It is 50 miles a, and 150 N of Lisbon. lat. 41 12 N. lir, a inoongi-idge-hill. Nor is there any want of wood in tliis country, either for timber or fuel ; wit- ness Wicrsdalc forest and Bowland fo- rest to the northward, and Simon's wood in the southern part of Lanca- shire. The air of Lancashire is pure, healthy, and agreeable, except among the fens and on the sca-sliore, where the atmosphere is loaded with putrid exhalations, producing malignant and intermitting fevers, scurvy, rheuma- tism, dropsy, and consumption, The soil is various in diflerent parts of the country, poor and rocky on the hills, fat and fei-tile in the valleys and cham- ])aign counti-y. The level country pro- duces plenty of wheat and barley, and the skirts of the hills yield good har vests of excellent oats : very good hemp is raised in divers parts of the province ; and the pasture which grows in the valley is so peculiarly rich, tiiHt the cattle which feed upon it are much larger and fatter than in any o- ther part of England. There is not any part of the world better supplied than Lancashire with provisions of ali kinds at a very reasonable rate ; sucli as beef, veal, mutton, lamb, pork, poul- try, and game of all sorts, caught upon tile moors, heaths, and commons, ii< tile hilly part of the shire. Besidc^ tlie sea-fowl common to tho .shires ol LAN F.ngland, such as ducks, caster1ing«v teal and plover, many uncommon birds arc ob.scrved on tlie co.i.st of Lanca- shire ; the sea-crow, variegulcd with blue and black, the putKn, tlic ciirnio- runt, tlie curlew, tliC mzor-bill, t!ie copped wren, the nd-sliaiiks, the swan, the tropic l)ird, tiie kiiig's-usli- er, 8tc. As a commercial siul manu- facturing county, it is ilistingiiiancd beyond any other in the kiiigdTe, Hodder, Roche, Diiddon, Winstcr, Ken, and Calder ; and it has two considerable lakes, Winander-mere, and Coniston- nicTe. Lancaster is tlie county-town. Lancaster, thecounty-t'iwn of Lanca- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor : sends two members to parliament ; and is seated on the Lon, which hei-e forms a port for vessels of moderate burden, and over which is a stone bridge of five urches. It has but one church, on thet side of a hill, on the summit of wliicli is the castle, serving both as the shire- house, and the coun raol. On the top of this castle is .|uare tower, called John of Gaunt ;> Chair, whence there is a fine prospect of the moun- tains of Cumberland, and the view to- ward the sea, extending to the Isle of Man. Five miles from tliis place is Dunald-Mill-Hole, acave at the foot of a mountain, into which a large brook runs, after it has driven a mill near its antrance. Some of its vaults are so high, that they resemble the roof of a church, and in other parts so low, that they can be passed only by creeping on the hands and feet. Lancaster carries on a considerable trade, especially to the West Indies ; and is noted for the making of mahogany cabinet ware. It is 63 niiles S of Carlisle, and 235 N N W of London. Lon. 2 56 W, lat. 54 4 N. Lancaster, a county of Pennsylvania, 41 miles long, and 35 broad. In 1800 it contained 43,403 inhabitants : divid- ..d from Chester county, and erected into a separate county. May 10, 1729. W- LAN LAN b Lciiic.'i.tter, llu; caiiitul of Lancaster count', , PiMinsylvania. Tliis town wa» erected iiitD ii borough and incorjiura- ted in 174J. In IHUO tlie inhabitants aininintcd to 42'JJ, who are pi'incipnlK Gcnii.in.-i, or Uu-ir ininiediali; deHccnd- lints. The litreets are laid out in re- j;:uhir sijuai'cs, and the huildinj^g are mostly of hriclts, some ofthuiiihand- sonu-ly constnuted. The principal jniblic edifices, are ii larj^e court- hi);ise, niaritet-house and gaol, with six or seven |)lai-es of relig'ious wor- ship. It is at piesent tlie seat of the St.ne governnicnt, and lias a bank, a collc^^e e.illed Franklin coliejji;, and a post oiiii e. It is situated in the lat. of 40^ N and Ion. of 76° 10' \V, at the di.^,- tanceof 62 miles W from Philadelphia, and 11 E from Coluiiihiu, on the river Susquehanna. Lancistcr, a post town in Grafton county, New Hampshire, on tiie Eside of Conneetic\it river, 54 miles N E of Huvcrhili, with 440 inhabiti.uts, Ldticcintcr, H jiost town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, J5 miles N W of Boston, and 17 N E of Worcester, with 1j81. inhabitants. Laiiceruta, one of the Cunary Isles. It is very hijfh, and may be discovered at a g-reat distance. The gloats and sheep arc pretty plenty, and the val- lies produce a little wheat and corn. It is about 15 miles Ion}' and 10 Uroad. Lon. 13 2C W, lat. 29 14 N. Lunviann, a town of Naple.s, in Ab- fuzzo Citeriore, with an archbisiiop's see. It is seated on the Feltrino, 87 miles N E of Naples. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 18 N. LanJaJf, a small place in Glamorgan- shire, but honoured with the appella- tion of a city, on account of its being an ei)iscopal see. It is seated on an ascent, on the river Taafe, near Car- diff; but the cathedral, a large stately building, stands on low ground. It is 30 miles N W of Bristol, and 166 W of London. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 51 24 N. Lantiaiv, a strong town of Germany, in the palatinate of t]ie Rliine. It wafi formerly imperial, but was ceded to the French in 1648. It is sealed on the (Jiieich, nine miles S of Newstadt, and 270 E of Paris. Lon. 8 12 E, lat. 49 12 N. Lanien, a town of Austrian Brabant, fiimous for a battle gained by the French over the allies, July 29, 1693, mid for a battle fought iVIarch 18, 1793, between the Austrian* and French, by wliiih (he latter were eon.]>elUd t* evacuate the Austrian Nell.erlunds. Laiiden is seated on the Hecke, 17 miles N U of Huy, and 18 N E of Na- mur. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 52 41 N. Sec Ni^cnvimieit. Lur.itcniau, a town of France, in the department t>f Finisterre and late pro- vince of Brctagiie, seated on the Elho- ro, 16 miles N E of Brest. Lon 4 20 W, lut. 1,.8 28 N. Landti, a dejiartment of France, in- iludiiigthe liilc territory of Mursan. It takes itH name ft-om a disti-ict, called Laiidts, exteiiding along the coast of the Bay of Biscay. It is a barren sandy country, covered with fern, pines, and the holm-tree, of the bark of which corks arc made. Mont-de-Marsan is the capital of this department, and Dox the episcopal sec. Laii^^imrd Fort seems to belong to S'.ltoliv, but is in the limits of Essex, and has a lovely prospect of the coasts of both counties. It was erectetl and is maintained fi>r the defence of the port of Harwich over against it; for it commands the entry of it from the sea up the Manning-tree water, and will reach any ship that goes in or out. It is placed on a point of land so sur- rounded with the sea at high water, tlia'i it loi.ks like a little island at least one mile Irom tlie shore. The making its itjiindation solid enough for so good u fortification cost many 3cars labour, unil a jirodigious expence. It was built in the reign of king James I. when it was a much more considera- ble fortification than new, having four bastions mounted with 60 very large guns, particularly those on the royal bastion, which would throw a 28 pound ball over Harwich. Here is a small garrison, with a governor, and a plattiirm of guns. This fort is refitted and greatly enlarged for theconvenien- cy of the oUicers of ordnance, cr.gin- eers, and matrosses ; and a barrack built for the soldiers. Landrecy, a town of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of Hainaiilt. It was besieged in vain by prince Eugene in 1712. It was taken by the allies, in April 17P4; but retaken in Jidy following. It is ve- ry well fortified, and seated on the Sambre, 28 miles S W of Maubctige, and 100 N bv E of Paris. Lon. 3 47 E, lat. 50 7 N. " A N strians nnd French, by ;r were coii.jiclltil U ^.ustriuii Nell.crluiuls. cil III) t!ie Ik-cke, 17 in-, uml 18 N b'. ot Na- K, Ittt. 53 41 N. Sec town of France, in the iiiiiiterrc ;iiul lute pro- ie, seated on tin- Ellio- :; of Urcst. Lon 4 20 artment of France, in- tciTitoiy of Mursitn. It from ii disti'ict, culled ng ulonjj the coast of ly. It is a barren sandy I with fern, pines, and if the bark of which ;. Mont-de-Marsan is tills department, and >al see. ( seems to belong to II the limits of Essex, prospect of tlie coastg It was erectetl and 'r the defence of thft over against it ; for it ntryofilfrom the sea •tree water, and will hat goes in or out. It point of land so sur- e sea at iiigh water, : a little island at least le shore. The making ilid enough for so good ist many years labour, us expence. It w«» ign of king James I. [luch more considera- than new, having four d with 60 very large y those on the royal woidd tlirow u 28 Harwich. Here is a Mth a governor, and a This fort is reiitted rged for tlie convenien- s of ordnance, cr.gin- >sses ; and a barrack Idiers. wn of France, in the le North and late pro- ;. It was besieged in Eugene in 1712. It allies, in April 17P4; ly following. It is ve- , and seated on the 3 S W of Maubetige, jf Paris. Lon. 3 47 E, LAN Lvt-lsherg, a town of Germany, in the eirtlf of Upper Saxonv, seated oi tlie Warta. Lou. 15 ll> E, 'hit. 52 5U N. J.unJuuerg, a I iwii of Germany, ii. the electorate of Bavaria near the riv- er Leeli. LanJ.icrnon, a fort of France in the dep.ii'tnicnt of Ujipcr Rhine, and late jirovince of Alsa':e, seated on an emi- nence three miles N of Basil. Lon. 7 32E, lHt.47 j6 N. Laiuiacrimn, or Lanu'tcrona, a sea- port of Sweden, in the province ot Gothlunil, and territory of Schoncn, seated on the Baltic, within the Sound, 22 miles N of Copenluigen. Lon. 12 52 E, lut. 55 52 N. L.ind'i Kml, the most westerly point of Gre.it Britain, and a vast aggregate of moorstonc. Lun. 5 4() \V, lat. 50 6 N. Landichut, a town of Silesia, in the dutcliy of Schwcidnit/, it is seated on the Zelder, which falls into the flau- ber, and is 12 miles W of Schwcid- nitz. Landichut, a town of Lower Ba- varia, with a strong cnstle, on an ad- jacent hill. It is seated on the Iser, 35 miles N E of Munich. Lon. 12 10 E, lilt. 48 30 N. L.inJschut, a town of Moravia, seat- ed on the Morava, on the confines of Hungary and Austria. L.mdsperg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the marclie of Brandenburgh, seat- ed on the Warta, 32 miles N E of I'raiicfort on the Oder. Lon. 15 lOE, lat. 52 50 N. Liindsperg, a town of Germany in the circle of Bavaria, near the river Lech, 23 miles S of Augsburg. Lanert, a borough in L'uierkshire. »eated on the Clyde, 20 miles S E of Glasgow. Lon. 3 49 VV, hit. 55 40 N. Lanerkshire, or Clydesdale ; whicli latter name it has from that river whicli rims entirely through it from South-cast to North-west, and near Lanerk town forms a cataract of 40 feet high. It is bounded on the N by part of Dumbartonshire, Stirlingshire, Linlithgowshire, and Edinburghshire ; on the E by Peebleshire and part of Dumfriesshire, on the S by D.mi- friesshire, and on the W by Airshire and Renfrewshire, it is near 24 niUcs where broadest, and about 16 hi the narrowest part, and 40 long ; and di- vided i'.ito the Upper and Nether- ward; the one called the shire of Lanerk, and the Other Uie barony of Glasgow ; the LAN one hilly, heathy, ami lit for pasture j ani .he otlier le\el, and proper fur corn. I hi: principal rivers, :.ll of which riso >n tiie same hill, are the Clyde, whic •uns into the Frith of its own name, .>nil the Annan, both of which run into •-lie Irish Sea : also the 'Iweeil, which i.lls into the German Ocean ; besides which the Firth of Chde is joined to Firth of Forth by a canal for tlie bene- ,it of navigation and trade. It aboiiiidit with coul and limestone ; has some lead mines. And abundance of Lapis Lazuli is d • up lieie. The chief towns are Hamilton, Lanerk, Ruther- ;^h:n and Glasgow, the latter of which Is the most flotn-isliing town in Scot- land, both in nianufaetuies and trade to foreign parts. The manufactures lu-e woollen cloths, shalloons, cottons muslins, lawns, gauzes, nails, earthen- ware, ilistilicry i;nd sugar refining. Lanetboro', a post towa of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, five miles N of Pittslield, ami 28 S of Bennington in Vermont, with 1-143 inhabitants. I.aneshurg, a town of Ireland in tlie county of Longford and province of Leinster, situated on the banks of the Sliunnon, 62 miles from Dublin. Lon. 8 6 W, lut. 53 40 N. Laiigeuc, a small town of France, in tlie department of Cantal and lute pro- vince of Auvcrgne, seated near the Aliier, among mountains, 36 miles S of Clermont. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 45 5 N. Lurgetih, an ancient town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and lute ])rovincc of Touraine, seated on the Loire, 12 miks W of Tour*. Lon. 31 E, lat. 47 26 N. Langeland, an islanroduces jilenty of corn, aiul the principal town is Rutcoping. Lon. U OE, ht. .55 4N. Latijan or Lancliitig, the capital of the ki'.igdom of Laos in the further In- dia, 371 miles N of Sion. Lon. 101 SI E, lat. 21 10 N. Lnngon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde and late province of Guienne. It is noted for excellent wine, and seated on the Garonne, 15 miles N of Bazas. Lon. 10 W, lat. 44 33 N. Lwigport, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on a hill, by the river Parrct, which is navigable tor barges to Bridg«wa- ♦ f» LAO LAP U'P. Il is 'cii milcH S 1', of BrUl(yp\v!itep, and 1J8 \V l)\ S of Loiidoii. Loii. o W, lilt, jl u N. Liiiij^ic)!, till ancient to\vn of Fruncc, in tiiu tii'[)ai'lnifnt(if U|)|>ir Murne uiul Lite pi'o< iiu u (if Chaniijayni', with a biHliop's Sic. It IS scutcil on ii nioun- tain near tlic soiirii-s of the Marnc, anil itH cnllci-y warus aio in liig'li vtt- teem. 'I'liiu ii.wii is llioii>,'lit to stand the lii(fhfst of any in Franii; ; and tlie prosptctfiMin tiif towL'i-H of llic princi- pal ctiui-cli is beautiful Itevond concep- tion. It is .\j miles n'E of Dijon, and 100 S bv Ji of Klicims. Lon. 5 24 E, lat. 47 52 N. Langntow, a jilace in Humpsliiri; famous lur its liarbuur wliicii is capa- cious cnouj^li, to contain tbc whole navy of England, but on arcoimtofii bur there is no entrance for large shijis at low water. LungiwUuc, a late province of France, bounded on the N i)y Q;ierci, Rouer- tfue, Auvcr^e, and Lxonois ; on the E by Daupliiny and Provence; on the W by Gascony , and on the S by the Mediterranean and Kou.sillon. The clerg'y and inhabitants were more rich, nunien)u.s and more biffotted than in any other place in France. It now forms the departments of Aude, Gurd, Upper Garonne, and llcrault. Laniun, u town of France, in the de- partment of tiie North Coast and late jjrovitice of Brctajj^nc. Its trade con- sists in wine and hemp, and it has some minend waters. The inhal)itants of LanioM, Guinrainp, and tlK^cnvirons, speak tlie Welsh lanj.'uuge, wliich was prr)bably broiiplil here by tlie Urltons, who took refuge in these j)arts, in tbc fiftli century. Lanion is 15 miles W of 'J'reg'tiier. Lannoy, a town of France, in' the department of t!ie North and late pro- vince of French Flanders, five miles SE of Li.sle. Lansinbuif;, a post town in Rcnsel- laer county. New York; situated on the E side of Hudson river, near its junction with the Mohock river, about four miles above I'roy, antl nine above Albany. Liinso, a towni of Piedmont, on the river Store, 12 mik"; N W of Turin. Loi.. "23 j2, lilt. 45 9 N. Lain, a town of Franc? in the de- panment of Aisne a'ld late province of Soissonnois, with a e:ist!(.', and lately a bishop's see. Its principal tiadc con- j sists in corn and wine ; it is advnnf.n^'p. ously seated on u mouiitnin, 77 milei N E"of Paris. Lon. 3 43 E, lut. 4'J;J4 N. l.,i(i.t, It kingdom ot Asia, bounded on the N by China, on the E by Ton- (|iiin iind Cochin Chinu, on the S by Caiid)odiu, and on the VV by Hur- Mudi, 'Ihis jounfry is full of fiirests, and aboiiiids lit rice, fruits, and llsh. '1 he Inhiibitunis arc well made, robust, of iin olive complexion, and mild; but very Buperstitious, and much addicted to women. 'I'heir prinei]>al occupa- tioii is tilling the ground anil lisliing. The king is absolute, and has no other law than his own will: he shows him- self but twice a ) ear, and has a large revenue from elephant's teeth found in his dominions. Their religion is much the same as in China. Laucionc is the capital. Lapland, the most northerly country of Europe, extending from the N cape in 71° 30' N lat. to the White Sea un- der the arctic circle, is inhabited by the same people, though the country is subject to diHerent powers. Nor- wegian Lapland, imder the dcmiinion of Denmark, lie.s between the nor- thern sea, the river Pais, and thr lake Enarak. Swedish Lapland com- prehends all the coimtry from the Bal- tic to the mountains that separate Nor- way from Sweden. Lajjland may be leimeda huge congeries of frightful rocks and stupendous mountains ; in- terspersed, however, witli many plea- sant valleys, watered by an infinite ' number of rivulets that run into the rivers and lakes, which discharge themselves into the gtdf of Bothnia. Tlie nanics of the principal lakes in Lapland are the Great Uma, the Great Windel, the Orea\m, the Stor-avan, the Great Lula ; the lakes of Kartom, Kali, Torno, Enara, and Kimi. Some of these extend 60 le.tgiies in length, and contain a great number of islands : Stor-avan is said to contain 365 ; and Enora contains an archipelugo of islands so large, that no Laplander has lived long enough to visit each particular island. The natives believe this coun- try to be the terrestrial paradise ; and indeed notliing could be more enchant- ing than such vast jjrospects of moun- tains, hills, forests, lakes, rivers, &c. if the coimtry was in a moderate cli- mate ; though even here, in summer the roses are seen blowing wild on the bunki of lakes and rivers, with all the A P LAP L A R \inc i it is advantaj;**- nmuiitnin, 77 iiiik'i .MJ E, lat. 4'J;J4N. ot Asia, hoiiiidcil , on the E liy Ton- Cliiiiu, on the S on the \V liy Hiir- ry is full of forests, ce, fruits, uns»ed by ihcue ag-ree- iible, prospects i (jreat part oi' tlie tlal CDUnli'y i* •■overotli : the former are (ixed in small vdlii.res neuP the lakes, and chiefly follow fishing. 'I'he commerce of the Lu|iluiiders i» more considerable than one would ex- pect in a desert country inhabited by a savage, ignorant people. They exjuirt great quantities of lish to the northern parts of Bothnia and White Hiissia. They likewise trade with the ncifch- boiiring countries of Norway, Swed.;n, Muscovy, and Finland, by selling rein- deer, fine furs, baskets und toys of their own manufacture, dried pikes, and cheese mudc of the Keln-deer'» milk. In return for these commo0 «nil •iwt mi i4iiii\ >>t '20,liM nivn iiiuli r tlic commnr.il ol Mio) :in kiiiu: of N'li w><\ . Liiriiui, a t iwii nt' Nu|« viiire orjiiiiim, witli uGu'tk ttrctibiitli- Op't Hcc, u iihliirc, niul n'Uik.' IiuikIkoiiic nioiH|iif>i. ll w.iM ('.iiiiiiiu ui tlic ivM- ticiu'c ut' Aj liiiles, 111 il rtluiii* its uii- firiit name. It larnc^ (in a l:ii({c tnule, and iv plc'usaiill> scHttil S of Skliiiiiclii, nnd 120 N liy W of Atlieim. Luii. 32 47 K, lilt. 3'.) '18 N. Lnritt>iit,u (T.ivitirp ofPerniii, wliicli lies N of tlic (f'llf of 1*1-1 Hia. ll firiTicr- h' lM-lon{(cd tu tlie Uucbrci. Liu- is the cujiital. J. irryLun.hr, a gfaport of Hindoos- tnn Piii|/cr, bt (!ie inoiitli of a biunch of thr Ir.diis riillfd L.'irnliimdar, wltli aliKi'boiir ('a|)al:l(: of itrcivinp; 8li:|/S of 200 tuiiit burden. Loii. 07 37 E,Ut. 24 44 N. Ltir\i See jlrtn. J^iiv-'^cit or L.iun.i^pn, a m-aport town <>i Norway, c:'.|.ilal of a di&tiii't of the rtame name lli iron wniks arc iliiong thr nin.st vabiiiblc in Norway. LriMii, <»• L.iluititi, a lily, tlic capi- tal of Grci.t I'l'ibet. It is not large, but llie houses uic of htoiir, bpacious and lofty, hevcn inili-s on the E H-de of the city, is tl.c inomituin of l*iit:;lu, on tlie HiMTiniit of waich in the ]>aUn the conlines of the Dlaek forest. LiuJii, a town of Germany, in, the bimiopric of Wurtzbiirp', lli miles S W of Wurtzhui-g. L .11. 9 45 E, lat. 49 28 N. I.auJcr, a borough in Berwirk.shirc, with a ca.stle, 22 liiilcs .Sof Edinbiirg'li. Lon. 3 5 W, lat. 55 36 N. L luilerdale, a small district in the county of Mcrse, through which a rlv- ver of the same name runs. Lave/lo, an ancient town of Naples, in basihcuta, with a bishop's see, 30 miles E In N of Naples. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 41 5 N. Lave!t, or L.ifclt, a village in the bihiiopric of Liege, near Muestricht, remarkable fur a battle gained here by the Fvpnch in 1747. Lavrnhmn, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Tuesday. Its chtirch '.s a very handsome Gothic structure ; and it has considerable manufactures in serges, shalloons, says, stidis, and fine yarn. It is seated on a branch of the brct, 12 miles S by E of St. Edmund's Bury, and 61 N E of Lomlun. Lon. 51 E, lat. 52 39 N. Laufftn, a town of Germany, in the dutehy of Wirtemburg, seated un Uie Neckar, 10 miles S of Ha.lbron. Lon. 9 35 E, hit. 49 3 N. Lanjfen, a small town of Swisser- Und, in the canton of Basic, seated neai- the river Birs. \ u itip^ mmrrif* proost town in York coun- ty, Maine j situated on the E side of S;dinun-fttll river, about 20 miles N W of Ponsmoutli in New Hampshire. Lebanon, a post town in Graftrin coun- ts, New Ham])shirc, 18 miks S E of Danmouth college, with 15r4 inhabi- tants Lebanon, a post town in Windham county, Connecticut, on the W side of Shetuckct river, nine miles N of Norwich, and near the same distance S of WiuiUiam. Lebanon, a large inland trading town, in Dauphin count), Pennsylvania ; si- tuated on the S side of Swatara creek, at the distance of 28 miles W of Uead- ing, and 25 E N E of Harrisburg. This town is incorporated, and con- tains 2500 inhabitants ; the streets are regular, and the houses well built, prin- cipally with bricks and stone. Here is a post-office. Lebeda, an ancient seaport of the kingdom of Tripoli, with a good har- boui", and an old castle. It is seated on the Mediterranean, 85 miles E of Triijoli. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 32 50 N. Lebrixa, an ancient town of Spain in Andalusia, seated in a territory aboimd- ing in corn, wine, an, Pennsylvania ; si- S side of Swatara creek, e of 28 miles W of Uead- E N E of Harrisburg. i incorporated, and con- labitants ; the streets are he houses well built, prin- )ricks and stone. Here is ancient seaport of the ripo'i, with a good har- old castle. It is seated erranean, 85 miles £ of I. 14. 50 E, lat. 32 50 N. I ancient town of Spain in lated in a territory abound- wine, ami olive-trees, ;e the best oil in Spain. It E of St Lucar. Lon. 5 8 N. nvn of Germany, in the er Saxony, in the marqui- Icnbuig, witli a l)ishop'8 :ed in favour of t!ie house ii'g'. It is seated on the 2s N of Francfor*, and 43 Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 52 31 N. piilo\is and most beautiful i;s, in Otranto, of which it lace, with a bishop's see, if the gulf of Venice, and faples. Loi- 18 30 E, lat. iwn of Italy in the Milan- ) the E side of the lake es N of Milan. Lon. 9 21 N. ;r of Germany, which ri- dividcn Simbia from Ba- s into the Danube, below town in Gloucestershire, t on Tuesday, seated at e of the Lech with the iiiles E by S of Glouccs- /■ by N of London. Lon. fl 40 N. . town of Germany. It is e circle of the Lower In the electorate uf Co- logne, 10 miles S W of Cologne. Lon. r 8 E, lat. 50 46 N. Led, a river of the United Provin- ces, which branches oH the Rhine at Wyck-by-Deurstedc, and enters the Merve, 10 miles E of Rotterdam. Lectoure, an ancient and strong town of France, in the department of Gers and late province of Armagnac. It had a castle and a bisliop's see, and is situ- ate on a mountain, attlic foot of whicli runs the river Gers, 12 miles E of Con- dom. Lon. 42 E, lat. 43 56 N. Ledbury, a town in Herefordshire, witli a market on Tuesday. It is inha- bited by many clothiers who curry on a great trad?. It is 13 miles E of Here- ford, and 116 W N W of London. Lon. 2 17 W, lat. 52 3 N. Le.ksma, a sti'ong town of Spain, in Leon, seated on the Tome, 20 miles S VV of Salamanca. Lon. 5 31 VV, lat. 41 ON. Lee, a river of Ireland, which rises on the confines of Kerry, and flows E i to Cork, below which city it forms a fine harbour, and enters St. George's Channel. Lee, SI village in Kent, in the church- yard of which Dr. Hullcy, the great astronomer, is interred. It is si.\ miles S E of London. Leeds, a corporate town in the \V ri- ding of Yorkshire, witli a market on Tuesday and Saturday. It is situate in a vale, which trade lias rendered one of 'he most populous spots in England, and is the principal of tlie clothing towns in Yorkshire. It is particularly the mart for the coloured and while broad cloths, of which vast quantities are sold in its cloth-halls. Leeds has a manufacture of camlets, wliich has declined, and a floiirishiiig one of car- pets resembling those of Wilts and Scotland. Here arc also sonic mills for the cutting of tobacco, and a great pottery. Within three miles of the town are numerous collieries. I^eeds has a magnificent stone bridge over the Aire, which is navigable for boats, that carry much coal from hence to York and Hull. It is 22 miles W S W of York, and 192 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 29 W, lat. 53 48 N. Leedston, a post town in Weitmore- land county, Virginia, 17 miles N W of Westmoreland court-liouse, and 105 S of Washington. Leefooga, one of th.e Friendly Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, visited by captain Cook, in 1776. This island U seven miles in length, ai.d its breadth, in some places, not above three Leek, a town in Stalionishirc, seated in some barren moor lands. It is 154 miles N N W of London. Lon. i 55 W, lat. 53 16 N. Leer, or Lehr, a town of Wcstpha- lilt, seiited on a river of the s.ime name, 11 niilea S E of Embden, and 24 W N W of Osnaljurg. Leerdam, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, seated on the Ling- he, 17 miles N E of Uou. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 51 56 N. Leerot, a fortress of Germany, in tlie circle of Westplialia, seated :itl!ie con- fluence of the Lee with tlie Enibs, 10 miles E by S of Embden. Leers, a town of Germany in the cir- cle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Liege. It is four miles N of Liege. Leesiurg, a town of Loudon coui',,/, Virginia; lying four miles S W of the Potomack river, and 43 N W of Wdshiagton. It is the principal town of the county ; has a post-oflice, and about 400 inhabitants. Leestnvin, a flourishing town of the state of Kentucky, in the county of Fayette, seated on the E bank of the river Kentucky. As the banks of the river are remiu'kably high, there arc few crossing places ; and tht- best be- ing at Leestown is a circumstance which contributes to its increase. It is a few miles W of Lexington. See Kentucky river. Leeward Islands, tliat part of the Caribbee Islands, in the West Indies, commencing at Dominica, and extend- ing to Porto Rico. Lecwe, a fortified town of Austrian Brabant, seated in a morass, on the Geete, 12 miles E of Lovain. Lon. S 7 E, lat. 50 53 N. Leghorn, a strong and considerable city of Italy, in Tuscany. It has one of the most famous harbours in the Mediterrannean ; and, being a free port its commerce is prodigious. The Jews have a handsome synagogue and schools, the Greeks and Armenians have churches of their own, and no religion is disturbed. The inhabitants are computed at 40,000. The streets arc wide and straight, and almost all the houses of tlie same height, There are so many canals, that some have given it the title oC New Venice. Near the hai'bour is a large buildings L E I L E I called 1,1 Bii(e eastern province of Ire- land, bounded by Ulster on the N ; St. Ge .rgcs's, or the Irish Channel, on the K iJid S ; and by tlie ])rovinccs of Con- naught and Munsler on the VV. The capital city of this province and of the kingdom is Dublin. It contains \'2 _ tries of Euroi.e, tlie \Y LkIks, und America. Siiips of great size are built at this poit; and here arc seve- ral extensive ropewalks. There are .ilso flourishing m.iir.if.icturcs of bottle- glass, window-glass, and crystal : a great carjiet manufacture, a soap-work, :ind 8 line iron f.iiges. There are three churches in Leith, and an ancient hospital for disabled scuir.cn. Lon. 3 7 VV, lat. 5G0N. Leitrhn, a county of Ireland, in the province of Coniuiuglil, bounded on the N by Donegal Bay, on tlie N E by Fernianah, on the E by Cavan ; by Longford on the S E, Roscommon on the S W, and Sligo on the VV. It is 42 miles long, and 17 broad; is a fertile country, and, though mountainous, produces great herds of black catile, but cont.iiiis few places of note. It contains 21 parisiies. and sends six members to i)arliamcnt. Leitrivi, the county town ofLeitrim, in Ireland pleasanlh situated on tlie river Shannon, 80 miles from Dublin and appears to have been formerly a place of some note. Lon. 8 30 VV, lat. 53 57 N. Leixi/ip, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kildare sealed on the Liffey. It has a noble castle, with large gar- dens, on one side of which is a fine wiicifall, called the balmon leap. Near it are the ruins of the church and castle of Confy. Leixslip is eight miles VV of Dublin. Lemburg, or Leopold, a large commer- cial city of Poland, caplt.il of the pala- tinate of Red Russia, and now of the Austrian kingdoms of Gah-.cia and Lodomcria. It is well fortified, and defended by two citadels, one of which is on an eminence without the city. The square, churches and public build- ings, are magnificent. It has a Roman catholic archbishop, and an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is seated on the Peltii. 90 miles N " W of Kamin- ieck, and 150 E of Cracow. Lon. 24 26 E, lat. 49 51 N. Leinbro, an island of the Archipela. go, on the coast of Romania, 22 miles in circumference, with a town of the same name and a harbour. Lon. 26 E, lat. 40 25 N. J,emgout six miles S of Saro river, atict .TJ N W of Portland, the capilal of the district. Ijewnos, one ol'tlic jiriii'-ipnl islands of the Arrhipolag'o, now called Stail- mene. It lies at the eiitraiu e of the Dardanelles, and lias a Uiwn of the same name, whicli is ranilal ofllie island. It is ah'jut 25 miles in Iciicrth, mid 15 in breach '.i, uiul heh)n,i;s lo the Turks. The soil is pretty fertile, cspeciallj in corn and wine, and is fa- mous for an earth called Terra .Sijflliata, formerly in p-cater esteem anionj;' phjsician-, tlianat present. It e.oitains about 75 villajfes, whose inhaijiliints are almost all Greeks, :ind are very indi'.iitrious. Leinnos or Stalimene is but a small tov/n, standinfj on tlie de- clivity of a hill, on the top of which there is a castle, near the sea. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 20 miles S E of mount Athos, whose Khadow covers it a little before sun- set, and 55 N W of Mctelin. Lon. 25 28 E, lat. 40 3 N. Lena, a large river of Siberia, whicli flowing in a northerly direction, re- ceives 16 other rivers, and falls into the Frozen Ocean, by several mouths. Lencicia, a stro:iff town of Poland, capital of a i)alatinate of the same name, ■with a fort, on a rock. The nobility of the province hold their diet here. It stands in a morass, on the river Blura, 37 miles S E of Gnesna. and 3 10 N by W of Cracow. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 52 10 N. Lenham, a town in Kent, with a market on Tuesday, seated on an emi- nence, 10 miles E of Maidstone, and 47E S E of London. Lon. 045 E, lat. 5118N. Lennep, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and in the diitchy of Berg. Lon.6 56E, lat. 51 11 N. Lennox. See Dumbartonshire. Lennox, a post town of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, half way be- tween Pittsfield and Stockbridge, and about 20 miles E of Hudson river. Lenox-Castle, a town in Rockingham county, North Carolina, 46 miles E of Ge^manto^vn, and 30 S W of Danville, on the river Dan. Here is a post-of- fice. i.f ij, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais and iate province of Artois, whose fortifi- cations arc cicmolislied. It is eight miles N E of Arras, and 95 of Paris. Lentini, or Lcuntini, an ancient town of Sicily, in the valley of Noto. It was greatly damaged by an earthquake in. 1693, i-nd is seated on a river of the same name, 17 miles S VV of Catania, and 20 N V/ (,f Syracuse. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 50 28 N. Lmtzen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony. It is 74 miles IVom Berlin. Lenzhurg, a town of Swisserland, in the cantim of Bevn, seated on a small river, eight miles W of Badmall W ofBad-n. river of Italy which lines, and falls into and fort of the West d hkrboiir on tlie W fo. It was taken by e French royalists in retaken by the re- icr following ; and it y attacked by the 1796. Lon. 72 37 (roujijh in Hereford- et on Friday. It is ic wool, sends two iment, and is seated miles VV by N of 37 W N VV of Loii- V, lat. 52 20 N. St town in Worces- achiisetts, 25 miles and 43 from Boston, ; direction, but stronfy town of ly of Urbino, with a 9 seated on a moun- ;r Merrechia, eigiit vlarino, und 15N VV 2 25 E, lat. 43 55 N. province of Spain, m, bounded oa the on the VV by Gali- Jii the S by Estra- ; E by Old Castile. 1 lenpth, and 100 in ided into almost two ^ river Douero. ; and large city of a province of that Homans in the time episcopal see, and dral in all Spain. It p and more populous id boasts the honour of the first Christian It is seated be- 1. E P tweentwosoufces of the river Esra, 50 miles S E of Oviedo, and 165 N by VV of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 VV, lat. 42 45 N. Leon, a small island belonging lu Spain. It is separated from the conti- nent by a strait .ibout 10 miles long. The town of Cadiz is built at its NVV •xtreinity. Leuii, Nev}, a kingdom of North America, which is very |)opulous and there are silver mines in it. Leon lie Nicaragua, a town of New Spain, in Nicaragua; the rcsiper Hungary, built by the tmperor Leopold in 1665, seated on the Waag, 36 miles N W of Neuhau- sel, and 62 E of Vienna. Lon. 18 6 £, lat. 48 35 N. Lepanto, a strong and very conside- rable town of Turkey, in Europe, and in Livadia, with an archbishop's sec, and a strong fort. !t is built on the top of a mountain, in form of a su- gar-loaf, and is divided into four towns, surrounded by as many walls, and com- manded by a castle, on the top of the mountain. The harbour is very small, and may be shut up with a chain ,• the entrance being but 50 feet wide. It was taken by the Venetians from the Turks, in 1687, but was afterwards eyacuatcd, aud tlte »stle gf Qomtjil L E R demolished by tin- Venetians, in 1699, in ci)nse<]iiti;<.c lifthe trent;' (.fCurlo- witz. It w:.s iifiir this town tli.it don John of AiiHti'ia, o'uiuincd tlie famoiia V ctory over the 'lurlLisli fleet ii: 1571. The produce of tiie a(l.i:ic(;iit country is wine, oil, corn, rice, I'urkcy-leather, and tobacco. The wine would be ex- ceeding good if they did not pitch their vessels on the inside, wliii 1« ren- ders the taste very disagreeable ta the Turks who arc not used to it. The Turks have sis or seven mosques hci-e, and the Greeks two cinirches. It is seated on the gulf of 'Lepanto, 112 miles N VV of Athens, and 350 S VV of Constantinople. Lon. 22 13 E, lat. 38 34 N. Lepers, hie of, one of the New He- brides, in the South Pacific Ocean, Lon. 168 E, lat. 15 23 S. Leria, or Leifia, a strong town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a cas- tle, and a bishop's see. It contains about 3000 inhabitants and was for- merly the residence of the kings of Portugal ; and is 30 miles S of Coim- bra, and 60 N of Lisbon. Lon. 8 46 VV, lat. 39 H N. Lerici, a seaport of Italy, on the E coast of the g^f of Spccia, in the ter- ritory of Genoa. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5N. Lerida, an ancient and strong town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's see, a university, and a castle. It is seated on a hill, on the river Scgra, 16 miles S W of Bolaguer, and 200 N W of Madrid. Lon. 45 E, lat. 41 44 K. Lerini, the name of two islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of France, five miles from Antibes. That nearest the coast, called St. Mar^-aret, was guarded by invalids, state-prison- ers having formerly been sent here. It was taken by the English in 1746, but retaken in 1747. The other is called St. Honorat, and had lately a Benedic- tine abbey. Lemui, a town in Spain, in Old Cas- tile, seated on the Arlanza, with the title of a dutchy. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 48 16 N. Lemica, a town of Cyprus, fortnerly a large city as appears from its ru- ins, situate on the S coast o** the island, where there is a good road, and a small fort for its defence. Leru, or Leros, anciently Leira, an island of the Archipelago, on the coast 9f NatoUa, Lon. 27 £, lat. 37 N. wmm mmmm,' L E S LEU Lenvlck, the cliicf town of the Shet- land IkIuiuIs, situatL' on the E siile ut MainlHiid, the priiici|)i(l ishiiul. It ',i the rendezvous of the fishinj^ busses from Britain, llolhmd, Denmark, and other parts. Lon. 1 30 VV, hit. 60 20 N. Leacar, a town of France, in the de- partment of tlic Lower Pvrenees and late province r)f Gascony, lately a hisii- op's see. It is seated on a hill, three miles N W of Pan, and 42 S li of Bay- onne. Lon. 7 \V, lat. 43 17 N. Lesguh, one of the sevea Caucasian nations, between the Black Sea and the Caspian. Their country is indif- ferently called by the Georjjiuns, Les- gitistan, or Dajfliestan. It is bounded on the S and E by Persia and the Cas- pian ; on the S W and VV by Georgia, tiie Ossi, and Kisti ; and on the N by the Kisti and Tartar tribes. It is di- vided into a variety of districts, gene- rally independent, and governed by chiefs elected by the people. The Lesguis are supposed to be descended frtm the tribes of mountaineers, known to ancient geographers under the name ofLesgasor Ligycs. The strength of their country which is a region of mountains whose passes are known on- ly to themselves, lias probubly, at all times, secured them from foreign inva- ■ion. They sidisist by raising cattle, and by pred^itory expeditions into the cn-'nti'ies of tiieir more wealthy neigh- bours. During tlic troubles in Persia, toward the hegiiming of this century, they repeatedly sacked the towns of Shamachie and Ardebil, and ravaged the neighbouring districts. In their persons and dress, and general habits of life, ns far as these are known to us, they greatly resemble the Circassians. Leskeard, a borough in Cornwall, •with a market on Satin-day. It hatl formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of the coinage towns for tin. It sends two members to parliament, and has a considerable manufacture of yarn, wliich is chiefly disposed of at Exeter. It is 31 miles E N E of Tru- ro, and 221 W bv S of London. Lon. 4 36 W, lat. 50 27 N. Leapare, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde and late ])rovince of Guienne. In the environs of which are found transparent pebbles, resem- bling the false diamonds of Alencon, and known by the nante of caU'aux de viedoc, medoc stones. It is 30 miles N N W of Bourdeaux, Lessines, a town of the Austrian Netherlands in Hainault, seated on the Dender, famous t()rits linen manu- facture. It is six miles N E of Atli, and 23 S \V of Brussels. Lon. 3 40 \V, lat. 51 40 N. Lf^toff ur Leostoff, a town of Suffolk, willi a market on Wednesday. This town consists of 500 houses, and the coast is very dangeious to strangers. It is 7 miles S of Yarmouth and 115 N E of London. Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 37 N. Lestv:ithiel, a borongli in Cornwall, with a market on Friday. It is seat- ed in a vale on the Fowey not far from its fall into Fowey Haven. Formerly ships came as far as the town ; but the chaimel is now stopped up. Here is a wocllen maiuifacture ; and it is one of the tin coinage towns. It is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament, Lest- witliicl is 19 miles VV N VV of Ply- mouth, and 230 VV by S of London. Lon. 4 48 VV, lat. 50 27 N. Lettere, a commercial town of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, in principa- to Citeriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated at the back of a mountain, 12 miles N VV of Salerno, and 20 S E of N.iples. Levant. This word properly signi- fies the East; but it is generally used, when speaking of trade, for Turkey in Asia; comprehending Natolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, the island of Candia, and the ailjacent parts. The Levant Sea means the E part of the Mediter- ranean Sea. Levantine Valley, a valley of Swis- serland, on the confines of Italy, lying between mount St. Gothard and the lake Maggiore. The lower part is populous, rich in pasturage, and produces much liemp and flax. It is a bailiwic, subject to the canton of Uri ; and Ossogna, the residence of the bailiff, consists only of a few houses. Leucate, a town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Lang\iedoc, seated near a lake of the same name, 18 miles S of Narbonnc. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 43 N. Leuchstenberg, a town of Germany, in the upper palatinate of Bavaria, seat- ed on a mountain, near the river Es- rcimpt, 50 miles N VV of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 49 40 N. Leue, a town of the Aui^trlan Nether- ■*'lil»to: E U own of the Austrian Hiilnuiilt, seuted on oiiii tor its linen niunii- ix niik's N li of Atli, Brussels. Lon. 3 40 \toff, a town of Sufl'ollf, m Wc-iIiiL'sday. This 5UU houses, und the ngcious to strangers, ut' Yurinoutli und 115 Lon. 1 45 E, lat. 52 boronnii in Cornwall, 1 Friday. It is seat- on the Fowey not I into Fowey lluven. came as fur as tlie lianncl is now stopped wo(.llcn mainifaeture ; he tin coinage towns. >y a mayor, and sends (> parliament. Lest- iles W N W of Ply- nV by S of London. t. 50 27 N. mcrcial town of Italy )f Naples, in principa- li a bishop's see. It is :1c of a mountain, 13 Salerno, and 20 S £ word properly signi- it it is generally used, •f trade, for Turkey in uling Natolia, Syria, the island of Candia, . parts. The Levant part of the Meiliter- eji, a valley of Swis- i confines of Italy, ount St. Gothard and ore. The lower part h in ]>astur.igc, and emp and flax. It is t'ct to the canton of p)a, the residence of ists only of a few vn of France, in the ude and late province atcd near a lake of the miles S of Narbonnc. 13 N. I town of Germany, in late of Bavaria, scat- , near the river Es- s N W of Ratisbon. 49 40 N. rihe Auittrian Nether- LEU lands, in Brabant, seated on the rirer Cheet, 10 miles £ of Louvain. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. Leven, Loch, a beautiful lake in Kinrosshire, 13 miles in circumference, and somewhat ofacircidar form. It has ■everal small islands, on one of which is a ruinous castle. Here the unfor- tunate Mary queen of Scots was con fined by the confederate lords, after the murder of her husband lord Darn- ley, and her marriage with Both well. This lake produces trout of peculiar excellence ; of which g^eat quantities at certain seasons, are sent to the Edinburgh markets. In autumn, a singular species called the gully trout, is here salted and dried for wmter provisions. Ltven, a river in Dumbartonshire, which issues from Loch Lomond ; and, after a meandering course through a delightful vale, enters the estuary of the Clyde, below Dumbartcm. This river is the subject cf a beautiful ode by Dr. SmoUet, and on the W side of it is a luUar erected to his memory. Leugne, a village of France, in the department of Upper Sanne, and late province of Franche Comt^, lying to the E of Vesoul. Here is a cavern 35 paces deep, and 60 wide, which serves as a barometer to all the country people. A fo^, at the entrance of this glacier, IS an mfallible sign of rain the next day. Fi-om the roof, which is 50 feet high, descend columns of ice, of a proiligi- ous size. The brook which rims through a part of this grotto, is frozen in summer, but flows in winter. ' Leui, a town of Swisserland, in the Upper Vpllais, seated on an eminence, near the Rhone. It is one of the mde- pendent commonwealths of the Upper Vallais, and is remarkable for its natu- ral strength, and its springs, whose water is so hot, that it will boil an egg, and is much frequented in the summer, on account of these springs, which nearly resemble those of Bath j but the accommodations arc inconve- nient. Lon. 739 £, lat. 46 13 N. Levroux, a town of France, in the department of Indre and late province of Berry, with a castle, 35 miles S W of Bnurges. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 47 N. Leute, a town of A\i&trian Hainault, seated on the Dender, 14 miles N W of Mons. Lon. 3 45 E, lat. 50 35 N. Ltutiiri, a free imperial town of Germany in Suabia, seated on a rivulet LEW that falls into the Iller, 43 miles N E of Lindari. Lon. 10 12 E, l.,t. 47 53 N. Leutmeritz, a townof Bohemiii, capi- tal of a circle of the san>e name, with a bishop's see i seated on the Elbe, 30 miles N W of Piugue, and 40 S E of Dresden. Lon. 14 3u E, lat. 50 31 N. Leutmuhl, a town of Germany, in Bnliemia in the circle of Chrudini, 22 miles E of Chrudim and 73 from Pi'iigiie. Leutach, a town of Germany in th» dMtc'liv of Carninla. Lewunien, u populous and strong town of the United Provinces, capital of Frieslaiul. The buddings, as well public us private, are magnihcent. It has several canals in the streets, which are a jjrcat assistance to its trade ; which IS very considerable, especially as they are continued not only to the sea, but to the most considerable towns in the province. It is 27 miles W of Groningen, and 65 N by E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 32 £, lat. S3 H N. Leamtiein, a town of Germany in the circle of Franconia, cajiital of a county of the same name, with a for- tres, 10 miles E of Hailbron. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 49 18 N. Levientz, a town of Upper Hungary, in tlie county of Gran, and on a river of the same name, where the Turks were defeated in 1644. It is ten miles N of Gran. Lon. 18 31 E, lat. 48 21 N. Levies, a borough in Sussex, with a market on Saturday. It contains six parish churches, and is seated on the Ouse, which is navigable here for barges. The assizes are sometimes held here ; and it sends two members to parliament. Lewes is situate at the edge of the South Downs, on the declivity of a hill, on which are the remains of an ancient castle, and con- tains 1500 houses and about 6200 in- habitants. It is 30 miles E of Chi- chester, and 49 S of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 55 N. LeviU, one ofthe largest 8f the He- brides or western islands of Scotland, extending about 60 miles in length from N to S, and from 13 to.l4 in breadth, consisting of a gpreat number of isles and rocks, and parted by the sea into two divisions, called Lewis and Harries, the former lying to the westward of the other. " The air is temperately cold, moist and healthyt ^eat part ofthe law nound is flegd- B ■ B LEX LEY ei', fiiix, ami liein]). Till- inlialiltaiils :if Lewis arc well pro- portioiuil, tall, fair, sunK'uir.c, strong', anilliealtliy. 'i'liej arc ii: n'ciieral sober, circumspect, and hnspitublc ; dexter- ous in shootinp^, swinimin)^, and leap- inp;; bold and skilful mariners; and so temperate, that tlicy will tug' at tlieoar «11 day, witliout aiiy other provision than bread and water, with a sniuh of tobacco. Leii-is, a town of the Netherlands in Brabant. It is seated on a morass lU miles from Louvain. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. SO 50 N. LcviUtoTKii, a post town in Lincoln county, Maine, lying on the E side of Andrascofipi^in river, about l.) miles above its junction with the Kenncbeck. LeviisUnvn, a post town, the cajiitiil of Sussex county, Delaware j situated on Lewis creek, about three miles from the lig-ht house at Cape Hcnlopen. It is inhabited principally by pilots, and sup- ports u small coasting trade. It lies in the lat. of 38 25 N, and lon. ofr5I0 W, about 113 S of Philadelphia. LmiisUnxn, a post town, and'capital of Mifflin cuunty, Pennsylvania ; situated on the N side of Juni.itu river,55 miles N VVof Hairisburg, and 162 of Philadel- phia ; containing about 600 inhabitants. Lewis/iiirg, R town of North Ameri- ca and capital of the island of Cape Breton. It was ceded to the English by the peace of 1763. Tlie fortifica- tions are now demolished. Lon. 61 30 W, lat. 4630 N. Letuishmn, a village in Kent, on the river Uavensbourn, Kve miles S E of London, with an elegant churcli. Lexhf^cm, a town of North .'Vmerica, capital of tlic state of Kentucky, and county of Fayette. Near this town are to be seen curious sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are thus fabricated. First on the ground are laid large broad stones ; on these arc placed the bodies, separated from each other by broad stones, covered with others, which served as a basis for the uexc arrangement of bodies. In this order they arc built -.vithout mortar, growing still narrower to the height of a man. This method of burying appears to be totally diillsrentfrom that now practised by the Indians. In the neighlxHirhood of I,exington are also to be seen tlie remains of two ancient fortifications, witli ditches and bas- tions i one eontuliiing about six acrci of hind, and tlie other nearly three. Pieces of earthen vessels have also been ploughed up near Lexington ; a maniit'acti.re with which the Indians were never actpuiinted. These, with the fortifications, :ind the sepulchres, have been urged as an argument, that this country was formerly inhabited by a peo])lc dill«rcnt from the present In- dians, and further advanced than thej in the arts of life; and Mr. Filaon, in his account of this country, has ad- v.tnced arguments to prove, that these jieople were, in all pr'ibability, an an- cient colony from Wales. Lexington stands at the head of the river Elk- horn, 470 miles \V of Wa.shlngton, and 26 S E of Frankfort. Lon. 85 10 W, lat. 38 20 N. Lexington, a town of North Ameri- ca in Massachusetts. Here hostilities were first commenced between Bri- tain and America, April 1775. Leaden, a city of tlie United Provin- ces in Holland, four miles and a half in circumfei ence. In this city are said to he eight gates, 24 canals, 50 islands, 180 streets, and 145 bridges, the great- est part built of freestone, The princi- pal church is a superb structure, whose iiigh roof is supported by three rows of columns ; and the rest of the public buildings arc very handsome. There are several large hospitals, and a uni- \ersity, which has generally 2000 stu- dents, though there are but two col. leges ; for the scholars board in the town, and have no dress to distinguish them. The school is a large pile of brick buildiiigi three stories hi^h ; in the uppermost of which the famous El- zevir lj:id his printing-office ; ccntijju- ous to these is the pl))'sic-garden, where the professor reads lectures in botany. The library contains juriotis manu- scripts; luid the thcitre for anatomy is one of the finest in Europe. Here were manufactures of the best cloths and stufis in Holland wliich are now much decayed. Leyden is famous for the long siege it sustained in 1573, against the Spaniards. It is seated neai- th'* ancient bed of the Rhine, finir miies £ of the German Ocean, and 20 S \V of Amsterdam. Lon. 4 33 £, lut. 51 10 N. I.eyna, a river of Germany, wliich rising in the confines of Hesse, runs N and falls into the Alle'-t at Batmar. Lejte, one of tlic Philippine islands. E Y ritli ditches and bag. ilninp^ itboiit six acrei other nearly three, icn vessels have also up near Lexington ; 'itii wliich tlie Indiana tainted. These, with 1, and tlic sepulchres, lis an artrtinieiit, that formerly inhabited by t from tlie present In- T advanced than they :; ind Mr. Filson, in this country, has ad- ts to prove, that tlicse all probability, an an- m Wales. Lexington :ad of the river Elk- SV of Washington, and fort. Lon. 85 10 W, )\vn of North Ameri- letts. Here hostilities iienced bt-twecn Bri> a, April 1775. of the United Provin- bur miles and a half in In this city are said to 24 canals, 50 islands, 145 bridges, the great- Teestone, The princi- iperb structure, whose oited by three rows of lie rest of the public ry handsome. There hospitals, and a uni- las generally 2000 stu- liere are but two col- icliolars board in the lo dress to distinguish 001 is a large pile of ,hree stories hi^h ; in r which the famous El- inting-nffire ; ccatijju- ? physic-garden, where ids lectures in botany, itains :urious nianu- theatre for anatomy is in Europe. Here were the best clotlis and which are now much :n is fimous for the tained in 1573, against It is seated near th« c Kliine, four miles E Ocean, and 20 S W of n.4 33E, lat. 5110 N. of Germany, which fines (if Hesse, runs N AlK't at Batmar. Jic Philippine islands, L I C m the East Indies, about 40 leagues in j len^'-tli, and 95 in circuinferenre. ItSj soil, on the E side, is very fertile ; but' there are very high mountains that cut it almost tliraiigli the middle from Eto W, and occasion so great an alteration in the air, that wlicn the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the others sow, and they have two plentiful har- vests in tlie year, to which the rivers descending from the above mentioned mountains nut a little contribute. The island contains 9000 inhabitants, who pay tribute to tlie Spaniards, in rice, was, and qiults. Lun. 118 E, lat. 11 N, Lezina, a town of Italy, in the king- dom of Naples, ill Capitana, seated on a bay of the gulf of Venice, 75 miles N E of Naples. Lon. 15 14 E, lat. 41 44 N. Libanut, mountains of Turkey in Asia, which lie between Syria ami Pa- lestine, extending from W to E from the Mediterranean sea as far as Arabia. The summits of these mountains are so high that they are always covered with snow ; but below are very fruitful vallies. They were formerly famous forthe great ir.imber of cedar-trees ; but now scarcely any remain. Geographers distinguish them into Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the latter lies on the S sida of the val- ley, rising near the ruins of Sidon, and terminates at others in Arabia, in lat. 34. They are separated from each other at an equal distant:e throughout, and form a country called by tlic an- cients Calosyria. Libau, a seaport of Courland, on the Baltic with a hai-bour. It is 35 miles N of Memel. Lon. 21 40 E, lat.5631 N. Liberty, a post town in Bedford county, Virginia, 15 miles N W of New London, and 35 S E of Fincastle. Libertyiovin, a small town in Freder- ick county, Maryland, 13 miles N E of Fredericktown, and 32 N W of WatluHgton. Here is a post office. Libmrvr, a small well built town of France, in the department of Gironde and late province of Guienne. It is one of the staples of commerce of Hoiirdeaux, and isiieated on the Dor- dogne 20 miles N F of Bonrdeaus, and 205 S by W of Paris, Lon. 12 W, lat. 44 58N. Z-ic/i, or Lieha, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hesse, and coun- ty of Solms, 18 miles N of Francfort I-O'i. 8 24 E, lat. 50 15 N. Li(k eld, A city iit StafTordshire, L I C with a market on Tuesday and Satuc- da) . It was, in the time oftlie Saxons, an rtichbishopric, but is now a county of itself, and unites with Coventry in forming one episcopal see. It has three parish churehes, besides tlic ca- thedral, a frccschool, and two hospi- tals. LichlieUl sends two members to parliament, and is divided by a little, river that runs through it, over which arc two causeways with sluices. It is sc:>ted in a tine champaign country, 14 miles S E of StaHord, and 111* N W of London. Lon. 1 44 W, lat. 52 54 N. LichtUiU, a liandsumc town of Ger- many, ill the bishopric of Basle Lkhtallen, or Liettal, a town of Swisserland in the county of Basil. It is seated on the Ergetz, eight miles S E of Basil. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 47 29 N.' Liehtenau, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Westphalia, nine miles from Padcrborn. Lon. 8 23 E, lat. 51 52 N. Liehtenau, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel. It is 24 miles from Naumburg. Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 51 1 N. Liehtenau, a fortress of Franconia, seated on the Revel. It is subject to the city of Nuremburg, and is 17 miles from tlnat city. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 ION. Lichtenberg, a town of Germany, in the circle oi Franconia, the vicinity of which abounds with qwarries of mar- ble and mines of iron and other metab. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 50 16 N. Lichtenberg, a castle of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alsace, seated on a rock, near the Vosges motintalns, and looked upon as imprejpiable. It is \i miles N N W of Hagucnau. Lon , / 45 E. lat. 48 55 N. Lichtenburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, in the mar- gravate of CuUembach, 20 miles N E' of C'lllembach. Lon, 12 2 E, lat. 50 25 N. LichtenftU, a town of Gerjnany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Bamberg, seated on the Maine, 15 miles N £ of Bamberg. Lon. 11 10 £, lat. 50 20 N. Lichtentteig, a handsome town of Swisserland, the capital of the county of Tockcnburg. It is seated on the Tliur, 31 miles E of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 15 N. Licatenitein, a castle of Germany, in the avchd'itchy of Austria, in the neighbourhood of Vienna. L £ I L E I Licnh, « l«kr in the klr.fsiloin of Na. li », l')n)uTl\ t'.mnuN (ur \Aeu\\ of exf'!nl;es, uiul llo other ititn It iiM>r:>Hs. It \n;in jiulciur ki. wii l>) the niiiiii- ot III- Luri'inc La- 1. Li .t, 11 town of l>:tliM!iii':'i Hi'di'pr, in llir [ihl.itii i.tf 'if \\ iliu, N,ti.;4iil (III till' DeiiH, J6 It) lis ■'■> ot VViluu. Lim. 2A .>4 E, lat j,i M, N. i/iU, tt U'WM It' K( ;it, with a n;i>r ket .>•■ '1 liiT^iclav, one tit llie Ciii'|..t Port!!. It in 20 m.tcii Iriini Cuiilii bill' .111(1 74 tl' III I.iiikIiiii. L(m. O ^b K. I:.t .jj :>tt N. Liu II, .1 ii\tr ii> Kn\hiir|f!iHhiro, abn'mdii'j^ H i'isl'. li is tlie mily tiin' in t)iat roiint) that l.'iws noutliwuxl, and tiilU nun Soiwuy Fritl<, near the niDiitii ot the E»k. LiaJiiitiii'r,' • ihair'c\ in Unxburjifh- ahiii, c(im|)rflicn(linjr t'le whiile si.'Ud- ern angii- 'if that county. It udmitb of little tuhivution, and !• chictty em- ployed in paoture. Li ford, a village of Devonshire, on tlic river Lid, seven miles N of Tavis- tock. It wus once a famous town, with a castle ; and though now a con- temptible village, its paribli may com- pare for lands and liberties with an,\ in the kingdom, the whole forest of Dartmoor being in the verge of it. The bridge is thrown over a part of the river that is pent between two high rocks ; and ngar it is a fine cataract. Liefkinttoet, a fortress of Dtitch Flancfers, eight miles from Antwerp. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 51 30 N. Lieec, a bishopric of Westphalia, bouncled on the N by Brabant and Guclderland, on the £ by the diitchies of Limburg and Jiilier?, on the S by Luxemburg and the Ardennes, and on the VV by Brabant and the county of 'Namur. It is fruitful in corr, and fruits, and contains mines of iron, lead, and CO I, besides quarries of marble. The bishop is elected by the chi'.ptcr com posed of 60 can'iis; and he is one of the most considerable ecclesiastical prince* of Germany, ant' has an annual revenue of 300,000 ducats. J-icge, ;i.n ancient poptilous, andlarj^e- city olGennaiiy, in tiie circle of West- phalia, cnpitid .)f a bishopric of the same name with a casde. Here the river Macsc is divided into three branchcSj^ which after having parsed this)ttgh the cit\ iiii(li-i- several bridges, unite again. I.ii'Kc is four milcN in circumference, and lia.t 1 JO ntreets, and 16 )(atrs ; it i:as also ter ti.rgc Miiburhs, in wliicb ..re a great nunil>rr of religious liousoa iiiid I hurt lies; which lust, with thtiNO ID till- cit), ni'.ike ten in all. The ca- ll nhal contains many rtlirs i anil the iitlici- public hti-iictuics arc the bislinp'a |iul.'icr, llie town house and the arse- ul ; here is ^dsti a faniuiiM university, ar.d a convent of English nuns. It it • o'l.inonly saul of tlii.-tcity, that itis tlio Hetl of \\ iiiiien, because tlicy are iilil.g--(l to hve a laboriouH life, the pur- i(.»ii TV (>r!iicn, bcc:nise they are almost nil jrovernitl by tliclr wives, and lh« I aratliHC of Monks, because of their ricl. bencKces. At this place is made a great quantity of tn-r-tums, wliicll nrc ex|iorr<-il to diHcrent countries. II Will bombarded in 16'.)l,antl tleliver- ed up to the French in 1?01. The al. lieu retook it in 1702, and the French besieged it agam in 170.1, but were obliged to raise the siege, on the ap- prtiacli of the duke of Marlborough. III 1734, aKre happened here, winch convMned the bishop's palace, with all the furniture and writings. In 1789, the inhabitants having ctimplained of the oppression which they experienced under tlie government of their bishop, at last insisted H]x>n a charter of pi'ivi> leges. As tlie bishop and chapter ditl not comply witli their demands, they had recourse to arms ; and the bishop apprehensive for his safety, left the city and appealed to the imperial chamber of Wetzlar. That chamber issued decrees in his favour : the king of Prussia in 17P0, seemed to act aa a mediator for the citizens; the sen- tences, however issued by the imperial chamber agairtst the insurgents, were followetl by requisitorial letters, ad- dressed t.< the government of the Austrian Netherlands, desiring that his impi^rinl majesty's troops would assist tliosc of the electoral princes, in en- forcing their decrees : in consequence of which, the Austrians entered Liege in 1791, restored the old ma- pistvacy that had been expelled to llieir functions, and reinstatctl the bi- shop and chairter. In 1792, the French took the city, and effected another re- volution ; but being driven thence, in 1793, the citizens were once more obliged to submit. Liege is 15 milen . E I ii(f parsed tlimuffit tlie 111 hri(l|;cfi, unite again. ilcM in (.■irt'iimrcrcncc, 'I'Cti, unit 16 ^utrn ; rjfc H.ibnrliii, in wliith M-r oi'i-eligioiiii liousot iviiich iiiitt, with tliONO ■ ten in till. Tlic en' many n lies ; and tlia ctiiicM arc the bioliop's I iiounc uiid the ariie* tt I'jniiMiM iiniviTiiity, r Englisii mills. It it >'thi.sc.t>,tliittitiii tho I, brraiise they are lahoiiiiuH hfc, the piir- i'«Mnse they arc almost tiicir wives, ami the ikK, lu'caiiKC of their At thin place it miule of tnciu'ma, wliicli diHcfent coiintrieB. (I in 16!>1, and deliver- irh in 1701. The al. 1702, iiiui the Frcncli fi in 1705, but were the sie^^e, on the ap« like of Mnrlboroiirn. ippened here, which iliop'g palucc, with all i writings. In 1789, laving complained of liich tiiey experienced ment of their bishop, wn a charter of privi- shop and chapter did their flemands, they irmfi j and the bishop his safety, left the ed to the imperial zlar. That chamber his favour : the king 0, seemed to act aa lie citi/.ens : the sen- ssucd by the imperial the insurgents, were lisitorial letters, ad- govemment of the mds, desiring that his I troops would assist ctoral princes, in cn- •ees : in consequence Aiistrians entered •cstored the ol 10 nr \2 lurn'c npnrtmfnti 1)11 tlic ^touikI fldii, , i III' riMj wliidi croHsrH I.iiMii f(Tliis ciiliaK in the kticett, wIikI) I'.iii III iiiiiMt U(l li'liuliititnts, tiOUU of whiiiii an- S|'Uiiiiirdit. It Im tlic sent of the vkei-ov, mid roiilums ucveial coiiptN, uh that of' till' vifcniy, ol thi' arclihishop, of t'.iC iiU|i>l!titiiii', ol'the (-nisxdii, and of till" Will*. I'ihvtiKiiiakos urc viTj frtiiiiihl, iiiid some liaxc done the rity iniic:i (laiiia^e. , I thlH it wiiidd lie II per- fei t pHiadisc. 1 he inhiihitaiitH nre so rich, ihiil vvlien the viceroy, sent from Spain, in IbbJ, iiiude hiii piihlic en- truiiic into this eit), thiy paved the streetK he was topassthroiig'h »itli iti- cots of silver. 'I'liey are also very de- bauched, hut, at the sunic time, ex- tremely KiiperstitioUB ; and tliey have a ■trong belief in the power of charms, about a fourth of the inhubituiits are monks or niniN. Lima in 800 miles S of Quito. l,on. 71' 44 VV, lat. 1 ! 1 S. Lima, an Hiidieiue oi Pern, lyinjf on the Pacific Oicaii, bounded on tlie N by the audience of Qiiito, on the F2 by the Andes, on the S by the audience ofLiis Charcos, and on the W by the Pacific Ocean. Limok, a town of Austrian Brabant, ■eated on the river l))l<', 13 miles S E of Bnisscls. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 50 4.1 N. Limavady, u town of Ireland. Sec Vrti7t«un Lniiiiviiiij/- Limbourg, or Limpurg, a town of Gciniany in the electorate of Treves, acaled on tlie I.ahn, 10 miles E of NasHan, aiul 20 N of Mcntz. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 50 24 N. Liviburg, a fertile piovince of the Netherlands, bounded on the K by the (lutcby of Julicrs, on the E by thi>t dutchy and the territory of Aix-la-Cha- pclle, and on the S and W by the bish- opric of Liege, from which it is sepa- rated by the Maese. It is 42 milcH long', ar.d 30 broad, and contains sonit of the best iron mines in the Netlu'i lands, and the soil is good for crm. j;c. It belongs in part to the Dutch mid Aiistiions. I.imhurg, the capital of Aiiilriaa Liii'h \rg. Here is a niuniifactuu' of 'voolleii clotliN, and it is funioiis for ex- I client checHc. It is Neuted on h iiioiin- tuiii, iilmoHt iiiaccessihle, near the river Verse, 15 miles S E of Liejife Lon. 6 5 E, lut 50 38 N. Lime, a town in Uorsctshire. See /. tiir A'fjjit. I Li)iie, or Limen, a village in Kent, I three miles W «l Hilhe. Il w.is hirmer- ' ly a port, till choked up by tlic sands, and IS now a jxior town. Here waa formerly a castle, now converted into a furm-hoiise. J.ivurict, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munstcr, 48 milt s long and 23 broad j bounded on the N b\ Shan- n,)n, on the W by Kerry ; «m the S by Cork, and on the E by 'I'ipiierary. It contains 130 parishes, and sent eight members to parliament before the Irish union. It is a fertile country, and well inhabited, though the W parts arc mountainous. Limerick, or Lough Meath, a city of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, and the metropolis of the province of Minister. Within a century, it wag reckoned the second city in the king- dom ; at present it has lost its rar.k ; not because it flourishes less, but be- cause Cork nourishes more. It is still a commercial and populous place ; and consists of the Irish and English Town J the latter situate on King's island, formed by the Shannon. Lime- rick is three miles in circumference, and lias a market on Wednesday and Sati ' . The linen, woollen, and pa- per manufactures are carried on here to II great extent ; and the export ot provisions is very considerable. Here are many hospitals, and some hand- i»ome public structures, besides the cathedral and other churches. Ardfert and Aghadoe, in the cotmty of Kerry, arc united to the bishopric of Limerick. It was bcsiegeil by King William in 1690; and in 1691, the garrison iiiir- rendered on a very honourable capitu- lation. It is 40 miles S of Galway, and 94 S W of Dublin. Lon. « 34 W, lat. 52 42 N. Limerick, a post town in York coun- ty, M.iine, about 12 miles VV oftheri- ■ er Saco, and has abotit 800 inhabi- 1 .mts. Ltmviat, a river of Swisserland, '.v'lich is formed b) the junction of the Mat and the Linth ; the former iss)i- iJig lul«' ilo» cont Ihrt to tl L tow men ry o is a ill g Vie I and lat. L boui E h] and moil chei lead prill iiors ofU L towi Ami It hi envi It is by S lous' Li Li Frar anil seati Dun L with on tl ham atrei now ral. isth ralii of tl bell, a CO and The the woo' und of ci ting] 25 L bau] I M rapitiil of Aiiitrian in a niuniif:ictiiu' of umI It in I'iinioiiN ti)i- cx- t IH Mt'UtCtI oil u iiioiin- csaibU', iii'nr ll.f r'nev i £ of LiL'Ke'. Lou. 6 in Dnrsctsliirc. See en, a villnirc in Kent, Hitlu". It w;iK foruitr- Dkeil ii[i liy tlic Mundi, or town. Hero wua c, now converted into inty of Ireland, in the tcr, 4U mlU H lonf^uiul t'd on the N h\ Shun- Kerry ; on the S by E by 'ri|)))erary. It shes, und ncnt ci^ht imcMit before the IriHh tile country, and well ;h the W purts arc tugh Meath, a. city of county of Limerick, is of the province of n a century, it wug imd city in tlie king- it bus lost its rarlc; irisiics less, but hc- ihes more. It is still populous place ; and Irish and English T situate on King's the Sliunnon. Lime- lea in circumference, on Wednesday and nen, woollen, and pa- arc carried on here J and the export of considerable. Here lis, and some hand- iciures, besides the ?r churches. Ardfert he county of Kerry, ishoprlc of Limerick, ly King William in 1, the garrison sur- y honourable capitu- Ics S of Galwav, and . Lon. « 34 W, lat. t town in York conn- 12 miles W of the ri- i about 800 inhabi- 'cr of Swi.sserland, > the junction of the ih ; Uie former iss>i- L I N ftg from the N W extremity of the lake of Walleiistiidt, and the lutter flowing from the K. 'I'lie Limniut, continuing its course N W, Hows through the lake of Ziiric, and fails in- to the Aur, hclow iludi-n. Linwjiet, ui\ ancient und considerable town ot Krunce, capital of the depart- ment of Upper Vicnne und lute territo- ry of Limosin, with u hishoji's see. It is a trading place, und its horses arc in great esteem. It is seated on the Vienne, Si) miles N E of I'eriguex, and 1 lU K of Dourdeuux. Lon 1 20 E, lut. 45 JU N. Limotin, a. late province of France, bounded on the N by Marche and the E by Auvergne, on the S by CJiierci, and on the W by Perigord und Angiio- mois. It is covered with forests of chesntit-trccs, and contains mines of lend, copper, tin, und iron ; but the principal trade consists in cattle and horses. It now forms the department of Upper Vienna. Livioux, a populous and commercial town of France, in the department of Aude and late province (if Langucdoc. It has a manufacture of cloth ; and its environs produce excellent white wine. It is seated on the Aude, 3/ miles W by S of Narbonne, and 50 S £ of Tou- louse. Lon. 2 16 E, lat. 43 4 N. Lhn/wrg. See Lhnbourg. Linche, or Linie, a strong town of France, in the department of the North and late province of Frepch Flanders, •eated on a river, 15 miles S W of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 51 N. Lincoln, the capitui of Lincolnshire, with a niurkct on Friday. It is seated on the side of a steep hill, on the Wit- ham, which here divides into three streams. It had formerly 50 churches now reduced to 13, besides the cathed- ral. It is a bishop's see whose diocese is the largest in England. The catlied- ralis one of the most superb structures of that kind in England, and its great bell, requires 12 men to ring it. It in a county of itself, governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. The chief trade is in coal brought by the Trent und Fus.sdike ; and oats and wool, which are sent by the Witham, und there is also a smull manufacture of camlets. It =s 32 miles >f E of Not- tingham, and 133 N of London. Lon. 025 W, lat. 53 15 N. Lincolnshire, a county of England, httunded on the N by the Humbe;: L I N wliirh divides it fnmi Yorkshire t on the K by the Clertnuii (}i e..M ; on ihe S E by the WunIi and purt lit' Norfolk i on the S by Cuinhndge uivl Nortliump- tonshire ; on the S W by Kuthiiul- shire g and on the W by the cnunlies of Leicester und Nottinprham. It is 77 miles Ironi N to S, and 4j in hreudth, wliire widest. It is divided into three parts i namely, Iloiland on the S E, Kesteven on tlie S \V, and Lindseyon the N. It contains 30 hundreds, one city, 31 market-towns, und 630 parish- es ; and sciuIh 12 members to purlia- nieiit. Its principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, William, and Wclland. The air is unwholesome and foggy, on uccount of the lens and turgc marshes. The soil of the N and W parts is very fertile, and abounds in coin and pas- tures. I'hc E and S parts arc not so proper for corn, but then they supply them with fish und fowl in great plen- ty, particulurly decks and geese. Lin- coln is the principal town. It is in ma- ny places, very rich, the inland part producing corn in greut plenty, and the fens cole-seed, und very ricli pas- tures ; whence their breed of cattle ■• larger than that of any other county in England, except Somersetshire. Lincolnton, the principal town of Lincoln county. North Carolina. It has a post oflice, and is situated 45 miles S £ of Mdrgantown, and about the same distance S W of Salisbury in Uowan county, Lincolnton, the capital of Lincoln county, Georgia ; situated on the W side of Savannah river, 29 miles N W of Augusta, in Richmond county. Limleiifels, or Lindeitfeld, a town of Germany, in the palutinate of the Rhine, 17 miles N of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 4,7 E, lat. 49 42 N. Lindisfarne. See Holy Itland. Lindioping, a town of Sweden, capi- tal of West Gothland, with a bishop'* see. It is Seated on the lake Wenner, 12 miles N W of Skar, and 83 S W of Stockholm. Lon. 13 5 E, lat 58 25 N. Lindau, a free imperial town of Ger- many, in the circle of Suabia. Here is ,1 celebrated abbey of canonesses, whose abbess is a princess of the em- pire, and a Roman Catholic, tliough the inhabitants of the town are Protestants. It is a trading place, seated on an is» land of the lake <>f Constance, 12 miles y-, E of Buchorn, and 75 S by W of Aug^sburg'. It surrendered to the ~n^ L I N French in 1796. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. M jJ8N. Lim/tey, the litpgcstof the three priii- ciiiul divisions of Lincohishire, iiictiul- inj? all tlie county tiiat lies N of Lin- coln, and the Fossdike, which Heni-y 1, cut between the Withani and tlie Trent. It is the most elevated part of the country ; and the air is g-cnerally eslcenied licallhy, especially on the \V Bide. To the N E is a lar(?e tract of Leatliy land, called the Wohls, the S part uf whicli is well inhabited, hut the N is thin of people : great Hocks of iheep arc bred tlironghout this tract. Sec Axlhilm. Lii\:,'t.i, H sU'onij town of Germany, in tiie circle of Westphalia, capital of a courty of the same name. It belongs to the king- of Prussia, and is seated on the river Enibs, 30 miles W of Os- naljiivsr. and 3/' N of Munster. Lon. T 30 E, hit. 52 3J N. Lin-l;iang-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kiant;'-si, seated en the river Yu-ho. It has four cities of the third class in its district : but it is so much deserted that the Ciiinesc say one hog would maintain the city two days. One of its villages beiri.<^ the general mart for all the drugs sold in the empire, ni;;lies it of some note. It is 410 miles N by E of Canton. Liii-tciii-tchcou, a city of Chin.'^, in the province of Cban-tong, seated on the Great Canal. It is much frequented by vessels, and may be called a gene- ral magazine f(;r every kind of mer- chandise. Among- the edifices admi- red lierc, is an octagonal towi r, divid- ed into eight stories, the walls of which we covered on the outside with porce- lain, loaded with various figures neat- ly executed; a stiiir-case, constructed in the wall, conducts to all the stories, from which there arc passages that lead into magnificent galleries, orna- mented with gilt balustrades. Linlithgow, a borough, the countv- town of Linlithgowshire. It stands on a rising ground, overlookinjy a lake at its E end. Here the kings of Scotland had one of their noblest palaces, now in ruins ; but here is still sliownthe room in which Mary queen of Scots •was born. Linlithgow is IG iniies VV of Edinburgh. Lon, 3 34 W, lat. 56 N. LinlithgcK.shiri, or Wat Lothian, is bounded on the N by the Fritii of Forth; on the K and S £ by Mid Lu- L I P thian; on the S W by Lanerkshire; and on tl.-e \V by Stlrlingsliire ; ex- tending about 14 mdes in lengtl*, and 13 in breadth. In general it is plea- saiit, abninding with corn and pastures, and producing coaU, limestone, iron a'ld salt; with plenty of iibli from the riv- ers and Frith. It has a manufacture of linen, and the water of a lake near Linlithgow is remarkable for bleach- ing. In this county Adrian or Seve- rus's wall began, which extended a- cross tills part of Scotland. Linosa, an island of tiie Mediterra- nean, on the coast of Africa, 12 miles from Lampedosa, and 12 miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 N. Lin-tcheou-fau, a city of China, in the province of Kiaiig-nun. It has nothing to distinguish it but the excellence of the fruit with which it abounds. It in- cludes \\\ its jurisdiction, two cities of the second, and six of the third class. Lintz, a t )wn of Germany, capital of Upper Austria, witlt two castles, the one upon a hill, and the other below it. Here is a hall, in which the states as- semble, a bridge over the Danube, and several manufactures, and a great deal of gun-powder is made here. It is seated at the confluence of the Dan- ube and Traen, 42 miles E of Passau, and 100 W of Viemia. Lon. 14 3 E, l.tt. 48 16 N. Lintz, a town of Germany, in the circle of the lower Rhine an(l electo- rate of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 15 miles NVV of Coblentz, and 18 S of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 50 3" N. Linton, a town in Cambridgeshire, wltli a market on Thursday, 12 miles S E of Cambridge, and 46 N by E of London. Lon. 22 E, lat. 52 8 N. Lipari, the largest, most fertile, and populous of the Lipari Islands, about 15 miles in circumference. It was ce- lebrated among the ancients ; and, by the descri)jtion of Aristotle, it ajjpears to have been considered by the sailors in his time, what Strombolo is in ours, as a light-house, as its fives were never extinguished. It abounds with the currant grape ; cotton also grows here ; and great quantif:es of pumice are ga- thered. Lipari, an ancient town, capital of the island of Li',\iri, with abishop's see. It was ruined i;i 1544, by Barbarossa, wiio carried the inhabitants into slave- ry, and deiBolished the place ; but it L I P ; S W by Lanerksliire ; \V by Stirlingsliiie ; ex- t 14 niik-s in lenptli, and . In general it is plea- ng' witii corn and pastures, ; coals, limestone, iron and etity of fisb from the ri\- . It has a manufact^ire of s water of a lake nuar I remarkable lor bleach - county Adrian or Seve- gan, which extended a- t of Scotland. island of tiie Mediterra- joast of Africa, 12 miles losa, and 12 miles in cir- Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 'oM, a city of China, in the kiaiijj-nan. It lias nothing 1 it but the e\cellence of I which it abounds. It in- iurisdictiun, two cities of nd six of the third class, wn of Germany, capital of a, witli two castles, the 11, and the other below it. 1, in whicii the states as. ige over the Danube, and factures, and a great deal er is made here. It is confluence of the Dan- n, 42 miles E of Passau, r Vienna. Lon. 14 3 E, nwn of Germany, in the lower Rliine and electo- ie, seated on the Rhine, V of Coblentz, and 18 S Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 50 37 N. )wn in Cambridgeshire, t on Thursday, 12 miles ridge, and 46 N by E of I. 22 E, lat. 52 8 N. largest, most fertile, and le Lipari Islands, about rcumference. It was ce- ig tlie ancients ; and, by n of Aristotle, it appears considt^red by the sailors iiat Strombolo is in ours, se, as its fives were never It abounds witli the ; cotton also grows here ; Lntit:es of pumice are ga- ancient town, capital of i',iari,with abishop's see. i;i 1544, by Barbarossa, lie Inhabitants into slii\x- ILshed tUc place ; but it L I S was rebuilt bytiie emperor Charles V. The principal trade of the inhabitants is in the exportation of tiie pniducts of the island; but tlie chief necessaries of hfe ai-e imported from SicMy. This town has a garrison, and stands on the S side of tiie island. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 38 35 N. Lipari Islands, a group of Islantls lying in the Mediterranean, to the N ofSicil), 12innun>ber; and{rcarly as follows, in the order of tljcw size ; namely, Liparia, i.tronibolo, Volcano, Salini, Felicudi, Alicudi, Pannri, Vol- cancllo, Vachcluse, Lisca, Dattolo, and 1 ila Navi. Tiiey are subject to the king of Naples, and bring in a good revenue. Lippa, a town of Hungary, in the baiinat (.f Temeswar, with a castle. It ■was taken by the 'Purks in 1552, by the Austrians in 1688, and by the Turks again in 1698, wlio abandoned it in 1695, after having deniulisiicd the fortifications. It is seated on a moun- tain, 22 miles N E of Temeswar and 75 of Belgrade. Lon. 22 45 E, lat. 45 51 N. Lippe, a river of Westphalia, which washes Padeiborn, Lipstadt and Ham, and falls into the Rhine, above VVcsel. Lipstadt, a considerable town of Westphalia, capital of the county of Lippe. It was once free arid im])eri- al J afterward subject to its own c(>unts, and now to the knig of Prussia. It tar- ries on a good trade in preparing tim- ber for building vessels on the Riiine, with which it has a communication by the river Lippe. It is seated in a mo- rass, 17 miles W S W of Paderboni, and 30 S E of Munster. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 51 42 N. Liquet, a town of France, in the de- partment of the straits of Calais and late province of Artois, 12 miles W of St. Omer. Lon. 2 E, lat. 50 43 N. Ligueo, or Liieo Islands. See Lieou- Kieou. Lis, a river of the Netherlands, which has its source in Artois, and running N E into Flanders, passes by Aaire, St. Venant, Armenlieres, Men"- in, Courtray, and Deynse, and tlieii falls into the Scheld, at Ghent. Lisbon, a considerable city, the capi- tal of Portugpal, with an archbishop's see, a imiversity, a tribunal of the in- quisition, and a strong castle. It was almost totally destrojred by an earths L I S quake, Nov. 1, 1755. The harbour will contain 10,000 sail of ships, wliich ride in the greatest safety ; and tlie city being viewed from the southern shore of tlie river, aflords a beautiful pros- pect, as tlie buildings gradually rise above each other. It coi-.tauied befl)i"e the eartlujuake at most 150,000 inhabitants, and is seated on the Tajo, 10 miles from its moulli, 178 W by K of Seville, and 255 S by W of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 W, lat. 38 42'N. Lisburn, aboroiigii of Ireland, in the coiuity of Antrim, and province of Ul- ster. It has a large manufacture of Imen cloth, and is seated on the Laggaii, eight miles S W of Belfa.st. Lon. 6 VV, lat. 54 41 N. Lisca, one of the Lipari islands, three .^iles from Lipari. It is a small desert spot. Lisier, St. a town of France, in the department of Arricge, and late pro- vince of Coiiserans. It is a bishop's see, with a chapel, which was much resorted to by pilgrims. It is seated on the Salat, 50 miles S E of Audi, and 390 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 15 E, lat. 42 56 N. Lisi^ux, an ancient town of France, in the department of Calvados, and late province of Normandy. The churches, and the late episcopal palace and convents are all very handsome structures. It has a good trade, par. ticularly in linen clotii, and is seated at the confluence of the Touque and Or- bec, 12 miles from the sea, and 4a S W of Rouen. Lon. 20 E, lat. 49 H N. Lisle, a large, handsome, and strong- town of France, in tlie department of the North, and late province of Frencli Flanders, of whicli it was the capital. It is esteemed one of the richest and most commercial towns in France j and tlie inhabitants are computed to be 65,000. It is called Lisle (that Ig L'Isle, the island) because it was for- merly surrounded by marshes, which have been drained by the industry of the inhabitants. Its citadel construct- ed by Vauban, is sujipoaed to br the finest in Europe next t / that of Turin, The streets, particularly those of the New Town, are adorned with n.>ble liuildings. The Great Square, and the Little Square, ai-e both distinguish- ed in tliis respect, and among t!ip public structures most wjrtliy of na« C c c L I T L I V •M I tice, arc the exchaiifre, a magazine of vast extent, and a ffencral ho.s|)ual ve- ry lately built. In another h()S|)ital, called L'Hospital Comtcsse, the poor were served (at least bciiirc the late l-cvolution) upon plutc. I'liey have munuf^icUu'es of all sorts ; but their principal trade is in camlets. Lisle was taken bythedukeof Mariboronjfh, after three montlis siege, and the loss of many thousands of men, in 1708 ; but it was restored to the Frencii by tlie treaty of Uti'echt, in 1713, in con- sideration of their demolisliiiig the fortiiications of Dur.kirk. In 1>92, ii sustained a severe bombardment from the Austrians ; who, llowe^e^, were obliged to raise tlie siege on the ap- proacli of a superior French army. It is seated on tlic riier Deulc, 14 miles W of 'roiirna\ , 32 S W of Client, 37 N VV of Mon's, and 130 N of Paris. Lon. 3 9 E, lat .iO ."i^* N. Liiir, a post ii ^ii in Tioga, county, New York; situated on the Tiough- nco^a river, near its junction with the Clicneiigo, jnd about 14 miles N E of Union. It contains about 100 families. Lismmc, o'.ie of the Western islands of Si..-i.i,.nd, seated at tiie moi.th of Loch Linhe, a capacious lake in Argylesiiirc. It is a fertile islanc:, seven miles lotifr and one and a half broad ; and was the residence of tlic bisliops of Argylc. Lisnnzo, a river of Italy, which rises in Cai'inthia, runs tliroiigh part of the republic of Venice, and falls into the gulf of Venice, at the harbour of the same name. Lisaa, art island in the gnlf of Venice, on the coast of Dalmatia, belonging to the Venetians, who have here a fisherv of pilchards and anchovies. It pro- duces excellent wine, and is 70 miles W of Ragusa. Lo)>. 17 E, lat. 43 52 N. Lista, a town of Poland, in the pala- tinate of Pusnia, of which it is the capital; 50 miles W of Kalisch. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 52 N. Liisa, a village of Silesia, 16 miles from Breslaw. It is seated on the Weistritz, and remarkable for a great victory gained by the Prussians over the Austrians in i757. Lithuania, a large country of Europe, which now makes part of Poland, with the title of a grand dutchy. It i.s bounded ou Uie S by Volhinia, and part of Red Russia ; on the W by Un- pef Poland, Poluchia, Ducal Prussia, and Samogitia ; on the N by Livonia and Moscovia, which also bounds it on thetl. His about 300 miles in length and 250 in breadth, and is watered by se.eral large rivers, the principal of which are the Nieper, the Dw>na, the Neman, the Pri)>ecz, and the Bogg. It is divided into eight palatinates; namely, Troki, Minski, Nuvogrodcc, Uresta, Wilna, Mfcislau, Vitepsk, and Polocsk. It is a flat counti'y, like Po- land ; and the landg are very proper fortdli'ije. The soil is not only ferule in corn, but it prtxluccs honey, wood, pitch, and vast quantities of wool. I'hey have also cxcellen' little horses, which Miey never shoe, iiecause their iioofs are very hard. In the forests, large pieces of jellow amber are fre- quently dug up. The country swarms with Jews, who, though numerous in every other pait of Poland, seem to hav: fixed their head quarters in this dutchy; and this, perhaps, is the only coiuitry in Europe, where Jews culti- vate the ground. The peasants arc in a state of the most abject vassalage. In 177'2 the empress Catliarine com- pelled the Poles to cede to her all I hat part of Lithuania, b'ji-dering upon Russia, and including at least one third of the country. This she erected into the two governments of Polotsk and Mohilef. In 1793, in conjiuiction with the king of Prussia, she effected ano- ther partition of Poland inconsequence of which she extended her dominions over almost the whole of Lithuania. Litcltfield, the capital of Litchfield countv, Connecticut, 24 miles W of Hartford, and 44 N W of New Haven. It is a post town, and is '.ituated in lat. 41 46 N, and lon. 73 37 W. Littleton, a post town in Grafton county. New Hampshire ; sittiated on the E side of Connecticut river, 45 miles N E of Haverhill, and about 40 N VV of Conway. Littleton, a town in Middlesex coun- ty, Massachusets, 28 miles N W of Boston, containing 904 inhabitants at the last Census. Litiz, a town of the state of Penn- sylvania. Here is a flourishing set- tlement of the Moravians, begun in 1757. II is eight miles from Lancas- ter, and 70 Wn'f Philadelphia. Livadia, a province of Turkey in Eu- rope, bounded on Ute N by J anna, on .4k I V ia ; on the W by Un- ciiia, Ducal Prussia, on the N by Livonia, liicli uUo bounds it on It 3UU miles in length Ji, and is watei-ed by ^ei-s, tlie principal of leper, tlic Dw.na, the i|>ecz, and the Bog^. itu eight palatinates; Minski, Nuvogrudec, It'cislau, Vit«psk, and fiat country, like Po- inds are very ])roper oil is not only fertile in kIuccs honey, wood, quantities of wool. ;xccllen' little horses, • shoe, oecause their lard. In the forests, ellow amber are frc- The country swarms , though numeriius in of Poland, seem to lead <[tiarters in this , perhaps, is the only c, where Jews culti- The peasants are in lost abject vassalage, iress Catliarine com- I to cede to her all nania. bordering upon ding at least one third rhis she erected into nents of Polotsk and in conjimction v;itli la, she ejected ano- oland inconsequence ended her dominions h-hole of Lithuania. capita] of Litchfield cut, 24 miles W of N WofNew Haven. and is '.ituated inlat. 73 37- VV. st toAvn in Grafton snpshire ; situated on lonnecticut river, 45 erhilt, and about 40 II in Middlesex coun- 28 miles N W of ig 9U4i inhabitants at if the state of Penn. a flourisliing set- VIoravians, begun in mites from Lancas- Philadelphia, iiicc of Turkey in Eo- tiie N by Jaj^na, on L I V the E by the Archipelago, on the S by the Morea, and on the W by tl>e Me- ditorranean. It irxludcs ancient Gn-ece properly so called, audits capi- tal .s Sctines, the once celebrated Athens. Lioadia, an ancient town of Turkey in F.urope, in a province of the same name. It carries on a trade in wool, corn, and rice, whcrewitii it furnishes all Greece, and is 38 miles N VV of AOiens. Lon. 23 26 E, lat. 3840 N. Livadoata, a town of I.ivadia. It is seated on the gulf of Lcpanto, in the Isthmus of Corinth, to the N rfthe city of that name, with a bishop's sec. Lheila, a river of Italy, in tlie terri- tory of Venice, wiiich falls into the g..lf of Venice, uutwet-ii the mo'itii of tJie Piava and the town of Caorlo. Liverdun, a town of Frioice, in the department of Mei'rthc and late pro- vince of Lorrain, seated on a mountain, near the river Moselle, -ight miles N E of Toul. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 48 45 >7. Liverpool, a considerable borough | and sciiportin Lancashire, with a mar- 1 kiet on Satunlay. Its situation is low i but extremely healthy, pleasant, and I commodious, at the mouth of the i ivcr Mersey, which is here from twelve to i fifteen hundred yards wide ; is a popu- 1 loua town, the most flourishing seai jiort in these parts, and pretends to rival, if not excel Bristol. The inhabi- ; taiits are universal mercUantA, and trade to all foreign ports but Turkey and cbe E^t Indies. It shares the trade to Ireland and Wales with Bris- tol. Ships of any burden may come up with their fUll lading, and ride before the town, which is quite open and un- fortified. In 1644 It wa* besieged by prince Rupert, and after a stout resis- tance taken. The exchange, in which is the town hall, council-room, a".d as- semblv room, is a handsome Corinthi- .in edifice, with a dome built in 1749, and since considerably enlarged. All the new buildings are handsome, and the streets spacious. Some merchants have housej here, which in Itulr 'vnuld pa.s for palaces. The custom house: is a neat and commodious brick build- ing, too small for its trade. There are eigltt public docks, which form an area of about twenty four acres, and can contain above 1000 ships, with the greatest safety. They are bound- f.il by quays above a mils and alkalf in lengtii.uadfthle to coatain 30,000 tonaof A L I V shipping. These docks have been erect;'d at a very gi'cat expence. One of them cost no less than 21,UuO/. There is a !" rary, and a theatre royal was opened in 1772, which cost above 6t)00/. The whole number of bark* employed lierc in 1563, was only 12, with 75 men ; .ind there were then only 130 habitations, whereas m 17ci6, there were upwivrds of 8000 habita- tions, and they had 2800 vessels clear- ed outwards, and above 3000 inw.-'.rds so amazin^rly great has been the in- riease. The duties paid at the cu«« tom house in 1734 wc-rc 640,510/. There were four millions bushels of salt exported, besides what went coastwise: also 15,000 tons of coal, were ex; ted, and 15,500 tons sent coastwise. The export of salt and salt rock is from 90,000 to 100,000 tons annu« ally. There is a navigation from hence farther up the Mersey, and that for ships of burden too, as high almosi as Warrington, and also up the S Chan- nel, as they call the river Wee^erj but it is chiefly for rock salt and Che- sliire cheese, of which great quantities, are shipped off' here for the W and S pai-ts of England. Among the charita- ble foundations, are almshouses for the widows of mariners killed or lost at sea, or decayed seamen, and anew asylum fur l>'..aiics. Liverpool is 18 miles W ji Warrington, and 203 N W of London. Lon. 2 54 W, lat. 53 2.J N. Livonia, a province of the Russian, empire, which, with. that of Esthonia, lias been reciprocally claimed and pos- sesrcd by RiLss'.a, Sweden, and Poland, and for more than tsvo centuries, has been a perpetual scene of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested from tiie Swedes by Peter the Great, and confirmed to the Russians by the peace of Nystadt, in 1721. It now fbrms the government of Riga, or Livonia, of which Riga is the capital. It is bounded on the N by the govern- ment of Esthonia, on the E by that of Pskof, on the S by that of Polotsk and part of Poland, and on the W by th» gulf of Livonia. It is 250 miles from N to S, and 150 from E to W. The land is so fertile in com, that it is call- ed tlie granary of the N. and would produce a great deal more, if it was not so full of lakes. The fish thtt abound here are salmons, carps, pikes, flat fish, and many others. lu the fop- esta Utere ace wolves, bean, elks, rein* L L A L O A deer, stag's, and liares. The domes- tic iuiinj;.l.s arc very nuiiiei'oiis : but the slice]) beai- very bad wool. IUtc are a great niiiuber of f'o.csts, wliicli consist of l)iir!i trees, pines, and oaks ; and all tlie houses of liic inliiibitants are buiii with wood. ! he merchan- dises wbii h tliey send abroad are iiax, hemp, honey, w:.x, leatjier, skins, and potiislies. Lizard, the most southern jiromon- tory of Enfrland, wiunce ships usually take their departm-e, when bound to the westward. Lon. 5 10 W, lat. 49 SfN. Llanarth, a town in Cardipanshirp, with a market on 'I'uesJav, 17 miles E bv N of C.irdifran, and 212 W by N of L()nshire, 24 miles E of Cardigan, and VJ7 W by N of London. Lon. 4 8 W, lat. 52 9 N. LlandilDvaivr, a town in Carmarthen- shire, with a market on Tuesday and Saturday, on the river Towy, over -which is a bridge. Lon. 3 58 W, at. 51 5.5 N. Ltanelly, a town in Carmarthen- shire, with a market on Tuesday. It trades much in coal, and is seated on a creek of the Bristol channel. Lon. 4 10 W, hit 51 43 N. Llangadoc, a town in Cirmarthen- shire, with a market on Th\irsday. It is 185 miles W by N of London. Lon. 3 48 W, lat. 51 54 N. Llango'.kn, a town in Denbighshire, \(rtth u beautiful bridge,^ 184 miles from London. LUmgunner, a village in Carmarthen- shire. Sir Richard Steele had a pri- vate seat here, .tnd here he died in 1729. Llanroost, a town in Denbighsiiire, witii a market on Tuesday, seated on the Conway, 15 miles S W of Den- *igh, and 222 N VV of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 53 6 N. Llantriaaent, a town in Glamorgan- ■hir'.', in S Wales witli a market on j^lfriday. It is seated in a hilly country, ' and is 10 miles N \V of Laudaf, and 166 W of London. Lon. 3 22 W, lat. 41 28 N. Lliwuiillivg, a town in Montgomery- shire, "vith II market on Tues(lay. It i» seated in a i!.'.t, among the "hills, near the river Cane, 15 miles N bv( W of Montgomery, and %79 N VV of | London. Lon. 3 8 W, lat. 52 40 N, Llan.dlns, a town in Montgomery- shire, with a great market on Satur- day, for woollen y.am. It is 18 miles S W of .Vlontgomerv, and 157 VV N W of London. Lon. 3 28 VV, lat. 52 19 N. LtanyvuLlovery, a town in Carmar- thenshire, with u market on Wednes- - Benin, on the E by parts un- known, on the S by Congo Proper, and on the W bv the Atlantic Ocean. The land is so fruitful, that they have three crops of millet in a yetu- ; and there are a great number of trees, from whence they draw palm>wine. TIi» O A 3 8 VV, lat. 52 40 N", town in Montgomcry- :re:it market on Satiir- i\ yam. It is 18 miles mierv, and 157WN W 1. 3 28 W, lat. 52 19 N. y, a town in Carmar- u market on Wcdnes- .ay. It is seated near once a castle, now in 26 miles E N E of Car- 31 W bv N of London. It. 51 56 N. tdwn of Carmarthen- es with a market on seated at the mouth of • the ruins of two cas- 'tty well built tnd is W of Carmarthen, and if London. Lon. 4 2» town in Essex coimty, lies from Washington. •n of France, in the de- e Channel and late pro- ndy, with good citadel, rable manufactures of 'on, and gold lace. It is ire, 12 miles E of Cou- W by N of Paris. Lon. 6N. lall island of Africa, on ingoia. It is 12 mile» liree quarters of a mile t has a town of the ch is capital of the king* in South Guihea, with boiir, a fort, and a 'oi> is large and handsome, country, and may con- houses, built of stone, li tiles. Besides these, It number of negroes traw and earth. The oUege here, and there ler religious houses » 10 fresh water. Thejr us number of slaves, he Jesuits alone have It belongs to the Por- 12 25 E, lat. 8 45 S. isiderable kingfdom of o, 250 miles in length, dth ; bounded on the the E by parts un- S by Congo Proper, v the Atlantic Ocean. fruitful, that they have millet in a yeui- ; and t number of trees, from raw palm-wine. The LOG MTomcn cultivate tlfe ground, sow, and get in the iiarvcst. The inhabitants arc black, well made, mild, and trac- table, ami their principal trade, con- sists in elephants teetli, copper, tin, lead, and slaves. Loiingo, u town of Congo, capital of a kin)>-aum of the same name, with a harbour, at tlie moutli of the Qtiilla. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 4 15 S. Loans, or Ltivaro, a town of Genoa, near the sea coust. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 9 N. /.oAinv, a town of Polish Prussia, with a castle, where the bishop of Culm re- sides. It is 25 miles E of Culm. Lon. 19 E, lat. 53 25 N. Loboa, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince of Estramadura, seated on the Guadiana, 22 miles £ of Badajoz. Lon. 6 22 W, lat. 38 32 N. Locarno, a town of Swisserland, capi- tal of a district of the sam« name, which is one of the four transalpine bailiwics. It contains 1500 inhabitants. Part of the town is built on piazzas, in the form of a crescent, witli two wings ; and, in the front, is a row of trees, and the public walk. Locarno was once situate on the lake, and had a port capable of receiving large barks ; at present it stands at Uie distance of a quarter of a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of sand brought down by the torrent Maggia. It is 46 miles N of Novara, and 55 N by W of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 46 10 N. Locarno, Late of See Maggiore. Lochaber, a bleak, barren, mountain- ous, and ru~~od district, in the S W part of Invemesshirc. Lochem, a town of Dutch Guclder- land, in the county of Zutphen. It was taken by the French in 1672, who abandoned it in 1674, after having de- molished the fortifications. It is seat- ed on the Borrel, 10 miles E of Zut- phen. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 52 12 N. Lochtr Mot*, a morass in Dumfries- shire, Scotland, 10 miles in length, and three in breadth. Here vast oaK trees, and also canoes and anchors have been frequently dug up. Locltei, a town of? France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine. It has a strong eastle, the prospect from which is ve- ry extensive. Loches is seated on the river Indre, near a forest, 15 miles S of Amboise, and 30 W of Tours. Lon 61 C, Ut 47 10 N. L O D Locltmaben, a royal borough in Du«T- frie.sshire, situate on the W siilc of the Annan, almost surrounded with fresh water lakes abounding withtislL. Lon. 3 19 W. lat. 55 19 N. Lochrida, or OcriJa, a town of Tur» key in Eiiroix-, in Albania, scaled on a hill, near a hike of the same name, with a Greek archbishop's sec. It is a pretty large place and well fortified ; and is 62 miles S E of Durazzo. LoD. 20 40 E, lat, 41 40 N. Locltta, a seaport town of Sweden, in East Bothnia, seated on the gulf of Bothnia, 90 miles S of Tornea. Lon. 24 16 E, lat. 64 20 N. LochviinnocJi, a town of Renfrew- shire, Scotland, seated on a lake of the same name, called also Cnstle Semple Loch, near three miles in length. On an island in this lak.:, is an old fortress, called the Peel; a name frequently given to old fortres- ses in Scotland. From this lake issues the river Black Cart. Lochy, Loch, a lake in the S W part of Invemesshirc, 10 miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. Front the N W the waters of Loch Arkek descend into this lake. Out of it runs the river Lochy, wb'ch falls into Loch Eil, at fort William. Loddon, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday, eight miles S E of Norfolk, and 113 N E of London. Lon. 1 13 E, lat. 52 36 N. Lodesan, a district of Italy, in the dutchy of Milan. It lies along the river Adda, and I^ very fertile and populous, and its cheeses are in high esteem, Lodi is the capital. Lodeve, a town of France in tlic de- partment of Herault and late province of Languedoc, was lately a bishop's see. Its manufactures of cloth render it very rich, but it is seated in a drjr Itarren country, on the river Logue^at the foot of the Cevennes, 37 miles N'W of Montpellier. Lon 3 30 E, lat. 42 4T N. Lodi, a strong town of Italy in the dutcliy of Milan, and capital of the Lo- desan. It is seated in a pleasant coun*. try on the Adda, 15 miles N W of Pla- centia, and 20 S E of Milan. In 179S the French under Bonaparte in at- tempting to force tlie passage of a bridge at this place which was vigor- ously defended by the Austrians, after being three times repulsed, at last car- ried it mtbi|h9 loss of 6000 men i 150O' Hi ,y:v • It L O M L O M were said to have been killed by the- first disi litirffi-ol'the Aimtriun artillery. Lon. '.) 26 E, (at. 45 15 N. L :'iumtria. Sue Guiicin. Lii.trow, !. town ol" Italy in tiic bisliop- iricot' Trent, sfiitcd on tiie sinRll lake liL'o, at t!ic jilare wlicrc it receives tiie river Cliiesf, 31 ntiie.s S \V of Trent. l,on. Itj 46E, hit. 46 N. Loftua Heights, a military post, in Adams county, Missis.sippi territory; itituuted on tin- E bank of the river Mis.sissip|)i, jO miles below tl.e town oC Nalches, wlieve there is a jiost-ortice, and a foiLndation of the jfi'andust forti- lication in the United States. Log(Kjt>^i(i)n>u, a town of Poland, in Lower Vdlliinia, sealed on t!ie W bunk of tlie Dnieper. Lon. 31 7 E, lat. 50 46 X. Logronno, an ancient town of Spain, in Old Castile, in a country aboundinjr witii e xcellent fruits and i^ood wines, and all tlic nere.ss.iries of life. It is seated on tlio Eb:- ., 11.5 miles N by E of Madrid. Lon 'J'iO W, lut.42 29 N. Loir and Ciier, a department of France, including the late province of Bhusois. It takes its name from the ri- vers Loir and Clier j the first of which fdlsinto the Sartc, above Angers; and tile last empties itself into the Loire, five miles above the confluence of tlic latter with tlie Indre. Blois is the ca- pital. Loire, tJie principal river of France, which rises in the mountitins of the Ce- veiines, in LangucKloc. It begins to be navigable at R4>anne ; is joined to tlie Seine by the canals of Briare and Or- leans, and falis into tlie bay of Biscay, below Paimbauf. Loire, Lovier, a department of France, ctjntaining' part of the late province of Bretagne. It has its name from the river Loire, which forms its S boundary, and then falls into the bay of Bigeay. Nantes is the capital. Loire, y]6/>er, a department of France, late the province of Velay. It takes its name from the river Loire, wiiich rises near its south boundary, Puy is thr capital. Loiret, a department of France, late the province of Orleanois. It takes its name from a small river that falls into the Loire. Orleans is the capital Lombard)', a name given to part oi Italy, and wliidi comprehends, almost all the ancient Cisalpine-Gaul. It lies towards the North, and is divided into the Upper and Lover; Upper Lonil)iu-dy is the western part, and com- prelier.ds Piedmont, witJi its dependen- ces, and the dtittiiics of Montserrat and .Milan. Lower Lombardy, which tH the eastern part, compreiiends Har- ina, iModena, Mantua, Ferara, the Bo- lognesc, llie territories of the church, the Pad'ian, Viceiitin, tlie Veronese, the Urcssan, tlie Cremase, and the BcrgUr mese. In the present war, nearly the whole of these provinces were overrun by the f rcnch rcjiublicans, who not only levied exorbitant contributions on tiie inhabitants, but also demanded, many of their finest ])ictures and statues, which tliey transported to Paris. Lninbez, a town of France, inthede* partment of Gcrs and late province of Gascony, lately a bishop's see. It is seated on the Save, 27 miles S W of rouhuse. Lon 1 OE, lat. 43 39 N. Lomond, Ben, a great mountain, in liie North of Stcrlingshire, about 3200 feet above the level of the lake, at it9 bottom. It stretches along th'? E aide of Loch Lomond sevei al nulcs ; and its broad base extends so fai- into the cotm- try, that the ascent of this mountain, , though steep, is computed to be six miles. Ptarmigans, luid other heath- ' fowls, frequent its upper regions ; its ' lower ai'e the itaunts of the roebuck ; :and herds of cattle feed in the irriguous valliesat its base. Fromthis lolly moun- tain arc seen Loch Lomond, the Clyde, the Fprtli, Edinburgh, the eastern coast as far as the Cheviot Fells, the isles of Bute and Arran, tlic rock of Ailsa, Ire- land, the mountain of Plynlimmon in Wales, the Skiddaw in Cumberland, and the hills far beyond d. Lomond, Loch, a beautiful lake in Dumbartonshii'e, Loch-lomond, the iast, the most beautiful of the Caledo- nian lakes. The first view of it from Tarbat presents an extensive serpentine winding amidst lofty hills; on the N, barren, black, and rocky, whiclt darken with tlicir shade that contracted part :>f tlie water. On the W side, the m^lllntains are clothed near the bottoms ■.villi woods of oak quite to the water- •'dge ; tiieir sumoiits loOy, naked and craggy. On the east side, the maun- ; .lins ai-e equally liig;i ; bir the trps form a more even ridge parallel \o the lake, except where Ben-lomond, like Saul M^. O M Cisalpine-Caul. It lies rortli, and is divided :p and Lover j Upper ; wesiem part, and com- lont, witJi its dcpenden- iitcliies of Montserrat wcr Lombardy, whicli urt, c()nii>reiiends Har- aiitiiit, Fcrara, the Bo- I'itories of tlie church, eiitin, the Veronese, the ein:ise, and the Bcrgar resent war, nearly the •rovinces were overnm republicans, who not rhitant contributioiu on , but also demanded. ;st ]>ictiires and statues, sported to Paris, vn of France, inthede- rs and late province of a bidhop's see. It is save, 2r miles S W of lOE. lat.43 29N. a great mountain, in irlingsliire, about J2U0 evel of the lake, at it9 tches alun^ thr? S, aide 1 several nulcs ; and its ids so far into the coun- icent of ttiis mountain, s compvited to be six ans, and other heath- its upper regions ; its .unts of the roebuck; le feed in the irriguous F rum tills lofly moun- ;h Lomond, the Clyde, lurgli, tlic eastern coast iviot Fells, the isles of tlic rock of Ailsa, Ire- tain of Plynlimmon in ildaw in Cumberland, beyond it. , a beautiful lake in , Loch-lomond, the eautiful of the Caledo- ; first view of it from in extensive serpentine lofty hills ; on the N, d rocky, whiclt darken : that contracted part On the W side, the >tlied near the bottoms lak quite to the water- tTiits lofVy, naked and ; oast 3i(K-, the moun- »ig;i ; bii the trps form V? [laiallel \o the lake, ien-lomond, like Saul L O N amidst his companions, overtops the rest. The upper parts were black and barren ; the lower had great marks of fertility, or at least of industry, for the yellow corn was finely contrasted with the verdure of the groves intermixed with it. The lengtn of tliis charming lake is 24 Scotch miles ; its greatest breadth 8 i its greatest dcpti), w;uch is between tlie point of Firkin and Ben-lo- mond, is VH) fathoms. In 17S5, when Lisbon was destroyed by an earthquake, this lake was exceedingly agitated. Lou, or Lune, a beautiful and roman- tic river wliicli rises in Westmoreland and flowing by Kirby Lonsdale in that county, falls into the Irisli Sea, below Lancaster. Its banks are beautiful. London, tlie metro|x>li8 of Great Brit- ain, one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world, mentioned by Taci- tus as a considerable commcrciiu place in the reign of Nero. In its most ex- tensive view, as the metropolis it con- sists of the city, properly so called, the city of Westminster, and the borough of Snutliwark, besides the suburbs in Middlesex and Surry, within what are called the Bills of Mortality. Lwl"" and Westminster arc in Middlesex, on the N side of the river 'i bames ; ami Southwark is un tlie opposite bank, in Surry. The city is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alderman; and from the aldermen the lord maxoi is annually chosen. There are likewise 236 common-council-men, a recorder a common-serjcant, twosherifis (who are also sheriffs of Middlesex) a chamber- lain, u tnwn clerk, a city-remembrancer, a watei'-bailiH', and many inferior offi cers. Westminster, onte a mile from London, but now united to it, is govern- ed by a high steward, who is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean and chapter ; and he has an under steward who officiates for him. The suburbs are under the jurisdiction of the ma- gistrates ; and those of Middlesex, be- sides tlie county-hall, on ClerkenwelS Green, have an office in Bow-street, long distinguished for public spirit and activity, and seven other public offices. In the reign of Ei' ward VI. Soutliwark was formed into a twenty-sixth ward, by the name of Bridge Ward Without On the death of the alderman of this ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority. The city has likewise a high bailiff and steward here. Among the churches in the metropolis, the | L ON cathedral of St. Paul is the most con. spicuous, and inferior to none in liuroiJC except St. Peter's at Komc. Westmin- ster Abby, the collegiate church of St. Peter, is a noble specimen of Gothic architecture. Here most of the En- glish sovereigns have been cr.,wned, and many of tlieni inteiTed. It contains also a great number of monuments of kings, statesmen, heroes, poets, and persons distinguished by genius, learn- ing, and science. The royal palace of St. James is an ancient building, on the N side of a small park, mean in exter- nal ajipearr nee ; but the apartments are said to be the best calculated for regal parade of any in Eurojie. The roval town residence is a house at tha VV side of St. James's park, built by the duke of Bucivuigham, antl purchased by the king in 1761, when it received the appellation of tiie Ciiieeu's Palace, but is still frequently called Bucking, ham House. Carlton House, tlie resi- lience of tlie prince of Wales, to the £ of St. James's palace, is a stately build- ing, on which vast sums have been ex- pended, but it is not vet completed. The Banii.ieting llousej at Wnitihall, be- gun in 1619, is only a small part of the vast plan of a palace, intended ».«■ i worthy of the residence of the Bri>, a. nionai'chs, but left incomplete. Besides tlie royal palares, there are many fine liouses of tiie princes of the bl.Kid, and of the nobilit) and gentry. Amongthe public buildings, which can raefely be enumerated here, are Westminster Hall, containing the supreme courts of justice, and adjoining to wSiich are the iiouscs of lords and tomnions. The for- mer was anciently a cliapel dedicated to St. Stephen, and the le is a gallery where strangers are permitted to sit and hear the debates, but since tlie Irish Union it has been enlarge^ for the reception and accommodation of the representatives of Uie three kingdoms, as has also the house of Lords, which is an oblong room not quite so large as the house of Copin-.ons, and is hung with fine old tapestry re- presenting the defeat of the Spanish .'\rmadain 158B. The heads oftheiiavol heroes who commanded on the glori- lus day form a matcliless border round the work, animating posterity to emu- late their glorious PxaAaplc. There are :ilso likewise the Guildhall ; the Ses- sion's House in the Old Bailey ; the Tower an ancient fortress, once a roy- L O N L O N hi palace, now containing some public oflic'Cf), a mapa/iiic and arsenal, the re^^aliu oftlic kingilom, tlio mint, and a »]ic'iiagi;rie i the Horse GnardH, tli" Treasury, and the Admiralty, at White- hall ; the nijlilc collccUon ot'iJiiblic offi- ces which form that magnificent struc- ture called Somerset Place j the Hoyal Exchange, in Cornhill ; tlie Bank of Enrflaml, in Thrtiuhicedlc-strcet , the Custom-house, in Thamcs-street; the Excise Office, in Broad-street; the East India House, in Leadenhall-street i tin: South Sea House, in Throginorton itrect; the Maiision House for the lord muyor; tlie Monument in com- memoration of liie great fire in 1666; «nd the ancicuL b; idgc, called London- bridge. It is in agitation to pull this down, and rebuild it on a moot exten- «ive pl;m, ni.ikir.g one arch the span of wliich shall be s.) liigh as to admit ves- Bfls of large burden under it ; the two magnificent modern bridges of Black- friars and Westminster. The British Muhcum in Great Russel-strect, Bloomsbury ; and the Leverian Muse- um, in Great Surry-street, are, per- haps, the noblest of their kind in Eu- rope. The Inns of Court for the study of the law; the colleges, learned socie- ties, and public seminaries ; the halls of the different trading companies; tlie noble hospitals and other charitable in- stitutions ; the prisons, public pla- ces of diversion ; with its fine souares and streets, which are numerous, and btiilt with greia regularity, are all too numerous to be particularly mentioned. London, then, in its large sense, in- cluding Westminster, Soutliwark, and part of Middlesex, forms one great me- tropolis, of vast extent and of prodigi- gious wealth. When considered with all its advantages, it is now what ancient Rome once was ; the seat of liberty, the encourager of arts, and the admira- tion of the whole world. It is the cen- tre of trade ; has an intimate connec- tion with all the eo\mties in the king- dom ; and is the grand mart of the na- tion, to which :dl parts send their commodities, from whence they are again sent bacic into every town in the nation, and to every part of.^lie world. From hence innvimerable carriages by land and water are constantly employ, cd : and from heniie arises that circu- lation in the national l)ody which ren- ders every part henlthful, vigorous, and iii a prosperous Q0\iditi|^ii ; a circulation that is equally beneficial to the head and the most distant meml>ers. Merchant* are here as i-ich as noblemen: witness their incredible loans to government t ami there is no place in the world where the shops of tradesmen make such a no- ble and elegant appearance, or are bet- ter stocked. The Thames, on the banks of which London is situated, is a river which, though not the largest, is the richest and must commodious foi* cnmnierce of any in the world It is continually filled with fleets, sailing to or from the most distant climates : and its banks, from London briclgc to Black- wall, form almost one continued great magazine of naval stores ; containing l!iree large wet-docks, 32 dry-doc-ks, and 33 yards for the building of ships for the use of the merchants ; besides the places allotted for the building of boats and lighters, and the king's yards lower down the river for the building of men-of-war. As ttic city is about 66 miles distant from the sea, it enjoys, by means oftiiis beautiftd river, all die be- nefits of navigation, without the danger of being surprised by foreign fleets, or of being annoyed by the moist vapours of the sea. It rises regularly, from the water-side, and, extending itself on both sides along its banks, reaches a prodigious length from E to W, in a kind of ampl.itlieatre towards the V, and is continued for near 20 miles on all sides, ifi a succession of magnificent villas and populous villages, the coun- try-scats of gentlemen and tradesmen; whither the latter retire for the benefit of fresh air, and to relax their minds from the hurry of business. The re- gard paid by the le^slature to the pro- perty of the subject, has hitherto pre- vented any bounds being fixed for its extension. The irregulai form of Lon- don makes it difficult to ascertain its extent. However, its length from E to W is generally allowed to be above seven miles from Hyde-park corner to Poplar ; and its breadth in some places tliree, in others two, and in otliers again not much above half a mile. Hence the circumference of the whole is al- most 18 miles ; or, according to a lat- er measurement, the extent of conti- nued buildings is 33 miles, two furlongs and 39 roods. But it is much easier to form an idea of the large extent of a city so irregularly built by the number of the people, who are computed to be above a million ; aiid from the nuipbet , O N >c)icficial to the head and t menil>cr8. Mercliunts ) ag noblemen : witneis ; loans to jfovernmcnt t place in the world where dtsnicn make such ano- appearaiice, or are bet- Thc Thames, on the London is sitiiuted, is a oii{,^h not the krgcht, is most commodiuiis fof ny in tlie world It is d with fleets, sailinf^ to St distant climates : and London briclffc to Black- ist oni- continued great aval stores ; containing^ ■t-(Iock», 32 dry-dof,k8, r the building of sliipg he merchants ; besides led for tlie building of ;rs, and the king's yards ! river for the building As tiic city is about 6(> omthe sea, it enjoys, by eauvifid river, all tliebc- [ion, without the danger led by foreign fleets, or :d by the moist vapours rises regularly, !Vom the I, extending itself on g its banks, readies a th from E to W, in a lieatre towards the N, I for near 20 miles on iccession of magnificent ous villages, the coun- llemen and tradesmen ; ter retire for the benefit 1 to relax their minds of business. The re- le le^slature to the pro- ject, has hitherto pre- nds being fixed for its e irregulai form of Lon- ifRcult to ascertain its ver, its length from E to y allowed to be above m Hyde-park corner to I breadth in some places two, Olid in otliers again e half a mile. Hence nee of the whole is al- or, according to a lat- it, the extent of conti- is 35 miles, two furlongs But it is much easier to )f the large extent of a arly built by the number who are computed to be ; aiid from the nuipbec L O N •f edifices devoted to Uic service of religion. Of these, there i;re 305 in the coiiipabs of this vast pile of build- ings, without I'cckoning the 21 oiit-pa- rislics iisuully inrltidcd in the bills of mortality, and a great number of lue- tliodi.st tuberuachs. There arc al.so in and near tlii:; city 100 aliiiH-hoiises, u- i>iiut 20 liosi)ital.s iind inlirniarics, three colleges, 10 p\il)lic' j)risoiis, 15 llesli- niarkets ; one in.iiket for live catll' ; two other markets more |)articu!aily for herbs ; and 2.i other markets for corn, coals, hay, i^r. 15 inns of court, 2r ])ublic squares, besides those within single Iiuildings, as the 'I'emplc, &.c. three bridges, 55 halls for companies, eight public schools, called free- schools ; and 131 charity schools, which provide education for 5034 poor chil- dren ; 207 inns, 447 taverns, 551 cof fee hotise.s, 5975 alehouses; lOOOliack- ney-coaches j 400 ditto chairs j 7000 streets, laii'.s, courts and alleys, and 150,000 dwelling-houses, containing, as has been alreaily observed, above 1,000,000 inhabitants ; who, according to a moderate estimate, are supposed to consume weeklv provision.^, clothing, &c. to the amount' of £ 500,000. Lon- don is the scut of many considerable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to kself, others in which it pailicipates witli the manufacturing towns in gene- r'll. The most impoilant of its peculi- ar manufactures is the silk-weaving, established in Spitalfields by refugees from France, A variety of worhi in gold, silver, and jewellery; the en- graving of prints ; the r.iaking of optical and mathematical instruments, are likewise principally or solely executed here, and some of them in greater per- fection than in any other country. To its port are likewise confined some branches of foreign commerce, as the vust East India trade, and tlinse to Tur- key and Hiulsoii's Bay. The common firing is pit-coal, commonly called sea- coal, cf which there are consumed up- wards of 706,880 chaldrons eveiy year. The annual consumption of oil iii Lon- don and Westminster for lamps amounts to 400,000/. In 1787, the quantity of [Knter brewed in LonJo'i for home- consum]>tioii and foreign exportation, amounted to 1,176,856 barrels. Thus London has risen to its present rank of the first city in Europe, both with re- spect to opulence and to number of inha- bilanLs. London is a bishop's see, and J L O N dcnils four members to parliament. To enuinernle all the events bj which this great capital has been distinguished, would greatly exceed our limits : we shall only ineiition therefore, the great plague, in 1(565, which cut oil 90,000 people, and the dreadful conflagration, in lfi()(), by which it received (lamagc to the amount of jQ 10,689,000. Lon- don is 165 miles N W of Pans, 180 W by S of Anistenhim, and 264 S E of Dublin. Lat. 51 31 N. LimMm, Nmi, a seaport in the state of Connecticut, and county of New London. Its harbour is the best in Connecticut, and as good as any in the United States. It s ilefended by two forts, ai d sealed on the Thames, near Its ent ance into the Sound, 80 miles K E (;( New York. Lon. 72 45 W, laU 41 15 N. London, Nexv, a town of the United Stales, in Virginia, on James river. Lunduuiteny, a ciuinty of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded on the W by IJonegal, on the N by the ocean, on the S and S W by Tyi-one, and on the E by Antrim. It contains 31 parishes, and sends eight members to parlia- uienl. It is a fruitful champaign cotu>- try i and the greater part of it was given by James I. to an incorporated company of Loudon merchants. The linen manufacture flourishes through every part of it. Londondeny, a handsome town of Ireland, capital of a county of the same name. It is still surrounded by walls, and is remarkable for a long siege it sustained ygainst James II. in 1689, till a naval forcj from England, witli some ti'oops nuiier general Kirke, broke tite boom across the hai'bour, and brought a seasonable relief; by which th2 enemy were so tlispirited, as to r;'.iso the e'.cge. It is a modem place, built by a company of London ailveiilurers in the reign of James I. The principal commerce of London- derry is v'i , h America and tie West Indies. U contains 10,000 in6|ibi.ants, and is seat id on the river Foyle, over which a wooden bridge, 1068 feet in length, and of singular and excellent construction, was erected in 175^1. Londonderry is four miles Sj^ Lough Fovle, and 194 N W of DuboS^ Lon. 7 5 W, hit 55 4 N. Londonderry, gt post town in Rock* D D o L O N LOR Inghtm rminty, New Hampsliirr. 35 Biilcs S W (if Pi)rtsiiiiiutli, aiitl JT N W of Nuwliiiry |)(M't, MunsucIhihi-U». It is pcDilfd iiiiiHlly bv I II.. (ii. III.* fi'oin Iri'Lmfl, as tin- iiitim' iiii;.!;', -t, and riiiituitu'd '2650 inliabitaiits, hI tlie ktiit einniriiitmn. L>,:^oiJ, II intmfy of In-land, in tilt- |.ii.»iiiie of I.iiisUT, 2J iniici loilj; Itiid 16 bi'i.ud ; boi.j.di'd on t.ii- t'. ..nii S \n Wfst Mfiiil', on tlie N Vv \>\ L>-'>ti°in.,oiilliu i^iE'). C.'uNuii, undo', t..c fV by tlie Shuiinoh ivli.cli j.uits it fnini RosciiininDii. !t i u licn ur.d |)!t'u!iuiit. coiiiiti'v, containg 24 paiisliL.s, .uid •endK tun iiii.'nibi'i'H to pm liunicnt. L iiijj/iiru, a biironji^b ot Inland, cispi- till (It a county ot tiic same nuniit, 70 niileii VV N VV of Dublin. Loii. 7 40 W, lat, S3 4a N. Long hluml, and island of tlic state of Nfw York, separated from Con- necticut by Long' iNlund Sound, aiul divided into tlu'ee counties. It ' ex tends ti'om tne city of New Y2, but reta- ken two mi.iitlis after. It is seated on a'l eminence, 15 miles S VV of I.uxem- birK". and 167 N £ of Paris. Lon. 5 58 E, l..t 4i> ,;j N. L'l: iiiuie. See Kir/ij Lomdule. Liihi-itSuulnier. a town of France, in 'lie department of Jura, and late ()ro- viiice of Franche Comie, with a lute abbey of noble Uernarilines. It derive* its n.iUie from tlie salt springs with wliicli it abounds, and is seated on th« Solvan, 30 miles S S W of Dole. Lon, 5 30 E, lat. 45 37 N. L-Kj, ! town of Dutih Guelderland, where the prince of Orange had a Kne palace, eiglit miles VV of Deventer. Lon, 5 44 E, lat. 52 20 N. Liioe, East and Weit, two mean bo- roughs in Cornwall, separated by a creek, over which ii a narrow stone bridge. They send together as many members to |jarliament as London. The niirket held at E.-ist Looe, is on Saturday. They .ire 16 miles W of Plvmouth, and 232 VV bv S of London. Lon. 4 36 W, Int. 50 23 N. Loo;:enburg, a town in Greeii county, New York, near Cat.ikill on the Hud- son river. It has a post ofKce 378 miles from Waahington. Loudim, a town in Rockingham coun- ty. New Hampshire, on the E side of Merrir.ack river, between Canterbury and Epsom, with 1''79 inhabitants. Lookout, Cape, a cape of North Caro" lina, S of cape Hatteras, and opposite Core Sound Loots, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name in the bishop- ric of Liegp, 16 miles W of Maestricht. Lon. 5 19 E, lat. 50 52 N. Lopati,i,Cnpe,t\\e S extremity of the Peninsula of Kamtschatka. See Auri/et. Lora, a town of Spain in Andalusia, on the river Gnadalquiver, 28 miles N E of Seville. Lon. 5 4 VV, lat. 37 46 N. Lora, a town of Upper Saxonv, in the countv of Hohenstein, 30 miles N if Saxe-Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N. Lore, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 VV, lat. 36 50 N. Lurbut, a town of the kingdom of O R u lie and late dtitchy of (ii, Init retu- al'tcr. Il is seated on miles S \\ of I.iixem- I L ot Paris. Lon. 5 58 e A'ir/)} Lontdale. er. a town ol' France, in of Jura, unci lute (iro- L' Coniie, with a lute lernunlincs. It derive* tlie Halt sprinfTs with s, and is seated on th« SSWofDole. Lon. 7N. if Duti II Giielderlond, -e of Orange had a Kite liles W of Deventer. , 52 20 N. d Weit, two mean bo- iwall, separated by x irl) il a narrow stone send together as many arliament as London. \ at Enst Looe, is on <.■ are 16 miles W of '32 W bv S of London. ;. 50 23 N. town in Greeii county, ' Cut.'tkill on the Hud- a post office 378 niilei n in Rocking'liam coun- hire, on the E side of r, between Canterbury II 1''79 inhabitants. a cape of North Caro" Hatteras, and opposite jf Germany, capital of » ne name in the bishop* tniles W of Maestricht. 50 52 N. the S extremity of the mtschatka. See kurilu. of Spain in Andalusia, idalquiver, 28 miles N m. 5 4 W, lat. 37 46 N. 1 of Upper Saxonv, in nhenstein, 30 miles N Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 of Spain, in Granada, Malaga. Lon. 4 35 W, vn of the kingdom of LOR TuniSi with a castle, and fine remains of antiquity, it is neuled in u |.Iain, fertile in corn, l.iO miles S VV of '1 > iiis Lull. 9 U K, lul. Jj Jo N. . Lttrcu, un antient town of Spain, in Miireiu, seated on an eiiiiiieiue, near the nver Guudalaiitiii, o^ niuesi VV of Carlliujfciia. Lon. I J7 W, lut. ^t 44 N. Lurca, atuwnofSuubiu, in the dutch) of VViiteiubui-g. 11 had fornieilj u \eiv ricli ubUe^, wlioau revenues now belong to tne uiiivei'sit) uf I'abiii^en. Il is d poor place tlioiigii seated lu u f'citile country on the Kumms, 20 miles N VV ol Ksiiiij^en. Lnrii Hinoe't Group, an extensive gl-uu)i ot IsUncls III llie South Pacihe Oicuii, discovered, in ir91, by captain Hunter, wliu fi-oin tlic mast iiead dis- tint.U_^ Uescrieil Si of them, suinc ol coiisiUeruble extent. The) u|>peared tliiciviy covered with wood^ among whicli the cocoa-nut was very dislin- gu.siiuble. llie natives are ;>. stout, clean, well made people, of u dark cup- per colour; Uieir iiair tied in a Knot un the backoftiic iitad ; Kiidthe) appeal- ed as it cleaii-shaveU. 1 lie arinu aiiU thig'iis were luttowed, and some were painted with red and wliite streaks. They wore a wrapper round tiieir mid- dle. Lon. from 159 14 to 159 37 i:., lat. 5 30 S. Loru Hovie'i hland, an island of the South Pucihc Ocean, discovered by lieutenant King. Many exeeiieiit tur- tle have been caught here, and it a- bounds with a vui'iety ot birds. The island is 140 leagues t, of New Soutu Wales, tliree miles and u halt lung, and very narrow. Loii. 159 E, lat. Jl 36 S. Loredo, a town of Italy, in the terri- tory of Venice and in tlie Polesmu, seated on the Adige, 2o miles ii, of Kovigo. Lon. 12 5u E, lat. 45 5 N. Loretto, u fortihed town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, witii a bish- op's see. It contains the Casu Santa, ur House of Nazareth, in which it is pre- tended Jesus ChriRt was brought up ; and tlia; it was currieears past. Works in silver are not thoti^'lit woithy to be admitted here. 1 he whole is reckoned to be worth nine imllions of rix-dollars. And we ought not to omit the wine cellar be- longing to tlie holy house, which is ve- ry richly stored. '1 he town itself, ex- clusive of the chapel, is neither consi- derable nor ugreealile i nor does it con- tain above 30u inhabitants wliu uie ul- nu)st all sh.emakers, taiU-rs, or selleri of chuplets. Il is seated on a mountain, tliree milts from the gulf of Venice, Vi 5 K of Aneona, and 112 N E uf Konis. Lon. 13 38 E, lat. 43 27 N. Lurguei, a very populous town of France in the department of Var and late province of Provence, seated on tlie Argcns, five miles VV by S of Dra- giiignan. and 430 S by E of Paris. Lon. 6 ■37 E, lat. 43 30 N. Lorn, the N dis rict of Ar^leshire in Scotland, between Loch Etivc and LqcIi Awe. Lorrain, a late province of France, bounded on tJie N by Liixemburgh and the archbishopric of Treves, on the E by Alsace and Deiix-Ponts, on the S by Francbe Comte, and on the W bjr Champagne and Bur It is 100 miles in length, and 75 in breadth, and abounds in all sorts of corn, wine, hemp, flax, and rape-seed, and in general in all tlie necessaries of life. There are fine meadows and large forests, with mine* of iron, silver, and cop'-er, and salt- pits. Ihe principal r,"er» are the Muese or Meuse, the Moselle, the Seilles, the Meurthe, and the Sure I his pro>irice now ftirms the three depart- ments of Meiirthe, Moselle and the Vosges. Lorrich, a small town of Germany, in' the district of Rheingau, seated on the E side of the Rlune, eight mdes N W ofBingen. < Il" ^l»ll )i i LOU Lnnit, a town oC Fivnirc in llie do liantiiiM'i cfl.i iiTl Mill lute ))rn\iiuc f)f Orli :ui(ii.-.. It is 1 j niilis \V In S oj Moiitai'(rin. J.111, ii liver of [•'raiur, wliiili risis in tluMli|i;.rltncnl ori.n/.cK , iiiui \v;itiriii(;- Miiulc 1111(1 Calitirii, t'.JU into tin- (,.i- VDiic, lit Ainiiillon. It l)i.niiis to ho iia- vig'iiiiic lit C'lliois. I.tit, a lii-inirtiiiciil iif Frame, iiuliiil- 5lic the latf pvoviiicf iif (^;,i.r; i. Il takes its i!aii\ (rom the i.vcr Lot. Ca- hors is the capital. Lut ana Gurmine, a department of Frame, iiu ludinji; |)iirt of the hitr pro- viiK e ol Giiieiiiie, ami ho calhil fnnii two ii\ei-.s. Ayehis theeapituh Lol/iiiiii, Ka.1t. See hail.li.^sirtnjhirc. LotliLiit, Mill. See Juiin/'iir^'/is/tiie. Lotliiiin, ll'tnt. See Lintitl'^nKuhire. LOU lal oflho cotinty, hut the iinhraltiiiiir.'H ot'llie Nitiialidii hiiM ehcekcd its (friiwlh. I lie iiihahilaiitH afc esliiiialeil at •100. II lies ill lut. J8" .i' N. anil loll tiO" JLf* vv. l.ouiivittr, a pout town, the capital of the state ot GtorRiai nittiaH-il 011 tiic N K of the Client Ojfeehcc river in Jef- I'ernoli roiinl), KJO niilex N \V of Sa- lanniih, in the lut. of Jli"4o' N.aiid Ion. of HJ-" M' \V. J.iininiund, a larjfc country of Nortli America, b'liiiuleil on the K hv the Mississippi, on the S by the n'ulf of Mexico, on tlie \V hy New v i-xico, ami ruiininc; iiiilctinilely N. It isan^rce- ablj Bitmiti between the exlrenieit of lieiit and cold ; its climate varying as it e.Meiuli. toward the N. The tiinhir is as line as any in the worlds and tlie late I'l'mime of Uiirj^undy, situate in a kir.d of island betweei-, the rixers, Seil- les, Salic, and Sulnan, 18 miles S £ of Chalons. , _. 11 . 1 L- • IIU.UHIIIL.T Ul WUK, USII, 1111111)0 ■rV, Wlll- LiiiuM, a small town ot i-rnnee, in ' i„ , i • ." " ' .. 1 ' , r ,.■ 11 -1 m">cherr\, c\ press, and cedar, arc as- the ill paitment (if Saoiie and Liinc and ,, ,,;,.i,;.,„ -in, „ • ii i i ,• ,i ,,, '.. r ,, ,, .. >• •" " tonisliiiiK-. 1 he nei^'hhoiirhood oi the Mississippi, besides, furnishes the richest fruits in g-reat variety. The soil is particularly adapted for hemp, ,' flax, and tobacco ; and indiffo is a sta- Loii^/ihoroiish, a «owii in Leicester- ' no '1 his coimtry wa.s discoven d by sliirc, with a market on Thursday, Ferdinand dc Sotii, in 1541 ; traversed lilcasnnlly seated i.monp fertile mea- by M. dc la Salle, in 1682 ; and set- dows near the forest of Charwnod, on tied bv Lewis XIV. in the beifinninr tlio river Soar, IS nilles N of Lciccs- of this' century. In ir6.1, it was ccdeil ter, and 109 N N V/ of London. Lon. to Spain ; in 1800 reconveyed to 1 10 W, lat. 52 48 N. France ; and in 1803 purchased by the Louisa, a town of Swedish Finland, United Slates. -vUh a fortres.s, on a bay of the gulf of Loui-tcheou-ftm, a city of China, in Finland. The houses are all of wood, ' the province of Quanff-iong, sepnr- two Stories high, and painted red Loumlnirgli, a town of North Ameri- ca, capital of the island of Cape Breton. It was taken by the English in 1758, and ceded to them in lr6;3 : since ■which the fiivtifications li.ive been de- stroyed. It has an excellent harDnur, near four leagues in circumference. Lon. 59 48 W, lat. 45 54 N. Louisburg, a post town in Franklin county, North Carolina, on the E bunk of Tar river, 23 miles N E of Raleigh tlic capital of the stale. Louisville, a post town in Jefl'ersoii county, Kentucky ; seated on tlie E bank of the river Ohio, 54 miles W ot Frankfort, and 640 miles below Pitts- burg. It is a port 9f entry and the capi- iitcd by a narrow strait from the isle of Hai-nan, where pearls are said to have been formerly fished up. It is 345 miles S W of Canton. Loiiitz, a town of Great Poland, in the p.ilalinatc of Huva, 55 miles E of Gnesna. Lon. 19 E, lat. 52 26 N. Lau-ngan-foii, a city of China, in- the province of Chun-si, agreeably situate near the source of the river Tso-tsang- ho. It is 375 miles S W of Pekin. Louiig Lock, a great arm of the sea in Argylcshire, which communicates on the S, with the Frith of Clyde. LouJre, a town of France, ir the de- partment of the Upper Pyrenees end late province of Bigorre, with an an- cient and strong c.istle, seated on a o u , Imt tlir iiiilipnltli!iirft< liait fli( rkcd JtH (frnwlli. I iM'i- «'ftlilii:ilcil lit WO. i" .5' N. ami Ion Hb" Jit* out town, tl)C capital nf TRill ; HitUUH-(l (III tlic it OjfL'flicc riVLT in Jef- ()() niilcN N \V v tlic the S by the k'uH' of \V by New v i-xiro, •linitcl) N. 11 isu{(rce. A'ceii tlie oxIi'rnieH of ts climate varying as it I lie N. The tinilxT is 1 tlic world ; and the ., asli, nuilbei-ry, wiil- e»B, ami cedar, arc ns- nci^'lihoiirliood of llie sides, furniRJies the I g'l'cat variety. 'I'lie ■ly adapted for hemp, ; and in miles S £ of Cracow. Lon. 20 36 K, hit 49 3b N. Luc, a town of France, in the de- partment of Var und late province of Provence, 25 miles N E of loulon. L.,n. 6 25 E, lat. 43 28 N. Ltic, a town of France, < in the de- partment of Isere and late province of Dauphiny, seated on the river Drome, 32 ni.lcs S of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 E, lut. 44 40 N. Lucar-tle-Baramtda, St. a seaport of Spuin, in Andalusia, with a bishop's see. It has a very large, Hne harbour, well defended ; and is seated at the mouth of the Guadalquiver, 44 miles S by W of Seville, and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W, lat. 36 58 N. Lucar-de-Guadiana, St. a strong town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a small harbour on the river Gaiidiana, 39 miles N E of Faro. Lon. 8 16 W, lat. i7 18 N. Lucar-La-Mqyor, St. a town of Spain, in . Andal .sia, seated on the Guadiana, 10 miles N W of Seville. Lon. 5 33 W, lat. 37 36 N. Lucca, a town ofltidy, capital of a .epublic of the same name. It is about three miles in circumference, and sur- rounded with a wall and other modem fortifications. It is an archbishop's see, and the churches are very hand- some. The inhabitants have a consid- erable manufacture of silk, and ^Id and silver stuffs, in which they driv« a great trade. They oblige all travel- lers to leave their arms at the city gate, and will n-it sutler any one to wear a sw(ere and late province of Ued on the river Diome, Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 £, iramtda, St. a seaport of iduhisia, with a bisliop's very large, fine harbour, 1 ; and IS seated at the C^uadalquiver, 44 miles S lUe, and 270 of Madrid. lat. 36 58 N. ladiana, St. a strong town Andalusia, witii a small he river Gaiidiana, 39 Faro. Lon. 8 16 W, lat. 4ayor, St. a town of idal .sia, seated on the miles N W of SeviUe. lat. 37 36 N. wn of Italy, capital of a e same name. It is about I circumference, and 8ur> a wall and other modern It is an archbishop's ihurclies are very hand- nliabitants have a consid- ictiirc of silk, and gold ufl's, in which they driv« They oblige all travel* their arms at the city I n')t suHer any one to , witliin it. It is seated of a fruitful plain, sur- pleasant hills, near the , over which there are It is 10 mites N E of nf Florence, and 155 N le. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 43 republic of, a small ter- LUC ritory of Italy, lying on the Tuscan Sea ; about 20 miles in length, and 10 in brcadtli. The soi' does not protluce niiich corn ; but there is plenty of wine, oil, sillc, wool, and chesniits ; their oil in particular is in high esteem, and the common );eople usually eat cliesnuts instead of bi-ead. It is a sovereign state, uniler tile protection of the emperor, and the government aristocratic. The usual revenues amoimt to about 30,000/. |>er annum, and they can raise and pay 10,000 men upon occasion. Luce, a great bay in Wigtonshire, lying to the E of the mull of Galloway. Lucera, an ancient town of Italy, in tlie kingdom of Naples, '"\ Capitanata, with a bishop's see, i\i mile S W of Manfredonia, and 65 N V. of Naples. Lon. 15 34 £, lat. 41 28 N. Lueerr., one of the can'.ons of Swis- serland, and tlie most co.isiderable, ex- cept Zuric and Berne It is 30 miles in length, and 20 in breadth : bounded on tlie E by tlie cantons of Underwal- den, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all the other sides, by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants oi this canton arc reckoned about 100,000, and are Homw ca- tholics. The government was foru^erly aristocratical, consisting of a senate of 36, and a council of 64, in which sowe plebeian burghers were admitted every eler.Sioni but the Helvetic confederacy, aa well as the constitution of the seve- ral cantons is now dissolved, the French hpving cruelly and unjustly enslaved this brave and virtuous people. Ltieeni, ^^^ capital of the canton of Luccrn, in S wisserland. It is divided in- to two by a branch of the Reuss, which falls into tlie lake, on tlie N W end of which the town is seated, and com- mands an extensive prospect. It scarce- ly contains 3000 inhabitants, has no ma- nufactures of consequence, and little commerce. Tlie pope has always a nuncio resident here. In the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone, and of an ex- traordinary size i the centre pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighs 1100 pounds. The bridges which skirt the town, round the e%e of the lake, are the fashionable wulk'of tlie place, and remarkable for their length. They are decorated with coarse paintings, representing the his- tories of the Old Testament, the battles of the Swiss, and the dance of death. Luc«m ia 30 oiilet 9 W of Zuric, and 1. u c 35 E of Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 47 5 M. Luccrn, Lake of. Set: WaUitxtter See. Lucerna, atown of ItiUy in Piedmont, 15 niiUs S W of Turin. Lon. 7 38 &, lat. 44 52 N. Luclieii, a town of Spain, in the kiiigd'jn of Valencia, 30 miles S of tlie city of that name. Lon. 10 £, lat 38 53 N. Lucia, St. one of the Windwnrd Ca- ribbee Islands, in ♦'■ Wc:it Indies, 22 miles in length and 21 in breadth. It consists of|)Uins well watered with ri-" vulets, and hills furnished with timber: and has several good bays, ar.d commo- dious hurbours. It was taken by the English in May, 1796. There are two hign mounti.ins, by which this island may be known at a considerable dis- tance. It is 21 miles S of Mortinico. Lon. 60 45 W, lat. 13 25 N. Lucia. Sf. one of the Cape de Verd Islands, about 450 miles W of tlie con- tinent of Africa. Lon. 34 32 W, laL 16 45 N. Lucignano, a town of Italy in the dutchy of Tuscany, 10 miles S of Sien- na. Lon. 11 HE, lafiN43 N. Luciiuna, an ancient city of Hindoos- tan Proper, capital of Oude. It is an extensive place, but meanly built: the houses are chiefly mud walls covered with thstch ; and many consist entirely of mats and bamboos, and are thatched with leaves of the cocoa-nut, palm- tree, and sometimes with straw. Very- few of the houst^s of tlie natives are built with brick : the streets lu-e crook- ed, narrow, and worse than moe*: in India. In the dry season, the dust and heat are intolerable ; in the rainy sea^ son, the mire is so deep as to be scarce* ly passable ; and there is a groat num- ber of elephants belonging to the Na- bob and the great men of his court^ which are continually passing the streets, either to the palace, or to the river, to the gi-eat danger and annoy- ance of the foot passenger, as Well as the inferior class of shopkeepers. The comforts, convenienc), or property of this class of people, are indeed litt1<^ at- tended to, either by the gtciX men or their sei-vants ; the elephant itselfbeing^ frequently known to be infinitely more attentive to them aa he passes, and to children in particular. l"he palace of the Nabob ia seated on a high bank near the Goointy, and commanc an ex- tensive view both of that river and the country on the eastern pidc. Lucknovr LUC L U,M is 650 miles N W of Calcutta, Lat. 26 3 J N, Ion. 81 25 E. Lucku, a coiisidcruble town of Poland, c&|)it:il of Volliinia, witli a ritiiilel, and a bisliup's sec, seated on tlic Ste ', 75 Tiiiks N E of Lcmbni'iif, and 175 S £ of Warsaw. Lon. 25 30 E, I.M. 51 13 N. Luco, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo •'Citcriorc, seated on tbe lake Cclano. Liicon, or Luzon, a town of France, ■ in the de])ai'tnient of Vendee and late pro\incc of Poitoii, and lately an epis- copal see, seated in an unwliolsome moras.s, 17 inilcb Nof Kocl)el!e, and 50 S of Nantes. Lon. 1 5 W, lat. 46 27 N. Luconia, or Mnnilta, the chief of the •PiiiHppine Islands, in the N Pacific Ocean, 400 miles in length and 100 in breadth. It is not S'j iiot as may be p.\- pected, because it is well w.'itered by large Iskes and rivers, and tlic jjeriod- ical rains which inundate all the plains. There are several volcanos in the mountains, which occasion cBrtli- nuakes ; and a variety of hot oaths. The ])roducc of this island is wax, cot- ton, wild cinnamon, sulphur, cocrta- iiuts, rice, gold, horses, buffaloes, and game. Philip II. of Spaii., formed a scheme of planting a colony in the Phi- lippine Islands, which iiad been neglect- ed since the discovery of them by Ma- gellan, in 1521. Manilla, in this island, was the station chosen for the capital of the new estal lishmcnts. Hence an active commercial intercourse began with the Chinese, a considerable num- ber of whon\ settled in the Philippine Islands, under the Spanish protection. These supplied tlie colony so amply with all the valuable productions and manufactures of Asia, as enablei it to open a trade with America, by a .irect course of navigation, the longes'. from l&od to land on our globe. Th's ti-ade, at first, was carried on withCaitao, on the coast of Peru ; but it was afterward re- moved to Acapulco on the coast of New Spain. From this i>ort aimually sail one or two shi])s, which are permitted to carry out silver to the amount of 500,000 crown.s, in return for which tliey bring back from Manilla, spices, druj^'s, China and Japan war'^s, cali- eocs, chintz, ninslins, silks, &C. The inliabitant.s are a mixture of several na- tioiiH, besides Spaniards ; and Uiey all prodiici! a iiii.xed breed, distinct from »nv of Uie rest. The blacks h;.ve long ki ir, and ^-ood iuatures ; :u\d there is one tribe, who prick their sklr',9, and draw figures on them, as they do in most other countries where they go naked. See Manilla. Ludersburg, a t(>wn of Germany in the circle of Lower Sa.xony, in the dutchy of Lawenburg, seated on the Elbe, five miles above tlie town of Lawenburg. Liiilgershall, a borough in Wiltshire, 15 mdcs N of Salisbury, and 72 N by W of London. It sends two members to parliament, but has no market. Lon. 1 45 W, lat. 51 17 N. Ludlafui, a borough in Shropshire, with a market on Monday. Here a court is held for the marches of Wales; and it is encompassed by a wall, having seveii gates. It has likewise a castle, wher" all business was formerly trans- act .1 for the principality of Wales ; I....' a stately church, formerly colle- giate. It sends two members to parli- ament, and is seated on the Tan.e, 29 miles S of Shrewsburv, and 138 N W of London. Lon. 2 42 W, lat. 52 23 N. Lvgano, a town of Swisserland, capi- tal of a bailiwic of the same name, which is tbe principal of the four trans- alpine bailiwics. It is built round a gentle curve of the lake of Lugano, and backed by an amphitheatre of hills, and being the emporium of the greatest part of the merchandise, which passes from Italy over the St. Gothard, or the Bernardin. It is pretty populous, con- taining 8000 inhabitants. It is 17 miles N W' of Como. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 45 54 N. Lugano, a lake of S wisserlaud, on the Italian side of the Alps, 25 miles in length, and from two to four in Breadth. It lies about 190 feet higher than tiie lakes Como and Locarno. Lugo, an ancient city of Spain, in Galicia, with a bishop's see. There are springs in thiscity lioiling hot. It- is seated on the Minho, 32 miles S E of Mondonncdo, and 60 S W of Oviedo. Lon. 8 52 W, lat. 42 46 N. Lulu, a town of Swedish Lapland ; seated at the mouth of tlie river Lula, on the W side of the gulf of Bothnia, 42 miles S W of Tornea. Lon. 21 E, lat. 64 30 N. Lula Lafnnari, aprovince of ST^edish Lapland, bounded on the N.by Tornea, on the E by the Botlmic gulf, on the S by Pithia, and on' the W by Norway. Lumella, a village i» Italy, which i-ives name to the Lumellin, a small district lying on the river Po, beiongmy . U.M prick their sklr.s, and 11 them, as they do in intries where they go 'anilla. t(>wn of Germany in the !• Siixony, in the dutchy seated on the Elbe, five town of Lawenburg. u borough in Wiltshire, Salisbury, and 72 N by It sends two membei's but has no market. 111. 51 17 N. orougii in Shropshire, on Monday. Here a r tl>c marches of Wales; iassed by a wall, having I iias HkcM'ise a castle, ess was formerly trans- principality of Wales ; I'hurch, formerly colle- s two members to parli- eated on tlie Tan.e, 29 :wsburv, and 138 N W m. 2 42 W, lat. 52 23 N. wn of Swisserland, capi- ■ic of the same name, incipalof the fourtrans- ). It is built round a the lake of Lugano, and npliitheatre of hills, and orium of the greatest i:handise, which passes the St. Gothard, or the is pretty populous, con- labitants. It is 17 miles i. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 45 e of S wisserlaud, on the the Alps, 25 miles in w two to four in Breadth. )0 feet higher than tiie [ Locarno. :icnt city of Spain, in 1 bishop's see. There hiscity foiling hot. It- : Minho, 32 miles S E i, and 60 S Vi of Oviedo. at. 42 46 N. 1 of Swedish Lapland ; touth of tlie river Lula, )f the gulf of Bothnia, of Toraea. Lon. 21 t, aprovince of S^fedish led on the N. by Tornea, : Botlmic gulf, on the S jnthc W by Norway, village iH Italy, which > the Lumellin, a small I the river Vo, beiongin|( L U W to the duke of Savoy. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 45 5 N. Luviberton, a post town in Robesoi> counts. North Carolina, on the E side of Drovniing creek, 25 miles S of Fay. etteville in Cumberland county. LumbertoH, a village in Burlington counts. New- Jersey, one mile S E of MonthoUy. Lund, a considerable tovm in Goth- land and capital of Schonen, with an archbishopric, and a university. It is an inconsiderable place containing little more than 800 houses, and carries on but little trade. Charles XI. founded n university here which is its chief sup- port. The cathedral is an ancient irre- gular building. It is 30 miles S E of Landscrona, and 235 S W of Stock- holm. Lon. 13 36 E, lat. 55 33 N. Lunden, a town of Germany in the dutchy of Holstein, seated near the Eyder, 36 miles N N W of Gluckstadt. Lon. 9 30E, lat. 54Sj<5N. Lundy, an island in tue mouth of the Bristol Channel, near the middle, be- tween Devonshire and Pembrokeshire. Lon. 4 13 W, lat. 51 25 N. Luiie. See iMn. Lunel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard and late province of Languedoc, near the river Ridourle, over which there is a bridge. It pro- duces excellent muscadine wine, and is 16 miles £ of Montpellier. Lon. 4 19 £, lat. 43 38 K. Lunen, a town of Germany in the circle of Weetphalia, 20 miles from Munster. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 51 40 N. Lunenburg, a dutchy of Gcrma;iy, in the circle of Lower Saxony, subject to 'he elector of Hanover. Including Zell, it is bounded on the N by the Elbe, which separates it from Holstein and I^awenbiirg, on the E by the mar- quisate of Brandenburg, on tlie S by the dutchy of Brunswick, and on the W by the dutcnies of Bremen am! Westphalia, being abotit 100 miles in length and 70 in breadth. It i: watered by the rivers Aller, Flbe, anc t'menay, and part of it is flili of heaths and fo- rests, which abound with wild boars ; but near the rivers it is pretty fertile. Lunenburg, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, capital of a dutchy of the same nair.e. The chief public edifices are three parish churcl. j, the ducal pal- ace, three hospitals, the town house, the aalt-magazme, the anatomical the- atre, the academy, and the conventual L U S church of St. Michael, in which are in> lerved the ancient dukes ; it also con- lains a famotis table, eight feet long, i^.nd four wif'e, plated over with chased ;old, and the rim embellished with i-Tecious stones of an immense value, which was taken from the Saracens by the emperor Othoj but, in 1698, « gang of robbers stripped it of 200 rubies and emeralds, a large diamond, and most of the gold. Tlie salt springs iiear this place, produce great quanti- ties of salt, which brinj, -n a good re- venue to the sovereigfn, and chiefly em- ploy the inhabitants. It is seated on the Umenau, 31 miles S E of Ham- burg, and 60 N of Bnmswick. Lon. 10 31 E, lat. 55 16 N. Lunenburg Court Haute, the principal seat of justice in Lunenburg county, Virifinia, where there is a post office. It liei on the N E side of Meherrin ri- ver, about 50 miles S W of Richmond. Lunera, a mountain of Italy, between Naples and Puzzoli. It contains a great ('iftal of si'.phu'' and alum : anu the springs that rise firom it are excellek^t for curing wounds. Litnevtlle, a handsome town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late dutchy of Lorrain, with a castle, where the dukes formerly kept their court, aa ^ did afterwards king Stanislaus. It is now converted into barracks. Here Stanislaus founded a military school, a large library, and a fine hospital. It is seated in a plain, on the rivers Vezouze and Meurthe, 12 miles S E of Nanci, and 62 W of Strasburg. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 48 36 N. Lupo Glavo, a town of Austrian Is- tria, seated near tlie mountains of Ve- na, t5 miles W of St. Veit. Lure, a town of Fi-ance, in the de- partment of Upper Saone and I&te pro- vince of Franche Comte. It is seated oh the river I'Ongnon, 39 miles N E of Besancon. Lon. 6 S3 £, lat. 47 38 N. Luri, an ancient town of Corsica, be- ■ tween Cape Corse and the towns of Bastia and St. Fiorenzo. Lutatia, a marquinate of Germany, boimdr d on the N by Brandenburg, on the E 'oy Silesia, on the S by Bohemia, and on the W by Misnia. It is divid- ed into the Upper and Lower, and is subject to the elector of Saxony. iiVtignan, a town of France in the department of Vienna aiid late pi^vince of Poitou, seated on the Vonne, 15 £ e e I- UT i U J u(jli the g'reat masses of took that ohstruct its course, and, with im'.-;ncpi\able violence, forces fiom tl(eir beds the most enormous frag, ments. The road to Zwcy Lutschinen aiid Lauterbruncn is over this roaring torrent, by a kind of bridge, which is fi.vea«sage, which the traveller, unaccustomed to such strange communications, would trem- ble to ilienipt. Hence the Lutschinen Hows till it fulls into the lake of Brientz. Lutter, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lowc.r Saxony, in the dutchy of Bnmswick, remarkable for the I»at- tle gained here over the Imjierialists, bv the Danes, in 1626. U is eight glides N W of Goslar. and 13 S E of H'ddesheim Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 52 4 N. Xj(«fr«n/rfA, atown in Leicestershire, with a Tnarkct - Thursday. It is seal- ed, on the r^vi vifl, ii; a fertile soil, and is adorned with a largj? bandson)); rlnirch, with a line lofty steei>le. Here Wickliil.e, the lir.sf reti>rmcr,wiis rector, who died in 1385; but wa.H dug up and burnt fiir a ii.iretic 40 > ears after Lut- terwoith I.'* 14 miles S of Leicester, and 88 N N W of Loudon. Lon. 1 10 \V, lat. 52 26 N. Lutzc'i, a town of Germany, in th© circle 1. flipper Saxony, in Misnia, fa- mous li)r a battle, in 1632, in whicU Giisu.vus Adolplius, king of Sweden, was iiiiled in the moment of victory. It is seated on the Elster, 12 miles N W of Lcipsic. Lon 12 7 E. lat. 51 24 N. Liiticnatein, a town of France, in th^ depart iiicnt of Lower Rhine and latQ province of Alsace It has a strong; j castle, and is seated on a mountain, 30 miles N W of Strasburg. Lon. 7 17 E, j lat 48 55 N. i,ux<-n;/.iur^, a dutchy of the Austriai^ Netherlands ; bounded on the E by the jarrlibishopric if Treves ; on the S by : Lorrain ; on the \V by Champagne, jand Liege, and on the N by Limburg^ I and Liege. It lies in the forest of Ar- ] denne, which is one of the most famotig jin Europe. In some places it i9»covcr- ; ed with mountains and woods, but is ' in general fertile in c.irn and wine ; and here are a great ntimber of iroi\ mines. The principal rivers arc, the Moselle, the Sour, the Ourte, and tlie Semox-. It belongs partly to the house of Austria, aiTd partly to the French j and Thionvitlc is the capital of the French part. Luxemburg, a city of the Austrian Netlierlands, capital of a dutchy of the same name. It w;a8 tnore^ban once ta- ken and retaken in the wars of the 16th century. In 1684, it was take)i by the French, who augmented the fortifica- tions so much, that it is one of the strongest places in Europe. It wa/i ceded to the 1;ouse of Austria in 1715. In the present war it surrendered by, capitulation to the French X^nc 1, 1795. It is divided by the Alsit'/. into the up- per and lower towns ; the former al- most quite surroundpd by rocks, but the lower seated in a plain. It is 25 miles S W Of Treves, and 100 W of Mentz. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 49 37 N. Luxeiiil, a town of France in the. de- partment of Upper 5)iione and late pt;o- vince of Francbe Coint^, r^'nmrkable. f|ir it-s mineral, waters. Front the ntiirl^ her of urns, medals, iind inscriptions, found here, it U suppose;^ to h;iye,be^ u If vvitli a large hanUHonjj? Mc loftv stce]ilc. Here I re-tiirmcT, was rector, but wa.s (luj;- iipaiul i<- 40 \ ears alter Lut- ilvs S of Leicester, imd i.doii. Lou. 1 10 \y, of Germany, in tliQ ixony, in Misnia, fa- , in 1633, in wliicU IIS, kinjf of Sweden, moment of victory . It EUter, 12 miles N W 12 7 E, lat. 5\ 24 N. town of France, in thq ower Rhine and latQ ice. It has a strong; ited on a mountain, 30 rasbiirg. Lon. 7 17 E, liitchy of the Austrian mdcd on the E by the Iicvcs ; on the S by W by Champagne, >n the N bv Limbiirgh cs in the (West of Ar- one of the most famous ime |)laces it i9»cover- ns and woods, but ia in cjrn and wine ; treat number of iron licipal rivers are, the ir, the Oarte, and Uie igs partly to the house [lartly to tlic French; is the capital of the city of the Austrian )ital of adutciiy of the vas morc\han once ta- in the wars of the 16th 4, it was taketi by tlie froented the fortifica- that it is one of the in Europe. It wa^ ISC of Austria in 1715. ar it surrendered by, e French June 1, 1795. he Alsit/. into the up. WHS ; the former al- imdf;d by rocks, but in a plain. It is 25 ■eves, and lOy W of 17 E, lat. 49 37 N. n of France in the de> cr 5>!ione and late ppo- : Coint^i rcniarkable. Iters. From the minU^ lids, and inscriptions, lupposjsd tp,l»)tve,b^Sil. L t M I i considerable place in the tim^ of the Romans. It was destroyrd by Attila, in 450. Near the town was a late ce- lebrated abbey, founded by St. Colum- ban, an Irishman. It is seated at the foot of the Vosges, 15 miles W of Ve- soul. Lon. ti 24 E, lat. 47 50 N. Luzerne, a county of Pennsjlvanla, 80 miles long and 61 broi.:!. In 1790, it contained 4,904 inhabita: parlia- ment. It is 28 miles K by S of Exeler, and 143 VV by S of London. Luii. 3 W, lat. 53 40 JJ. Ljtnhigton, H borough and seaport in Hants, with a market on Saturday. It is seated about a mile from the channel called. tlie Needles, and the harbour wdl admit ves.sels of considerable bur> den. It is seated uh a high hill, aoit sends two members to parliament, ai\a' 1$ governed by a mayor. It is 12 mifes .S S W of Southampton, and 90 S VV of London. Lon. 1 42 W, lat, 50 45 N. Lynchburg, a post town in Bedford county, Virginia ; situated on the S .lide of James river, liy miles W ot liichmuiid, and 128 VV by N of Peter^' burg. , L.nJhurtt, a villag^e in faints, in the lit\ir Forest Here is a seat, which' belongs to the duke of Gloucester, at lord wtrden of the New Forest. It it seven miles N of Lymington. Lynn, a town in Esisex county, fitai- saclmsetts, famous fcr the manufactory of women's slioes, and contains '283j^ inhabitants. It Was a post office, and 19 sitiidted 10 m'le.s N E of Boston, and 5 SW of Salem, ill the lat 0(^2° 28' 1^, and loll, of 70° 52' VV. Ziin Jfegit, or King's Lynn, a 00- rou)fli ahd seaport in NoifiJk, with a mai-ket oii Ti^esday and Saturday. Thel situation of this town near the fall oi* the Oiise into the sea, after having re- ceived si^veral other r'.vers, of which suihe ai^ navigable, gi\ es it an oppor- tunity of extending its trade into eight difTcrent counties, by which many con- sideraibt^ cities and towns, viz. Peter* botougli, Ely, Stamford, Bedford, 6%. IVe'si Huntingdon, St. Neot's, North- ampton, Cambridge, St. Edmunsbury,' and the N part of Bucks, as well as the inland patis of Norfolk and Suffolk, are supplied witli heavy goods, nut only of home produce, as coals and salt from Ne^vcastle, but also of jnerchandislB imported from abroad, especially wine, of which two articles, viz. coals and wine, this is the greatest port for im- portation of anyplare on all the eastern coast of England; and those wherein the Lynn merchants deal more largely than any town in England, except Loii- don, Bristol and New Castle. In return for this, Lynn receives b.ick all the corn which the counties just mentioned pro-, diite, for exportAtlon ; and thircibre' i^ I ii J L Y O MAC sienda more of it abroad than uny port, except Hull. The foreign trade of the merchants here is very coiisidurubic, es- pecially to Holland, Norwa), and the Baltic, and uUo to Spain and Portugal and formerly they drove a good trade to France till it vrat turned of!', by^trea- ties on one hand, and prohibitions, high duties, &c. on the utlier, to Spain and Portugal. It is 42 miles WNW of Nor- wich, and 106 N by E of London. Lon. 24 £,lat. 52 48'n. Lyonoii, a late province of France, which, with that of Forez, forms the department of Rhone and Loire. Lyotu, the second city of France for beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is the capital uf the department of Rhone and Li>ire,and is neatedutthe confluence of the Rhone and Saone. It was founded about the year 42 B. C. by the Romans who made it the centre of the commerce of the Gatds. About the year 145, it was totally destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt by the muniflcence of Nero. Many anti- quities are still observed, that evince its Roman origin. Lyons is the see of an archbishop, and before its recent ca- lamities contained 15O,U0O inhabitants, upward of 30,000 of wliom were em- ployed in various manufactures, parti- cularly of rich stuWs, of tJie most ex- quisite workmanship, in silk, gold, sil- ver, 8cc. The quays were adorned with magnificent structures. The Hotel- de-villc vied with that of Amsterdam ; cud the theatre was not surpassed by any in France.' The other principal public buildings were the Hotel de Dieu, the Hospital of Charity, the Ex- change, the Custom-house, tlie Palace of Justice, the Arsenal, a public libra- ry, and two colleges. I'he bridge, which unites the city with the suburh dc la Guillutiere, is 1560 feet long ; and there are three other principal suburbs, sis gates, and several fine churches. Such W.1S L}'ons before the fatal year 1793, when the mischiefs of the revo- lution were poured upon this devoted city in all their horrors. In June 1793 it revolted against the national conven- tion, and being obliged to surrender in October following, became a prey to the merciless victors, who satiated their i-agc by barbarities for which lan- guage lias no name. It is reckoned that not less tlian 70,000 in this city alone were citlier massacred or forced into exile. It was also decreed by the con- t'^tion tUftt the wails and public build- ii^a of l^yons should be destroyed, and the name of the city changed to tiat of Ville Affranchie. In 1794, llOwe^«.■^, on tiie destruction uf the faction of the Jacobins, the convention decreed that tlie city should resume its ancient name, and that measures should be ta- ken to restore its manufactures and commerce. This city is X5 nulex N of Vienne, and 220 S £ of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 46 N. M. Jl^lATEA, one of the Society isles i» ■*'^ tlie Soutli Sea. See Societj/ Itle*. Mabra, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, seated on the gulf of Bona, W of the town of Bona. JUacao, a town of China, in tlie pro- vince of Canton, in an island at the en- trance of the bay of Canton. It is de- fended by three forts. The Portuguese have been in possession of the harbour since 1640. They pay a tribute of 100,000 ducaU for the liberty of choos- ing their own magistrates, exercising their religion, and living according to their own Uws ; and here, accordingly, is a Portuguese governor, as well a> a Chinese mandarin, to take care of the town and thi- neighbouring country. Lon.113 46E.lat. 22 12 N Macartca, a seaport of Dalmatia, with a pretty good harbour and a bish- op's see , seated on the gulf of Venice, 25 miles S E of Spalatro. Lon. 18 7 £, lat. 43 49 N Macattar^ a kingdom- of Celebes, whence thi.t bland is called Macassar. See Celebes. Macattar, a large towp of the island of Celebes, capital of a kingdom of the same name, "the houses are all of wood,i supported by tldck posts, and the roofs covered witli very large leaves ; they have ladders to ascend in- to tliem, which tliey dra-w up as .soon a& they have entered. It is seated near the mouth of a large TWfii", which cuna through the kiitgdoin from Nto Si Lon. 117 28E, lat.5 0S,. , Maccletfield, a corporate town in 'Cheshire, witli a market on Monday. It is seated at the edge of a forest of the same name, near tlie river Bolin, audi governed by a mayor. It has manufac- turea,of mohair, twist, hatbands, but- tons, and thread; and mills for the AC MAC MAD luld be destroyed, knd :ity changed to that of Ii\ 1794. liowe^cr, on uf tlie iiictiuii of the nventioii decreed l)tat resume its undent leasures should be ta- its manuractures and I city is 15 nuleH N of S £ of Paris. Lon. 4 f. M. of the Society isles i» ca. See Society Iila. m of the kingdom of n the gulf of Bona, W na. of China, in tlie pro- n an isbind at the en- of Canton. It is de- irts. The Portuguese ession of the harbour ey pay a tribute of ir tlie liberty of choos- agistrates, exercising d living according to and here, accordingly, governor, as well as 'in, to take care of the eighbuuring country. t. 22 12 N aport of Dalmatia, 1 harbour and a bish- )n the gulf of Venice, palatro. Lon. 18 7 £, ingdom. of Celebes, d is called Macassar. e tow^^ of the island of a kingdom of the le houses are all of by tliick posts, and ed vritli very larg^ ladder* to ascend in- liey draw up as .soon :ed. It is seated near ge ^iv^r, vhicb cuns. iomfrom Nto 8i Lclkgo. Macro, or Macrxmittc, an island of tlie Archi]>ela^o, neiu- the coast of Li- vadia, 20 miles £ of Athens. Macuna, one of the Navig-.itora Islaiuls, in Uie S Pacific ocean. Here M, de la Pcj rouse, comniander of the French ships, the Bouasoule aiul As- trolabe, on a voyage of discovery, met ■ with a di-eadful accident ; M. dc Lan- gle, the captain of the Astrolabe, with eiglit officers and five sailors, being inaKsacred by the natives. Lon. 169 W, lat. 14 19 S. Maczua, a small island on the Red Sea, n^:ar the coast of Abex. Madagatcar, a large island of Africa, discovered by the Portuguese, in 1493- It lies 40 leagues E of the continent of Africa, from which it is separated by the strait of Mosambique. It extends ?'J0 miles from N to S, and is from 200 to 300 broad. The natives are com- monly tall, well made, of an olive com- plexion, and some of them pretty black. They are a civil and good natured peo- ple but easily provoked, and apt to shew their resentment on the least pro- vocation. Their hair i\i not woolly, like that of tlie negroes of Guinea; but it is always black, and for the most part curls naturally: th^ir nose ia small though not flat, and they have notthick lips. They have no cities or towns, but a great number of villages a small distance from each other. I'heir Louses are pitiful huts, witliout windows or chimnies, and the roofs covered with reeds or leaves. All the women of Ma- dagascar, eitcept the poorest sort, wear a covering over tbeirbreasts and shoul- ders, ornamented witli glass beads, and none go without a cloth about their loins ; the men areallowed polygamy. Both men and women are fondof brace- lets and necklaces, and they anoint their bodies with stinking grease or oil. There are a great many petty kings, whose riches consist in cuttle and slaves, and they are always at wai' vith each other. It is hard to say what their religion is, for they have neither churches nor priests. They have no fiiles relating to niairiage, for the mea and women cohabit together for some time, and then leave each other as free- ly again. Here are a great number of MAD locusts, rrocodllds, caititlions, and otiier uniinuls common to Africa. Tlie abuniliiiuc uiiil variety of pro- isioim of cvi-ry kind, which a fine rliiiiate and fertile Soil can prrKluce arc im no purt of Ihf globe Hiiperior totlioscdf Mai(jht be hmd, and steerin;'' toward it, they arrived at a consi.lojibli- island, atiinhabited, and covered wir'.i wotid, T^rhich on that account, they . idlei.'. fla- dcira. P '.ncc Henry, the ne.xt vuar, settled A colony li^re, and noi only fur- nished it with the seed.: and plants, and domestic animals common in Europe, but he procured slips of the vine from Cyprus, llic rich wines of which were then in great i-equest, and plants of the iti^ar-canc from Sicily, into which it had been lately introduced. These throve so prosijci-ously, that the sugar ■nd wine of Madeira quickly became «rtlcli?8 of some cehSequence in the commefce of Povtiig'al ; butits wine, in particvdar, is in the highest estimation, especially such as has l)een a voyage to the East or West Indies, for it matures best in the hottest climate. The scorch- ing heat of summer, and the icy chill of •winter, are here equally unknown ; for spring and Autumn reign continually, and pfoduce flowers, and fruits through- out the year. Many brooks and small rivulets descend .rom the mjuntains in deep chasitisi or jrlens, whicn separate the various parts of the island. The beds of t'le broo!>s are in soni? places covered with stones of all jizcj, earned down from the higher parts by the vio- lence of winter rains or floods ot' melted •luiw. The water is crmdurted by •wears and ohann^ls in the vineyards, where each proprietor has the usoot it for a certain tunc ; some biingaihiwed to ke.p a corst.mt. .stip])ly of it, sonieto ase it thric<;, others twice, and othera «itly i'ttCG u :vcek. As the Ucat oi' the MAS I Cliirlate renders this supply of water to the \intjiiids ui).soliitel> necessarv , it IS not without great expente that 4 now vineyard can be planted : for the maintenance of which, the owners niusi ptireiiHsc water at a high price, froVrt tl«>se who are Constantly supplied, and are thus enabled to spare Some of it, '1 he cedar tree is ioiind in great abun- dwiee, and extremely bea^'tifid; most of tl>e ceiffings and furniture at Madeira are made of that wood, v^hich _\ lelds a very fragrant smell. The dragon tre6 is a native of tiiis island. Fl iwerir nursed in th ■ English greenho-.ised grow wild here in the fields ; the hedg- es arc mostly ibrmed of the mjrtle; rose, jasmiiK', and honeysuckle ; white the lark-spur, tieur-de-lis, lupin, &c, springupspontaneoiisl) In the meadowii. There are vwy few reptiles to be seen in the island ; the lizard is the most comnum. Canary birds and goldfmcheif are found in the mountains; of the for- mer miibbers are sent every \ear to England. This island is well watered and populous. FnnChal is llie capital. Madia, or Maggia, a town, river,- valley, and bailiwic of Swisserland, in Upper V'allais. The valley is long and narrow, hetwetn h.gh motmtains. Wa- tered tliroughout its whole length by the river ; and it is the fourth transal- pine bailiwic. The to'wn is I'U nil^iif N W of LocRrno. Madras, or Fort St. George, the prin- cipal .settlement of the English East India Company on the E •;ideol'the pe- ninsula of Hindoostan, on the coast of Coromandel. It is a fortress of great strength, including within it a regular well-built city. It is eioseon the mar- gin of the buv of Bengal, from wuich it has a rich and beaiititVil appearance ; the houses being covered with a stucco' called chunam, which is nearly "..h com- pact as the iinest marble, and liears aS iiigh a polish. They consist of long* colonnades, with open porticos, and flat roof. • and the city contains mahy handsome and spaciokts rirn-ts. Bi.f tlie inner apartments of the houses are not hi;;hly decorated, presentingto the eye only wliite waits ; which, however, from the marble-like anpeahmce of the stucco, give a freshness grateful In so hot a country. Ceilings are '-?ry uncom- ■iion in ihe rooms J it ueing impossible t<> find i^y wl'.ich will resist the rava- ! gos of th ; white ant. These animali ' arecluefly iormidftbie iicm the imioen- iJL I A D 1 this supply of water td ii).s()liitely nece»9Hr\ , it great c'Xponte Hint k an lie planted : fur the wliii'li, the owiicrs must ■ at a liiffU piire, frott ioiistaiitU supplied, and L'd tT spare Some of it, is foiiiul ill great abun- reiiiely beaitifiil; most ind furniture at Madeira at wood, \*hicli jields a mell. Tile drajfoii trei tills island. Fl iweril • En)r|ish pi'eeuliousei • in the fields ; the hedg- ibrmcd of the myrtle; and honeysuckle ; whil*f tleur-dc-lis, lupin, &c. meousls in the meadowi. r few reptiles to be seen the li/urd is the most iry birds and goldfmchei c mountains) of the for- are sent every \ear to 8 island is well wutcr«S4 Fnnfhul is llie capital. Maggia, a town, river, liwic of Swiftsefland, in The T alley is long and ;in \hg\t moimtains, W»- out its whole length by it is the fourth transal- The town is I'O nileil' no. Fort St. George, the prin- nt of the English East f on the E -Ideoj'the pe- doostan, on the cnast of It is a tbrtress of great iding within it a regular It • is close on the mar- of Bengal, from wi.ich it d beautitVil appeiu-ftiice ; ng covered with a stucco' , which is nearly -.s com- est marble, and hears as They con»i»l cf Uin(r with open porticos, and I the city contarns mahy I spacious ■■-iii-ts. Bi.t' .ments of the houses are orated, presentingto the : walls ; which, however, lie-like aopcahmcc of the I freshness grateful in so CeHings are 'sry uncorh- >ms ; it ijeing impossible ich will resist the rava- litc aut. These animals liidttfak froai the imincn- MAD »ity of their npmbcrs, which ore such as to destroy, in one night's time, a ceiling of any dimensions, and it isttie wiHid work which serves for the basis of the ceilings, such as the laths, beams. Sic. that these insects attack. " Ihc approach to Madi-as, fr.mi the sea (says Mr. Hodges) uhers to the eye an ap- pearance similar to wliat we in.'iy con- ceive of a Grecian city in the age of Alexander. The clear, blue, cloudless sky, the polished, wliite buildings, the bright sandy beach, and tiic dark green sea, present a combination totally new to the eye of an Englishman, just ar- rive! from London, who, accustomed to the sight of rolling masses of clouds floating in a damp atmosphere, cannot but contemplate the diflerence with de- light: and the eye being thus gratified, the mind s^iiii assumes a gay and tran- quil habit, analogous to the pleasing objects with which it is surrourdcd. Some time before the ship arrives at iter anchoring ground, sh'.i is hailed ty the boats of tlie country filled with peo- ple of business, who come in crowds on board. This is the moment in which an European feels Ute great distinction between Asia and his own country. The rustling of fine linen, and th? ge- neral hum of unusual conversation, pre- jcnts to his mind for a moment the idea of an assembly of females. When he ascends upon the deck, be is struck with tlie long njuslin di-csses, and black faf e.s aflorned with very large gold ear- rings and white tiu'bans. The first sa- lutation he receives from these stran- gers is by ben'Jing their bodies very low, touching the deck with the back of the hand, and the forehead three times. The natives first seen in India by the European voyager are Hindoos, the original inhabitants, of the penin- sula in this part of India they are delicately framed ; their hajids, in par- ticular; are more like those of tender ♦caiajes ; and do not appear to be what is consid^^red a proper proportion to the re.st of the person, which is usually above the middle size. Correspondent to this delicacy of .ippearance, arq their manners: mild, tranquil, andsedulous- I.. attentive ; in this last respect they Hre indeed ren^arkablc, as tliey never interrupt any person who is speaking, but wait patiently till he has concluded ; and Cicn an.swer with the most per- fect respect and composure. From the ship a stranger is conveyed on shore in MAD a boat of the country, called a Mai* soolali boat ; a work of curious construc- tion, and well calci lated to elude th« violent shocks of the surf, that breakii here wilii ^leat violence: they arc formed without a keel, flat boltnined, with the sides raiserl liigli, are sewed together with the iibrcs of the cocoa- nut tree, an.l caulked with the sam* material ; they are remarkably liglit, and are managed with great dexterity by the natives ; they arc usually attend- ed by two Kati.ii lar :ns (rafts) p:iddled hy one man each, li.c inleiition of which is, that, should the boat hr- ovci'set by the violence of tlie surf, t'nc persons in, it may be preserved. The bout is driv- en, as the sailors sa\, high and dry s and the passengers an* landed on a fine, sandy be ich ; and immediately enter the fort of Madras. The appearance of the natives is exceedingly varicil ; sorie are wholly naked, and others so cl:)th- ed, that nothing but the face and reck is to be discovered : besides thi", the European is struck with many other ob- jects, such as women curried on men's shoulders, on palankeens, and men ri- ding on horseback clothed in linen dres- ses like women; which, with the very difiercnt face of the country from all ha had ever tieen, or conceived of, excitA Uie strongest emotions of surprise !" There is a second city, called the Black Town, sep:ir»ted from Madras by the breadth of a proper esplanade (mly ; and, although near four miles in circuit, fortified in such a manner as to prevent a surprise from the enemy's horse ; an evil, to which every town in the Car- natic is subject, from the dryness and evenness of the coimtry. Madras was settled by the English aho by pilgniits 'if Atufiica, a,s Lirctto is in E.irope; nud ti'.cy prc- tcri'i tii^t i:ie inie(>plc. Lon 76 W, Ibi. iv/ 4U N. AI.i JiJ, the capital of Spain, in New C tDiiU'. It vras formerly uii incopxider- ahl>: place, belongiiip to tlie .rciibishop €>' 1 uicdo ; liiit Ihe purily uf the airen- piigt;d tlie coiirt to remove hither, and It la ni'w a cnMsidtM'ahle city, and very po|i(duiiit. The hou»t'!j are all built with bni k, and the iitreets are long, brouil, and Htrui^'lit, and itdm iied, at pru|)er dift- tance.s, witli handsome fnuntainti. There ar«( abuve lUU towers or steeples, in diilierent placcN, w'liclicuiiiribiite great- ly to ilie embcliishnnent of the city. It is seated iit a large pLiin, surrounded by- liigh mountains, but has no wall, raoipurt, ur ditch. 'I'lic royal palace is built on an eminence, at the extremity of the city ; and as it is but two stories high, it does not make any extraordi- wipy app<-i4raiice. A fire happened in 17J4, which almost reduced it . alies. Ttte ftpcHt square in Madrid is the Placa Mayor, or Market place, which is surrwrnded with 300 houses, five stories high, all of an eqioms. When it is flood, the stream runs up the country between Lofoden and Moskoe with a boisterous' rapidity : but the roar of its impetuous ebb to the »<"a is scarce e- qualied by the loudest and most dread- ful cataracts ; and the vortices or pits are of such an extent and depth, that if a ship comes within its attraction, it is inevitably absorbed and carried down to the bottom, and there beat to pieces against the rocks ; and when the water relaxes, the fragments thereof are thrown up again. But these intervals of tranquillity are only at the turn of the ebb and flood, ani' calm weather i and last but a quarter of an luMir, its violence gradually returning. When the stream is most boisterous, and its fury heightened by a storm, it is dan- gerous to come within six miles of it t c.) A E in It plain, fertile inei' miles from Medina-clel 19 \V, Ut. 41 25 N. wn of Soutli America, of Popayan. Lon. 75 mall town of Italy, in ice, 33 miles from Ve- large town nf Africa, totapa, with a apHcioua 'he tipper part of the shape of a bell. Lon. OS. rge town, and capital the same nanoe, in the n. 12 49 E, Int 9 50 N, vn of Uie Carnatic, ca- ice of tlie same name, Corontandel, 130 mtlei Comoriii, and 300 S S on. 7812E, lat. 955N. e of Sweden, situated ovinces of Westmania containing several fine iBually frozen during » nter, and an easy com- spened by means of n the interior parts of city of Stockholm very extraordinary and Ipool, on the coast of N lat. in the province 1 district of Lofoden, of Muskoe, whence it otioettrotn. The moun- ren, in Lofoden, lies a island of Moskoe, and wo, runs this large and the depth of which is fat^ioms. When it is n runs tip the country ;n and Moskoe with a ty : but the roar of its :o the sra is scarce e- udest and most dread- nd the vortices or pita xtent and depth, that iritlun its attraction, it rbed and carriey net ^;iiariling ngitiiiNt it before tllc^ wfi-c within its rcucli. U likewisc hu|>{jeii) frequently, that •svliales rone tiMi near tlie strcHiii, and are oveijiow- orcd In its violc'iRC : anil then it is iin pogsible to f Brandenburg, and li5 S E of Ham, burg. Lon. 11 45 E, lat. 52 H N. Afagdelena, a river of North Ameri- >, in Louisiana. It has its .•jnuree in ;lic mountains which separate Louisiana from New Me:»ico, and falls into the Ff f M A fl Pacifie Orcnn Ixl-iw M:»lre rlc Potato tlie S W of ihc l)uv 1.1 St. l.iwis. AI ^clUw, a ri.minii» «trnit u( Soiitli Ann I. HI, (liNnivcri'il ill l.v:!0, t)\ Mu- jfilliii, u Pl'>s iiif , tliey now till to tlif Fa- cifi. CKean roiiml Cki)c Horn. The S,i:.ni!.l(l« vM tlic loiintry to (lie N of tlii» sl.nit lit rm Magcllanica, and ri-clt- 011 it 1. 1 art ofCliili. jy.:;iorc, or Locjnio, a lake of Italy, nartl in till' ilntchy of Milan, and parl- Iv in t! t- ronntry oftlu- Grlnons, lu-intr abont 3J niilfs in longth and six in breadth M A I tnrtnthn Into the bay of BenpfBl, at C«t- taiK ; these moi.tliHform an nfiseinblaRW of low voo(l> inlrJidti. At the iiii.utli of the i«iin<'i|'id fliiiiinel, near Faints Point, is a fortified wlund, nHtned Ca- ji,nn' or C<^r. MJtrattm, two Inrjfe and jovrertul KtatfSoV liid',;., wb:<• P"""'. StV .r tlie lak. of Comachio. in the wh.ose obedience to the pa.shwah. or rid- of I ee 18 miles N of Ilavennft. , head, liVe that of the German prince. j^r'at ;;:nyF:i:;. intbedeJ "^ir ^f in* rets begets wars, .^ m tmcnt t" «eine and Oise ,md late , only between the numbers of the em- pannKni '"_,,.,, 39 miles pire themselves, but also between the ?; w''oVpai.Lm Si rflaT 49; members und the head. Nagpon.- i. ?^v ! the capital of the Eastern Mahri.ttas. Ma, Imy of B^npfBl, at C«t- litlilt form nil ini'>«-nilili'R« mlatuln. Al tli- im.utli 'III ftiiiiinri, near F»l(i« iftril mIuikI, nutned Cb- If. two Inrgfo ami I'nvrcrfiil , wh'n. Lou. U 38 E, lat. 31 16 N. Mailttzait, a town of France, in the depai-tment of Vendee uiullate province vf Poitmi, leutL'd in a morass on an ialand farmed by the Scare and Antize, •22 miles N E uf Uicltelle, and 21U S VV of Paris. L'ln. 40 \V, lat. 46 27 N. Main, a province of North America ill the at ate of Massachusetts, 3U'J jiiklcs long and 104 broad; lying be tweon 68 and 72" W lon. and 43 and 46" N lat. It is bounded on the N W by New Hum;)sltir«, on the E by the river St. Croix, and Nova Scotia ; on the 8 £ by the Atlantic ) and on the W by New Hampshire. It is divided into three counties. The lieut in sum mer ta acoKhing and the cold in winter intense t aU the lakes and rivers are for the most part passable on ice, from ChristniBM till the middle of March. Portland is the capital. J^iiina, a country of Turkey in Eu- rope, in the Morea, between two chains of mountains which advance in- to the sea. The inhabitants could ne- ver be subdued by the Turks, on ac- count of their valour and their moun- tains. Their greatest trattlc consists in slaves, which tbey take indilfisrcntly from the Turks and the Christians. They have a harbour and a town of the same name, and tlicir language is bad Greek. Maine, a river of Germany, which rises in the circle of Franconia, runs by Bamberg, Wui't/.bui-g, Aschaffien- burg, Hanau, and Franufort, and falls into the Liliiue, at Mcntz. Mmiu, or Maveiwe, a department of France, which includes the late pro- vince of the same name It takes its name from the river Maine, which, soon after its junction w^ith the Sarte, falls ^tto the Loire. Laval is the capital. M.iint and Loire, a department of France, which includes the late pro- vince of Anjou. It has its name from two rivers of the same name. Angers is the capital Maneville, a town of France in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy. Lon. 1 26 E, lat. 49 2 N. Mtinlcml, the principal of the Shet- land isles, 60 milef ' ug, from N to S, M A I but its hrcotlth seldom exceeds six. The face of the country cxhiliits a pros- pect of iilack craggy nvuntains, and marshy plains, intci'Sjierstd w.tii snina verdant '•pots, wliich appear sai i>itli and fertile. Neit'ier tree nir shrub is to be seen, except the Juniper and the heath. The mountains abiiind witli va- rious kinds <>f g.tmu. Lofty cliiii, im- pending over the uceaii, are t!ie haunts of eagles, falcons, and ravens. The deep caverns underneath shelter seals and otters, and to the wimling h^ys re- sort swans, geese, suarfs, andothei'a- quatic birds. I'he sea^i abound with cud, tiirbdl, and haddock ; aiul, at cer- tain seasons, with slioals of herrings of incredible extent. Tliey are visited at the same time, by wliales, and other voracious iishcs. Lobsters, oysters, muscles, &c. are also plentiful. The hills are covered with sheep of a small breed, the wool of which is iincom- inonly soft ami tine. The inliubitanta are a stout, well-made, comely people i tiic lower sort of a swarthy coinplcvion. The gentry are allowed, by all who have conversed witli them, to be most of them polite, slirewd, sensible, live* ly, active, and intelligent persons : they manufacture a strong course cloth for their own use, as also linen. They make likewise of their own wool very fine stockings. They export, besides the ditterent kinds offish alrea 'y men- tioned, some herrings, a considerable quantit} of butter and train-oil, otter and seal skins, and no inconsiderable q lantity of tae fine_»tocklngs j'lst men- tioned rlicir chief trade .s to Leith, London, Haoiburgli, Spain, and to the Str:tits. They import timbei-s, deals, and Bomecftiieir best oats, from Nor- way ; corn and llour from the Orkneys, and from North Britain ; spirits and some other things from Hamburgh. Mainland, or Povwna, the pjrincipal of the Orkney islands, 24 mile.s long and nine broap gene- ral, that the inhabitants arc :dl blacks, ov at least, ofa dark olive complexion, M A L with long black hair, and tolerable features. In some places they are dis. tinguished into tribes, all of which are brought up to the same employments as their parents. These are the Gen- toos, of whom see an account under the article Hindoostan. Malacca, a peninsula in Asia, con- taining a kingdom of the san\c nt.me ; bounded on the N by Siam, on the E by the ocean, and on the S W b) the straits of Malacca, which separate it from Sumatra. It is 600 miles in length and 200 in breadth. It i)roduceg few commodities for trade, except tin and elephants teeth ; but there are a great many excellent fruits and roots. The pine -apples are the best in the world ; and the cocoa-nuts have shells that will hold an English quart. There is but little com, and sheep and bul- locks are scarce ; but hogs and ponltrj are pretty plentiful. The religion of the natives is a mixture of Mahometan- ism i and they are addicted to juggling. I'he inland inhabitants are a savage, barbarous people, who take delight in doing mischief to their neighbours. Malacca, a seaport, and the capital ofa kingdom of the same name, in the- peninsula of Malacca. The Dutch had a factory here, which they took from the Portuguese in 1640; and it was taken from them by the English, in Angust 1795. Malacca is seated on the straits of its own name, 480 miles S £ of Acheen. Lon. 101 50 E, lat. 2 SON. Malaga, an ancient and strong town of Spain, in Granada, with twocastle^, a bishop's see, and a good harbour.. Its commerce is ])rincipally in fruits and wine. It is seated on the Medi- terranean, at the foot of a craggy moun- tain, 15 miles S of Cordova and 235 of Madrid. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 36 35 N. Malamocco, t. small island and sea- port town in the Lagimcs of 'Venice, Hve miles S of that city. Malathia, an ancient town of Tur. key in Asia, capitalof Lesser Armenia, seated on the Arzu, with an archbi- shop's see. Lon.43 25E, lat. 398N. Malchin, a town of Germany in Lower Saxonj', in the dutchy of Meck- lenburg, seated on the river Peene, where it falls into the lake Camrow, 10 railes N of Wahren. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 53 N. Maiden, a borouti-h in Essex, with a market on Saturday. It Las twtt k.\i, M A L black hair, and tolerable In Sonne places they are dis. into tribes, all of which are to the same eniplovirents rents. These are the Gen- irhom see an account under /{indcostan. a peninsula in Asia, con- ing, and surrounded bjr .^rounds and fortifications, isured us tlie largest ships >'ht ride here in the most ther, almost without a ca- beautiful bason is divided tinct harbours, all equally ch capable of containing aa timber of shipping. The the hsirbnur is scarcely a L mile broad, and is com- oach side by batrteiHcs that :hc strongest ship to pieces :ould enter. Besides this, d by a quiidruple b.tttery, the other, tlte largest of hw d'eau, or on a level 'With These are mounted with tlieir heaviest artillery : so -hour I think, may rcaily be m impregfnable : and indeed ve eve'- tbund it so, and 1 will. The hurbour on the e city, althouf^h they only fishing, and as a place of would, in any otiier part of be considered as inestima> kewise defended by very s ; and ill the centj« of the island on which they have ! and a lazaret The fi>*ti- Mnlta are indeed a mowt work. All the boasted ca- lonie »iul Naples are a tri- mmenae excavations that nade in this little island. , of a vast si7.e, arc all cut ■olid rock.- These extend M A L for a great many miles, and raise our astonislimcnt to th nk that so small ;it«tc iiiis ever been able to make the It is seated on A hill in the centre of thi island and was formerly twice as large as at present. It is the residence of the bishop, and the cathedral is a ve- ry fine structure. Near this city are the catacombs, which are said to ex- tend 15 miles under ground; and a .small church dedicated to St. Paul, luljoining to •A^hich is a statue of the saint, with a viper in his hand, said to be placed on the spot where he shook the viper otl', without having been hurt ; and close to it ii the grotto in which he was imprisoned. Matton, a borough in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday. It i» seated on the Uerwent, over which is a stone bridge, and is composed of two towns, the New and the Old, containing three churches. It is a po- pulous place, sends two members to parliament, and is 20 miles N E of York, and 216 N by W of London. Lon. 40 W, lat. 54 9 N. Malvaiia, a small island of Turkey in Europe, on the E Coast of the Mo- rea, remarkable for its exC llent wines, that are called Malmsey, being brou{,..t hence. The capital is Napoli-di-Mul- vnsia. Mal'.,n, Great, a village In Worces- tershire, eight miles W by S of Wor- cester. It li.id once an abbey, And here are two noted chalybeate springs, re- commended as excellent In scrofulous complaints. Malwrn, Little, t village in Worces- tershire, seated in a cavity of Malvev Hills, three miles from breat Malvorn. Henry VII. adorned the church with u great number of painted glaSB windows, part of which remain, Uicugh in a mu- tilated state. Maltem Cha0e, an extensive chase in Worcestershire, containing 7356 acres in. that county, 61^ in Herefordshire, and 103 in Cloucestefslure. Malvern fftUtt lofty mountains in the S W of Worcestershire, dividing this part of the c«Aility from Herefordshire. They rise one above another for abmit seven miles, ahd rwn frt)m N to S ; the highest point is 1313 feet aliove the surface of the Severn, and they appear to be of limestone and quartz. On the sumniitofone of these hills, on (lie Herefordshire side is the camp of Ow- en Glendowr ; a famous Welsh ^bicf. MAN Malung, a town of Sweden, in the vovince of Uulecarha. Lon. 15 20 £, at. 60 30 N. Mciliua, a province of Hiiiduostaii Proper, bounded on the W bj' Guzerat, on the N by Agimere, on the Ji In Al- lahabad and Orissa, and on the S by Candcish. It is one of the mosc > xteii- sive, elenr^ted, and higiily divcrsiiied tracts in Mindoostaiujuul is di>idclll Is;>ahan. Munbone, a city of Africa, and capi- tal of the kingdom of Siam, seated at '•e mouth of the chaimel of Mosan- Inqiie Lon. .32 19 E, lat. 20 55 N. Mancetter, a. village in Wavwiok- MAN MAN \ u • If - T Vi shire, near Athci'stime aiul the river Ai)fci!r. It Wis ;i Roman stat/'Hi cmtl ( Wiiiiiiii; .^ii. I i, .iiul here sc\eral coii • have brcn dug- up. M.ihc/iti,A territory of Spain, in New Castile, l)t'tween the river Guudiiiiu and AnilttlKslu. It is .1 mountainous covptpy i and it w^s liere that Cervan- tes mafic Don Qjiixote, perfbrm his chii'f cxfiloits. Munclie. or Channel, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Normaiidy It is almost sur- rounded hy the Rnf^lish Channel, and ConViiices is tiie CJipital. M..:ic/,etter, a larg-c and populous town ^if l.uncushire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated between the rivers Irk ami Irwell, and is a place of great aLiicjiity. It has been lonjj nu- ted f )r v;a-ioas branches of the linen, •ilk, and cotton niimiifictiires, and 's now principally conspicaous as the centre of the cdttun trade, which has been much improved by the invention of dying and printing. The labours of a very j.opulous neighbourhood are collected at Manchester, whence they are sent to London, Liverpool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great variety of cotton and mixed goods, of which they export vast quantities particularly to the West Indies, knd the coast of Guinea. The manufactures of tapes and otlier small wares, of silk goods, and of hats, are also carried on at Mui'chester ; from which various sour- ces of wraith it has attained greater opulence than almost any of the trad- ing towns in Eigland. Its chief orna- ments are tlie college, the exchange, the collegiate church, another large church, and a spacious market-place. B'-the Ii-well, over which is an ancient and lofty stone bridge, it has a commu- nication' with the Mersey, and all the late various extensions of inland navi- gation, particidaily, the duke of Bridge- water's canal which is seven miles from it. It sends no members to par- liament, and is 67 miles W S W of York, and 182 N N W of London. Lon. 2 80 W, lat. 53 30 N, Manchester, a town in Bennington county, Vermont, 22 miles N of Ben- nington, and 44 N E of Troy in New YMrk, With 1400 inhabitants, and a post office. Mivchester, a post town in Essex couii • ty Massachusetts, a lew miles N £ of Beverly, with luOO inhabitants, and a [£>st tkcc. ff Muiichrtter, a town in Ciiesterneld mmty, Virginia, situated on the S side (if J:inies river, opposite to Kiehniuiid, and 3.i miles N W of Williamsburg. Here is a post oflice. Manciet, a town of France in the de- partment of Gers and late jirovinte of Gascony. Lon. 5 W, lat. 43 38 N. Mandml, a seaport town of Chri.stian- sand in Norway. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 582 N. Maiukrscheit, a town of Germany , in the circle of Lower Hhine, and elector- ate of '1 reves, capital of a county of the same name. It is 24 miles N of Treves. Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 50 10 N. Mandria, a small desert island, in the Archipelago, between .Samos and Lan- gos. It gives name to the sea near it. Manehach, a snull village of Siiabia, pleasantly seated on the lake of Con- stance. Manfredoma, a town of Naples, in Capitaiiata, w.tli a castle, a good har- bour, and an archbisiiop's sec. It was burnt by tiie Turks in 1620 ; and is sea- ted on a gulf of the same name, 50 miles N of Cirenza, and 100 N d of Naples. Lon 16 12 E, lat. 41 35 N. Mangatore, a seaport of Canara, on the coast of Malabar, witli an excellent road for ships to anchor in while the rainy season lasts. It is inhabited by Gentoos and Mahometans. The for- mer, on their festival day s, carry their idols in triumph, placed in a waggon, adorned on alt sides with flowers ; and on the wheels are several sharp crook- ed iron hooks, upon which the mud de- votees tlirow themselves and arc crush- ed to pieces. It is the most trading place in the kingdom, and tlic Portu- guese have a factory here for rice, and a large chiu-ch frequented by black con- verts. The adjoining fields bear two cro[)s of corn in a year; and the higher grounds produce pepjjer, betel-nuts, sandal wood, iron, and steel. It is sea- ted on a rising ground, 100 miles N by W of I'ellicherry. Lon. 75 24 E, lat, 13 8 N. Mangetii^ an island in tlie S Pacific Ocean, about five leagues in circumfe- rence. In the interior parts it rises in- to small hills, and captain Cook repre- sents it as a fine isl:ind, and the interior of the country is diversified by hills and vallies. The hostile appearance of its inhabitants obliged him to leave it soon. Lipn. 158 16 W, Ut. 21 27 S. IAN loOO inhabitants, and • u town in Cliislei-neld ia, situuted on the S side , n|>pwer Hbine, and elector- rapital of a county of the t is 34miie«i N of Treves, at. 50 10 N. iniall desert island, in the )ctween Snmos and Lan- I nainu to tlie sea neiir it. snull village of Suabia, ted on tile lake of Cun- I a town of Naples, in .th a cuatlc, a j^xid bar- rclibi»lio|)'s sec. It was urlcs in 1620 ; and is sea- ' the same name, 50 miles and 100 N jb^ of Naples, lat. 41 35 N. a sea|M)rt of Canara, on alabar, wltii an excellent s to anchor in while the lasts. It is inhabited by Maliometans. Tlic for- festival da> s, can-y their )h, placed in a waggon, sides with flowers ; and are several sharp crook- upon which the mad dc- liemselves and arc crush- It is the must trading ungdom, and tlie Portu- ictory here for rice, and frequented by black con- Ijoining fields bear two 1 a year; and the higher ice pepijcr, betel-nuts, nn, and steel. It is sea- ground, 100 miles N by rry. Lon. 75 24 E, lat. t island in tlic S Pacific ive leagues in circutnfe- intcrior parts it rises in- uhI captain Cook repre- e isl:ind, and the interior is diversilied by hills and lostile appearance of its iged him to leave it sooo. , lat. 21 27 S. MAN ifiingushlat, a town of Turcomania, on t.'ic i^ ciiust of the Caspian Sea. Its ciiinnicrce is conKiderubIc ; the neigh- bounn)^ Tartars bringing hither the pro- ductions of their own country, and even (if Uokharia ; siich as cotton, yarn, stntfs, furs, skins, and rhubarb. It is 3T miles H W of Astracan. Lon. 48 29 K, hit. 44 45 N. Manhartzberg, the northern part of Lower Austria, separated from the sons'iern by the river Danube, and boun- dL'd on the \V by Upper Austria, on the N I)y llohemia and Moravia, and on tlie ii by Hungary. Maii/ieini, a strong and beautiful city of Gcrmuny, in tho jiolatinate of tl»e Ktiine. It is a very regularly built, liaiulsome city, containing about 25,000 inlialiitunts.the streets being all straight, intersecting each other at right angles. The fortitications are good ; and tlic t iwn is almost surrounded by the Neck- Mr and tlie Rhine. The palace of the elector palatine is a magnificent !.i.riu'tiirc. Manheim surrendered to the French, in September 1795, but was retaken by the Austrians in No- vember following. It is six miles N E of Spire, and 10 W of Heidelberg. Lon. 8 31 £, lut. 49 26 N. Mimica, an inland kingdom of Africa, It has on tile N Monomatupa, on the E Jiufola, and on the S and W unknown rogi.ms. This country is little known to Europeans, but it is said to abound witii mines of gold, and to have a great number of elephants. j ManiMurg, a small town of the Dcc- *Mn, in the county of Berar. Mjmcipour, a town of Hindoostan Pr<)|)er, 68 miles distant fi-om Luckiiow. r.on. 81 45 E, lat. 37 26 N. Mjiiiel, a mountain of St. Domingo, "'J miles in circumference, and so high and craggy, that it is almost inaccessi- ble. Manilla. See Lvconia. Manilla, a large and populous city, cipital of Luconia and the other Philip- pine Islands. Most of the public struc- lures are built of wood, on account of tlie fretpient earthquakes, by one of which, in 1617, a mountain was levelled; in 1625 a third part of the city was over- thrown by another, when 3000 persons [icrished in tlie ruins ; and, the next \rar, thers v»as anotlier less violenc. Tills city is seated on the SE side of the island, wiicre a lar;fe river falls into the •■>•;«. aiidforms a noble bay 30 leagues in MAN compass, to which tlic Spaniards have givtn the name ol' B:iliia, because the river runs out of tlie great lake li.ilii, which lies at the distance of six leagues behind it. In compass it is two miles, in length one third of a mile ; the siiujie irregular, being narrow at both ends, and wide in the middle. C>n the S it is washed by tlie sea, and on the N and E by the river ; being also strongly iw- tilled with walls, bastions, forts, and batteries. Manilla contains ' about 30,000 souls, who are a very motly race. Here stands tiie arsenal where the galleons are built, fur which there are from 300 to 600 or 800 men con- stantly emplojed, who are relieved eve- ry month, and while upon duty, are maintauied at the king's expence. Tiic royal revenue is computed at -' out half a million pieces of eight e}<.iiisive of casualties. Lon. 120 53 K, lat. 14 36 N. Manlius, a post town ofOnondago county, andtlieprincipalt.eat of justice : it is situated between the salt lake and lake Oneida, 42 miles W of Whites- town on Mohock river. Afanningtree, a town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the river Stour, which is here called Manning- tree-watcr. It is 11 miles W of Har- wich, and 60 E N £ of London. Lon. 1 12 E, lat. 52 N. Manotque, a populous town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps, and late province of Provence, with a castle. It had lately a commandery of the order of Malta, and is seated onth* Durance, 10 miles S of Forcidquier, and 350 S by E of Paris. Lon, 5 55 E, lat. 43 51 N. Manreta, on ancient town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated at the confluence of tlte Cardonera and Lobbregat, 15 miles S E of Cardona, and 20 N W of Barcelona. Lon. 1 56 E, lat. 41 36 N. Mans, an ancient town of France, ca> pital of the department of Maine. It formerly contained 18000, but now only 14000 inhabitants. It has excellent poultry, and its wax and stuff's are fa- mous. It is seated on a high hill, on the Sarte, near its confluence with the Huisne, 20 miles S of Alencon, and 75 W by N of Orleans. Lon. 14 E, lat,, 41 .58 N. Mitniaroar, a lake of Thibet, from which, (according to major Reiinel) ia> sues the soutliernmost head of the Gi^ ges. It is 115 miles in circumferenco^ and lies in about 79"-' E lon. and 34° N )ak,.\ Geo :i" MAN MAR Aliiiufthl, a town of Germany, in llic oircli- ot Upper Suxony, ciipital of a viiimtx (;ttlie same uunie, o.i miles S W of M;'i;;(lebiirg. Lon. 12 6 K, lat. 51 ■H N. Maiisjicld, a. town in Noltingliam- bhire, with a market cii 'I limsilay. It has a ^'i-eat tnale, iii.il is fnioiin for vor^^ i.ncl malt, and piirticipateH in the stoik:!),^ maniir:icltire. ll in a pretty larjre ])lacc, and is sealed on tlie edge of the forest of SlierwiKid, \2 miles N of Nottingliam, and 140 N bv \V of Lomioii. I.on. 1 \) \\. lat. 63 10 N. Muiisilla, a town of Spain, in Leon, 1j niiies S VV ol'tlK! citvof Leon. Lon. 4 55 W, hit. 42 JON. Mantnca. See Mataca. MiiiUi'/ie%j Taitars, a branch of tlie M<>j.|,iil Tartars, whose ancehtors eon- (jiicred Cliina in the 13th century, but were e?,pelk'd by the Cliinese in 13(58. Their country is divided into tiiree dis- tricts, viz. E Cliinese Tartary, called Leoa-tong', Kirin, and Tcitcicar. Tiiey retain the customs they broug'lit from Ciiinn. Mantes, a considerable town of I'rancc, in the department of Seine and Oisc and late province of the Isle of France. It is famous for its wines, and is seated on the Seine, and over it is a bridge, the great arch of which, al- Ihonj^h elliptic, is 120 feet wide. It is '31 miles N \V of Paris. Lon. 1 51 E, lat. 49 1 N. Mantua, or Mantuan, a dutchy of It- aly, lyingalong the river Po, which di- vides it into two parts. It is bounded on the N by the Veronese, on the S by the dutchies of Ref;:po, Modena, and Mi- tandola ; on the E by tlie Ferrarese ; and on the W b)' the Cremonesc. It is 50 miles lonij and 27 broad, and fruit- ful in corn, jiastures, flax, fruits, and f.xcellent wine. Charles IV. duke of Mantua, a prince of the empire, having taken part with the French, in ihe dis- pute relating to tlie succession of Spain, wa.s put under the ban of the empire, and died in ITOS. Having no heirs, the emperor kept the Mantuan, and the duke of Savoy had Montferrat, vrlii'^h were conliriiied to them by subseqtient treatii's. After the death o; the emperor in 1"40, his eldest daughter the empress queen, kejjtixis- aessicm of the Mai\tuan, and the gover- nor of the Milanese had the administra- tion of aiVairs. 'Mio Mantuan coiiriie- h*ndt; th« dut4.'hiei of Mantua aud Sa- liioncta j the principalities of Casiigfi- one Solforina, and Dosolo ; likewise the county of Nnvcllaru. The priiici)ial riv-jrs of this country are the Po, the Oglio, and the Minchio. Mantua, ti.e capital of a dutchy of the same name, in Italy, with an arch- iii.shop's sec, and a university, seated on an island in the middle of a lake. The streets are broad and straight, and it has eight gates, 21 parishes, 40 convents and nunneries, u (piarter for the Jews to live in, and above 16,000 inhabitants. It is very strong by situa- tion as well as by art, and there is no coming at it but by two causeways, which cross the lake ; for which rea- son it is pne of the most considerable fortresses in Eiu-opc. It was greatly noted for its silkS; and silk manufac- ttires, which are luiw much decayed. The air in the summer is very un- wholesome ; and the kke is formed by the inimdations of the Mincio. Virgil was born at a village near this city. Mantua was besieged by the French, for above six months, in 17S6. and sur- rendered to them, the 2<1 February, 1797. On the recommencement of the next campaign, it surrendered to the Austrian and Russian armies after a short siege on the 30th July, 1799. It is 35 miles NE of Parma, 22 S W of Verona, and 220 N by W of Rome. Lon. 10 50 £, lat. 45 10 N. Maracaybo, a lake, or arm of the sea, in Terrs Firma, lying in about 70° W lon. and 10° N lat. It opens into the Caribbean Sea, is defended by strong forts, and has several Spanish towns seated on the coast. Maracaybo, a considerable town of South America, capital of the province of Venezida. It carries on a great trade in skins and chocolate, which is the best in America j and it has very fine tobacco. It is seated near a lake of the same n-tme. Lon. 70 45 E, lat, 10 N. Maragal, a town of Persia, 42 mile* from Tauris. Lon. 47 ^2 E, lat. 37 36 N. Maragnan, a province of South Amer- ica, in llrasil, which comprehends a fertile ])opulous island, 112 miles in circumference The French settled here in 1612, and built a town; but they were socn expelled by the Portu- guese, who have possessed it ever since. It has a castle, a harbour, and a bish- op'd see. Lon. 5^ 55 W, lat. 1 20 S. A R incipulitics of Ciisligfl- und Bobolo ; likewise nvcllura. The priiicipiil )iintry are tlic Po, the Mincliio. capital of a diitchy of in Italy, with an arch- id a uiiiviTsity, seated the middle of a lake, re bniud and straight, (fatt!*, 21 parishes, 4l> niiinerie.s, a (piarter for in, and above 16,000 is very strong' by sittia- y art, and tiiere is no but by two causeways, e lake ; for which rea- ' the most considerable iiirope. It was gi'catly ilks. and silk manufhc- ire now much decayed, e summer is very un- nd the luke is formed by s of the Mincio. Virgil village near this city, lesieged by the French, iionths, in 17S6. and sur- Ihem, the 2d February, ; recommencement of the 1, it surrendered to the Russian armies after a I the 30th July, ir99. It E of Parma, 22 S W of 220 N by W of Rome, lat. 45 10 N. a lake, or arm of the se.i, nna, lying in about 70° W >J lat. It opens into the a, is defended by stronjy s several Spanish towns coast. a considerable town of :a, capital of the province It carries on a great and chocolate, which is America ; and it has very It is seated near a lake lame. Lon. 70 45 £, lat. I town of Persia, 42 mile* Lon. 47 02 E, lat. 37 a province of South Amer- 1, which comprehends a )us island, 112 miles in p The French settled !, and built a town ; but 'n expelled by the Portu- iivc possessed it ever since. .", a harbour, and a bisli- n. 54 55 W, lat. 1 20 S. MAR Mvano, a town of Italy, in Venetian Friiili, with a strong'' citadel. It is seated in a niiirsh, wlncli rondL-rs it ditli'Mili of access, and at llie bottuni of tlic jjiilf of Venue, 'J,T miles S by E of LMina. Lon. 13 5 E, l.ii. 45 :>-i N. M.trani, aj-icli town of France in tlic viuce of Ani^oiiiihiii, seatc'd a- nioiig s Jt niarslics near tiic livii- Sc- vre. It carries on a great tn.de in corn and is 12 miles N E of Kocliellc. Lon. 53 \W, lat. 46 20 N. M.inuch, a popiilous town of Nato- lia, c'lcoinpasseil by tlic in luatuins of Taurus and Auti-taurus, and the river Kuplirates. Lon. .58 Jj E, lat. 38 15 N. Manithim, a villa,i;'e of I.ivadia, for- merly a city, 10 miles from Athens. It is f.iinoiis for the victory obtained by Miltiades, with 10,0i*J .Athenians, over .iJJ.OJO Persians, wlio lost above 100, 000 men. M.iravJna, a river of Guiana, which •sep.irates Surinam from the French co- lony of Cayenne. A curious pebble, known by the name of the .Vlarawina dianitind, |g (oiind here wliich, when ))olislied, i^ often set in rings. Sic. It falls into the Atlantic in lon. oi 48 W, U. 5 58 N. Marhach, a town of Germany in the circle of S'.iabia, in the dutchyof Wir- lemburg, seated on the Ncckar. It was burnt by the French in 1693. It is 12mile.i S of Hiiilbron, and 13 N of Stutgard. Lon. 9 25 E, hit- 48 59 N. MarbcUa, a town of Spain, in Anda- lusia, sealed at the month of the Rio Verde, 28 miles S \V of Malaga. Lon. 5 55 \V, hit. 35 29 N. JMarblelwaJ, a considerable se.iport and post town in Essex county, Massa- chusetts, 4 miles S E of Salem, and 19 N E of Boston, in the bt. of 42° i5' N and t«n, 69° 50 . The town contains 5200 inhabitants and die harbour is de- fended by a battery. Marca, a small island in tlie gulf of Venice, five miles from Ragiis.!, on which it depends. It luid formerly a bishop's sec ; but the town is now in ruins. MarcelUn, St. a town of France, in the departmen*^ of Isere ami late pro- vince of Daup'iiny. It is a handsome place agreeably seated on the Isere, at the foot of a hill, in a country that pro- duces excellent wine. It is five miles from St. Antoin«, and 253 S by E of Paris. Lon, 5 32 E, lat 45 14 N. MAR MarcdlUio, a small river of SiciU, in the Val-di-Woto, wiiichfallj into the sea, two miles from Augusta. Al.irccUtin, a post town of Onoudago county. New ^ ork ; 4 miles N E ot a small lake called Skalkeatulcs, and a- bout 12 S of Seneca river. M irc'w, a late province of France, bounded ou tlie N by Uerry, on tlic E by Auvtrgne, on the W by An;^ou- mois, and on tiio S by Limu.arlm'.iit of the Lower Kliiiic and liitu province of Alsace. Lon. 7 27 IC, lat. 48 10 N. Marco, St. a town of Itnly in Naples, in Cali.hriu CitcriorL, witli a biHliup's 8CC, seated on the river Seiiito, 22 miles N of Coscn/.a. Lon. 16 JO £, lat. 59 41 N. Marroii, St. tw isli. 'Js in the Enr- lisli ( .nnel i " es fi m the coast of Fra'ic .'h i s ^' t to the F. .ij- lisli, i ^ <: lu liV'jthe) \vre ultocked by the i-'-vrinii ■.,'• were repulsed. Lo 1 ir 'V, !.it. '.' n N. Manlike, • • liufye ■ " ranee, In the tlcj;arlnient 111 the Novt: celebrated canal, (in vvhieii it is seateu. takes its name tVom it; it is fuurmiles VV by S of D'liikirk. M.ircb, a small town of Arabia in the I roviiice of Yemen. Lon. 27 30 E, lat. 15 44 N. Mtiree, Locli, a fresh-water lake of Kos.sliirc. It is 18 miles long, and, ir some parts, four broad. It contains many small i.ilands, and abounds with Kulinon, char, and trout. Man-ni^o, a villa^^e in Italy, near Mi- lan, reni.-u-kable for a bloody and des pcrate iietion between the French and Austrians under Generals Melus and Ilon;ipartc. ir July, 1,30(1, which la.sted .iU day, wherein the former were vic- torious, though the loss was pretty e- ipial on both sides. This battle was decisive of the campaign and for the ;s passing that way. Maria, St. the most southern of the Azores, or Western Islands, in the Atlantic, producing plenty of wheat, and has about 5000 inhabitants. Maria, St. a considerable town of Spain, in Andidusia, with a small cas- tle. It was taken by the Engl'sh antt Dutch in 1702; and is seated on the Guadalcta, at the mouth of which is a tower, and a battery, 18 miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 6 W.'lat. 36 39 N. Maria, St. a considerable town of Terra Firma Proper, in the audience of Panama, built by the Spaniards af- ter they had discovered the gold mines that are near it, and soon after taken by the English. It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of St Michael, at the mouth of a navigable river of the same name. Lon. 78 12 W, lat. 7 43 N. Mariagalante, one of the Leeward Carihbee Islands, in the W Indies, subject to the French, sstending 16 miles from N to S, and four from E to W. It is fidl of hills, and along the E shore are lofty perjiendicular rocks, that shelter vast ntimbers of tropical birds. It has several large cavernsj, 4 A R MAR MAR 1626 by tlic Dutch, who ic ciLStlc. Lou. 6j 12 E, se.'.port in Kcr-, in tlic I. It lias much incixascil l)y tiu" (^eat result to it 1^. Givat quHiititlcs of K)rte(l hence, and vea^ela y pussinfr to and from li? lers. 'I iiiTe arc «!»i re- bc.M.tsi, to anil from Lon- wiiich are ek-j^imtly fitted miles N of Deal, and 72 >ndon. Lun. 1 2U £, lut. m, a town of Germany, of Fnuuonia, subject to lerof the 'leutonic order, e river Taiiber, 16 miles zburg. Lon. 8 50 E, hit. a town of Italy in the Mi- i: near a small lake from i its name. amts. Sec Ladront). an island of the Indian liles from Mad.ngascar. It ength and five in breadth ; , and surrounded by rocks, trenifly moist, for it rains diiy, It is inhabited by rroes, but seldom visited njr that way. the most southern of the IVcstern Islands, in the hieing plenty of wheat, 5000 inhabitants, a considerable town of lalusia, with a small cas- taken by the Eng-l'sh anit J'Ji and is seated on the : the mouth of which is a . battery, 18 miles N of 6 6 W,'lat.36 39N. a considerable town of Proper, in the audience uilt by the Spaniards af- liscovcred the gold mines it, and soon after taken sh. It is seated at the : gulf of St Michael, at ■ a navigablQ river of the .on. 78 12 W, lat. 7 43 N. te, one of the Leeward !inds, in the W Indies, c French, extending 16 to S, and four from E to of hills, and along the lofty perj)endicular rocks, vast numbers of tropical 3 several large caverniti I ■wit*^ -ny little strcims, arrl pon Is of fivi itLT. It is cove. vd with trt' i, anil I . ii'f'arly abounds with I'iacco 1(1 II ' wildciiinanion-tree. It is 30 niil'-^ 'i of Dominica,, :l 40E of Cau- dal ■ . 0. Lon »U 11 W, lut. 15 52 N. li 'ciVo, a Kiuall town of Italy, in Nil ' s, in the province of Bari. ■lark-uiix- Aline.!, a town of r'ance, in the (!epaftm< nt of tl- V , .gi.s and late province ut Lonviin, divided fa two by the rivcf Leber. It is famous for its silver niliK's, and is 25 miles N W of New Bnsacli. Lon. 7 24 E, lat. 4!i 16 N. Mai-'i'iiburg, a town of Germany, in UppiT Saxony, in Misnia, rcniarkablt- for its rich silver mines. It is seatc15. It is seated on the Lambro, 10 miles S of Milan. Marino, St. a strong town of Italy, capital of a small republic, surrounded by the dutchy of ITrbino, under the protection of tl^e pope ,\vith three cas> .' s. Jt chusc's ts own magistrate* .ind officers, ■mil is scaled on u n\i)un- tain, 10 mill"! S VV of Kiniiiii, and 14 N W of Urbiuc Lon. 12 3 J E, lat. 43 54 N. Marino, St. .i town of Italy, in Cam- pagna ill Homii, with a castle, 10 niilen E of I.onie. Lon. 12 46 E, Lit. 51 34 N. Maik, St. a seaport on the VV side of St. Ooiningo. rhf houses arc all built of freestone, which is fuimd in great plenty, in the neiglibnuring coun- try. It was taken by the English in Juiiu< ary, ir94, and is 4J inllcs N N W of Port-aiiPrincc. Lon. 72 40 VV, lat. 19 20 N. Marlbormigh, a post town in Che- shire county, Ni-w H.inipsliirc, 11 milen E of Connectifiit rivi-r, and 36 E of Bennington in Vurniunt. It has 1200 inhabitants. Marlboro'', a town in Middlesex, county, Massachusetts, 28 miles \V of Boston, conialiiing 17o5 inhabitants. MarUxiro^, a post town in Wiiulham county, Vermont, nine miles S vV of Brattlcboro', and 27 E of Bennington. Marhet-yew. See Mcrazion. Marlborough, a borough in Wiltn, with a market on Saturday. This town has often suffered by fire, par- ticularly in 1690. It gives title to a duke, contains two churches, and about 500 houses, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It is seated on a chalky soil, on the Kcnnet, 43 miles E of Bristol, and 74 VV of London. Lon. 1 26VV, lat. 5128 N. Marlborough, Fort, an English facto- ry, on the W coa.st of the islcmd of Sumatra, three miles E of Bencoolen, mid 300 N VV of Batavia. Lon. 102 9E, lat. 3 49N. Marloiv, a Uorough in Btickingham- shire, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on the Thames, over which is a bridge into Berkshire. It sends two members to parliament, has a manufacture of bonelace, and is 17 miles S of Ailesburv, and 31 W of London. Lim. 45' W, lat 51 35 N. Matli, a village of France, between Versailles and St. Germain, seated in a valley, near a forest of the same name. Here was a royal palace noted for its fine gardens and water-works, there being a curious machine on the Seine, which not only supplied them with water, bat also those of Versailles. It is ten miles N W of Paris, I I m MAR MAR Marman.ie, a town of Franrp, in the (\e|iai'liiii.-nl ut' l.o* uiid (jai'oiiiic unit latf |irovincc of Gtiifiiiic. It carni's oil a jjri'Ut truile in orn, wine, itiiil Brandy, unil is seated on tin.' Garonne, 40 ni I'cs SE ofDonrik'idix, and 3J0 S l)v VV of Paris. L:)n. IJ E, lat. 44 20 N. Marmora^ n sea Ix'twcun Eiifopt; and Asia, which t(»nmmniratc» with the Aichi))clapi, b; llic strait of Galli- poli nu the S \V, and wilii tlic Ulaclc ISe.'i.hy the strait of C'jnHl:intinoj)le on th'.- .'» '.'•■ It has iW'i castlca, one on the Asian, and one on tlie Eiiro|)ean •itU', is IJO inih's in k'ngtli, and 5(J In broadtli, aiul was ancii-ntly called the I'ropontis. Marmora, tlic name of.timr ishmds in the sea of the siune name. 1 he largest is ahunt JO miles in eircnm- fercncc, and tlicy all produce corn, vine, and I'rnits. Marmora, a ctlchratcd cascarie of ItMly, in tlie dutiliy Sp-ilttto, three )nilc-> from 'I'eini. Mariie, a town of Persia, in the pro- vince of Chora/.in. Mnrne, u department of France, in- clxiding part of the late province of Chain[)i>i^nc. It tnkcs its name from a river wi.ich tises near Lnnffros, and flowinjr N W joins the Seine, a little above Paris. Kheinis is t'le arrliicpis- eojnil ^e<", l>iit Chal.ms is the capital. Mir/it, Ufiper^ a department of Tri'iie, iiRuidiiij^ part of the late pri. vince of Cli.onpajjne. Chuumont is the Cii|>ital. Marnhtdl, n village in Dorsetshire, on t!ie Stoiir. The church is an ancient lofty hviildingi the tower of which fell down in 1710, in time of divine service, but was lunu.sonicly rebuilt. Maro, a town of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, in a valle>' of tlic same name, eight miles N W of Oneg-lia, and 48 W S W of Genoa. Lou. 7 41 E, lat. 44 55 N. Marogna, a town of Romania, with a Greek archbishop's see, seated near the Mcdittrranean, 150 miles S W of Constantinople. Lon. 25 41 £, lat. 40 S9N. Marntier, a toN\'n of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alsace, with a late Bene- dicthie abbev, 18 miles N W of Stras- burg. Lon.r 33 F., lat. 48 38 N. Marpurg, a strong town of Get many, in the landjfi-avate of Ucsac Casscl^ with a university, a castle, a palace, a handsome sipmre, and a niag;iiili<'ent town-house. It is seated on liie river Luhn, 15 miles S of Waldeck, and 47 S \V of Casscl. Lon. 9 E, lat. 50 35 N. Marquesas, a group of islands in the S I'acilic Ocean, of wliich the most considerable are, St. Christina anri St. Pedro. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, lay some time at the tiisl of these, which is situate in lon. 13'.' y VV, and lat. 'J 55 S. 'I'hc products of tiiese islands are breadfruii, bananas, ]ilan- tains, cocoa nuts, scarlet boan*, paper mulberries, of the bark of which their cloth is made, casiiunnas, with other tropical plants and trees, and with hogs and fowls. 'I'luy have also ])len- ty of (isli. Mr. Foster says he never saw a single deformeil, or even ill-pro- portioned man among the natives ; all were strong, tall, well limbed, and ac- tive in the liighcst degree. Their arms ate clubs and spears, and their goveninieiit, like ttiat of the Society Islands, monarchical. But they are not (jiile so cleanly as the inhabitants of the Society Isles, whu, in that rtjs|nct, surpass, periiaps, any other people in the wf)rlcl. The drink of the Martpic- sans is purely water, cocoa nuts 'a ing rather scarce. Tl-.cy arc m»ich given to iiilfering, like the lower sort among tlic Ot.ilieitans. Their music, musi- cal instruments, dances, and canoes, very much resemble those of Otaheite. In short the inhabitants of the Mar- (jiicsas. Society, and Friendly Islands, Easter Island, and New Zealand, seem to have all the same origin, their l.-mguage, manners, customs, &c. bear- ing a great affinity in many respects. Miir- Forest, a. district in Aberdeen- shire, consisting of vast wootlland mountains, which occupy the western angle of the county. The river Dee rises among these mountains. Marsal, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mcurthc and late province of Lorrain, remarkable for its salt- works, and seated on the Sellc, in a marsh of difficult access ; which, with the fortifications, renders it an impor- tant place. It is 17 miles N E of Nanci. Lon. 641 E, lat. 48 49 N. Martala, a populous and strong town of Sicily, in the valley of Mazara. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Lilybncum, 53 miles S W of Palermt^ Lou. 12 29 £, lat. as 4 N. A R ty, a castle, a palace, Kirc, itiul :t riiag^\ili('(-i)1 t iH Hcati'd on ijic nvcr b of Waldtck, uiul 47 Lou. 9 E, lat. 50 35 a (ri'oiip of islaniU in can, of wliirli the moat ', Si. Clirislinu and St. in Cook, in his Nocond im- liniL' at the lirst of situate in Ion. 13'.) <■.) VV, 'I'lic produi'ts of tiiese adfruii, baiiuna!), plan- its, scarlet bean*, pa])cv the l)ark of which their , casiiarnias, witii other s and trees, and with 'riu-y have also pleti- •. roster says he never eformed, or even ill-pro- anion)^ the natives : all all, well linihed, and ar- ijjlicst artly in a plain. It is divided into the Old and the New Town. The houses are not so well built in the Old as in the New, tlie first appears like an amphitheatre to the vessels which enter the port j but the streets arc dirty, narrow, and steep In this part is the principal church, built by the Goths, on the ruins of the temple of Diana. The New Town is a \w.v- feet contrast to the Old, with which it communicates by a most beautiful street ; and its other streets, the S({uares, and the public buildings arc be.iutifnl. The variety of dresses and languages which .arc seen .and heard tiere, are surprising, and on that ac- count this city has been called Europe in Miniature. The port is a basin of an oval form, 3480 feet long, by 960 in its widest part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of wjiter ; and is defended by a liludel and a fort. In 1649, the plague I aged with great violence, and with still greater in 17^0, wlien it carried iiir 50,000 of the inhabitant.*. In 1 79,3, Mai'.soilles revolted against the French National Convention, but was very scon reduced. It is 13 iniiis N VV of Tou- lon, and 362 S bv V. of Paris. Lon, 5 J7 E, lat. 43 18 N. MunlifiM, a post town in Plymouth county, Massachiisi-tts s Kituatcd near JMar.slilicld point, .'>6 miles S i". of Bos- ton. Mjnhfcld, a town in Gloucciitcr- shire, with ,i market on Tuesday, seat- ed on tlie C<,tcswold Hills, II liillcs E "f Bristol, and lO'J W of London. Lon. ■' 15 W. lat. 51 30N. -Vurvca -j.i, a totvn of Xaple.i, in MAR Principato Citrrioic, with a bishor't see. It is «''ated at the foot of the Ap- peiinines, near the river Agn, 73 milca S E of Naples. Lon. 15 49 E, Ut. 40 28 N. Maritniml, a small island in the Cat- legate, wliii'h for its strength is called the Gibraltar of Sweden, is a rocky island, about two miles in circumfei>> cnce I the town, which lies on the eas- tern side, contains about 160 houses, anil about 1,200 inhabitants. .Since the peace the commerce has greatly dimi- nished, and the inhabitants now chiefly ;Uibi>i8t by the herring fishery. The harbour is extremely Bccurc and commo- dious, but of diiilcult entrance, and in tempestuous weather dangerous, with- out a pihit of the place. It is capable of containing 200 vessels, and of suffi- cient depth for the largest. It is 23 miles N W of Gotheborg. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 57 59 N. Marta, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, and in the dutchy of Castro, seated on n lake of the same name, called also Holseiia, 35 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 26 N. Martabtm, a (jrovincc of Asia, in the kingdom of Pegu, on the Bay of Ben- gal, The soil is fertile in rice, fruits, and wines of all kinds. It is subject to the king of Burmah, who, in 1754, subdued the kingdom of Pegu, and rendered it a depeiidai>t province, Martaban, the capital of a province of the same name in Pegu, In the wars between Pegu and Siam, ships were sunk at the entrance of the harbour t<» choke it up, before which it was a trading place. It is seated on the bay of llengul, (10 miles S of the city of Pe- gu. Lon. 96 56 E, lat. 15 30 N. Mortapj, a town of Spain, in tlic pro- vince of I.cou. Jfdrtc!, a town nf France, in the dc- paitinent of I,(;t and late province of (iuerci, seatril ■■ear the Dordogne, 18 miles E of barlal. Lou. 1 44 £, l«t. 44 51 N. Mi:>t,'u7, .V,'. u lU'iviiiec of Terra Fir- ma, bouiuli'd on the N by the Ca rib- bean Hi;a, on tliL- K by Venezuela, on the .S liy Ni w Gran-.ula, ^.rd on the W by Ciir'tii.Tp,ena. It is 300 miles in length, niul -^W in hrcuilili ; is u mountain- oils c(.;i!.try, .ind the land very high. Here tin; farioiis ridjrc of mountain* begin, ci'Ucd tlu- Corilinera-de-los-In- du3, or the Andes, which run thn whole len^-th of South Amotica, ti"op» ^ „■ ■^^^ liA MAR N to S. It aboiiiKU with fi'iiits prnpei' to the illmiili;, uml there arc iiiiiifit of gold uiid precious itonca, ami salt- Miirt/ia, St. the capita) of a province of the name name in 'i'crra Kinna, with uhinho])'* see, and a harbour surround- ed by hij^h mountuiiis. It was once flouriMhing »n)n»e and the hoiiscH arc built of cune.s, and covered mostly with palmcto leaves. It is sealed on one of the mouths of the Rio Grande, 1000 miles W by S of Rlo-de-la-Hacha. Lon. 73 56 W, lat. 11 24 N. Martha's Vineyard, nn island of North America, near the coast of Massachu- setts, 80 miles S of Boston. The in- hsbitants apply themselves chictly to their fisheries, in which they have great success. Lon. 70 22 W, lat 41 16 N. Marthalen, a consideraiile town of Swisserlaml, in that part of the county of Kvburg, subject to Zuric. It is seat- ed near tlic Rliine, six miles S of Schatfhausen. MartigHti, a seaport of Franco, in the depiirtnient of the Moiltiis of the Rhone and late province of Provence. It is St jted near a lake, 12 miles long and live broad, which is navipal)le thi'O'ighout, but less conaiderable than it was formerly, but whence they (,'cl very fine fish aiid excellent salt. Mar- tiRi'ies is 2J miles N VV of Marseilles. Lon 5 2 E, lat. 43 19 N. Mirth, Cipe, a promontory of Va- lencia, in Spam, which separates the ijulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Lon. 36 E, lat. 38 54 N. Martin, St. a town of France in the isle of Rhe, with a luu-bour and strong- citadel, 15 miles W of Rochellc. Lon. 1 17 \V, lat. 15 10 N. Marti:i, St. one of the Leeward Ca- ribbean Islands, in t!ie \V^;st Indies, lyini' to the N \V of St. Bartholomew, and to the S \V of Aiiguilla. It is 42 miles in circtimt'ci-enee, has neither barb.wr nor river, but several salt-pits. It was lonfj jointly possessed by the French and butch ; but at the com- mencement of tlie present war, the former were exp-flied by the latter. Lon. 63 \V, bit, 3 U K. Miirtinicn, or.e of tha V.^ndward Caribbce Island-, in tiie West Indies, MAR 40 miles in len)rth, ann the Oshcim, tlirc6 tz. I boroujjh of Ireland, i'» county, 17 miles S .oil. 7 \V, lat. 53 2 N. of the Ujiited States miles Ions', ""^ HO on the N by Pennsyl- y the sliUe of Dc'la- ; and S bi the Allan- 1 the S and|VV by Vir- led into 18 co;lntie.?i on the western, and ern shore of the Clie- aud tobacco are Uif MAS fit.iple commodities (if this state, which, in most irsperts, rcn'mbles Vir|finia. Aniiupiilis is thccaiiltnl. Miirv'i /fiver, St. a river of the Uni- tt'd .Slates, in Cicnrg'ta. It In navi)fable I'lr vi'-tseU of <-'iiier suited til the West Iiiilia misi-kots. It forms a piirtoftlie soutlieiii boundary of the United Stute-i, and cnlcrt Amelia Sound, in IhI. 3U 44 N. Murn't Stniit, St. a strait in North America, whi'li forms the communlca- ti 111 lielweon Liike Superior and Lake Huron. It is abo it 40 miles louf; ; and at the U|>|)er end is a rapid fall, which, when ciiiidurteil by careful pilots, may be descemled without dun(fcr. M.irsa Sirocco, a gulf on the S side of I. IP isle of Malta. The Turks land- ed here in 1565, when they went to be.si(v^'e Valetta ; for which reasoa the prunil maiitcr ordered tlircc forts to be built, two at the entrance of llie gulf, and one on the point of land that ad- rancei* into the middle of it. M irzil.'a, a haiulsouie town of Spain, in the province of Navarre, seated near the river Arragon, 30 miles S of Pam- pehina. Maibntc, one of the Philippine Is- lands, almost in tlic centre of the rest. It is 7S miles in circumference, and tliu natives are tributary to tlie Spani- ards. I.on. 122'25E, lat. 11 36 N. I Mathrmii^h, a nourishing village, in Yorkshire, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Kotherham, All sorts of liammercd and cast iron goods are made here, from the most triHing arti- cle to a large cannon, of which great quantities are e.\|>orted. Maicate, a town of Asia on the coast of Arabia Felix, with a castle on a »ock. It is seated at the bottom of a Minall bay, and was forlTied, in 1650, by the Portuguese ; but afterward ta- ken by the Arabs, wiio put all the gar- rison to the sword, excep 18, who turned Mahometans. Itisvi strong both by nature and art, th>- -ti the b'liUlinga are nie.w. The cuiii.-driU, huilt by the Portuguese, is noi the king's palace. There are neitherii .'es, shrubs, nor grass to be seen on the sea- coast near it, and only a few date-trees in a valley at the- back of the town, though they have all tilings in plenty. The weather is so hot from May to September, that no people are to be «^ MAS seen in the Htrrets from ten in th« morning till f nu' ui the afternoon. 'I'ha l>a/:ars or market places are covered with the lca\es of dale-trees, laid uu beams which reurii from the housetop* on one side to those on the other. I he religion of the inhabitants is Mahonic- tanism, and yet, contrary to the custom of the Turks, they suffer any one to go into their moscpies. The products oi' the country arc horses, dates, fine brimstone, coflee, and ruinoss, a root tliat dies red. I.on 57 26 E, lat. 24 N. MiuJJ'Aul, a town of France, in the department of Arricge and late county of Foix, with a lute rich Bene- dictine abbey. It is seated on the ri- vulet Rise, eight miles S W of Pu- miers. Mattetyne'a hies, a group of small but beautiful islands, in the South Pa- cific Ocean, lying ofV the S F, point of Malicollo, one of the New Hebrides. Aftuta, an ancient and popidous town oflluly in Tuscany, capital of a small territory of the same name, witli the title of a principality, whose sovereign- ty is independent of the grand duke. It has a strong castle, and is famous for its quarries of fine marble. It is seated on a p!:.in, three miles from the sea, and 55 VV bv N of Florence. Lon. 10 OE, lat. 44 0'N. Miisia, a town of Naples, in Terra- di-Lavora, with a bishop's see, seated near the sea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 40 31 N. Massa, a town of Italy, in the Sien- nese, with a bishop's see, seated on a mountain near the sea, 25 miles S W of Sienna. Lon. 10 48 E, lat. 42 40 N. Matta or Mazzi, a town of the Ve- ponese, in Ituly, situated on the N side of the Po, 40 miles E of Mantua. Lon. 11 50 E, Lit. 45 20 N. Massiichuaetti, one of the United States of America, 150 miles long and 65 broad ; bounded on the N by New Hampshire and Vermont, on the W by New York, on tlie S by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E by tjiat ocean and Massa- chusetts Bay. ' It 'is divided into 14 counties ; produces plenty of Indian corn, flax, hemp, f;opper, andiron, and they have manufaetories of leather, li- nen, .".nd woolleB cloth. Boston is tlije capital. McusachuscUs Bay, a bay of North America, wliif;I> sprcails eastward of Boston, and is compreUcftcJd betweeu U li,h MAT M A U .;.f II Cape Ann on tlie N, and Cape Cod on the '}. It is so iiuincd, us well as the whole .st:ite of MassatliuseUs, from a tribe of I idlaiisof llie same imme, thai formerly tiveii rouiidtiiis bay. MnssaJ'ra, a slrong town of Italy in the king'dom of Naples, in Terra d'O- tranto, wi*" bisiiop's see, scaled al the fiiol CI e Appeiiniius, 16 miles N N W of 1 urento. Lon. 17 20 E, hit. 40 50 N. Mitsterano, a town of Italy in Pied mont, capital of a small principality of the same name, held by its prince as a fief of the cliiircli. It is seated on a mountain, 40 miles N E of Turin. Lon. 8 14E, lat.4J38 N. Mastico, or Capo Mastico, a cape "n the S side of Scio, one of tlic islands of the Archipelago. Mastiah, a town of Abyssinia, situ- ate on an island on the coast of the Red Sea. The houses, in general, are built of poles and bent grass, as in the towns in Arabia ; and a few are of stone, some of them two stories high. Lon. 39 36 E, lat. 15 35 N. Masulibatam, a populous and former- ly a commercial seaport of Hindoostan, seated near the mouth of the .".istna, on the coast of Coromandel, but its trade has now declined. It is 200 miles N of Madras. Lon. 81 12 E, lat. 16 € N. Mataca, or Mantaca, a commodious bay on the N coast of t!ic island of Cu- ba, 35 miles E of Havanna. Lon. 81. 16 W, lat. 23 12 N. . Matagorda, a fortress of Spain, seat- ed at the entrance of the liarbour of Cadiz. Matalona, a town of Italy in Naples and m Terra di Lavori, eight miles N W of Capua, and 19 W bv S of Bene- %-ento. Lon. U 14 E, lat." 41 12 N. Mataman, acounty of Africa, hound- ed on the N by Benguela, on tlic E by parts unknown, on the S by tlie coun- try of the Hottentots, and on the W by the Atlantic Ocean. There is no town in it, and the inhabitants live in mise- rable lutts, it being a desert country, little vi?ited by the Europeans. Miitan, <)v M.irtaii, oneof the; Philip- pine slands. The inhabitants have thrown off the yoke of Spain and here Majrellan was killed in 1521. Matapan, Cube, the most southern promontory of the Morea, between tlic gtdfof Coron and that of ColocUina. Lon. 22 40 E, lat. 36 25 N. Matarm, a large town of Asia, for- merly the capital of an empire of that name, in the island of Java. It is strong by situation, and seated in a fertile and populous country, s'lrrovmded by moun- tains. Lon. ill 55 E, lat. 7 15 S. Mataro, a town of Spain in Catalo- nia, remarkable for its glass-works, :ieated on the Mediterranean, 15 miles N E of Barcelona. Lon. 2 39 E,* lat, 41 36 N. Miitcoviitz, a strong town of Upper Hungarj, intlie county of Sccpus, seat- ed on a mountain, 185 miles N E of Presb'.irgh. Muteika, an ancient town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, 15 miles S of Jesi. Mutcni, a considerable town of Italy in Naples, and in the Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, seated on the Ca- napro, 35 miles N W of Tarento. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 40 59 N. Matloct, a village in Derbyshire, si- tuate on tlie Derwent, with a bath whose water is milk warm, which is pretty much frequented, four miles N of Wirksworth. It is an extensive straggling place, biilit in a t'otnanttc style, on the steep side of a mountain, the houses rising regularly one above Muother. There are excellent accom- modations tor the company who resort to the baths : and the poorer inliabi- tants are supported by the sale of pe- trifactions, crystals, and notwithstand- ing the rockiness of the soil the clilfs of the rocks jjroduce a great number of trees, whose foliage adds greatly to the beauty of the place. Matviai. See yeso. Mattheo, St. a town of Spain, in Ar- ragon, 10 miles from the Mediterra- nean, and 55 N of Valencia, t on. 36 W, Lit. 40 12 N. Mattheu), St. an island of Africa, 420 miles S by W of Cape Palmas on the coast of Guinea, It was planted by the Portuguese, but is now deserted. Lon. 6 10 W, lat 1 24 S. Matthevj, St. a small island in the Indian Ocean. Lon. 123 51 E, lat 5 23 S. Matuin.^y, a seaport in the island of Jeso, capital of a province of the same name, tributary t" Japan. Lon. 138 55 E, lat. 42 N. Maubeuge, a town of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of French Hainault. In Sep- tember 1793, tlie Aiistiians formed I A U MAW MAY large town of Asia, for- till of an empire of that sliiml of Java. It is strung and seated in a fertile and trv, s'lrrounded bv inoun- 11 55 E, lat. 7 15 S. ;own of Spain in CatalO' ble for its glass-works, Mediterranean, 15 miles I'lona. Lon. 2 39 Ei* lat. a strong- town of Upper he county of Sccpus, seat- itain, 185 miles N £ of in ancient town of Italy, sate of Ancona, 15 miles considerable town of Italy id in the Terra d'Otranto, )'s see, seated on the Ca- es N W of Tarento. Lon. 40 59 N. village in Derbyshire, si- Derwent, with a bath is milk warm, which is frequented, four miles N rth. It is an extensive lace, built in a tuinantic steep side of a mountain, •ising regularly one above lere are excellent arcom- r the company who resort s : and the poorer inliabi- pportcd by the sale of pe- rystals, and notwithstand- ness of the soil the cliifs produce a great number of ; foliage adds greatly to "the place. See yeso. it, a town of Spain, in Ar- iles from the Mediterra- N of Valencia, t on. 36 JN. It. an island of Africa, 420 / of Cape Palmas on the inea. It was planted by ise, but is now deserted. , lat 1 24 S. St. a small island in the n. Lon. 123 51 E, lat 5 a seaport in the island of of a province of the same iryt" Japan. Lon. 138 55 a town of France, in the if the North and Ute pro- inch Hainault. In Scp- , tlic AiisUians formed the blockade of this place, but were driven from their position, in the fol- lowing month. It is fortified accord in;j to Vauban, and is seated on the Sambre , 12 miles S of Mons, and 40 S W of Brussels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat 50 15 N. Mauldah, a handsome city of Hlr dooston Proper, in Bengal, situate on a river that communicates with the Ganges. It arose out of the ruing of Gour, which are in its neighbourhood ; and is a place of trade, particularly in silk. It is 190 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 25 10 N. Mjuleon, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Bcarn, with a castle, it is situate on the river Gare on the frontiers of Spain, 20 miles S W of Pau, and 40 S E of Dax. Lon. 31 W, lat. 43 10 N. Mauieon, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late pro- vince of Poitou, with a late famous Au- l^uBtine abbey : it is seated near the ri vulet Oint, 52 miles N E of Rochelle, and 52 N W of Poitiers. Lon. 36 W, lat. 46 54 N. Jtlaura, St. an island of the Mediter- ranean, hear the coast of Albania, 15 miles N E of the island of Cephalonia. Lon. 20 46 E, lat. 39 2 N. Maure, St. an ancient town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Toiu-aine, \7 miles S of Tours, and 148 S W of Paris. Lon. 42 E, lat. 47 9 N. Afauriac, a town of France, in the department of the Cantal and late pro- vince of Auvergne, with some trade And famous for excellent horses. It is seated near the Dordogne, 27 miles S E of Tulles. Lon. 216 E, lat. 4515 N. Maurice, St. a town of Swisserlund, in the Vallais. It lies between tvirf) high mountains and is situate on the Rhone, IG miles N W of Martigny. It guards the entrance into tlie Lower Vallais. Mmirienne, a village of Savoy, 50 miles in length, extending to Mount Cenis, which sepai'atcs it from Pied- mont. St. John is the capital town. Mauritius. Sec Isle of France. Maurua, one of tlie Society Islands, in the S Pacific Ocean, 14 mi!es VV of Bolabola. Lon. 152 32 W, lat. 16 '^6 S. MaKs, St. a l)orough in Cornwall, which sends two members to parlia- ment, hut has no church, chapel, nor market. Henrv^vju. built. a eastle here, opposite Pendennis castle, on the Si side of Falmouth haven, for the bet ; UT security of that important port. It sends two members to parliament and 'S three miles E of Falmouth, and 250 \V by S of London. Lon. 4 56 W, lat. 50 8 N. Maxitnin, St. a town of France, in the department of Vai- and late province of Provence. Before the revolution, here was a convent for Dominicans, on which they pretended to preserve the body of Mary Magdalen, which brought them great riciies by \\k re- sort of superstitious visitors. It is seated on the Argens, 20 miles N of Toulon. Lon. 5 57 E, lat. 43 30 N. May, a small island of Scotland, at the mouth of the frith of Forth, seven miles S E of Crail. It is surrounded by rocks which render it almost in- accessible. It has a lighthoui^e, of great benefit to vessels entering the frith. Maj, Cape, a cape of North Ameri- " ca, on the N side of the mouth of the Delawiu-e. Lon. 75 W, lat. 39 N. Maahoun, a very ancient city of Peg le. Situated on the Irrawaddy. It stretches two miles along the margin of the river, and is distinguished by numerous gilded temples, and spacious ,..._ convents, and a great variety of tall wide-spreading trees gives it an air of venerable grandeur. Its quays are frequented by great numbers of trad- ing boats some of them of 60 tons bur- den. The neighbourhood is fruitftd in rice, of which large quant ties ar« ex- »?^ ported to Umrncrranipoora, the capital i of the Birman dominions. Mjyence. See Mentz. Mayeime. See Maine. Mato, a county of Ireland, in tlie province of Connaught, 62 miles long and 52 broad ; boimded on the E by Roscommon, on the S by Gal way, oijtf;*^_ the W and N by the Atlantic, and oft'**' ' the N E by Sligo. It is a fertile coun- try, and abounds in cattle, deer, hawk3, ami honey. It co'itains 75 parishes, and .sends four members to parliament. The principal tqwn, of the same name, is much decayed. Lon. 9 39 W, lat. 53 40N. M.tyo, or the Isle of May, one of the Cape de Verd Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, 300 miles from Cape de Verd in Africa, about 17 miles in circumfer- ciicc. The 8oU in^neral is very bwr I . ,#. M E A r«n, md wnter scarce ; but there are plenty of beeves, goats, and asses ; as also, some corn, jams, potatoes, plan- tains, sdi. \. MED Mecran, aprovince of Persia, bound- ed oil tlie N by Sejfestaii and Canda- har, on the E by Hindoostan, on t..; S by tlie Indian ocean and on the VV by Kerniun, The covuury is almost a desert and very little known. Mecrihoi; a town of Portugal, in Tra los Monies, 15 miles N N E of Torre de Moncove, and 24 S E of Mirandela. Lon. 6 3 W, lat. 41 8 N. Medebuch, a town of Westplialia, 32 miles W of Cassiel. Lon. 10 1 E, lat. 51 8N. Medelin, a small town of Spain, in Estraniadura, seated in a fertile coun- try, on the river Giiadiana, 22 miles E of Mcrida. Lon. 5 38 VV, lat. 34 41 N. Meiie/padia, a maritime province of Sweden in Norland, and on the gulf of Bothnia. It is mountainous and woody ■witJi fruitful vallies and fine pastures. Sundswall is the capital. Media, now the province of Ghilan in Persia, once the seat of a powerful empire. Medemblkk, a town of the United Provinces, in New Holland, seated on the Zuider-Zee, witli a good harbour. It is nine miles N of Hoorn, and 22 N E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 E, lat. 52 47 N. MeJford, a post town in Middlesex coiiniv, Mass.achusetts, on the Mystic river,' five miles N W of Boston, witli 1114 i!i habitants in 1800. Medina, a town of Arnbia Deserta, celebrated for being the burial place «f Mahomet. It is a small, poor plKce, but walled round, and has a large mosque, but nothing like the temple at Mecca. In one coi;ier is a place 14 paces square, with great windows, and brass gates ; and in the middle, tiie U)mb of Malumiet, iivcloscd with cur- tahis, and lighted by a great many lamps. The timib is not exposed to any, except the eunuchs appointed to take care of it, and to light the lamps ; but the story of its biing_ suspended in tlie air by a loadstone is known to he a fiction. Medina is called the ci- tv of the Prophet, becaiise here he was protected by the inhabitants when he tied from Mecca ; and here he was lirst invented with regal power. The time of his deatli was in 637 ; I'Ut the Mahometan epoch I'cgins in 622, from tiie time of his (light. It is seated oti ; ^ilain, abouiidhig- in ])alm-trees, 2U0 MED miles N W of Mecca. Lon. 39 33 E, 'at 24 20 N. Melina-Celi, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, capital of a dutchy of the same name ; seated near the Xalong, ten miles N E of Siguenxa, and 75 S W of Saragossa. Lon. 2 24 W, lat 41 12 N. Mudiiia-de-las-Torrea, an ancient but small town of Spain, in Estramadura, with an old castle, seated at the foot of a mo!mtain near Badajoz. Me lina-del-Campo. a rich and com- mercial, town of Spain, in he kingdom of Leon. It has great privileges, and is seated in a country aboimding with corn and wine, 37 miles S E of Zamor* and 75 N W of Madrid. Lon. 4 24 W, lat. 41 20 N. Medina-del-Ifio-Secco, an ancient town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, seat- ed on a fertile plain, 35 miles N W of Valladolid, and 50 S E of Leon. Lon. 4 33 E. lat. 42 6 N. Medina-Sidonia, an ancient town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a castle, 36 miles N N W of Gibraltar, and 20 NE of Cadiz. Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 36 40 N. Mediterranean, a sea between Asia, Africa, and Europe, extehding from the straits of Gibraltar to the coasts of Syria .ind Palestine above 2000 miles,' but of unequal breadth. It conimtinicates witli the Atlantic Ocean by the straits of Gibraltar ; and with tlie Black Sea by the strait of Gallipoli, the Sea of Marmora, and the strait of Constantinople. There is no tide in this sea and a constant cur- rent sets in from the Atlantic through the straits of Gibralt.ir. It contains many isLinds, several of them large, as Majorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sici- ly, Candia: and Cyprus. The eastern part of it, bordering upon Asia, is sometimes called the Levant Sea. Lon. 6" W to 72° E, lat. 31 to 44» N. Medniki, a town of Poland, in the province of Samogltia, with a bishop's see i seated on the Warwitz, 40 miles E of Memel. Lon. 22 49 E, lat. 55 42 N. Mudua, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, seated in a country abound- ing in corn, fruits, and flocks of sheep. It is 175 miles S W of Algiers. Lon. 13 E, lat. 3445 N. Medway- a river which rises in Ash- down Forest, in Sussex; entering Kent, it passes by Tunbridge, and Maidstone. It is narigablb to Kochea- E D M E I MEL Mecca. Lon. 39 33 E, a town of Spain, in OH of a dutchy of the same near the X along, ten iiguenza, and 75 S W Lon. 2 24 W, lat 41 s-Torres, an ancient but .S|)ain, in Estriunadura, til?, seated at the foot of ;ir Uudajoz. impo, a rich and com- of Spain, in he kingdom as great privileges, and country abounding with , 3" miles S E of Zamora f Madrid. Lon. 4 24 W, ?io-Secco, an ancient town e kingdom of Leon, seat- plain, 35 miles N W of [1 50 S E of Leon. Lon. 6N. nia, an ancient town of dusia, with a castle, 36 of Gibraltar, and 20 N E 1. 5 36 E, lat. 36 40 N. in, a sea between Asia, Europe, extchding from of Gibraltar to the ia and Palestine above )ut of unequal breadtli. iitcs with the Atlantic straits of Gibraltar ; and ck Sea by the strait of Sea of Marmora, and the istantinople. There is sea and a constant cur- om (he Atlantic through Gibndtar. It contains several of them large, Corsica, Sardinia, Sici- d Cj'prus. The eastern )rdering upon Asia, is led the Levant Sea. Lon. , lat.31 to44»N. town of Poland, in the mogilia, with a bishop's 1 the Warwitz, 40 miles Lon. 22 49 E, lat. 55 kingdom abound of )wn of the d in a country lits, and flocks of sheep. I S \V of Algiers. Lon. 45 N. iver which rises in Ash- in Susae.Y i entering es by Tunbridge, and L is narigablie to Kochea- lar i below which it divides itself into two branches, the western one enters the Thames, between the isles of Grain and Shcpey, and is defended by tlis fort at Sheerness; in this branch at Chat- ham is a station for the royal navy. The eastern branch called the East Swale, runs to Milton, and Fevcrsham, be- low which it falls into the German Ocean. MeJixay, a post town ii» Norfolk cocMty, Massachusetts, about 25 miles 5 W of Boston, and about the same distance NE of Providence, R. Island. Me.hui, a town of Sweden, in the provmce of E Gothland, called the Swedish Spa, on account of its waters, which are vitriolic and stUphureous. The lodging houses form one street of uniform wooden buildings painted red. The wullu and rides are delightful, particularly on the banks of the Wet- ter. It is three miles from Wadstena. Medziboz, a town of Poland in the |)aUtinate of Volhinia, seated on the river Bog, 20 miles S of Constantinow. Megara, an ancient town of Greece, formerly very large, but now incon- siderable. Here are some fine re- mains of antiquity, and it is 20 miles AV of Atliens. Lon. 23 30 E, lat. 38 6 N. Megen, a town of Dutch Brabant, seated on the Maese, 15 miles S W of Nimcguen. Lon 5 26 E, lat. 51 49 N. Mi'gesviir, a town of Transylvania, capiul of a county of the same name, remarkable for its good wines. It is seated on the river Kotcl. Lon. 25 20 E, lat 4G 50 N. Mcgiers, a town "of Transylvania, subject to Austria, 28 miles N of Her- iiianstadt. Lon. 24 41 E, hit. 46 53 N. Meliran, the principal of the channels into which the river Indus divides it- self, near Tatta, in Hindoostan Proper. Mehun-Sur-Tevre, an ancient town of France, in the department of Cher anil late province of Berry. Here are the ruins of a ca.stle built by Charles VII. iis a place of retirement. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Yevre, 10 N W of Bourges, and 105 S of Par- is. Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 47 10 N. Mehun-sur-Loire, a town of France, in the department of Loiret, and late pro- vince of Orleanois, seated on the Loire, 10 miles S W of Orleans. Lon. 1 48 E, lat. 47 50 N. Meilkrie, a village of the dutchy of Chablais. It is seated on the S aide of the lake of Geneva, in the recess of a small bay, at the foot of impending mountains in Savoy. This place is an interesting scene in the luloisaof Roiis- scau. Meinau, an island in the bay of the Bodiiier Sea, or middle lake of Con- stance, one mile in circumference. It belongs to the knights of the Teutonic order, and pro .••.. lat. -M 22 N. Md. ii:'t, 11 town of AusU'ian Bra. b3';t, 10 mnesi !i £ of Louvuin. Lon. 4 4i E, Ut. 50 45 N. Mitiiorp, i cuiisuleiMble town of Li.wei- Saxony, in tl.c dvitcliy of Hc.li'tein, 8e!ite' W" of Budcn. t.Dwii of Boliemia, scnted ;mc of the Eliie and Miil- s N of Prague. Lon. 14 22 N. town of Upper Eg'\pt, ; Nile, fn)m whence It ha» *nce. Lon 31 55 E, lat. town of Scotland in Rox- close by which are the ■eiiiiiins of Melrose Abliej', 136, b_v David I. Nothing the most magiiilicenl in now remains, excepting a cloister walls, elegantly the ruins of the church mon beauty and elegance, iscd for divine service, the vered. Melrose is seated eed, 28 miles S E of Ediji- . 2 43 W, lat. 55 38 N. dt, *a town of Franconia, jric of Wurtzburg. It is he Strat, 20 miles N of 'wbray, a town in Leices- th a market on Tuesday, for cattle, hogs, !ind sheep, n a fertile soil on the river lich are two stone bridge's, y E of Notting'iam, and of London. Lon. 50 \W, ancldnt town of France, in lent of Seine and Marrie ince of the Isle of France, le Seine, 25 miles S E of 2 35 E, lat. 48 30 N. , a town of Spain, in Es- 14 miles S of Alcantara, lat. 39 12 N. a towii in Devonshire, on of the Chard, has the ruins s noted for the best Dev- se, and has a fair on Au- stronjp tov;n of Eastern 1 a castle. It has the finest lie Baltic, and an exten- ce. It is seated on the N the Curische H.if, an in' Itic, 70 miles in length, re joined to the sea by a t. On the N E bide of Uj* MEN entrance into the liarbour is a light- house, erected in 17y(i It is 76 luile-i N N E of Roningsberg, and 140 N L of l)aiit/.ic. Lon. 21 40 E, lut. 55 46 N Mciiiiningen, a strong town of Suabia, near which the emigrants under the prince of Conde, were m Aug'ust 17'J5. defeated by tlie French republicans. It is seated in a fert.ie plain, 24 miles S £ of Ulm, and 35 S '.V of Augsburg. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 48 i N. Menim a large river in the kingdom of Siam, which runs througli it from N to S, passes by the city of Siam, ujmI falls into the gulf of Siam, behvw Ban- cock. There are several singular tish- es in it, besides crocodiles, which &re common in these parts. Menancabo, a town in the island of iM E N Menehould, St. an ancieit and con4t' derable town of France, in the dep a't- inent of Marne and late province o^ Ciiampagnc. It is seated in a morass, en the river Aisne, between two rocks, with a castle advantageously situate ; it has siiHiered several sieges, but its f»rtifications are now demolished. It was here, on September 20, 1792, the virtorious Prussians were first cheeked 6y the French, by which they were at Ust compelled to a disgraceful retreat. St. Menehould is 20 miles N E of Cha- lons, and 110 E of Paris. Lon. 4 59 E, lat: 49 2 N. Menie. See Mania. Jtenin, a strungl) fort' fled town of AuMrian Flanders, seated on the Lis.' In 1585, it was almost entirely destroy- Sumatra. It is the capital of a small ; ed b^;. hre. It is the key of the coun- kingdom of the same name, and seated j try : and in every war, from the middle on the S coast, opposite tlie isle of of the 17th centurj', the possession of Nassau, 250 miles from the strait of} it lias been always of the utmost con- Sunda. sctjuence. It was taken by the French Menat, a town of Fritnce, in Auvexg- . in April 1794, when the garrison (in ne, andin the late diocese of Clermont. I order to save tike iiiiiiappy emigrants) Meiicte, an ancient town of Franere, \ briively forced tiieir way through the capital of the department of Lozese i enemy. It is enght miles S E of Yprcs, and late province of Gevaudan, with a ; and 10 N of Liaie. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 59 bishop's see. It is very populous ; itak i 48 N. manufactures of serges and other woo^- i Mentmi, a city of Italy, in the princi- len stuffs i and is seated on the Lot, | pality of Monacis, with a castle, and a 35 miles S W of Puy, and 210 S by E | consiilerable trade in fruit and oil. It of Paris. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 44 31 N. I is seated near the sea, five miles E NE Meudip-HilU, a mountainous tract, in '• of Monaco, and eight W S W of Venti- the N E of Somersetsliire, famous for i miglia. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 43 46 N. its coal, calamine, antl lead ; tlie latter [ Mentz, an archbislionric and electo- said to be of a hai-der quality than that j rate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, ^nd lying upon that riv of other counties. Copper, mangan- ese, bole, and red ochre, are also found in these hills. On their summits are large swampy flats, dangerous to cross. Mendteshmn, a small town in Suffolk, with a raurket on Friday, 18 miles E ofBury Sc. Edmunds, ind 82 N E of London. Lon. 1 12 E, lat 52 24 N. Mendon, a post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 37 miles S W of Boston, and 12 N of Providence, Rhode Island, with 1628 inhabitants. Mendrah, a province of the kingdom of Fezzan, with a town of the satne name, 60 miles S of Moiirzook. - Al- (lioiigh much of the land in this pro- vince is a continued level of hard and barren soil, the quantity of trona, a spe- cies of fossil alkali, tiiat floats on the surface, orsettles on the banks of its nu- m.^roii.i smoaking lakes, has given it a higher importance than that of the most fertile dLstrlcU. er. It is bounded on the N by Weter*' avia and Hesse, on the S by Franconia, and the palatinate of the Rhine, and oa the W by the electorate of Treves ; is 50 miles long, and 30 broad ; and is ve- ry fertile. The elector is also sove- reign of Eichsfeld, EisseVd, or Eifeld (a country surrounded by Hesse, Thu- ringia, Grubenhagen, and Calenberg) and of the city and territory of Effort, in Tluiringia. Mentz, ';; Mqyence, a considerable city of Germany, (;apital of the elccto- ri'.te of Mentz, with a university, and an archbishop's see. The archbishop is an elector and arch-chancellor of the empire, keeper of the archives and di- rector of the general and particular as. semblies. The northern part of the city is built in an irregular manner, but there are three regular streets cal- led the Blachen, wliich run parallei to 1 i 1 ,?■ , M E C^ each other from the Uliii-.c.aml ara cut regdlailv by cross hlrcets. Here is a cut :i'ili^.l, wl:icli is suid to be I'.ie Juri- es! .ii Gl'i tiiuiiy, ill wiiicii there is u valiiiblc tifiisury. MeiUz is one of the towns wiiich cliiini the iiiveiilion of piintiiig-. It \Ya8 iiltiicked by the French in V,'d3, but tlay were iltfeid- eil btfcirc it, both in Aj^nl and Octo- ber, tiy tlic Auslriuns. w'lo also reliev- ed it Ironi a hloiiiadi- ol two months, in .September IT'-fi. Many of tlie churciies, i.iiliJlc biiildings, und private luuises were destroyed, or (freaVly in- jured, (luring tlie siege, as well as some fine vilhij^es, viueyaida, and country I ouxes. Ment/. is seated on the Uliine, just below its confluence tvitli tl)u Maii)e j and opposite to it, on tlie E side, is the strong town of Cus- sel, connected with it b\ -u. brid(,;e of boats. It is 15 milcE W o!' Francfort, and 75 E of Ireves. Loii. b 10 E, lat. 4y ~G N. Mcjjken, a town of Germany in the c'rcie of Westplialia, whicli depends un the bishop of Miiuster, seated on the M E R S side, ivnd is (fuarded by several hun« drcds of black eunuclis, who are clean- ly dressed, and their knives uiid scimi- tai s are covered with wrought silver. The bouses are very good, but the streets exceedingly narrow, aiul liavdiy any of the windows to be soen. Th« light comes in the back of the houses, where there is a square court, in the middle of which is a fountain, if the house belong to n person of any rank. They are Hut at the top ; so that ill many places they coji walk a great way upon Uieno. The women live i«. the upper apartments, and oi\en vinit each other from the tops of tlie houses. When these go abroad, they have their heads covereil with their outward ga«- nieiit, which comes down close to their eyes ; und underneath they tie a piece of white clotli, to hide the low- er part of their face. They are quit« covered all over, except their legs, which are generally naked ; but with- in dours the^ appear in their hair, and li^ve only a single fillet over theii' fore- heads. Their customs and maunervare Embs, 15 miles N of Liiigon, and 6U ; much the same as those of other Mai>o- N W of Munster. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. i metans. Mequinez is 66 miles W of 52 45 N. Fez. Lon. 6 6 W, lat 33 16 N. Mei/uinenza, an ancient town ofj Mtr, a small town of France, in the .Spam, in Ai ragon, str(,iigly defended department of Loir and Cher, and late by a good castle. It is seated at the ' province of Blaisois, 10 luiles N £ of conf iie'ice of the Ebro and Segra, in a | Blois. handsome trading tai}vn of fertile country, oO miles N W of Tor- tosa, and 180 N E of Madrid. Lon. 29 E, lat 41 36 N. Mt(fiinez, a city of Fez, in the em- piic oi A!')r'>cco, seated in a delightful plain, having a serene and 'lear ;;lr ; for which reason the emperor resides in tliis jihice in preference to F'.>/. In the ini(i(li< of the city, Jie Jews ha'-e g place to which are there is an jiMai'i Meraii, a Germany, in the Tirol, capital of Ersch- lund, seated on the Adige, 12 miles W of Salisbury, and 100 VV by S of Longon. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 51 6 N. Mcniin, a town of Turkey, in Oiari beck, with a castic which passes for inijiregnable ajid an arehbisliop's see. The country abotit it produces a great themselves, the gates of ' deal of cotton. It is 45 mileti S £ of iwrked every night ; and i Diurbekar, Lon. 39 59 E, lat. 36 50 N. to pi-ottct then) a- gainst the common iieoplc, who other- wise would pluudt I- thtir substance It is death for theni to cui-se, or lift up a hand iigainst the n.t i.nest Moor ; and thev are obligi:d to wt it.r black clothes and eaps, and to pull otr their shoes whenever tlic-y puss b;, a n.osqvo. Close by Me((uine.',, on tlie N \V side, stands a laj'ge iicj;i-o town, which Likca up as much ground as ti.e city, but the li0\iscs are not so his''') m"-' ■'■" v^<-'" hu.lt. '1 lie inhabitants are all hhi'ks, or of a dark tawnv colour ; and tin nrc the eniperor iti hs the soldiers for Lis court. TLi« l-.^e stands on the MtrfcZ; a town of Poland in LitllU- ania, seated sX. the confluence of the Berezino and Merecz, 30 miles N of Grodno, Lon. 24 10 E, lat. 50 ON. Merida, a strong town of Spain, it) Estraiiiiidura, said to have been built by the Homaiis, before the birth of Christ. Here are fine remuns of anti- (piity, particularly a triumphal arioad, they have their ftith their outward g»e- comes down close to id. underneath they Ue ; clotli, to hide the low- p face. They are quit* er, except their leg«, :rally naked ; but with- ippear in their hair, and gle fillet over their fote- ustoms and manners, are 1 as those of other ^iRi^o- iiinuz is 66 miles W of i W, lat 33 16 N. 1 town of France, in the Loir and Cher, and late laisois, 10 miles N E of andsome trading Kxjvn of le Tirol, capital of Ersch- jn the Adige, 12 miles ry, and 100 VV by S of 1. 2 25 W, lat. 51 6 N. own of Turkey, in Diari castle which passes for and an archbishop's see. ibout it produces a great I. It is 45 mileerica II, capiuii of the province with a bi.shop's see. It is ' the Spaniaidi *nd native M t: R M E S 1 Americnn* t and is 30 miles S of the gnlf'if Mexico, und IJO N E of Cam pc.iohy. Lon. 89 58 VV, lat 20 45 N. Merida, a town of South America, in New Granada, seated in a country ab )uniliiij» with :iil kinds of fruits, 1,10 miles N E of Pampeluna. Lon. 71 W, b.t. 8 m N. Merionethshire, a county of North Wales, bounded on the N by Carnar- vonshire and Denbighsliire, on the E, by tiic county of Montgomery, on the S bv Cardiganshire, and on the VV by the Irish Sea. It is 36 miles long and 34 broad. The face of this county is varied throughout with a romantic mix ture of all the peculiar scenery belonging to a wild and mountainous regi(m. The prinoipid rivers are the Dee and Dovy ; and it liaa a great mountain, the Cader Idris, one of the highest in Wales. The air of this county is sharp but it feeds gi'eat herds of cattle. Merion- ethshire contains six hundreds, four market-towns, 37 parishes, and sends one member to parliament Harlech ia the capital. Meritz, Meritch, or Merrich, an im- portant fortress and city of the Deccan of Hindoostan, situate near the N bank of the river Kistna, 70 miles S W of Visiapour. Merk, a river of Austrian Brabant, which running N by Breda, afterward turns W, and falls into the Macse, op. posite the island of Overflackee, in Holland. Mero, a strong town of Asia in the peninsula beyond the Ganges, and in the king^lom of Pegu, 140 miles S VV of the town of Pegu Lon. 98 36 E, lat. 16 N. Merou, a town of Persia, in Kora- san, seated in a fertile country, which produces salt, 112 miles S VV of Bok- hara, Lon. 64 25 E, lat. 37 40 N. Mers. See Bertoicishire. Mersburg, a town of the circle of Saxony, in Misnia, with a bishop's see. It has a Lutheran bishopric .ind is seat- ed on the Sal'a, 10 miles S of Halle, and 56 N W of Dresden. Lon. 12 6 E, Lit. .51 28 N. Mersey, a river, which rises in the N extremity of the Peak in Derbyshire, passes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad estuary, below Liver- pool, and enters the Irish Sea. This river not only affords a.dinon, but is vi- sited by annual shoals of smelts, here called sparlings, of a remarkable size and flavour. It s connected by the Stal.Didsiiirc canal with tlic '1 rent and in CO' rso with the Irish Sea ai\d the Go, man Ocean. M\:rsct Island, an island in Essex, between the mouth of the Coin and the entrance of Bliickwater Bad. It has two parishes called E and VV Mersey. Mcrspurg, u town of Germany in the circle of Snabia, and bishopric of Con- stance, stated on the N side of the lake of Constance. It is the bishop's usual place of residence, and is 11 miles from the town of that name. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 4- 45 N. Mertnlu, a strong lo\vn of Portugal, in Aientcjo, seated ne.ir the Giiudiano, 60 miles S of Evora, and 100 S E Of Lisbon. Lon. 7 40 VV, lat. 37 30 N. Merton, a village near Oxford, sitii- ated near two military ways. There were intrenchments in the neighbour- ing woods, supposed to be thrown up by king Ethelred or the Danes, whom he defeated in 871. Merton, a village irt Sufry, seated on tlie Wandel, seven miles S VV of London. It had a celebrated abbey, founded in the reign of Henry 1. m which several important transactions took place J particularly at a parliament held here, in 1236, were enacted the fa- mous Provisions of Merton (the mo^t ancient body of laws after Magna Ch-if- ta) and the barons gave that celebra- ted answer to the clergy, Noluvvis le- ges Angliie miitare — W^c will not change the laws of England. Nothing remains of this abbey, but the E window of a chapel ; and the walls that surrounded the premises, which are built of flint, are nearly entire, and include about 60 acres. Upon the site of tliis abbey are two calico manufactures, and a coi:pcr- niill ; and about 1000 persons ,ire now cmj)loj('d on a spot once the abode of monastic indolence. Merton is 7 mdcs S VV of London. Move, the N branch of the river Maese, on which the city of Rotter- dam, in Holland is !,eated. Mervil/e, a t:)wn of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince of French Flanders, sealed on the Lis, 10 miles S EofCassel. Lon. 2 43 E, hit. .50 57 N. • Mesched, a cinsiderablc town of Per- si;i, .11 K'lrus.m, f irtified witli sever.il t.jwers and famous fii the E coast of the White Sea, 160 miles N of Archangel. Lon. 44 25 E, !iit. GS 50 N. Metiirk, a hanilscjiiie tnwii (if G':r- manv in tlic Circle of Siiahia, in the country of Fuistenbuig, 15 miles N of Uherlingcn. Mcmi, a town of Africa, in the kinjjtii.m of Morocco. It is composed of tliree fortified towns, at a small dis- tance from each other, and a temple, built, (its the inhabitants suppose) with the boaes of tlie whale which swallow- ed Jonah. It is seated at the foot of Mi.iiiit Atlas, 165 miles S W of Morocco. MenserOurg, a post town in Franklin coii;.l\, Pennsylvania; situated on the E side of the N mountain, 17 njlcs S W of Chambershurg, and about 12 N W of Hagcvstown Maryland. M'Contuf/stffim, m post town in Bed- ford county, Pannsjlvania ; situated in ♦he Great Cove, 30 miles E by S of Bedford, the county town. Messina, an ancient city of Sicily, in the Val-di-Demoiia, with a citadel, se- veral forts, a spacious harbour, and an archbishop's see. It is live miles in circumference, and has four Ur^c su- burbs. The harbour, whose quay is above a mile in length, is one of the safest in the Mediterranean, and in the form of a half moon, five miles in cir- cumference, and extremely deep. The viceroy of Sicily, resides here six months in the year i and it is a place of great trade in" silk, oil, fruit, corn, and excellent wine, especially since it has been declared a free port. Messi- na, in 1783, was almost totally destroy. ed by an earthquake, most of the pub- lic plates and streets being laid in rn- ins, but the buildings have since been considerably increased, so that more than one half of the city !l^s been re- built, and the people have taken pos- session of the new houses. It is seated on the sea-side, IIU miles E of Paler- mo, and 180 S E of' Naples. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 38 10 N. Meatre, a town of Italy, i,i the doga- do' of Venice, 16 miles N E of Padua. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 45 26 N. Mesurata, a seaport of the kingdom of Tripoli, in Africa. The caravan to I'cz/un, and other interior parts to- wards the S of Africa, depnrts from this place. It is 'Zt'i miles N of Mouz- rouk. Lon. 15 5 E, li.l. 31 3 N. Meleiin, r.n islr.nd of the Archipela- go, iinciently called Lesbos, to the N of Scio, and almost at the entrance of the gnll'of Giiestro. The soil is very good, and the mountains arc cool, be- ing covered with wood in many pla- ces. It prodiues ^jdod wheat, excel- hnt oil, and the best figs in the Archi- pelago; nor have their wines lost any tiling of their ancient reputation. It is subject to the Turks, and Castro is the capital. Mrthii'old. a town in Norfolk, with a market on '1 ucsday. 15 miles N VV of 1 hetfiird, and 86 N N E of LondoJI. Lon. 40 E, lat. 52 34 N. Me/tirg, a strong town and castle of Germany in the circle of Austria, and dutchy of Carniola, seated on the Kiilp, , 40 miles S E of Lubach. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 2 N. Metro, a river of Ital;-, which rises in the territory of the Church, rons in- to the dutchy of Urbino, and falls in- to the gulf of Venice, near Fano. Metz, an ancient, large, and strong town of France, in tlie department of Moselle and late province of Lorrain, with a bishop's see, whose bishop as- sumed the title of a prince of the cm- l)ire. The cathedral is one of the fi- nest in Europe. The Jews live in a part of the town by themselves, where they have a synagogue, and they may amount to about 3000. The sweet- meats they make here are in high es- teem. Metz is strongly fortified, and has one of the strongest citadels in E\i. rope. The inhabitants are' computed at 40,0C0, besides a numerous garrison, who have a noble barracks. It is seat. ed at the confluence of the Moselle and Seillc, 25 miles N W of Nanci, 37 S of Luxemburg, and 19 N E of Pa- ris. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 497 N. Meulan, an ancient town cf France, in the department of Seine and Olse, and late province of the Isle of France, built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the banks of the river Seine, over which are two bridges, 20 miles N W cf Paris. Lon. 1 57 E, lat. 49 1 N. Meurs, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, seated on tlie E U icaport of the kingtinm fi'Ica. 'Hie carRvan to lirr interior partH to> Arricii, ili'prrlH iVoin JO'J mile» N of Mnuz- ■) K, li,l. 31 3 N. iid of the Arcliipeltt- i' i'lom liUO lo Ou lii'b^iU 111 ^uiicrul, il ih h iiioiiiituilKiiiH couiiu;. , iiitiiniix- crtaiit article of coniinerce. '1 he domestic animals of Europe, partiio- larly, horned cattle, haie niiiltipheu here alinoBt with incredible lapiili- ty. Numbers of these havin;^' been ■utlered to run wild, now raii^jc vwr the vast plains, in herds of from jO lo 4ll,UUU ; thoy arc killed merely tor tin ■akr of their hides, vrhicii are annually «x|Hii'tcd, in v;ist q'laiiiities, lo kurt/pe. 34ew Spain isdin.ied into the three an fiitiiccn of Guiidal.i.|ara, Mexico, and Gnatmiuta. The wiiolt couiun is go- Verncd by a viceio), the e.Mciit ot •whose jurisdiction. hovvcKcr, lias been %Ttsclv circuninci ibcd, in tlie course of this century, b) tlie erection of the four jciiiote provinces of Sunora, Cinaloa, CaUtbruia, and New Navarre, into a separ.ite (government. Mexico, Nevi, a large country of North America, bounded on the \V by tlie gulf (><■ California, on the S by New Spain, on the E by Louisiana, and on tile N by imknown coimiries, so tliat ks extent cannot be ascertained. The air is very temperate, and the soil ge- nerally fertile, its mines are rich and its productions various and valuable. This country lies within the temperate zone, and it is chiefly inhabited by native Americans, hitherto unsubdued by tlie S]>aniard.s. Santa Fe is the capitsd. Mexico, GuiJ if, that part of the At- lantic Ocean, on the coast of North A- mcrica, bounded on the S and W by Mesico, and on the M by W ait4 £ Florida i the entrnnce lyinjf to the K, I'd wren the S coaHt of E Florida, and i' e iN K point ol the Yucatan. Me entirij^, a town of U(>per Saxony, in lite niurche of Prcgnitz, 6U miles N N W of Berlin. Ale eiifri..!, a town in the country rif the Gi'isoiis, ^r. 2 N. I town of Fr«nce, in tlie if Ardennes iiiid latu pro- unipajjne, witli r citadel, e Mcuse, 12 niileH N W I 137 N C of Fui iit. Lon. 9 46 N. i)\vn of P'rancc, in tlie de- Lot and Gnronnc and of Guiciine ; scaled in a iihouiids in wiciili witli which they principally ■ ) and witli the cork-tree, icll both in its natural state, It is nine miles N W of tijith, a large town of Ja- in the S ec ast of tl c Isle itli a fortified palate. Lon. :. 35 50N. ciij e of Ijuhnatia, which () the (fuU of Venice, near Zmw. St. the most fertile and the Azores or WestcrU aining about 23,000 inbaW- roduting wheat and Pax. icipal harbours are P.inta d Villa Franca: the fof- apital of the island. Lon. t. 37 47 N. St. a boroueh in C<»tnwall, cither market nor fair but lembri s to parli'^ment. It s S W of S(. Oolumh, and of London, Lon. 4 32 W, r. Jt. a town of France, in the of Meuse and late dutch^ s remarkv.ble for its liospi- rrch library of a late Bcne- ey. It is seated on the miles N E of Har-le-Duc, f Paris. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. St. a seaport of New Spaiir iiCii'of Guatimala, seated on r, 180 milcB S E of New Lon. 87 45 W, lat. 12 25 N St. a town of Pern in the f Qiuto. It wft8 the firrti IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT.3) 140 IIJ4 1-25 1.4 |||.6 < 6" ► HV > Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ^^% V •o^W 4l it > .^ «" CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductlons / institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques v;^0^ %^ Spu uear S In SO M Pen NE M Pao. Pan; the : tlie i M wliit and the fron A Am( nic.i Hill- uac. A Ami gan and A mer capi of a lie take The and by larg 2e,(i ofB W . 51 den Issc Loi I com hea 41 dist fore J cou Sta fror ty. mil S.E J •f : M I D Spanish colony in Peru and is seated uear tiie injiitU of ilie Piiira, 225 miles S bv W of Qiiito. Lon. 80 50 W, lat. iO'S. Mickiel de Viarra, St. a town of Peru, in the province of Qiiito, 60 miles N E of (iuito. Michael, Gulf of, St. that part of the Pacilic Ocean, wuich lies to the E of Panama. It was first discovered by the Spaniards, after their inarch across the isUimii* of Darien. Michelonia, a country of Prussia, wliich is part oftlie circle of Culm, and separated from the otlier part by the river Dribents. It takes its name from tlie castle of Michelow. Michigan, a lar^e lalce of North America, whw>e N E extremity commu- nicates witli the N W end of Lake Huron, by the strait of Michillimacki- uac. Michillimaciinac, a strait of North America, wliich unites the lake Michi- gan and Huron, and lies in 85° W lon. and 46° N lat. Middleburg, a larg« and strong com- mercial city of the United Provinces, capital of the island of Walcheren, and of all Zealand. The squares and pub- lic building's arc magniiicent. It was taken by tlie Dutclt from the Spaniards. The harbour is large and commodious, and has a communication with the sea by a canal. Which will bear the larg^cHt vessels. It contains about 26,000 inhabitants. It is 20 miles N E of Bruges, 30 N W of Ghent, and 72 S W of Amsterdam. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 51 32 N. Middleburg, a town of Dutch Flan- ders, wliich belong's to tlie prince of Issenghein. It is 5 miles S E ofSluyg. Lon. 3 26 E, lat. 51 15 N. Middleborough, a town in Plymouth county Massachusetts ; situated at the head/of Buzzard's bav, in the lat. of 41 43 and lon. of 70 40 W, at the distance of 16 miles N E of New Bed- ford, and 40 S of Boston. MidJlebroot, a post town in Augusta, county, Virginia, eight miles S W of Staunton, and 186 ia the same course from Washington. Middleburg, a town of Loudon coun- ty, Virginia, where is a post oflice 44 miles W by N of Wathington, and 32 S,E of Wiiichcster. MiddL'hurg. See Eaoow. Middleham, a town in the N riding of Vorkshirc. It iii seated on tlie Urc, M I D ten miles S of Richmond, and 255 "ft" N VV of London, and ha;i a market on Monday. Lon. 1 3? VV, lat. 54 17 N. Middle Haddani, a town in Middle- sex county, Cu«inecticut ; situated on the E side of Connecticut river, 3U miles N W of Now London. ■Middlesex, a county of England, bounded on the N by Hertfordshire, on the £ by Essex, on tlic .1 by Survy and Kent, and on the W by Bucking'* hamshire. It is the smallest county in England, ejicept Ru'dandsliire, extend- ing only 22 miles from E to W, and 17 from N to S ; but as it contains th* two cities of London and Westmin- ster, is by far the richest and most popa> lous county of Englaiid. It contains 126 parishes, besides London, and four market towns, and sends eight mem* bers to parliament. The air is very pleasant and healthy, to which a line gravelly soil does not a little coutri> bute. The soil produces plenty of corn, and the county abounds with ft>rtil» meadows and gardeners grounds. In a word, the greater part of the county \m so prodigiously assisted by tlie rich- compost from London, tliat the whole of the cultivated part may be consider- ed as a garden. Besides the Thames*, the Lea, and tlie Coin, which are it* boundaries to the S and S E, and the W, Middlesex is watered by several" small streams; one of which, called tli* New River, i» artificially brought from Amwoll, in Herts, for the pur- pose of supplying London with water. Middlesex, a county of North Anieri* ca, in the state of Ctjiuiectiout, wliicht with the county of Tolland, has been recently formed from that of Hartford. Middletown and Haddam are the coun- ty towns. Middleton, a commercial town of North America, in the state of Coit- necticut. It is seated on the river Connecticut, 15 miles .S of Hartford^ It is on« of the county towns, of Mid- dlesex. Middletemit, a toyim of Middlesex county, in tlvc state of New Jersey. Sandy Hook is included in this- town- ship. On the point of the Hook stands tlie lighthouse, 100 feet high, built by the city of New York. Middletown is 30 miles S W of New York, and 50 E by N of Trenton. Middletovm, a post town in D.iuphin, county, Pennsylvania, on the W side of Swatwra creek, and on tlie post rood' M I L M I L (Vorti Lancaster to Harrisburg; 25 S £ from the former, and 92 VV from Plii- ladelpliia. MiUdletmvn, a post town on the \W side of Connecticut river, in Middle- •ex county, Connecticut, 15 miles S W "f Hartford. Mtiidletowi, a post town in New Castle coiinty, Delaware, 18 miles S W of New Castle, and 24 N by W of D(>>'er. Middletmm, a post town in Frcder- ick ounly, Maryland, nine miles N W of Frederick-town, the capital of the county. MUdlewich, !i town in Clieshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is seat- ed on the Croke, and noted for its salt- pit*, And making fine salt. It is 24 miles K of Chester, 167 N W of Lon- don. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 53 13 N. Midliurst, a town of Sussex, with a market on Thiu-sday. It is seated on a small river which almost surrounds it, sends twi members to parliament, and is 11 miles N bv E of Chichester, and 50 W bv S of London. Lon. 46 W, iat. 51 ON. Miechau, or Miezava, a handsome town of Poland, in Cujavia, seated on tlie Vistula river, ten miles S by E of Thorn. Lon. 18 46 E, lat. 52 53 N. M'lfflinhurg, a post town in Northum- herland county, Pennsylvi -lia, H miles W of Lewisburg, on the W branch of the Siisfiuehannah, and 20 from Nor- tluimberland. Miffliutoviin, a town in Mifflin coun- ty, and the same state as the last arti- cle ; ■ situated on the N bank of Ju- niata river, 45 miles N W of Harris- burg, and 12 from Lewistown the capi- td of tl>e county. jWlan, a city of Italy, capital of a dutcny of the same name. It was tlie ancient capital of Lombardy, and al- though it is thought rather to exceed Naples in size, it does not contain above half the number of inhabitants. It is seated in a deliglitful pliiin, be- tween the rivers Adda and Tesin ; is ten miles in circumference, and called by the Italians, Milan the Great. It contains many fine palaces, bat that of the governor is the most magiiiiiceiit j and a great number of churclios, con- vents, hospitals, and sdiools. The ca- thedral is in th-: centre of the city, and though it is not so large as St. Pctcr'.i, at Rome, it fir excels it in the num- ber ;uid excellQiice_^ of its iculptures and beauty of its ornament*. This vast fabric, wliich the Milanese call the eighth wonder of the world, is entirely built of solid white marble, and t\\er roof which is vastly high is supported by 160 colvimns cf marble so lar^c that tiu-ee men cannot fathom them. From the roof hangs a case of crystal, inclos- ing a nail, which, they say, is one of (hose by which our Saviour was fixed to the cross. The treasury belonging lo this churcii is reckoned the richest in Italy, next to that of Loretto. The odllege of St. Ambrose has a library, which, besides a prodigious number of manuscriijts, contains, 45,000 printed books ; and its superb gallery is adorn- ed with rich ])aintings. Milan has considerable commerce in grain (espe- cially rice) cattle, and cheese ; and has manufactures of silk and velvet stufl's, stockings, handkerchiefs, ri- bands, gold and silver lace, and em- broideries, woollen and linen cloths, glass, and eartiienware in imitation of China. It was taken by the French from the Austrians in 1800. It is the see of an archbishop ; and is 70 miles N of Genoa, 72 N E of Turin, and 145 N AV of Florence. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 45 28 N. Milan, the dutchy of, a considerable country of Italy, bounded on the N by tlie Swiss and Grisons ; on the E by the repubiii? of Venice, imd by the dutchies of Pm-ma and Mantua; on the S by tlic dutchy of Parma and the terri- tory of Genoa j and on the W by Piedmont and Montferrat ; being 150 miles in length, and78 in breadth. The soil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, and olives j there are also plenty of cattle. The rivers are, the Secchia, the Tesin, the Adda, and the Oglio. There are likewise several lakes, the three principal of whirli are those of Maggiore, Como, aiul Lugano, This country was formerly posaossed by the French, Spaniards, and Ger- mans, who have stamped a character on the inhi'.bitants of tjiis dutchy, dif- ferent from wiiat prevails in any other part of Italy. This dutchy was entirely subdued by the French in 1796, but was reconquered in 1799 by the Al- lies under Suwarrov»', and taken pos- session of" by B.Hiaparte .n 1300. Miliizzo, a strong seaport of Sicily, in tlie Val-di-Demona. It is divided into tlie upper and lower town j tlie upper is very strong, and the lower M I L its ornaments. This vast the Milanese call the !• of the world, is entirely wliite marble, and the vastly high in supported IS bt° marble sniarg'cthat not fathom them. From a case of crystal, inclos- ich, they say, is one of h our Saviour was fixed The treasury belonging' is reckoned the richest to that of Loretto. The Ambrose has a library, s a prodigious number of ontaiiis, 45,000 printed 1 superb gallery is adorn- paintings. Milan has ommerce in grain (espe- tttlc, and cheese ; and ures of silk and velvet igs, handkerchiefs, ri- nd silver lace, and em- lollen and linen cloths, lienware in imitation of 18 taken by the French rians in 1800. It is the ishop ; and is 70 miles N N E of Turin, and 145 nee. Lon. 9 16 E, lat utchy of, a considerable y, bounded on the N by . Gi'isons ; on the E by of Venice, imd by the rma and Mantua; on the ,' of Parma and the terri- i ; and on the W by Montfcrrat j being 150 , and?8 in breadth. The lerc fertile in com, wine, d olives ; tiiere are also e. The rivers are, the ''esin, tiie Adda, and the ; are iikewisc several e principal of which are lore, Como, and Lugano, vas formerly posaoisecl II, Spaniards, and Ger- 'e stamped a character mts of tiiis dutcliy, dif- lat prevails in any other i^his dutchy was entirely e French in 1796, but ed in 1799 by the Al- varrov,-, and taken pos- .>[iapn. Lon. 2 32 W, lat. S\^ 50 N. Milton, a post town in Norfolk coun ty, Massachusetts ; 7 miles S of Bos- ton, containing 1143 inhabitants, at last census. Milton, a post town in Albemnrle county, Virginia; ( n the E side of Hi vanna rivi ;•, 5 miles E of Monticello, and 81 N \V of Richmond. Milton, a post town on the E bank ot the \V branch of Susquehanna, in Nor- thumberland county, Pennsylvania; at the distance of 11 miles N of North- umberland. Minch, agreatsoimd, or channel, on tlie VV coast of Scotland. It is bounded on the W by the islands of Lewis and Harris, N and S Uist, and Bara, on the W ; and on the E by the isle of Skye. Mindanna, the largest of the Philip- pine islands, next to Luconia. It is 180 miles long and 120 broad, and is governed by a sidtan, who is absolute. It is a mountainous country, full of hills and vallies ; and the mould is generally deep, black, and fruitfid. The sides of the hills and vallies arc stony, and yet there are tall trees, of kinds not known in Europe ;.sonieof tlie mimntains yield ▼erv good gijld, and the vallies are well watered with rivulets. The libby trees jiroduce the sago, which the poor peo- ple eat instead of bre:, si.d it ni, tsiU( us. '1 i inhabitants are of a mean low stature, with small limbs and little heads. I'he chief trades are goldsmiths, black- smiths, and carpenters, and they can build pretty good vessels for the sea. The sultan has a queen, beside 20 other women, and all the men have se nal wives ; for their religion is Mahoaie- tanism. Their houses are built on posts, from 14 to 20 feet high ; and they have ladders to go up out of the streets : they ha\e but one tloor, which is divided in- to several rooms, and tlie roofs are co- vered with palineto leaves. The capi- tal is a large city of the same name, seated on the east side of the island. Lon. 125 W, lat. 6 N. MinJcllieim, a town of Germany in the circle of Sunbia, with a castle. It is the ca])ital of a small territory be- tween the rivers lUer and Lech, sub- ject to the house of Bavaria. It was ta- ken by the Austrians after the battle of Blenheim, whoeretted it into a princi. polity in favour of the duke of Marlbo- rough ; but it returned to the house of Bavaria, bv the treaty of Rastadt. It is 30 miles S E of Ulm. Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 48 3 N. Minden, a considerable town of West- phalia, capitalofaterritory of the same name, seated on the Weser, which renders it a trading place. Near this tf>wn prince Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French, in 1759. It is subject to the king of Prussia, who se- cularized the bishopric, 27 miles E by S of Osnaburg, and 37 W of Hanover. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 52 22 N. Mindora, one of the Philippine Is- lands, 50 miles in circumference, se- parated fi'om Luconia by a narrow channel. It is full of mountains, which abound in palm-trees, and all sorts of fruit. The inhabitants are idolaters, and pay tribute to the Spaniards, to whom this island belongs. Minehead, a borough in Somerset- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has a good harboiir for sliips of hir;,'e burden : and carries on a considerable trade in wool, coal, and herrings. It sends two members to parliament, and is 31 miles N of Exeter, and 161 W by S of London. Lon. 3 34 W, lat 51 12 N. Mingrelia, a province of Asia, which makes part of Georgia; bounded on the W by the Black Sea, on the E b\ lincritia, on tlie S by a part of Geor/V'a, and on the N bv Circassla. It is go- Vf I N or K mean low stature, bs and little lieuds. The are (roUlamitlis, black> iirpenters, and tliey can ><)d vesseU for tlie sea. u qireen, beside 20 ot'ier 11 the men have se cial ir religion is Malinme- louscs are built on posts, eet liigli ; and they have outofthe streets : they oor, wiiich is divided in- and tiie roofs are co- ineto leaves. The capi- ;ity of the same name, east side of the island. , lat. 6 N. a town of Germany in uabia, with a castle. It of a small territory he- rs lUer and Lech, sub- e of Bavaria. It was ta- strlans after the battle of o eret ted it into a priiici> of the duke of Marlbo- returned to the house of e treaty of Rastadt. It is of Ulrfi. Lon. 10 42 E, nsiderable town of West- ofa territory of the same on the Weser, which rading place. Near this ""erdinand of Brunswick French, in 1759. It is king of Prussia, who se- bishopric, 27 miles E by ;, and 37 W of Hanover, t. 52 22 N. (ne of the Philippine Is- L's in circumference, se- Luconia by a narrow ifidl of mountains, which Im-trees, and all sorts of ihabitants are idolaters, itc to the Spaniards, to ind belongs, borough in Somerset- market on Wctlnesday. larbour for sliips of luri.'e can'ies on a considerable coal, and herrings. It nbers to parliament, anil if Exeter, and 161 W by Lon. 3 34 W, lat 51 12 province of Asia, which r Georgia ; houndod on : Black Sea, on the E by le S bv a |)art of Geor;vKi, by Clrcassia. It is e;o- M I O verned by a prince, who is tributary to the sovereign of Iiui-ritia. 'I'lie face ('s see, 26 miles N uf Cirenza. Lon. 16 19 E, lat. 41 8 N. Minorca, an island of the Mediterra- nean, lying 50 miles to tlie N E of Ma- jorca. It is 30 miles in length, and 12 in breadth ; and is a mountainous coun- try, with some fruitful vallics, where there are excellent mules. Cittadella is the capital ; but greater consequence is attached to the town of Mahon on account of its excellent harbour, which is defended*" by Fort St. Piiilip, one of the strimgest forti-esses in Europe, and on the fate of which the w'.iole island depends. Minorca wis taken from the Spaniards by the English, in 1799. Lon. 3 48 E," lat. 39 50 N. Aliiiori: a town of Naples, in Princi- pato Citeriorc, with a bishop's see, seated on the Gulf of Salerno, between the town of that name and Amalsi. Miiisingen, a town of Suabia, in the dutchy of VVirtemburg, with a hand- some castle. Lse source is unknown. It joins the Mississippi in lat. 39° N, but is a longer, broader, and deeper river, and is, in fact, the pruicipal stream. It has been ascended by the French traders upwards of 1200 miles, and from its depth and breadth at tl)at distance, appeared to be navigable much higher MOD The women, except a small number of the lonimon sort, never appear in the streets in the day time, but visit each other in the evening. When they meet any man in the way, tiiey stand dose up against the wall to let them pass. Their dress is much like that of other women of the East, and over alt they wear a large veil of painted calico, so thin that tliey can see through it, with- out being seen. They have also little buskins of M by the king of 42. The inhabitants are UO ; and they make here for masquerades in all ated between the rivers uiaro, 22 miles W by N S by E of .vlantua, and Florence. Lon. 11 OE, Modenese, a dutchy of on the W by tliat of N by the dutchies of [irandola, on the E by the Ferrarese, and on the S d the republic of Lucca. i in length, and 40 in the soil is very fertile in , and fruits of difi'crent I feeds a great number uf Mrxlica, a town of Sicily, on a river of tlif same name, 25 miles S W of Syracuse. Lp,i. 15 9 E, lat. 36 48 N. MoMm, a scrong town of the Morea, with a safe harbour and a bishop's see. It is seated on aproninntory, l)rojectn)g into the sea of Sapienza, 1 J miles E of Coron, and 95 S W of Nnpoli-di-Uoma- Ilia. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 36 56 N. Moitzir, a town of Pohmd in Lithu- .viiii, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on the river Pry- pec in a fertile country, 85 miles S E of Slnczk. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 5.? 5 N. Moffat, a town in Dumfriesshire, near ilie river Annan, notctl for its mi- neral springs, which were formerly of great repute, and attracted numbers of genteel company. It has a manufac- ture of coarse woollen stuHs, and is 20 mdes N by E of Dumfries. Moffat HilU, the higliest mountains in the S of Scotland They occupy the N part of Annandale ; and from tlicsc descend in diflerent directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whose sources are but a little distance from each other. Mogador, an island and castle of Af- rica, in the kingdom of Morocco, near cape Ozem. There are mines of g^old and silver in one of the mountains. Lon. 9 35 W, lat. 31 38 N. Mogult, Country of the, or Western Chi- vete Tartary, is bo\mded on the N by Siberia, on the E by EiiStem Tartary, «n the S by the great Wall and Leao- tong, and on the '.V by Independent Tartary. The Mogul Tartars have neither towns, villages, nor houses : they form themselves only into wander- ing hordes, and live under tents, which tliey transport from one place to ano- tiier, according as the temperature of the different seasons, or the wants of their flocks require : they pass the summer on the banks of their rivers, and the winter at tlie foot of some mountain or hill, which shelters them from the cutting N wind. They are naturally clo»'nish, and dirty in their dress, as well as in their tents, where they live amid the dung of their flocks, which when dried, they use for fuel instead of wood. Enemies to labour, they choose rather to be satisfied with till! food with which their flocks sup- pi;, them, than take the trouble of culti- vating tlie earth ; it even appears that tlicy neglect agricidlure from pride. Dui'ing the summer, they live only on milk, which they get from their flocks, using witiiout liistinction that of tlie cow, marc, ewe, goat, and camel. Their ordinary drink is wurm water, in which a little coarse tea ha:< been infu- sed ; with this they mix cream, milk, or butter, according to their circum- stances. They have also a method of making a kind of spirituous liquor uf sour milk, especially of that of tlie mare. The Moguls are free, open and sincere. They pride themselves chietly on their dexterity in handling the bow and ar- row, mounting im iiorseback, and hunt- ing wild beasts. Polygamy is permit* ted among them ; but tiiey generally have only one wile. They are unac- quainted with the use of money, and trade only by barter. fhey use sheepskins for cloathing, wearing the wool inmost, and the skin on the out- side, from winch exhales a rank and disagr-.-eable smell, on which account they are called by the Chinese, Stink- ing Tartars. The religion of liic Mo- gul Tartars is confined to the worsliip of Fo. They have the most supersti- tious veneration for tlicir lam^ts, who are clownish, ignorant, and licentious priests, to wliom they utiribiite the power of calling down hail or rain. All the Mogids are governed by khans, or particular princes, independent of each other ; but all subject to the emperor of China, whom they consider as the grand klian of the Tartars. The limits of their respective territories, and the laws by wliich they are at present go- verned, were settled by the emperor of China. These tributary khans have not the power of condemning their sub- jects to death, nor of confiscation ; these two cases aPe reserved for the supreme tribunal established at Peking for the affairs of the Moguls, to which every individual may appeal from the sen- tence of his prince, who is obliged to appear in person wherever he is cited. The best cultivated canton of all the Mogul territories is the district of Cart-ching, near the great Wall,wiiere the emperor goes every year to enjoy the pleasure of hunting, and wliere he generally passes the summer: fur that purpose he has caused several beauti- ful pleasure houses to be built there, the principal of which is Geho. All the Mogul nations iindertlieCliine.se government, mav be J two moiitiis, into Hudson's River. About two miles above its junctiun with tliitt river it has a cataract where the stream, lUO yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 70 fret. Miilunvis, a once powerful tribe of Indians, in Nortli America, livin)r on the Moliawks River. Only one famdy are left of them in the state of New Vork, the rest huvintj, in 1776, emi- j^rated, with sir John Johnson, into Ca- nada. MMlla, or Muhilia, one of the Co- mora Islands, between the N end of Madagascar and tlie continent of Afri- ca. The inland parts are mountainoua and woody, and there are villages scat- tered here and there, whose houses are made of reeds and straw. The people are blacks, with great heads, large lips, flat noses, sharp chins, and strong limbs. They go quite naked, except only a few leaves. Their skins are cut and pricked, so as to make several fi- gures on all parts of their bodies. Some of the inhabitants are Mahometans, who have a Ifev wretched mosques, built of wood and straw without, and matted neatly within. This island a- bouiuls in animals, such as buffaloes, goats, tortoises, hens, large bats, and ramelions; and here are a great num- ber of birds, whose names are not known in Europe. It produces plenty of rice, peas, honej , cocoa-nuts, plan- tains, oranges, lemons, citroiw, pine- apples, cucumbers, tuinarind.s, and su- gar-canes. There arc several fine streams, and the g^ass and trees are green all the year, so that in short it is a kind of paradise. Lon. 45 £, lat. 11 55 S. Mohilef, a government of the Rus- sian empire, part of Lithuania, dis- membered from Poland, in 1772 ; which contains 11 districts. Miih'drf, a populous, strong and well built town of Lithuania, in the Russian government of the same name. It has a considerable trade, and is seated on the Dnieper, 35 miles S of Ortza. Lon. 31 2 E, lat. 54 15 ». MoUtac, an ancient town of Franr c, in the departnient of Lot. IChasagreut trade in corn anil flour, and is sealed on the Tarn, near the Garonne, LI miles N W of Montauban. Lon. 1 17 E, lat. 44 6 N. Miiia, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, where they pretend to shew the rujiisof Ciceio's lioustt, seat- ed on the gulf of Venice, 14 miles E of Bari. MnU, a town in Flintshire, where the assises arc held, ll is five mile* S of Flint. Mnhiitvia, a province of Turkey in Europe, 270 miles long and 210 broad ; bounded on the N by Poland, from which it is also divided on the N E by the Dniester ; on the E by New Ruasua; on the S E by Bessarabia j on the s by Bulgaria, fiom which it is parted by the Danube ; on theS W by VValachiaj and on the W fjy Transylvania and Hun- gary. The other principal rivers are the Pruth, Moldau, and flar>'alach. The soil is rich, and it abounds in goodpas- ture.i, which feed a great number of horses, oxen, and sheep : it also pro- duces com, pulse, honey, wax, fruits, with plenty of game and fowls. The sovereign, who is styled Hospodar, is tributary to the grand seignior, and is obliged to raise a large body of troopt at his own expcnce in time of war. The inhabitants are Christians of the Greek church, andjassyis the principal town. Mo/e, a river in Surry, which runr. to Darking, and passing beneath Box Hill, is believed to disappear in its vi- cinity, and to rise again near Leather- head. Hence it is supposed to derive its name : bi.t the fact is, that in very dry seasons the waste water is absorb- ed' by a tract of soft ground, two miles in length, called the Swallows, in ca- verns in tlie sides of the banks ; but not so as to prevent a constant t-.i'eam from flowing in an open channel above ground. The Mole enters the Thames at E Moulsey. Mo/e, St. Nicholat. See Nicholas, St. Mh'en, a strong town of Germany in Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of Law- enburg, belonging to the city of Lubec. It is se&ted on the Stekiness, 12 miles E of Lawenburg. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 53 38 N. M'lfetta, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Bali, with a bishop's see, and the title of a dutchy. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles N W of O L J Hiicient town of Prunr p, liciitof'Lot. ItliasH great |uiul Hciur, and it SLMtctl near tin- Garonne, M MoMtitubun. Lun. 1 17 licient town of Naples, in ji, where they prctenrovince of Turkey in liles long and 210 broud ; the N by Poland, fiom ) divided on the N E by the the E by New Hussiai liessarubia j on the s by m which it is paiied by on theS W by VValachiaj by Transylvania and Hiin- ler principal rivers aretlie and fiai'.'alacli. The id it abounds in g'ood pas- feed a great number of and slieep: it also pro. ulse, honey, wax, fruits, ■ game and fowls. The 10 is styled Hospodar, is le grand seignior, and ii Be a large body of troops pence in time nf war. The e Christians of the Greek ussy is the principal town, ler in Surry, which runs ind passing beneath llox ved to disappear in its vi- rise again near Leather- ; it is supposeil to derive . the fact is, that in very le waste water is absorb- >f soft ground, two miles led the Swallows, in ca- des of the banks ; but not nt a constant i-.i-eam from n o|]en channel above Mole enters the Thames 'icholat. See Nicliolas, St. •ong town of Germany in , in the dutchy of Law- f ing to the city of Lubec. the Stekiness, 12 miles urg. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. town of Naples, in Ter- 'ith a bishop's see, and lutchy. It is seated on snice, 10 miles N W of MOM Bari. Lnn. IG 53 E, lat. 41 28 N. Miiliires, a town of Franco in the de- purlnicjit of I.r.t and lute province of Qiitra. Lon. 1 Ju E, lat. 44 10 N. Muliiui, a strong town of Spain, in New Custile, si-aled on tiie river Gal- lo, in a territory abounding in )>astureH, is miles S E of Siguen.ta, iind 88 E N E of Madrid. Lon. 1 53 W, lat. 40 50 N. Motiit, a territory of Naples, lying between Terra-di-Lavora, Abru/zoCi- teriore, Capitanuta, and I'rincipato Ul- teriort. It is in tiie form of a triangle, wiiose sides are J9 miles in lengtii and is a mountainou* country, but fertile in corn, wine, satlron, and silk. Maine, a town of Naples, capital of a territory of the same name, but not populous. It is 30 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 43 E, lat. 41 36 N. MoUheim, a town of France, in the department of Lower llhinc and late province of Alsace, seated on the Bruscb. It is 10 miles W bv S of Stras- burg, and 228 E of Paris.' Lon. 7 35 £, lat. 48 32 N. Muluccai, or Spice hlandt, a cluster of Islands in the Indian Ocean, lying E of Celebes. The principal are Ternat, Amboyna, Tydore, Machian, Motyr, and Bachian, the largest of which is hardly 30 miles in circumference. They produce neither com, rice, nop cattle, except goats ; but they have oranges, lemons, and other fruits; and are most remarkable for spices, especially cloves. They have large snakes, which are not yenomous ; but very dangerous land crocodiles. The natives are idolatrous ; but there are many Mahometans. They were discovered, in 1511, by the Por- tuguese, who f(n-med some settle- ments ; but the Dutch drove them a- way. See Banda. Molwitz, a town of Silesia, in the province of Grotska, remarkable for a battle which the Prussians gained over the Austrians in 1741. It is 40 miles S of Breslaw, Lon. 17 14 E, lat. 50 33 N. Mnmbaza, a town of Africa, with a citadel, seated in an island of the same name, on the eastern coast oppo site to Zanguebar, 75 miles S S W of Melinda, and subject to Portugal. Lon. 48 E, lat. 44 N. Mombitza, a country of Africa, sub- ject to the Portuguese ; hence thcv ex- port sla\'c3, gold, ivory, rice, floli, and other provisions, wltli wliirh t-tiry M O N supply tlie Mcttlements in Brasil. 'I'lie king of Melinda, beingaChri.ttian, li..d a quarrel with the Portuguese gouin- or, took the caHtle of Moniliuza by an- sault, turned Mahometan, and mui'dcr- ed all the Cliristiaus, in Ib.U ; lint in 1729, the Portuguese became masteri of this territory again. Mono, an island of . enmark, in the Baltic, seated to the S VV of the isle ol Zealand, from wiiieii it is separated by a narrow channel. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 55 20 N. Mmaco, a small, btit handsome and strong town of Italyi capital of a terri- tory of the same name, witli a castle, a citadel, and a gnoil harbour. It ia naturally very strong, being seated on a craggy rock thaf projects into the sea. It has its own prince, under the pro- tcction of France, and is 8 miles W S W of Vintimiglia, and 12 E N E of Nice. Lon. 7 36 E. lat. 43 48 N, Monaghan, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 32 miles in lengtii and 22 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Tyrone, on the E by Ar- magh, on the S E by Louth, and on the W by Fermanagh. It is full of woo miles S by E of Uui'li'i^-ton on lake Chumpluin, and 1 3 N of Vergcnnei, witli lUUO inliubi- titnts. Mondego, a river of Portugal, wliicli lias its source near Guarda, and cross- '\\\^ the provincx- fieira, passes by Cdinibra, and fulls into the Atlantic Ocean, near a cape of the same name. MonMiiier, a small town of Franco, in the department of Somme and late province of Picardy, wliere tliere was formerly a palace. It is seated (m a mountain, 34 miles S E of Amiens, and 57 N of Paris. Lon. 2 34 W, hit 49 39 N. Mondonneiln, R town of Spain, in Gali- cla, with a bishop's see, seated in a fertile country, on a small river, 60 miles N E of Com]>ostulla. Lon. 7 10 W, hit. 43 30 N. Mondoubteau, a town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher and late province of Blasois. It has a cas- tle, and is 13 miles N of Vendome. Mondoxii, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel, a university, and a bishop's see. It was taken by the French in April 1/65. It is the largest and most popu- lous town of Piedmont, and is seated on a mountain near the river Elero, eight miles N W of Ceva, and 35 S E of Turin. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 44 33 N. Moiiforte, a town oi' Portugal, in the province of Beira, 30 miles N by E of Portalegra. Lon. 7 21 W, lat. 39 32 N. Monforte, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo, 20 miles S of Portalegra. Lon. 7 31 W, lat. 33 47 N. M'.mgltir, a largi' town of Hindoos, tan Proper, witliim old tort. It i.s gene- rally made a statimi ("or part of the English troops, and is seated o\\ the Ganges 110 miles K by S of Patna, and 275 N W of Calcutta. Lon. 83 M E, lat. 25 15 N. Mongii/s. Set; MoguU- Moiilieim, a town of Germany, in M ON Havana, 10 miles from Weisscmbcry. Lon. HUE, lat. 48 58 N. Mimii'^eUum, a s(^l|>orl of the United Provinces, in New Holland. Seated at the entrance of the Monick into the 2uider-Zce, eight miles N E of Am- sterdam. Lon. 4 5b E, lat 52 29 N Alunjoy, a sra.kll town of Germany in the I ircle of Westphalia and dutchy .if Jiiliers, 20 u.iles from Julicrs. Lon. 6 7 E, lat. 50 39 N. MiiiiUtrot, a 'own of France in the department of Upjier Loire and late province of Vclay. Lon. 4 6 E, lut. 4i 17 N. Mimnwiilh, the county town of Mon- mouthshire, with a market on Satur- day. It is pleasantly seated at the con- fluence of the Wye and Mynnow, which almost surround it, and over each of wliicli there is a bridge. It contains two parish churches, and here was born the warlike Henry V. It is a handsome town, carries on a good trade with Bristol by the Wye, sends one member to parliament, and is 21 miles W of Gloucester, and 128 W by N of London. Lon. 2 46 W, lal. 51 49 N. Monmnuth, a post town in Kennebec county, Maine, 15 miles W by N of Auffustaon the river Kennebec, and 23 N W of Pittston on the same water. Monmouth, a post town, the capital of Monmouth county, New Jersey ; situated 22 miles N E of AUentown, and 13 S W of Shrewsbury. This was the scene of a warm engagement between the American army under Gen. Washington, and the British under Sir Henry Clinton, on the 27th of June 1778, which was one of tlie hottest days in that year ! Mnnmoiuhshire, a county of England, in the diocese of Landatf, bounded on the N by Hertfordshire, on the E by Gloucestershire, on the S E by the mouth of the Sevcjii, !ind on the W and S W by tlie counties of Brecknock and Glamorgan. Its extent from N to S is about 24 miles, and from E to W 20. the aip is temperate and healthy, and the soil fruitful, though mountain- ous and woody. This county is ex- tremely well watered by 8e\eral fine rivers ; for besides the Wye, the Myn- now, and the Rhyney, or Rumney, thi.s county has almost peculiar to itself the river Usk, which runs southwai-d, and falls into t!ie Severn, and divides it into two luiequal portions ; all tUcs^ A ON ilcs frrirn Weisscmbcry. lut. 48 M N. , 14 8(:.i|<(>ri ot'tlie Unitud New Hitllaiid. Seulcil c oftlio Monick into tlie tflit iiiilcM N E of Am- 4 5b h, lat 5'2 29 N n.kll town of Germany in Westphalia uiul dutc-liy i.iles fi'om Julicrs. Lon. 39 N. 'own of France in tlie Upjier Loire uiiil late lay. Lon. 4 6 E, lut. 4i lie county town of Mon- illi a market on Satur- muntly seated at the con- le Wye and Mynnow, siirroiiiul it, and over 1 tliere is a bridjfc. It urisli churches, and here warlike Henry V. It is •wn, carries on a g'ootl stol by the Wye, sends to parliament, and h 'il oiioester, and 1^8 W by Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 51 49 » post town in Kennebec , 15 miles W by N of ! river Kennebec, and 23 on on the same water. I post town, tlie capital county. New Jersey ; es N E of AUentown, of Shrewsbury. This ' of a warm engagement iiierican army under Gen. nd the British imder Sir I, on the 27th of June vas one of tlie hottest ar! ire, a county of England, uf Laiidatt', boimded on fordshire, on the E by c, on the S E by the Sevciii, and on the W a counties of Brecknock I. Its extent from N to liles, and from E to W temperate and hcaltliy, litful, though mountain- y. This county is ex- watered by 8e\eral fine ides the Wye, the Myn- Ihyney, or Rumney, thi.» nost peculiar to itself which runs southward, le Severn, and divides qual portions ; all tUest^ M O N rivers part'icularly the Wyp and Usk, ' ahdiiiid with fish, especially salmon and trout. 'I'lie custi-rn |)ftrt, and tiie larj^rst, is a tract fertile in corn and i p:isl.iie, and well wooded j and it' ahiiuiuU with limestone. The Wist- rrn ;iortion is mitnntainoiis, and in great part imfavourahle for ciltivation ; wlieue it is devolid to the fi edni);' of sheep uiid goats, Moiiiiiouthiiliire w.»s fi)riiierl\ reckoned one of the counties nt' Wales i and it is now compreliend- rd in tlie civil division of t!ic I'oi'iiicr. ■Jlic higher ranks ;^cnerally speak Enjj^- li'..!, hut llie eoininim people use the Welsh langii;;go. The mamifaclure of thi-i county s Hunnels. Afrwoiiirii.ipa, a kingdom on the E coast of Afi ioa, b'lUiKh il nn tlic N by \li)ii;);iiiii^-i, on the E by the Moxani- hKi'ic, on the S by Sofala and Manica, iinil on the W by unknown regions. It is watered by sevcrnl rivers, of wliicli Zainbera is the chief. The air is temperate, and the soil fertile in rice and sugar canes, which last grow witiiout cultivation. There are a great maiiv ostriches and elephants, with several mines of gold and silver. The inhabitants are negroes, who havj as numy wives as tliey can get. Their religion is jiaganisin ; but they believe in one God tliat rrraled the world. The army of the king consists only of foot, for tlicy have no horses in the ('(nnitr\. The Portuguese had a set- tiiinent here in 1560, but they were ;ill murdered, or forced away. It lies kiiween 23 and 33" E lon. and 14 and 19° S lat. M'mm.v.igi, a kingdom of Africa, ly- in;^nc,irthe equator, between Abys- sinia on tiie N, ZaMgticbar on the E, Monoinotapa on the S, and Congo on the W. Tills country is very little kiinwn to the Europeans. Mommgahela, a river of Nortl! Amer- ica, wiiieh takes its rise in Virj;-inia, and running- N meets tlie Allegany wliere their united streams are called the Ohio. It is deep and gentle, and navigable for barges 50 miles from its montll. Mo'iopoH, an episcopal town of Na- ples, in Terra di Bari, seated on the gulf of Venice, 28 miles S E of Bari. Lon. \7 37 E, lut 41 21 N Moiis, an ancient large and stroig city of Austrian Ilain'ioU, with a con siderable inanufaeture of woollen stulis, and a good trade. It has been frc- GaiidiMiiu, .ii 7 32 VV M O N quontty taken and retaken ; the hut. tune by the French iii I7'.l4. It stamls partly on a liill, and partly on a plain, at the conilui-nce of the Haisiie ami Ti'i)uille, by which the country around it may be overflowed at pleasure. It is 17 miles N & of I'ournay, 37 VV of Nannir, and 143 N of Furig. Lon. 4 3 E, lat. 50 27 N. Md/uaiito, a strongly fortified fron- tier town of Spain, in F.stramaduru. L(m. 5 50 W, lat. 39 40 N. Moiuiitraz, a town of Portugal, ill Alentcjo, scii'.eil on the mil(?s S W of Klvas. Lon. lat. 33 26 N. Mmsterlierg, or MuMterbcrg, a towi\ of Germany in Silesia, in a province of the same nam*, 20 miles N E of Glats, !uid 27 S of Breslaw. Lon. 17 16 E, lat. 50 3,7 N. JMiinatier. See Moutier. Mor.tiiliour, a small fortified town, of Germany, in the electorite of Treves, between Coblentz and Limburg. Lon. r5(>E, Lit. 50 30 N. » Miintucitiac, a considerable town of Natolia, on the sea of Marmora. It carries on a great trade, especially in fruits, and is seated on a bay of the same name, 70 miles S S E of Con- stantinople. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 40 N. Mortrigue Islaiul, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific ocean near Sandwieh Island. Lon. 168 31 £, lat \7 26 S. A£mtaigii, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late pro- vince of Poiiou, 24 miles VV of Mau» Icon. Lon. I 30 VV, lat. 47 N. MititMlhtn, a strong town of Si>aln, in .'Vrragon, with a citadel, seated on the Hio-.VI.iitin, 44 miles S of Saragos- sa, and 92 N bv \\ of Valencia Lon. 30 \V, lat. 41 9 N. Muntitichui, a small populous town of Tusc.iny, in the .Slenncse, with a bi- shop's sec. It is seated on a mountain, 17 miles S S E of Sienna, and 45 S £ of Florence. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 43 7 N, MvttaUo, an episcopal town of Italy, in the iiiarqiiisate of Aiicona, seated on the river Monacio, ten miles N of As. coli, and 45 S of Ancona. Lon. 13 30 E, lat. 42 54 N. Moiitat/ras, a frontier town of Portu- gal, in Alentejo, about 32 miles distant from Lisbon, Lon. 624 \V, lat. i9 30 N. Moutargil, a small town of Portugal in the province of Estramadura. Lon» 8 11 W, lat. .39 30 N. L I, L M O N M O N Mont, St. Andre, a town of Brabant in the late Austrian Netherlands, three mile.i N of Ranullics. Lon. 4 46 £, bi. 5 41 N. Montargis, a consiileruble town of France, in tiie de|)artmeiit of Loiret end lute province of Orleanois, fiimous for its excellent mustard and cutlery. It is seated on tiic river Loire from •which it has a navigriblc canal to the Seine, near ufine foieat, 15 milis S of Nemours, and 62 S by E of Paris. Muntauban, a consider.'iblo commer- cial towii wf France, in tlie depiirtment of L(.t, lately tlie episcopal sec oftlie pro- vim c of C^ierci. The inhabitants anicunt to ..(>,UOU: and lu'.ve manr.f:.ctures of siliv stockings and stuHs, serj^cs, slialoons, &.C. It is seated on an cmi- iience, on the river Tarn, ZH miles N of '1'' l''i.sc, and 30 S of Caliors. Montbazon, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loir"- and late province of Touraine, agreeably seated at the foot of a hill, on whicli is an ancient castle, 135 miles S VV of Paris. Lon. 45 E, lat. 47 1 N. Montbel iiird, a handsome strong town of France, capital of a principality of tiK- Gt'iman empiie of the same name, between the department of the Donbs and that of Upper Rhine. It is sealt:l at tlie foot of a ruck, on wliich is a . .ladcl. It was taken in 1674 by the French, who demolished the Kiiti- ficalions ; but it was restored to the prince. It is seated near the AhiiUi.' and Doubs, 33 miles W of Basle, and 45 N L of Besancon. Lon 6 50 E, lul. 4 31 N. ftloM Blanc, the highest mountain of the Alps, in Savoy, being 15,66J feet above the level of the sea. It is called Mont Blanc from i»s uncommon- ly white appearance. Tjie summit was deemed inaccessible till ITSG, wiien Dr. Paccard ascended it. Mont Blanc, the French have given tlie name of this mountain to the con quered dutcliy of Savoy, as eight}' rourth department of France. Montblanc, a town of Spain, in Cata lonisi, 15 miles N of Tarragona. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 41 10 N. Montbrison, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Forez, seated on the Velize, 40 miles W of Vienne, and C 50 S bv E of Paris. Lon. 4 27 E, lai 45 32 N. Mvntdiniphin, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Alps and latp province of Dauphiny, seated on a craggy mountain, almost surrounded by tiie Durance, eiglit miles N E of Km- brini. Lon. 6 45 E, lat. 44 40 N. Muiit-(le-Mi!rsan, u town of France and Capital oi tlie department of Lan- des and late provnu'e of Gascony. It is seated on tlie Midousc, 30 miles N E of Dax. Lon. .30 VV, lat. 43 55 N. Mimte-Ciis^ino, a mountain of Naplc-:, on the top of wiiicli is a celebrated bc- nedictine abbey. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 41 i<) N. Moiitecchio, a considerable town of Italy, in the d\itchy of Heggio. The French defeated the Aust; lans near this plai.e, August 3, 1796. It iseigiil miles N VV of Kcggio. Lon. 15 o4 £, lat. 38 8 N. Monw-l\iiCo, a town of Itnly, in the territory of the church and dutchy of Spalatto, scaled on ainountain near the river Clitunno, 12 miles VV of Spalatto. Lon. 22 40 E, lat. 42 58 N. Monte-Falcone, a town of Italy, in Vc- netian Friidi, witli a castle near the ri\er Ponzano, 12 miles N VV of Triest. Lon. 13 E, lat. 46 4 1il. Monte-f'iascnne, a small popnloue town of Italy, in the territory of the Church, with a bishop's sec, seated on a mountain near the lake Bnlsena, in a countrv al)ouuding with e.'icellent wine. Lon. 12 4 E, lat 42 26 N. Momvgo, a town of Jamaica, and iie.'wt to Kingstown the most flom-ish- nig in the island ; the harbour is capa- cious, but inconveniently exposed to the N wind, and it carries on a consi- derable commerce with Britain and America. Mante-Leone, a town of Italy in Na- ples, which was almost entirely ruin- ed by the earthquake of 1638. Mnntetimar, a commercial town of France, in the department of Drome and late province of Dauphiny. It has .11; aucient citadel, and is seated in a fertile pi: '•i, 25 miles S of Valence, .m\ 325 S by E of Paris. Lon. 4 "i E. lat. 44 33 N. Monte- Alarano, a populous town ol Ital} , in Naples, seated on the Galore, 18 miles S of Benevento. Lon. 15 E, hit. 40 48 N. Monte-Mor-o-Novo, a considerable (iwn of Portugal in Estramadura, 50 ni les E b\ S of Lisbon. Lon. 9 35 VV, lat. 38 42' N. Monte-Mor-o-Velho, a town of Portvir t.'-^;:.*J^.» . M O N rtment of the Upper Alps and ■iiice of Daiiphiny, seated on a noiintrtin, almost surrounded by ance, ci^lit miles N E of Em- ,011. 6 4d E, lilt. 44 40 N. de-Miirsan, a towu of France tal of the department of Lan- late provmt'e of Gascony. It is n the Midousc, 30 miles N E Lon. .30 VV, lat. 43 55 N. ■■Ciisnino, u mountain of Naples I)]) of which is a celebrated bi- c abbey. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 41 icchio, a considerable town of 1 the dutchy of Reggio. TJic defeated the Ausuians near L'e, August 3, 1790. It iseigiil ; VV of Kcggio. Lon. 15 54 E, 5N. e-i'.ikn, a town of Italy, in the y of the ciuu-ch and dutchy of ■), scaled on aniountuin near the litunno, 12 miles \V of Spalatto. 2 40 E, lat. 42 58 N. e-Falcone, a town of Italy, in V'c- Friuli, witl) a castle near the onzano, 12 miles N W of Triest. 3 E, lat. 46 4 N. te-Fiascone, a small popidous jf Italy, in the territory of the 1, with a bishop's see, seated on itain near the lake Bolsena, in a ■■ ubouiidhig with excellent wine. 3 4 E, lat 42 26 N. H-go, a town of Jamaica, and I Kingstown the most flourish- the island ; the harbour is capa- biit inconveniently exposed to wind, and it carries on a con si- e commerce with Britain and ca. ite-Leone, a town of Italy in Na- which was almost entirely I'uin- the earthquake of 1638. ite/imar, a commercial town of e, in the department of Drome te province of Dauphlny. It has lent citadel, and is seated in a pl:-.i, 25 miles S of Valence, 35 S bv E of Paris. Lon. 4 '5 , 44 33"N. nte-Marano, a populons town ot in Naples, seated on the Calore, lies S of Benevento. Lon. 15 . 40 48 N. oiite-Mor-o-Novo, a considerable of Portugal in Estramadura, 50 E b\ S of Lisbon. Lon. 9 35 W, 8 42'N. me-Mor-o-Velho, a town of Portvb M O K M O N jj-al, in Boira, with a very l.irgc castle, it is seated in a very fertile country, and is 83 miles N of Lisiion. Lon. 8 9 W, lat. 40 5 N. Moiite-I'etosa, an cijiscopal town of Naples in Basllicata, scaled on a moun- tain, near tl.e river IJasiento, 14 miles E of Cirenza. Lou. 16 18 E, lat. 40 46 N. Monte-Pnlsiano, an episcopal town of Tuscany, seated on a mountain near llie river Chiana,in a country noted for excellent wine, 50 uiiks S bv E of Flo- rcMce. Lon. 11 49 E, lat. 43 10 N Montesa, a very strong town of .Spain, in Valencia. It'is the se;:t of an order of knighthood of tlie same name ; and is five "miles N W of Xativa. Lon. 10 W, lat. 39 N. Monte- Sancti), formerly called Movnit- Athos, a mountain of Turkey in Eu- rope, on the gulf of Contessa. It is called Montc-Sancto, or the Holy Mount, because there are 22 mcnaste- ries thereon, in which are 4000 monk.s •wiio never suffer a woman to come near them. It is 17 miles S of Saloni- chi. Lon.24 39E,lat. 40 27 N. Monte-Verde, an episcopal town of K pies, in Principato Ulteriore, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 42 E, lat. 40 51 N. Mont-Ferrand. See Clermont. Montferrat, a dutchy of Italy ; bound- ed on the E by the Milanese and Ge- noa, on the N and W by Piedmont, and on the S by the territory of Genoa, from which' it in separated by the Ap- pennines. It contains 200 towns and castles, is very fertile and well cultiva- ted, aboinuling in corn, wine, oil, and silk i and is subject to the king of Sar- dinia. Casal is" the capital. Montfort, a town of France in the department of Seine and Oise and late province of the Isle of France, 16 miles W of Versailles. Lon. 2 50 E, lat. 48 45 N. Montfort, a town of France, in the department of Isle and Vilainc and late province of Bretagne. It is seated on the river Men, and is 12 miles \V of Rennes. Lon. 1 58 W, lat. 48 8 N. Montfort, a strong towm of the Uni- ted Provinces, in Utrecht, with an ancient castle. It is seated on the Ys- sel, seven miles S by E of Utrecht. Lon.5 0E, lat. 52 4N. Montfort, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, capital of a country of l*ie same name, subject to UiS liOUB© of of Llndau Lon. 9 54 Austria. It is 16 miles S .riery, a county of Pennsylva- niii, 33 miles long, '.ind 16 \w:'\lu for Salmon. , ' Moniiei, formerly an e|)iscoi)al town of Spain in New Castile, 18 miles from ]^e;:rza. Muhtilla, a town of Spain in the pro- viuce of Cordo\a, olmiles N of Gra- nada. Montivilliers, a town of France, m the '.'.ep.irtnu -it of I, >\ver Seine i.nd laie j.rovii'.ce of No:n.und\, 95 miles N W of Paris. Lon. 20 \V, lat. 49 3^ N. . , Muntlotiis, a town of 1 .ance, m tlie depurtmeui ol the Eastern Pyrenees wid hite province of RovislUou, with a sti'oi'i' citadel at the foot of a rock, buUt bv Lewis XIV. It is 430 miles 5 of pins. Lon. 2 5 K, hit 42 30 N. Montluet, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late (jrovince ol liressc, seated In a fertile country, on the Serainc, 12 niiies N E of Lyons, and 205 S E of Paris. Lon. * 8 E, lat. 45 4'.) N. Montluzon, or Muiittua» i ot France, in the depavlmen Wicr ajid late province of Boi, .on' >■ seated on the river Cher, '.ji) miles b of Palis. Litn. 2 45 E, lat. 46 22 i. McmtmeJi, a small but strong l^wn of Fr-iuce, in the department of Meuse and late dutchy of Bur, seatcl on the river Chier, which divides it into the upper and lower town. It is 170:niles N E of Paris. Lon. 5 23 E, lat. 49 32 N. Monfineliaii, fr>i merly a strong town ofSuv'iv, but the Ficnch in 1705, de- mol shed the fortihcations. It is eight jniles S E of Chaniberrv. and 27 N E ofGrpnnble. Lon. 6 15 E, lut 45 30N. Mo:ttmoie>\d. atdwn of France, ve- H)a-.kiihlc f >r the tombs of the ancient duhcs of Montmorenci. It is seated on .1 hill, near a large valley, famous for i«s cherries, and is seven miles from St. Dennis, and 10 from Paris. Montmorillnn, a town of France, m the department of Yienne, and late pro- vince of Poitou. It is seated on tlie ri- ver Gartemjie, over wiiieh it has a handstme bridge, 24 miles S E of Poi- tiers. JiontpsUitr, a city Qf Ui«! dqjartreuent M O N of Herault and iate province of Lan- guedoe It is -ne of the largest ami most beautiful cities in France, and has a citadel; a bishop's see ; a university, and a botanic garden, the first esta. blisl-.ed In Europe. The cathedral was ruintd by the Hugonots, but has been jiiiitly re'biiilt. The number of inhabi- i lants IS cotiiputed st 30,000. Its trade consists in slllvs, blankets, cotton goods, printed calicoes, gauzes, hides, but it is chiefly fam..ii» for its drugs and cordials, perfumed waters, hair-pow- der, andverdigrease. This city contains 200 apothecaries, the air is exti cinely healthy, and many invalids resort hi- tlier from all paits, to recover their health. Montpellier is seated on a hill, five miles from the Mediterranean, near the Lez, a small navigable river, and on the rivulet Merdanson, whlcl; is convev ed into dilierent parts of the ci^ ty by' subterraneous canals. It is 27 miles S W of Nisn.es, 47 N E of Nar- boiuie, and 180 S by \V of Paris. Lon. 3 38 E, lat. 43 37 N. MontpeUer, a post town in Caledonia county, Vermont! situated on the N E side of Onion river, 34 miles S E of Burlington on lake Champlain, ar,d 12 miles N of Wdliamston, in Orange county. Mtmtpensier, a town of France, in he department of Puy de Dome and .ate province of Auvergne, seated on a Irll, 210 miles S E of Paris. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 46 4 N. Mimtrtiil, a fertile islam' of North Aiiierica, in Canada, in the i;iver St. Lawrence, 28 miles long, and 10 broad. It ;va» surrendered by the French to ihe English, in 1760, without firing a gun. It has a fortified town of the same name, built on the side of the ri- ver, whence there is a gradual easy as- cent to what is called the Upper Town. 'I'he inhabitants carry on a trade in skins with the savages. It is 110 miles N of Albanv, and 120 S W of Quebec. Lon. 71 20 \V, lat. 45 55 E. MuntreJ, a town of Spain, in the province of Ariagon, with a castle, seated on the Xilof a, 25 miles N N W of Ten'ucl, and 40 S by E of Calatajud. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 40 53 N. Montreal, an archiepiscopal town of Sicil , in the valley of Mazara, seated on a rivulet, five miles \V of Palcimo, and 50 N E of Mazara. Lon. 13 31 E, lat. 38 14 N. I Muntreai, or Mimtrojal, a fortr^^ss pt O N M O N M O R :.ite province of Lan- iic of tlie largest lUid ilies in France, and liua lit)])'s see ; a universily, jfarden, the first csta. \>c. The cathedral wai Hugonots, but has been The number of inliabi- ted .-it 30,000. Its trade blankets, cotton jjfjods, s, {gauzes, hides, but it us for its drugs arid inied waters, hair-puvv- jrease. This city contain* ies, the air is extremely many invalids resoit lii- paits, to recover their peliier is seated on a hill, 1 the Mediterranean, near lall navigable river, and t Merdunson, whicl: is dilierent parts of the ci- '.meous canals. It is 27 Nisn.es, 47 N E of Nar- 10 S by \V of Paris. Loii. 5 37 N. a post town in Caledonia lont ; situated on the N E 1 river, 34 miles S E of lake Chaniplain, ar>d 12 VVdliamston, in Orange •, a town of France, in :nt of Piiy de Dome and of Auvergne, seated on Ies S £ of Paris. Lou. 3 4 N. _ I fertile islam' of North Canada, in the i;iver St. I miles long, and 10 broad, ndered by the French to in 1760, without firing a a fortified town of the juilt on the side of the ri- :here is a grailual easy as- is called tlie Upper Town. mts carry on a trade in c savages. It is !10 miles and 120 S W ofQiiebcc. ^, lat. 45 33 E. a town of Spain, in the Ari'agon, with a castle, Xilota, 25 miles N N W id 40 S by E of Calatajud. lat. 40 53 N. m archiepiscopal tov/n of valley of Mazark, seated five miles W of Palei mo, i' Mazara. Lon. 13 31 £, ir Muntrojal, a fortress of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the river Moselle, 22 miles NEof 1 reves. Lon. 7 6 E, lat 4V> 59 N. Muiitniiii, a fortified town of France in the department of the Straits of Ca lais and late province of Picardy. It has a castle and is Kcated on a hill, near the river Canche, 10 miles N \V of Hesdin, and 117 N of Paris. Lon. 1 53 E, lat. 50 27 N. M.mtreuil-Bieiay, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, seated on the river Touet, 155 miles S VV of Pa- ris. Lon. 9 VV, lat. 47 6 N. Montrichard, a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher and late province of Blasois. It has a cas- tle and is seatetl near the Cher, 12 miles S E of Amboise, and 112 S W of Paris. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 47 22 N. Muntrose, a borough and seaport in Angiishire, near the estuary of the South Esk. Over this river, a new bridge was erected in 1795. At high water the town is almost surrounded by the sea; and the harbour is a fine scHii- circiilar basin, with a stone pier. The buildings are neat ; and the most re- markable are the town-house, the church, an elegant episcopal chapel, an hospital for lunatics, and its parish church is the largest in Scotland except the parish church of Glasgow. A great number of trading vessels belong to tliis tow . and a considerable trade is carried on to (he Baltic, Hamburg, Ri- ga, Archangel, &c. Malt is likewise maile here in great quantities, and its manufactures of sailcloth, linen and thread of late years have become very extensive. Ti.e salmon fisheries on the N and S Esk form a valuable branch of commerce. The inhabitants of Mint- rose are said to be about 10.000, and it is 48 miles N E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 .".2 W, lat. 56 40 N Moil, St. Michel, a strong town of France, in thedepa"tmentof the Chan- nel and late province of Normandy, built on a rock in the sea, which is as- cended at low water. This place gave name to the late military order of St. Michel, founded by Lewis xi. 1479. It is 10 miles S W of AvrancheN,and 180 W of Pi.ris. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 48 27 N. Moi'.uujton, a town of France, in the depai tment of Upper Marne and lati pro\iiu-c of Champagn(?, 145 mile-. S F. of Paris. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 47 36 N. Mmtscrrat, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a famous Dif/ nastcry and cliapcl, dedicated to the Virgin, resorted to by numbers of pil- grinis. It is inhabited by monks of seve- ral nations, who entertain all that come out of devotion or curiosity, for three days gratis. This mountain is said to be 10 miles in circumference, and five high, and the country around is seen fi>r 150 miles. It is 25 miles N VV of Barcelona. MoiiUerrat, one of the Leeward Ca- ribbee Islands, in the West Indies, dis- covered, in 1493, by Columbus, and so named by him from its resemblance to the mountain mentioned in the ])rece- ding article. It is about nine miles in length and breadth : and supposed to contain 50,000 acres, and the hills are covered with cedar and other trees. U carries on a great trade to England and Ireland in rum, Sec. belongs to the English, and is 30 miles S VV of An- tigua. Lon 62 34 W, lat. 16 54 N. Moma, a town of It:dy, in the Mi- lanese, seated on the Lambro, eight miles N E of Milan. Lon. 9 20 E, l«l 45 33 N Momingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Khine, 12 miles W on Creutznach, and 42 E of Treves. Lon 7 14 E, lat. 49 50 N. Mmn, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, extending between Abyssi- nia and Monomotapa. They are high- er than those of Atlas. Moorefields, a post townj the capital of Hardy eouiity, Virginia; lying oa the E side of tJie south branch of Po- lowmai k, 75 miles VV by S of Win- Chester, and about 50 S of Cumberland, in AlK'fflieny county, Maryland. Afoorestmim, a pleasant village in Bur- lington county. New Jersey ; 9 miles E by N of Philadelphia, and the tame distance VV by S of Montholly. Moonhtdabad, a city of Hindoostan Proper, the capital of Bengal before the establishment of the English pow- er. It is seated on the western arm of the Gauges, 120 miles N of GalcutU, Lon. 83 2« E, lat 24 15 N Mootiipilley, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the Guntoor Cir ar, at the mouth of the Gondegama. Lon. 80 10 E, lat. 15 45 N. Morn, a town of Spain, in New C:^> iile, 18 miles S E of Toledo. Lon. 3 4 VV, lat. 39 36 N. Morant, Pointt the most easterly pr»> ^l|al-'l:^ ■■'SS?^- M O R montory of Jamuica. Lon. 75 56 W, lat. 17 56 N. Mi'iut, a commtrcial town of Swis- seilai.tl, capital of a bailiwic of the sunie name, bclongini^ to tlic cantons of Bern and Fi-iburg, with a castle. It it is cclcbnited foi- the slope it sustani- ed a^^uinst Charles the Bold, duke of Biiiv.iindy, which was followed bv the batiie ofMorat, in 1476, in which the duke was totally routed. It is 10 miles ■\V of Bern, aiid 10 uiiles N F. of Fri- bur-. Lon. 6 53 E, hit. 46 52 N. Morut, a hike of Sw'isicrland, in a baihwK" of tiie same name. It is six miles long and two broud, lyinj^ paral- lel M'itli the lake of Neuchatel, into which it empties itself by the river Uroye. Moratalaz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22 miles E of Ciudad Real. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 40 32 N. * Miiratalla, a town of Spain, in Mur- cia, 34 miles S S VV of Chinchilla. Lon. 1 50 E, lat. 38 31 N. Morava, or Moravi, a river of Ger- many, which hus its source on the con- fines of Bohemia and Silesia. It cros- «es 'Moravia, where it waters Olmutz and Hradisch, and rereivinpf the Teya, from the confines of Lower Hungary and Upper Austria, separates these two countries as far as the Danube, in- to which it fidls. Morave, a river of Turkey in Eu- rope, which rises in Bulgaria, and run- ning' through Servia, by Nissa, falls into the Danube, at Semendriah. Moravia, a marquisate annexed to Bohemia, by which it is bounded on the W, by that kingdom and Silesia on the N, by Silesia and Hungary on the E, and by Austria on llic W. It is a wiountainous country, yet very fertile and jjopulous, and watered by a great number of rivers and brooks. It takes its name from the river Morava, which puns through it ; and hence the sect of Christians, called Moravians, take their name, their doctrines havmg been first taught here. Olmiitz was the capital, but now Brinn claims that honour. Morbach, or Murbach, a town of France, in the department of Lower Riiine. 42 miles S E of Strasburg Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 48 N. Morbegiio, a town of the country nf the Orisons, in the ^'aIte^me, wlierc the governor and tlic regency resMt It is thi' lianilsopicslavid mb.st cmnici ciai town in the Valteliiie, and seated M O R on the Adda, 12 miles S E of Chiaven- na, and 20 N E of Lecco. Lon. 9 31 li, lat. 46 10 N. Murbihan, a department df France, including part of the late province of Bretagne. Vannes is the capital of thin department, whicli takes its name from a small hay between that town and the island of Betleisle. Its entrance is nar- row i but it expands within, and con- tains about 30 little islands. Morconc, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 19 miles S S E of Molise. Lon. 14 54 E, lat. 41 24 N. Morea, the ancient Peloponnesus, a neninsula on the S part of Greece, to which it is joined by the isthmus of Corinth, lying between the gulfs of Lcpan o and Engia. It is 180 miles long, and 130 broad, and divided into three large provinces. The air is tem- perate and tlie soil fertile, except the middle where there are many moun- tains. It is watered by several rivers, of \ liich the Alpheus, the Vasi!i-Po- tamo, and the Stromio are the chief. It was taken by the Venetians from the Turks in 1687, and retaken in 1715. The Sangiack of the Morea re- sides at Modon. Morella, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, whicli was almost destroyed, in 1705. by the army of Philip V. It is seated among high mountains, 80 miles N of Valencia. Moresby, a harbour, a little N of Whitehaven, in Cumberland ; in and about which many remains of antiqui- ty have been dug up, such as altars and stones, with inscriptions on them ; and several caverns have been found called Picts' Holes. Moret, an ancient town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne, with a castle, seated on the Loire, 35 miles S E of Paris. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 4825N. Moretta, a town of Piedmont, situ- ate on a small river, which runs into the Po, 16 miles S of Turin. Lon. 7 44£, lat. 44 48 N. MorgantovM, the capital of Burke county. Margnntcnvn, a post town in North Carolina, lyingon the S side of Cataw- ba river, 45 miles N W of Lincolnton, an), cochineal, and ostrich feathers ; in return for wjiich they have silks, muslins, calicoes, cofVee, and drugs. The deserts abound with lions, tigers, leopards, and serpents 6f several kinds. The fruits arc dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pome- rai.iites, and many others. There is !ls . fta.\, and hemp, bill little timber. Tie emperor is absolute, his will be- ing a law, and he often exeioises great ir'ielties. Hi* naval foii e consists cliietly of rovers, who now and then take large ])rizes. He can bring lOO.OOO n.cii into the field, half of trluch are foot and half horse ; but they are poorly armed, and know little of the art of war. It has three capital cities, Mi.rocco, Mequinez, and Fez. Morocco, one of the capital cities of the kingdom of Morocco, seated in a bcatitiful valley, formed by a chain of mountains on the N, and those of the Atlas on tiie S and E. It has nothing to recommend it but its great extent, and the royal palace, which takes up (io much groiind that it resembles a iimall city. It is inclosed by strong tvalls, the circumfei t-nce of which is eight miles ; tiiey are flanked by square towers, and surrounded by a wide and deep ditch. The mosques are more numerous than magni'icent. The best houses are enclosed in gar- dt ns ; but the generality of them serve only to impress the traveller with the idea of a miserable and deserted city. The Jews have a market of their own, »nd live in a separate town, walled in, and shut up every evening at nine, after which no person can enter or de- part, till next morning. Morocco is 90 miles E of Mogador, and 400 S of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 45 W, lat, 31 12 N. Moron, Atavtw ofSjiain, in Andalu- sia, .s.'iited in a ()leasant, fertile ;ilain. In its neighbourhood is u mini uf (jre- citius stones. It is 30 rtiles .S E of Seville. Lon. 5 10 VV, lat. 37 10 N. Morotoi, one of the Sandwich Isles, seven miles W N W of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce ; but it had little wood. The coast, on the S and W sides, forms several bays, which are tolerablv sheltered from the trade- winds. ■ Lon. 117 14 W, lat. 21 10 N, Morpeth, a borough in North niber- land, with a market on Wednesday. It is an . ill built, straggling place, seated on the N bank of the Wents- beck, and on the Ojiposite side is the church, and a castle in ruins II sends two members to parliament, lias a frec-soli.i.il, founded by Edward VI. and is 15 inilos N of Newv- .title, and 287 N b' W of London. Lon. 1 28 W, lat 55 15 N. MorrUtoim, t'le capital of Morris coiint\, New Jeisey, 20 miles \V of Newaik, and 22 E of Hackets- town. Thisw-.s a lr)ng lime ge'icral Washington's head quarters in the Revolution war. Mors, a town and castle of Germa- ny, in llie circle of Westphalia, behnig- ing to the dutchy of Cleves. Lim. 6 40 E, lat. 57 23 N. Mjrtugne, a town of France, in the department of Orne and late pr6vlncc of Perchc, famous for it serges, tanne- ries, and coarse linen cloth. It is ID miles E of See/,, and 70 W of Paris. Lon. 40 E, lat. 48 33 N Mortagne, a town of France, in the •lepartment of the N and late province of French Flanders, seated at the con- fluence of the Scarpc and Scheld, eight miles S E of Touniay. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 50 29 N. Mortain, a town of France, in the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, seated on the rivulet Lances, almost surrtninded by craggy rocks, 20 miles E of Avran- cites. Lon. 54 W, lat. 48 37 N. Mortara, a strong town of Italy, in the Milanese, st'ibject to the king af Siirdinia It is 22 miles S W of Milan. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 45 22 N Mrtlaie, a village iit Surry, seated on the river Thames, six miles W of London. Great part of this i!i.r< .ii is inclosed in Richml:iin. 1(11x1 is u mini .,)■ prc- is 30 irtiles S V. of 10 VV, lut. 37 10 N. iftlie Sandwich Isles, >I VV of Mowee. Tarns produce ; but it haA e coast, on the S and icvcral bays, which are ;red from the trade- 7 U VV, lat. 21 10 N. •oiigh in North niber. arket on Wednesday, jilt, straggflinjr place, r banl; of the Wents- : Oj)positc side is the castle in ruins It nbers to parliament, il, fouiKlod by Eriwurd liles N of Newca.itle, V of London. Lon. 1 ) N. lie capital of Murris CI scv, 20 mill's \V of 22 E of Hackcts- s a loni^ lime g^e'icral lead quarters in the' and castle of Gorma- of VVeslplialia, belong. ■hy of Cleves. Lon. 6 N. town of France, in the 3pne and late prdvince us for it serges, tannc- : linen cloth. It is 19 :/„ and TO W of Paris. ,. 48 33 N )\vii of France, in the he N and Lite province crs, seated at the con- cai-pc and Scheld, eight Miniay. Lon. 3 30 E, iwn of France, in the the Channel and l.\te niandy, seated on the . almost surrounded , 20 miles E of Avran- . VV, lat. 48 37 N. ronff town of Italy, in siibject to the king af J2 miles S VV of Milan. :. 45 22 N llagc in Surry, seated anies, six miles W of part of tills jii.ri lii is limimd Park ; itiul iiis i-m here of 80 acres. M O S ill his own occupation, and in excellent t'liitivation. AlortUch, a village in Banfrshirc, six miles li W of Ki'ith. Here iMalcom II. in'memory of a victory gained over the Danes, founded a bisliopric, wliich was translated to Aberdeen by Uavid I. Morton, or Murtoii HiiiHf> of its sides, is of a triangular form, s< rounded by high walls of stone ami brick, about two miles in circumfe- rence. This division is not deformed by wooden houses. It contains the an- cient palace of the czars, novif oiUy re- markable for being tlie birtlipluce of Peter the Great ; also sever-ol churches, two convents, the patriarchal palace, and the arsenal now in ruins. 2. The second division, called Khitaigo- rod, which is much larger tiian tlie Kremlin ; it contains the university, the printing house, and many ol'ier public buildiiig.4, with all the tradesmen's 8hi)|)s. TIic houses are inoHlly stueco- e J or white-washed ; and it has the on« ly street in Moscow in which the hou- ses stand close to each olhcr.~ 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town, which runs round the two preceiling divisions: it is supposed to derive its name from a white wall, by which il was formerly surrounded, and of wlaclksonie rcmauis M M M ixl f,!i ' mm M M O S M O S Are still to be seen. 4. Scmlainogofod, wliich environs all the otlier three qiiaricTS, is so jlcnominatcd from a cir- cular raiiinart of earth by which it is cncotnpassf (1. The last t wo divisions exhibit a {grotesque (jroup of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Slo- boda, or suburbs, wiiich form a vast exterior circle roiuid all tlic parts alrea- dy sk\'a is navigubifi in tlie spring only, ii|>an the melting of the snows, the principal merchandise is conveyed upon sledges in winter. This city is SSS miles S S E of Petersburg, and 1200 N i)v E of Coustantinuplc. Lon. 37 31 £. lat. 55 45 N. Moselle, a dcp.irtnicnt of France, in- cluding part of the late province of I.or- i-ain. It taii.'s its name from a river which rises ir, tlie Vosges, w.ilers Epi- nal, receives llic MeurUie below Nan- Ii o s rick, Btuccocdi or white he others of wood, paint- of their, hi-lls wliicli iisidcrablc piiut of divine f u HUi[)L-mloug si^e; they fifries (Ivtuched from tlie ixcd immovcubly to the ingf by a rope lied to the IS ulways been esteemed act of religion to present bells; and the piety of been measured by tlipir \ccordinj^ly, Boris Godii- a bell of '^88,000 poqmls ■al of Moscow, was tiie vereign of Russia, till he d by tile empress Anne, pence a bell was cast, 2,000 : poimds, and is the kiiovvi) world. In the- ca- Michucl, the sovereign!) •e formerly mterred: tii'- eposited in raised septil- ' of brick, in the shapQ of vo the pavement, and a- t in height. Each tomb rer extremity, a small sil- )n which is engraved, the . deceased prince, and the eath. They are covered red cloth or red velvet ; 'eat festivals, all these se- covered with rich palls, of er brocade, studded with iewels. The cathedral of ion of the Virgin Mary is ^'iiiKcent in the city, and r a))propriated to the eoro- Kiissian sovereigns ; fr(,>m the roof hangs an cnor- licr of massy silver of En- tanship. Moscow is the inland commerce of Iliis- irly connecting the irade ■ope and Siberia. The na- ils city is formed solely by which fulling into the Occa, la, communicates, by that the Volga. But as tlie uigublfi iu tlie spring only, citing of the snows, the rchandise is conveyed upon winter. This city is 655 [)f Petersburg, and 1200 N tantinoiilc. Lon. 3r 31 E. department of France, in- )fthe late province of i^or- v.'s its mune from u river n the Vosges, waters fipi- ; the Meurthe below Nan- M O S cl, and passing by Met/, Thionvillc, ami Treves, fails into the Rhine at Cob- \cT\cz Metz is' the capital. ■ M>.it<^- Sec M.ielatrnoiu: Mnsffuito Shnrci a country of New Sjiuiu, in North America, lying on the yjtiantic Ofcan. The interior part of the country is bounded by the l;il;e Ni- r!fra;;iia, and fenced by mountains stretching to tiu- west. In m»gnit\idc it exceccls Poftui^al ; is well watered l>y navig'ablc rivers ai«l lakes ; abotmils iii fish, ivame, and provisions of all sorts ; fumi.shcs every necessai-y for raisinp;' ci'ttle and stock, on plantations of every kind, and to any extent: and is dothed with woods, producing timber for c\'cry purpose at land or sea The sod IS superior to tliat of the West In- dia islands: the air aii'd climate are more saliihrlii\is ; and tl;e ilcstructive ravf.TfS of h'.ii'riciuies mid earthquakes have never ' been known here. The Spaniards esteem it a part of the jjrin- •ipality of Honduras, tlinuprh they liave no colonics in the Mosquito country. When they first invaded this part of Mexico, t!iey ma8H;icred the greatest part of the natives, whicli gave those thatescai>ed into the inac'cesslble part of the country an insuperable aversion to them ; and they have alwa3'8 appeared ready to join any Europeans that come upon their coasts affainst the Spaniards, and particularly the English, who frc- qneVitly come hither j and the Mosqui- to men bcinjj' excellent marksmen, the English employ them in striking the marateefish, &c. and many of the Mos- quito IndiaiVs crtine to Jamaica, and «ail with'thc Englisli in their voyages. The Mosquito Indians are so .'lituatc between tyinrasses and inaccessible mountains, and a coast full of rocks and shoals, that no attempts afSfainst them by the Spaniards, could ever succeed. Never- theless, they afe a mild and inoflensive people, of great probity, and will ne- ver trust a man who has once deceived them. They had so (yrcat a veneration for the Etiglish, that they spontaneously put themselves tmder the protection of the crown of GrePt Britain. This was first done, when the duke of Albemarle was governor of Jamaica; arid the king of the Mosquitoes received a- commis- sion from his grace, under the seal of that island ; since which time, they w<»re not only steady in their allia. re with the English, but warm in their af l%ctiun, and very useful to them on ma- M O U ny ocrnsions. When the king died, the male h';ir went to Jitmaicn, to cer- tify that he was next in blood and re- ceived a commission in form fioni the governor of Jamaica, to he king of ilic Mosquitot'S ; till which, he coidd not be acknowledged as such by his coun- trymen. So fond were they of every thing English, that the common people were ]iroucl of every ChristlHii or sur- name given them by our seamen, who conferred on their eliief nun the titles of some of our nobility. But the con- nection between the English and the Mosquitoes no longer subsistM. By ii convention with Sjoain, in 1' ', the English, in cousic'crution of certain ces- sions on the coast of Honduras, agreed to evacuate this country totally ; and it is now a province of Spain. See Hon- iliiras. Moatngan, an ancient and strong town of the kingdom of Alj,;iers, witli a cas- tle and a good harbour, 50 miles N E of Oran. Lon. 30 E, lat. 36 20 N. Mostiir, a considerable town of Turk- ish Dalmatia, with a Greek archbish- op's sec. It belongs to tlie Turks, 20 miles N E of Naronta. Lon, 18 3r E, lat. 43 48 N. Mosul. Sec Mouiul. Motala, n town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, 15 miles N W of liuunto. Lon. \7 14 E, lat. 40 46 N. Motyr, an island of Asia, one of the Moluccas, of great value to the Dutch, on account of its spices. Lon. 128 20 E, lat. 10 S. Motril, a se.iport town of Spain, in Granada, witli a good harbour, seated on tlie Mediterranean, 57 miles S E of Granada. Lon. 3 28 W lat. 36 32 N. Mouiib, a town of Asia in Ar:ibia Fe- lix, capital of Yemen, seated in a fer- tile couutrv, 80 miles S of Sanaa. Lon. 46 35E, lat. 16 20 N. Moudon, one t)f the most ancient towns of Swisserland, caiiitnl of a baili- wic of the same niimc, in the Pays de Vaisd, and formerly of all that part of the country which belonged to the duke of Savoy. The baililV, appointed by the canton of Bern, resides in the castic of Lucens, built on the summit of a moun- tain. It was formerly called Minodu- mum. It is 12 miles N hv E of Lausanne. Lon. 6 58 E, lat. 46 41°N. Moiig-dejt, or Chen-yav, the capital of the country of the Mantchew Tartars, in East Chinese Tortary. It is built ou ■11 W M O U M O U an eminence, and ■%valle(l in by wall* ,T IcHf^ties in rircniiiference. It is 440 mill-It N E of I'ukin. Lon. 122 45 E, lat. 41 55 N. Mouliiis, an cpisropal town of France, in the (k'liartiiicnt of Allicr anil latu province of Bonrhomiois. It lias ft bridjfe over the Aliiir on wiiich it i» scaled, uiul takeo its name from the great number of mills (monlins) that were formerly in its neifvlibonrhood ; and rontaiiiN above 16,0()O irhftbitantM. Its nianiifaetnre of cullery is in threat esteem. It is 30 miles S of Nevers. Lon. 3 2.5 K, l.>t. 46 34 N. ♦ Miiiiiiiis-Eni-ii/iert, a town of France, in the department of Nievre and lnU- province of Nivernois. It is seated at the bottom of llie mountains of Morvan, and is ,'5 miles S \V of Chateau-Cliinon. Alonlti'.n, a provi;ice of Hiiulnostan Propiir, boui.dcd on the N by Lalion-, on the K b\ Uclhi and Ajriniere, on the S by Gn/.eiMt, ai)d on tin: W by Persia and C.-indaliar. It.s tirodtirts are cotton, siijfar, opium, piiils, brimstone, &C. It was sulijei't to the Selks ; but its ca- pital, Mocdtan, has been {Garrisoned by the king; of Candahar, ever since 1779. Mdultan, one of the most ancient ci- ties of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a province of the same name. It is of small extent for a capital, but stronply fortified, and has a Hindoo temple of great celebrity. The trade of Moidtan has been (jreatly lessened on arcoimt of the river liavinj,'- been choaked lip. Here is a particular sect of Hindoos, called Catry ; a tril;" nbitantii. I>uy un the S coast of en the Lunli though, or red Icg- tcd for stvuling and car- whiitever it linds. In a considerable pilchard a town in Leicester- 'd from a high mount or rrel-coloi.red stone, ex- Of rongli stones, iicwn k, tlic town is built. It !i Mondav, and is seated '.'() miles fi S E of lierby, VV of London. Lon. 1 9 N on, the ficat of the late lington, andliis favourite he fatigues of ptililic em- rasantly sftiiated on the itowmack river, 18 miles y of Washington, and 9 idria. Ml, a post town in Kenne. i^aine, 14 miles N W of Kennebec river. I wn of Portugal, in Alen- old castle ; seated at the the rivers Ardita and miles S E of Lisbon. Lon. 38 ON. tlic capital of Fezzan, in cd on a small river, and water from a multitude I wells. Being formerly it still retains the appel- :hristivn town ; and the it presents to the eye, of of ancient buildings, and ittages of earth and sand dwellings of its present ints, is singularly gro- trangc. It is surrounded II, which not only affords defence, but enables the collect, at its three 1 all goods 'provisions e%- ;re brought for the supply of its people. A Caravan acts out an- nually ii'oni Mcsurata to this place ( and liciucthc Fc//.anncrs thenmelves dii- piitcli, every yuar, a caravan to Cashna, and another to Hornou. Mour/ool^ is 262 miles S of Mesurata, 630 N W ot Uornnii, and 710 N by E of Caslina. Lat. 27 20 N, lon. 15 3 E. Mossy, a river of Hindooston, which crossing tlic counln of Coiconda, runs into liic Kistna on the conllnes of the circitr of Pulnaml. Mtmitien, a town of France, in the ilepartment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence. It is noted for a niamifacture of line porrelain, and for a once famous pilgrimage, called Our Lady of Bcauve/.er, seated between two very lofty ami crag^'v nionntains. Mnustiers is five miles N E of Rieic, and 47 W N W of Nice. Mousul or Mosul, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Diarbeck, seated on the W bank of the river Tigris. It is a large place, surrounded by high walls, and defended by a castle, and citadel : but the houses are in several places gone tu ruin. It has a great trade, particularly in cloth, and all sorts of cottons and silks. At some distance from Mousul is a mosque, in which they pretend the prophet Jonah lies. The inhabitants are Mahometans ; but there are a great number of Christians. In 1743, it was besieged by the Persians, but to no purpose. In 1758, this city and the adjacent country were visited by a dceadful famine, in consequence of the preceding hard winter, and of the in. numerable locusts by which the fruits of the earth were destroyed. It is J30 miles S E of Diarbekar, and 190 N W of n;igilad. Lon. 41 15 L, lat. 35 40 N. Moutier, or Munstier, a town of .Sa- voy, capital of Tarc'itcsia, with an archiepiscopal palace. It is sealed on the Isere, 62 miles N W of Turin. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 45 30 N. Moiuon, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a late rich Benedictine abbey. It is seat- ed on tlte Meuse, eight miles S E of Sedan, and 110 N E of Paris. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 49 37 N. Mmive, one of the Sandwich Islands, discovered by Captain Cook, is 162 miles in circumference. A low isth ■ nuis divides it into two circular pen!n- sglas, of which the Eastern is double the size of tlie Western. The moiui- taina In both rise to a very great height, and may be seen at more than the dis- tance of 30 leagues. The N shores af- ford no soundings, but thecotintry pre- sents an appearance of verdure and fertility. Near the W point of the •mnllcr peninsula is a spacious bay, ^ith a sandy heach shadccl with cocoa- nut trees : the country behind has a most romantic appearance, the hillK rising in a a great variety of peaked forms ; Kiid their steep sides, and the deep chasms between them, are cover- ed wlfli trees. The inhabitanU arc compiitelllUs to 7Uli, (listl'l- trilicH It IK well liuilt, lUMdHomc structures uiid ujtiint fi'Ttile roiinti V on I h\ tlio river III. It i» oflJuHle, 1111(1 ;!0 E of 7 24 E. lit. 47 48 N. town of Germany, In the loiopnc, iieatpd nesir the mile* from Cnloj^no. priitcstants in Colojfnt; go to pcrCorin divine ger- town of Gcrmanv in the ! of Drnndciibiiriyn, scut- c«t between the Spree Tiilcs S E of Berlin. Lon. 2 14 N. lie eoimty town of West dund It huhU a ifreat place of pood trade, and two memnerg to the Irish t is sout(d on the Fmlc, I' Dublin. Lon. 7 50 W, rgc river of Africa, which in Mount Atlag, and di- pire of Morocco from the Igicrs, falls into the- Me- la, to the W of Marsal- indent toT\ii of Spain, in iiiles W N W of Malaga, , lat. 36 50 N. •n, a town of Suabia, seat- r nanube, 25 miles S W J 43 E; lat. 48 15 N. ty of Hindoostan PW)pcr, c of Malwa, of which it the capital. It was then ity, 22 miles in circuit, many monuments 6f an- lence'i but it Is fallen '. It occupies the top of \y mountain, in a bold si- es S of Ougcin, and 454 y. Lon.rs 47E,Ut. 22 r Muniatt, an episcopal ■ Hungary, with an itn- :1c, erected on a high and miles N E of Tokayl It. 48 30 N. ■ >wn of Cabul in Hindoo(< 'Al U N tan, 130 mile» from Cushnierc. Lon. 7U 15 E, lat. 34 UN. Atunia, or Mmir, an ancient oiid con gidiTublc towii ■>!' Kgypi. l lie veHNelg that pi down tlic Nile are ohliged to gtoplRTc.undpaj certain ('uties. Ihere ai'e several nios(|uei und a great niimbef ot grunitt pilluij. It is seated on the Nile UU mile* S of Cairo. Lon. 13 20 E,lat.2r45 N. ; Munich, one of the most elegant anie'at- fort, on the E by the blslioprics of Osnabu'rgh and Pvdurbotli, on the S by, the county of 'Marck, and' on tlie \V by the diitchy of Cleves iAi'id coilitty i>f Z'ltphen. Mniitter, a. large uniX populous 'city of Germany, capital of the bishopric of Miiustci' and of all Wcstphaliai' w|i(^* bisiiop is one nf the sovereigns of ttte empire. It was a free and imperial city ( but a citailel was built in 1661 to kee|; the inlialiitavts in awe, which stands distinct fr<»m the city. "The 'fa- mous treaty, called tt^e treatv of Westphalia, was ctmcluded 'ficrc'"iri 1648, which ended the religious wars iif .30 years continuance. ^It is neHt'ed on the Aa, 70 niiles N by E of (J.'/tog- ne, and 77 S by W of Oremen. Lon. 7 Jf9 E, lat. 52 N. Mumter, a town of France, in the (leparlm(;iit of Upper' Rhine and lute province (if Alsace, with a late r{ch Benedictine abbey, 3d miles SW'of Slrasl^urg. Lull. 7 i E', h\t. 48 8 N. Mumtcrburg, See Monaterb^rg. Afuntter-Mcliife'J, a tovrn pf Ger- many, in the electorate of Trevqs, 12 Hides S W of C'oblcutz. Lon. 7 18 E, Ut. 50 19 N. _ Muruiio, an island and town of Italy, a mile from Venice, fo^-merly a very flourishing place, but it is now in a state of decay,, .The island is said'to contain 20,0u6 inliabltunts. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 45 2^ N.. Munia, a province, forme;rIy a king- dom of Spain; bounded on the K. by New Custilc, on the E by Valencia, on the Why Andalusia, and Granada, and on the Shy the Mediterranean. It is" 62 miles l()ng and 58 broad ; and the prin« ci|>al river is Scgura. The soil is dry, and it procluces little corn or wine ; but tliere is plenty of oranges, citrons, \6m- I, MS, olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, p'djic, and sugar. It has also a gi'ciit M U R MY E deal of silk. The air of this province is very healthful, and the principal town is of tlie same namn. Murcia, a populous city of Spain, capital of a province of the same name, with a hishop's see. It lius a superb Cathedral, tlie stairs of whose steeple hre so contrived, that a man may ride up to the t'>p cither on horscbacic or in a coach. There are line gardens uLou'-. the city, in which are the best fruits in Spain. It is seated on che Segura, 27 miles N of Carthagcna, and 212 S £ of Madrid. Lon. 3d W,lat.38 2N. Mtiret, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne and late province of Gascany, seated on the Garonne, 10 miles S of Toulouse. X.on. 1 18 E, lat. 43 26 N. Murfreetborough, the capital of Gates County, North Carolina i situated in Mehot-rin River, 50 miles N by W of Edenton, and 238 from Washing- ton. MurOf an episcopal town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated at the foot of the Appennines, 12 miles S E of Conza. Lon. 15 45 E, lat. 40 46 N. Murray Frith, a considerable inlet of the sea, on the E coaL:t of Scotland, between Tarbetncss, in Kosshirc, on tlie N, and Borough Head, in Murray- shire, on the S. Murrayihire, or Elgiiishire, is sub-di- vided into Murray and Strathspey, and is bounded on tlie E and S E by tlie river Spey, which divides it from Bamfishire ; on the S by Aberdeen- shire and Invernesshire ; on the west by Invernesshire and Nairnshire ; and wn the N by Nairnshire, and the Firth of Murray, being 30 miles from E to W and nearly tlie same from N to S. Its air is salutary, and the Winter milder than any other (lart in the N of the kingdom. The S side is moun- tainous, but abounds with pasture, as tlie low country does with corn. Here are several woods of iirs and oaks. The soil is generally fruitful and pro- duces the fniits ripe soon. Its principal rivers are the Spey, the Lossie, Nairn, and Findhorn ; all of which produce vast q\iantities of salmon. The chief tt)\vTis are Elgin and Forres. Mirrhart, a town of Suabia in the dutcl\y of Wirtcmbcrg, with a Bene- dictine abbey. It is seated on the riv- er Mur, eight miles S of Hallo. Lon. .i) 51 £, lat. 49 14 N. _ Musidan, a town of France, in Up • per Perigord, which sustained a fa- mous siege in 1579. Lon. 20 E, 1;.^. 45 5 N. Miua, a populous town of Arabia in the i)rovince of Yemen. It is fortified and siirrotuided witli walls, 18 milct E of Morlia. Musselberg, a seaport in Edinburgh- shire, on the fi-ith of Forth, at tlie mouti) of the river Esk. Here a victo- ry was obtained by the English over the Scots, in the reign of Edward VI. It is six miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 VV, lat. 56 ON. Mtuvieli Hill, a village In Middle- sex, live miles N of London. It takes its name from a famous well on the hill, which belonged to the fraternity of St. John of Jerusakm, in Clerkeii- well. This well still belongs to the parish of Clerkenwell. Mitttagain, a seaport of the khtgdoin of Algiers, with a castle, 140 mileii W of the city of Algiers. Lon. 3 VV, lat. 3630 N. Musacra, a seaport of Spain, in G.\i- nada, witli a strong ceslle, seated on a mountain, 27 miles N E of Almeria, and 62 S W of Cartiiagena. Lon. 1 3G W, lat. :i7 UN. Mutuela, a town of Spain in the province oi Andalusia, seated on the banks of the Guadalquivcr, 50 miks N of Granada. Mutichen, a town of Germany in the Circle of Upper Saxony and territory of Leipsic in the vicinity of whitfli tliey find a species of crystal called Mutschen diamonds. It is 20 miles E N E of Leipsic. Lon. 12 50 E, lal. 51 40 N. Mujden, a town of Holland, seated on the Vecht, on the S coast of tlie Zu- ider-2ce, seven miles E of Amsterdam. Lon. 5 1 E, lat. 52 11 N. Mycene, formerly the capital of a fa- mous kingdom in the Morea, which is now reduced to a small village. Mjcont, an island of tlie Archipela- go, 30 miles in circumference. The harbour is very open, and deep enough for the largest ships, where they may ridj secure from tiie N wind. The soil is dry, and the moimtains are of great height. Water is very scarce in summer; but in tire town is a large well, the only one in the island. Here arc plenty of partridges, quails, wood- cocks, turtledoves, rabbits, and wheat- ears ; also excellent grapes and figs- MY E tsiJan, a to\vn of France, in Up- ^erigoi-d, which sustained a fa. siege ill 15r9. Lon. 20 E, i... :^. tta, a populous town of Arabia in 'ovince of Yemen. It is fortified iirroiuided witli wulis, 18 milot klorlia. tssetberg, a seaport in Edinburfj;li- on the fiitii of Forth, at tlie 1 of tlie river Eak. Here a victu- as obtained by the English over cots, in tlie reign of Edward VI. ix mdes E of Edinburgh. Lon. /, lat. 56 (/N. itxuell Hill, a village !n Middle- ive miles N of London. It takts nme from a famous well on tlie which belonged to the fraternity . John of Jerusakm, in Clerken- This well still belongs to the l> of Clerkenwell. litagatn, a seaport of tlie khtgdoin igicrb, with a castle, 140 mile« ■ the city of Algiers. Lon. 3 VV, 6 SON. uacra, a seaport of Spain, in G. a- witli a strong castle, seated on a itain, 27 miles N E of Almeria, >2 S W of Carthagena. Lon. 1 36 at. 2,7 11 N. U3uela, a town of Spain in the nee of Andalusia, seated on the s of the Guadalqulver, 50 miks N ranada. utichtn, a town of Get many in the le of Upper Saxony and territory ost.in, rajjital of that part of Be- rar which is subject to a chief of t!ie ICasturn Mahr.ittas. It is a city of niodorn date ; Wuttb9U|j;h extensile Mid N N \ ., «. I,, 4 NAM ]|ppuluu3, is but meanly bui'.l , and, ex« ♦icptiiij^ n small citiulel, is open and dtfeiicelfss. It is 560 miles W by S of Calcutta. Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 8 N. Niigybmja, atown Hungary celebrat- ed for its (jd Bingcn, falls into the Rhine. Nairn, a borough and seaport, the county -town of Nairnshire i seated at the entrance of the frith of Mvirray, 10 miles E of Inverness, and 104 N of Edinburgli. Lon. 3 51 W, lat. 55 33 N. Nainuhire, a small coi'nty of Scot- land, bounded on the by Nortli Murray Firtii J on the E and S by Murrayshire ; and on tbe VV by Invernesshire Its greatest length is not above 12 miles, nor its breadth above ten. It is fruit- ful, and its corn soon ripens, has seve- ral woods of firs, and several lakes and mountains, yet is weU peopled. Its chief town is Nairn. Naisivan, a city of Armenia, capital of a province of the same name, with an archbishop's see. It is seated be- tween the towns of Erivan and Tauris. Lcm. 45 30 E, lat. 38 40 N. Nmnari, a mountain of Sicily, in the Val-di-Demona, between Messina, Tfaormina, and Mela/.zo. Nainptwkh, a town in Cheshire, with a marktt on Satu.day It is well built, and has a large church, in the form of a cross, with the tower in the middle. Here are salt springs, on the banks of a fresh water stream, from which are made gfreat quantities of white salt, in wlticli article and thecse this town carries on a considerable tr.ide. _ Tlie principal dairies of Cheshire are in its neighbourhood. It is seated on the Weaver, 26 miles S E of Chester, and 162 N W of London. Lon. 2 25 W, lat. 53 6 N. Kamitr, » county of the Austrian Netherlands, divided by the river Sambre and Macse into three equal parts, bounded on the N by Brabant, Qn the E and S by the bishopric of Liege, and on the \V by Haiuault. Tills province is pretty K rtile ; has sevci-al forests, marble quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal. ti^niur, a city of the Austi'iaa Ncthef- N A N lands, capital of the county of Namur, with a strong castle, several forts and a bishop's see. This castle is built lu the mii^'le of tlie town on a craggy rock. In 1692, this place was taken by Louis XIV. in person, after a siege of six days only ; but in 1695, it was ta- ken by king William, after a long and bloody siege, although it was defended by 16,000 men under the command of marshal Boufflers, and marshal Villc- roy was in the neighbourhood, at the bcatl of 100,000. On the dei>th of Chs. II. king of Spain the French seized this city, but it was ceded to the house of Austria by the peace of Utrecht. In 1715, it was allowed to be garrisonedby Dutch troops, as one ofthe barrier towns of tlie United Provinces* In 1746, it was again taken by the French, but restored at the peace of Aix-la-Cha|)elle. In 1781, the emperor Joseph II. destroyed tlie fortification* of all the barrier towns, except these of Namur, from which, however, in viola- tion of solenui treaty, he expelled the Dutch garrison. In 1792, it was once more taken by the French ; but they were compelled to evacuate it the fol- lowing year. It soon afterwards, how- ever, again fell into their hands. It is seated between two mountains, at the confluence of the Maese and Sambre, 24 miles W S W of Liege, and 32 S E of Brussels. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 29 N. .y<3«c/, a famous city of France, in the department of MeiiPthe and late dtitchy of Lorrain, with a bishop's see. It conUins 74,000 inhabitants, and is divided by a canal, into the old tow» and new. The first though irregular- ly built, is very populous, and contains tbe ducal palace. The priniatial church is a magnificent structure, and in that of the Cordeliers arc the tombs of the ancient dukes of Lorrain. The new town wliose streets are perfectly straight, was already one of the finest in Europe, before the magnificent works with which Stanislaus I, titular king of Poland, and duke of Lorrain, enriched it. The cathedral is a superb structure. Nanci is 25 miles S by E of Mctz, iind 212 E of Paris. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 48 41 N. KaKjio, an island ofthe ArchipcKigo, a little til the N of that of Santorini. It is 16 miles in circimiference, and a- bounds with partridges, but has no bar- hour. The mountains are nothing but bun-en rocks, and tlicro ate no springs A N the county of Naniur, astlc, several Ibrts and Thi$ castle is built iu tlie town on u crai^gy 2, this place was taken in person, after a siege ; but in 1695, it was ta- /'jlliam, after a lon^ and Uhouj^l) it was defended under the command of ers, and m^shal Ville- neighbourhood, at the 0. On thcdei^thof Cha. pain the French seized it it was ceded to the stria by the peace of 15, it was allowed to be .)utc!i troops, as one of the of tlie United Provinces* vas again taken by the 'estored at the peace of le. In 1781, the emperor stroycd tlie fortifications er towns, except tliesc of which, however, in viola- treaty, he expelled the HI. In ir92, it was once r the Fi-eneh ; but they ed to evacuate it the fol- It soon afterwards, how- ill into their hands. It is en two mountains, at the the Maese and Sambrc„ i W of Liege, and 32 S £ Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 29 K. amous city of France, in olloare jet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble columns. Lon. 26 lU E, lut. 36 15 N. Nangasacki, a city of Japan in the is- land of Ximo-Fiscn, with a. well fre- quented harlinur. The inhabitants car- ry on a great trade with the Chinese and Dutch. The latter are never suf- fered to come into the city, unless when their ships arri»e, and then they deliver up their guns, helms, and sails, as pledges of their good behaviour. Lon. 128 32 E, lat. 33 32 N. Kang-iang-foii, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-si, built on lake Poyang, and containing four cities of the third elass under its Jurisdiciion. Nwijemoy, a post town in Cliarles ooimty, Maryland ; situated on the N E side of Nanjemoy river, six miles W by S of porl Tobacco, and 4-1 S of the city of Wiiahingtnn. Nan-ting, or Kiang-ning-fou, a city of China, and capital of the |)rovince of Ki:uig-nan, and said to liave been one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is still the largest in China, being 17 miles in circumference, and three distant from the river Vang-tise- kiang, from which canals are cut, so large, that vessels may enter the town. Nan-king has lost much of its ancient splendotir ; it had formerly a magnili- cent palace, no vestige of wliirh is now to be seen ; an observatory at present neglected, temples, tombs of the em- perors, and ovher huporl) monumonts, of which nothing* '-...uiins but the re- membrance. A third of the city is de- serted, but the rest is well inhabited. Some quarters of it are extremely po- pulous, and full of business. The streets are not so broad as those of Pe- king ; they are, however, very beautiful, well paved, and bordered with rich shops. The public buildings are mean except a few temples, the city gates, and a tower of porcelain, 200 feet high. It is 500 miles S S E of Pckin. Lon. 119 25 E, lat. 32 46 N. Nan-ngan-fnu, a beautiful anil populous city of China in the most southern part of tlie province of Kiang-si; it is a beau- tiful, populous and commercial city, and muc!i frequented. It contains in its dis- trict, four cities of the third class. It h 200 miles N bv E of Canton NAN Nan-tchang-fon, a city of China, capi- tal of the province of Kiang-si. It is the residence of a viceroy, -.i A ( om- prehends eight citits in its distiirt. Nantesf an ancient rich aiidvcrr con- siderable town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Loire, and hue pro- vince of Bretagnc. It formerly had r university, and » bishop's sec, and was tlie rcsidencosiof the dukes of Bretagne, who built a strong castle on the side of the river which still exists. The ca- thedral contains the tombs of the an- cient ilnkcH. The bridges over the Loire, in which are some islands, are almost a league in length. Tlie suburbs are so large that they exceed the city. The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. Since the peace in 1783, Nantes h.is had a considerable sliare in the com* merce with the United States. A great quantity of salt is made in theteiTitory of Nantes, both at tlic bay of Boiirgneuf, and in the salt marshes of Geurandc and Croisis Large ves.sels can come no higher than port Lunn,Vi, where they are unloaded into sni.illcr vessels which go up to Nantes, bt ,g a dis- tance of 12 miles. It was in this place tliat Henry IV. promulg.ited tlie finvMis edict, in 1598, in favour of liie Protes- tants, which was revoked in 1685, by Lewis XIV. !n 1796, the theatre here took fire, during a time of perform- ance, and several persons lo.st their lives. Nantes is 58 miles S by E of Renncs, and 217 S \'r of Paris. Lon. 1 45 W, Lit. 47 13 N. Kanttia, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ain and late province of Bresse, situate at tlie extremity of a great lake of the same name, 18 miles S E of Bourg. Here Charles the Bold was int''rred. Nantucket, an island of North Ameri- ca, in the state of Massachusetts, of which it is a county. The inhabitants of which have a considerable whale fishing on the coast, and even in Green- land. It lies to the S of Cape Cod, and is a low, sandy, and barren island, tho inhabitants depend almust entirely on the watry element for subsistence. It contains 5617 inhabitants, Nantucket, the capital of the island of Nantucket, situateu on a baion, the north side of the island, in the Lit. of 41° 18' N, and long, of 70" 10' W, at the distance of 120 miles S E of Boston.' It is a post town and port of entrv. The islwidcontainn 5fil7 in'.inhitants, andl si;- NAP N A P bclonj^g to the state of Massacliusetts. ' Napul, a proviiKC of Hindooston Pro- per, bounded Oi the S by Ualiar on the W by Oude and Rohilcund, on the N W by Siiinagur, andonlhe NE and E by the ridge of Mountains called Him- iiialcli, by wiiicli it is sipariited from Tliibet. Catinandu is tlie capital. Niplcs, a kingdom of Itily, compre- hendmg llie ancient countries of Sam- ninni, Campania, Apulia, and Magna Gra:cia. It is bounded on the N W by the L;cclesia8tirid State, on the S and "\V by the Mediterranean, and on tiie Ebv'the gulf of Venice. Its eMcnt from N \V to S E is 280 miles, and from N .1 to S W from 96 to 100. It is divided into 12 prcAinces ; namely, 'I'er- ra ni Lavora, (the aiicJent Canijjania felix) Principalr) Citeriore and Ulie- vlorc, Molisc, BasilicHta, Cal.'ihria Ci- teriore and L'iteriore, Ahruzzo Cite- riore anfl Ulleriwre, Capilanata, Ter- ra di Bari, and li-rra d'Otranto ; the last three forming the ancient Apulia, now called Piiglia, on the K side ot the kingdom. After many rcvohitiouH, the Normans became masters of this ••(mntry, in the eleventli century i aiid the sovereigns \vere called counts, then tlukcs, a'ld afterwards kings of Puglia: but in 1282, Peter III. king of Arra- Ifon, caused all the Normans in the island of Sicily to be massacred ; and this massacre was called the Sicilian Vespers. After this, Puglia was join- ed to Sicily i and hence tlie sovereigns took the title of King of the Two Sici- lies. It lias also hetn called the king- dom of Naples, from the city of that name which is its capital. France and Spain contended for the sovereignty in the setpiel, and bloody wars and revo- hitiona ciisued. The country wa.'i then torn by the contentions of Prance snd Spain for its sovereignty. The French being defeatcdhy the Spaniards in 1504, Lewis XII. was obliged formally to ji-ive up all pretensions to the crown, and the country was governed by Span- ish viceroys. In 164", happened the dreadful insurrection of Massauiello in the city of Naples, by which the Span- iards were nearly expelled. The peo- ple, however, retm-ning to their alle- giance, on the assassination of Massa- nicllo, the Spaniards continued in peace- a|jle possession of the kingdom till 1707, when it was conrj^iered by prince Eugene, ard ceded to the Emperor by J^c treaty of Hastadt, in 1714. U was recovered, however, by the Spaniardsr in 1734, i and the eldest son of the king of Spain is now king of Naples and Si- cily. The title of the king's eldest son is prince of Calabria. The climate of N.ipleB is extremely hot, esijecially in July, August, and September ; and in said to be one of the most inconstant and unfavourable to valetudinari.ins. In some seasons it rains every day for six or seven weeks together. In winter there is seldom any ice or snow except on the mountains. But the most disa- greeable part of the climate is the si- rocc, or S E wind, which is very com- mon in May, and is infinitely more re- laxing, and gives rise to vapours in a much iiigher degree, than the worst of the rainy montli of November, in Great Britain. In winter there is seldom any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The country, on account of its fertility, IS justly termed a terrestrial paradise : for it abounds with ." sf .i» of gi-ain, the finest fruits and rit , flax, oil, and wine, safli-on, garden productions of eiery kind, with m.auna, allum, vitriol, sulphur, rock-crystal, marble in the greatest plenty and perfection. It af- fords also wool and silk, and sever.al sorts of minerals. Besides the manu- factures noticed in the account of the city of Naples, waistcoats, caps, stock- ings, and gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a shell-fish, which are warmer than those of wool, and of a beautiful glossy green. The princi' pal mountains are the Appennines, which traverse this from S to N, and the cclebr.ited volcano. Mount Vesu- vius, five Italian miles froiii Naples. One of the greatest inconveniences to which this kingdtnn isexi)osed is earth- quakes (see C'i((iil>ria) which tiie erup- tions of Mount Vesuvius contribute, in some measure, to prevent. Another inconvcniency is the gi eat number of reptiles and in.sects engeiulored by the heat, some of which are very poisonous. The established religion is the Roman catholic i and the clergy and convents were said to possess formerly two thirds of the whole kingdom. The in- habitants of this country have, at all times, borne hut an indiflercnt charac- ter among other nations. Provisions arc plentiful and cheap, therefore the low- er class of people work but little ; their delight is to bask in the sun imd to do nothing. Persons of a middle rank pass too much of their time in cof- 1 A P vcvcr, by the Spaniardir le eldest son of tlie king kiii(»' of Naples and Si- of tlie k'nif^'s tiUlest son iilabrm. 'I'iie climate of eniely hot, eij|)eclally in iind September ; and i» of tlie most inconstant le to valetudinarians. In t rains every day for six ks together. In winter any ice or snow except ns. But tliC most disa- )f the climate is the si- ind, which is very com- iiid is infinitely more re- ives rise to vapours in a k'};-iTe, than the worst of li tii November, in Great inter there is seldom any xcept on the mountains. «n accoimtof its fertility, ^d a terrestrial ])aradise : with v" sr.is of (jrain, is and rii , flax, oil, anil g'ai'den productions of itii manna, alhim, vitriol, crystal, marble in the y and perfection. It af- il and silk, and several als. liesides the manu- ed in the account of the , waistcoats, caps, stock- )vcs are also ma-doni. 'i'lie in- his country have, at all lilt an indifl'crcnt char.-.c- :r nations. Provisions arc lieap, therefore the low- leoplc work but little ; s to bask in the sun and '. Persons of a middle nucli of their time in cof- NAP fee-houses, and places of public resort; few pursue their rallin{i^s with the 7,eal »iul activity we are wont to meet with ill the professional men of colder coun- tries. {Jlu'iloiiy is a mucli more pre- floininant vice tlian ehriety, of wiiich instances arc extremely rare. In tlie female sex, the passion for finery is al- niost superior to all others, anil, not- withstandinfj any cllect tlie genial warmth of the climate may have on ll\e constitution of a Neapolitan woman, Mr. Swinburne doubts whether s!ic would not nine times out of ten prefer a present to a lover ; yet I apprehend rhastity is r.ot tli'; characteristic virtue of this place more than it is of any other populous metropolis ; that fiuious jea- lou.sy for which the natiim was so re- markable some generations ago, is al- most eradicated ; the breach of tin; conjugal vow sometimes occasions quar- rels and assassinalions a;nong people of an infarior station, but t!ic case i« rare, and rivalry between lovers is moic frc- qucntly productive of such scene s. Of these vices, many are doubtless owing to the slavery and oppression under wliich they gro.an, and to a radical dc- Ffct in the administration of justice. Naples, an ancient and large com- mcrciid city of Italy, capital of a king- dom of the same name, with an arehbi. shop's see, and an university, Ivingin the province called Terra di Lr.vora. It is seated at the bottom of the b.iy of Naples, which is one of the finest in the world, being almost of a round fi- gure, of about .30 miles diameter, ami tlirce parts of it sheltered with a noble lircuit of woods and mountains. Il iu built in the form of a vast iuiijihithta- fre, sh)ping from the hills to the sea. Allliougli the style "f arrhitectvirc is infi rior to what prevails at Koine, and it cannot vie with that city in the num- l)or of palaces, or in the magnificence nf the churches, the private houses, in gencrHl, arc better built. The circum- ference, including the suburiis, is said not to be less than 18 Italian miles, and the number of the inhabitants therein little less than 400,000. The houses are of stone, flat -roofed, and generally lofty and tmiform ; but many of Ihein have balconies, with lattice-windows. The streets arc well paved ; but they are not liji^-lited at night, and in the day- time are disfigured, in many places, by st.'dis, on which provisions are exposed to sale. Here arc a great number of NAP fine cliurchcs, convents, fountains, ami jialuces of the nobility, many of whom constantly reside here. It is usual to walk on the tops of tiic houses in the evenings, to breathe the sweet cool air, after a hot sultry day. 'I'he cli- mate here is so mild and warm, even in the winter, that plenty of green pease, artichokes, asjjarag-.is, and other vegetables, may be had so early as the beginning of tlie new year, and even all the winter, 'i'he fortress of St. Klino is built on amoiimainof the same name, and h.as the entire command of the town. Lower down on the same moun- tain, in a delightful situation, is a con- vent of Carthusians, on wiiicl; much e.xpence has been lavished, to render the. building and the gardens equal to the situation. Naples is admirably si- tuate fiir commerce, and has all tiie ne- cessaries and lu.vuries of life in great profusion ; but trade is in a languishinjf condition. Pictures, statues, and anliqui- tl( b, are not so comniin in Na[)le» as might be expected in so great and an- cient a city, many of Uie most valuable pieces having been sent to Spain by the vicerojs. Owing to tlie populousnesB of the place, n;any of its streets are more crowded than those of London, and a g-rcat proportion of the poorest fort are obliged to spend the night in them fiir want of habitations. There is not a city in tlie world, |)crhaps, with the same iiui'ihi r of inhabitants, in which softwi ■oiurihiilc to the wealtli of the cominiinity, by useful and pro- ductive labour, as Naples ; for tlie number of |)ri'!sts, monks, fiddlers, law- yers, noliilily, footmen, and lazzarnni, or vagabonds, KiirjiasKes all rcasimablo proportion j and liie last alone are com- puted at above ;;0,000. The greater part of these wretches have no dwel- ling-houses, bu'i. sleep every night un- der porticos, piazzas, or any kind of shelter they can .Hnd. Those of tliem who ha\e wives and children, live in the suburbs of Najilcs near Peusilippo, inliuts, or in carerns or chambers dug out of that mountain. They are genc- r.ally repre.seiitf d as a lazy, licentious, and tiirl)ulent set of pco|)!o, as indecil by farthc greater jjartof llie rabble are, who piofcr beggingor robbing, or tun- ning errands, to any fixed and pcrnia- nint cm)iloynitntm^Yclfllieri.- are in Na- ))los some fli'uriii'iing manufactures, particularly of silk sto' kings, soap, uJl'-boses of tortoise shells, and the iT AP N A R lavtt of Mount Vesuvius, tables, and or- < namental furniture of m.wble. The ci- ty ii supplied witli a vast quantity of wiftiT, by means of a vi-ry costly aque- ( duif, from tlie foot of Mo'unt Vesuvius. ; The nobility are excessively find of Splendoiu- and sliow ; as appears by the j brilliancy of their equi]iaj>cs, the num i her of their attendants, the richness of j their dress, and the grandeur of their titles. The k\n^, it is said, counts a hundred persons with thetitle of prince, «nd still a greater luunbcr with that of duke, ainoiipf his siihjccls. A few of tliese" have estates, from 10 to 13,000/. A year; a considerable number have fortunesofab(nit half that amount; and the annual revenue of many is luulci' 2000/. The inferior orders of nobilit> arc much poorer; many counts and marquises not havinp 400/. a year pa- ternal estate ; many still less ; and not a few enjoy the tillc without any estate whatever.' Althonjjli the churches and convents of Naples arc not to be com- pared with those at Rome in point of wchitccture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, vessels and other or- naments. Of all the palaces, that ff the king is not only the m ;st magnifi cent, but also in the best style of ar- chitecture. The cathedral though Go. thic is a very splendid edifice. Here .ire kept the "head and blood of St. Ja- iiuarius, the tutelary saint of Naples ; the latter in two glass or crystal vials. The ))retcnded Hquefiiction of the dry Jjlood, as soon as brought ne.ir the head of the saint, is well known ; and Mr. Addison s.tys, it is one of the most bungling tricks he erer saw. The har- bour, which is spacious, is kept in good rc]i«ir. It is protected by a mole, two castles, and several batteries, but these rould not protect the city from a bom- bardment. The mole runs above a quarter of a mile into the sea, and at the extremity has a high lantern to di- i\ ct ships safely into the harbour. Na- ples is 110 miles S E of Rome. 217 S S E of Fl'irence, and 300 S by E of Venice. Lon. U20 E, lat 40 55 N. Napoli-di-Mahasia, a seaport of Tur- key in the Morca, capital of the island of Malvasia, seated on a rock, at the entrance of the bay of Napoli-di-Rrma- ui. It is very strong, and defended by a good citadel ; has a Pne harbour, and a long wornlen bridge which joins it to th£ mainland. It jpves name tq tUat excellent wine called Malmsey) Mft was anciently noted for the temple of i€scul;tpius. It is 42 miles S E of Na- poli-di-Romania. Lon. 23 22 £, lat. 56 57 N. N:tpoli-di'Romania, a seaport, and an archienlscopal town of Turkey in the Morea, seated at the bottom of .i bay of the same name. It has a large harbour, with a narrow mouth, through which one ship only can enteral a tune, and is inhabited bv 60,000 Greeks, be- sides people of dittisrent nations, and very strong both by nature and art. It is 56 miles S W of Athens- Lon. 234 E, lat. 37 36 N. If lira, a town of Japan, in the island of Niphon, with -i magnificent castle, 25 miles N VV of Meaco. Lon. 134 15 E, Lit. 35 50 N. Nurbath, a town in Pembrokeshire, with a market on Wednesday. It hag an old ca.stle, and is seated on a hill, 12 miles N E of Pembroke, and 229 W by N of London. Lon. 4 46 W, lat. 51 50 N. Ncrbnnne, an ancient city In the time of tlic Uo- the capital jf that part of Gallia Narboncnsis; and ?ror Marcus Aurcliiis n'lis Roman inscriptions, in s of the city, are still visi. e canal, from the river fli the city, to the Medi- which vessels come close cut by the Romans. Nar- lus for its honey, and the remarkable for* its noble ive miles from the Medi- d 75 F. bv S of Toidoiise. lat. 43 UN. , an island of South A- c coast of Chili, so called ohn Narboroiigli refresh- here, when sent to the S ijyn of Charles II. Lon. 45 ON. , a barren rock rising )f the Indian ocean, unin- seemiitgly destitute of ve- is about 20 leagues E of s ■piscopal town of Naples, ranto. In this little town DO inhabitants ; it is 20 ' Otrimto. Lon. 18 16 E, town of Turkey in Daf-' I? A R natia, with a bishop's see, seated on a eulf of the same name, 46 miles N E ef Ragusa. Lon. 18 27 K, lat 43 35 N. Narnalla, a town of tlie Dcccan, in tlie province of lierar, 72 miles E of Bui-nampuur. Lon. 77 34 E, lut. 21 35 N. Kami, an ancient episcopal town ni Italy, in Sabina. Here are th» ruins of a marble bridge, built by AugustuH, one of 'vvhose arches was 150 feet high, and 200 broad ; as also of an aqueduct titat brought water from a spring at tl>e distance of 15 miles. It contains a great many noble families, and is seat- ed on tl.c Ncra, 20 miles S W of Spo- Ictto, aad 40 N E of Home. Niirtna, a river of the Russian em- pire, wliich issues from the lake Pei- pus, and watering Narva, Hows into the gulf of Finland, eight miles below tliat town. It is noted for two pictur- esque water-falls, pompously described by travellers, but far infwior to that of tlie Rhine, at Schalt'hauscn. The breadth of the river is about 200 feet, and the perpendicular height of tlic fails scarcely exceeds 20 feet. Naraingapatun, a town of the penin- sula of Hiadoostun, in tlie tei-ritury of Bi.snagur. It was the residence for- merly of a king, and is situate 4U0 miles S E of Bombay. Lun. 76 10 E, lat. 15 30 N. N.irva, a strong town of the Hussian cm, (ire, in Ingria, or the government of I'etcrsbiirgli. Tiie houses are built of bricL, stuccoed white ; and it has more the appearance of a German than of a Rus.sian town. In the suburbs, called Ivangorod, or John's town, the colossal remains of an ancient iortress, built by Ivan Vassilievitch the Great, impend in a picturesque manner over the steep banks of the Narova. Near Narva is the spot celebrated fin* the victory which Charles XII. in the 19th year of his age gained overthe Russian army in 1700. The town was taken by the czar about five years after, wlio traversed the streets on horseback with liis drawn sword in his hand, restrain- ed his troops from pillage, and placed guards at the doors of the principal Ik.mscs, and before the churches. Tlic principal exports from Narva are hemp, flax, timber, and corn ; the imj)oi'ts, sail, tobacco, wine, suited hcrring.s, «i)ices, tea, S'l^.iv, and otlier grocer> vai'Otf. U ifl sittMteii on the Nai-ova, N A t •!ght miles from its mouth, and 100 W of Petcrsbui-gh. Lon. 27 52 E, lat. 59 18 N. Nurwah, or Narviha, a town of Hin- doostan Proper, in the jn'ovince of A- gra, seated a little above the confluciic* of the Sinde with the Jumna. It vt 127 miles S of Agra. Lon. 79 17 E* lat. 25 4C N. ifuatby, a village in Nortliamptonl* shire, famous for the decisive victory gained by the army of the pailinmenb over that of Charles I. in 1645. It is 12 miles N of Northampton. NathviUe, tb'. capitid of Davidson count) , T^ncs;.ee ; situated on the S bank of Cumberland river, 33 miles S by VVof Gallutine, 185 Wof Knoxville, tliC- eripital of the State, and 737 S W of Wuihington. It contained 346 inha- bitunts at the last census ; it is a post town, and supports a considerable trada with New Orleans. Nassau, a county of Germany in the circle of the Upper Rhine i bounded on titc N by Westphalia, on the E by '^iie county of Solnies, on the S by the ter« ritory of Mentz, and on the W by the electorate of Treves. It is very fertile, and contains miues of iron, coi>per, and lead. 4 Nittsati, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the same ii.tme, the house of whose .sovereign is divided into seve* ral branches. It is seated on the river Lahn, 12 miles S E of Coblentz. Lon. 7 42 E, lat. 50 18 N. Nassuct, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the province of Guzerat, 128 miles W of Aurungabad, and 95 S S W of Sural. lA»i. 7i 49 E, lat. 19 30 N. Ncstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine, 18 miles S E of^ Coblentz, and 22 N W of Mentz. Lon. 7 36 E, lat, 19 50 N. Nata, a seaport of South America, in the government of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bay of Pa- i-ila, 70 miles S W of Panama. Lon. 81 15 W, lat. 8 10 N. Natal, a country on the E coast of Africa, lying N E c)f the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by the B.ishman Hot- tentots. See Hottentots, Country of the, Niitchitocltes, a river of Louisjjuu, which falls into the Mississippi at Point Coupee. Natalia, a country fornjerly called Asia Minor. ItistUe most western part IMt N A V N A X of Turkey ill Ahia, extending from tlie I &c. well cunstructcd ; and they arc EiiplinitfN as t';.r iin tlu- Arcliii)olHtj,-o, tlif straiL of G!illi|M)li, tlic sl-ii of Mar- nioni, and the strait of Constuiit'moiilc. It is hi.imdcd on tin; N l)y tliu lllaclt Sea, ami on tlic S by the Mcditeiranc- »n. The air m temperate and wliole- »oiiie, and the soil iffiu-rally fertile. It 's crossed by a eliaiii of iiuiuntuins, fomierly culled Taurns, from E to ^V. and wulcred by u i,'reat niliiiber of ri- »ers. Niittaw, a town and fortress of the peninsula of Hi»^ihK)stun, in the coiuw try of Madura, 18 miles N of Madura, aiid 45 S S W of 'Irichinopoly. Loii. 78 18 E, It. 10 ION. A'ui'i/Wno, a strong' and popidous town of llie Morea, with an e.\cellent largjc harbour, defended by two forts. It is ieatcil on a hill, near the sea, eight miles N E of Modon, and IT N W of Curon. l.on. :J1 40 E, l;,t. 37 2 N. I\\ivam; a kingdom of Eurojie, lyinj? between France and Spain, and divi- ded into the Upper and Lower. The Uplfcr belongs to Spain, and is 75 miles in length, and 60 in bi-eadth. The air is more mild, temperate, and whole- some, than in the neighboiuing' provin- ces of Spain ; aiu!, Ihoitj^h a mountain- ous country, it is pretty litrtile, abound- ing in all sorts of game, and in iron nuncs. It is divided into five districts, ■wliose capital towns are Pampcliina, Estella, Tudela, Olita, and St. Cucsca. Lower Na\arre belongs to Eraiice, and now forms the territory of B.isques, and dejiartmcnt of the Lower Pvrenees. It is separated from Sp misli Navarre by the Pjrenecs, ai:(l ts a mountainous, barren country, 20 m.Us in length ami 12 in breadth. From this country, the li.te king of France took his otiier title of the king of Navarre. See Patc.is, St. Nuvuirtb-.s, a town of France in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late territory of Beam, seated on th« Gave-d'Oleron, 26 miles S E of Bayenne. Lon. 45 W, lat. 43 19 N. Niitiiilad, a seaport of New Spain, 'seated on thcPaciiic Ocean, 350 miles W of Mexico. Lon. 106 W, lat. 19 ON. Nitvigiiton- Islands, a cluster of Is- lands in the South Paciiic Ocean. The iiihibilants are a strong and handsome race ; scarcely u man to be s(;en among them less than .six feet hi.^h, and well proportioned. Tiie women are deli- catclv bcantif'.d ; theiv «-i;uoes, liottses much moi . advanced in internal |)olicy, than any of the islands in this ocean. 'I'h'jy are surrounded by a coral reel, but boats may land with great safety. Lon. Ui'JO W, lat. 14 19 S. See Maouna. Nitueii, a town of Upper Saxony, in the Mulille Marche r breast piece of velvet, h embroidery and small cy add to this i-omantic ress all the cof^uctry of icy can asstime. They \\ their cycbi-ows and eye- covfr their faces with le of a black sliining lalc, find in the i.-iland. This ijciciUly i';iMiou3 for a fiut N E A of marble called ophilus, from llii being Hp ttcil like tile skin ol' a serpent, willi Ifjvcn .111(1 wiiile sfMls, (),i I lie num.i- Isiiiis near the roasH of iho .Mcililer- rancan is tiiund the l)i>8l emery, wiience the iieijriibi' iriri^- piMinnilDn is by tlie ll.ilijni (uiled Cape SnK'ri)'.'liii. On tin; .S side of the isluiul is a town ile- Icnded by a castle. About a g^in.slioi t'niiii lieiice is ii line iiiiiililc lower on a r.ir.'v, in the Miildle of a lie.i)) otstatch riiiiiH iif liiaibl'- and i^ramli', priibulily tlic reiiuiins ot ii.it clius's u iiij.le. L«ii. l'() 10 !<;, lat. ,16 41 N. iV./vj*, or Niixiri, the capital of t!ie isle of Naxos, with a castle :iii4 tw.) a:'iis ('hi'ist, in the e.a-ly part of his \\\\j. It is now notlinig bi.t a vilhi^e, where tile monks of St. Francis iia\e a con- vent. Lon. 35 20 E, hit. 32 30 N. Nazareth, a post town in iNoithamp- tnii county, Pciinsylviiiiia, behniging to the Unitas Fratriini, or society of Mo- ravians : it is situ.ited ten miles N of Bethlehem, eight W by Nof Easton on the river Uelawai-e, and (Ji N of I'hi- ladeljiliia. In lUOU it contained 311 in- habitants, distingnislied fiir tlieir in- (Uiitry and regularity of manners, as this religious society generally is. Naze, or Cape Liu le:ias, the most soiitliern promonto'.-v of Norway. Lon 7 20 E, lut. 57 30 N. Nmigh, I.ou^h, a lake of Ireland situate in tlic counties of Arniagli, Down, Antrim, Londondeiry, and I'y- rone. It is the large.st in Europe, those of Ladoga, and Onega in Russia, and that of Geneva in Swisserland, ex cepted, being 20 miles 1 Mig and 15 broad. It is remarkable fur a healin.;' virtue, and also for petrifying wood, which is not otily fuiiiid in tlic water, but in the adjacent soil, at a considera b!e dcjitli. On its shores several beau- tifiil gems have been discovered. 2ft\ith, a corporate town in Glamor- ganshire, with a market on Saturday It is situate on the Neath, over which is a bridge, where small vessels conn to luad coal. On the other side of tin river are tiie ruins of a fine nionaslery. and in the neighbourhood are iroi. forges, smelting works for copper, ami coal mines. It i.s governed by a por- NEE (reeve, wlio is swiu-ii In by (lie ilcputy idiist.ible of liie c.tstle of iNeuth, anil S( jted near the llrislol Cli.i im I, ii iiiiiei N 'W of l.aiiiiail, and 2oU U hv .N ot L .:ulon. Lon. 3 45 VV, li.t. 51 4. J N. iV.'..-/i, a river in Gl.-.inorganshirc, wiiii'i r.ilis into the MiistolCliiiiinel, be- l.iw llie town ot Neiitli. Neil, a ri\tr in the isle of Man, which runs iiilo il'c Insh sea, at I'eel Castle. Ne.im, III' Nv/juio, a ri.ii'eil city on liie \V >nU- oftlie island of Cn-suii, wtli a liislmp's see. Whose bishop rcsitles ut SI. I'i' renzo, a mile distant. Ncbra, a tow. I in the urcle of Upper .Sa.M>ny, in 'i hiiiiiif-ia. It is 12 miles N VV I'f Naunibnig. Lon. 11 26 E, lat. 51 13 N. Ni\'ktir, a river of Germany, which rises III ti.e hliick Forest, crosses the di:(eliy of vVirtemhurg, and tlic paluti- iiate >-if the Kiiine, and falls into the iiliine, at Manheim. Ncctiirs-Centuiul, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of tin; Khiiie, seated on llie Neckar. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 49 2t) N. Nfckara-Ulm, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franco lia, seated on tlie Neckar. It belongs to the grand-mas- ter of the Teutonic order. Lon. 9 5E, l..t. 4'J 22 N. Nt:Jrjm:i,a city of Algiers, remarka- ble for its magnificent ruins. Lon. 38 W, lat. S3 40 N. NeeUnam, a town in SuiFolk, with n market on Wotlnesdiiy. It is seated on the Oiwell ami has some trade in Siilliilk-bhies, and cloths ; and women are employed in spinn:ng and weaving lioiitlacc. It is ten miles N VV of Ip&- witii, and 7S N E of London. Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 52 15 W. Ncciiies, two ro( ks in Hampsliire, N of the isle of Wight so called from vlieir sharp extremities. Nie/iee/ieow, one of the Sandwiciv islands, five leagues VV of AtooL I'lic E coHSL is high, and rises abrupt- ly from the sea j the rest of it consists ,)!'low ground, except a round hlufT lead on the S E point. It prvihices ■leiity of yams, and contains about 10,000 inliiibitaiits. Ncerwiiulcn, a village of Austrian Urabant, a Ittle N by \V of Landen. i^ere were fought two celebrated bat- les which are bonietlnics called by the lanie of Neerwinvlcn ; the ow: in 1693, ihe other in 1793 wUdi the French O o o N E G N E M 9rfre cotnpclU-d in evocnnte the Aui- tr'un NellK'i'hiiiil.t. See L.mfcn. Kiftii, u town of tl>e kMij,' W of 'liinis. Loll. 9 25 E, lilt ;U N. Nigapatiim, u city of ilic poninmilii of MiiulooHtun, on tlie roust of Con'- m.iii(U'l. It wan fii'Ht 11 folonj of tht- 1* i'tii)fuo»c, hilt W1.8 taken by the t)t settlements on the coast, where they barter Eiiropeai) giiods for slaves, gold dust, and ele- phants, teeth. Nrgropont, an island of Tiirksy in Europe, the largest in the Archipela. go. It was anciently calh-d Eubwa, and is near the N coast of L vadia, 8er>aruted from it b\ the strait of Negropoiit, over which is a bridge. It is 90 miles in length, and 25 in breadth, though in soine places much narrower. It abounds in corn, wine and fruitft. Negroboiii, a strong city, capital of an island of tlie same name, and a Greek archbishop's see. It has a good liar- J>our, which is commonly the station of the Turkish ships The walls of th« city ia wbi«k the Turks uiid Jews resiiV, are two miles and a half io circumference ; but the subuihi, where the christian* live, are niiich larger. It was taken, in 1469, frnm the Venetians, who attemi'led to re- take it in 1688, without elicet. It ii Healetl on a strait of the same name, 30 miles N £ of Athens, and 260 S W •if Constantinople. Lon. 24 H £, lat. 38 30 N. NcviihatuI, an ancient town of Persia, in Inic Ap^mi, famous for a buttle fought near it, between the ralilt Omar and Yez DegenI, king of Persia, in 1()3H, when he lost that kingdom. It is 170 miles N W of Ispahatn. Lun. 47 lOE, Int. 34 20 N. Niiiiemm, a town of Germany, in the elerti)r*te of Mentis, situated on the Jaxt. It is 33 MiilcR £ S £ of Heidel- berg. Nridenburg, a town of Prussia, with a castle on a mountain, 75 miles £ of Culm. NeiUtnn, a village in Renfrewsliire, to the S of Pairlcy, It is noted for a cotton mituufactory. Lon. 30 20 E, lat. 53 22 N. Ntiite, a town of Silesia, surrounded by thick walls and dee[> ditches. 1 he bishop of Breslaw generally reside* here, and has a magnificent palace. The inhabitants curry on a considera- ble trade in linens and wine. This place sufiiered greatly in 1/29, by an inundation and a fire It was taken by the Prussians in 1741, who after the peace, in 1743, built a citadel, to which thev gave the numc of Prussia. It il seated on a river of the same name, 27 miles N Eof Ghitz, and 35 SE of Bre»< law Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 50 31 N. Ntci'ei.uurg, a town of Suabia, capita! of a landgiaMite of the same name, 20 miles N of Constance, and 20 N E uf Schal. huusen. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 59 N. Nelson, an English settlement in Ni;rth America, on the ',V side of Hud- son's Bay, at the mouth of the river N'elfion, '25(.> miles S E of Churchill Fort. It belongs to the Hudson's Bay Company, who carry on a great trude i:i beaver and other skins. Lon. 92 35 W, lat 57 7 N. Ne7ii(T(i, a village of the Morea, fa- mous for the Nenia^un games anciently celebrated here. Nemours, a town of France in the (kpavtment of Seine and Marne and iiite province of the Isle of France, with an old castle, between two hilla. It ia I IW |» .l i |, l» E M N E R NET Kvd miles and a lialf in Ic ; but the mibiiihi, I'lii-iiitiuiii live, nre nincU lis tkkcn, in 1469, iVdm wild uttt-mi'tcd to le- m, without cliect. It it itriiit of the Hunie nume, of AthciiH, aixl .26U S VV [lople. Lon. '24 8 £, lut. an ancient tnwn of Persia, mi, famoiiii for a battle t, between the ralilt Omar leijenl, kinfir of Hemiu, in he lost tliut kin)rdom. It N W of Igpahtttn. Lon, 34 20 N. a town of Germany, in the Meiit^, Mitiiiiteil on the S3 inileM K S b of Hcidci- a town of Priisgia, with I mountain, 73 miles E, of villapre in Renfrewahire, Vaiflcy. It is noted for a ufactory. Lon. 20 20 E, lown of Silesia, surrounded lis and dcej) ditches. 1 he Bi-eskw generally resides las a maipiificeiit palace, ants curry on a consider*- II linens and wine. This ■ed (rreatly in 1/29, by an intl a fire It was taken by US in 1741, who after the 43, built a citadel, to which he numc of Prussia. It is river of the same name, 27 i' Glutz, and 35 S E o( Bret- 17 35 E, lat. 50 31 N. ,', a liiwn u{ Subbia, capital ivate of the same name, 20 Constance, and 20 N E of n. Lon. 9 8 E, lat. 47 59 N. in English settlement in pica, on the \\ side of Hud- al the mouth of the river .' miles S E of Churchill ■loii(rs to the Hudson's Bay vUo earrj on a great tnide d other skins. Lon, 92 o5 ' N. I village of the Morea, fa- : Nenia^an games anciently lere. a town of France in the if Seine and Marne and i;ite he Isle of France, with an between two hills. It i« tested on the Loing, 10 miles, S of Foii- tuiohleuii, uiid 15 S E of Ptirit. Luii. 3 .i; E, lat. 48 16 N. Nen, the principal river of Northanip- toiisiiire, which rises in the VV pai t of the comity. It is made iiaviguhle at Mcirtlianipton, leaves the county at Pe terborou^^h, and cntsHing the isle of Ei- , forms part of the VV lioumlary of Norfilk, uii'l fulls into the Lincoln- ihii-e Wash. It likewise coinnuini cates by several channels, with tlie Great Uiise. Neocattru, a fort of Tui key in Europe, in lliiniiiniu, wliere the 'I'lirks always keep u good garrison. It is seated in tiie initldlu of the strait of Canslantinu- pie, \2 miles fi-oni tliat city. Lun. 29 4 iL, lat. 41 lU N. Neou, St. a t'lwii in Huntingdon- a'l.re, with a market on Thursday. It is a well built town, has a considera- ble church, With a tine steeple, and a consiclerahle trade in coal. It is seated on the Oii.ie, over which is a tine stone bridge, 20 miles VV S W of Cambridge, and 56 N N W uf London, Lon. 30 \V. lat 52 7 N. Nrpean Itlami, an island of the South PaeiHc Ocean, opposite Port Hunter, on the S coast of Norfolk Island, con- sisting entirely of one mass of sand, Ill-Id together by the surrounding clillii, wiiicli are a border of hard rocks. The surface was covered with a kind of coarse grass, and upwards of 200 fine pines were growing on it. Nvfii, an ancient town of Italy, in the patrmion} of St. Peter, with a bi.ihop's see, seated on the Triglia, 20 miles N of Home. Lon. 11 34 E, lat. 42 14 N. Nenic, a town of France in the de- partment of Lot and Garonne and Lte province of Guiennc. It is situated im the river Baise, which is navigable here, and is divided by that river into great and little Nerac. In the feudal times, this was the residence and capi- tal of the lords of Albert Their stu- peiidf. us castle, where Henry I\^. spent part of his youth, is now in ruins. In the 16th century, the greatest part of its inhabitants ent>braced the reformed religion, but were obliged to surren- der to Louis XIII. in 1621. Nerac is 20 miles S W of Agen, and 380 S bv W of Paris. Lon. 13 E, lat. 44 2 N. Nerbudda, a river of India, which is- sues from a lake on the southern con fines of the province of Allahabad, forms the boumlury between Hindoos- tan Proper and the Uercan, and falls iiiti) till giilfof Cainbu), beh>w Baroiich, iVeWcdi, a sniidivision of Sweden Proper, bounded on the N bv VVcitiiia nia, on the E by Siinderiiiaiiia, on tlie S by E Gothland,' and on the VV by VV Gothland Oiebo is the capital, and the most considerable place in it. AV/'ij, an island in the E Indies, the second of the llaiida Islands, wiiere the Uiiti'h lia\e a fort called Foi-t Nas- sau. Here are large serpents, but nut venenioiis, and the inoiiiitains are cover- ed with tiees, in which are birds of a\er\ siii^tilur kind. Lon. 129 45 E,Ut, 4 40'N. Ni>u;'iiiiit, one of the four provinces oftiie llussiaii government of Irkutzlc Its capital, of tliL same name, is seated oil the Ncrtcha, which falls into the Schilka. A'tiic, a town of France, in the de- partment of Sominc and late province of Picardy. It is seated on the Lingon, eight miles N E of Hoycs, and 66 N bv E uf Paris. Lon. 2 59 E, lat. 49 51 N. Kett, Loch, a beautiful lake in Inver- nesshire, 22 miles in length, und, for the most part, one in breadth, tho' sometimes two. It is sheltered on the N VV by the high mountains of Ur- cpihart and Meali'ourvoney, und edged with coppices of birch and oak. Nes4, a river of Scotland, which is the outlet of Loch Ness, and fulls into the frith of Murray, a little below the town of Inverness. Netherlandt, or Law Countries, a large country of Europe, anciently culled Gallia Belgica. In the ninth century, the sons of the emperor Lewis the Pious having divided the dominions of their father, who possessed Germany, France, and Italy, a new kingdom was formed, roniprehending Germany und France, and a part of the Netherlands. It was culled L»tharia, but did nut long subsist ; fur it was soon divided into two i and that seated near the Mediterranean was culled the king- dom of Burgundy ; while the other, to the N, had the name of Austrasia. Nei- ther did this last continue lung, it being divided into 17 provinces, under did'er- ent names, which still depended on the empire of Germany, and were called Lower Germany. In process of time, the house of Burgundy purchased many of them, aiid was about to form them, with jiurgundy, iiilo a lungdom ; but NET NET I i CIviHm thp Dnlil, the loitil'ike ofBur- fiiiiily, bi'inif kiilril h\ tlii' Swinm, Iji •trr, lii!. pint of tin- Ntllioiliindu tli'- rolxrd (III Mill) liin oiilv i liilil : \sliii, niarrviii); tlic riiipi'l-or Miixiiuiliiiii, iIjo Nt'tlicrlaiuU Ic-ll to the hoiiHC of Aiih- tfiit I'lif t'iii|ifi'or C pitilot v. kin(^ of Sl'uiii, in l.iAj, iiliiliriitfil till' Novtrcinii- tv iii'tlic N('llifi'l.iiivli(i I'lcli: Miiii'i'il to iiilro- diire tlif in(nii>itii'n into 111? Low Conntrii's, with t lie liiubi.ntifs of tli'- dukf of Aim, f.\as[itTat<'il the people to siiihii , miller the CoMihiet of Williiiiii 1. pi'iiicc of (Jraiijfe, filmed ll.c fit;. oils h njjiie of IJireelil, In l.J7'.', wliieli |)i'oveil the touncliitioii ttf tlie l'ej)iil)lie of llie Stvtii Unileil Pr iviiie( s. Aft( !• :i loiitf uiul blooil\ W». J I'le Spiiiii.ii'iis ii|.;-ict'(l to a time wi'li the Uniu cl I'loxiiiees, the \erv fiist iir»i le 'f wlii'.h iielinowledjfed tl em to he free iiud iiulepcndt nt stat«:s. Tlic Uiif wiis I'enuwed in llUl ; lint, at lii(.t, hy tlu' Ireiily of Westphalia, in 16-18, I'liilip IV. of Spain exiiiensly re- lioi.ioed ill elaini to goveici^tity Over the I'nited Provim-es. '1 he (jlher let! iil'oviiKeH, however, returned nii- tler the dominion of Spain, but with Very tavot vable Ktii'iihit'ons with le- »pc( t to their i.neic lit hiws i.ild liler- tie.s. Oil the death of ChurleN II. kintr of Spain, and tlie snb.sefpient iieression of a brand) of the house of Bniulxin to that moniirrln, it wasKtipuhiteil, by the trealv of lladen in 1714, that tlie Span- ish Netlicrlands Klionid return to the GcriTiun brancii of the house of Aus- tria. Some eons'derable ]iai ts, howev- tr, fell by roivpiest, or cession, to the French and Uutihi the province of Arto's, the Cambresis, iind part of Lu.senibnrj'', Flanders, and Hainault, were in the hands of the Fiei'.ch, and called the French Netherlands; while the Dutch possessed the N part of lira- bant iin.l Flanders, from them denorni- nateii, no sovcrei;fn coidd tie more beloved j no pe()[)le more con- lent and happy. But lier son, Joseiili II. I avin(» I lojt'cted many itiiiinalions, m tlie contiitutluns, butli in church and state, and enforcinjf ihelB with violence, an uiiiverhiil spirit nf n.oll hrokr oul . an army of 4U,0(jU men rose, us if liy mag'ie, to Hiippoit the renunciution of all ulle)(iance, whieh soerul of llio (irovinces now openly nuidc i a eon. ^l'l'ss was formed fiom the diliereiit Miiites, in uhiin< the i(ii|iienie (loveni. Hunt Wiis vested i aiid by the i iid i.i Deceiiilier li'JU, tiie Ausliiun fones w.ie entirely expel. ed li'oiii the iNellierlaiuU. ' The new (rinei iimeiit, luiwcver, w:is ii'it of h.li^',• dupati<'ni >or which, ihdei d, the ni. inner in whidi the eongress c.\eiii«ed its powers wus r.ir from hei"^' caleiilated. Li'opolil 11. (tlie siieeessor of tlie capricious aiii! uidiil tii'ii.le J"S<'pli, who (lied in tin; iiiilj pi.rt of l/'-H)) was eiiidiled, p.M'l- \\ hy fori e ol i.rnis, parllv by coiuIImi'ii ry liuasi res, and partly by the iiied'a- tioii of tl,'- C'liir's of Lor.d'iii, hei'iii. | ami lliijric, to recover the entire | "»• session of his antlioriiy in these [i u- \iiRe», and that, in a ^reat measure tu ilie satisfiiclioii of ti.e jiedple i the ministers of the mediiitinjr courts hav- in(7 guarai'.l«edtlierehloratlonof the an- cient Belpir constitution, u.s enjoyed un- der the bajiiiy rcitjii of the emprcsi (pieen Maria Theresa. In 1792, dm French overrun the Netherlands, and ni(Uii\oured to ellerl unolher revu- lilt ion, but were driven out of the country in 1793. In 1794 they afiain recovc ed jiossession ; and in 1793 (he Netherlands weie decreed to form .1 |iart of the territory of the French republic. The Netherlands, in jjene. lal, are 360 'tides lon)f, and 'JliU bnad; Ivinjj h en 12 and 7° K Ion. and l.') aiiil 54° N lat. They are bounded on tl e W iind N by the German Ocean, on the E. by Germain, and on the S hy France, 'i hey once constituted a part of j the Gerinun empire, ui'der the name of tlic circle of Burgundy. The jirin- cipal rivers are the Scheldt, Khinc, Maesc, Moseile, and Lis ; and there are many fine navip^able canals, wliicii are of fjrcat advaiitati^e to the com- merce of the coiintiy. '1 he air is tem- perate ; but the months of the rivers and harbours are fro/.eii up in the win- ter. The soil is extremely fertile in corn and pastures; and there are several fine tnanufiicturcs of lace, lawns, cam- brics, tapestry, {^^c. See United I^rmin- ces <;f the Kctlierlart'lt. Nvtc/ii-iiii, a town of Germany in the I circle of Upper Saxony, in the terrii* J E T N E U N K V DiTiiiif ili'-m willi violence, piril lit 11. Ilk lirtikr oiii . tU,(>UO men roiir, uit it' hy i|)|)()it llif rt'iiuntiation nl wliirli Htvcrul of llic w ii|) iliiil in tin: if l/'jD) wuH I'iKib'.cd, piii'l- (.1 1.1111S, partly bs coiuilfii'n •s, uiul piiilly lis lUo uicd':!- C'nir'8 of Lor.il'in, bci'in, , to VfCOVOP III*! flltil'l' 1 'i»- bis milhoi'iiy in tbcai- [I'j- ,1 tbal, ill a gnat Micuauif U< clion of llic Jieoplf i tbi' I tbo nutliiitiiij.; courts luiv- t tcil tiic reslovation of tlic an- \r ciiiistilutitin.usoiijoycdun- *pi)V rcitt" «'♦' tl'*' i-inpicsi iriii' TliuiTsii. In 179:2, Uii! erniii the NitlicHaiuls, and c(l to cllerl unollicr lexo. it were (IriM-n otit of tiic 179J. Ill Uy-t they iifrain ])oshessi<)ii ; aiul in 1"9J rluiKU wfif (IccrciJ to form the tcrriKiry of tlic Fri.'iii:li Tiic Nethcilamls, in jjfiu-. 360 'Tiili's loiiff, «iul Ml injr li en 2 and 7° ^- '"n I 54° N lat . Tiicy are bounded and N by tlic German Ocean, :)\ Gerniunv, and on the S by 1 licy onre constituted a part of an empire, mnler the name lie of Bnrgiipdy. The i)riti- ■rs are the Scheldt, Khinc, Moseilc, and Lis i and there ' iiiie naviffable canals, wliicii i-cat advanla}^e to the com- the coniiti y. '1 he air is tern- Jilt the mouths of the rivers uirs are fro'.en up in the win- soil is extremely fertile in corn urcs; and there are seveial iifactures of lace, lawns, cani- lestry, ike. See United Proiln- Kctlierl-.imh. ail, :i town of Germany in the \Jl>[>ti: Saxony, iu the terrilo ry of S Voif^lind, irateil on the Cole' , rj niih'H S \V of ZwirlkOii. Nttluiui, u town of [\.\\, in CuMij .i^- nu ili Hoinu. Iu-. but tiiinly iieo|/lid, tlioiijrli heated in a fertile soil, at lIii inoiitli of llie l.or.iciiia, and tin iuhabi- taiits are alninsl all IiuiiIivh. It is '2\ liilli's S of Koine. Lo:i. 1_> i'i L, hit, 4.' M a. Nev,i, a river of Hussia, which is- sues from the lake Lailoj^a, and falls into the gulf uf I'inlaud, below l\'terb> biuxli. Ncubiirg, the (lulc!i)' of, in Germany, ati dosirioiis. Nc'irluitel, a town of Swisserland, Rapitul of u principality of the same name. It contains not more than 3 lOO hoiils, and is situate partly itn the phiiii bclweeii the lake of Neiifhatcl and the Juru, and partly (jii the derbvity oCtI ut } mountain. The ohief artii le of espor- tutloii is wine, wbii h is much rsinm- |ed, and produced tVom the viu<\.irs. I Amoii);- the nuiny oublic works w'tich ' have been latel\ exccnte(f here, ari't'ie new town-bou>ie, and a superb ea'sc- wav leadinif toward tiie v:dley of St Imi- ep. Nenchi tel isn'o\ei"ed bv a |(ic; I lod I'ttle council ; the firs! is composed of 40 persons j the secnd consists of 24 .member?, comprebeiidinj; the m-vor, ' who is presideiit. It is '25 n i!es N E fif I^iiMsanne. and 25 VV of Bern. Lon. ,7 !•:. bit 47 5 N. ' Neii'/i.ilet, or Vvtnluu, n lakeof S«Is. serbuu', which t kes its name fiom a town of till' SMiie nanu', stie'cl (..i a- bont 20 miles ifi lei'.(rth tiorn the t' wii ofYverilunto tluit of Neo( li.'itcl. in a direction from S W to N f'., :'t whirji extremitv it has a comnuiuir.tion with the lake of Bienne bv a narrow outlet, and is 17 niiles lonp and 5 broad Nt;veni, a vil',".(ri' in Peinbroke.'ibire, near m river of the »vmf name, one mile N E of Newport. There are se- I vcral nniuomenlsof aiitifjoitv in this jia- . rish, and a-i'ong'the rest a sin^fle stone, ,oPa stpiare form, 13 feet hi;.i;h am' two 1 broad, with a cirnilar t^;), ebar.'ed with across, and all the sides arene.'it- ly carved with knot work of vaiious patterns, Ntveri, a considerable ep'sroral town of France, in the de' aitnn nt ofN'e'ro and late nrovince of >;ive: iiols, .sealed on ibe Loire over whiidi it Ins a iu'pd- some bridfrc The town is built in the form of an amphitheatre, cont.iininfj ni'inv eleprant buildinjr.s, anvii'ir whicli is the ancient palace, in wb i h John Cutiimer, king- of I'olaud, c:ki'/ircd in N E U N E U 1675. It is 145 miles S E of Paris. Li)i.. 3 14 E, i;ii. 46 59 N Ncufchatel, a Ikwh of France, in \\\c «Je|]:iVtinent of Lower Seiiif and late province of Norniandv', noted fur excel- lent cheese, coinmodioiisly seated on the river Arqites, 20 miles S E of I)i- cjipe, and 75 N VV of Paris. Lon. 1 30 E, hit 4'.> 46 N. Neufcluitenu, a town of Anstrian Lnx- cnihirj;, 27 mi'i-s W N W of Liixem- buvT. I.on. 5 30 K, lat. 49 53 N. Neufcketeii, a (■o:nniei'''ial town of F;-.iiK-e, in the department of the \'os- }fc-i and late province of Lorrain. It is sciiti'd in a soil fi-rliK' in corn, wine, and all the nc css.iries of life, on die ri- ver .Mo;i/nn, 25 mill's S \V of Nunei, and laij ! hv S of Paris. Loii. 3 47 K, lat . 't 8 24 N. Naruiu-i, a stronif town of Bohemia, in the circle (-f Bechi'i, with a castle. L m. 15 30 E, lat. 49 8 N. iVccK?;/*, a town of GeriTiany in the rii 'ic of Lower Saxony, and diitehv of 'Ei-onicn. It was once a place of threat tra-le, and hid a commodious harbour at the month of t!ic Oste, bnt a sand bi'ik accimnlat'n'^ .n it, at the issue of the Oste, into the Elbe, its trade was al i.ost anniliilated, and it is now of irui h less rotiseqnencc than fopnierly. It is r.) niles N N W of Slade. Loii. 8 -'" ."•;, htt. 5'i 52 N. Kctihauiel, a strong' town of Upper Hungary, seated in a marshy plain, on the river Nevtraeht, 15 miles N VV of Comora, and 40 S E of Presbiirg. Lon. 18 10 E, lit. 48 1 N. Neviii, or Nevjtii, a town in Camar- Tons'iire, with a market on S.atiirday. It iii scatef! on the Irish Sea, 20 miles S l>v \V of Carnarvon, and 249 W N \V of r.ondon. Lon. 4 25 VV, lat. 32 52 N. Hcvis, one of the Leewanl Caribbee Island.s, n the West Indies, divided from the E end of St. Christophers by * narrow channel. It hasbtitonc moun- tain, which is in the middle, very hi(yh, and covered with larg'e trees tip to the top. Here are spring's of fresh water and a hot bath, much of the same na- ture as those of Bath, in F.njjfland. It i« a sma'l island, b'.it very frnitfnl, and svbjert to the Englissli. Charleston is the eanital. Ke.wmait, a. own of Tr isylvania, on the river Merisch, 56 miles N of Clait- Bcr'Mirjv. Lon. 23 35 E, lat. 47 19 N. "f'uvtr.'.; a towii of Germany, in the circle of liavai'ia, 30 inilcs N N W of Ratisbnn. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 49 18 N. Nrus, a river of North Carolina, wiiieh enters Pamlico Sound, below Newberii| where it is a mile and a half broid. Nmsaltz, a town of Silesia, in the principality of Glojjan, 12 miles N \V of Glopfaii. NfusiiHc; a town of Himg'ary, 24 miles S \V of Presburjy, sitiifite on a lake of the same name. Ntusnl, a townof U|>per Himfrary, it has a larf^e castle, in which is a chnrcli, covered w'lh copper It is noted for the j'l'reatest copper mines in all Hnn- pary, which are in its iieighboiirhood, and is seated on the Gran, 10 miles N of Cremnitz, and 50 N E of Leopold- stadt. Lon. 19 29 E, lat. 49 9 N. NcustnJt, a town of Lower Saxony, in tiic diitchv of H )'stein, seated on tlie B.dtic, 22 miles N N E of Liibec. Lon. U OE, lat 54 ION. NfiLitadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dtitchy of Mecklenburg', 15 miles S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 50 E, lat. 53 24 N. Neustndt, a town of Lower Saxony, inthedotrhy of Bninswick-Lt'.nenbnrp, with a strong' castle, 15 miles N VV of Hanover. Lrm. 9 55 E, lat. 52 34 N. NeiistaJt, an episcopal town of Low- er Austria, witii a castle, and an arse- nal, 30 m'les S of Vienna. Lon. 16 27 E, lat 47 48 N. Neustadt, a town of Francoiiia, in the bisho]>ric of Wiirtzbnrj^h, seated on the S.ale, 12 miles N E of Schweinfttrt, Lon. 10 25 E lat 50 24 N. Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the dntchy of Wirtemberg', seated on the Kochcr, 12 miles N N E of Halibron. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 49 17 N. Nei,!tadt, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, seated on a small chain of mountains nine miles N bv W of Landau. Lon. 8 7 E, lat. 49 40 N. Ncu^'il/e, a to'wn of Swinserland, in the bishopric of Basle. Before Swis- serland was invaded by tlie French, it was governed by two burghermasters, and a small and great council, each consisting of twenty -four members. Neti-i'ieJ, a flourishing comme.cialci- ty of Germany, in the circle of the Up- per Hhine, capital of the principality of VVeid. It contains between 6 and 7*000 inhabitants. Netiwled is 10 miles N N VV of CobUiitz. Lon. 7 35 E, lut. 5» 32 N. i. N E U on. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 49 18 N. , u river of North Curolma, enters Fuiiilico Sound, below I'll, wliere it is a mile and a liulf altz, a toAvn of Silesia, in the ality of Glogaii, 12 miles N VV (^■iiii. d.'e, a town of Hiing'ary, 24 S W of Pi'esbur(f, situate on a f the same name. ol, a town of Upper Himjrary, it irj^e castle, in which is a chnreh, 1 w'lh copper It is noted for reiitest copper mines in all Hiin- whioh are in its iieighljourliond, seated on the Gran, 10 miles N [;mnil/, and 50 N E of Leopold- Lon. 19 29 E, lat. 49 9 N. stm/t, a town of Lower Saxony, diitchy of Ho'stein, seated on dtie, 22 miles N N E of Liibec. 11 OE, lat. 54 ION. utadt, a town of Lower Saxony, ilutchy of Mecklenburjf, 15 miles Scliwerin. Lou. 11 50 E, lat. Si istndt, a town of Lower Saxony, dutrhy of Bninswick-Lunenburp, I stroi'iy castle, 15 miles N \V of ver. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 52 34 N. istnJt, an episcopal town of Low- istria. witii a castle, anil an arsc- 50 miles S of Vienna. Lon. 16 27 t 47 48 N. iistadt, a town of Franconia, in the pric of VVurtzburtfh, sealed on ale, 12 miles N E of Sch weJnftirt, 10 25E lat 50 24N. \iatadt, a town of Germany, in the ly of Wirtemberg, seated on the cr, 12 miles N N E of Halibron. II 20 E, lat. 49 17 N. i.uadt, a town of Germany, in the iiate of the Rhine, seated on a chain of mountains nine miles N ' of Landau. Lon. 8 7 E, lat. 49 iml/e, a town of Swinserland, in ish.ipric of Basle. Before Swis- !id was invaded by tlte French, it governed by two burghermasters, a small and great council, each sting of twenty -four members. u-i'ivd, a fionrishingcomme.cialci- Gormany, in the circle of the U|>- Ihine, capital of the principality of 1. It contains between 6 and 7000 litants. Neuwied is 10 miles N N ■ CobUiitz. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 59 NEW ifeiD Antrifti, a [jost town in Orange county, New York ; situated on the post and stage road, from Niw York to Albany, 34 miles N by W of the Ku-- mer, and So S E of Goshen. NeviarJt, a handsome post town of Es- sex county. New Jersey; situated on the W side of P.issaic river, 6 miles N of Elizabeth town, and 10 W b\ N of tliceityof New York. It liasaeollei;e, instituted in 1792, and carries on the niunufaclure of shoes in an extensive manner Newark upon Trent, a borough in Not- tinghamshire, with a market on Wed- nesday. It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, and once had a handsome castle, now in ruins. New- ark has a giMid trade, is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to par- liament. It is 17 miles N E of Notting- ham, and 124 N by W of London. Lun. 45 W, kt. 53 6 N. Nevu Be tfurU, a post town in Bristol county, Massachusetts ; situated on an arm of Buzzard's bay, 59 miles S of Boston nd 30 N E of Newport in Rhode Island. It has a safe harbour, and carries on a considerable foreign trade. The inhabitants in 1800 amount- ed to 4361. Nevibern, the cai)ital of Craven conn ty. North Carolina; situated on the S bunk of the river Nuse, in the lat. of 35° 20' N, and long, of 77° 5' W, 35 miles S of Washington, on Pamptico river, and 81 S by W of Edenton, on Albemarle sound. This is a |)ost town and p>irt of entry, the most popuhuss in tlie State, and was the seat of govern- ment before the revolution. The quan- tity of lumber, Indian corn, tar, ])iteh and turpentine, exported annually from this town, is very considerable. The inliabitants are e.itimated at 2467, one moiety at least being blacks and miilat- toes. Neu'biggin, a fishing town of Nortli- umbcrland, seven miles E of Morpeth. It is situated on the N side of the bay of Newbiggin. Ne^u Bruiimvici. a post town in Mid- dlesex county. New Jcrsc> ; situated on the .S bank of the river Rariton, 30 miles N E cf Trenton, and oii S W <>{' the city of New York. In IMdO the ei- ty contained 30U0 inlnibitaiits. The bridge built over the Harit<'n, al this place, is distinguished for its excellent woi-kinaiiship. NeTuiturg, a corporate, town in the i.sle NEW "f Anple-cy, with a market on Tiie*. day. It is goveined l)\ a mayor, a;iil sealed on liie river liialit, l.'> miles S \V of Beauiii— ;, and J.)/ N VV of Lon- ihm. 1 4 '.17 .V, lat. .5.> 10 N. NeiUltiini, a j-etly vilhig- in Nortlmin- lierlaiid, on ihe \V side of Newiai'Je, inhabited !)v Coiiiers. Here a part of the aniiy of Cliailes I. under loid Con- wav, was defeated bv tlie Scoleli in 1640. NevJiiiri', a corporate town in Berk- sliire, with a market on 1 hursday, its poor are ehietlx eni|)lo)ed in spinning. Two battles were fought near tliis town with dnbions success, between the (i'r- ces of Charles I. ami the parliament, in 1643, and 164-1. Newbury is comnio- dioiisly sealed on the river Keiinet, 26 miles "S of Oxf ird, and 56 W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 12 W, lat. 51 25 N. Nrixlmrv, a post town in Oi-ange coun- ty. New York; on tlie W side of Hud- son's river, 64 miles .S by E t,f the city of Hudson, and 67 N of New York, with about 400 inliabitants. Neu'/iury, a post town, the capital of Orange county, Venuont ; situated on the W side of Connecticut river, 40 miles N of Dartmouth college, and 5 N VV of Haverhill, in New Hampshire ; it contains 1304 inhabitants. Newbtirv-port, a coiisidi'rable port of entry and post town, in Essex county, .Massachusetts ; situated at the niiiutli of the river Mevriniack, in tlie lat. of 42° 47' N, and long, of 70° 47' W It lies at the '-i-i^mce of 40 miles N. from Bostin, and 22 S from Portsmouth, in New Haiiijisiiire ; in point of foreign commerce, it is tiie third port i'l the State J the irihabitants are about 6U0(). Nni'ciixf:'i; a town in Carmartlien- s'.iire, with a market on Friday. It is a poor town, and its once fine castle ia now in ruiiis. It is seated on the Tyvy, 17 mdcs N VV of Carm.ii'tlien, and'2l9 \V N VV of London. Lon. 4 oO W, laU 52 4 N. XeiL'castl.' under Line, a borough in Staiiordshiro, wltii a .market on Mon- day. It iiad four eliurclies, now redu. rnd to one ; Mid tl;o castle, whence it took its n.inu!, !•• (juite demolished It has a manr.taclnrc of liats, is governed by a mayor, and sends two mend)ei? ;o parliament. It is a large place with broad paved streets and is famous for more stone -ware being made iie.v it than at any place in iMiglauil. I' isse.'icd ou a rivuict, 15 miles of Stafiiird, uni NEW Lon. 2 2 W, 149 N N W of Loiuloti hit. 53 12 N. , ^ J\r.;i'i-.ii-.^', nl- Newcastle ufion T nc. a lai'wc- b.ir m .-ii and scu \r.n m Noilli- ,iH;;jcH..n(l, siuulc Dl-Iwccii ti>e Hicls W.'.i ..'Ml llie Ivae. lac nvcr is t.i di-cp, tiMt ships' of 600 tons biirt ..i. niity Kiiiit- lip t" '•'"' '•"^^"' '" '"'"•'.'*'^ b;it tiiL- CDllicrs wait at Stiieids tor tlK-li' Uling .vi Kh IS bvoiigiit clown tlie river 111 lig-iitcrs. 'nic town ni,.y hK". cou-'.divd us a.vModir.U) two p^.rts, ot . w!iii-i; G;.ti-siH-u tius place went part of that wall which extended from sea to sea, and was b.nlt , by the Unmans to defend t'.io BnUms 1 au-ainst tne incursions <,f the I'lcts. The to •' was defended by a str(mg wall, in w/ich were seven ^aies, and as ma- ny turrets, with several casements^ bomb pro. f i but the castle and walls ; are now in ruins. Here is a noble ex-; cliaiiK-e ; and the iinest quay in EuR-land j except that of Great Yarmouth, bein^- longer than that of London and Bristol., Here are four parish churches, beside , one at Gateshead. St. Nicholas church , stands on the top of a high hill, and has a loftv steeple of curiou!i architecture.! Amoiiff the other public buildings is a: mansion house for the mayor, who is allowed 600 a vear for his table, besides a coach and 'barge, a liall for the sur- geons ; a large hosjiital, built by tlie contribution of the keel iticn, fir tlie maintenance of the po.ir ol their Irrter- nity, and several charitable foundations, situate in the centre of the great col i- eries, which have f>r centuries suppli- «;d London and most of tlie southern parts of the kingdom with coal. 'I his is the staple trade of, and has been the source of gre.it wealtli to Newcastle, the coals carried tiieiice annually are computed to amount to 1,1«.'.^'^^ '-""'* ' it also inaiuifacf.ires steel, iron, glass, ■woollen cloth i earthen ware, wii.t': lead, milled lead, tic. toa great extent, and here i.? a round tower for the ma- nuf.ictory of patent shot ; it <-xporli larve quantities of lead, salt, sa nion, butter, tallow, luul is particularly U- NEW mows for its grindstones, that, scarce a vessel goes iVom thence without some ■ if tiiem ; hence the provcib, " Hint a " Scotchman and a .KJcwcastle grmd- '• slme travel all the w^.rld over. Ships a e sent hence to the Greenland tl.herv, and the trade to tae W^st 1"- dies lia.s become verv consulerabie. 1 lie streets in the old part of the town are narrow, and vci^ uneven, being built on the dedivitv of a steep lull, but the Upper or N l)art of the town, whicn m ' inhab.ted bv tiio politer sort ot people, I is much pleasanter aiu'. has several le- vel, Well built, and spacious streets. The suburbs are chiciiy used as glass h(«ise3, ire Se^ern, eight rnilcs N W of Gloucester, and lU W N W ol T?r^ E W rindstones, tJiat scftrce it [roiti tliiMicp witlioi.t some ice the proverb, •' tliiit a iuul a Newcastle {jriiid- I sdi tlie w^ii'iil over." It lieiiee to the Greenland e tr.tdf to tiiC Wp.st lii- |iiu- verv considerable, i lie old purl of the town are ver\ uneven, bcin)^ built Sty of a steep lull, Ijiit the ):vrt of tlic town, which iv tiie politer sort of pei.jjle, anter and lins scveial Ic- ilt, and spacious streets. i are rliieiiy used as >;lass manufactories, and brew- beer is made which hag at reputation, and they are keel men a rough and stur- i|ti_\ed in carryinj'' the coal er in keels, or liyliters, to lips. The annual revenue lis he c is cnmpuled to a- ear 100,000/. New!stei shire, ket on Friday, seated near t'le Severn, eight miles N ester, and 114 VV N VV of NEW London. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 51 56 N. NemfidUr-Sta, a lake of Hungary, 17 miles long iind six I. road, 20 niiies's by W of Prcsburg, ana 28 E S K of Vicu- na. Kevj Forett, a for'.st in Hampshire, situate in that part '.f the county which is bounded on the E by Soutlwmpton Water, and on the S by the English Channel. It was alibrested by William tlie Conqueror, who expelled the inha- bitants for that purpose, and was then 10 miles longer than it is now. His son William Rufiis was killed in this forest, by an arrow shot by Walter Tyrrcl, which had accidentally glanced against a tree. The spot ia |K)inted out by s triangular stone, its timber is now ap. propriated to the use of the royal navy. Nevifoundland, a large island on tlie E coastof North America, iietweer. 47 and 52° N kt. Its form is triangular ; the N point i« separated from Labrador by the strait of Belleisle, and from tliis apex it is 350 miles in length to the base, which is 200 in breadth. It is i mountainous country, and the climates rather severe, the ground being cover- ed with snow five months in the year. The coasts are high and the shores most remarkably wooded, and the hills are clothed with birch, hazel, spruce, fir, and pine. In some parts of it there arc trees sufficiently large for the building of merchantmen, the hull is made of juniper, and the pine furnishes masts and yards, but no masts have yet been found for a large cutter. It seems to have no inhabitants of its own, but in •Jie summer time is visited by the Esqui. maux Indians. It has several bays and liarbours, and there are about 500 English families who continue hare all the year, besides the garrison of St. Jclm's Placcntia, and other forts. The great importance of this island arises ftom its fishery, which begins in May and ends in September ; the great fish- ii>g-banks t •> S E of this island, are resorted to by at least 10,000 people, and 8 or 900 sail .t ships, anil the fish when cured are exported to Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the West Indies. In winter tiie chief employment of the in- habitants is to cut wood ; and the small- est kind, used for fuel, is drawn by their large dogs, trained up and l>ar. iiesscd for that purpose. There is great plenty of game, fish, and fowl, butvt- I'y little -orn, fruit, or cattle. St. John's '^ the princi')al settlement. NEW Nen Garden, a tovnship in Clie?*eT county, Pennsylvania ; where there is a post office, 12 miles W b N of Wil- mingtnn. Delaware, and 125 from the city of Waahington. Nnv Garden, a settlement of friends, in Guilford county. North Carolina, 26 miles, E of Salem, the Moravian lown. Ne^u Geneva, a post town of Fay«tte county, Penns) Ivnnia, on the W side of Monongahela river, 13 miles N of Mor- gantown in Virginia, and 45 S of PitU- burg. Njw Germantman, a post town in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, 28 miles N W of New Brunswick, and 20 WofEli'jabethtown. Nem litmcetler, a post >wn in Cum- berlund county, Maine ; M miles N by V of Portland, containing 1378 inhabi- tanth when last census was taken. JV«i! HmforJ, a post town in Litch- field county, Connecticut, 22 miles W by N of the city of Hartford, and 12 miles N E of Litchfied, the shire town. i^evi Hampton, a. post town of Hun- terdon county. New Jersey, 21 miles N by W of Flemington, and -tO N W of Brunswick. Neyhaven, a town of Sussex, at tlie mouth of the river Ouse, with a quay on the E side, where ships may ride secure in foul wcatlier it is chiefly inhabited by maritime people, and is seven miles S by L of Lewes, and 56 S of London. Lon. 5 E, lat. 50 48 N. Atw Zfrtwn, the capital of New Ha,, ven county, Connectitut, and alternate- ly with Hartftrd the seat'^of i;tate gov- ernment. It is delightfully situated at the head of a small Ikiv in Long Island Sound, in the lat. of ^l*" 18' N, and Ion. of 72° 56' W, at ihi distance of 40 miles r. by W of Hartford, and 54 W of New London. It is built with con- " sidcrable elegance, the streets being generally laid out in reguia.- squares, and many «.f them shaded with rows of trees. Yale College instituted in this city, in 1700, is a seminary in high credit. The students are about 150 in number, and the total of the inhabi- tants 4050, of whom one in 70 i.i sup. posed to die annually. Here is a post office, and a bank. The foreign trade- is very considerable, the exports of one year having amounted to iro,00« ilollars. M-vi Holland, a p<5st town in Lancas- ter county, Pcnnsvlvanirt, 15 miles N NEW N E W ^ !l fL of the boronpli of Lancaster, and 50 W l)> N of l'lilhtucll>!:i!l. .Nm IpfiL'i'-l', !» r'''!*' t'JW" '" Hills- bnr(i„gii louiilv, Ktw Hampsliiie s aljV ot boston, witli XiWi inhiJi Hints. Nav Le/iaivn, a roiini', ^l■w York S K (.V i loy, rvikv V, . .■ ... m. I- 1 i. X' j.^.^ .. Kiii*rtiin-lk III IhP IHIC Ol jird Ion. 72" 15' W- It bes aboi t tbri.f n.'.lcH of Long' IsIjihI hound, 50 N 1. oC Huitford, ar.d ntfiiy tbi- sanie disl:.r.ie K "f New Haven. 'Hie en- tmnre f.ftlie lu.rbin.r ib defended by two fortiopnlou8 and well frequented town governed by a niavor, ar.d sends two members to pailiiiment. It is seated almost in the middle of the island, on the river Cowcs, which is n.ivigable for small vessels, 17 miles S by li of Southamp- ton, and 91 S W of London. Lon. 1 15 W, lat. 50 40 N. Snvjjurt, a borough in Cornwall, which has no market, but sends two members to parliament. It is three Cnmi be 1 eonnfv. Virgins, :jdu nines iiiemovi!. i... ,-...„,..>..... -- - ", r SW 01 Washington, about 12 miles miles N ot Launceston, and 214 \V by ,. ri ,..-,.,„ S ot London. Lon. 4 36 W, lat. 5J S ofjin es river. Nmnit:iiet, a town partly in Cam- fft-idi^esbire, and partly in S.iflolk, with a m'lirlet on 'Ihnisday. II has one parish in lucb county, but all the town is in Suholk. It is'tlie most relebrat- pd place in England for horse-races ; and here ChaiKs H. built a bouse for tic sake of tliis division. It has two cliarit> scliools settled h\ (iiieen Anne w.th 50/. a jeareach. It is 14 mile.s E of t.[;i)d)ridKc, and 60 N by E of London. Lon. 25 E, li.l. 52 20 N. Kt'.v 3/fl;/cf, a post tt.wn in Rorimp^- hani, county. New Hampshire, eight miles N hv E of Exeter, and 15 W ot i'nrtsnK'Uth, with l(>i7 inhahitunts. Ni-^v Miirht. a post town in Fredcr- hk county Miiryhuid, nine miles east- ward of Frcderickt(Avn. NeKM M.irht, a post town in Shenan- doj.il countv. Viriylnia, situated on the E side of Hobinso'n river, 132 miles W fcy S of irushiiipiin Netv Market, a village in Dorchester county, Mr.ryhind, Iving on the E side ofNuntlcoke rivtr, nine miles above Vienn;! on the same stream. Here is a post ofiice. ^'e1v Mil!), a thriving village, with a post oflbe, in nurlington county. New Jersey, about i'.ve miles E of Montholh. iftti Mil/'i-d, u post town ill Lincoln S of London. Lon. 4 36 W, i3 N. ... Nm-fmrt, a town in Shropshire, witl* a market on Saturday and a handsome fiecschool, 17mdesE of Shrewsbury, and 140 N W of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 52 45 N. ^.'nvport, a seaport town in Mon- mouthshiie, with a n -;rk;'t on Satur- da\, it h.id once a strong castle which is m.w demolished. It is seated on the live. Usk, over which is a hand- some brUlpe, 19 milts S S W of Mon- mouth, and 152 W by N of Londoi\. Lon. 3 4 W, lat. 51 36 N. Ke'ijport, a cov] orate town in Pem- brckcshire, with ;; market on Saturday, w,d the ruins of a castle. It is govern- ed bv a minor, and seated at the iiiot of a"liij;li bill, at the Ixittom of a bay of the same nr.'ue, 18 miles N E of St. David's, :ind 2;;5 W N W of London. Lon. 4 iO W, lat 52 6 N. NeM:pvit, a post town, and port of entrv, in Newport county, Rhode Island, and forn eily the metropolis of the prcv.nv .. 'lids city stands on the S W corner of the i-laiid, in lat. 41 29 N, and loll. 71° 10' W. The harbour which is between Goat Island and the town, is one of liie best and largest ia the United States, but this, added to beauty of situation and salubrity oi air. ^flm E W iit the limd of Sheets* lies M by W of VViscas- a jost toMrn in Litch- (inixrtii'iit, 16 miles N 18 S \V of LitcliHeld, of HnuRsutanick river, itSOOO iiiliultitaiitH. coiporatc town in Glou- itl) a niurkrt on Friday. I;c Severn, cipiit nii\e» slcf, :iii(l 112 W N W on. '2 23 W , lilt. 51 46 N. l><)roii»'li in the IhIc of niurket Oii Wednesday It is a large |)optdouB entod town governed by iicnd.s two mi-inbers tu It is seated almost in the island, on the river Ii is navigable for small Ilea S by E of Southamp- W of London. Lon. 1 40 N. borough in Cornwall, 'i maiket, but sends two parliament. It is thre* iiunceston, nn town in Shropshire, witli Sa'iu'day and a handsome 7 miles E of Shrewsbury, V of London. Lon. 2 18 iN. i seaport town in Mon- willi a n'-.ikit on Satur- nre a strong castle which lolislied. It is seated on V, over which is a hand- , 19 milis S S W of Mon- \o2 \V bv N of Londoft. , lat. 51 36 N. 1 c'((i|xiiite town in Pem- ivitli ;; jiK-rketon Saturday, i of a castle. It is gove rn- •r, and si-iitcd at the fcr-t 1, at tlic bottom of a bay n::'nc, 18 nides N E of St. I 2;55 W N VV of London. ^ lut 52 6 N. I post town, and port of Nevport county, Rhode forneily llie metropolis of .. 'f I'.is citv stands on the of the ivlhiKl,inli.t.4l''29' n° 10' W. The harbour 'tween Goat Island and the oftiic best and lai'iyeBt i« Stiitfs, b'.it this, added to tuutiun and salubrity of air. NEW Km not prevented the city from de- clining'; iiwm{^ in soii>e ini'ii!Vure, in Herts, and was formed by the great Sir Hugh Middleton, wliu was obliged, in order to avoid the eminences and vallies in the ^♦ay, to maive it run a course of about 39 iiiilc-a, and to carry it over two vallies, in lung wooden troughs lined with lead ; that at Bi^shill being 660 feet in leiigtii, and 30 in height ; under which' is an arch, capaciius enough to admit tlic largest waggon leaded with h.iy or straw. In stunt, over and under this river, which some- times rises thus high, and at others is conveyed under ground, runs several considerable currents of land waters, ami both above and below it a great nmiiber of brooks, rills, and water- courses have their passage. Ne-M Rochelle, a post town in West Chester county. New York, planted originally by French Hugonots. It lies 20 miles N E of the city of New York. Nirviry, a borough of Ireland, in the eoiinty of Down, situate on the side of a steep hill, at the foot of wiiich i^ Newry-watcr, having over it twa stone bridges ; and there is a third bridge over a navigable canal, by wliicli it has a communication with Lougii Neagh and Carlingford bay. It has sufitrcd greatly by the rebel'ions in Ulster, and was burnt by the duke of Berwick in 1689 ; but it is now go much improved in trade and buildings, tt^at it NEW I !s the largest town in the countv. It is 49 mileH N of Dublin. Lon.' 6 20 , W, Int. J4 15 N. Newry-watcr, a river of Ireland, which separates the counties of Ar- magh and Down, and watering Newry, enters Carlingford buy. New Siiieiii, a town of Ham])shire county, Massarlicsclla Here is .i post oliii-e 34 miles N W of Worcester, and 81 in the same course from Uoston. NifxvsJiain, a village in Dcrlia:n, siiii- ate on tiie Tecs, live miles ironi D.irl- iiigton This being "he usual find over the river from the S, the bisliop of Durham is met here, at his first com- ing to the see, when the hu-d of Stotk- bourn,just beh/w it, being .it the head of the country geiitlt-men, advances into the middle of the river, with his truncheon, and |)resent.s it to tiu- bishop^ who returns it, and is then conducted along uniid the acclamations uriho popu- lace. Hfie was formerly a nunnery. AVju .y/.i/njij, a post town in Kenne- bec county, Maine, on the N side of Sainiy river, 34 miles N \V of Augus- ta on the river Kennebec. Ne-xiiiii, a borough in Lancashire, with a market on Saturday. It :>ends two members tu parliament, and is fi\e miles N of Warrington, and ISO N W of London. Lon. 2 45 W, lat. 53 'iH N. Neutvn, a borough in the Isle of W ight, which sends two members to partianieiit, but has no market. It is 14 inilt s S of Southampton, and 93 S W of London. Lon. 1 10 W, lat. 50 43 N. Ncwjtoii, a town in Montgomeryshire, with a market on Saturday, seated on the Severn, seven miles S W of Monfr^ gonierv, and 169 W N W of London. Lon 3 12 W, lat. 52 21 N. Ncivtowiilii post town, and the capital of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 22 miles N of Philadelpliia, containing u gaol, court-house, and 790 inhabitants. AVuifowB, tt town in Fairllfid county, Connecticut, eight miles N E of Danbu- ry, and 35 N W of New Haven . the township contains about 3000 inhabi- tants. Nc'ijUkm, a town in Sussex county, New Jersey, 39 miles N £ o'' E^iStun in Pennsylvania. Netottfwu, a town in Tioga county. New York, situated on the N side oi Tioga river, 20 miles S E of Painted Post, conta'ning 1333 inhabitants. Newton- lituhei, a town in Devoif shijc, with a markejt on Wcdneadaj ■*v NEW N I A •e»ted on the Tcign, IS miles S by W of Exeter, and 188 W S W of London. Lon. 3 3U W, lat. 50 3? N. ^reu)tnn^texuart, a town in Wigton- Bhire, situate on the navigable river Crec, over w^iich there is a handsome bridg-e, and whose mouth, in Wigton Buy, aflbrds a valuable salmon-fishery Several manufactures have been com- menced with success in this to\vn. It is 26 miles E by N of Fort- Patrick. Nfwion, a village in Renfrewshire, to the S of Paisley. It is noted for several large jirint-fields. Ntfwtou'ii Limavmly, a borough of Ireland, in tiie county of Londonderry, sruted near the E coast of Lougli Fojie, 15 miles E N E of Londonderry. NeK-VeiirU- Harbour, a part of Staten Land, in South America. Lon. 6411 W, lat. 54 48 S. Nevs-Tears-Islandi, small islands, of South America, on the N side of Sta ten Land. Great numbers of sea lions, seals, 8ic. rea«i't to these islands. NnvVork, the metropolis of the coun- ty and state of New York, situated on the point of York Island, at the con- fluence of Hudson and Ea.st rivers, in lat. 40° 42' N, and lon. 74° 10' W. It was founded by the Dutch in 1615, and called New Amsterdam — incorporated by tire British government in 1696^ and is nowgoverned by a mayor, alder- men, and common council. The city is divided into seven wards. The streets are extremely irregulai", and most of them inconveniently narrow ; though it can bo.ist of one or two, that ■re superior to those of any city in the Vnited States. The buildings are mostly of brick or stone, and some of the public edifices are constructed with considerable elegance and grandeur, particularly. Federal Hall, the New State Prison, and one or two places of religious worship. In point of popu- lation this is tlic second city in the United States, containing 60,000 in- habitants, and in respect of trade, the first ; the exports in 1801 having been estimated at 13,792,276 dols. The har- bour is safe artd spacious, with water suf- ficient for an 80 gun ship j and the navi- gation is seldom interrupted by ice. There is a college liberally endowed, four banks and several insurance offices. The water consumed by the inhabitants is conveyed principally through pipes from springs at the north end of the ci- its mo- •ards, whenit grows thi most .he world. 'Before it comes it is perfectly white and in many places thrown high up intothe uir ;iii(l seems' to outHy an arrow in swift- msH. The river tlien loses itself in Lake Ontario. I'he noise of the Nia- gara Falls, in a clear day and fair wind, may be head at the distance of 45 miles. When the water strikes the bottom, it rebounds to a great height, and cau.scs a thick cloud of vapours, on which the sun, when it shines, paints a be.^utiful rainbow. Niagara, a post town in Gennrsce county. New York; situated on the E side of Niagara river, at its junction with lake Ontario, in Int. 43* 15' N. and long. 79° W. This important place was strongly fortified by tlie British while it was in their possession, and delivered to the Americans in the same good condition. It is 370 miles N W of Philadelphia, and 544 N N W of Wathington. Niat, a small island, in the East In- dies : the women are remarkable for tiicir beauty, and are purchased as slaves by the Dutch and Portuguese, It is situated at the W end of Sumatra. Lon. 97 E, lat. 1 10 N. Nibano, a town of Italy, in the dutchy ofParmt, 57 miles W of Parma. Lon. 10 OE, lat. 45 5 N. Nicaragua, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Guatimala, bounded on Uie N by Honduras, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S E by Costa Rica, and on the S W by the South Pacific Ocean, being about 400 miles from E to W, and 120 from N to S. It is one of the most fruitful pro- vinces of Mexico, and is well watered by lakes and rivers. The air is tempe- rate and wholesome ; and the country produces plenty of sugar, cochineal, and fine chocolate. Leon de Nicara- gua is the capital. Nicaragua, a lake of New Spain, in a province of the same name. It is 200 miles in circumference, has some islands in it, and stretcliing from the city of Leon N W to SE, communicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. Juan. Niearia, an island of the Archipela- go, between Samos and Tina, ancient- ly called Icaria, 50 miles in circumfe- rence. A chain of mountains covered with wood and full of rocks, which the inhabitants who are very poor, make their abode, runs through the middle of it, and supports them witli water. They are of the Greek religion, about 3000 in number, and apply themselves to swimming and diving for sponges, and for gooils lostbv Hiiipwrcck. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 37 40 N. Nicasvo, nn episcopal town of Na- ples, in Calabria Ulteriorc, 17 miles S of Coscnza. Lon. 16 21 E, lat. M 3 N. Nice, a county of Italy, bounded on the VV by the river Vur and the Mari- time Alp.H, which divide it from Trance ; on the N by Piedmont -, on the E by the territories of Genoa j and on the S by the Mediterranean. It was ancient- ly an appendage of Provence, in Franee, but has for many years, belonged to tlie king of Sardinia. In 1792, it was con- quered by the French. The inhabi- tants supply Genoa with timber for ship building, and carry on a trade m paper and other articles. It is 6U miles long and 30 broad, and contains about 125,000 iniialiitants. Nice, an ancient and considerable ci- ty of Italy, cajjital of a county of the same name, with a strong citadel and a bishop's sec. It is of a triangular form, and confined in its situation, hav- ing a high rock on the E, the river Pag- lion on the VV, and the Mediterranean on tlie S i from wliich last it is separa- ted by a beautiful and extensive ter- race, used as a public walk. The bar- hour is on the E side of the rock, and called Limpia, from a small river that falls into it. The exports are silk, sweet oil, wine, cordials, rice, oran- ges, lemons, and all sorts of dried fruits. It has been several times taken by the French, and last of .ill in 1800. ' It is four miles E of the mouth of the Var, and 83 S bv W of Tiu-in. Lon. 7 23 E, lat. 43 42 N. Nice, a city of Asia. See Isnic. Nichaburg, a city of Persia, and the largest and richest in Korusan, famous for a mine of turcois-stones in its neigh- bourhood. It is 37 miles S of Mes- ched. Lon. 57 48 R, lat. 36 30 N. Nicholas, St. a town of France, in the department of Mcurthe and late pro- vince of I.orrain, with a handsome church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, t<» which pilgrims formerly resorted, from all quarter.s. It is seated on the Meur- tlie, five miles S E of Nanci, and 265 E of Paris. Nicholai, St. a se.ijiort of Russia, in the government of Archangel, seated at the mouth of the D^iia, on the White Sea, six miles S of Archanj^I. Nicholas, St. or Mo!e St, Nicholas, a N I C N I t V town, harbour, anil cape of tlie West I liKlicH, at the N W extremity of St. I .U"niiii)^u, c iinniaiidini^llii- Hlrait called ' thi? U iii(l\vai'(l Pussat^c. The harbour I is \ory cu|>u('ioiis at tlic entrance ; and I shi))H of any burden may ride at anchor ill llif basin, ilurin)rllic tri-er.test storm, it wa.s taken by the Knjjlish, aidelace oi' (-(.nsecjuence and carries on a trade in silk, cotton, glass, and earthen ware. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and is 50 miles S W of Constantiacplo. Lon. 3'J 30 E, jtot. 40 30 N. Kicopoli, a town of Bulgaria, famnui^ for the (irst battle fought between the Turks and the Christians in 1396, wlivn the cmpei-or Sigismund lost the day, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seat- ed on the IJunube, 130 miles N W i.f Adrianople. Lon. 25 iA E, lat. 44 26 N. Nicofmli, or Glanith, an ancient toMrti of Armenia, built bj Pompcy the Great, in memory of a victory gained over Mi- thridatcs.' It is seatetl on the Ccraii- na, 165 miles S VV of Erzerum. Lon. 37 55 E, lut. 3tl 15 N. Niania, a strong town, capital of the island of Cyprus, and the residence of a Turkish bashaw, delightfully seated between the mountain Ulympus ami a chain of other mountains. It was for- merly well fortified by the Vcn»tian«, but now the works are in ruins. It i« three miles in circumference ; and there arc plantations of olives, almonds, le- mons, oranges, mulberries, and Cyprus- trees, interspersed among the houi.-s, which give the town a delightful ap. pearance. The church of St. Sophia is an old Gothic structure, which the Turks have turned into a mosriue, and destroyed the ornantents. It is 100 miles 'W of Tripoli, and 160 S \V of Aleppo. Lon. 34 45 E, lat. 34 54 N. Nicotera, a seajKirt of Naples, in Ca- labria Ulteriure, with a bishop s sec, 35 miles N E of Reggio, and 185 S E of Naples. Lon. 16 M E, Int. 38 34 N. Nicoya, a town of New Sjjain, on the Pacific Ocean, at tlie bottom of u bay, 45 miles S E of Leon de Nicaragua. Lon. 88 VV, lat. 10 15 N. Nicara, an archiepiscopal town of Tiirkev in Asia, in Carainania. Lon. 36 9 E, lat. 3y 25 N. NiJwui, or NiJmv, a handsome town of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, in the canton of Bern, with a castle. It is situate on the lake of Bienne, 15 miles N VV of Bern, and 60 S W ofZuric. Nidda, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of the Upper Uliine, 20 miles N E of Frankfort, and 38 E N E of Mentz. Lon. 8 58 E, lat. 50 17 N. Nidecieii, a town of Germany, in the circle of VVestphalia and dutchy of Ju- iiers. It is situate on, and surrounded by rocks, and is 13 miles S S E of Juliers. Lon. 6 16 E, lat. 50 46 N. Nidjibabad, a small town of Hindoos- ton Proper, 80 miles N N E of Delhi. Lon. 78 41 E, lat. 29 35 N. Niebla, an ancient town of Spain, in Andalusia, (gated ou the Uio Tintu, N I t nu-n of Biil(;par!«, famoiin^ luttle fought Ijetwcen llie Cliristiatiii in 1396, wlicn Si^rixmiind lost the diiv, men killed. It i« acaV.. niibe, 130 miles N W i.f on. 25 3li E, lat. 44 26 N. Giuiiith, an ancient town irilt by Pompey the Great, victory ^im-d over Mi- is seated on the Ceraii. S VV ol" Lrzerum. Lon. \5 N. rong town, capital of the Ills, and tlie residence of iliaw, delightfully seated mountain Ulympug iimi a r mountains. I* w:ih fur- H'tified by the Venetians, works are in ruins. It 1« circumference J and there IS of olives, almonds, le- J, mulberries, and Cyprus- erscd among' tlie hoiis,"!, he town a delightful ap- he cluircli of St. Sophia is c structure, which the unied into a mos((ue, and i oninments. It is 100 Tripoli, an.l 160 S \V of 1. 34 45 E, lat. 34 54 N. 8ea|)ort of Naples, in Cu- >rc, with a bishop s sec, of Heggio, iiiid 185 .S K .on. 16 30 E, lat. 38 34 N. iwnof New Sj)uin, on the >, at ti.'e bottom of a bay, of Leon . ^Iger, a large river of Africa, for- merly very little known. In order to ascertain the rise, coiise,an(l u?nnliia- tioii of the Niger, Mr, Parke w.is sent 'lut by the African assniation in 17<.'5. I'lic course of this rivei- whieli was f.i-- •lerly suppasgd to be kfiin E -o V, is N IL now determined by Mr. Pwke to he froip VV to E. In tracing the rise of the Niger Mr. Parke proceeded as far as Silla, the end of his journey East- ward i he was disabled from proceed- ing farther by sickness, hunger and fa- tigue ; particularly as he must have re- lied on tlie charity of the Moors, if lie had continued his journey, who seemed to be a set of merciless fana- tics. So great is the rapidity with which the Niger traverses the empire of Cashna, that no vessel can ascend the stream ; and in t!ie rainy season, it swells above its banks. Hoods tlie adja- cent lands, and often sweeps before it the cattle and cottages of the inha- bitants. ■ffigritia. Sec Ncgro/anJ. Nitopiiig, a town of Denmark, capital of the island of Falster, or Hulster, in the Baltic, with a strong fort, 55 miles S W of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 54 50 N. Niioping, a town of Sweden iir Su- dennania, 60 miles S W of Stockholm. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 58 40 N. J^ile, a large and celebrated river of Africa, to which the coiiiilry of Egypt owes its fertility ; and the exploring of whose sources has, from the remotest ages, been accounted an impractieabla undertaking. Thi.s discovery has how- ever, been lately made by Mr. h^^, who spent several years at the <^i^U)f Abyssinia, and I'ythe favour of the em- peror and great pcojile of the country, was enabled to accomplish tliis r,rd\ioiis task. In the niidiUe of a inaisli, near the bottor.i of the mountain of Gees.'i, arises a hillock of a ciicular form, about three feet from tlie surface of the marsh itself, thougli apparently founded: much deeper in it. The diameter of this is sometliing sliort of twehc feet ; it is surrounded by a siialiow trench, whicli colleets tlie \v;'.ter, and voiils it eastward ; it is nrmly built with sod or earthen turf, brought from tlii sides, and constantly kept in repair, : nd thin is the altar upon which all tliei rcligi- ous ceiemonics are performei' This mouth or opening of the source, i.<» some parts of an inrli less ttian three fee*, in diameter, and tlie wale:- stood about two inches from llie Im or brim. This spring is about s'X iiiciies deep. Tills is the (ir^.t fountr.in of tlie Nile. Ten foet distant from tlie first <. f tliesft springs, a little to tlio west of south, is tiig sucred ibt^jitain, about eleven inches ^\^j>!^n t^'Moeuia. « .«&.& N I L N I L if (liAmoter ; but thiii is eight feet three .•s ik'e|). Ami aboia twenty f«.-et li. "t I'loin tlie tirst, is thu third kuii ', it8 motitii buiii)^ Koiiicliiin)^ iiior^ I. all two feci lai'ijf, and it is five fet't (■i;'-ni Indies deep, 'i'hc Nile ihim furnii.- 1 bv the union (jf Kti'cunis from thes,- tlirce tbuntuiiiN, runs li tor ubuut 30 yiirds, with very little inci-cuiic of w:iter, ItU it is turned (fiMiluully N E and then K by the f^russy brink, of tliu land dcsccndiii)!' fnnn Sucala. Here it re( L.vcs the auon mill. Fruin this it lurnii W about four iiiiles farther, wiierc is a catar&.ct of about six feet, after which it leaves the mountainous country, and takes itii course thro' the plains of Goutto. Here it flows so gently, that its motion is scarcely discernible, and its direction is so winding, that it forms more than 20 shar|> angular peninsulas, in a course of live miles. Its course then inclines to the N £ and £, when it falls down another cataract, and then receives the Jenima, a stream not inferior in size to itself. Proceedinjf to the N, it crosses the southern part of the lake Tzana, or Dcmbca, and issues out at the W side of it in the territory of Dara. After emerging- from thi.t lake, it first receives the name of tlic Nile The banks in the coi||^^f a fcwmilcs become very high, and iNKovered with the most lieauliful and variegated verdure that can be con- ceived. It is now confined by the mountains of Bejcmder till it reaches Alata, where ii> tlie third cataract, which is represented by Mr. Bruce a» the most magnificent sight he ever be- •held. The river had been considerably increased by rains, and fell in one sheet of water without ary interval, about h.alf an English mile in breadth, with a force and noise that was truly terrible, and which stunned, and made him for a time, perfectly ilizzy. A thick fume, or haze, covered the fall all roinid, and hung over the course of the stream both r.bovc and below, marking its track, t!iou;;h the water is not seen. The ri- ver, though swelled with rain, prc- S'-rved its natural clcirness, and fell, as far as he could discern, into a deep pool, or b.nson, in the solid rock, which was full, and in twenty diflierent eddies to the very foot of tlie precipice ; the stream when it fell, seeming part of it to run back wit! j;re:it fury upon the rock, as -.vcU us forwai'd in the line of its roiirsr, raising a wave, or violent ebullition, by cliaKng aguiuftt cui-ji other. About half a mile below tli;- cataract, the Nile is confined l>etweiii two rucks, where it runs into u luirrow chaimel with impetuous velocity iiml great noi^c. Uelow this tremendouit walerfull the Nile ttkea a S E direc- tion along the W side of Begemdcr and Aniliara, on the right inclosing the province of Gojani. lit receiver a great number of streams from both sides, and after several turns takes at last a direc- tion almost due N. and approaches within 6'2 miles of its source. It now seems to have forced its passage through a gap in some very high moun- tains, which bound the country of the Ganges, and falls down a cataract 2Hu fest high, and immediately below this are two others of very considerable height. It now runs close by Scnnaar, in a direction nearly N and S, and af- terwards makes a sharp turn to the E. Leaving Sennaar, it passes by many large to\vns inhabited by Arabs, anil turning to the N E it joins the I'ecaxzc, and passes a large and populous town named Chcndi, Having at length re- ceived the great river Atbara, it turns directly N for about two degrees j it then turns to W by S for more than two degrees in longitude, and arrives at Korti. From Korti it runs almost S W till it passes Dongola, after which it comes to Moscho. From thence turn- ing to the N E, it meets with a chain of mountains in about 22° 15' of N lat. where is the seventh cataract named Jan Adel. This is likewiKC very tre- mendous, though not above half as higii as that of Alata. This course is now continued till it falls into the Mediter- ranean, there being only one other ca- tai-act in the whole space which is much inferior to any of those already described. The Nile overflows regu- larly every year ; the causes of its-inun- dations are thus described by Mr. Bruce. The sun being nearly station- ary for some days in the tropic of Ca- pricorn, the air tiiere becomes so muck rarified, that the heavier winds, charg- ed with watery particles, rush in upon it from the Atlantic on the W, and from the Indian ocean on the E. Hav- ing thus gathered such a quiintity of vapours as it were to a focus, the sun now puts them in motion, and drawing them after it in its rapid progress north- ward, on the '7x.h of Jaimiu-y, for t\v« N I L raisinff » wave, r,r violent l>y chaKiig n^uiiiHt cui-lt lilt Imlf a mile below tli? ic Nile i« confiiicd iielweni wluTe it run» into u iiiirro\f III impcluuiis velocity anil Uelow thiit trcmeiulouH ic Nile t^kcll a S E dircc the W side of Beeemder 'I, on the rifflit inclo8in(^ tlie Oojam. It receives a gfrcai ircuin* from both sides, uiid il turns takes at last a direc- due N. and approaches nilvs of its source. It now have forced its passage ^ap in some ver}' high moun- Il bound the country of tliu d falls dovn a cataract 2Hu and immediately below thin ;her» of very considerabk: now runs close hy Scnnaar, ion nearly N and S, and af- lakes a sharp turn to the £. ennaar, it passes by many s inliabited by Arabs, unil he N E it joins the I'eca/zc, a large and populous town ndi. Having at length re- great river Atbara, it turns for about two degrees t it VV by S for more than two longitude, and arrives ut m Korti it runs almost S W es Dongola, after which it loscho. From thence turii- 1 £, it meets with a chain of in about 22° 15' of N lat. he seventh cataract named This is likewise very tre- lough not above half as high Alata. This course is now ill it falls into the Meditcr- k'e being only one other ca- he whole space which is ior to any of those already The Nile overflows regu- year ; the causes of itsiniin- ; thus described by Mr. le sun being nearly station- e days in the troi)ic of Ca- : air there becomes no muck it the heavier winds, charg- tery particles, rush in upon i Atlantic on the W, and idian ocean on the £. Hav- alhcred such a quantity of it were to a focus, the sun lem in motion, and drawing it in its rapitl progress nortti- tbe '7tli of Janmu-y, for t\v» N I N ^( ;iri tigtthcr, sremod tii have c\tcnd- 1 il ilM powii'to till" iilmospliiTe ofGoii- ilup, when for tlic first tiini;, tlu'rc ap p( arcil ill the slsv wliiti-, du|i|ih'(l, lliin <'lciud.s, tlic sun hciii^' then (ll.staiil ;Vl" I'ruiii the KcniUi, wilbmit :in) (.iic clmi- , the sun brings • II a few dr(i|is of rain at Gondar liic Isl of Marrli, being then distant ;>° (Vmn the zenith ; these are greedily ab surged by the thirsty soil ; and this it'iMus to he tlif farthest extent of the Sim's iiiHueiire, capable of causing rain, v. hich then only tails in large drops, and lasts t)ut n few minutes : the rainy S'.'a- sDii, however, begins in;)st seriously upon its arriv.il at the zenith of every place, and tiiese rains continue constant and increasing after he has passed' it, ill his progress northward. In April, all the rivers in Ainhara, Begemder, and I.asta, first discoloured, and then lieginning to swell, join the Nile in se- veral parts of its course nearest them ; llie ri\er then, from the height of its angle of inclinaticm, forces itself through the stagnant lake without mixing with \t. In the beginning of May, hundreds of streams pour themselves from Go- jum, Daiiiot, Maitsha, and Dembea, into the lake F/.ana, which had become low by intense evaporation, but now be- gins to fill insensibly, and contrib'itcs a large (piantlty of water to the Nile, before it fulls down the cataract of Ala- ta. In the beginnini^ of June, the sun, having now i)asse(l all Abyssynia, the rivers t.iere arc all full, and then is the lime of tiic greatest rains in Abyssinia, while it is for sonic da>s, as it were, stationary in the tropic of Cancer. ^V/MM'^'MfM, a larg., and conniiercial city, capit.ll of Dutch Guelderla.ld, with a citadei, an ancient palace, and several forts. It is noted for the peace concluded here in 169j; and has been often taken and ret.'iken, the last time hy tiie French in 1794. It is seated on the Waal, 35 miles S E of Utrecht, and 70 N E of Antwerp. Lon. S 45 P:, lat. 51 55 N. Ning-Kotie-fm, a city of China, in the i)rovince of Kiang-nanj notejl for its inainif'actures of paper, made of a spe- eies of reed ; and containing in its dis- trict six cities of the third class. yi :<; fo-foii, called hy the Europeans Li,iiUi>!i, an excellent seaport of China, N I S on the E const, opposite to Japan, in the province ofTehe-kiang. The silLa iiianiifuctured here are iiiiich cilrrmed in liireign eouiitrii-s,cspi'ciall\ in Japan, where they are exehaiigeil hy the Chi- nese for copper, gold, and silver. '1 hit city has four others iimler itn jurisdic- tion, htsidi'S a great number of for- tresses. It IS H30 mites S E of Pckin. Lon. IJO IH E, lat. "J'J 57 N. Niiiffoiiia, a city of Eastern Chinese Tart.iry, in the Sevres, and late province of Poitou. Its dry swe.4l|kat« are much esteemed, and it is notcdfoir manufactures of coarse woollen goods. It is 2K miles N E of Uochclle. Lon. 33 W, lat. 46 20 N. Nip!:nn, the largest island of Japan, 600 milck long, and 150 broad, contain* ing 55 provinces. It was discovered, in 1542, by the Portuguese, who werr cast on shore by a tempest. The chief town is Jedo, It is 134 miles E of China. Nisherei-Nomtgnrod, an archiepiscopal town of Russia, in a government of the same name, with a citadel. It is seated on a mountain at the confluence of the Volga and Occa, 280 miles E by N of Moscow. Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 56 34 N. Msi/ien, or Ncsbin, a very ancient and celebrated town of Diarbeck, now only the shadow of what it was, ami seated in a vast plain, 70 miles S W of Diarbekar. Lon. 38 26 E, lat. 36 10 H. Nhitti, a small island on the coast of Naples, very fertile, and wiuld be more so but for the great number of rabbits. It hat a U.arl»»uj-, (wUcd P»rli«» Pavone. a 'I "., ii' K 1 V N O O Mtmet, aflouriiliing city of France III tlie (li-iiartmeiilof GartUiiil Ute pro- Tiiuo of l.miKuctloc, with u biihop't dec. Here aro levoral iiiomimenta of antiquity, of which the amphitheatre, built by the Homuni, ih thu principal. 'I'he Mui»on Qiurrcc, (»r the aquare liDum-, IH u piece of architecture of Uic Coriiithittii Older, and one of the fin- cit in tlie worlil. The temple of 1)1. ana in, in part, t;iine to ruin. Niaitie* wan taken l)y the En|rli«li in Ul7. The inhabitHntfi were all Calviniats i but I.ewia XIV. ilrmoliiihail tlieir church, ill 1C35, and built u custlc to keep them in tiwc. I'bc population of Niamea ia 4'oiiiputcd ttt nciir 50,000. It in *«attd ill li plain, abounding In wine and oil, 12 milea N W of Aries, and 75 N E of Kurbonne. Lon. 4 26 E, lat. 43 51 N. Xusa, or jVfMflwa, a town of Turkey ill Euroj)c, in Servia, itciitcd on the Mo« raviu. It vas burnt b^ the Imperialiitta in 1689, and is '20 mile* E of Procop, and 120 S £ of Belgrade. Loii, 22 33 E, lat. 43 32 N. >'irA,n river in DunifricsRhire, which iKvueH from a lake in the mountains to the N W, and paising the towns of Siinquhar, Morton, an«l Drumlanrig', joiiiH tiie Caii-n, a little above Dumfries, and their united streams form a fine es- tuary in Solway Frith. JmkKlak, a division of Dumfries- shire, Scolliind, lying to the W of An- n'liulalc. It is .1 large and mountainous country, and derives its name from the fiver Nith. It was formerly shaded ivltli nolile forests, which are now al- most destroyed. It yields lead, and the mountains are covered with sheep and black cattle. Ifitria, a famous desert of Egyjit, 57 miles in length, on the coast of the Me- diterranean Sea, It had formerly a great number of monasteries, ■which are notr reduced to four : and it takes its name from a salt lake, out of which is got the natrum of the ancients. Nivelle, a town of Austrian Brabant, remarkable foi it» abboy.of noble canon- essess, whose abbess is styled princess of Nivellc. Here al.io is John of Ni- velle, so nuirh aihnired by the common people. ; which U the figure of a man in iron, standing^n the top of a tower Hear the clock, who strikes the hours with s liammer. The place enjoys great privileijcs, iindh.'s a manufacture of cainbries. It is 15 miles S E of £ruk^«ls. Lon. 4 3$ £, lat, SQ ii N. NivernoU, a Ute province of Prance, between Burgundy, Bourbonnois, and Berry. It is pretty fertile, contains mines of iron, and is watered by a great number of rivers, of which th? Loire, Allier, and the Yonnc are the principal. It now forms the depart- ment of Nievrc. Nixabnnr, a town of Persia, in Ko- rasaii, 80 miles 8 E of Mesched. Loii. 61 :i2 E, lat. 35 40 N. Nixapa, a considerable town of New Spain, with a rich Dominican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 miles S E of Antequiera. Lon. nd 13 S W of Jonesburg on |c river. This is the capital nty, and principal seat of •Ua-PagUa, a town of Italy, rat, seated on the Belbo, 15 of Alexandria. Lon. 8 36 5N. r, a town of Hindoostan :uatcd on the S const of the Lch. It is capital of a district by a piratical tribe, called i. It is 300 mil<.s N W of »n ancient tr wn of Italy in the Spoletto, witli a bishop's see ; Jie foot of the Appennines, IB : of Spoletto. Lon. 12 49 E, I. ii-Pagwii, a town of Naplcfi, li Lavora, 15 miles S of Na- I. 1430 E, lat. 40 36 N. t, a town of Hindoostan Pro. I for a celebrated pagoda. It provinre of Napoitl, and is 50 I of Catmandu. Lon. 85 12 40 N. It, the name of a Tartar na- h occupy the deserts on tiie lidc of the Euxine and the ea, and on the northern side Caucasus » besides several ;8 to the W and N VV of the n such a manner that they oc- ower part of Volga, the ri- k, Kouma, and Kouban, the f tlic Palus Mocotis, tlie bor- e Tanais in the peninsula of nd the banks of the Borys- 1 the Dniester, to the ot4ter i Danube^. Niignt-nr-Seinr, a town of FraiTCc, in tiie department of Aude and late province of Champagne, seated on the .Seine, 2.1 miles N W of Troycs. Lort. 3 40 E, lat. 48 30 N. Niigent-le-RniKiii, n pretty populous town of Frnnrc, in tlio dc partmeilt of Kiirc ntid Loire and late ])rovinoe of Ile.'iiicr, nentcd nn tid- Huisne, 3.1 miles N E of Mans. Lon. 50 E, lat. 48 a« N. Kuir, Capt, a promontory of South Amei ica, at thi-- S cMremilv of Terra .lei Fiugo. Lon. 7i 3 W, liit. 5432 S. Niiinjioiier, an island of France, near the month of the river Loire. It is 17 miles in length and eight in breadth, lull of bogs, and yet there are good pastures. Tlie EnglisJi attacki-d it without success in 17U5. The principal town is of the name name. Lon, 3 10 W, lat. 47 N. Nola, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a bishop's sec, 10 miles N E of Naples. The ruins of its ancient edlliccii arc almost obliter- ated, mul nothing remains of the two umpiiiihcutres but some brick walls, the marble casing having been taken away by ai\ earl of Nola to build his palace. Lon. 14 28 E, lat. 10 Sd N. Noli, a town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a bishop's see, and a good harbour. It is five miles N Eof Final, and 30 S W of Genoa. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 44 18 N. Nombrc-de-Dini, a town of Terra Firma, in the prwinco of Darien, a little E of Porto-Bcllo, to which its once flourishing trade is now transferr- ed. Lon. 78 35 W, lat. 9 40 N. Nanieny, a town of France, in the department of Mcurthe and late pro- vince of Lorrain, seated on the Selle, \S miles N of Nanci. Lon. 6 15 £, lat. 48 56 N. Non, Cape, a promontory of Africa, ojiposlle tl)c Canary Islands. It was long considered by the Portuguese, in their attempts to explore Africa as an impassable boundai-y denoted by its name. But tliey doubled it at last, in 1412. Lon. 10 30 W, lat 28 30 N. Nona, a amall but strong town of Hungarian Dalmatia, with a bishop's see. It is seated, near the sea, seven miles N by W of aara. Lon. 16 10 E. lat. 44 35 N. Nontron, a town of France, in the department of Dortlogne, and late pro- vince of Perigord, 21 mUn N wi" Peri- gnettt, and .10 S S W of Limn{^s. L'm A2 E, lat, 45 32 N. Nuopoiir, a town of Hindoostan Fro. per, in the province of Guwrat, .15 miles E of Surat, and 142 W of Uur- hamponr. Lon. 73 .10 E, lat. 21 U N. Nooiikii, a considerable town of Westphalia, \i miles N of Eiiibdcn, Lon. 7 5 Ey lat. 53 38 N. NiKitto. Sffe King Gearge'i Suiinil. Norherg, a town of .Sweden, in Wrst. manland, 34 miles N of Stroemshulm. In it* vicinity are the best iron mine* in the province. Lon. 16 12 E, lat. 60 2N. Norcia, a tovm of Italy, Inthcdutciiy of Spoletto. It is a kind of republic, and seated among the mountains, 20 miles S E of Spoletto. Lon. 13 4 E, lat. 42 36 N. Nun/. Sec Niirta. Nardhurg, a town of Denmark, attlie N extremity of the isle of Alsen, with a castle, nine miles N N Wof Sunder- burg. I'ltrdgaxit. See Bavaria, Upper Pala. tinate of. NorJhauten, an imperial to i of Low. er Saxony, under tlic protii lion of the elector of Saxony. The Inh; itants are protestants. It is 25 miles S W of Halbcrstadt. Lon. 11 3 E, lat. 51 45 N. Nordhdm, a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutchy of Brunswick, situate be. tween the Huhnte andLcina, ten miles N of Gottingen, and 45 S of Hanover, It carries on a pretty considerable com. merce. Lon. 9 32 E, lat. 51 34 N. Nordkioping, a town of Sweden, in E Gothland. It is one of the largest and most commercial provincial towns in Sweden, and covers a large space of ground, being 10 miles in ciiTumfe* rence i but the houses are scattered| and the inhabitants do not exceed 10,000. The river Motala flows througfi the towti, forms a series of cataracts, snd is divided into four principid streams, which encircle several rocky islands, covered with buildings: at the extrem. ity of the town it is navigable for small vessels. Here are manufactures of cloth, which employ 1600 men ; thre« sugav-houses ; one of snuff ; fifly mills for grinding corn, which is exported in large quimtitiea ; and a brass foundery. They have also a salmon fishery which gives employment and riches to many of the inhabitants. It is 90 miles S W of Stockholm, fcon. 15 50 E, lat. 5;^ 38 N. Nnpnm NOR NOR ( ■?1 ! WW/rtNif, a province of Nortliem Nor- way, includc'l ill the government of Drontheim. Nardlingen, a commercial and free imperial Kwn of Suabiu, seated on tlie Aigre, 38 miles N W of Augsburg. Lon. 11 49ii, lat. 48 52 N. Nunlstrand, an ishmd of Denmark, in t!ie dutchy of Sleswick, >|fhicli was entirely O'erflowed in 1634". * Lon, 9 15 E, lat 54 40 N. Norf.dh, a county of England, 77 miles long :ind 45 broad ; bounded on the N and E by the German Ocean, on the VV l)y CiUT'bridjTeshirc and Lincoln- shirt-, and on tiir S and S E by Suffolk. It contains 31 hundreds, one city, 32 market-towns, and 660 parishes ; and •sends 12 members to parliament. The air diiiers indillcrent parts of the coun- ty according; to tlie soil, which in some places is marshy, especially on the sea coast, and there the air is foggy and unwiioloso.-ne ; ■ in others it is clayey and <:iiullty, ))oor, lean and sandy, and the e the air is good. Tlie county is almost all clium|iaign, except in some places where rise gentle hills. The marsh hmds yield rich pasture for cat- tle ; tlie clay grounds, pease, rye and l?arl?y ; and the sandy heaths feed vast flocks of large sheep, of which some villages are said to keep 4000 or 5000. These heaths also abound in rabbits of a. silver grey co'.onr. Great quantities of mi'ckarel and herrinp; are caught up- on the coaFt of this ciuinty, the former in the spring; ard the latter in Septem- ber ; especially at Yarmouth, where they arc cured in a particular manner, and to great perfection. Wood and ho- ney aro also very plentiful in this coun- ty, and on the coasts jet and amber- g'reaseare sometimes found. Turnips are also more generally grown here than in any other part of the country ; likewise buckwheat, which is used for feeding swine and poultry. The ma- nufactures of the county, which is ex. ceedingly populous, are chieHy woollen and worsted stuH's and stockings, for ■which they are well supplied with wool from ttie vai;t flocks of sheep fed on it. The county is well watered and suppli- ed with fisii by the rivers Yare, Tliyrn, Waveney, the Greater and. Lesser Oiise, and the Bure, besides rivulets Turkies are reared here to a larger size ^han elsewhere, and there is a- biindancc of game especially pheasant):. 'Norwich is the capital. Norfolk, a port of entry 'an' post town in Norfolk county, Virginia ; as well as the capital of the county, it is Heat- ed on the E side of Elizabeth river, a- bout 20 miles VV of Cape Henry, 18 S (,. Hampton, on the opposite side of the bay, and .54 S E of Williamsln'rg, in lat. 36° 55' N. ami long. 76° 25' W. This is a. very thriving town, being finely situated for foreign trade, and possessing more of it than any other in the State of Virginia. The exports of one yeiu' liave amounted to 2,000,000 of dollars, and those principally of domes- tic produce. It ii a borough town, and governed by a Mayor and Aldermen. The inhabitants in 1800 were reckoned 6,946, one third of w!iom, at least, were slaves. Nurfnlk Island, an island in the P,1- cific Ocean, lying E of New South Wales, and settled by a colony of con- victs, subordinate to that government. It is very hilly, but some of the vallies arc tolerably large. Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000 feet high. The island is well watered ; at or near Mount Pitt, rises a copious stream which, flowing through a very fine valley, divides itself into several branches, each of which retains siiffi- cient force to be used in turning mills. The whole island is covered by a very thick forest, choakedwith underwood, and the principal timber tree is the pine, which is very useful in building, and seems to be durable. The woods are inhabited by innumerable tribes of birds, many of them, very gay in plu- mage. The loil, when cleared, may be rendered very productive ; and the air is very wholesome. The sjiring is perceptible in August ; but the trees are in a constant succession of flower- ing and fruiting the year round. In summer, the heat is excessive j from February to August may be called the rainy season ; and the winter, from A])ril to July, is ^ cry pleasant. The dills round the coast are 240 feet high, quite perpendicular; and the want of a safe harbour is a great inconvenience. The settlement is formed in Sidney Bay, on the S side of the island, in lon. 168 12 E, lat. 29 4 S. Norfolt Sound, is a very extensive place ; it lies in Lon. 135 36 W. lat. 57 3 N. How far it stretches to the N is not known. Norland, one of the five general di- visions of Swed<^n, comprehending the ••^'5 NOR W>, aportofenlry'an-l post town rf'olk county, Virginia ; as well cupital of the county, it is licat- Ithe E side of Eli/abeth river, a- [O miles VV of Cape Henry, 18 S mpton, on the opposite side of ly, and .54 S E of Williamsbiirj-, 36° 55' N. and long. 76° 25' W. is a very thrivinjj town, being' situated for foreign trade, and smg more of it than any otiier in ate of Virginia. The exports of ;u- liave amounted to 2,000,000 of s, and those principally of domcs- iduce. It ii a borough town, and ned by a Mayor and Aldermen, nliabitants in 1800 were reckoned , one tliird of w'lom, at least, slaves. rfnlh Island, an island in the Pa- Ocean, lying E of New South s, and settled by a colony of con- subordinate to that government. VL>ry hilly, but some of the vallics tolerably large. Mount Pitt, the remarkable hill, is 12,000 feet . The island is well Wi.tcred ; at ear Mount Pitt, rises a copious ,ni M-hich, flowing through a very valley, divides itself into several dies, each of which retains suffi- t force to be used in turning mills, whole island is covered by a very t forest, choakedwith underv.-ood, the principal timber tree is the , which is very useful in building, seems to be durable. The woods inhabited by innumerable tribes of 3, many of them, very gay in plu- c. The «)il, when cleared, may :ndered very productive ; and the i very wholesome. The spring is eptible in August ; but the trees in a constant succession of flowcr- and fruiting the year round. In mcr, the heat is excessive ; from •luu-y to August may be called the ' season ; and the winter, from I to July, is very pleasant. The ; round tlie coast are 240 feet high, : l)eri)endicular ; and the want of a harbour is a great inconvenience, settlement is formed in Sidney on the S side of the island, in Ion. 12 E, hit. 29 4 S. irfolk Sound, is a very extensive i ; it lies in Lon. 135 36 W. lat. 57 How far it stretches to the N is mown. irtand, one of the five general di- ns of Swedin, comprehending the NOR jirovinccs of ^cstrikeland, Helsingland, Medclpadia, Uiemtland, Hcrjedalia, Ongermaria, and West Bothnia. Niintiandy, a late province of France, hounded on the VV by the Atlantic, on ilie N by the English Channel, on f!ie K by Picardy and the Isle of trance, ;iiul on the S by Perch, Maine, and Hretagnc. It is one of the most fertile in France, and abounds in all things i.'xcept wiue, but that defect is suppli- ed by cyder and perry. It contains iron, copper, and u great number of rivers and harbours, I'liis province now com- prehends the departments of Calvados, Eiirc, the Channel, Orne, and Lower Seine. NorridgcKoch, a post town in Kenne- bec county, Maine, lying on tlie S si pure and wholesome air. Inconsequence nf this it is very populous, and so full ol" towns igi'' churches, th.it 30 spires or steeples i I NOR NOR i' 'jia^be seen in many places at one view; anJ even in the i'ens the inhabitants Boem to enjoy a g<|od state of health, Mid to be little uficcted by tlie water wlitch trcqucntly overtiows their grounds, especially in winter, but it is never suHcrcd to remain long upon it. lis soil is fertile both in corn and pas- turage in wiiich it is peculiarly cele- brated ; but it labours under a scarcity of fuel, as it doth nut produce much wood, and by lying at a distance from the sea cannot be easily supplied with coal. Horned cattle, and other animals, arc fed to extraordinary sizes ; and ma- ny horses of tlie large black breed are reared. Woad for the dyers it cvUti- vated here ; but the county is not dis- tinguished fiir manufactures. Besides many lesser brooks it is well watered by the river* Nen, Well and Olise, Leam, Clierwell and Avon, tlie tliree Hrst of which are for the most part navigable. Horthcuny, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday and Satur- day. It is seated on the Tone, 20 miles S W of Wells, and 134 W by S of London. I.on. SOW, lat. 51 N. Narthfield, a post town of Hampshire county, Massachusetts, on the K bank of Coimecticut mer, ntarly opiwsite to Greenfield, and 80 miles W by N of Boston. Northfieet, a village in Kent, seated on the 'i'hames, one mile W of Graves- end, and 21 from London. The church is very large, and contains fragments of inonumcnts, as ancient as the fourteenth century. Vast quantities of lime arc made, and great numbers of extraneous jfossils have been dug up here. Northjurd, a town in New Haven founty, Connecticut, 10 miles £ of New Haven. Here is a post office. Nortlilech, a corporate town in Glou- jccstershiie, with a m.irket on Wednes- day, several almshouses, and a free grammar-school. It is seated on the Lech, 25 miles E of Gloucester, and 80 W bv N of London, Lon. 1 43 W, lat. 51 46 N. Narthumhcrland, a county of England, which received its name from being situate N of the Humber. In the Saxon hrptarchy it was a part of the kingdom of the Northumbrians, which contained also the counties of Yprk, Lancaster, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmore- land. It forms the N extremity of England, and is bounded on the ~ the German Ocean, on (|ie S by the bishopric o.'* Durham, on tjie S W and W by C. niberland, r«nd on the N W and N by Scotland, from which it is separated by the Tweed. It extends 70 miles from N to S, and 50 from E, to W. It lies in the diucesii of Durham ; contains 12 market-towns, and 460 pa- rishes ; and sends eight members to parliament. The air of liiis county is not so cold as might be imagined from the Lit. in which it lies ; for its situation between two seas, in ihe narrowest part of England, gives it the advantage of having the cold moderated by the vapours of each ; and, for this reason, tlie snow seldom lies !ong in this coim- ty, except on the tops of high hills. The air is very iie^.ltliful, and the peo- pie who generally live to a great age, are seldom afflicted witli sickness. I'ho soil is various, the eastern part, wliich is fruitP"!, having very good wheat, and most sorts of corn, and has rich mea- dows on the banks of the rivers ; but tlie western part is generally barren, it being mostly heathy and mountainous. The S E part abounds with pit-coal, oi" which 658,858 chaldrons are computed to be annually shipped from thence to London. There are also large quanti- ties of lead and timber. I'he river* cause the country to be well watered, and afibrd great plenty of salmon and trout. The principal of these are the Tyne, the Tw^ed, and the Cocket. Alnwick is the county town, but tlie largest is Newcastle. Northumherland, a county of Penn- sylranii, 180 miles long and 80 broad. A com )Utation was made of its inhabi- tants in ir90, when it contained 17,161. No- thumberla\id, the capital of North- u:r.berland county, Pennsylvania ; siti - ated at the , -influence of the E and W branches of the river Susquehannaii, 77 miles N W of Reading, and 57 N of Harrisburg. It has a post office, an academy, and about 700 inhabitants. Northvikh, a town in Cheshire, with a market on Friday. , It is seated on the Weaver, near its conflux with the Dane, and is not«d for its salt- works. The stratum of salt lies about 40 yards deep and some of them are hollowed into the form of a tei \At. Va. pits of solid rock salt have been dug here to a great depth, IVom wh'ch immense quantities are raised) and murh of it, in its crude state, goes to rpool by tlie river Weaver, to bo O R NOR NOR Ocean, on t|ie S by the ~urhain, on the S W and lerlund, rtfid on the N W tland, from which it is the Tweed. It extendi N to S, and 50 from E, in tlic diocesn of Durham ; aricet'towns, and 460 pa- sends eight members to The air of tiiis county ii might be imagined from ick it lies ; for its situation seas, in ihe narrowest .nd, gives it the ndvantugt; e cold moderated by the ich ; and, for this reason, dom lies long in this coun- n the lops of high hills, ery lie.^.ithful, and tiie peo- ncrally live to a great age, fflicted wiO; sickness. I'lio >8, the eastern pait, which iving very good wheat, and f corn, and has rich mca> banks of the rivers ; but part is generally barren, ly heathy and mountainous, t abounds with pit-coal, of >58 clialdrons are computed lly shipped from thence to here are aUo lar£^ quanti- l and timber. The riven :ountry to be well watered, great plenty of salmon and : principal of these are the Tw^ed, and the Cocket, the county tovm, but tlie fewcastle. hedand, a county of Penn> miles long and 80 broad, tion was made of its inhabi- 0, when it contained ir,161. 'lerla^id, the capital of Nortli- county, Pennsylvania ; siti- -•■influence of the E and W the river Susquehannaii, W of Reading, and 57 N of It has a post office, an id about 700 inhabitants. k, a town in Cheshire, with 1 Friday. , It is seated on er, near its conflux with and is noted for its salt- le stratum of salt lies about ep and some of them are nto the form of a tei jile. ' solid rock salt have been a great depth, fh>m vrhich uantities ar^ raisetli and in its crude state, £^es to y tlie river Weaver, to bo exported. Northwich is 20 miles M E of Cheater, and 173 N W of London. Lon. 2 36 W. lat. 53 16 N. North Taniuiuth, a post town in Cum- berland county, Maine ; situated in Casco bay, 14 milcg N of Portland, and 14U £ of Boston. Norton, or Chipping Norton, a corpo- rate town in Oxfordshire, wiih a market on Wednesday. Koman coins have V«en frequently found here. It is 12 miles S W of Banbury, and 74 N W oi' London. Lon. 1 17 W, lat. 51 55 U. Norton Sound, an inlet of the sea, on tlie W coast of N. America, discovered by Captain Cook in his last voyage. I'herc is no good harbour in all the aound, nor even a tolerable station for •hips. Lon. 162 47 W, lat. 64 55 N. Norviali, a post town in Fairfield county, Connecticut i situated on Long Island Sound, 12 miles S W of Fairfi,le employed in their ;s of wool, silk, &c. in and own, including those em- [)inning the yarn used for as are all made in this city. stocking manufactory also h has been computed at year. It is 43 miles N of d 109 N E of London. Lon. 52 40 N. a city in New London nnecticut, lying on the E •iver Thames, near its head, L-s N of New London, in / N, and lon. 72° 29' W. thriving commercial and ing city, and contained at incratioii 3476 inhabitants, a town of the State of Ver- niles N of New York. Lon. It. 43 40 N. I town of Germany in the iper Saxony, situate on the miles W of Dressen. Lon. 51 2N. mg, a town of the Deccan nee of Berar, 75 miles S S hpour. Lon. 79 17 E, lat. a town of Russia, in the , of Petersburg, seated on n the lake Ladoga, at the : the river Neva proceeds ke. It has a good citadc'l, pitid of Ingria, before Pe- ls built. It is 25 miles K of . Lon. 31 9 E, lat. 59 56 N. uicJgut, lar^u and liandsome NOT town of .Sicily and capital of Val-di- Noti>. It was ruined by an cai-l!itti.!gham, West, a town of Hillsbo- rough county, New Hampshire, on the K side of Mer;-imack river, 45 miles N by W of Boston. It has a post office and 12Gr inhabitants. Notiinghaiiuhire, a county of Eng- laiul, 48 miles long and 20 broad ; b luiided on the N by Yorkshire and NOV Lincolnshire, on the E by the latter count}', on the S by Leicesler.shirc, and ./ii the W by Devonshire. It lies ill the Uiocese of York: contaiim 'J5,000 inhabitants, and sends eight members to jjarliament. No county in Kiigland enjoys a pleasanter and healiliier air. As for the soil, it dif- fers widely in various parts of the coui'.-y. Towards the W where lies the fi •'•est of .Sherwood, which takes up the greatest part of it, it is sandy, but the S and E parts, watered by the Trent and rivers that fall into it, are fruitful both in corn and pasture ; but the former produces little, except, wood, coal, and some lead. The coun- ty has a variety of manufiictures and commodities, as wool, leather, tallow, stockings, earthen ware, and strong ale. The principal rivers are tho Trent, and Idle ; the former inferior only to the Severn, Thames, and Hum. her. Ififvalle, a small, but populous town of Italy, ten miles N E of Padua, and 12 S W of Treviso. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 45 29 N. Novara, an ancient and strong twon of Italy, in the dutchy of Milan, capital of the Novarese, with a bishop's see. It i« seated on an eminence, 12 miles N E of Verceil, and 25 W bv S of Mi- Ian. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 45 25 N. Ntma Scotia, or JciKiia, a country of British North America, bounded on the W by the United States, on the N by the river St. Lawrence, on the E by the gulf of that name, and on the S by the Atlantic and bay of Fundy j being so indented by the latter, that its eastern part forms a peninsula. It extends from cape Sable, its most southern point, in lat. 43 23 to 49 30 N, and from 60 15 to 67 W lon. In 1784, part of this country wr.s formed hito a new province. See AV:o Bninnvict. It is very unliealtliy on account of the thick fogs which obscures the atmospliere for a great part of the year, and for four or five months it is intensely cold. The most part of the country is one continued tract of forest, and the soil, except on the rivers' baniis, is thin and barren. Halifax is the capital. Novellnra, a town of Itsly, capital of a sni.'dl district of the same name, svith a cr.stic, where the sovi"e !gn resides. It is 17 miles E bv N of Paiiiia, and 20 S by W of Mahtuft. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 44 48 N. NOV NUB N'liri, Ik town of Italy, in the t«>tTito- rvof Grno.i, 22 mil-s N W of (Jciioa, ilon. 8 2^ E, lat. 44 45 N. Novi ffar,c!r, a <':)nsil<' town of Tiirki-y ill Europe, in Sci- in, nt'isr tiie Oi-f iL't), 72 miles W of Nissa, and lO.i S of Belgrade. Loii. 21 1 E, lat. 43 35 N. Njvlgrad, a small Imt strong town of Upper Htinfjury, capital of a county ofthe same name, with acasllc, seated on :i moimtain, nrnr the Daniiljc, 25 miles N of Biida. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 4- 36 N. Novign'd, a stnmg town of Turkisli l");din.itia, with a castle, seated on a lil.-cof the sime name, near the gulf o/ Venice, 17 miles E of Nona, and 25 N W of Zara. I-oii. 10 35 E, lat. 44 36 N. Novigrad, a. very strong plac of Tur- key in Europe, in Servia, seated near the Danuhe, 35 miles N of Nissa. Lon. -22 32 E. lilt. 44 6 N tfou-Kian, a river of Asia. See Ava. N(r.>ngorod, one of the most anrie, t cities, and once the metropolis of Rus- sia, now capital of a government of the same name, and f >rmerly called Great Novojforod, to distinguish it from other Russiun townsof the same apiiellations. It was fop a long time, governed by its own dii1;es j and was in fact, a repub- lic, under the Jurisdiction of a nominal sovereign. It was tlie great mart of trade betweeii Kiissia and the liauscatlc cities, i.nd made the most rapid ad- vances in o])ulenrc and pojndation. Al this period its dominions were so e.s. tensive, extending to the N as far as the frontiers of Livonia, and Findland : romprlsiiig p-roat pail of llu; province of Arr!i.".nr;-', and a birge district be- yond tlx- N W limits of Siberia, its pow- er so great, and its situation sn inipreg- nahle,as to ;»»ve rise to a proverb, Who can resist the gods and the Great No- vogorod ? It continued in this flour- jsliiiig slate til! the l.'ith century, wiien Ivan Vassclicvitch grand Uiil;e of Rus- sia laid siege to the town. The inliabi- tants were constrained to surrender and (l»il*l"^i(i U B NUN N U R itclicrcd about 25,00d or iiiliiihitants. But the Ills once floiir'mliin)^ town ly oils iired, until I'eter bded Pcterslxirg to which d tlic commerce of the low contains scarce 7000 vast number of churches stand melancholy menu. |)rmcr magniKcence. The PS on botli sides of the cr of considerable depth wiiich separates it into ; namely, the Trading ! quarter of St. Sophia, ited by a bridge. Novo- uate near the lake limen, S E of Peterfcburg. Lon. 58 20 N. Sevenioi, a town of the )ii'c, in the government of on the Desna, 140 miles of fcf, a town of Lithuania, aliitinatCof the same name, vast plain, 70 miles S of 1. C6 8 E, lat. 53 35 N. trod, a town of Russia, in ent of Catharinenslaf, 136 \V of that place. Lon. 31 I40N. small town of Poland, in itc (if Cracow. It lies on I (if Hungary, and posseses d and silver. It is 30 miles w. Lon. 19 49 E, lat 49 ancient town of Spain, in ated on the Tamara, 15 Compostella, town of France, in the de- Yonne and late province of seated on the Serin, in a mded by mountains, where iny vinc\avds, 17 miles SE Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 47 39 N. ancient and formerl)' an iwn of France, in the de- Oi^e, and late province of Fj-ancc. It gave birth to Galvin and is seated near ! r.iilcs N W of Soissoiis, E of Paris. Lon. 3 6 E, I l';wn of France, in the i)f Jiifa and late province of >i;!te, with a ca)s- siniu, and on the W by Bornou. 'die Nile run.s ihruugii it ; on the bunlvs of wiiicli, uiul of tiic other rivers, it is fruitful, but in other places bari'en, gandy, and destitute of water. 'I'lic in- liabilants make their bread and drink of u siuull round seed called doea, or seft', wliich is very ill tasted. 'I'heir houses have mud walLs, are very low, and covered with leeds. 'I'lie dress of the bettersort is a vest without sl(;eves, mid they have \u> covcnugs t>.i' their lieads, legs, and feet, i ho common people wrap a piece of lineii clolli about thchi, and lli^ ciuldren gDcpiile naked, 'limy are a stupid dcl)aiiched ])cop!e, but profess to be MaiiomcUuis. 'I'lie prodactiuns of the country arc gtjid, ele|iJiant's teelli, civet, and sandal- wood i and a great many slaves are sent into Egypt, 'i'lie principal towns known to tlie Europeans arc Uungola and Sen- nar. Nuettra Seiioia-de-ia-Paz, a town of South America, in Peru, and in the audience of Los Charcas, with a bi- shop's see. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding with vines and fruits, which begin to be ripe in January. Lon. 64 5 VV, lat. 16 50 S. Nuestra Setiora-iie-iu-nttoiid, a town of North America, in the province of Mc.vico, Oil the coast of the bay of Ciim- pcachv, and in the province of lubasoo, Lon. 92 35 u', lat. 18 N. Niieva Segovia, a towa of the East Indies, in the Isle of Luzon, and one of the Philippines, with a bishop's see. The Portuguese alcaied, major of the province, resides in this place. It is seated near the mouth of the river Ca- gayan. Lon. 120 30 E. lat. 18 59 N. Nuitz, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Cote d'Or and late pro- vince of Burgundy, famous for its ex- cellent wines. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, 15 miles S \V nf Uijon, and 130 S E of Paris. Lon. 5 U E, lat. 47 10 N. Nuinaneia, anciently a considerable town of Spain, in Old Castile, celebra- ted for a sieg« of 14 years maintained against the Romans, who finally siib- ilued and destroyed it, in the year 133 11. C. The ruins of it are still to be seen, near the head of the river Doue- 1*0, four miles above the town of Soria. M/n, or Ned de Nun, a province of Africa, sepai-ated on ttie S from the kingdom of Sus, by a sandy dpnert. rile emperor of ••forocco pretends to be sovereijjii of this coinury, but his aiiliioniy is only noiuiiial. this vast, but desert province, is inhabited by dif- ferent tribes of Ar.ibs, whc; are si altered over every part capable of cliki«atioN. Nundydroog, a town of the peiiiiisiila of HInduostan, capital of a district, in tlie Mysore country. Its fortiess is built on tile siiiiiiiiit u\' un almost in.ic- cessible mountain, 1,"U0 fcet in heit;lit, but was besieged and lal^-en by tlie En- glish under lord Coriiwallis, in ir92. j II is 70 miles N ol Seiingapalam. I Nuiicaioii, a town in 'VV aiwickshirc, with a market on Saturday, and a ma- niifaclure of woollen cloth. It was for- merly noted for its mmnery, and is seated on liie river Anker, eight miles N by E of Coventry, and 'J9 N N \V of London. Lon. 1 25 VV, lat. 52 36 N. Nunthavi, a village, hvc miles E by S of Oxfoid ; remarkable for its Spin- ning Feast, an uiuuial festival, institu- ted by lord and lady Harcourt, for the encouragement oi" virtue and industry. Nunity, a village in Somersetshire, two miles S VV of Fi-oine, with a fair on November, It is remarkable for an old castle taken by the parliament's for- ces in 1645, the shell ^ii' which is still entire and a lino piece of anti(|uity. Nur titnirg, or Nuitnibtrg, a tree im- perial city of Germany, eaiiital of the circle of Fraiiconia, with a umvcrsily. It is six miles in circumference, sur- rounded by high walls, flanked with 365 towers ; and the river Pegnitz, over which are 12 stone bridges, runs through the middle, and divides it into two ])arts. The government is aristo- crutical i and the townsmen are divided into eight quarters, each of which ha< a captain. The burgesses are very in- dustrious, and the best workmen in arts ; their majis and prints are in high esteem, as well as their musical and mathematical instruments ; nor are they less curious in clockwork, and in die several manufactures of ii-«>n, steel, ivo- ry, wood, and alabaster. The best toys are made here, which are com- monly known in England by the name of Dutch toys. Here is a famous aca- demy for painting, an anatomical thea- tre, and a public library. 1 he ancient and Bupurb castle or palace, which the inhabitants bought of tl-.e burgraves, ia still standing at'the extremity of the ci- ty I and the arsenal 'a onc^of the be. . in N Y O O B A (Jprmftny. TIte bouses nre btiilloffrce- •Vme, ami are t'imr ur five stories liijf''- llioii^^li llieir reli(fi<)ii is tlic Liitlieruii, the cliurcli of the Holy GiioHl Iiuk a va- riety of relics, as also the imi>crial crown and »ce)>trc, tlic \r\nhc oJ the empire, the sword of St. Mauvice, the imperial mantle, tlic wliile rolie of the emperors, called the dalmatic, tiie j^old- en surplice, the mantle of the » liolr, and the jjlovcs, slippers, and heredita- ry crown of tltc Emperor Kodilph II. All tl.se rarities are placed in acliesl, which is siispciidcd hy u rofic in the doiiii, and they arc never taken 'jwr bill at Hie coronation of an emperor, or when any pe-rf^n •!" 1 i(,'h d'.stiiutl.in waiils U) s e them. .So Jews art fiuf- fered to Iodide n s;ni.jle niplit here ; nor can they enter the city at all without paunff ii certain tax. Niirembtir(r, in process o'' time, has (/otuineil a consi- derable territory, 100 miles in circum- ference, in which are two large forests. It is 55 miles N W of rtatisbon, 62 N of Aiipsbiirg', and 250 \V 1 N of Vien- na. I.on. 11 12 E, lat. 4^- 27 N. Nurtivgen, a town oi" Germany in the circle (.f Suabia, in the diitchyof VVir- tembcrjc. It is situate on the Ncckur, 14 miles S E of Sttitjrard, and 60 E of Strasbnrg. Lon. -i 12 E, lat. 48 33 N. Niiinerpour, a town of Hindooston, c>.pital of a district of tbo same name, 80 miles N E of Tutta. Lun. CB 20 £, lat. 2 20 N. Na:s, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne. It was taken by the French in 17?4 i and is sealed on the Erfit) five miles S VV oi" iJMssel- dorf, and 20 N W of Cologne. Lon. 6 55E, lat. 51 11 N. N bore, a to\vn of Denmark, in the isle of Funen, seated in a commodious bay. it has the remains of an old pa- lace, in which Christian II. was born, and is 10 miles E of Odensce. Lon. 10 40 E lat. 55 30N. N.land, a. province of Sweden, in Finland, lyinii: "" t'',e ff'lf "^ Finland, to the W of Carelia. N minir^, i^ strong tov/n of Bohemia, seated on the river Elb The Saxons took, it bv assault in 1634 Lon. 13 26 E, lat. 50 8 N. N)on, a eommercial town of S wi'iser- land in the Pays de Vand, capital of a bailiwic of the same name, with a cas tie. Here are a grea. man> Roman in- scriptions, and it is a rradin;; place. It ;3 seated nea" tke lake of Geneva, 10 iiilcs N N E of that citv. Lon. 6 12 E, lat 46 21 N. N.oiin, a town of France, in the de- p;irtment of Dr.ime I'nd late t)rovince of Daopliinv, seated on the river A- imicsover whirli it has a lofty brids^e v)f one arch, tlie w.>rk of the R'^niaiis, and a mineral sprii i^ nanieil Pontius, and si.ine maniifartnres of Hoap anil woollen stulKs. It is eifflit miles N W of Biiis Lon, 5 1.5 E, lat. 44 26 N. jV itf<,t, a stronjY town of Htissia, itt the government of Liv(mia, with a cas- llo It IS sei.'.edoi, ihe Narova, anion),' '■ii;;>- marshes, 2U miles S W ofNalvji, and Ct'.l N of VV'burg. Lon, 29 10 h, lat. (11 56 N. N-xtaut, a town of Sweden, in liii. h.nd, noted for a pe;iee ronrhided iiere, in 1721, between the emperor oC Rtis.sia, and the kinfk (if the K'^niiiiis, li sprii !{• imnicd Poinius, iiuiuifartiires of mohji iiml It is (•i(<'ht mili-s N W 111, 5 1 .5 E, l:it. 44 26 N. iti'iiir town of Kiissm, in 111 of Livonia, with a cas- '.cddi. (he Niirova, anionj,' cs, 2U miles S \V of N.irv;i, W'jiiig. Lon 29 10 h, town of Sweden, in Tin- for a peiice ronrhi.Jcd 1, bctwecii the emperor of the lf^, a town of Bavaria, with a castle, sealed on '!.c Inn, 1.^ miles S of Passau, to whose lusliop it belongs. Lon, 1.3 36 E, laf 48 15 N. Obcrsteiii. ". town of Germany, in tlic palatinate ^ahe, 30 miles E by S of Tr.;vcs. Lon. - 26 E, lat. 49 42 N. Oberwe^el, formerly an imperial town of Germany, in the electorate of I'reves t.d.en by the French in 1794, and sea- ted on the Rhino, 40 miles E N E '..( Treves. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 50 1 N. Obtdos, a town of Fovtiig'al, in Estre- madiira, with a strong castle, seated (in a rock, ,38 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. of Rnssia, in the go- vernment of Perm, It is situate ontlie Kama, 60 miles N of P 'rm. Lon. 56 '. lat. 58 44 N. Oby, u iver of Rusjin in Asia, which rises in the desert oflschimska, and running N joins the Irtysh, near Tob- olsk, and falls in'" the bay of Obskriya. Ocano, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tile, seated on a plain, abounding in all the necessaries of life, 18 miles E of T<,le(h>. Lon. 2 50 VV, lat. 39 52 N. Ochsenfurt, a town of Germany in the circle of Frunconia, and in the bishop- ricof Wurtzburg, iieatcdonthe Maine, 10 miles S E of Wtirtzburg. Lon. 10 \.) E, lat. 49 3,5 N, Occa, a large river of Rnssia, which f.iUs rito the VoI;.,m, near Nishnii No- voijorod, Ocluc'liaiusn. a town of Germany, in the cinle of Siiahla, It miles S ol'UI- nii, and 40 VV ,S \V of Auj^sh'U'g. Lon, 10 11 E, lat 48 10 N. Ocker, a river of Lower Saxony, wlikh rise i in the S part .itthc dutcliy of Uriinswick, runs b\ Go%l.ir, vV.illiii- hiitiie, and Brunswick, and falls into the Aller, \V of GMiioni. Ocii!.t. See L:flirias lUiikr- gone. It was taken In st.n'.ii by v.,a Russians, in \7iii, and was Coii:iruie(l to Russia, by the subHequeut pe.ae It is seated at the mouth of tlie Dn. o.k r, opposite Kinbaru, 3\) miles VV of Ctur- soii, and r.O M by E (le. Lon. 30 50 E, Lit. 46 50 H. Ode/htee, a cousider.ihle and ancient town of Denmark, capital of the isle of Fiineii, witii abishop's Bee. Ir is «l;:i- ted on a small river, two mih .i fiyjn the hay of Stigcstrand, ap.d 75 Wof Copenhagen. Lon. 10 17 E. lat. 55 30 N. Oder, a river of Germany, which h.is its sotirce near a town of the same name, in Silesia. It r\ii(S N tiu-ough •iiU'sia, Franckfort, Lebiis, Custrin, and Frlnw.ilt, in Brandenburg; and G.irt/, Slot in, Cammin, VVolliu, U.se- dom, and Wi>f Berlin, Lon, 14 15 E, lat, 52 58 N. Odcrburg, a town of Silesia, SMted near the conHuonce of the Oder and Elsa, 10 miles S of Ratibor. Lon. 18 10 E, lat, 50 2 N. OFF O H R Oiltmkfhn, H town of Germany, in the palatiiiiUc; i, a corporate town in Hiunp- shiri', Willi a ni:irl\et ou Sutiirday, J-l miles N Eof VVin.Jicsi.'P, Hii(l42 \V bv Sofl.oiulon. Lon.O j(j \V, l:ii. 51 IHN. Oclund, an island of Swi'vitl> an old chapel. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town, and is seated on the Inn, eipht jnilcs N W of Bnrkhatisen. Lun. 12 44 K, lat. 48 14 N Oeting, or Oetiiigen, a town of Siiabia, capital of a county of the sa .e name. It is seated on tlie river Wirnitz, 12 miles N N W of Donawert, and 35 W N W of In^.lstadt Lon. 10 40 E, lat. 48 58 N. OJf.i's Dite, an entrenchment cast up by OHa, a Saxon kiiifr, to defend Eng- land against the incursions of the Welsh. It runs throuffh Herefordshire, Shrop- shire, Montgomeryshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire. Offanto, a river of the kingdom of Naiilcs, which rises in the Appennines j passes by Conzn and Monte Verde i se- parates Capitanata from Basilicatu and TeiTa-di-Bari ; and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Barlettsu It is the an- cient Aufidius. Offenbach, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Franconia. It surrendered to the French in July 1796, and is seated on the Maine, five miles E of Francfort. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 49 54 N Offenburg, an in)])erial town of Suabia, under the i-roteclion of the house of Austrisu It is seated on the Kintiiy, 12 miles S E of Stratburg, (nd 38 X of Uaden. Lon. 8 1 E, lat. 48 31 N. Offida, a town of Italy, in the mar- •piiHuteof Ancona, 26 miles S of Lorct- to. Lon. 13 46 E, lat. 42 53 N. Ongeritheiin, a town of Germany in the palatinate of the Khine. It has a villa belonging to the elector, and is sitiuUe on the Khine, four niilcii W N W of Manheim. O/ielenia, an islanil in the S Pacifir Ocean. It is l.i miles in circuit, and has neither harbour nor anchorage. It is neither so populous nor fertile as the islands to the N of it ; yet its m.miifac- tiires are of a superior kiml. '1 he cloth is of a better die, and the spears and clubs are better ci.t and polished, and the carving is executed in a better n-.an- ner. The people are lii.ity and well made, and rather browner tlian those of the Society Islands. Lun 15U 47 W, lat. 22 27 S. Ohio, a river of North America, which has its source in the Allegany mountains, and is called the Allegany, till it« junction with the Monongaliela at Foi Pitt, when it iirst receives the name of Ohio. It bounds the slate of Kentucky in its whole lengtli : and the only disadvantage it has, is a rapid, one mile and a half long, in lat. 38 3 N. about 400 miles from its mouth. In this place the river runs over a rocky bottom, above 1000 yards broad, and the de.scent is so gradual, that the fall docs not probably in tliu whole exceed 10 fert When the stream is low, empty boats only can pass this rbpid ; but, when high, boats of any burden may pass in safety. The Ohio carries a great uniformity of breadth, from 400 to 600 yards, except the last 150 miles, where' it is from 800 to 1000 yards. After a course of near 1200 miles from Pittsburg, in which it receives numbers of large and small rivers, it enters tlie Mississippi in lat. 36 43 N. Ohiim, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cijiality of Brieg, in whose neiglibour- hotxl they cultivate great (piantities of tobacco. It has a large castle and is situate on the Ohia, eight miles N W of Brieg, and 14 S E of Breslaw. Lon. 17 29 E, lot 50 56 N. Ohrdruf, a town of Upper Saxony, in the principality of Gotha. It has been frequently destroyed by fire, but baa risen again like the phenix from its ashes, and is now in a very flourishing state, and carries on cumiideiablc iua> !W-^ ■"^ H R of Stracburg'. and 38 X of [Hit:, lat. 4H31 N. bwii of Ituly, in the miir. coim, :26 miles S ot'Lorct- |1(> E, Ut. 42 33 N. a iDwnoi'Ucrinuny in tlie Kiiiiie. It liaK a villa he elector, and is sitiutte four niilea W N W nl |n island in the S Pacifu- .i niilcit in circuit, and has )ur nor anchorajfc. It it ipiilous nor fertile ai the N of it ; yet its inanufac- superior kind. '1 he cloth • lie, and the spearn and tor Cut and poiinhcd, aiid executed in a better man- opie ure lusty al\d well ther browner than those of Islands. Lun 15U 47 W, ver of North America, :9 source in the Allegany ml is called the Allet^any, ion with the Monon^^aiiela when it first receives the >. It bounds the state of its whole lengtli : and the ntagt; it has, is a rapid, one half long, in lat. 38 3 N. nilcs from its mouth. In lie river runs over a rocky ve 1000 yards broad, and is so gradual, that the fall fjably in thu whole exceed 'hen the stream ia low, only can pass this rt;pid ; igh, boats of any burtlen safety. The Ohio carries rmity of breadth, from 400 except the last liO miles, from 800 to 1000 yards, so of near 1200 miles from which it receives numbers small rivers, it enters tlie n lat. 36 43 N. )wn of Silesia, in the prin- ricg, in whoKc neighbour- dtivate great ipiantities of has a large castle and is i Ohla, eight miles N W I 14 S E of Breslaw. Lon. 50 56 N. town of Upper Saxony, in ity of Gotha. It has been estroyed by fire, but baa like the phenix fram its now in a very flourishing UTies on cunsidei-able ma> OLD Aiifartiires. It is eight miles S S E of G..lha, anil 15 S W of Erfurt. Lon. 10 57 E, lat. 50 55 N. Ohringen, a l'>wn of Franconia, 34 miles £ S E of Meidelkelg, and \iA S of VVertheiin. Lt)n.y5i>E. lat. 49 13 N. Oigh, Loch, n lake in IiivcrneMslure, extending four iiules from E to VV. It contains some little wooded islands ; and its waters How through U)cli Ness into Murray Frith. Oira, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop'i< see, and an old castle. It is seated at the foot of the AppennincH, 20 miles N E of Tarento. Lon. 17 54 E, lat. 40 38 N. Ohaiit, a town of France in the de- partment of Isere and late province of Duuphiny, 28 miles S E of Grenoble. Beauvais is the capital. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 45 N. Oite, a department of France, incliuU ■ng part of the late province of the Isle of France. Oiie, a river which has its source in the Ardennes, and falls into the Seine, near Pontoise. It gives name to tht: above department. Okehain. See Oakham. Okingham, or Wotingham, a town in Berkshire, with a market on Tuesday, eight milea S E of Reading, and 33 W of London. Lon. 059 W, lat. 51 25 N. Okotzk, a province of the government of Irkutzk, ill Russia. Its capital, bf the same name, is seated at the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of Uie Eastern Ocean. Oiileiihurg, a town of Westphalia, ca- pital of a county of the same name. The churrhof St. Lambert contains the tombs of the last counts of Oldenburg, which are very curious. It is noted for its horses ; and is seated on the Hunta, 22 miles W of Bremen, and 45 S 'E of Einbden. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 53 7 N. Olilenburg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the diitchy of Holstein, scited near tlic Baltic, 30 miles N of Lubec. Lon. 10 47 E, lat. 54 22 N. Otdenilorf, a town of Lower Saxony, in the diitchy of- Lunenburg, seated on the Wcnaw'and Esea. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 53 16 N. OlJemloif, a town of Westphalia, in the territory of Schawenbiiri^, seated on tlie Weser, 28 miles S W of Hanover. Lon. 9 31 E, lat. 5J 16 N. OMeiiseel, a town of the United Prn- viiiees in Overyssel, X) miles K of l)o- ^ i:iiter. Lon. 57 E, lat. i-> ^'O N O L M Ohletlt), a town of Lo\v( r Saxony, in llie diitchy of Holstein, m i.ttil xii the lra\e, 17 miles \V of Liilur, and 25 \' E of Hamburg. Lon. lU 18 E, lat. jj 52 N. Old Tmen, a post town in Allegany county, Maryland i s.tiiuled on the N side of Pi>tiim:u'.k ri^er, near the liioulli of the S W I'l-Biieh, 14 miles S E of Cumberland, and 134 N VV of Wujhing- ton. 0/eroH, an isle of France, five mile* from the coasts of Aunis uiul .Saintonge. It is 12 miles long and fiv(:f broad; in populous and fertile, producing corn and wine, and is defended by a easitle. It contains about 10 or 12,000 inhabit tants, and on a headland is a light-house, and on its E side stands a strong castle. In the reign of Kichard I. this island was (wrt of the possessions of the crown of England ; and here that monarch compiled tlie code of maritime laws, called the Laws of Oleron, which are received by all nations in Euroj»e, ns the ground of all their marine const!- t<»ti(m«. Lon. 1 20 W, lat. 46 3 N. Oleron, a town of France, in the department of Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, with a bi»ho|)'» see. It is seated on the Gave, 10 miles S VV of Pan. Lon. U W, lat. 43 7 N. Oletio, a town of Polan iinixi r!.lty. It wun tiikcii liy llu- kiiiffot I'll', SIM, ill irU. Ill lr.)H, li'-' lu'Hifjfcd il .'iifaiii I hut WiiN iil)h;>' I to riiisu th" lli<«X'- It it Hl'Ul^- 1 Milrivsof iron, und iii minerid wntfp. It irt sitniitf on tl:v lAcr Ohin/ii, which falls into the- lalie Ladojfa. Lon. 34 JO E, hit. 01 ^26 N. Olse, Of OeUn, a stronpf and consider- able town of Silesia, with a castle, •where the duke (jeiu rally resides. It is 1" niiles N V. of Breslaw. Lon. 17 26 £. lat. .51 19 N. 0/ti:it-3, a town of Upper Saxony, in the tciritory of Voii^'tlaiid, seated on the Kl«' 'r, CO miles S W of Dresden. Lon. 12 '27 H, l.'it. 50 40 N. 0/teii, a town of Swi.sserland, capital of a bailiwir, in the canton of Soleure. It is dependent on the bislio]i of Uasle, anil is seated a little to the N of tiie A.ir, hetwc'cn 'Krherfjand Araw. Lon. 7 4.5 E, lat. 47 16 N. 0!yrii/j!is, a mountain of N.itoli.i, one of the liifjhest and most considerable in all Asia. The ancients mipposcd its top reached the heavens ; and, frorn that eiroiimstance, placed the residence of the (T'lds tjiere, and made it the court of Jupiter. There are several moun- tains of the same r.ame. Otrl'i-ane, a river of Italy which rises in t!ie Sienncsc, and fulls into the Me- diterranean. Oin/iinne, a town of It:'.ly in tlie Sicn- nese, between the river Onibrinic ami the l»';e Castigliano, tiu'ee miles S of GrtWRetlo. Qmeji.iu, a town oftlic dutchy of Mi l:>M, in the Novarcw, with • castle, live iiileH N III Urtv. Omf, St. a f.irtififd, lar^ce, •nd po- iiil.iiK tiwii of Krani'e, in ilic ilepiirt- :licill of the Miraits of Ciduis and lute [irovincc of /Vrtois. It w it aneit nlK a tillaire, called Sithieii, and owvs its present name and iniportHnec toa Saint, who built a nionaNtery here in the se. ventli century It \» a f iitresii of con- siderable importance, and surrounded on one siile with a larj^e mor.iss ; und about it there are many sluices, which serve to carry oil' the water when it is overflowed, and in the midst of the morass ther>* is a sort of ttoatinx islands «:oveifd witn vcrdiii'e and trees. The cathedral was a handsome slriictiire, Mid there were other fine buildings, with a rich Uenedictine abbey. The Fr.'nch became masters of the place in 1679. '1 liey produce pood pasture; and the trees that ifrow upon them are kept low, that the wind may not have too much power over them St. Omer is seated on the Aa, on the side oi'u bill, eit;ht miles N VV of Aire, and 1.1.5 N of Paris. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 54 45 N. Ommen, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overyssel, seated on the Veiht, 17 miles" N E of Deventcr. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 52 32 N. Ommenbur};^ a strons^ town of Ger- many in the electorate of Mentz, seat- ed on the Othern, nine miles S E of Marpurpf, and 45 N E of Francfort. Lon. 9 13 E, lat. 50 30 N. Ominirabili, a river of Africa, which rises in mount Atlas, separates the kintcdom of Morficco from that of Fez, and entering the Atlantic, forms a ca- pacious bay on the E side of Azamor. Onano, a town of Italy in the patri- mony of St. Peter, seated between Ac- tpiapendente and Pctijfliano, five mile* from each. One, a cape of Barbary, in Africa, near the mouth of the river Mulvia. Ontchcim, one of the Sandwich is- lands, in the N Pacific Ocean, five or six Icapues W of Atooi. Its eastern coast is hi.u;li, and rises abruptly from the sea, but the other parts of the is- land consist of low pround, except a round lilufV head on the S E point. It produces plenty of yams, and of the sweet imit called tee. Lon. 161 W, lat. 21 50 N. Oneg, a town of Russia, in the gov- crnmcnt of Archangel. It lies on the N E lovarene, with tcafitlc, livp la tonified, larR-e, aiidpo- lot' Knini-e, in ilic ili|mft. utriiitu of Culiiis ari'l luti; lArtoiK. It \v:iH hiu'itiillv ix ■il Silliioii, jiul iiwvH iti • niul iniijcirtuini' to u .Sniiit, iiKinuslfry here iii tin- ne. n It in u f ijtreitii of coil. jportiiiice, u'ul hiiitouikIk! Willi n l;ir(ff mor.iijs i uml Ire ure uiaiiv HJiiicin, wliicli Jr) oir till' w;ili;r wliuii it is ikJ ill tliu iiiicLst of tlic s a Mii't i.f H(j:iiin(^ islaniU 11 Mid. ire ami lives. 'I'lie .IS u liandsoiiK.- Hlnictiirc, kvi re other (iiie huildiii^n, Ueiie'lictiiic ulibcy. 'I lie nic iii;ister.s of the place in produce pood pafttiire ; s that (fpow upon them are lal the wind may not liave wcr over tlieni St. Omer tiie Aa, on the side of a miles N VV of Aire, and 'aris. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 54 . town of the United Pro- Overyssel, seated on tlic miles N E of Ueventcr. lat. 32 32 N. r^', a stronjf town of Ger- eicctorate of Mentz, scat- )tliern, nine miles S E of ind 45 N E of Francfort. , lat. .50 30 N. i7i, a river of Africa, wliicli iiint Atlas, separates the Morocco from that of Fez, f the Atlantic, forms a ca- 011 the E side of Azamor. town of Italy in the patri- Petcr, seated between Ac- i and Petijfliano, five milet ipe of Barbary, in Africa, iitli of tlie river Mulvia. one of the Sandwich is- e N Pacific Ocean, five or VV of Atooi. Its eastern 1, and rises abruptly from the other parts of the is- of low ground, except a lead on the S E point. It Illy of yams, and of tiie ailed tee. Lon. 161 W, wn of Iliissia, ill the f;ov- Vrchangel. It lies on the O N R lake OncfTj, nc.ir the U'liilc Sea, 80 iiiiliM S of Aiclimi^'el. Lon. 37 '24 E, liii. 6.J 3., N. Onega, u river and luki- of Idissia, in llif jfinenimeiit nf Olmu'l/. Il \r> Util niiU's hiii)( and 40 broad, uiulhuH a com. iiiiiiiicarMiii with Luke Lad>i|.^a, and rciii!iee to a iduntry full nf w Mill, and t.ills iiilii the White Sea Oiif^'.\:i, a pniuipalii) of liily, siir- riiMiided by tlie tcrrit iry of Ciuiioa, but siilijcrt to ti.e kill);' of Sardinia. It a- Ijoiiiids in oli\e U'let, I'miiM ami wine. Oie,{liu, a sciip.ilt ol' Italy, in a prill- ripalily of the same li.i!iie. The I'reiicli :iii'l S|iaiiiurds li.'id jiossc^sioii nf it ii. .'/ 1 1, but wcic dri\tn I'lOin it l>y tlir I'll iliiiimiesc. K was taken In the I'lciuli, in IT'.M- It is seated on u Kiii:ill river, 3'.> miles S E of Cu^iii, Uiid aU VV by S of Genoa. Lon. 7 ol E, lal. 4,3 58 N. Oiiei.lu wci;(i, wlierc it enters Lake Ontario. U is linalable from its month to llie head ol' the lake, except one l.dl which causes a piirtag'C of 20 yards. Towards the head waters of ties river, salmon are caiii^lit in i^rcat quantities. OnonMi^o, a small post town in Onon- da-fo county. Mew York, furmerly the ie.it of tiie {feneral council of the six iKitions; situated al)otit ten miles S l)\ E of Salt Lake, and 60 \V by S of old Fort Schiijler. Oiiare, a seaport of Canara, on the coast of M.ilabar, 3'.'8 miles S b'- E of bombay. Lon. 74 45 E, lat. 14 20 N. Oiwth, a town of Hunfjarv, 50 miles N i; of Buda. Lon. 19 22 E, lat. 48 ION. Oniust, a small ishind, at the rroutli •O ON of the liarboiir of H.itav'.a, where the Uiitcli build .mil careen their ships. Oiitiiiiti, a lai.e of N America, siltiate betwieii /l and r4" W li.ii. and -ll and 45° N lat. Oil its S VV purl a le- leives the waters of Lake Erie (by means (if the river Niaj^ura'i and iieur the S Klhf Onmidi.jfo ri\er ; and on the iN I', its waters enter the rivir Iriapioiii. Il is 60.) luili'H In circnniferei'cc, and ahum!'!'! with lisli of an i-xcelU iit ilaMiiir, iiii.din;- which are tli' Oswego Lai's, v\eini.iu;f ibrce or fniir pounds. 0.j.luiiciiiiii.\iii, a town of liisdoiislan l'lii|/cr, in 11 lej-.il, se,.ted on the \V h.iiik of the t; iinjes, al llie CmiI iif achaill of hills. T!.e silMi.iinn is esteemed nil- healthy, on ai coi.nt of the forests in its vicinity. It was the si ut of the jrov- riiin.i'i.l of lli'iii;id, under Sultan Stijali, till lie fell in the contest fur empire with hi.'i bi(>l! er Ai;run};/ebe. Tic numberless ruins here, and in tho nei);'hb lurho'id, evince bis passion for building-, and tie ^leat e\ti nt ef them. 1 here still rein./insa paituf the palace, which, in his lime, was iiearh destroy- ed b) lire. Here is all elej;;;nl bridge over the Gaie.cs, built by the same j-rlnce, t'ainiins fur the victory pained o\er Mcei Cossim, in l"(i4, by Major Adams. 0>.Hltiiiainillali is 82 niih s N by W of Moorthedabad. Lon. 87 55 E, lat. 2-< 5b N. Oiiiuil.m/jii, one of the islands of the Northern Archipelai'O, visited by captain Cook in his last vorape. The nalive inhabitants of ibis islaiul arc to all appearam e a ^ery peaceable peo- ple, bavin,;- been miicb p(ili.-.lieil by the Hussi.ins, who now keep them in a state of siihjecUiin. As tlie i:ilaud furnishes lliein with subsistence, so it does, in some measure with el.itbiiifj, which is eiiietly composiil of skins. Tlie upper yarnu'iit, which is made like a w.ijj- j;-(>ner's frock, reaches down to the knees. Besides this, they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair of breeches, a fur cap, and a pair of Ixiots, the leps of which are formed of some kind of strong put ; but tlic .soles and upper part are of Russia leather. Fisb and other sea animals, birds, roots, berries, and even sea-weed, compose tlieirfood. They dry (piantities of fish durinp the summer, which they lay up in small huts for their use in winter. They did not appear to very be desirous of iron, nor to want any other instrument ex- cept sewing;' nccUle.s, their owil being S s -. o R jf O R A formed of bone. With these they sew tlieir canoes, and make their clothes, and also work very curious embroidery. They use, instead of tl pm\, the fibres of plants, which tiiey split to the thick- ness required. All sewing' is perform- ed by the femMlcs, wlio are shoe- makers, tai'ors and boat-huildcrs. They manufacture mats, and Jaskctsof grass, which are botli strong and beau- tiful. There is, indeed, a neatness and perfection in most of their works, that shows that they are deficient nei- ther in inpenuitv nor perseverance. Lon. 165 VV, lut'. 53 5 N. Ooiodp and Ooshei.iieer. See Kuri'es. Oostborch, a town and foit of Dutch Flanders, in the isle of Cadsand, four miles N E of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 E, lat. 51 22 N. Oosteiiby, a town of Sweden, in the jsle ofOeland, 27 miles S of Borkholm. Oporto, or Forto, a flourisliing' seaport of Portugal, in the prov'ncc of Entre- Doucro c-Minho, with a bishop's see. It is a place of great importance, and by nature almost impregnable ; and is noted for its strong wines, of which large quantities are exported to Eng- land ; whence al^ red wines from Spain or Portugal are called P(n't wines It is seated on the declivity of a moun- tain, near the river Doucro, which forms an excellent harbour, and is 147" miles N bv E of Lisbon. Lon. 821 W, lat. 41 10 N. Oppe'ifii, a strong town of Silesia, ca- pital of a d'itciiy of the same name, with a castle. The chief tribunal of justice, and the first consistory of Sile- sia, were settled here in 1742. It is seated on the Oder, in a pleasant plain, 35 miles S E of Breslaw, and 40 N of Tri>ppaw. Lon. 17 5U E, lat. 50 41 N. Oppenheim, a town of Germany, in the palatin:ite of the Rhine, capital of a bailiwic of the same name. It is seat- ed on the declivity of a hill, near the Khine, eight miles S of .Mentz, and 12 N of Worms. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49 43 N. OppUo, an episcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, seated at the foot of the Appennines, 25 miles N E of Ueggio. Lon. 16 21 E, lat. 38 19 N. On/cA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bosnia, near tlie river Drino, 60 niiles S \V of Belgrade. Oriin. a Rtr;ing and important seaport in the kingtl tm of Algiers, and pro- vince of Tr-.-mesen, with several forts, •»•'(] a excellent harbour. It I* seati d partly nn the side of a hill, and part- ly in a plain, almost opposite- to Cartlia. gena, in Spain. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1509, and retaken in 1708. In 1732, the Spaniards became masters of it again, and have kept it ever since, In 1790, it was destroyed by an eaith. quake, nothing but the exterior wall! being left standing ; and 2000 persons perished. The bey of Mascara, taking advantage of the distressed state ofilie garrison, attacked it with a considei'a- ble force, was but compelled to retire, after three ob.stinate attacks. It is 124 miles W by S of Algiers. Lon. 8 W, lat. 36 2 N. Orange, an ancient city of France, in the de|ja;tmcnt of Drome and late pro- vince of Dauiiliiny, and before the French rev.ihition, an episcopal see. It was an ini])ortant place in the time of the Romans. A triumphal arch, 200 paces from the town, was formerly within its limits ; and here are also the remains of a fine amphitheatre, some aqueducts, &c. which escaped the fu- ry of the Goths and Saracens. The fortifications were demolished by Lew- is XIV. in 1682. It is seated in a fine plain, on the river Aigues, 12 miles N of Avignon, and 50 N E of Montpellier Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 44 9 N. Orangeburg, a post town, the capital of Orange county, South Carolina, situ- ated on the E side of Edisto river, aliout 70 miles N W of Charleston, and 43 S E of Columbia, the present capital oftlie state. Oranienbaum, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the dutchy of Anhalt Dessau, six miles S E of Dessau. Oranienbaum, a village of Russia, on the gulf of Finland Here is a royi palace, built by prince Menzikoft', af tcrwards converted into an hospital then into a palace by Peter III. It 20 miles W of Petersburg. Lon. 29 E, hit. 59 52 N. Oranienhurg, a town of Germany, the circle of Upper Saxony, and in ttic middle Marche of Brandenburg, present name had its rl.se from a v built by the elector ; it was ancientl called Brctzow. A colony of the Vai dols wa.s established here, in 1699 who had been driven from their coun try on account of their religion. It situate on the Havel, 18 miles N of Be lin, and 28 N N E of Potzdaiii. Loii 13 26E, lat. 52 50 N. 26 Its O R A ORE O R F ly on the side of a hill, and part- la pluin, iihiiost opposite- to Ciirtiia- \, in Spuin. It was taken by the Jiarils in 1509, and retaken in 1708. 1732, the Spaniards bt- came masters lajjain, and have kept it ever since. |790, it was destroyed by an eaith- Ic, notliingf but the exterior wails Iff lett standing j and 2000 persons Ished. Tlic hey of Mascara, takinjj lintage of tlie distressed state of the lisoii, attacked it with a considera- I force, was but compelled to retire, T three obstinate attacks. It is 104 •s \V by S of Algiers. Lon. 8 VV, 36 2 N. range, an aiicient city of France, in dejjurtmcnt of Drome and late pro- e of Daupliiny, and before the nch rev.)lution,an episcopal see. It i an iniport.-uit place in the time of Romans. A triumphal arch, 200 es from the town, was formerly bin its limits ; and here are also the lains of a fine amphitlieatre, sonic educts, &c. which escaped the fu- if the Gotlis and Saracens. The jfications were demolished by Lew- CIV. in 1682. It is seated in a fine in, on the river Aigues, 12 miles N Avignon, and 50 N E of MontpcUier. n. 4 49 E, hit. 44 9 N. Otangeburg, a post town, the capit.il Orange count)-. South Carolina, situ- d on the E side of Edisto river, mt 70 miles N W of Charleston, 1 43 S E of Columbia, the present lital ofthe state. iranienbamn , a town of Germany, he circle of Upper Saxony, in tlie chy of Anhalt Dessau, six miles ; of Dessuu. ^ranienbuinn, a village of Russia, on gulf of Finland Here is a royal ice, built by prince Menzikofl', af- wards converted into an hospital, n into a palace by Peter III. It is miles W of Petcrsliurg. Lon. 29 26 at. 59 52 N. >ran/enhiirff, a town of Germ.iny, in circle of Upper Saxony, and iii the die Marche of Brandenburg. Its sent name had its ri.se from a villa t I)y the elector; it was anciently ?d Brctzow. A colony of the Van- wa.< established here, in 1699, I had been driven from their coiin- ;)n account of their religion. It is iitc on the Havel, 18 miles N of l!er- and 28 N N E of Potzdasti. Loii. '6 E, lat. 52 50 N. Oratavia, the capital of Teneri IT, one of llio Canary Isl.tnds, X5\) miles W o! the coast of Africa. Lon. id 20 W, hit. 2a 23 N. Or/jiils.in, a tov.'u of Piedmont, be- tween 'I'urin and Pignerol. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 45 2 N. Orbe, an ancient town of Swisserlaud, ill the Pays de Vaiid, capital of tlii: iMJIiwic of Echallcns, admired by tra- vellers for its romantic situation, and the boldness of its sinifle arched bridLje, projecting over the 0;l)e. It is 24 miles W of Friburg, and 40 \V by S of Bern. Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 46 40 N. Oihe, a town of (Jcrniany, in tiie elec- torate of Ment/. In its vicinity are fa- mous salt works. It is 26 miles E of Fr:inkfort. OrbitciiO, a strong sea])ort of Tusca- ny, in the Sienncse, defended by seve- ral f >rts, and scaled near tlie Al'.iegna, 58 miles S I.v ^V of Sieniie, and 85 S of Florence. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. 52 18 N. Orbie, a river of France, wliich rises in tlie Cevennes, and after watering Beziers, falls into tlic gulf of Lyons, five miles below that t'>wn. Orcadea. See Orkneys. Orchies, an ancient town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, 14 miles SE of Lisle. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50 28 N. Orchilla, an island of the Caribbean Sea, 80 miles N of the coast of Terra Firma, and 160 E bv S of Curracao. Lon. 65 20 W, lat. 12 N. Orcheirutnt, a t(>w;i of Germany, in the du'cliy of Lu.\jmburg, situate on the river Semoi, 18 miles N of Sedan. Ordingen, or UrUingen, a town of the electorate of Cologne, in Germany, 1 1 miles N of Dusseldorf, and 32 N N W of Cologne. Ordunna, a seaport of Spain, in Bis- cay, seated in a valley surrounded by high >nountains, 20 miles S W of Bil- bo. Lon. 3 26 W, lat. 43 11 N. Orehro, the capital of the province of Nericia, in Sweden Proper, well known in history, and seated near the W ex- tremity of the lake Hiclniar. It has a castle in tlic middle ofthe town, situa- ted on a sm.all island, formed by two branches ofthe Swai-t. It was former- ly a royal residence. Here !U'e m;.nii- factnres of fire-arms, cloth, and tapes- try ; iind it has a considerable trade with Stockholm, across the lakes Hiel- mar aid Maeler, by means ofthe canal of Arboga ; sending iron, vitriol, and red paint in particular. Orehro is 95 miles S W of Stockliolni. Lon. IS 12 E, lat. .^9 12 N. Orvgntnd, a seaport of Sweden, on the coast of Upland, in tlio gulf of IJDthnia, oppo-^ite the small island of Giiison, (50 miles N of Stockholm. Lon. 18 "= E, lat. 60 20 N. Orel, a government of Russia, once a province of the government of Biel- gorod. Old, capital of the above govern- ment, is se.ited on the Occa and Orel, 207 miles S S '>V of -Moscow. Lon. iS 20 E, lat 53 N. Orellana. Sec Amazon. Orenburg/!, one of the t wo province* of the government of Ufa, in Russia. The inhabitants carry on commerce and exercise several trades, and have even some manufactories. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the U- ral, formerly called tlie Yaik, 480 miles N E of Astracan. Lon. 55 C E, lat 51 46 N. Orense, an ancient town of Spain, in Galicia, with a bishop's see, and fa- mous for its hot baths. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Minho, over which is a bridge of one arch, 47 miles S E of Coinpostella. Lon. 7 36 W, lat. 42 19 N. Orfo, a considerable town of Asia, in Diarbcck. It formerly belonged to Persia, but is now in the Turkish vlo- ininions, and has a good trade, partic- ularly .n carpets of several sorts, some of which are made here. It has a state- ly castle on a hill, and is seated on the Euphrates, 83 miles N E of Aleppo, iind 100 S W of Diarbckar. Lon. 38 20 E, lat. 36 50 N. Orford, a seaport and jorough in Suf- folk, with a market on Monday. It is said to have had twelve churches, but now only one, whose steeple is a sea- mark ; and near it are the ruins of an old castle, a priory, and St. George's chapel. It is governed by a mayor, sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the German Ocean, be- tween two channels, 18 miles E by Nf of Ipswich, and 88 N E of London. Lon. 1 40 E, lat. 52 11 N. Orford, a post town on the E bank of Connecticut river, in Grafton county, Newhampshire i at the dista'ice of 18 miles N by E of Dartmouth college, •vid 17 S of Haverhill. In 1800 the township contained 1000 inhabitants. Orford Neu, a cape of Eng^land, qo O R 1 O R K ,,,. S E coast of suss... Y:"'!:'-- I '^-.^^ --'• ^.^ 'j^lS'. tT shelter for sfiinion wlu'ii a N E wiml blows hard upon the s'luro. Hcrt- is a li|,'lithoiisf, I'i ct led lir the direction ot sh'ips. I'on. 1 b E, lat. 52 4 N. Of^'diJorJ, ii villa.nx', near I'oolc, in D..r.selsliire, noted I'lr tlio qiility oi penn\ royal prmliieed in the neighbour hood. Orgaz, a town i,f Spain, in New Cas- tile, with a castle, 15 nnles S of Tole- do, Lon. 3 'Z2 W, lat. ;i9 .16 N' Or^tcl, a town of Fr.iii^.'C, m tlic de partnie:,t < i' J'lni and hie |.ro\ince of FranclieC(pni|.te, seatetl at the source of the Viiioii.se, ."U miles N by K oi Bourg. I.oii. 5 39 E, lat. 46 36 N. Orgivah, a town of Spain, inthejiro- vime ofGianadu. 25 miles S of Grana- da. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36 43 N. Oria, a dcca'cil town of Naples, in Terra d'Olrimto, with a citadel, and a niime, 42 miles N VV of Cngliari. Lon S ol K, l.t 40 2 N. Oiiriml, a town of Schonen in Swe. den, '2t miles N ofCliristianstadt. Lon. 14 9 K, lat. 56 48 N. (Jrl-ne-i hlmuls, a (Ulster of islands to the N (if Sc.llaiid, from which they are ^ep.lr:ltl■d l>y Pentlund Fr;ti. They ir': al)out 30 in number ; but many of Iheni are uninhabited, the greater part hemi; small, and producing only pas- turage for cattle. The principal islands arc denominated by the names of Main- land, South Honaidsha. Swinna, Fh)t- ' ta, Copinsha, Strupenslia, Stronsa, San. da, Ike. Tiic currents ai\d tides flow- ing between the islands arc extremely rapid and dargcrous. Near an island called Swinna are two great whirlpools called the wells of Swuuia, which are counted dangerous by mariners espc- The h.rgest of these Vi«hn')\ see It is seated at the foot of , cially in a caini. ....„,.-. tl A.pcnmm.s 40m les N W ol Olran- islands is ralle.l Potnona. m length 33. tiK Ap ^" ■'"' ^ 4U m c^ IN g ^ coutaHung 9 pa- '"•O.^" Zp^-: v££ frcgular!rishchurches,and4excellentiK.rl.m.^ an? handsome town of Fra'nce, in the- The air is ,no,st on -— J.t c department of Morbil.an ami late pi;o [ neighbourhood of tl e e^ J*' ' ' i„ vinceofUretairne, built in 1-20, l)^ the and sm.w do not contimie .ong. in F.vnch Fust n 1 a'conipanv, whomade some places the sod is bare ami m.mn. it the exclusive mart of Ou-ir commerce, tainous, an.l mothers sand; and barren. The harbour is defended by a citadel, opposite Port Louis at the bottom of the same l>a\-, but can contain but a small numhcr of men of war. 1 he En glish made a fruitless atten'pt unon it in ir46 It is five niiles S W of Hen- nebon. Lon. 3 20 W. lut. 47 46 N howc ver, many of the islands produce lure ero|;s of barlev and oats, but no vviieat or other gram "excepting what ig enclosed in gardens. 1 hcse, when du- ly cultivated, produce all kinds of kitchen hirbs and roots, bringing even fruit-trees to mal.irity, but out ot them, ^^" Jr"a ^>w • S a-: n VMen-'intheopen country," there is scarce a • * ,1 ., h-X, \ see 'I imivcrsitv.Uree or shrub to be seen, except jum- :::^ : u Un . vkIu is ::!;t: ; >er. wild myrtle, heath, and the cyur ed on tile Segura, 3 5 mih-s N of Car- lH..lcn. Tiie Orknevs produce gre^^.t thagena. Lon. 1 3 \V, lat. 38 10 N. Olio, a town of .•^pilin, in Guipuscoa, .It tlie mouth of tlic Orio, clglit miles S W of St. Sebastian. Lon. 2 19 W, kt. 43 23 N. variety of herbs and berries, grass and corn, "which last is exported as far a« Edinbui-gh In some of the islands, the natives have discovered mines of tin, lead, and silver, tliough none of ^- ;; a province of the pc,,msula of t..Jm^^are --^''U" -^-^^-ji^,: Hind«oslan, houndtd on tlie N by 15a- harand Bengal, on llic \V by IJerar, on the S bv Golconda, and on the E by the bav of Bengal. In Orissa, the dis- trict o"f Midni'ipour only, is subject to the English ; the rest being entirely in the hands of the Midirattas and their tributaries. Oristtigiii, an ancient town of Sardi- nia, with a good harbour ami an ju'ch- bishop's see. It is h.v-e, and well for- tified, but thinly iuhabitiil, on account «f Uie luihcaliliy air. It is seated on in others, we find abunaance ot marl, L^rev and red slate, cpiarries of free- stone, and even (,f marble and alabas- ter. Besides the abunilancc of little horses, black cattle, sheep, swine, and rabbits, the inhabitants of the Orkneys rear all sorts of domestic animals and t ame poultrv. The gentry of. the Ork- nevs are civilized, polite, and hospitti- blc; and live like those of Scotland, from whom thcv arc chiefly descended. Thev live comfortably, are remarkably courteous to stmngers, and drmk « R K O R L O R M t, on 11 l)ay of the same li's N VV of Cajfliari. Lon 2 N. town of Sclionen in Swe- s N of Cliristiunstadt. I. on. 56 48 N. ■imis, a clnster of islands to itla'id, from wlilcli tlicy are y Pcntluiut Fr:tii. They inmimbcv; hut many of inhabited, tlie prcater part [i, »nd pi'odnc lu^ only pas- attic. 'I'lie principal islands liated by the names of Main- Honaldsha, Swinna, Fh)t- 1, Stnipcnsiia, Stronsa, San- lie currents and tides flow- n the islands arc extremely hii'gcro'is. Near an island iKi are two great whirlpools veils of Swinna, which are ir.j^erous by manners esjie- ciilni. The L.ijjest of these died Pomona, in length 33, Itii 9 miles, contaitiiiig 9 pa- cs, and 4 excellent iiarbours. s moist, on account of the lood of the sea j and frost do not continue iong. In es the soil is bare and moun- (1 in others sandy and barren j many of the islands produce s of barley and oats, but no ither (frain excepting what is II gardens. 1 hese, when du- ted, produce all kinds of rbs and roots, bringing even to niatiirity, but out of them, II country, there is scarce a iriib to be seen, except juni- niyrtle, heath, and the cyur- 'he Orkneys produce great herbs and beriies, grass and :;h last is exported as far as I In some of the islands, ■8 have discovered mines of and silver, t'longh mme of wrouf^iit to any advantage ; we hnd abundance of marl, red slate, t|Harries of free- l even of marble and alabas- dcs the nbtnulance of little ack cattle, sheep, swine, and ic inhabitants of the Orkneys irts of domestic animals and try. The gentry of the Ork- ivilizcd, polite, and hospita- live like those of Scotland, in they arc chiefly descended. comfortably, are remarkiibly tu str»ngers, and drink a great quantity of wine, with which tiicir cellars are generally well stored. The |)eople of Orkney ex|)oit annually great numbers nf black cattle, swine, and -iiiecpj together w th large Mies, enters the At- lantic Ocean in 9° N lat. where its im- petuo.sity is so prcat that it stems the most powerful tides, and preserves the f\x'shness of its waters to the distance of 12 leagues out at sea. Ofonsa, a small fertile island of Scot- land, one of the Hebrides, seven miles W of Jura. Here are the ruins of an abbey, witli many sepulchral statues, and some curious ancient sculpture. Oiopeta, atown of S,)ain in New Cas- tile, 22 miles E of Piaccntia, and 50 W of Toledo. L-.Mi. 4 ,;r. W, lat. 39 50 N. Oropaa, a tiwn of Peru, seated at the foot of the mountains, 150 miles N E of Potosi. Lon. (53 30 W. hit. 18 S. Orr, a river in Kircudbrightsliire, Scotland, wiiich rises ncur New Gallo- way, waters the town of Orr, and en- ters the Solway Frith. Oirin^tnn, a town situated on the F. side ol Penobscot river, in Hancock county, Maine. It has 785 inhabitants, and a )iost oliice, 30 miles N of Ca&tiiic. Grauva, a town of Upper Hungary, in the bannat of 'leiiieswuk. It is seat- ed on the N side of the Danube, almost opposite Belgrade, and is sid)ject to tlie lurks Lon. 22 E, lat. 45 30 N. Orsuj.', a town of Germany in the cir- cle of Westphalia, in the dutcliy of Cleves, belonging to the king of Prus- sia. It is 20 miles S £ of Cleves. Lon. 6 43 £, lat. 51 28 N. Ort.i, an episco]>al town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, seated on the Tiber, 10 miUs E of Vitcrbo, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12 37 VV, lat. 42 22 N. Oita, a town of Italy in the kingdom of Naples, and in the province of Capi- tunata, 11 miles N N £ of Ascoli. Ortegal, a ca))e and castle on the N coast of G.dicia, in Spain, 30 miles N N E of Ferrol. Lon. 7 39 W, lat. 43 46 N. Ortenburg, a town of Germany in the circle of Austria, seated on tlie S bank of the Urave, opposite its confluence with the Liscr. Lon. 13 38 £, lat. 46 52 N. Orthez, a town of France, in the de- partment ol the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, seated on the decli- vity of a hill, near the river Gave de Pau, 17 miles S W of Pau. Lon. 24 W, lat. 43 5 N. Orton, a town in Westmoreland, with a market on Wednesday, 12 miles S W of Appleby, and 271 N N W of Loiv don. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 54 28 N. Ortza, a town of Poland in Lithuania, in the palatinate of Witepsk. It is de- fended by a castle, and is seated at the confluence of tlie Oresa and Dnieper, 50 miles W of Smolensko. Lon. 31 5 E, lat. 54 45 N. Orvieto, an episcopal town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, with a magniiiccnt palace, capital of a terri- tory of the same name. In this place is a deep well, into which mules de- scend, by one pair of stairs, to fetch up water, and ascend by another. It is seated on a craggy rock, near the con- fluence of the rivers Paglia and Chiuna. 20 miles N W of Viltrbo, and 50 N by W of Rome. Lon. 12 20 £, lat. 42 42 N. :) R V O S N O S T the town of Orr, and cn- iiy Fi'itli. town situated on tlic F, iliscot rivei', in Hancock It lias 7H5 inhabitunts, ICC, 30 niiU'H N of Ca&tiiic. uwn of Upper Hungary, oi'leniCKWui. Itisseat- iiile lit' llic Danube, alniiml 'I'kdc, and is subject to tlie . 22 E, lilt. 45 30 N. wn of Germany in the cir- iliuliu, in tlie dutchy of i|Cin(j to the king of Prus- miles S £ of Cleves. Lon. 128N. piscopal town of Italy, in y of St. Peter, seated on U miltS £ of Viteibu, and ic. Lon. 12 37 VV, lal. 42 \vn of Italy in the kingdom nd in tlie province of Capi- ites N N £ of Agcoli. ca]>e and castle on the N icia, in bpaiii, 30 miles N rol. Lon. 7 39 W, lat. 43 a town of Germany in the stria, seated on tlie S bank 'e, opposite its confluence iser. Lon. 13 38 £, lat. 46 town of France, in the dc- ihe Lower Pyrenees antl late Beam, seated on the decli- il, near the river Gave de es S W of Pau. Lon. 24 5 N. own in Westmoreland, with Wednesday, 12 miles S W , and 271 N N W of Loi»- 240 W, lat. 54 28 N. Lown of Poland in Lithuania, Inate of Witepsk. It is de- castle, and is scatef an ancient monaste- >e seat of the earl of Koch- is situate near the sea, nine of Colcliester. ine of the Society islands, in lie Ocean. It lies N of Uli- s divided from it by a strait, the narrowest part, is not 1 two miles broaiL This is- naller and more barren than t has two very ffood harbours. , one of the Society Islands, leific Ocean, lying in 1U°S lat. iV lon. and first discovered Wallis in 1767, who called the Third's Island. M. de lie next arrived at it in April 1 staid ten days. Captain e hither, in 1769, to observe L of Ventis ; sailed round tl* nd in a boat, and staid three It has since been visited that celebrated navigator. s of two peninsulas, great licli is covered with woods, ■ j.urtly of bread-fruit trees, ocoa-nut trees, plantain*, OTA bananas, mulberries, sugar-canes, and others peculiar to the climate, parti- riihu'ly a kind of pineapple and the driia;>>n-trce. The people liave mild fea- tures, and a pleasing countenance. Tlicy are about the ordinary si/.c of Eiu'opeans, of a pale mahogan; brown, with fine black hair and eyes, and wear a piece ol'dotli round their mid- dle of their own m;in\ifacture, and an- other wrapped abiut the liead, in va- rious p!ctures((uo s'lapes, like a turban. The women who are far from being ugly and iniliands'ime, wear a piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, tliroiigb which they pass their heads, so that one part of the garment hangs down behind, and the oth.er before, to the knees ; a fine white cloth, like mus- lin, passes over this in various elegant turns round the body, a little below the breasts forming a kind of tunic, of which one turn sometimes falls grace- fully across the shoulder Both sexes are adorned, or rather disfigured, by those black stains, occasioned by punc- turing the skin, and rubbing a black colour into the wounds, The birds most common are two sorts ofparro' quets, one of a beautiful sapphirine bhie, another of a greeni.-h colour, with a few red spots ; a king's fisher, of a dark green, with a collar of the same hue round his white throat ; a large cuckoo; several sorts of pigeons or doves ; and a bluisli heron. The only quadrupeds foimd on the island are hogs, dogs, and rats, which are suf- fered lo run about at pleasure. Their houses consist only of a roof, thatched with the long pricky leaves of the palm- nut tree, and supported by a few pil- lars made of the bread-fruit tree. As a roof is sufHcient to shelter the natives from rains and nightly dews, and as the climate is one of the happiest in the world, the houses have seldom any walls, but are open on all sides. Their cloth is made of the fibrous bark of the mulberry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mallet ; and a glue, made of the hibiscus esculentus, is employed to make tlie pieces of bark cohere. Some of these pieces are two or three yards wide, and 50 yards long. Though the natives farexcelmost of the Americans in the knowledge and practice of the arts of ingenuity, yet they had not in- vented any method of boiling water ; and !iavin;r no vessel that could bear the file, tliey had no more idea that O T R water could be made hot, than that it could he made solid. Long nails on the fingers arc a mark of distinction a» mong them, as among the Chinese i . for they imply that such persons only as have no occasion to work, could suf-j fer them to grow to that length. TV- two sexes here eat sep.iratcly, as iu many other countries. Their provi- sions are chiefly fish, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit and bananas; aiul they employ sea-water as a sauce both to fish and pork. Nothing can exceed their agili- ty in swimming, diving, and crimH''".^' trees. Mr. Foster is lavish in his prai- ses of the gentleness, goodn.'iture, and hospitality of this people ; and also of the beauty, elegance, and gracefulnesi of the air, features .ind persons of ma- ny of them, especially of the betten sort, to whose voyage, and Captain Cook's, in the Endeavour, compiled by Dr. Hawkesworth, wc must refer the reader, ai well as to the accoitnt of Captain Cook's last voyage, published in 1785, for a more particular account of tlieir dress, dwellings, food, domes- tic amusements, navigation, diseases, religion, funeral rites, wars, weapons^ and government. Otley, a town in the W riduig oS Yorkshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated on the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 miles W of York, and 202 N N W of London. Lon. 1 48 W, lat. 53 54 N. Ototjue, an island of South America, in the bay of Panama. Lon. 81 10 W« lat. 7 50 N. Otranto, or Terra WOtranto, a pro- vince of Naples, bounded on the N by Terra-di-Bari and the gulf of Venice, on the E by the same gulf, and on the« S and W by a great bay, between that and Basilicata, It is a niountainoua country, abounding in olives, figs, and wine. Here is a kind of spider, called a tarantula, whose bite is venomous i and the country is oflen visited by lo- custs . Otranto, a city of Ifaples, capital of Terra d'Oti'anto, with a commodious harbour, an archbishop's see, and a strong citadel, where the archbishop* reside. It was taken, in 1480 by the Turks, who did a great deal of mis- chief, but it has since been restored. It has also suflered greatly by the AI- gerine pirates. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 37 miles S E of Brindici, T t t r: *■ ! ' [!, '." g " — " O UD O V I and 60 S E of Tarcnto, Lou. 18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N. Otrkn/i, a town of Italy, inlhcdtitrhy of S|>olcttii, seated on a lull, two miles from the Tiber, and .V2 N of Horn", •.on. 12 23E, lat. 42 26 N. ^'"•^'o, a narrow lake of North Ame- rica, in the State of New York. It is nine miles lon^, and lies at the head of the river Susquehanna' OttrnJorf, a town of . . -mar'. circle oi 1, ,..r . asr. 'v ■.■■\ ■., Saxe I..a\i<.'i.l)iTg. It ; .,■!*«:'. Medcn, 24 miles N <• ;" i»;.>iU'. 20 E, lat. 53 5,1 N. Otteiiiheim, a town of Ij the Archdutehy of Austria. It lies on the N side of the Danube, 16 miles S W of Frej statt. Ottet/iiirn, a village in Northumber- land, 25 miles W of Morpeth. It is celebrated for a battle in 1:>88, on which is founded the ballad of Chevy Chacc. Oiterjf, or Otterj' St. Mary, a town in Devonshire, seated on the small river Otter, 162 miles \V by S of London. It has a market on Tuesday. Lon. 5 18 W, lat. 50 44 N. Ottona, or Ortona, an episcopal town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, seat- ed on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles N of Lanciano, and 43 E of Aquileia Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 28 N. Otfaeiier, a fortified town of Germa- ny, in the circle of Upper Rhine, with a castle, 40 miles S E of Treves. Oude, a ]>rovince of Hindoostan Pro- per, subject to a nabob, whose domi- nions lie on both sides of the Ganges, occupying, (with the exception of the district of Rampour) all the flat coim- try between thiit river and the northern motmtains, as M'ell as the principal part of that fertile tract, lying between the Gange!) and Jumna, known by the name o( Dooab, to within 40 miles of the ci- ty of Dellii. Oude and its dependen- cies are estimated at 360 miles in length from E to W, and lu breadth from 150 to 180. The nabob is in alli- ance with the British ; and a brigade of the Bengal army is constantly sta- tioned on his western frontiers ; which answers the purpose of covering Ondi; as ifvell asTBengal, and of keeping tht- western states in awe ; and, in consi- deration of this, the nabob pavs an an- nual subsidy of 420,000/. His capital is Lucknow. Oude,' an ancient city of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Oude, tiie remains of which are Gogra, nearly ailjoinin seated on ihp Fytzabad. It. W.^j,..., ........_,....,„ .^v..-— ... .,. IS said to have been the nrst imperial city of Hindoo.ttan, and to have b' tn the capital uf a great kingdom, ]2(J0 years before the Christian era ; and it IS frequently mentioned in the Maliabc- ret, a famous Hindoo work in Sanscrit, under the name of A.d as a pla e of sanctity j Idoos frfq was 'akrn by the hiij'-lish i\ Jiily 17^}^ aiul it 19 mile . S K of Baniraliai and 69 E N £ of Sc- I'tngaputai . Luii. 77 47 £, lut. 12 50 M. (juteiro, a town and fortress of Pof* ^ • gal, in the province of Tra-lns-.Moutcs, and 21 miles N W of Miiand. de Duu- cro. Lon. 6 37 W, lat. 4i 55 N. C-)ern' Oveiro, a t )Wii uiul tcrri- .)r^ of Ouinea, in tlie kingdom of Be- nin. The air is uiiwln/lcsome, and the soil dry and loan ; but tliere arc seve- ral kinds of fruitii, such as bunanas and cocoa-nuts. I. on. 6 E, lat. 6 N. Oiojiei; ilic laiitcrnmost.and by mMch t)ie largest of'tiie Sandwich Islur.ds. Its greatest length from N to S is 2S^ leagues, its breadth 24, and its circura- ference ahont 293 English miles. It is divided ii\lo six large districts, two of which, on tlie N E side, arc sepaj'uted by a mountain tl)at rises in three peaks, perpetually covered with snow, and may he seen clearly at 40 leagues distance. To the N of this mountain the coast consists oi high and abru])t cHils, down wiiicli fall many beautiful cascades of water, and the wliole country is cover- ed will) cucoanutand bread fruit trees. I'he peaks of tite mountain on the N E side appear to be about half a mile high, and entirely covered witli snow. To the S of this mountain the coast.i pre- sent a prospect of the most horrid and dreai-y kind, the wiiole country appear- ing to have undergone a total change from the effects of some di'eadful con- vulsion. The ground is every wliere covered with cinders, and intersected in many places with black streaks, which seem to mark the course of a la- va that has flowed not maity ages back, from the mountain to the shore. The soutliern promontory looks like the mere dregs of a volcano. The project- ing headland is composed of broken and craggy rocks, piled irregularly on one another, and terminating in sharp points : yet, amidst these ruins, there are many patches of rich soil, which are carefully laid out in plantation^, and the neighboin'ing sea abounds with a great variety of excellent fish ; so that this quarter is much better inhabited than tlie more verdant parts. Tlie fields are inclosed with stone fences, and interspersed with groves of cocoa nut trees There are suppo.sed to be on this island about 150,000 inhabitants. So long as tlte uamu of capt. Cw)](, 4*jr O X F O Z W mm If ?'■ i! i-ia hi if ft ■: II ■halt be remrmbered thin ivland will n a stranp^ cnncatenatiuii of events. Lut. 19 28 S, Lon. 156 W. Osford, the capital of Oxfordshire, with tt murket on Wcdncsduy and Su- tiirduy. It is a biNiioji'ii see, and a uni- vernitv, and, bcxidc!! ilic cathedral, has }.) .larisli churchca. It is seated at the conlluencc of the Tiianu's and Cher- wcl, and, with the suburbs is of a cir- cular form, three miles in circumfe- rence. The university is said tn have been founded by tlie (frcat AllVrd, but is (,'ener.'illy 8U|i|)(ised to have been a aemiiiary of leaniinjj before his time, altii iiipfh il owed its revivid and eonse- qiirite to Ills liberal patronage, receiv- in_t; Irom him grants <,f niany j)rivilcgcs _^id larjre revenues. Here are 20 col- leije..., aiid'ttve halls, sexeral of which stand in tlie streets, and g.ve the rity an I'.ir of magnificence. The colleges a"c jirovidcd with sufficient revenues for the maintenance of a ma.ster, fcllow.s, and students. In the halls, the students live, either wholly , or in part, at their own exi.ence. The colleges are, Uni- versity, Bullol, Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Qiieen's New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, liru?,en Nose, Corpus Cliris- ti, Clirist Church, Trinity, St. John Baptist's, Jesus, Wadliam, Pembroke, AVorcester, and Hertford. Of these the most ancient is University College, founded before the year 8"2 j and to Christ's Chui-eb College, betjun by car- dinal Wolsey, and fiiii^lnd by Henry VIII. belongs the catliedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, St. Mary's, New Inn, and St. Mary Magdalen. Among the libraries in the university, the most distinguished is the Bodleian, foiuided by Sir Thomas Bodley i those of All pouls .College, Christ Cliurch, Qiieen's New, St. John's Exeter, and Corpus Christi. Among other public buildings are the Ashmolean Museum, the Cla- rendon Printing-house, Radcliff Infir- mary, and an Observatory. Magdalen Bridge, besides the beauty of its archi- tecture, has this singularity that more than half of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two small stripes of the Chcrvvel ;' this bridge is 526 feet lon;j. The tlieatre, more magnificent than any thing of the kind in the world. The pliy ic-g^rdcn of above five acres, walled round with line gates, one of which cost 600/. At Oxford, king John, MuipcUeil by his baruns, summoned a Iparliament to meet, in 1358; the pro. Iceediiigsof which were so disorderly, that it was known afterward by the name of the Mud Parliament. Oxford is governed by a Major, dependent im the chaneelliir and vice-fhancellnr of the university ; and sends four member* to parliament, two for the university and two for the citv. It is 20 miles S W of Buckingham, and 58 W by N ol London. Lon. 1 10 W,lat. 51 45 N. Oxj'ordshire, a county of England, bouirledon tiie E by Buckingliumshire, on the VV by Gloitceslershire, on the S by Berkshire, and on the N by War- wickshire and Northamptonsliirc. It* extreme lengtli is 48 miles ; its great- est breadth 26. It contains one city, 15 market '':v.'ns, 'JtIO parishes, 14 hundreds, .v", 1.000 acres, and about U'0,000 sol s. The air is sweet and pleasant, and the soil rich and fertile. The lower p rts consist of meadows and cornlieic' , and tlic higher were covered with woods till the civil wars; in which they were so entirely destroy. cd, tliat wood is now eMtremely scarce and dear, except in what is called the ehiltern, and so is coal ; of consequence fuel bears an exorbitant price. The county is extremely well watered, by the Windrush, Evenlodc, Cherwel, and 'lame ; the latter, although an inconsi- derable rivulet, li:is obtained some im- portance from having been supposed to ffive name to the '1 lianies. 'I'he pro- ducts of Oxfordshire are chiefly those common to v s midland farming coun- ties. Its hills yield oc.lire, pii)e clay, and other Ci'.rtlis, useful jiir vuricms pur- poses. Corn and malt are conveyed from it, by the 'i'liames totlie metropo- lis. Good cheese is made in the graz- ing parts. The greatest want in this county is that of fuel j fiir the woods, with which it once abounded, being greatly diminished, it is necessary to supply the deficiency with coal brought by a long and troublesome navigation from London. The junction of the Thames with the Trent and Mersey, by the canal frcmi Br-iunston to Hump- ton Gay, and by another canid from Bratinston to Brentford, will greatly re- medy this inconvenience. Ozniezin, a town of Little Poland, seated (m the Weitclissel. The houses are built of wood ; and the town is co- vered on one side by a great moras.'?, and on the other defended by a castle, whog« walls are of wood. It is o4 inile^ m ft.^... |o z w ( )rn and malt are conveyed the 'lliames to tlie metropo- cheese is made in the graz- The greatest want in this that of fuel j for the woods, h it once abounded, being ninished, it is necessary to deficiency with coal brought »nd truublesonie navigation lon. The junction of tlie ith the Trent and Mersey, i! from Braunston to Hump, and by another canal from ;o Brentford, will greatly re. nconvenience. , a town of Little Poland, le Weitchssel. The houses wood ; and the town is co. )ne side by a great nioniss, Hlier defended by a castle, ) are uf woud. It is 34 mile:^ W of Crtcow. JON. P A C Lon. 19 10 E, Ut. 50 P. pACEM, » town in the N part of ' Sumatra, in the East Indies. Lon. 97 15 E, lat. 5 N. Puihiimtic, a valley in Peru, celebrat- ed for its pleasantness and fertility, hut mure for a magniKcent temple, built Lv the incas to the honour of tlicir god. The Spaniardsj when they conqucrcil Peru, found immense riches in it. Itis 10 miles S uf Lima. Puchuca, a town of Mexico, fitmous for its silver iniiies. Some authors say, that in the space uf six leagues there are not less than a thousaml. One of which called Trinity, is supposed to be as rich as any in the Spanish dominions. Forty millions of silver having been taken from it in 10 years. It is 45 miles N N E of Mexico. Lon. 100 4 W, laU 20 32 N. Pachiu, a small island in the Medi- terranean, near the coast of Epirus, S of Corfu, and 'yv of the gulf of Arta. It is subject to Venice. Pacific Ocean, that vast ocean which separates Asifi from America. It is eallcd Pacific, from the moderate wea- ther the first mariners who sailed in it met with between tire tropics : and it was called South Sea, because the S|>a- niards crossed the isthmus of Darien from north to south when they first dis- covered it ! though it is properly the Western Ocean with regard to Ame- rica. Geographers call tlie South Sea Mare Pucihcum, " The Pacific Ocean," as being less infested with storms than tlie Atlantic ; but M. Frezier affirms it does not deserve that appellation, and that he has seen as violent storms there- in as in any other sea : but Magellan happening to have a very favomable wind, and not meeting with any thing to ruhle him when he first traversed this vast ocean in 1520, gave it tiie name which it has retained ever since. Maty, liDwever, a from Acapulco to the Pliilippiiie Islands without shilling a sail. 2'.!cy, an ancient town of France, in the dujiai'tment of Eure and late pro- jrince of Normiwdy, seated on the Eure, PAD eight miles S by E of Vernon. Lon. 1 41 E, lat. 48 5H N. PiiJaiig, a seaport on the VV coast of Sumatra, in the East Indies, iii the [los- session of the Dutch. Lun. U9 46 E, lilt. 50 S. PaiUington, a villukge in Middlesei, W by N of Lonihiii, with a haiulHoin© new church, erected in I7y0, in a sin- gularly pleasing style. Padcrborn, a bishopric of Germany, in the circle of Wehlphalia, j2 milef long and 20 broad. In the middle of it are high mountains, and iron mines ( but the rest of the country is fertile in corn and pastures. However it is most remarkable for its bacon and venison. Paderhorn, an ancient and populous town of Germany in the circle of West- phalia, capital of a bishopric. It take* its name from the rivulet Padcr, which rises under the high altar of the ca- tliedral. It has a celebrated university, and is 'il miles S W of Mindcn, and 43 E S E of Munster. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 51 46 N. Pitdron, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seated on the river Uila, 1.2 miles S of Compoitclla. Lon. 8 17 VV,L'it. 42 40 N. PaJit'r.v, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Saturd.'.y. It is seated on the Bristol Channel, and has some trade to Ii-claiul, from which place it is dist- ant 24 miles. It is JO miles W of Laun- ceston, and 21.'J ^V by S of London. Lon. 4 45 W, lat. 50 42 N. J',i:.'uii, un ancient, large, and cele- bratcd city of Ita'y, capital of the Pa- duano, witli a university and a bishop's see. It is seven miles in circumference, and much less considerable than for- merly i for it now contains only 30,000, whereas it formerly contained 100,000 inhabitants. The houses are for the most jjart gone to ruin, and the town in general is sothinly inhabited, that grass is seen in many places, between the stones with which the streets are paved. The houses are built on piaz^its, which, wlien the town was in a flourishing state, may have made a magnificent ap- pearance ; but they now rather give it a more gloomy air. The hall of tlie townhouse is one of the largest in Eu- rope, and ctmtains the cenotaph of Livy, the hi.storian, who was a native of Pa- dua. Tl'.e university', once so celebrat- ed, is now on the decline. Here is a cloth manufactu"c ; and it said that the inhabitants of Venice wear no other clotli than what is nude here. The 1 "3r P A I tity, bnwevcr, cwaru)* with heggtri, whu uilc cliurity in the nuniL' of ht. An- tonio. Pudiiu WU.1 tukcii by tliv Vene- tiwiit in iru6. It iit Hcul<:3t, a post town in Steuben co»mty, New-York ; situated on the N W bank of Tioga river, near the mouth «»f Cohocton creek, 43 miles N W of Athens, and about 60 miles S of Jeru- salem. Paii'ev, a large manufacturing town in Renfrewshire. Paisley is the first manufacturing towu la Scotland, and is PAL grr^)iji\) wecAcrs emplu)ed m Paisley aiiU in the country adjacent i and the uti.ers necessary ill other partN of the silk maiuifaetiae, has been like wise. f'.oi>;j,ii(cd to be no leu than 5000. iLuih loom Wid produce on un :.i< iMge value ~0/.}eurl\ ; the whole wdl ihen be 350,000/. In the year Ir84, the manufactures ol' Paisley, in silk gi.u/e, lawn, and linen gauze, and while sewing thread, uniiimted to the value of 57e prin- cipal manufactures, there are some others carried un there ; for instance, considerable tan-works, four in number, two soap and candle works, a manufac- ture of ribbons, and another of inkle or tape. In 17U9, the annual value uf uU the manufactures in Paisley of every sort, amounted to 660,385/. 1&>. and the inhabitants considerably exceeded 20,000. Paisley is sis miles W of Glas- gow. Lon.4 20W,.lut. 55 52N. Ptiita, a seaport of Peru, in the au- dience of Qiiito, with an excellent har- bour. It hiw frequently been plundered by the buccaneers ; and, in 1741, it was plundered and burnt by commo- dore Anson, because the governor re- fused to ransom it. Lon. 8 19 W, lat. 12 6S. Palaciot, a town of Spain in Andalu- sia, 12 miles S of Seville. Lon. 5 24 W, lat. 37 20 N. Palais, A town of France, capital of the island of Belleisle, off the coast of Bretugnc. It has a strong citadel, which stood a long siege against the Englisli, in 1761, and then surrendered on honourable terms. Lon. 3 3 W, lat. 47 18 N. PaUiit, St. a town and district of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town and district of St. John Pied-de-Port, forms nearly the whole of the late province of Lower Navarre, amountainoiis coun- try, which produces scarcely any thing but millet, oats, and fruits of which they make cider. This is only a very moderate portion of the kingdom of Na- vaiTe, wrested, in 1H2, from John -rw' m^ PAL bruted nii ucroiint of lom* k'hei. The iiiuiiiiluttMi) of i\ iliiiirt((|iect, Hiiil tiaiiiu '1 iiiii bruficli id lii'iii.glit uinii) I pi'i'lcctioii, niitl \$ uii aiiiii/.iinf variet) of put. bicim.ii.|jiittil, iliut tliire no IcMH thuii 60UU wct<\er» I'iiislcy ana in the comitpy ml tlic oti.crk ncccKitary iii lol' tliu silk, muiuihctuie, hat lisc r.(.l«;,u l)l' no lot jLiu'Ii hioin Will produce on uhic rO/.)eurK ; the wliole : J 50,000/. In the j cur 1 TM, itinca or Paiiilf), in Hiik , und lini'n gunic, und wliite etui, itni'iiuitcd to the vulue 16j. 6u. and thut no lewer |)crHon» were emphi^ed in u'ui on. Besides these prin- illaturcu, there «re some if (I on tliere i for instuncci e tun-works, four in number, id candle woiks, amunutuc- ions, und another of inkle or /'89, the annual value ut'iill ^ctnres in Paisley of every nted to 660,385/. l&j. and ants considerably exceeded isley is six miles Wof Glua- . 4 20 \V,. lilt. 55 52 N. seuport of Peru, in the au- ijjiito, with an excellent liar- a frequently been plundered ccaneeis ; and, in IT41, it ercd and burnt by commo- 1, because the governor re- rtsoin it. Lon. 8 19 W, lut. a town of Spain in Andalu- les S of Seville. Lon. 5 24 20 N. town of France, capital of if Belleisle, oti' the coast of It has a strong citadel, d a long siege against the ir61, und then surrendered ble terms. Lon. 3 3 W, laU Jt. a town and district of .he department of the Lower which, with the town and it. John Pied-de-Port, forms whole of the late province ^avurre, a mountainous coun- produces scarcely any thing oats, and fruits of which cider. This is only a very ortionofthe kingdom of Na- isted, in 1512, from John PAL tf Albert, by Ferdinand kinpf of Arr«. giin und Castile. This poitiim, srpii rstcil from Upper Navarre by the Py- renees, made |)iirt of the late kingdnni of France, being annexed to it by Hen- ry IV. who held it in right of his nio tfier, Jeanne d'Alhert. St. Palais in leuted on the river Uidnusc, 15 miles S E uf Bayonne. Lon. 1 4 W, lat. 4S 21 N. Palamboang, or Paiambang, a town of Java, capital of a kingdom i seated at die E end of the islutid, im the straits of Bally. Lon. 114 E, lat. 7 10 S. Patcnncotta, or Tinevt/iy, a town of the peninsida of Ilindonstan, in tiic Curnatic, 410 miles S W of Madras. Lon. 77 54 E, lat. 8 4J N. Pnlamat, a strong seaport of Spain, in Catalonia, witli ugoodharlmur, seut- «d on the Mediterranean, 47 miles N E of Barcelona. Lon. 2 58 E, lat. 41 58 N. Pulamem, a town of Hindonstan Pro- per, in the province of Bahar, 210 miles S S W of Patna. Lon. 84 10 £. lat. 23 40 N. Palanka, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Novigrud, seated on the Ibola, 37 miles N of Buda. Lon. 18 23 £, lat. 48 9 N. Palaof It lands Sec Philippinei, New. Palatine, a post town in Montgomery county, New York, lying on the N E side of Mohock river, at the mouth of Coroje creek, 36 miles W by N of Skencctudy ; containing about 200 in- habitants. Palawan. See Parago. Palazzo, a town of Italy, in Piedmont, five miles E of Ivrea. Pallazunllo, a town of Sicily, in tiie Val-di-Noto, 80 miles S of Messina. Lon. li 5 E, lut. 37 3 N. Palaztuolo, a town of Italy, in the Bresciano, seated m the Oglio, 30 miles N E of Milan. Lon. 9 56 E, lat. 45 40 N. Paltncia, a town of Spain, in Leon, with an archbishop's sec. It is seated on the Carion, 40 miles S W of Burgos, and 110 N by VV of Madrid. Lon. 4 42 VV, lat. 42 10 N. Piiteno, a town of Naples, in Ab- I'luzzo Citeriore, nine u ilea E of Sol- ninna. Patenzueta, a town of Spain, in 0!er of nobility to this place. This has suffered greatly by earth- es, particularly in 1693 ; and it was tly damaged by a iire in 1730, when gazine of powder was blown up, ining 400 tons. It stands in a iaiit fruitiul country, on the N E '>''ih'> island, and at the bottom of It of tlie same name. Lon. 13 23 It. 38 15 N. ileniio, a town of Naples in Cata< Citeriore, six miles S S W of Co< :a. alicandcheny, a town of the penin- of Hindoostan, in the country of cut, 20 miles S of Coimbetiore, and E of Calicut. 'alestine, a part of Turkey in Asia, jailed from tlie Philistines who in- '*ed its sea coasts ; it is called also cca, from the. patriarch Judah, and Holy Land, from its having been residence and scene of our Saviour's sion, and in scripture Canaan, and Promised Land. It is bounded by unt Libanus, which divides it from 'ia on the N, by Mount Hermon, ich separates it from Arabia Deser- m the E, by the mountains of Seir i the deserts of Arabia Petrsa on the uid by the Mediterranean on the W. is in general a fruitful country, a- inding m corn, wine, and oil, where t'vated, and might sup]jly the neigh- iring countries with all these, as it liently did, were its present inhabi- ts equally industrious. The part* lut Jerusalem, its once famous capi- , are the most mountainous androjpky, : they feed numerous herd«*and ;ks, and yield plenty of honey, es- lent wine and oil; and the vallies 3fe crops of corn. ?alestrina, an episcopal town of Italy, "ampagna di Ronta, capital of a prin- atity of the same name. It was fa- ns for the Temple of Fortune, being n called Preneste, the ruins of which V vet be seen. It is 35 milej E of mo. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 41 52 N. ?ale*trina, is one of the largest of tl»2 PAL isUnda called the Laguncs, near Ve- nice, whe'"e the most considerable of the nobility have country houses. The pi'ir.cip.'d harbour has tlie same name. I'alicata, aseairortof the East Indies, on the coast of Coromandel, where the Dutch have a factory. It is 25 miles N cf Madras. Lon. 8l'33 E, hit. 13 30 N. Palimtium^ the capital of a kingdom of the same name, in the island of Su- matra, seated on the E coast, 120 miles N E of Bcncooien, and subject to the Dutch. Lon. 103 31 E, lat. JOS. J'aUiser's Isluntls, a gi'oup of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Lou. 146 30 VV, lat. 15 .30 S. Palma, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alaiitejo, seated on tlie ri- ver Cadoan, 20 miles E of St. Ubcs. Lull. 8 40 VV, l.it. 33 37 N. Palma, a town of South America, in Terra Firm.i, in New Granada, 50 miles N W of St. Fe-de-Bogota. Lon. "3 40 W, lat. 4 30 N. Palma, one of the Canary Islands, lying to tlie N of Ferro. Lou. 17 50 W, lat. 28 37 N. Palma, or Palma Niiova, a strong town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli. It in a very important place, for the defence of the Venetians against the Austriaiis and Turks ; and is seated in a most a- greeable vallc)', on the gidf of Venice, 10 miles S E of Udina, and 55 N E of Venice. Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 46 2 N. Palmaria, a small island lying in tlie Mediterranean, 15 leagues from the coast of Italy. Lon. 12 45 E, lat. 40 58 N. Palmaria, a small island, seated in tlie Mediterranean, near tlie coast of Italy, at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 41 1 N. Palmas, the capital of the island of Canaria. See Canary. Palmas, one of the Philippine Islands in the East Indies, 16 leagues S E of Mindanao. Lon. 127 E, lat. 5 33 N. Palmas, Cape, api'oinontory of Africa, on tlie Ivory Coast of Guinea. Lon. 5 54 VV, lat. 4 26 N. Palmela, a town of Portugal in Es- tramadura, with a castle on a rock, seated on the river Gadaon, 19 mites S E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 56 W, lat. 38 29 N. Palmerston\ Island, situated in the South Seas, and visited by captain Cook in his second and last voyages. It con- sists of a group of srnall islands, about i nine or ten in number, connected by a < P A L reef of coral rocks, and lying in a circu- lar direction. This place lulmits of no anchorage, nor arc there any inhabitants on it, though it abounds with cocoa- nuts, scurvy-grass, and the wharra-trcc. 'I'liis island does not e-Kceed a mile in circumference, and is not elevated a- bove tliree feet beyond the level of the sea. Lou. 102 57 VV, lat, 18 S. Palmyra, foi','>.crly a magnilicentcily of Asia, in tlie deserts of Arabia, of wliicii Zcnobia was queen, who held it out a long time against tl,e Romans, but was at length taken ciiptive, and led in triumph through the streets of Rome. The stupendous ruins of this city were visited by messieurs Wood and Uawkins, in 1754 ; .ind Mr. Wood published a splendid account of them, illustrated by plates, in 1755. This place is likewise called Tedmor in the Desert. The present inhabitants, co--- sisting of 30 or 40 families, have creel- ed their mud cottages within the spa- cious court of a magniiicent temple of the sun. Palmyra is 200 miles S E of Aleppo. Lon. 38 Sii E, lat. 33 20 N. Palmyra, a p(.rt of entry and ])ost town in Montgomery comity, Tennes- see, situated on the S side of Cunihc;'- land river, 65 miles N W of Nashville, along the post road, but about 35 in a direct line. Palnaud, a di.strict of the peninsula of Hindoostan, situate toward the ri.ei' Kistna, to t!ic VV of tile Giintoor Cir- cvv, and behmgliig to the Carnatic. Palos, a town uf Spain in Andalusia, with a pretty good hariiour : remarka- ble for being the phice whence Christo- plier Columbus sailed to discover the New World, in 1492. It is seated at the mouth of the Rio Tinto, 46 miles 5 W of Seville. Lon. 6 39 W, lat. 37 14 N. Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, to the S of a town of tlie same name, which separates the bay of Carthagcna from that of Alicant. Lon. 6 39 VV, lat. 37 i7 N. Palota, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Alba Regalis, taken from the Turks, in 1687. It is 40 miles S \V of Buda. Lon. 18 E, lat. 47 ON. Palotza^ a small town of Hungary, seated on th- river Poprat, 54 miles N of Cassovat Lon. 21 20 E, lat. 47 42 N. ^ Palte, a famous lake of Thibet, lying to tltc S of Lassa, about three da\# U V u Ml f- / I'l't/ l^-' PAN journey and 12 mile* S of the river Sanpoo or BiU'rampooter. It in 150 miles in circumference ; and in th^ middle of it is one large island. On the VV shore of this island, or con^ries of islands, is a monastery, and the seat of the Lamis8aTurcepam(),orthe Great Regenerate, in whom the Thibetians think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is in the Great Luma. The word Lama signifies a priest, or minister of religion, and Lamiua is the feminine of Lama. Pamiers, a town of France, in the department of Arriegc and late terri- tory of Foix, wilh a bishop's see. It is not so considerable as formerly, nor peopled in proportion to its extent. Near it is a mhicrni spring, said to cure the gout and obstructions. Pamiers is seated on the Arriege, eight m.lcs N of Foix, and 30 S of Toulouse. l..on. 1 .32 E, lat. 43 8 N. Pamlico Sound, a kind of inland sea, of North Carolina, 100 miles long and from 10 to 20 broad. It is separated, in its whole length, from the sea, by a beach of sand, liardly a mile wide, ge- nerally covered by small trees or bushes. Through this bank it has several inlets j but that of Ocrccock is the only one tlLit will admit vessels of burden. This inlet is in Ion. 76 20 W, lat. 35 10 N. Pawptlome, a town of France, in the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, 1 5 miles N by E of Alby. Lon. 2 17E,lut. 4410N. Pampeltiua, a town of Spain, capital of Upper Navarre, with" a very strong citadel, and a rich bishopric. Its s((uares are handsome, and adorned with shops full of rich merchandise. It is seateil in a very fertile plain, on thee; Arpi, 42 miles S of Bayonnc, and 167 N E of Madrid. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 42 47 N. Parnpeluna, a town of South America, in New Granada, famous for its mines of gold, anil numerons flocks of sheep. It is 150 miles N by E of St. Fe-de-Ba- got.i. Lon. 71 30 W, lat. 6 30 N. Painp/iej;a, a town of Spain in the province of Old Castile, 12 miles S of Burgos. Lon. 3 37 VV, lat. 42 14 N. Pan, or Paliang, a town of Asia, on the E coastof the peninsulaof Malacca. It is the capital of a kingdom of the same name, remarkable ffir the great number of Elephants, and for the plen- ty of pepper it produces. Pan is 140 PAN milcA N E of Malacca. Lon. 103 20 E, lat. 3 55 N. Panngia, a handsome town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Romania. Lon. 27 2 E, lat. 4040 N. Panama, a city of South America, the capital of Terra Firma Proper, aiul the seat of a royal audience and of a bishop, who is primate of Terra Firma. It was built in 1517, and was sacked and burnt by the English bucc.tneersin 1670. The Spaniards of Chili and Pe- ru, used to bring the products and ma- nufactures of Europe to Panama ; but the commercial intccourse is now car- ried on by register ships, which sail round Cai'e Horn, and convey directly to the ports of Chili and Peru the mer- chandise, which was formerly conveyed across the isthmus of Durien to Panama. In the harbour of Panama is a fine pearl fishery. This city is seated on a bay of the same name, 70 miles S of Porto Bello. Lon. 80 35 W, lat. 8 48 N. Panari, one of the Lipari Islands, ia the Mediterranean, between Lipari and Strombolo. It is a barren inconsider- able island, and only five miles in cir> cumference. Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 38 38 N. Panay, one of the Philippine Islinds, between those of Paragoa and Negro. It is 250 miles in circumference, and the most populous and fertile of them all. It is watered by a great number of rivers and brooks, and produces a great quantity of rice. Iloila is the ca- pital. Pancrat, St. a village in Middlesex, a little to the N W of London. It has a church dedicated to St. Pancras ; and the churchyard is remarkable for being the princi))a' place of interment for the Roman catholics. At a public house near the church is a medicinal spring. Here is an Hospital for inoculation, and ^he Vetcrinai^ College, established in 1791, under the patronage of people of the first rank and fortune, for tlie im- provement of farriery, and the treat- ment of cattle in general : the noble stables, and anatomical theatre, are finished ; but the present college is only a temporary building. Panga, a town of Africa, in the king- dom of Congo, capital of the province ofBamba. Lon. 1425 E, lat. 6 30 S. Panglang, a town of Peguc, in the Birman empire, situated on the river Rangoon. Lon. 17 4 E, lat. 95 54 S. Panjab, a country of Hindoostan A N Malacca. Lon. 103 20 landsome town of Turkey the province of Romania, at. 40 4-0 N. city of South America, Terra Firma Proper, uinl royal audience anil of a primate of Terra Firma. in 1517, and was sacked he English buccaneers in paniards of Chili and Pe- ing the products and ma- Europe to Panama ; but :ial intccoursc is now car- rejfister ships, which sail Horn, and convey directly of Chili and Peru the mcr- lich was formerly conveyed tlimus of Durien to Panama. )iir of Panama is a fine pearl lis city is seated on a bay name, 70 miles S of Porto ,80 35 W, lat. 8 48N. ne of the Lipari Islands, ia ranean, between Lipari and It is a barren inconsider- and only five miles in cir- Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 38 ne of the Philippine Islinds, ose of Paragoa and Negro, liles in circumference, and populous and fertile of them watered by a great number ind brooks, and produces a tityofrice. Iloila is the ca- 5"*. a village in Middlesex, he N W of London. It has edicated to St. Pancra* i and yard is renmrkable for being tal place of interment for ttie ;liolic8. At a public house :hurch is a medicinal spring. Hospital for inoculation, and nary College, established in ;r the patronage of people of ank and fortune, for die im- ;of farriery, and the trest- ;attle in general : the noble nd anatomical theatre, are but the present college is iporary building, a town of Africa, in the king- ongo, capital of the province Lon. 1425 E, lat. 6 SOS. f, a town of Pegue, in the mpire, situated on *be river Lon. 17 4 E, lat, 95 54 S. a country of Hindoostan P A O proper, being that watered by ti>e five eastern branches of the Indus. It was the scene of Alexander's last campaign, and the tie plua ultra of his conquests. It forms a square of 250 miles, and in- cludes the whole of Lahore, and a great part of Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Moultan it is flat and marshy, and inundated by the periodical rains which fall between May and October. Pannanach Well'*, a village in Aber- deenshire, noted for the mineral waters discovered in 1756 ; and a lodge has been erected for tlic accommodation of tlie company that frequent them in summer. Fanniput, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, situate in an extensive plain be- tween the cities of Uellii and Sirhind. This plain is celebrated for ^n obstinate battle fought in 1761, between an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdallah, kingoCCaudaiiar, at thehead of 150,000 Mahometans, when the former were totally defeated. Pannipul is 72 miles N VV of Delhi. Lon. 76 45 E, lat. 29 15 N. I'anomi, a village of Turkey in the province of Macctlaniu, 16 miles S of Salonichi. Lon. 23 10 E, lat. 40 25 N. Panotino, a small town of Turkey in Europe. It is situate in tiie province of Albania, on a gidf of the Mcditerra. nean, opposite tlie island of Corfu, 45 miles S S E of Valoua. Lou. 20 2 E, lat. 40 N. J'antiilaria, an island in the Mediter- ranean, between Sicily and tiie coast of Tunis, about 17 miles in circumference. It abounds in cotton, fruits, wine, and corn, and is subject to t!ie king of Na pics. Lon. 12 31 E, l.it. .16 55 N Pantiia, a town of Turkey in tl Asiatic province of Natoli.a, situate (' the N E coast of thiisea of MarmoraJ 12 miles S E of Coiytantinople. Piinuco, a provindl of N'»tni dcf.t ;•;. ir.lr b its K Oronoko, near its moutli. Parilla, or St. Parilln, a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, seated at the mouth of the river Santa, 50 miles S E of Truxillo, and 230 N W of Lima. Lon. 77 50 W, lat. H 36 S. Paris, the capital of France, one of the largest, finest, and most populous cities of Europe. The river Seine, which crosses it, forms two small islands ; and it is six leagues in circum- ference, including tlie suburbs. The inhabitants are computed to be 800,000. Tlicre are nine ]n'incipal bridges in Paris, two of wiiich, and the most dis- tiiiguislied, occupy the whole breadth of the tiuiiie ; namely, Pont Ncuf, an<< PAR town of South America !■ month of a river of tlie "he Dutch got possession , and fortified it with a t J but the Portuguese re- fter. TJie soil is pretty iroduces sugar canes, and ;r of trees of Brasil wood. , lat. 6 50 S. , one of the Kurile Islands, it of Shoomska. See A'k- rovjnce of Paraguay, so large river, wiiich uniting iguay, and afterward with tinms the Rio-de-la-Plata. town of Lower Saxony, of Mecklenburg, seated 'iver which falls into the miles S E of Schwerin. at. 53 34 N. J town of Germany in the ilesia, in the principaliiy bject to the king of Prus- considerable manufacture > 12 miles W of Wohlau, r Lignitz. Lon. 16 42 E, lovm of Bohemia, inthft dim, subject totlie house :h a manufacture of knivca des. It is a fortified town s E of Prague. Lon. 15 :5N. Jwn of Italy in Piedmont, of Canavez, 20 miles N" strong town of Venetian liisiio])'s see, and a good 2 gulf of Venice, 65 miles Lon. l3 56 E, lat. 45 tiu Andalusia, a province iia, on tlie banks of the its moutli. t. Parilln, a town of Peru, s of Lima, seated at the iver Santa, 50 miles S E nd 230 N W of Lima, lat. H 36 S. ipital of France, one of est, and most populous ape. The river Seine, 1 it, forms two small is six leagues in circum- ling the .siib\irbs. The computed to be 800,000. le principal bridges in 'iiich, and the most dis- cupy the wliole breadth iiiimcly, Pont Ncuf, an^ PAR Pont Royal ; to which may be added, the new bridge, begun in 1787, and called Pont de Louis Seize. But it is here to be observed, that all the names of buildings, squares, streets, &.c, in compliment to i-oyalty, have been changed since the abolition of monar- chy, in 1792. I'hc other bridges are, Pont St. Michel, Pont au Change, Petit Pont, Pont Notre Dame, Pontde la Tour- nellc, Pont Marie, and Pont Rouge. Tliis last, which is a timber bridge, painted red, is the point of communi- cation between tlie Isle du Palais and Isle St. Louis. Among a great number of public fountains, two only merit_ no- tice ; that of tlie Innocents, in which, •imong other fine pieces of sculpture, is a Galatia, by Goujeon ; and that of Grenellc, the perfoVmance of the cele- brated Bourchardon. There are three triumphal arches, erected to Louis XIV. and known by the names of Porte St. Bernard, Porte St. Denis, and Porte St. Martin. The Place Royale, the Place Vendome, the Place des Victoircs, and the Place de Louis XV. of an octagon form, in which was an equestrian statue, in bronze, of that monarch. This square, which is now called the Place de la Revolution, was the fatal scene of the e.vecution of the late unfortunate Louis XVI. of his unhappy consort, Mario Antonictte, and of his sister the princess Elizabeth ; tlj^. king on the 21st of January, the JFJfieen on the 10th of Octi)ber^l7. great nation. The Monnole, or Mint, is also a noble building, situate on th.iv side of the Seine whicli is opposite the Louvre. The Hotel-de-'i'le, or Guild- hall of the city, is an ancient structure, in the Place de Greve, which was here- tofore the common place of execution. Paris is an archbishopric, and tlic scat of a. university. It is situated in the late province of the Isie of France ; and it now forms, with a small district round «t, one of the 83 dcjjartments of France, It is 70 miles S of Rouen, 265 S E of London, 625 N W of Vi- enna, and 630 N E of Madrid. Lat. 48 50 N. Ion. 2 25 E. Paris, the name of scvcnd inconsider- able post towns in the IMiited States, adopted in the honey moon of our pas- sion far the French. One lies in Oneida cou.icy. New York, about six miles S by W of Wh'testi-wn. Another in Cum- berland county Maine, about 70 miles N by W cf Portland. And another in Loudon count;-, Virginia, slluatc-d on the E siiii- of Shenandoah river, about J5 miles S\V of Harper's ferry on the Potomac. J'urJtgate, a. village in Clieshire, 13 miles N W of Cheater, situate on the N E coast of the river Dee. It is a sta- tion for packet boats that frequently sail to Irel.ind. Parhtein, a town of Germany in tlie circle of Bavaria, and principality ot Saltzbach, 16 miles N of Nabury-. Lon. 12 14 E, Iht. 59 40 N. Parma, a dutchy of Italy, bounded on the N by the river Po, on the N E by the Mantuan, or. the E by the IJutchy oi" Modena, on the S by Tus- cany, and on the W by Placentia. Tl»e air is very wholesome ; on which account the |>eople live to a great age, »nd the soil is fertile in com, wine, oil, and hemp. The celebrated Parmesan cheese is no longsr made in this coun- try ; the pastures feed a gfvat number of cattle. There aiv some inconsidera- ble mines of copper and silver, and plentv of truffles. Parma, an ancient rich and populous city of Italy, capital of the dutchy of the same name, with a citadel, a bi. shop's see, and a university. It has a magnificent cathedral, and has the largest opera-house in Europe, havinf;' seats for 8000 people. The cupola ot the cathe.lral, and the church of St, John, are painted by tlie famous Cor- reggio, who was a native of this place in 1748, by the treaty of Aix la Cha- pelle, the dutchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla, were given to Don Plii lip, brother to Don Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies. Parma is 40 miles K W of Modenu, and 60 S E of Milan. Lon. id 30 E, lat. 44 50 N. Parnassus, now called Parnasso, a mountain of Turkey in Livadia. It has two heads, one «)f which was fa- mous for bcingconsecrated to Apollo and the Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the highest ia Greece, aritt-frora. the toj) is a prospect as far as Corinth ; the Turks call it Licaoura. Here al- so is a fine fountain, supposed to be tlie ancient Caatalia. Paros, \m ibiand of the Archipelago, one of tiie Cycladcs, about ten mil«s long and eight broad. The soil is well cultivated, and the pasture^ feed a great number of cuUle. The tr.nde consi.sts in wheat, barley, wine, pul.se, :.nd calicoes. It once produceil a great deid,of oil, but tlie Venetian army v.i|. L PAR lof Slienaiuloah rivrr, a]>oiit ISV of Harper's ferry on the a TillHpe in Cliesbire, 13 of Chester, situate on the f tlie river Dee. It is a sta- cket boats tliat frequenllv nd. , a town of Germany in tlis 'avaria, and principality oi 16 miles N of Naburir. E, Iht. 59 40 N. |a dutcliy of Italy, bounded ly the river Po, "on the N E antiian, or. the E by tlif Modena, on the S by Tus- on the W by Placentia. very wholesome ; on vrhich : jieople live to a great age, i is fertile in com, wine, oil, The celebrated Piirmesan lo long«r made in this coim- nstures feed a great number There arc some inconsidera- of copper and silver, and ruffles. an ancient rich and populnut ly, capitid of the diitchy ot' lame, with a citadel, a bi. , and a university. It has a It cathedral, and has the era-house in Europe, having;- 8000 people. TJie cupola ot bal, and the church of St painted by tlte famous Cor- ho was 11 native of thisplacc y (he treaty of Aix la Clia- dutehies of Parma, Placentia, alia, were given to Don Phi T to Uon Carlos, kinp^ of the cs. Parma is 40 miles K W 1, and 60 .S E of Milan, Lon, It. 44 50 N. IS, now called Parnasso, a of Turkey in Liviulia. It -'ads, one of which was fa- >inff consecrated to ApoUo and , and the oUier to Bacchus, lighcst ia Greece, anttfronk I ]>rospect as far as Corinth ; call it Licaoura. Here al- e fountain, supposed to be t Ca^tulia. II island of the Archipelapro, Cyclades, about ten miles iglit broad. The soil is well and the pasture., feed a iber of cattle. The tr.ide 1 wheat, barley, wine, piil.se, )es. It once produced a of oi'., buttlte Venetian aniiv PAR V.urnt all the olive-trees. This island '.cas anciently dedicated to Uacclius, rjii account of its excellent wines ; and ,ia.i been so famous for its marble, that the best carvers would make use of no 'ither. Those excellent statuaries, Phidias .ind Praxiteles, were natives of this i.'iland ; and the famous Arundeliau marbles, at Oxford, were brought from tliis place. It lies to tlie AV of Nasja. Piiros, a town of the Archipelagt), capital of the isle of Paros. wliich Wiis anciently the larjj^est and iiKwt poweitiil t )wn of tlie Cyclades ; but is at present tiotliing to what it was. The walls of the castle are built of ancient palaces of marble, and most of the cohinins are placed longwise : some of tlieni that stand upright, support cornices of aina/.- iiig size. The natives build their houses of marble, which they find ready cut to their hands ; but tiiey take no tare to pliice the pieces in a regular manner: their iields likewise are in- dosed with friezes, altars, ajid basso- relievos. The inhabitants ai'c so igno- rant now, that, instead of great sculp- tors and skilful architects, they have nothing but carvers of mortars and salt- cellars. Paros is a bishop's see, and situate on the W coast of the island. Lon. 25 U E, lat. 37 8 N. Parret, a small river in Somerset- shire, whose source is in the S puj-t of the county. It receives the Ivcl aiir a copper mine, pro^ bubly tl.e tai'gest bed of ore of that me- tal hitherto discov«-i>ed in tlie wuiid. " It is nut wrougbt (says Dr. Aikin) ill the eiin>m(>ii maiiMrrof siiblerraneoua uiiiies, but. like a sliutie quarry, open to day ; and tU<; qiuuir^ies uf ore raised are proie wa- ters huiyed iueneath the bed of are, by the intervcnition of iron. A lead ore, rich ill ailvter, is also found si this mountain. The wealth and popvdation of Anglesey bave recse seen by Bougainville roiuid their eyes, but had painted red ; their colour Ironzo. Another very re- ticular is, that they had haracters of a ferocious :; was no offensive weapon except a scimitar. They ler clothing than skins. PAT which they wear with tlic hair in- ward and apiece of leather covers the jirivate parts, Patak, a town of Himgary, with a college for protestanls, situate on the LatoiTza, '25 miles S S E of Cassuviu. Lon. n 35 E, lat. 46 3J N. Patau, a. town of Asia, on the N E coast of i!ie peninsula of Mal:;cca, ca- pital of a kingdom of the same name, <)iie of the strongest places in thchc puns with a well-defended harbour. Tiie inhabitants are jiartly Mahometans wid partly Gentoos, very voluptuous, and eai-ry on some trade with the Clii- ncsc. It is 300 miles N by VV of Ma- lacca. Lon. 100 )m them, because the corsairs have)er, capital of Bahar, and a pluca of considerable trade. It is fortified in the Indian manner with a wall and ci- tadel. In the citadel were confined the prisoners taken in 1764 by Meer Cos- sim, nabob of Bengal, by whose oidep tliey were massacred. The buildings are high, but the streets are narrow. It is seated on the S bank of_ the Gan- ges, 400 miles N W of Calcutta. Lon» 85 E, lat. 25 35 N. Patomac. See Potovimac. Patrana. See Pastrana. Patras, an ancient and flourishing; town in the Morea, with a Greek arch- bishop's see. The Jews, who are one third of the inhabitants, have foursyn.i» gogues, and there are several hand- some mosques and Greek churches. The Jews carry on a great trade in silk, leather, honey, wax, and cheese. There are cyprus trees of a prodigious height, and excellent pomegranates, citrons, and oranges. It has been taken and retaken several times, but the Turks are now masters of it. It is seated on the declivitv of a hill, near the sea, 20 miles S W'of Lepanto. Lon. 21 45 E, lat. 38 17 N. Patria, a town of the kingdom of Na- ples, in Terra di Lavoro, so named from a lake near which it is situate. , 13 miles N W of Naples. R A U P A U Prttrkn, a town of Italy, in the ter- ritory of the church and Campufriia di Koniii, eig;ht miles E ufOstia. Al>ont a iiiilu (Voni this place is a hill, culled Moiite-di-Livuno, which some have thi)ii)r|it to be the ancient. Lavinium. Putiimvny of St. I'ettr, u. province of Italy, ill the Ecclcsiastinil State. U is 35 miles inlen(:^ih and 30 in breadth ; bounded on the N by Orvieto, on the B by Umbria and Subina, on the S hy Campagna-di-Kofna, and on the S W by the sea. Viterbo \h the capital. Patriiigttm, a town in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Satur- day. Here the Roman road from the Picts wall ended. It is pleasantly seat- ed at the mouth of the Humbcr, 50 miles S E of York, and 191 N of Lon- don. Lon. 8 E, lat. 53 49 N. Pattemen, a town of Germany in the circle of Lower Saxony, and principali- ty of CaJcmberg, formerly a fortified town. It is six mites S of Hanover. Patti, an episcopal town of Sicily, in the Val-di-Dem(ma, 28 miles W of Messina. Lon. 15 23 E, lat. 38 11 N. Pattiary, a town of Asia, in Hindoos- tan Proper, in the country of Oude, 55 miles N W of Canofriie, and tl.'! same E N E of Agra. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 2733 N. Pattun, or Pattan, a town of Hindoos- tan Projier, in the country of Guzerat and capital of a circar of the same name, 132 miles S W of Oudipour. Lon. 72 30 E, lat. 23 45 N. Patuxen%.% river in North America, which discnarf^es itself into the Chesa- peak, 30 miles S of Annapolis. Pau, a town of France, in tlie de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam, with a castle where Henry IV. was born. It is seat- ed on an eminence, at the foot of which runs the river Gave, 97 miles S of Bourdeaux. Lon. 4 W, lat. 43 15 N. Pavia, an ancient and fortified town of Italy, in the dutch}' of Milan, with a celebrated university, and a bishop's see. There-are a ereat number of mag- nificent castles ana some colleges, and in the centre of the town is a castle, ■where the ancient dukes of Milan resi- ded. It has been oflen taken and re- taken, since the commencement of the present war (1801V It is seated on tlie Tcsino over which is a bridge, 15 miles S of Milan. Lon. 9 15 £, lat. 45 13 N. Paul, St. a town of France, in the d^partmeut of the Suaits of Calais and late province of Artois, 10 miles W N W of Arr.is. Lon. 2 30 E. lat 50 24 N Paul, .SV. a town of South Amcrici in Hrnsil, and province of St. Vinreut, It is a kind of independent republic, composed of the banditti of several na- tions. However, they pay tribute to the Poi'tiigucse. It is surrounded hy inaeccssihle mountains and thick fj. rests. Lon. 45 52 W, lat. 23 25 S. Paul-de-FennouilUdei, a town of France, in the department of Gard and late province of Languedoc, seated on the river E^li, among mountains, 30 miles N of Montpellier. Lon. 3 58 £, lat. 44 7 N, Pmil-les-Venct, St. a town of France, in tlie department of Var and late pro- vince of Provence, live miles \V of Nice, and 450 S E of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 42 N. Paul-troh-Chiiteaux, St. an ancient and late episcopal town of France, in the dejiartmcnt of Dronic and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, seated on the de- clivity of a hill, 16 miles S of Montcli- mar. Lon. 4 57 E, Ut. 44 21 N. Paula, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, seated near tlie sea, ia a fertile and well cultivated countrv, 12 miles W of Coscnza. Lon. 16 9 £, lat. 39 24 N. Paulograd, a small town of Russia, in the government of Catharinensluf, 32 miles E of that place. Lon. 35 54 E, lat. 47 10 N. Pavoasan, an episcopal seaport of A- frica in the isle of St. Thomas, with a fort end a good harbour. It belongs to Portugal, and lies under the equator, in lon. 8 30 W. Pausilippo, a mountain of Italy, fire miles from Puzzoli, celebrated for a grotto, which is a subterraneous pas- sage through the mountain, near a mile in length, about 20 feet in breadth, and 30 to 40 in height. People of fashion generally drive thr6ugh this pF.ssage with torches ; but the country people find their way, without much difficulty, by tlie light which enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced tlu-ough the mountain, near the middle of the grotto, which admit liglit from above. On this mountain also is the celebrated tomb of Virgil, over- grown with ivy, and shaded with an ancient bay-tree, shrubs and bushes. Pautzie, a town of Western Prussia, in Pomeiellia, 25 miles N VV of Dant- zic. Lon. 18 41 E, lat, 54 44 N. 14; lat. of' A U |of Artois, 16 m\\r» W N Lon. 2 3U E. lut 50 :24 N town of South Amtric.i province of St. Vinrt-iit of independent republic, tlie bamlitti of several tia. vcr, tliey pay tribute to !NC. It iH surrounded by mountitins and tliick fj. 45 52 W, lat. 23 25 S. nouitledet, a town of jie department of Gard and of I.anguedor, seiitciton ^'li, among mountains, 3U ^ontpellier. Lon. 3 58 £, nee, St. a town of France, mcnt of Var and late pro- cr-.ce, five miles \V of Nice, of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. Chateaux, St. an ancient co|)al town of France, in cut of Drome and late pro- luphiny, seated on the de- ill, 16 miles S of Montcli- 4 57 E, lat. 44 21 N. town of Naples, in Cala> >re, seated near the sea, i:i 1(1 well cultivated country, of Coscuza. Lon. 16 9 E, \, a, small town of Russia, :rnment of Catharinensluf, of that place. Lon. 35 54 ON. an episcopal seaport of A> isle of St. Thomas, with a ood harbour. It belongs to ,nd lies under the equator, W. I, a mountain of Italy, fire Puzzoli, celebrated for a ich is a subterraneous pas- igli the mountain, near a th, about 20 feet in breadth, 40 in height. People of lerally drive thr6ugh this ;h torches ; but the coinitry their way, without much ly the light which enters at lities, and at two liuleii 5ugh the mountain, near the le grotto, which admit liglit On this mountain also i« itcd tomb of Virgil, ovcr- 1 ivy, and shaded with an •tree, shrubs and busjics. a town of Western Prussia, ia, 25 miles K VV of Dant- 18 41 E, lat, 54 44 N. P E D Paytrne, a town of Swisscrlund, he- longing to the canton of Bern, 22 uiilc-s S VV of Bern. Lon. 6 55 E, hit. 46 38 N. Paz, a town of Peru, in the audience of Los CharcoB, with a biMho|)'B sue. It is seated ut the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding in wine and fruits, 350 miles S E of Ciuco. Lon, 68 50 W, lat. 17 S. Puzzy, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Koiiiunia, neai' Gulli|Kili, with a bi- shop's sec. Lon. '2'i 59 E, lat. 4<' J3 N. Pea.^, a mountainous country in the N W part of Dcrbysliire, which .tboiinds in lead, ntillHlones uud whet- stones. It is much visitt:d on uccoiuit of its extraordinui-y caverns, perfora- tions, and otlicr curiosities. The " Wonders of the Peak" have been ce- lebrated both in j)rose and verse ; and they are noticed in tltis work unilor the articles Uuxton, Castleton, Chatsworth, and Tiddeswell. Peurt Islands, islaitds lying in the bay of Panama, in South America. The! inhabitants of Panama have phintations in them, and from them they are sup- plied with provisions. Peathi, or Peeie, a vast chasm in the; mountains of the N E part of Berwick- shire. It is more than 160 feet deep ; and over it is a noble bridge of four' arches. From its vast height, it greatly resembles an ancient Roman aqueduct. Pecquencour, a town of France, in the department of the North and Lite pro- vince of Hainault, seated on the Scarpe, five miles E of Douay. Lon. 3-16 E, lut. 50 2:i N. Pedee, a river of North America, which rises in North Carolina, and is liere called the Yadkin River, and en- tering South Carolina, it takes the name of Pedee, and flh!ints, elephants teeth, bees wax, lac, saltj)etre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum, very tine rnbies, small diamonds, and plenty of lead, of which the) make their money. It is very fruitful in corn, roots, jiuIm-, and fruits. The government is arliiti';>ry, for the king's will is ulaw; anil vet, he does not often abuse his pover. The inhabitants arc but thinly clad, and tlie best among them wear neitiier shoes nor stockings. The wo- men are much finrer than the men, small, but well projiortioncd. If the "wife pnives fi.Ise, the husband may 8«'ll her for a sKi\ei and if he go astray, she Will give him a dose of poison. Ther*- are a vast nuniber of t< mj'ies in this country, but mostl.i of wood, which are varnislied and gilt. The priests l)a»c ground allowed them, whicii they cultivate ff)r their subsistence j and they lire said to be strict observers of moraiitj. They are Called 'I alapoins, and iiictihate' charity as the highest Tirtuc i affirmirg that religion to be the best wliifh teat hes men to do the mcst go(Hl. They have idols in their tcrriples, m a sitting posture, like tail'irs, and ■with very laigc' eai.s. They have vari- ous sorts of nuisic, but the pipe and tabor are esteemed the best. In the low f^at part of the coinitry, which is liable to be overflowed, the houses are buih upon stakes, and in time of inim- datinns, the inhabitants communicate with each other by boats. Pegu was jin independent kingdcjm, till 1751, when it was reduced, by tlie king of Burmali, to the state of a dependant province. J'vgu, a town, in a kingdom of the same name, in Asia. It is above 2U miles in circumference ; but not one twentieth part of it is inhabited, for it was ruined hy the king of Buruuih. It is seated on u river of the sanie name, 520 miles S of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E, lat 18 10 N. I'llnr. a town of Lower Saxony, in the dutcliy of Brunswick ; famous for a battle fought in 1553, when Maurice, elector of haxony, and the margrave of Jirundenburg were killed. It is 17 miles W of llrunswick. Lon. 10 19 E, lat. 52 25 N. I'eijms, u large lake of Uussia, in the government of Livonia. From which issues the river Narova, by which it hag a communication at Narva, with the gulf of Finland. I'eiihorc, or Pishovr, a considerable city ol Ilindoi stan Proper, in the pro vince of Cabul. It is subject to the kingof Candahar, and is 50 miles N VV of Attock. Lon. 69 54 E, lat. 32 44 N, Peitz, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and mnrche of Utanileiibui gh.. In the vicinity of which iri/u mines are wrought to advantage, and Uianutacturcs of pitch and turpen- tine Lie carried on to great extent. It is 30 miles S S W of Franckfort on the Ooer. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 52 5 N. I'lkin, the capital of the empire of China, is situated in a very feKile pli.m, twenty leagues distant from the t;rettt wall; this nan.e, which signifies the Northern Court, is given it, '.o dis- tinguish it fiom another considerable city called Nan-king, or the Southern Court. This capital forms an exact sqt.aie, and is A'w ided into two cities ; the hrst is inhabited by Chinese ; the U'coiid by Taitars. These two cities, without inclilding the suburbs, are six fi.ll leagues in circumfeience, accord- ing to the most accurate measurement made b;. the express order of the em- peror. The height and enormous thick- ness of the walls of the Tartar city ex- cite adniiration ; twelve hoi semen might easily ride abreast upon them ; they have spacious towers raised at in- tervals, a bow-shot distant from one another, and large enough to contain bodies of reserve in case of necessity. T he city has nine gates, which are lof- ty and well arched i over them are large pavilion roofed towers divided in ? E K he state of a dependuiA I vn, in a kin^^dom of tliel in AnIu. It iii nbovc 2(ll iinifiiTntc I liiit not one I t of it \n iiihabltcci, for it I tlic kinc^ of Bui'innI). It I irivcroftlic sniiic iianic,! f Avu. Loll, ye 30 E, Ut. wn of Lower Saxony, in I f UnniHwick; fumous fori It in 1553, wlicn Maurice,! itony, and the margrave ofl were killed. It is 17 [ runswick. Lon. lU 19 E,| irgc luke of Hussia, in the jf Livonia. I'loni which ver Narova, by which it liciitlou at Narva, with the lid. ir Pishovr, a considerable )i Ktan Proper, in tlic pro- bul. It is subject to the iiliar, and is 50 miles N VV Lon. 6y 54 E, lat. 32 44 N. jwn of Germany, in the per Saxony, and niarche of ;h. In the vicinity of which re wroiigi.t to advantage, lures of pitch and tiirpen- led on to great extent. It I S W of Franckfort on the 8 35 E, lat. 52 5 N. ; cu])ital of the empire of situated in a very feHile y leagues distant from the this nanc, which signifies 1 Court, is given it, '.o dis. fioin another considerable N'au-king, or the Southei-n s capital forms an exact . is dii ided into two cities ; nhabited by Chinese i the luitars. These two cities, lUding the suburbs, are six . in circumfeience, accord- lost accurate measurement le express order of the em- height and enormous thick- walls of the Tartar city ex- ation ; twelve horsemen I ride abreast upon them ; ^acious towers raised at in- )ow-shot distant from one d large enough to contain ;serve in case of necessity. s nine gates, which are lof- 1 arched ; over them are )n roofed towers divided in ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^ 2.5 MUb. 12.0 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation 1.25 1.4 1 ,.6 « < 6" ► 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 ^S£ZZ'—. "'^ •'■'-ysft' ■■' ^^^'^^^^^^^^^''^w^^'^'^Wp^mr^ tn ^1 r; s< ii I t' i P E K to nine stories, each having several ane.-t.ires o.- port-holes ; the lower sto- i (f«HalargehaUf..rtheuseof the , ,1 I ers u..d officers who qu.t gijurd, wl those appoi..le.l to .I'e 'eve >Ucn^ 'l^^.\ore each ^.tcu space .sle to .no e tha.. three h...uhccl ;..ul s.xty ieet : t. s ;, a kind of place of arms, one osed bv ^^tSirculLrwaU equal in hejght ami thickness to that s.irround.ng tie c.t>. 5.e streets are i.rfectlystra.,.U.^ of them three miles m length feet wide, with shops o., bo > s.de . but the houses are poorly built, and have onlv a gro.md-floor. It is surpri- ,S to see^vhat numbers of people ihere are in the streets, a.id not one womr>namonsthem. There .s alw^O^s a creat confusion, occasioned by the vast numbers of horses, camels, mules, asses. waiTffons, carts, and chaiis, Sut recko.iini? the se^e^a mobs wlilch gather about the jugg crs, bal- ad.singers, &cc. Persons of distinction have always a horseman who goes be- fore them to clear the way. A the great streets are guarded by soldiers ^ho patrole night and day with sword, bnheir 8ides,\nd whips in the.r hands, ?o^ chastise those who make any chs- turbance, or take them into custody. The little streets have latt.ce-gates at their entrance into the,f ^'^S*""^^^*^' which are shut up at night, and guard- Sby soldiers, 'who suffer no assem. blies in the streets at th«t time. The support of this police costs tbe em^)e- ror a great deal, for If ^ of the sol- diers we have mentioned are mau tam- ed for this purpose only. They are all infantry, and their pay is gener.;a y ve- ry high i their employment consists not only^in watching for those who ma> occasion distu.'ba..ce '"/''V'/'>-^ "!' or walk abroad during the "'ghti they must also take care that the st.cets are kept clean and swept every da> . that they are w.Uered morn.ng and eve.,ing in time of dry weather ; and that ev-ery nuisance is removed ; tliey have orders also to assist i" «"« 'lb"'"- , th<;n.selves, and to clear the ken. els. that the water may have a free couise. The emperor's palace stands m the SlW the Tii-tar city It presents a prodigious assemblage of vast build- ings, extensive courts and ni»gn.hcent gardens, and is shut up on all sides by a double wall, the intervening space being occupied by houses belonging to the officers of the court, eunuchs, and PEL bv different tribunals. To some of these is assigned the care of providing necessaries for the use of the emperor, others are for dete.minmg 'l"*P«t':»; and punishing faults committed by the domestics of the i.n.-.enal Um.ly. The exterior circumference of this immense nalace is reckoned a league and a halt. AUhough the Chinese architecture has no resemblance to that ot Luiope, the imperial palace of Feki.i does not fail to strike beholders by its extent, gran- deur. and the regular disposition of its apartments, and by the s.ngular struc- ture of its pavilion-roots, ornamented at each corner with a carved I'.^'t band the lower extremity of which is t^iincd upwards, these ••""f^''^ ^^.^^^-''-''^Xw varnished tiles of so beautiful a >cllow colour, that, at a distance, they make as splendid an appearance as it tlicy were gilded. The temples, and the towers%f this city, i^'--/" "^;;;^"'2:!f' that it is difficult to count them. The country about it is f^^"'!)'' '''"\"°\;^':> fruitful , yet provisions ot all kinds aic exceedingly plentiful, they being, as well as the merchandise, brought from other parts by canals cut from the ri- vers, and always crowded with vessels of diff-erent sizes. An earthquake, which happened here in 1731. buried a- bove 100,000 persons m the ruins of the houses The inhabitants of Pekin are ermated at 2,000.000 A Russian church is established here with a se- minary, in which the students are per- mitted to reside for the purpose of learning the Chinese language. Since this establishment, many interesting publications have appeared at Peters- burirh, relative to the laws, history, and ffeoffraphy of China, translated fri^the^r^iglals published at Pekin. This city is 500 miles N b/ VV of Nan- kinff. Lon. 116 14E, lat. 39 54 N. PelagnUi, an island in the Arch.pela. ffo in the Mediterranean ««•;. eight miles in circumference. Lon. 24 12 E, lat. 39 .W N. Pelc^rino, Mount, a promontory on the N coast of the island of Sicily, near- ly two miles W of Palermo. The pros- Let from this moimt is beaut.f.. and 'extensive : most of the Lipari Is ands are discovered in a clear day, ar.d also a large portion of Mou.^t Et.ia al- thouffh at the distance of almost the whole length of Sicily. On this mount is a cavern, in which is the image of St, Rosolia, who is said to have died ■m P E ^ htrf i and round the cave of Uiis saint (who IS the patroness of Palermo) a cimrch is built, where priests attentl to watch tlie precious relics, and receive tlie oHenng^s of the pilgrims. J'e/ew liUiiuU, (Ihe), were, in all pr.b:ibility, first discovered by the Spaniards of the I'liilippines, and by tliem called the Paloo Islands from the tall palm-tiees that grow tliere in great numbers, and wliich at a distance have tile appearance of masts of ships ; the word palos, in the Spanish language, sometimes signifying a mast. Ihere IS every reason to suppose, that no Eu- ropean had ever been upon them, be- fore the Antelope, a packet belonging to the East India company, and com- manded by captain Henry Wilson, was wrecked there in the night between tne 9tli and 10th of August irSJ.— This misfortune was the more distress- ing to the crew, as they were utterly ig. noraiit what resources the islands af- forded, or supposing them to be inha- bited, v.hat might be the disposiUon or the inhabitants. However, they found these islands inhabited, and that the natives were simple in their man- ners, delicate in theirsentiments, friend- ly m their disposition, and, in short, a people that do honour to the human race. The natives are of a deep cop- per colour, and go naked; and the as- tonishment which those, who first dis- covered the Englisli, manifested on seeing their colour, plainly shewed, that they had never before seen a white man— The cloaths of the strangers also puzzled them exceedingly j for it seemed to be a matter of doubt with them, whether these and their bodies «id not form one subst.-.nce. When one of the crew, the captain's brother, was deputed to wait upon the king, who resided at an island .it some dis- tance from that whereon they had sav- by valour or otherwise! ;atly distinguished themselves t" be parted with but with life' « "ot all of „,e gj,,,,^ ^j • ared from a difiertnce in the y wore Captain Wilson was with the highest order of the vith resjiect to propcity in lands, a man's house, or ca- ' "iisidercd ab his own, as is al. ^Kl allotted him, as long as he and cultivates it; but, when- enioves with his family to ano- •e. tlie ground reverts to the Ofenves it to whom he pleases )se wiio solicit to cultivate it' itiy is well covered with tim^i tlie trunks of which furnish es with canoes, some lar^e o carry 30 men. There are itlier trees of much use to the Jams and cocoa-nuts bein? ' ai'ticles of subsistence, are o with the utmost care. From ' produce of the country, it is ixury can reign among the in. m their diet, and the milk of •nut was tlieir common drink, liar occasions, tliev added to nary fare certain sweetmeats arink, obtained by tlie aid ', extracted either from the or the sugar-cane. The raised about three feet from . the foundation beams beinr ige stones, whence spring 't supports of their sides, crossed by other timbers Jgether, and fastened by lis, the intermediate space ■ly filled up with bamboog ce leaves, platted together. )f the houses are thatched 0.S and palm-trees j and the e house is witlumt any divi. ig one great room. As to >plemenis, they have little ' "'cel)- woven fiom slips of tree, and wooden baskets > nc.'itly carved and inlaid No one ever stirs abroad asket, which usually con- bcetlenut, a comb, knife, wiiic. The best knives are 2ce of tlie large mother of PEL pearl oyster, ground narrow, and the outward side a little polished. The combs are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a few-of the Seville kind; the handle and teeth are fasten- ed in the solid wood. The (ishing- books are of tortoise shell ; and twine, cord, and fishing-nets, are well manu- factured from the husks of the cocoa- nut. Of the plantain leaf are fiirmed mats, which serve the people as beds. They also use a plantain leaf at meals, instead of a plate, and the shell of a cocoa-nut supplies the place of a cup. There arc vessels of a kind of earthen ware, of a reddish brown colour, in which they boil their fish, yams, &c. A bundle of cocoa-nut husks tied to- gether, serves them for a broom ; and thick bamboos, with bores five or six inches in diameter, are their buckets or cisterns. — Their hatchets are like those of the South Sea islands. They have also a few articles, which in these islands may be called luxuries. The shell of the tortoise there is remarka- bly beautiful, and tlie natives of Pelew have discovered the art of moulding it into little trays or dishes, and spoons. Some of the great ladies have also bracelets of the same manufacture, and ear rings inlaid with shells. The natives in general are a stout well m.ide people, rather above tl»e mid- dling stature, and of a very deep cop- per colour, but black. The men are entirely naked ; the women wear two little aprons, one before, the other be- hind. Both men and women are ta- tooed, and their teeth made Black by art. Both sexes are very expert at swimming, and the men are such ad- mirable divers, that they will readily fetch up any thing from the bottom of the sea which attracts their notice. The conduct of these people towards the English was, from first to last, uni- formly courteous and attentive, ac- companied with a politeness which 81 11-prised those who were the objects of it. Such an opinion had the king of the island entertained of the English, that on their departure he sufTcred his .second son, Lee Boo, to accompa- ny them to England, where this hope- ful youth unhappily died of the small pox,' in Dec. 1784. The Eist India Company erected a monunu'iit over hi.s gi'ave in Rotlierhithe ciiurch-yard where h" was bur'ed. These islhuds wure lately visited by captain M'Cleur, P E M who confirms the account given of them and their inhabitants by captain Wilson. In his jotiniul, captain M'Cleur says, " havl.ig pitched my tent in a bay opposite to the ship, I found my- self in a perfect paradise, and could have been happy to have continued here the remainder of my days." Tliey ai-e situated between 5 and 9 degrees of N hit, and 130 and 136 degrees of S. Ion. They are long, but narrow, well covered with wood, at least such of the islands as our people had an op- portunity of seeing. They are encir- cled on the west side by a reef of co- ral, of which no end could be seen from any eminence our people were on. Pelham, a small town, with a post office, in Rockingham county. New Hampshire, 35 miles W by S of New- bury-port, and 36 N W of Boston. PelUsa, a town of Lower Hungaiy, capital of a county of the same name, seated near the Danube, IS miles N of Buda. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 47 40 N. Pelissane, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone, 15 miles W N W of Aix. Lon. 5 21 E, lat. 43 26 N. Petla, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, 50 miles W of Salonichi Lon. 21 53 E, lat. 40 41 N. Fsllerin, a tov.n of France in thft department of Lower Loire, situate on the Loire, with a harbour for small vessels, ten miles N of Nantes, a-id 13 SE of Painbocuf. Lon. 144 W, lat. 47 23 N. Peloso, a town of Naples, in Basili- cata, 35 miles VV of Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 41 26 N. Pemba, a town of Congo, capital oi" a province of the same name. Lon. IS 25 E, lat. 7 30 S. Pc^nba, or Pemla, an Island in the E Indian Ocean, lying near the coast of Africa, and extending about 100 miles, in cii'cumfcrfr.ce. It is governed by a. kingtribufarv to tlie Portuguese. Lon. 40 E. lat. 5 .50 S. Penibridge, a town in Herefordshire, with a market on Tue.sday. It i.s a small place, seated on the Arrow, 12 miles N VV of Hereford, and 145 W N W of London. Lon. 2 42 VV, lat. 52 14 N. Pembrole, the capital of Pembroke- shire, with a market on Saturday. It. is .seated on the innermost creek of Mili'ord IIa>en, over which are l.vo % w PEN f)i-idp^cs, but the navigution to it is be- come injured by tliu rubbish of the limestone rjuarries near it. It is sur- rounded b\ a wall witli three gates, lias K castle on a rock, and two chiirclies. It is a corporation, and .sends one member to parliament, and is ten miles S K of Il.-iverfordwest, ami 237 W bv N of Limdon. Lon. 4 55 W, hit. 51 46 N. Fambrohs/iiie, is the S W extre- mity of Wales, derives it name from, Pembroke the co\nity-towii, and is bounded on the E by Carmarthenshire, on tiie N E by Cardiijanshire, and on all other sides by the Irish !Sea. It e.MciuIs in lengtli from N to S, 35 miles, and I'lom E to W 29, and i^ about 140 in circumference. It is divided into seven hundreds, in which are one city, eight market-towns, 145 parishes, a- bout 2300 houses, and 25,900 inhabi- tants. It lies in the province of Ca.i- terbury, and diocese of St. David's, and sends one member to parliament. The air of this county is esteemed very salubrious, and the soil is fertile, for iiere are but few mountains, and these, •which are chieHy situated in the N E part of the county, yield good pasture for cattle and sheep; towards the sea- coast, the land extends into rich mea- dows and corn fields. The country abounds with horned cattle, sheep, goats, and wild fowl of various kinds, some of which are seldom seen in any other part of Britain. These are mi- gratory sea birds, that breed in the isle of Ramsey, and the adjoining rocks, called the Bishop and his Clerks. 7'hitlier yearly resort, about the begin- ning of April, such flocks of birds, of several scn'ts, as a])pear incredible to tliose who have not seen them. Pcna Garcia, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a castle. It was taken by Philip ,V . in ir04 ; but he retired from it at the approach of the allies. It is six miles E of Idanha, Velha. Lon. G 6 W, lat. 39 40 N. Fenaha, a town of Portugal, in Beira, se.ited on a hill with a castle, eight miles S of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 W, lat. 40 4 N. Peimiitkr, a town of France, in the departmcntof Aude and late province of Languedoc, four miles N of Carcas- sone. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 43 18 N. Pcndennis, a castle in Cornwall, on a hill of the same name, on Falmouth Ba)'. It was built by Henry VIII. for PEN the security of the coast ; and on ih^ opposite side of the Bay is another call- ed St. Mawes. It lies a little to the S E of Falmouth. Lon. 5 30 W. lat. 50 10 N. Pendleton, a post town, and the capi- tal of Pendlercr county, South Caroli- na, about 145 i;ides N W of Columbia, the capital of the state. Peneviumkr, a fortress of German)', in Prussian Pomerania, seated in the isle of Usedom, at the mouths of tlie Pene and Oder, in the Baltic Sea. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 54 16 N. Pcr.giiin Island and Bay, lie on the coast of Patagonia, 182 miles N of Port St. Julian. Lat. A7 48 S. Peniche, a strong town of Portugal, in Estramadura, with a good harbour and a citadel, 34 miles N of Lisbon. Lon. S 5 E, lat. 39 16 N. Penick, a town of U|)per Sasony, in Misiiia, belonging to the elector of Saxony. It is seated on the Multe, eight miles E of Altenberg. Lon. 12 44 E, lat. 50 59 N. _ Peniscola, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, seated on a high point of land, on the Mediterranean, 60 miles N of Valencia. Lon. 1 E, lat. 40 29 N. Penishehr, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, and capital of a district, in the country of Cabid, 46 miles N of Ca- bul. Lon. 68 24 E, lat. 35 16 N. Penkridge, a town in Staffordshire, with a market on Tuesday. It was formerly a large place, but now great- ly reduced, and principally noted for its horse fairs. It is six miles S of Staflord, and 129 N W of London. Lon. 2 \V, lat. 32 54 N. Penkum, a town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Anterior Pomerania, 15 miles S W of Stetin. Penmammaixr, a once tremendous precipice in Carnarvonshire, overhang- ing the sea; but now safely crossed by a gfjod road. It is four miles S W of Abercon way. Pennnflor, a town of Spain, in Astu- rias, seated on the Ast.-*, 14 miles S W of Ovlfedo. Lon. 5 56 VV, lat. 43 15 N. Pennaflor, a town of Spain in Anda- lusia, seated near the Xenil, 10 miles N of F:cjia. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 37 44 N. Pennar, a river which has its rise in the kingdom of M)^sore, in the peninsula of Hindoostan, and watering Gooty, Gandicotta, Cuddapah, and Vellore, enters the Bay of Bengal, at Ganj^apatnam. - — fm \^^'ri^^ ..... ': ...r^^^ ^^ . PEN ■itj of tlie coast ; and on thf^ iide of the Bay is another call- liivves. It lies a little to the S loutii. Lon. 5 30 VV, lat. 50 M, a post town, and the capi- ■ndlcror county, South Caroli- 14j miles N W of Columbia, J of the state. !u/er, a fortress of Germany, an Pomerania, seated in the edom, at the moutJis of the I Oder, in the Baltic Sea. OE.lat. 54 16N. Island and Baj/, lie on the I'atajjonia, 182 miles N of ulian. Lat. 47 48 S. , a strong^ town of Portugal, iiulura, with a good harbour "Icl, 34 miles N of Lisbon, i. lat. 39 16 N. a town of Upper Saxony, in belonging to the elector of It IS seated on the Multe, s E of Aitenberg. Lon. 12 50 59 N. ^ ji, a town of Spain, in Valen- I on a high point of land, oii terranean, 60 miles N of Lon. 1 E, lat. 40 29 N. ir, a town of Hindoostan Pro- capital of a district, in the i Cabul, 46 miles N of Ca- • 68 24 E, lat. 3S 16 N. e, !i town in Staffordshire, larket on Tuesday. It was ' large place, but now great- I, and principally noted fop fairs. It is six miles S of and 129 N W of London.. V, Lit. 32 54 N. a town of Germany in the Upper Saxony, in Anterior , 15 miles S W of Stetin. viawr, a once tremendous n Carnarvonshire, overliang- I ; but now safely crossed by d. It is four miles S VV of , a town of Spain, in Astu- l on the Asta, 14 miles S W Lon. 5 56 VV, lat. 43 15 N. , a town of Spain in Anda- d near the Xenil, 10 miles Lon. 4 12 VV, lat. 37 44 N. river which has its rise in om of Mysore, in the f Hindoostan, and watering indicotta, Cuddapah, and ters the Bay of Bengal, at im. PEN Pennington, a village in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, about ten miles N of Trenton, and eight VV of Princeton, where there is a post olKce, and oc- casionally courts are held. Pennon, a fort of Africa, seated on a small island before the harbour of Al- giers. Pennon lie Velez, a very important seaport of Barbary, seated on a rock in llie Mediterranean, near the town of Vclcz. It was built by the Spaniards, in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1522, and retaken in 1664. It is 75 miles E of Ceuta. Lon. 4 W, lat. 35 25 N. Pennaylvania, one of the United Slates of America, 290 miles long and l.jfi broad; bounded on the E by the river Delaware; dividing it from West Jersey and New York ; on the S by Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware ; on the VV by Virginia and the West- ern Territory; and on the N W by Luke Erie, on wliich it h.is a consider- able front, and a good port, lying within 200,000 acres of land purchased of Congress by this state. It is divid- ed into 20 counties ; and is well water- ed by the Delaware, and other naviga- ble rivers, on which lai-g" ships come up into the heart of the province. Its produce is com, cattle, timber, potash, wax, skins, and furs ; and they export to the West India islands salted beef, pork, tish, and pipcstaves. Philadelphia is the capital. Penobscot, a bay of N America, in the district of Main, at the moutli of the river Penobscot. It is long and rapacious ; and its E side is lined with a cluster of small islands. Penrise, i seaport in Glamorganshire, with a market on Thursday. It Is seat- ed on the Bristol Channel", 20 miles S E of Carmartlien, and 219 VV of Lon- don. Lon. 4 12 W, lat, 51 37 N. Penrith, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Tuesday. It has a spacious market place, and had for- merly a castle ; and several remains of antiquity arc seen in its neighbour- hood. It is seated under a hill, near the rivers Eymotand Lowtlier, 18 miles S of Carlisle, and 280 N N VV of Lon- don. Lon. 2 52 W, lat. 54 40 N. Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. It is seated on a creek of Falmouth Haven, has a gi-eat trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fish- eries, is governed by « mayor, and fil l III PER sends two members to parliament. It is three miles N W of Falmoutli, and 266 W by S of London. Lon. 4 59 W, lat. 50 10 N. Penaacola, the capital of West Flo- rida, seated on a bay of the gulf of Mex- ico, which forms a very commodious harbour, where vessels may ride secure from every wind. Lon. 87 24 W, lat. 30 32 N. Penaance, or Penzance, a seaport in Cornwall, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a creek of Mountsbay, and was burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but has been rebuilt, and carries on a considerable traffic in shipping. It is one of the tin-coinage towns, and a cor- poration governed by a mayor. It ia 12 miles E of the Land's End, and 281 VV by S of London. Lon. 5 35 W, lat. 50 UN. Pemfwd, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is noted for its hats and bread, and seated on the Chew, seven miles W of Bath, and 117 W by S of London. Lon. 2 30 W, lat. 51 23 N. Penza, a government of Russia, for- merly a province of Kasan. Its capital, of the same name, is seated on the Su- ra, where it receives the rivulet Penza, 220 miles S VV of Kasan. Penzlein, a town of Germany, in Low- er Saxony, in the principality of Meck- lenburg, 53 miles E of Stettin. Lou. 15 36 E, lat. 53 30 N. Pentland Frith, a dangerous strait, which divides the Orkney Islands from Caithnesshire, in Scotland. It is 24 miles long and 12 broad, and the sea runs with such impetuous force, that no wind can force a ship against the current. Pentland HilU, a ridge of mountains, a few miles to the S VV of Edinburgh, which afi(>rd good pasture for sheep, and extend about ten miles from S VV to N E. Pepperborough, a seaport town on the E side of Saco river, in York county, Maine ; 12 miles S by W of Portland, and near the mouth of the river. Pequigny, a town of France, in *.he department of Somme and late prcvmce of Picardy ; remarkable for the inter- view between Louis XI. of France, and Edward IV. of England, in 1475, on ft bridge built for that purpose. It is seat- ed on the river Somme, 15 miles S Eof Abbeville. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 58 N. Pera, a suburb of Constantinople Yyy PER ■wliere the foreign ambassadors usiiallv reside. It is inliiibitid by Cliristians of several denoniinations : and wine is Bold lliere us publicly as in any other part of Europe, which ii not allowea in tiie city. Peray, St. a village of France, in the department of Ardeche and late pro- vince of Danphiny. It is noted for its wines, and is 41 miles N W of Pnvas. Percasliiw, a town of Russia, in the Kovernuicnt of Kiof, 44 miles S E ot Kiof. Lon. 31 5U E, hit. 50 N. . Perche, a late jirovince of France, in Orleanoia, 35 miles long ""d 30 broad : bounded on the N by Norniandv, on the \V and S by Maine, and on the E o> Bcance. It takes its name from a forest, and i» pretty fertile. It is now included in the department of Oroe. Perehop. -""ee Precop. Pereczai, a town ot Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, SO m.les E by N of Tockay. Lon. 22 26 E, lat, 48 30 N. Perga, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Aibuiiia, opposite the island of Coriu. Lon. 20 J9 E, lut. 39 40 N. Pergainar, an episcopal town of Tur- key in the European province of Roma . •- <:n .„-.i»o u W ,x¥ Adrianoole. LOH PER capital of the department of Dordogne and late province of Peri^ord, with a bishop's see, the ruins ot a temple ot Venus, and an amphitheatre. It is seated on the river Isle, 50 "»»" ^ ^ of Limoges. Lon 48 E, lat. 43 UN. Perm, a governmpnt of Russia, tor- merly a province erf" Kasan. U 'S "'vi- ded into the two provinces ot Perm and Cutharinenburgh. Perhula. a town of the Deccan, in the province of Dowlatabad, IBSj"''" N W of Hydrabad. Lon. 75 50 E, lat. 18 .13 N. Perleberg, a town of Upper Saxony, the capital of the marche of Pi''R"'"' 62 miles N W of Berlin. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 33 25 N. . ... Perm, a town of Russia, capital of the above government. It is seated at tlic conHuence of the Kama and Zego- chekha. „,.... Pernalla, a town of the Deccan, in the province of Gu^.enit, 20 miles W of Durampour. Lon. 72 5o E, Ut. ^u 35 N. Pernambuco, a province of Brasil, 200 miles long and 150 broad : bound- ed on the N by Tamara, on the E by the Atlantic, on the S by Seregijjpe, ke^r^nlpl^^n^ofHoma ^ ^^:^ ^ % ^^^''^^ J, GO miles SW of Adnauople. Lon. «j^^^^ \*J^J\,2te./of it in 1630; 2^^i.^.L':!^.tl Lttownof Natolia, SiMhe Portuguese retook it. It pro- !5 55 t-, lal. *i iu n. - „ ^ ,. Pergamo, an ancient town of Natolia, with a bishop's see ; now half ruined, and ihhabited by about 3000 Turks, and a few ianiilies of poor Christians. Herfe parchment was invented It is seated on the Germasti, 15 miles from its mouth, and 37 N of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 E, lat. 39 5 N. . Peria, a town of Irac Agemi in Per- ria, 90 miles W of Ispalian. Lon. 5i 26 E, lat. 32 10 N. . ^ i Ptriaf, a town of France, m the de- partment of Aude and late province of ianguedoc. It is celebrated for its salt-works, and is six miles S W ot Narbonne. „ ,,. . Pmapmm, a town of Hindoostan, 24 itiilus S W of Sering.ipalam. L0 N. . Permwt, a strong town of France, m the department ot Sorome and late pro- ;t!i E R Icpartment of Dordofpe ice of Perigoril, with a tlic ruins ot u temple of :i iiMiphitlieatre. It is ivei- Isle-, 50 miles S W Lon 48E, lat. 45 UN. vernmr nt of Russia, for- iice (rf' Kasan. It is divi- two provinces of Perm nburffh. town of the Deccan, in Dowlatabad, 188 miles abad. Lon. 75 50 E, lat. i)f town of Upper Saxony, the marche of Pripnicz, V of Berlin. Lou. 12 36 N. own of Rtissia, capital of )vornmcnt. It is seated at :e of the Kama and Zego- town of the Deccnn, in ; of Giizcrat, 20 miles W ur. Lon. 72 53 E, lat. 20 CO, a province of Brasil, )ng and 150 broad : bomid- N by Tamara, on the E by c, on the S by Seregippe, e W by Tapuyers. The [ime masters of it in 1630; rtuguese retook it. It pro- reat quantity of sugar and town of France, in the de- Fthe Mouths of the Rhone rovince of Provence. It is ace of the celebrated orator ishop of Nismes, and a little f Apt. a town of Russia, in the g"- f Livonia, with a castle. It ear the mouth of a river of name, 35 miles N of Riga. E, lat. 58 26 N. L Strong town of France, in ment of the Straits of Calais ovince of Artois, seated on ice, 17 miles N W of Arras. E, lat. 50 29 N. to\vn of Sweden, in the pro- y*and. It is seated on the c Baltic, 36 miles E of Hel- Lon. 25 40 E, lat. 60 30 N. a fortified town of Russia, in imcntof Riga. It is defend- castle, and is 92 miles N of in. 24 30 E, l.at. 58 ,'50 N. a strong town of France, in ment of Sorome and late pro- PER vlnce of Picardy. It is called the Vir« gin, because it has never been taken, though often besieged. In tins castle Cliai'les tlic .-liaiplu was iiiii>i Lsoiied, aiid ended bis days in uniiHer.ible nuui- iici'. Lewis XI. was ilcUined here tiirce days by the duke of Burgundy, liU he consented to sign a disadvan- tageous treaty. It is .seated on the SoDUiie, 27 Slides S W of Cambray, and 80 E by N of Paris. Lon. 3 2 £, lat. 49a5N. Ferouta, a town of Piedmont, tlie chief place of a valley of the same name. It is seated on tlic Chison, 16 miles S W of i'urin. Lon. 7 18 E, lat. 44 59 N. Perpignan, furnierly an episcopal town of France, capital of tlie ilepurtincnt of the Eastern Py renees and late province of Kuussillon, with a good citadel and a university. It is seated on the Tet, over which is a bridge, 100 miles S K uf Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 E, lat. 42 41 ^. Fertain, a town of tile kingdom of Pegu, near a river of the same name, 132 miles S W of Pegu. Lon. 94 55 E, lat. 16 45 N. JPtriepoiU, is supposed to be anciently the capital city of Persia, properly so called. It was taken by Alexander the Great, who was persuaded when in li- quor, by the courtesan I'hais, to set it on fire. Its magniticent ruins are 50 miles N £ of Schiras, and 200 S E of Ispahan. Lon. 56 20 E, lat 30 10 N. Fershore, a town in Worcestershire, with a mai'ket on Tuesday, seated on the Avon, nine miles E S Eof Worces- ter, and 102 W N \V of London. Lon. 1 U W, lat. 52 4 iN'. Pertia, a large kingdom of Asia, con- sisting of several provinces, which, at dilierent times, have had their particu- lar kings. It is bounded on the N by Georgia, the Caspian Sea, and Usbec Tartary ; on the W by Turkey and Arabia ; on the S by tlie gulfs of Persia and Ormus, and the Arabian Sea ; and on the E by Hindoostan Pi-oper. It is 1220 miles from E to W, and 900 from N to S. The chief rivers are the Ti- gris and Amuc. In the N and E parts it is mountainous and cold ; in the mid- dle and S E parts sandy and desert; in the S and W, level and extremely fer- tile, though for several months very hot. The soil is far from being luxuriant to- ward.s Tartary and the Caspian Sea, but with cultivation it might produce uljundance of corn and fruit. Soiitli of 'tluuiit Taurus, the leilility of the couii- PER try in corn, fru.is, wine, and the other luxuries of l.te, is eqiiallcil by lew coun- tries. It iiroduci'i wine iiiul oil in plen- ty, senna, riiubidl), and the liiiest of drugs. I ;.e fniits uie delicious, cs- pei.uilly their datf.i, oranjies, pi.iuichiu- nuts i melons, cueunibeis, and garden stub, nut to mention vast (piuiitilies uf excclieiit silk ; and the gull ol liu^sora formerly fui nixlii-d great puilol Eu- rope tUid Asia w:Ui \ery line pearls, in short, tiie Iniils, vegetuhles, and tjowers of Per.siu, are ol a iiio.it ej>alt- Od llavour , and li.td the natives the art of horticulture to u:, great perfeetiuii as some natit;ns in Einupe, by tiaiisj.lant- iiig, eiigi'uri.ng, and oilier meliorutioiis, they would add greatly to the natural riches of the touiitry. The bleed of liorbes in liie province of Fars is at prcsciil very indilierent, . 'dens; but tlie hu' ^es are o;ily used f jr Uie saddle. Persia contains mine? of Iron, copper, lead, and above all, turquoise stones, which are found in Ciiura^an. Sulphur, sult-petre, and antimony, are found in the mountains. Ci;iarries of red, white, and bl.ack nuirblc, iiave idso been tliscovered near Tauris. The Persians equal, if n.it exceed, all the manufactures in the world in silk, woollen, mohair, carpets, and leather. Their works in these join fancy, tffste, and elegance, to richness, iiealriej.s, and shew j and yet they arc ignorant of painting, and their drawings arc very rude. Their dying excels that ot Eu- rope. Their silver and gold la'-es, and tlii-eads, are admirable for preserving their lustre. Their embroideries and liorse fuiniture are not to be equalled ■, nor arc they ignorant of the pottery wA . V ''5 \ iIh ii r" ff^ P E R * tilnddw-gliiss mamifacUiris. On llic other liiinil, tlitir ciirpentern aie vciy hulvHcrent urtisls, wliicli is siiul to lie owiTig to the scariitv of timber rU <>vi!r Persia. Their jewellers and (rolilsmitlis arc cliiiiisy worknn i\ ; ami they are ignorant of lock-making, and the nia- nufiature of looking glasses. During almost the whole of this century, Persia has been desolated by comiictitors for the sovereignty. On the assassination of the iisurjicr Nadir Shah, in 1747, Ahmed Abdullah, one of hisEcnerals, founded the kingdom cf Cundahar, to which he annexed the provinces of KorasMi and Segcstan, in tlie E part of Persia, and those provinces of Hindoos- tan Proper, VV of the Indus, that had been ceded by the great mogul, in 1737, to Nadir Shah. Kerim Khan, another of Nadir's officers, obtained the sover- eignty of all the soulhitrn provinces. He transferred the seat of government from Ispahan to Schiias He reiused the title of Shah, or king, heini? satis- fied with that of Protector of Persia. He was beloved by his subjects, and revered by foreign powers. On his dcatlj, in 1779, new competitors for the throne sprung up, and Have almost ever since continued to spread slaughter and desolation over this unhapi)y country. 'Ihe Persians are generally Mahomet- ans, of the sect of Ali. Ispahan is tlie capital. _ _ Fcnia, Gulf of, a gulf between Per- siaand Arabia Felix. The entrance uear Ormus is not above 30 mdes over . but within it is 180 in breadth, and the length from Ormus to the mouth of tlie Euphrates is 420 ""'es. Perth, a royal borough m Scotland, and the county town of Perthshire, is a pimilous and flourishing place, con- tainii.K' about;12,000 inhabitants, plea- santly situated on the river Tay, which is navigable thus far for pretty large vessels. The town is buiit upon a regu- lar plan, and the houses, in general in the modern stvle. There is an elegsmt stone bridge of nine aichcs over the Tay at the E end of the town. Here is a linen and cotton manufacture, and several extensive bleachfields ; and the salmon fishei^ is carried on to a great extent, immense quantities being sent to the London market. Perth is oO miles N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 27 W, lat.56 22N. Perthshire, a large, plentiful and rich county of Scotland, bounded on the E PER by Forfarshire and Fifeshire ; on the S hv Ciackmaiiiiaiisliire, Stirlingsliire witii the river Firtii of Forth ; on the W ami S W bv Argylcshire and Dum- bartonshire i and on the N by Inver- ncsshire and Aberdeenshire. It is a- hove 60 miles long from N to S, and above 50 broad from E to W. It c(m- tains Perth proper, part of Gowrie, Strathernc, Montcilli, Breadalbanc, m\A Athol. It is fruitful both in corn and pasture, and its principal rivers are the Tay, which is the largest in Scotland j the Keitli, famous for its salmon fish- cry, and has a cataract, the noise of which is extremely loud i the Allan, and the Erne, which falls into the Tay. In Stratlierne are found various miner- als and metals, particularly copper, lapis calaminaris, and lead. It has a great number of lochs, that produce great variety of excellent fish. Perth Amboy, a seaport of the United States, in New Jersey, seated on a neck of land, between tlie river Rari- tan and Arthur Kull Sound ; its situa- tion is high and healthy. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and is one of the best harbours on the continent. It is 25 miles S W of New York. Lon. 75 W, lat. 40 35 N. . , , Perthes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne, six miles S S W of Mclun. Perthes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Marne, six miles N W of St. Dizier. Pertigi, a town of the island of Sar. dinia, li) miles S E of Castel Aragonesc. Pertuis, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, 10 miles N of Aix, and 27 of Marseilles. Lon. 5 36 E, lat. 43 44 N. Peru, formerly a powerful empire, whose monarchs were called Incas, or Ingas, i. e. emperors or kings, at pre- sent a province of Spain in South Ame- rica. It lies between lat. 1 30 N. and 25 10 S, being nearly 2000 miles lon;? from N to S, and 350 'in breadth. It is bounded on the N by Popayan, a part of Terra Firina ; on the E by the An- des or Cordillera mountains, which di- vide it from the country of the Ama- zons and Piu-aguay ; on the S by Cliiii and La Plata; and on the W l)y the South Sea, or P.icific Ocean. Its capi- tal at present is Lima, formerly Cusco. The land next the sea is mostly barren, some valleys excepted, into which the E R PER PER niul Fifcsliire ; on tlie liHiinuiisliire, Stirlingshire |r I'irtii of Forth ; on the )_v Arffjlcshire and Dura- and on the N by Inver- Aberdeenshire. It is a- » lonjj- from N to S, and id from E to W. It con- proper, ])urt of Gowrie, Ontcitli, Breadalbanc, and fruitful both in corn and its principal rivers are the H the liU'gest in Scotland ; famous for its salmon fish- s a cutarart, the noise of treniely loud ; the Allan, :, which falls into the Tay. e are found various miner- tals, particularly copper, laris, and lead. It has a r of lochs, that produce of excellent fish. 'wy, a seaport of the United New Jersey, seated on a between the river Rari- hur Kull Sound ; its situa- and healthy. It lies open lok, and is one of the best 1 the continent. It is 25 of New York. Lon. 75 J5N. I town of France, in the de- Scine and Mai-ne, six miles Kiclun. . town of France, in the dc- ' Upper Marne, six miles N izier. town of the island of Ser- ies S £ of Castel Aragtinese. , town of France, in the de- 'the Mouths of the Rhone ivince of Provence, 10 miles md 27 of Marseilles. Lon. 43 44 N. nerly a powerful empire, irchs were culled Incas, or emperors or king's, at pre- ncc of Spain in South Ame- s between tat. I 30 N, and eing' nearly 2000 miles lonjy I, and 350 in breadth. It is 1 the N by Popayan, a part irma ; on the E by the An- lillera mountains, wliich di- m the country of the Ania- ';iraguay i on the S by Cliiii ala ; and on the W by the ar P.icific Ocean. Its capi- at is Lima, formerly Cusco. xt the sea is mostly barren, J excepted, into which the streams from the hills turn. Between the hills are very extensive valleys, yielding all manner of grain and fruit, and tlic weather temperate. The An- des are covered with snow the greatest part of the year, and consequently cold. The tea bordering on Peru is called the South Sea, but more properly the Pacific Ocean, the weather on this coast, from lut. 4 to 3.5 S being gene- rally serene. No rain falls in this tract unless within four or five degrees of tlie Equator, where tliey have it con- stantly when the sun is vertical, as is the case within this distance all over the globe. On the Cordilleras or high mountains, it rains or snows two thirds of the year. The vintage here is in the fair season, and vines thrive best in the valleys near the sea, where little or no rain falls, and which arc watered by the rividets coming down from the hills, collected and turned into the fields and gardens ; where they have this opportunity, they have ripe grapes when they please, and they make ex- cellent wines, which cannot be done in any other coimtry between the tropics. The fiercest beasts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaquar, inaccurately called lions and tigers by the Europeans, but possessing neither the undaunted courage of the former, nor the raven- ous cruelty of the latter; they are hardly formidable to man, and often turn their backs upon the least resist- ance A quadruped called tlie lama, peculiar to this coimtry, was tamed to domestic purposes by the ancient Pe- ruvians. In form it bears some resem- blance to a deer, and some to a camel, and is of a size somewh.it larger than a sheep. Its wool furnished the Peru- vians with clothing, its flesh with food. It was even employed as a beast of biinlen, and carried a moderate load with much patience and docility ; but it was never used for draught. Among tlie birds, the most remarkable is the condor, wliich is entitled to pre-emi- nence over tlic flying tribe, in bulk, strength and courag«. The river Guy- aquil abounds with alligators, and the nciglibourinjj' country swarms almost as mucli with sMukes and vipers as that round Porto BcUo does with toads. Besides tlieir fruit-trees, which have been transplanted hither from Eurojje, Ihey have those of the Caribbce islands, asan.inas.guayav.is, plantains, bananas, melons, and vkater melons ; besides others peculiar to Peru. 'I'lic tree most valued is tliat wliich furniKlicn them with(iuinquinu,(ir Peruvian burk, of the size of a cherry-tree, principalis growing in the province of (^lito, about S S of the Equator ; it bears a long reddish flower, which turns to a |)od, but the fruit is not of eipial virtU'-. with the bark. Near the Equator grow cedars, cotton-trees, cocoas, suh'mp canes, palms, and a great deal of good timber! but very few forest tree;* in other parts of Peru. But what the Spaniards value this country most fori* the vast treasure of gold and silver they have drawn from thence for up- wards of 200 years, the mountain of Potosi alone, in 22 S lat. having yield- ed two thousand millions of pieces of eight the first 40 years the mines were wrought. When the Spaniards landed in this country in 1530, they found it governed by sovereigns called Incas, who were revered by their subjects as divinities ; and the inhabitants were found to be much more polished tiian the natives of other parts of America, those of Mexico excepted. These were soon subdued by a few Spaniards, under the command of Francis Pizai-ro. Peru is inhabited by the Spaniards, the native Americans, and a mixture arising from both, called Mestics. The native Americans, who live among the forests, form, as it were, so many small repub- lics, which are directed by a Spanish priest, and by their governor, assisted by the original natives, who serve as officers. They go naked, and paint, their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. The same man is of all trades, for he builds his own hut, ccmstructs his own canoe, and weaves his own cloth ; but if a large house is to be built for common use, every one lends a helping hand. The natives who live ut Qiiito seem to be of a different tem- per ; for they are extremely idle, and so stupid, that they will sit whole days together upon their heels, witiiout stirring or speaking. Their garment is a sort of suck, with holes to put tlieir arms through ; and this is given them by their masters as part of their wages. The Mestics, though illegitimate, have all the privileges of a Spaniiud, and arc the persons who carry on all trades; for the Spaniards think it beneath them to meddle with any thing of this sort : tliey behave in a more tyrannical man- ner ovcrtlio real Americans, than even PES 5 tlie Spaiiliirds tlii-mMi-lven, insomurli that tlic- jrovurnor is oblige'' I" i'c|>rt9S thelf iiHoleiict. P>-iu U miw dividcil into tlir«e jfrcat aiiilicuci's, wliich are Qiiito, Liiiii>, or LoH Kcycs, ami L(.» Chu.-ros ; tlie whole iimlLT tlic jjovei'ii- nifiiiolu viceroy, whose autiior.ty once extemltil over nil South Ainericu pos- schsed hv tlie SpanianU : but as some of the c- ntries in tiiis vast junndiction are ubovi 'JOUO miles distant from the supreme St.. t of justice ut Lima, tiie inhabitants were subject to the Breat- est inconvenieiK-es ; to remedy which two new viceroyalties have been esta- blished. The first is fixed ut St. Fe de Bo^■■ota, the capital of the new king- dom of Granada, and extends over the whole of Terra Firma, and the audi- ence of Qiiito. In the jurisdiction ol the second, established in 1776, are the provinces of Plata, Buenos Ay res, Paraguay, Tucuman, Potosi, St. Cru/ de la Sierra, and the towns of Men- doza and St. Juan. Lima is tlie capi- tal. See Andes. Peru, a post town in Clinton county, New York, on the W side of lake Champlain, 41 miles S of the line that divides this State from Lowei* Canada, nearly opposite to Burlington, on the E side of the lake. Perugia, an anciont and populous city of Italy, capital of Perugino, with a .strong citadel, auniveisity, and a bi- shop's see. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handsome. It is seated on a hill, 75 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 43 6N. . , . , Ptrugia, a lake of Italy, of a circular form, almost five miles in diameter with three islands in the middle of it. It is eight miles from the city of that name, in the province of Perugino. Perugino, a province of Italy in the Ecclesiastical State, bounded on the W by Tuscany, on tlie S by Orvietano, on the W by' the dntchies of Spolcto and Urbino, and on the N by the county of Citta Castellana. It is 25 miles in lcTi"-t!i, and near as much in breadth. The air is pure, and the soil fertile" m corn and good wine. The capital is Pelaro, ntown of Italy, mthedutcliy of Urbino, with a bishop's see. It is a large place, aiul the streets are paved ^vith bricks. The castle is well forlih- In Houtoct Oil uii caiiiicncc, ul loftlie Fo({liu, on llic ifulf of niilf* K N t of Uibiiio, ami Inic. Loll. 13 2 E, l«t. 4J a Ktronff town of Naples, in ;itenori-. It 18 ueuttil at tJif ivcr of llic Hiiiiiu iiaiiie, on Venice, eiKlit inilca li by S i-Pcnna, and 100 N K of Na- |13 2 E, lat. 42 27 N. a town of liuly, in tlie Vo- 1 a ca»tU-, and'a utroinj fort. ken by the I'nencL in July liiive been ujnce exfjclled by It IS seated on the Mincio, cceds from tlie Garda, 16 f Verona. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. n episcopal town of Tuscany, ;lie excellent oil it produces. les S W of Pistoia. Lon. 11 43 47 N. ail ancient town of Fr ince, )aitment of Herault and late f Lanifuedoc. It is deliglit. d on the river Pein, 12 miles zicrs. Lon. 3 34 £, lat. 43 town of Upper Hunyfary, ca- county of the same name, the Danube, opposite Biida, > E of Presburif. Lon. 18 25 24N._ lin ancient town of Germany, nhy of Stiria, seated on the 10 miles S of Vienna. Lon. at. 46 40 N. , Tclieti, or Li-pa-fm, the prin- nceof China, bounded on the reat Wall and part of Tartary, )y the Yellow Sea, on the S long and Hoiian, and on the c mountains of Chan-si. It ine cities of the first class, .e several others under their 1. The temperature of the province does not seem to a- ts latitude; foralthoup^ji Pe- :nd.s no further than the 42d. yetallitsrivfM'sare so much iiig four months in tlie year, 0113 with tiic heaviest loads pass them. Tlie soil is sandy, •es very little ric;c ; but it ;itli all other kind of grain, the jji-ciiter part of the fruit ivu iu Eiu-ope. Pekin is the PET Peter anii Paul, St. or Petropttv.us to each o- ther ; yet still bears a resemblance to the towns of tliis coimtry, and is built in a very straggling manner. It was in 1783 inclosed within a rampart, the circum- ' ference of which is 14 miles. The in- habitants .^rc computed to be 130,000. Petersbiii'gh, from its \nvf and marshy situation, is subject to inundations, which have occasionally risen so high as to threaten the town with a total submersion. These floods are chiefly occasioned by a west or south west wind, which, blowing directly from the gulf, obstructs the current of the Ne- va, and causes a vast accumulation of its waters. The opposite divisions of Petersburgh, situate on each side of , the Neva, are connected by a bridge ' on pontoons, which, on account of the \ large masses of ice driven down the stream from the lake Ladoga, is usual- ly removed when they first make their appearance ; and, for a few days, till the river is frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no communication between the opposite parts of the town. Among the noblest ornaments of Pe- tersburgh is an equestrian statue of Pe- ter the- Great, in bronze, of a colossal size ; the pedestal of which is a huge rock, brought to the spot by the em- press at an immense experce : by this contrivance the great legislator and ci- vilizer of his countiy appears in tne at- titude of ascending a precipice, the summit of which he has nearly attain- ed. It was erected wee river passes by this town. The inhabitants were 1794 at last censns. Petermaradin, a town of Sclavonia, one of the strongest frontier places the house of Austria has against the Turks, over whom, in 1716, pri..ce Eugene here gained a g^eat victory. It is seat- ed on the Danube, between tlie Save and Drnve, 35 miles N W of Jelgrade. Lon, 20 30 E, lat. 45 26 N. Petherton, a town in {Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Parret, 18 miles S by W of Wells and 133 W by S of London. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 50 56 N. Petigliano, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, eight miles W of Castro, and 45 S E of Sienna. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. 42 23 N. Petit Guave, a seaport of the West Indies in St. Domingo, seated on a bay at the W end of tl\e island. It is 200 miles E of Jamaica. Lon. 72 52 W, !at. 28 27 N. Petoune, a city of Eastern Chinese Tartary, in the department of Kirin. It has scarcely any inhabitants but Tar- tar soldiers, and Chinese condemned to banishment. It is seated on the Songari, 112 miles V by E of Kirin, and 500 N E of Peki . Lon. 124 55 E, lat. 453 N. Pctrikav), a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles S W of Warsaw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N. Petrina, a strong town of Austrian Croatia, seated on the Pclrina, 27 miles E of Cai-Utadt. Lon. 16 E, lat. 460 N. PET E by N of Stockholm, 750 N eiiliagcn, and lUOO N N K of Lon. 30 19 E, lat. 59 56 N. 'orf, a town of Pi-iis»iH, in the of Saml.ind, 24 miles E of eld, a borough in Hampsliire, urket on Saturday. It is gov- e mayor, sends two members .ment, and is seated on the 18 miles N E of Portsmouth, W of London. Lon. 58 W, N. agen, a town of Germany, in ci|julity of Mindeii, seated on ler, three miles from Minden, W of Hanover. Lon. 9 6 E, 5N. hatn, a post town in VVorces- ity, Masachusetts, 25 miles N oreester, and 66 W of Boston : 1 of Chickapee river passes by n. The inhabitants were 1794 ensus. uaradin, a town of Sclavonia, le sti-ongest frontier places the Austria has against the Turks, )om, in 1716, pri..ce Eugene lied a gfreat victory. It is seat- lie Danube, between tlie Save ve, 35 miles N W of Jelgrade. I 30 E, lat. 45 26 N. •ton, a town in (Somersetshire, market on Tuesday, seated on ret, 18 miles S bv W of Wellg ; W by S of London. Lon. 2 It. 50 56 N. !iano, a town of Tuscany, in the e, eight miles \\' of Castro, and of Sienna. Lon. 11 42 E, lat. r. Guavt, % seaport of the West in Sc. Domingo, seated on a he W end of the island. It is les £ of Jamaica. Lon. 72 52 28 27 N. nc, a city of Eastern Chinese , in the department of Kirin. carcely any inhabitants but Tar- iiers, and Chinese condemned shment. It is seated on the , 112 miles V by E of Kirin, N E of Peki . Lon. 124 55 E, N. •av), a town of Great Poland, alatinate of Siradia, 80 miles S Warsaw. Lon. 19 46E, lat. 51 .a, a strong town of Austrian , seated on the Pctrina, 27 miles ■Ittadt. Lon. 16 E, lat. 460 N. P H A PettoK, a town of Germany, in the diitciiy of Stiria. It bcloiiffs to the bi- sho;i of Salt/.l)iivg, and is scitcd on tlie Urave, 28 miles S by E of Gratz. Lon. 15 37 E, li.t. 4C> 46 N. VettupuUy^ a seaport of Vliiidoostan, on the coast of Coroniamlcl, wlicru the Uutcli haie a factory. Lon. 80 46 E, hit. 15 49 N. Pettycur, a harbour in FiO-sliire, one mile from Kiiighorn, in th.' Frith of F'irth. It is tilt usiiiil laniliiig-piiice of piissenfccrs fniiii I.eitli, o:i the oj)- jjosite shoi'c. A b:isin h;is l;itel_\ ht-en coiistructeil here, under the direction ofiin eiijfineer. PftKorth, a town in Sussex, with a marlvet on .Sai'irihiy, seatid near the Anin, 12 niilis N E of Cliichester, and 49 S VV of London. Lon. 34 VV, Lit. 50 58 N. Pevfiisey, a village in Sussex, situate on a small river whicli runs into a bay of tlie Blnglish Channel, called Pevensey Harbour, 14 miles \V S W of Hastings. Pf'jifcnhoffm, a town of Germany in Upper Havuria, with a Benedictine monastery at a small distance. It is seated on the Ilm, 19 miles N W of Ratisbon. Lon. 12 3 E, lat. 49 27 N. Pfiilgel, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, with a convent, formerly a palace of the kings of tlie Franks. It is tlu'ee miles N E of Trc.es. Pfiit, or Forctte, a town of France, in the departmont ( strait of Caffa. Pharos, a. small island in the I "di.* terranean Sea, opposite Alexa"i:t. in Egypt, the space between whici. snd the continent forms an cxte isive PHI luirbour. It has a commimication witJi the continent by a stone causeway and bridge. It formerly had an exceed- ingly high tower upon it, calleriiial plan prescribed by the ))roprietor WlUiani Peini, and contain- ed ten streets in breadth, with 23 in lenj.;th , which intersecting at right angles formed 184 scpiarcs of various dimensions. However tliere have been considerable deviations from the original plan : the stpiares have been divided and subdivided, and the strc cts, cotU'ts and alleys have been vastly mul- tij)lied. The built parts of Soutlnvark and the Northern Liberties have in- creiused rapidly within the last thirty years. In the year 1800 the cnumcra- ' tion of the citv and |)reclncts amounted to 70,000 inhabitants and ah Ait 12,000 hotises ; and in one year since there have been 543 new buildings, jn-inci- pally of bricks, added to the existing stock. The private houses exhibit an appearance of neatitess, uniformity and cnmmodioiisness : the public edi- fices are numerous, and some of them constructed in great elegance of style, Z i i '*;'iri'i Yi fii . P H I P H I BtrtlCTtarly the banks of Pennsylyan.a, L<1 the United Sutos , tl.e Stutt-lumse witl. tlie two l.alls erected at the ciuU of the Eand W winxs o« llie same, and lining t..getl.er the .tvont '.t a sq.are, the Prison; C.ty L.l.rar , Hospitul, and Alms House. Nor do the religioUB edificfs, which are .8 in number, field in ai>pr:.pr"ate beauty and Krandcur. As Phdadelpina .s the onlvport of entry in the state, all ex- port* and imports pass throut^ii it : m J795 the exports amounted to 11.518,260 Dols. and the imports can- rot be much less than nine m.'.l.ons, communibus annis. There are four bulks of discount and deposit, with fiv." comr ■ ;rcial ai.d two lire insurance comranies. The land stages that set out from tlie city, one halt of them at least daily (Sunday excepted) a- mount to forty-tive. ami the w-ater staffes or packets to thirteen. This cltvw.is founded in 1682, andincorpor- at Jd ir. irol . 1 Ik' charter being abro- Rated at the revolution, it i-emaincd un- der a provincial government till UHVi vrlicn it was incorporated a second governed by a Mayor, •vo Councils, toge- i\ Aldermen The .c.t 1 by the people, i,v v.it c. nciU, annual- ly the Hecortk and Aldermen are ipiiointcd by the governor and hold their olhces during good behaviour Philadelphia lies in lat. 39° 56 N, and Ion 75° B' W. ai7 miles S U of Bos- ton, 95 S W of New York, 103 N E ot Baltimore, and 144 N E of Washington. Philippi, an ancient town ot Mace- donia, enlarged by Philip, father ol < Alexander the Great, who gave it his own name. It was near tins place, commonly called the plains of Plulippi, where Cassius and Brutus, two ot the .ssassinutors of Cesar, were defeated by Augustus and Mark Antony, in 42 B C It is an archbishop's see, but Knatly deoaved. An amphitheatre, and several other monuments ol Us .^n- cie It grandeur remain. It is 67 mdes E of Salonichi. L, and Aliyo. :ry hot and moist, and the rice and many other useful |ul fruits. The trees are al- and there are ripe fruits There are a great n^any ind birds quite unknown '1 lie inhabitants are not all ml. l.on. 117 13 to 120 50 to 18 \5 N. At"a', otherwise called Carniinas, ish>iuls in the ic Oce^n, to the E of the iirn ot the Pliilippinc WYC are about 32 in all, equator and the Ladrones ; re very little known to the an archiepiscopal to^\'n of ;hiefiy inhabited by Greeks, on the Mari/a, 82 miles N anople, and 188 of Constan- on. 24 50 E, lat. 42 15 N. Fort St. a strong citadel of whieh defends the harbour 'ahon. It was taken by the ir08, and in 1756 by the lo restored it in 1763. The retook it in the last war. "lat. 39 50 N. 'Norton, a town in Somerset. a market on Thur.sda\', se- S of Bath, and 104 \V of Lon. 2 16W, lat. 52 16 N. rg, a town of Germany, in )1 Upper Rhine. It is very 1 considered as one of the if the empire. The town be- he bishop of Spire, hut the )s to the empire It has been es taken and retaken, parti> the French in 1734, when f Derwick was killed at the it was restored the jear by the treaty of Vienna. It in the Khine, seven miles S uid 40 N E of Strasburg. I, lat. 49 12 N. it, a town of Sweden, in 1, seated in a hilly and rocky ounding in iron mines, be- takes, and watered by a ri- vas built by Charles IX. and hia son Philip. In 1775, it P I c was destroyed b}- fire, hut lias Veen .since rebuilt. It contains no more thiiii ilian 60 wooden houses, and a chuicii .ind h.)':]!'t.4l built of stone iilai.stcred. It is 20 nicies N E of Caihtudt, ami 140 N W of Stockholm. Lon. 14 lo E, hit. 5'j 30 N. I'liili/:sr(iv:)i, a borougli of Irehmd, cir.'ital of Kiui^'scouiitv , 40 miles \V of d! hiin. Lon! 7 3 W, lat. 53 18 N. PhuipTiiile, a strong l-iwn of France, in llie department of the North and late province of Ilainaiilt, seated on i.n onilncnce, 25 miles S E of Mons, and 125 N bv E of Paris. Lon. 4 24 E, lat. 50 7 N. /•/i/V//) hl.tmls, two islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by cap'ain Kvniter in 1791, and named af- ter Arthur Philip, esq governor of New South Wales. Tliey are covered with shrubs, have few tall trees on them, and the land is low. Lon. of the eastern island 140 3 E, lat. 8 6 S. Pianeza, a town and castle of Pied- mont, seated on the Dora, eight miles fi'om 7,'iu'in. Ptanoza, an island of Italy, off the coast of Tuscany, six miles S of that of Elba. It is level and low as tlie name imports. Lon. 10 34 E, lat. 42 46 N. Piava, A river, which rises in the mountains of Tirol, and falls into the gulf of Venice, by two tnoutiis, a little N of Venice. Picardy, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Hainault, Artois, and the straits of Dover ; on the E by Champagne ; on the S by the isle of France : and on the W by Normandy and the English Channel. It now forms the department of Somme. Picighitnne, a town of Italy, in the dutcliy of Milan, with a castle, in which Francis I. of France was imprisoned. It was taken by the French in 1733 and in 1796. It i^ seated on the Serio, 10 miles N W of Cremona, and 36 S E of of Milan. Lon, 10 4 E, lat. 45 16 N. Picieiiiig, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, %vith a market on Monday. It has an old castle, in the ruins of which they keep their courts for the hcaringof all causes under 40 shillings, in the district called the Honour or Li- bertv of Pickering. It is 26 miles N E of York, and 223 N by W of Lon- don. Lon. 38 VV, lat. 54 15 N. Pico, the largest and most populous of the Axores, or Western Islands, so P I E called from a lofty mountain on it, thif inouiitaiii is lilltd with dismal dail: ca- verns or vclraiuics, which flequeiilly VDitiit out names, smoke ai.d ashes to a jViea: dist.ince. It pr;iduifcs a great deal of wine. Lon. 23 21 W, lat. 38 29 N. Ficm' Willi, a famous harrier againsf tlie Picts, ot wliiclisoinc small remains are left. It began at the entrance of Solway Fritli, in Cumberland, and running by Carlisle, was continued from W to E, across the island to New- castle, and ciuled at Tlnmouth. Pie-iiiont, a (irincipality of Italy, 175 niiies luiig and 40 broad ; bounded on the N by Valhiis, on the E by the dutcliies of Milan and Montferrat, on the S by the county of Nice and the territory of Genoa, and on the VV by France and Savoy. It was formerly a jjart of Lombardy, but now belongs to the king of Sarrlinia, and lies at the foot of the Alps It contains many high mountains, among which are rich and fruitful vallies, as populous as any par( of Italy. In the mountains are mines of several kinds, and the forests aHbriKn- nines, and near the river Stella, 20 miles N \V of Fhirencc, ai.d 30 N E of Pisa. LoM. 11 '29 E, lat. 43 35 N. Pitciiitly U'v!U, !ion".(i renarkable sa- line si)rli,gi n(;u' Pevlli, in Seot- l.ind, doenied beneficial in scor!)utic cases. P':tlwa, a seaport n a small island, it llir mouth ••f !'>>; i'iihea, in the giiJf P L A of Bothnia. It is jcined to the contj.. iient by a wooden bridge, and is 80 miles S W of Tornea. Lon. 22 40 K, lat. 65 11 N. I'hie.'.ixaw, a seaport in F'lfe.shlre, at the entrance of the fritli of l'\irlh, 2.) miles N' K of Edinburg. Lon. 2 49 VV.Iat. 56 12 N. Pittsburg, the capital of Allegheny county, Penns}l\aniii J seated on a jjoint of land formed by the confluence, of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. Op« pobitc the t^'wn the Oiiio is a quarter of a mile wide, and in dry seasons is navigable only by small craft for a con- siderable dislaiue, above and below ; in freshes, it will carry vessels of 2 orj 300 tons I topsail vessels wero built and launched at Pittsburg last year. About 70 miles bt low, the stream id wider as well as deeper. In 1800 the inhabitants were estimated at 1565. The town is laid out in regular squares, many of the houses being built wiili bricks, and pi'ogresses in wealth and population. The distance from Pittsbursj to the jiuiction of the Ohio, witli the Mississijjpi is 1188 miles, and to New Orleans, through the various windings of both rivers .about 2000 miles ; to Carlisle 180; to Pliiladelphia 296 ; and Washington 252. It lies in the lat. of 40° 31' N, and lon. of 80° 12' W. PittsfeLl, a post town in Herkshiro county, Massachusetis, 29 miles W by N of Norliiampton, on the Connecticut river, and ?i^ S of Bennington in Ver- mont, containing 2261 inhabitants. I'ittJtoH, a town in Kennebec countv, Maine; situated on the E side of Ken- nebec river, 13 miles N of VV'iscassct, and opposite to Gardiu'r, with 1408 inhabitants, and a jjost uilice. Pittstoii, a post town in Hunterdon ciy.inty, Xew Jersey, nine miles N YV of Fleniington, and 36 from Trenton in the same direction. Ptiinti.ii, a po:.t town in Luzerne coioity, Pcnnsjlvinia, lyinsjat the junc- tion of Lackawannock with the E branch of S'.isqueliannah river, nine mUes N E of Wilkcsbarre aiul eight Hi. .)f .Virthumberla.id. I-izz acres, and is bouml- ed by a rampart and dildi, over which is a brick bridge. Pk witl mile lat. aps cast hill Wa 1 cle Ho P L E PLY P O mounded by innccessihle I about five miles long and rich and populous town of Ital of the audience of Los rith an archbishop's see. It ^1 the Chimao, 500 miles S Lon. 63 40 W, lat. 19 K Rio-de-la-Plata, a large rir- erica, fcrmed by the union ec great .'ivers Paraguay, nd Pavana. It crosses Pari. enters the Atlantic Ocean, S. It is 150 miles broad at ; at Mont Vidto, a fort, miles up the river, the lanci ; discerned on cither shore, isel is in the middle of the md at Buenos Ayres, 200 er, tiie opposite shore is not erned from that town. Rio tie la, a province of S in Paraguay, on tlie S W of the same name. It is sub- )ain, and at Buenos Ayres, il, a new viceroyalty wa* d in ir76 See Peru. rg, a post town in Clinton Jew Yorki situated on the if Lake Champlain, J16 miles u, and 36of Willsborough, : same lake. , a town of Germany, in the lower Saxony, in the dutcliy lenburg, seated on a small ch falls into tlie Elbe, near a le same name, 17 miles S of Lon. 12 13 E, lat. 53 40 N. , a handsome town of Germa- ; circle of Upper Saxony, in 1, seated on the Elster, 67 V of Dresden. Lon. 12 17 E, N. f, a town of Germany, in Ca- ;atcd on the river Feistez, at >f a mountain, 25 miles £ by enfurt. See Pstof. , a village in Esses, seven )y W of Ciielmsford. It was of the lord liigh cotistable of from the earliest times of that ;he year 1400. On l!ie site of E is now a brick farm-house ; are the remains uf an ancient ii\i, consist ing of a mount of aii I, surrounded by an area that ibouttwo acres, and is boinul- anipart and ditcli, over which bridge. Pkiiae, a town of Bohemia, in Silesia, with a castle, seated on the Vistula, 3(5 miles E of Troppaw. Lon. 18 36 £, lat. 50 N. Ploctsko, a town of Poland, capital of a palatinate of tiie same name, with a castle and a bishop's see, seated on a hill near the Vistula, 65 miles VV of Warsaw. Lon. 19 29 E, lat. 52 46 N. Plocn, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, and dutchy of Hulstein, capital of a principality of the same name. It is seated on the N side of a lake, 22 miles N VV of Lubec. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 54 11 N. Ploennel, a small town of France, in the department of Morbihan and late province of Bretagnc, 27 miles N E of Vannes. Pludentz, a town of Germany, in the Auiitrian dominions, capital of a coun- ty of the same nunie. It is seated in a pleasant plain, on the river III, 65 miles VV of Inspruc. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 47 ION. Plunutead, a village in Bucks county, Pennsylvania ; where there is a post office, 7 miles N of Doyle's town, 32 of Philadelphia, and 178 of ffashington. P.'uviert, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire, and late province of Beauce, 20 miles N of Oilcans. Lon. 2 E, lat. 48 14 N. Plymouth, a seaport in Devonshire, with a market on Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. It is seated between the mouths of the Plym and Tamar j and next to Portsmoiitli, is the most considerable harbour in England for men of war. There are, jiroperly speak- ing, three harbours, called Cutwater, Satton Pool, and Hamouze. The first is the mouth of the Plym, and affords a safe and commodious harbour for mer- cliant ships, but is seldom entered b\ sliips of war. The second is fre.quented by merchant ships only, is almost sur- rounded by the houses of the town, and has lately been further secured by an extensive pier. The third is near the mouth of tlie Tamar, and is the harbour fiir tlie reception of the British navy, being fitted with moorincs for about 100 sail, and having good aiicborai^c tor a much greater number. Adjoining til it, are docks, arsenals, and other ronvcnieuces for the building and fit- ting out of siiips of war. These liar- liours are defended by a fort (m St. Ni- cholas' Island, end by a citadel nearh opposite to that Island, upon r hill which overlooks the town. Plymouth contains two parisli churches, sends two members to parliament, and is go- verned by a mayor. It is well supplied with fresh wuter, first brought litre, from a place seven miles oil', by the fa- mous Sir Francis Drake, who was a na- tive of this town. It carries on a con- siderablc foreign and domestic trade, and is 43 miles S W of Exeter, and 216 W by S of London. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 50 22 N. Pl/nwuth, the capital of Plymouth county, Massachusetts ; 42 miles S by E of Boston, and 23 N W of Barnsta- ble, in lat. 41° 58' N, and long. 70° 30' VV. This is a post town, and port of enti'y, and was the first town planted by English emigrants in New England; as such it is respected by the present inhabitants, the rock on which their fathers landed, having been removed to the centre of the town. Plymouth, a, post town in Grafton county, Newhampshire ; 33 miles S E of Haverhill, and 79 N VV of Ports- mouth. Plynwuth, a post town in Washing- ton countyf North Curolina j situate on the S side of Koanoke river, near Al- bemarle sound, 18 miles S of Edenton- Plyvwuth Dock, a populous town, ad- joining to the harbour of Haymouz, in Devonshire, with a chapel in the dock- yard, and a church about a qiiai'tcr of a mile from the town. Plyvipton, a boroui Devonshire, with a market .on b..Lurday. It had formerly a custle, now in ruins, and is .seated on the Plynn, seven miles E of Plymouth, and 218 VV by S of London. Lon 4 VV, lat. 50 22 N. Plynlitnmon HilU, a vast and lofty mountain of Wales, partly in Montgo- meryshire, and partly in Cardiganshire, i'he Severn, the Wye, and other rivers, have their source in this moimtain. Po, a celebrated river of Italy, which has its source at mount Viso in Pied- mont. It runs through Montferrat, the Milanese, and the Mantuan ; thence on the borders of the Parmesan, And a part of the Modenese ; and having en- tered the Ferrarcsc,' it divides at Fi- I'heriilolo, and flows into the gulf of Venice by four principal mouths. In its course it receives several rivers, and often overflows ita banks, as most of '.hose rivers descend from the Alps, >nd are increased by the meltingof the snow. P O I Po, a river of Cliinii, in the province of Kiiin^^-si, wlii -li cn\|.tit's itself nUo tlio lulic Piiyii\' W of Londcjn. l/m. 40 W, lat. 5.5 50 N. roufhstcin, a town of Germsmy, in Franeir.iia, in tlie bishoprie urUamlM i-f;-, Mated anioMi;- ii)resls, m-ar liie mmiee of the I'utliich, jO miies S E (.1 r,ainl)erj?. JWriliu, a province in tlie S E part ol I'.iland, wrested from Dial coimtr^bv llie late empress of Uiissla, in IT'Jo. Tlic Dniester s( jiarates it from Molda- via on the S W, and the Hi>K crosses it from W to E. It is divided into the Upper and Lower. Kaminieek is the capital of the iormer, and Uraeklaw of the latter. FcgsUwJizi, a town of Tnseany, fa- mous "for its excellent tobacco. It had a citadel, now in rwins j and is se.itcd near the Elsa, 16 miles S of Florence. Poggio, a town of 'I'nscany, near Flo- renee, famous for a handsome palace of the j^reat duke. Poiriiio, or Po-ceriim, a town of Pied- mont, 15 miles S E of Turin. Potssv, an ancient town of Fr.incc, in the Isle of France ; seated near the fo- rest o*" St Germain, 15 miles N W of Paris. I.on. 2 12 E, lat.'4K 56 N. Poitiers, a town of France, capital of the department of Vienne and late |)ri)- vince of Poitou, with a blshoj/s see. Its population is not in projiortion to its extent; for it includes a number of jyar- N. J'd.'iiclita, a i)alatin.ite of Poland, 88 miles Inuj.'- and 30 broad ; bounded ou the N bv Prussia and Lilhuaiiia, on the E bv I.'ithuani ., .k is the ca^iilal. Pohvui, a large country ot Europe, bomuledonthe VV by the Baltic, Bran, denburg, and Silesia ; on the S by Hun- J. ,irv and Moldavia ; on the N bj Prus- sia," Courland, Livonia, and Russia; aud on the E bv Russia and the tern- tones wrested fiy that power from the Turks. It is divided into three large parts, Great Polanil, Little Poland, anil Lithuania ; each of which is sub- divided into palatinates, or provinces^ The government was monarchical and nristocratical ; all the acts of state be- ing in the name of the king and rcjJiih- Vc of Poland. The king was the only electi^e sovereign in Europe; being chosen bv a general diet summoned by the arcirbishop of Gncsna, as chief ot the rei)ubiie during the interregnum. 1 his circumstance proved the source of grciit calamities; for, on the demise of everv sovereign, the country was generally involved in a war, between contending factions, respectively sup- ported bv foreign powers. In ^772' a partition' of this country, projected by the king of Prussia, was cfiected by that monarch, in eonjunetiim with the eminessof Russia and the emperor ot Gel numv. Bv this partition, one tluru of the counti-v was wrested from the republic, the diet being compelled by a foreign force, to make and to ratify tins important cession. The part allotted to Russia comprises Polish Livonia, that i-art of the palatinate of Polotsk which liest■ mer.'inia, bounded on the S by the river Net/e or Nottee, w.ln tlie whole ot Pohsh or Wcsli-ni Pru.ssia, the cities of Oantzic and I'liorn c.-ccep;ed. (if these dismembered cooniries the Rus- sian part is the larjjest, the Austrian the most pop ilous, and the Prussian the nioit comuitTcial. Tlie popithilion of the whole amounts to near j,(WO,0;W ofs.)uii; Ihell.vaC'.iitainiMtf l,l)i)0,0(W, tlie secoml 2,'y''i.),'JiJ, and the third S)0,i)}f). Tne three partitioiiiiiif pow- ers, moreover, fnvibly eiiected a (^re.it ciiii'ijje in the cointlt.ilioii. By Ibis all foreiifii candiil.itcs for the elective throne of Polaiiil are excluded ; nor.e can be chosen ki.ij'; of P iland, and great duke of Lithuania, in future, but a na- tive Pole i t!ie son or (grandson of a kinjf cannot be elected immediately up- on the death of his fallierort^randfatber, nor be elifjibic till after an interval of tw) rei^'nj ; aada permanent council is established, in wiiieli the executive power is vested. By tliis change, the house of Saxony, and all foreijjn princes, wli ) m!;^ht be likely to ^ive weijjiit to Poland by their hereditary d miinions, are rendered incapable of filling' the throne ; tiie faintest pros;:i;ct of an he- reditary soveiviiynty is removed: the exorI)itant privileges of the equestrian order arc confirmed in their ut'iiost la- tit. ide ; and the prerojjatives of the crown, before to:) g'reatly reduced, arc still further diminished. In 1791, the king ai\d the nation, in concurrence, al- most unanimously, and without any fo- reign intervention, estidjlished aiioli;'-r constitution. By this the evils id' an elective monarchy, by wiiicli Poland, on almost every vacancy of tli'; tlironc, had been involved in the calamities of war, were avoided, tiie throne being declared hereditary in the liouse of Sax- ony. The rights and privileges of all orders in the republic (the king, the nobles, the citizens, and the peasants), w..'re alike equitably :onsulted. In a word, it was not, on the one hand, the haughty despot dictating a constitution to his people ; nor, on the other, a proud avistrocracy, or a mail democracy, that wrested from their sovereign liis just prerogatives ; but it was tlic imivermil wish of the nation, the sentiment th.it inspired wliich was niii\erNalliappiiiesH. A few ot' the nobility, however, dis- contented at tlie ;;'encrous sacrilices of someof their prinli'j^'is, repaired to ilie court of R issiaj and their repri senta- tiinis concurring with the anihilious views of tlie impress, she siiit :ui army iiil!) I'.ihmd, under pretence of beinjf giiaranK-e of the constitution of liT,'. ilrr interference w.is too powerful ti* bi- resistetl; and this new constitution w.isovcrtliro'.vn. U it the principal object f ir wiiicii the R' sianar»' purtitioii in 17(2. Itk liiflly urain, In mp, Muy, uiul till- loi'iiis fiiiiiiHli |ice of iiiiistH, pianka, o!ik iMjr, pitch, till-, hr.. wliifli itt,ifc/ltj. See Pontefa. P(mt-a-Mi)U3aim, a considerab'e town of France, in the department of Meur- the and Lite province of Lorrain, witii a uibvcrsity. Tiiere were before the revolution, several religious houses, and vinee of Normandy, with a castle. It is seated on the Seine, over which is a bridge, five miles N of Loiiviers, and 62 NW of Paris. Lou. 1 15 E, lat. 49 5 N. Pont-de-Ce, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anj')U, seated on tlie Loire, three miles from Angers, and 178 SVV of I'ai-is. Lon. 29 VV, lat. 47 25 N. Pmt-de.Vatix, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Bresse, seated on the Kessousse, eight miles S of Macon. Lon. 4 35 E, lat. 4& 28 N. Pont-de-Vede, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Bresse. It had before the revolution a manufacture of stufl's called Augus- tines, and also of tapestry for the cover, ings of arm-chairs and sofas, of the same kind as those of Ambusson. It ia seated on the Vesle, 12 miles W of Bourg. Lon. 5 4 £, lat. 46 16 N. Pont-de- Lima, a town of Portug.!!, in Entre-Douero-e-Minho, with a palace. It is seated on the Lima, over which ig a magnificent bridge, 13 miles NW of firaga, and 190 N of Lisbon. Lon. B 44 W, lat. 41 51 N. Pont-du-Gard. Sec Card. Pontefa, or Pontafetla, a town of Ger- many, in Carinthia, seated on the Fel- la, over which is a bridge tliat loads to the best pass.ige over the Alps. It is 20 miles N W of Friuli. Lon. 13 E, lat. 46 25 N. Pontifract, a borough in the W riding of Vorkshire, with a market on Satur- d.iy. It is situate in a very rich soil, and noted for its large plan<.ations of licorice- U had a bgautiful ca^itle novr ^ A ' -I A'A, PON ill i'iiiii»i wliitli lm» l>i'cn the scene of vuriuiiK i.uKiial oi'iiiM ill tin- Kiiifl'ml; !ii.st.ni luiitiniluilj llii' iinpi» i<> u'mlii.iii<.'m, liiul \» 22 iiiiUst S \V nt Y.-ih, aM.l 175 NNVV oi I.omUoi. Lon. 1 18 U,Im.5J 4J N. i'o.iie-Stuiit, u Uiwn (if Itulv.iii Mmit- ffirai, »ii.tiu jX tUt I'oii; ci'iiic (if ll.i- «,•.>, lu uiul J'o, tluic inilcit S VV t)l Cllhiil. . I'tmU-l'eJrti, atowmil Spum, in On- IW-ia,.'.^ Mill oil till- Liiis and (muoxh i'vv iw liH..iiy <'t' |»iUliurilH. It in 1'^ niilrs h of Pi.ilu No\u. Loll. H ',7 W, llit.4'JJ0N. ,, . I Poi.t-OuHiut, a t>i\vn (ll traiirc, in tlic ! (liliurliiiii t of I'liy (Ic I)om<' mul lair pro* .luc of Ai.M-i'Kiic. Ntur tiiis pLcf is tlic village ol Mii-i-. w'^'' -^ ■'"'^'•■'; niiiK-, and a vinous lovmtain ot mineral water. It "•* K' '"i't" ^^' ^ W of Cler- mont. Lon. 2 38 K, lat. 45 51 N. J'oiith., a town ol Inun.e, in tlie ile- puUliien't of Moibilian and late pro- vince of Uixluguc, sealed (,n the liver Bluvct. P„i't-r Eveffuc, a town of Frunre, in the deparlnicnt of Calvados and lale province (jf Normandy, seated on the ToiKinc, 10 miles N \V of LiMCiix. Lc.n. Of)E, lut. 49 ir N. FonloisL', a town of France, in the do- paitnieiit of Seine and Oisc, and late pnivinee of the Isle of France. It is seated on an eminence, on the Oisc and Vienne, with a brid(?e over the former, vvhciue it takes its iu.me. In 1435, tlie English took it by strata^fcm ; from whom it was retaken by storm in 1442 by Ciiarles VII. The iiarliament oi' l^'aris was transferred to this place in 16<2, 1*20 and ir5o. It is 43 miles S E of Kouen, and 27 N \V of Pai-is. l.on. 2 11 E,hit.49 3 N. l\mt Orson, a town of France, in the departri.ent of the Channel and late pn.vini-e of Nnrinand) , seated on the Coesiioii, 20 miles E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 30 W, Ut. 48 30 N. Pont-Memoii, a town of Tuscany, with a stronjj castle, sciited ut the foot of tlie Appeniiine.s, 40 miles E of Genoa, and 66 N W of Florence. Lon. 'J 40 E, lat. 44 25 v.. l\tnt St. Enprit, a town of France, m the department of Card and latii ])ro- vince of I,;.ngi;edoe. It is seated or the river Kh'ine, over which is one ol the ii«e»t bridgcji iuEvu'ope,coublstiiii,^ 1' o o of V) ki'crV and four «niuU nrchcs. To fueilitutc the pusxane of tin water in time of hood'*, Hpertnres arc niaili- llilo'i^Ii ei.ilil.ier, six feet above llic iiimmoii level ofllic river: and to slim its cm rent, the hridKe •« hiiilt in ine Tini of a c\il\e. 'i his passii^e is de- t.nded 1)\ a eiladel, wilhin which is tlie ( l.iireh o'f the Holv Spirit, piojeetintt into the r:ver. .^s the hiiilKC is so sliuht, the ({oods are conveyed over in hled^'es, by way of |)!eraiilion. I'onl St. Esprit is 17 miles S of Vniers, and 55 N E of Montpellicr. Lon. 4 4(1 E, lat. 41 13 N. i>„nt St. Afiiifcencc, a town of France, ill the deparlirenl of S( ine and Oise and, late province of the Isle of France, sealed <,n the Oi.se, live miks N of Seins Lon. 2 40 E, lat. 49 18 N. _ Poiit-nur-Sciiii; a lown ol t lancc, in the deliartnieiil of Anbe and lale pro- vince of Canipni^ie, with acasllc, seat._ ed on the Seiiuj, 17 miles N W ol Troves, and 55 S E of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E,lat.48 2«N, I'mit-Siir-iiinni; a town of France, in the dcpuitnient of Yomie and late pro- vince of Uurffiindv, seated on the Yon- ne, ei(,dit miles N W of Sens. Lon. 3 14 E, lat. 48 16 N. Foiittpmit, a town in Monmouthshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed between two hills, on the river Avon, and is 15 miles S VV of Monmouth, and 146 W b\ N of London. Lon. 3 6 W, lat. 5142 N. I'ov.t-y-riidJ. Sec Ttwff. Pov.za, or Pontia, a small island in the Mediterranean Sea, to which many illustrious Romans were formerly bHii- ished. Lon. 13 10 E, hit. -fO 53 N. Pix>le, a boroiiKh and seaport in Dor- setshire, with a market on Monday and Thursdav. It is situate on a i)eniiisula piejectinpinto a capacious bay, branch- ing' into many creeks, and forming se- veral islands! The harbour admits ves- sels of moderate size only, but for them it is verv secure. Poole rose into some cnnse(p'ience several centuries ago, wlien the. ancient town of Ware- ham fell into decay ; and its trade and population are rapidly increasing. The prnicipal branch of business heie is the Newfoundland ilblicry. U has also a large importation of deals, from Nor- wuv, a general commerce with Ameri- ca and various parts of Enrnie, and a fine co:LsUiig trade, jiarticiilarly in corn and coal. Near the mouth of tin; hur- POO POP P O P J.iiiil four »niull «rclif». To jo ij;im.iiKt' III' till watii' in 'Mil, H|ii'itiirfK lire tiiudc I li pirr, nix lift iiliou' iljc rl lit tiic l'i«cl' : iitid til kl( III tlic lirid^a- in huilt in the Jiiin;. '1 iiis p.'issMp' is ill'. Ii (itiiili:!, witliin wliuli JM llic lllii' HkIv Spirit, piDJciiin^ liviM-. Alt tlic lirid);!' in lid (fiKids arc cimvi-vrd n, called Eort Ke\enKe. Here iintmeKH and the most dcliciuiiH fruits were once abiindai.t. J'ouiiiih, a town of the Deccan of Hindoostaii, in Visiapoiir. It is the capital of the Western Mabrutta em- pire ; but it in not lur(;'e, und lies open anil defenceless. It is 100 miles S E nf llombuy. Lon. 73 53 E, lat. 18 30 N. Puuroonder, a fortrens of the Dcccan of Hlndoustan, in V'isiupotir, seated on a mountain, 18 miles E S E of Pooiiah. It is the place of refiij^e for that capital in casr uf m\ invasion ; and here thr archives of government are kept. PouU, La, a. small town of i' ranee, in the department of Muycnne, si.\ miles W S W of Ateiicon. Pijpa- Mudrt, a town of Terra Firnia, where there is a convent and cliapel of the Virgin, to whose image the Spani- ards in those jiarts go in pilgriniage, especially those who ha\e he>.ii al sia. It is seated I'H u high moiintain, 50 miles E of Cartliageiia. Lon. 74 32 W, lat. 10 1j N. P(i/}uni)!, u province of Terra Firma, 400 miles long ^ind 300 broad ; bounded on the N by the province of Cartliage- iia, on the E by New Granada, on li.e S by i'cru, and" oii the W In the Pacil.c Ocean. A chain of barren moiiiituins runs through tiie country fjoin N to S ; and the soil near llie Sea is ilat, marshy and often flooded by the rains. /"o/ijyiiH, the capital of a province of that name in Terra Fiinia, nth a bisli- op's see, 240 milts N E of Q_iito. Lon. 75 55 \V, lat. :.> J5 N. Pi'pe, Dirminiw.i of the, or tlie Lccle- tiiinifiil Stiitf, u country of Italy i boiin* (led on the N by tlie li iriloilcH nfVc- nil e, on till' I', by the gulf of \'eni"e, on the S K by the kinj'ilnm of Napli'i, uu the S by the .Meililerrani-:in, und ■ III the W by lu'.i.iny and iMnileiiu, It e.vteiids Irom S to N, J'lO inilen, and tiiUii S U to N E in some part* I'JO, but in othri'S si'iirie 'JO miles. It is diviilt'il into the liillowing' pro- ', iiiccH, the Ciiiiipiignl di Uiuiki, the I'a- triiiiiiny of St. Peter, Spob'tto, Anccnn, Urbino, Uoinagiiu,lhe JSulngnese, and llie Ferrare.si' '1 he pi.pul govern- meiit appears to be ill calrtilutcd to pro- molt' the happiness of the inbabitautM; fur all these provinces (the liiilogncsu excepted) are baiily rtiltivated and thinly iiihablteil. 'I'lade ami linmil'aC'* tiircH are but little encuragi il ; and were it not for I'.ates, hgs, alii' 'iu!», olives, and other finits, which ijrow spontanemisly, the indolence of 'lie in- habitants is such, that they wi ild be absolutely starved. Thit iiiilol ncc i.l not woi.tleiful, since they know, that the more tlu:y acipiire, the more will be demanded ol them. The iiuineroiiH holidays arc great impediments to the exertions of iiulustry ; an.Ltbe number of young sturdy beggars, who stroll about as pilgrims, instead of increas- ing liie I'Diiimon stock by their indus- try, lie as a dead weight on their fel- low-subjects. Various other cuusea might be mentioned ; as the multi- tude of liospiLils and convents ■, the inconceivable wealth wliicli lies use- less in these convents and in the chur- ches ; tiic impiisilioii, and lliciigourof the papal giivernmeiit. Hence it is, that ill no part of Euro]ic are to he found people more wretched than llie pope's lem| oral subjects. 'l"he pope, according to the ancient canon law, is the supreme, universal, and independent head of tl'.e churcli, and invested with sovereignly over all thrist'an si;\ereigns, communi- ties, and individii.ils. His urro- giiut preteiisioiis are so well known, that it l.s needless to expatiate upon them. Hi-ppily, the Reforuialiou hcgun by Lntiier dis|,t'Uiil ILe lU lu- i.iin in iiiaiiy parts of Europe ; ai'il ibc progress of leal niiiiv, aiitl the spirit of free in([uiry, bus cnri[;lil..iied many even of the Uomim catholic Ciinntries, where the papal political syslcm Is treated with cop.tem])t. 'llie pop'i haii tlie title of Huh Futlier and Hu- «*♦ P O R P O R liness i and lie is clectin, it was taken along witli the island by tiie Englisii in 1798. Lon. 3 43 E, lat. 39 50 N. See Philip's, Fort St. Port P.iix, a town on the N coast of St. U'imingo, in the W Indies, with a I,' md liarbour. Lon. 72 55 VV, hit. 19 .53 N. Port Patrick, a seaport of Scotland, in Wigtcmshire, confined by the sea on O'le side, and on tlie otherby over-hang- ing rocks and hills. It is noted f )r its ferry to Dnnaghadec in Ireland, from wiiicli it is only 20 miles distant , and a packet bout sails from hence to tiiat plaee, every da\ Tlie harbouris good; and lias one of the finest (iuay.>) in Great Britain, with a reflecting light house. It IS computed that 11000 liead of cat tip, and 2o00 liorsci are annually im- ported fi-.iiii lulu id to this |>lace. It is 1J7 miles S \V of liilinburgh and487 N W of Lmdon. Po't Rme'jiity. See Shelburne P>rt Hoyul, a seaport of Jamaica, once one of the finest towns in Amcri- cii, abounding in riches and trade. In 1692, it was destroyed by an carth- qtiakc, in 1702 by a fire, in 172.' by an inundation of the sea, and In 1744 it suffered greatly by a hur^'icane. It now consists of three handsome streets, built on a small neck of land which juts out several miles into the sea, and is guarded by a strong fort with 100 pie- ces ofci'nnon. The harbouris one of the best in the world, and 1000 ships may ride therein, secure from every wind. It is six miles E of Spiinish Town, and as much by water S E of Kingston. Lon. 76 45 W, jat. 13 N. Port Jfoyal, a town and fort of the island of Martinico, 21 miles S E of St. Pierre. Lon. 61 9 W, lat. 14 3 N. Port Royal, a town of the United States, in Virginia, on the rirer Kappa* hannoc. Port Soyal, an island on the coast of S Carolina, the space between which and the ncighboiu'ing ctmtinent form'" one of the most commodious harbours in those parts. It is 15 miles hi length, and the town on the N shore, callecl Beaufort, is 100 ?niles S W of Charles- ton. Lon. 80 10 W, lat. 31 40 N. Port Pojul, in Nova bcotia. See Annapolis- Port St. Ann. Sec Killough. Port St. Jnlian. See yul'inn. Port St. Mary, a seaport of Spain, in Andalusia. The English made a de- scent here in 1702, with a design to besiege Cadiz, but without success. ' It is 10 miles N E of Cadi^. Lon. 6 } VV, lat. 35 37 N. } Port Sandiiiich, a h."irbour in the is- l.ind of Mallicolo, in the S Pacific ; Ocean. Lon. 167 53 E, lat. 16 25 S. P^irt Vendre, a seaport of France, ' in tlie department of the Eastern Py. ri'iices and late province of Rousillon, taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year. It is 25 miles S by E of Perpignan, Poitadown, a town of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, nine miles from that place. It has an extensive linen manufacture, and is situate on the riv- er Baiin. Portaferry, a town of Ireland in the county of Down, and province of Ul- ster. It is seated on the rapid ferry of Strongford, 80 miles from Dublin. Portalegre, a strong ejiiscopal town of Portugal, in the prjvinre ot' .Montcjo. It is seated at thcfootof a high luoiiii- tain, in a pleasant ouiitrv, 30 miles N W of Elvas, and 90 N E of Lisbon. Portarlington, a borough of Ireland, P O R partly "m King s un.l p:.rtly in Q.iccn's Vovui'tv, scatra .m the nv.T H.ITOW, 31 nuU's NolU;r.v.niu, ju a oo Is vv the city ol' Naples, 8liu;ite <)M tae s...- sWlc, t.c:.r mour.t Vcsuvu.s H.TC- is .. p-lucc of U.c kiiujoi- Xuplcs, iMU-.cliec Willi ii va^t nuiTihci- of liiv^ statni-s, -.m.! other renniins <.f anliT.!.en>d with k'^- '1!"= ■"' "^'; Unls were 3704 at last enumera Uo, . The trade of U^e e.ty is verv eonsid- craWe, in the f.shei-ies m lun.oer and shipbuiiains?. -i-helvu-boiir IS defend- edbv a citadel and a MuaU batter Port! trJ IsLtmh, a cluster ot isl aiuls in the S racilic ocean. Tlicy arc lo v „.,a covered wUli wo .d ; /"'I l''J; «"" treoncisin«on.l4, a seaport of South At..'-- rlc»,onlhc N coast of the islhinus of ton. having a W^^ conunodious i ,„.,.l,„ur. with b'<>".'-''. ,t", shelter for ships; '^-j «"'" 'V,?,; row, and defended l>y .sever d f ts. •nie town, wlilch IS very ".a.eaU.y, ,s situated on the declnaj ot a mountain,. which surrounds the wnole rZu-. and consists of one principal ,U-eet, cxte^ainK aloncr the strand, !;',h others crossM,- it. and runnuig iron) the derlivli vol" the mo mtaiiis to rsi*o«:. It .^-^'^0 ""healthy place; \.y\ the country arxind it swarms w -he paileons. FOR in 1748, and the introduction of rc|,'i:i. icr ships. Porto Bello was the greut mart for the ricli rommerrc ot 1 nu ;iud Chili. Porto Bcllo was taken, m 1741, l,v admiral Wu-uon. who deuiul- is'oe.l tile fortihcalions. It is 70 in Ics N of Panama, and 300 W of Carthage- „a. I.oi,.HU45 VV,lat.9 33 iN P:.rf> Cavcdh, a seaport of lerra Firnui, or. the coast of Caraccas. Here tlie Kuirlisii were repulsed, when they I attacked it in 1743. Lon. 6430 E. lut. 10 '^ii S. \ Porto M Prhicipe, a seaport on the N ' coast of Cuba, with a goo.l harbour. It is seated in a large meadow, where tlie Spaniards feed a preat nun.ber o» c;.sHe. I,on. 73 15 W. lat. 2152 N. Porto Farinn, a seaport of the king- dom of Turns, to l',e \V of the ruins of Carthage, and 30 miles N of Tunii.. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 3^ 12 N^ _ Porto Pcrrajn, a town ot Italy in the isle of Elba, with a good citadel. It is sei.ted on a Ion- high, steep, point ,if land. W of the bay of the same name, wiiich has two forts. In July 1796 the English threw a strong gar- rison' into it, on the French having cm- tered Leghorn. It is 40 miles N W ofOrbitello, and 60 S by Eot Le- ghorn. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 42 33 N. Porto Gallcto, a seaport of Spain, in the Bay of Bisc:iy, seated on a small river, eight miles N of Bilboa. Lon. 3 11 W. lat. 43 22 N. Port^ Gritaro, a town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, with a bishop s see, seated on Uie Lema, 15 mdcs W ol ;vIai';iiio. Porto Ucrcdc, a seaport of Italy, m the .state of Presidii, with a good cas- tle, and a harbour almost choked up. It it situate on a peninsula, four miles S ofOrbitello. Lou. U 12 ^, »at. 42 14 N. . P.rto Longone, a town of Italy, m the Isle of Elba, with a good harboiir, roid a fortress upon a rock, almost in- accessible. It belongs to the prince o Piombino, imd is seated on the E end I of the island, eight miles S W ot 1 Piombino. Lon. 10 10 E. lat. 42 52 N. ' Porto Nova, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Galicia, seated near the mouth of the Leris, 54 miles W ol S,;,L Lon. 8 36 VV, lat. 42 19 N. Porto Pelro, a seaport in the islaiul ofMajorc;,. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. o9 ^7 N Porte Praya, a town and bay ot S-i IH FOR FOR FOR |(l the introduction of rcn'iv . Portii Bello was tlic grcut lie rich romnicrrc of Piiii I'orlo Bcllo was taken, in Jdniiral Voriion, who (Ifnuil. J'Drtihcations. It is TO in ks ivi, and 300 W of Cartliairc- IS0 45 VV, lat.9 3J N. lircii/ii, a s'ja|i irt of Terra Jtlie coast ofCaraccis. Hen; jsii w( re r(.i)ulsi'd, when they in 1743. L'ln. 6430 E, lat. |/ Principe, a seaport on thp N "nl)a, with a jyood harbour. h1 in a larg'e meadow, where irds feed a jyreat niiniher of .on. "3 1.5 W, hit. 2152 N. iirim, a seaport of tlic king- "tinis, to t'lc \V of the ruins ?e, and 30 nilh-s N of Tunis. 6 E, lat. 3'' 12 N. erraji), a town tc, a scajiort of It;dy, in of I'residii, with a good ca.s- a harbour almost choked up. Lie on a peninsula, four miles lello. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 42 :'>i!ffone, a town of Italy, in if Elba, with a g-ood harbour, .ress upon a rock, almost in- ;. It belongs to the prince of , and is seated on the E end iland, eight miles S W of . Lon. 10 10 E, lat, 42 52 N. fovn, a seaport of Spain, in the of Galicia, seated near the the Leris, 54 miles W of Lon. 8 36 W, lat. 42 19 N. elro, a seaport in the island a. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 39 37 N- 'nija, a town and bay of St. Jago, one of the Caj)e dc Vcrd Isltinds. ton. 23 29 VV, lat. 14 5:i N. /li//() kico. Scf! yu.in-ck- Puerto Pico J'lirto .'jiiittt M.iriii, a seaport of Spain, scaled in tJie b.-iy of Cadi.:. It ii a populous place, containing itcarly 10,000 iiihabllants, wnose prin- cipal trade is in j»alt. Il is suvcn miles N' of Cadi/. I'iittD a.iHto, an island of the Allan- tic, the least of ihc .Vl.iileiras, 15 miles ill circumference. In 1418, a Portu giieso ship, titled out for the attempt tj d.Hilile C;ipe Bojador, coastinjr a- lung the African shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall, and when they all evijccted to perish, they discovert;d this island, which, on account of their escujie, they named I'orlo S.iiilo. It produces little corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a vast number of rabbits. There are trees which produce the gum call- ed dragon's blood ; and there is like- wise a little honey and wax. It has no harbour, but good anchorage in tlie road. Lon. 16 25 W, lat. 32 58 N. Porto Seguro, the capital of a gov- ernment of the same name, in Brasil. It is seated in a fertile country, on the top of a rock, at the mouth of a river that Hows into the Atlantic. Lon. 38 50 VV, lat. 17 S. Porto Vecchio, a seaport of Corsica, seated on a bay on the E coast of the island, 40 miles N of Sardinia. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 41 42 N. Porto Venerea, a seaport of Italy, on the coast of Genoa, at the entrance of the gulf of Spezzia. It has a good uaiuour, and is seated on the side of a hill, at the top of which is a fort, 45 miles S E of Genoa. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 44 5 N. Portree, a town of Skye one of the Western islands of Scotland. The diief trade of the inhabitants is in black cattle, small horses, and kelp. Port Kujal, a post town of Virginia, situated on the S VV side of Rappa- hai'.iioc river, in Caroline county, 22 miles S E of Fredericksburg on the same water, and 84 S of Washington. Il has about 1500 inhabitants. Piirtiea, an island between Chiches- ter Bay and the harbour of Ports- mouth, in Hampsliire. It is a low tract of conHito\vm:i:!c river, 34 miles S of I lie city of n\i.f Biscay, 12 miles N of Bilbou. Lou. 3 18 W, lat 43 40 N. Posata, a towm on the E coast of the Lsland of Sardinia. Lon 9 30 E, lat. 40 36 N. Poaega, a strong town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the same name. It was taken from the Turks by the Austrians, in 168r. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Oriana, 120 miles W by N of Belgrade Lon. 18 59 E, lat. 45 36 N. Posnania, or Posen, a commercial town of Great Poland, in a palatinate of tlie s.-irae name, with a good castle and a bishop's see. The cathedral is magnificent. By the 'ate partition of Poland, it became subject to the king of Prussia. It is a trading place seated in a pleasant plain, on the river VVarta, 27 m-',es W of Gnesna, and 127 W of Warsaw. Potema, a town of Naples, in Basi- licJila, with a bishop's see. It was al- most ruined by an earthquake in 1694. It is se.ited near tl'.e source of the Ba- siento, eight miles S E of Naples. Potomac, or Patomac, a river of North America, in Virginia, which falls into the bay of Chesapeak. On the banks of this' river is now en-cling the city of Washingtciii, the intended metropolis of the United States. The congress removed to it in 1801. See Washing- \lon ' Potosi, a rick and populous town ot POT P O U P R A of theip wives, and allow Jilierty. The f,'-.venim.Mn i» |1, but the royal authority ii r tlif soverei^rn caniKit raise Itaxes than were settled in fe established reliirlon is the Itholic, and there are three T and ten bis]io,,s, besides a also three severe inqiiisi- yet there are a great num. fealcd Jews. 'Ihe atithoritr i wasso^reat, that the king confer uiiy benefice without but of late years it has de- te as well as in other coun- 1 1580, there was a failure in liie, and then Philip u, king subdued tlie country ; but-in K- WHS a great revolution, and I was conferred on John duke l'.a,(kingJohnIV.)whosede. Istill enjoy it. Lisbon is tlic icttt, a town of Spain, in Bis. \d on the Bay of Biscav, 12 ' Bdbou. Lon. 3 18 W, lat a town on the E coast of the ardinia. Lon 9 30 E, lat. 40 a strong town of Sclavonia, Fa county of the saine naiTie. aken from the Turks by the '. Ill 168r. It is seated in a untry, on the river Oriana. W by N of Belgrade Lon. lat. 45 36 N. ^ ', or Posai, a commercial -reat Poland, in a palatinate e name, with a good castle lop's see. The cathedral is It. By the late partition of became subject to the king It is a trading place seated nt plauj, on the river Warta, V of Gnesna, and 127 W of a town of Naples, in Basi. fi a bishop's see. It was al- ■d by an earthquake in 1694. 1 near the source of the Ba- ht miles S E of Naples, or P.iiomac, a river of North n Virginia, which falls into Chesai)eak. On the banks • IS now erecting the citv of 1, tlio intended metropolis led States. The congres.* ■tin 1801. See Washing. rich and populous town of Peru, in llie audience of l,os Charcos. Here is the best silver mine in all Ame- rica, in a inouiitaiii in tlte lurin uf a su- gar-loaf. Silver was US rominon \n this place as iron is in Europe ; but it is al- most exhausted, or ut least little is got in comparison uf what wujifoi-merl) ; and tlie mountain it.sclfis said to be little bet- ter than a shell. The country around is so naked and barren, that the inha- bitants get their provisions from the nciglibouring provinces. It is seated at the bottom of tlic mountain of Potosi, SiM miles S K of Africa. Lon. 64 ^j W, lat VJ 4u S. J'ouJum, a city of Upper Saxotiv, in the middle inarciie of lliandcnburgh, with a palace belonging to lite kingoi Prussia. It is the most ele^uut and sm- gul..r city ill Europe. Many new hou- ses, on the hnest ancient and modern plans, were raised by tl'.e late king, Frederic III. and pcesenled to the in- habitants ; and the variou.-) public build- ings display at once great magnificence and taste.' In 1795, it was damaged by fire. It is seated on an island 10 miles in circumference, formed b\ the rivers Spree and Havel, 12 miles VV of Ber- lin. Lon. 13 46 £, lat. 51 32 N. Putton, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles E of Bedford, and 48 N bV W of London. Lon. 18 W, lat. 52 I'l N. Puttsj^nive, aj)leasa!it\illage in Mont- gomery county, Pennsylvania ; situated built on a hill, which commands a ve- ry fine pros])ect over the whole city and country round. Not far from hence stands the archbishop's house (a pret- ty modern building), and the old cathe- dral, in which there are some pieces of architecture, which deserve to be seen. Though the city is in general ill built PRE the iituation of it is extremely fine. The mass of houses rise like an ainphi- tlieutre to a considerable height. To the right tlie hill rises above them as far as tlie imperial palace, miijesticall\ Bit'iated on the top. To the left it is CONeredasfar as the middle witli beau- tiful gardens and pleasure houses, whirl! have a fine etlcct, and form a most magnificent amphitheatre. Prague was taken by storm by the French in 1r41i but thcv were obliged to leave it in 1742. lii ir44 it was taken b> tlie king of Prussia; blithe was oblig- ed to aband(m it the same year. It was besieged again by the kmg ot Prussia, in 1757 after a great victory, obtained near this city, over the Atis trians ; but being defeated some time lifter, he was obliged to raise the siegr. It is 75 miles S K of Dresden, 158 S E of Berlin, and 235 N W of Vienna, ton. 14 45E, hit. 50 4 N. Prato, a town of Tu.irany, seated on the Bisentino, 12 miles N W of Flor- encc. Lon. 19 54 E, lut. 43 52 N. Prayo. See Porto Praya. Pre'cop, or Perekop a town and fort- ress of Russia, lately taken f\-om the Turks, in the government of Catha »inenslaf, and province ofTaurida, seat- ed on the isthmus that joins the Crimea to the continent. Lon. 35 40 E, lat. 46 *0N. , , . ^ Precopia, a town of Tii-key in Eu tope, in Servia, seated i of Berlin. ' Prerau, » town of Bohemia, in Mora- via, capital of a circle of the sume name. Jt is 126 miles ESE of Prague. Lon. 17 '99 E, lat.' 49 18 N. Presburg, the capital of Lower Hnn- jarv', Willi a strong castle on a hill. In PRE this city the si itcs of Hungary hnW tlieir assemUlios, and in the cathedral the .".overeign is crowned. In the can tie, wliirh is a "obic Gothic btructure, are n Alh'gli.iny river", and 1 JO W of Pitlbborg. Heir is a post oflice. 1 he town is progress- ing fast in improvement, the .grmiiul plan being three miles In length along the bank of the lake, by one mile in breadth. Prestmano, a town of Naples, in Ter- ra di Lavora. It appears by an in- scription, that it is the ancient Rufa;, and its territory has tlie name of Costa Riifraria. It is 38 miles N of Naples. Lon 14 20 E, hit 41 20 N. Pns.iii, Suite of, a small territory of Tuscany, in the Siennese. It includes six fortresses, seated on the coast of Tiiscanv, and which Spain reserved, when i"t ceded Sienna to the grand duke. They were designed to facili- tate the communication between the Milanese anil the kingdom of Naples, In 1735, they were ceded fo the kingoi the Two Sicilies. Their names are, Orbitcllo, Tek-mone, Porto Hercole, Porto San-Stephano, Monte Philippe, and Porto Langone, Prcsovia, a town of Little Poland, seated on the Vistula, 20 miles E of Cracow. Lon, 20 16 E, lat. 50 10 N- Presteign, the county-town of Rad- norshire, with a market on Saturday, remarkable for bariey jmd malt. It is a regularly built town, seated near the source of tlie Lug, in a rich valley, 30 miles W N W of Worcester, and 149 of London. Lon. 2 38 W, lat. 52 13 N. Preston, a borough in Lancashire, with a market on Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday. It i» seated on the riv- PRE P R 1 V R I le M itcs of Hungary ]ioM Ho», and ill the catlndra! :n is (Towneil. In the ia«- " a "ol)le (Jothir btnictiii*, u'd the rp(r!iliu of Hiiii)ran| if till- (Towii and «cfptrc o( ir first kiiijr. 'Ihe Luther- Ichiiich hcrr. Prrsbiirff is the D:tntil)c, 32 mics S E l.oii. 17 U E, lat 48 14N town in Lancasliiie, with I I'lR'sd.iy. Ai (.nsiilcrablf • >.f saih-loth, mill of jcold [wutrhes, is carried on hero iMilcs E of Liverpool, and V ol London. Lon. 2 51 W. :i (">rtre.fs, and the prinripal ie county, J'cnnsvlvania j si. e S E shore of Like Kric, lilcs VV of fort Le ile-.if, 50 ni)i-t Fraiildin on Anc"-h.iiiv 1 JO W of Pitti,bi.r|r. "lleiT fice. Thp town in progress, improvement, the ground tincc miles in lenplli alnn^ of the lake, by one mile in no, a town of Naples, in Ter- ira. It appears by an in- Ithat it Is the ancient Hnfx, ritory has the name of Costa It is 38 miles N of Naples. > E, lat 41 20 N. State of, a small territory of 11 the Siennese. It inchide.s ses, Heated on the coast of iiid which Spain reserved, eded Sienna to the prand ey were designed to facili- ommiinication between the nd the king-dom of Naples, ey were ceded to the kin^ol ^icrlics. Their names are, lekmone, Porto Hercole, Stcphano, Monte Philippo, ..anyone. a town of Little Poland, he Vistula, 20 miles E ol .on, 20 16 E, lat. SO 10 N. the county-town of Rad- ith a market on Saturday, for bar'ie}- and malt. It is a lilt town, seated near the le Lug, in a rich vallcv, 30 r W of WoVcpster,' and on. Lon. 2 38 W, lat. 52 I boroujyh in Lancashire, et on Wednesday, Friday, y. It h seated on the riv- er Kibble, over which is k stone bridge. I (t bus a large market-place, is govern- ed by a muvur, and sends two members i to parliament. Here it h court of chan- cery, and other oflices of justice, for tliecouuty-palatinute of Lancaster Tlic markets on Wednesday and Friday are for provisions, uiid that on Saturday for corn, cattle, linen cloth, and other com- modities. Preston is noted for the de- feat of the rebels in 1715, when they were all made prisoners. It is il miles S of Lancaster, and 214 N N W of Loiidim. Lon. 2 53 VV, lat. 53 46 N. I'leHon font, a village in Hadding- tonshire, iiuieU tor its salt works, and f(ir the defeat of the royal army by the rebels in 1745. Preneta, a seaport of Ti>:koy, in Eu rope, in Albania, seated on tlie gulf of Lartu, will) a bishop's sec. It stands on the ruins of the ancient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus, in memory of his victory over Antony. It belongs to the Venetians, and was ta- ken by them in 1684. It is seated on a mountain, 70 miles N W of Lepanto. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. 39 14 N. Preuilly, tt town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loir, and late prorince of Tauraine. It is seated on flie river Claire, and near it are mines of iron. Preuilly is seated on the Claise, 18 miles S of Loches. Pritesville, a post town in Amelia county, Virginia ; situated on the N W fide of flat-ereek, 45 miles W of Pe- tersburg, on the Appamattos. Prieoda, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smaland, 16 miles S S W of Carlscrona. Lon. 15 18 E, lat. 56 10 N. Priebut, a town of Silesia, in the prin- cipalitv of Sagan, situate on the Neissa, 15 miles S W of Sagan. Lon. 15 12 E, lat. 51 32 N. Piiaman, a seaport of the E Indies, in Sumatra, where the Dutch have a factory Lon. 98 E, lat. 1 S. Prinetu-Ann, a small post town, in Somerset county, Maryland ; lying at the head of Manokin ri>er, 20 miles W of Snow Hill, 15 S by W of Salisbury, on Wiccomico river, and 48 S W of T.ewistown in Delaware, containing .ibont 200 inhabitants. Pritiec'a Islaml, a small island on the W coast coast of Africa, 350 miles S W of Loango. Lou. 6 40 E, Ir.t. 1 49 N. Princess hland, » small Island of Asia, at the S W extremitv of the straits of Sundn, • few league* from the coast of Java. It is very woody, tmA. not much cleared. The inhabitants arc Javanese, whose rajah is subject to the sultan of Bantam : and their customs arc very similar to those of the natives about Uatavia. The best anchoriug place is in loii. 1U5 17 E, lat. 36 S. Prince itf Walti, Cape, the most vre»« tern cxt.eiiiity of all America, hitherto known, discovered bv captain Cook, in 1778. Lon. 168 5 W, lat 65 46 N. Prince ofWalei, Furt, the most north- ern settlement of tne Hudson's flay Company, seated o:i the W side of Hudson's Bay, at the mouth of Chur- chill River. Lon. 94 7 W, lat. 58 47 N. Princeton, a post town in Middlesex county, New-Jersey, 18 miles S W of Ncw-Brunswic, 12 N E of Trenton, and 42 of Pliiladelphia, in lat. 40" 22 N and lon. 74" 34 W. This town contains about 5U0 inhabitaiils, and bus long been the seat of an eminent seminary of learn ing. The college erected here, called Nassau-hall College, is a handsome stone building 180 feet wide, by 5< deep, placed on a small eminence that commands a pleasing view of the ad- jacent country — The students are ge- nerally about 70 in number; the presi- dents have been distinguished for learn- ing and piety, and the institution h.n* produced men of extensive usefulness in church and state. Prince Wiiliam Uenr \ Itland, an is- land in the Eastern Ocean, lying WNW of Tench's Island. It is pretty high, and 70 miles in circuit. It is well wood- I'd, and hud something growing on it, re- .sembling in appearance Indian corn or sugar cane, and has a lusi:nant and pic- tu.'csque apjicarance, and is supposed to be fertile and well peopled. The natives are quite naked, and 'seem to be the same sort of people as those on Tench's Island, and their canoes of the same construction. It was discovered by lieutenants Ball and King, in 1790. A high mountain, rising in the centre of it, was called Mount Philip. Lon. 149 30 E, lat. 1 32 S. Prince Wiiliavi Henry' t Island, an is- land of the S Pacific Ocean, discovered bv captain Wallis, in 1767. Lon. 141 6 W, lat. 17 S. Prince William's Sound, a gulf on the N W coast of America, so named by capta n Cook, in 1778 The men, wo- men and children, are here all clothed in the aame manner. Their ordinarv m \ "Ii^mmfffrnm ^f »« oi!,and the outside is coiiipohed of the skills ol seids, or oilier sea ani- mals, stretched incr the wood. 'I'lieii- ■weapons and iiniilciiicnts for hunting and fishinp, arc tlie stiiiiiH, excellent puittui'eii. lieiivveiito >ital. Ilia, it town of 'rtirkfv in En- liosniu, witli u bihliop's uc, l^iiilii'cnt cliiii-cii It iH seated >>'MiM, o2 niiU's N E ut' Aluunu. 1 l^.i N ui' ilclgiatlc. Lun.SlJ 2u N. J, u town of Turkey in Europe, It w.'is |)'ili:i^c(lb) llie Am. lo8',»i it'ul IN se.iliil (III llic .iS niilfs N \\ ol Ni5a:., unit l.-iO ic-ltjraile Loll. 22 5 L, lat. 43 U', .1 town of Germany, in the t U|)j)er Saxony, in the uiarche nit/, 44 miles N of Brunden- 1.1 ;j4 N \V of Berlin. Lou. 12 .t 5i 9 N. «, u town of France, in the de- It of Ardei-lie and late province pliiny. It is .scatcil' on a hill, e confluence of three small 16 N miles N of Viviers. Lon. lat. 44 45 N. ta, an island of Italy, in the gulf Ics, near that of Iscliia. It is liles in circumference, uud very and ])opuiou8. The capital of mc name, is a small fortified on a high craggy rock, bv the I. Lon. 14 8 K, lat. 40 43 N. cino, anciently Spacteria, an is- I the Mediterranean, near the W f the Morea. Ii is 36 miles S S mte. Lon. 21 24 E, lat. 3r 15 N. I, a to%vT' of tliB kingdom of h, seated on the Menup, 200 1 W of Pegu. Lon. 94 E.lat. fleet, a post town in Hancock , Miiine ; situated on the \V side nbscot river, eight miles N E of ., and sevc "■ S of Frankfort, all n the same river. ence, a late province of France, Ics long iind 100 broad ; beimd- he N by Dauphiny, on the S by iditerranean, on the W by the ilione which separates it from edoc, and on the E by the Alps ; river Var. The air ncur tlic ind Dauphiny is cold, on the st, hot and in the middle, tem- In tha which was called Up- ovence, the soil is fertile in ml pastures ; but in Lower Pro- dry and iandy. It produces, PRO however, wine, nil, figs, almonds, prunes, and p< nirgr:.natcs, along the S3ucoast from 'loiiiin \o Nice. 1 lu-ri are orai.ge and citron-trees in the opeh tielils i and many medicinal plants, mineral waters, and muics of revcral kinds. Provtace now forms tlic jle partnicntsof Var, the Lower Aljis, and till- Mouihs of the Riione. Pruvilence, one of the least of the Ba. liiima islands, but tlie best of those planted by tlie English. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1782, hut retaken the next year. It lies 200 miles E of Florida. Lon. 77 1 W, lat. 34 50 N. ProvLlence, an island in the Atlantic, which the English buccaniers forti(icd, but aft'.-rwards abandoned. It is 150 miles E of the coast of Nicaragua. Lun 80 44 VV. lat. 13 25 N. Providence, a river of N America, which rises in the state of Massachu. (ctts, is navigable as far as the town of Providence, 30 miles from the sea, and enters Narraguuset Bay, on tlic W side of Rhode Island. Proviiience, tlie capital of the state of Rhode Island, u post town and port of entry; situated in Providence coun- ty, and on Providence river, near the head of Naraganset bay, and in lat. 41" 49' N, and lon. 71° 23' VV. It lies 30 miles N by W of Newport, and 45 S W of Boston. The inhabitants of this metropolis were 7614 at the last enumeration. The harbour is safe and commodious, though inferior to that of Newport ; and the trade to the neigh- bouring states, and the West Indies is very considerable, the exports of one year exceeding 600,009 Uols. The private buildings are mostly composed of wood, though the public are princi- pally of bricks or stone, end construct- ed with a degree of elegance worthy of a highly polished people. ThebajA- ist college, founded in this city, is con- ducted on catholic principles, and is sup- ported with a credit, that does honour to its patrons. As the men of Rhode Island and Providence plantations have long been famous for emissions of paper money, they still make the greatest possible use of Banks and Bank-paper. Proviiicctan, a post town in Barnstable county, Massachusetts ; sihiated on a sterile spot at the point of Cape Cod, and engaged principally in catciiing, curing, and vending tish, which has rendered the inhabitant* hardy ajid ex- P R U 42' N. pert mariners It lies in lat. and Inn, 70° I*' VV, about 140 niilis .S E of Boston by lund, and about 5u by Water. Provins, a town of France in the department of Seine and Murne and late pruvinci; of the Isle of Franc.', ce- lebrated for its niliieriil watvrs, and ciinserves of niM-s. It is seated on ll:e Vou/ie, 30 milts S K of Meaiix, and 47 S E of Paris. Lon. 3 22 K, l.it. 48, 54 N. Pruct, a town of Austria, seated oil the I.cii.v, 22 niiles S W of Pre^biirg, and 22 S E of Vienna. Lun. 16 o8 E, lat. 48 5 N. Pnicc, a town of Germany in Stiria, seated on the Miielir, 66 miles S VV of Vienna. Lon. 15 25 E, lat. 4" 24 N. Pniatia, a large country of Europe, hounded on the N by the Baltic ; on the E by Lithuania, Samogitia, and Poland ; on the S by Poland ; and on the VV by Braiidenhiirg and P.)merania J about 500 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, where it i« narrowest. It is a very fertile coun- try, and produces u great deal of flax, hemp, and com. There are a great number of domestic animals) and the sea, rivers, and lakes, supply them with great plenty of fish. Be- sides the common game, there ai-e elks, wild asses, and uri, in the fore. \a. These last are of a monstrous size, and have some resemblance to beeves. Their hides are extremely thick and strong, and they sell them to foreign- ers at a great price. One of the most remarkable productions of this country is yellow amber, which is got along the sea-coast. Tuere are two large lakes, besides the rivers Vistula and Pregel. The inhabitants arc of,a g^iod constitution, laborious, robiTst, and good soldiers. There are a great num- ber of mechanics, but their principal business is husbandry, and feeding of cattle. In the 13th century, all Prus- sia belonged to the knights of the Teu- tonic Order. In 1454, that part, since denominated Polish, Royal, or Western Prussia, revolted to Casimlr IV. kinjf of Pu'.and, and was incorporated into the dominions of the republic. At the same time, the knights were con- strained to hold the remaining' part, called Eastern or Ducal Prussia, as a fief of the ciHiwn of Poland. In 1525, Albert of Brandenburg, their grand master having become a convert to th« doctrines of Luther, took advaii- P U E P U L ^iigt of (he rnnAiiiioni of tJie ptnpirf to betray the iiitei'dttx ofliii fi'utcrnit\. Mild coiu'liiih'd M trritly with Si|{iiiil killer III' i'liliiiil, \>\ which t.akti-rii PriisKia NvuH crt'cled into iii) liei-eilitu r> diitchy, aiidi^ncn to him hi> h |M)likh fiuf. Hi' niuri led h |>i'iiK't'ti!i of Utn iniii'k, Mild tr:iii»ihitti.'(l this rirh iiilien tunrc to hiddc'tii'i'iuhiiitH i one of whom, Ki-ciloric William, tlie Givtit Elfftor, WU.S the fii'Bt (hiUc that threw oO hi* fciidid )ii'|)eiivernmcnt of Russia, once a republic, subdued by Ivan Vassilivitch, and formerly com- prised ir the jfovernment of Novojrrod. P*iof, or Patftkiif, an archiepiscopal town of Russia, capital of a giivernment of (he same name, witii a stroiif^ cas- tle. It is seavv'd on the river Velika, 80 miles S of Narva, and 150 S by W of Pctcrsbiirjfh. L|i'» »ce. h ia 63 uiili-s S ■icii flifiiLva, a iiaport of New tilt audience of OuutI inula, |nr:c of VtiHjfiu. It isHcatid of the Pacific Ocean, JOO I of I'unuma. Lon 83 i^ >v, itt-arciibiipo, a town of Spain, ittdnra, wliich belonffs ti> tlic >|> of Toledo; and is veutcd ivcr Tuja, over wliidi i« a e bridp;, 4U miles S W d Lon. 4 15 \V, lat. 39;}8 N. ticla He nt, a town of Spain. •e, seatfd on the river Ajjra, S \V of Painpeluna. Lon. 1 '. 4'-' 41 N. Betto, Puerto Pico, &c. See 'lo, FortoHico, &.e. till- modern name of the an- nlia, rontaininjf the three pro. Cajiitanuta, Uari, and OtraiUo, side of the kingdom ofNaplen. , an island in the Indian ()■ ng on the W of the Philippines. ry fertile, and aiihject t rdigan Bay, between two riv- has a weekly market on Wed. and is six niiles S of Ncwin, N W of London. Lon. 4 15 52 52 N. 'anton, »n island in the Indian in the coast of Cochin-China W 35 E, lat. \S 10 N. bnJore, the name of several is- the Indian Ocean, the princi- tiich is the only one inhabited miles in length, and nine in but in some places not above il er. The soil of these islundu sh, and pretty deep, but the ■ somewhat stony. The trees erv thick, but large, tall, and iy use The principal fruits ;oes, a sort of grapes, andbas. iiegs. The animals are hogs, and guanas, and there are arioiis kinds, not known in o- 4. I'he iniiabitants are small ■, of a dark complexion, with •k eyes, thin lips, white teeth, iths, and black straight hair. °f employments is to 'get tar PUR nut of large trees. They are idolaters, unil have images of Elephants in tlii'ir temples. Lon. 107 20 E, hit. H 40 N. Pulo-Dimli.g, an inland in the Indian Ocean, on the W coast of tlie Pcnlnsu- liuf Malacca. It belongs to' the Dutch. Pulu-Thnon, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the E coast of the peninsula of Malacca. It is often toii< lieil at for t.iking in wood, water, ;ind other re- frcii'.imcnts, and there is great plenty nf green turtles. Lon. 1U4 23 E, lat 2 N. ■ PuloUh, an island in the Indian O- ccan, yieldin;^- goml water and plenty ofwiod. It lies at the entrance of tiic b.iv of Siam, and is 20 miles in eirciiin- fcience. Lon. 105 5G E, Int. 8 25 N. Pulo-tVay, an islaml in the Indian Ocean, near tlie N point of that of S'l- niatra. It is the largest of the ish.nds that form the entrance of the channel of Achcm, and is |)eopled by men ba- nished f.'om Achcm. Lon. 95 39 E, lat. 5 50 N. Pvltautt, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Masovia, seated on the Nareii, 20 miles N E of Warsaw. Lon. 31 47 E, lat. 50 .)0 N. Pultinua, a fortitied town of the Uk- raine, famous for a battle in 1709, be- tween Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, wherein the latter was totidlv defeated, and obliged to fly into 1 nrk'ey. It is 100 miles S W of Bel- gorod. Lon 34 25 E, lat. 49 26 N. Puna, an island in the PacWic Ocean, 35 miles long, and 12 broul, lying at the entrance of the bay of Gniaquil, 115 niilt-H Nof Paita. Lon. 81 6 VV.Iat. 3 17 S. Puiita-delGu.(a, the capital of St. Mi- chael, one of the- Azores, witii a strong castle, and a harbour. Lou. 25 42 \\, lat. 37 47 N. Purbtct, Itle of, a rough and heathy tract in Dorsetshire, to the S of IVm.U- Bay. It is insulated by the sea and ri- vers, anwn of Swisscrlaiid in the country of the Gi-iiions, three miles N from a hike of the same name. It ia 17 miles VV S \V of B rmi.i, and 20 E of Chiavenna. Lun 9 i«'t o»' <•"' '""• pr«»vinri' of Auvcrgtic. Tliis dipMitPiini imliicU* slnxmt all Lin.attiie, u lt.vili,i\ ut)oiit twthf l''U|fiifi loi'l-i '>> Hix brm.i' » <'n<' of till- nv.iit j>lcuii:ilil ami tevlilc in Fpui\ce I In wiiicli are mcw, uikIi'V tlie gaiiif point of vie w.orrlianU, iiifuilows, i vincyariU, arable land, in a word, eye- rv kind of cultivation imuginaljlc. The | borders of thin 'tasin, or circular plmn, lire nu)antain» now covered witli li:d>i- tatioiis, herds, and flocks, but once so many volcanoes, which exhilnted to the inspection of tlie learned the most extraordinary phinomrna. Clermont is the capital ol this department. Pu:-en-Aiiji>u, a town of Franrr, in the depar'nient of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, 10 niileg S W of Saumur, and 160 of Parii. Lon. 13W, lat.4r6N. Pu laureni, a town of France, in the department of Tarn, and late province of Lanifuedoc, eight miles S W of Cus^ trcs, and 23 E of Toidoiwe. Lon. 1 S7 E, lat. 43 35 N. Puzzoli, a celebrated but now incon. iiderable town of Italy, on the bay of Naples. Here is a tcm))lc of Jupiter Serapis, an interesting monument of an- tiquity, being quite dilterf nt from the "Roman and Greek temples, ami built in the manner of the Asiatics; probably by the E|fvptian and Asiatic mcrcliants settled at Puzzoli, which was the great emporium of Italy, till the Romans built Ostia and Antium Near tins place, was Cicero's villa the rums ot which give c high idea of the wealth o' IhW great orator. Puzzoli is 10 miles \V of Naples. . Piuheli, a sea port in Carriarvonshuc, ^•ith a market on Wednesday, seated tX the head of an inlet of Cardigan Bay, between two rivers, six«iTides S of Newln, and U3 N W of London. Lon. 4 15 W, l!»t 52 52 N. P.ramidt ojf Egpt, structures former- • e or the Seven Wonders ly counted one .-. of the World. Thev are built upon a rock, at the foot of the high mountains ■which accompany the Nile in Itscourse, and separate Egypt from Lyhia. Va- rious have been the conjectures how an li \cry little iiol.ce tr»»elUi.i. i|,c piiiKlrial [re E S E of Gi/e, ii \\\hv^K If w»Hlcin hlioifoftlic N'lle, ■t in pcrj.tii. ilfht. 'I'ho phiin thc-y stiind itimuii roik, Hlmodt <'o\cieil vin^'' Hand, in which air jfirat f sliflhi and |i(lrih<'|tH made Iheir antroii'imical olner- \.itio!is i but tills Ih denied hv ollii rs. P.irnitin M.iiiiil.iiiu, or /' rei'ert, a bn(e eli'^lii III' uioiiiu.ilns, the principal ut'wliich are in the kin;;;^! lui of S|)aln, wlii< h they dlvidw from Fr.iiu:c ; they equal till' Alps in hei;;'lit, and exteuil from the Meditei'raiieaii S.;a I.) the At- lantic UceiMi, 2iJU iiiile.4 in length, an I 108 in hp''ftdtli. I'liey begin near the huibour uf V'eiidreM, in Uousslllon and run MS far as Fo.itai'.il)ia. Near Rouh- sillon, they menls. ^uiieiiLrugge, or S^ahiibtirg, a tr \vn of We.stjihalia, in tl>.: bishopric iang-tong, and on the E by the same and Hou-quang. Neither its extent not commerce is equal to thatofUie other provin<^s ; however, it is so abundant ia rice, that it supplies, for six nmnths in the year, the province of Qiiang-tong, the inhabitants of which without this assistance could notsubsiii*^. The moun- tains with which it is covered, especi- ally towards the N abound with mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin. A very singular tree grows in this province ; instead of pith, it contains a soft pulp, which yields a kind of flour : the bre.id made of it is said to be exceedingly good. Uesides paroquets, hedge-hogs, and the rhinoceros, ii prodigious num- ber of wild animals, curious birds a^tl luicommuu insects urc found here. Tlua m\ Q^U E Q^U E province contiiins 13 villages of Uie first chiss, and 80 of tlie second aiid tiiird Qiifi-liiig-foii is tlic capital S^uang-tong, the most considerable ol' tlicf scitilliern provlncesof China ; bound- ed on the N E by Fo-Kien, on the N b^ Kiunff-si, on the VJ by Qiiantf-ai anil the kingdom of Tong-king;' the rest is ■wu.ilict' by tlie sea. '1 lie country is di- versiiicd with plains and nimuitains, and the land is so fei tile, that it produces two crops every >ear. Trade and tlie fecundity of the soil supply this province with every thing that can contribute to the ple-isures of life : it furnishes gold, piccious stones, silk, pearls, eagle- wood, tin, quicksilver, sugar, copper, iron, steel, saltpetre, ebony, and abun- dance of aromatic woods, which are in great request. All the coasts abound with fish, and furnish great quantities of oysters, crabs and tortoises of an im- inense size ; of their shells the Chinese make several pretty toys, A prodigious niimbi r of tame ducks are raised in this province ; the particvdar care and industry employed by the Ciiinese in breeding tliem, have multiplied them licre exceeclingly They load a great number of sniiill barks witli them, and carry tliem in Hocks to feed on tiie sea- shore, where a*, low-water these fi)wls find shrimps, oysters and other kinds o!" siitUlish. Tiiesc sniall fleets generally go in company, and the ducks soon mix togetlier on tlie shore ; but when night ajiproaches, they are collected together by or.ly beating on a bason : thi;y imme- diately form themselves into diilerent flocks, and each returns to the vessel it belongs to. Although the climate of this province is warm, the air is pure, and the people are robust and healthy They are very industrious ; and it must be allowed, that they possess, in an eminent degree, thetalent of imitation : if they are only shewn any of our Euro- pean works, they execute others like them with the most surprising exact- ness. This province is divided into ten districts, which contain ten cities of the first class; and eighty-four of the se- cond and tliird. Canton is the capital ; but t'le viceroy resides at Chao king. iJfiii/ieH, a town of Swissertand, near the lake Wallen stadt, 5 mites E of GlaiMis. 5^.;e4ef, a city of N America, capital of I.i'uer Canada, situate at the con- fiuei.cf of the rivers .St. Lawrence and St. Cliai'lcs. It is built on a rock, and is divided into the upper and lower town. The houses in each are of stone, and the fortifications strong, though not rogular. The governor resides inacita- del, which covers the town, and is both regular and handsome. The river St. Lawrence here narrows all of a sudden to the breadth of a mile : but from hence to the sea it is four or five lea- gues broad, and navigable for large men of war. The harbour is safe and commodious, and flanked by two bas- tions, that are raised 25 feet from the ground, which is the height of the tides at the time of the equinox. This city was erected by the French in 1605. The English reduced it, with all Canada, in 1626; but it was restored in 1632. In 1759, it was again taken by the English, after a battle memorable lor the death of general Wolfe, in the arms of victo- ry, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763. It is 400 miles by the river, from the Atlantic Ocean, and 390 N W of Boston. Lon. 69 48 W, la i6 55 N. '^leila, a kingdom in the peninsula beyond the Ganges, tributary to Siiim. The principal town of the same name, is subject to the Dutch. It has a har- bour, and is 300 miles N of the city of Malacca. Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 5 N. ^ledlingburg, a town of Germany in Upijer Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt, with a famous protestant Ab- bey, whose abbess is a princess of the empire, and whose contingent ig one horseman and 10 footmen. The inhabi- tants of the town subsist by brewing, husbandry, and feeding of cattle, It is 10 miles S E of Halberstadt. Lon. 11 34 E, lat. 52 1 N. ^eenborough, a borough in Kent, in the isle of Shepey, with a market on Monday and Thursday. It had once a strong castle, the remains of which are still to be seen, The chief employment of the inhabitants is oyster-dredging, oysters being here in great plenty, and of a fine flavour. It is 15 miles N W of Canterbury, and 45 E of London. Lon. 48 E, lat'. 51 26 N.. ^/ffn C/iar/otieU Cape, a promontoi-y of the isl.nd of Soiitliern Georgia. Lou. 36 11 W, lat. 5i3:-S. S'wrew Charlotte's Fnre.'aml, a cape of the island of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 12 K, lat. 22 1.5 S. i^Hec.i; Charlotte s Island, an island iu the S P..cific Oi-ean, six miles long iuid one bi'oad, discovered by captain q^v E (^U E C^U I klcrt into tlie upper and lower The houses in each are of stone, fortificHtions strone, though not The governor resides inaclta> lich covers the town, and is hoili and handsome. The river St. nee liere narrows all of a sudden breadth of a mile : hut from to the sea it is four or five lea. I'oad, and navif^ahle for large war. The liarbour is safe and idious, and flanked by two bas- that are raised 25 feet from the J, which is the height of the tidei time of the equinox. This city rectedbythe French in 1605. The h reduced it, with all Canada, in but it was restored in 1632. In it was again taken by the English, I battle memorable lor the death icrul Wolfe, in the arms of victo- d confirmed to them by the peace 63. It is 400 miles by the river, he Atlantic Ocean, and 590 N W oston. Lon. 69 48 W, la' ^6 eila, a kingdom in the peninsula id the Ganges, tributary to Slum, principal town of the same name, jject to the Dutch. It has a har- and is 300 miles N of the city lalacca. Lon. 100 5 E, lat. 7 5 N. tedlingburg, a town of Germany in ;r Saxony, in the principality of lit, with a famous protestant Ab- whose abbess is a princess of the re, and whose contingent \a one ;man and 10 footmen. The inhabi- of the town subsist by brewing, undrv, and feeding of cattle, It is iles S E of Halberstadt. Lon. 11 , lat. 52 1 N. eenborough, a borough in Kent, in ile of Sliepey, with a market on iay and Thursday. It had once a g castle, the remains of which are be seen, The chief employment le inhabitants is oyster-dredging, rs being here in great plenty, and ine flavour. It is 15 miles N W of ?iburv, and 45 E of London. Lon. E, lat. 51 26 N.. een Cliarlotle^t Cape, a promonto'-y J island of Sontlieni Georgia. Lou. \V, lilt. 5432 S. fen Cl:arlnttc''s Fnre'.antl, a cape of (land of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 lat. 22 1.5 S. ecu CharUittcs Island, an island iu i Pacific Ocean, six miles long ne bi'oad, discovered by captain VVallis in 1767. Lon 138 4 W, lat. 19 18 S. t^iieen Cluirliittt's Sound, a sound at tl" N extremity (if tiic S ishuid of New Zealand, niai- Cook's Strait. Ilif conn- ti'V liure is not so steep as at l)u k\ B«V, ui d tiic hills near the seaside are in yeiu'rul of un iiilcriui- lifijclit, but co- vend uilli firests icjuulU intiicate and impeiifti-dble. The dnj^s here are of the lung Haired sort, w.tli jiricked cars, and much resc mble tlie coninioii shep- herd's cur. but tliey arc very stupid. Lon. 174 13 E, lat. 41 5 S. S>iifen's Cou:it;, a slure of Ireland, in the province of Leiiistcr, 30 miles long and 29 broad ; bounded un the N by Kiiij^'s Count}, on tliC E b\ Kildarc.on the S E by Catherlougli, on the S bj Kilkenny, and on the VV by King's County and Tipperary. It was foi-merl\ full (if woods and bogs ; but is now much improved It contains 39 parish- es, and sends eight members to parlia- ment. Maryborough is the capital. ^een'a-Ferry, a borough in I/inlith- gowsliire, seated on the irith of Forth, where it is not more than two miles wide. It is a much frequented ferry, and is nine miles W of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 20 W, lat. 56 ON. ^een Anna, a post town in Prince George county, Maryland; lying on the W side of Pa'tuxent river, 10 miles ^V of Ann.ipoli5, and 25 eastward from Washington. ii^ieen't-tomn, a town in Qjietn Ann's comity, Mainland ! situate on tlie E side of Cliester river, near its entrance into Cliesapeak bay, and about 18 miles be- low Cliestertown. S!jieil-lwg-fou, a city of China, capital of ti.e province of Qiiang-si. It has its name from a ilowcr called ijuci, which grows on H tree resembling a laurel, and emits such a sweet and agreeable odour, that the wlmle country is |;er- fiimcd by it. Q_ueil-ling-fou is situate on the banks of a river, which throws itself into the Ta-ho ; but it ilows willi such rapidity, and amidst so nurriiw valleys, that it is neitlier navigable nor of any utility to commerce. '1 liis cily is large, and the whole of it is built al- most after the model of our ancient fortresses ; b.it it is much inferior to the greater part of the capitals of the otiicr provinces. A great number of birds are found in the territories be- longing to it, the coloiii's of which are so bjig-ht and vai'iogulcd, that the artists of this country, in order to add to the lustre of their silks, interweave with tluin some of tlieir feathers, wliieh have a splendour and beaiuy that caniiiil he iinil«ted Qi.eil ling f iii has under its jurisdiction two cities of the secoiul class, and seven of the third, and is ISO miles N l)V W of Caiituii. Lon. lU'j oi K, lat. 25 30 N. Siliieiitin, St. a strong town of France, in tlie deparlmcn; of Aisne and late province of Picardy. Here is a con* sideribie manufacture of lawns and cambrics. The town was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Somnie, 21 miles S of Cambrav, and 83 N by E of Paris. L(m. 3 29 E, lat. 49 50 N. iQ^ierci, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Limosin, on the E by Rouergtie and Auvcrgne, on the S by Languedoc, and on the W by Perigord. It was divided into Upper and Lower, and is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now forms the depart- ment of Lot. ^leifort, a town of Germany in Up- per .Sa.\(Hiy, capital of a principality of the same name, subject to the prince of Saxe-Weissenfcls. It Is 12 miles S E of M.insfeldt. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 51 27 N. ^lergenency, an island of the Medi- terranean, on the coast of Tripoli. It has a fort, and several villages. ^eanoy, a town of France, in the departiTient of the North and Lite pro- vince of French Uainault, with an old castle. It was taken by the allies in 1711, and retaken the same year. In 1793, it was taken by the Austrians, and retaken the next year. It is seated in a large plain, on the little river Ro- iii He, nine miles S E of Valenciennes, and 122 N E of Paris. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 50 15 N. S^uiberon, a peninsula of France, in the department of Morbihan apd late province of Bretagne, to the N of Bel- le isle. It has a village of the same name, and a fort, on the bay ol Qiiibe- ron. In July 1795, it was taken by some French rc'.iiiients in the pay of Great Britain: b;it owing to i.he de- sertion ami trcai liery of some of the soldiers, the republicans retook i* by surprise soon afterward. Sliiibo, ail island oi\lu; Pacific Ocean, lying on the coast oi Veiagua, in New Spain. Here are a great luiniuer of monkics and fallow deer. li- r.J:f«ft4uaiaid (^U I QU I <(IPS ^lilkhmmf, a town of France, in tlie ilcpjirtmciit of Lower Seine and l.-it'i jfrovince of Normandy, seated on tlic Seine, eifflit miles S W ot Caude- bfC, uiul 22 W of Kouen. iC^iihmmci, a town of Africa, on tlie coast of Ziiiig'ueliur, in tiie kinjfdom ol Mc-linda. ll is situiile at tlie mouth of ii liver of the same name, and be- longs to tlie I'ortii^'^iiese. Lon. 39 40 E, l;.t. 3 30 S. Kliii/oa, a seaport on tlie coast of Z.iiin'iH har, with a small citadel. It is ti ihiitary to the Portinfiicse ; and is seated in a fcitile countrv, 300 miles N of Mosambiqi.e. Lon. 39 9 E, hit. 930 S. i^iilon, or Co.'lon, a Dutch factory on tliec last of Malabar, in Travaiicoi-e, 14 miles N N W of Anjenpo, taken bv tlie English in 17 .. i.on. 7C32 E,lat.9 2 N. i^hnper, a town of France, in the deparinient of Finlsterrc and lale (H'o- vince of Bretaj^iie, with a bishop's see It is seated at the confluence of the Oder and Be.iandet, 30 miles S E of Li'cst, and 332 W bv S of Paris. Lon 4 2 W, lat. 47 58 N. ^liviptrloj, a town of France, in the department of Finisterre and late pr.wince of Bretajfne, seated on the Isotte, seven miles fi-oni the sea, and 20 E bv S ofQiiimpcr. Lon. 3 33 E, lat. 47 52 N. ^incer, a post town in Norfolk couiuy, Massachusetts, ten miles S of Boston. It has about 1000 inhabitants, and is the peaceable retreat of John Adams, Esq. late president of the Uni- ted States. ^lingey, a town of France, in the department of Doubs and late province of Franclie Comte, seated on the river I.ouvc, 12 miles S W of Besancon. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 47 5 N. Slvinten, a town of France, in t' e de- partment of the North Coast and late province of Bretagne, with a castle. It is seated in a valley, near the riier Gov, and a large forest of the sfime name, eight miles S S W of St. Bricn, and 200 W of Paris. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 48 26 N. ^in'gti, a town of France, in the de- ^lartnienl of Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonois, seated on an emi ncnce, near the river Rhone, 12 miles 5 of Lyons. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 35 N S>u,rimba, the name of several is- lands of Africa, on tlie coast of Zan- giicbar. 'I'liey are uU fertile in fruits and pastures. ^isatna, a maritime province of Africa in the kingdom of Angola, ly. ing al(,ng the river Conza. It is a mountainous country, and very little cultivated but the Portuguese get abundance of salt there. Shiiteoa, a town of Morocco, in the province of Drass, with a castle. Lon. 5 W, lat. 28 6 N. ^listello, a town of Italy, in the dut.ciiv of Mantua, seated on the Sec- cia, three miles from its confluence with the Po. It is famous for an ac> tion between the French and Aus- trians .n 1734, whe ' Marshal Brogiin was surprised in his bed. It is Ij inilcs S £ of Mantua. Lon. 11 1 £, lat. 45 N. ^lito, an audience of Peru, lying between two chains of the high moun- tains called the Andes. The lands are generally well cultivated, and there are a great numbar of towns and villa- ges inhabited by the Spaniards or na- tive Americans Every village is a- dorned with a large square, and a churcii stands on one side of it. I'he sti'cets are generally straight, and re- .sj'ect the four quarters of the world ; and all tlie roads are laid out in a line, crossing each other, that the aspect of the country has the appearance of a large garden. Alihough tiiis coun- try is situate on both sides of the equator, yet it .es so high, and so near the mountains covered utitli snow, that the air is very Temperate. There are no noxious animals; fonthe tigers and serpents are below in the forests. Several districts of tliis country are occupied almost intirely by Indians ; and the city of Qiiito alone contains between 50 and 60,000 ofalUhe dif- ferent races. This is the only province in Spanish America that can be called a manufacturing country. Hats cotton- stufis, and coarse woollen cloths, arc made here in such quantities, as to be sufficent, not only for the consumption of the province, but to furnish a con- siderable article for exportation to o- ther parts of Spanish America Thi:* province is under the jurisdiction of tiie new viceroyalty of St. Fe-de-Bogo- ta, the capital of the New kingdom of Granada. ^uito, a city of Peni, in an audience of the same name, and a bishop's see. It is seated in a pleasant valley, be- tween high mountains, and on much higher ground thau the rest of Psi'i QU I a, a maritime province of the kingdom of Ang^ola, ly. tlie river Conza. It is a s country, and very little :l but tlie Portijgfuese g-ct e of Kult tliere. , a town of Morocco, in the r Druss, with a custle. Lon. . 28 6 N. '/o, a town of Italy, in the " Mantua, seated on the Sec- e miles from its confluence Po. It is famous for an ac- weep the French and Aus- 1734, whe ' Marshal Broglio 'prised in his bed. It is IS E of Mantua. Lon. 11 1 £, N. iin audience of Peru, lying two chains of the high moun- led the Andes. The lands are ly well cultivated, and there eat nunihar of towns and villa- ibitcd by the Spaniards or na- Tiericans Every village is a- with a large square, and a stands on one side of it. I'hc are generally straight, anrl re- »e four quarters of the world ; the roads are laid out in a line, g each other, that the aspect country has the appearance of > garden. Alihougli tiiis coun- situaie on both sides of the r, }'et it .es so high, and so e mountains covered With snow, B air is very Temperate. There noxious animals; foiHhe tigers rpente are below in the forests. I districts of tliis country are :d almost intirely by Indians ; : city of Qiiito alone contains n 50 and 60,000 of all the dif- races. This is the only province lish America that can be called facturing country. Hatscotton- and coarse woollen cloths, arc ere in such quantities, as to be it, not only for the consumption irovinre, but to furnish a coii- le article for exportation to o- rts of Spanish America This e is under the jurisdiction of r viceroyalty of St. Fe-de-Bogo- capital of the New kingdoir. of a. i, a city of Peru, in an audience lame name, and a bishop's ice. ^uted in a pleasant valley, be- liigh mountains, and on much ground thau the rest of Fei'i R A C thsv. i« habitable, being 300 yards abov? the level of the sea. Here art scver.d religious communities, and two colleges, which are a. sort of uni- vers'.v. It, is 820 miles N of Lima Lor. 97 50 \V, lat. 13 S. i^ixot, a province of Peru, in the audience of Ci^iito. ^iiizina, a chain of mountains in tlir kingdom of Fez, 100 miles in length, extending from the desert of Gret to tlie river Nocor. ^(oja, a kingdom on tlic coast ot Guinea, which reaches from Sierra Leone to the Grain Coast. R. 'DiAB, a town of Lower Hungarj-, ■**• capital of Javeriii, with a custle, and a bishop's see. It is a strong frontier bulwark against the Turks, and has two bridges, one over a double ditch and another that leads toward Alba Kegalis. It is seated at the con- fluence of the Raab and Rabnitz, not far from the Danube, 55 miles S E of Vienna. Lon. 17 25 E, lat. 47 48 N. Rabasteint, a town of France, in the department of Tarn and late province oi' Langu«doc, with a decayed castle, seated on the Tarn, 18 miles VV by S of Alby. Lon. 1 52 E, lat. 43 46 N. Rabat, a seaport of Africa, in Tre- mesen, with a castle. It has fine mosques and handsome palaces, and is seated at the mouth of the B'.iri- grig, between Fez and Tangier. Lon 528W, lat. 34 40 N. Rachore, or A(loni-JRacho.e, a city of the peninsula of Hindoostan, capital of a district of the same name, sub- ject to the nizam of the Deccan. It is seated on tlie S bank of the Kistna, not far r.hove its conflueoce with tlie Toombudra, and below that ot cheBee- mah. Lon. 78 15 E, lat. 16 30 N. Sccters Burgh, a strong town of Ger- many, in Stiiia, with a castle on a mountain. It is seated on an island, formed by the Muchr, 22 miles S E of Gratz, and 100 S of Vienna. Lon. 15 58 E, lat. 46 54 N. Raclia, a small uninhabited island of the Archijielago, near that of Nio. Raconi, a populous town of Piedmont, '.'atcd in a pleasant plain, on the rivers RAG Grana and Macra. It belongs to the ,;riiice of C vi};nano, who has a castle iieie. It is SIX miles from Carignano. Lon. 7 46 E, lat 4439 N. Radeberg, a town of Germany in Up- I'er Saxony, in the Margravate of Me- ssen, 10 iniie.s N E of Dresden. Lon. 13 56 E, lat. 51 5 In. Jia.iiciifani, a town of Tuscany, seat- od on a niimiituin, and defciultid by a citadel on an adjacent hill, 56 n^ilcs S 'i of Sienna. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 42 42 N. Radtnandoif, a town of Germany, in Carniola, near tiie source of the river Save, 16 miles W of Cralnburg. RadiK NtHu, a borough in Radnor- shire, wivh a market on Tliursday. It was formerly the county town ; but the as.sizes are now iield at Presleign. It is seated near the source of tiic Somer- gil, in a pleasant valley at tlie foot of .a hill, wiiere a castle formerly stood. It sends one menib^-r to parliament, and ■s 24 miles N \V of Hereford, and 156 W W VV of London. Lon. 2 43 W, lat. 52 10 N. Radnorahire, a county of S Wales, 30 miles long and 25 broad ; bounded on the E by Shropshire and Herefordshire, on the N W by Cardiganshire, on the S and S W \,\ Brecknockshire^ a'.id on the N oy Montgomcrysliire. Its prin- cipal rivers are the Wye and the Tend, the former dividing it from Brecknock- shire, and the latter from Shropshire. It contains 52 parishes, four market towns, and sends two members to par- liament. Tlie air vS this county is in winter cold and piercing. The soil in general is but indifferent, yet some places produce corn, panicularly the eastern and southern parts ; but in the northern ai.d western, which are moun- tainous, the land isciiicHy stocked with horned cattle, sheep and goats. Radom, a town of Little Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on a brook that falls' into the Vistula, 30 miles N of Sandomir, and 50 S of Warsaw. Lon. 21 1 E, lat. 51 25 N. Ragivolo, a town of Italy, in the Man- tuan, seated between Mantua and Reg- gio, 42 miles from each. Raguaa, an ancient town of Sicily, in the Val-di Nota, near tiie river Muulo, 12 miles N of Modica. Lon. 14 59 E, lat. 37 N. Ragusa, a city of Dalmatia, capital of the Ragusan, and an archbisiiop's R A L RAM see. It is two miles in rirciimferenre, anil sirontr by situation, iiuvin;.',' un in- acccssilili: mountain on the luiul side, anil a strong fort on (lie giili of \'i:iikc, ?t is a republic, atid h:is u doj^e \\k.\.- tliiit of Venice, but lie conliniics a nidnth only in his oflice. It carries on a conHidei'uhle trade with the 'I'ln'kH, und is CU niiles N VV of Sciituri. Lon. 18 10 E, l:.t. 42 JU N. Rag'Lirn, or Ra^usian Dalirmtia, a territory of Dahuutia, lyinjf alont; t'.i'^ coast of liii' ^.lil' of Venice, ah nil 55 miles in Iciijrlli, and 3U in breadth. It is a r( Dublic, under the i)i.)teclion of ihc Turks and Vencliuii.s, to each of whom it puys :ui uunuul tribute. Ka- g^isn is the capital. R(ij.'.>»j::r, a town of Hindoostun, on t!H' c.);ist of Mali.bar, scaled on .1 river ot the s'.uiie name, 50 niiies N of Gox l.on -3 50 E, lut. \7 19 N. liiijtiniii, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in Beni^'al ; formerly a phue of (ijrciit trade, but now in a ruinous st;ile. It is seated on the VV bank of the Gan- ges, in a romantic, but not pkasant si- tuation, 190 miles N by W of Calcutta. Bain, a town of Upp-er Bavaria, seat- ed on the Acha, near the Lccli, five miles E of Donawcrt. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 48 50 N. Ruin, a town of Germany, in St>ria, eapitul of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is seated on the Si»'.c, 68 milos S of Gratz. Lon. 15 32 £, lat. 46 v the duke of Maylboroiigl), over V e l-'rench, on Whitsunday, 1706. It is lo m Ics N of Namur, and 24 S E of Biussels. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. iO 39 N. Rawmeitns, a seaport of the isle of VVaUiKieii, in the Dutch province of Zealand. It was one of the towns put into the hands of the English, li a se- eiiritv for i,. loan in the relgti of <|iiccn Elizabeth. It Is fo'.ir miles S of Mid- dlehiiig)i. f.im. 3 40 E, lat. 51 29 N. RmnmtULer^, a lofty, steep, and ex- RAM .nlwbitnnts arc fiew, not ex- 1670 at tlio laHl cnumcialioii. Ii Ittt. 3J° 4a' N, and loii^'. 7f I, an ttncient town of Palestine, IcmI Kainula by t!ic TiiiUs. I'lio |re nurriiw, and the lioUHfS cim- Idit lliere ai-i- man) Tini- r». ;iirisliiin cliurclics and otiicr [s, wincii indicate its Fni'iiicr jcnce. It is 20 niilen VV br N jsiilcm. Lou. 34 55 E, hit. 32 i./fi, a seaport of Sont!) Amcri- .\'. w Gi'anada, 1(XJ it-ilcs E of rllia. Lon. 72 2\} \V, lat. 11 cincor, an island of Asia, lyinp Ca;;" Comonn. It is 23 milii iinit'erence ; is very sandy, and ly a few villa^ps and a temple. /45 E, l;-.t. '.' -'5 N. ibert-ie-Jou^, .■?<. alown of France, lt|).ivinifnt of Ain and late pro- of Bressc. It is seated near a of Munt Jura. Lon. 5 30 E. laL il)trvilliera, a town of France, in partment of the Vosges and Ulc ce of Lorrain, 30 miles S E of . Lon. 6 44 K, lat. 48 21 N. nbouili'et, a town of France, in epartiiient of Seine and Oisc ami povincc of tlic U\e of France. It miles S W of Paris. nc/ieaJ, a jiromontiiry of Com- S Wof Plymcnilli, at tlie entrance jinouth S"und. On its summit is ipel, bi'li>nj,'ing to tlie village uf ;, which serves as a seamrak. 4 20 W, lat. 50 18 N. m^a, a town of France in the ile- lent of Anbe and late province (if i|K(jCne, seated on the Anbe, 18 I N E of Tro) es. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. ! N. miilliet, a town of Austrian Bra- reniaikable for the great victory ned bv the duke of MarlborouKl), I e French, on Whitsunday, 1706. U) m Ics N of Namur, and 24 S E russeU. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 30 Dinnaiats, a seaport of the isle of •Ik ren, in tlie Dutch province of md. It was one ()f the towns pat tho hands of the Ent^lisli, i-i a se- ,v for u loan in the rei^n of (^'ce" ibith. It is four miles S of Miil- luirli. I-on. 3 40 E, lat. 51 29 N. ummeUUrj, a lofty, steep, and ex- RAN trnsive mountain of Grrinany, in tlinl part of the Hartz Forest which lies within the principality of Cridtenhagen. On this motmluin lu-e 12 silver mines ; and at the ftot of it is seated the city of Goidar. Saiiifiano, a town of Turkey in Eu- rojic, in the Morea. Lon. 20 17 E, lat. 36 34 N. RaiiulHiiy, a town in Wiltshire, no. ted for its line beer. It is 46 miles E of Bristol, and 6y W of London. Ramtey, a town in Huntingdonshire, with a market on Hatiu'day. It is seat- ed in tlte fens, near the niercs of Katn- scy and Wliitlcscy; and bad formerly a ricil and celebrated abbey. It is 12 miles N E of Hnntin};'don, and 69 N of London. Lon. 19 \V, lat. 32 2(> N . Rainier, an island on the coast of Pembrokeshire, two miles long, and one and a half broad. Near it are se- veral dangerous rocks, frequented in tlie breeding season by vast multitudes of scafowl, and known by the name of the Bishop and his Clerks. I'his island is four miles W of St. David's, and 17 N VV of Milford Haven. Lon. 5 30 W, lat. 51 55 N. Ranugate, a seaport in Kent, in the Isle of Tlianet. An act of parliament was latclr passed, by which its harbour w:i8 considerably improved, and new piers erected, capable of resisting the strongest winds, or the most raging sea that rolls in from the JDowns. These piers h.ive cost immense sums ; and allliough tlte harbour which they form is still an indiflerent one, on accoimt of tlie accumulation of mud, it has been unquestionably the means of saving a great number of ships, that have been driven in here by stress of weather, when they could make no other port. Ramsgate has sontc trade to the Bal- tic, and is frequented as a bathing- place. It is four mile!> S of Margate, 10 E N E of Canterbury, and 73 E S £ of London. Lon. l' 30 £, lat. 51 32 N. Riinai, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the North P;icific Ocean, lying S W of the passage between Mowee and Morutoi, about three leagues from each. Tlie S part is high and craggy i but the other parts hnvc a better aspect, and are well inhabited. It produces very ft- w pUntains and bread-fruit trees, bvit abounds iu yams, sweet potatoes, and tare. The inhabitants are compu- ted at 20,000, as iieaiiy ag could b« «■- wilained. RAP Rar.derson, or Randert, an ahclent. town of Denmark, in North Jutland, !«t'ated near the mouth of the Gude, 2i miles E of Wibiirg. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 36 20 N. Randolph, a post town in Orange c<)iuit\, Vermont, 35 miles N by W of Windsor, on the river Connecticut, and about the same distance N by E of Rutland, Randolph, a post town in Norfolk county, Muss:irliusetts, 5 miles S of Qiiincey, 15 S of Boston. Ruhvia:, a village, in Middlesex coun- ty, New Jersey, where there is a post ollice ; <'> ;niles S W of Elizabeth town, and 14 N E of New Brunswick. It hat about 300 inhabitants, Rangi-.itx, a town of Eastern Prussia, on the river Niemen, 55 miles E of Ko- ningsberg. Lon. 22 40 E, lat. 55 6 N. RannocU Lock, a lake in the N part of Perthshire, 11 miles in length. It receives the waters of Loch Ericht, from the N, and communicates with Loch Tumel on the E, and Loch Li- doch on the \V. On its S side is an an- cient forest of birch and pine. Rantavipour, a fortress of Hie An- kam, 14 miles N E of Lincoln, and 150 N of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 53 23 N. Rasocalmo, a cape on the N coast of Sicily, near a town of the same name, W of Cape Faro, and N of Messina. %Rastat/t, a town of Germany, in the archbishopric of Saltzburg, seated on the Ens, 48 miles £ by S of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 10 £, lat 47 31 N. ' Rantadt, a town of Suabia, in the marqniiate of Baden, with a castle. It is remarkable for a treaty concluded here, between theFrench and Au«tri- ans, and for a battle in which the Atis- trians were defeated by the French, in J 796. It is seated on tbe Merg, near the Rhine, four miles N of Baden, and 24 S W of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 48 54 N. Ratenau, a town of Germany, in the middle marcho of Brandenburg, saatcd on the Havel, 15 miles N W of Bran- denbiirg. Lon. 13 49 E, lat. 52 46 N. Ratenhurg, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, with a caatle, seated on the river Inn. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 47 30 N. Rathmines, a remarkable place in Ire- land, near two miles from Dublin, where the duke of Ormond was defeat- ed by the parliament forces in 164':^. Ratibor, a town of Silesia, capital of a dutchy of the same name, with a cas- tle It has been twice taken by the Swedes ; and is seated on the Oder, in a country fertile in corn and fruits, 15 miles N E of Troppaw, and 142 E of Prague. Lon. 17 54 E, lat. 50 11 N. Ratisbon, the capital of Bavaria, and the only free imperial city and sovereign state in this electorate ; it is large, po- polous, and fortified with a double wall, ditches, and ramparts, pleasantly aitn- ated on the S side of the Danube. Ka- tishon is governed by its own magis- trates, who are Lutherans, and it sur- rounded by the duke of Bavaria'i ter- ritories. The city is plentifully fur- nished with provisions, the soil round it abounding with com and pasture, and with vines, the grapes of which yield a strong palatable wine, scarce in- ferior to the Rhenish. It has a stone bridge of 15 arches over the Danube, being the most substantial of all tlie structures, either on this river or on the Rhine. In time of peace it has a considerable trade by the Danube, the Nahe, and the Regen, which join near the city, and by the neighbouring rivers. Here is a famous Benedictine monastery, with several ancient and curious MSS particularly of the gos- pel. It is 55 miles S £ of Nuremburg, 62 N bv E of Munich, and 195 W by N of Vienna. Lon. 12 5 E, lat. 48 58 N. Ratolezel, a strong town of Suabia, on that part of the lake of Constance called Boden See. It belongs to the house of Aiutria, and is 13 miles W of the city of Constance. Rattan. See Ruattan. Rattebtirg, a fortlKed town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Saxc-Lawen- burg, with a bish')])'s see, and a castle, noted for its escellent beer. It is seat- ed on an island, in the midst of a lake 30 miles in circumference. The build- ings are of brick, and almost every house is shaded witli a tree. The town belongs partly to the dutchy of Mecklen- burg Strelitz, and partly to that oi |R AT I, 15 milet N W of Bran- on. 13 49 E, lat. 52 46 N. , a town of Germany, in the a caHtle, seated on the Lon. 12 5 £, lat. 47 30 N. '.;, a remarkable place in Ire- two miles from Dublin, duke of Ormond was defeat- larliament forces in 164V. a town of Silesia, capital of r the same name, with a cas- s been twice taken by the >nd is seated on the Oder, in fertile in corn and fniits, 15 of Troppaw, and 142 E of Lon. 17 54 E, lat. 50 11 N. !, the capital of Bavaria, and ce imperial city and sovereign is electorate ( it is larg^, po- d fortified with a double wall, nd ramparts, pleasantly sitn- le S side of the Danube. Ra- governed by its own iQagis- io are Lutherans, and la sur- by the duke of Bavaria's ter- The city is plentifully fur- ith provisions, the soil round iing with com and pasture, vines, the grapes of which rong palatable wine, scarce in- I the Rhenish. It has a stone f 15 arches over the Danube, e most substantial of all the es, either on this river or Ihir.c. In time of peace it has arable trade by the Danube, e, and the Regen, which join city, and by the neighbouring Here is a famous Benedictine ry, with several ancient and MSS particularly of the gos- is 55 miles S £ of Nuremburg, E of Munich, and 195 W by icnna. Lon. 12 5 £, lat. 48 zfl, a strong town of Suabis, lart of the lake of Constance oden See. It belongs to the Austria, and is IS miles W of of Constance. I. Sec Ruattan. nirg, a fortified "town of Lower in tlie duchy of Sasc-Lawcn- th a bish')p's see, and a castle, r its excellent beer. It is scat- island, in the midst of a lake in circumference. The build- of brick, and almost every shaded with a tree. The town >artlytotliedutchyofMeckleii- relitz, and partly to that ot R A V Saxe-Lawenburg. From the lake of Ratzeburg issues the river Waknitx, wliicli joins the Trave near Lubec, and thus facilitates the communication by water between Lubec and these parts. Ratzeburg is 12 miles S £ of LiU>ec, and 12 N of Lawenburg. Lon. lU 49 E, lat. 5:3 U N. Ratzia, or Raicia, the cstcrn divisi- on of Sclavonia, subject to the house of Austria. It lakes its name from the ri- ver Rasca, wUich fulls into the Morave ; Slid its inhabitants are called Rasciuns. Jlava, a town of Great Poland, cr.pi- tnl of a palatinate of the same name, with a fortified castle, wliere state pri- suiiers are kept. The town :s built of wood, and seated in a morass covered with water that proceeds from the ri- ver Ravu, by wliicU it is surrounded. It is 55 miles S \V of Warsaw. Lon. 19 55 E, lat. 51 51 N. Ravttlo, a seaport of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, and a bishop's see. It has magnificent palaces and fine houses, and is 10 miles W of Salerno, and 25 S E of Naples. Lon. 14 41 £, lat. 40 36 N. Ravenglati, a seaport in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on an inlet, of the Irish Sea, be- tween the Mite and Esk, which, with tlie Irt, fall into this iidet, and form a pyoi\ harbour. It is 24 mites S of Cock- crmoutli, aqd 284 N N W of London. Lon. 3 30 W, lat. 54 20 N. Ravenna, an ancient and archiepis- copal city of Italy, capital of Romagna, wiUi several colleges, and a great num- ber of religious houses. It had a very flourishing trade, but has greatly suf- fered since the sea has withdrawn two miles from it The foilitications ure of little importance, and ttte citadel is gone to ruin. It is most remarkable now for the excellent wine |ir<)duced in its neighbourhood. Thc;)doric king of tlie Goths resided here, aiidafterwanls the exarchs of the Greek emperors. Ill the sixth century, wh-n there were tliree popes at tlic same time, one lived at Ravenna. The mausoleum of Theo- (loric is still to > e seen, remarkable for being covered by a single stone, 28 feet in diameter, and 15 thick. Ravenna is now continually g^ing to decay and is seated near the river Mantone, 37 miles S E of Ferrara, and 162 N of Rome. LoN. 12 5 E, lat. 44 25 N. Ravemberg, a county of Germany in Westphalia, lying S of the bishoprics RE A of Minden and Osnal)Ui-gli. It belongs to the king of Prussia, and is so calk'<.l from a castle of the wuiic name. Here- ford is the eapital. Rtnentburg, • iWse imperial town of Germany in Suabia. It is a well built town, and the public structures arc hundsume,and the inhabitants are part- ly prutestaiits and partly papists. It is seated on tlie Chcuss, 15 miles N by W of Lindau. Lon. 9 4U E, lat 47 5i> N. Rwtenttein, a town of Dutch Brabant, capital of a county of the same name, IwiUk an ancient and strong castle. lubP- longs to the elector palatine, but has a Dutch garrison. It is seated on the Macse, on the confines of Guelderland, lU miles S W of Nimegucn. Lon. 5 35 £, lat 51 46 N. Raviiz, a small town of Polaiul, in the palatinate of Polnania. It poMess^s a consider.-iblc manufacture of cloth, ^4 miles S of Posen. Rautchenberg, a to wn of Germany, in the Landgravate of Hesse Casscl, four miles N of Marpurg, and 32 S S W pf Cussel. Lon. 8 46 E, hit. M 33 N. Raxaa, a town of Poland, (.upital of the palatinate of Rawa, 56 miles S \V of Warsaw. Ravme, a river of Hindoost Proper, one of the five E branches of ;.. . indus, into which river it falls, about 20 miles W of Moultan, after having receiveil the united waters of the Chelum and Cliunaub. The Rawce is the Hydrao- tes of Alexander. SayUigh, a town in Essex, with > market on Saturday, lying upon Hadley bay, 13 miles S £ of Chelmsford, and 34 E of London. Lon. 40 £, lat 51 37 N. Reading, a borougli and the county- town of Berkshire, with a market on Saturday, and tlirec churches. It is pleasantly seated on the river Kennet, near its confluence with the Thaipe«, and is the largest and beft town in tLe county, witli three pari#b churches and large handsome streets. It had & ric|i abbey, large ruins of which still remain, and the bwly of Henry I. was lately found in a lead coiHn in it. Reading is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament Its chief trade is in malt. It is seated on the Kennet, near its confluence with the Thames, 26 miles S S E of Oxford, and 29 W of London. L(m 52 W, lat. 51 28 N, Reading, the capital of Berks couiHy, Pennsylvania i situated on the N ^ RED REG fc„kof thenver Schuy.k.n, 54 nnte. N l«.,wbo inverted St. Alb.n to chvi. rafted or conveyed in Jong bouts to Ph.- ladetphiaand its vicinity. He.c mu post office. The inbabitants Nverc Sweden, Denmark, and N'.iwuv. Ill tiie vear 17'JC„ this cnpc w»s the point he>ond wi.icl. coal >va8 not perm.tted to'pws without pavinp a be.^vy .hi.y, which was taken oil by u commutation (iul N im spirits. . , j}cdVih.iac, and \»le province nf UivUKue. It je.vci as i. ma-t for the co;i.n,erce ot Rcnncs, Mul i. soat.donthe ViUino, 2^^^^ ";'\<-■^ ; hy S ..1 Paris. Lon. 2 10 W, Ut- 37 ,„ ,nc same u.^.u.,.. . - .^^ licdondelh, a Hn.all conn.crcial tow^ The inhabitants are about of Sixain i„ Galio.-j, ^""',." ''■•'.^V,,;, lwa.s pillaged by the hnijhsh ." 17(K. reckoned 238G at last enumeration. Realmonu a town of France, in the department of Upper G:igmne, and hiU- province of Lang.icdor 3 ""1'",'' N ^^ \d Toulonse. Lon. 2 OE, lat 4,50 N. Reahiile, a town of France, m Uk- department of Lot, ciR-ht miles N L U Montauban. Lon. 1 24 L, lat. 44 7 N- Keanum^^n, a po8lt<,w» .n Lanruste. coimtv, Ponns>lvania, 15 miles N L <- < Lancaster, ami the f ™<: 'I'f**".)'^ ..t„.,, of Reading " ' ' '" Rebel, a town of Germany in the cir^ ck- of Lower Saxony, and dutcliy ot Mecklenburg, seated on the lake Mu ,itz, 30 miles S E of Gustrow. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 53 32 N. f" ,„k_„ Rebnick, a populous »"*? «'^ J"'**;^ in Europe, in Walachia, with a bishop s see, seated on Uic river Aluta. 45rades S W of Targowisco. Reccan. See Aracan. Reccmata, an episcopal town o1 Italv, in the Marq'iis:.te of Ancona. It is a" trading place. an mariners, the Two Sisters This place vras the Regulbinm of the Romans •nd is 12 miles W of Margate. Redbun,, a thoronghftire town in Herts fiv^ mile. N W of St. Alban's. It formerly belonged to the n-'inasterv *f St. Alban. and was grea ly t.nmed fertile pretended relics ol Amphiba- it is seated at the bottom ot a bay where there is li»hery for anchovies, leight miles S of Pontc Vedra. Lon. ' 8 15 W, lat. 42 18 N. J?em the Mediterra- "can Sea'ontheN, by the isthmus o Suez, and commtmicates, by the stiaiU S Bibelmandel, on the S with the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Rees, a strong town of Gemany, m the circle of Westphalia and d"tchy °J Cleves, seated on the «''-"^' }» mi ^ S E of Cleves, and ten N W ot Wesei Lon. 6 4 E, lat. 5140 N. i?«en, a tow" of Bavavia, on a river ofSff ^me name. «l'i«='> >''^'' '*« ''"X p Bohemia and falls into the Danube. tfs 12 miles NKEofDeckench,.^. and 40 E of RaUsbon. Lon. 13 - «^. lat. 48 50 N. . Ragersberg, a handsome tov«^ of Swisterland. in the canton of Zunc, capital of a bailiwic ot the sanie name. lA ai-trongcasUe. Itis .eated ou. REG |(>nverted St. Albun to clirit a promontory in Anpiis- |lhc German Ocean, King S of Mnntiosc. It is a noted for vessels truilinfj from iDi-nmiirk, and Noi way. Till yi'X'), this c;i]ie was tlit point pich coal was not permitted Hth(ii;_t puvinp;' a lieavy dii,/, Is taken oil by a commutation jjirits. [a town (if France, in the dc. if Isle aiid Vilaiae, and late jf Bretajine, It serves ;;s » the eoiiinieree of Reiuies, Mitl on the Vilaino, 22.i miles K raris. Loll. 2 10 W, lat. 37 V//rj, A small ciinmcrciiil town in Galicia, vitti u castle. Il gfd by the KiiifUsh in 17()J, ed .It the bottom of a bay lere is finlicry for anchovies, les S of Ponte Vedra. Loii. lat. 42 18 N. rfo, atownof Portugal, in the ■ of Beira, with a K:ast]e, and a :ture of cloth. It is seated at ithof the Mondepo, 17 miles 8 limbria. Lou. 8 34 VV, lat. 40 4 N. Kiuiia. See Rustia Rtd. a on the N, by the isthmus of iid communicates, by the sti'aits elinandel, on the S with the II Sea and the Indian Ocean, a Ktronjj town of Germany, in •leof Westphalia and dntchy of seated on the Hh'.ne, 10 miles Cleves, and ten N W of Wesel 4E, lat. 51 40 N. 1, a town of Bavai ia, on a river iamc name, which has its source :mia and falls into the Danube. I miles N N E of Deckendoif, E of IlatJsbon. Lon. 13 2 E, SON. isberg, a handsome town of Hand, in the canton of Zuric, of a bailiwic of the same name, strong castle. It is seated on. R £ I » rock, called •he Lagferbergp, 10 milei N W of Zuric. Regenitein, a town of Lower Saxony, in the bishopric of Hslberstadt, six miles S of Hulbcrstadt, and seven \V of (iiiedlingbnig. Lon. 41 E, lat. ol 26 N. Reggio, an ancient and arcliiepiscopal town of Italy, in Nai)les, in Calabria Ulteriorc, with a woollen manufaclii'd. It is a large and p<>p>dous place a:id is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 miles S E of Messina, and I'JO S by E of Naples. Lon. 16 E, lat. 38 4 N. Rc^gio, a dutcliy of Italy, included in that of Modena. It produces a great deal of silk. It is all subject to the duke of Modena, except tlic marqui- sate of St. Martin, which is subject to a prirtce of that name. Reggio, an ancient episfcopal city of Italy, in a dutchy of the same name, Willi a '.iLidel. It lias been ruined several times by the Goths, and other nations. In the cathedral are paint- ings liy the greatest masters ; and in the square is the statue of Brennus, chief of tile Gauls. The inhabitants are about 22,000, who carry on a great trade in silk. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and by the king of Sardinia in 1743. It il seated in a fertile country, 15 milea N W of Mo • dena, and 80 S £ of Milan. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 44 43 N. Regina, a tov?n of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Citcriore, 14 miles N of Co- senza. Lon. 16 21 E, lat 39 34 N. Regnano, a town of Italy in the Pa- trimony of St. Peter. It is thinly in- habited and is seated near the Tiber, 17 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 36 H, lat. 42 11 N. Rehoboth, a post town in Bristol county, Massachusetts, 42 miles S by W of Boston, and 3 eastward from Providence, Rhode Island. RfU-htiiau, an island of Germany in Sunbia, in the lower lake of Constance. It is three miles long and one broad ; contains about 1600 inhabitants, all catholics, and three ;^arishes. It is citremely bcautifid, i.nd in it is a rich Beneilii'line abbey, of which the bi- shop of Constance is abbot, with a li- brary and curious nmnuscripts. In this ronvpul was interred the emperor Ciiarl^'s Ic Gros. This island is three miles W of Constance, and belongs to tlie bisl'op of that place. Rc'uhenau, a town of SwifiserlaiKl, in thf country of the Grisons. It is seavcd in a rich and fertile valley, up- on the conHux of tlie two branches which form the Rhine. At this place are two cnrious bridges. One of these is thrown across the hiwer brancli of the Uhinc, and is 105 feet in length. The other, built across the Rhine be- low the point of union, forms a very beautiful object It is a wooden bridge, of a single arch, covered like that of SchaiUutusen, and constructed upon nearly the same plan. 'I'be sjian of the arch is 220 feet in length. Reichenau is seven miles S W of Coir. Rtichenbach, a river fif Swisserland, which has its source at the foot of Mour. Wettcrhorn, and rolls its nu- uicious cataracts down the steep sides of mount Sheidcc, till it unites with the river Aarnear Me)Tingen. Il con- veys into the Aar the gold dust that is found in the bed of that river. Reichenbach, a town of Bohemia in Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name. It is seated on the little river Peil, and noted for the peace conclud- ed, in 1790, between the emperor Leo- puid XI. and the Turks. Reichenberg, a castle of Germany, in the circle of upper R hine and county of Catzenelenbngen. It is seated on a mountain, near the Rhine, and be- longs to the prince of Hesse Rheinfeld. Lon. 7 57 E, lai. 50 4 N. Ritchenfelit, a town of Germanv, in the dutcliy of Carinlhia, 24 miles E of Muhrau. Lon. 14 4 E, lat. 47 9 N. Reknenhall, a town of Germany, ii» the circle of Upper Bavaria, on the Sala, with a rich salt spring, nine miles S W ofSaltzburg, and 64 S W of Mu- nich. Lon. 13 2 E, lat 47 28 N. Reichenstein, a town of Bohemia in Silf^sia, famous for the silver mines in its neighbourhood. It is 12 miles W of Grotcskaw. Reichshoftn, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhiiie, with a castle Ret/ertcheiii, Si tovm of G •••""-./> '•> the c rcle of Lower Rhine anil arch- bishopric of Cologne, capital of a coun- ty of the same name. It is 32 miles S W of Cologne, and 42 W of Coblcntz. Lon. 6 50 E, l.-it. 50 20 N. Reitenburgs a town of Prussia, in tlie province of Oberland, near which is nn ancient castle, 78 miles S W of Kon- ingsberg. Lon. 20 5 E, lat. 5.3 .72 N. ReiiUn's-tomn, a town in lialtimoi'e Uh REN RES county, Maryland, where there it • post office, 15 miles N W of Baltimore, and 63 N by E of Wathington. Reimrtmtmt, a town of France, in the department of tl>e Vt of Mount Vosffes, i/2 miU's S by El o^ Naiici. I.on. 6 47 E, lat. 'M 3 N. Remy, St. a town of France, in the department of Mcnitlis of tlic Klione. Hurr are the remains of a triumphal Ri'cli, and a mausoleum, in the neigh- bourhoi)d, in tl^e best state of preser- vation. St. Ktmy is 10 miles N £ of Ariel*. ReniLihurg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and dutcliy of Molstein, with a castle. It is a »tron^ place by its situation, standing on an isUiiul formed by the river Eyder, 12 miles S E of SIcswick. Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 54 iO N. Rei\fre\\i, the county town of Ren- frewsliire. Robert II. had a palace liL-i-c, of which nothing' remains but the ditch that encircled it. It is seated on the Clyde, near the mouth of the Cart, 10 miles L liv S of Port Glasgow, and 45 W of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 26 W, lat. 55 51 N. Rcnfreivfhire, a coimty of Scotland, wliicii has for many ye»rs been called a bnrony, because :t was the paternal es- tale of the Stewarts, before they were s.dvanC'Cd to the throne of Scotland, and at present gives the title of Baron to tiic Prince of Wales. It is bounded on the S hj' Airsliirc ; on the E by La- nerksliire, and on the N and W by the Cl)dc river, whicli divides it on the W li-om Arg-yloshire, and on the N from Dumbixrtonshire ; extending 30 miles from N to S, and 13 where broadest, from E to \V. It is watered by several sm.iU rivers, the chief of which are the \Vhite-c:irt and tlie Black-cart, which imile and fiill into the Clyde. That part near the Clyde is fruitful and plea- sant, with but fo\.' eniinenccB ; but that to ill'- ^ S W, and W, i.* more barren and momitaiiK.ii.v". U cnjo)s a healthful air, and abtmnds with all necessaries of life. Its priiiripid towns are Ren- frew, Puislrv, tJreenock, and Port Glasgow. It chief manufactures are Unsn, gauac, lawns. Sic. Near Paisley is a spring which ebbs and flows witli the tide, jet situated mnny miles froin tl>c sea. RenntboK, a small town of Germany, in the bishopric of Strasburg, 10 milci F. of Strasburg. Rennet, an ancient city of France, in the department of Isle and Vilaine, and late province of Bretagne. The inhti bitants arc computed at 35,000. Thn . fire in 1720, which lasted seven days, and consumed 850 houses, contributeil greatly to the beauty of the town, as the streets which were very narniw, were made wider and straight. In the great square, is the Palace of Juativ.e, and the Hotel de Ville. Rennet is an arci-Sishoprit, and the capital of the department. It is seated on tlie Vi- laine, which divides it into two parts, 58 miles N by W of Nantes, and 43 S E of St. Male. Lon. 1 36 W, lat 48 7K. Rents, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais, seal- ed on the river Au, 12 miles SWof Aire, and 50 N W of Arrar Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 50 36 N. Reole, a town of France, in the de< partment of Gironde, seated on the Garonne, 20 miles S E of Bourde-iux. Lon. 4 W. lat. 44 30 N. Repail/e, a town of Savoy, in Cha- blais, seated on a river whicii falls into the lake of Geneva, and famous for the retreat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in 1440, where he went to enjoy the plea- sures of a country life. There is a Car- thusian monawcery here, remarkable for its extensive prospects. It is three miles from Thonon, and 20 N E of Ge- neva. Lon. 6 21 E, lat. 46 36 N. Repeham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, and has two churches in one churcliyard. It is seat- ed in a valley, 15 miles N W of Nor- wich, and 109 N E of London. Lon. 1 7 E, lat. 52 50 N. Reppen, a town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony, and new marche of Brandenburg, 16 miles S S E of Gastrin. Lon. 14 28 £. lat. 52 SON. Requena, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a strong castle. It was taken by tlie English in 1706, and reta- ken by the French the next year. It is seated on the Oliana, 40 miles W of Valencia, and 130 E by S of Madrid. Lon. 40 W, lat. 39 24 N. Retht, a town of Persia, capital of Ghilan. It is seated on the S W coast ■** ■ mimmmmfiiimtmf R £ 8 1^, fg which ebbt and flows witli ]}et Ritiutcd mnny miles fron 1>», a smnll town of Gcripsny, Ihopric of Strusburgr, 10 miles ■ihiiig. an ancient city of France, in kment of Isle and Vilaine, and ■nee of Breta)pie. The inhs. Lie computed at 35,000. Thn , jr20, wliicli lasted seven days, luntcd 850 houses, contributed 10 the beauty of the town, as lels which wt;re rery narrow, dc wider and straight. In the iiare, is the Palace of Justice, Hotel de Ville. Rennes is an opric, and the capital of the unU It is seated on tlie Vi- hich divides it into two parts, N by W of Nantes, and 42 ,S Malo. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 48 a town of France, in the de- it of the Straits of Calais, sea..- e rivor Aa, 12 miles SWof Aire, N W of ArrtF Lon. 2 20 E, 16 N. , a town of France, in the de< It of Gironde, seated on the e, 20 miles S E of Bourdenux. |4 W. lat. 44 30 N. il/e, • town of Savoy, in Cha- leated on a river which falls into i: of Geneva, and famous for the of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in vliere he went »o enjoy the plea. fa country life There is a C«n mona.,cery here, remarkable fnt ensive prospects. It is three ■om Thonon. and 30 N £ of Ge- Lon. 6 21 E, lat. 46 36 N. lain, a town in Norfolk, with a on Saturday, and has two ;s in one churchyard. It is seat- valley, 15 miles N W of Nor- nd 109 N E of London. Lon. lat. 52 50 N. n, a town of Germany in the 'Upper Saxony, and new marche Klenburg, 16 miles S S E of , Lon. 14 28 £. lat 52 30 N. na, a town of Spain, in New with a strong^ castle. It was i^tlie English in ir06, and reta- the French the next year. It 1 on the Oliana, 4U miles W Of n, and 130 E Lv S of Madrid. 40 W, lat. 39 24 N. I a town of Persia, capital of It is seated on the S W coast C R E V • of the Cupian Sea, in a fertile plain, iiirroundcd with high muuntuins, 110 milus N of Casbia. Lon. 52 16 £, lat. 37 18 N. Heioiudon hland, a small island in the Pacitic Oct-an, so called from the ship Resolution, in which captain Cook made his second voyage to that Ocean. Lun 141 45 W, lat. U 23 S. Uttfvrit, East, a borough in Notting* hamsliire, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Idle, 30 miles N of Nottingiiam, and 144 N by W of London Lon. 48 W, lat 53 23 N. Rtthel, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Ardennes, and late province of Champagne. It is seated on a mountain, near the river Aisne, 20 miles N E of Rheims, and 108 N E of Paris. Lon. 4 26 £, lat. 49 30 N. "• Rttimo, a town of Candia, with a bishop's see, and a harbour defended by a citadel, where the bashaw resides. It was taken in 1647, by the Turks, who have kept it ever since. The silk, wool, honey, wax, laudanum, and oil, are preferred to all others. It is seat* ed on the N coast of the island, in a pleasant country, 45 miles from Can- dia. Lon. 24 45 £. lat. 35 22 N. Snel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, nine miles N of St Papoul. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 43 26 N. Rntl, a government of Russia. See Etthcnia. Revet, a strong seaport of Russia, ca- pital of the government of Esthonia, with a bishop's see. It is surrounded by high walls and deep ditchei, fcnd defended by a caBtle and good bastionf . The houses are well built, and have very fine gardens. There is a coUegfe, with four professors : and, in 1733, two churches w<;re allowed to the protes- tants. It is become a place of great trade, since the Russians obtained pos- session of it ; and there are two great fairs, in May and September, frequent- ed by English and Dutch merchants. The Russians took this important place in 1711, most of tlie inhabitants being carried off by the plngfuc. It is seated on the gulf of Finland, partly in u plea- sant plain, and partly on a mountain, 85 miles S E of Abo,' and 133 W bv S of Petersburg. Loi' 23 57 E, lat' 59 20 a. R H E Jle9tlfo, a town of Italy in Piedmont, in the marquisate of Salux/u, near the Po. It is seated on the top of a very liigh mountain, and is strongly fortified both by nature and art. It is tlirec miles N \V of Saliizj;o. Revero, a strong town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated on the rivrr Po, op- posite Ostiglia, 10 miles N E jf Miraii- opul.ni». In proiliict" Hri' biUi'i- winr, «()miil;iiicc of naU, cx- telUnt brimilv, iinil ttie liquor ra\le.' uses are low. Here are manufactures of flannel, coverlets, and other woollen stufls : and the gingerbread is famous. Rhcims is seated in a plain, stirround- ed bv hills that luoduce excellent wine, on the river Vcsse, 62 miles N of Troves, and 75 N E of Paris. Lon. 4 8 E, lat. 49 15 N. Jfhimu, a town of Swisserland, in ^ Ti.urgau, with an abbey, on an island fQi med by the Rhine, between Schafl. baiisen andEglisau. Rheinbach, a town of Germany, in the circleof Lower Rhine, and electorate of Cologne, 53 miles E of Leige. Lon. 6 9 E, lat. 51 39 N. Rheinberg, a town of Germany, in the eleetorute of Cologne, seated on the Rhine, 40 miles N W of Cologne, and 40 S F. of Guelderland. Lon. 6 39 E, lat 51 ':9W. . Rheliec,tL town of Germany, in the l\ ing (m both sides of the Rhine. Ley den is the capital. JUieinmagen, or Remagen, a town ot \Vest|)hulia, situate near the Rhine^W miles N N» W of Coblentz. Lon. 6 30 E, Int. 50 38 N. Rheintabern, a town of Germany in the bishopric of Spire, with a castle, 15 miles S of Spire. Rheinthal, a fertile valley of Swisser. land lying along the Rhine, which di- vidca it from a territory of Austria, till it reaches the lake «»f Constance. It belongs to the eight ancient cantons, and to that of Appenzel. The protes- tant inhabitants are the most numerous. Rheimvald, a large valley in the coun- try of Grisons; so called froni uie Hinder Rhine, which rises at the dis- tance of 12 miles, and runs through the valley. Splugen is the capital. Rheiien, a city of the United Provin- ces, in Utrecht, seate.l on the Leek, 20 miles S E of Utrecht. It was taken bv the French in 1672, and again m 1795. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 51 .50 N. Rhine, acelehrated river of Germany, having its source in the country of the Grisons in Swisserland, > nd in the ve- r ;?Ae/i.r,a townof Germany, '^^"n ^•^'"■"•""■fj^:^^" 'k U formed ef archbishopric of Cologne, .eatea on I ry bosom ol the Alps, ivig.or I,. •■: R H I |c, 34 itiilfti S s E of Cologne. p E, Int. 50 '27 N. jc, a town of Swliserland, c». tliL- HIiciDtliiil, with a cuitle, In tlie Rliiiip, nciir the luke of •e. L<.n. 9 2J K, l«t.47 4»N. 'M, u cuttle of Gcrmuny, in « of Lower Uhinc, uiul c'oiintjr lime name. It is one of tlie jM)rtaiit places on the Rhine, :un\ to atreni^h and •itiiulion. It on u cragjfy rock, at the toot f> it the town of St. Oour, and n by the French, in 1794. It lea S of Coblentz. frlden, a sti-onv town of Siiabia, of the four forest towns. It to the house of Austria, and n often taken and retaken, and d on the Rhine, over which it e of several aiches, eijfht miles iftle. L(.n.7 46 E, lat. 47 36 N. ■gait, II district of Germany, on tide of the Rhine, extending, tider Waliaiif to Lorrlch, The ion- chieHy cultivated. EH'eld a|;ital. iihausen, a town of Germany in Hhopric of Spire. It is sitiiate Rhine, three miles SE of Spire. nland, a jisrt of South Holland, )n both sides of the Rhine. Ley. the rupital, inmagen, or Remagen, a town of )li«lia, situate near the RhinWi'lQ N N* W of Coblentz. Lon. 6 30 50 38 N. ntnbern, a town of Germany in iiioi)ric of Spire, with a castle, es S of Spire. nthat, a fertile valley of Swisser> insf along the Rhine, which di- t from a territory of Austria, till hes the lake «»f Constance. It s to the eight ancient cantons, that of Appenzel. The protes- habitants are the most numerous. invatd, a large valley inthe|;oun> Grisons t so called froni tlie • Rhine, which rises at the dis- if 12 miles, and runs through ley. Splngen is the capital. en, a city of the United Provin- Utrecht, seated on the Leek, :s S E of Utrecht. It was taken French in 1672, and again in Lon. 5 22 E, Int. 51 ,50 N. f, acelebrated river of Germany, its source in the country of tlic « in Swisserland, ' nd in the ve- m of the Alps. K is formed of R H I two principal streams, the Upp«r or Hinder Rhine, to the U, and the I.ower Rhine, (tcirnivd by two small streamn, catlod the Middle and the Kiirthcr Rhine) to the W. The Upper and Lower Rhine, uniting at Reiciienuu, form a fine river, over which is a curious bridge of onr arch, the itpun of which i> 'Xi^ feet lung II Likts its course N by Coira, wild coiitiiuies on till it forms the lake of Cunstunce in Suubia t thence turning W, it passes by tlie citii^s of C suce. Leaving Alsuce and Suubia, the river gives name to the two Ger- man circles of the Upper and Lower Rhine, waters many considerable ci- ties and towns, and receives the streams of the Neckai', Maine, and Moselle, in its course to the United Provinces. Below Cmmerick, in the dutrliy of Cleves, it divides into two streams. That which bends to the W, and flows by Nimeguen, is called the Waal, but loses that name on its junc- tion with the Maese, at Bommel. Be- low VVorcum, it divides into four prin- cipal branches, forming the isles of Ysselmonde, Voom, and Ovcrflackee : the most northern branch is called the Merwe, and passing by Rotterdam, and Schiedam, it joined by the branch from the S side of Ysselmonde, and tnt|rs the German Ocean, below the Brtel { the other two branches make their exit at Hclvoetsliiys and Goree. The other stream which had branched oft' to the N W below Emmerick, re- tains its name i but another toon bran- ches off' to the N, takes the name of Yssel, and enters the Zuider Zee, be- low Campen. The old river proceeds W by Rhenen to Wyck-by-DuersteUjrnisludt, Hcshc- Rheinfcld, and Kesse-Honiburg i tlie counties of Nassau, Siilins, Huiiaii, Spunheim, VVied, Westerbui'g, and Waldetk, with the ahhies of Fulda and Hirscht'eld, the imperial towns of Frnncfort, Friedbcrg, and Wct/.lurj the biNh(i]n-ics of Spire and Worms, ami the duchies of Ueux-Ponts. Rhine, Fidutinate rocks, on which are two towers to d'.-fend the passsaji^e. Here, in all probaljility, stood the famous Colossus, a statue in bronze, 70 cubits high, reckoned one of the seven wonders of tiie world ; it was thrown ii .TO R I C Kt, including the late provinces of and Lyonois. The capital it Jis. myaiJergowy, a town in Radnorshire, I a market on Wednesday. Nev la cataract of the ri\er Wye. It is Iiiles W N Wof New Radnor, and |t)f London. Lon. 3 27 W, lat. 52 Ih^nds or Jlinn* of Gallamay, the Vr sion of Wiglonsliire, divided frora [other parts of the county b/ Locli ,n and the bay of Luce. hyney. See Sumney. iatexa, a town of New Spain, in arapia, seated on a small river, live :s from the Pacific Ocean, where 'e is a good harbour. The air is irholesome, on account of the moras. It is 60 miles W of Lean de NI- agua. Lon. 89 10 W, lat. 12 25 N. ^ibadavia. See Kivadavia. SibaJeo, a seaport of Spain, in Gali- dei'ei>ded by two castles. It is si> te at the mouth of tlie Eo, and is 15 es N E of Mondonedo. Lon. 7 2 lat. 4330 N. Hibas, a town of Spain, in New CaS' on the river Xarma, eight miles >m Madrid. Sibdu-Pierre. See Rapolfsttin. I Ribbte, a river which rises ih the W ding of Yorkshire, runs across Laii' >shire, and falls into the Irish Sea, ;low Preston. jRibeira Grande, a town of St. ^go, le principal of the Cape de Vcrd lands, with a good harbour. It is lated between two high mountains, on. 23 24 W, lat. 15 ON. Jiibemont, a town of France, in the ;partment of Aisne and late province ' Picardy, seated on an eminence, near le river Oise, 10 miles W by S of t. Qtiintin. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 49 48 N. Jfiberac, a town of France, in tlie epartment of Dordogne, 17 miles E ■ Perigtieux, and 37 S S E of AngoU' sme Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 45 15 N. Ribnik, an episcopal town of Turkey the province of Walachia, 44 miles of Hermanstadt, and 130 E S E of emeswar. Lon. 23 40 E, iat. 45 19 N. Ribnitz, a town of Germany in Low- • Saxony, ',n the liutchy of Mecklen- irg, with i nunnery for noble women, is seated on a bay of the Baltic, 12 lies N of Rostock. Lon. 12 55 E, t. 54 10 N. Richelieu, a town of France, in tl.e apartment uf Indre and Loire, and R I C RIB late province of Poitou, with a fine pa- [the mouth of it, a greater distance than lace and extensive park. It was built j the tide is curried oy any other river in by cardinal Richelieu in 1^37. The streets are as straight as a line, and it contains a handsome square. It is seat- ed on tlie Amable and Vide 27 miles N of Poitiers, and 152 S W of Paris. Lon. 20 t, lat. 47 2 N. Richmond, a post town and port of entry in Henrico county, Virginia, and the capital of the State ; lying on the N E side of James river, in lat. 37" 30' H, and long. 77° 30' W. This city is divided into two parts ; the lower, which is nearly on a level with tlie wa- ter's vdge, is rather imi.ealthy ; the up- per is on a considerable etcation, and enjoys a purer air. The lavigation for topsail vessels does not reach the town within less than 20 milei : and this dis- tance goods are conveyed in lighters. It is nevertheless a ,ilace of considei a- ble domestic and foreign trade. The public edifices and some of the private houses are constructed witli considera- ble elegance. Here is a bank and a post office, as well as al< the principal offices of the State. The inhabitants are 5737, including 2*^93 slaves, and 607 free blacks and mulattoes. Richmond, a post town in Chittenden county, Vermont! on the S side of Onion river, 18 miles S E of Burlington on lake Champlain, with 718 inhabi- tants. Richmond, a town of Staten Island, in North America, under the jurisdic- tion of the State of New York, ciiiefly inhabited by Dutch and French. It is nine miles S W of New York. Richmond, a borough in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Satur- day. It ha.} a castle> on an inaccessi- ble mount, and two churches. It is a corporate town, and sends two members to parliament, it has a manufacture of woollen stockings, caps, &c. and is seated on the Swale, over wiiich is a atone bridge, 40 miles N VV of York, and 230 N N W of London. Lon. 1 35 W, lat. 54 28 N. Richmond, a village in Surry, with a royal palace wliere the kings ofEuglaiul formerly resided. It was chosen, says Camden, by them fur their royal scat ; and, for its splendour, or shining, cal- led Shene. It has been since also, on account of the wliolesomeness of the air, the usual nursery of their children The tide of the Thames reaches jusi to this village, which i:; $U m4es irom Europe. Over the Thames an elegant bridge was begun in 1774, which iipens a communication witli Isleworth, on the opposite side of tlie river. la the New Park is a httle iiiil cast called: King Hcnrj's Mount, from winch tiicre is a prospect of six counties, including the city of Londn" Mid also Windsor castle, wliich is 14 mik-s o sided and were buried here. It is 30 miles S W of Copenhagen. Lon. 13 10 E, lat. 55 28 N. Ring^vood, a town in Hampshire, with a marli et on Wednesday, and a consi- derable manufacture of worsted knit hose ; seated on the Avon, 30 miles S W of Winchester, and 91 W by S of London. L ny in Westphalia, in the county of Schawenburg, with a university. It is subject to the landgrave of Hesse-Cas- se>. and is seated on the Weser, 15 Viles S E of Minden, and 35 S W of !!anover. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 52 13 N. Rio-de-la- Hacha, a small province of Terra Firma, in ttie form of a peninsu- la, uetween the gulf of Venezeula os the E, and a bay of the Caribbean Set on the W. Rio-de-la-Hacha, the capi- tal, is seated at the mouth of a river of the same name, 100 miles E of St. Mar> tha. Lon. 72 34 W, lat. 11 30 N. Rio-de-la- Maiialena, a river, in Ter- ra Firma, which taking its rise in the mountains N of Popayan, runs N, and falls into the Caribbean Sea, between Carthagena and St. Martha. It is aiss called Rio Grande. Rio-de-la-Plata. See Plata. Rio-de-Mirando, a river of Spain, which rises in the mountains of Astu- rias, and separating that province from Galicia, enters the bay of Biscay, at Rivadeo. Rio-Grande, a river of Africa, which runs from £ to W through Negroland, and falls into tlie Atlantic Ocean, in 11° N latitude. Rio-Grande, a river in Braail, which rises near the Atlavitic Ocean, and runs W iiito the Parana, bemg the principal branch of that river. ' Rio-yaneiro, a river which rises in the W mountains of Brasil, and running E through that country, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, at. St. Sebastian. Rio-yaneiro, one of the richest pro. vinces of Brasil, lying near the tcopic of Cnpricui-n, on a river of the same name. It produces cotton, sugar, cof- fee, coeoa, wheat, rice, pepper, and tobacco in gr>.Jt abundance. Vines gfrow in great perfection, but the grapes are not suttiered to be pressed for wine. The Portuguese annually export hence gold, silver, and precious stones. Si^ Sebastiaa is ^« capital. R I O k ! S R O A land. It is an ancient place, ig8 of Denmark formerly re- were buried here. It is 30 of CopenhaTen. Lon. 12 55 28 N. I, a. town in Hampshire, witlj |on Wedne^ay, and a consi. lanufacture of worsted knit ited on the Avon, 30 miles S nchester, and 91 W by S of Lon. 1 41 W, lat. 50 49 N. or Jiinteln, a town of Germa. lestphalia, in the county of Wg, with a university. It is the landgrave of Hesse-Cas- is seated on the Weser, 15 ; of Minden, and 35 S W of Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 52 13 N. la'Hacha, a small province of ma, in the form of a peninsu- ^en the gulf of Venezeuia o> (d a bay of the Caribbean Sea \ Kio-de-la-Hacha, thecapi. ated at the mouth of a rivtf of name, 100 miles E of St. Mar> n. 72 34 W, lat. 11 30 N. ■la-Madalena, a river, in Ter- a, which taking its rise in Uie 18 N of Popayan, runs N, and the Caribbean Sea, between ena and St. Martha. It is also lio Grande. '-la-Plata. See Plata. ■Miratido, a river of Spain, ises in the mountains of Astu. i separat'ng that province worn enters the bay of Biscay, at randt, a river of Africa, which m E to \V through Negroland, i into the Atlantic Ocean, in titude. rande, a river in Brasil, which ir the Atlantic Ocean, and runs he Parana, be'ng the principal f that river. v meiro, a river which rises in ountains of Brasil, and running fli that country, falls into the Ocean, at St. Sebastian. meiro, one of the richest pro. r Brasil, lying near the tpjpic com, on a river oi the same [t produces cotton, sugar, cof- la, whe«t, rice, pepper, and in gr>.Jt abundance. Vines great perfection, but the grapes lufTered to be pressed for wine, tugtiese annually export hence t^er, and precious stones. Si^ n i| ^t« capital, Siam, an ancient town of France, !n the department of Puy de Dome, and late province of Auvergne, seated on a hill, in a pleasant country, eight miles N E of Clermont, and 115 S of Paris. Lou. 3 13 E, lat. 45 54 N. Rioiu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde, and late province of Guienne, seated on the Garonne, 18 miles S E of Bourdeaiix. Kipa Tramont, a populous and strong town of ItAly, in the territory of the church and marquisate of Ancona, with a bisitop's see, five miles W of the gulf of Venice, and eight S of Fcrmo. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 42 59 N. Siptn, a tow.i of Denmark, in N Jut- land, capital of a dioce«e of the same name, with a bishop's see, a castle, two colleges, a good harbour, and a public library. The ton.'bs of several kings of Denmark are in ti>e cathedral, which is a very handsome t^-ructure. The har> hour which has contributed g^atly to the prosperity of the place, is at a small distance, at the mouth of the river Nip- saa, in acountry which supplies the be^t beeves in Denmark. It is 55 miles I? W of Sleswick, and 60 S by W of Wiburg. Lon. 9 E, lat. 55 25 N. liiple;^, a town in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Nyd, 23 miles W N W of York, and 22 1 N by W of London. Lon. I 30 ^V, lat. 54 4 N. Sippon, an ancient borough in the V/ riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. In its neighbourhood is the celebrated park of Studley, including tlie venerable remains of Fountain's Abbey. Rippon was once famous fur its relifipous houses. It is at present a large well built corporation, sends two members to paiiiament, and has now a collegiate church, adorned with three lofty spires. U is noted for its manu- facture ofhard wares, particularly spurs, and the market-place is one of the finest squares of the kind in J .ngland. It is seated on the U.<, 28 riles N W of York, and 218 N N W of London. Lon. 129 W, lat 54 11 N. Riquier^ •"n ancient town of Frnnre, ir. the depai-tnient of Somme, and late province of i'icardy, seatedonthe Car- don, five miles N E of Abbeville, and 95 N of Paris, ^on. 1 59 E, lat. 50 10 N. RUbaraugk, a town in Buckingham- shire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles S of Aylesbury, and 37 W N W of London. L-)Q. 43 W, lat 51 40 N. Riihtrg, a town of Germany in West- phalia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle, seated on tlie Embs, 12 miles N W of Paderborn, Lon. 8 42 E, lat 51 52 N. Riva, a strong town of Germany, in the bishopric of I'rent It was taken by the French in 1703, but soon abandon- ed. It is seated at the mouth of a small river, on the lake Garda, 17 miles SW of Trent. Lon. 11 7 W, lat 46 4N. Rivadavia, a tovm of Spain, in the province of Galicia. It is seated at tlie confluence of the Miiino and A via, and the circumjacent country abounds with tite best wine in Spain. It is 15 miles W S WofOrense. Lon. 7 55 W, lat 42 13 N. Rvoadto, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a good harbour. It stands on a rock, at the mouth of the Riode-Miran- dQ, 45 miles N N E of Lugo. Lon. 6 47 W, \tX. 43 38 N. Rivailt), a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, seated on a mountain, 20 miles fi-om Naples. Rivalta, a tovim of Itoly in Piedmont, situate on the Sangon, six miles S W of Turin. Rivalta, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nese, situate on tne rivulet Adda, IS miles E of Milan. Rivarolo, a town of Italy in Piedmont, situate on tlie river Orio, 15 miles N of Turin, and 12 N W of Carmagnola. Rivetalte*, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees, and lute province of Roussillon. It is seat> ed on the Egly, eight miles N of Per- pignan, nnd is famous for its fine wine. Rimli, a town of Italy in Piedmont, with a magnificent castle, nine miles W of Turin. Lon 7 32 E, iat. 45 4 N» Rivolo, a town of Italy, in Ihe Vero. nese. seated on the lake Garda, 20 miles N W of Verona. Lon. 11 IE, lat. 45 34 N. Roa, a strong town in Spain, in Old Castile, with a citadel and a castle. It is seated on the Douerc, in a country fertile in com and wine, 10 mUes S W o'' Araiida, and 70 N of jviadrid. Lon. 3 22 VV, lat. 41 35 N. Roanne, a populous and comrr.; .".ial town of France, in the departinci t of Rhone and Loire, and late provin.e of Lyonois. It is seated on tlie Loire, where it is first navigable for buriis. Hence the merchandise of Lyons, M.ir. seilies, and the Levant, is conveyed . .•2Ai.«i*.5i-' ROC R o e m down* {he Loire, and by a canal into ttie Seine, ami thence io Paris. Roitniie »50 miles N £ of Cli;rniont, and 210 S £ of Paris. Lon 4 12 E, iat 46 13 N. Soiiiioie, an i.sland on the coast of N Carolina, in Albemui-le county. Lon. 76 W, Ittt. 35 50 N. Roanoke, a long rapid river, of N Ame- rica, formed by two principal branches, St:inton river, which rises in Virginia, and Dun river, which rises in the N Cai-ohna. Tills river is subject to inundations, and is navigable but for shallops, nor for thsbe but about 60 or 70 mileii, on account of fulU, which i)i a great measure obstruct the water coinmanicativho are employed in ever; which relates to the fitting out of ships, that comes witliin the com pass ot their province. I'liey cast greu. guns heret and there are also stocks 'Sot building men of war, rope walks, magazines of provisions and powder, a manufactory of sail cloth, an hospital for sailors, and proper places tu clean the ships. It is 18 miles i' S £ of Ko clielle, and 12r S W of Pai-is. Lon. U 53 W, lat. 46 3 N. Rochfort, a town of the Netherlands, in the dutcliy of Luxemburg, witli a castle, said to have been built by the Romans. It is surrounded by rocks, li miles S E of Dinant, and 50 N W of Luxemburg. Lon. 5 lU £, lat. 50 12 N. Rochfort, a town of France, in the department of Morbihan, and late pro- vince of Brittany, 40 miles S W of Rennes. Lon. 2 26 W, lat. 4,7 42 N. RochefoucauU, a town of France, in the department of Charente, and late province of Angoumois, witli a castle. It is seated on the 'I'ardonere, 12 miles N W of Angouleme, and 208 S by W of Paris. Lon. 29 £, lat 45 46 N. Rochelle, a fortified town of France, and lately an episcopal see, in the de- partment of Lower Charente, and late territory of Aunis, with a commodious and safe harbour. It contains 16U00 inhabitants, and has five gates. The houses are supported by piazzas, under which persons may walk in all weath- ers, #iid the streets are in general straigiit. Thei-e are several handsome churches and other structures. It was fortified by Vatiban, and Ciu'dinal Uich- lieu threw a mole across the harbour 4428 feet in evtent. The iiihubitants carry on a considerable trade ; especial- ly in wines, brandy, sugar, salt, paper, linen, and serges. Kochelle is seatcil on the bay of Biscav, 67 miles N by E of Nantes, and 220 'S W of Paris. Lon. 1 4 VV, lat. 46 9 N. Rochetter, an episcopal city in Kent, with a market on Wednesday and Fri- day, It is an ancient city, but of little consequence now. Its castle, which once rendered it of great importance, being in ruins. Rochester has, besides the cathedral, three parish cliurclies, and there are some remains of a pricn-y. Tlie inhabitants are chiefly tradesmen and innkeepers ; no sort of maruifac- tui-e being carried on here. It has twi) tVeeschoois, and an alm.;house for six •poor travellers, who are siinplied with a supper, a bed, and a breakfast, with no G four pence to carry them forward ok < lieir journey ; but tliey are to stay no longer than one night ; and an inscrip- tion over the door intimates, thatroguea uiid proctors are excepted. The cor- l>oration has jurisdictien over the great oyster-fishery in tlic several creeks of tiie Med way. Kociiester is parted irom Stroud on the \V by its bridge, ind it is contiguous to Chatham on the ii. It is seated on the Med way, 27 miles N VV of Canterbury, and 30 S £ of London. Lon. 36 £, lat. 51 23 N. Rochetter, a village in Northumber- land, an the Watling-street, N W of Otterbrun^ and near the source of the Read. It has some Roman altars, in> scriptions, and other antiijuities. .A'ocAcna, a town of Italy, in the coun> ty of Nice, 16 miles N £ of Nice. Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 43 51 N. Rocliford, a town in Essex, with a marke'i. on Thureiday, 16 miles S £ of Chelmsford, and 40 £ by N of London. Lon. 41 E, lat 51 36 N. Moihilr, a town of Upper Saxony, in the territory of Leipsic, with a castle, copper mines, and a handsome bridge over the Mnldaw, 24 miles S £ of Leipsic, and 36 W of Dresden. Lon. 12 46 £, lat 51 10 N. Rociaviay, a village with a post-office, in Morris county. New Jersey, i'even miles W of Boone town, and 36 f. W of Newark. Rockbridge, a county in the state of Virginia, between the Allegany Moun- tains and the Blue Ridge, which re- ceives its name from r. curious natural bridge. See Cedar Creek. Rockingham, a town in Northampton- shire, With a market on Thursday, and formerly of note for its castle, long ago demolished. It is seated on the Wet- land, 12 miles S uf Oakham, and 84 N b\ W of London, Lon. 46 W, lat. 52 32 N. RtKkingham, a post town in Wind- ham county, Vermont ; lying on the W side of Connecticut river, 33 miles N of Brattleboro* and six miles from Wal- pole in New Hampshire. Rockinghausen, a town of Germany, in the ]):tlatinate of the Rhine, 26 miles W of Worms. Roctitavi, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilsen, 11 miles E of Pilsen. Rocottx, a village of the Netherlands, near Liege, remarkable for a victory gained by the French, over the aliie.ali- ty of Cobiirg', situate on a river of the •aiiie nanie, six mites VV N W of Coburg. Koiitito, Jtudotto, or Ruuitto, a popu- lous seaiiort of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, with a Greek bishop's see. It is seated on the side of k hill, on the •eu of Murnioru, 62 miles S VV uf Con- atantuiople. Lon. 27 37 £, lat 41 1 N. RoUez, an ancient town of France, in tlic department of Aveiron. Here are four great Jinual fairs, where mules are sold for Spain ; and some manufac- tures of gray cioUis and serges. It is a bishop's see ; and the steeple of tiie cathedi'al, remarkable for its lieight, is much admired for its architscture. It is seated in the midst of mountains, on a hill, at the foot of which fiow^ ilie ra- pid Aveiron, 30 miles t> by W of Mende. Lon. 2 39 £, lat. 44 21 N. Sodiiifi, a river in Essex, which rises near Uunmow, runs S to Ongar, and gives the name of Kodings to this part of the county. It tlicn Hows, between Epping and Hainault Forest, to Bai-k- ing, below which it falls into the Thames. Jiodok, a town of Hindoostan Proper, in the province of Delhi, 60 miles W N W of Delhi. Lon. 76 3U £, lat 29 10 N. Hoer, a river of Westphalia, which rises in tliedutchy of Julicrs,pa8ses by the town of that name, and falls into the Maese, above Ruremonde. ^oer, ariver of Germany, which rises in the circle of Upper Rhine, waters Arensburg, and falls into the Rhine, below Diusbiirg. Roeux, a town of the Netherlands, in Austrian Hainault, eight miles N E of Mons. Lon 4 12 E, lat. 50 31 N. Rogonattour, a town of Hindoostan Proper, in the country of Bengal, 106 roile\ S VV of Moorshedabad, and 108 N W of Calcutta. Rochaczavi, a town of Lithuania, ca- pital of a district of the same name ; aented at the confluence of the Dnieper nnd Ordi'wa, 37 miles N W of Raw- zica, and 158 N of Kiof. Lon. 30 40 E, lut. 53 2 N. Rvchan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Morbihan, seated on the Aoust, 2U miles N of Vannes. Lun, 2 42 W, lat. 48 ON. Rochiicund, or Rohilla, a territory of HinduuHtaii Proper, whose inhabliuiUi are called Ruhillas. It lies to the E of Delhi, and is subject to tlie nabob of Oude, by whom it was conquered in 1774. Bereilly is the capital. /fo/Juc, a town of the Nctiierlands, in the dutchy of Liniburg, capital of a ter- ritory of the same name, with a r.ostle, seven miles N of Aix-1§-Chapelle. Lon, 6 6 £, lat. 50 55 N. RoUrieh Stonee, in Osfordsliire, N of Stanton Harcourt, six miles VV of Oxford. It is a circle of stones stand- ing upright, which the vidgar have a notion V/ere men (letrified. Antiquariei disagree with respect to the origin and intention of this ancient monument. Roin, or Roem, an island of Denmark, on the £ coast of S Jutland. It is hre miles in length, and half as much in breadth, and contains a few villages. Rotnagna, a province of Italy in the Ecclesiastical State, bounded on the N by the Ferrarese, on the S by Tuscany nnd Urbino, on tlie £ by the gulf of Venice, and on the VV by the Bologness and Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and fruits ; and has also mines, mineral waters, and salt-works, which make its principal revenue. Ra- venna is the capital. Romain Motier, a town of Swisser- land, in Pays de V^aud, capital of a bailiwic, with a castle. It is seated at tlie foot of a mountain, in a narrow val- ley, through which flows the river Diaf . Romania, a province of Turkey, in Europe, 200 miles long, and 150 broad ; bounded on the N by Bulgaria, on ^the E by the Black Sea, on the S by the Archipelago and the sea of Marmora, and on the W by Macedonia and Bul- garia. It was formerly called Thrace, and is the largest of all the Turkish provinces in Europe. It is fruitful in corn, and has mines of silver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three sangia- cates or gfovernments ; namely, Kirkel, of which Philipoli is the capital; Galti- poli, whose capital m of the same name ; and Byzantium, By^.ia, or Viza, of which Constantinople is the capital. Romano, a strong and populous town of Italy, in Bcr^mosco^ It carries on •ill! 1^ R d M 158 N of Kiof. Lon. 30 40 2N. I, a town of France, In the At. of Murbihan, Heated on the \0 miles N of Vannci. Lon. 2 >t. 48 N. •unU, or Hohilla, a territory of ail Proper, whose inliabiiant* [1 Rohillaa. It lies to tlie £ of id is siibject to tlie nubob of wlioni It was conquered in lereilly is tiic capital. :, a town of ti.e Netherlands, in Ihy oi' Liniburg, capital of a ter- the sainc name, with a castle, lies N of Aix-l|-Chapelle. Lon, lat. 5U 5S N. ■h Stoiiet, in Oxfordshire, N ■on Harcuurt, six miles W of It is a circle of stones stand' fht, wliich the viUgar have a rere men (letrified. Antiquaries : with respect to the origin and > of this ancient monument or Roem, an island of Denmark, I coast of S Jutland. It is five I length, and half as much in , and contains a few villtiges. igna, a province of Italy in th« istical State, bounded on the N ''errarese, on the S by Tuscany >ino, on the £ by the gulf of and on the W by tlie Bologness iscany. It is fertile in corn, )il, and fruits ; and has also mineral waters, and salt-works, nake its principal revenue. Ra- I the capital. tin Motier, a town of Swisser- 1 Pays de Vaud, capital of • ■; with a castle. It is seated at of a mountain, in a narrow val- >ugh which flows the river Diaz. mia, a province of Turkey, in , 300 miles long, and 150 broad ; 1 on the N by Bulgaria, on tlie e Black Sea, on the S by 'the ilago and the sea of Marmora, he W by Macedonia and Bui- lt was formerly called Thrace, ie largest of all the Turkish 8 in Eurojie. It is fruitful in d has mines of silver, lead, and It is dK'ided into three sangia- governments i namely, Kirkel, I Philipoli is the capital; Galli- ^sc capital is of the same name ; zantium, By?ia, or Viza, of Constantinople is the capital. no, a strong and populous town in ficrgomoscg, It carries on ROM « great trade in corn, and is seated on a river that runs between the Oglio and Serio. Roman*, an ancient town of France, in tlie department of Drome, Heated in a ,'Iiie plain, on the river Isere, 2^ miles S W of Greiu.lile, and jO S of Venice. I,,-)!! 5 12 E, lat. 45 3 N. Rome, a very ancient city, formerly the mistress of' the world, and seat of (lie Roman eiiiijire, lately the residence of the pope, hcial of the Roman cliurch ; none cull coiii]>are with it in respect to the mripiilietiice of its buildings aiul uiitiqiiities, tlie number of its monu- mciUs and ciii-iosilies, and the singula- rity of its historical events. Before it was plundered by the French in 1799, it was the centre and magazine of all thiit is exquisite in paintiiij^*, Kculpture, iin;i architcclurc. It was founded, ac- '^rding' to some, 753 years before the birth of Christ, by Runiiilus the first king. Its form and site have frequently been changed, particularly after the seven principal devastations of it by the ancient Gauls, Vandals, Heruii, East and West Goths, and by the Ger- mans under Charles of Bourbon in 1527, when it was taken and miserably sack- ed, and the pope being closely besieged in the castle of St. Angelo, was obliged to submit to the conqueror. At present it stands upon 12 hills, but ^-eat part of them being washed down in the val- leys, the Tarpeian rock, once a terrible precipice, from which malefactors were tiirown, is now no more than 20 feet high. • The city is surrounded with a wall about lU Italian miles in circuit ; but not half of this space is occupied by houses, as many places where state- ly structures once stood, are now gar- dens, helds, meadows, and vineyards According to an account taken by pope Clement XI. in 1714, the number ofits inhabitants amounted to 143,000, and arc at present computed to amount to 170,000. How far short of what old Home was in Trajan's time, when tlie walls of this city were 50 miles in cir- cuit, and the number of its inhabitants (i.SOO.OOO ! Some of the principal streets are of considerable length, and perfectly straig^it. That called the Corso is the most frequented. Here the nobility display their equipages du- ring the carnival, and take the air in the evenings in fair weather. The shops on each side are three or four feet hijfher than the street ; and there is a ROM path for the convcnicncy of foot paiucnj gers, on a level with tlic slioj ^ The palaces, of \v!iich there aresi\eral in this street, range in a line with the houses, having no courts before them. The Slrada Felice, and the Stradu di Porta Pia, are also very hmg and noble streets. Tliere are no lamps lighted in the streets at night ; and all Rome would be in utter darkness, were it not fur the candles which the devotion of individuals sometimes places before the statues of the Virgin : these apfieap ^limiiicring, at vast intervals, like stnr« ill a cloudy night. '1 he footmen carry dark luiUerns behind the carriages of ])eo;>le of the first distinction. Thi» darkness, it may be supposed, is not unfavoral>le to assigiia{ions among the inferior people : and when a carriage with a luntern behind it, accidentally comes near a couple who do not wish to be known, one of them calls out, voki la lanterna, turn the lantern ; and is immediately obeyed. Rome exhibitai a strange mixture of magnificent and interesting, and of common and beg- garly objects ; the former consists of palaces, churches, foiuitains, and the remains of antiquity ; the latter com» prehend all the rest of the city. The church of St. Peter, in the opinion of many, surpasses, in size and magnifi- cence, the finest monuments of ancienft architecture. It ii incrusted withouC with marble ; its length is 730 feet, the breadtli 520, and the height from the pavement to the top of the cross, which crowns the cupola, 450. A com- plete description of this church, and of its statues, basso-relievos, columns, and various other ornaments, would fill volumes. Adjoining to St. Peter's is the Vatican, or winter palace of the pope, with the richest library of the choicest books and manuscripts in the world. The Vatican consists of seve- ral thousand rooms and other parts, of which tlie most admired are its grand staircase, and a charming garden, cal- led by way ofeminence Belvidere, hav- ing the finest collection of exotics ia Europe. The Pantheon is the most perfect of the Roman temples wlticti now remain, and notwithstanding the depredations it has sustained from Goths, Vandals, and popes, is still a beautiful monument of Roman taste. The pavilion of the great altar, which stands under the cupola of St. Peter, and the four wreathed pillars of Corin- F f t" f I "^fSf if ROM (tliiftn braits which impport it, formed o\it of the spoils of the Piinthe- on, which, after 18(>0 yeaM, hiw still a prohahility of outUvinjf its proud c*pn- cioiis rival From the rircular form of thJN temple, it hui obtuiued the name of the Rotimdo. Its height is ISO feet, and its breadth nearly the game. There are nv windows ; the central oixininx- in the dome admittinf; a lufticiency of ' W^^i- The rain whirh fulU tUrmigh this a|>crture, immediately druinii through hnlen. whiih pi fnrate a larf^e piece of porpiivry, tliat forms the cen- \f« of tlie pavement. Being converi^-d irvix a christian temple, the Pantheon, ori^riiully erectod to the honour of all llie i^'ds, is now dedicatei' to the Vir- gin, ami 1o all the martyrs and saints. As the Paiitlieon '* t he most entire, llic Amphiliieatre of WHpiisisn is »he sost itiitpendous moiinnic»c c;f antiqui- ty in Koine. Abo'ji on-? Inif of the cxterrxl circuit s.itl ic.nain* - from Trhirii :t pretty exact idea may he form- ed of the original structure. By a comput.'ition of Mr Byres, it could con- tain BS.OUO spectators. The Cumpi- doglw) ' . un elegant strticture, raised un pott of the ruins o>f the ancient ca- pitol. But the anttqviities of Rome are ' too numerous to be mltutely described. . We shall, therefore, pass over the an- 1 cient Forum, now a cow-market ; the ' beautiful Column of Trajan, 130 feet high, on the top of which is the statue of St. Peter, instead of that of Trajan, Stc. Th*- rhurcii of St. John Lateran, tlie Romans day, is the moat ancient of aSi the churches of Home, and the mo- , therof all the churches in Christendom. ( To thi.s church, every new pope con- . stantly goes first, in a niignificent pro- ■ csssion, to take possession of the luily see. In Rome, the connoisseur will meet with innumerabl" paintings by I tlte greatest masters, and with the | finest works of sculptu -e, P;c. The i ca.itir of St. Angelo serrej more to | kee;) the city in a'^e. th;"!! to repel any foreign atturk. AV ar was declared i^inst the pope by the French ::i 13^8, in consequence of a tumult, in which their genera* Duphot was l^illed. The city was entered hy them in February, and they overturned the p.ipal govcm- ^nent. They li';ewist plundered 'he rity of its most vahi.ib'e monuments >f unttquity, its ancient .sfxtu'-s rind p tint- ings, mill levied heavy rontributions on th* inhttbitanu. However, i" Septum- ROM ber, 1799, the city was retaken hy the allies, and the new French government overthrown. Rome is seated on the Tiber, 810 miles S E of London, 740 S by E of Antstcrdam, 410 S S \V of Vienna. 600 S E of Paris, 730 E by N of Madrid, and 760 W of Constantino- ple. Lon. 12 35 E, laL. 41 54 N. Some, a post town in Oneida county. New York, situated at the head of Mo- hock, river, 11 miles N W of Whites, town, and about 20 E of lake Oneida, containing 1479 inhabitants Jicmdiii, the general name given by Uie Turks to their Etu-opcan domin- ions. Homenay, a town of France, in the depurtnicntof Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, eight miles S E uf Toumus, ami 15 N N £ uf Macon. Lon 5 5 C, hit. 46 30 N. Jif^meritadt, a town of Bohemia, in M«iravia, in the neighbourliood of whicli are some iron mines. It is 30 miles N N E of OliHutz. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 52 20 N. limnluldtn, atowiiofFranconia, witl> a castle. It belongs to the duke ut Saxe Altenburg. Aotnna, a town of Russia, in tht gov- ernment of Tcliemigof, J(! miles S SE of Tcliemigof. Lon. 33 24 E, lat. 30 36 N. Somney, Nra, a town in Kr»t, with a market on Thursday, seated in x marsh of the some name. It is one of the cinquc-ports, and once contained five eliurches and a ;iriorv; but since the se: has retired, it is reduced to a amaU'pUce. It is 71 miles S E of Lon- don. Lon. 1 5 E, lat. 51 N. Motnnty, the principal town of Hainp- sliire ciMinty, Virginia ; si\iiuLed on the S branoh of PcKomack river, .50 railca westward of Winchester, where there is a post oAce. Ronutei Martli, a vast tract of rich, wet land, whicli occttpies tiie most southern part of Kent, between Dun- gen^ -s and Rye leaven, a imals are f&tti'Ued Itere to aii et.i-iu.rdinar\ <>i.:e, and mauf btdlo<:ka are sent hence to the London market. It is reckoned very unhealthy. Rovumt, or KoUmoat, a strong town of SwisNcriand, in the canton of Friburg, seated or. a moi'iuai; 10 miles Itfjm Fribur» and 12 tnim Bern. Lon. 7 1 E, It. -le 50 N. Jitvirentiu, a town of France, in tlie department of Loir and Cher, with a castle, jn the brook Murentiu, wliijh "Wpi ROM tlie city WM retaken liy th« the new French government I). Knnie is seated on tlie miles S E of London, 740 f Amiitcrdam, 410 S S VV of S E of Paris, 730 E by N ll, and 760 W of Constantino- 12 35 E, lal. 41 54 N. |a post town in Oneida conntv, •k, situated at the head of Mo- r. 1 1 miles N W of Whites- ll ahout 20 E of lukt Oneida, t 1479 inhabitants tj, the gcneiul name given by LS to their European domin- ay, a town of France, in the intofSaoneand Loire aiid late of Burffiiiidy, eight miles S E lus, and 15 N N E of Macon. C, lilt. 46 30 N. stadt, a town of Bohemia, in in the neighbouriiood of whicli iron mines. It is 20 miles N N E z. Lon. 17 45 E, lat. 52 20 N. Helen, atowDofFranconia, with It belongs to tlie duke ol Itenbiirg. a, a town of Ruaaia, in tht gov- ofTchemigof, 2(1 miles SSE ^rn^gof. Lon. 33 24 E, Int. 30 w. Nra, a town in Kf nt, with et on Thursday, seated in i if the same name. It is one of quc-porta, and once contained irches and a jiriory; b«t since has retired, it it reduced to a »ce. It is 71 miles S E of Lon. on- 1 5 E, lat. 51 N. ey, the principal town of Hamp- •mtv, Virginia; siviiaLed on the h of PdFtomack nyer, .50 railc« pd (if Wiuchester, where tlif re It office. f ' Manli, a vast tract of rich, id, wliicii occnpies tiie most I part of Kent, i^etween Dun- wid Rye >>aven. a .imals arc liere to aii e':.rh..rdinar\ si.:e, 11.. buUo«:ka are sent hence to ion market. It is reckoneu vei7 ly. W, or Rodtnoat, a strong town of and, in the canmn of Fribiirg, 1I-. a momtai 10 milss flPOm and 12 irom Bern. Lon. 7 1 3 50 N. ■eHtiu, a town of France, in the ent of Loir and Cher, with a in the brook Morentiu, whioh R O (^ loKS itwif in til*- Saudre. It fi«» a nrniiiifncture of sergrsandol(Kh» whioli Ki'ves to make \.\v^ pince known. It w 45 miles E of Tours, .<.nd 1(10 S by W of P.ir». Lon. 1 47 E, l.it. 47 22 N. Ranudal, a town of Norway. It is the capital of a provostship, in the dioccie of Drontheiw, and is 100 mlU-K S S VV of Drontiieim. Lon. 7 54 E, J»t. 62 28 K. Jionceva/iot, a town orS|)«!n, in Na- varre, situate in a v;illi'\ of the same name, 14 miles N N E of Pam]>elinia. LfO. 1 25 W, lat. 42 54 N. Kdndglkmt, a town f'f Ituly, in the patnniony of St. Pfter, ca]>'ital of a small district of the same name. It is ioktt/d on the Tercia, ntiir the lake of tlif name iinme, IJ miles a of Vitcrbo, and 24 N N W of Rome. Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 42 18 N. Runda, a strong town of Spiin, in Granada, with a castle. It was taken from the Mofirs in 148j, and is sea'ed on acraggv rock near the Rio Verde, ii) miles N W of Gibrultur, and 62 S E of Seville. Lon. 5 12 W, iat. 36 40 N. Rmnelnirg, a town in Germany intl«e circle of Upper Saxony, and principal- ity of Altenburg, 12 miles .S W of Al- tcnliiii'g, and 60 W of Dresden. Lon. 12 7 E, lat. 50 48 N. Roque, St, a large village of Spain, 111 Ar.dalusia, at the entrance \-erlocdctng the bay, and has several liattenes, and a fort at each end, to defend the lines which riai a- cross the isthmus. Ra^ tie Marttm, a town of France, in tlie depai tmeitt of Lundes, and late province of Gaacony, seated on the Douesc, 10 miles N E of Monte de Mursan. Roe se"- tlirce miks from Monaco. Roe/uemtnre, a town of France, in the dt-partment of Gard, and late pro^-inoe of Langucdoc, seated on a craggy rock, near the Rlwne, 22 miles N E of Kis- nits. Ltm. 4 48 E, lat. 44 2 N. Roffuetas, a town of Spain, in Grana- da, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 10 miJes S W of Almeria, amd 52 S E of Granada. Lon. 2 5 VV, lat. 56 51 N. Pniana, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodcc, tv«t«l new It o s the Solva, 20 miles S W of Non)f^< dec. Lon. 25 43 E, isit 55 30 N Rotbac/i, a town of Sitxiniy, luiiious for a victory (»btaiiifd by t!ie king of Pnissia, over the Fifnrli, and the ar« my of the empire, in lrj7. Rotchad, a trading town of Swi-tscP. land, in a IvUiwic of tJic abbey of S. Galh-'n, with a ciintl- on a mntmtain. It is s«atcd '111 the Inke of Constance. RiHcfUld, a town John Kyrle, commonly cal- led the Man of Ross, whose benevo- lent character is so interestingly deli- neated b) the pen of Pope. It is sci- ed on the Wye, 12 miles S E of Here- ford, and 115 W bv N of London. Lon. 3 25 W, lat. 51 56 N. Rnit, a maritime town of Ireland, in the county of Cork. It is united to Cork as an episcopal sec, and is seated on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles S Vi of Kihsale. Lon. 858 W, lat 51 32 N. Rots, Nevi, a considerable tradin); town of Ireland, in Wexford, situate nn the Barrow, which is navigable for large vessels tip to the cpi.ty. It ex ports a great quantitv of butter and beef. It is 11 miles NE of Watcrford, and 17 W of Wexford. Lon. 6 58 W, lat. 51 32 N. Sotthire, R county of Scotland in f^. neral (including Tain and Cnmrnny, wliich lu«t, though a smajl county of ^tsi'lf, is also considered as a part of Kosshiic), is bounded on the W hy tlic isle of Skie and the western beu : on the N E by .Siitliorlundshire ; on the K by the Firths of Murray and Corniam, and on llie S by Invernesshire. The liiiin u ^ery irrc^'uiiir, being nearly tri. angular, each side 70 miles long, ex- clusive of part of the isle of Lewis. It is mountainous und woody townrds the western Oc-onn, hut, on the E side it is fruitfid in miii, tVuit, and hciijs, u- hiiuiids in pastures, and has woods of lir of great extent. It feeds great num- bersofbluck cattle, horses, goats, and deer, has uLuniliiuee ot lund and sea- fowl, and is well supplied with lith from the rivers and masts. It hss se- veral "ixtcnsivc loelis and bays on the coasts which alminul with herrings. It is subdivided into eastern and western Ross, isles of Lewis, Lochhroom, Lochcarron, Ardmcnach, Rcdcastle, Ferrintush, Strathpasser, and Ferindo- nald, and the chief towns are 'i :.in, Dingwell, Fortrose, Roseijnarkie, and New Kelso. Sottano, a strong and populoiis town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Citeri- ore, with an archbishop's see. It is s pretty large place seated on an emi- nence, siirroimded by rocks, three milet from the gidf of Venice, and 136 S E of Naples Lon. 16 38 E, lat. 39 48 N. Rottoct, a town of Germany in Low- er Saxony, in the dutchy of Mecklen- burg, wltli a university, a good har- bour, 4 strong citadel, and an arsenal. It ip the best town in this county, and hus good fortifications. Here are several handsome churches, and it was formerly one of the hanseatic towns. It is divided into three parts, the Old, the New, and the Middle Town. It is still imperial, under the protection of the duke of Mecklenburg, and is seated on a lake, where the river Varnc falls into it, three miles from the Baltic, 12 N of Gu.struw, and 60 E of Lubec. Lon. 12 15 E, hit. 54 8 N. RiuUtf, a large and archiepiscnpid town of Russia, in the government ol' Yaroslaf, which communicates with the Volga by the river Kotorost, S5 miles N E of Moscow. Lon. 40 25 E, lut. 7 5 N. Rota, a town and castle of Spain, in . .indalusta, at the entrance of tJic hay : ' I* .ii i.w i wuw iw imiw ' jn "^ i>' .W" ' ROT ire, R county of Scotland in (ft. ncludinjf 'luhi and Croniaity, iMt, though u smull county if also coM»iflered as a part of ), In bounded on the W hv i|,c Mm- iind the wcitrrn Soaj on h;. •Siitliorlundsiiire ; on the K •inliKof Murray and Corminiyi Hie S hy Inverncssliiic, The ^eiy incKular, being neuily tri- , each tide 70 niiics long', ex. |of partof the isle of Lewis. It tain men of this town spin .larn, the men support tliemselves bv ti.tliing. Uolh- say gives the title ol L)nke to the prince of Scotland, » title which was hnnicr- Iv accompanied with Niiitiible reMiiiieM, [Hiwers, and privileges, ll is 70 miles W of Edinburgh. Lon, 5 17 W, laf 55 50 N. KothKell, % town in Northanipton- shire, with a market on Monday, seat- ed on the side of a hill, IS iiules N N E of Northampton, ai,>l 79 N N W of London. L(m. 1 7 W, lat. 52 21 N. SotterUum, a city of the Uinti.'d Pro- vinces, in Hollunil, with one of the finest liarbours in the Netlierlands. It is the most conHiderablc [iluce in Holland, for size, beauty of its build- ings and trade, next to Am.'iterdam. It is a large and populous city, of a triangular hgure, liandHoivelj built of brick, the streets wide muI well |ia\»'d, Its port is very commodious ; lor the canals which run through most parts of the town, bring the ships some of 200 or 300tons, up to the mcrcliant's door ; a conveniency for loading and un- loading which is not to he found in other places. The pre;it ships j,o up into 'he middle of tl:c town liv the ca- nal into which the M;iose enters by the old head, as it ci' (Mie ut tlie raiiuU i aii\c'i-id l)v 'rakmun in 1643. Lun. ir-l .50 W, liit. 20 16 S. Kottirgrn, a town of Germany in the circ'U' 04 Frunconia, and bishopric of \V iiil/biir(7, lituute on the 'I'auber, nine niiii'ti N E of Mergentheim. Lun. e .V> li, lat. 49 35 N. jioUvcil, a free imprriiil city of Ger- nvHuy in Snabiii, in uUiance with the SwinH cuntonB since tiiu year 1513. A mile und u hulf from this place is a fenimis abbey, wiierc they receive none but luibic women. It ia arated on the Nockur, near its «onrce,.and alan near tilt Diiuub*', 27 miles S tJ W of Tubin- gen. Lon. 8 44 K, lat 48 9 N. Hutien, a I'ity of Firance, capital of tlie department of Lower Seine, in the late province of Normandy with an arcl.1)i.ilK>p's see. It is seated on tlie N side •t the Seine. The streets are narrow, cracked, dirty, and consist of wooflen houses ; notwithstanding wb-irh, it is one of the most ojiulcnt and important places in France. It is seven miles in circuit including its »\x suburbs, uul contains 70,000 in- babitunts. Among the public buildings, tlie most distingtiisLcd «rc, the Great Hall of thepalace, in which the late par- liament oi' Rouen met; the old castle ; aud the principal church, which has a very handbome front with two stee- ples, whence there is a fine view of the town; in om; of the streets is the great bell, which boars the name of cardinal George d'Amboise, 13 feet high and 11 in diiimcter. Near this church, which is not the only remarkable one, is- the public library. The steeple of ♦be late Benedictines of St. Owen is un ekgiiut Gothic structure. The linens of Rouen, "harticukrly what we called the Siamohr, are mneh esteem- ed. The) have also manufactures uf cloth, and one of oil of vitriol. I'he suburb of St . Sever, commimicutei with the city b) a brid|^ of bouts, 370 paces long wittcii rises and fails willi the tide, and is made to open, to as to admit the p.'wsnge of ships i it i* also paved, atid tlicre are ways for foot passengrin on etich side. Rouen is the birth place of the two CorneiHiei, and of Funtenelle. It is 50 miles S W of Amiens, and 70 N W of Paris. Lon. 1 10 E, lat. 49 27 N. Jfovertdo, or Jfovert, a town of Aus- tria, in tlie Tyrol, seated on the Adit;c, at the toot of a mountain, and on the side of n stream, over which is a bridge, dcfen2 1 d'Istria. Lon. 14 2 E, lat 45 gu, a town of Italy. c«piial of 10 di Rovigo, lately belonging to cnetians, seated on the Adige, les S rf Pudua, and 37 S W of !. Lon. 12 14 E, lat. 45 38 M. i/eKNO di Ruvigo. iselart, a town of France, in the ment of the North, and late pro- of French Flanders, 10 miles N If pres, and 20 S E of Ostend. E, lat. !$0 5& N. tilloii, a late province of France, es long and 25 broad ; bomid'. S W d> gun.frie,shirc,NWbySek.rksb.re^i and N by Berwickshire. It •• frU't- ftil in pa/ture and corn, especially oats. andulUnds with sheep, '""•'!«• •"^ bluck cattle. The m..sl considerable of its mountains are Cork-row, from which runs a tract of hill. W. d'vul- injr Scotland from England, in many places impassable. Here are many aVcient seats of the nobility. On its Rftjiv, a ttrong town of France, ia the department of Sonin.e, and lai* provJc of Ficardy. Some mmc-r4 waters were lately .U.coveied here. lti.U«.l«a.NW.4- Noy.«i, andfiO N by E of Pari*. Lon. 2 51 E, lat. <*» ^M^ito^, » to*" '" "«'*'' <1""^ "' whicti is in Cambridgesliire) witli a market on Wednesday. TUti-c wa, lately discovered lier- almost under tha market place an ancient aubterraneaa chapel, of Saxon construction. Roy»tu» baa given it. name to a .iwc.e. of cn>w, called J.0 the Hooded or Grey Ciow, which is a bird of passage in this ncigli- bourhood, and also on the whole eat. em coast. It i. *cated m a fertile :i?e, iS mil.. S by E of Huntingdon. and 37 N of London. Lon. 1 b, l»U "lflfan,an island of New Spain, ia the bay of Honduras, ten miles from the coast, with *B<>«i h«^«^"f '°:;::':; ts of the nobility. On its I ^,„rted to for tl«; purpose of cutUi^ff borders are these called the Dp^atable L^ ^ ^iit it is now abandoned, land., that were formerly claimed b, P Kj^.^„, . »"«'" ^''* ^IT'IV^ Xdf the horderersof each nation, but judgt-d. „f the keys of the Modc- the . ... „, ,„ „.,. « y ^^j „„ ,i,e Secc a, e.gl.t m.let loIheScotVb'y King James VI. In this shire arc great remains of Roman en- cumpments, and a miHtary R°«"»" rV^y- The towns of chief note are Jedburgh. Kelso, Hawick, Melross ''"'l Hpxhurg i. It extends 30mile« in length from E to Waull5in breadth; aiid is divided into Tiviotdale. Lid.lesdale, Eusda^e and Eskdalc. It has plenty of lime and freestone. Through tlm ^o'l^^Xw" the new road from Edinburgh to New- castle, hs principal rivers are, the Tweed, and Tiviot, w'*'' ^^e Ale. Both Edniiii., »- . - . , J. , ters ; which abound with h»u. jyom Bingcn Roxtnt, Cape, or Reck ol Lisbon, u 49 N. rem^abte m^mntain and promontory RuJhto. See SoJesto. . . xS' La 01 s bv E of WUliamston . Rud,,ifv>t, N W i>tlviod«na. Lon. II 14 E, lat 44 ^'^Rudav, a town of Prussia, where Kinstud. great duke of Lithuania, wa« defeated by the knights of the e«- tonic o«ler, to commemorate which a stone pillar was erected. It is li milea N N W of Konigsbcrg. R„dthta>lt. a townol Germany m Up- per Saxonv.in the lundgravate of Fhur- Ka, and ccHinty of Schwart.burg, le. ns pnnciiJiii ■■^— -■-' , ingia, ana i,w..v "■ . ,. , eed. and Tiviot, with the Ale. ^ft„ a ciislle, n^ar the nver Sala. hwick, Rule, Jed. Beaumont, Kail, n^ie.htini, a town of Germany, in uim, Liddle. and Kersthorp wa- ^Ue electorate of Me.jtz, three m.le. , , which abound with hsh. ,•.„,„ uinircn. Lon. 7 56 £., IM. «» COinuy, veil""""-, -• .. ..,.1.. ' » „ WiiulVor, and 21 S by E ot Wdl.amston Royan, once a Urge towa of France, in the department of Lower Cliarente, and late province of Saintonge famous ft>ra siege maintained bv the Hugue- nots against Lowis XIII. m 1622. I is now almost ■■ rums, and is seated at j Rudo>fv>trd, a strong towti of Ger- many, in Carniola, with an •'?h«y- |» belo igs to the house of Auslrui, and i« seateS on the Gurck, in a c.,untry iert,^ in good wine, 45 miles S E of Laubw:h. Lon 15 20 E, lat. 46 8 N. . Ruffac, a town of Fraiure, >" the -uuntvlcs that had the name of Russia- R U S R U S R U S les E of Nassau. Lon. 8 5 E,lat. N. mymead, a celebrated mead, near tn in Surry, where kingf John was elkd to sign Ma^na Charta and la de Foresia, in 1215. See JVrajt- if/, a river of the Austrian Neth- Is, formed by the junction of tlie and Demen, below Mechlin. It ^runi E to W, and falls into the dt, at Kupelmonde. pelvionde, a town of Austrian lers, seated on tlie Scheldt, oppo- lie mouth of the Ru|)«l, eight miles of Antwerp, and 22 N E of Ghent, 4 23 E, lat. 51 7 N. iperdorf, a town of Koningratz, >hemia, four miles N N W of firau- ipert. Fort, a fort in N America, l^ing to the Hudson's Bay Com- , seated on the S end of Hudson's Lon. 80 W, lat. 51 3 N. ipin, or Hapin, a town of Ger.Tiany, >e marquisate of Brandenburgh, ca- of a (Uitchy of the same name, with ncient castle. It is become a consi- kble place of trade, with a manufac- ofclotl It is Ukewlse noted for vers, and is seated on a lake 35 miles V of Berlin. Lon. 13 6 £, lat. 53 'urtmonde, a strong episcopal town kustrian Guelderland. It suffered itly by fire in 1665, and has been Ml and retaken several times, the time hy. the French in 1793 ; but r were obliged to evacuate it soon r, but took it again the next year. I seated near the confluence of tlie :se and Roer, 12 miles SofVenlo, 70 N E of Mechlin. Lon. 5 50 E, 51 8 N. 'uu, a town of Prussian Lith'iania, 'oland, and principal place of a dis- t, situate at the mouth of the river ise, 20 miles N W of Tilsit. Lon. 21 I, lat. 55 20 N. 'utseUhehn, a town of Germany, si- e on tlie river Maine, 13 miles N W Darmstadt. Lon. 8 16 E, lat, 47 '.tissia, a large empire, partly in Asia, . partly in Europe ; bounded on the y the Frozen Ocean ; on the S by at Tartary, the Caspian Sea, and sia; on the E by the sen of Jupaii; on the VV by Sweden, Poland, and Black Sea. Tliere were three iiti-ies that had the name of Huasia- ■tmely, Red Russia, which see ; White Russia, which comprehends Lithuania; and Black Russia, wliich comprehends the governments of Kaluga, Moscow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimir, and Yaroslaf; and hence his imperia' ..ajesty takes tlie title of emperor of all the Riissias. This empire, exclusive of the late ac- quisitions from the Turks and from Po- land, (.see Poland J may be compared to a square, whos'^ sides are 2000 miles cacii. Russia occupies more than a sev- enth part of the known continent, and nearly the 26th part of the whole globe. Its greatest extent from W to E, viz. from the 39th to the 207 degree of lon. is 168 degrees ; and if the islands of the Eusccrn Ocean be included, it will then he 185. Its greatest extent from N to S, that is, from the 78th to the 50 deg. of )at is 27 degrees. The greater part of this empire lies in the temperate zone, and u part of it, viz. that which is be- yond tlie 66th deg. of lat. lies in the frigid zone, and the whole surface con- tains above 2,150,000 square versts. There therefore is not at present, and never has been in any period, an em- pire, the extent of which could be com- pared to that of Russia. The seas of Russia are, the Baltic, the White Sea, the Frozen Ocean, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea. There are also five large rivers ; namely, th-< Dnieper, Volga, Don, Dwina, and OLy. Its lakes are Laeoplc in the world, and many of them are now little better. Formerly no Russians were seen in other countries, and they seldom or never sent ambassadors to foreign courts ; hut now the gentlemen are moi- polite, and study the interests of diliercnt nations. Their armies are ij- ways very numerous. They had no men of war, nor merchant ships before the reign of Peter the Great ; but, in the late reign, powerful Russian squad- rons a])]»eared, not only in the Baltic, but in the Black Sea, and in the Medi- terranean. They have images in their churches i and believe no man sure of salvation in this life, for which reason the priests give a passport to those that are dying, addressed to St, Nicholas, who is desired to entreat St. Peter to oi)en the ga'es of Heaven, as they have certified that the be.irer is a good chris- tian. The church is governed by a pa- triarch, under whom are the arch- bishops, and bishops, Every priest is. called a pope, and of these there lyere 400Q in Moscow only. Formerly he was thought a learned man wh« C{fgg Aif,^ R U S »■'- roiild read and write ; but Peter the Great undertook to introduce tl'.e arts and sciencfs ; and, in 1724, tlie tirst university was founded that ever was in Kusslh i there is also an academy of sciences at Petersburgh, supplied witli some of the West jjroft-ssr.rs m Europe. Wall respect to diess tlic merchants and comn>onalty still retain their beards, and repaid tlie'm with tiie utmost ve- neration, notwihtstanding the edicts ol Peter I. and it is only those depending upon government, in the army and na vv, who- have yet complied with the custom and the wish of the court, as tio person in any place can retain their beiuds and ancient driss. the clergy only excepted, none can procure any plare, or fa\our from court, upon other .•(liulitioiis tlian banishinfr the Asiatic sheep-skin robes. The worn-out vete- ran retires with a pension, upon the express terms of never again assuming the habit of his fathers. But so zeal- oiisly attrxhed are tlie multitude to for- mer mauners, and so honourably do they esteem them, that a Russian Pressed in his beard and gown, tells jou by his looks, that he lias not pros- liti'ted the memory of his ancestors. The inhabitants ii) general ma; be di- vided into four orders. 1. The nobles and gentry ; 2. The clerg> ; 3. The mercliants, burghers and otlicr free- men ; 4. Peasants. The three hrst in- clude tlie free subjects of the empire, and tlie latter, the vassals or slaves. The first comprehends the nobles or gentry, who are the sole persons that have "a right to possess land in Russia, (the conquered provinre.o excepted) and who are obliged to furnish recruits in proportion to the extent of their es- tates. The second are divided into re- gular and secular, the latter, who may, and ought to be the most uiicful mem- bers of society, are generally the re- fuse of the people. The dignitaries of the church are chosen from the first ; these are archbishops, and bishops, abbots and priors. The third compre- hcnds that class of men between the nobles and the peas.ints, who being neither gentlen\cn nor peasants, follow the arts and sciences, navigation, com- merce, or exercise trades. The fourth comprehends the peasants, wlio i^re slaves, and mav be divided into pea- sants of the crown, peasants belonging to individuals. Tl'e former inhabit the iniperial demesnes, and may form the R U S sixUi part of peasant! in Russia. Ther , are governed by imperial bailiffs, and although subject to great exac ons from these petty tyrants, yet they are much more secure of their pioperty than peasants belonging to individi.als, who ure the private property of the land-holders, as much as implements of agriculture, or herds of cattle ; and tlie value of an estate is estimated as ill Poland, b\ the number of boors, not by the number of acres. The Russian peasants are in general a large coarse haidy race, and of gi eat bi-dily strength. Their dress is a round hat or cap with a very high crown, a coarse robe of drugget, (or in the winter, of sheep- skin with the wool turned mwards) reacldng below the knee, and bound round their waist by a sash, trowsers of linen, almost as thick as sack-cloth, a woollen or flannel cloth wrapped round the leg instead of stockings ; sandals woven from strips of a pliant bark, and listened by strings of the same materials, which are afterwards twined round the leg, and serve a* garters to the woollen or flannel wrap- pers. In warm weather the peasanU frequently wear only a short coarse shirt and trowsers. The dress of tlie women is the rcvcpse of the men, both in fashion and colour ; every jiart of it being as short and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy. It is ex- actlythe same with that of the High- land women in Scotland j both have the short jacket, the striped petticoa,t, and the tartan plaid ; and both too, m general, have a napkin rolled about their head The Russian women are, however, far more elegant and rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace and paint wanting to set of^' their chains, The young generation are modernizing these antic vestments ; the stifl" embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flowing silk, tlie jacket and petticoat are of muslin, or other fine stufTs ; and the plaid is exchanged for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold sea-son lined with fur. The better class of females wear velvet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is after the French and English fashion ; i.nd all wear a covering of fur, six months of the year. The sovereign of Russia is f.b.solute. He was formerly called grand duke, which is now the title of the heir apparent ; he after- wards assumed the UUe of czar, which the natives pronounce tznr, or zoar, a R U S R U S RUT f peasant* in Russia. They |c(l by imperial bailiiTs, and ubject to great cxacons petty tyrants, yet tliey are secure of their pioperty nts belonging to individi.als, |he private property of the rs, as much as impiemcnts of or heids of cattle ; and lofun estate is estimated as h\ tlie niiinber of boors, not iber of acres. Tbe Russian re in general a large coarse , and ofgi L'at b(i short a time, the wonders that may be elf'ected by tlie genius and exertions of one man. Much has been written concerning the great civilization which Peter I. intro- duced into this country ; that he oblig- ed them to relinquish their beards and their national dress ; that he natural- ized the arts and sciences ; that he dis- ciplined his army, and created a navy ; and tliat he made a total change tlirougliout each part of his extensive empire. We may readily allow the truth of this eulogium with resp-Ct to his improvements in the discipline of I his army, and the creation of a navy, ! for these were objects within the reach | of the persevering genius of a despotic j sovereign ; but the pompous accounts ' of the total cliang*! wliich he etlected in tlic national manners, seem to have i been the mere echoes of foreigners, | who have never visited the country, ; and who have collected the history of; Pete;' from the most partial information. \ The bulk of the people still continue in ; the grossest barbarism. The principal | nobles indeed are perfectly ci\'li'.cd, and as refined in their entertainments, mode of living, and social intercourse, as those of other European countries. But there is a wide dlflerence between poli.sliing a nation, and polLshing a few individuals. The merchants and pea- sants still universally retain their ori- ginal manners, and resemble, in their gcr.tral mode of living, the inhabitants of the smallest village. The (greatest p.irt of the peasants, who form the hulk of the niition, are still almost as dciici- oiU in the arts as they were before Pe- ter's time, altliougii the scifnr.cs have fi'i.inslied in the 'apital. But the chi- lizati )n of a niir.ior»us ami wiilc'.y dis- piM-scd people cannot be the- wm k of a •nomciit, and can only be cliisctLd bv a gradual and almost insensible pro- gress. Tlie national improvements however, made by Peter the Great, have been continued since his time, and Russia now holds a rank aniong the nations of Europe, of which human foresight, at the commence- ment of the eigliteenth century, could have formed no conception, and per- haps it is not too much to say, that the empire of Russia, though the pco|)Ie are but just emerging from barbarism, is at this day the most powerful in Eu- rope. Petersburgh is the capital of tlic whole empire. j Hitasia, jRed. See Red Russia. ^ Rustgaden, a town of Sweden, in tlie province of l)alecarli:i, 2>5 miles S S W of Faiihin. Lon. 16 30 E, lai. 6u 1« N. Rutchester, a village in Northumber- land, called Vindobula by the Koinuns. Severus' wall runs chise by this place, and Adrian's vallum is but a sm.ill dis- tance S of it. This fort has been very considerable, and the ruins of it are very rcmarkabiu. It is six m'les N of Hexham. Ruthin, a town in Denbighshire, with a market on Monday. It is seated In a vale, on the river Clwyd, and had a stivmg castle now in ruins. It is IS miles S W of Holywell, and 206 N' W of London. Lon. 3 30 VV, lat 53 7 N. Rut/am, a town of Mai wa, in the East Indies, 4» miles W of Ougein. Lon. 74 5& K, lat 25 25 N. Rutland, tiie capital of Rutland coun- ty, Vermont ; and alternately with Windsor, the scat of State Govern- ment: it is situated on the E side of Otter river, 45 miles W by N of Wird- sor, 18 E of Fairhaven, and 5/ N of Benningtor., in lat. 43 34 N. and lon. 72 50 W. It contained in 2125 inhabi- tants in 1800. Rutluitdshire, the smallest county in England, encircled by tin.- counties of Lincoln, Leicester, and Northampton, seeming as if it were cut out of the two former. It is of a roundish liprure, in length fifteen miles, and in bic;iilth ten. It is siipptised to have received its- name from the red colour of the soil, which, in snne parts, is a sort of rud- dle, staining ihe iloeccs of tlie sl-.cep. Kutland i.l blest with a pure air anil a fertile soil, and is bcr.utifully varied in its siiii'ace with ['penile swells and de- pressions. It abounds in ckar soft springs, gushing fVom the sides of the liills. Us products arc chiefiy corn and RYE SAB . . c„r„» r.r f finest seed-wheat j 500 persons. It is seated in a valley, sheep. Some of t.. .nest scea XV e^ U.,l,nesdale, and sends txy» in the kingdom IS Br^'^'W l' n mc-mbe.'s (o oarliament. It is 16 miles fields ; and it is pccuhurly fit for sheep. ^'■' .''^; j J,. "^'^^ ^j « ^ of Loudon, Oakham is the count) -u.wn. I i " 0T3 W lat 51 16 N. of HhuhS; in briss:.. andVhe capi- m.les E o^ Mcch^. . . tal of one of the Wcslein Mahratta chiefs. Lon. 82 36 E, lat. 22 16 N. Jiiivo, a populous epistopal town ot Nai'les, in Terra di Bari, 16 miles W of liari. Lon. 16 44 K, h.t. 41 26 N Stiza, a town of Russia. Lon. 3o 2 E, lat. 55 46 N. H^acoita, a town of the Mysore country in the East Indies, 75 nulvs h of Seringapatam. Lon. 76 45 E, lat. 30 Rjan, Loch, a lake at the N W angle ofVVightonshire. Tiie sea flows mto it through a narrow pass ; and it was formerlv crowded in the season, with shoals of herrings, which have now de- • serted it. , S.dal-ixater, ftlakc in Westmoreland, a little to tlie W of Ambleside. It is one mile in length, spotted with little islands, and communicates by a narrow channel, with Grasmere water to the W, and by the river Rothay, with Windermere water to the S . Rydrog, a town of Hindoostun, in the E Indies, 128 miles N of Scringapatam. Lon. 76 52 E, h.t. 14 40 N. R t, a boroiigli in Sussex, Willi a mar- ket on Wednesday and Saturday. It is Ijoveriied b\ a mayor and juran, and sends two iiiemhers to parliament. Its Rytvitci, a village io Holland, seated between Hague and Deltt, where the pr""-'> of Orange had a palace. A treaty was concluded here in 1697, between England, Germany, Holland, France, and Spain. , , • »i. Rzeczica, a town of Poland, in the province of Litliuania, and capital of « territorj of the same name It is seat- ed at tlie confluence of the rivers Wveds/.wck and Dnieper, and is 24 miles N of Kiof. Lon. 31 5 E, lat. 59 32 N. s. c; A AD AH, a strong and populous to w» •^ of Arabia Felix, wiiere fine Turkey leather is made. It is 140 miles W N W of Sanna. Lon. 44 55 E, lat. 17 50 N • ... Saalefeld, a tow of Germany, in the circle iA Upper Saxony, and principahty of Alteiibiirg, where there are manu- factures of cloth and silk stufi's. It u seated on the Saal, 20 miles N N E of Coburg. Lon. 11 22 E, lat. 50 31 N. Saatz, or Zatec, a town of Bohemia, sends two r.c,uh.vs^ ^:S^^ that in a cTrcle ot the same name, situate on port ,s so cl.oaked 'P..„ v •> .^ul. at " » ^ ^.,^^ g of DresdeB. Lon. it can admit small vessels only, but it it were opened would be a good station for our cruizers on the French. It ex- ports corn, m..lt, hops, and other pro- ducts of the county; and Its tishern.en send considcrul)le supjilics to the Lon- don markets. It is 28 miles S S E ol don marRtis. 11 i» ^o """-' •■ " " Maidstone, and 63 SE of London. Lon. 45 E, lat. 51 N. Rve, a post town in West Chester cou.'.lv, New- York ; situated on Long-- Island Sound, 06 mile of Africa, in the king- dom of Tripoli, at the bottom of Uie gulf ef Sidra. Sable, a seaport of Denmark, situate on tlie E coast of N Jutland, and the mniitli of a river of the same name, 23 miles N N E of Alburg. Lon. 10 18 E, ht. 57 20 N. Sabiita, a province of Italy, in the Ecclesiastical State ; bounded on the N by Umbria, on the E by Naples, on the S by Cam|uigna di Roma, and on the W by the patrimony of St. Peter. It is 22 miles in length and almost as much in brcudth, watered by several small riv- ers, and abounding in oil and wine. Magliaiio is the capital. Sabioncelto, a peninsula of Dalmatia, in the republic of Kagusa. It lies to the .S of tiie gulf of Narenta, and to the N uf the channel which separates the is- lands of Curzola and Melida. Sabioncello, a town of Dalmatia, situ- ate on the peninsula of the same name, 45 miles N W of Ragusa. Lon. 17 40 E, Ut.43 20N. Sabionetta, a strong town of Italy, in the Milanese, capital of a dutchyof the same name, with a castle. It belongs to the house of Austria, and is 20 miles E of Cremona, and 20 S W of Mantua. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. 45 N. Sable, an ancient and populous town of France, in the department of Sarte, with a castle. In its vicinity arc wrought some quarries of black marble. It is seated on the Sarte, 25 miles N E of Angers, and 135 S W of Paris. Lon. 24 W, lat. 47 5« N. Sable, Cape, the most southerly point of Nova Scotia, near which is a fine cod-tishery. Lon. 65 39 W, lat. 43 23 N. Sable, hie, an isle nearly adjoining to Sable Cape ; the coasts of both are most commodiously situated for fish- eries. Sahlet (I'Olonne, a trading town of France, in the department of Vendee, and late province of Poitou, with an ex- cellent harbour. It is seated on the bay of Biscay, 31 mile* W of Lucun. Lon. 1 36 W, lat. 4'. 30 N. Sableitan, a province of Persia, bound- ed on the N by Candahar, on the E by Hindoostan, on the S by Makran, and on the W by Scgestan. It is a mountain- ous country, little known to Europe- ans. Sacca. See Xacea. Saccai, a strong city and seaport, one of the most famous in Japan, witli seve- ral castles, temples, and palaces. It is seated on the sea, and has a mountain on one side, which serves as a rampart, 300 miles S W of Jedo. Lon. 134 5 E, iat. 35 N. Saclitenburg, a town of Germany, in the county of Waldeck, 68 miles E of Cologne. Lon. 8 27 E, lat. 50 59 N. Sachsenhauten, a town of Germany, in the comity of Waldeck, 76 mile» E of Cologne. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 51 ION. Saffi, a trading town of Morocco, with a castle. The Portuguese wera long in possession of it, but they for- sook it, in 1641. It is surrounded by several eminences which commaml tlie town. Lon. 8 58 W, lat. 32 28 N. Sagan, a town of Silesia, capital of a principality of the same name, belong- ing to prince Lobkowitz. It has double walls, a castle, and a priory of the Au- gustine order By permission of the em- peror, in 1709, a Lulheran school was founded here. It is seated on the Bobei* and Quels, 62 miles N W of Brcslaw. Lon. 15 22 E, lat. 51 42 N. Sagg- Harbour, a port of entry, and a post town in Sufl()lk county. New- York ; situated at the N E end of Long Is- land, .53 miles E of Sniithtown,and 108 E by N of the city of New-York, con- taining about 800 inhabitants. Saligalien-oula, a ri\cr of E Chinese Tartary, which falls into the sea of Kamtschatka, opposite the island of Saghalicii-oula-hata. S A I SAL Sat, one of the Capedc Verrt Wandi, 42 miles in ciirnmference, lying' tn iin) E of St. Nicliulas. It lias its nana- (Vcmi ttic (freut quantity of salt tnudc lure from the sea water, wliii-h overliows part of it, from time to time. It i» 300 miles VV of the coast of Africa Lon. 23 56 \V, lat. 16 38N. Satui or Salberg, a town of Sweden, Saghalien-oula-hata, an island in tlie tea of Kiinitscliatka, in about 145* K Ion. and from SO to 54° N lat. belonging to the iUissians Saghaiien-uxtla-hotun, a city of E Clii- Heae 'rurtary, in tlio department of Tcitcicar, on the S side of the Saghu- lit-n-oula. It is rich and populous, Hod Yerjr important on account of its situa- tion, as it secures to tlie Mantchew j in Westmania, near which is a very Tartars the possession of extensive de- 1 large ancient silver mine. This t.iwn serts covered with woods, in which a i was first built by king Gustavus Ailoi- great numbi;r of sables are found. L(m. phus in 1624, and destroyed by Kre in 12r 25 E, lat. 50 N. , 1736. It is seated on a river 30 niilci Sagrez, a strong town of Portugal, in I W of Upsal, and 50N W of Stoikhulm. Algarva, with a harbour and a fort, Lon. 17 45 E, lat. S'J 50 N. four miles W ol Cape St. Vincent, and Salamanca, a city of Spain, in Leon, 125 S of Lisbon. Lon. 9 4 W, lat. 37 4 N. : witli a bishop'n sec, and u famous iini- 5(i^Mr, a town of Hindoostan Pro))er, versity, consisiing of 24 cohegcs. in tin- province of Malwa, situate near Here are magnificent churches, the fiiinnass river, 87 miles N \V of a large public square, fine foiintitiiis, Gurrah, and 112 S of Agra. Lon. 7853 and every thing that can contribute E, lat. 23 45 N. ! to the beauty and commodioiisness of S'a/jiVK/i, a tOMmof Spain, intheking- ' the city. The structure called the dom of Leon, seated in a fertile plain. Schools, where the sciences are tauglit, on the river Sea, 17 miles from I'lacen- . is very large and curious. There were tia. Lon. 5 23 VV, lat. 42 33 N. formerly 7000 students, when the SaiJ, a town of U,)per E,;^' |)t, seated Spunish monarchy was in a flouilshin: on tlie Nile, 150 miles S of Cairo. Lon 31 20 E, lat 27 32 N. Said, in Palestine. See Siclon. Saintea, three of the Leeward Carib- bee islands in the W Indies, between Guadaloupe and Dominica. Saintes, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charer.te, with a bishop's see. There are several monu- ments of antiquity, of which the most famous are the amphitheatre, the aque- ducts, and the triumphul arch on the bridge over the Churente. The castle, built on a rock, is deemed impregnable i and the cathedral has one of the li-rfrest steeples in France. It is seated on an eminence, 37 miles S S E of Roclieile, and 262 S VV of Paris. Lon. 38 W, lat. 45 54 N. Sainto:me, a lute province of France, 62 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded on the E by Angomnois and Perigord, on tlie N by Poitou and Aunis, on the VV by the Atlantic, and on the S by Burdehiis and Giron. The river Chn- rcnte runs through the middle of it, and renders it one of tiie finest and most fertile provinces in France, a- bounding in all sorts of corn and fiiiils ; and the best salt in Europe is made here. It now forms, with the late pro- vince of Aunis, the dcpartmentrof Low- er Charente. insiiinp condition ; and there are now upward of 4u00, wlio are clothed liLe ]iricst«, having their heads shaved, ami wear. ing raps. The cathedral is one of the handsomest in Spain ; and tliere .ire several fine convents, with churches belonging to them, adorned with images, and some with curious pic tiires. It is seated partly in a pluin, and partly on hills, and is s'lrromu'cJ by a wall The river Toriiir:i, wMch washes its walls, has a h ridge ovt— it 300 paces long, hiiilt by the Komans. Without thewiilh \n a line Kom.iiu cause *»av. 'It is 37 lu'leri SE of Mlraiidii, •nd 83 N W of Madrid. Lon. 5 16 W, lat. 41 N. Salainnncn, a town of New Spain, in the province of Jncatan, 140 miles S of Campeachy. Lon. 89 58 VV, lat. 17 55 N Salannkem, or Sijhntemen, a town of Sclavoniii, remarkable for a battle gained by the prince of Baden, o\er the Turks, in 1691. It is ser.fed on the Dnnulic, 20 tnilcs N W of Bel- grade, and 25 S E of Peterwuradiii. Lon. 20 S3 E, lat. 45 1 } N. Sulciach, a village of Gerniary, in the mar,:?ravate of Baden, two miles N E of Baden. Here niareschal Tu- renne while reconnoitering the enemy, received a mortal wound. SAL SAL SAL of the Cape lie Verd Mandi, In circiimrerence, lyinjr i„ HiJ. [iclioliis. It lias its nanit (Voin quantity of salt tn;ule iicie sea water, wliiili oveiliows from time to time. It is VV of the coast of Africa i6\V, lat. 16 38N. |r Salbtrg, a town of Sweden, nania, near which is a verv ieiit silver mine. This tiwri built by king Gustavus AUdl. |624, aiul destroyed by Hie in is seated on a nver 30 niilci sal, and 50N W of Stotkholm 15 E, lat. 59 50 N. anca, a city of S|)ain, in Leon, shop's sec, and a famous iini- consisiinjf of 24 colleges. ire magnificent churches, public square, fine fountinns, . thing that can contribute auty and commodioiisness of The structure called the where the sciences are taugiit, »rge and curious. There were 7000 students, wiien tlie monarchy was in a flrmiishinp ; and there are now upward who are clothed liLe iJiicsf!, [heir heads shaved, and wear. 1. The cathedral is one oftlie lest in Spain j and thi;re .ue fine convents, with cluirciies g to them, adorned with and some with curious pic It is seated partly in a pluin, ly on hills, and iss'irro.iiK'cd 1 The river Tormrs, w!.ich its walls, has a hi-ldge ovt— it ;s long, built by tl-.e Komiuis. ; tliewiills it a (iiic Homnni y. It is ■:i7 m'lea SE of Miranda, I W of Madrid. Lon. 5 16 W, anea, a town of New Spain, in ince of Ji'.catan, 140 miles S of ;hy. Lon. 89 58 VV, lat. 17 kem, or Salinteinen, a town iinia, remarkable for a battle v the prince of Dadcn, o\er ks, in 1691. It is se.-.ted on uhc, 20 miles M VV of Bcl- id 25 S E of Peterwaradin. J3 E, lat. 45 U N. 1, a vill.'^pe of Germany, in ravate of Baden, two iinies N »den. Here niarcschal Tu- ile reconnoitering the enemy, a mortal wound. Sdherg- S«e Sola. Sake,-, a forest in the S part of Ncr- iliamiitonshire. Sulecto, a town of the kiiifjdom ui Tiniis, near the Mediterranean It is noted for the ruins of an ancient castle, and is 22 miles S S E of Monaster^ Lon. 11 3E, lat. 35 13 N. Salcin, the capital of Essex county, Maiisachusctts, being a puKt town as Will as port of entry. It is situated un a smad bason oftlie sea, 18 miles N K of Boston, and about to the VV of Marblehead. This is the second town liir trade and population in Massaclm- setts, the inhabitants at last census be- ing 9457. It was settled by the Eng- lish as early as 1638, and is the well known Naumkeag of Indian history. Ill or about 1C92 it was rendered fa- inuns for the hanging of wizzards and witches i but the present inhabitants are more honourably distinguished for tlieir industry and enterprise in com- mercial pursuits. It lies in lat. 42° 10' N, anc' lon. 71° W. The harbour is defended by a fort and citadel. Siilejti, l\\t capital of Salem county. New Jersey ; lying on tlie S side of Sulfin creek, a few miles above its en- trance into the Delaware, 20 miles N W of Bridgetown, and 40 S by VV of Phi- ladclphia. It has a post office and a- buiit 700 inhabitants. Salem, a post town in Stokes county, Knrtli Carolina, planted and inhabited principally by Moravians, and situated five miles E by S of Bethania, and a- bout 100 VV by N of Raleigh, the state capital. It contains .«bout 700 inhabi- tants. Saltnche, a town of Saxony, in Up- per Faucigny, seated near a small lake, on the Arvo, 12 miles S of Cluse, Sattrno, a seaport of Naples, capital of Piincipato Citeriore, with an arcli- l)ishop's see, a castle, and a university, principally for medicine. It is seated at the bottom of a bay of the same name, 37 miles S E of Naples. Lo«. 14 53 E, lat. 40 35 N. Saltrt, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cantal, and late province of Auvergne, seated among the moun- tains, nine miles N of Aurillac. oaliti, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Pyrenees, and late province of Gascony,' remarkable for Its springs of salt waters from which the white salt is made. It is seven miles W of Orthea. Salignac, a town of Franca, in th« dc|jariiiiint fif Upper Vicniie, and lat© ;irovJnce of Perigord, 10 miles S bv W of Liiii'iges. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 45 42 N. Saiigniit, H town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on the Deva, at the foot of » inuuiUain, eij^iit miles N by E of Vitto- ria, £1^12^ S S E of Bilboa. Lon. 2 54 VV, lat 43 J is. Halir.e, one of the Lipari Islands, in the Mediterranean. It consists of two high mountains joined together at the base, and lies N VV of the island of Li- pari. Saiiiis, a considerable town of France, in 'he department of Juia, and late province of Franclic Comte, with a strong fort. It is remarkable for its salt works, tlip largest of which is in the middle oftlie town, and is l.ke a little fortified place. It is seated in a fertile valley, on a stream that has ita source in the town, 29 miles S of Uen- sancon, and 200 S E of Paris. Lon. 6 5 E, lat 46 «IG N. Salisburv, the capital of Rowan coun- ty. North Carolina, five miles S \V of Yadkin river, 34 miles from Salem in the same direction, and 120 N VV of Favetteville ; containing about 500 souls, with a post ottice. StUhbury, a post town in Essex coun- ty, Massachusetts ; situated on the N side of Merrimack river, four miles N of Newbm-y-port, and 46 N by E of Boston. SalUbury, a post town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, 19 miles N VV of Litchfield, and 60 of New Haven, with 2266 inhabitajits. Salisbury, a jiost town in Somerset county, Maryland, lying on the N side of VViccomico river, near the confines of Delaware state ; 20 miles N VV of Snow Hill, and 33 S by W of Lewis- town near Cape Henlopcn. Salisbury, or tfevi Sarum, an episco- pal city in Wiltshire, of which it is the capital with a market on .Tuesday and Satiu-day. It is a well built town situ- ate in a chalky soil, on the confluence of the Bourn, Nadder, Willey, and Avon, by whose waters it is almost ."urrounded, and is rendered particu- larly clean bjr a small stream flowing through every street. It has a finfe cathedral, which was finished in 1258, and consecrated in presence of Henry III. and many of the nobility and pre- lates. This fabric, which cost above 26,000/. is the most elegant and regu. SAL SAL lar Gothic structure in the kinf^nm, I bcin)r built in form of u hiiitcrn, with its spire of free-stone in the middle, the loftiest ill rngland. Tlie towii- hall is a haiidsumc miilding, and stands ill :( spuciou:.' market place. Salisbury if giiverncd by a mayor, sends two n)enil>er8 topi'-lia.nent, and has manu- f iresof*'.': 'els, insejs, hardware, *i., . uti' .> l^ 21 miles W E of S'.i ■ii»i'it)'^-''S ft" "i W byScifLon- doii Lo» i - W, lit. 51 3 N. Stii vmouth : and in some places is frot.i J j ■ i 40 in breadth. TluMT are so many cross roads in it, and so lew houses to take directions from, that the late earl of Pembroke's father planted a tree at the end of eve- ry mile, from hence to Shaftesbury, for the traveller's guide. That part of it iibout the city is a chalky down, like Kast Kent. The other parts are noted for feeding numerous flocks of sheep, some of which contain from 30i<0 to 5000 each ; and several pri- vate farmers hereabouts have two or three such flocks. By foldinpf the sheep upon the lands here, after they are turned up with the plough, they be- come abundantly fruitful, and bear ve- ry good wheat, as well as rye and bar- ley. Un this plain, besides the famous monument of Stonehenge, six miles N of the city, there are the traces of ma- ny old Roman and British c.imps, and oilier remains of the battles, fortifica- tions, sepulchres, &c. of the ancient inh.'ihitants of this kingdom. Salitbury Craig, a hilt on the E side of the city of Edinburg. It is remark- ble for a great precipice of solid rock, about one mile long, and in some parts, 100 feet high ; which passes with some regularity along its brow. Sallce, an ancient town of the king- dom of Fez, with an harbour and seve- ral forts. Its harbour is one of the best in the coimtry, and yet, on ac- count of a bar th.it lies across it, ships of the ismallest draught arc forced to imload and take out their guns, before they can get into it. There are docks to build ships, but they are seldom used, for want of skill and materials. It is divided into the Old and New Tonilr, by the river Guero ; and has long been famous for its pirttes, which, make prizes of all Christian ships that come in tbcir way, except tlitre U a treaty to the contrary. It is 100 tniiti VV of Fez, and 150 S of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 31 \V, lat. ."■4 N. Sahii, a town of Germany in ,iie dutchy of Luxemburg, 11 miles S S E of Spa, and 3H N of Luxemburg. Lun. 5 55 E, lilt. 50 25 N. Suhn, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mem the, «nd '''tc ,i,iAi f of Lorrain v itii a castle, seated at the so.irce of the Sar, 20 miles W of Strusburg, and 55 S £ of Nanci. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 48 34 N. Saio, an important town of Italy, in the Brescianoi seated on the lake Hi. garpa. It was taken by the French in 1796, and is 17 miles N E of Brescia. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 45 38 N. Salohrena, a seaport of Spain, in Granada, with a castle. It curries on a great trade in sugar and lish, and ii seated on a rock, near the mouth of a river of the same name, 12 miles E of Almunecar, and 36 S of Granada. Lon. 3 30 VV, lat. 36 31 N. Salon, a town of France, in the de. partment of the Mouths of the Rhone, and late province of Provence, seated on the canal of Craponne, 20 miles NW ofAix. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 43 38 N. Salona, a seaport of Venetian Dalmi* tia, seated on a bay of the gulf of Ve- nice. It was formerly a considerable place, and its ruins show that it was ten miles in circumference. It is 18 miles N of Spalatro. Lon. 17 29 E, lat. 44 10 N. Satone, a town of Livadia, with a bishop's see. The inhabitants are Christians and Turks, pretty equal in number ; and Jews are not suitered to live here. It is seated on a mountain, on the top of which is a citadel, 20 miles N E of Lepanto. Lon. 23 1 £, lat. 38 50 N. Salonichi, the ancient Thessalonica, a seaport of Turkey in Europe, capital of Macedonia, with an archbishop's see. It is ten miles in circumference, and a place of great trade, carried on princi- pally by Uie Greek Christians and the Jews, the former of which have 30 churches, and the latter as many syna- goggles : the Turks also have a few mosques. It is surrounded by walls, and defended on the land side by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts. It was taken from the Venetians, by the Turks, in 1431. It is seated at the bottom of the gulf of the same name, partly on the top, and partly on SAL I the contrary. It is 100 milti Fez, unci 150 S of Gibrullar. U W , lat. .'>4 N. , a town »i" Germany in ,iie of Luxemburg, H miles S S E and 38 N of Luxemburg. I.on. hit. 50 25 N. . , , , a town of France, in tlic de- ntof Meuilhe, i SAL ,',r .fa hill, near the river Va-(lar, SO. Nof Larissa, ami -M vV ol rl,,nv.. .tinoplc. Lou. 2} ti E, I:. V,,/., ,. Sec ShraL.,n -. , ":,,.» town of M.ii)loH, in CupiLi- „.; situate u a hike, near tlic sea. U .>.ted fo.- couHideiMl.K- s.ill-wcrK. ,1 • s JJ miles S ..f MantVc.l..n..i, ami yik N E >if Naples, '.on. JO E, ''^5.!L,^l «l''<>nff castle of France, in the dtlKiianieiit of Easlern Pyrenees, routed on a lake of Hie ■*•""«'>"""■• ,''; ,a„„g mount;un.H, 10 nules Not Ici- ' \,U.tU, a line i^l-uid of the Uercan of Hi, looslan, lyi-t? ■>'• the coast »1 Coiuun, to the N t: of Bombay, tn.n wiru-hitissei..iiMteabya,.am.wHtKut forckble at low w.ler. U is abou lo miles square, and terUle m nee, trU^U, and s.iif'a-caues. Is has subteiTau J.u. temples cut oat of the hve rock, in the manner of those of Elephanta, which appear lo be monuments ot a sapersli. tion anterior to that of the Hindoos. I.. Vri. Salsette was conquered tromtli'- Maliruttasi and it has proved a valua- ble acquisition to Bombay, which toi- meily depended on foreign supplies loi- its subsistence. . . „ . SaUonna, a town of Spam, in CaU- loniu, seated on the Lobregut. 44ui,les N W of Barcelona. Lon. 1 M £-, lai. 41 56 N. . „ ,, .,, Saltash, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday, for horses, o\en, sheep, cloth, and a few hops. It con- sists of three streets, which are wash- ed clean by every shower ot rain, is Koverned by a mayor, and sends two fnembers to parliament. It is seated on the side of a steep hill six miles N W of PlymouUi, and 220 W by S ot London. Lon. 4 17 W, lut. 50 25 N. Saltcoat; a seaport of Scotland, m Ayrshire, much resortedtoas a water- 'me place. It has a considerable trailc in salt, coal, and sail clotli, togetlier with a rope-yard. It is situate on the frith of Clvde, 10 miles N N W of Ay'-, and 22 S \V of Glasgow. Lon. 4 45 W, lut. 5.5 39 N. Salt-mil, a village in Berks, noted for its fine situation and elegant nun*. It is on the road to Bath, 22 miles VV of London. Sdtza, a town of Lower Saxony, m the dutchy of .Ma^^leburg. It tukes if name from the saltpits, audw 12 miles SAL S S F. of Magdeburg, Lon. 1154K, I. . 52 J N. . .„ '6\ilt.:.Lun', an aiehbishol«MCof Germa- many, in the cirae of B.vvana./O mi.es long ai.d ivj bu. .; bo.nuUd ou the N Ly^Ba^ami. .^ ...e E by AjMna. on the S by Caniitlna and lie 1 irol, u^d >.i 'iie \V by the 1 irol and H .varia. It is a moanliinous country, •out piMly ieilile, and contains iiuncB of copper, silver, ami iion. sJiuhur^', an ancient and popu ous citv of Oennany, capital ot an archbij sliopr.c of llic same name. It is well built, and defendcl by a castle on a mounlain, and near it are some consi- dei-able salt Works wluch are very pro- ductive. The archb.sl.op who is a sove- reign prince, has two noble P;fl^";?' the -mi to. sanimer, and the other lor wnuer; the latter contains lOJ ap:.r- n.onts, ail richly furnished, wilmm« i-eekoniugihe halls an.lguUenes. I he XversUv depends on the Beiiedictino monks, the cathedral is very tme, and contains live organs. It is seated on both sides the iWerSat^ 45 miles S by W of Passaw, and 15j VV by S ot Vienna. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 47 37 N. SaltZiuM, a town of Gerinany in tha ' circle of Upper Saxony, in the old marche of Brandenburg noted or ita tlourishing nianufacturesof cloth, serge, and stoekh.gs. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns, and is situate on the let/.e, 20 mile* N N VV ot Gardelc leu; and 43 E N E of Zell. Lon. U ^"ii/if^'- of the Bahama ^1;:t.r^^'u^"5tii of Uie king- dom of Congo, with a large palace, where t!ie king and a Portuguese b.sh- op reside. It is seated on ^ ciaggy mountain, 240 mdcs E by b of Loai.go. Lon. 15 39 E, lat. 4 50 S. , Satva^lor, St. apopuUms city ofSoutti America, in Brasil. with an archbish- o-k see, and several f .rts U con Uins many religious houses ; the inhabitant., are C-oluptuous, and carry on a cons.de- ..able trade. The houses -■« ^J*" "^ ,h,ec stories high, and the walls thick and strong, being built of *ton«. Tho principal streets are large, and the e Lrc m'any gardens, full o great variety .,r fruit-trees, herbs, and Howers. The "I ehief comuv)dities are sugir, tu^' o, woad for diers, rawhides, talloW, and |l,ainoil. It is sealed on a-.i emmenee^ I m the h ;y of All S»iuts, 120 mdsa S VV^, H H H tt SAM SAM 1) of Scrgippy. Lnn 40 10 W, li.t. l."? 10 S. S.tlviiget, sm.ill iini]ili;i!>ite(l IkIhiuN, lyinj^ hctwi'di Miiilc.ini ami tlie Caiui- rifit, 27 li-.tnii«'» N of I'oint Ntip;o in TciuTill, K,ni. 1.5 54 W, lilt. :iO N. Siiivateirii, a lown of Hmini^iil, in F.stii'in.itof the Aluu, near the river Po, 22 miles S bv VV of Turin. Lon. 7 3,7 E, lat. 44^ N. Satnantlrachi. See Saiiwthracia. Samnrcaml, an ancient and populous city in the country of the Usbcc Tar- tars, with a castle and a university . It was the birth-place and scatof I'amer- lanc the Gie;it. It' carries o;- a trade in exccHen* fruits, and is pleasantly seated near the Sog'de, whicli runs in- to the Amo, 138 miles E bv N of Bok- hara, Lon. 65 15 E, lat. 39 50 N. Sainar, Phtlippina, or Tandago, one of the Phillippine Islands, in the Indian ocean S E uf that of Luconia, from vrhich it is separated by a strait. It is 320 miles in circumference, and is full ofcragg'} mountains, among^ which are fertile vallifs. Samara, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Ufa, situate on the con- flux of the rivers Salmisch and Sakma ra, 12 miles N of Orenburg. Lon. 55 5 E, lat. 53 2 N Samara, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment ()f Simbirsk, not far from the Volga. Lon. 49 26 E, lat. 53 20 N. Samarand, a populous town on the eastern part of the island of Java. Samathan, a town of France, in the department of Eure, with a strong cas- tle on a mountain. It is seated in a val- ley, on the river Save, five miles N of Lomlji'i. Lon. 1 E, Int. 43 34 N. Stnnbniliit, islands on the N const of the ihiliiniis of iJariun, not iniiubitciJ but cluiiiied by the SpimiardM. Siiinliut, u toM'U of the island of ilnr. nco, sitiuitc;r, u ri%ci- ui' thf NetlierlamU, igeB in Piiurdy, and pasHing by fey, Maiibeuge, '1 liun, and (ly, falU into tlie Maeie, at Ni- ogitin, a province uf Poland, l7j oiif,^ and 125 broad ; bounded on ly Cmiriand, on the E by Litliu- n the W by the Baltic, and on y Western Pnusia, being about les lon(f, and 125 broad, it ii forcstM and high mountaini, fV:cd n prcut number of cattle, udiice a great quantity of honey lire also very active horses, in cstcenn. 1'hc inhabitants are i&h, but honest; and they will not a young woman to go out in tlic without a candle in her hand, and )ells at her girdle. Rosienne ii rincipal town. not, an island of the Archipelago, ; coast of Natolia,and to the E of the f Nicaria. The women are clothed c Turkish manner, except a red and their hair hanging down tlieir I, with plates of silver, or block- »stencd to the ends. It is 32 milei 22 broad, and extremely fertile. )undB with partridges, woodcockj, 8, thrushes, woodpigeons, turtle- I, wheatcars, and excellent poul- They have abundance of melons, s, kidneybenns.^muscadine grapes, rhite figs, four times as big as the ion sort, but not so well tasted. • silk is very fine, and tlie honey wax admirable. Tliey have iron i, and most of the soil isof a rusty r; they have also emery stone, ill the mountains are of white roir- The inhabitants, about 12,000, Imost all Greeks, and hwe a bish- ho resides at Corea, Lon. 27 13 t. 37 46 N. motliraciu, now called Samandra- X small Island of the Archipelago, een Stalimoni and the coast of Ko- », and to the N of the isle of Im- It ii 17 miles in circumference, retty well cultivated. Lon. 25 U t. 40 34 N. SAN Sitmnyedet, once a numrrout and posverful nation of Tartary. They in- habit llie coasts of the Frozen Sea, frum the 65 degree of N lut. to the sea iliure. The cuuntrie^i they occupy are marshy and full of rocki, so thai from the 67 degctc of lat. there arc no tr<'i . of any kind i and the cold that prevu . in these climates prevents vcj<^etatioii to such a point, that even the little brush wood, here andtiiere tube set-ii, dwin- dles away to nothing as yo.iuilvance to- wards the nortli. In slatiu'e the Sa- movcdcs are scarcely of a luiddlir.g liciijlil ; It being rare to meet with u m.iii of more tlian five feet, though it must at tlie same time be confessrd, that the shortest, wlio are about iour luet, are equally scarce. They sccni all of a heap; have short legs, small neck, a large head, flat nose and face, with the lower part of the face project- ing outward-s ; they have large mouths and ears, little black eyes, but wide eyelids, small lips, and little feet. Their winter huts are made half way in the ground, like those of the Ostiaks, and are seldom more than two or three by the tide of one another. Poles pla- ced so as to lean against zach otlier, and covered with the skins of rein deers, or bark of birch, make the whole of their composition. In summer they U'avel from lake to lake for the purpose of fishing ; and wherever they stop for a time, there they build tempo- rary hovels upon the ground. Hunting, fishing, and tending their rein-deer, make the whole of their employment. The two former are the common busi ness of all, as furnishing them with the principal part of their subsistence. Like all savage nations they treat their wives with the utmost contempt, and oAen with a severity absolutely inhu- man. Satnio, or Samtoi, an island of Den- mark on the E coast of N Jiitluml Ii is eight miles long and three broad, and very fertile. Lon. 10 33 E, lat. 56 2 N. Sanuon, St. a town of France, in the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, seated on the river Rille, five miles from Pontuudemer. Sana, or Zana, a town of Pern, and capital of a jurisdiction in the bishop- ric of Truxillo. Its situation is delight' ful, and adorned with the most beauti- ful flowers, whence it receives tlie name of mirafloris. It is 90 miles N of Truxillo. Lon. 78 30 W, lat. 40 35 N. SAN ^ Sanaa, the capital of Ar:ibia fclix ill Yemen Proper. It is i.^-iitfil aiii"ng mountains, and fine on-liiii'U, '2\Q miles N N K of .Mo^Moi, and IJU S E of Mecca. Lon. 46 JA E, lat 17 .'tt N. Snnbinh, u town in C'lienliii c, with a market on Thursday, »c;itiil ini t!ic VVclock. Ill the market-pluii- are two square stone croswH, ailorneil with images. It is 26 nulcs K of Cluntei', ami 161 N N \V of Loiuloii. Lon. i J8 W, lat. 5J 8 N. Swi-fiw, a town of Franct.-, in tiie clc- partnu iit of Cher, ami laic piuvince of Hcrry. la its iici^'ihiinrliooii are ex- cellent wines, cqn:il lo those of Bur- gundy. It is scuted on a nionntain, near the river Loire, 2'J miles N W of Nevcrs, ami Uo N of P.iris. Lon. 2 5^ E, lat. 4,' 18 N. Siiitcian, an iilaiul of Clii'ia, on the coast of liiiaiiKtonjc, 40 niiUn in cir- cumference, aii18 :i5 N. Sandtmiir, a Htroii)^ town of Little Polund, ciipitiil of a |)iilatiiiutc of tin •umc iiiiinc, Willi n rastli-, se:it'.:cl on a liill, on tlic" ViHtuU, 7.5 mil s K t.f Cra- cow, and I U S ofWiunaw. Lon. 22 K, lut. 50 /i N. Siimlugnl, u small town of Portiiifal, in till' in'ovlnce of Ucira, siatcd on the Coa, IJ miles S SE of Giiaida. Siuulvilet, a towii ot Urab;irit, scatrd on llif ri\er Silicldt, I'J uidcs N W of Antwerp. I.on. 1 12 E, h.t. .51 22 N. SanJ'uhh, a town in Kent, willi a market on U'cdiicsday and .Saturday It 1h one of tlie cinque fxirtN, jfinerned by u mayor and jurats, and sends captain Conki but the possession of the goats soim gave rise to a contest between two dis- tricts, in which the breed was entirely destroyed. The inhabitants are un- doubtedly of the same race that pos- sesses the islands south of the equator; and in their persons, language, customs, and maimers, approach nearer to the Ne\'Zealanders, than to their less dis- tant neigldjours, either of the Society or Friendly islands. They are in gene- ral above the middle size, and well made J they walk very gracefully, run nimbly, and are capable of benrinf very great fatigue. Many of both se.xes have line open countenances, and tlie women in particular have good eyes and teeth, with a sweetness and sensi- bility of look that render them vei-y en- gaging. There is one peculiarity, cha- racteristic of every part of this great nation, that even in the handsomest SAN SAN SAN tlir Rninr latitude, IIkhi^Ii iiioro tPinpcratc i und there :uc» (if those violent wiiidit anil •s wliifli rt'iuU'r the Btopiny 1 tin- Went Imlifit «n drcndl'iil. aU(i more rain at the Sand- I's, where the nicMiiitaimnn iijf g'cii'-rally enieluped In u itccNtive nhowei'ii fall in Ihc rti, with line weather, and u , on tlic Hca shore. Hcnrc it few of those ineonvcnieni ics, many tropiral countries arc either from heut or moisture, ■rieiirtd here. The wiiidii, in er montliii, are geni-ially fnim ) N E. The vc(:fr?tal)le iirodnc- c nearly the name us those of er i«liin(ls in this ocean ; htit root is h( re of a superior qua- le hrcjul-fniit trees tlirive not abniidaTice as in the rich plains leite, hill pri'diicc doidde the fruit. 'I'he siig;;r-canps arc > lU'iiisiial size, some of them n)^• eleven inches and a quarter uinfercnce, and luivin(f 14 Ccct I'here is also a root of a colour, shaped like a yam, and ii to ten ])oiMidH in wei^'Sit, tl;e f which is very sweet, of n plea- 'ste, and is an excellent snbsti- )r suijar. The quadrupeds sre (I to the three usual sorts, liujfj, ind rats, The fowls are also of nimon sort ; and the birds arc III and numei-oiis.thoupli not va- Goats, p'lj^a, and European were left b\ captain Cook; e possession of the poats sow; se to a contest between two dis- n which the breed was entirely ed. The inhabitants are iin- lUy of the same race that pns- the islands south of the equator; heir persons, language, customs, uiners, a[iproach nearer to the ealanders, than to their less dis- i(r!ibours, either of the Society iidly islands. They are in gene- le the middle size, and well they walk very fp-acefiilly, nm ami arc capable of bearing -■at fatii,^iic. Many of both se.yes ,c opon countenances, and the in particular have good eyes til, with a sweetness and scnsi- ' look that render thein very en- Thei'e is one peculiarity, cha- tic of every part of this' greiit that even in the handsomest facri tlifr« it a fulness of the nostril, without any flatness or Npreuilln(C of the nose 'I'liey swller their b urds to prow, and wear their hair uOer various fuiliioiis. The dress of both men and wonii^ii nearly rescinblis tliose of New Zealand, and both sexes wear neckla- ces of small variegated shells. Tal- towin(f the body is practised by every colony of this nation. 'I'he hands and anil* of the women are also very neatly marked, and they have the Niiigiilar custom of tattowing the lip ot the tdiiguc. Like the New Zi uli'iiders, lliey have 'uloptedthe method of living ill villages, cantuining from lau to 20U houses built pretty closely together, without any order, and having a wind- ing path bclween them. They are ge- nerally Hanked towards the sea with (letariied walls, wliicli are meant both for hheller and defence. 'I'licse walls consist (; hours are tilled up vith various amusements, such as dam . ig, bo.xing, wrestling, &c. Their agriculture nnd navigation bear a grc • resem- blance to those of the South Sea isiaiidr,. Their plantations, which are spread over the whole sea coast, cim- sist of the taro, or eddy root, and sweet potatoes, with plants of the cloth tree set in rows. The bottoms of their ca- noet are of a single piece of wood, hol- lowed out to the tliickness of an inch, and brought to a pouit at each end. The sides consist of thfic boards, each about an inch thick, neatly fitted and lushed to the bottom part. Some of tlieir double canoes iiieasiire 70 feet in length, three and u half in depth, and 12 in breadlli. Tlirir coriliige, ilsh-hooks and fisliing tackle, ditier l>ut little from those of the other islands. Among their arts must not be forgot- ten that of making salt, wniili they have in great . buiuiaiue and if a good quality. 'I'heir iiistrunieiits of war are spears, daggers, clubs, and slings ; und for defensive armour, thi_\ wi'ar strong mats which are not easiiy penetrated by such weapons as tiieirs. As the islands arc not united under one sove- reign, wars are freipient among them, which, no doubt, contribute greatly to reduce the number of iiibuliitants, which, according to the pro])orlion as- signed to each island docs not exceed 400,000. — The same system of sub- ordinatiun (iivvails here as at the other islands, the same absolute authority on the part of the chiefs, and the same unresisting submission on the part of the people. The giivcrnment i.< like- wise monarchical and hereditary. At Owli)her there is u regular society of priests living by theiriselves, und dis- tinct in all respects from the rest of the people. Human sacrifices are here frequent j not only at the commence- ment of a war, or any signal enterprise, but the death of every considerable chief calls for a repetition of these horrid rites. Notwithstanding the ir- reparable loss in the death of^ c.iptain Cook, who was here murdered through sudden resentn ent and violence, they are acknoyvledged to be of the most mild and attectionate disposition. They live in the utnio.st harmony and friend- ship with each other ; and in hospita- lity to strangers they are not exceeded even by the inhabitants of the Friendly Islands. Their n.itural capacity seems in no respect behiyvtlie common stand- ard of mankind ; and their improve- ments in agriculture, and the perfec- tion of their manufactures, are certain- ly adctiuale to the circimstances of their situation, and the natural advan- tages which they enjoy S{wdis:kh Lund, a b.trrcn and deso- late country in the soulliern Ocean. This is the greatest S latitude ever yet J S A N explored, and the most •outhern part that was seen lies in Ion. 27 45 W, lat. 59 34 S. Sandy Hook, a small island of the United States, near the coast of New Jersf Su n, or Geuenay, a town of Swis- serlund, in Bern. Sanguesia, a town of Spain, in Na- varre, seated on tlie Arragon, 20 miles S K of ramjKfluna. Lou. 1 17 VV, lat 42 34 N. Sanpo. See Burrampooter. Sanore-Bancabuur, a town of the My- sore country, in the E Indies, \\7 milc^s E bv N of Goa. Lon. 75 4d E, lat. 15 39 N. Sanquhar, a borough of Dumfries- shire, Scotland ; with a ruined castle ; a coal trade, and a manufacture of worsted mittens and stockings. It is seated on the small river Nith, 24 miles N of Dumfries. Lon. 3 36 W, Lit. 55 30 N. Santa Clara, an island of South America, in the S Pacific Ocean, and in the bay of Guyaquil, 90 miles W of Guyaquil. Lon. 823:» W, lat. 2 18 S. Santa Cruz, a seaport on the E side of Tencritt', on a fine bay of the same name, defended by many small batte- ries, and a strong fort. It has a well built pier, and an excellent quay, on wiiich is a handsome mall, shaded by several rows of trees. The town is irregularly built j the principal street is broad, and has more the appear- ance of a square than a street: at the upper end, is the governor's house, and at the lower a square monument, com- niemoraling the appearance of Nuestra Senora (Our Lady) to the Guanches, the original inhabitants of tlie island. Lon. 1(526 W, lat. 2827 N. Snnta Cruz, a seaport of Africa, on the coast of Morocco, with a fort. The Moors took it from the Portu- guese in 1536. It is seated at the ex- tremity of Mount Atlas, on Cape Agner. Lnn. 10 - W, lat. 30 58 N. Santa Cruz, one of the Caribbee Islands. Lon. 64 35 W, Ut. 17 45 N. Snnta Cruz, an island in the S Pacific Ocean, one of the most considerable of those of Solomon, being 250 miles in circumference. "Lon. 130 W, lat. 10 21 S. Santa Cruz, a seaport on the N side of the island of Cuba, in the West IndicH, 60 miles E of Havannab. Lon. 81 10 W, lat. 2310 N. SAN Sar,^a Cruz-de-la-Sierra, a town of South America, in Peru, and capital of a government of that name, in the audience of Los-Charcos, with a bl. shop's see. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, in a country aboimding in good fruits, on the river Guapv, 300 miles E of Plata. Lon. 59 55 VV, lat. 19 46 S. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexi- co, in N America, seated among moun- tains, near the Rio-del-Norte, 950 miles N of Mexico. Lon. 106 35 W, lat. 35 32 N. Santa-Fe-de Bogota, a town of South A- merica, and the capital of New Granada, with an archbishop's see and a univer- sity. It is the seat of a new vice-royal- ty established in the present century. It is seated on the river Madalena, in a country abounding in corn and fruit, with mines of silver in the moimtains, 360 miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 73 i W, lat. 3 58 N. Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadui'a, seated on a mountain, near the river Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil. It was taken from the Moors in 1 447, and is 55 miles N E of Lisbon. Lon 8 25 W, lat. 39 2N. Santen, a town of Germany, in thd circle of Westphalia, and dutchy ofl Cleves. It has a handsome church be] longing to the papists, wherein is ai image of the Virgin, which, tliey pref tend, performs a great many miracleJ It is seated on the Rhine, 15 miles ! E of Cleves. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 51 50 : Santillana, a seaport of Spain, Asturias de Santillana, of which it the capital ; seated on the Bay of Bij cay, 50 miles E of Oviedo, and 200 1 W of Madrid. Lon. 4 32 W, lat. \ 34 N. Santorini, and island of the Archid lago, to the N of Candia, and to thej of Nio. It is eight miles in length, < nearly as much in breadtli j and nd it are three or four other small islanj each of which bears evident marks i volcanic origin, being all covered ' pumire stone. It produces plentvl barley, cotton, and wine, in which, i the cotton manufactures, its trade i sists. Fruit is scai-ce, except figs, i it has neither oil nor wood. The I habitants are .dl Greeks, about 10,| in number, and though subject to Turks, they choose their own ma SAN T..a Cruz-de-la-Sitrra, « town of America, in Peru, and capital government uf that name, in the nee of Los-Charcos, with a bi. 's see. It is seated at the foot of lountain, in a country abounding in I fruits, on the river Guapv, 300 sE of Plata. Lon. 59 55 W, Ut 6S. 'anta Fe, the capital of New Mexi- in N America, seated among maun. a, near the Rio-del-Norte, 950 es N of Mexico. Lon. 106 35 W, 55 32 N. 'anta-Fe-de Bogota, atovan of South A- rica, and the capital of New Granada, th an archbishop's see and a univer- y. It is the seat of a new vice-royal, established in the present century. is seated on the river Mudalena, in ountry abounding in corn and fruit, th mines of silver in the mountains, iO miles S of Carthagena. Lon. 73 5 " lat. 3 58 N. Santarem, a town of Portugal, in Es- madu:'a, seated on a mountain, near le river Tajo, in a country fertile wheat, wine, and oil. It was taken om the Moors in 1447,and is 55 miles r E of Lisbon. Lon 8 25 W, lat. 39 Santen, a town of Germany, in the ircle of Westphalia, and dutchyof Meves. It has a handsome church be- anging to the papists, wherein is an miage of the Virgin, which, they pre. end, performs a great many miracles, t is seated on the Rhine, 15 miles .S i of Cleves. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 51 50 N. Santillana, a seaport of Spain, in Vsturias de Santillana, of which it is he capital ; seated on the Bay of Bis- ay, 50 miles E of Oviedo, and 200 N V of Madrid. Lon. 4 32 W, lat. 4J 4N. Santorini, and island of the Archipe- igo, to the N of Candia, and to the S f Nio. It is eight miles in length, and early as much in breadtli ; and near L are three or four other small islands, ach of which bears evident marks of a olcanic origin, being all covered with timi^e stone. It produces plenty of arley, cotton, and wine, in which, and lie cotton manufactures, its trade con- ists. Fruit is scai'ce, except figs, and ; has neither oil nor wood. The in- abitants are .dl Greeks, about 10,000 1 number, and though subject to tlie rurks, they choose their own magiR- S A R trates. Pyrgfos is the capital. Lon, 26 1 E, lat. 36 10 N. Saonne, Upper, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of the Isle of France. It takes its name from a river, which rises in Mount Vosgc's, and falls into the Rhone at Lyons. I'lie capital is Vesoul. Saone and Loire, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Burgundy. Macon is the ca- pital. Saoigit, a town of Italy in Piedmont, situate on the summit of a rock ; taken by the French in 1794. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 36 38 N. Sapiema, three small islands, and a cape, near the S coast of the Morea, The largest island was anciently na- med Sphucteria. The pirates of^ Bar- bary conceal themselves behind it, to surprise vessels which come from the gulf of Venice, or the coast of Sicily. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 36 50 N. Saracent, a pccple celebrated some centuries ago, who came from the de- serts of Arab. a : San am their language signifying a desert. They were the first disciples of Mahomet, and within 40 years after his death, conquered a great part of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They kept possession of Spain several hundred years, till 1511, when they were expelled. They ' maintained a war in the Holy Land, a long time, against the Westc-n Christians, and at length drove them out. There are now no people krtowu by this name, for the descendants of tlio.ie who con- quered Spain are calk-d Moors. Saragosta, a city of Spain, in Arra- gon, with an archbishop's see, a uni- versity, and a court of inquisition. It is said to have been built by the Phani- cians j and the Romans sent a colony hither in the reign of Augustus, whence it had the name of Caesar Augustus, which by corruption has been chanjj^od into Saragossa. It is adorned with ma- ny magnificent buildings, and there arc 17 large churches, and 14 handsome monasteries, besides others less consi- derable. The river Ebro runs througli the city, dividing it into two parts ; and on its banks is a handsome quay, wliich serves for a public valk. The Holy street is the largest, and so broad, it may be taken for a sqi'are i and here they have their hifll fi<;hts. The cathe- dral is a spacious Gotliic building; but the finest church is that of Nucstva Se- S A R nora del Pilar, and a place of the great* est devotion in Spain. They tell us, that the Virgin, while yet living, ap- peared to St. James, who was preach- mg the gospel, and left him her image, with a handsome pillar of jasper, still shown in this church, which they pre- tend is the first in the world built to her honour. This im-ige stands on a mai*- ble pillar, with a little Jesus in her arms, illuminated by 5U lumps, balus- trades and chandeliers of mussy silver. The ornaments of this image are the richestthatcan be imagined, her crown being full of jewels of an inestimable price, and scatcely any thing is to be seen but gold and jewels; and a vast number of people come in pilgrimage hither. The town-house is a sumptuous structure ; in the hall are the pictures of all the kings of Arragon, and in the corner of it St. George on horseback, with a dragon of white marble under him. Saragossa is seated in a large plain, where the Ebro receives two o- ther rivers ; and over itare two bridges, one of stone and the other of wood, which last has been thought the most beautiful in Europe. A victory was ob- tained here over the French and Span- iards in 1710, but it was abandoned by the allies soon after. It is 137 miles W of Barcelona, and 150 N E of Ma- drid. Lon. 28 W, lat. 41 53 N. Saratqf, a government of Russia, for- merly a province of Astracan. It con- tains 11 districts, of which that of the same name is the principal. Saratof, a town of Russia, capital of the government of tiie same name. It is seated on the side of a mountain, near the river Volga, 220 miles S of Kasan, and 300 N AV of Astracan. Lon. 49 25 E, lat. 52 4 N. Saratoga Springs, a post town in Sa- ratoga count* , New York. These wa- tern are 10 miles N of Balltown .springs, 25 N of Skenectady, and 41 N by W of Albany. TIjey are esteemed salutary in gravelly complaints, chronic rheuma- tism, goneraldchility, and various other diseases that '• flesh is heir to," and are therefore much frequented. S.irhourg, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, seated on the Sare, eight miles S of 'I'reves. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 49 37 N. Sarbourg, a towi of France, in the department of Meurthe, and late pro- vince of Lorrain, soafod on the Sare. Lon. 7 9 E, lat. 48 46 N. S A R S A R Sarbruci, a town of Franre, in tlie departinentof Mii|r cqIo- lorax'iaii bretlireii, seated on the i'tlie little river Surpa, towiucli nders liave g'lveii tlie name of , borrowed tVom tlie sacred Tlie befj^'inning of tliis settle- dated ill \765, and in tlie same e most distinguished privile),ri'S ranted it by the Imperial Court. undation was laid by Kve of the n, deputed to make choice of a ground proper for a colony, and k out the scite of the chief house i which time it has been augment- ry year by families of the Unitas im, who have come voluntarily to ble in this place in quality of co- They amounted in 1773 to 250 IS of both sexes, and it is unnuaU ■easing by new comers. The louse is not yet entirely finished, t according to the intended plaiij ere are a considerable number of ng houses already extremely well partly of timber, and partly ol ntry and brick. ^■gaiit, a town of Swisserland, ca- of a county of the same name, in anton of Zuric, with a castle on a 1 where Andrew Doria, was de- d by Barbarossa. It is seated on op of a hill , and near it are mine- wings, good for various diseases. rgel, a large and ancient seaport of .ingdoin of Morocco, and province reinesen, with a castle, seated on seacoast, 25 miles S S W of Al- . Lon. 2 15 E, lat. 36 30 N. rgufmine, a town of France, in the I'tment of Moselle, seated on the , nine miles from Sarback. Lon. i, lat. 49 8 N. ■■I, an ancient town of Persia, in inderan", 20 miles S W of Ferabad. <'k, a little island belonging to t Britain on the coast of Norman- situated between Guernsey and y. 'k, a river of Scotland, which risen ; E ])art of Dumfrieshire, and for miles forms the boundary with ind. ■lat, formerly an episcopal town ancc, in the department of Dnr- i, and late j>rovince of Perigord. a poor place, seated in a valley, uiuied by mountains, 27 miles S E ?rigueux, and 87 E bv N of Bor- s. Lon. I 19 E, lat. 44 5 N. .■||' S A R Sarlauii, a strong town of Frnnoe, in the department of Moselle, seated on the isthmus of a peninsula formed by the river Sure, 20 miles E of Tliion\ ille, and 3i N E of iMutz. Lon. 6 48 E, lat . W 21 N. Sarnen, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Undcrwalden, seated on a lake of that name. It is nine miles S of Lncern. Lon. 8 7 E, lat. 46 9 N. Sarno, a river of tlie kingdom of Na- ples, which rises near Sarno, and falls into the bay of Naples. Sitrmi, a town of Naples, in Principa- to Citcriore, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Sarno, near its source, 12 miles N E of Salerno, and 20 S E of Naples. Lon. 14 49 E, lat. 40 46 N. Saroi, a strong castle in Upper Hun- gary, in a county of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the foot of Muunt Krapacli, 5 miles N N W of Epcries. Sarp, or Serpen, a town of Norway, in the province of Christiansand. It is situated in the neighbourhood of a Ca- taract, which is hcar niiicent mausoleum of emjieror Shere Shah, and a superb mosque, which had a fine bridge leading to it ; but both have fallen to decay. It is 50 miles S E of Benares. Lon. 86 44 E, lat. 2S ION. Sauari, an archiepiscopal cityofSaf' dinia, capital of the territory of Lugari, with a castle. It contains 30,000 inha-- bitants, and is famous for a fountain called Rossel, which is said to be more magnificent than the best at Rome. It is seated in a plain, six miles N of Al- gher. Lon. 8 39 E, lat. 40 46 N. Sasaebes, a strong town of Transylva- nia, capital of a county of the satno name j seated at the confluence of two rivers, which fall into the Maroch. Lon. 26 40 E, lat. 46 26 N, Sas van Ghent, a strong town of Dutch Flatiders. It has fin* sluices, and ia seated on a canal, which communicates with Ghent, about eight miles N from it. It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as a bulwark to that town, hue was taken in 1644 by the Dutch, and by the French in 1794. Lon. 3 49 E, lat, 51 1 1 N. Saasuola, a town of Italy, in the dut.. chy of Modena, with a strong castle, seated on the Seccia, 10 miles S W of Modena. Lon. 11 U £, lat. 44 28 N. Satalia, a strong seaport of Turkey in Asia, and in Natolia, on the coast of Car.imania. It is divided into three towns, and has a superb mosque, which was formerly a church. The surround- ing country is very fertile ; and the cit<« rons and oranges are extremelv fine. It is 150 miles W by S of Cogni, and 265 S by E of ConstantinoplQ. ]*on, .»a 31 E, lat. 37 1 N. J J 1 1 I t I .'!■ S A V Satgong, or Satagong, a vlllag^e of Hin- doostaii Proper, in Bcng'sil In 1566 and even later it was a large c()niiiifrci:il city, in which the Euro|)cun traders in Bengal had their factories. It is seated on a creek of the Hoojjly River, nboi'.t four miles N W of Hoog'ly. Sattarah, a town of tlie Ueccan of Hinduostan, in the provinc* of Visia- pour, formerly the capital of the Mnh- rattah state, it lies near the E foot of the Gliauts, and near the most distant source of the river Kistnali, 63 miles S of Poonah, and 77 VV of Visiapour. Lon. 74 8 E, lat. 17 45 N. Savage Mand, an island in the S Pa- cific Ocean, so named by captain Cook, from the inhospitable behaviour of its inhabitants. It is about 35 miles in circumference. Lon. 169 37 W, lat. 19 IS. Savannah, a river of N America, which forms a partof tlie divisionalline that separates the state ol' Georgia from that of S Caifilina. Its course is nearly from N W to S E. It is formed princi- pally of two branches, which spring from the mountains. It is navigable for large vessels up to Savannah, and for boats of 100 feet keel as far as Augusta. It falls into the ocean at Tybee Bar, in lat. 31 57 N, where it has 16 feet wa- ter at half tide. Savannah, the largest town in Geor- gia, and formerly the seat of govern- ment. It is situated on the S W of Sa- vannah river, in Chatliam county, in lat. 32° 5' N, and lon. 81° 24' W, and about 15 miles from the ocean. The town is ac- counted healthy for so hot a climate, being Seated on a blufl in a bend of the river, and elevated considerably above the surrfiunding plantations. Vessels of large burden can moor close to the town ; but from its vicinity to the ocean they are often exposed to tremendous floods. The inhabitants enumerated in 1800, were 5146, of whom 2367 were slaves. The trade is gi'eat, and increas- es rapidly. In 1803 the exports amount- ed to ^2,370,875, which almost doobled those of the ancient State of Connecti- cut. Here is a bank of discount and deposit. The town is 115 miles S W of Charleston (South Carolina,) 100 S E of Louisville, and 653 S by W of Washington. Save, ariver of Germany, which has its sourer in Carniola, runs through that '?ountry ' jm-W to E, separates Scla- von-.i .'\cm Croatia, Bosnia, utdServia, S A U and falls into tlie Danube, at BeU grade. Scivaiat, a town of France, in the de^ partment of Lower Loire, 18 miles N W of NanU-s. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 47 23 N. Savendroog, a strong and almost im- pregnable fortress of Hindoostan, in the kingdom of Mysore. It is situate on the tup of a vast rode, rising half a mile in per]}endicular height, from a base of above eight miles in circumference, and divided at the summit by a chasm, that Ibrms it into two hills ; these having each its peculiar defences, serve as two citadels, capable of being maintained independently of the lower works, which are also wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding this, it was taken by the English, in December 1791, after a siege of seven days. It is 18 miles W of Bangalore. Saverdun, a town of France, in tlie department of Arriege, seated on the Arriege, 25 miles S S E of Toulouse. Lon. 1 36 E, lat. 43 14 N. Savenie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Rhine, and late county of Foix. It is seated at the foot of Mont Vorges, in a fertile country, which produces plenty of wine, 18 miles N W of Strasburg, and 120 E of Paris. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 48 41 N. SavigUano, a strong town of Pied- mont, capital of a territory of the same name, with a rich Benedictine abbey. It is seated on the Maira, five miles W of Fossano, and 26 S of Turin. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 44 30 N. Saulgen, a town of Germany in Suabia, capital of u county of the sam.e name, which belongs to the baron of Wal- burg. Saulieu, a town of France, in the de- partment of Cote d'Or, and la»«! pro- vince of Burgundy. It is seated on an eminence, 25 miles W of Dijon, and 142 S E of Pans. Lon. 4 7 E, lat. 47 17 N. Saumvr, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, witii an ancient cas tie. Here is a fiimous bridge over tiu Loire, consisting of 12 elliptic arches each 60 feet in diameter It is 22 mile S E of Angers, and ICO S W of Pari; Lon. 4 V/, lat. 47 15 N. Saunders, Cape, a cape of Sandwic Land, in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 2 57 W, lat. 54 6 S. '» ■■■- Jm-i ■'>.\-. S A U Us into Uie Danube, at BeU tiat, a town of France, in the de. Mitof Lower Loire, 18 miles N Nana-s. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 47 'lulroogt a strong and almost im. ihle fortress of Hindoostan, in gdom of Mysore. It is situate on > of a vast rodt, rising half a mile [jendicular height, from a base of eight miles in circumference, and ;d at the summit by a chasm, that I it into two hills ; these having iU peculiar defences, serve as two ds, capable of being maintained icndently of the lower works, \\ are also wonderfully strong. /ilhstanding this, it was taken by English, in December 1791, after ge of seven days. It is 18 miles W iingalore. \verdun, a town of France, in tlie irtment of Arriege, seated on the ege, 25 miles S S E of Toulouse. . 136E,lut. 43 UN. jwnif, a town of France, in the de- ment of Lower Rhine, and late kty of Foix. It is seated at the foot ilont Verges, in a fertile country, ich produces plenty of wine, 18 es N W of Strasbiirg, and 120 E of •is. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 48 41 N. -nberg is the capital, Lusatia, of >\hich Baut/cn is tiie capital; and Mis- nia, the capital of which (and of Uie whole electorate) is Dresden. Saybroo*, an ancient post town in Middlesex county, Connecticut, settled by a colony directly from England, un- der the patronage of lords Say and E —ok, as early as 1634. It contains 3363 inhabitanU, and is situated on the W side of Cor.necticut river, 36 miles E of New Haven, and 45 S by E of Wartford, in lat. 41° 13' N, and long, 73" 30' \v. Saycock, one of the islands of Japan, divided from Niplinn by ariarrow clian- nel. The Dutch factors arc pm-mitled to reside in the little island of Disnia, which is on the W side of ^Iiis. Lon. 132 28 E, lat. 34 N. Sayn, a town of Germany, in the elec- torate of Trt; >' ,, situate on a river of the same name, six miles N of Coi>lentz. SaypaUy one of the Ladropo Islands; it is a large and pleasant islaiid, lying between 140 and 150 £ 4(in. and in 15 32 N lat. Schaget., or Scagerif, a promontory of N Jutland, in Denmark, at the en- trance of the passage out of the ocean into the Categate. From this cape, a dangerous sand bank stretches out in- to the sea, upon which in 1715, a tow- er was erected 64 feet high. Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 57 16 N. Scala, an episcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citcriore. It was a large city formerly, but is now greatly decay- ed. It is six miles N of Amalfi. Lon. 14 44 E, lat. 40 34 N. Scalanova, a neat maritime town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, with ft cas- tle .ind harbour, eight miles from Ephe- sus. Lon. 37 31 E, lat. 37 54 N. Scalitz, or Scala, a town of Upper Hungary, in thecoimty of Poson. Tliere is a very advantageous passage by it, from Moravia to Hungary, and it is seated on the Marck, 50 miles Nof Presburg. Lon. 17 17 E, lat. 49 4 N. Scanderam. See Akxandretta, Scaiiio. See Schoncn. Scaro, or Scartn, a town of Sweden, in VV Gothland, seated on the lake Wenner, 66 miles N of Gottenburg. Lon. 12 42 E, lat. 58 16 N. Scarborough, a seaport and borougii, in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Thursday. It is seated oh a steep rock, near which are .such craggy cliffs that it is almost inaccessible on every side. On the top of this rock, is a large green plain, with two wells of fresh water springing out of the rock. It has of late been greatly frequented on accent of its mineral waters, called the Scarborough Spa, and also for sea- bathing ; on which account it is much mended in the number and beauty of its buildings. The spring was under the clill', part of which tell down in 1737, and the water was lost ; but in clearing away the ruins in order to re- build the wharf, it was recovered to the gi-eat joy of the town. The waters of Scarborough are chalybeate and purg- ing. Here are assemblies and balls in the same manner as at Tunbridge. St-arborough sends two members to parliament, has a good harbour, pos. sesses a considerable trade, and is much engaged in the fisheries. It is 36 miles N E of Yoi-k, and 237 N of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 54 18 N. Scarborough, a town i»nd fort on the island of Tobago, taken by the English in 1793. Scarboro^, a post town in Cumberland county, Maine ; situated on the S side of Saco river, 14 miles S by W of Port- land, and 9 N Eof Biddeford, contain- ing 2100 inhabitants at last census. Scardona, an episcopal towm of Tur- kish Dalniatia, seated on the E bank of the river Cherca. It has been often taken and retaken by the Turks and Venetir.ns, and these last ruined the fortifications, and its principal build- ings, in 1.537; but the Turks have since put it in a state of defence. It is 35 miles N W of Spalatro. Lon. 17 1 E, lat. 44 29 N. Scartino, a maritime town of Tusca- C A iglit miles from Ephe- K lat. 37 54 N. "A(, a town of Upper county of Poson. There tons passage by it, from rijjary, and it is seated •0 miles Nof Presburp It. 49 4 N. ee Alexandretta. Schuncn. , a town of Sweden, seated on tlie lake les N of GottenburjT. ^'. 58 16 N. soaport and boroug'li, r "f Yorksliire, witli a idav. It is seated oh a which are such cragfjy almost inaccessible on tlietop oftiiis rock, \h lain, witii two wells of ■intji'.ijf out of the rock, ecn greatly frequenfe structed, for the conveniency of imluad* iitg the merchandise from the boats, by degrees increased to a large town. - Though a frontier town, it has no gar- r.4nn, and the fortifications arc weak ; lout it lately had a famous wooden bndgc over the Rhine, which wag biimt by the French in 1779, being de- feated by the Austrians, and obligod to evacuate Schaflhausen. This river be- ing extremely rapid here, had destroy- ed sereral stone bridges of the strong- est construction, when Ulric Grubcn- man, n carpenter, oflljred to throw a woodem bridge, of a single arch, over the rivi^r, which is near 400 feet wide. The iTiugistrates, however, required that it should consist of two arches, and tluat he should, for that purpose, employ the middle pier of the old bridge. He did so ; but contrived to leave it a mutter uf doubt, whether the bridge was supported by the middle pier. The Sikles and top of it were covered ; and it was a kind of hanging bridge ; the road which is almost level, not being carried, as usual, over the top of the arch, but let into the middle of it, and there suspended. Scliaffhauscn con- tains about 6U00 imhabitant.s, and is 22 miles N by E of Znn-ic, and 39 E of Ba- sil. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47 39 N. Schalholt, an episcopal town of Ice- land, with a college. Lon. 22 20 W, iat. 64 40 N. SchamaMe, a town of Persia, capi- tal of Schirvan. It was formerly very large, but is now decayed, above 6000 houses having been thrown down by an earthquake. It has manufactures of silk and cottons, and is seated on the W side of the Caspian Sea, 2.'>0 miles N E of Taurus. Lon. 37 5 E, lat. 40 50 N. Schantz Sterney, a fortress in the Russian government of Wiburgh, seat- ed on the Neva, a little E of Peters- burgh. Lon. 31 15 E, lat. 60 N. Scharding, a town of Lower Bavaria, seated on the Inn, seven miles S of Pus- saw. Lon. 13 36 E, IjU. 48 21 N. Scharnitz, a fortified town of Germa- ny, in the Tirol. It is a passage of great importance, on the confines of Bavaria, 12 miles N of Inspruc. Schauenbiirg, a territory of Westpha- lia, 22 miles long and 10 broad, belong- ing to the landgravate of Hesse Cassel. Schauiisleiii, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Franconia, and i ."'niipali- 1 Imm ty of CuUemhgcli, 18 miles N E of Cul- Jenihatli. Lon. 11 44 E, IhI. 54 35 N. ^cliaumherg, a town and cuslle ol' Germany, in Lower Rhine, 23 miles N N W of Mentz, ami S VV of Wctzlar. Lon. 8 2 E, Int. 50 10 N. Sheiberg, a town of Gcimany, in the circle of Ujiper Saxony, in the neigh- bourhood of which are mines of siher and iron. It is four ntiles N E of Scliwartiiburp. Scheldt, a considerable river of the Ketherlancis, whicli rises in Fr.ince, in the Lite province of Picarily. It passes tlirough riandcrs, Rnd divides into two brunrlies below Fort Lillo, and both forniinu several islands, enter the Ger- man Ocean. In 1647, P)iilip IV. of Spain acknowledged the ind'.'ijondence of the Seven United provinces, and ceded to them the sovereignty of the Scheldt ; stipulating, moreover, that no large ship should go directly to Antwerp, but should unload its cargo in Holland. In 1792, when the French took Antwerp, they insisted upon opening the navigation of this river, on the plea that all rivers were free, and that the consequent right of navigat- ing it could not be ceded by any trea- I ty whatever. 1 his, with their invasion ' of Holland, drew that country and Great Britain into the general coali- j tion against them, at the commence- ment of 1793. Schelestadt, a strong to^vn of France, ' in the de|)artment of Upper Rhine and late province of Alsace, seated on the , river III, 20 miles S W of Strasburg. , Lon. 7 40 E, lat. 48 17 N. ScheUa, a town Upper Himgary, , seated on the Wang, 25 miles N E of Presburg. Lon. 18 70 E, lut. 48 32 N. j Sclieltenbtirg, a fortress of Germany, in Bavaria, remarkable for a victory : obtained here by the allies, over the I French and Bavarians, in 1704. It is ! 22 miles W of Ingolstadt. Lon. 10 58 ; E, lat. 48 46 N. | Schelling, an island oi' the United Provinces, in Friealand, lying at the entrance of the Zuidcr-Zee. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 53 20 N. Schctnnitz, a town of Upper Hunga- ry, one of the seven mountain-towns, ■with three castles. It i.'j famous for mines of silver and other metals ; as also for its hot l>;iths. Ne.ir it is a high rock of shinii blue stone, mix- ed witli green and .>onie spots of yel- S C H low. It is 50 miles N E of Presbtirif. Schenck, a fortress of Dutch Guel- derlund, seated on the point where tlie Rhine divides into two branches. It is the centre of communinitlon be- tween Holland and Germany. Lon, 5 26 E, lat. 51 55 N. Schenectady. See Skenecfady. Scheniiig, a town of Sweden, in £ Gothland, seated in a fertile country, ten miles S £ of VVostena. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 5812 N. Scheningen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxonv, 16 miles N of Halberstadt, and 18 E S E of VVoifenbuttle. Lon. 11 25 E, lat. J2 22 N. Scher, a town of Germany in Suabia, behinging to the baron of Walburfr, seated on the Danube, 36 miles S W ofUlm. Lon. 32 E, lat. 48 8 N. Silierding, a town of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, seated on the river Inn, eight miles S by W of Pa.isaw. Scheve, a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, seated at the moutli of a river, in the gulf of Virk-Fund. Schiedam, a town of the United Pro- vinces in Holland, seated on a canal, which communicates with the Maese, four miles £ by S of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 51 54 N. Schilta, a strong town of Upper Hun- gary, in the county of Neitra, seated on the river Waag. Schintznach, a town of Swisserland, in Bern, remarkable for its agreeable po- sition on the Aar, and its waters, which flow warm from a rock. Near it, (in a lofty eminence, are the ruins of the famous castle of Hapsburg. Schirasf a famous city of Persia, in Farsistanj .and the capital of all Persia. It is three miles in length, but not so much in breadth ; and is seated at the end of a spacious plain, surrounded by high hills, under one of which the town stands. The houses are built of bricks dried in the sun, the roofs are flat anti teriaced. There are 15 handsome mosques, tiled with stones of a bluish green colour, and lined within with black polished marble. There are many lai-ge and beautiful gardens, surroimded by walls 14 feet high, and four thick, containing various kinds of fine trees, with fruits almost of every kind. The wines of Schiras are not only the best in Persia, but some think, in the whole world. Tlit» women are much addicted to ipallantry, H^i S C H 50 miles N E of Pre«biire |a fortress of Dutch Guel itL'd on the point where ilie Ics into two brandies. It tre of commiinin.tion be. land and Germany. Lon. j 1 55 N. YJi- See Sienecfady. a town of Sweden, in £ loated in a fertile countrr |E of VVastena. Lon. 15 47 N. I', a town of Germany, in * Lower Sa.\ony, 16 miles rstadt, and 18 E S E of Be. Lon. 11 25 E, lut. 32 'wn of Germany in Siiabii, I the baron of Walburp, the Danube, 36 miles S VV in. 32 E, lat. 48 8 N. a town of Germany, in the viuia, seated on the river >iies S by W of Pa.waw. town of Denmark, in N ted at the mouUi of a river. ifVirk-Fund. I a town of the United Pro- [olland, seated on a canal, iiuiicates wiUi the Maese, : by S of Rotterdam. Lon. 51 54 N. strong town of Upper Hun. ! county of Neitra, seated VVaag. ■h, a town of Swisserland, arkuble for its agreeable po- Aar, and its waters, which from a rock. Near it, on ence, are the ruhis of the e of Hapsburg. famous city of Persia, in dthe capital of all Persia. lies in length, but not so idth ; and is seated at the ious plain, surrounded by under one of which the The houses are built of in the sun, the roofs teriaced. There are 15 Jsques, tiled with stones ?reen colour, and lined black polished marble. I any laj-ge and beautiful •oiinded by walls 14 feet ' tliirk, containing various trees, with fruits almost The wines of Scliiras he best in Persia, but the whole world. Tli» ich addicted to ipallantry. S C H ind it is called an eurlhly paradise by loine. In 1758, the seat of govcin- ment was trunsrerred from Ispalinti totliis ])lace. It is 225 miles S of Is- pahan. Lon. 54 20 E, lut. 29 40 N Scliirvan, a province of Persia, sur- rounded by Daghestiin, hy the Caspian Se», by Ei'ivan, and by Georgia It is 15U miles in length and 90 in breadth. Sch:imachie is the capitul. Schladrn, u town of Germany in the cirrle of Lower Saxony, 28 miles E S E of Hildesheim. L(m ' 10 47 E, lat. 52 lUN. Schleutsingen, a town of Germany, in ihf ciiTle of Fruncoiila, and county of H • inebnrg, Hcatcd on the Schleuss, tc:i iiiiirs S E of Smalkald. Lon. 11 2 E, lat. 50 4.3 N. Schley.ten, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, 40 miles N of Treves. Lon. 6 40 E, hit. 50 25 N. Schlilz, a town of Germany, in tlie circle of Suabia, in a county of the lame name, situate on a small river, seven miles N W of Fulda. Lon. 940 E, lat. 5U 45 N. Schluaaerburg, a town of Russia, in the government of Riga, on the river Neva, near lake Ladoga. It has a for- tress which is seated on an iulund, in the river, and is 36 miles E of Peters- burg. Lon. 30 55 E, lat. 59 55 N. Schliissalfielil, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Wiirtzburg. It is sm-rounded hy the bishopric of Bamberg, and lies 13 miles S E of Bamberg. Lon. 10 58 E, lat. 48 54N. Schmidberg, a town of Bohemia, in Silesia, in the dutchy of Jnuer. Al- most all the inhabitants are smiths, whence the place takes its name. It is seated at the foot of n mountain, near the source of the Baiiber. Schneeberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with ' con - sidcrable manufactures. It is seated on the Mulda, and is seven miles N W of Schwartzburg. Schomberg, a town of Germany, in tlie electorate of Treves, seated on a mountain, 15 miles from Limbourg. Sc/toneci, or Schoenect, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Treves, with a castle .seated \m the N'. ms, 27 miles N of Treves. Lon. 6 26 E, lat 50 12 N. Schonen, Scania, or Sl-tne, a province of Sweden, bounded on the \V bv the Sound, which separates it from' Zea- S C H land : on the N by Halland and Smo- land i and on tlic E and S by lilekingcn ■iiiil the B iltic. It i3*S8 miles long iiid 40 broiid, and is a tertilc country. LMnden in liie capital. Srhnngaw, a town of Upper Bavaria, seated on the Lech, 30 miles S of Augsburg. Si-liionhitvcn, a strong town of the United Provinces, in Holland witli a c(. "mm S C H S C 1 |itul of u province of the same name, with a castle. The streets are large and the fortifications considerable, all the magistrates are catholics, but most of the inhabitants lire protestants, who have a church ■without the town, as also a public- School. In 1716, the greatest part of this city was burnt down, but was re- built in an elegant manner. It is seat- ed on an eminence, on the river Weis- tritz, 22 miles S W of Breslnw, and 37 S E of Lignitz. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 50 46 N. Schueiiifurt, a strong, free and imperial town of Germany in Frnnconia, with a palace, where the senators meet, who are twelve in number. The en- virons are rich in cattle, corn, and wine, the inhabitants are Protestants, And carry on a large trade in wine, woollen and linen cloth, gooae-quiUs, and feathers : the French took this town in July 1796, but they abandoned it in September following. It is seat- ed on the river Maine, 2!> miles W of of Bamberg. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 15 N- Schweinmunder, a town of Germany in the circle of Upper Saxony, in the isle of Usedom. Lon. U 18 E, lat. 54 3 N. Schiveitz, a canton of Swisserland, which gives name to them all. It is bounded on the W by the Lake of the Four Cantons on the S by the canton of Uri, on the E by that of Glarus, and on the N b}' those of Zuric and Zug. The government of Schweitz and Uri is entirely democrattcal, and nearly the same. They contain, including their subjects, 50,000 souls ; and, in case of necessity, could furnish above 12,000 militia. The same kind of soil, and tlie same productions, are common to the two cantons. Luxury is scarcely known in these cantons ; and a purity of morals prevails, which can scarcely be imagined by the inhabitants of great and opulent cities. The Roman catho lie religion is here exclusively esta- blished. Tiie canton suffered in com- mon with all Swisserland when invad- ed by the French in 1798, being dread- fully wasted and desolated. Schivritz, a town of Swisserland, ca pital of the canton of that name, scuttU near the Waldstatter See, on a hill, with a large and magnificent churcli. It is 10 miles S E of Lucern. Lon, 8 30 E, lat, 46 55 N. Schevieitz, Late of. See WalditMtr See. Schevelni, a town of Germany, in thf circle of Westphalia, with a medicinal spring near it. Lon. 7 25 £, lat, 51 10 N. Sehwerin, a town of Germany, in tlic circle of Lower Saxony, and dutciiy nl Mecklcnburgh Schwerin, of whii'ii it is the capital. It is nearly surrounikd by a beautiful lake, on an island on which stands the ducal palace and gar- dens which have communication with the town by a drawbridge. It is 33 miles W of Gustrow. Lon. 1148 E, lat. 53 48 N. Schiuerte, a town of Germany in Westphalia, 38 miles N N E of Cologne. Lon. 715 E, /lat. 51 38 N. Schviinburg, a town of Denmark, on the S coast of the island cf Ftmen, 33 miles S S E of Odensee. Lon, 10 30 E, lat, 55 10 N. Sciati, an island of the Archipelago, near the coast of J anna, 20 miles to the N of Negropont and almost at the en- trance of the gulf of Salonichi. It is 22 miles in length and eight in breadth. Lon. 23 40 E, Ut. 39 26 N. Sciglio, or Scilla. See Scylla. Scilly, a cluster of islands and rocks, lying almost lOleag^ies W of the Land's End, in Cornwall, and are easily dis- cerned from it. Of these only five or six are inhabited. They are supposed formerly to have produced much tin, but are now chiefly known as a resort for aeafuwl, and a place of shelter for ships in bad weather. The inhabitants principally subsist by fishing, burning kelp, and acting as pilots. The chief of the islands is St. Mary's, which has a g^od poll, is the best cultivated, and contains more inhabitants than all the rest put together. In tliis island, and in two or three others, are various an- tiquities, particularly the remains of a temple of tlie Druiilsy and ancient se- pulchres ; but the greatest ornament is the lighthou,sc, which, with the gal- lery, is 51 feet hipfh, and is a very fine column. The Scilly rocks have been fatal to numbers of ships entering the English '~^hannel. One of the moat dis- astrous (fvcr.ls of this kind happened in "1 S C 1 , % town of SwisierUtul, ca canton of that name, scuttU Val(Utaetter See, on a hill, ee and mugnificent chiircli Ici S E of Liicern. Lon. 8 3U 5, Late of. See Waldtwttr », » town of Germany, in ihr Westphalia, with a medicinal r it. Lon. 7 25 E, Ut. 51 10 , a town of Germany, in tlie Bwer Saxony, and dutcliy nt irgh Scliwerin, of whiiii it al. It is nearly surrounded itifiil lake, on an island on ds the ducal palace and gar- h have communifcation with by a drawbridjfc. It is 35 nf Gustrow. Lon. 11 48 E, H. , a town of Germany in a, 38 miles N N E of Cologne. E, Aat. 51 38 N. irg, a town of Denmark, on t of the island of Funen, 2j E of Odensee. Lon. 10 30 ION. ,n island of the Archipelago, nast of J anna, 20 miles to the popont and almost at the en- the gulf of Salonichi. It is length and eight in breadth, i E, Ut. 39 26 K. or Scitla. See Scylla. cluster of islands and rocks, it 10 leugues VV of the Land'» lomwall, and are easilv dis- im it. Of these only five or abited. They are supposed ;o have produced much tin, BW chiefly known as a resort I, and a place of shelter for d weather. The inhabitants subsist by fishing, burning acting as pilots. The chief ids is St. Mary's, which has 1, is the best cultivated, and uore inhabitant.s than all the gether. In tljis island, and hree others, are various an- larticularly the remains of a tlic Druids,- and ancient se- but the greatest ornament lh()u.se. which, with the gal- i'cft hiph, and is a very fine The Scilly rocks have been mbcrs of' ships entering the liuiincl. One of the most dis- tills of this kind happened in S C I 1707, when admiral »\v Clo'idesly Sho- vel, with three men of war, pi'i'isl.cd with till tli'ir crews. I.'iii. (i4l>VV, lut. 4') .70 N. i'ci.'l,, a jfr().<|»(if Nl.tiiil-i in tlic S >yih Piicilic Ori-.iii, (liscovc nd In ciiijtii i Waihs ill \,-(>r. l.im. 155 JO W, lal 16 28 S, S.inJ. See Siiuh. .SV/'u, nncii'iulv lhUccI Chios, a cele- brated islaiui oMiie Arrliij.cla)fii, iie.ii tlu- C().,>iiti'> ! yet iViiils ot vaiTjis Kiii'lii^Tiiw in liic (IcUIm, micli iiit nraii^fs, citrmis, (i'ivr;t, niiilljcrrics, and ;)'im<.';;'r!ii)alcs, iiitL'r*].'erHC'l willi myrtles and jaMiiiim^.s. 'Ihe wine nl' Soil), so rek'braied by tliu aiu-icnts, i.s still in (^ivat i^'itccin; btit iht isLmd is ni)-.v nrmiiiialiy distinniiittiicd by tlu; proiitalile cii'.tinv of the iiiitiilu-ii j it lia.s alsiiNonu- lr«'!',' in silk, woyl.clK'fse, ;in(l fi^a. 'I'Ui." women arc lultor bred than ill other parfj of tiie Levant, and their dress is odd, Ir.it very neat, 'lliey have tamu parliidijfs winch tliey send every day into the fields to feed, and in the eveiiiiijj call liack with a whistle. It is computed that tliere are lO.OJU Turks, lO.OUO Greeks, ami llJ.tWO La- tins, on this island. The Turks be- came masters of it in 1566. Sch, ase.iport, thecapitalof an island of the same name, and a bislio|)'!i see. It is the b(^t built town in the Arclii- pehigd i the liouscs being commodiou.s, some of tlicm terraced, ami others co- vered with tiles. The castle is an old citadel built by the Gen.icse, in which the Turks, have a garrison of 14U0 men. The harbour is a rendezvous for ships that go to or come from the Con- stantinople i it will C(mt ill iiO vesschi, and is protected by a low mole and two lighthouses. It is .seated on the K side of the island, 47 miles W of Smyrna, and 210 S VV of Constantinople. Scipio, a military township in C.'iyu- ga county. New York ; situated on the E side of Cayuga lake, where is a post office Hi miles N VV of Milton, 30 miles S VV ot Murcellus, 30 milrs VV of Tul- ly, Hiidiii thcneij.;liboiirlioodof Pomiiey, Semjironius, and many other townsiiip;. dc'/ig-iated by great names of antiquity Scituate, a post town in Plymouti couutv, .Massacimsctts ; eight miles N by VV'of Marsiificld, and 28 S E of Bos- ton, with 2rJ8 inhabitants. Scir», or Sdroi, an island of the Ar- SCO chipflspo, VV of Mctrlian. It ll 15 niil.'ii loii^ and eigiil InMad, and u iiioiin- tainouH c Hi.iti ) , but lias lui niiiU's. 1 lie viiici iiLtke the bvaiity \le. Sc!i:v,iiiiii, !i country of Europe, be- tween tlie rivers S.ive, Ura\e, kiiil Da- nube. It is di\ ideil II. to six counties, and belongs to tlie house of Austria ; It was fo:'iiiHrl> u kingdom, and is not ab.jve 73 miles in breadth ; but it is 3Ut) in length, I'roni the frontiers of Austria to Uclgr.'ide. The caslerii part is cal- led Kat/ia, and the iii>ial)iiaiU.j Kas- cians. 'I'licic form a parlKiilar n:iti()n, ar.d are of the Greek cliuich. '1 lu lan- guage of Sclavonia is the mother of tiiur others, namely lli(>se of Hingarv, Boliemia, Poland, and Kussia. Scone, or Sch>t»w, a villng-e in Perth- shire, on the E side of the river 'I'uy, N by VV of Perth. Here is the ancient niyal palace (now a seat of the earl of Manslieldj and the celebiated .stono chair, now in Westminster abbey, ia vv'hich the kings of .Scoibind were crowned. It is 30 miles N of Edinburgh. Scopelo, an island of the Archipela- go, hve miles E of Sciati, and 17 N of .Megropont. It lies at the entrance of tlie gulf of S.ilonichi, and is ten miles long and five broad. It is very fertile, iroduces plenty of good wine, and con- tains 13,u00 inhabitants, who are aU nost all Greeks S:opia, m Uscapia, an archiepiscopal lownof Tiiikcy, in Eur'ipe, m ijiilga- ■ia, seated (m the Vaidar, over wliith s a bridge of 12 ardies, 6~ miles VV j VVofSoiia. Lon. 22 25 E, lat.4210N. K K K K \ SCO SCO li'ii Scot.tbi':^h, II piiHt iDwn in IIiil'"'* ODUMlv, Vir^fiiiiui JJOinile* t'romU'^uil,' Scotli.nil, i;r Niirih Crhuin, tl c norili ei'ii ot till' lull Wiii)^'il')iMit into wliicli tliu is III ; (I uf Gi'i'iit llriliiin vmis tiirnicily ili>itltil. Il in lii.iiiulcil III) till- VV li) tln' Atliiuic Oic.iii, on ll.f N liy tlie North Si u. (Ill till' U bv tlu' Gi'rtii..n Uocitn, Oil tlif S K l>; Eiigi.ii»i| .mil mi tli'f S by tlic Iridli Si'H. To iicollaiiil hIno n|i,i<.'i't.iiii tlic fIclii'idi'N, or Wl'K- ti'io IhIumiIs, tliL' Orkiiiy, uii'l Slictl.iiul Ibliiiids, uiul iiiiiiy otlici'ii uniiiMiitiii^' in nil ti. .500. Fr'ini N t'l > it cxti nils '27^ liiik-s, 1111(1 its i^i'i'iileht hi'cuillli Ih \M, but in H' me pliircs not iibovc ju. lis foiin is cxlieniily iii'epiiliir, being- gPfiitiy broken iind iiidentKl by iirniH of ilic SI a, iuKi.iniK II tliitt tbere i.s no |)1;'.("C in Scolliind iibove 50 miles din- luiit from file shore. '1 his country may be dixiiliil into tlin o iiarts, viz. the N, the Middle, and the South divisiionN. The boiindarieH of these are stronu'ly marked by ihc bind of nature. T lie (irHt is cut oil liy a rliuin of lakes which cross the island in un obrK|Uc direction I'ro.ii N E to S W »tretrhiii{f fmni In- verness to the isle of Mull. The se- cond, or middle division, is 8e|)arate(l from the Hotilhcrn by the liollow tract between tlie Forth aiul the Clvdc, throii)^h which the preat Canal is car- ried. The face of the country, in the northern diviglon, exhibits, in frencrul, little else than an assemblage of vast dreary mountains. On the northern and eastern shores of this division, how- ever, there are many vales and level tracts of considerable fertility 'I'lie middle division contains many great ranges of mountains, which traverse thi.s part of the island in various direc- tions. The most sniitherly ridge, cal- led the Grampian Hills, extends from Aberdeenshire in a S W direction, ter- minating in the Great mountain Benlo- mond, '.n Stirlingshire. In this division too, cultivation and improvement are chiefly found on the eastern coast : and one of llie finest tracts in Scotland, (ler- liaps is tlie great vale called Str.ith- morc, sti'etchiiig along the suiithern base of the Grampian Mountains. In both tiicsc divisions, however, which comprehend more than two thirds of Scotland, the arable ground bears but a small proportion to tlie moimtainous rcgion.s, of which the stprility will ever, in a great measure, defy tlie ejTorts of human iiidiiittry. On tlie enstrm shorn of the middle, and in the whole south- ern division, the country bears more rcscn.M. nee 'o England ; and the pro- IHiilioii of ciiltivuted ground is very I'onNiderable. The rivers in Scotland me in ginerul rapid, and renuirkabljr t; Mnspari'iif. In so narrow a country, .1 di I 1, we cannot expect to find river* ('(|iial 'othe Rhine or the Danuhc i but, vvheii their rapidity and the shortneii of their course are kept in view, we must allow that the Scottish stream* uie by no means inconsiderable: half the water they dischurge, would in • h^vel country, make very broad and deep rivers. Though there are many large and rapid stitams in the ni/rthern and middir divisions, yet the Spey may be reckoned the most northerly great ri- ver. It descends from the centre of In- vcrne.'ishii'e, with all the fury of amoun* tain torrent, rusiiiiig along, impctuutia and irresistible '1 he Don and tlie Dee, which pass through Aberdeenshire, arc large rivers ; and the Tay dis- charges into tlic sea, two miles from Dundee, the greatest body of water perhaps of any river in Britain. In the southern parts, the Tweed, the Clyde, and' the Forth, are noiile rivers, tiic prideof the natives, and the admiration of strangers. After these, we may no> ticetheEsk, the Annnn, the Nith, and the Sotithern Dee, wiiich, with seve- ral other fine streams, fall into the Sol- way Frith. The lakes of tliis country arc numerous, and some of them very extensive. Any attempt to describe, or even to enumerafe these, in thi» place, would greatly exceed our limits. The climate of Scotland is various in difllfrent plates. The northern extrem- ity, which is on the same parallel of lat. with some parts of Norway, is very cold : but the frosts are much less in- tense here than in any part of the con» tinent equally far N, an advantage ari- sing from an insular situ.itinn. The -.vl.ole W coast is stibjected to frequent summer rains, and sudden changes in the atmosphere, equally unfavourable to tiic ripening and gathering in of the products of the earth. The climate in many jilares on the eastern coast, and in the whole south division, is not infe- rior to that of the northern part of Eng- land. The air in Scotland is in general healthy s nor do we lierc find any such extensive fens as those of Lincolnshire, and other low tracts iu South Brltuin. SCO ttliiKtry, On (lie enitrrn iihorei iiUlk-, iuul ill the vrliule xouth- sioii, tlic country bciim mure lire ♦') Ep){liiii(l ; and the pro- of ciillivutcil j;rouml In very able, The rivcm in Srotiitiid ^iiicrul rapid, and rcniarljuhly int. In HO narrow ii country, we cuiinot ixpcct to find rivers till' Rhine or tlie Duniihc i but, licir rapidity »nd the ithortne«i coiuHv ure kept in view, we low that thi; Scottish stroumi no nicunit inconiiidcrubic : bulf or they dlscharffe, would in a nitry, make very broad and deep Though there are many lar|{» lid .itieumi in the nortl.ern and diviHiona, yet the Spcy may lie d the nioHt iiDrlheriy great ri- lesceiids from the centre of In- lire, with all the fury of umoun* ■rnt. rushing along, impetuous sistibU: '1 he Don and tlie Dee, pass through Aberdeenshire, ^e rivers ; and the Tay dis- into the Kca, two miles from , the greatest body of water of any river in Britai'.i. In the I parti, the Tweed, the Clyde, I Forth, are noble rivers, the the natives, and the admiration gers. Afterlhese, we may no. Esk, the Annan, the Nith, and itherii Dee, which, with sevc. rfme streams, fall into the Sol- tb. The lakes of this country lerous, and some of them very 'e. Any attempt to describe, I to enumerare these, in thi» would greatly exceed our limits, imate of Scotland is various in t plaies. The northern extrem- ich is on the same parallel of 1 some parts of Norway, is very ut the frosts are much less in- lere than in any part of the con- r|uully far N, an advantage ari- nm an insular situation. The W coast is subjected to frequent !• rains, and sudden changes in losphcre, equally unfavourable ipening and gathering in of the 8 of the earth. The climate in ikrcs on the eastern coast, and vliolc south division, is not infe- that of the northern partof Eng- Tlie air in Scotland is in general ; nor do we lierc find any sucli ve fens as those of Lincohishire, ler low tracts in South Britain. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Sr«- I I.I 12 2.5 M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 - « 6" ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreprodirctions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques SCO 8 C Y Tlie produce of the soil in the nortlierrt parts of Scotland uiul its isles is not considerable, but lime-stone, s.hcll-S!ind, and marl, thtise licli niiinmcs, are found in great plenty in dil^ereiit places Even the rocky sliorcs produie abun- dance of kelp, an urticle of considera- ble importance in several manufactures. The fisheries in t!ie surrounding seas have lonjj been esteenud an object of national importance ; and when increas- ing conuiK-ice shall enuble the inhabi- tants to form roads, erect towns, and open canals, in tlio>e remote parts of the country, tliese fisheries may be come a P.al souri:(f of wcallli to the na- tion. The products of Scotland, in ge- nital, hov'Mcr, are multifarious and valuable. It it., ds vast herds of cattle, and Its hills arc covered witli sheep ; it produces much grain and flax ; its woods of oiik and iir might furnish masts and timber for the use of tiie British na^ y ; its mines are rich in coal, lead, and" iron ; freestone, llwe stone, and slate are fovmd in abundmice ; neither Greece nor Italy can boast a gi-eater store of beautiful marble j fine rock crystals, pearls, and vamgated pebbles, are not uncommon ; and its rivers ami lakes are richly stored willi salmon and trout, anda variety of other fishes. Iht: Scottish mountains, in former times, were infested by the w(;lf and the bear ; but hapjiily those ferocious animals have long been extirpated. The wild ox was also an inhabitant of the Cale- donian forest : herds of vviid roes, to this day, range at large in the liorthern mountains j and the stag is often seen in the woods. There, too, the beauti- ful bird called capercailzie, or cock of the wood, is sometimes found. The lofty suunii its are the haunt of the ptar- migan und tlie Alpine hare and black game, and grouse swarm among the heath, and often become the prey of the eagle and the falcon. Among the wild animals which Scotland possesses in common with England, arc the fox, the badger, the otter, the hedgehog,, the hare and rabbit j the weazle, the mole, and other small quadrupeds ; the partridge, the quail, the snipe, the plover, and many other birds. The cat- tle and sheep are small, but much va- lued for the delicacy of their flesh ; and the Heece of the Scottish sheep often emidates the finest Spanish wool. Even the shepherd's dog peculiar to Scotland, so hardy, docile, and sug^acious, ia not unworthy of mention. Thoiipfh the cKt* tie in the high gr(;un(i3 be diminutive, yet in many p.irts of tlie cov.ntry the horses and cows are not inhr.or in si/.« and beai.ty to those of the Eri^i.sl breed. Scotland is divided inlo 33 counties j namely, Shetland and Ork- ney, Bute, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Cromarty, Nairne, Invurr.ess, M ::ru3-, Baiitt, Aberdeen, Kuicard.ne, .A \;mis, Pcilli, Fife, K.iiiross, Clackin:Jc;i,in, Stiliinir, Diinih.alon, .VrgNle, Heniiew, A^r, "\Vi,;toii, Kuki-iulbi'it,'ht, Durn- fVies, H)'.\liM!'gli, Selk'i-k, P. elilcs, Lanerk, Lir.lilhgow. lUl: -.liirgl', Had- dington, and liei wick. Tlu se send oiie mend)er i-acli to parli.inx-.i, er:tept Bute, and Cii lliness, Cioioart;. and N»irne, Kinro.is and Clai kniaoiian, whicli send mendnMs in ciiiij'iin 'Jon ; so that the cooi.t.ei send 30 n.enil ers, which, with 1.5 sent b\ the boroughs, make the •Lf niendicrs sent h} Scotland. The cbtablislied relig'on is tiie Pre sby- tcrian. The trade and poputalion of great towns liave considerably increas- ed of l.;te. Some districts, however, on the western shores, especially, have been greatly thinned by emigration ; the spirit cif wliicli, however, is now happily subsided. Scrivdii, a seaport of Terra Finna Proper, 50 miles £ of Porto Bello. Lon. 78 49 W, htt. 9 40 N. S::ut,vi, a strong town of Turkey iu Europe, capital of Uj-j-er Albania, with a bishop'.s see. It is seated on the lake Zeta, at the mouth of the river Boc- ana, 20 miles N E of Antivari, and 47 N VV of Alhanopolis. Lon. 19 25 E; lat 42 35 N. Scutari, a town of Tirrkcy in Asia, in Natcdia, with a good haihoor, seated on the E side of C(;;:stantino]>le, of which it is considered as a suburb, be- ing directly opposite. It contains a handsome moscpio, and is built on the side of a hill. Lon 29 4 E, lat. 41 N. Scj//ii, a rock, near the Faro of Mes- sina, on ti:e coast of C.labria, o])posite the celebrated Char>bdls. It is about a mile frcim the entr;;nce of the Faro, and forms a small promontory, whicli runs u little out to sea, and meets the whole force of the waters as tiiey come out of the narrowest part oi the straits. The head of this promoiU' ry is the famous Srylla of the ancient popfs. It does not cimie uv to the for midable descriptKin that Honitr gives of it, nor is tiie passage so extremely lit S E B S E D narrow and difficult as he represents It ; capital of the province of Rio Janeirn, but It IS probable that its breadth is and a bishop's sec. It has a very ex- greallv iiuTcased sinec his time, b\ the tensive and commodious haibour. de- viiJent ini|)ttiiosity of tlie current ;' and this viiijcuce niiist always lia^e dimin- ished, in projjortiou as the breadth of the channel increased. There are ma- ny small rocks that slinw tl eir heads near ihe l):se of the large ones. These are probable the dfijfs lliat are describ- ed a.s liowlinj;- round tlie monster Seyl- la. Tiiere arc likewise many caverns tliat Kdd greatly to the noi'se of tiic v;.ter, and tend to increase the horror o( O'e scene. Tlie rruk i." nearly LjUU fe<-l lugii ; and there i.s a kind of castle I or fiiit , and late pro- vince of Haijiault, 12 miles E of Valen- ciennes and 12 S ii of Coiide. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 50 22 N. Sec/iiira, a town of South America in Peru, in the bif.iinpric of Truxillo, ."O miles S S EofPaita. Lon. 81 10 E, lat 5 55 S. Seciiiu, » town of Germany, in the circle of Austria and in Upper Stiria, with a bishop's see ; sealed on tiie G.. vie, nine mile., N of Jude!'burg,and ;'0 S \V of Vienna. Lon. 14 27 E, lat.4r lyN. Secieii/iehn, a town of Germanv, in the ciii-'e of the Rhine, four miles E of Mu'".!'eim. Seckingcn, a town of Germany in Sua- bia, one of the forest towns. It l^e- I'lngs to th.e ho\ise of Austria, and is sealed on an isle, formed by the Rhine, six miles S Eof Rhcinfelden,Hnd2?' VV of Scliafi hausen. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 47 34 N. Sfi-i-ington, a village in Warwickshire. On the N side of its ehvirch are the ru- ins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. Sediin, a stroniylown of France, in the e- liiiS,^ sea and hiiid s sufocatinj^ly liot, s\ininier St Se- r ilif mouth of the i.llai>lic. Loll. 42 svn of Mingrcl'a, m of Russia, t^6l) ivuii. Lon. 65 15 :;aport oi Venetiiin a c(;/i!ty of {\.t is!io|/'s sec, a fj' l, iiviif. liaveofi^r .it- I'f it. It is fi a!>(l e Chorea, in tl;e iil('s .S L of Z..ra. 1?-N. Frur.ic, in tlie do- •li', and late pro- liiilcs E of Valcii- if Coiide. Lon. 3 South Atnerita in : of Tnixilh), .30 Lon. SI 10 E, Germany, in tlie in Upper Stiria, i sealed on tjie Jiule!'burj>-,and 90 4 27E,lat.47IyN. I of Germui'.y, in e, four miles E of Germany in Siia- it towns. It l^e- (' Austria, and ia iifdbythe Hirine, ifchlen, mid 27 W >n. 7 57 E, lal. 47 in Warwickshire. Iiuich are tlie rii- it an artiticial hill, I of France, in the dennc-.-, and late ne. It is one of IS of the coMiitry ; e, in which the nne was born, an f cannon, and a ick cloths. .Sedan i, '26 miles S £ of Cliarlemont, and 135 N E of ParLs. Lon. 5 2R, lat. 49 42 N. Se-lgcvicior, a large and ricli tract of land in Somersetshire, where the duke of Monmouth was defei.ted, in 16aj. It IiLS between Somerton and Bridge- water. Sevching, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuesday, sealed on a small navi|.fabie river, four miles S of Ljnn, ami 93 N E of London. Lon. 24 E, lat. 5244N. Sta; :'. town of Asia in Arabia, in the province oi Oman. Lou. 54 38 E, lat. 25 ION. Scez, an ancient and considerable town of France, in the department of Onic, and late province of Normandy, with a bishop's see ; sealed in a fine fountry, near the source of tiie (Jriic, 12 niilcs N of Alencon, and 102 VV by S of Paris. Lon. 15 E, lat. 48 36 N. Segeberg, a town of Germany in Lower Saxony, in the dutcliyof Holstein, with a castle, on a high mountain, consistini^ of limestone, large quantities of which ai'e carrie ii castle on a moiintiiin. It is iieai- the rivers Elia and Tnjo, eif,'lit niilos S E of Castel-Biunco, and 'io N W of Al- cantara. Segura, Aiovm of Spiiin, in New Cas- tile, and territory of I,a Manclia, seated among tlie mountains of Sc}(ura, 3,5 miles N E of Bacjia. Lon.2 3y VV, lat. 57 56 N. Segiiru, a river of Sp«in, whicli rises in the mountains of Sej^nra, in New CiisliU', and crostinjir Murcia, and the S riait of VaUncia, t^xils into the Medi- ten-Miian at GuailainBr. Sehura»i'oiit , a town of Hindoostan Propfi-, ca, ital of a district cftiie same name, between tiie Juniaa »nd the Gan- gtvs, ill t:ic touiilry of U-ihi. It is 86 ni.lcs N of Ucllii. Lon. T7 15 E, lat. 30 4N. ScUs, or Sicqitet, the most western, and a very pov .rfnl nation of Hindoos- tan ; iliey do not torm one entire state ; but a number of liR.all ones, independ- eutofeacli other, in their internal go- vernment, and only connected by a fed- eral union. They possess the whole pii>vince of Lahore, the principal pi^rt of Monltan, and tiie VV part of Delhi : the dimensions of wiiich tract are about 400 miles from N W to S £ ; and from 15u to 200 broad, in (jeneral : althougli the part between Altock .and Bchker cannot be less than 320 miles in extent. We know but little concerning the state of their g-overnmeiit and politics ; but the fornn;r is represented as being mild. In tli'.i;' niide of making war they are untjtiestionubly savage and cruel. Their army consists almost entirely of horse, of which tliey are said to "b« able to bring at least 100,000 into the field. The founder of tiieir sect was named NaiKjck, and lived in the beginning of the 16th century. They are the des- cendants of his disciples : the word sdis in the Sanscrit language signifving disciples. The forces of this nation are very numerous, a Sicque will confident- ly .say, that his country can furnish 300,000 cavalry ; but if wc admit that tiie Slcques when united can bring 200,000 horse Into the field, their force in cavalry is greater than that of any other state in Hindoostan. The civil and military government of the Seiks, Liifore a common interest liad ceased to actuate its Oj)eratioi»s, was conduct- ed by general as^icniblies. '('lie army met in a grand coijv«ntioii called Gooi i- S Rl mottn, and transacted the most impor. t:uit altiiu's i such us declariitjj war or peace, forming alliances, or settlmt the netessary contributions; birt sincj\t.cir •lomiiiions have been so w delv extet,(l. ed, the grand assembly is now rarely summoned. The Sicques are in general .strong and well made j accustomed from tiieir infancy to the mnst laborious life, and hardest fare, they make marches, and undergo fatigues that really appeal- astonishing. 'I hey have commonly two, some of them three horses eacli,of the middle size, strong, active, and mild tempered. Though they make merry on the demise of any of their brethren, they mourn for the ir the iuiitioiisj l)irtsinc.'\Keir been so w dely exlet,(|. i?tmbly is now rare,'* ; Sicqiies are in general ■^11 made; accustomed -y to the most laborioni -•St fare, they mate undergo fatigues that toiiibliing. '1 hey have some of them three he middle size, strong, d tempered. Though you the demise of any n. they mourn for the : thus shewing their j so necessary to them ional capacity. Their ely scanty : a pair of s, and a kind of check- art of whicli is fasten- waist, and the other shoulder, with a mean eir clotiiing and equi- fs are distinguished by ;avy gold bracelcu on I sometimes a chain of ioiuid round their tur- ng moimted on belter le, no distinction an. lem. Tiie ciiiefs are 5 of whom have the r 12 thousand cavalry ; 8 confined to a small rior officers mamtaiii. '0, and many not more ■ses J a certain quota hed by the chief, the ff the individual pro- men. The Seiksare of the most powerful tan. Their capital is ' France, which rises of Cote d'Or, and Lirgundy, and flowing > Paris, and Rouen, ish Channel, at Havre epartment of France, the late province of ill is the capital. e, a department ot part of the late pro- of France. Meaux a department of part uf the late pro- S E L vlnce of the IhIc of France. Ver. Kailles in the capitid. Semheiin, a town of Germany in Franconin, withacastli', 3.1 miles N W <>( Nurt;niburgl. Lon. 10 28 E, lut. 4" 40 N. j'«>, or /for, a mountain in Apabi;i Petr.xa, whiyii formerly bounded Jii lieu on the S, and separattul it from Idiiinea. It is now called Sardeny, and is 14U miles £ of Cairo, in Eg;, pt. Se/iim, a town of .South America, in Mexico, situate near tlic sea-coast. Lon, 90 28 VV, lat. 39 12 N. Sell),; a town in the VV riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday, seated on the Ouse, 12 miles S of York, and 182 N hv VV of London. Lon. 1 2 \V, lat. 53 47 N. Seltthia, anciently Se/eiicia, a town of Turkey in Asia, in Caramania, ten miles from the sea, and 38 W of Te- rasso. Srieucia, Ilber, an ancient episcopal town of Syria, seated on the sea-coast, eight miles N of Antioch. Seligenatadt, formerly an imperial town of Germany, in the electorate of Mcntz, seated at the junction of the Gerns|)entz and Maine, 27 miles £ of Meiitz. Lon. 8 32 E, lat. 49 54 N. Selhrea, a town of TurXey in Euro])e, in Rumania with an archbishop's see. It was a large place but is now much deemed. It is seated on the sea of Marmora, 35 miles VV of Constantino- ple. Lon. 28 12 E, lat. 41 4 N. Selkirt, a town of Scotland, and the county town of Selkirkshire. It has been long famous for a manufacture of boots and shoes, and is seated on the Ettrick, 30 miles S of Edinburgh Lon. 2 46 W, lat. 55 26 N. SeUirhhire, a county of Scotland, which is also called the Sheri/lilom of Ettrki I'oiest, from tlie riier whi<'li runs throiigli it, which with the Yar- row, the Tweed, and Gallo-water, are the chief rivers, and from its .ormcrly being covered all over with wooil.^. It is bounded on the N and N W b'. Pefhlesliire, and N by Edinburghshire ; on the E by Roxburghshire and part of Berwickshire ; on tiie S by Rox- burghsliire and part of Dunifriesiiire j and on the W by part of U'lnifnes- sliire. Its niountains feed great flockv of sheep and black cat'lc, and the val- leys on the rivers produce much corn and hay. The chief places are Sel- l^rk, Philiphaugh, and GallashiclU. SEN Iti chief manufactures are shncs «nd. boots. It >o the seat of a presbytery, .ludhas 11 pvishes. Its chief town is Seliirk. Mi'e.t, a lovvn of I'l-anre in the de- pailmi'iit of Lciir aiuj Clicr, and lat« ,)n)vini.e of Uei-ri, with a -«iNtle. It i* ^eaied on the Cher, over \Ctii-h is i iiridge, 12 miles S K of Blois, an-l li/5 S .S VV (;f I'aris. Lon. 1 30 E, laf. ■i7 2.5 N. Se/tz, a town of France in the de- parluient of Lower Rhine .■mil late province of Alsace, seated on tha Rhine, 270 miles E of Paris. Lon. 8 12 E, lat. 48 53 N. Seltztr, Lower, a vilUge of Germany, with a spring of mineral waters. Setnendria, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Servia, with a citadel, sc.itcd on the Danube, 20 miles S E of BeU grade. Lon. 21 45 E, lat. 45 N. SeniigaUia, the E part of the Dutchy of Courland, separated by the river Masza, from Courlaml Proper. Miltau is the capital. Seminari, a town of Italy in Naples, in Calabria Ultcriore, 32 miles N 1£ of Reggio. Lon. 16 21 E, lat, 38 20 N. Seminolas, a division of tlie Creek Indians, in North America. Semlin, a town of Sclavonia, on the VV side of the Danube and Save, op- posite Belgr.ide, and 70 miles S E of Esseck. Lon. 21 E, lat. 45 20 N. Sempach, a lake of Swisserland, in Lucern, about three miles in length, and one in breadth. The banks on each side sl:)pf f,-C'ntly to tiie edge of tlie water, and are checkered witli wood. Sempach, a town of Swisserl.md, in the canton of Liiceni. Sempach is seated on a laki- of the siime name, seven miles N VV of Lucern. Lon. 7 57E, lat. 47 10N._ Semur, a town of France, in the de- piii tmeid <>f Cote d'Or, and late pro- vince of Uurgundy witii a castle. It has a manufacture of tli!tli, and is .scat- • d on the Arnuuicon, over wliich are iwo bridges, .)7 miles ..l town of the island ofCanlia, 48 miles li S li of Candia. Lon. -io '2 E, lat. Jj .1 N. Sctt.'e, a town in the VV riding of Yorksiiire, witii a market on Tuesday. Il is sealed on tl'e Uiljhie, over which ig a stone brid(,a-, 28 miles li by N of Laniaslcr, and 235 N N VV of London. Lon. 2 la W, lat. 54 6 N. Hetwvitone, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont f inr miles N of Ivica. Sc'uv.i/, or Setiihat. Hcc Uiies, St. Seven Islands, islands to that niimljer, in the Frozen Ocean, lyinj:^ in lon. 18 48 E, lat. 80 31 N. Amonjj th.cse islands cajrtain Phipps, with the Race- horse and Carcass, were surrounded bv the ice, from the 15th of Jnly to the iOtb of Aug-iiKt, 1773, but beins' aided by a brisk pale, at N N E cHected Vliclr dciivci-ance. Sevenonh, a town in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It obtained its name from seven larije oaks which ■were near it when it was first built. Hero is an hospital for the maintenance of atjed people, with a freeschool. Qiieen Elizabeth having augmented the revenues of the sciwvil, it was cal- led tiiiecn Elizabeth's School ; and the whole was rebuilt of stone in 1727. Near tliis town is Knole,an ancient pa- lace of the see of C:interbury, which archbishop Cranmer exclianged witti the crown for other la; ds, and queen Elizabeth gave to Thorn is lord Buck- hurst, afterward earl of Dorset, from whom it descended to the present duke of Dorset. In 1450, the rebel John Cade defeated the royal army near this town. It is six miles N W of Tun- bridge, and 23 S S E of London. Lon. 18 E, lat. 51 19 N. Sever, St. a town of France, in the department of Landes, seated on tlie Adour, 20 miles E of Dax, and 65 S by E of Bng fori that belonged rate, taken by commo- 756. See Shooter's Hill. II of Naples, in Capita- shop's see, seated in a N E of Naples. Lon. 40 N. commonly cnlled Gra- he W of Scotland. It : Romans, supposed to ;mpcror whose name it It the incursions of the It began at Abercorn, ' Forth, four miles N E ind runs W to the frith ig at Kirkpatrick, near post town, and the ca- :ounty, Tennessee, 25 of KiiosvlUe, the State iideruble city of Spain, usia, and abisliop'ssee. 1 a large plain, on the Giiadalqiiiver, and takes more ground than Madrid, although it has not so ma- ny inhabitants. The Phenicians are supposed to have been its founders, who called it Hisjiatis j and it is the Julia of the Romans, who cinbetlisbed it with many magnificent buildings. It is of a round form, foililied with strong walks. Hanked by high towers. Tlie Moors built an utpiediict, still to be seen, six miles in length. The cathed- ral is the largest in S))ain, being 175 feet long, and 80 broad j the steejjle is of curious workmansiiip, and evtiemo- ly liigli, consisting of three towers, one above another, with galleries and bal- conies. Of the convents that of St. Francis is the most curious, adorned with a handsome public square, in the midst of which is a fine fountain. The university consists of many colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions. The royal palace called Alca/ar, was partly built after the antique by the Moors, and partly in the motlern taste by king Pedro j it is a mile in extent, and flanked by large square towers, built with stones, taken from the anci- ent temple of Hercules. Some say it is not equalled in Europe , behind the Al- cazar is a magnificent snuff manufac- ture, erected by Ferdinand VI, where a thousand men are constantly employ- ed. The exchange is a square building of the Tuscan order, each front 100 feet in length, and three stories high. The townhouse is adin'iied with a great number of statues, and there is a large square before it, with a fine fountain in tlie middle. There are 120 hospitals richly endowed, the pleasant situation of Seville near the sea, makes it one of the richest and most trading towns in Spain. The suburb of Triana stands on the other side of the river, over wliich is a long bridge of boats. In this su- burb the house of the Inquisition is placed) and there are inihllc walks, wliere most of the inhabitants go to take the air. Formerly tin; trade of the New World, centered in this port, and there were 16,000 looms and 130,000 persons employed, but there are now only 400. The country about it is extremely fertile in corn, wine, &c. and there is abundance of oil ; for to the W of the river is a grove of olive- trees, 30 miles in length. Seville is 45 miles from the Atlantic, 113 W of Granada, and 212 S bv W of Madiid. Lon. 5 22 W, lat. 27 32 N. Sevrft, Two, a department of Fr.incfr, inciiuliiijv purl of the late proviiu c . i 12 W, lat 55 •ishing'new town of the British province It is situated at extends two miles on the water side, und one mile back, with wide streets crossing each otiicr St right angles. The harbour is deep, r:ipacinus, and secure. About a mile friim Shelhiirnc, and separat(' Uuit of Lemster. This cointy abouids witiiload, 0,1, )er, iron, lime stme, f'cestoiie, pi,)c-ciiiy, bitumen, and c>al Tlie prineiijul rivers are the Severi) .uid tlie Tend. The capital is Slirewsbary. Siam, a kingdom of .\sia, bounded on t!ie N by Cliiiui, on the E by Luos and Camb)dia, on tie S by the jrnlf of -^"' S I B They have schools for t!ic education of ihcir ciilldrcn, and tliere is scarce any among them but what can read and write. O liiini, Jathia, or Juda, is the caj)ital town. Siam, a capital city of a kingdom of the same name, sealed on the Meuan, near its m.)Ulh in the gulf of Siam, 400 miles S E^of Pegu. Lon. 101 20 E, lat. M 20 M. Siiini, a town of S >utii Anierica, in Brusil, capital of a cuptainsliip of the same ii-ime, which lies between those Siam, andon the VVbvlhe" b.ivof Ben-lof M.iragnan and Rio Grande, on the gal and Peg 1. It is .5.5 J miles in kngth, I N coast. In the neighbiuirhood w » and 250 in breadtti, though in s.ime places not abi>ve 50. It is divided into the Higher and L iw.'r, an.l 111-- £;oH produces plenty of rice, eotton, and fruits, bnt different fr)m iliose in Eu- rope. The inhabitants, both mon and women go almost naked. The better sort indeed wear rieii garincnU ; and vet th>3e about the court aic uiuler a fort, on a mount.Vui, near the river Sia^ ra. Lon. 33 35 W, lat .^ '5S. Sicuhii, a town of Ru».,.a, in the go- vernment of Petershurgh. It is seated not far from Lhela'Ke Lad.igft, ^4 mile* N E of New Lad.ga. Lon. 30 47 E, lat. 60 16 N. Siberia, a largo country comprehend- ing the mostjtortlierii part of 'he Rus- iniserable subjection to toe king, who ! siaii emi)ire in Asia. It is bounded on shows himself bit once a year to the the E by the Eastern Ocean, on the S coinm)'! peo.ile He is proimetor of ; by Great Tartary, on the W by Russia, rll the lands in the country, and no one and on tlie N by the Frozen Oi;ean. It ..,\n btiy any merchandises till he has c\teiids 2U0U miles from E to W, and "oO from N to S. The south part is a fertile country, producing all the neces- saries of life i but the N part is ex- tremely cold, almost uncultivated, and thill of people. The principal riches of Siberia cmsist in fine skins and furs. The inhabitants are of three sorts, pa- gans, or the natives of the country; M hometaiis, or Russians. The for- mer dwell in forests in the winter, and in the summer on the banks of rivirs. They are clotlud with the skins of wild beasts, and their riches consist in bows, arriiws, a knife and a kettle. They make use of reindeer and dogs, instead of horses, to draw their sledges. They have several idols, wliich they are sometimes displeased witli, and will either beat or burn them They all live in wretched huts, which they remove from jilace to |)lare. Those in the south- ern parts are not much more polite j but they have hor.ses with whicii they go a hunting, and their houses, thougU poor, are not shifted from place to place. Nor are the Maho .Ktaii Tartars, who dwell ill tbes( 'lans, so ugly as in other places. The k, -sians settled here are much the same as. ' their n:iti%e coun- try. Througli this vast tract ihe Rus- sian caravans travel every year, with tl'.cir merchandise, to China. The prin- the refusal of them. He generally keeps a numerous army, among which there are 1000 elephants, and it is said he can bring 250,000 men into the field. It is a flat country, which in the rainy sea- son Ls overflowed ; for wliich ^ea^^ou most of the hfnises are built on pillars, and they have no communication for some months biit by boats. The wo- men are the only mcrrhants in buying goods, the mt-p behig generally main- tained by the industry of their wives. The inhabitants are well shaped, have large foreheads, little noses, handsome mouths, pkim-j lips, and black spark- ling eyes. Both sexes go bare-headed, and the men are of an olive colour, with little beards, but the women of a straw complexion, and some have their cheek" a little red. Tney have ab.mdance of wild animals in the woods, as ele- pliants, rhinocerosses, leopards, and tigers. Their tame cattle are beeves, buffaloes, and hogs, of wliicli the\ have plenty about their farms. Besides which, there aw large and dangerous crocodiles, and serpents 20 feet hmg. Their temples and priests .ire very nu- merous ; the latter distinguished from the laity by *n orai'gc coloured gar- ment, and they kfcji their heads, beards, and eyc-brosvs close shaved. I p\ M- S I c cipal rivers arc the Oby, Lena, Irtysh, Yenise, and Okota. In this country are not only a jri'ciit niimber of fresli water lakes, but likewise several whose wa- ters are Salt ; and these reciprocally chiinge their nature, the salt sometimes becominjf fre.sh, and the fresh chang- in|;' into saline. Some lakes also dry up, and others apjiear where none were ev- er seen before. The salt lake of Ya- musha, in the province of Tobolsk, is the most remarkable of all,- for it con- tains a salt as while as snow, consist- ing entirely of cubic crystals One finds also in Siber'.i saline springs, salt-wa- ter hi'ooks, and a hill of salt. The W part of Sil)cria is comprised in the Rus- sian g-overnments of T( 'nlsk and Ko- ly van ; the E part in 1 '.le government of Irku'zk. Tol)olsk is the capital. Sic/iem, a town of Austrian Urabant, to the S of wliirli is a celebrated mon- astery. It is seated on the Demcr, 18 miles E of Mechlin. Lon. 5 E, lat. 51 6 N. Sicitf, an island of the Mediterra- nean Sea, almost in the form of a tri- an(;le, terminating- in three points or capes i that which is neart aly is called Cape del Faro : th ' re- gards the Morea, Capo Pa and the third which points to At. ., 0' .o di Boco. As Sicily is an inlan^l it can be only bounded by the sea ; liovv ver it is se|)aratcd from the kingdom of Naples by a narrow strait, called the Fai-o ; but as Messina is seated on it, it is called the Faro di Messina. This is about live miles in breadth, and in it are the famous shelves called Scylla and Charybdis, so much celebrated by the Latin pnets, but these are now said to have been removed by the ter- rible earthquake, which happened here and in Calabria, in the beginning of the year 1783, and which destroyed many cities and villages, and above 40,000 inhabitants. The two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, are under the same climate, and the productions arc much the same, only Sicily abounds much more in corn, particularly in the vallies of Noto and Mazara ; but then there are fewer trees and fruits : The valley of Domona has more forest and fruit trees than the two others. It is s lid to contain one million of inhabi- tants, who in general have a ^■ery bad character. They formerly cuHivated sciences here, and there was a univer- sity at CiUanca, but now they arc great- S I £ ly neglected. It is said there arc mines of all kinds, but it does uot ap. pear that they derive any advau- taj,e from them. It is divided into the vallies just mentioned, called by them Val di iJeraona, Val di Noto, and Val di Mazor:!, wliich are taken notice of in their proper places. Don Carlos bf'came king of the two Sicilies in 17 o6, in C(;nsequence of tlie treaty of Vienna ; but the king of Spain dying in 1760, he succeeded to that crown, ami his tlurd son Ferdinand became king of the two Sicilies. Mount jttna, no-.v called Gibello, the famous volcano, is in Val di Uemona. It is about 165 miles in length, and 112 in breadth ; and iti produce not already mentioned, is wine, oil, silk, and excellent fruits. Sicquen. See Seiks. Sidaj/e, a strong town on the N coast of the island ot Java in tbe East In- dies with a harbour. Lon. 113 15 £, lat. 6 40 S. Siddington, avillage in Gloucestershire, with a handsome chapel, an tnifinish- ed tower, and some painted glass. It is seated on the river Churn, one mile S E of Cirencester. Siderocapsa, a town of Turkey in En- rope, in Macedonia, famous fbr a gold Tiine in its neighbourhood. It is five .lies from the gulf of Contessa. Lon. 13 44 E, lat. 40 30 N. Sidmouth, a fishing town in Devon> shire, much frequented in tl"? bathing seafon, and was formerly p.-.2tty con- siderable before its harbour was choak- cd no. It is 12 miles S E of Exeter, and 158 W by S of London. Lon. 3 15 VV, lat. 50 38 N. Sidon, or Said, a seaport of Palestine, anciently a place of great strength, and extensive trade. It is still of some note, has a good castle and a -well fre- quented harbour ; and is also the resi- dence of a Turkish bashaw. It is 45 miles W S W of Damascus. Lon. 36 5 E, lat. 33 33 N. Sidra, an island of the Archipelago, between the gulfofNa|)oU and that of Engia. Lon. 24 E, lat. 37 N. Sidra, a spacious gulf on the coast of Barbary, between Tripoli and Barca. which takes its name from a small is- land at the bottom of the gulf. Siedcnberg, a town of Germany in the circle of Westphalia, and county of Hove, nine miles S S W of Hoye. Siegbtirg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and dutcby of ^ I E S I £ S I E It is said there arc ids, hut it does uot up. y derive any advan- I. It is divided into tlie itiniied, called by tlicm , Val di Noto, and Val cli are taken notice of r places. Don Carlos if the two Sicilies in [jiience of the treaty of e king of Spain dying in :ded to that crown, and 'erdinand became kinj; lies. Mount MX.n&, no-.v he famous volcano, is in . It is about 165 miles 112 in breadth ; and iu llrcudy mentioned, is and excellent fruits. Seih. ng town on the N coast )t Java in tbe East In- •bour. Lon. 113 15 E, lage in Gloucestershire, ne chapel, an nnfinish- ome painted glass. It : river Churn, one mile iter. town of Turkey in Eu- onia, famous (br a gold ighbourhrod. It is five gulf of Contessa. Lon. 30 N. ishing town in Devon* [juented in tl"? bathing a formerly p.-.;tty con- : its harbour was choak- miles S E of Exeter, > of London. Lon. 3 15 ', a seaport of Palestine, : of great strength, and !. It is still of some I castle and a well frc* r ; and is also the rcsi- kish bashaw. It is 45 [)f Damascus. Lon. 36 N. id of the Archipelago, ilf of Na|)oli and that of t E, lat. 37 N. nus gulf on the coast of en Tripoli and Barca. name from a saiall is- >m of the gulf, own of Germany in the plialia, and county of :s S S W of Hove, wn of Germany, in the phalia, and dutchy of Jierg, subject to tlie elector palatine. It is seated on the Sieij. 1.5 inik-s S I. of Cologne. Lon. 7 22 K, Kit. jJ 43 N Hkgcn, a town of Gei-manj, in Wetc- raviu, with a cn.ille, and the title of u ptincijjiility, wliiili it n'ivcs to a brancli of the house of Nassau. It is seutcii 'm tlie river of tlie same name, 1" milts N VV of DiUcmhurgli, and i7 K of Colopie. Lon. 8 5 li, lut. 50 53 N. Sit'^yniiiiiigeii, a town of Germany, in the ciic'lu of Suabia, and c'a|)ltal of a county of the same name. It is 26 miles N of Constance, and 44 8 of Slutgard. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 48 2 N Sie^itadt, a town of Norway, ji; the province of Aggeviiuvs. Sienna, a celebrated city (^f Tuscany, capital of the Sieniicsc, with an arcli- bishop's stc, a university and u citadel. It is.ibout four miles in circumference, and surrounded by a wall. The archi- tecture of the Gothic metropolitan church is admirable, and much esteem ed by all travellers i it is built with black and white marble, and the pave- ment is of Mosaic work. Sienna is not very populous j but the women have more freedom than in most parts of Italy. It is adorned with a great number of palaces, fountains, and su- perb churches. The great area is round, and the houses about it arc of the same '-.eight, supported by piazzas, under wnich people may walk in all weathers. In the middle is a basin, which they can fill with water ut any time, and represent a seafight with small vessels. The Itali.-in language is taught here with such purity, that many for- eigners fre(j(ient it on that account. It is seated on three eminences, 36 miles Sof Florence, and 105 N by VV of Rome. Lon. HUE, lat. 43 24 N. Siennese, a dutchy of Italy, boun ded on the N by the Florentino, on the S by the Mediterrtnean and the dutchy of Castro, on the E by the Perugino and Orvictano, and on the W by the Flo- rtntino and the Tusoan Sea. It is a- bout 55 miles in length, and as much in breadth. The soil is pretty fertile, especially in r.iiilbctry trees; which feed a great number of silk-worms, mul there are several mineral springs. Sienna is the rapital. Siemioi, a town of Russia, in the KovermneiU of Moliilef, 60 miles N N W oi Mohilef. Lon. 29 45 E, lat. 54 30 N Sierrit Leone, Acounlrj on the W coast of Africa, .so named, according to some .lutliors. In tlic Portuguese, on ac c(.unt (.f its mountains on this coast al>oundin(j with lions Some extend its limits li'oni the Grain Coast on tho •i E, to Cape A'erg-a or Vega on the N W ; that is, between 7 and 10° N lat. Others, however, confine the country between Cape Verga and Cape i'agriii. In the open and plain parts, on the banks of a river of the same name, the heat of the sun befure any brce/e arises, is almost intolerable ; but as a refreshing gale constantly springs up about noon, it renilers the country support.ible. The wlmle tract, on each side the river, is rich iti rice and millet, which is the chief suste- nance of the inhabitants ; and upon the whole it is one of the best countries on the coast. In 1~91, an act of Par- liament was obtained, incorporatil.g a company called the Sierra Leone Com- I'lany, for the purpose of cultivating West India, anil other tropical produc- tions on tile banks of this river. The first settlers amounted to 200 white per- sons, besides a number of free blacks from Nova Scotia. The natives aip- peared to be extremely friendly, and a few, in 1792, had come to work for the colony. On the setting in of the rains, about the latter end of May, the same year, a considerable degree of sickness and mortality prevailed, occasioned chiefly by the insufficiency of the tem- porary habitations, which could not be completed before the rains set in. Thirty-five white persons (of whom fourteen were soldiers ^ and many of the bl:icks died of tliis sickness. The ne.\t year the setting in of the rains was not productive of the same efiects. The colonists were in good health, were all put into possession of small lots of land, and anew town, on a regular and extended scale, whs begun to bo built. Besides the Nova Scotia blacks, a large party of the natives were at work for the company, and the experi- ments in sugar, cotton, &e. ap])eared to be promising. The native chiefs and people appeared to be extremely friendly, and the Company's schools were regularly attended by 300 elilU dren, among whom were som.e cliild.en of the natives. But tiiis clieei ful seen© was soon overcast, and this beau- tiful and pro.'iperous colony overwhclm- .(1 witli ruin. In Sept. 1794, a French s(|uadi'on arrived at Sierra Leoiie, firod M m 111 in -?p "wpfi S 1 F tipoii t'.ie town and did much damage. In tlie afternoon the enemy landed, finding the town almost destitute of people, but rich in provisions, clothmg, and other stores. Tliey began imme- diately to break open the houses and to plunder. What tliey did not want, they destroyed, burnt, or threw into the river. They killed all the cattle and animals they found in the fields or streets, yards, or elsewhere, not spar- ing even asses, dogs, and cats. These proceedings they continued the whole succeeding week, till they had entire- ly ruined this beautiful and prospermg colony ; and when they found nothing more worth plundering, they set fire lo the public buildings and all the houses bclorging to the Europeans. Siena Leone, a river of Africa, m a country of the same name. Its source is uncertain, but its mouth, in Ion. 12 30 W, lat. 8 15 N, is nine miles wide. Sierra Leone, or Lion Mountains, mountains of Africa, which divide Nigritia from Guinea, and extend as far as Abyssinia. They were styled by the ancients the Mountains of God, on account of their being subject to thunder and lightning. . Sierra Murena, mountains m Spain, which divide the kingdoms of Estrama- dura and New Castile from that of An- dalusia. Cervantes has pl.iced the most entertaining adventures of his he- vo, Don Quixote, among these moun- Uins which has made them famous all over Europe. Si-Fans, the name of a people subject to China. Their country is only a con- tinued ridge of mountains, bounded by the rivers Hoang-ho on the N, Ya-long on the W, and Yang-tse-kiang on the E, between 30 and 35° of N lat. The greater part of the Si-fans live in tents; but some of them have houses built of earth, and even brick. Their habita- tions are not contiguous ; they form at most but small hamlets, consisting of five or six families. They feed a great number of flocks, and are in no want of any of the necessaries of life. The principal article of their trade is rhu- barb, which their country produces in feat abundance. These people are of proud and independent spirit, and acknowledge witli reluctance the supe- riority of the Chinese government, to whicii they have been subjected. They have lost much of their ancient splen- dour ; for the Si-fans, who at present S 1 L are confined in a wild country, wber? tliey have not a single city, enjoyed for- merly an extensive dominion, and form- ed a powerful and formidable empire The Chinese annals fix the epocha of the downfal of their empire, about the year 1227 : since that time, the Si-fans have retired to their native mountains, where, from being a conquering and polished people, they have again sunk into their original barbarity. Sigelmesta. See Sugelmessa. Sigeth, or Zigat, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated in a morass, has a triple wall, with ditches full of water, and is defended by a citadel, being one of the strongest places in Hungary. It was retaken from the Turks in 1669, after it had been block- ed up two years. It is 50 miles N VV of Rsscck, and 38 W by S of Colocza. L archbishop's see, atini- castle, in which is an lurrounded with strong fortified. The universi- sveral colleges ; but the ble structure is the ca. seated on a hill, at the Atienca, 60 miles N E ,on. 2 41 W, lat. 41 6 N. village in Hampshire, re tradition says king •owned. jautiful lake of China, 9 the walls of Hang- water is pure and lim- banks are almost every d with flowers. Halls ries, supported by pillars, cted here on piles, for te of those who are fond In the middle of the lake s, to which company ge- t after having amused Ith rowing, and in which several pleasure houses It for their reception, lutchy of Germany, 274 id 100 broad: bounded on indenburg and Poland, on avia and Hunj^ary, on the and on the W by Lower S I L Lusatia and Bolicmia. The principal rivers are, the Oder, the Vistiil.i, tlie Ncisse, the Bobcr, the Qiiels, the Op- pa, and the Else. There is a long cliain of mountains, which sep.irate Si- lesia from Boliemia, one half belonging to tlie one, and the other to the other, and they have their particular names. Oil the top of the mountain of giants, is a famous spring frequented by a great number of people, partly out of devo- tion, and partly to drink the waters. Tiicre were mines of gold, silver, and other metals ; but they have not been worked for many years. Tiiere are also some precious stones, bui too much lime is requited to procure tliem. The highest moimtaiu of Silesia is called Zotenberg, silualed in the principality of Schweidnitz, and is 104 miles in circumference. Tlie most considera- ble silver-mines at present, are at Reit- stein, in the principality of Breig. There are also mines of lead, copper, and iron, and quarries of various stones; besides antimony, salt-petre, s'.ilpiuir, alum, vitriol, quick-silver, sealed earth, and other minerals. The principal manufactory is linen-cloth, and they have also some woollen manufactories, and glass-houses. They feed a great number of cattle, have large studs of horses, and plenty of game in the woods. They have but few lynxes and bears, and fewer wolves, because they Ijive a ducat a head for every one that is killed. They have a great many lakes full of pikes, carps, and other good fish ; also plenty of bees, which produce a great deal of honey and wax. They have wheat, barley, oats, millet- seed, and turnips, sufficient for the use of the inhabitants ; and in some places they cultivate saffron ; but their wine is very bad, and therefore thev turn it mostly into vinegar. Silesia is divided into the Up|>cr and the Lower. In the Upper, the inhabitants are gene- rally Roman-Catiiollcs, speaking the Polish language, and in the Lower, al- most all Protestants, and speak their mother-tongue. Silesia is divided into 17 small dutchies, and 7 free states, witliout comprehending the county of Glatz. These are taken notice of in their proper places. The greatest part of this country was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Brcslaw. Sil/iet, a town of Hindoostan in the East Indies, 100 miluit N £ of Dacca, S I N and 200 E N E of Moorshedabad. Lon 91 57 E, hit. 24 52 N. Siiijitiii!, Ill- Dorestru, a town of Euro- pean Turkey, in Bidgarla, with a cita- del, and an archbishop's see. It is seat- ed near the confluence of the Missovo and Danube, 97 miles N hi of Nieopoli, and 170 N E of Adrianople. Lou. 37 31 E, lat. 45 N. Silieburg, formerly a strong town of Denmark in N. Jutland, 18 miles W of Arhusen. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 56 3 N. Sillebar, a seap. .1 on the W coast of Sumatra in the East Indies, a little S o Bencooleii. Lon. 101 E, lat. 4 S. Si,)i.imcax,Si town of Spain in the pro- vince of Leon, with a strong castle, si- tuate on the Douero, eight miles S W of V.illadolid. Lon. 4 30 W, lat 41 45N. Simbirsk, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the kingdom of Kasan, which contains 13 districts. Sivibirst, a capit.il town of Russia in the government of Simbirsk. It is seated on the Volga, 100 miles S by W of Kasan. Lon. 48 34 E, lat. 54 22 N, Simi, an island in tlie Mediterranean, six miles N of Rhodes. Lon. 27 33 E, lat. 36 35 N. Shmnervn, a town of Germany, in tl-.e circle of Lower Rhine, capital of a diitchy of the same name, with a castle. It belongs to the elector palatine, and is seated on the Simmeren, 26 miles W of Mentz, and 35 E of Triers. Lon. 2 41 E, lat. 49 51 N. Simogu, a town of Hindoostan, in the East Indies, 93 miles N W of Seringa- patam. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 13 21 N. Simons, St. an island of North Ame- rica, on the coast of Georgia, opposite the mouth of the Alatamaba, about 15 miles long, and four broad. The chief town is called Frederica. Simonthorna, a sti-ong town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Toliia, witli a castle. It was taken from the Turks in 1686, and is seate^i on the Sarwigc, eight miles from Tolna. Lon. 18 16 E, lat. 46 40 N. Sivubury, a small post town in Hart- ford county, Connecticut, 14 miles N W of Hartford and eight S E of New- Hartford. Sinai, a mountain of Arabia Petraea, in the peninsula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea. Here the law was given to Moses, for which reason the Mahometans hold it in great vene- ration J and here the Christians have * monaster}-, which formerly contained ■^, S I N S I N yreat number of Monks, and there were many little chapels and cells for hermits. The monastery is surrounded by a hijyh wall, and those that go in and out, are drawn up and let down in baskets. Loo 31 1.5 E, lat. 2'J 2 N. Siiicnpow, an island and town at the most Hoiitliern extremity of the pcnin- 8\da of Malacca, op|)osite the island of Snmatra, which with the Mahic < coast forms the strait of Sincapour. is lOJ miles S E of the city of M;'.laeca Lon. 104 10 E, lat. 1 10 N. Sinie. See In.tm and Tutla Sin-telfingen, a tnw.i of Germany, in the circle of Siiabia, six miles S W of Slutijard. Lon. 9 5 E, lat. 48 45 N'. SMj, or Sand, a pi-oviiice of Hin- doosta'n Proper, bomided on the W by Persia, on the N by tiie territories of the kinjT of Candahar, on the N E by tirise of the Seiks, on the E by a sandy desert, and on the S E by Cutch. It extends along the course of the Indus, from its mouth, to the frontiers of Monltan, 300 miles; audits breadth, in the widest part, is 160. In many par- tictdars of soil and climate, and the ge- neral apjieurance of its surface, it re- sembles Ejrypt i tlic lower part being composed of rich veget.ibic motdd, and extended into a wide delta ; while the upper part is a narrow slip of country, contined on the Persian side by a ridge of mountains, and on tl\e oilier by a sandy desert \ the Indus, equal at least to the Nile, winding thn)u_t;h the midst of this level valley, and auniially over- flowing it. During great part of the S VV monsoon, or at least in July, An- gust, and part of September (which is the rainy season in most other parts of of India) the atmosphere is here gene- rally clouded i but no rain falls except near the sea. Indeed very few show- ers fall during the whole year. Owing to this, and the neighbourhood of the sandy deserts on the E and on the N W the heats are so violent, and the winds from those (piarters so perni- cious, that the hiMises are contrived so as to be occasionally ventilated by apertures on the top, resembling the funnels of small chimnies. When the hot winds prevail, the windows are closely shut, by wlilch the hottest cur- rent of air, near the surface, is exclud- ed ; and a cooler part, because more elevated, descends into the house throug'ii the funnels. By this also vast elouds of dust are excluded ; tlie en- trance of which would alone be snffiri. ent to render the houses uninhabitable. 1 he roofs are composed of thick layers of earth instead of terraces. Few countries are more unwholesome to European constitutions, particularly the lower part of the Delta. The Hindoos, who were the original inhabitants of Sindy, and who are reckoned to out- number the Mahometans, as ten to one, are treated with great rigour by their Mahometan governors, and are not pcimitted to erect any pagodas, or places of worsliip : and this severity drives vast numbers of them into other countries. The inland parts of Sindy, produce saltpetre, salammoninc, borax, bezoar, lapis-laziili, and raw silk. They have also nuioiif.icturcs of cotton and silk of various kinds; and they make fine cabinets, inlaid with ivory, and Knely lacquered. They also export grt-at quantities of butter, clarified and wrapped up in duppas, made of the hides of cattle. The ladies wear hoopn of ivory on both their arms and legs, and when they die they are burnt with them. They have large black cattle, excellent mutton, and small hardj horses. Their wild game are deer, hares, antelopes, and foxes, which they hunt with dogs, leopards, and a small fierce creature called a shiahgush. The prince of this province is tributary to the sultan of Candahar. He resides at Hydrabad, though Tattais the capital. Sine*, a town of Portugal, in the pro- vince of Estremadura. Lon. 8 55 W, lat. 37 40 N. Sii-.g, a strong town of Dalmatia, tak. en b) the Venetians from the Turks in 1686 It is 16 miles N of Spalatro. Lon. 17 30 E, lat. 47 10 N Si-iigan-fuu, a large city and capital of the province of Chen-si in China. Next to Pe-king it is one of the most beautiful and largest cities in China; its walls are thick, exceedingly high, and four leagues in circumference ; they are flanked with a great number of towers, a bow-shot distant one from the other, and surrounded by a deep ditch. A large block of marble was dug up in the neighbourhood of this ci- ty, with an inscription, partly in Chi- nese, partly in Syriac characters ; the substance of which was, that an angel had declared, that the Messias was born of a Virgin in Judea, anf butter, clarified duppas, made of the e ladies wear hoops leir arms snd legs, they are burnt with larje black cattle, and small hardj Id game are deer, id foses, which they ipards, and a small ailed a shiahgushf province is tributary idahar. He resides h Tattais the capital. Portugal, in the pro- ura. Lon. 8 55 W, wnofDalmatla, tak> IS from the Turks in liles N of Spalatro. 47 10 N rge city and capital F Chen-si in China, t is one of the most ;est cities in China ; c, exceedingly high, in circumference ; with a great number ihot distant one from irrounded by u deep t)ck of marble was libourhood of this ci- ption, partly in Chi- ■iac characters ; the h was, that an angel it the Mcssias was 1 Jiidea, ant is' situated near the Rhone, at the foot of three insulated rocks, that rise immediately from the plain. The present episcopal palace, an edifice of stone, built in 1.547, staiuk on a rock ; tlie apartments are furnished with great plainness and simplicity. Sii i\w province ot'Sisgow. r. is 17 n)ilc!i S E of Basil Sixaeg, a town of Aiisli'ian Croatia, with a ^1on.^.stcry, seated on ths Save, 28 liilles S E of ZuR-nul, ami 42 E of Cailstadt. Lon. 16 1/ E, lat. 46 6 N. Siste/; a strong town of Croatia, si- t\iate at tiie confhieiice of llie !:iave unil Kiili)H. 40 miles E of Carlsladt. Lon. 22 10 E. lat. 45 48 N. Sissopoli, a town of Turkey, in Eu- rope, in Rotniinia, with an archbishop's see ; seated on a peninsula of the Black Sea, 25 miles S of Mesembria, and 97 N VV of Constantinople. Lon. 28 9 E, lat. 42 30 N. . Sisteroi', a town, and late episcopal see, of France, in the department of Lower Alps, and late province of Pro- vpnce, with a citadel on the top of a rock, which w as the prison of Casmir V. kin takfii all.! rrt„ki'ii,lliu last tinu' b; llip J'liiuh, ill l:\U It is 10 milis ^ at'UrifVs. L ci ,5 5 F„ ha. 51 19 N. SnuiUiiiii, u tiiwiKiCFraiicoiiia, iiitlif colli, IV <;t' ileiiiii'btijr', siibiect to tlie laiii'uravfiil Hvssc CmsscI.'Ii is (animis fir a i.i,r.ti-(lfriu \ I'litcrcil into by tlit- Gti'Jiiaii piiiU slants, a,i,'ainHt tlir ein- pcroi', ill Lriy, fi dcl'i'iid tlioir i-cliffion atid liheitits, cominniily called llic Siiialk.ddic Uaj;iK". It is'scatctl on llic AV.-.iM.j; units S W (,rKr(iirt, ami 50 N \V 1,1 iJaiiibfPj,'. Lon. 10 jj E.lut. 50 4y >: kc procally possessed by Poland and Hw ■MM, it was roi)<|iicrc(i by Alcxav Miili Hil-)vit(ii in Ifi.H, and cedi'd to' Hiuai, l)y the [icacL- of Mosf(,w in 1666. It niiu,k>isvi), a city of Russia, capital oi a (jpovcriinn.iit of tin- same mane. It is situate (Hi tlie I)iiie|iir, and stands -p. •m two bills, and the valley betwein tlitni. It is sumimided bv walls o,i tilt liijfli and 15 ibirh j the 'Uiwir part of stone, I be upper ofbmk, and tiii-ii < iiiumfcrence four miles and tlirct <)Mai'teis. Tlie bouses are mostly iif wi.od, i.nd little better than cotti.jVfs tliiy are only of one story, except afew I sealteicd line and ll.eVe, wliicb aic ,, , „ ! dignified witb tlie title of palaces. One .S»,„n.V«, a town of Kent, witii a mar- ! b.n^- bi'oad street, wliieh is paved, in- I on bridu',. I'J iink.s S S E ol Maid- 1 ter.seels tlie wbolc leiiLrtb of tlie town «tone,ai..i .ON L.ot London. Lon. 04.?, in a .strainbt line; tlie otlier streets '..•'!! ,^'- .. ; fi-encially wind in circular directions, ^'"nhi l.uoiJ, an island in the , and are lioored witb planks, 'I be walls Paeilie Oeeai, co-e-neied in 1790, by ,stietcbin,r over tbe uneven sidesof the lieotenant Ball. Lon. 101 54 E, lat. 9 lulls till tliey reacb tbp bai ks of the ^^- . ,. ,, I Diiiejier, their antient 8t^lc of arcliiter. iimithfrld, a post town, and the ca- ■ tore, tlieir {rrotescjiie towers, tbe spires pital of Joli.isl.m coinily. North Caro- | of cliurclies shooting above the trees, linaj Ijinn-oiiibe N sideof Niiseriver. which are so numerous as almost to 30 miles N VV of VVayiusboiM,', and conceal the buildiiig-s from view, tlie 100 U by N of >iewberii, and 322 from appearance of meadows and the arable W..sl,ii'}(Um ig-'-ound, all these objects blended tu. 6j,utlj,e!il, a post town in We of Wight ; gethcr, exhibit a scene of the most sin. county, \ iri;inia ; situated on Pa^aii ; gular and contrasted kind. On tlie creek, a biv.neh ol James river, 38 iiides ; further side of the Dnieper are a num. W of Norfolk. ;,l,„iit 55 S E i, a post town in New-York, situated near Crane's Point, in Siillolk coiiiUy, Long Island, 50 miles E bv N of t! e eity of New- York, and 14 N W of Brook-haven. In 1800 the township contained 1413 inhabitants S7>i(}iwid, a province of Gothland, in Sweden, 112 miles long and 62 broad. It has immense forests of i)ine and fir ; and tbe approach to the villages is an- nounced by gro\es of oak, beech, and birch, and numerous plots or parterres of arable land amongiiastures and rocks. Mr. Coxe frequently observed an acre of land laid out witb alternate slips of rye, barley, flux, and hem|); tht inter- vals l>elween and around, sown with grass. In many parts the trees are cut down, and burnt, in order to manure the soil. Calmar is the capital. Srtwkiisto, a dtitchy of Kiissia, on the froiiticrs of Lithuania. After having been an oliject of contention, and reci- lous^s that |<>rm the suburbs of the town, and are joined to it by a wooden bridge. Ac cording to Mr. Coxe, it contains about 4,000 inhabitants i it has no maniifac. tnres, but carries on some commerce with the Ukraine, Dantzic, and Uiga. 1 be principal articles of its trade are Hax, hemp, honey, wax, bides, hogs bri.stles, masts, planks, and .Siberian furs. It is I'lr miles N E of Novogro- deck, and 'iiKi N of Kiof Lon. 32 34E, lat. 54 50 N. Smrui, a noted cavern, on the N coast of .Siilhei'landsbire, between Cape Wrath and Loch Eribol. It runs so far under ground, ihit its extremity, it is said, could never be explored. Sm\rna, a seaport of Turkc'j in Asia, in Nutolia, and one of the largest and richest cities ol the Levant. The good- iiess of tbe harbour has caused il to be rebuilt scveiwl times, after having been destroyed by eai tlitpiukes. It is the i-tndczvouB oi' mercltunts from almost M Y (1 l)> Poland and Hm ercii by Altxay Miili , uiul ceded to Kiitjj.t Moscow III 1666. It ' llie 41 UiiSHiuit gt). ly of Riiasiu, cnpituldi tlic sumi* iiuiiic It i> lirpcr, and .stund.s p I the valley liclweiii I'oiiiulcd l>y walls ju thick i the lower part rr ol lirick, und tlit'ii iiiir iiiileH mid three houses urc mostly i>| Ijetter tliiili colli'jfC!! me story, except u tew nut ll.eie, wliicli ari; e title of palaces. Ont , which is paved, in- Ic leii)^li of the town ic ; the other stieuts II circular directions, .'itii planks, 'I lie walls he uneven tides of the cli tlif Imi ks of the itienl style of arcliitcr- Kpie towerii, the spires oting above the trees, meroiis as almost tu Lliiig's from view, tlie [.-udows and the arable objects blended to. scene of the most sin- asted kind. On the Dnieper are a niim- wooden houses that of the town, and are nrooden bridge. Ac- oxe, it contains about it has no manufac- on some commerce Dantzic, and Ui|»a. iclcs of its trade are wax, hides, liof;« lilaiiks, and Siberiun les N E of Novopro- t Kiof Lon. 32 34E, ■avern, on the N coast •e, between Cape Eribol. It runs so thut its extremity, ever be explored. itt (if Turkv:'j in Asia, le (f the lar^Jest and Levant. Tlje j^oid- tr has caused it to be ics, after having been thquukes. It is the :rciiunt$ from aliuust S N O til p;^rt» of the world, and the nianja- /iiie of their merchuiulise. '1 lie 'J'urks have li) nioiipies, the Greeks two rliiirclies, t!le Jews e);,'lit syiiujfojjues, tlie ArnieiiiuMS one elim-eli, and the I.uliiis tliiee convents. Tlierc arc tlirce bishops, one Greek, the other L:iliii, and the third Anneniun. Tlie sLictts are more op^n, belter paved, and the houses bcter bii It, tlian in o'iicr towns of the continent. The sti'..;:t of the Franks is the linestinSmvr- n.i, and lies all ahin^; the harbour. It i.s ei|,'lil days journey from Constantino- ple by land, '25 d.iys from Aleppo, by the carftvaiiv, six from Co^ni, seven from Cataya, and six frum Sataliu. The citravaiis of Persia often bring' 2'JD b.dos of silk in a year, besides drnjjs aiul cloths. The other commo- dities bron)>'ht here, are thread made of ijo.its hair, cotton yarn, cotton in baj,''a, various kinds of drugs, and all sorts of carpets. The English and Dutch factors have protestant chapels, aiui taverns arc as open here as in Europe. The fortifications consist of a fort, a castle, a nioimtain, und an old citadel. It is seated at the bottom of a large bay, 1B3 miles VV by S of Con- stantinople. Lon. 27 19 E, Lit. 38 2H N. Snacierburg, a commercial town of Lower Saxony, in Brunswick- Lunen- burg, seated at the conriui.Mice of the Utciit with the Elbe, 35 miles E by S ofDanneberg. Lon. 12 22 E, lat.'53 10 N. Siuiitli, a tow^l in the W riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Fnihiy, seated near the Aire, 22 miles S of York, and 174 N bv VV of London. Lull. 1 2 W, lat. 53 39 N. Snueck, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Fricsland. It is called jnitz by tlie natives, and is seated on a lake of the same name, in marshy l.ind, eigiit miles .S of Franeker. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 53 2 N. Sncts/uim, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday, seated on a sinrill inlet of tlic sea, 12 miles N N E of Lynn, and 111 N by E of London. Lon. U 32 E, lal. 52 55 N. Suiatin, a trading town of Little Po- land, capital of Pokclia, sealed on the Pi",,th, eigiit miles E of C iloni, and 45 S E of Halitz. Lon, 26 7 E, lat. 48 44 N. Snou'Jon, a famous mountain in Car- narvonshire, generady tltought to be the tii|j;he8t iu Britain, tl-iU' suiue think s o c that its hci^lit is equalled, and even exceeded, l)y nioiinlaiiis in .Scotland. Its name signitie.'* literally, the llill of Snow, from snow und down. This it the most noted eminence in the whole region of the Welsh Hills, and may, w;th pr.ipriety, be styled the British Alps. The height of this mountain was measured in 1682, when it was computed to be 3720 feet i but more modern calculutiims make it only 3568, reckoning from the quay of Curiiurvun to the highest peak. I'he stone that composes this mountain is excessively hard. Large coarse crystals, and frc- <]'ieiitly cubic pyrites are found in the hssures. An immense quantity of wa- ter rushes down its sides in numer- ous rivulets. It is boggy on the top, and has two lakes tiiat abound with lish, particularly the char and the guiniard. It was held sacred by the ancient Britons, as Parnassus was by the Greeks. From its summit may be seen a part of Ireland, of Scotland, and of Cumberland, Lancashire, Che- shire, and all North Wales. SiioiD Hilt, the capital of Worcester county, Maryland; situated on the E side of Puconioke river, 20 miles E of Princess Ann. and 31 S by W of Dag- bury ill Delaware state. This isa|)iist town and port of entrv, lying in lat. 38 12 N. and lon. 75 15 \V. Soana, or Sitane, aiul ancient episco- pal town of Italy, in Tuscany. It is novr reduced to a village, on account of the unwholesomeness of tlie air. It ia seated on a mountain, near the river Flora, 30 miles .S E of Sienna. Lon. 11 46 E, lilt. 42 40 N. Siiitne, a river of Hindoo.stan Proijer, which ri-ics on t'ne S coidiiies of Al- l.ihabad issuing from the same lake wUich is the source of the NerlKi as it were an is. land of the southern part of Hindoos* tan. Society Islet, islands in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Captain Cook in 1769, situate between 150 57 and 15!i VV lon. and 16 10 and 16 55 S lat. They are seven in number, Hiiaiieine, Uli'ea, Otaha, Balabola, Moiirooa, Toobaee, und rabooyainu iO'),or Saim- dei's island, which is here included, as being sibject tu Uuahciuc. Tlits N N N N s o c Ho'lV. the pro.'.'iitidin, tlif ir-ojilo, llieu- lun;(ii:.KV, iViiK'ion. ciHlo.i,,, J"' "';"'■ m-.H, ui'c » I iKu.ly tlic sum- ;.•< ' "la- ll<-Ue, timt liule in;»;|a't. NttHiiv li»t l';i-" ciiiuill) l)i'ii:iUtul ill uniiiU.u.Uil ])Ui t\, uiii luxiinoiiH, rul ii« iiiil.)ciit. A liluiiUin liruiith is the liiibli-m of |M'acc, u:iil cluinR:iiiK liHims llii- (fiviilcbl tokfii ot'tniMiUliiii. TlicinUmics urc nmrt.' oU'Kant, tlicir uia.iialic i-iiUruiiimciits iiuvc Honir thiiirt' "f'pliit uiid toiiHistc'tuv , ttiitl llic> exl.ib.t ti'iup'Tary occiinciuin as I U- objects olpi-aisc iir aatile; mi ibut tlif orit^m of uiicicnt ciinii'dy inny be b\ reudy iliwceriird nnxmi^ lliem. T be pcoji'le (if Huimcine aif' in i.-eiK-ial stouter and fairer lli:>ii ibdse of Ou heite, uiid lliis island is remarkable for its populoiisness and fertility. Tliose ot Ulilea, on tbe contrary, are smaller snd blacker, and niucb less ortU rl> Captain Cook put on shore a Cape ewe at Bal.bola, wliere a ram bad been left bv the Spani-rils ; and also an Eni^libli boar and sow, with two U'>«t», at Uli tea. If the valuable animals wimb have been trans|)orted tliitbcr from Europe should be siitlcrcd to multiply, no part of tlie world will e(iual tUe.se Islands in variety and abundance of re- freshments for tutiire navigators. Siicuniisco, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, 88 iTiiles loim-, and nearlv as much broad; bounded on the N by Chlapi, •» the E bv Guatimala, on the S by the Pact- lie Ocean, and on the W by Guaxaca. It is sheltered from the N winds by hieh mountalnn, which render the air exceed, nj,' hot ; and the soil is not very fertile, i here are few Spaniards set- tled here. Soamuscn, or Gtirottlan, a town ot Kew Spain, capital ltiiig Sudbury, ft town 1-, witli u iiittiktl 0.1 led »()!• it» fine cliciKi'. 11 hoitum, luiir tliu li N E ol' Ui'iHtol, und Loll. 2 13 W.lut. in Icolmkill, one of cH of StotUnd. The _ Htlll culled biiliop of on account of iti once liop'n HKC, which coin- tlie inUndii, together Mun. m\ of Denmark, in Uie id. • town of Weitphalia, ■ Murck, formerlv free but now bchinginK to uiisiii. The utreetii ur<: streams that proceed nd tlie inhabitants are its. It is 12 miles S and 30 S E of Munstcr. I. 51 41 N. ^dom on the E coast of ling S of Ziinguel).ir, Cuuma to the river Del ; that is, from 17 to 25 tins mines of gold, and ii c Portuguese, capital of a kingdom of ne, with a fort built t>y c, which is of great im- leir trade to tlie E Indies. I a small iEland, r.car the ver. Lon. 35 40 E, lat. Ma, a town of Turkey Vital of flulgiina, with an ee. It is seated at the unlalns of A rgentaro, on una, 135 miles VV N W ., and 155 E of Scutari. lat. 42 36 N. wn of the kingdom of liir a very handsome s seated on a hill, at the \tain of tlic same name, nt Atlas, and between J miles E of Fez. Lon. 4 40 N. wn of the kingtlom of Con- ivince .of the same name, iidy country, hut yields a salt. The inhabitants are ristians, converted by the and the Capvichins have a It is seated on the Xaire, ith, 185 miics ''.V S W ol Lon. 13 15 E, lat. 5 SO S. SOL Sohagepour, a town of llinilon^tan Projier, in the province of Alluhaliad Lon H2 20 E, lat. 23 50 N. Siihaiii, a town in Cunihridgcshire, with a market on Saturday, seuted on a fen of the same name, near Si)li:im mere, which takes up 1000 acres ol land. It is live miles S E of Elv, aiiil 70 N by E of London. Lon. 14 E, lat. 52 21 N. Soho, a village in Staffi)r tv of Anspacli. Lon. 10 M K, lat. 44 •16 N. Stiteiire, or Soliithurn, a canton of Swissirlaiiil, wliich holds the ttcienth lank in the Helvetic, conli deracy, into which it was admitted in MHl. It Mtrctches partly tlnMii^li the plain, and pal tly ailing the chains of the Jurii, ;!S miles in leni;th, and .15 in lirLadih, uiul contuina 5O,O0>) iMiiabitants. The soil, for llie most p;iit i.i lertilc ill corn ; and the districts within the Jiiru .ihiiimd in excellent pastiiics. It is ilividi (I into' 1 1 bailiwics, the inhabitants "f which are all Komaii catlnilics, except lluwe of the bailiwic of Hnckeghertf, who profess the rerorircd religiciii The go- vernment of this canton was entirely aristocratical before the French iiu ailed Swisserland; they overt iiriu-d the an- cient government, and erected a demo- cracy in its place. Sulcure, or SoLithtirn, an ancient town of Swisserland, capital (.f a caiiti.ii of the same nnme. It contains 4U00 inha- bitants, and is seated on tlie ,\ar, which here expands into aniihlc river. Among the mo.st reniarkuble objects, is the newcliurcliof St.Urs, finished in 1772: it is a noble edifice of a whitish grey stone, drawn from the nciglibonring quarries, which admits a polish, and is a species of rude marble. Soleure i* surrounded by rctfular stone fiirtWica- tions, and is 20 miles N by E of Bern, and 27 S S W of Basle. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 47 15 N. Solfatara, a lake of Italy, in the Cam- pagna of Rome near Trivoli, which empties itself by a whitish muddy stream into the Teverone, tl..* ancient Anio ; a vapour of a sulphureous smell arising from it as it flows. The waters of this lake lii^d anciently a high medi- cal reputation, but are no longer in es- teem. In the middle are several float- ing islands, formed of matted serge and herbage, springing from a soil of dust and sand blown from the adjacent ground, and glued together by the bi- tumen which swims on the surface of the lake, and the sulphur with which its waters are impregnated. Some of these islands arc 15 yards long, and will bear five or six people, who, h\ a pc!e, may move to difi'erent parts of the SOL S O M lake. Frnm this lake issues a whitish mufldy stream, which emits vapour of a sulphureous smell, till it reaches the TeviTone. Snifaterra, a mountain oritaly in the kin};(lom of Naples, and Terra di Lavo- ro. This mouiita-n appears evidently to have been a volcuno in ancient times ; and thfi soil is yet so hot, that the ■workmen employed there in making al- um need nothinf^ else besides llie heat of the ground for evaporating their li- quids. In the plain within the crater, smoke issiies from many parts, as also from its sides ! here, by means of stones and tiles heaped over the crevices, through which the smoke passes, they collect in an awkward manner what they call ante annoniaco ; and from the sand of the jilain they extract siilpluir and alum. The hollow sound produced by throwing a heavy stone on the plain of the crater of the Solfaterra, seems to indicate that it is supported by a sort of arched natural vault ; and one is in- duced to think that there is a pool of water beneath this vault (which boils by the heat of a subterraneous fire still deeper), by the very moist stream that issues from the cracks in the ]t\Rm of the Solfaterra, which, like that of boil- ing water, runs off a sword or knife, presented to it, in great i'i/n;''s. Near it is a small lake full of black thick wa- ter, which seems to be always boiling. So!fwitzborgt a town of Sweden, in the province of Blekingen. Lm. 14 31 E, lat. 56 2 N. Solihul, a towT; in Warwickshire, neap which, to the VV, is a triangular Danish camp, on an eminence, contain- ing about nine acres. It is 20 miles N E of Worcester, and 107 N W of London. Solingen, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia, and dutchy of Ee'g, sealed near the river Wipper, 15 miles S E of Dusseldorf. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 51 10 N. Soiiamsi, a town of Russia, in the government of Perm. In its vicinity are some salt works, It is seated on the Ussolka, 430 miles N £ of Kasan. Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 5 16 N. Solmoiia. See Siihnona- So/iiu, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the same name, in the circle of Lower Rhine. It has a strong catle, belonging to a branch of the house of N; asau, and is sealed on a hill, I'J miles S E of Hcrborn. Lon. 8 31 It, lat 50 35 W. So/ovion't hlamlt. See JJunger, hlet 'if- So/or, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the S of Celebes, governed by its own king. Lon. 123 55 £, lat. 9 0S. Soltau, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony. Lon. 10 2 E, lat. 53 10 N. Soln-xld, a town of Germany, in the old marclic of Brandenburg, seated on the Jetze, 40 miles N W of Stcndal. Lon. 11 36 E, lat. 53 6 N. ■ Sol'v.-ay Frith, an arm of the Sea, be- tween Cumberland in England, and Kircudbrightshire in Scotland. Sohiiay Most, a black morass in Cum- berland ; near it is the river Esk, on the borders of Scotland, which, in 1771, being swoln by rains,burslthroiig!i the shell of turf wliich covered it, and spread a deluge over 400 acres of cul- tivated land, and entirely filled up the valley in its vicinity. S'imbrere, an island in the Indian Ocean, 30 miles N of Nicobnr. The inhabitants are m''d, timorous, and ve- ry obliging to strangers. Sombrero, a cluster of uninhabited islands in the West , Indies, belonging to the English. The most remarkable of them is a league long, and consist of an eminence, to which the Spanish dis- coverers, finding some resemblance to a hat, gave the name of Smubrero. It is 80 miles N W of St. Christopher. Lon. 63 37 W, lat. 18 38 N. Somertetshire, a county of England, 65 miles long and 45 broad ; bounded, on the N W by the Bristol Channel, on the N by Gloucestershire, on the E by Wiltshire, on the S E by Dorsetshire, and on the S W by Devonshire. It lies iu the dioceses of Bristol, and of Bath and Wells j contains 42 hundreds, three cities, 31 market-towns and 385 parishes ; and sends 18 members to par- liament. The air in the lower grounds, is universally mild, and generally wholesome. The soil in the N E quar- ter is in general stony, and possesses a lofty mineral tract, called the Mendip Hills. Toward the centre, where its principal rivers unite, are fens and marshy moors of great extent On the W side arc tlie Qiiantock Hills, with many downs and open heaths ; and in the N W corner is the black sleril re- gion of Exmoor. The S part toward Dorsetshire, is high, but well cultiva- ted i and throughout the county, espe- cially in its S W quarter, vales of the S O M t Iilamlt. See Danger, Itlet iHland in the Indiftti Ocoan, of Celebes, govenied by its Lon. 123 55 E, lat. S S. town of Germuny, in the ower Saxouy. Lon. 10 2 E, a town of Germany, in the : of Brandenburg, seated on 40 miles N VV of Stendal. ; E, lat. 53 6 N. ■ 'i'rith, an arm of the Sea, be- mberland in England, and ^htshire in Scotland. ifou, a black morass in Cum- near it is the river Esk, on rs of Scotland, which, in ; swoln by rains.burslthrovigii f turf wliicli covered it, and ehige over 400 acres of cul- nd, and entirely filled up the s vicinity. e, an island in the Indian I miles N of Nicobar. The i are m''d, timorous, and vc- r to strangers. 0, a cluster of uninhabited the West Indies, belonging flish. The most remarkable a league long, and consist of ce, to which the Spanish dis- finding some resemblance to e the name of Scmibrero. It 9 N W of St. Christopher. ' W, lat. 18 38 N. tshire, a coimty of England, long and 45 broad ; boiuided iV by the Bristol Channel, on Gloucestershire, on the E by , on the S E by Dorsetshire, S W by Devonshire. It lies :e.seg of Bristol, and of Bath Is ; contains 42 hundreds, !S, 31 market-towns and 385 and sends 18 members to par- rhe air in the lower grounds, ■sally mild, and generally e. The soil in the N E quar- eneral stony, and possesses a ;ral tract, called the Mendip Bwurd the centre, where its rivers iniite, are fens and oors of great extent On the •e the Qiianlock Hills, with vns and open heaths ; and in corner is the black sleril rc- Exmoor. The S part toward re, is high, but well cultiva- throiighout the county, espe- ts S W quarter, vules of the SON greatest fertility are iiitcrspcrned. The irinri|)al rivers are (he Parket, Ivei, Tlitmi', Hrent, and Avon. Tiie Mom- dip Hills atiord abin\diince of t ual, lead, ciilumlne, copjier, manganese, bole, and nil oilire. C.'ittle, nearly equal in size to the Lincoliishiie, are fed in fine nu-:i- (iows ;.b()iit tlic liead of the I'arrct, The bfst gjose feathers for beds coine fVom the marshes. Cider is a couinioii product of this county, anil ii has a considerable -share in llie woollen ini nufactures. Bristol is the caj-ilalof this countj with respect to size, p(>])iilation, and comn-icrce ; but liatli is the great place of resort for hc;i!'li and plciisure Somerset, a. post town in Bii^tol coun- ty, Ma8.Siicliusclt.s, 4.3 Uiiits S. ofKos- t on, and 21 E of I'ro-.idor.ce, Rhode Island. Sumerset, a post town and the capital of Somerset county, Peuns\lvania, 36 miles S E of Gieensburg, and ."9 W ot Bedford, containing 1431 inliabitants. Somerset, ».\>itst. town in New Jersey, the principal seat of justice, in Somer- set county, 10 m.les W of New Bruns- wick, and 28 N of Princeton, on the S W side of Millf tone creek. Somerton, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. ' It was formerly a considerable place, from which the county took its name, and is at present prettv large. It is 13 miles S of Wells, and 123 VV bv S of Lon- don. Lon. 2 40 W, lat. 5l'22 N. Snmma, a town of Italy in Naples, in its vicinity, between 7000 and 8000 poun neo. It is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants. It is governed by a king or sultan, and the natives are Malays, and consequent- ly Mahometans. The populousness of this little spot is caused by its advanta- geous situ^ion, which renders it a great nwtft. The English East India Company have a resident here. Lon. 121 25 E, lat. 5 58 N. Sophia. See Soffa. Sophiania, a town of Persia, in Ader- beitzan, seated in a valley, 25 miles N W of Tauris. Lon. 47 25 E, lat. 38 35 N. Snphknberg, a town of the island cf ^1 sou Zealand, in Denmark. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. iS 54 N. Soprn Selvu, a vallej of SwUserland io thu country oftlic Orisons. Sopton, -jisnon^ U>vi\ ofL^wcr Hun- gary, c:i|Jit;il of a county of llie com.- name, seated on a small river, 27 miles S W of Prcsburg, and 30 S E of Vienna Lon. 17 K, lal. 4? 46 N. i'yru, a tow,-, of N:ii;lcs, in 'lerra di Lavaro, with a ca.-tlc and a bisiiop's see j seated on tlie GM'igliano, 6j miles N V of Naples. Lon. 14 4 E, lat 41 54 N. Sora, a stronjf town of Denmark, in Zealand, v.il'.i a e')!l.-ge Pn- tlic nobility, nine miles W of Kindled. Lon. 11 53 E, lat. 55 20 N. i'omiy, a town of Oennany, in Liisa tia, seated near the U-liir, 25 miles S of Crnssen, ;uid 32 N K of Gvjrlivz. Lon. 15 48E, lat. 5140 N. Soreiito, an arcliieniscopal town of Italy in Naples, witli a IsM'bour at tlie fcot of tlic mountain Soiento. in tlic biv of Naples, 17 miles S E of Naples. L<".n, 14 24 E, lat. 40 36 N. Soria, Si town of Spain, in Old Castile, built™ the ruins of llie anci>jnt Nuuian- tia, neji.- the scmrcc of the Donero, 74 miles S E of fluijjos. Lon. 2 2 W, lat. 41 48 N. Soriano, a town of Italy, in Naples. Soroct, a town of Poland, seated on the Dniester, with a stron(( castle. The Turks were oblipd to raise the siege of thisplai-e in 1602. Soiac, a tow't of Denmark in the island of Z:^a!and. It is encompassed by three fresh water hikts, anil is 35 niiles S VV of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55 5 N. Sospello, a town of Pirdmnnt, in the county of Nice. It has a trade in dried fruits, particularly f.„'s ; and is seate(/, a passage or strait, Ijing be- tween the island of Zealanil, in Den- M)aik, and the continent of Schoncn, in Sweden, through which vessels pass from the ocean into the Baltic. On ibe Denmark side stands the town of Elai- ne ur, und the strong fortnss of Cro- nenbiug, near wl.ich is a tolerable good road J and on the side of Sweden stands llie townof Hclsingbnrg, yithonly one old tower reiniiiniiig of a demolished castle. The Danes take toll of aU ships that pass tliroilgh the strait, •.vliich is about four miles over. See EUiiiure. Sour, or Siir, a seaport of Turkey m Asia, in Syria. Here 8tooing be- l of Zeiilaiul, ill l)en> oiitiiicnt of Sclioncii, in ^h wliicli vessels pusa into the Bultic. On llie Umls the town ofEUi- troiij^ f'lrtrtss of Cro- irliirli is :t tnlvrable gtMid e side of Sweden stand* sinpfbiirg, >»ilhonly one iii'iiig of a demolisiicd Jiini-s take toll of all throilffli tlic strait, foiii" miles over. See a seaport of Turkey in Here stood the funioui >f wliii'h there is n 'w in)r but ruins. Lon. 35 i N. See r,re. a river of tlie Nether- ins from W to.E tiirongh id falls into Moselle, » ves. of Persia in the pro- Lou. 55 30 £, Iat. 26 a, a stroni^ town of the nis, in Afnra, capital of he same name, with a good harbour. It is Sk rade, and seated on a ■ the sea, 65 miles S E II. 11 15E, Iat. 33 52 N. I, a city in China, the province of Kiang-nan, ftost Mj^reeuble in China ; ;i have seen it, compare ith tins utheiiJ, Avw, a village in Essex, seated at tlie mouth of i he Thaincs, -14 Hides E of London, the nearest place to London for sea-hathiiig, and on that account much resorted to. Si'ut/i H.vilrf, a town in Hampshire county, Massacluiselts ; lying on the E Side of Connecticut river, nearly oppo- site to N 'rthampton, and 96 miles W of Boston. Here is a post office, and the inhabitants are aliniit 8U0 Siuthviuii, -i borough in Surry which belongs to the metropolis, being under tiie jurisdiction of the corporation of I L'Midon, who have an officer here call- ed the bailih of South wark It is call- ed the Biirintgh, by way of distinction, and is a p.')|)iilo>is place. It sends two ; members to parliament. It contains j si.\ parishes, a Roman catholic chapel, , many places of worsjiip for dissenters, I and several charitable foundations, par- I tieiilarh St. Thomas' Hospii .(, Guy's ' Hospital, and the Magdalen Hospital: I also the King's Bench and Marshalsea I'risons, and a county gaol. See Lon- ilun. Soiith'.-cell, a town in Nottingliait. • shire, witii a market on Sattu-diiy. It is an undent place, and has a collegi- ate church. It is 10 miles N E of NotlinglKim, and 139 N N W Of Lon- don. Lon. 51 W, Iat. 53 6 N. SoutliKmld, a town and scapoi^ hi Sufiiilk, with a market on Thursday. It is seated on a cliH", near a fine bay, with a harbour to the S, and the river BMhe, and a drawbridge on the VV, is strongly scted, being almoit surrounded with water, especially at very high tides. Here a much esteem- ed salt IS made, and it has also a trade in corn, beer, and the herring fishery estjblished here contributes to the ad- vantage of tlie town. It is a corpora- tion e, a river in Staffordshire, which rises near Healy Castle, in the W part of the county, runs parallel to the river Tient till it falls into it near Staf- ford, below wliicli it receives the Pink. S/)(t, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Westphalia, and bishopric of Liege, famous for its mineral wiiters. It is situated at one end of a deep val- ley on the bunks of a small rivulet, and is sin-rounded on all sides by higli mountains. The aides of these moun- tains next to Spa are rnde and unculti- vated, prt'sentiiipf a rugged appearance as ifshatteretl by the convulsions of earthquakes ; brenees, wiiicli stretch from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, but not in a direct line, for near 200 miles : their breadth is, in some places, not Il'SS than 80 The nioiiiMains yield gieat quantities of timber for shipping, wliich arc conveyed by the Ebro and other rivers to the Mediterranean. According to the ancient and modern writers, they abound also with gold, silver, iron, lead, tin, cinnabar, q.iick- ."iiUcr, alum, vitriol, co|)peras, lapis c;ilHiMinaris, &c. besides gem.<, and niinoral w,iters both hot and coUl. The (Told and silver mines arc iiijt worked at prest-iu, but those of iron are. The neglect of the fonner is owing partly to the indolence of the Spaniards, and partly to the gold and silver im|it)rted from America. Tlu' principal river.s arc the Douero, Tajo, C".ii;ulian,a, Ga'idilquiver, muI Ehn; The Spaniards are zealous Koinani.sls ^'u where is there more pouip, fujxe, | SPA and parade, in what regards religion < and no where Ic.is true Christianity. Their zeal and their superstition ex- ceed that of any other Roman Catholic country, unless perhaps we should ex- cept Portugal. There .ire eight arch- bishn|)s in Spain, seven in America, and o.ie in Asia at Manilla ; each of which has his sutiiagan bishops, 41 episcopal sees, and 24 iini%er- sities. Tliough the rest of the nation is poor, the clergy arc im- mensely rich, and tlieir revenues of all kinds very great. Most of the towns and estates belong to them, and are exempt from ail public burdens ; yet their avarice is insatiable, especially that of the Mendicant friars, tlio;igli they profess poverty. Their cominerce, which is free from sU duties and im- posts, is also a rich fund to them. Though the Spaniards are naturally men of wit ancl of an elevated geniu?., yet little progress in the sciences is to be expected from them, while the cler- gy use tlieir utmost eiliirls to keep them in ignorance, brantt(|f other I'.aiifKS, is (Aving to the pride and lazi- ness (if the inhabitants, want of manu- factures and good icgulations, neglect of the mines and agriculture, the ex- piilMion of tlie Moors, the peopKng of America, heavy taxes, tlie great nuni- bcr of uoiweuts, excessive venery, and the conseciiient infecundity of both sex- es. 'I'heir debauchery and sterility are partly occasioned by their way of liv- ing ; for tbey make great use of spices, rnci drink a great deal of chocolate, :tfld stroii)^' ^'ine mixed with brandy. The causes assigned far the want of people in Spain vrill account in some measure for its poverty ; notwithstfnt.'. ing it is computed that it receives one year with another, setting aside other stims, above 26 millions of pieces of eight, in registered g^>ld and silver. As most of the manufactures that are sent to America are furnished l>y Bri- tiiiii, France, Italy, and Holland, so a gre:.t part of the treasure brought home by the galleons is paid to the merchants of those nations. In tlie last centiin-, the revenues of Spain amounted to 32 or S3 millions of livres ; but afterwards they were so reduced, that they did not exceed seven or eight millions. At present, the revencesof the crown ari- sing in Spain are computed at Ave mil- lions Sterling per atwum, besides what ririses tk>m America. The silver mines there arc inexhaustible ; and of the produce of these, a' fifth belongH to the king. The taxes in Si)ain are nume- mui and heavy. The land forces, in time of peace, are computed at about 80,000; jHul in time of war, must be much more iHiniemus. Their navy at present can- not be ascertained. The language of this country, especially tliat spoken in Castile, which is by far the purest, ap- proaches the nearest to the Latin of any language in E\irope, mixed with Ara- bic words and terminations introduced by the Moors. The Spaniards in ge- neral are tall, their complexions swar- thy, their countenances expressive. As to wliut regards the character of the Spaniards, they do not want cither an inclinntion or capacity for the sciences ; but have h.irdly an "opportunity of ac- (juiring any true learning or knowledge, at least in their schools and universities, 'i'hey are admiretl for their secrecy, vonstancy, gravitv, patience in adver- siiy, and loyalty. They are also s.iid to be true to their word, gieat uiicnucii to lying, imd so nice and jcalnus in point of honour, that they will stick »t nothingto wife oH any stain that is cast iipon it. The beauty of the l»d:es reipnn chiefly in their hotels urftl romances ; in their persons they are small and sicn- cier. Jealousy is no longer the chai':>c. terlstit of a Spanish hunband ; the mar. ried ladies have hcie the cortejo, or mule attendant, in the same manner as the Italians have tht'ir cicisbcos. The established religion is popery ; and here the rnt^uisition once reigied in all its horrors : bvt, although it still exists, it h:is been lately rendered, b) the in- tervention of the rdjal aTithdrity, com- I aratnely hirmless. Spain, once tht most free, is ri<>w our f.f the nrst des- potic monarchies in Europe. They had 6nce their cortes, or parliaments, which had great privileges : but though not absolutely abolished, they have no pait in the government. They are nssew!- bled indeed, occasionally (as at the ac- cession of il.c monarch) but merely a« an »p|:i-ndage to the royal state, with- out power or liny oriier conscqtierce than what remits from their individual rank. Madrid is the capital. Spain, Ncm. See Mexico, Old- Spaitla, a town of Tunis, in AfVir«. In its neighliourhood there are some magnificent mins. It is 90 miles S W of Tunis. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 35 40 N. Spaiatro, or Spclatto, a strong town of Venice, capital of Venetian Dalma- tia, with a good harbour, and an arch- bishop's sec. It is built upon the ruirii of the palace of Dioclesian, the walls of which make two thirds of those of the city, and of which, in 1764, Mr. Robert Adam published a splendid ac- count. In 1784, Spaiatro was ner-rly depopulated by the plague. It is strong- ly seated on a peninsida, in the giilf of Venice, 35 miles S E of Sebcnico, ami 102 N W of Ragusa. Lon. 17 31 E, lat. 44 4 N. Spalding, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Tuesday. It is a ve- ry neat town, and is seated near the rtiouth of the Wellarid, with a p-ood coasting trade. Hire i» the most ex- tensive heronry in England, and the he- rons ;,bui'd together on high tree.s like rooks. It is 1 4 miles S by W of Bos- ton, and 100 N of London. Lon. 2 E, lat. 52 45 N. Spandtiu, a town of Germany, in fho circle of Upper Sflxony and middle marclic of Biandcnbuijj, surrounded o:) P A nice and jcalnui in tlmt they will stick »t iH inystatn that is cast iity of the Ud'es reipn« rto^els antl romances ; hey are small anil slcn- 1 no lonpcr the charae. liith hiinband ; the mar- ! here the cortcjo, or in the same manner as thi'ir cicisbcos. Tlie gicn is popery ; and lion once reit,'iecl in all , althonj^h it still exists, ly rendered, b) the in. : rdVhl »»ithr>rity, com- le«H. Spain, once tht iw one f.f the rrrat lies. :s in Europe. Thej hid I, or parliaments, which ilepres : but though not ihed, they have no poit nent. They are nsseir- :aaionally (as at the ac< nonarch) but merely m ;o the royal state, vrith. any otlier consequence ts from their individual s the capital. See Mexico, Old. m of Tunis, in Africa. Lirhood there are some IS. It is 90 miles S W . 9 15 E, lat. 35 40 N. Spclatto, a stronff town ital of Venetian Dalma- l harbour, and an arch> t is built upon the ruirs r Dioclesian, the Malls ! two thirds of those of of which, in 1764, Mr. published a splendid ac- 14, Spalatro was nciirly the plague. It is dtroiijf- leninsula, in the K\At of ;» S E of Sebcnico, anil lagusa. Lon. 17 31 £, town in Lincolnshire, on Tuesday. It is a vt- and is seated near the Wellaiid, with a px)i>d Here is the most e.r. in Eni^land, andtl.c he- ether on hiph trees like i miles S by W of Bos- of London. Lon. 2 nwn of Germany, in the ■r Siixony and middle tlcnliui jj, surrounded o:i 5 P 1 «H (ides by morasses, and cloae to it is ■X line fortres*. The l^•aenal is ii) sub- terriuieuuB vaults, and there i» a pviaon for state crimii>!4s. |t js seated on the Huvcl, eiifht miles N Wqf Berlin, and ir N £ of Br,iiuleuburp. Lon. 13 33 E, lat. .52 36 N. Spiiiuah-lo'wn. See yital of a government of the same name, with a custle. Lon. 41 E, lat. 20 10 S. Spiritu Santo, a town nf the island of Cuba, 155 miles £ S £ of llavannuh. Lon. 79 47 E, lat 23 15 N. Spital, a town of Germany, in Carin- thia, with a castle, seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 30 miles W of Clagtn- fiirt. Lon. 13 37 E, lat. 46 53 N. Spital, an ancient village in Lincoln- shiie, 11 miles N of Lincoln, noted for two springs, one called Julian's Well, and the other Castleton Well. It was part of the Roman causeway, leading from London, by Lincoln, to the Huni- ber. Great numbers of Roman coinf have been dug up in this vilkge. Spithead, a famous road between Poi-tsmoutU and the isilc of Wight, SP R ■where the royal navy frequently rendcz* VOIIH. Spitzbergen, tlie most northern coun- try ill Eninpc, l)rin(y to tlie N of Nor- >v ly, liflvicrii Gi-cfnUnd totlie W, and Novii iiimblu to tlic E. The coast is bo-tt witli cr.iffKy iiiciiintiiins, and in the winter '.t is cdiitinuul nijfht tir four riii'.'tiis. li.c aiiiiiiiils an. Isuj;'e wliite bci.rs mill wli.te fiXcR. I litMe are no scllU-il inlinbitants, and it is kpown on- ly to ;liose wlio (To on tlie coast to iisli for whales Sci.. G'eentand. S/i'tis^eii, a town ol'tiie country of the Grii iiis, scuted near tlie source of tlic Hiiuler Rliine. It is tlie capital of llie vallrv (if Hliinewuld, and is 42 miles S \V of t'.oire. S/joi'eito, a dnlchy of Italy, 55 miles loiu;- and 40 broad ;' bounded on tiie N 1)1 Ancona and Url)ino, on the E by M.ij Us, on the S by Sabina and the pa- tri'rM>iiy of St. Peter, and on the W by Orvieti) and Perugino. It was formerly a part of Unibria. S/K>tetio, an ancient town of Italy, ca- pital of a dntchy of the same name, •with a bishop's see, and a castle It fullered creatly b\ an earthguakc in 1703, and now'contains 12,000 inhabi- tants. Here arc llic ruinsof anamphi- tliiatrc, a ti-iuniplial arch, and an aque- duct. It is sealed partly on a hill, and partly on a | lain, in a country noted for pood wine, near tlie river Tessino, 40 niil«>s E of Orvjcto. an wn, and about the same distance S W of Newark, on the west side of Ral Miiv rwvx. Sprin/rfeld, a post town in Hamp. shire county, Virj^iniu ; situated on the W side of the south brni cli of Potcw- mac, 58 miles W by N of Wimhes- ter, and about 14 S W of Old-town, M;lr^hlnd. Sprottdu, a town of Silesia, in the dntchy ot Glog'nw, with walls fliir.licd by towers, and a stronjr castle. It is seated at the confluence of the B' bar and Sprotta, 20 miles S W of GlopuMr. Lon. I5 38E, lat. 51 40 N. Spurn Head, alonjf sickle-shaped pro. montory in Yorkshire, at the N E en- trance of the mouth of the Hi nber, on which is a lij^hthouse. Lon. 15 £, Int. 53 38 N. Sr/uilace, an episcopal town of Ncplea, in Calabria Ulteriore. It was formerly famous, but is now a small place, seat- ed on the Favelone, rear a pulf of the same name, 30 miles S W of St, Seve- rino, Lon. 16 40 K, lat. 39 3 N. Stablo, or Stutselo, at town of Germ*, ny, in the bishoyiric of Liepe, with a celebrated abbey, whose abbot is a prince of the empire. Here is a ma- nufacture of leather, which is sent to forci pfn parts. It is seated on the Recht, nine mile* S of Limburg. Lon. 6 5 E, lat 50 29 N. Stade, a town of Germany in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, and dutcby of Bre- men, with n fortress, a collcpe and three churches It is the principal town of the dntchy, subject to the elector of Hanover ; Bremen, the capital, brinpr a free imperial town. It is the se.it of the repepcy, and chief courts of justice of the diitcliies of Bremen and Verden ; and is seated on the Swinpel, near its confluence with the Elbe, 22 miles W of Hamburpr, and 45 N E of Brem n. Lon. 9 17 E, lat. 53 36 N. Siadthcgfti a town of Germany, in the circle of Westnhalia, and county of Schanenberp. Here is a palace in the parden of which is a mineral sprinp. It is eipht miles E of Minden. Lon. 9 14 E, lot. 52 24 N. Stnfarday a town of Piedmont, in the msrquisate of Salnzzo, seated on tho Po, with a rich abbey. It is fantous for a victory pained by the French, in 1690, over the duke of Savov. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 44 54 N. Staffa, a famous island of Scotland, >»■ :. , ST A S T A S T A !t»ey j abotit lOmileg Jf lilt' MP, iiiul alioMt tlie ■i W (if Newark, on tlie al Miiv riAt-r. ■I post town in Homp. irpiiiiu ; sitiiBtrd on tlie Koiitli brni cli ol Potnw. W bv N of Wimlies- U S W ofOlil-towii, own of Silesin, in tlie paw, willi Willis fiiii'.Vfd 1 H strong cBstlp. It is confliienrc (if tin- B' bar milc8 S W of GlnpuiT. lat. 51 40 N. a lonjif sickle-sbaped pro. rkshire, at tbe N E en- loiith of tbe Hi nber, on thouse. Lon. U 15 E, Int. 'pisropal town of Ncplea, eriore. It was fcrmerlf now 11 small place, sent- 'lone, rear a piilf of tlie miles S W of St. Seve- 40 K, lat. 39 3 N. \,Telo, at town of Germ*. Iiopric of Liepe, with a bey, whose abbot is a empire. Here is a ma- eather, which is sent to It is, seated on the Recht, r Limbiirg. Lon. 6 5 E, n of Germany in the cir- RXony, and tliitcby of Bre- fnrtre«s, a college and 4 It is the principal town stihjert to the elector of •men, the capital, bring il town. It is the seat of 11(1 chief courts of justice ? of Bremen and Vetden ; on the Swingel, near its ih the Elbe, 22 miles W and 45 N E of Brem n. at . 53 36 N. a town of Germany, in Westnhalia, and county rg. Here is a palace in ^vhicb is a mineral spring. PS E of Minden. Lon. 9 24 N. town of Piedmont, in the Sabizzo, seated on th(? cb abbey. It is tnmoiis •ained by the French, in ? duke of Savov. Lon. 7 54 N. nous island of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, a little to the W i (if Mull. It is one mile long, and half a mile broad. 'I he whole S VV end is supported by ranges of natural pillars inostl\ ;ih()vc 50 feet high, standing in colnrd -s, according as the bays or points of l.ind fnrni llu-mseives upon a (irm basis of solid Midiirnied rock, above tlioe, the stratum wliicli reaches to the soil or sur'acc of the island, varied in thirkness, as is the island itself for- med into hills and vallies ; eac!i hill, which hangs over the columns below, forming an ample pediment ; some of these above 60 feet in thickness, from the base to the point, formed by tbe sloping of the hill on each side, almost into the shape of those used in archi- (ectiire. Here is also a cavern, called Fin-ma-ci>ul, or Fingal's Cave, which extends 2.50 f^et under ground. Its entrance is a natural arch, more than 100 feet high ; it is supported on each side by ranges of columns, and roofed by the fragments of others that have been broken off in forming it. The rnind can hardly form an idea more magnifi- cent than stich n space, supported on each side by ranges of c.ilunins ; and roofed by the bottoms of those, which have been broken off in order to form it; between the angles of which ayel- lovir stalagmitic matter has exuded, which serves to define the angles pre- cisely ; and at the same t'mc vary the colour with a great deal of elegance, .nnd to render it still more agreeable, the whole is lighted from without ; so that the farthest extremity is very plain- ly seen from without, and the air with- in be'iig appVated by the flux and re- flux of the tides, is perfectly dry and wholesome, free entirely from the damp vajiours with which natural caverns in general abound. This island is every where supported by bnsaltie rocks and jiillars, superior in beauty and gran- deur to those which form the Giants Causeway in Ireland. r>tnffi'lstein, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, and bishopric of Bamberg, situate on the Lantcr, 16 miles N N E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 12 E, lat 50 l.-i N. St,:^ori!, a borough and the county- town of Staffordshire, with a market on Saturday. It has two parish church- es, and a fine square market place, in wliirh is the shire hall, and under il the niai'ket-hoMse. It is governed by a m.iyor, sends two members to parlia- ment, and is seated on a plain Imtinded by rising ground, at a very liltie dis- tance from the river Siw, o\.r wliieli^ there is i bii(l(,-e. 14 miles N \V of Litchfield, and 135 N VV of Loiulo;i. Lon. 24 VV. lat, 57 48 N. Staffordshire, a cdiinty of Enp,land,.55 miles long and 4* bmad. This is :i lung and narrow tract of country, ernHng in apoint at the N and S extreniitifs, Imy ing to th<-' VV the counties of C'lester and Salop ; to the R those of Dirhy and Warwick : and to the S VVtirces- tershire. The rivtrs Dove and Trent form a natural bmnidary on the Di'r- bvshire side; on the other si'lvs it has no remarkable limits. It lies in the diocese of Litchf:rld and Coventrv j contains five hundreds, one citv, 17 market-towns, anrl 130 parishes ; rind sends 10 members top.irliament. Tho N part of Stairordshire, called the Moorlands, is a wild hilly eoiuilrv, resembling the adjacent Pevbyslilre. The valley along wliieh the Trent glides is for the most part very feriile and beautiful, .idorned with scats and plantations, and a'liirding a variety of beautiful prospects. Tlio mid'He and S parts of tbe county in general are agree- ably diversified with wood, jKisture, and arable. The great fiu-est of Cank or Cannock, in the centre, once covered ivith oaks, is now, and h.TS long been, a wide naked tract. At the S e-.tre- mity the Clent-hills, Hnirlcy, and its neighbourhood, are well known for the more romantic beauties which thevpos- sess. Coal is abundant in various parts of Stafierdshire ; particul.irly in the moorlands and the neighbourhood of Newcastle ; and also iiboiit VV'.lver- hatnptou, at Bilston and Wediieshiirv, whence Birmingham is chieHy snjipli. ed with its fuel. The N and S parts also contain much iron ore. This county has long been noted, and is now parti- cularly famous, for its potteries j t!ie chief scat of which is near Newca.stlo, in a line of villages extending about 10 miles. The S extreniitv of the county is enlivened by various branches of the hardware manufacture, in which it participates with tbe neiirhbouring Bir- mingham. The trade of this co'inlyisin a peculiar manner assisted by the g-a'-.d system of canal navigstion, of wh'ch it is, as it were, tbe centre, and which is carried through its whole length. The grand tnint- as it has been inircni- ouslv termed, enters tlie north of the S T A S T A county from Cheshire, and after pierc- ing; ti!irccut>il|;-hill, hy a iublcrranc- uuii puiiitugc of » mile iMid a half in Iciif^h, puajcs tlirim|rii the potteriesi and lIuMice HouthwHrds acruiis the Trent almost to Litchfield, from whence it turns Hhort over thu i'rcnt a^^uin, und over the Dove, in its wuy to mix with the Trent at VVildcn-furry. From tlie nei^hbourlimKl of Stutlbrdit ncnds oil'a branch, which runs directly south- wards by I'inkridge, and near Wolvcr- humpton, to join the Severn near Kid- derminster. With this a canal from Bir- mingham and another from Stouroridj^c communicate- Tims the ^rcav ports of Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull, arc all accessible to the various products .'ind manufactures of StaHurdMhirc. Tite principal rivers are the Trent, Dove, Sow, Cliurnet, Stour, Peak and Many- fold. Stdffurth. a to^vn of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and principa- lity of AnhMt Bernburi^', 21 miles T. S '.V of M;t{ydeburg. Lon. 11 4J li, hit. 51 55 N. Stagira, a town of Turkey, in Europe, in Mucedonia, seated on tiie gulf of Contessa. It is remarkable for being the birthplace of Aristotle, whence he is called the Stagirite. It is now cnllcd Lyba K. a, and is 16 miles from Con- tessa. Lon. 22 48 K, lat. 41 15 S. St.igr.o, a seaport of Ragusan Dalma- tia, with a bisliop's see, seated on a peninsula, in the gulf of Venice, 30 miles N \V of Ragusa. Lon. 17 50 E, lat. 43 12 N. Stain, a town of Austria, seated on t'tc Danube, over wliich is atoll-bridge, 65 nnlcs W of Vienna. Lon. 15 E, lat. -13 11 N. St iJiis, a town in Middlesex, with a m:irket on Friday, seated on the Thames, over which is a stone bridge. At some distance above the bridge, at Coin Ditch, is the London Mark Stone, vrhicii is the unriont boundary to the jurisdiction of the city of London on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. Stains is 17 miles W by S of Loiul m. Lon. 25 \V, lat. 51 27 N. Sta/hri.'^c, a town in Dorsetshire, with a MKiilcet on I'uesday, and a ma- nufacture of stocking.'*. Here is an ancient cross of <«icstone, 21 feet high, rn a base of eii^-ht feet. It is 20 miles .N by E of Dorsetshire, and lU \V by S of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 50 57 N. Staliviene. See Ixmnot. Statnfnrd, a borough in Lincolnslili t, with a market i/n Monday f nd Frulu), yituktcd at the most souUiern part di the country, on the Welland, wliich it navigable hence. It is a large old town, which formerly ixisscsseda uni- versity, and has a good trade, pariicu. larly in malt and free-stone. It teiuU two members to parliament, ia govern- ed by a mayor, and has six paritU churches. It is 26 miles N of Huntni^- don, and 96 N by W of London. Lun. 31 W, lat. 52 42 N. Staii\f'ord, a post town in Fairfield county, Connecticut, on a small stream tliat runs into Long Island .S()und, 20 miles S W of Fairbeld, and 44 N E of New York. The township hus 4363 inhabitants. "^ Stampatio, an island of the A~chipe- lago, 60 miles W of Hhodcs, and Z7 from the coast of Matulia. It is li miles long, and five broad, almost witiiout inhabitants, and wants fresii water. Staiichio, a fertile island of the Ar- chipelago, near the coast of Natolia, 13 miles N E of Stampalio, and 40 N W of Rhodes. It is the ancient Cos, tlie birthplace of Hippocrates and Anpel- les i and is 23 miles long, anu 10 broad. The capital, of the sarqc name, is well built, and seated at the foot of a mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and near a good harbour. Lon. 26 54 E| lat. 36 45 N. Stamlitli, a small post town in Cum- berland county, Maine, on the E side of Sacu rivsr, 25 miles N \V of Port- land. Standon, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Friday, eight miles N of Hertford, and 27 of London. Lon. 5 E, ht. 51 56 K. Stanmore, a dreary district in the E angle of Westmoreland, of the most savage aspect, and which has been de- scribed in poetry and romance. Here ' s a fragment of Rerecross, set up as a ooundary between England and Scot- land, when Cumberland belonged to the latter. Stanhope, a town in tlie county of Durham, with a market on Tuesday, 20 miles W of Durham, and 2&>/ N of London. Lon. 2 W, lat. 54 4ft N. Stanky, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles S of Gloucester, and 104 W of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. 51 40 N. Stanmore, Great, a village in Middle- S T A Ixirmi^li iu Liiicolnklilit, t v" Monday ^ml Fiula), t most HoiiUiei'li part oi n tlic VVclluiid, which i« ice. It it a \urgc olj urmerly iNtntcstecra uni- »s a ffuod traite, purticu. ml t'rec-Htdiie. It wmU to purliaiiiciit, is govern- lyiu', and huv six parith I 26 niiirs N ui' Huntin);. by VV i)f Londuii. Luti. 52 43 N. post town in Fairfield cticut, oil a small stream Long Island .Sound, 20 Fairfield, and 44 N E uf The tovwnsbip has 4362 1 10 island of the Archipe- W of Khodfs, and 37 It of Matulia. It is li luid five broad, almost )itantB, and wauts fresii fertile island of the Ar r the coast uf Natolia, II Stampalio, ai)d 40 N W t is the ancient Cos, tlie Hippocrates and AnpeU 23 rniles lon$, anu 10 apital, ofthe a*n}c name, and seated at the foot of . the bottom of a bay, and larbour. Lon. 26 54 E, imall post town in Cum- y, Maine, on the £ side , 25 miles N W of Port- town in Hertfordshire, on Friday, eight miles I'd, and 27 of London. t. 51 56 K. dreary district in the £ tmoreland, of the most and wliirh has been de> try and romance. Here [>f Rerecross, set up as a irecn England and Scot- umberland belonged to town in tlie county of I a market on Tuesday, ' Durham, and i64, N of . 2 W, lat. 54 4ft N. )wn in Glouccstcrsiiire, on Saturday, 1? miles S and 104 W of London, lat. 51 40 N. real, a village in Middle* S T A lex i here if & bill, which it tn ytff ilevated, thul the trees upon il are • Hcuinarlc front the German Urean. St.vttnort, Little. See tVhitchurch. Stimlon, a town in Lincolnshire, with a marktw on M.mituy, 16 miles fi of Lincoln, and 129 N of London. Lon. UJW, lat. 5altf K. Siantz, a town oi' Swisserland, capi- tttl ofthe canton of Underwalden, It in tcated in ■ plain at the foot of the Slanzberg, near the lake of Lucern, 29 miles S of Zaric. Lun. tt 22 E, lat. 46 il N. 5(ci ui'.y, a ibrt of North America, in New York, seated near the source of the Mehanlc river, 60 miles N W of Albany. Lon. 75 15 VV, tat. 43 15 N. Staraia Rutta, a town of Hussia, in tlie government of Novogorod, seated Oil the river Holish, near the lake II- men, 40 miles S by E of Novogurod. Lon. a 2 E, lat. 57 40 N. Starjfitrd., ». town of Germany in Up- per Saxouy, in Prussian Pomerania, with a college, and the ruins of a cas- tle. It ii.is manufactures of serges, shalooiifl, tammies, druggets, &c. and is seated on the Ihna, 18 miles S E of Sletin., an^l 37 N VV of Landsperg. Liin. 25 8 E, lat. 53 32 N. Stiirgdrd, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, 30 miles dis- tant fnirh New Brandenburg. Stari Point, a proin'Mitory of DeVort- H'lirc, in the English Channel, 14 miles S bv VV of Dartmouth. Lon. 3 51 W, l:iC, 'iO 9 N. Staten Island, an island' of North Ame- nc:i, which firms the county of Rich- iiiond in the state of New Yoi'k. It is 18 miles long, and six broad, and con- ':iiiis ni>wai-ds of 3000 inhabitants. Oh liic S .lide is a considerable tract of level land ; but, in general, this island U riin^h, and the hills high. Rich- mond It iti only town of any not«, and iliMis .1 poor inuonsiflcviible place, tlie in'.i'fii'uints are chieflv French and D'ltcli. Sriten Land, a b iiTcn craggy island, ill x\u\ P:icitic Ocean, in 55° .S lat. lie- t veen this isliind and Terra del Fuego it tiie sti'uit of [.e Maire. iV.(toA'/r», a p'lsi town in Claremont- i-'r.inty, Soilii Carolina, 3t miles F. of ColiMDijia, and about sis due east of S;ir)t'_'e river. :>t iteahu-y, a Host town in Diito!iess • >nity, No»v Vork ; 34'^ mires Twin iV.Hhh.t:n. S T Statetrille, a port town in IretleH county. North Carolina, 24 miles W bjr S of Salisbury, and 58 of Salem, a Mora- vian town in the same direction. Stavmger, an episcopal town in Nor* way, in the province of Bcrgvn, capital of a territory ofthe same iiami-, with ■ harbour, h is seated on a peninsula, near the fortress of Dnswitk, 75 mileit 9 of Bergen. Lon. 5 45 E, Fat. 59 6 N. Stavtren, an ancient sca|M)rt oftlie United Provinces, iu Friesland, formcr- Iv a considerable town, but now mu«h decayed, the harboTir being choked u|> witli sand. It it seated on the Zuider- zee, eight miles W fif Sl(H>ten, and M N E of Enchuysen. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. I 52 54 N. ' StauLhach, a ot^cbrafed cataract of Swisserland, near the villatpc of Lau* terbrunn, in the canton of Bern, which falls down a rock, 93U feet higli with such impetuosity, as to resolve itself into a fine s])ruv, wliieli, viewed iit soihc p.irticulUr siiiuilinns, resembles a cloud of dust. The rouKng noise \t makes is accompanied by a tempest, occasioned by the violent agitation of the air, excited by the rapidity of th« full. Hence it derives its name: the word Staubbacb, in Giirman, signifying; a s])ring of (lust. The brook whiu& fbrms this torrent is named the Kupfer- Baehlein, or Rivulet of Copper. Stauefin, a town of Germany in tli» circle ofSuabia, and subject to Austria. Lon. 7 44 E, lat. 48 55 N. Stauffenburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, 10 mile* from Wetzlar. Staunt6n, the capital of Augusta couiw ty, Virginia, and a post town j situated on a branch ofthe Slicnandoa Rlvev, 12 miles VV of Waynesboro', 42 miles of Monticello in the same course, .'nul 95 S VV of Winchester. It is seated in a fertile valley, .ind E, Lit. •»4 r.) N. 4 Staunton, a town of North America in ViriVinia, on t!ic i-ivor Potomac, otV tni!':-s VV N VV of Charlottesville. St C'liirsvillf, a post town in JefTet'- ■j'ji! county. Ohio j sitiiat(«loigi:t m\lc% S T E S T E W of WhcclinK'. anil 34 S W of Mid- (llciuwii, in \Vi.>liiiigloii ciiiiiily, I'ciiii- «vlviiniii S/lli :i liuili'jiir ;^H null 1 S S \V (.ICi.1)ci\Ikiki'M. Ldm. IJ .'U K, Jut, .Sj J N. Slicnheifien, u Ntrimjr (own of Diilcli l)r:il).iii<, ill till' iiiai'(|<;is:iir of Utij^t'ii- (i|)-)^oi)iii ll Ikih II ('(iiiiiii'niciirKiii with tlif Maisr, mill is .sr\.ii milfH N ol l^;■l•^';l ii-op-iCooiii, iiir.l 17 VV ol llrctlu. Lirn. 4::HK, 111'. 51 M N. Sire hfi-, u town ol' Norway, in the pro^ilu•l• of Dior.tliL-ini. Li) N. .Sn-iii^iri; II villuK'i! of Austrian Main- atilt, (i.nioim f r tin- x ictory olitiiiiicd over William III, in 10'.12, l>y tlie cliiko (>f I.iixi'iiihtir^ It is Ij niilcii N ot Mohs, iiiul 10 ^V' III Hi'iissfU. iiti'cin-Jid; a htnnij,'' town of the Uni- tfil Provinces, in 0\ff)s;iol, seated on till- livcf Aa, '20 niiks S E of Slooten, and ii'2 N of Uevcnttf. Lon. 5 50 E, lut. 52 50 N. S'te;;rhiii^', a seai'ort of Sweden, in £ Goililanil, HLiitcl on the Baltic, 25 miles S (if Nikopli {f, ami 8,2 S VV of Stockiiolm Lon. lb tO E, hit. 5a 16 N. Stfiit, a town of Swisserlanil, in the caiit;M of Znric. It is seated on tiie lihiiic, where it issues fioni the laki; of Conytance, commanding' a Jelii^htful pro.spect, and is 15 niilea W of Con- .slance. and 15 N E of Ziiric. Lon. 8 4!! E, lat. 47 42 N, SU'inau, a town of Bohemia, in Silesia, and capital of a circle. Lon. 16 5U E, hit 5:2;: N. StviyJ'urt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. It has ;.n ucade- liiv, and is stated on the Veelit, 16 miles N W of Mmister. Lon. 7 41 E, lal. 12 15 N. i'.'c/'t/K'/))!, a town of Germany, in tlie electorate of Mentz, seated on :■ hill, near the river Maine, with a castle, nine miles from Francfort. Lon. 8 54 E, l;.l 4ii 52 N. Stv.'.e, a town of Denmark, on tlic N coast of the isle of Mom , with a castle. It is; Iniost sturounded l)v a lake. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 55 4 M. ^ivinij, a forlitied town of France, in the department of Meiisc, and late diitchy of Bar, seated on the river Meii'^e, 24 miles N hv W of Verdun. Lot). J I'.i K. lat 50 28 N. S/cnJ,i/, a town of Germany, in the Rianiiiibalc ct Braiii'.tiib ir;^-, and sub- ject lo I'ruimia. Lon. 12 6 E, lui. ^ 41 N. Striiiiit, a village in the iiluiiil ,,( Oikne). At tlin place, hctwetn Kill- Wall and Slroniniiis,isucuriouiiLriil|^(, or cauhevvay, aciosii a nuirow link ot land, hi'twirii two lakes. At tic tml o| tins caiisi vva), some st' iiri i> iiisliinjc tiiU)>nitiiile, and 20 feet lo^li, liu\c lieen creeled ; aijil there xre 11 uny liiif^c masbes of btoiit: in the iici^lihuiii. i.oi.il, vimihir tu btunchcngc, uii Sulii- hiiry Main. Slefiiiey, a villaj^r E of London, ar.n alliiOiit conti}{iioiiS to it. Its )'iiiis|i was of such extent, that it wan (livid, ed into six, and it is one of the lai-gesl in the bills of mortality, itteniLer^, u town of Germany in tlic circle of Upper Saxony, in the marqui- sate of Brandcnbiii'if. It carries on a (fieat commerce in cuttle, and iv aOniilci N E of Kraiicfort on the Oder, Lon. 15 11 E, lat. 52 30 N, Siernbrrg, u town of Germany in tlic circle of Lower Siixonv, 16 miles S E of Wisinar, Lon. 11 50 E, lat 5345N. Sititiii.gen, a town of Germany, in tlie Tyrol, seated at the f()ot cf u moiir(j. ' It canics on a rce ill cuttle, and is iOniilts itfuit on tlie Oder. Lon. 52 30 N. I town of Germany in tlic wcr Suxonv, 16 miles S E Lon. 11 50 E, lat J3 45N. , II town of Germany, in seated at the foot (,f a the river Evsoch, 12 nults en. iiettin, a seaport Germany, of V\>\>er Saxoii}, capi- liaii Ponieraniu, and of a E same nume, with a cas- tloiirishing place, and car- isiderahle Irado. In IT'jS, 'tV town was hunit down I |j. ?. It is seated on tliu le i N by E of Berlin, and icforl. Lon. 14 o8 E, lat a town in Hertfordshire, set on Friday, 12 miles N •rcford, and 31 N hy W ot on. 10 \V, lilt. 51 59 N. J, a post town in Freder- Virginia, 10 miles N E g, and eight S VV of VViii- f, a town in Culpepper ,nnia; 38 miles N W of ksbiirg on the Ksppahaii- 3 W by S of Washington . ■ office. le, a post town in Jcfierson lio; sitviatcd on the W iiio river. 23 miles N ol and 64 W by S of Pitts; :, 40° 25' N, and lon. UO iPurifir Ocean, discovrrccl by ciptftin Hunter in 1791, and named by him in iKiniiiir of admiral Keith Stewart. Lon IflJ 18 E, lat, 8 26 S. S'inaiirUlmvn, A small town of Scot Innil in the county of Ayr, 14 miles N N E of Ayr. StezviirMrnvn, an inconsiderable town oflrelnnd, in the county of Tyrone, fin- miles N N E of Dimjfannon. Sleiiiiing, a bc>roiit;li in Sussex, with a market on Weilnesdny. It sends two members to parliament, and is 15 miles W of Lewes, ami 51 S bv W of London. Lon. 15 W, lat. 50 5f> N Sttyre, a town of Upper Austria, and rjimrfcr of Traun. It carries on u great trade in iron, and is seated at the con- Hiience of the Stcyre and Ens, 20 miles S E of Lintz. Lon. 1 23 E, lat. 48 r. N. Steyrcgg, n town of Germany in the arcluliitchy of Austria, .16 miles F. S F, of Paiissau, and H 4 \V of Vienna. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 40 15 N. St. George's, a post tOM-n in New Casile comity, Delaware, on the N su'.o of St. George's creek, ten miles S of New Castle, and nine N of Cunt- 'vcll's. Stickhausen, a town and citadel of Germany in VVcstpiialia, and county of E Frie.sland, 18 miles E S E of Einb- den. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 53 14 N Stiligiano, a. town of Naples, in Ba- silicata, famous for its baths, and seat- ed near the river Salandrell.i. Stilhi'titer, a post town in Saratoga coimty. New York ; situated on the . W side of Hudson river, 16 miles N ' of Troy, 15 E of Ball-town, and 21 N . of Albany. Stilton, a town in Hunting'donshire, | wliich gives name to a rich kind of | cheese. It is 14 miles S by E of Stam- ford, and 75 N by E of London. Stirid, a dutchy of Germany, in the «irclc of Austria, bounded on the N by the archdutchy of Austria, on the E by Hungary, on the S by Carniol.i, and on the W by Carinthia and Saltzhiirg. It is 125 miles ' long, and contains 200,000 inhabitants. Though a moun- tanious country, there is much l.ind fit f»r tillage, and the soil is fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak, beech, and pine ; every kind of grain is well cultivated, and the white wine 13 very plcas.int. It contains mines of t«nt« »re nealous wi>rsli!p|X'ri of ths Virgin Mary. Oral/, is tlic capital. Stirli ig, the capital of Stirlingshirr, situated on the S side of the Forth, on a hill, which rising tVoin the E, teriiiin. ates abruptly in a sterp rock, the site of the castle, rcscnibliiig, on a siinlli-r scale, the appcaraiue of Kdinbiirgh. The castle ii of great aiititjuity, but !(• origin is not c.\acl') known. The Scot- tish kings often resided here, and hU most the whole minority of J :,ines VI. was spent here, under his tutor Due- haiian. In the Inst rebellion, it wuh successfully 'letcndeth, that sliipi of the largest burden can approach tlie qu-iy, which is very large, and lined with spacious buildings. Towards the sea, about two or three miles from the town, the harbour is contracted in- to a narrow strait, and winding among high rocks disappears from the sight ; and the prospect is terminated by dis' tant hills overs]>rcad witli forest. It is far beyond the jjower of words, or of the pencil, to delineate these singular views. The central island, from which the city derives its name, and the Rit- terholm, are the handsomest parts of the town. At the extremity of the harbour, several strpets rise one above another, in the form of an amphithea- tre ; and the royal palace, a magnifi- cent building, crowns the summit. Except in the suburbs, where several houses are of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildings are of brick. There ave here an academy of sciences, and an arsenal. Stock- holm is 200 miles N E of Copenhagen, and 900 N E of London. Lon. 18 9 E, lat. 59 20 N. Stocl-port, a town in Cheshire with a market on Friday. It has a considera- ble manufacture of cotton and printed gootls, and is seated on the Mersey, six miles S of Manchester, and 175 N N W of London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. 55 33 N. Stocitan, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Wednes- day. It has a large manufacture of sailcloth, a trade in lead, corn, and butter, and is noted for its good .ile. It is seated on the river Tees, not far from its mouth, 18 miles S S £ of Durham, and 444 N bv W of London. Lon. 1 6 W, lat. 54 38 N. Stockzmu, a town of Bohemia, in Si- lesia, in the principality of '."eschen, seated on the Vistula, 12 miles S E of Teschen. Lon. 18 32 E, lat. 49 45 N. Stoke, a village in Dorsetshire, near which in 1750, some antic|uitics were dug up. Stoke, a village in Norfolk, S £ of Downham, with a fair in December, and a ferry on the Stoke, which is navi- gable to it from the Ouse. S T O S T O S T O rless rocks of granite, rising m the stirface of the water, e and partly craggv, a-ul part- with Jjouses, or feathered I. The harbour is an inlet tic ; the water is as clear as ind of such depth, that sliipj ^est burden can approacli the ich is very large, and lined cious buildings. Towards bout two or three miles from , the harbo\ir is contracted in- )W strait, and winding among ts disappears from thesiglit; prospect is terminated by dis- overspread witli forest. It is d tlie power of words, or of 1, to delineate these singular riie central island, from whicli lerives its name, and the Rit- are the handsomest parts of [1. At the extremity of the several streets rise one above in the form of an amphithca- [ the royal palace, a magnifi- ilding, crowns the summit, n the suburbs, where several re of wood, psuntcd red, the ty of the buildings are of There are here an academy ces, and an arsenal. Stock. 200 miles N E of Copenhagen, N E of London. Lon. 18 9 E, SN. ort, a town in Cheshire with a on Friday. It has a considera- ufacture of cotton and printed ind is seated on the Mersey, s S of Manchester, and 175 N ■ London. Lon. 2 18 W, lat. on, a town in the county of I, with a market on Wednes- , has a large manufacture of I, a trade in lead, corn, and and is noted for its good ale. ited on the river Tees, not far » mouth, 18 miles S S E of II, and 444 N bv W of London. 6 W, lat. 54 38 N. i(nu, a town of Bohemia, in Si- 1 the princip.illty of '."eschen, on the Vistula, 12 miles S E hen. Lon. 18 32 E, lat. 49 45 N. , a village in Dor.setshire, near n 1750, some antiquities were , a village in Norfolk, S 6 of am, witl\ a fair in December, ;rry on the Stoke, which isnavi- it from the Ouse. Stoie, a village in Suffolk. Its church which is situated on a hill, has a tower 120 feet hiiyli, and is a land- mark to ships that pass the mouth of the harbour of Harwich, at 13 miles distance. Stiiie, or Stole Pages, a village in Buckinghamsliire, four miles N N E of VVincisor, Its churchyard was tiie scene of Gray's celebrated Elegy. StokewDier, a town in .Somersetshire, 26 miles W of Wells, and 152 W by S of London. Stoke Dabernon, a village in Surry, witli sulphureous springs. Stokealey, a town in the N riding of Yorksliire, with a market on Saturday, ."36 miles N of York, and 2.59 N by W of London. Lon. 1 2 W, lat. 54 29 N. Stotberg, a town of Germany, in Up- per Saxony, in Tluu-ingia, capital of a county of the same name. It has a cas- tle, where the count resides, and is seater". in a valley between two moun- tain.. 10 miles N of Nordliausen, and 58 N W of Leipsic. Lon. 11 8 E, lat 31 42 N. Stothoffeit, a town of Germany, in Su- abia, in tlie marqursate of Baden, seat- ed in a morass, near the Kliiiie, eight miles S W of Baden, and 12 N E of Strasburg. Lon. 8 10 E, lat,. 48 41 N. Stalpen, a town of Germany, in Up ))er Saxony, in Prussian Pomerania, seated in a v.iUey, on a river of the same name, 50 miles N E of Colberg, and 66 N W of Dantzic. Lon. IS 85 E, lat. 54 32 N. Stent, a town in Staflbrdshire, with a market on Tuesday, seated on the Trent, seven miles N by W of Stafford, and 140 N VV of London. Lon. 2 6 VV, lat. 52 54 N. Stoneham, North, a village in Hants, seated on tlie Itchen, three miles N E of Southampton. lu its church is an elegant monument erected in 1783 to tlie memory of Admiral Huwke, Stonehenge, a remarkable heap of stiMies, on Salisbury Plain, six miles N E of Salisbury. It consists of several very large stones, placed on one ano- ther ; and is supposed to have been a temple of the ancient Druids, because it is in a circular form, and seems to have been much more regular than it appears to be at present. It has puz- zled many diligent inquirers to account for the laying of those enormous stones qae upon auvthei' jtw Ui^y u'e so l^c>i- vy, that it is thought no method now known is sui^'cient to have raised those tliat lie across, to that height. Stowha've)!, the county town of Kin- cardineshire, Scotland j with a good harbour secured by a stone pier. Near it stands Dunnoter castle on a lofty per- pendicular rock, almost surrounded by the sea. Not far hence, is a |)recipitou3 cliff, called Fowl's Heugh, reniarkablo for tlie resort of the birds called kltti- wake.s, the young of which are thought a jlelicacy and ^re much soiMHit after in the hatching season. In this town is a manufacture of canvass and sonic trade in dried fish and oil. It is 14 miles S by VV of Aberdeen. Stoiiiiigton, a post town in New Lon- don county, Connecticut ; lying on Long Island S.iund, 15 miles eastward of New London, and near the W line of Rhode Mand; in lat. 41° 30' N, and long. 72° W. The township contained 5437 souls at hist enumeration. Sturiau, a. town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 24 miles E S E of Berlin, and 26 W S W of Frankfort on the Odor. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 52 24 N. 5(onnrtna, a principality in the dutcliy of Holstein, bounded on the N by Hoi. stein Proper, on the E by Wageria and Lawenburg, and on the S and \V by Lunenburg and Bremen, from which it is separ.ited by the Elbe. Gluck- stadt Is the capital. Stornaivay, a town of Scotland in the isle of Lewis. It has a harbour called Loch Stornaway, on the E side of the N division of the isLmd. Stort/onl, or BUhnfi's Stortfonl, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Thursday, It is seated on the side of a hill, on the river Stort, which has been made navigable hence to the Lea. On the E side are the ruins of a castle, on an artificial mount. It is 12 miles N E of Hertford, and 30 N of London. Lon. 12 E, lat. 51 55 N. Stossen, a town of Germany in Upper Saxony, six miles S of Wcisscnsels, and six S E of Naniburg. Stour, a river which rises on t.ie most nortlierly point of Dorsetshire, on the edge of Wiltshire, and after washing Stourminster, and Blandford, Hows to the Hampshire border, and enters the sea at Christ-church. Stour, a sm.iU stream in Kent, which rises in the Wealk, Howsbv Canterbu- ry, and empties itself into the sen below bW-lwivli. S T O S T R Stow, the most considerable river in Suffolk, whicli forms the eiitii'e boun- dary between Essex and Suffolk, wu- tcring Clare, Sudbury, Nayland, utul Manuiiit^tree, and being joined by the Orwell an huh of the sea from Ipswich, at whicli place it reCvi'-'.-s the Gipping, it fulls into the .tea, and forms the har hour of llarwicb. Stour, a river in StaHlirdshire, which runs through the S ang-le of that coun ty in its course to meet the Severn, in Worcestershire. Stourbridge, a town in Worcester shire, with a market on I'riday. This town is noted for its jyhiss and irov. w>rkj, J and is seated on the Stoi.r, over which is a bridge, 21 miles N of Wor- cester, and 124 N W of London. I. on. 2 W, hit. 32 32 N. Sunirbri ige, or Sturbich, R field near Cambridge, famous for an annual fair on the 7tli of September, which conti- nues a fortni({ht. This fair is under the jurisdiction of tin; university of Canihrii._ "^ : and the commodities arc horses, hops, iron, v.ood, Icatiicr, cheese, &c. Stottrmiitster, a town in Dor.sctshirc, willi a market on 'Ihursday, noted for the ruins of an ancient, castle, in its ti- cinity, which was the seat of the W Saxon kings. It is se.itcd on the Stour over which is a stone brid;fe, 20 miles N E of Dorchester, and 111 W by Sof London Lon. 2 37 W, hit. 50 56 N. Stdurport, a considerable village in AVorce.stershire where the Staliiird- sliire and Worrester canal joins the Se- vern, is a place in a manner created and from a plain field is becouie a thriv- ing an;l very busy centre of inland wa- ter c.trriage. It has a »tone bridge over the Severn finished in 1775, and is four miles S of Kidderminster. Stoia, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Thursi'.ay. Some call it Slow on tiin Would ; and it is not only seated on a bleak hill, but is des- titute of wood and water It is 11 miles Sof Campdcn, and 77 W bv N of London. Lon. 1 50 W, hit. 51*54 N SuAjey, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday, seven miles W I)y N of Bridg< water,' .nd 145 W !>)• s"of London. Lon. 3 9 W, lat. 51 10 N. Stow Mariei, a town in Sufl'olk, witli a market on Thursday. It is seavvfd be- tween the branches of the Gip|)ingand tDi-wcll, uiid iiiUi a n.ivij^abic cut tu Ips- wich. Its cherries arc tlioiight to be the finest in England, and it has a large manufacture of woollen stuflis. It is 12 mil^s N W of Ipswich, and 75 N N E of London. Lon. 1 ti C, lat. 52 16 N, Strabane, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, situate miles S E \V of Purina. Lun. See Pas de Calatt. if the Kttlicrlands, irland, five miles S on. 5 57 £, kt 51 p seaport of Upper ill Pomerania. In d ti > tlie elector of r lUOO houses had ight. Cliurlcs XII. ler after his rctvirn Sweden not being inst five great pow- 1 submit in 1715. In :d to Sweden, b\it ition. It is almost Qaltic, and the lake i harbour separated Liigcn by a narrow Ics N W of GripE. of Gustrow. Lon. N. ritime town of Ire- of Uoun, seated on ncl that connects with the Irish Sea, nvn. Lon. 5 30 VV, , a dvipp inlet of the of Down, on the E contains 54 islands id many others that burning of Kelp a great number of ids. Four of them mds, from the nuni- frccpicnt them. It I live broad, and n- nt iish, particularly bar, abunt Augri.st, rring fishery. The :o li fro.n the IriHlv * below Stranfffoitl. >rough in Wigton- )rh Il>an. It ha.s a 1, and is ci)fht miles 1. 5 15 W, Ul. 35 X. Siiatberg, a town and iordship of Sn- Mm, 18 miles E of Uotw-sli, and 19 W yl'Huchau. Suaiburg, a commt cial city of France, in the dcpartr.cnt of Lower Klilne, and late province: of Alsace. It n situate a quarter of a league from tlic Rhine; and tlie river III runs tlirniigh it, and forms muny eauHls. Tliero are six bridges of eoiiimunica- tiim between the dilferent quarters of the city ; and the inhabilants, exclusive of the garrison, are computed to be 46,000. The principal structures -mc made of a red stone, dug from the quar- ry, which arc along tiie Khinc. 'I'his town formerly imperial, was tak<-n by Lewis XIV. iii 1631. The citadel and iiirtilioutions, which he constiucted, have been so much augmented, that Sirioburg may be consiilertil :w one of tlie strongest places in Europe. It wan c'infirmed to France by the peace of Ry.swick. in 1697. The town is enlei-ed by six gates. Before the French revo- lution it was an archiepiscopal see. In ilic cathedral is a clock which shews tlie motions of the constellations, tlie revolutions of the sun aiul moon, the (lays of the weeks, the hours, &c. Auo- ilicr remarkable circumstance in this cathedral is its pyraniidical tower, wiiich is 549 feet high. Here is u school of Hrtillery, and, in one of the Lutheran churches the mausuleum of Marshal Saxc. Strasburg is 55 miles N (if Brasil, and "255 E of Paris. Lun. 7 51E, lat. 48 35 N. Sirathurr, a strong town of Western Prussia, in Culm, with a castle. It was ol'tcii taken and retaken in tlie war be- tween the Swedes and Poles, and is seated c:i the Drigentz, 30 miles from Thnni. Lon. 18 nj E, lat. 5J 5 N. Straiburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Uckcr marche of Bran- •k'liburg, 12 miles N of Prenzio, and i6 N of Berlin. Lon. 13 43 E, lat. 53 38 N. Strnttiurg, a post town in Fr.iiiklin c'liinly, Pennsylvania. 10 miles N \V of Chambcrsburg, 13 W of Shippensburg, and .i3 E of Dcilford. ■S'tnuburg, a post town in Lancaster foiiiiiy, Peniisylvania ; eight miles S E 'it t'c borough of L;incaster, and 55 W of Philadelphia. Striiabiirg, a i)08»; town in Shenandoah I'oumy, Virginia; situated on a iM'.inch <|f SheiiaiKloah river, 18 m'lcs S by W elWinciinstcr, and 32 > E of i'icw- niarktt, containing uboiit 500 .iilinbi* tai.ts. Stratford, a considerable village in Essex, I'litir miles E N E of Loiuloii. It is sejiai'ated from Ui)\v, in MiddlescJ., by the riviM* Lea, over whicii is a bridge, said to be the inoslanciunt stoiie one In Eiigiiinil Slriit/iir.i, a post town in Fairfield coi'.nty, C.iniierlicut ; ! . ingon the S W side of tLiiisatonie rivi i , 1 J miles S W of New liiiveti, and lij N £ of FairlicUl, containing '2650 inhabitants. UtrMforloH Avon, A e"r;';;ratc town in \y .'rwicksliir.-. v.it': .i market < •! Thurs- day, il:ietly .neni irable for tii birth of Shake sj)i- are, win wa.5 interied herein 1616 It is govciiied by a mayor, .and seated on tl;e Avon, over .vhich is a stone bridgi-, »i:;lit iii!alaco. It is seated iu a territory, fertile ingO'xl wine, eight miles S \V of Friburg. Lon. 7 30 E, l.it. 47 54 N. Sumatra, an island of Asia, t!)e most western of the Sunda Islands, and con- stituting on that side the boundary of the Eastern Archipelago. Its gcner.il ilirection is ne.irly N W anil S E. The equator divides it into almost equal p.irts, the one extremity being in 5 33 N, and the other in 5 56 S lat. .•Vcheeu Ha.td, at the N extremity of the island, is in lon. 95 34 E. It lies ex iiDscd on the S W side to the Indian Ocean j the N point stretches into tha bay of Bengal; to the N E it is E by the straits of Banca, fi-om the iskjiil ofth.it name ; t;> the .S E by the cnm- mencenicnt of wliat are ca'lfl the Chinese Se?s ; and on the S by tlic straits of Sur.da, wliich separate it from the island nf Java. It is iibout 900 miles in length, but from 100 to 130 only in lireadth. No .-iceount had been given of this island by any Er.g- lishnian till the year 1778, when Mr. Charles Miller (.son of the late bota'ii- cal gardener) published an account ot liie m.inncrs of a ))articn|.i'' di.st.-ict. These were the Battas, a i>eoi.le \vl <» live in t''e interior parts, called tlu; CKS.sla Coi:!iti"v. They ditii-,' fV'mi all tlic othcvinliabitants in lang'uu^'c, niaii- nci's, and cistoms. They eat lUe pri- soners whom they tak'.- in war, nul iianyiin tlu'ir skulls asU'ophies in Uieir i i!! ■*( SUM houses. He obstrves, linwfvcr, that hiim.m flfsh is ciitcii by them in terra- rem, ami not as romnion food, thoiif^h I'lcy pret'ci' it to ull others, and Rpcitk with peculiar rajitures of the soles of thf feet and palmnofthe hands. The> expressed ini.rli surprise that the white people did not kill, much less cat tlicir -rifon-.-rs. From this coiui- lij the pTtK'est part of the cassia that is sent !') Luropi.' is procurt J. It :i liuunda also with the cunipliirc trees, wliieli t'l'istitutc the rorr.mnn tltiiher iu use ; aiu' in these trees the caiu- ])hire is found nati\e, in a concrete iiirm. In 1783, jMr. Marsden, who lia tlie persons, mannerj, and customs of the iiiliabirMuts. 'I'liey are rather bolow tlu' middle stature ; tli.-iv bulk in pr«"o; ti.)M ; t!;e'v limbs fir tliemost Vurt s!ij;!it ; hul w( II s'.aped, and p;u-t! rufiviv siiiHil at the wrists nrd i.nclos; I'M!. '.on 111!.- wiiule, t)ioy are (^race ■XPPI SUM fully formed. Their hair is strong, and of a sliming black. The men are beardless, great pains being tiiken to render them so when boys, by rubbing their chins with a kind of qiiiekliine. Their complexiim is properly yellow, wanting the red tinjje that constitutes a copper .>r tawny coloii!-. 'I'liey are in general lighter than the Meiitfes, or half-breed, of the rest of India ; those of the superior class, who are not cx|)Osed to the rays of the sun, and particularly their women of rank, ap|)roaching to a degree of fairness. It beauty con.-iisted in this one quality, some of them would surpass our bru- nettes in Europe. The major part of the fi";'..iles are ugly, many of them even to disgust; yet among them are some wliose appearance is strikingly beautiful, whatever comimsition of per- s(m, features, and ccmiplcxion, that sentiment may be the insult of Some of thc.inluibitants of thehiliy parts are observed to have the swelled r.eck or goitre ( hut they attempt no remedy for it, as these wens arc consistent with 'll* highest health. The riles of pMtrriag« among the Sumatrans consist kimply in joining the hands of the parties, and pronouncing t^iem man and wife without much ceremony, excepting the entertainment which is given upon the occasion by the father of the girl. The customs of the Suinatrans permit their having as many wives as they run pur- chase, or afford to maintain ; but it is extremely rare that an instance oc- curs of their having more than one, and that only among a few of the chiefs. This continence they owe, in some measure to their poverty. The dictates of t>ugality are more power- ful with them than the irresfular calls of aiipctitc, and make them decline an indulgence from which their law docs not restrain them. Mothers carry their children, not en the arm as our nurse.s do, but straddling on the hip, and usually siipjiorted by a cloth which ties In a knot on the opposite shoulder. The children i;ic n.ir.scd but little; are not eontined bv any swathing or liandages ; and being suffered to roll ahoitt the floor, soon learn to walk and shift f)r thems(«lves. When cradles ■ij.f. psed, they swing suspended from tlie ceilings of tiio rooms. The Suma- traiis arc so fond of eock-fii^hting, that a father on iiis de;ithbetl has been known to desire iiis son to take the U M SUM SUM lioip hail- IS utroTip, black. Tlie men are pains heiiiK tiikrii to vlicn boys, by rubbinp u kind ni' qiiicklitne. in is properly yellow, Un^e tliut conHtiliites ^ny colour. 'I'liey are r tbnn the Mebtces, if the rent ot° India; )eri<)r rlass, -who arc the rays of the sun, their women of rank, ;i (Icffrec of fairness, il in tliis one quality, '>ul(l siirpas.s our bru- .'. The major nart of ufjiy, many of thcnx )ot iimonif them are |)caranci: is strikinffly vcr composition of per- uul ciiiiiplexion, that )C' the Insult of Some softhe^hiliy parts are 'c the swelled r.eck or ;y attempt no remedy ens arc onsistent with alth. The riles of the Siiir.atranH consist the hands of the parties, )^ t^iem man und wife ;remony, exceptinjy the vhicli is given upon the father of tho girl. The Sumutrans permit their wives as they ran pur- to maintain ; but it is that an instance oc- avinff more than one, amonj^ a few of the Dntincncc lliey owe, in to their poverty. The ^ality are more power- tian the irres^idar calls m:ikc them decline an 1 which tiicir law docs hem. Mothers cai-ry ufit (.n the arm as our straddlinif on the hip, ported hy a cloth which \ the opposite slmuliler. Me n-.ir.wd but little; I l>v any Kwathing' or hL-'.r.f^ sufi'eied to roll soon learn to walk and s(«lvcs. ^VI)cn cradles swinfr suspended from he rooms. The Sunia- id of co(k-fi}.'liling-, that i.s deathbed has been e liis .sun to take the first oiTportiinity of mRtohlnjj ,1 coek for a sum equal to hi.s wliole property, umler a bluiil (Vinviclion of its being in- vuliieriible. Whenacurk is killed or riuis, the other must h:ive surticicnt spirit and vigour left to peck Hi him tlu'ee times on his beiujf ticid up to him fir that purpose, or il becomi-s a drawn battle i and s'lmetiuies an ex perienced cocker will pbice tlie head of his vaiKpiiHlied bu'd in such iui mi- couth sittiation a.') to terrify the other, and render bim unable to give this proof of victory. I'he wild beasts of Sumatra are tigers, elephants, rhinoce roses, bears, aiul monkeys. Ibe ti- g.'rs prove to tlic iiiliubitants both in their journeys itiid even their domestic occupations most (lestructive enemies. The number of people annually slain by these rapacious tyrants of the woods is almost incredible. U'ho'.e villngf s have been depopidatcd by them ; yet from a super.s*.itlous prejudice, it i.s with difKoulty they are prevailed upon, by a lar;ff rew:u'd wliicii the India Company offers, to use methods ciMitnin little or no alloy. Tiiu nn- tivi» inil )lcMico of the Muliiy ilinpoHition prcvi-iit* tliem from collcc.tini? more tli.iM i» .4iifrK.'i(-nt to Hiipply till* lew and »in);ilc WiiriJi of a racp of men us yet iliu:iilig'litiMicd by clvilizulioii «imI ttci- fiice, mul if^noriiiit of the full extent of the ;ulv;mt'ij;e» of the country they in- liulnt. I'iiv roiuls leailin(^ to this golden country itre ulinost iiTi|)t;rviouii i alT'ord- iuff only n scanty path to a sintjU: tr'i- vi'Ucr, where whole nit>ht» liiJi he psHsed in the open air, exposed to the iniili)ynaiit influence of u jioiitile climate, in a c )i;ntry infested by the nu)»t fero- cious wihl l)e-i->ls. These are cireum- Btnnces that liuvu hitherto cheeked curi- osity j hut |)er<(cvcriince and studied precaution wdl surmount the (.'bstacles tliey fiu'nisli, and sucli discoveries nii(,'iit be made as would amply coin- pcnsate lor the diflic/.il'ics leading' to them, 'i'he gold merclui'itH who come from the nei)>lihouring and less rich countries, give us sur.h accounts of the facility of pnicuiiug gold, as baidcr nearly on the marvellous, and vvoidd he altojfcther incredible, if great quanti- ties of that metal produceii hv lliem did not in »c degree evince the certain- ty of the'r accoiuits, 'I'h;- Knglish and Dutch have factories on tKis island j the prinr''|)!d one of the former being Fort M.ulborougb, on tlie S W coast. The (u-igiual natives of Sumatra arc Pa- pans I but it is to be observed, that vrlun t!ie Suma'.rans, or any of the na- tives of the eastern islunds, learn to read the Arabic character, and submit to circumcisio;), they are iiaid to be- come Malays ; the term Malay being understood to mean MuKselman. See Jcheen. Sumbitl, a town of Hindoostan Pro- per, in the (.rovince of Oudo, 45 miles W N W oflicreillv, artd 65 E of Delhi. Lon. 78 SS E, lat 21 25 N. Sumhulpmir, or Semi/pour, a town of the peninsula of Hindoostan, in the province of Orissa, 280 miles W of Calcutta. Lon. 83 40 E, lat. 21 25 N. Siivteh, a town of Turkey in Asia, in the province of Natolia, 14 wiles E of Pergamo. Sumerein, a town of Lower Himgary, seated in the island of Scliut, made by the river Danube. It is 16 miles .S of Preshurg. Lon. 17 23 E, lat. 48 4 N. Sunart, a distric* in Argylcshire, in t^ie peninsula :vt tbp N W end of that SUN county. It it remarkable for numeretm veins of lead, wliich however are not very prmhu-tive. Smart, Loch, an inlet of the sea, in Argyteshire, which divides the isUnd of Mull from the dietrict of Morven. Sunlmry, a post town in Northumber- land county, Pennsylvania i situated on the E side of Susipiehannah river, two miles below Northumberland, .56 N of Harrisbiirg:, and Itvi N W of Philadel- phia, containing about 700 inhabitant!. Sunbury, a post town and port of en- try, in Liberty cotinty,Georgta ; lying on the S side of N. Newi)ort river, 45 mile* S bv E of Savanrtah, in lat. 31° 43' N, and" lon. 81° 18' VV. The harbour is formed and defended fr''.» the weather by the interposition oi Catherine Is- land, which lies oil' its entrance. Sunt JsiiinJ, nil island within the mouth of the Huinber, about 9 miles in circuit, separated from Vorkshire by a ch.'mnci, near two miles broad. Sunning, a village in Berkshire, sittl- ate on the Thames, two miles N E of Reading. It was once an episcopal see. Sunning Hill, a village in Berkshire, in Wiutlsor Forest. It is noted for il« medicinal wells, which are efHcacious in paralytic rases, and is six miles S S W of Windsor. Sumla Idands, islands in the Indian Ocean, near the straits of Simda. The chief of them arc Borneo, Java, and Su- matra. Siinderbunds, or The IVoodt, a tract of country, consisting of that part of 'he Delta of the Ganges, in Hindoostan Proper, and in the soubali of Beng.i), whirh borders on the sea. It is com- posed of a labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which are salt, except those that immediately commimicate with the principal arm cf the Ganges. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales. " It is so completely enveloped in woods and infested with tigers," says major Rennell, " that if any attempts have ever been made to clear it (as is report- ed.) they have hitherto miscarried." Here salt, in t|uantitica equal to the whole consumption of Bengal and ita dependencies, is made and transported with equal facdity ; and here also is found on inexhaustible store of timber for boat-building. The breadth of the lower part of this Delta is upwards of 180 miles, to which, if we aild that of the two branches of tlie river that U N SUP S U R tnarkuble fnr niimeretm 'Inch iiowever are not an inlet of the tea, in lich dividei the 'iHlitnd s dietrict of Morven. t town in Northiimber< irsylvania i lituutrd on iiti|iieliunnah river, two rthiimberUnd, 56 N of i 1(S4 N WufPhlladel. about 700 inhabitanti. ft tnvtni and port of en- nintyiGeorfpa ; lyinfron ifcw|)ort river, 45 inilpt i:iuh, in lat. 31° 43' N, ' VV. The harbour ii ndcd fr'ia the weather ition oi Cutherinc Is- oft' it« entrance. Ml island within the nnbcr, aiioiit 9 miles in (i from Yorkshire by a rii miles broud. ige in Berkshire, situ- ncs, two miles N t', was once an episcopal I villa^ in Berkshire, :st. It is noted for iU which are eftiimcious 8, and is six miles S S islands in the Indian straits of Suiida. The a Borneo, Java, aiid Su- r The Woods, a tract of iiig of tliat part of 'lie ranges, in Hindoostan he soubali of Bengal, n the sea. It is com- ith of rivers and creeks, salt, except those that immimicate with the the Ganges. In extent ; principality of Wales, tely enveloped in woods th tigers," says major if any attempts have to clear it (as is report- hitherto miscarried." lantitiea equal to the :ion of Bengal and its I made and transported ity ; and here also is iistible store of timber f. The breadth of the is Delta is upwards of lich, if we aild that of lies of tlie river that liouml It, we Bhall have about 200 miles f'lr the distance to which the Ganges expands its bran'-.hes, at its junction with the sea. Sumlerburg, a town of Denmark, in the island of Alsun, with a castle. It is seated on a strait, called Sunderbui-g •Sound, 12 miles E of Flcnsburg. Lon. 10 £, lat. 54 51 N. Sundtrdoo, or Mttundy, a fortified is- land and seapoit of the Deccaii, on the Coiican coast, reduced by commixlore James, in 1756. It is about 10 miles N K of Vingorla Hocks, and 36 N N W of Ooa. Lon. 73 20 E, lat. 16 3 N. Sunderland^ a seaoovt in the bishopric of Durham. It iit u large and thriving town, which, for llie exportation of cnals, is next in consequence on this side of the kingdom to Newcastle. Its |)ort, on the mouth of the Were, though improved from its former state, will lint admit the largest ships ; but vessels c.in get out to sea from hence much nwre readily than from the Tyne. The coals arc brought down the Were from niimerouu pits near its banks. There .ire several glass-lioui>es at Sunderland ; and it alto exports grindstones and other articles. It is 13 miles N E of Durham, and 264 N by VV of London. Lon. 1 14 W, lat. 54 56 N. Sunderland, a town of the United States, in Massachusetts ; seated on Connecticut river, 100 miles W of Bos- ton. Siindi, a provinceof Cong«, in Africa, which lies ulong the river Zaire. Its rivers render it e. tremely fertile, and in the mountains are mines of several metals. The capital is of the same name. Lon. 17 55 E, lat. 4 50 S. Stmdrjiall, a seaport of Sweden, in the province of Medf-lpadia. It carries on a trade in tar, bark of birch trees, deals and linen, and is seated near tlie gulf of Bothnia. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 62 45 N. Sunneherg, or Sonneberg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Saxoii}', and territory of Stemburg, with a castle, seated on the Darta, 50 miles E by N of Berlin. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 52 41 N. Superior, Late, a lake of North Ame- rica, one half belonjfiiig to the United States, and one half to Great Britain, so called from its being the largest on that continent, According to the French charts it is 15C0 miles in cir- cumferenf c. \t contaiivs n)i»ny isj.in(ls ; two of them very large, espfcially Idle Kuyalc, which is lUU miles loii!;', uiul in many plaees, 40 bri;ad. Upward of 30 rivers enter it, Biimc of wliicii .'ire of considernliI 4 lime that a proper vciitilutlon U not im- p<'ilc'il, bill nitlirr promoted. 'I'lio aliopt, notwitliHlaiuliii^ tlie vast trixlc (Mi'i-ieil on ill tlii* f^rt^ut uiul po|)iil(>iij city, liavf a vi-ry ?ne;iit appeiiruiicc-, ow- 111(7 to llic nrat ; .iiid thev hnda factory establiiihcdilu'rc. I'.u-n alter the premdeiicy was truni I'vrred to Uoinbuy, the factory was con. tinned. I'he Great Mn(rii| had then an olhcer here, who was styled hii adnn. ral, and received n revenue called tlie tanka, of the nnniial vmIiic of three lack^ of rupees, arisinif from the rents of ad. jncciit lands, and the tnxeii levied .it Siirat. The" tyranny of I hin oflicer to- wards the merchants, induced the li India Company, in 1759, to (it nut »ii armament, which disjiossesscd thead niiral of the castle ; and soon after, the possession of this castle wan conhrnicil to them by the court of Delhi. Tiicj obtained, moreover, the appoinlincn' to the post of admiral, and were consti- tnted receivers of the tanka, by wliirli their authority in this place became su preme. Sural is situate on the confines of Guzeral, 20 miles up the river Tap. tv, and 177 H ofBombav. Lon.7248E, lat. 21 10 N. Sure, a river of Ireland in Tippcrary, which flows into St.Gcorge'u Channel. Surgo:ij.i, a town of the peninsula of HindooHtan, 18U miles SS VV of I'atna. Surinam, a country of South Ameri- ca, in Guiana, extending "5 miles alonpr a river of the same name. It abounds with (fame and singular animals of dif- ferent kind.s ; the toad, in particular, bcinjf remarkable for its eno. irons size and ujjly form. It proiluces fruits, in- diffo, sug'ar, cotton, tobacco, ffums, and wood for dying. The woods are full of monkics, and it is said, there arc serpents 30 feet long. This coun- try was ceded by the English to the Dnteli, for the pronnce of New York, in 1074, and was taken again by the English in August 1799. The capital is Faruitiaribo. Suitngia, a commercial town of Ja- pan, in the island of Niphon, capital of a province of the same name, with a castle, where the emperors formerly resided. Lon 139 5 E, lat. 39 30 N. Surry, a. county of England, 37 miles long, and 27 broad ; bounded on the N by Middlesex, on the E by Kent, on the S by Sussex, and on the W by Hampshire and Berks. It lies in the diocese of Winchester; contains 13 hundreds, 11 market towns (including Soutlnvark) and 140 parishes ; and sends 14 members to parliament. The air is generally temperate and healthy. Surry has been compared to a piece of R iibar wa« at Siii-at ; •ycmahlinhcdiliii.t iideiicy was trum 111- fartory wa.i con. Mnjriil had ilifn j,,, an styled liii iiilmi- rovfiiiie Cttlll'd the value of thivr luckj Din the rent* ofad- lie taxes levied at y ofthiii oflicer tn. «, induced tlic V. 17 5\), to fil out nil si)')SNCH!!cd the ad and HiHiii after, thn 9tli- wan fonlirnicil : of Delhi, Tliej tlic appoint inoiit 1, and were ronsti. e taiika, by wliirli H place becnniesu- ate on the confineii up the river Tap. d):iy. Lon.72 48£, land in Tippcrary, George's Channel. r the pcnin.inla of 18 S S VV of I'nttia. of Soiith Aiiicri- infj:~,1 miles ulonp anie. It abounds lar animals of ilif. ad, in particular, its eno. i.:ous size rodiices fruits, in. tobacco, gums, The woods arc it is said, tliire lonjc. This coun- e English to tlic ICC of New York, ken ng-ain by the 799. The capital 'cial town of Ja- J^iphon, ca]>ital of me name, witli a iiprrors formerly E, lat. 39 30 N. England, 37 miles )0.\wi)od, V, .liiuls, hops, and fidlers earth. The piini-ipal rivers beside* the Thames (wliicli is the boiindarv of this county on till! N) are the Mole, Way, auil Uaiidle. Tlic lent assizes are held at Kingston, and the summer assi/es at Guilford and Croydon alternately. Sursee, a toyvii of Swisserland,' in the cnnton of Lucern, ieateil near tlie lake "I Sempach, five miles S of Lucern. Sursmjty, a town of llindoostan Pro- per, lU miles N W of Uellii. Sus, a river of Morocco, whith forms ilic: S boundary of the empire of Mo- iwco and enters the Atlantic at Messa. K fertilizes its banks by annual iniiii- (lulions. Sm, one of the three grand divisions iif the empire of Morocco, bounded on tlic VV by the Atlantic, on the N bv Mnmt Atlas, on tlie E by Gesiila, and i.ii tlie S by the river Sus. It is a flat r.yiiiitry, abounding' in corn, sugar-canes, :uid dates. The inhabitants, who are (liledy Archers, Berebers, or ancient ii.itives, are diatingiiished by tlieir in- il'istry ; and many of tliem, who live in t 'WI13, become opulent and are much "'ire polite than the natives of Fez .■iKi Morocco. In the mountainous puit they are entirely free, and are ,t ivi'rned by their own chit i'j. ^'ir;, a .seaport of Tunis See Soum. S.ii-a, a stronif town of Viedniont, cu- piiiil of a martpi'sate of the same name, with a fort. Here is a ricli convent, I billed the abbey of St. Just, and a U-i- "•iiplial arch to the honour of AiiRustus Ccar. It is seated on the JJoi ia, ^'■■long pleasant mountains, and is c:dlo(l 'iiL-kcy of Italy, being the prinrip.'il !> iss;i^-c out of France into Italy, I, iviis taken by the Fren.-h in ITOl, Imu "■■itored to the duke of Savoy in 1707 H 13 30 miles N W of Turin. Lon, 7 ■ 'i'., lat, 4.') 20 N. ^^ W/j/, an archicpiscopal tov;n of "■'^'.^la, in tlie g-overnniont of Vo!o-!i- SUS mir, ca|)itul of a dntchy of thr samp name. It is built ol wood, mid scaled on the Khasnia, 'JO nules N E of Mo». cow l.oii. 40 25 E, lat. .'5(1 2C N. .'>iisf/iic/i(iiii!ii/i, a river of North Ami)- rica, wliiidi has its source in I,:ike Ot- sego, crosses three times the liiim which divults the state of New York from Pennsylvania, and empties itself iMt(i the head of the bay of Chcsapealc. Xuatex, u county of Enghiiul, 70 miles in length, and 28 where broadest j boiin(lel-_ \V!;ic!i Sui::f. S W E S^tially, atownofthe Deccanof Ilin. doostan, in Cambaya. It has a harbour, where ships receive and- deliver their car -oes for the merchants of Surat, be- ing 12 miles N W of that place. Lon. 72 15 E, lat. 31 18 K. Smantcomii, a village of Kent tviro miles W by S of Gravesend. Here are the remains of camps and forts, suppo- sed to be Danish. Siiiamey, a post town in Bristol coun- ty, Massachusetts ; lying 50 miles S of Boston, containing 1741 inhabitants at last census. Sviansey, a maritime town in Ola- morganshire, with a market on Wed- nesday and Saturday, an old castle, and two churches. It is a corporate town, and is seated at the mouth of the Tawj', and is governed by a portreve. Tlie neighbouring country abounds with coal of which it sends great quantities to Ireland and the S coast of England. Many ships have been built here, and it is resorted to for sea-bathing. Here are great works for the smelting of copper and le.-id ore, and it carries on a considerable tr.ide to Bristol. It it 24 miles W N W of Cowbridge, and 205 W of London. Lon. 4 W, lat. 51 38 N. Simnshalet, a town of Sweden, in V/ Gothland, 25 miles W S W of Lind koping. S'aarra:ich, a village in Dorsetshire, seated on a bay of the same name, in the English Channel. It has quarries of fine stone, of which many thousand tons are shipped here annually. See Purbeci, Isle of. Sivarteberg, a town of Sweden, in W Gothland, 18 miles N W of Uddev.nlla. Swartduyi, a town and fortress of .!ie United Provinces, in Overyssel, seats d on, tlie Vccht, four miles from its rn^uth, .ind live N N \f of Hassclt. 'Svceden, a kingdom of Europe, bound- ed on tlie N by Danish Lapl.ind ami the Ocean, on the E by Russia, on the S by the Bidtic ^ndthe gulf of Finland, and' on the W by Norway, the Sound, and the Categate. It extends 800 miles from N to S, and 350 from E to W. The whole kingdom is divided into five general parts; namely, Swede'. Pro- per, Gothland, Norlancl, Laplard, am! Finiand ; and e.ich of these is subdivi- ded into several provinces. Sweden rmper contains Upland, SudermaiiiM, Nericia, \\'estmttnii, and Dalccarlia. Gutiiiand coiituins O.-itrogothia or t'. W E S W E S W E vm of the Deccan of Hin. imbaya. It has a harbour, receive and- deliver their B merchants of Surat, be- f W of that place. Lou 21 18 N. a village of Kent two of Gravesend. Here are ' camps and forts, suppo- lish. post town in Bristol coun- setts ; lying 50 miles S )ntaining" 1741 inhabitants maritime town in Gla- with a market on Wed- jturday, an old castle, and . It is a corporate town, It the mouth of the Tawj', ned by a portreve. The country abounds with coal sends great quantities to the S coast of England, nve been built here, and to for sea-bathing. Here orks for the smelting of lead ore, and it carries on le trade to Bristol. It it N W of Cowbridge, and ndon. Lon. 4 W, lat. 51 , atown of Sweden, in V/ i miles W S W of Liad- a village in Dorsetshire, bay of the same name, in Channel. It lias quan-ies of which many thousand pped here annually. See if- , a town of Sweden, in \V i miles N W of Uddevalia. , atown ind fortress of .lie iices, iii Overysspl, seattd :ht, four miles from its five N N Vr of Hasselt. Ivinjjjdora of Europe, bound- N i)v Danish Lapland and )n th'e E by Russia, on tise tic and the gulf of Finland, \V by Norway, the Sound, ;g-ate. It extends 800 miles S, and 350 from E to W. ;ingdom is divided into five ts J namely, Swede Fro- nd, Norl.in'd, Laplard, and d each of these is sdbdivi- ;veral provinces. Sweden tains Upland, Sudermani:i, estmanii, :ind Dalecarli.i. autttins 0.-;tvogothia or t'. Gothland, Jimoland, Westrogotliia or W Gothhmd, tlie islesof Gathland anil (Eland, Wernicland, Bohus, D.ilia, Scunia or Schonen, Haliand, and Ble- kingcn. Norland inclMdes Gestrike or Ge^trikclaiid, Holsinj^^and, Medelpa- dia, Hcimtliiiid, Kerjedalia, O.igorma- nia, and W Elotliniu. Swedish L.ipland comprises Aocia, Heimthind, Umeo, Pitheo, Luleo, Torneo, and Kemi. Fin land contains Finland Proper, E Both- nia, Tavasteland, Nylaiid, Suvolak, and that part of Kymene and Carelin, which SwL-den has preserved. Tlie face of Sweden is in general similar to that of the neiglibo\iring countries, only it is well watered by rivers, numerous lakes, and inland p ci i-s ol' watev, on tlie banks of wiiich the palaces and villas are usually built. The same may be said with regard to its climate, soil, &c. Summer bursts from wintei" j and vegetation is more speedy than in southern climates. Stoves and warm furs mitigate the cold of winter, which is so intense, that the noses and ex- tremities, of the inhabitants are some- times mortified. The Swedes, since the days of Ciiarles XII have been at incredible pains to correct the native barrenness of their country, by erecting colleges of agriculture, and in some places with great s-.iccess. The soil is much tlie same with that of Denmark and some places of Norway, generally very bad, but in some vallevs surpris- ingly fertile. The Swedes till of lute years, had not intlustry suflicient to re- medy the one, nor improve the other The peasants now follow the agricul- tiire of France and England ; and some lute accounts say, that they re.ir almost as much prain as maintains the natives. Gothland produces wheat, rye, bar- Icy, oats, peas, and beans ; and in case of deficiency, the people are supplied fiom Livonia and the Baltic provinces. In summer, tlie fields are veiilaiit, and covered with flowers; and produce strawberries, raspberries, currants, and other small fruits. The common penide know, as yet, little of the culti • viitidii of apricots, peaches, nectarines, pinr>-:im)les, and the like high-Havour- ed fruits ; but melons are brought to ;jTc:it ijcrfcction in drv seasons. The animals are horses, cows, hogs, goats, sheep, elks, reinrteer, boars, wolves, fixes, wild cats, and squirrels. In win- ter, the foxes, and stpiirivls, bccnine Iji'ey, and the hares aa white a.s snow. Hera are several sorts of fowls, and partridges, woodcocks, and falcons, in great plenty. Sweden produces crys- tals, amethysts, topazes, porphyry, la- ,)is la/.'ili, agate, cornelian, marble, and other fossils. The clnef wealth of the country, however, arises from her mines of silver, copper, lead, and iron. The last mentioned metal emphiys no fewer than 450 forges, hamme'ring- niills, and smelting-houses. The first gallery of one silver mine is 100 fa- thoms below the surface of the earth j thcnof is supported by prodigious o.ik- en beam'-, and fiom thence the miners descei il about 40 fathoms to the low- est vi in. The articles of export aro bo!ir(l.<, gunpowder, le-.ther, iron, cop. per, taliow, skins, pitch, re»in, and niJ.sts J and it imports salt, brandy, wine, linen cloth, stufis, tobacco, su- gar, spice, and paper. The peasant* seem to be a lie.ivy plodding race of men, strong and hardy ; but without any o- tlier ambition than that of siib^sisting; themselves and their families as well as tbpy can: they are honest, simple, and hospitable i .-^ndth- mercantile das- ses are much of the same cast ; but great application and per.severaiiCe is discovered among hem all. The prin- cipal nobility and gentry of Sweden are naturally brave, pcV'e, "and lios|>itable j they have high and warm notions of ho- nour, and ate jealous of their .lational interests. The dress of their common people is almost the same witli that of Denmark ; the better sort are infatua- ted with French modes and fashion. The common diversions of the Swedes are, skating, running races in sledges, and sailing in yachts upon the ice. rlieir houses are generally of wood, •villi very little art in their construction. The roofs, in many places, are covered with turf, on which their gnats often feed. There is no cinuitry in the -^orld where the women do so much work ; for they till the ground, thresh the corn, and row the boats on the sea. The revenues of Sweden amount to something move, than 1,000,000/. ster- ling, but nmy, on an averajre, be taken at 1,0.50,000 a year: they have been mueli augmented since the revolution in 1772, as thevilid nottlien amount to more than 7.')0,600/. or at most a,)r,.i00/. The form of t!;e Swedish i^ivoi-nnieui, has fref|o<-iilly varie. v.-ed up. ge in the W riding of iiiles S W of DoniMS- iiaviga.j!c canal to the siderable manidkctiii-e ■e, and a loi'ge iron ' Sviitzerlaml, a country led on the E by Tyrr!, ince, on the N by Siiii. i by Savoy and italy. 3ng and 83 broad, sc- : adjacent countries by >, called the Alps. •land lies between 45 lat. yet being situated , tlie highest mountaii.!) vhose tops are covered part of the year, \.\.i per than in more north- As Switzerland is sc- ivere from other neigh- 18 by high ninnntnins, canton is divided from ge of hills, ^vhich af- re in summer, and on ■e corn fields, particu- thirds of which canton y, abounding in cnrn. general docs not |)i'0- qM.nntities i besides tlie til arc fieqiicntly de- ns or cold rains ; so than s they lay up corn in [■vent a general famine, livided into 13 cantons, eir allies ; namely, Lu- iweitz, Underwalden. ind Soleun-, which a i protcstant cantons are sic, and Srhafi hiiuscn. lenze! contain both rcli- :iie four passages over .aly from Switzci-lund ; Ihe first of which is beyond the lake of Geneva over Mount Cennis, which leads to Savoy ; the second begins in the coimtry of the Grisons, and crosses Mount St. Bernard, leading to the vat- ley of AoMsta, which belongs to Pied- niiMit ; the third begins in the country of the Grison.s, crosses Mount Simplc- berg, and leads to the diltchyof Milan ; t'-e fourth crosses Mount St. Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and termi- nates in the Mdanese. The principal lakes are those of Constance, Geneva, Lucern, Zuric, and Neuchatel. The most considerable rivers are tic Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reuses, am'. Inn. The chief riches of Switzerland con- sist of excellent pastures in which ma- ny cattle are bred and fattened, and the ),'oat8, and chamois, feed on the momi- tains, and in the woods. The Swiis are a brave, honest, hospitable, hardy |>eoplc : very true to their eng.igements, friendly, and humane. In short, there is not a ,^eople in Europe whose nation- al character is better. In their persons they are ge-erally tall, robust, and well made ; but their complci^ions are none of the best, and those that live in the neighbourhood of the mountains are subject to wens. The women arc said to be generally handsome and well- shaped, sensible and modest, yet frank, easy, and agreeable in convi. rsation Few of the peasants are miserably poor ; maay of them are rich, especially in the protcstant cantons, and tliat of Berne in particular. In 1797, the French having long endeavoured to ex- cite intestine con-.motion and discord in Switzerland, succeede seated' neap the sea, 72 miles S bv W of Messina, and 110 S E of Palermo. Lot. 15 30 E, lat. 37 5 N. S,-iin, or Siiiistan, a provin e of Tur- key in Asia, b uinded on the N by Diar- beck and NiUolta, outheEhjr Diarbcck T A A an<\ tlie deserts of Ariibia, on the S by the sume deserts and Judea, andoiithi- W by the Mediterranean. Under tlie general ni.nie Tiwif, a town of Arabia, in the pro- vince of Hedjas. It has a considerable trade in dried fruits, and is situate on a lofty mountain, 60 miles S E of Mecca. Lon. 41 35 E, lat. 21 5 N. Taas, a city of Arabia, in the pro vince of Veman, where is the tomb of a saint, who, according to tradition, was king of the country- When M. Niebuhr was here it had a garrison of 600 men. It is 48 miles R N E of Mocha. Lon. 44 10 E, lat. 13 45 S. Taata, a town of Upper Egypt, one mile from the .Nile. It is the residence of a goverr.oi , has many curious re- mains of anticpiity, and is 200 miles S of Cairo. Lon. 31 25 E, lat. 20 56 N. T A C Tabaga, an island of A merif «, in the S Sea, and buy of Panama, four miles l(pe, being the most southern promontory in the Old Woild. The b.iy at the foot of it is called Table-Bay. Tutor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, on a mountain, which the Huslites, under tlicir celebrated general Zisca, fortified and made their principal retreat. It is 25 miles N by E of Btidweis, and 45 S bv E of Prague. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 49 23 N. Tabristan, a province of Persia, on the South shore of the Cispian Sea, bounded by Astrabad on the E, and Ghilan on the W.' Tachau, or Tuchovs, a town of Bolie- mia, in the circle of Pilsen, 28 miles Wof Pilsen. Lon, 13 27 E, Ut. 4945N h. '^i A C TAG T A I tl of Amerira, in the Panuma, iiiiii' miles ud. It is antoiiiilain- iig witli fruit trees, bpaniards. Lon UO md on the mast of g to the Genoese, in of 20U men to pro- bhiiig here. Il is SO Lon. 9 16 £, Int. 36 ?if nt Tiberias, a town l.e on the \V sii.e (.t a :({ the seaof'l ikeiias, P Jen^saltm, and 70 U8. Lon.Sd46I:.,lut. rre of ?'cw Spain, Mexico ; Loiiiuled on lit Ci, and the rivers St. ih of New Spain, capi- e of Tabasco. Cor- tory here on his f.rst iiatc ill th.r islai d of Lon. 58 15 E.lat.ir le of the New He- ,th Sea. Lon. 16 77 n, a promontory of Cape of Goer was formerly famous for its golden sands, and is called 'J'ejct by the Portu- guese. Till niivg Jim, a city of China, in the province of Pe-Tchcli, with one city of Ihe second class, and eighteen of the third, in its district. Tuin, i> borough and seaport in Ros- shire, remarkable for a large square tower, adorned with five spires, and I for a collegiate cliiirch, still pretty en- I tire, founded by the bishop of Ross in ! 1481. It is seated on the frith of Dor- noch, 12 miles N of Cromarty. Tainton, a village in Gloucestershire, seven miles W of Gloucester. In 1700, an ore was found liere, from which was extracted a little gold, but not suiticient to defray the expense of se- parating. Tai-ouang, the capital of the island of Formosa, in the China Sea. It is a large, well peopled place, and carries on a great trade. The greater part of the streets are as straiglit as if laid out with a line, and are all covered during seven or eight montlis in the year to moderate the excessive heat of the sun. These streets are 30 or 'tO feel broad, and several of them are about a league in length ; they arc almost all border- ed with houses belonging to tlie mer- chants, or rich shops, in which are displayed si'k stiifls, porcelain, lacquer- ware, and other kinds of merchandise, nil raiigeil with great order and sym- metry ,• they have the appearance of so many galleries ornair.ented in the same manner ; and one migiil walk through T A I T A M ilicm vv'ili much jtlfasure, were not the pavement bad, ami tlic crowd of pUBsengers so (ji-eat. The hoiiscH for tlie iTiobt piirt are bnlll of c\a_v and bamboo reeds, and are only thntrhed witli straw; bvit the awninprs with wliich tlic streets are covered leave iiotliing to be seen but tlie shops, 'i'his capital has neither walls nor any kind of works j its harbour is good, and shelters vessels from every wind j but the entrance of it becomes every day more difficult. This port formerly could be entered by two pas- sages ; one of which had water suffi- cient to float the largest vessels j but it has now often only four or five feet of water, and seldom above seven or eight : the sand tli;it is continually washed into it bj- the sea must soon choak it up entirelv. Lon. 120 30 E, lat. 23 25 N. Tai-ping-fm, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is built upon tlie banks of the river Kiang, and its |)lains ure watered by a niniiber of navi- i^'pble rivers, which render it very opu- lent. Its jurisdiction extends over on- ly three cities. Lon. 107 15 E, lat. 32 20 N. Tai-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It has six cities in its district. Lon. 121 2 E, lat. 28 55 N. TaHebourg, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charente, and late territory of Saintonge, seated on tlie Charente, 30 miles S E of Ro- chelle. Lon. 40 W, lat. 45 46 N. Tni-tong-fou, a city of China, in the province of Chan-si. It is a place of strength, built near the great wall, rendered impcn'tant by its situation, because it is the only place exposed to the incursions cf the Tartars ; it is, besides, strongly fortified, and the troops kept for its defence compose a numeiHius garrison. Tlic Jurisdiction of Tai-tong-fou is very extensive ; it comprehends four cities of the second class, and seven of the third. Tai-yucnfon, a city of China, capital of the province of Chan-si. It is an ancient city, and about eight miles in circumference ; but it has lost much of that splendour wliicli it formerly had when the princes of the blood of the last imperial family of Tai-ming- chao resided in it ; nothing remains of their palaces but heaps of rubl>ish and a few mclanchoUy niir.s, The only monuments entire are the tombs of these princes, which are seen on \ neighbouring rqountain. Tai yuen-fou has under its Jurisdiction five cities nf the second class and twenty of the third. The principal articles of itj trade are hard- ware, stuffs of difi'crent kinds, particularly carpets in imitation of those of Turkey. It is 160 miles S W of Pekin. Talamone, a seaport of Tuscany in Italy, 15 miles N of Orbitello. Lon. 11 6 E, lat. 42 SON. Talavera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a fort. It belongs to the archbishop of Toledo, and is seated on the Tajo, in a valley abounding in corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 miles S W of Madrid. Lon. 4 1 W, lat. 39 41 N. Talaveruela, a town of Spain, in E.s. tremadura, seated on the Gandiana, 14 miles E of Badajoz. Lon. 6 34 W, lat. 38 34 N. Talgaguana, a town of S America Ir Chili. It is now the only Spanish set- tlement in the bay of Concejrtion, and is seated on the S E shore, near the ruins of the old city of Conception, nine miles from the new city of Con- ception. Lon. 73 W, lat. 36 42 S. Talliich, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wateiford, 23 miles W N W of Cork, and 32 W S W of Waterfoid. Tallwto, a seaport of Corsica, situ- f.te on the gulf «)f Tallano, 30 miles 5 S VV of Cortes. Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 51 20 N. Tallard, a town of France, in tlie department of Upper Alps, and late province of Daupbiny, seated on the Dur.'ince, 47 miles S of Grenoble. l 30 N. town of Spain, in New 1 fort. It belonps to the Toledo, and is seated on valley abounding' in corn, client wine, 38 miles S Lon. 4 1 W, lat. 39 41 a town of Spain, in Es- lated on the Gaudiana, Badajoz. Lon. 6 34 W, a town of S America k :)w the only Spanish set- ; bay of Concejrtion, and he S E shore, near the )ld city of Conception, n the new city of Con- ,73 W, lat. 36 42 S. town of Ireland, in the ei-ford, 23 miles W N W 2 W S W of Waterfoid. leaport of Corsica, situ- f of Tallano, 30 miles es. Lon. 9 18 E, lat. 51 town of France, in tlie Upper Alps, and late >aupl)iny, seated on tlie liles S of Grenoble. Lon. 28 N. seaport of France, in the Lower Charente, and f Saintonpe, seated on a Jironde, 20 miles S E of 60 S VV of Paris. Lon. 5 32 N. J, a town of South Ame- Firma, and government seated on the Rio-de-la- on. 7i 45 VV, lat. 9 6 N. e Phanagorin. 'iver of England, which > S, and divides Cornwiii! ire, and after forming the mouze, enters Plymouth seaport on the N coast F Socotora, in the East In jlics, near the strait of Babclmandel. I.on. 52 25 E, lat. U 20 N. Tame, ariver which rises in StalTord- jhirc, and entering Warwickshire, runs iirst E, and then N, till it re-en- ters Stalfnrdsliire at Tamworth, and »oon after falls into the Trent. Tame, an- incontiderable rivulet in Oxfordsliire, which flows into the 'J'hames at Dorchester, and has been erroneously supposed to give name to tlicTiiames See Thames. Tunu; a town of Oxfordshire, with a market on Tuesday, a famous free- school, and a small hospital. It is seat- ed on a rivulet of the same name, 12 miles E of ('xford, and 45 VV by N of London. Lon. 55 VV, Kit. 51 46 N. Tainich, a town of Egypt, on one of tlie canals u'lich runs into the Nile. Tumvijrth, a borough in Staflbrd- sliire, with a market on Saturday. It sends two members to parliament, and is seated on the Tame, eight miles S E of Lichfield, and 114 N W of Lon- don. Lon. 1 38 W, lat. 52 49 N. Tanaro, a river of Piedmont, which vises in the Appennincs, and flows by Cherasco, Alba, and Asti, to Alexan- (W'vd, in the Milanese, and fulls into the Po. Tanasserim, a town of the kingdom of Siam, in Asia, capital of a province of the same name, 220 miles S VV of Siam. Lon. 98 E, lat. 11 50 N. Tanbnf, a government of Russia, for- merly a part of the government of Vo- runctz, containing 13 districts. Tinb:)f, a town of Russia, capital of a govcnunent of the same name. It is seated on the Zna, which falls into Mokclia. Tancns, a town of Portugal, in Es- tremadiira, seated on the Zezara, near its full into the Tajo, CO miles N E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 30 VV, lat. 39 20 N. Tancroviall, a town of Africa, in Ni- j;'ritia, seated on tiie Gambia, where the English have a fort, 30 miles E of Jiimes River. TanJa, or Tanrah, a town of Hin- doostaii Proper, in Bengal, of which soiibah it was the capital in the ITth century. There is little remaining of it but the ramp.irt ; and the period when it \y;ts deserted is not certainly known. It is scited cm the Giinges, iao miles N ^V of Dacca. Lon. 87 5(j E, lat. 23 ■J5 N. Tan(liif;n. See Samar. Twiej-toijii, a post town in Frederick county, Maryland ; situated on a branch of Monacasy creek, 20 miles N by E of Fredericktown, 12 N by VV of West- minster, and 40 of Baltimore. Tangataboo, one of the Friendly Islands in the South P.-jcilic Ocean, tho residence of the sovereign and the chiefs. Tangennumle, a town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, with, a castle, seated on the Tangcr, whtro it falls into the Elbe, 24 miles N W of Brandenburg, and 28 N E of Magde- burg. Lon, 13 30 E, lat. 52 46 N. Tangier, a seaport of the kingdom of Fez in Africa. It was taken by the Portuguese, in 1471, and given its a dower to the princess Catharine, on her marriage with Charles II. of Eng- land ; but he did not thi'.k it worth the expcnce of keei)ing, and therefore, in 1683, caused the works to l)e blo'vii up, and withdrew the g.irrison. It is 130 miles N of Fez. Lon. 5 50 VV, lat. 35 49 N. Tiinjore, a province of Hindoosta:i, on the coast of Coromandet, bounded by Gingi on the N, by the mountains of Gate on the W, by Madura and the fishing coast .)n tlie S, and by tlie sea on the E, being separated from the island of '"'eylon by a narrow strait. It, is an a|.,/endage of the Carnatic, but subject to its own rajah, who pays an annual subsidy to the English East In- dia Company. Tanjore, a city of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, capital of a province of the same name. It is seated on the Cau- very, 156 miles S by VV of Madr.is, and 166 S E of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 12 E, lat. 10 46 N. Tankia, or TinHa-tin^, a town and fortress of Thiliet, at the foot of Mount Langur, 275 miles VV by S of Lassa. Tanna, a fertile aiiJ considerable island in the South Sea, and one of tlii; New Hebrides. Captain Cook l;iy here some time in his second voyage to the South Sea, the inhabitants are a brave people, and not inhospitable. Their .irms are bows and arrows, slirg,s, spears, and clubs. There is a volcano in the islands, and the soil is very fer- tile in the tropical fruits and forest trees. The coast also aliounds in fi,ili. Lon. 169 46 E, lat. 19 ,30 S. Tar.ore, a sc;iport of HinI it'a(^;iies in i iiruit. It lias Hir\enil sprinj^'s inland, and a small stream iil (fi)i)d water, which reacden the- sea when the H|)riiijfs are copiinin. Tlie S li siile rises with (jreut innjiiali- ties inimeitialel) from tin- Ht-a ; so that the plains and meadows, of which there are some o| ^;rtat extent, lie ail on the >1 \V side i and a.'C adorned with tiifls of trees, i.iteiMiiixod with pluntallons, and I'ltc: irctril by pntiis leuding to eve- ry p.irt (i''tlic isle. « Tiionnina, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Dcmona, seated on u rock, US) miles S of Messina, famous for ilH costly inur- ble and excellent wine. Lon. 15 J4 E, lat. ;33 21 iN. Taoutau, an island of tlie South Fa- rltic Ocean, Lun. 145 v VV, lat. 14 H) S. Tdppnhannoet, a po»t town in Essex coiinl\, \'ir|riiiia; situated on the Sside of Uappaiiannoc'k river, "^T miles N E of ilichniond, 5o SE of Fredericksburg, and 117 from Wasliinjjtoii It is a low nnhealtliy sanation, but a place of con- siderable trade, and has about 6U0 in- habitants. T.iploe, a villapre in Buckinghamshire, one mile from Maidenhead. It is seat- ed on a hill, on the banks of the Thames, ami ('.istinguished by its ma- jestic woodlands, handsome villas, and picturesque apjjearance. Tut'imr, a town of the peninsula of Hi dbostan, 15 miles S S W of Darai". poorv, and 8,> E S E of Seriiijjapatam Tiipt;, a river of the Dcccan of llin- ddos'an which rises at Maltoy, 84 miles to the N W of Nagpour, and fulls into the gulf of Cambay, about 20 miles be- low Suvat. Ttir, or Pamlico, a river of North Cirolina, which flowin).H)y Tai '..oroiigh and Washington, enters Pamlico Souiui, 4U miles S E of the latt'M- town. Tiiransii, one of the Hebriiles or W Islands of Scotland. Lon. 8 53 W, lat. 58 2 N. Tarar.to, a seaport of Naples, in Tcr ra d'Otranto, witii an archbishop's sec. It is seated on a pei insula, nnd dcfind. ed by a .s'r.jng castL' -, but the harbmi js choked ui>, which has hurt it very TAR mnch. Tliiu town gave name to tiie venomous spiders called tariintiilat. U Im 55 miles N W of Otranto, mid Ijo E bv S of Naples. Lun. IT 29 E, Int. M) Xi N. Tariigrtlla, a town of the kingdom nf Tablet, in Africa, with a castle Hciilcfl on the Dras, 275 miles S VV of 'ralilct. Lon. ti 3 W, lat. 27 4U N. Tiirare, a town of France, in the de- partment of Rhone and Loire, ami late province of Lyomu.is seated on the Tor- dive, at the foo- iif . mnuntiiin of the h ine name, 25 mdes N VV of Lyons. Lon. 4 -13 E. lat 45 52 N. Taraicon, a town of France, in tlie . ::ble barren countrv, full ofdreadtrl nioiintuins. Moutier li the capital Titrga, a town of Afi ica in the l"i"g- dom oi Fez, on the Mediterranean, TAR town i^ave name to tlie iUm's cuIUmI tariintuliis. h I W of Otranto, i.iid 150 pies. Lon. 17 29 t, Ut. a town of the kinf^dom nf rira, witli a castle HCiilcfl 275 n\ilf» S W of •lafilct. Hit. 27 4U N. )wii of France, in tlie dc- lionc and Loire, and late 'oiint'is Heated on thr Tor- bo* r>f . moiintiiin of the 25 mdcB N VV of Lyons. lat 45 52 N. town of France, In die jf tlie Mouths of tile ,te province of Provenn;, seated on the Khonc. up. lire, with which it tiim- a brvclpe of boats. It has oil, brandy, starch, and •.sc silk, and v/ool It is Aries, and 375 S by E of t 39 E, lilt. 43 48 N. town of France, in the ' ArrieffC, and late pro. ince, sealed on the river n miles -S E of Foix. I strong town of Spain, in h a bishop's see. It is on a rock, and partly in u on the river Cliiles, 13 rudella, and 127 N E of 1. 1 26 W, lat. 41 .55 N. own of Scotland, in tlie omarty, six miles E of St, a town of Scotland, in f Argyle, 25 miles N of [iptdous town of France, rovince of G.isrnny, now clei)artment of Uj'per Py. I bisiiop's .sec, an ancient colli' i^e it is seated on ! miles S W of Audi, and Uuurduaux. Lon. (; J E, a post !own in Eopp- r, North Curolina ; Wmi; le of Pampliia river, 34 Malifa\, 48 W bv N of and 83 N Wof Ncwbeni. iOO inhabitants. a province of Sarny, aprt ; ::ble barren conntrv. '! mountains. Moutier :i iwn of Afiica in the I'inj^- ou the Mediterranean, TAR ».vilh a caitle built on a pock. It is Seated on a plain surrounded by moan- tainuus and thick forests, wbicb is con- hlJered as a desert ; but there arc );ood well* anil line pastures. Lon. 4 56 VV, lat. 35 20 N. Targorml, .i town of Turkey, in Eu- rope, in Moldavia, 50 miles S W of Jassy. Lon. 26 29 E, Lit. 46 49 N. 'fori fa, a town of Spain, in Andalu- sia, with a castle seated on an emi- nence, on the straits of Gibraltar, 17 miles W S W of GibniHur. Lon. 5 40 W, lat. 30 N. T,irhi, the capital of Daghestan, seated (m the W coast of the Caspian .Sea, 51 miles S E of Terki, and .300 NEofTauris. Lon. 47 5 E, lat. 45 50 N. Tarn, a department of FrAnce, in- cluding part of the late province of Languednc. Cnstres is the capital. 'Aiyii, a river of France, which gives name to the above dejjartment. It has its source in the dcpurtmont of Loz- licre, and having wutcrcd Mithoud, Alby, Guillac, Mr-nUuiban, and Mois- .sac'ftiMs into the Garonne. Tannr.-jit::, a towni of Silesia, in tJic princip.'dity (.f Oppelen, in tiie vicinity of wliich is a silver mine It is 38 mile.s S F of Oppelen. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 5(J 20 N. Tiiro, or B'lr^u ,'i Vti! ^i-T.:ro,a town ofltiily, in t'le diilc^iy of Parniu, capi- tal of tiie territory of Val-fli-'i'aro. It i.s sfutcd on the river Taro, 25 iiillos S W of Purmu. Lon. 19 9 E, lat. 44 .•30 N Tjrir.lniit, or Tunidant, a town of Mo- rncro, in the |)r<.vlnce of Siii, sealed i!(;,r tlic Atlantic, 1.10 milo.i S S W of M'lrorco. Lon. H 10 W, lat. 300 N. Turraga, or Tmrr-.a, a town of Spain, ir. Cutulonia, seaud on a hill, iic:tr t!ie rivei- Cervera, l.j miles E by S v>f I,<- rlda, and oO VV cf Barf elona. Lon. 1 3 •, lat. 41 28 N. '/(HT (^ jra, a strong' seaport of Spain, in C.it lo-.'.ia, 'vith a bi.shop's see, ar.d a univi'r::ity. It was bail* by the Pl.roni- cians, w.-is very poweiful in the time of Ro:nu!is, wrt has many noble mo niiinenls of antiquity. It '!< surround- ed 1/ . walls built by the Moors, and is deteiHied also by rcp^ular works. It is iicitl'or so lui'^e, nor so popnious as it wa^ rirmi'i-ly ; for tlio-igh f licre is room for '.:;j'JO houses witliio the w.il!s, there Ml i)i;t above 500, wiruh m-c \\\\ built xvitli liu-jj.' square stones. It r.^/ics on TAR a great trade, and is seated on a hill, on the Mcdilerranciin, 35 miles N E of Tortosii, and 220 miles K by N of Ma- drid. Lon. 1 1,; E, lat. 41 5 N. Tiiirb'g, a town in Sussex, with a market on Saturday, seatc^l on the Downs, not far from the sea, 24 miles E of Chichester, and 52 S VV of Lon- don. Lon. 21 \V, lat. ,VJ 50 N. Tanary, a very largo country of Asia, situated between 5*" and 16U° )f E Lon. reckoning from the west end of •be isle of Ferro, and Ijetweeu 37° and 55° of Lat. It is bounded on the N by Siberia, or that part of Asia which be- longs to Russia ! on the VV by the riv- ers Don, VVolga, and Rama, which se- parate it from Russia ; on the S by the Euxine and Caspian Seas, Karazni, the two Bukhurias, China, and Kona i and on the E, oy the Oriental or Tart.irian ocean. It extendi from E to VV, the space of 104 liegrecs in longitude, or 4145 geograpbic^il mile*; but its hreudlU is not proportionable, beii;g not above 960 niiles wlicre broadest, and where narrowest 'iSj This vast region is di- vided into two great parts; the one called the Weslrni, the other tl.e Kas- teru Tanary. V/estcrn TaiUry, wiiicli is much more extensive than (he Eas- tern, containing 13'J dcgr<'es of long, out of 161, is inhabit I'd !)y a iiccat n'.:m- ber of nations, or tribes of i-eople, cal- led Moguls or Tai'iars. In all llii,:ii (lie cxtrcuc.4 of liei.t. and cold. As to t'.e soil, though there are many mountains, lakes, and deserts in it, yet the banks f;f the riv- ers, and the plains, some of wliiei» are. of great extent, are exceeding fertile. The mountains, -A'oods, and d<'r>ertB, abound with venison, game, and wild fowl i and the rivers an L lakes both with fish and fowl. Eastern Tartary, iccordiiig to the limits usually assigned it by historians, and geographers, is hounded to the VV bv VVcbtcni Tarta- ry, or by that part (■■■s-w.-ssed by tiie proper Moguls ar.d Kalkus ; on tlie N" by Siberia , on the E !)y that p:at of the Oriental Ocean called the Tartarian S:r ; andon tlic S by the same sea,tbe Sii s s mm king'clam of Korea, «nd tlie Yellow Sea, | wliicli •icpurateii it fi-um China, It la . sitiiiitc between the 137th uiul 160tl) | (Icg;rcr» of Lon.beiiiu'ikbout 900 miles lonj;; ti'oni S to N, una near us many iu bie;i(ltl) liom W to E, yet but thinly pr()]>lecl. This lurge region is at present diviik'cl into three great g«vernments,all Kuhject to the Chinese, viz. Shing- yang or Mugden, KurinuU, and Tsit- sikitr. Tartat, a town of France, iu the de- partment of LanUcs, and laic province of Gasrony, The Mi(h)use runs through it i and on one aide of tiiis river it rises in the form of an anij)hitheatrc ; the ntlier n seuted on a plain. It is 12 miles N E of Dttx. Lon. 48 W, lat. 43 50 N. Tiirvis, or Torws, a town of Germa- ny, in Carinthia, 46 miles N N W of Tricst. Lon. 13 40 E, lat. 46 34 N. TiumCDita, a maritime town of the isle of I'uhna, one of ti>e Canuries. It lies S W of St. Cruz, and being expo- sed to wesicrly winds is little fre- quented, but by boats. Lon. 17 58 W, lat. 28 38 N. TiiistmiiJoii, the capital of Bootan, 260 miles S by VV of Lassa. Lon. 8'J K, lat. 27 43 N. TuMiiig, an island of Denmark, be- tween Funcn, Langcland, and Arroc. It is separated from the former by a strait, and contains a few towns and vill"j;es. Tasto, an island of the Archipelago, near K jmania, at the entrance of the gulf of Contesla. It is 35 miles in rir. cumfercnce and was formerly famous for mines of gold, and quarries of beau- tiful marble. The capital, of the same name, has a good hai'bour, and several ciistles. T,isso, a mountain of Italy, between Bergamo and Como, from which the illustrious family of die poet Tasso took their name. Tatta, or Sim/c, a city of Hindoostan Proper, cajiital of the province of Sin- dy. It is seated on a brnnch of the river Sindc or Indus, >vliich admits of an uninterrupted navigation to Moull.in and Lahore, fur ve,ssels of 200 tons, land a very extensive tratle was carried on between these places. in the time of Auruugzebe but at present very little remains, owing to a b.-^d government in Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of tlie Seiks tha .present possessors of Moultan and Lahore. In the 17th cen- tury, it was very cjiteusive and popu- T A U loui, and was a place of great trutlt, ]>osscsNing manufactures of eilk, wool, and cott(m ; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware. Little of these now remain, and the limits of the city are verj circumscribed. On the shores of the Indus, above the Delta, considera- ble quantities of salt-petre are mndt . and within the hilly tract, which roni- niences within three mUes en the N W of Tatta, are found mines of iron and salt. Tatta is 741 miles N W of Horn- bay. Lon. 67 37 E, lat. 24 50 N. Tattah, a small town on the common frontiers of Morocco, Drali, and Zuhk- huga, and in the route from Morocco and Sus to Tonibuctuu. It is 170 mllci S S E of Morocco. TiittvrtlutU, a town in Lincolnshire, with n luarkut on Friday. It is seated on the liane, near its confluence witli the AVitliam, and was formerly of note for its castle. It is 20 miles S £ of Lincoln, and 127 N of London. Lon. 3 W. Ut. 53 6 N. T 'stus, a town of Sweden, in Fin- land, L'upital of tiic province of Tavastc- l.ind, seated on a river which falls ialc liie lake Wana, 62jnilus N E of Abo. Tauchet, a town of Pol.ind in Ponit- rellia, seated on the Vcrd, 30 mill'.!, N W of Culm. Lon. 18 5 E, lat. 53 38 N. Tuvenia, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriorc, seated on the Coracs, 20 n)iles E of Nieohtro, and 70 N E ol Kepgio. Lon. 16 44 E, lat. 39 11 N. Tiivira, or Tavita, a considerable town of Portugal, capital of Algarvn, with a castle, and one of the best har- bours in the kingdom defended by a fort. It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of the Gilaon, between Cape Vincent and the straits of Gibral- tar, 100 miles W bv N of Cadiz. Lon 7 46 W, lat. 37 18 N. Tavittoci, a borough in Devonshire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on the river Tavy, and was once fii- nious for a stately abbey, now divided into tenements. It sends two members to parliament, has a brook running' through every street, and a stone bridge of five arches over the river. It is 32 miles W by S of Exeter, and 206 of London. Lon. 4 12 W, lat. 30 35 N. Taumago, an island of the South Pa- cific Oeciin, discovered hv Qiiiros in 1606. Lon. 17ft 45 W, lat' 13 S. Tmtuton,n river of Massachusetts in Kvrtli Amet'ica. It risgs in the Blue * ,»* A U n place of j^reat trutle, iifuctiirca of silk, mooI, 1 it wan cclcbrattd for ;. Little of thcue now I liniitg of till- city are bi-d. On tlic shores nf c the Delta, consiidcra- fsult-petre are mudt . hilly tract, wliich rtini- tlirec nitlcit (;n tin: N W iiiid mines of iron aiul r41 miles N W of Horn- \7 E, Int. 24 50 N. ill town on tl:c conimon rocro, Druli, and Zang- i route from Moroicu ibuctuu. It is 170 mlici CO. town in LincolnshiiT, m Friday. It is sciittd ar its confluence with kI w.is fornicrlv of note It is 20 miles S £ of '7 N of London. Lon. f) N. )\vu of Sweden, in Fin- tiic p.rovince of 'I'avastc- u river \rhirh falls Into Cajnilcs N E of Aho. wn of Pdl.ind in Ponii- 1 the Vcril, ;10 inili's. Lon. IB JE, lat. 53 oH ^wii of Naples, in Cala- seated on the Coraco, [ioastro, and 70 N E ol 16 44 E, iat. 39 11 M. lavitii, a considerable id, capital of Al),Mrvn, nd one of the best har- ingdom defended by a ed in a fertile country, f the Gilaon, between nd the straits of Glbral- V bv N of Cadiz. Lon 18 N. borough in Devonshire, w Saturday. It is seat- Tavy, and was once fii- ;cly abbey, now divided , It sends two members has a brook running' street, and a stone rches over the river. It by S of Exeter, ami 206 1. 4 12 W. lat. 30 35 N. island of the South I'a- iscovcrcd by Qiiiros in G45 W.lat. 13 S. 'er of Mussacbiisetls in a. It risQs in the Blue T A U Mountains, and running S E fells into iJarriijjansct Uay, on the K siile of Rliodc Island. Taunton, a. town of Massachusetts, seated ou a river of the same name, which is navigable hence for small vessels, to Narraganset Boy. It is 36 miles S by E of Iloston. Taunton, a b(»ro\igh in Somersetshire, with a market on Wednesday and Si- tiirday. It is situate on the Thone, ■•v'tich is niivifjable hence to the I'arrct. It has a large manufacture of silk, and a considerable one of woollen goods, .inch as serges, duroys, druggets, 8ic. Large quantities of malt liquor are also sent to Bristol for exportation. Tauii- 1011 is governed by a mayor and sends two members to parliament. It had once a castle, now in ruins, and is a populous place, with spacious streets, and two churches. It was the scene of many bloody exccutionn, in the reign of James II. afler the defeat of the duke of Monmouth, at Scdgenioor, near this town. It is 31 miles N E of Exeter, and 140 W by S of London. Lon. 3 17 W, lat. 50 59 N. Taunton, a post town, the capital of Brist'il county, Massachusetts; lying on the W side of Taunton river, 25 miles N of New Bedford, and 35 S of Boston. The township contains 3900 inhabitants. Taunton- Dean, or Vale of Taunton, an extensive tract of land in Somersetshire, famous for its fertility. Taureau, an isle of France, in the de- partment of Finisterre, and late i)ro- vince of Bretagne, lying at tli<^ mouth of the river Morlaix. On this islaml is a castle, which defends the port of Mor- laix. Lon. 3 51 W, lat. 48 40 N. Taurica, or TauiiJa. See Crimea. Tauris, a city of Persia, capital of Aderbeitzan, and formerly the capital of Persia. It is about five miles in cir- tiumrerencc and carries on a prodigious trade in cotton, cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine turbans, and sha- green leather. 1 here are 300 caravan- saries, and 250 mosques. It is seated in a delightful plain, surrounded by mountains, 95 miles S E of Naksivan, and 320 N W of Ispahan. Lon. 47 50 E, lat. 33 18 N. Taurus, a great chain of mountains in Asia, whicli begin In the E part of I.UUe Caramania, and extend far into Indi;!. in dillercnt jdaces they Jiave iliJI'trcnt name.': *t hi ■ mf^f!^ Taut, » town of Bohemia, ih the cle- clc of Pil»cn, 26milel S S W of Pilsen. and 50 S of Stetz. Loh. 13 45 E, Ut 49 25 N. Tavy, a river In Devonshire, which rising in Dartmoor Forest, waters Ta- vystock and then enters the harbour of Hamouze, above Plymouth. Tuv!, a rivet in Devonshire, which rises in the centre of the count v, flovys to Barnstaple, and then turns W to join the Trowbridge, at its rtioutli in the Bristol Cliannfcl. Tawy, a. river in Glamofganshire ih S \VaIcB, which flows parallel to the Neath, and enterk the Bristol Channel, at Swansey Bay . Tay, one of the largest rivers in Scol- land, dividing it into S and N. It rises out oJ the liituntains of Bl-eadalbane, and after spreading into a lajte of this same name, 15 miles long, and about two broad, runs E through Athol, then turning to the S E in a course of ncair 40 miles, exclusive of windings, fall» into the frith of Tay. Tay, Frith of, an aMh of the sea, which divides Fifeshii-e IT-om the couii- ties of Perth and Angus. Tlie spaco between tl»e N and S sands may be tieiih a mile, with about three fathoms wa- ter, but within the Frith, it grows deeper, antl in the road of t)undee is full six fathoms. Tay, Loch, a lake iii Perthshire, through which flows the river Tay. It is 15 miles long, and in many parts ai hove one bioad. On the I2th of Sep- tember, 1784, this lake was seen to ebb and flow several times in a fpiurlefr of an hour, when all at once the water* rushed from E to W in oppa.site cur- rents, 80 as to form a ridge, leaving the channel dry to the distuiice of id- most 100 yards from its usuul boundary. When the opposing waves met, they burst wHli a clashing noise and nwich foam : the waters then flowed out .it least five yards beyond their ordin.-^ry limits. Tlie flux and reflux continu- ed gradually decie;ising for two hours. A similar motion was observed several days, but in a less degree. 'I he banks of this lake are finely wooded r ;ind it has a small tufted island, on wliich are the ruins of a priory, built bv Alcxaiuie'' I. ' Taxcot, avillasc of Pegu, situated on the VV side of tlie river Irrawaddy. It is a long and strtfigliiig t»wii. L«ii. 96 .53 E, kl. 13 30 N. T C H T C I wJ 'TilHing-tcfui-Jiin, a city of Cliiim, tlie c(a| third class, in which a kinil of plsin enrtlien ware is prepared, highly vain, ed by the Chinese, who iirefer it to IIk; most elegant porcelain. It is C4U hiJlcA S S \V of I'okin. Lon. 38 23 N Tching-ting-fou, a large city of Clii. na, in the province of Pc-tchcli, It.i district contains five cities of the se- cond and 37 of the third class ; and it. is 110 miles S by W of Pekin. Lon. 114 31 E. lat. 38 9 N. Tchiitg-um-fou, « city of China, the capital of Se-tcheucn, formerly the rc- siilcnce of the emperors, and one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the empire: but, in 1646, it was almost entirely destroyed, during the ci»Ll wars that preceded the last invasion of the I'artars. Its district contains six cities of the second and 15 of the tliinl class. Lon. 103 44 E, lat. 30 40 N. Tchi-tcheoufou, a city of China, in the province of Kiiuig-nan. It is seat- >.'d on the river Kiang, and has under it six cities of the thirtl cKiss. Lon. 117 E, lat. 30 45 N. Tcho'Jg-ting-fciu, a city of China, and one of the most commercial in the pro- vince of Le-Scliuin. It is in a gi'e:it measure indebted for its trade to its si- tnution at the confluence of two Lirgc rivers ; the Hin-cha-kiang, and llic Yang-tse-kiang. It is built upon a mountain, and rises in the form of an umphitheatre : the air round it is whole- some and temperate. This city is cclc- brati'd for its fish, and a particular kind of trunks made of canes, interwoven in the manner of basket-work. Under it are three cities of the second, and 11 of the third class. Lon. It is (537 tnilca S 106 30 E, lat. 29 \V of Pekin 43 N. Tcitckar, tlic most northern of the three departments of Eastern Chinese Tartary, occu|>ied l^y different Tartar tribes. Tcitcicar, a modern city of E Chinese Tartary, built by llic emperor of China to secure his frontiers against the Mus- covites. It i.s fortified by close nali- s.tdes and a wiill toiistructeil of earth. 'IMic $psco uncloPv'd by the t'ersici' con- Z I m. 118 5JE, lat.iJ « city of Cliiiia, in •t^iiainr, ioalcil mar Inch all burkv miiHi Sou-tciieoii, to Ki. i five cities of ihii li a kind uf pUJi, pared, higlily v;ilii. who iwefcr it to llio iiin. It iit C40 liilica .011. loy 40 E, lat. larffe city of Clii. of Pc-tchtli. ht, ■c citiei of tlie sc- third clans i uiiil it iV of Pckiii. Loii. city of China, tlic II, formerly the re- crors, and one of heautifid citiei in 1646, it was almost during the ciril lie last invasion of strict contains six ind 15 of the third E, lat. 30 40 N. city of China, in ip-nan. It is scat- I'ff, and has under rd class. Lon. 11 r city of China, and nercial in the pro- It is in a ({Tc:\t its trade to its si- ;nce of two larffc -kiangi, and the is built ujjon ;» in the form of an round it is whole. This city is ccle- t a particular kind 28, interwoven in -work. Under it le second, and 11 It is 637 miles S 106 20 E, lat. 29 northern of the Eastern Chinese different Tai-tar city of E Chinese ■niperor of China against the iVIus- d hy close pali- rncted of earth, the fgrsjcr con- TED tains the tribunals and the house of the Tartur jfonorul i that whicii is hi twien thi; palisades and the cHrthcii wall is ii('nu|)ied by the soldiers of the 'I'artur (farrison, nierchunts anil tradesmen, the ((« liter part of whom arc Chinese in- viti-il thither by the hopes of |fuin, or •uiidtmned to exile : their houses are only of earth, and form pretty large streets. Teati, nn island in the Mediterra- nean, ^'0 miles long, and four broad. It is the ancient Itliaca, the kingdom of UlvMses. Lon. 20 54 E, lat. 3H 47 N. Tetietsa, u. tovn of the kingdom of TiiniM, with several remains of uiitiqui- ty. It is seated at tlio foot of a moun- tain. Lon. 8 5 E, lat 3151 N. Tebzii, a strong town of tlie kingdom of jVIorocco, capital of a province of the lame name. It carries on a good trade, and is seated on tlie side of one of the mountains of Atlas. Lon. 4 jj W, lat o2 50 N. Teceiit, a town of Morocco, in the province of Sus, seated on the river Sus, in a cointry abjundiiig in ilutcs and sug;ir-c:mes, four niih's li- of Mes- .ia.^ Lon. 8 25 E, lat 29 10 N. Tccilenlmr:;, a town of Westphalia, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle on a hill. It was bi)n;;ht by llie king of l»:'U3sia in ITOr, ami' is IJ miles S W of O.^inabiirg, ond 25 N E of Minister. Lon 8 2 E, lat. 52 20 N. Tcrou.-Jtepec.i, a considerable soaport of New Sji.iin, in the audience of .Mex- ico and province of Giia.\.'ica, seated im a i'a\ of the same name, in (lif Pa.lfie Ocean. It has a foitiili d ubHey, and several handsonip chtirelies. Lon. 95 15 '.V, hit. 15 28 N. 'Ji\\)rt, or Tnwte, a strong tmvii of Barbary, capital of a kiiiifdoiii of the tame name, in Biledolgerid. I(. iti seated on a moiiiitain, 420 miles S W ot'^rripoli. Lon. 7 55 E, lat. 23 35 N. Tecrct, a town of Turkev in A.sia, in tlie government of Mosul, '130 miles S nf .Mosnl. T(-u!it, a seaport ^ifllie kingdom of Morofco, with .nn old ca:it)c, .sc.i'cil v,>, tlie side of a moiinUin, at t!in mnutli fifa river of the s'.mie name. Lon. <) j W, Int. 30 45 N. Tc.l Urigum, a villag-e in Middlcsi-x, seated on the Tli.invjii, 12 miles \V S W of London. 'Ihe rl.orch is a per- Jietnal curnry, wliieh m-:-s cpjovcd !r,- ilic celebrated philot(iilie:-,"Dr. SiJ- T IE F Phcn fUlcR, from the year iriO, till Ids death in 176i. He i.n liileried un. •ler the tower of llie ehnrch, which ho creeted at his own exponce. Tedclez, a strong town of AI„'iers, in the pmvincc of the same iiami', on the coaatoftlie Mediterranean, with a castle, 50 miles N E of Algiers. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 47 5 N. TeMa, or Tadila, a province of Ma. rorco, whirh extends along the K side of Mount Alias, to the borders of Fex and Algiers. TtUiitit, a large town of Morocco, in Africa, capital (if the province of Ilea. It was taken by the Foriiig'.iese in 1517, hut tlicy were driven away soon after. It is almost snrron'ided by it river. Lon. 8 :i3 W , lat. ."J 30 N. ' TcLi, IX commercial town oi" .Maroe. CO in the |irovince of Sii^i, s-ated in a plain aboiiiulliig in cm-n, 2 J miles S K of I'arodaiit. Ttij. a river which rl.ies on the coii- fine.s of Ciimberland, di. ides the coun- ty of D.irbani from Voiksiiire, and fills intJ the German Ocean, budow Stockton. Tcfl-zara, a strong town of Aliri<-rs, In the province of Trumesen, 12 miles from the elly of that name, I'Iictc iirc a great many mines of iron in its ter- rllory. VV/iV.v, tlie capital of Gcora-la, one of t!ic be\eii Caucassian nations between the Uliu k Sea and the CasjiL-ui. .Iti« called by tile lnhabita;i's 77*.',Vj Caitir^ warm town, from tlie warm baths in its nciglibonrhood. 'I'liougli its cir- cnmfcience does not exceed twi Eng- ILsli miles, it contains 20.t,'00 ir.habi- • lant.s, of which mmv tlian half are Ar- menians, the reinaiiidv.'r are prlneipiilly Georgians, ■with some Tartar.s. Ac. cordin;;- to Mjjor ItetiiK-!, it has 20 Armenian and I'j Greek cliiirches, and •netslieds. There ai'e dome m.igniiicent car.iv.".n'sUil;lisUed in this town all the iriunutaclMies carried on by tlicir coun- try men in I'l rsi!* : the most (lourish- ri.pj is that of printed lineni. TefHis is sei.tcd nn the rivor Kur, at the foot of :; tno'nitain ; a'l'i on the S side of it stauils a l^iTj^c castle or f )rtres.«, built by the 'I'url.'s in \j~Cj, when they Tiiadc tl.omselvcs masters of tlie city and coimlrv, under tlic command of the furious Mnstaplia Pacha. It is 125 md.K AVof Turki. Lon. Go 3 E, lat. 41 .69 N. Tif-.tt, a towi^ of M'M'occo, in Africa, rO miles N E of iVIoi-orco. Tc^aza, a town of /Jcliara, capital of ii tei ritniT of tliat nauie, to the N E of Sene[;:!l. It is reniiiikahle for moun- tains'of salt. Lon. 6 GO W, lat. 21 40 N. Ti\"^erln>, a town of Fezza1i,in Africa, SO n.ili:; S W of Motn/.ook. 'I\^!io, a town of the country of the Grioi.ns, capital of a (government of tlie s:.me iir.me, in the Valtcllnc. It is situate on the top of a m*i:ntain, nine miles from Tirano, and 12 from Son- drl". 7V.;(,'i.', a rivcrin Devonshire, compos- ed of two branches, which rise in the centve ol' tl'.e C(^iinty, and unitinj^-, en- ter llic F.ij-'jiih Channel, at '1 ei^n- uiouth. 7(<^-);j;k ;..'.',, a seaport in Devonshire, reckoned ];avi of tlie port of Exeter. It sends a nniiiber of vessels to the NewritiiuriMid ll'liery, M-.d bus a con- siiUr.ibie coast;-;}; trade, especially to I.iveriiOvil. 'I'hin is the ];!aco M-Inrc the Da!if-! fl'r.t huuk'd, r.nd where they CMnir:;fted se>er.;i (Mit!:.;;'fs. ii was :;hiio>,t cr.tircly dcsti-uyed by t5:c Frciu h, wl'.o 'ai\di'd rir,;l set, five to it iu i'.i'.O. «» :<■ statti: at liie nv.i'.'u it. It io seated at the mouth of the Ossa, at the extremity of a point of a craggy rock, ten miles ft-om Orbitello. Lon. 11 11 E, lat. 42 28 N. Tetesa. See Cervito Telles, a seaport of Fez, in Africa, 120 miles E S E of Tangier. Ttlgein, or Tdga, a trading town of Sweden, in Sudermania, seated on the S bank of the lake Maelcr, 12 miles S W of Stockholm. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 59 18 N. Ttllicherry, a seaport of Hindoostan, on the coast of Malabar, where there is an English factory. It is 30 miles N N VV ,.f Calicut. Lon. 75 50 F, lat. 1148N. Tdtah, a tovsm of Germany, in Mo- ravia, seated on the frontiers of Bolie* mia, at the source of the river Teva, 36 miles W N \V of ^naim. Lon.'l6 OE lat. 49 ON. Temendefust, a town of the kinj^- dom of Algiers, seated on the Medi- terranean, ten miles E of Algiers. Temesvjar, a to\vn of Upper Hunga- ry, capital of a territory called the ban- nat of Tcmeswar. It formerly passed for impregnable ; but it was taken by prince E-.igene, in a dry season, in 1716. It is seated in a morass, 60 miles N E of Belfcrade, and 150 S E of Buda.. Lon. 22 20 E, lut. 45 57 N. Tcmlssa, a large town of the king- dom of Fezzati. Here the caravan af )ii!grims from Bomou and Nigritis, which takes its departtire from Moiir- zonk, and travels by way of Cairo to Mecca, usually provides the stores of corn and dates, and dried meat, requi- site liir its dreary passage. It is 120 i;i:li-!i E N E of Moirzook. Tcmjifiton, a \iosi town in WnrccRtcr comity, Massachusetts; lyiugbetween At'oni a;-,d Petersham, 28 miles N W of Worcesttr, and 63 W by N of Bos- i't r!:'!i/i, u town of Germany, in Up- T E M TEN TEN 13 miles S cff Exeter, and ; of London. Lon. 3 29 \V, I. f, a town of Germany in if Bavaria, 12 miles W li )urg. river of Hungary, whicli Carputhian mountains, pas. :ay and Segedln, and Ms nube, ne.'ir 'i'itul. Ice Bender. , a town of Italy, in Tusca- imall harboiu-, and a strong seated at the mouth of tlit e estremity of a point of a I, ten miles ft-om Orbitello. E,lat.42 28N. See Ceraito seaport of Fez, in Africa, : S E of Tangier. or Telga, a trading town of Sudermania, seated on tlie lie lake Maeler, 12 miles S :kholm. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. ■y, a seaport of Hin E, lat. 45 57 N. , a large town of the king- zzan. Here the caravan nl' from Bomou ai\d Nigritis, es its departure from Moiir- ti-ivels by way of Cairo to iially provides the stores of !late'», and dried meat, rcqui- dreary passage. It is 120 E of Mo'irzook. ',,«, a post town in Worcester iissaohusetts ; lying between , Petersham, 28 miles N W stf r, and 63 W by N of Bos- I, ii town oi; Germany, in Up- per Saxony, and the Ucker Marche of Brandenburg, wliich has a great trade in timber. It is 15 miles S VV of Prcnzlo, and 34 N of Berlin. Lon. 13 'J5 E, lat. Sii 5 N. Tanrock, a seaport of Cuban, sealed r>r. tlie sea of Asujili, 20 miles E of tlie straits of CafUi. Lon. o7 20 E, lat. 45 ■17 N. Tenaaerim, a town of Siam, capital of a province. It is situate on a river of ihe same name, wliicli falls into the bav of Bengal. Lon. 98 8 W, lat. 12 12 N. Tenbury, a town in Worcestershire, witli a market on Tuesday, seated on l!ie Tenie, 15 miles W byN of Wor- (xstcr, and 130 W N W of London. J.on. 2 13 W, lat. 52 16 N. Te\iby, a seaport in Pembrokeshire, with a mar!:et on VVcdnesday and S.iturday. Its castle was demolished in the civil wars, and its trade is incon- siderable. It is ten miles E of Pem- broke, and 233 W of London. Lon. 5 5 W, hit, 51 42 N. Tencli's Island, an isl.ind in the Paci- fic Ocean, two miles iii circumference, iliscovercd by lieutenant Ball, in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with trees, m.iny of whicli arc the cocoa- nut. The n.'itives observed in tlie ca- noes, that ventured to come somewhat r.car the ship, were remarkably stout men, quite naked, and of a copper co- lour ; their hair resembling that of the Nt'w Kollandcrs, and some of t!;cir hcards reaching as low as the n.ivcl, with an appearance of much art liav- i-.'g been used to form Uiem into long ringlets. Two or three of the men hail scinielhing like a bead or bone sus- IX'.ided to a string, which was fasUned niinid the neck. The largest of their raiiocs appeared to be about 28 feet I'mg, and made out of a large tree, with a long outrigger. Lon. 15131 E, Lit. 1 39 S. Tciida, a town of It.aly, in Piedmont, '■apital of a county of the came n;nnc. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, a the river Boga, 52 miles S of Turin. I.on. r 45 E, lat. 44 10 N. Tcnedos, a celebrated isl.ind in the Archipelago, on the coast of Natoliu, a.ul ten miles S W of the straits of Ciillipoli. This island still retains its :inclent name : and l.s one of the small- '">t Islands of the Archipelago, slt..at- <'il near the coast of I.csser Asia, W Jif the ruins ofTroy. it Is chiefly rocky, out fertile, being reuiaikable for pro- ducing the hert Musc.idinc wine in the Levant; and i' . jiosition, ihiis near 'he mouth of the Hellespont, has given it iuiportunce in all ages ; vtsscU bound to — tls Constantinople iinding shelter in its port, or safe anciioiage in the road during the Etesian or contrary winds, or in foul weather. It is U miles long and seven broad, inhabited almost wlioily by Greeks. On the. E aide is a large town, seated at the foot of a mountain, with a line harbour, commanded by a castle. On the 5lli of June, 1794, after some severe shock* of an earthquake, a small volca'iic is- land was discovered to have emerged from the sea, between this town and the Asiatic shore. Teiien, or Knin, an episcopal tnwn of Veniue, in Ualmatia, on the borders oi" Bosnia. It is 48 miles S of Bihaca. Lon. 16 30 E, \M. 44 5 N. Teneriff, one of the Canary islands, the most considcr.'.ble of theui for rich- es, trade, and population. It lies W of the Grand Canary, is 70 miles king, an.. land abounds : and, in their sea- sn;,, produces not only the tropical fruits, but the vegetable pr^Hhtctionsof tlic European garden;;, in the greatest plenty. TencrilV enjoys an agreeable .andhe.ilthful mediocrity of climate. Ii;'- deed none seems b(!lter an the W by the Mis- sissipiii, on the N by Kentucky and Vir};iiiia, and on the E by the Iron aiul Bald mounuiins, whif h sepurate it fr(.ni Korth C.'>rt>lina. It is lipwiud of 4('0 miles in lengtli, and 104 in breadth : and contains three districts, afd 11 tountles. Its principal rivers arc the Mississippi, Tenne.''«ee, Cun.beiland, Ucl.-ilon, Clinch .'iiul ])i;rl; ; and it is abundantly watered h\ otiicr rivers and f reeks. The CumberUnd niounlairis, a ridge near 30 miles broad, cut this state into the eiislern snd western di visions. It was forinerh' a p:\rt el Korth Carolina, hut it was adniiltcd a ji ( niber of the United Klalc; in 17 liians, this being their frontier town :4i^inst Persia. It is seated on a river bf the same name, in a marshy place, one milefi-om the Caspian Sea, and 125 E of Tefflis. Lon. 47 50 E, lat. 43 32 N. Termini, a town on the N coast of Sicily, in Val di IJemona, with a strong castle. It is famous for its mineral waters, and has a line aqueduct. It is seated at the moutli of a river of the same name, in a territory abounding in corn, oil, and wine, 20 miles S E of Palermo. Lon. 13 44 E, hit. .'58 5 N. Ternioli, or Termini, an episcopal town of Naples, in Capitanata, .".eated wear the sea, 70 miles N E of Naples. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 41 59 N. Ternate, an island in the Indian Ocean, the principal of the Moluccas. It is ir:ountasnous, and has a great number of wo<'ds, which furnish much game ; hut it prmluces a great tjuantity of cloves, and other fniits proper to the climate. It lies a little to the W of Glhilo, and 100 miles E of Celebes. Lon. 129 E, lat. 1 N. Teniavaiso, a town of Piedmont, six miles N E of Carmagnola, and eight S of C'.ieri. Terneiiie, a strong town and fort of Dutch Flanders on the W branch of the Scheldt, called the Hondt. It is c'lKht miles N of Sas-van-Ghent, and 25 \V N W of Antwerp. It was taken hv the French in 1794. Lon. 3 45 E, lat. n 20 N. Terni, an ancient episcopal city of Ji^ly, in the dutchy of Spolelto. The j T E R I cathedral is a magnificent stnicture, and the place contains ub»ut 9,000 inhabitants ; but it was much more considerable formerly than it is now. The famous cataract of the river Veli- no, which falls from a precipice 300 feet high, is a mile from this city, which is seated on an island formed by the river Neva, on which account it was anciently called Interamna. Terni is the birthplace of Tacitus the histo* rian. It is 15 miles S by VV of Spo- letto, and 40 N of Rome. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 34 N. Tirnma, an ancient archiepiscopal town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria. It was formerly the seat of the princes of Bulgaria, and is seated on a moun- tain, near the Jenera, 88 miles N W of Adrianople, and 97 N E of Sophia, Lon. 26 2 E, lat, 43 1 N, Terracina, anciently called Anxur, a decayed town of Italy, in Campagna di Homa, with a bishop's see. It was the capital of the warlike Voisci, and the principal church was originally a tem. pie of Jupiter. It is seated among orange and citron groves, near the sea, on the side of a mountain, 46 miles S E of Rome. Lon. 13 15 £, lat, 41 24 N. Terra del Etperitu Santo, the most western and largest island of the New Hebrides, in tlie S Seas, being 40 leagues in circuit. The land is exceed- ingly high and mountainous, and in many places tlic clitfii rise directly from the sea. E.^cept the hills anil beaches, every part is covered with wood, or laid out in plantations. Besides the Bay of St, Philip and St. Ja^'o, on the N side of it, the isles which lie along the S and E coast form several good bays and harbours. Lat. 16 S, lon. 165 E. ■ Terra del Fuego / under this name are comprehendpd several islands, at tlie southern exl'.'^nity of America. Tlicy take their name from a volcano on the largest of them. They are ail very bar- ren and mountainous, but from what Mr. Forster says, in his voyage to the S Sea, ihe climate would not appear to be so rigorous and tempestuous as it is roiM'csented in Anson's voyage Upon the lower grounds and islands, tii.it were sheltered by the hij^'h mounta.ns, Mr. Forster found several sorts (fti-ees and plants, and a variety of b.rds. Among the trees was Winter'.s bark tree, and a species of nrbutas, lo.acle4 T r r T .-W T E R with red fruit of the size of stballcker- ries, V iiich were very weil tasted. In tome places there iaalsopknty of cele- ry. Aniun^ the birds was a species of duck, of tiie size of » goose, wiiich ran along the sea with atnazing velocity, beating the tvatcr witb its wing's and feet It had a grey plumage, with a yellow bill and feet, and a few white <|U)1I fenthers. At tlie Falkland islands it is called a logger-head duck ; among the birds are also pleUty of geese and falcons. The rockn of some of the is- lands are covered with large r"::-'c: thella, the fiah of which is well flavour- ed. The natives of tliis country are nhori in thoir )>ersons, not exceeding five feet six inches at most, their heads targe, their faces broad, their cheek Uuiuis very protninent, and their noses very flat. They have little brown eyes, with'-Mit life ; their hair is black and lank, hanging about their heads in dis- order, and besmeared with train oil. Oh tlie chin they have a few straggling short bait's instead of a beard, and from their nose there is a constant discharge of mucUH ■ ..to their ugly open mouth. The whole assemblage of their features forms the most '. )atlisome picture of misery and wretchfidness to which hu- man nature can possibly be reduced. Those which Mr. Forster saw, had no other cloUiing thaA a small piece of «eal-skin, wiiich hung flrom their shoul- <)cr8 to the middle of the back, being fastened round the neck with a string. The rest of their body was perfectly nake^, not the least regard being paid to what the Europeans would term in- decency. Their natural colour seems to be an olive brown, with a kind of ^088, resembling that of copper ; but many of them disguise themseh'es with streaks of red paint, and sometimes, though seldom, with white. Their whole character is the strangest com- pound of •tivpidit}', indilference, and inactivity. They have no other arms thim bows and arrows, and titeir instru- ments for ftshingare a kind offish gigs. They live chiehy on seals flesh, and like the ftit oily part most. There is no appearance of any subordination among them, and their mode of life approaches nearer to that of brutes than that of any other nation. ITerrti di £avoro. See Laimro. Terra (POtfar.to. See Otranto. Terra P'irnni, or Tierra Pirma, a king- "dOm of S America, boundeil oik the K T E R by the Oaribbeaft Sea, on the N E by the Atlantic, on tb^ S E by Guiana anil Amazonia, on tlie S by New Granada, and on the W by tlie Paciflc Ocean and the Isthmus of Darien, which last se- parates it from N America. Its lengtb, from the Atlantic to the Pacliic Ocean, is upward of 1300 miles : its greatest breadth is 750 ; but, in some pldccs, toward the Oronoko, not above IIM. It is divided into the provinces of Terra Firma Proper, or Darien, Cartlisgeiia., St Martha, Rio de laHacha, Vene/.uc- ia, Caraccas, Guinana, and Paris, or New Andalusia. The whole country is now subject to the viceroy of New Granada, who resides at St. Fc de Bu- goat. The climate here, especially in the northern parts, is extremely hut and sultry during the whole year. From the month of May to the cml nt' November, the season called winter by the mhabitants, is almost a continual succession of thunder, ruin, .itid tem« pests t the clouds prccipitatingthe rains with such impetuosity, that the Ion- lands exhibit the appearance of an ocean. Great part oi the country is <>C consequence almost continually flooded ; and this, together with the excessivn heat, so impregnates the air with va- (lours, that in many provinces, giarticu- larly about Popayan and Porto Beilo, it is extremely unwholesome. Tliis pnt of S America was discovered by Co- lumbus, in his third voyage to this con- tinent. It was subdued and settled by the Spaniards, about the year 1514, al- ter destroying, with great inhumanity, several millions of the natives. Thiii country was called Terra Firma, on ac- count of its being the first part of the continent which was discovered, all tlic lands discovered {irevious to this being; islai)d». Terra Firma Proper, another name for the province of Darien, in America. See Darien. Terrannvti, a town of Sicily, in Yal di Noto. It belongs to the duke of Monte- Leone, and is seated near tiic mouth of a river of the same name, SO miles E S E of Alicata. Lon. 14 K» K, kt 37 9N. Terra ifuma, an ancient sCaport, on the N E coast of Sardinia, seated at the bottom of a giilf of the samcj na'me, 6jf miles N N £ of Sassari. Lon. 935 £, lat. 41 3 N. Terriato, or Mango, a smnll village of Pegue, boautifully situated on a h'8f'>^ I* hi ■■m m» < mmmx' mmm' ; R iea, on tlie K E br « S E by Guiana and S by New Gp»nad», Jie Paci6c Ocean and \t'ien, wbich laiit ge- America. Its leng;y I almost a continual ider, ruiis aftd tem« rccipitatiiigthe rains osity, that the low appearance of an t ot the country is tif t continually flooded : with the excessivft tes the air witii v«- f provinces, ])articu- n and Porto Bella, it olesooie. This part discovered by Co- il voyage to this con- >dued and settled by at the year 1514, »(•> It great inhumanity, " the natives. This Terra Firmu, on ac- the first part of the as discovered, all tlic xvious to this being per, another name for arlcn, in America. n of Sicily, in Yal dl the duke of Monte- ^l near titc mouth of name, SO miles E on. 14 K) E, lat. 37 ancient seaport, on rdinitt, seated at the the samd na"me, 63 lari. Lon.935E, lat. ;'o, a small villsgeof situated on a jii^lv TES commanding bank of the Ivratvaddy liver, and surrounded by gruves of Mang^o trees, from which it takes its name. Lon. 95 35 E. lat. 17 32 N. Tenidon, Loch, an inlet of the sea, on tJic \V coast of Resshire, between Cnir- loch and Apptecrots. It has many creeks and buys. Ttrruuen, a town of France, In the department of Uie Struits of Calais, icatcd on the Lis, six miles S of Kt. Omcr. 'Jirruti, k to'On of Spain, in Arra- iroti, with a bishu|>*8 see, seated in a laryre fertile {itain, ut the confluence of the Guadalqiiiver and Alhambro, 75 miles S W of harafifossa, and 113 E of Madrid. I.nn. 1 W. lat. 40 25 N. Tervcre, or Fcere, a town of the Unit- ur miles N E of Middleburg. LOn. 3 43 E, lat 51 56 N. 'JitclitH, a town of Upper Silesia, ca- pital of a dutchy of the s.ime name, tubject to the house of Austria, it was taken by the Prussians in 1757, but re- stored in 1763. It is surrounded on all sides by a morass, and seated near the source of the Vistula. At a little dis- tance from it ia an old castle, on an eminence, where the Ancient dukes re- sided. The inhabitants carry on a trade ill leather, woollen stuffk, and Hun^^ary wines i and make pretty good tire arms, and excellent beer. A ti-eaty of peace was concluded here, in 1779, between emperor Josepli II. and Frederick Wil liam Hi. of Pnissia. It is 37 miles S £ of Troppau, and 65 S W of Cracow. Lon. 18 17 E, lat. 49 53 N. Ttsfgdelt, a town of Morocco Proper, seated at the mouth of the Techubit. It is surrounded by a cr!:g»^ rock, which fenders it impi'egnable. It is 300 miles W of Morocco. Tesino, a river of Swisserland, which has its source in Mount St. Gothnrd , Hows throug'h the country of the Gri- .sons, and the Like Maggiore ; then rim- iiing through part of the Milanese, it washes Pavia, and a little after tails in- to the Po. Tciet, a town of Zahara, which irive.s name to a district. It is 170 miles Sof. Morocco. Lon. 6 56 W, lat. 15 24 N. Tesaia, a town of Austria, in the tounlv of Tirol, 22 miles N E of Trent. :.nd 24 S E of Bolzsiw. Lyn. 1 1 40 V.. i^.f. -I'i :>''i N. t E V Tsii, or 7>M, B riv«r which rises fai the N W of Hants, and passing Stock- brid^e and Rumsey, fklls into the bay of Southampton. Tetlntry, a town in Gloucestershire, with a market on Wednesday. It is of some imtwrtance, but its market f'tr tlte staple commodities of the county, and for wool and cliccsc has of latM years suffered a gradual decline. It:i chief ornament is its newly erected church, built in a spirited imitation of Gothic models. It is 35 miles E N K of Bristol, And 99 W of London. Lon. I 8 VV, lat. 51 36 N. Tetieaco, a lake of Peru, in the audi- enee of Lima and province of Callao, above 200 miles in circumference. Tettnang, a town of Suabia, capital oi' a lordship Of the same name. It ia eight miles N of Lindau, and 18 E N E of Constance. Lon. 9 50 £» Ut. 4f 46 11. Tettian, a city of th6 kingdom of Pe«r, with a cattle. The houses have only little holes toward the streets to look out at; for the windows are on the in- side, toward the courtyard, which Is surrounded by galleries ( and in thd. middle is gCneraMy * fountain. The housed are two stories hig4i, flat at th«i top, and the streets very narrow. The women visit each other IVom the topa of their houses ; they wear bracelets on thoir arms undlegs, and large ear-rings i have very fine eyes, and some of them beautiful skins ; and their vest is open before, A-om the !)osom to the waist. The shO))B are very small, and without doors ; the master sitting cross-legj^d on a counter, with the goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the cus- tomers stand in the street. It is seated on the river Cus, three miles from tlifc Mediterranean, 21 S of Ceuta, .md lUg N by W of Fei. Lon. * 26 VV, kt 35 27 N. Tffitrone, a river of Italy, the ancient Anio, which rines in the Appennines, 50 miles above Tivoli, glides through a plain till it comes near that town, when it is conflned for a short spaed between two hills, covered with groves. These were siipimsed to be the resi- dence of the sibvl Albunca, to whom a teniplft here was dedicated, the elC- cfant form of which indicates its having been built when the arts were in the highest state of perfection. The river moving with augmentcil rapidity, as its chaiwel is «oni>n«4 at la«t rnshtt*! ti*> iv.iuly over a lofty precipice, lite noise uf iu fall resounding tliroii|rh tlie hills and groves of Tivoli i a liquid cloud a- riscs from the foaming water, which afterward divides into numberlcsB smuU cascades, waters several orchard?, and having gained the plain, (lows quietly on till it loses itself in the Tiber. See Solftitara. Teviot, a river of Scotland, which ri- ses in tite mountains in the S W of Huxburghshire, and passing- almost through the centre of that county, falls into the Tweed, near Kelso. Tniotdale. See Roxburghth'ire. Teurart, an ancient town of the king- dom of Fez, seated on a mountain near tlie river Za. Teuschnitz, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, in tliv bishopric of Bamberg, .34 miles N E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 27 E. lat. 50 32 N. Teusera, a Uiwn of Barbary, in Bile- dulgerid, divided into two parts by a river. It stands on the confines of Tu- nis, in a country abounding in dates. Lou. 10 16 E, lat. 31 28 N. Tmvietbttry, a borough in Glouces- terHliire, with a market on Wednesday and Saturday. It was formerly noted for the excellence of its mustard, but now only diatmguished (as to its trade) for a manuf»ctory of cotton stockings. But Its church, and tlie ruins of its mo- nastery, are most worthy of notice ; tlie former of which contains the relics of those who fell at the battle of Tew- kesbury, and, amongthe rest, of prince Edward, son to Henry VI. who was butchered in cold blood ai\cr the en- gagement. Tewkesbury is seated at tlie confluence of the Severn and Avon, 10 miles N of Gloucester, and 102 W N VV of London. Lon. 2 13 W, lat. .52 N. Texcl, an island of the United Pro- vinces, iu N Holland, separated from tlie continent by a narrow channel of the same name, defended by a strong fort on the continent, called the lielder. Tiiis cliunnel is the best and most southern entrance from the ocean into the Zuider-Zee, and through it most of tlie ships pass that are huund to Am- sterdam. In September 1"99, the En- glish effected a landing liere, and took the fort which defends the ch.innel, and the whole of the IJutch fleet lying therein, surrendered to them, for the service of tiie prince of Orange ; but {i.i.rtly deterred by tUs impregnable na- T H A lure of the country, and partly hy tde approach of winter, they abandoned the fort in November following. Teya, a river of Germany, which has its source near Teltsh, in Moravia, flows E by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters the Moraw on the confines of Hungary. Tejm, a town of Bohemia, belonging to the archbishop of Prague, 52 miles S W of that city. Lon. 13 40 £, lut. 49 38 N. Tezar, a town of the kingdotn of Fez, capital of the province of Cum. Here is a mosque, larger than that of Fez, being half a mile in circumference. It is seated on a small river, 45 miles C of Fez. Lon. 4 15 W, lat. 33 40 N. TezciKo, a town of New Spain, and the capital of a large government. Here Cortez caused a canal to be dug, where he built 18 brigantines, to carry on the siege of Me^cico. It is seated ne.ir the lake of Mexico, 30 miles E of the city of that name. Lon. 100 4 W, lat. 20 3 N. Tezela, a town of the kingdom of Al- giers, in Tremesen, with a castle, 15 miles from Oran. Lon. 25 E, lat. 35 25 N. 7'ezote, a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated on the jiuint of a rock, 8 miles from Melilla. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. 44 40N. Thainee, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, near the mouth uf a river of the same name, 120 miles S of Tunis. Lon. 10 13 E, lat. 34 50 N. Thaniet, tlie finest river in Great Britain, which takes its rise from a co- pious spring, calledThames Head, two miles S VV of Cirencester, in Glouce.s- tershire. It has been erroneously said, that its name is Isis, till it arrives nt Dorchester, 15 miles below Oxforil, when, being joined by the Thame or Tame, it a.ssunies the name of Thames, which, it has been obsei-ved, is formed fi'om a combination of tlie words Thame and Isis. What was the origin of this vulgar error, cannot now be traced. Poetical fiction, however, has perpetuated this error, and invested it with a kind of classical sanctity. It plainly appears (says Camden), that the fiver was always called Tliamcs or Terns, before it came near the Tlu-iine ; and in several ancient charters granttd to the abbey of Maluisbury, as well an that of Ensham, und in the old deeils relating to Crickhtilc, it w never con- ' H A luntry, and partly l)y the nter, they abandoned the }er following. r of Germany, wliiclihas nr Teltsh, in Moravia, Inaim, on the borders of enters the Moraw on the ingary. n of Bohemia, belonging hop of Prague, 52 miles city. Lon. 13 4U £, hit. wn of the kingdotn of Fez, province of Cu/i. Here larger than that of Fez, iiile in circumference. It a small river, 45 miles E ,4 15 W, lat. 33 40N. town of New Spain, and I large government. Here 1 a canal to be dug, where igantines, to carry on the ico. It is seated ne.ar the CO, 30 miles E of the city !. Lon. 100 4 W, lat. 20 own of the kingdom of Al- ;megen, with a castle, 15 ran. Lon. U 25 £, lat 35 town of the kingdom of on the |)uint of a rock, Melilla. Lon. 1 55 W, lat. n town of Africa, in the runis, near the mouth of a lame name, 120 miles S of . 10 13 E, lat. 34 50 N. the finest river in Great cli takes its rise from a co- , calledThames Head, twii f Cirencester, in Glouces. has been erroneously said, ne is Isia, till it arrives at 15 miles below Oxtbn!, f joined by the Thame or umes the name of Thames, IS been observed, is formed mbihation of the words Isis. What was the orijjiii jar error, cannot now be etical fiction, however, ha.s this error, and invested it d of classical sanctity. It jars (says Camden), t!)at IS always called Tliamcs or re it came near the Thtiine ; ral ancient charterrt granted V of Maliiishiiry, as well a« sham, and in the old deeds Crickluiic, it is never con- T H A nidered under any other name than that nf Thames. He likewise says, that it occurs no-where under the name of Isis. All the historians wlio mention the in> cursions of Ethelwold into Wiltshire in the year 905, or of Canute in 1016, con- cur likewise in the game opinion, by declaring, that they passed over the Thames at Cricklade in Wiltshire. It is not probable, moreover, that Thames Head, an appellation by which tlie source has usually been distinguished, should give rise to a river of the name of Isis ; which river, after having run half its course, should reassume the name of Thames, the .ippellation of its pai'ent spring. About a mile below the source of the river is the first corn-mill, which is called Kemble-Mill. Here the river may be pro])erly said to form a constant current ; which, though not more than nine feet wide in the sum- mer, yet in the winter becomes such a torrent as to overflow the meadows for many miles around. But, in the summer, the Thames Head is so dry, as to appear nothing but a lu'ge dell, interspersed with stones ani weeds. From Somcrford the stream winds to Cricklade, where it unites v/itli many other rividets. Approaching K.emsfurd, it again enters its native countr}', divi- ding it from Berkstiire at In.glesham. It widens considerably in its way to Lechlade i and being there joined by the Lech and Coin, at the distance of 138 miles from London, it becomes na- vigable for vessels of 90 tons. Al Ens- ham, in its course N E, to Oxford, is the first bridge of stone ; a handsome one, of three arciies, built by the earl of Abingdon. Passing by the ruins of Godstow nunnery, where the celebra- ted fair Kosumnnd was interred, the ri- ver reaches Oxford, in whose academic groves its poetical name of Isis has been so often invoked. Being there joined by the Charwel, it proceeds S E to Abingdon, and thence to Dorches- ter, where it receives the Tame. Con- tinuing its course S E by Wallingford to Heading, and forming a boundary to the counties of Berks, Bucks, Surry, Middlesex, Essex, and Kent, it wash- es the towns of Henley, Marlow, Mai- denhead, Windsor, Eton, lipham, .Slaines, Laleham, Chertsey, Wey- bridgc, Shepperton, Walton, Jiunbury, Kast and West MouLsey, Hiimpton, Tiiames Ditton, Kingston, Teddington, Xwickenham, Richmond, Isltwortli, T H A Brentford, Kew, Mortlake, Barnest Chiswick, Hauiniersmith, Putney, Ful- ham, Wandsworth, Battcrsea, Chelsea, and Lambeth. I'hen on the N bank of the river, are Westminster and Lon- don, and, on the opposite side, Soutii- wark ; forming together one continued city, extending to Limelinuse and Dcpt- ford ; and hence the river proceeds to Greenwich, Erith, Greenhithe, Gray's, Thurrock, Gravesend, and Leigh, in- to the ocean. It receives in its course from Dorcb "ster, the rivers Kennet, Loddon, Coin, Wey, Mole, Wandel, Lea, Koding, Uarent and Medway. The jurisdiction of the lord mayor over the Thames extends from Coin Uitcli, a little to the W of Staines, to Yei.dcl or Yenleet to the E, including part of the rivers Medway and Lea ; and he has a deputy, named the water-bailiff, who is to search for and punish all of- fenders against the laws for the preser- vaiion of the river and its fish. Eight times a-year the lord mayor and alder- men hold courts of conservance for the fi)ur counties of Surry, Middlesex, Essex and Kent. Though the Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above the bridge, yet there arc so many flats, that in summer the navigation west- ward would be entirely stopped, when the springs are low, were it not for a number of locks. But these are attend- ed witli considerable expence ; for a barge from Lechlade to London pav» for passing tlirough them XSl. \5s. &/. and from Oxford to London 12/. 18j. This charge, however, is in summer only, when the water is low ; and tiiere is no lock from London Bridge to Bolter's Lock; that is, for 51 miles and a half above the bridge. The pLin of new cuts has been adopted in some places, to shorten and facilitate the na- vigation. There is one nesir Lechlade, which runs nearly parallel to the old river, and contiguous to St. John's Bridge ; and there is another a mile from Abingdon, which has rendered the old stream toward Culham Bridge useless. But a much more important undertakinghas lately been accomplish- ed i namely, the junction of this river with the Severn. A canal had been made, by virtue of an act of parliament in 1730, from the Severn to Wall Bridge, near Stroud. A new cinul now ascends by Stroiul, through the Vale of Cliidford, to the heiglit of 34,> Jc-ot, by means of U^ lock.s, and tlienrc TH A ft> the cntrnnrc of :i tunnel, nefer iin]i- pertoii, a diHtaiice oi'ncar eif^t miteH. The caitul ia 4'2 feet in width itt top and iiO »t the bottom. The tunnel (which \k extended under S:)i>[>crt<)n Hill, su\d inulcr that )>art of earl BathiirRt'it ground called Haley Wood, inukinr a dixtanre of two miles and three nir long*) is near IS feet '" width, an. ■:an navigate barges of TC dcscei.dii'' 'iCi, e 1 *4 joins the i iiames at . lance of above 20 ni 'es. , T.. il ' i;i. e m of this vast underta. igti, - the Severn at Froomlaac to ; vyeshaii' where it joins the Thames, i>i a dis- tance of more than 30 miles. The ex- pcnce of it exceeded the sum of 200, 000/. of which 3000/. are said to have been expended in gunpowder alone, used for the blowing up of the rock. This new canal was completed in 1789, in less tlian seven years from its cum- mencement. A communication, not on- ly with the Trant, but with tlic Mer- sey, ha.s likewise been elFected by a ca- nal from Oxford to Coventry ; and an act of parliament ha.s passed to extend another canal from this, at firaunston, to the Thames at Brentford. This is to be called the Grand Junction Canal. On the extensive advantages resulting from these navigable communications from the metropolis with the ports of Bristol. Liverpool, Hull, &c. and the principal manufacturing towns in the inland parts of the kingdom, it is need- 1 less to expatiate. The tide flows up the Thames us high as Richmond, | wliich, following the winding of the river, is 70 miles from the ocean j a greater distance than the tide is car- ried by any other river in Europe. The w.itcr" is esteemed extremely whole- some, anil fit for use in very long voy- ages, during which it will work itself perfectly line. Thames, a river of the United St,ites, in Connecticut. It is composed of two principal branches, the Siietucket on the E, and the Norwich, or Little Riv- er, on the W. This last, about a mile from its junction with tiie Siietucket, at Norwicli, has a romantic cataract, which pitches from a rock 10 or 12 feet in perpendicular height, in elagp, on the const of Macedonia, at the en- trance of the gulf of Contessa. It ii 12 miles long and eight broad, and abounds in all the necessaries of life. The fruits and wine are very delicate ; anf that county, andsepa. mainland bv a narri.w Stonr. It produces ecially barley and also i part \» a rich tuct Tilt husbandry of tbii Ml ftimoug. It contains Margate and Hamsgate, igea. a town of Germany in ibia, situate on the Min. of Mindelheim, and 22 I. 9 50 E, lat. 48 17 N. nd of the Arcbi|)elago, Macedonia, at the en< ulf of Contessa. It ii and eight broad, and he necesiuries of liie. wine ai-e very delicate ; ines of gold and silver, i of fine mai'ble. The ic same name, has a ted by merchants. Lon. 59 N. rporate town in Esses, 11 Friday. It is seated e of the Chelmer, 20 helmsfurd, and 43 N E n. 21 E, lat. 51 56 N. mtry of Upper Egypt, nyotr.n to the Red Sea. fertile, and thinnest of ovince in Egypt, being and celebrated for the It number of Christians, in a solitary manner, ted by Arabs, who are ission. incient name of a city it It was celebrated pates ; and there arc It remains of antiquity, lamcd Carnack, Luxor, are seated among its ; hence called the anti« ck and Luxor, ity of Livadia. See wn of Germany in the situate on the Hegaii, r Schaff hausen, and 33 ncc. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. illafre in Hertfowlshire, onilon. It was famous [■nt palace and gardens T H I *t the great lord Burk-iK iiublcoian cschanjfcd will. Arrhip^.a- i.id ne:u' liie long and live hich tli-it irie I. for .itKekl. 'I'he «m;il' remuns of this palace were demolished in i ^6S. 'I'lieodotia. See Caffu. Thermia, an island of go, S oft! island of Zi. gulf of Kr "ia, 1 ' milt- b. i^ 'U i'hi soil IS good and well cnl- tirated, and it has n great deal of siik:. The principal town of the samct niniic, is the residence of a Greek bi!jhu|i. Lon. 34 59 E, lat. 37 31 N. Theuaty. See yaniui. Thet/ord, a borough itu Norfolk, willi a market on Saturday. It was once a bislioprick, .ind though now .n incon siderable town, still cj^hibits the ruins of its former greatness. It is Ht.itcd m the Little Ouse, and tlicre is a high mount, which has been walled roiuul, and fenced witli a douljlc rampart, ^t lias some corn trade to Lynn and is (,'overncd by a mayor, sciuls two mem- bers to parliament, and h.ts three nhucches, a good frcescbool, and a townhalL The lent isizes for tiie county are kept hs/c The river, wliich here divides Sudidk from Nor- fulk, is navigable from Lynn ; and a good deal of wool-combing is carried on here. It is 30 miles S S E of Lvnn, and 80 N E of London. Lon. 50 £, lat. 52 28 N. Thtux, a village three miles N W of Spa, in the bishopric of Liege, noted for battle ibuglitlicie inl794, in which the Austrians were defeated. Thibet, or Oreat Thibet, a country of Asia, lying between 81 and 102° E lon. and 25 and 40° N lat. bounded on the N W ami N by the desert of Kobi, in TartJU-y, tliough we have but a faint idea of its extent to that qiiarter; on the E by China, on the S by Assam and Burmah, and on tlie W and S W by Hlndoostiin Proper and Dootan. This country is one of the higlicst in Asia ; it being a part of that elevated tract which gives rise not oidy to the rivers of India and China, but to those ;ilso of Siberia aiidTartnry. Its length from E to W, cannot be less than 1600 British miles; it.s breadth is very imerjual. H is divided into three parts, Upper, MidcUe, and Lower Thibet, 'i'he Upper division seems to respect the countries towards the soni'i-cs of 'lie Conges and Burrampootc,- ; ilio Middle that in whicli Lassa, the cupi- tai, is seated, and of which it forms T n I the entrt, and tin Lower, that whitli borders on '"bina. The subject is ob- score, and likely to remain so. Litt'^ Tl. ' at, which is situated between U- per I'hibct and Cashgur, is ratlicr a dependency of the latter than of Great Thibet. Notwithstanding the very rough and .iti'rilo stutt of i'hibet, ami the vc' .1 of its climate, from its \«oiiderful elevation its inhabitants are in a high state of clvilj/ation, their lioas-s lofty and built of stone ; and the useful manufactures in some de- gree of inipi-ovenicnt. The ThilAliaus arc governed by the grand lunia, who is not only submitted to, and adored by them, but is also the great object of adoration for the various tribes of pa. gan 'I'artars, who walk through the vast tr.ict of continent whicb stretches from ilie riverj Volga to Corea. He is not only liie sovereign pontid", tlie vice- gerent of the deity on earth, but by the more re .note 'I'artars is iihsohitely regarded as tlic deity himself They believe him to be immort:d, ai«l cii- dowed with all knowledge and virtue. He does not reside in the city of Lassa» but on a mountain in the neighbour- hood, called I'oiitala. On this moon- tain there is a great nutnber of pagods, the most sumptuous of which he in- h.'ibits. He passes gre.it part of his life on a kind ofaltur, where he sits motionless in a cross legged postui'e, on a large and in.igniiicent cushion, and receives, with the greatest gravity, the adoration, not only of the Thibe- tians, but also of a prodigious multi- tude of strangers and pious ])ilgrims, wiio undertake long and difticult jour- nies to go and worship him on their bended knees, and to receive his benediction. The grand lama .salutes no one ; he neither uncovers iku' rises up to any person, whatever his rank may he j with the same eye, he hcIioUls nt liis feet the greatest princes and the meanest of their subjects. He con- tents himself with laying his hand on the head of his adorer, who imagines that he obtains, by this ini])ositioii .iloiie, the remission of all his sins. Next to the Thibeiians, the Tartars .ire the most zealous worshippers of the grand lama; they arrive in crowds at Poutala, from the remotest corners oftlie Cduulrv; even the we.ikest of the female sex are not terrified by the fati;fues tii;it in.scparably attend these l.mg journics. Tliis proibuiid vciiefa;- t H I ♦loll, wliicli drawn so many peoiile to Lasxn, to prnsti-atc tliemvclvcit ut the feet of the frrand lama, ii founded on the idea which they entertain of ]m Ifreut power and aanctity. They are fully prrsuadcd, that all the divinity of l-'o resides in him, that he \h omni- scient and onmiprexent, and that he has ncitlier need of imformation, nor nrcasion to hhIc r[iie8tions, in order to discover the secret thoughts of men. "i'liey helieve him to be immortal, and that, when he appears to die, his soul and his divinity only change their place of residence, and transmigrate into an- other body. All tlicir care is then employed to discover tlie place where it hntli pleased him to be horn again ; even siitiie of the Tiirtnr princes tliem- aelves have assisted in tliis important Kearch ; but they arc obliged to he di- ji-flrtl by certain bunas, who alone sire uiqiutinted with the signs by which the new born god may be discovered, orratlicr, they only know what thihl tiic! pn-rcding didui-laina appointed to he his SMCCf.sKiiv. In 17r4, tlie grand la- ma was an infaiil, wiioliad been discov- ered sonic time bct'irc by tlic ta}°08lioo lam), who in aulliovily and sarictity of character, is next to the grand lama, und, during his niinni'ity, acti as chief. The lamas, wii" form the most numer- ous as well as the most ])owerfid body in the state, have the priesthood en- tirely in tlieir hands ; and lliey consti- tute many monastic orders, which are lield in great veneration aiiiong them. Hesides the religious iv.fluencc and au- thority of the great laiua, lie is possess- ed of unlimited power tliroughout his dominions. In 1774, ilie English East India Company made .1 ireaty with the lama. The religion of Tiiibet, though ill many respeils, it dillers from tiint of the Ini'ian Bramins, yet in others, has a great nirinity to it. TliC Tliibe- tianb have a great veneration for the cow, and highly rcspert also the wa- ters of the Ganf;cs,thc source of which I hey belifivefo by in heaven, Tlic sun- iiiasscs, or Indian pi'.grim.s, often vicit Tliibet as a lu'ly place ; and the lama always maintains a bod) of near 300 of them in his pay. See /"ii/fc. T/tiel, or Tic/, a stronglown of Dutch Guclderlund, which surrendered to the French in 1794. It 'if Hoated on the Waal, 20 miles W of Nimcguen. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 51 56 N. T/iieit, a town of Austrian Flanijcrs, fa th* chatcllunyof Courti'ay. T H O Thirn, a town of France, in the He- partment of Puy do Dome, and late province of Auvergnc, (famous for iiit statuary, hardware, and cutlery. It in seated on the side of a hill, 33 miles E of Clermont, and 320 S by E of Parii. Lon. 3 38 E, lat. 45 51 N. Thior.ville, a strong town of France, in the department of Moselle. It was taken by the prince of Comic in 1643. It was besieged bv the Austrian! in 1793, who were obliged to raise the siege. It is stated on the Moselle, over which is a bridg'e defended by 11 hornwork, 14 miles N of Metz, and 195 N E of Paris. Lon. 6 15 E, lut. 49 21 N. Think, or T/iurti, a borough in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday. It sends two nirmbers to parliament : and was formerly noted fiir its strong castle. It is 30 ro.les N W of York, and 230 N bv VV of Lon- don. Lon. 1 16 VV, lut. 54 15 N. Thirc, or Thibet, a cclebiated city of Livudia, with a bishop's see. It i* nothing now to what it was formerly, and yet is four miles in cu'cumfcrence, but so full of ruins, that there are not above 4000 Turks and Christians in it. It is famous for a line sort of white clay, of which bowls for pipes are made af er the TurkisJi fashion; tliey are never burnt, but dry naturally, and become as hard as stone. Here are two mosques, and several Greek churches It is leated between two rivers, 20 miles N VV of Athens, and 280 S W of Constantinople Lon 23 40 E, lat. 38 17 N. Thnisiel, a town of France, in the department of Ain, with a handsome college. It is seated in a fertile coun- try, near the Saone and Chalerone, !0 miles N of Trevoiix, and 200 S E of Paris. I. on. 450 E, lat. 46 13 N. 'Jhivui, St. an island of Africa, lying under the equ.itor in 8° E Ion It was discovered in 142'.', and is nhiiost round, about 30 miles in diameter. The soil is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar canes. Oi\ the same vine are blossoms and green and ripe gra|)es, tUl tlie year round It is a very unwholesome country, possfsscd by the Portuguese, and few live to a great age. It consists chiefly of hills intermixed with vallies, which are constantly filled with a thick stinking fog, but it agrees very well i with the cattle, which are larger and i iincr here than on the gold coast fS I Guinea. T H O T H tJ France, in the de- i Dome, and Utu ^c, i^amoii* for \U an(l cutlery. It h fa hill, 33 milea K JO S by E of Paris. ^5 51 N. n(f town of France, if Moaelle. It waa of Coiulc in 164J. ' the Austriani la )ligeLauenburg, situate on the Elbe, 25 miles S E of Lauenburg, and j8 S E of Hamburg. Lon. 11 5 £, lat. 53 10 N. Thomond, a county of Ireland, also cilled Clare ; which see. Thonon, a town of Savoy, capital of Cliablais, wit)) a palace, and several convents. It is seated on the lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the river Drama, 13 milea S W of Lausanne, and 16 N E of Geneva. Lon. 6 44 £, lat. 46 19 N. Thorn, a city of Western Prussia, rormcrly a hanseatic town. A great tumult happened here in 1724, between tlie Roman Catholics and Protestants un account of the students of the Jesu- ists ; upon which the Poles sent judges to try the magistrates for not suppress- ing the riot, who condemned two of the principal magistrates to be behead- ed, and seven of the citizens. The protestants have a handsome college here. The Prussians forcibly took possession of this town in 1793, and an- nexed it to their dominions. It is seat- ed on the Vistula, over which is a re- markable bridge, 67 miles S of Dant- zick, and 105 N W of Warsaw. Lon. 13 43E,1.U. 55 6N. Thorn, or Thorcn, a town of Gcrma- nv, in the circle of Westphalia, and liinliopric of Liege, with a noble abbey, scvcH miles S VV of Rursmonde. Thorn, a town in the W riding qf Yorkshire with a market on Wednes- day, situate in a marshy soil near the river Don, 10 miles N E of Doncustcr, and 167 N by W of l.mdon. Lun. 1 2 W, lat. 53 39 N. Thorntburg, a small post towo in Spotsylvania county, Virginia i lying on the N E side of Muttanoiiy river, 18 miles S of Frederickitburg, on the Rap- pahannock, and 74 from Washington. Thombury, a cor|>>iratc town of Glou- cestershire, with a market on Satur- day. It is seated on a rivulet that runs into t.hi- Severn, is governed by a mayor, and is 24 miles S VV of Glou- cester, and 121 W of London. Lon. 2 31 W, lat. 51 35 N. Thomey, a village in Cambridgeshire* six miles N E of Peterborough. Near it was a mitred abbey, and the nave of the abbey-church is still remaining. Thorney, a small island, in a bay of the English Channel, near tlie coast of Sussex, with a village of tlie same name, at the mouth of the Lavant, sev- en miles S W of Chichester. ThornhiU, a town in Dumfriesshire^ where fairs are held, chieHy for wool- len yarn, and coartte woollen stutlii. It is situated on an elevated plain, on tho E side of the river Nith, 15 miles N by W of Dumfries. Thouart, a considerable town of France, in the department of Two Sevres, and late province of Poitou. It is noted for a castle which belonged t» the ancient dukes. It is sealed on » rock, surrounded by walls 120 feet high, which from the whiteness of the- stone, might be supposed not more than 10 years old. It is seated on a hill, by the river Thoue, 32 miles S E of Angers, and 162 S W of Paris. Lon. 15 W, lat. 46 59 N. Thrajaton, a town in Northampton- shire, with a market on Thursday, serted on the Nen, over which is a bridge, seven miles N of Higham-Fer- rers, and 75 N N W of London. Lon. 36 VV, lat. 52 26 N. Three Hills Island, an island, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Paci- fic Ocean, lying to the S of Mallicollo. Three Sisters. Sec Kuriles. Thuin, a town of Austrian Hainault, but subject to the bishop of Liege. It is seated on the Sumbre, eight mileit S VV of Charleroy, and 15 S E of Mons. Lon. 4 22 E, lat. 50 21 N. Thule. SeeFttla. V V n V T I A Thule, Southern. See Samhvkli Land. Thun, u luko of MwiMNcrluiid, in tlic ruiitnn of llcni, Kvc Irftj^tii-* l<>it|i» and one broud. I(» Iioi'iIlti) hil- rtrt of the United States, in New-York, built by the French in 1756, on the narrow passage or coramunication between the laKrs George and Champlain. It had all tl:o advantages that art or nature could give it. It was taken in 1759 by gene- ral Amherst, and in 1779 by geiieml Bourgoj-nc, but was evscuated soon after the convention at Saratoga, when he was obliged to surrerder to the A- mcrican army. It is 110 miles S of Montreal, and 185 N of New-York Lon 73 25 W, lat. 43 45 N. Tiddenham, a village in Gloucester- shire, England, seven miles S of Col- ford. Its parish is bounded on th/tf sides by the rivers Wye and Severn ; and at the division of the rivers are still to be seen on the rocks, at low water, the ruins of a chapel, which was dedicated to St. Thccia, who siifienii in tlie year 47, being the first female martyr. TidesM'cll, a town in Derbyshire, on the S confines of the Peak, with a m»v- ket on Wednesday. It is rcm.irkablr for a well that ebbs and flows two or three limes in an hour, after great ruins' I D ■tone. It in 15 mllfi- L.)n. 14 8 £, Ut. 41 in Italy, vrhich rises ii> in the Flurt-ntind. It ! Eccleiisiitifal St»t<', 5t. Sepulchri), Citlu di. nd Rome, 10 miles fVim to the Mrditeyraiicm sti» and Porto. Tivere me. pc, at the most westfr lie iNhiiid uf St Dniiiln. ;n by the Englinh ami ^ but retaken by tlji: next year. recort. ,vn in the W riding nf a market on Friday. I- d fortitications, demo- ril wars, of which i( nif. It has a diitinct lihrrty, lur of Tirkall, wbirhis ;hy of Lancaster. It is Doncaster, and 155 N n. Lcn. 1 11 W, Ittt.K wn of the penirsula of the cirsar of Cicacoie, f Cicacoie, and 70 S W .on. 84 SO E, lut. 43 a ftirt of the United iw-York, built by the , on the narrow passage ion between the laKfs amplain. It had all lb t ai't or nature coulJ I taken in 1759 by gene- id in 1779 by general t was evacuated sonn ntion nt Saratoga, when to durrerder to the A- It is 110 miles S ol 185 N of New-York lat. 43 45 N. I village in Gloucester- , seven miles S of Col- 1 is bounded on thi-ec ■crs Wye and Severn; sion of the rivers are on the rocks, at low s of a chapel, which was ;. Thecia, who siiflercii being the first female town in Derbyshire, mi if the Peak, with a mar- day. It is rem.irkabit- ebhs and flows two or n hour, after great i-uin.*' T IL the wat«r gushing from aeveral cuvi- ties at once, for the space of iivo mi- nutes : the well is three feet deep and broad, and the water rises and falls two feet, it is deemed one of the wundtrs oftlia Peak. Tid«Hwell is 22 miles N W of Derby, and 153 N N W of London. Lon. 1 46 W, lat. 53 15 N. 'fidur, one of the Molucca islands, in tiiu E Indies, lying to tiic £ of Gilolo, and to the S of 'I'ematc. It is 17 milcM ill circumference, and produc«B cloves aiul flax. I'lic Dutch arc masters of the island, though it luks a kinr of its own. The womis and tlic rocks diat sur- round it, render it a place of defence. Lon. 12(J E, lat. 50 N. Tiel. See 'J'/iiel. Tiengtn, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, situate on the Wutacli, 19 miles E of Basic, and :>6 \V of Con- stance. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 47 40 N. Tirrra dtl Eapiritu iianto. See lirra del Etpiritn Siiiito. Titrra dd Fuego. See Terra del Fut- go. Tigrii, a river of Turkey in Asia, which has its source near that ol the Kiiphratus, in the mountain of Tchilder, ill Turcomania, afterwards it separates Diarbeck from Er^ierum, and Khusi- Mxn from Irac-Arubia, and uniting wit!) tiic Euphrates, Idlls into the gulf of Persia, under the name of Schat-el-A- vab. This river passes by Diarbekur, Gc7.ira, Mousul, Bagdad, and Uussa- rah. ■• Tilbury, East, a village in Essex, near the mouth of the 'I'liaiiics, E of Til- bury Fort. It is stipposed to be the place wlicre the emperor Claudius crossed the Thames, in pursuit of the Britons In this parish is u held, called Cave Field, in which is a horizontal passage to one of the spacious caverns in the neighbouring parish uf Chad- well. Tilbury, Wett, a village in Essex, si- tuate on the Thames, N of Tilbury Fort. Tlie marsliea here feed a great inimber of Lincolnshire and Leicester- shire sheep, for the London market. In tliis parish is a celebrated spring of alterative water, discovered in 1717. In its neighbourhood Q;ieen Elizabeth reviewed the army she had assembled to oppose the famous Spanish armada in 1588. Tiibury Fort, in Essex, situate on the Thames, opposite to Grtivesend, a re- gul.u fuitiiication, wh'tcii in^ty be term- T I N fd the key of London, It was planned by Sir Martin llfckman, cliiefi iiKinrer III king Cliarh's II. with huntioiiH, the largest of any in l''.n|>'hind. ll lus a dunUle moat j the iniurniost of wliicU is 170 feet brnail, with a t^'Xid eituiitcr- scarp, u covered way, rmehiies autl tenadles, nud a |ilulforin, on vvliich 106 ciiiinoii are pliictd, fruni 2-1 to 46 pounders each, lusides smaller onc.^i |>lantcd between tliein,uiul the bastions and curtinc « also :ire pUnted with gunsi and here is a hiifli tou\'r, called the Block liout^c, whicli is said to have been built in the reign of qui-eii Eli/.:i- betli. On the land side atc also two r(>« doubts of brick \ and there it is able to lay the wliole level under water. The foundation is laid upon piles di-iveii down in two ranges, one over the other, which reach below the channel of the river, and the lowermost being pciiiiltd with iron enters the solid chalk rock, which extends under the 'i hunies to the chalk hills in Kent, It is 2B miles E by S of London. TiUiens, a town of Fi'ance, iri the de- partment of Eure, and late province of Normandv, six miles N E oFVerneuil, and 12 W of Drcu.\. Lo;i. 1 3 E, lal,43 46 N. TiLit, !i town of Prussia, in Li'Jni.inia, with a coiisulerahle trade in liiisec^l, butter, and other articles. It Is J.lliiate on the Meincl, 50 miles K K of Rooins- berg, and D.) S S VVof Mittau. Lon. 22 8 E. lat. 5i 8 N. Timana, a town of Terra Firma, In Popayan, capital of a territory of tin; same name, which abounds in fruits ::r.d pastures. Il is seated on a river, 130 miles E S E of I'opaMUi. L.oii.7355 VV, lat. 1 35 N. Tima-ycotta, a town nnd fortress of Hindoostan, in the province of Goleon- da, 64 miles S E of Hvdrabad, nnd Stii \V of Masulipatam I.oii. 79 2CE,!at. 15 20 N. Timor, nn island in the Indian Oce.in, between (. k-bcs and New Holland. It is 150 mile King and 37 broad, and abounds in ba.idalwood, wax, and lui- nev. The Dutch have a fori here. Lon. of the S \ point 123 59 E, lat. 10 23 S. Tina, a towM of Turkey, in Europe, in Bosnia, on the river Tis, 37 miles N WofSpalatro. Lon. 17 9 E, lat. 4-1 28 N. T;;ia, or Tino), the ancient Tcnos, " an isliwd of the Arcliipchigo, one of thiid so many streams, that each house lias a fountain. Here are 20,000 Turk- ish, 4000 Armenian, and 400 Greek families There arc 12 niosques, and a vast number of clii'pels ; the A rnie- nlans have seven churches, and the Greeks cmly one. Besides the silk of this country, tiiey manufacture nuich of that of Persia, and make it into hew- ing silk. Their chief trade is in cop- per vessels, such as kettles, drinkiiig- cups, liinteins, and candlesticks. 'Jlicy also prepare a great deal of yellow Turkey leather. Tocat may be consi- dered as the centre of trade in Natolia ; for caravans come hither from several parts. Its territory abounds in fruit and excellent wine. It is 310 miles W by S of Erzerum, and 283 N of AU-ppo. Lon. 37 15 E, lat. 39 50 N. Toctynia, a town of New Grennda, seated on the Pali, in a country abound- ing in fruit andsnga.--ciines Here are hot baths between two cold springs; and near the town is a volcano. Lon. 72 50 W, lat 4 3 N. Today, a strong town nf Upper Hun- gary, in the county of Zinipiin, with a ciistle. It is relei)rfttcd for its excel- lent wine ; but bcipg produced only by — ' ' -''■"S o c les long, and one bread, novei-niuent of Rusiia, ends the W part of Si- ided into the two pro- ik and Tonitik. capital of Siberia, and !nt of ToboUk. It is in. lars, who drive a great river Iitysh, and carry 1 China. The Tartars tliis city, for several Mahometans, but tlieii' abi»n. There are also iv of Kalmucks, who 1. I'he Russians com. leir Btate-prisoners to is seated tin a, hill, a: if theTobol and Irtyah, py N of Moscow, and Petersbui-gh. Lon. 68 N. I of Turkey in Asia, in of a province of the e houses arc handsome- he streets pretty wcU an iinconimon tiling in )ut the town makes a arancc, and is in the phitheatrc. Theic arc lerpcndic'ilar rocks of I old castle upon each ; ■eanis, that each lioiise Here are 20,000 Turk- enian, and 400 Greek •e arc 12 mosques, and if chi'pels ; tlie Arnie- ven churches, and the 2. Besides the silk of ley munufacture much ii, and make it into sew- 1' chief trade is in cop- ■Ii as kettles, drinking- and candlesticks. 'Iliey , great deal of yellow . i'ocat may be consi- ntrc of trade in Natolia ; me hither from several rit large cabinets let "into the wall, I'liU of pro- digious quantities of (>•»''! .md silver russets, and other works. Here are 33 religious houses, with a ^reat num- ber of churches belonccing to 17 pa- rishes, and some hospitJils Without the town are the rem li.is rS an am'ilii- theatre, and other ."..itiqiities. It has a royal castle, a famous 'mivcr.sity, aivl 'overal manufictur.'s of silk and w i';l. It is .'Jr miles S of Madrid. Lon. o 20 W, lat. 39 53 >f. Toten, a town of the Diitch Nether- lands, in Zealand, in .in isl.md of the same name, seiia'-ated by a narrow duiinol from Dutch Urab-int. I' i; f O M live miles N W of Bcrgen-op-Zoom. Lon. 4 20 E, lat. 51 30 N. ToUntino, an episcopal town of Italy, in the miurquisr.tc of Ancona. It is the plticc whei-e the relics of St. Nicliola;* are kept, and is seated on the river Chiento, night miles S E of St. Seve- rino, and 88 N E of Home. Lon. 13 11 E, lat. 43 14 N. 'foUiburg, a to'.vn of Russia, in the: government of Riga, with a harbour seated on the gulf of Finland, 60 miles W of Narva. Lon. 26 4 E, lat. 59 38 N. Tolfa, a town of Italy in the domin- ions of the Pope. In the neighlwnr- hood are mines of alum and iron, warm baths, and quarries of alabaster and lapis lazuli. It is 25 miles N W of Home. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 10 N. Tolhuys, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, seated on the Rhine. It is eight miles E of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 56 N. Tolland, a post town and the capital of Tolland county, Connecticut, IT miles N E of Hartford, and 19 W of Pomfret, containing 1638 inhabitants. ToimezTo, a town of Italy, in Vene- tian Friuli, 30 miles N E of Bellumo. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 46 30 N. Toi7ni>iii, a town of Germany, in the dutchy of Carniola, 12 miles N of Oo- ritz. Tolna, a town of Lower Hung.iry, capital of a county of the same nauie. It is seated on the Danube, in a coun- irv producing excellent wine, eight miles S W of Colocza, and 45 S of Bu- da. Lon. 19 28 E, lat. 46 33 N. Tolnani, a town of Hindonst?.n 79 miles W of Burliampour, and 124 E of Surpt, Lon. 75 3 E, lat. 21 15 N. Tolosa, a town of Spain, ih.e cipita! of Guipuscoa, se.ited in a valley, be- tween the Ara;iis andOria, over which are two bridges, and near them several natural cascades. It is inhabited by a yvcat luimber of artists, who make sword blades in high esteem. It whr t;'.ken by llie French in ITS*. It is ?r miles S W of B.avonne, and 47 S E of B;iboa. Lon. 2 5 W, lat 4.3 10 is. To/ii, a town of South America in Ten-a Firma, in the go-i.^inmcnt oi' Carthrip-enn ; famous for tl>e halsam <4" Tolii, brougiil hence to F.'.'.rope, and p;'od:le Niger, 2r0 miles S W of Mourzook. Lon. 8 W, lat. 19 59 N, Tomebainbii. a town of Peru, in the p.udience of Qiiito, where was a tem- ple of the Sun, whoae w.iUs, a» the Spaniards assort, were covered with gold. It is 120 miles S of Qiiito. Lon. 77 aO W, lat. 2 16 S. Toniim, a Government of South Ame- r . 1, ill tli;' viceroyal'.y of Buenos Ay:'--.^ 7;! i;„i^ a town of the island of Ce- '.i.-hf". m vh" Kast Indies, in a bay to TON witich it gives name. Lon. 119 E, lat. 45 S. Timiti, a town of Siberia, in the pru- vincc of Tomsk, with a wooden castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon ; and a wooden cathedral, a chancery, and an arsenal. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, as the town lies on the great road through all the E and N parts of Siberia. It contains above 3000 houses, and is seated on the river Tom, 105 .nniles E S E of Tobolsk. Lon. 84 59 E, lat. 55 45 N. Tonderen, a town of Denmark, in the dutchy of Sleswick, with a fort, seated in a fertile country, on the German Ocean, 25 miles S E of Ripen, and SO N W of Sleswick. Lon. 9 40 £, lat. 54 58 N. Tongataboo, one of the Friendly Isl- ands in the South Pacific oceant about 20 leagues in circuit, somewhat oblong, broadest at tlie E end, and its greatest length from E to W. The S shore is straight, and consists of coral rocks, eight or ten feet high, terminating per- pendicularly ; while the whole N side is environed with shoals and islands, and the shore within them low and sandy. Here is also the best harbour or anchoring place to be found among these islands. It is nearly all of an equal height, not exceeding 60 or 80 feet above the level of the sea. Hence it is wholly laid out m plantations, with roads or lanes for travelling, disposed in 80 judicious a manner, as to open an easy communication from one part to another. It has also the advantage of being the seat of government for all the othcrislands, and the ordinary residence of all the principal chiefs. Lon. 174 46 W, lat. 21 9 S. Tongrca, a town of Germany in the bishopric of Liege. It has severely suffered by the calamities of war ; the first time by Attila king of tlie Hunds, and the last by the French, in 1673 and 1G77. It is seated on the Neckar, 12 miles S W of Maestricht, and 15 W of Liege. Ttmg-tchang-Jou, a city of China, in tlic province of Chang-tong. Its dis- trict contains three cities of the second, and 15 of the thii-d class. It is 150 miles S of Pekin. Lon. 115 25 E, lat 36 30 N. Tang-chuen-foti, a fortitled city of China, in the province of Se-tchuen. The inhabitants are all soldiers, who ) N B. Lon. 119 E, Siberia, in the pru- .h a wooden castle* ;es of cannon ; and 1, a chancery, and labitants carry on a ; town lies on the all the E and N It contains above seated on the river E of Tobolsk. Lon. N, of Denmark, in the , with a fort, seated y, on the German Z of Ripen, and 30 Lon. 9 40 £, lat. [)f the Friendly Isl- Pacific oceant about L, somewhat oblong, nd, and its greatest ^ The S shore is ists ot coral rocks, jh, terminating per- 2 the whole N side shoals and islands, Lhin them low and so the best harbour to be found among is nearly all of an exceeding 60 or 80 1 of the sea. Hence ; m plantations, with travelling, disposed anner, as to open an n from one part to Iso the advantage of )vemment for all the le ordinary residence 1 chiefs. Lon. 174 of Germany in the fe. It has severely iamities of war j the J king of tJie Hunds, French, in 1673 and d on the Neckar, 12 stricht, and 15 W of a city of China, in 'hang-tong. Its dis- ; cities of the second, rd class. It is 15U Lon. 115 25 E, lat a fortified city of jvince of Sc-tcliuen. Tc all soldiers, who TON have followed the profession of arms, I'rum father to son. It is 867 miles S W of Pekin. Lon. 101 30 E, lat. 25 56 N. Tongutiant, a people who inhabit the £ part of Siberia, and are subject to the Russians. They are all pagans, aiid chiefly subsist by grazing, and hunting of sables. They live in huts, which, when they remove tlieir dwell ings, they take down, and set up else- where. These huts are coAiposed of wooden poles, covered all over with hair and rubbish, except a hole left at the top to let out the smoke. Their tire is made in the middle, and they all sit round it upon tui-fs. Both sexes are very strong, and broad-faced, and they all ride on horseback, not ex- cepting the girls. Both men and, wo- men dress alike in a sort of frock, ■with boots of skins on their legs, and their common drink is water. The Tungusians are of a middling stature ; a very tall or a very short man being equally rare among them. They are all well made, and of a good mein. The features of their face are not so flat as those of tlie Kalmouks ; they have a fresh complexion, small sharp eyes, a small tliin nose, black lank hair, very little beard, and many of tliemnone at all. Their voice is some- what hoarse ; their sight and hearing of an acuteness and delicacy .-ilmost in- credible { but, on the contrary, their organs of touch and smell are consid- erubly more blunt than ours. Tlieir young phildren have an iiir altogether Kalmuuk. The women while young ai'e well made, and of an agreeable figure, very lively, but modest, the old women, o;i the contrary, are ugly to a fright- ful degree, all over wrinkles, smoke and filth of various kinds, with eyes as red as fire. Tonna, a town c*" Germnny in Upi)er Saxony, six miles N of Gotha. Tonnay Boutonne, a town of France, in the department of Lower Charetite, and late territory of Saintongc, seat- ed on the river Boutonge, 17 miles ■V of Saintes. Lon. 34 W, lat 45 56 .V. Tonnay Charente, a town of France, ill tile department of Lower Charente, ».id late territory of Saintonge with a i-istle, and a small port. It is seated 0!! the Charente, tliree mile."; iVoni lioclicfort, and 253 S W of Paris. I.w,0 46 W, lat.45 56N. TON Thnneins, a town of France, in th« department of Lot and Garonne, and late province of Guienne, seated on the Garonne, two miles from its junction with the Lot, and seven E of Mar- mande. ToHtiene, a 'town of France, in tha department of'Yonne, and late province of Burgundy, famous for its good wines It is seated on the Armancon, 27 miles S of Troyes, and 102 E of Paris. Lon. 4 4 E, lat. 47 51 N. Tonningen, a town of Denmark, ia the dutchy of Sleswick, capital of ■ territory of the same name. It is seated on a peninsula formed by tha river Eyder, where there is a commo- dious harbour, 25 miles S \V of Sles- wick, and 58 N W of Hamburg. Loo, 9 10 E, lat 54 30 N. Toiiyiiiii, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N by China, on the E by China, and the gulf of Tonquin, on the S by Cochin China, and on the \V by Laos. It is about 1200 miles in length and 500 in teeadth, and is one of the finest and most considerable kingdoms of the East, as well on account of tho number of inhabitants, as the riches it contains, and the trade it carries on. The natives in general are of a mid- drmg,st.Uure, and clean-limbed, with a tawny completion. Their faces are oval and flattisli, and their noses and lips well proportioned. Their hair i» black, long, lank, and coarse ; and they- let it hang down their shoulders. They dye their teeth black. They are dex- terous, active and ingeniinis in me- chanic arts. They weave a great quantity of fine silks, and make curioua lackerworks, which are exported t* other countries. There is such a num- ber of people, that many want employ- ment, for they seldom go to work but when foreign ships arrive. The money and goods brought hither by the Eng- ligh and Dutch put them in action, for they have not money of their owa sufficient to employ themselves ; and therefore one third at least must bai advanced beforehand by tlie merchants. They are so addicted to gaming, that when every thing else is lost they will stake their wives and children Tho garments of the Tonquinese are made either of silk or cotton; but the poor people and soldiers wear only cotton of a dark tayimy colour. Their houses are small and low, and the walls either of mud, or hurdivs daubed pver wit^ TON TON u -L claj They have only a ground floor, vith two or three partitions, and each room has a square hole to let in the li^ht. They have stools, benches, and cliarrs j awl on the side of a table is a little altar, with two incense pots thereon, which no house is without. The counti-y a- bminds with villages, which consist of 30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees ; and in some places are banks to keep the water from overflowinfp tiieir gar- dens, where they have oranges, betels, pumkins, melons, and salad nerbs It) the rainy season they caimot pass fiom one house to another, without wading through the water, but sometimes they have Doats. The people of Tonquin are ing^enious, strong-limbed and well made; their disposition is free and open, although cheating among tliem, when done with address, is considered as a stroke of prudence and skill. They arc generous ; but their generosi- ty yj regulated only by their interest : and when they have nothing to hope, they cannot easily be prevailed on to l^ivc : uH' such occasions, they take great caic to conceul thcii* riches, for fear of being impo.'tuned ; they are in general lavish in their public expences, esper'ially in feasts, marriages and fune- rals ; theyh '.e the Europeans, and find great satisfaction in being able to de- ceive them. The Tonquinese are nei- ther so flat-nosed nor so broad-^'isaged as the Chinese ; their colour is olive : ■ they blacken their teeth, suffer their nails to grow, and wear their hair as long as possible. The people are slaves ortc part oi • e year ; for except the citizens of the cajiital, all the tradesmen, Joiners, smiths, masons, - rarjienters, &c. are obliged to labour three months in the palace, and during two others, fof tlie mandarins and great lord* : "'hey are ft*ee the rest of '".3 yetir, and work for those who em- ploy them. Marriages are not con- tracted here without the consent ofthe governor or judge of tlie place. The day after the marriage, the husband styles his wife sister, and the wife calls her husband brother. A plurality of wives is permitted at Tong-king ; but only the most accomplished takes the title of spouse. The law grants a di- vorce to the men, but denies it to the women ; the children remain witli the liusbfvnd. The fii\ourite diversion of the Tonquinese are comedies, which th generally act at night, and acconi- pany, with abundance of machinery ml) decoration. They excel^particiilarly in the representation of torrents, rivers, seas, tempests and naval battle!. Learning in Tonquin, as in China con. sists principally in the knowledge of i great number of characters, and in the study of the rules and principle! of morality, .vliich are taken from the writings of Confticius. The Tonq«i. nesc apply to letters, from ambition, because they open the wuy to honours, and because it is by tlieir means alone that they can ever be promoted to offices of dignity and trust. They are in general courteous to strangers ; but the g^eat men are haughty and ambi- tious, the soldiers insolent, and the poor tliievish. They buy all their wii^es, of which the g^eat men have several ; but the poor are stinted Ibr want of money. In hard times the men will sell both their wives and children, to uuy rice to maintain them* selves. When a man dies he is buried in his own ground, and if he v;as mai. ter of a family, they make agfreat feast. The first new moon that happens after the middle of January, is a great festi- val ; when they rejoice for ten days togfether, and spend their time in >ll manner of sports. They have another great feast in May or June, when tlieir first harvest is got in. Their religion is paganism, and yet they own a su- preme being. Their idols have human shapcu, but in very different forms. They have likewise some resembling elephants and horses, placed in small low temples buUt of timber. The lan- guage is very guttural, and some of the words are pronounced through th» I teeth : it has a great resemblance to the Chinese. They have schools it learning, and their characters are tlic same, or like those of China ; and Uki: them they write with a hair pencil. The commodities are g^ld, musk, silk, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for dying, lackered wares, earthen wares, salt, aniseed, and worm seed. The lackered wai'c is not inferior to that of Japan, which is accounted the best in the world. With all their merrhan- dlse, the people are in general very poor ; the chief trade being carried nu by the Chinese, Englii^h, and Dutch This kingdom is an absolute monarchy. Cachuo is the capital. Tonsberg, a seaport of Norway, i" tin; province of Aggerhiiys, 30 inllc OR of ,- .-^*— TON TOR TOR » abiiTid»nce of machinery »n^ They esci'l,partictilarly in lentation of torrents, rivers, npests and naval battle;. in Tonquin, as in China con. cipally in tlie knowledge of > iber of characters, and in the the rules and principlei of .vhich are tiiken from the if Conficius. The Tonyii. to letters, from ambition, hey open the way to honoun, ise it is by their means alone ' can ever be promoted to dignity and trust. They m 1 courteous to strangers ; but men are haughty and anbi- ! soldiers insolent, and the ivish. They buy all their f which the great men hire but the poor are stinted for money. In hard times the sell both their wives md to uuy rice to maintain them- When a man dies he is buried n ground, and if he was mtt- iroilf , they make a great feast, new moon that happens after lie of January, is a great festi- sn they rejoice for ten days , and spend their time in all if sports. They have another ist in May or June, when their rest is got in. Their religion ism, nnd yet they own a su. 3ing. Their idols have human but in very different forms, Lve likewise some resembling s and horses, placed in small ^les built of timber. The Ian- 1 very gixttural, and some of Is are pronounced through th» it has a great resemblance to lese. They have schools nf , and their characters are tlie ' like those of China ; and like ley write with a hair pencil, imodities are gfold, musk, sift, , drugs of many sorts, wood? ig, lackered wares, earthen salt, aniseed, and worm secil. cred wai'c is natinfcriortolhat . which is accounted the best orU. With all their merrhan- c people are in general very »e chief trade being carried ou ::hir.ese, Englii.1), and Dutch, igdom is an ulisolute monarchy, is the capital. erg, a seaport of Norway, i'> ince of AgTjerhuys, 30 inlt" W Frederickatadt. Lon. 10 30 E, lat. i 58 50 N. Toobouai, a small island in the South Sea, discovered by captain Cook, beinjf, in any direction, not above five or six miles. Small as it appears, however, there are bills in it of a considerable elevation i «t the foot of which is a nar- row border of flat land, extending al- most all around it, bordered with a white-sand beach. The hills are cover- ed with herbage, except a few rocky clifls, with patches of trees interspers- ed to their summits. According to tlie information captain Cook received from some of the natives, who spoke tile lang;uage of Otalieite, this island is plentifully stocked with liogs and fowls, and produces the several tunds of fruits and ruots Uiat are to dc met with at the oUier islands in the neighbourhood. Lon. 149. 23 W, lat. 23 24 S. Tupelif, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, seated on a considerable as- cent, on tlie Swale, 24 miles N of York. Topel, or Topi, a town of the king, dom of Bothnia, 24 miles N W of Pil- sen, and .56 W of Prague. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 50 10 N. Taplitg, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of I.eutmeritz, near which tlie Auslrians defeated the Prussians, in 1762. It is 14 miles ^V N W of Lsut- meritz. Lon. 14 10 E, lat. 50 36 N. Topoiitza, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Moldavia, 12 miles S W of Niemenz. Lon. 26 9 E, lat. 46 51 N. 'fopoltiati, a town of Hungary, 68 miles K of Vienna. I..on. 17 30 E, lat. ii 35 N. Topahnm, a town in Devonsliire, with a market on Saturday, h. is seated on the Ex, five miles S E of Exeter (of which it is the port) and 170 S W of London. Lon. 2 26 W, lat. 50 39 N. Tor, or Eltor, a town of Arabia Pe- trea, with a good htrbour defended by a castle, and a Greek convent. In the garden of which arc fountains of bitter water, said to be those which Moses rendered svtreet by throwing in a piece of wood. It is seated on the Red Sea. Lon. 33 45 E, lat. 28 27 N. Torbay, a bay of the English Channel, on the coast of Devonshire, to the E of Dartmouth, formed by twro capes, called Bury Point, and Bob's Nose. It was here the prince of Orar»ge landed in November 1688) ^hen he came over from Holland, by the invitation of many principal persons, to preserve us from pOp«fy and arbitrary power. Ir, gaieft of wind it is often tlie stution of th« Channel fleet. Terbia, a town of Piedmont, in the county of Nice. Here i» an ancient tower, of Gotfaic architectnrc, and in the environs ai~: found many remains of Koman monuta«nt.s. It is seven mites E of Nice. Torbole, a town of Italy, in the Trentino, 14 miles S E of Trent. Lou. 11 39 £, lat. 45 56 N. TorceUo, a tow» of Italy, in the ter- ritory of Venice. It is thin of people, on account of the unwholesome air, and seated in a sMall island, seven miles N of Venice. Lon. 12 9 E, Lat. 45 .j2 N. Tarda, or Torertbatrgh^ a town of Trantrylvania, in the neighbourhood of wliicli are extensive salt works. The Hunfrarian language is said tn be spoken wita the greatest puritv in this town. It is 15 miles W N W'of Cluu- senbuvfi-, and 44; N W of Herraiiistadt. Lon. 23 12 E, lat. 46 50 N. TordeaiUaa., a fortified town of Spain, in Leon, with a magnificent palace, where queen Joan, mother of Charles V. ended hter melancholy days. It is seated in a ctumtry fertile in com and wine, on the river Donero, 24 miles W of Valladolid, and 75 S E of Leon. Lon. 4 56 W: !at. 41 48 N. Torgau, a imvn of Upper Saxony, in Saxony Proper, with a castle, the stair- case of which is built in such a manner, that a person may ride in a chaise to the top of it. The inhabitants brew excellent beer, wiiich they send to other places by the Elbe, on which the town is seated. Here the king of Prus- sia xibtnined a great victory over the Austrians in 1760. It is 27 miles N E of Lcipsic, and 35 N W of Dresden. Lon. 13 3 E, lat 51 .;4 N. Torigny, e. town of France in the de- partment of the channel, and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a magnificent castle, seated on a rivulet, seven miles S E of St, Lo. Lon. 42 ^V, lat. 49 N. Tormes, a river of Spain, which rises in the moimtains of Avila, in Castile, passes by Alva, Tormes, and Salaman- ca, and falls into the Dauero, below Mirande-de-Douero. Torna, or Tomaxv, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name, with a castle. It is a for« tified place ^nd is seated on an emi- — .-l^ ti TOR ncnre, on the river Ssyo, 22 miles W of Cassovia. Lon. 20 4j K, bt. 48 5o N. Tornr, a rivc-p of Swcilcn, witich has its smiivf ill tlip nnnuiilii'MH of Norway, forma. !i i.ikc of tlic suiiie nuitie, ami tuliiii(^ a S E course, enters the gulf of Uothnia, at Tornro. Ttiniea, a town of Sweden in West Botlinia, caliilal of a territory of the same name, with a good liarhmr. It is sitnaled at the month of the river of tile same name, on a small island formed by il, at the N extremity of Uotlinia. It is a place of some trade, hecaiise uU the Laplanders in those parts eome itnd exchan);e their skins and otiier articles, for wliat they want. The houses are lo%y, and the eold so severe, that some- times the |)i;ople lose llieir tinjjers and toes. It is 180 miles N E of Unia, and 420 N N E of Stockholm. Lon. 24 17 E, lat 6) 51 N. TljrHfnia, an episcopal town of Tiir- ke\ in Eiiro;x', in Janiia. It is seated at I'lP font of inoniit Dragoniza, on the river S.ih nipria 10 miles N W of La- rissa. Lon. 22 36 E, lat. 39 J2 N. Toro, a town of .S|)ain, in Leon, seat- ed on a iiill, on the river IVinero, in a country fertile in corn and fniits, and whose vineyards yleh! excellent red wine. It is 37 miles N by E of Sala- manca, and 100 N W of Madrid. Lon. 5 2 VV. lat. 41 39 N. 'r'oreUa-ik-Moigris, a seaport of Ji >-.-n, in Catalonia, famous for a battle ga.'-.ed bv the French over the Span- iards, in 1694. It is seated near the mouth of the Tcr, in the Mediterrane- an, at the fiot of the Pyrenees, 19 miles E by S of Gironna, and 60 N E of Barcelona. fx>n.3 18 E, lat. 41 55 N. Torpcrlc;, a town in Cheshire, nine miles E of Cliester. It was formerly a borough, and had a market, Torqua:, a village in Dpvonshirc, on the N side of Torbay, sevfin miles S E of Newton Bushel. It has a neat range of buildings for summer vis tors, who may here enjoy convenient batlti.ig and a romantic situation. Near it is a sin- gular cavern called Kent's-hole, which is full 200 yarils long, and in no part more than 20 feet high. Torre-del-Greco, a town of Naples, in Terra-di Lavora, seated rit the foot of Mouut Vesuvius, on the bay of Naples, five miles S E of that cil It was de- utroycd by an eruption o i esuvius in TOR 1631; and again in 1794, was over< whelmed hy a torrent of lava. Tlic in- habitants, however, escaped with tlitir lives, about 15 excepted. Torre de Moncorvo, a town of Portu. gal, in the province of Tra los Montcs, with a ca.4tle, surrounded with a wall, ami bastions. It is 27 miles S E of Mi. randelu, antl 42 S S W of Braganza Lon. 5 55 VV, lat 41 N. Torre de liti Saiiiuu, a town of Spain, in Valencia, near the coast of the Me- diterranean, which carries on a great trade in salt, procured from a small lake formed by saline springs. Thin it the most considerable salt-work in all Spain. It is 20 miles S E of Origuela. and 37 N N E of Carthagena. Lon. 50 VV, lat. 37 58 N. Torrejo, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 miles S of Madrid. Lon. 3 21 VV, lat. 40 10 N. Torres, a maritime town of Spain, In Granada, seated on the Mediterranean, 45 miles S VV of Granada. Lon. 3 56 W, lat. 36 39 N. Torret Nomas, a strong town of Por- tugal, in Estremadura, with a castle. It is surrounded hy walls, and sehted in a fertile plain, on the river Almonda, 55 miles N E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 8 W, lat. 39 10 N. Torres Vedras, a town of Portugal, in Esti emadura, with a castle, seated near the Atlantic, in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and good wiue, 17 miles S of Lisbon. Torriglhi, a town of Italy, in the ter. ritorv of Genoa, 10 miles N of Genoa. Lon." 8 44 E, lat. 44 34 N. Torrir.gton, a corporate town in De- vonshire, with a market on Saturday. It has two churches, a manufacture (if stufl's, and is governed by a mayor. Some remains of ,i castle are still visi- ble. It is seated on the Towridge, over which is a bridge, 1 1 miles S bv W of Barnstaple, and 194 VV bv S of London. Lon. 4 VV, lat. 51 4'n. Torsil, a town of Sweden, in Snder- mania, seated on the S bank of the lake Maelcr, 43 miles of Stockholm. Lon, 17 20 E, lat. 59 20 N. Tortoln, the principal of the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies, 18 miles long and seven broad. It formerly be- longed to the Dutch, who built a strong fort, from which they were expelled by the English in 1666. In this, vv-hirh is the prinoip-al of the Virgin Islands, almost all th.e trade is carried on : It i? TOR TOR T O U [1 affaln in 1794, was over- by a torrent of lava. Tlic In- lidwever, escaped with tlicii lilt 15 excepted. e Moncorvo, a town of Porlu. E prorince of Tra log Mnntcs, stle, surrounded with h wall, JUS. It is 27 miles S E of Mi- and 42 S S W of Braganza. i W, lat 41 N. le till Salimu, a town of Spain, :ia, near the coast of the Me- an, which carries on a great salt, procured from a small icd by saline springs. This i$ considerable salt-work in all [I is 20 miles S E of Origuela. [ N E of Carthagena. Lnn. It. 37 58 N. 0, a town of Spain, in New 15 miles S of Madrid. Lon. 3 at. 40 10 N. , a maritime town of Spain, in , seated on the Mediterranean, I S W of Granada. Lon. 3 56 36 39 N. Novas, a strong town of Por- I Estrcmadura, with a cuitle. rounded by walls, and sealed ile plain, on the river Almonda, I N E of Lisbon. Lon. 8 8 W, N. : Vtdras, a town of Portugal, in idura, with a castle, seated near intic, in a country abounding in itits, and good wiuc, 17 miles tlxin. 'Jia, a town of Italy, in the ter. ' Genoa, 10 miles N of Genoa. HE, lat. 44 34 N. ■.gton, a corporate town in De- :, wit!) a market on Saturday. Wfi churches, a manufacture (if and is p:ovcrned by a mayor, mains of a castle are still visi- is scaled on the Towridgc, ilch is a bridfce, 1 1 miles S bv arnstaple, and 19'4 W bv S ol' . Lon. 4 VV, iat. 514'N. !, a town of Sweden, in Sutler- leated on the S bank of the lake 43 miles of Stockholm. Lon. , lat. 59 20 N. la, the principal of the Virgin in the West Indies, 18 miles 1 se.\e\\ broad. It formerly bc- othe Dutch, who built a strong im which thev were expelled ini^lish in 1666. In thi.s, which riiicipal of the Virgin Isla.uls, dl the trade is carried on : H i; iip«r five miles long and two broad, but ba'Uy watereil, and reckoned unliealthy. They cultivate cotton here, which is much esteemed by the man\ifacturers, likcwise'rum and sugar; it has of Lite vears undergone great improvements, its fruits, of which there are no great variety, arc but indiflc-rent ; some ap- ples excepted. The entrance into the harbour i.i at tlie E end of the island. Lon. 63 W, lat. IS 33 N. Tortona, a fortified town of Italy, in the dutchy of Milan, capital of the Tor- toncse, with a bishop's see, and a cr.s- tlc on an eminence. It is deemed a considerable frontier place \ was taken by the allies in 1744, by the Spaniards in 1745, and by the French in 1796. It is seated on tlie Scrivia, 28 miles S E of Cas.'d, and 'J7 S VV of Milan. Lon. 8 58 E, lat. 45 » N. TortorcUa, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipoto Citeriore, five miles N Eof Poll- castro. Tortosa, a city of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bishop's see, a iniivc>rsity, and a citadel. It is divided into the Old and New Town, both surrounded by modern Ibrtifications. Tiie entrance is over a large bridge of boats, on the river Ebro, whose head is fortiMed. it has a great number of churches and relig'ious houses ; among which the cathedral, the royal college of Dominicans; and the convent of the Carmelites, are the most remarkable. It is situate in a country, fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries and mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divers colours, and stones with veins of gold. Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine potters ware, which re- sembles porcelain. It is seated partly on a plain, and partly on a bill, 35 miles S W of Turragona, and 180 E of Mad- rid. -Lon. 35 E, lat. 40 53 N. Tortuga, an uninhabited island, near tlie coast of Terra Firma, 40 miles VV of the island of Margaretta, and about 30 miles in cii'cumference. The E end is full of bare rugged broken rocks, which stretch u little way out to sea. At this end is a large salt pond, where tlie salt begins to kern in April ; there have been 20 ships here at a time for ".alt. At the \V end is a small h.-<''bour with iVcsh water ; and it Is full of low trees. There are a few g-o.its on it ; and the turtles or tortoises come upon the sandv banks to lav their eggs, formerly much frequented I>y the bu. cancers. Lon. 62 20 W, lat. 11 30 N. Tortuga, an island of the W Indies, near the N coast of the island of His- paninla, where the French' bucaneers used to fortify themselves. It is about 80 miles in circumference, and has a safe harbour, but difficult of access. Lon. 75 10 W, lat. 20 ION. Tusa, a seaport of Spain, in Catalonia^ seated at the bottom of a b.iy, whicll forms a good harbour, where vessels arc sheltered from all winds, except the S \V, It is built partly on a plain, .ind partly on a steep hill, which pro. jects into the sea. On the top of the hil), nearer the sea, is a strong citadel, with other fortifications. It is 37 mile* N E of Barcelona. Lon. 3 54 E, lat. 41 42 N. Toscanelln, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 35 miles N of Home. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 42 29 N. Tosena, a small town of Sweden, in W Gothland, 20 miles W N VV of Ud- devalla. Lon. 12 2 E, lat. 53 33 N. Tossn, a town of Sweden, in W Goth- land, 42 miles N N E of Uddevalla. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 58 51 N. Totness, a borough in Dcvon.shire, with a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed on the river Dart, on the side of a hill, and li.td formerly a castle and walls. It sends two members to parlia- ment, is governed by a mayor, and has a manufacture of serges. It is 27 miles SW of Exeter, and 196 VV by S of London. Lon. 3 44 W, lat. 50 24 N. Tottenham High Cross, a village in Middlesex, five miles N of London. It is so called from a cross, which has existed here from time immemorial. It was formerly a column of wood, raised upon a hillock. It was taken down a- bout 200 year? ago, and the present structure erected in its stead. Here are three alms houses. The rivulet called the Mosel, which rises on Muswell Hill, near Highgatc, runs through the prin- cipal street. 'J'otteridgc, a village near Middlesex, near Chipping Barnct, inhabited by the citizens of London, so long ago as the reign of James I. It is 10 miles N N W of London. Toul, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meurthe, and late province of Lorrain. Before the revolution it was a bishop's see, and the cathedral and late episcopal chapel, are hand, some structures. It . was an iinpef ial T O U T O U town of Germany, till taken by the French in ISSQ. It is seated on the Moselle, in h plain, almost surrounded bv mountuins, 10 miles VV of Nanci, and 167 S E of Puris. Lon. 6 2 E, lat 48 40 N. Toula, a river of W Chinese Tartary, 'which takes its course from E to W, •nil is a broad, deep, and rapid river, •nd its bunks are surroimded with woddii and beautiful meadows. The mountains which h-tng over it on the Bovthem side are covered with forests of aged firs, and have the same effect «n the eye as an immense amphitheatre. This river, after having received tlie 'waters of the Selingue, loses itself in the lake of Paical, which is the largest of all Tartary, Toutmiuea, or Tulmabine, a town and ibrtress of Hindoostan, in Lahore, seat- ed on the Rauve, 70 miles £ N E of Moultan. Toulon, n city and seaport of France, capital of the department of Var, and late province of Provence. Before the re- vohition in 1789, it was an episcopal see. The inhabitants are computed at 80,000. Toulon experienced the dreadful rava- ges of the plague in 1418, 1461, 1476, 1587, 1621, 1630, 1647, 1664, and 1720. It is divided into the Old and New Qiiarter. The first which is ill-built, has nothing remarkable in it but the Rue aux Arbrcs, (a kind of mall) and the townhouse. The New Qiiarter con- tains, (besides the magnificent works constructed by Lewis XIV.) many fine houses, and a grand oblong square, lined with trees, and serving as a pa- fnde. The harbour is distinguished like- 'wise by the names of the Old Port, or Merchants Port, and the New Port, or King's Port; but this last appellation has vanished with tlie abolition of roy- alty. The New Haven was construct- ed by Louis XIV. as were the fortifi- cations of the city. In the front of this haven is an arsenal, containing all the places necessary for the construction and fitting out of vessels : the first ob- ject that appears is a rope-walk, entire- ly arched, extending as far as the eye can reach, and built afler the designs of Vauban : here cables are made, and above is a place for the preparation of hemp. Here likewise is the armoury, for musquets, pistols, halberts, &c. In the pavkof artillery, are cannons placed in piles, bombs, grenades, mortars, and balls of various kinds, ranged in won- derful order. The long sail room, tli« foinidery for cannoii, tne dock yards, the basins, &c. are all worthy of obser- vation. The gallies, transferred from Marseilles, some years ago, occupy «t Toulon a second basin in the New Port. Many of the galley slaves are artizani, some merchants, and which i» most wonderful, of scrupulous integrity They no longer sleep on board the pX- lies, but have been lately provided with accommodations on shore, in a vut building newly CKcted for that purpose. Both the old and New Port have sn outlet into the spacious outer road or harbour, which is surrounded by bills, and formed by nature almost circulw, Its circuit is of great extent ; and the entrance is defended, on both sides, by a fort and batteries. In a word, the ba. sins, docks, and arsenal at Toulun, warranted the remark of a foreigner who visited them in the late reign, that the king of France was greater there than at Versailles. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for the re- exportation of the product* of the E Indies. It was twice taken by tlie im* perial troops in the 16th century t and m August 1793, it was surrendered by the iniialitants, to the British admirti lord Hood, on condition of enablin|^ them to effect the re-establishment of monarchy in France. It was grarrisoned for some time, by the British troops ; but the French having laid siege to it, they were obliged to evacuate the place in December foUov/ing, after having destroyed the arsenal, &c. Tou- lon is seated on a bay of the Mediter- ranean, 37 miles SE of Marseilles, and 317 S S E of Paris. Lon. 5 56 £, lat 43 TN, Touloute, a city of France, in tlie de» partmentof Upper Garonne and late Province of Languedoc, with an arch- ishop's see. It contains 56,000 inhabi- tants, and is the most considerable city in France, next to Ptiis, although its population bears no proportion to its extent. Here are many monuments of antiquity, and it was one of the most flourishing cities of the old Gauls, and a Roman colony ; in process of time it became the metropolis of the Visigoths, afterwards of Aquitain, and at length one of the most considerable govern- ments of France, and the eeat of a par- liament. The walls of the city, as well iis the houses, are built with bricks. St. Stephen's, the UvtropoUtan churcb. T O U The long aail room, tl\« cannon, tlie dock yards, .c. are all vrorthy of obier- (pdlies, transferred from onte years afp, occupy at ond basin in the N«w Port. galley slaves are artizani, innts, and which is noit of scrupulous integrity ^r sleep on board the yal- been lately provided with ^ions on shore, in a vast riy erected for that purpose. I and New Port have an he spacious outer road or lich is surrounded by hiUi, by nature almost circular, ) of great extent ; and the defended, on both sides, by attcries. In a word, the ba- and arHcnal at Toukm, the remark of a foreigner them in the late reign, that France was greater there suilles. Toulon is the onlf Mediterranean for the re- of the product, of the E was twice taken by tlie im- IS in the 16th century; and 1793, it was surrendered by Uts, to the British admiral [, on condition of enabling ^ect tlie re-establishinent of in France. It was garrisoned me, by the British troops i ench having laid siege to it, : obliged to evacuate the December foUov/ing, after troyed the arsenal, &c. Tou- 3d on a bay of the Mediter- miles S E of Marseilles, and Df Paris. Lon. 5 56 E, lut 41 ', a city of France, in tlie de» )f Upper Garonne and late f Languedoc, with an arch- ie. It contains 56,000 inhabi- is the most considerable city next to Pai'is, although its bears no proportion to its lere are many monuments of and it was one of the most ; cities of the old Gauls, and ;olony ; in process of time it e metropolis of the Visigoths, 3 of Aquitain, and at lengtli most considerable govcm- ?rance, and the ceat of a par- rhe walls of the city, as well ises, are built with bricks, in's, the nivtropoUtan church. TOU »ouId be incomparable, if the nave were equal to the choir ; and the arcli> bishop's palace is magnificent. The lownnouse, a modern structure, forms 1 perfect square, 324 feet long, and 66 high : the principal tVont occupies an tntire side of the grand square, lately called th<^ Place Royale. In the great hall, called the Hall of illustrious Men, ii the statue of the chevalier Isaure, tnd the busts of all the great men to whom Toulouse has given birtli. Com- municating with tlie Atlantic, on oii>' side, by the river Garoiine, and with the Mediterranean, on th&fther by the canal of Languedoc. Toiflouse might hare been a very commercial city : but the taste of the inhabitants has been principally for the sciences and belles- Irttres. Of course there are two col- leges, two public libraries, and three tcademies. The little commerce they have, consists in leather, drapery, blan- kets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercery, hardware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne is at least equal to those «f Tours and Orleans : it forms the communication between the city and lubnrb of St. Cyprian. Toulouse is 37 miles E of Auch, 135 S E of Bourdeaux, aid 350 S by W of Paris. Lon. 1 21 E, Ut. 43 35 N. Tour, a town of France, in the de- partment of Puy de Dome, 32 mites S of Clermont. Lon. 3 10 E,lat. 43 25 N. Tour de Rouiiillon, a town of France, in the department of Eastern Pyrenees aid late province of Rousilloii, seated on a hill near the river Tet, two miles below Psrpignan. Tour dtt Pin, a town of France, in the department of Isfere, and late province ofDauphiny, seated on a river of the •ime name, 34 miles S of Vienna. Tour la Blanche, a town of France, in ihe department of Donlogne, 15 miles .V W of Perigneux. Lon. 40 E, lat. 45 18 N. Tour la Ville, a town of France, in the department of Charentc, and late province ol" Normandy, separated from Oherbtirg by a river. Tourrtun, a late province of France, 58 miles long and 55 broad, now form- ing the department of Indrc and Loire, liounded on the N by Maine, on the E hy Ortcamiois, on the S by flerry, ami on the VV by Anjouand Poitou. The river Loire runs through the middle ; and it Mi in genei'al, so pleasant and foctilo u Ajimtpy, that it was called tlia Garden TOU of France. It now forms the deparU ment of Indic and Loire. Thurancourcl!j>, atown of Hindoostan ( 35 milrs S S \V uf Tritchiiiupoli. Lun. 78Af)E, lat. 47.ii0N. Taurine, a town of Germany, in tins bishopric of Liege. Lon. 5 E, lat. 5& 36 N. Touman, ft town of France, in the department of Seine and Mame, and late province of the isle of France, 2S milc^ E by S of Paris. Lon. 2 45 E, lut 48 43 N. Tournay, a considerable city of Aus- trian Flanders, capital of the Toumay- sis with a bisliop's see. It is defended by a strong castle, is a large trading place with several fine manufactures, and is particularly famous for good stockings. Tl:e cathedral, and the al>- bey of St. Martin are very nagnificcrrt. It has been several times taken and re- taken, lastly by the French in 1794. It is seated on the Scheld, which divide* it into two parts, that are united by « •bridge 14 miles S E of Lisle, 30 S W of Ghent, and 135 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 28 E, lat. 50 33 N. Tournehem, a town of France, in the department of the Straits oi' Calais, nine miles N W of St. Omer. Toumon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardechc, and late province of Languedoc, with a fine college, and a castle. It is seated on the cleclivitjr of a moimtnin, near the river Rhone, 4^ miles W of GrenoWe, and 280 S by E of Paris. Lon 4 50 E, lat. 45 6 N. Tounats, a town of France, in the de- • partment of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy seated on the Saone, in a country fertile in corn and wine, 15 miles S of Chalons, and 202 r bv W of Pftris. Lon. 5 E, lat. 4S 34 N. Tours, a considerable city of FraiKc, capital of the department of Indre and Loire. Before the French revolutioa it was an archbishop's see. It is ad- vantageously seated on the Loire, and near the Cher. Over the former is one of the finest bridges in Europe, consist- ing of 15 elliptic arches, cacli 75 feet diameter : tlirec of these were carried away by the bi-eakiiill alioi-e lOOO p.ices long. Tiie pviiicipal church is remarkable for the tiic dciicacy of its structure, its cwisus cloc'>i, its mv- I 1.1 1 Ami I.clirr, hWa iiilo tlic llaltic, at ■|'tMvrnniiiilc. Ti..viitiuiii.'c, n Kti'Oiif,' town nf Orr- niiiiiy, 111 ilic < in li- ot Lower Sitximy 1111(1 (I'ltrliv iif Hiil'ttfiii, srulid .It till' mouth orilii' Travc. Il ii tin- port ol 1,'ilu'c, to wliii'li it l)C'|i)n|,''s, anil i» IJ iiiiicH W I', ot'tliut citv. l.on. lU J5 E, lot. .n IN. Tnirm, « town of SwisKcrlatid, 11 mills W if Nciu lintel. Lnn. (i 30 1., Iat,4r6 N. Tiuii.ueiit, a town of Gi rmaiiv, in V[>- per llavai'iii, sciicil iiiulii' river 'I'raim Near it are lipiiiiffsorsall-waUl. '/'ttiiitiiiiiu, a liiwii ol Koiii(;s(frftt/., ill ll.iliciiii.i, :;l miles X i/f Kouiijsgral/.. Lon. IG 10 L, lat. 50 43 N. 'J'mririira, a town of Spain, in \'a- lenria, ,50 iiiiKs S of 'I'oitosa. Lon. SO K, lal. 40 20 N. 7>c.6/j/;;, town of Germany, in the eir- tie 1)1' i;|i|)(i- Saxuiiy, ten miles S .S V. of rulsilani, and 20 S S W of Uerlin. Lon. I,; .iOE, lal. 5 J M N. 'I'll- jilt, a river ot Italy, wliirli rise.s ill the territoi\ of Genoa, washe.s Ho- l)io in the Milanese, and falls into the I'd, above Fhucntiu. On llie hanks of this river the Hoinaiis, under the con- sul Sempliioiiius, were defealt d by H.'iMhibal, and numbers of llieni drown- ed ill il. Tn/ii^iii, or Tic:iif;na, a town of Tiirk- i.sl) Dalinatia, with a bishop's see. The inliabilants are partly 'lurks and part- ly Greeks, and there are some papi.sls. It is sealed on ihe n'ulf of Vciiiee, on the river 'I'lchoiiska, 11 inilis Nof Ka- jfiisa. Lon. 18 11 K, hit. 4.) 4 N'. Ticbiisiuci, it town of Italy in Na- ples, ill Calabria IJlleriore, seated on llie Tareiito, five miles E of Cassaiio. 'J'iciiiso'ul, a lHri;-e and slrotiu; sca- pcrt of 'I'uikoy in Asia, in Natoiia, with a Greek arehbisbop's sec, and a ca.stle. It is sc.'iled at the fool of a very sleep hill. The walls are sfpiare and hisb, with b.aileinents ; and are i)uilt of the ruins of am lent .structures, on v.liieh are sonic unintelli;;ablc in- .seriptlons. The town i» not pO|)ulous ; for tliere are more woods and fj.irdens in it tli.in houses, .•ind thesi; but one story high. 'Jhe caslle is seated on a Ihit rock, with ditches cut in it. 'I'he har- bour is at Ihe E end of the town, and the mole built by the Genoese is almost destroyed. It stands on the Black bea, lot miles N N AV of Erzcrum, T RE and 4*10 E of Coniitantinoplc. Lon. 4if| ■J.i K, lal. 40 45 N. 'I'lcbiiz, a town of Germany, in Mn.l ravia. It has a manufacture of cliiih,| and is seated on the Inlaw, '.21 niili» S E of iK'law, and 5.' N W of iiiul. weis. Lon. 10 U E, lul. 4>) 4 N. 'J'n/iiiiic., ulounol Girmaii), in Si. lesia, with a lar^^e nimiiery. Near ill il a hill coiiiiiHtinic of a soft rhiy, nrl stone, whi<'h is imme .lately firmed I into vessels of all kind i ; and on liL-iii{r| exposed to the au', they beeoim- ;, hard as if thev hud be; n h:.ked. It i 1..' miles N of llreslaw. Lon. IT 1JE,| lal 51 15 N. 'J'lij/urt, a town of Germany, in U|). per naxonv.inthe laiidi>-ravale of ilosi', with a ci.sile. It In lon^s tolhe elcc lor of Ment/, and i-i >eated near tlie| V'erta, .12 mihvs \V o(' Saxe-Gutiia. Lriii. 10 19 E, lut. 51 H N. 'I'lfJliiit, .1 town of Germany, iiitiirl circle of Lower Kliine, ten miles \\ .SI W of Mulliausin, and .52 W ofiirfuit. Lon 10 4.> E, lat. 51 8 N. 'J'rrginiiwn, a corporate town in C.'ir-j di;,'-aii.sirne, with a market on 'I'hiiis. day. It is (governed by a mayor, ami I seated on the 'l'}ivy, 15 miles .S L (f| Aheiysl Willi, and 202 \V by N ol Luii. don. ' Lon. J 50 W, hi(. 5:^ 13 N. 'yVc^'wi,', a horoun'h in Cornwall, with I a market on Saturday. Il i-^ much del caved, has no iliiireh, and only 150 1 houses poorly built, but is (.^ovriied byl a mayor, and sends two memhci'slol ))arliaiTient. It is seated on a creek liy I Falmouth-haven, 41 miles \V by S <.i| I'lvnioiith, and J 15 of Loiulon. Lon, 4 4,5 W, lat. 5() Iti N. 7'iegiucr, a seaport of France, in the I department of the North Coast, ami I late province of Uretjif^'ne, scaled near I the Enjflisli Channel, 2J miles N W of I St. Urleux. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 48 47 N. 'J'rci/cOiir^', a seajiort of Sweden, ill I the jirovince of .Schonen, seated on the I D.'diic, ;';0 miles S K of Cojienhageii. Lon. 13 26 E, lat. 55 26 N. Tieinavn, or Tlousi'u, a province nf] the kiiiffihim Ale-lers, 3r0 miles loi)),' itnil 125 bioad ; bounded on the N i'y I the Mediterranean, on tiie E by tV.e. province of Africa, on the S by liie 2 VV of ilifuit. 'V> E, lat. 51 8 N. wiwi, a {•orporati; town in C.'ir- lu, with u niuikil on ■I'liurs- is governed by a niayor, auiil )n lliu 'l^vv, 'l5 miles .S iL ii\ witli, anil 202 \V by N ol Loii. rm. J J(i W.lal. .52 IJ N. 7,', a Iioi-oiikIi in Cornwall, willil t on Satunli.y. It i« "nicli ilc has no (•.IiiutIi, anil only 150 1 loofly bii'lt, hiit is j.^ov';riic(l by I , anil semis two incnibcrs Id ■nt. It is scaluil on a n-i'ck liy :h.li.lv(n, 41 miles W by S m] tli, and 21.1 of London. Loii, , lat. 66 16 N. . itr, a sfapiirt of France, in tlic lent of the North Coast, aiul viiic-e of l).-elaifno, scaU-dncarl 'lish Channel, 22 mil'.'S N W of ^nx. Lim. 3 10 W, lat. 48 47 N. »bHi-^i(, a seujiort of Sweden, in I vince of Schoiien, seated on the ] .10 miles S E of Copenhagen. 1 26 E, lilt. 55 26 N. K'vra, or Ticimcn, a province fit I i^'dom Aknevs, 370 n»ile» Ion); f 5 bioad ; T)0\inded on the N yy I editerranean, on liie E by l' c; of Africa, on the S by li.e of .Zahara, and on the W by the m of Fez. It is dry, barren, ountainons, cxcciit on tlie N •here there .ire plains abonndnij,' u, fniit», and pastures. Tlie I , of the same name, is hiutouuU.] IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^ 1^ 1112.2 I.I I 4 2.0 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation i*'^ w. II 1.25 1.4 1.6 - -^ 6" ► ^hK m 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ;s»*. ■ ' !^M CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductlons / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques T R E T R E ♦■d by stronp walls, and inhabited by i)(){)r Arabs, Moors, ami Jews. Loii. 1 ?9 W, lat. 34 40 N. Tremiii, tlirue islands of Italy, in the l^nlfiit' Vonice, 15 inilos from the coast <)i' Naples. They arc called Capraria, .St. Nicolo, and St. Uo'.nmo. TremotiiUe, a town oi' France, in the ilppartnient of Viennc, and late pro- vince of I'oitoii, seated on the Uennailc, 1 J miles E bv S of Poitiers. Lon, 1 10 E , lat. 46 29 N. Ticinp, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, .scaled on the river Nojjiicra I'.illaresa, S5 miles N W of IJari"lona. Trent, a larjfe liver of England, which, issuing; from three springs be- tween Congleton and Leek, in Statlord- sliire, flows southwards througli tiie iniast of the co\inty, continually aug- mented by rills from tlic same reg-ion j and at length, havinj;' received the Tunif from the S, acquires a new di- rection, and, with a N E course, pene- trates into Derbyshire, just after its junction with the Dove. After form- iiig towards the N part, the boundary between Nottinghamshire, and Lin- c()i)ishirc, a corner of which it crosses, il falls into the Humber, beiow Gains- bnioiigh. Parallel with the course of this river runs a canal, forming a com- Jiiiinication between it and the Mersey, and joining it at VVilden. It is naviga- ble througli the whole of Nottingliam- sliirc. Trent, a river of N Carolina, in the United St.ites of .'\mer:ca, which falls into the Neus, at Nowbern, w!ier« it is three quarters of a mile broad. Trent, a fortitied city of Germany, Mpital «)f the Trentino, with a bisho|)'s see, whose bishop is a ])rince of the empire, under the protection of the iiaiise of Austria. It was formerly a free imperial city, and is famous for a council held here, winch began in 1545, and ended in 1563. It is defended by some fortilirationB, and the bishop's palace stands without the city. The French took this city, after the battle (if Rovcre, in 1790, but abandoned it soon afterward It is seated at the ioDt of the Alps, in a fertile valley, on tlie river Adige, 67 miles N W of Ve- nice, and 260 N VV of Hume. Lon. 11 27 K, lat. 46 3 N. Trent, or Trentino, a bishopric of Germany, in the county of Tyrol, seat- I'd among the Alps which divide Italy from Gciinanv. It is boundod on the N by Tirol Proper, on the E by FeltrU no and B'.;llune»e, on the Sby Viconti- no and the Veronese, and on the W by the Uresciano Trentot; a post town, the capital of New Jersey; situated in Hunterdon county, on tise N E bank of Delaware river, 30 miles N E of Pluladel|)hia, 12 S \V of Princeton, and 3d of New Brunswick, in lat. 40 15 N, and lon. 74i 48 VV. 1 he irdiubitants may be esti- mated at 2500: the principal pnbllQ buildings are a State-house, 100 feet widu by .30 deep, ami four or five houses of religious worship, belonging to as numy sects. There is also a bank lately incorporated by tlie legislature, Trenton, a post town in North Caro- lina, the cap.tal of Jones county, seated on the N sidt; of Trent rive>, 16 mile» S \V of Newheni, 50 N W of Beaufort, and 81 N by K of Wilmington. 'Trepunv, a town of Germany, in Up- per Saxony, in Prussian Pomerania. It has a manufai-.ture of stockings and woollen stutl's, and is seated on the Kega, near its mouth, in the Baltic, 4* miles N E of Stetin. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 54 10 N. Trepto-ui, a town of Germany, in Up- per Saxony, in Anterior Pomerania, 50 miles S of Stralsund, and 50 W N W of Stetin. LNi d\lainha, a loCty isUukI m tlie S Allii'itic OroM, l.'i miles in circnm- fci-en"i,' <-"wn ot Mm- clo.-isiun, iu t'.ie Camatic, 2i/8 miles S S W of Miulrass. Lou. 78 46 L, lat. 'tViveiito, :in episcopal town of Na- pies, in Molise, seated on a lull, near the river Tnpno, or 'rrliio, 15 miles N of IJogano, ami 62 E of Naples. Lon. 15 3rK. lat. 40 .VON. r,ochn:fm;eii, an imperial town ot GermiMiv m the circle of Suubia, !C- iiiiles N W of Bucliau, and 29 S of Stntu-ard. Lon. '.» 7 E, lat 48 1« N. Ti-vf'en, a town of Swisserland, and til.' e''iief place of the prot-cstant part of the canton of .\ppenzel, near wiudi is H mineral snriop:, containini,' copper, sulplmr. and aUi-n, and useful when ap- plied externallv for sivveral complaints. It carries on an extensive niamifactory of ( loth, for which it has been long ce- kbraled. It is seven miles N of Ap- pen/el, and seven S E of St. Gall. Tmja, an episcooal town ot Naples, in Ca'pitanatH. It is a fortified town, and is seated at the foot of the Appen- inos, on the river Chilaro, 32 mdes N E of UcnevenU). and 60 N W ot Na- ples. Lon. 15 15 E, lat. 41 Jl N. Trois J?hiercs, a town of Upper Ca- nada, on tlie river St. Lawrence, .>3 miles S \V of Qiiebec. Lon. 71 20 W, lat. 46 3.3 N. .-.if Troki,:i town of Litlmama, capitrlot a palatmale of tlie same name. It is se lied iimon-r mi>rasses, 15 miles W ot 'W.lna. and 85 N N E of Grodno. Lon. 25 13 E, lat. 54.38 N. !' Tro'i, St. a town of Germany, in the bishoin-ic of Lieii-e, with a famous Ue- nedlrtinc al.hev, 21 mlU-s W N W ol Licire. Lon.5 22E, lat.50 4oN. T-.ipea, a p.v.mloiis town ot Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bishop's see It was half ruined bv an carlli- iuiakc in 1038. and is seated on i!k' top ofarnek, ontheE oast, 10 m:les N W of N'ieotrra. and 4A N hv E ol Reg- C Lon 16 24 E. lat. 38 42 N. , Trnfes, St. a seanoi t of Fra-u-c, in the <'<■:■; Hment of Var, aii, two miles from Caii.hri'l«c, where several Human antiquities lune been found. , Truns, a town of the country ot tlie_ Gl'isons, where tii* indel.eiuleiice ,.i.^ w .ni».u. I u )f Mai'seiUes. Lon, i N. iijr iind cons'ulcn'ule in Ul)l'fr Silesia, ca- ,• of llic same iiiimi;, istlc. 'I'lic Pi'vissiuiii C il in 1741 iiiul l/'j(), liie liovibC of Ausuin jucnt Id each cupUuc. pleasant )>luin, on the violira, 40 miles N liy 7-2 Sb> liof Urcfiliuv. JO 1 N. town lU Wlliiililrc, 1 batun1:iy. 'i'lie iiilia- ieliy of clutiiiei's, who roud-clotU untl iici'scy. ilcgree liy iiiacliiiici'y, hill, 23 miles S W of (I 98 VV of Londuii. . 61 19 N. i|^ town in Rensellaer I'k ; situ;itecl on the E •ivcr, fi>ur miles S of e N l-y E of Albany, lliuUon. This town • in trade, and pojiiila- tantsiuuy he eslinuiled ;re is a bank imd a post iderable city of France, nt of Aubc, and lato ampajijne. It. was for- pul town, and is sur- d widU, bLit almost ijll of wood, and good \vu- Among tlie objects of . Steiihen's, the princi- 2 pnblic hbiMi-y of the Si and the castle in ;Lent counts of Cham- Its commei;ce, once r, now conslst^i only n\ diinilxs, fustians, wax- idles, aiid wine. U i» Seine, 30 miles E N li. ,> 1:, S K of I'aris. Lon. 13 N. )wn of Tcn-a Firma, m J m les S of tnc lake Ma- ,.7 40 \V, lal. 9 4-6N. r, a villase in Cambiidge- viiles ii-om Can.bn'li;e, Runian anlifiuities ha\e nwn of the conntry of the re tire inite|iendence 01 •;,pie was lii'st rafilicd, e cunil.uled i)etwecn the ninumvtles. It is seated seven milcf W of Uanli- T S C Trurn, a boron, .'h in Cornwall, with a market on Wednesday and Sutnrdav. T'le lord warden of the .Stannaries lioUls his parliament here, and it h.is liiL- benefit of the colnrig-e t)f tin. Its rliicf business is in sliippin;;;' tin and ciippcr ore, foniul in abundance in its noi;^iboiirliO!)d. ilerc, alier tlie li:ittle of Naseliy, the firees of Charles I. iin- li'.'r lord Hopeton, surrendered to j,'e- reial Fairfax. Trnro is seatrd in a between tlic river:; Kinw and St. Allen, and at the very bead of Fal- iwrilli haven, 10 miles N of Falnionlh, and ,;.57 \V bv S of London. Lon. 4 55 W, lat. 50 16 N. Ti;iio, a post town in narnstable riiimly, Massachnsetts ; lylnjv near C.ipe Cod, 38 miles N ol'Cliathani, and L'(i S K of Boston, al'")j;' i!ie post road, 'llio inhabitants who are .-ibont lO'Oil Mc principally the iimilies of ii-.herinen. Tiiiro, a town of Nova Scotia, 40 ini!;s N by W of Halil'ax. Tnixi'io, a considerable; i.iwn of S:)".:n, in Kstraniadin'a, noted fo.- bein^- ;hi; hirth-ijlace of Pi/arro, Il is seateii a:«i:M;;- uiMintains, (ni the side of a hill, ;il the top of which is a stronn- eiladel. Ilii situate near the river Aluiont, 6.5 niiirs S W of Toledo, ;;nd 11" .S K of M.idrld. Lon. 5 23 W, h.t. 39 6 N. Tr:ixih'o, a rich commercial seaport 'jITVvu, in tlie audience of Lima, and i:i till' valley oi' C'lJiio, built by Fran- 'is Pizarro, in 1J33 In its territory are above .^0,0(JO native yXnierieans, who aie tributary lo Spain. It is seat- el in a fertile country, on a snrdl river, iiriip die Pacific Ocean, .'iSO inil.-s X W (li'hinia. Lon. 78 35 W, l.at. 8 1 S. 'I'ruxH'n, a stron^q; seaport of New S|i:iii, in the province of Ilondnr.is, staiudon a f»-alf ol't'ic same n:u;u', be- I'Vfcii two rivers, and surrounded bv '■'ii''i,i';n)ves. Lon. 85 50 W, lat. 16, '0 N. Tr.!-.:!io,ov Nut'itra Scnoni iV /.( P.."?., at!i\vn of Terra Firma, in Venezuela, ^.'•J miU - S of Maracavba. Lon. 69 15 V.'; lal. 9 21 N. Tic'iopa, a town of Gernifiny In Up- 1'" .Saxony, in the circle of Erzi^'eburj;-. I' i^ celebrated f,)r its blue iiiauuf'ie- '. ' cs. 'J\:/tou/yms, a nation of Tartar.^;, who I occupy the country lyinif between the p;>iier |)art of the rivers Ol) and Yeni- h''i. The cmnitry wliich thci- inliabii •■i for t!ic most part, (ijrliie with lar^;•e ||''l'ests, .Tud mountainous only about the b.inks ofthc two Viousscs, which t;dig T S C their sources amonp,- the mountains of ill'.' pi-oviiiee of Veuiseislv, near tlie river of that name. 'I'lie inhabitants are do- cile, attentive, eager aftei .nstruction, and v.ell skilled in what toey have been .dile t> learn. Whenever lliey hive n ithing to fear, tiiey iliseover f;ieat li-ankneSL' of disp.^sition, honesty, und coinplaisaeee ; but when they have re.i- son to apprehend an;, sevei-e treatment or fraud, they lye, and are sullen. I'hey shew {{-reat friend , hip, anil pny uumberlcss little attention towards i-ach o; iier ; but are lazy with regard to all kinds of l.di.jiir, and their manner of livmij is dirty. Lver since tlicy have had the custom oriivlnj^ in st'ilk'd vill.i;;es diirin;," the winter, the g-ieat- est number of them sow a few fields witii I'ye, wheat, barley, oats, and i.cmp, but seldiim cultivate enoujili for llieir own ciui'iniplion tbo',i(>-h tlieip laud be ever so I'ruilf il. Many of them sow nolhinp; at a'l but had rather buy their Hour and meal of tlie Russiims, or live without bread, wiien it is i.> be hail of them. Those who are not axerso to the trouble of m;in,'i;;-iii_!>' cat- tle, keep a small nnnd)er of horses and cows, and ;> few sheep of the siiort- tailed k'lid. As the snow is deep and the winter very lonj^ in these fiails, llicy are ohb-vd to lay up a stock of hay for the support of their cattle du- rini',' the extrcmily ot'lhc cold ; a ji-rcat hardship to peo|)le fin abandoned to sloth as the Tschoiiiyuis Nc'ithcr swine nor |)oullr\ is to be seen in their iiu l.isures. In imitation oftliel)sty- aks tisiiing' and him'Jn.i,'- are their prin- cip.d oceupations. The latter fuiiiish- cs then! w'th the means of paying' their tribute, whieli is in Marten skins. Tschul^ii, a country of the K extre- mity of Asia, opposite the N W coast of America, binuuleil by the Anadir on the S. The climate' \» cidd, the soil marshy, abouudiny; in rocks, bar- ren, bare ivf woods, and cMremelv wild and savaj^e The summer lasts only a fijw months, but in tills season the thus arc very long', because for se- veral weeks togetiier the sun does not set at all. The winter extends tliroiu'li the ("I'eatest part of the year ; and diir- iujj this mel.uiclioiy season it is almost ■one continii.d nig'ht. The- inhabit.ints are analo;;oiis to the country ; being- llie most savag-e, the most barbarous, the most untractable, l!ie least civiii- i'.'d, the mo,i'v rug-^'ed and cruel people T S I ©fall Siberia. Tluy have neither let- tci's iw.r willing-, nuv iiiiv kiiiil c)f in- 8initi...n. lliey lu'c not >el cntacly Biilxlue.l; M\A coMS.'queiilly it is Init one i-art of thu nution mat |)iiys tr.biite. •llieir liistin-y is c-nvtUiped iiiclai-kiiess, Hk will as tl>eir national constitution aiKl tofce They will not endure the l-iwt constraint ; and though they have lu'cn Bcvcral limes conq icred by the V.i.ssiaiiH, tiiey have always regained Vl,oir Ubcrtv. 3v a probaJjle coiiiputa- tioii thoy are c^liinated at 3500 males capable ofbiariiiK "niis. Tliey are for- H.idable iieii^hbt.urs to the Koviacs, uho often experience their deprcda- ti(Mis. Twenty Tschouktsches never hesitate a moment about attacUin|,'fiUy i Koraiks; and, had it not been for the | Russian Ostrogs. the form-n- would lonr agn have exterminated tlie whole Koraik nation. The care of their deer is their principal occupation! noverthe- Itss they follow the cliacc and the fisli- evv III the luiinb. r of rein deer con- sists all tlie riches -f the Tschoiik- f-ches. -■• posbCKsor o. en thousand is liot sincomnion ; and sonic of Hfty thou- sand are to be met with. i Tshetuhm See Ki.ti. _ Tsi-nan-Jhii, a celebrated city of Chi- na, the capital of Cliani^-tonK. This citv is larg-e, i)oi)iilou9, and is much re- spected bv the Cliinese on account of its having once been the residence of a Umv series of kin^s, whose tombs, ris- ini'" on the neighbourin},' mountains, af- ford a beautiful prospect. In its district avc four cities of the second, and 26 of the third class. It is seated S of the river Tsi, or T»inff-h., UQ mdes S by E of Pekin. Lon. 117 25 L, lat. 36 30 N. . r ^, • • Tsi-nhg-uheou, a city of China, in the province of Chang-ton-, and dis- trict of Yen -tcheou-fou. From Its situa- tion on lite grand canal, it is little infe- rior to the capital of the province, either in extent, population, riches, or com- merce, and on that account a great number of strangers come liere to trat- Toln-tchtou-fou, a commercial citv of China, in Chanj^-tong. The principal branch of its commerce arises from fish, which are caught in great abun- dance. It has one city of the second «ml 13 of the tliird class, under _ its .lU- risdiction, and is 75 miles E of Tsm- nangfou. Tuiamfa. See Ciamfia. T S U Tsong-ming, ftn island of ChtflH, en the ciia.l >il lire provm e of K.iaug-nan, to wiiieli It belongs, and from wliith it is separated bv an arm of the sea, 13 miles broad, it is 50 miles long, uiiil 13 broaf\ iced U^Ds afi pede&ttU) Mid otlicr ornaments of the like natufe. It is to he observed, that in this de.scrip ti(in, I speuk only of one part of the work, that which is between the small city of Lo-yang and the castle built up- in the bridge : for, beyond the castle, there is another part equally >tupend. 0U3 as the first. Ttinm, a city of Ireland, in the cuun> (V of Galwiiy, and province of Con- iianght, with an archbishuji's see ; on u'liicli account it is culled a city, though now reduced to a village. It is '20 miles N N E of Galway, ancl 25 W S \V of Kujcominuu. Lon. 8 46 W, lat. 53 33 X. Tubun, one of the strongest towns in Jav», ail island of the £ Indies, with a harbour, and a king of its own. It is ieatc'd on the N coast of the island, Lon 111 51 E, lai. 6 0S. Tubingen, a fortified town of Germa- ny, in tluf circle of StuWjia, and dutcliy (if Wirtembiirg, with a university, and a lastle. Here is a large house called .N'ew Bail, where a certain number of stiidents in law are lodged aiul hoarded irratis : and in the town house is i\ very ciiridiis. clock. It is seated on the Neck- ar, in a country ahoimdi'ig in corn aiul wine, 20 miles S of Stutgard, and 50 E bv S of Strasburg. Lon. 9 4 E, lat. 48 JON. Tucierton, a port of entry and a post town in Burlington cmmty, New-Jersey, siuiated on the S side of Mullicus river, Dear little Egg-harbour, and 55 miles E bv S of Philadelphia. Tacuman, an extensive government of Spanish S America, lying between Cliili and Paraguay, to the E of the Andes, and W of the Uio de la Plata. This province, with the country S of that river, forms an exteiisiye plain, al- most without a tree. The soil is a deep fertile mould, watered by many streams from the Andes, and clothed in perpu- lual verdure. .In this rich pasturagi , the iiorses and cattle imported from Kiii'ope, have multiplied to an almost tiieredible degree. This has enabled the inhabitants, not only to open a lucra- tive trade with Peru, by su]>plying it with cattle, liorseg, and mules, but to cany on a commerce, equally benefici- *\, by the e.\portation of hie sliccts wliich are bioad and li)n(f, issue in n bli-aiffht line iVoni u square, or rather an octagon, in the centre : llie lioiiHeK of this octug-on and of the principal btreets arc of brick stuccoed white, form a very ttiagnificeJil apijcarance. The New Town when completed, will consist of two octagons, with se\eral streets leading to tiiem, and intersecl- iug each other at right angles, and would be no inconsiderable ornament to the most opulent and civili/ed conn- trv. Tliere is an ecclesiastical seniina- rv at Tver, which is under the inspec iron of the bisliop, and admits 600 stu- dents. In 1776 the empress instituted a sch(Mil for tlie instruction of 200 burghers' children. In June, 1779, an acadcni) was also opened in this town, for tlie education of the young nobdity of the province, at the charge of the same imperial patroness. It admits 120 students ; who are instructed in foreij^ii languages, &c. It is u place of consi- derable commerce ; aiid both the Vol- ga and the Tverlzft are covered with boats. It owes its principal trade to its advantageous situation, being near the conHux of those two rivers, along which are conveyed all the goods aiiil merchandise sent by water from Sibe- ria and the southern provinces, toward Petersbi'fgh. It is suid to contain up- wards of 10,000 inhabitants. Tver is 99 miles N N W of Moscow. Lon. 30 5 E, lat. 56 7 N. Ttiggiirt, a country of Barbary in Afri- Tiiggiirt, a town of Barbary, in Af- rica, capital of a country of the same name, 310 miles S S E of Algiers. Lon 5 10 E, lut. 33 N. • Tula, a government of Russia, for- merly a province of the government of Moscow, containing 12 di.stricts. Its capital Hesnn, is seated on tlie Tuhesh, 118 miles S E of Moscow. Lon. 40 45 E, lat. 55 25 N. Tukbyas, a town of Spain, in Na- varre, situate on tl e river (Jucois, levcu miles W of Tudela. town of Ireland, is situate on u river of Tulltmwre, a King's County, the same name. 'luUen, an episcopal and commercial town of Kiance, in the department of Correze and late province of Ouicnne, '1 he cathedral is famous for its steeple, which is very high and curious. It ii seated at the confluence of tl.e Corrcie and Solane, partly on a mountain, and partly below it, in a country surrounJ. ed by mountains and precipices, J7 miles S E of l/mioges, and 62 S W (i{ Clermont. Lon. 1 42 W lat. 45 23 N, Tulhm, a town of Ireland, in the county of Carlow, 38 miles Ss S W of Dublin. Tutty, a township in Onondngo covin. tjr. New York; situated between Sem- jironius and Fabius, equidistant from both, where is a post office, 486 miles i'ro'hi Waahingtun. _ ' Tnln, a town of Germany, in Austria, near tlie Wienarwald, or wood of Vi- enna, with a bishop's see. It is seat- ed near the river Ti«in, in a country abounding in corn and wine, 15 milu W of Vienna. Lon. 16 6 E, lut. 48 14 N. Ttimbez, a town of South America, in Peru, in the audience of Qiiito. It win formerly a place of some note, with « magnificent temple, and an incas' palace. The Spaniards first landed here, on discovering the country. It ii seated on the Pacific Ocean, 270 miles S bv \V of Qiiito. Lon. 79 5i W, lat. 3 40 S. Ttimel, a. rapid river in Perthshire, which, after exhibiting many beautiful cataracts, fiirms itself into a lake, call- ed Loch Tumel, and then falls into the Garry. Tuvien, a town of Siberia, m the province of Tobolsk, 125 mile» W of Tobolsk. Tumpaeh, alown of Gorinany, in Ba- v:,ria, 17 miles N N W of Ambeif, and 32 E N E of Nuremberg. Loii. 11 55 E, lat. 49 40 N. Tuidnidge, a town in Kent, with a market on Friday, seated on the Tun, one of the five brant 1, is of the Med- wav, over each of wh.ch is a .'.tone bridge. It is 12 miles W S W of Maidstone, and 30 S S E of London. Lon. 20 E, l.it. 51 14 N. Tur.bri.lge Wells, a town in Kent, five miles S of Tunbridge. It is t.n^ch re- sorted to in June, July, and August, 01) account of its chidybeule waters, U N town of Ireland, in itituule on k river of iscopal and cnmmcrciai ;, in tlic department of c province of Gilicniie. ib t'uinou8 for it» btetpie, lii^li mul curiuuii. It ii onfliicnce of llic Corrcze irtly on a momitain, and . in a country stirroiiml- lins anil precipiceii, J7 inioges, and 62 S W of 11. 1 42 W lat. 45 23 N. town of Ireland, in the low, 38 mile* b S W of nsliip in Onondngo roiin- i flitiiuted bctwein Scm- Fabius, cqiiidistunt frura iH u post oilice, 486 niilei ^tun. > n of Germany, in Austria, inarwaUl, or wood of Vi- bishop's sec. It is scut- river Tiiin, in a country corn and wine, 15 niiin . Lon. 16 6E, lat. 4814 town of South America, in audience of Qiiito. It wr.j lice of some note, with « temple, and an incas' i Spaniards first landed overing'the count ly. It ii Pacific Ocean, '270 miles lito. Lon. 79 5i W, lat. rapid river in Perthshire, exhibiting many be:vutifiil ms itself into a l.ake, cuU- nel, and then fulls into the town of Siberia, in the I'obolsk, 125 mile* W of a town of Germany, in Ba- es N N W of Amberp, E of Nuremberg. Lon. 49 40 N. a town in Kent, with a riday, seated on the Tun, ive brnndii'.s of the Med- ac)i of vlr.rb is a .'.tone s 12 miles W S W of and 30 S S E of London. lut. 51 14 N. H'^cl/s, a town in Kent, five unbridpe. It is i,ii;rh re- June, July, and Aii;^ust, >f its chiilvbeale M'^crs, TUN dincnvffed in 1606, by Hludly lord North. The town is Heated at the bottom of tbrfee hills, called Mount Sinai, Mount Ephraim, imd Moiuit I'leanant, on which are scaltcred sonu' i;(K)(l house.*, orchiirds, utiil n'iirdcin ; uul as the country is naliirally wild, the ellect of the whole is roniiintic ami pictiiresrjiip. The Wells arc 35 miles S S E of London. Tundenr. See Tnmleren. Tungiruioi, a town of Uussin, situate on the Irkut, 80 miles S W of Iriiutsk. Lon. 103 15 E, lat. 51 18 N. T.wjt, a town of New Granada, in S America, capital of a district of the same name. It is seated on a high mountain, in a country where there ire gold and emeralds, M) miles S VV of Tnixillo. Lon. 73 5 VV, l.'t. 5 N. Tunis, a kingdom of Africa, bouiideil l miles from E to W, and 250 from N to S. This eimntry was formerly a nion- apcliy ; but a diH'erence iirisinif between the father and son, one of wlioni was flip the protection of the Christians, and the other for that of the Turks, in 1574, the inhabitai'.s shook oft" the yoke of both. From this time it became a rrpiililic, under the protection of the Tnrks, and pays a certain tribute to the Ba.shaw, that resides at Tunis. The air in general is hoaltliy, but flie soil in the E part is but indiflci'cnt, for want of water. Toward the middle, the mnuntuiiis and vallies aboimd in fruits ; biit the \V part is the most IVr- tile, being watered by rivers. The environs of Tunis are very dry, upon wlilch account corn is ge'ierally dear. The inroads of the Arabs oblige the inhabitants to sow their biivley and rye in the suburbs, and to iiieliisc tlieir gai-ilens with walls. Hosvovcr, ilu-re are plenty of citrons, lemons, oranges, dates, grapes, and other fi-uits. There are also olive trees, roses, and odorifer- oii.s plants. In the woods end moun- tains are I'ons, wild beeves, ostrich- es, monkies, cameleons, roebucks, hares, pheasants, partridges, and o tlier sorts of birds and beasts. The most remarkable rivers are the G'ladil- cai'bar, Magrida, Magerad.i, and Caps, Tlie form of government is aristncratie, that is, by a council whose president is tlie dey. The members of the divan, T U R or foun.'il, are chosen by the dry, and he, in his turn, is eliTtrd by the dlvun, which is conipoNfd of soldiers, v. ho have more than mire taken oil the es. Tunis, a large and celebrated citv of Ilarbary, capital of a kingdom of the same name. It is seated on the point of the gulf of Goletta, about ten miles from the site of the famous city of Car- tli.ige. It is in the firm of an oblong square, five miles in circiiniference, with a lofty wall, fl. inked will) scvc. ral strong- towers, five gates and Mi mosques. The houses are all built oC stone, th'iugh but one story high i and it has a good citadel on an eminence, on the \V side of the city. Without the walls are two suburbs, which con- tain 1000 houses. Within the walls arc 10,000 families, and above 3000 tradesmen's shops. The divan, or coun- cil of state assembles in an old palace, and the dey is the chief of the republic, who resides here. The city has no water, hut what is kefit in cisterns, exeei-t one well, kept for the bashaws use. The liurboiir has a very narrow entrance, through a small chan- nel, which is well fortiHed. The Ma- hometans here have nine colleges for students, besides a great number of smaller schools. Tunis is a place of great trade, ten miles from the sea, 2r5 N W of Tripoli, and 3H0 E of Al- giers. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 36 42 N. Tunhrstoiun See Ephrnta. Tiirtt, a town of Germany, in the county of I'vrol, 21niiles S VV of Trent. Tuix/ilieim, a town of Fr.'uiee, in the department ofL'pper Khine. and late province of Alsace, remarkable for a victory gained here bv Turenne, over the Austrians, in 1675. It is seated near the river Cidmar, one mile N W of Colmar. Tiircnmcvua, a province of Turkey in Asia now called Armenia. Ttircnmarts. Tercicmciis, or Trui/nne- nians, a people of Asia, who speak the Turkish dialect of the Tartar lan- guage, and inhabit the Eastern slope '1 I ,«l! l'7/r* '*•' T U R T U R .f »ionnt C mc«.u». tl.c const <.f U.e .to Turin. Turin i» well fortlfie.l m\ a.s,...uj ''';;'\ "7,, '^J,, ;;,,;.,., i„e wulU <,n tl>c r««.l>KrU. wine re Ala<:un. hnim- ol tiicni iirc (tulijcct ti> tlii-klmn ol Ciibu; oUiem to » . Hnodu-r, for llie hukc ol" pHstuii-s to tictl tlitir K wliiili lliid'of St. Charles is tlie most spacioUB »ndheaiitifid; llie Imildinirs are hand- some, and it lias e.sUnsivi; arcailis on ea< h si.le. MoM of the htrcets arc well huih, unitbim, stra.jtlil, and ter- miinile on some n),neeable ob.iect : the Str.-la di Po, the tinest and larKest, leadH to the ro\al palace, and '^s adorn- ed witii pia/.zui, Idled with shopo i as are various others of the hesl streets ; nil of whirh are kcjit cl'.iUM by meaiisot a canal from the noii ., wiUi shiiccs that fl\»l library are I'J.OOO man\iscripls, i besides , 10,000 printed books. 'Ihi iMTUeh besiei;cd this city in 1706; I hut prince Eugene attacked lli< mix- fore the walls, totally defeated tlitir ui my, and compelled lliem to raise die siene. In December \79li, the Freii.li annv took Turin, oblininp the king uiurhls family to remove to the islum. of Sardinia, imt in June folic wm^, tl.e French were driven out by the A"*- trians, but ihe kiuK has not yet return, ed. Turin is 60 miles N E of CeMiii, Komc. Lon.7 4aE, lat. 4j J >• Tiiriiigv, a town of Sweden, m tlie province of Sudermnnland, 24 niilfs VV S W of Stoekholn). Lon. XT 54 t. lat. 59 10 N. . . . Turbid; a town of Russia, in the government of Tobolsk, U-l miles W ;-r.Sii:;jr^^ .,^FI= i£^ £:"^^;.^^ cent structures, joined toi.ether by a Kalierv, in which are several statues, all sorts of arms, the Kcnealog-y ol the dukes of Savov, a represcntulion ot llie celestial signs, a royal library, and ma- nv other turiouities. llesuUs tbese two structures, thl'ie is tlie palace ol the prince of Ciirii,ni:in, the h<.spital ol St. John, the seminary of the Jesuits, the rov;d hospital, anHrti«, M'liirli n> TB to pasM round tlnni. vi-n fine (farduns on lln; IT Po. '1 lie ai'Minul jt ioim ))uil(liii)7, hiclmliiii; conluiuH nrnis lir and ttiei'c Ih a caniioii ivniicid I d a dial Coflo, wlu'if llic 110- ♦ I'oiii li>e to »ix ill «n iliil llienisclvcs and lliiir i':ii' tlic city, (in tlir liuiilit Ue iM'uiitit'iil I'inul rusllc II' (garden of wliif li in !i|>- ral stiidicH, and tlu- Imiisc I'd LaChui'ilf.isrcnKirku- I'oniTi fur 3000 poor ptopic of llie academy is \m :\\ liiiilt, and has u |;i'eat c.itiit insicriptionii. In llit are l'.),000 niaiiUHcripIs, ){) iirinted liouks. 'llic •t:c(l tliis city in 1706; -ugcne attacked ili< in lit- is, totally defeated tittir inpelled llieni to raise t!ie eceniber IZ'.'U, tlie Fiei.ili iuriii, obliging the kiiiK ly to re.Miove to the islunil but in June follr.winK, the E driven out by the Aii<- le kinj^ has not yet return. s 60 miles N E of Ocvio, Milan, and 2b0 N ^V ot 1.7 45 E, lat. 45 5 N. I town of Sweden, in tlie Suderninnland, 24 niik'S Hockhohn. Lon. 17 54 E. I town of Russia, in the of Tobolsk, 144 miles \V Lon. 63 44 K. lut. 5« 5 N. larjfe empire, exteiided Europe, Akia, iird Africit iurope is LuuihUcI on tiic I, Poland, and Sclavonia; the Black Sea, the sea nf nd the arehipelaffo ; on tlic lediterranean ; and on tlie sea, and the Venetian and prllories. It coiitiiins lies- Idavia, Walarhia, i>ul(faria, lia, liomania, Macedonia, dia, Albania, part of Crna- lalmatia, and the Morea. tries lie hclwocn 17 and 40" 6 and 49° N lal. extending u liengUi^ Olid 900 iu breadth. Turkey in Asia is hnunded oif the N by ill' Uli'k Sea and Cireussiat on tlie IC In I'l'riia; on the S by ni'ubia and the Mediterranean j and mi the \V by the Ai'<'li';ielai;o, tlic iti'!i of Munnoi'.i. ami llie straits of Coiistiiiitiiiopli'. It hei be- tween 27 and 4(J" E bin. i'lid J8;ii.d4V^ N lat exte.idiiiff 1000 miles in lo'!;{lli, uiiil 800 ill breadtli i and contains llie I'ljtiiitncs of Irac-Arabia.Diarbi'ck.Ciir- ili.ituii, /Vriiirnia, p'lil of liicn^sia, Xatolia, and Suia, with I'.dcitii (!, or the Holy I. ami. in /MVica, iho 'lurks liavc still a precarious sivereinniy over K|{\pt. Of tliu.ic cmiMtncs (wliicli see jviprclisely ) the cliiuale, pioiliiotions, inaimerH, Jvc. must br vanoii.'i. 'I'lic Turks are generally robust and well sliaped, of a j^'Ood mein, and pati-.-nt of ii:ii'ii.4lii|is, wiiieli rnnS-r them ft fir war. 'I'liey uliavo tlu-ir lii;ads j but •,veur tlieir beuids l<>ii^';, ( xcepl the military and those in the sei':>|{'li'>, who W'j.ii' only whiskers. 'I'h'fy coier tbeir heads with a white linen tuihaii of an ciiiirnrjiis size, and never pull it oii but when they sleep. None but I'luka must pvosiiiiio to wear a white turb in. Their breeches or d'.'iwers a|-e o)' a piece with their tto"kiii|.','s j a..d tliey liiue slippers instead of shoes, wliieli liny p'lll oil' wlien tiiey enter a toni;.!;.' iir house. They wear shins, with widi; •■Ifcves nut g'atliereil at tlie wrists, and mcr them a vest lied with a sisli i their ,ii,^er garment beiiij;' a loose K'lvin, something shorter than the M-.-.t. The women's dress pretty much re- sembles that of tile men; only tlicy I'ave a stilleneil cap wiili horns, '.niie- • hinj^' like a mitre, on tiieir he;'.ds in- stead of a tiiiiian, and wear tiieir h.iir Ihiwinji^ down. When lli-y |.','o abroad, they are so wrapped ii]), tliat their tu- ces cannot bo seen. The Turks >.it, eat, and sleep, aceordin:^to l!ie cu .leni of tlie eastj^on soplias.or ciisiiious, iii;i. ti'essc.?, and carpets. Kice is th< ir nidit (general food, and cotl'ee their ciimmon drink. Their most usual salu- lation is to bow tlie lier.d a little, layiiiic the rij;'lit bund on their breasts ; Iv.x to liersoiis of rank they stoop so 1 '.w a. to tiiiicli the border of their vest, 'i he women are kept under a rip.or.ius ron- fineiiiont. They have ffcner'iljy deli- eats skins, regular fei;tiii'es, bhu'k hair imd eyes, with an admirable chest. Manyoftlieni are complete beauties. Their cleanliness is cxtraordinaiy ; lor tliey bathe twice a- week, undsuflLi' lu-i .' wo^lil. i'herc is no need of lliiieh wit to behave one's self well here j tor a ^'oud iii 'in and (■ravity supply the place of iin rit iu the east, and niiu'li ),','aiety wo dd nouil all. Not that the l urkj Wiint wit j but tlu'V speak little, and pride taemtelves in sincerity and modehty .nure than elo- ipienee. Tln^ Tuik'. use !io iinneeessa- ry words, wiicreas the Greeks talk in« eessantlv. lliou};"li these two nati.iiiH are liiira iinil'r one cliniate, Iheir tem- pers are mine ilif:i.'rent tiiaii if they lived ill the mii.'.t distant cciiiutries. file Turim m.ike pi'.ifession of cand lur ( and failhtiilness, and are a cliaiiiabit' f-'oddiuittired people, j-'idiiisy except- ed, and very Kober O.i liic i.iher liand, lliev; are extremely proud, iiisidenl, su- pei'sliiious and cmelous, i'l.ey arp also iiiiuli addteti'il to ii'iiiiiiural liisis, and despis" nil oili'.-r nations in {fenc- ral, especially ti.ose vvli.eh are not of tiieir leli^^ioii. 'i lie cw. union appelia- !i ill, that they gfive llie Ciiristiaiis ig lliut of d.i^'i. An leiilormliy runs tlirou;v!i i.ll liie action ; of the I'nik.s, and t.iey never ciiiuii;'e tj.eir luiMiier of livinjf. 1 in y seela to have no kind of ^en'iis for llje 'nijU'i'vt iiiL'nt ol' ti;. arts and .sciences, thouffh they live m.der tl.ie iiitlue;:ce of the same lieaven, ami possess the Kair.e. co'inlvivs, as the an- cient Orel. i:. IIS did. '1 iiey (jenernlly loiter avviiy tlu'ir time, either .iiin,n{j the women in tile liarain, or iii smoking or takiiiif oj.luili ; a" U!ioU};'!i t!:ey hei'tl ton'clher, jou v.'iil obicrve us liille con- vcrsation among' 'iiein asaiuoiij;' so itih- ny hor.ies iu a stiiiile. They sehhini travel, or use any exercise rr rural sp.irts ; and discover li'.tle or no curi- o ;ily to d'scovtr t'le s»:,te uV thei,' own, or any oilier .oiinliy ; but TiirUey, af- ter all, is not Miiliout men oi' parts, p'ob'ty, and honour i nor without be- iievulcnt, lihe:' li, co:n'Cisible, and ii'u'e- ni Ills people. Tin-y beliave very rom- nieiid;..tily to tiieir slaves and servants, and frequently belter than the Cliris- ti;.iis do lo liu'irs. T lu-re arc no here- ditary tfoveriiMients or litlcj of nobility in i'lulicy 1 and indeed t.'-.c coraiiioaal- ^^ T U R T U S tv thtPC cniovs the greatest liberty. 'pwt of the empire to another, but not LeSirit-avervlow ebb amonV to foreign Cbnsfan eountnes No iCr I^' tLvcv, Ibey have some ration is more advantageously s> uated ;cU col-Res. and academies; but ; for t.aflic than the 1 urk.sh ; !,uv„,r hevt; on' a^er ydiffererafootlnKfrom the 'umgatu,,, ot the B»a dc «-. * - tliose amonir via. Not manv years since Levant, and tiie Red ^ea . ann cnn. » orint'nK l.m.se was set up at Constan- 1 scqnently greater o,>portun.t.e8 of m- tiSe, we e books of all kinds were porting ^^■.'•"^'.' '""'^'^'''J'^'"^'' .f '';; mZcA to be printed, except on n.atters Kast, and e river Sino, 50 miles S W .on. Ifi 50 E, lat. 40 35 N. land, an Maiul in the Pan- L.n. 177 5 W, lat. 1948 S. a so^eu■iRn stiite of I'iuy. U-of apranddntc'.v : bornd- hvUnuiagna.'!.<-P<'l-'K"i";<"' CSC, :ind thePaimeHani onUJe t!ii'ir TUX \ by the Mediterranean i on the E by the dutchy of U.-bino, the Perugino, t!ie Orvietano. the piitrimony of St. I'cter, and the dutchy of C.istro ; and oil the vV by the Mediterranean, the territory of Licca, and that of Genoa. It is !,5J miles \m% and 100 broad, and w.itereil by several rivers, of which tlie .Vnio is the chief. There are se- verJ 111 luiiluiiis, in wiiich are mines of ii-.jii, alum, and vitriol ; also (jiiarries of uiaible, alabaster, and porphyry, be- silcs liot b.itlis and mineral waters. Miiu p irts of it are fruitful in c:)rii and wjiu', and ] . .ce plenty of citrons, oiMn.,'iM, ooniei^ranates, and other fruits. T)ie iii'i.ihitants are distinguished by aU:uii:neiit to commerce, and live estalilishcd various manufactures, particularly of silks, stuffs, earthen ware, and gilt leather. They are much Tisited by fnreiguers, on account of their piilitcness, and because the Italian iiii^niagc is here spoken in its greatest purity. This dutchy is divided into three parts ; namely, the Florentino, the Pisano, and the Siencse. John Gistun, the la.st duke of Tuscany, of the house of Medicis, died in 1737, without leaving any heirs male. By the treaty of London, 1718, the empe- ror of Germany, Charles VI. had iiro- iniscd Tuscany, as a fief of the empire, HhIoii Carlos.; infant of Spain, as being the nearest male heir: but, in 1735, when the sovereignty of Naples and Sicily was confirmed to that prince, ho was obliged to renounce his right to Tuscany, in favour of Frr.ncis I emtie- i I ror of Germany, then D'lk. if i.ovrain, I to whom it was ceded as .in t qiivaleiu fir tli.it dutchy, which hi- h id given up I til France. Florence is \\w capital. Tiisctirorat. See C/.'ic.'.: w. Tiisis, a town of the ronntry of the I G.isnns, 18 miles S bv W it' Coire. Tutlmy, a town irt StalToidsIiire, with m.-irket on Tuesp, u river in Northun^^erland, formed of a branch frcm the county of Durham, and another from the hills on several of the Mwers and a '^hihII '-.ai t I tlie borders of Scotland. These uniting (if the wall still remain. It is 1.^ miles I E of S! '.iford, and 134 .M E of London. I Lon. 1 ^0 \V, lat 53 N. . •uwrin, a town of Hindoostin, IWh Dutch factory. It is 60 nilh:s N R of ^ 'pe Co'iioriii. Lon 76 40 E, 1 lit. 8 15 N. TuturcL, a town of Russia, si'iiate on Uhi" I,-ji'.a. Lon lO.T 4) E, lat. 5i 40 N. Tu\f,ird, atiwn in Notliaghnnisliire, I with a market ou MiinJ:.> ; i'.'i.t.,J in a a littl.- :.!i.)ve Hcxltam, form a large ri- vtr, wliivh Rows by Newc.istle, and enters tin- Gorman Ocean, at rinmouth. T.i:e, II river of Scotland, which rises ill tiie uxnmtt'ins in the S of Hadding- tiin.s!iiri-, walcis Haddington, and en- ters the Gi. rroaii Ocean to the W of Duuhar. T. ::emijt!th. Sve Tiinncuth. T;;e, a seaport of Syria, in tliat part fvrmcii) called Phocaitia, once w plac« . I It '. f7 T Z t •f cxreediniT prcat trade. It is hIso fhimms for a slicll-lisli, which dies afiiie puiplc, liie.ui' (Micd Iho Tynan dR'. Aci-ordini,' t.) the prophecies mthc Olil Tcbtanieiil, Tvre is now nothmj,' but a heap of veficruble ruins. It has two harl)oiir», Unit on tlie N side cxcecd- inglv i-rood; the other choked up bv the V.1I11S (.if the city. It is 60 nuk-s S W of Uainasciis, and now called Sour or Sur. Lon. 3.5 oU K, hit. 33 18 N. Tyri, a lake of Norway, near the co- bait mines of Fossuni. This beauldul ijiece of water is about twcnty-hve miles ill eiiciiniference, including its b'i\» and ciecks ; its shores are gentle eii'iinenctJ. riciily variegated with the most (erlile meadows, corn fields and liunijinu icM-csts, and hacked by loity mountains' lowenni!,- above each other. Tiie eounlr\ around it is dclighttvil, es- pecially to' be in BO hijjU a degree ot northei'ii latitude. Tyntaw, a hirge fortified town of Upper Miinparv, in the palatinate ol Trentschin, 30 miles N E of Prcsburg. I.on. 17 33 li, hit. 48 23 N. Tvrone, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, 46 miles long: and .■57 broud; bounded on the N by Lon- donderrv, on the E by Armagh and Lou},'h Neagh, on the S W by Ferma- nagh, and on tlu "V by Donegal. It is a rough countr*', but tolerably fruitful ; contains 30 parishes, and sends 10 mem- bers to parliament. The capital is Dimgannon. Tysted, a town of Denmark, in the province of North Jutland, with a cita- del, seated on the gulf of Limford, 44 miles N W of '.Vihu.-g, and 45 VV of Albnrg. Lfin. 8 25 li, lat. 56 54 N. Tfv/, or T.hy, a river in Wales, which" issuing from a lake on the E side of llic country, enters the hay of Car- di"-:in,. below the town of Cardigan. ''rzn'.iirilla, a town of Natolia Pro- prr, near the river Sangar, or Adu, 63 miles S E of Isnic. Lon. 31 8 E, lut. 39 ON. Tzaritzvn, a tova and fortress ot Russia, in the government of Saratof. It is seated on the Volga, 122 miles N W of Astracan. Lon. 45 25 E, lat. 4li N . ^ Tznnitz, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Uoniania, nc;ir a river of the same nam;-, 33 iniks N N K of Adn- annple. Lon. 26 40 E, hit. 42 .5 N. TzmU'--, a town ijl Rusbia, in the V A E government of Kasan, 56 miles W of Kasan. Lon. 47 25 E, lat. 55 40 N. V, u. rAAST, St. a town of France, in tiic department of the Channel and lut u province of Normandy, five miles from Harfleur, and eight from Valognc. Vahres, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aveiron, and late province of Roergue. Though an episcop.il sci; before the revolution, it is little bettef than a village j but has some maniifac tures of serges, dimities, and cottons. It is seated at the confiuence of twu >-mall rivers that fall into the 'I'arn, 30 miles S E of Rodez, and 32 E of Alby. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 43 57 N. _ Viiclui, a town of Germany, in tlie landgravato of Hcsse-Cassel, 40 miles S E of Cassel. Lon. 10 12 E, Ut. 50 55 N. ,. . , , I'ache, one of the M'cst India islands lying to S of St. Domingo, opposite St, Louis. The buccanicrs began a settle- ment here in 1673, and they made it one of their rendezvous. Vuchebse, one of the Lipari Islands, in tl"- Mediterr.-nean, near the coast of Na|)ies. . Vada, a town of Italv, in Tuscany, seated on the Tuscan Sea, 20 miles S of Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 E, lat. 43 15 N. . , . Vadagetry, a town of the jienmsula ot Hindoostun, in the province of Madu- ra, 64 miles S S W of Madura. Vadin, a town of Turkey in the Euro- pean province of Bessarabia, situate ^;^ ' ,^^,,, , , the l^,lli ccmui-y; '^ ;^-|^ ,-01 and lost s,a.>e.u..nl. .. l>tc. ^ ^_^,^ side of the cl.ou- .. ^' ,,"'%,.,. tu,c '^ '11, f. nil ICC of »be viceroy, WM own ^ '"^ P' ;„,.v nF St Terom, the exchaiiiie, und H'V"' u'.,.". It is notvc.^Vstrons,thon:,hUu a,e^^ tU>nH.alonKthe^alb ;^mW^^^ 1,;, ■i vcrv ....ixiloiis place, uml bus, sesciai to d-, Kinufuctu.es of cloth ..k • W ",stvy;fb.-cvcntheve,-ycUidm.a^c eivplovcd u, spn.nm!;- sdk ^ '^^'^ -ion\beGuad..vKi^>ne^-^^^^^^ ^"^^l-rSfatov^i--- ,T,a, ui the province of C.u acca., .,„tl-,e lake T<.cun.V>ia, 5' ">'''-^?; .,f Povto Cavullo. Lon. G:. oU W , lat. in 174 ', it was taken by t.c allies, ai J^r'lt'se.'rosiep; butitwas^ven „,, to the l'Tc"ch. in 179-.. U is .. -lies W S W of Mons, iS, ^ ^' Ll^e.^.d no N N E of I'avis. Lon. :i n7 E, lat. 50 Jl N. r,ilcntwc, a town of Franco, lr( the dcpav'tment of Upper Guroune. !';,'e miles N E of St. Uernard. Lou, sr E. lat. 43 1 N. Vc.knza, or V^.kncia, a strong own ofl lv,n; the Milanese, capita of th. I omeVnc, and subject to the kin;;- „! Siirilinia, to whom it was ceded ('(i.V;;.?o-i.'.5 l^hnlwi a fm-tllVd town .rVorlui^M, in the r'^vi'-c" ot Knm;- Minho-e-Uoncni, seated en an u ,.•1',.. river Minbo, tlui' iicncc, near t.ie n\«.r ■ > - ..ule. SofVnv. Loi). sU ^^ . '-'^ 1707 It has beeiroften taken ami re . ,H n and is seated on a ni(miila,n, ;^;";^,:;icrPo 12 miles Eot^C^J. ;.nd 35 S W of Mdan. Lon. 8 ob L, dntchvofModena. Lon. 10 s2 L, kit, "".X-, a town of France, in the -Ic. , a tmentof Charente, and ate province I^fAnjumois ten miles Sot Angolemc., Lon. 15 E, lat. 45 30 N. I'nietta. See Malta, Dutch l^mbirg. It was once forl.ti- ""XZU. f .nifications wxr. demo llshedby the French in 16' ^ U seated oiUheGucle. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. "^VaM a city of. Spain, in CJd Castile, capital of a principality of the sa le name with a bishop's see, and hanie n.u. , s„,.i.„,indcd with ::=Sdls, 'emLllished with hand- :om^lHiildi;ss large public scpuire^, nW/zas. and fountains. It is laigt- a^ opnlous, containing 1\.00; l-"- wi\h fine long and broad ^t^ccts^ tu Pirce high bouses adorned with baico cs The market place, caled LI C-uBDO is 700 paces in circumlcrencc, ?„rn^ll^aS>ya%reat number of c™. vents and is the place where the iair nrckep. There is another square l;;L.:^mer:ha;ut'indtradesmenkce, '"" shops; all the bouses are of the 'u:ei:;^iit: being lour stories^;;; there are balconies at every wiiulow o I ir It. In the ^vllole there "o monasteries and ->--^'^;,J ^ •n, .«t of whioh is that of the Donim : ;; eiikable ii.r its chnrcli, whidi is one of the most 'n^!K"'f =';"\J , „H. city. Tl.ekbigs resided a log nhile at this place, and the lo; ' ,' ce, which stdl ivmains, is o ^c, LieONtent, though but two st^. '..'h; xvithiii are fine paintings « , , ,';^;Lind.,aiu!atoixotthe coi....^| .. curlotis ik'r as t this, tlie wliicli a t mention ;ii)l- the li liiive all There a we have ihefcfuri that aiie with 13C ■r.iil liosj; itands o ol'the in lure, for low hi.lc vh-'ins ot td with ineiidow tho Esc Doiicro, S E of 1 lid. L( Valla: Mechna ValUu the and \iiici; ol ll(\ mil W, lat. VJ.Li the pen i.l'the 1 S of M ■JN. Vidla 'litllCC Lull. 7; VnlU icadiii|. .•iivlde( Tl.e fo ill llie the hit (ill the Vidlais I'lis, a ilixaiii: Sion, ( 1,11.1 SI (.r:itici They Upper liiid t' each the \ 1UO,0( the I lisho] :l.'VCr( A L town of Fran.o, \i\ t of Upper Gui-owic, ; of St. liL-ruanl. Lou. 1 N. r^lencia, a stronf; town Milanese, capital ot tlif s'lbject to the kinj? There is another square m . of the citv surrounded wtli ' brick houses, having under /.as, where people may wa.: ( leathern. Within these crchanls and tradesmen kcq- PS ; all the houses are ot tnc 'ht. being four stories ; am balconies at every window In the whole there ae isuriis antl tumncries, tla. ,,bi.-h is that of the Domm;- Kukahlc fnr its church, whic. jf the most magmiicent m The kings resided a lon, t this V\.^cc, and the roy.! vhicb sllll remains, is ot \c ,unt, though but two stories Ubin !.vf line paintings ot m- uU. v.'A .It o;x of the ca;ncrs| curious clock m.ide in the same man- ',KT as that of Straslinrgh. Besides ifiis, tlierc are sever.al other places wliicU a traveller ought to vii.it; not to incmion tliose belonging to noblemen, iinr the houses of rich citi/.cns, which l,;ivc all their particular beauties. There are other public squares wlilcli we have not room to describe, and ihcrcFi-re we shall only take notice, tliiit .another of them is surrounded Willi 130 cliurclies, chapels, convents, ,r.id liospitals ; .inil that the town-house Stands on one of the sides. "I'lie house iltlie inquisition is anoddsortof slnic- iiire, for tliere are no windows, but a K w li..le« to let in the light. The en- viiwsof the city are a fine plain cover- ed with gardens, orchards, vineyards, ineiidows, and fields. It is seated on the Ksc.M'va and Pisuerga, near the Doucro, 52 miles S AV of Burgos, 80 S E of Leon, and 95 N by \V ot Mad- ,kl. Lon. 4 25 W.lat 4150 N. VdkdolU, a town of New Spam, in MeclinacHn. See Meclwacax. Viilludolul, a town of New Spain, m the audience of Guatimala, and pro- \iiKc of Honduras, with a bishop's sec, 2jfi miles E of .Guatimala. Lon. 88 22 \V, bit. 14 30 N. . . WdUdolid, a town of New Spam, m the peninsula of Jucatan, near tl:e coast i,rtlic bay of Honduras, S4 mdes E liy s of Merida. Lon. 83 20 W , hit. 20 ■ J N. . , I'idladolil, a town of Peru, in tiic au- litiicc of Qiiito, situate near the Andes. Um. 75S\V, lat. 6 2 S. railiih, a county of Swissci'land, ex- tending 100 miles from E to W, and jlivlded into Upper and Lower VaUais. ■i i.e former reaches from Mt I'lcavdy, at the trance is vcrv 'l''"^''''""''-,^'', „ ^ |, N VV of Abbeville, nml 100 N l>. W of Paris. Lon. 1 37 E, lat. 50 ^^Valleryen.Caux, St. a seaport Valerv-en-(.nux, or. » •— i- - . . j^ ?r;:::ic:W^;^^I^eppe,anaiOsU.a.ura. V A R export wine, silk, planks chccsr, bn.- tcr, uml cuttle. '1 l.e .nhub.tants ur. computed to be 62,000. and are all R.,- man cathoVics. . „ . i • VaU'erdc, a town of PoH-kM, m Bc-ira, on the conlinca ..t Si^am, .>U ,n,ilesNbyVVof Alcantara, and o3S of S E of Guardia. Lon. b 19 W. lat. .,9 a town of Spain, in Es- and eight niilcs from Bada- Lon. 41 E, lat 49 joz N W of Paris. ^^y^aUier, St. a town of France, in the denaun^ntof Ardeche. and late pro- V h ,e "f N'-^andy, seven m. c.s N L of Tournon. Lon. 2 5 E. lat. 49 10 ^'Valo^inc, a town of France, in the de- >,^m?n ofthe Channel, and late pro. ^•" ce of Normatuly, noted ii.r c c.th and ;:Xr. Unseated on a brook e^glU miles from the sea. and l5» W b> « "' Paris. Lon. 1 26 W, lat 49oON. k», a town of Turkey in Asia, iu Armenia, near the ['•""»•<:" ".'.[l-i:^; It IS a populous place, defended b, a cistle, seated on a mountani. Il is likewise a bcBlerbeghc »»^f^^ there arc nine sangiacates or pa^u • lar ™vernm»nts. The lurks aU s keep a numerous parnson .n the r.stle. 1 on 44 30 E, lat. 38 30 N. Vannu.neu\- Land, the S extremity of New Holland, .liscovered by 1 asnian, in 1642. afterwards visited by capUm Valnna, an -••«'''^P''''^;*1'l'"r,v,a £, Dinnen^^ Road, a road of the is- Turk.M . in Europe, n. U|.per A ban.a, van .i-„„„i,tuh„o. one of the Fnciid- ^•,„, .•luubour. It was t^ken u^^^f «; j J;"'\^;,|ds.^ j, ^„ \,^ 55 w, lut. 21 * r«m,«, a seaport of France, in tk diparln.ent of Morbihan, former n b s'nop's see, seated on the ffult .f ^v tu- Venetians, who abandoned it aher tlicv had ruined tlie fortihcat.ons. U satedon.beKulfofVcn.ee near the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles S orDurazm Lon. 19 23 E, lat.. 4WN. Vall>ark:>o, a town <>* ^ "''. ^'^'' ^ well tVeimented harbov.r deten.led b. v a rtrngfoft. It is seated on the Pachc Ocean, at the foot of a high mountum. '";^:i,^V^w"o?F;;L,intheVe- „jssCl2 miles E of SI. Paul 1 rois "^'S"- town of France, in the de- n.rtnu'nt ..f Ardcche, and late province r,f Daunhinv, remarkable for mineral -..l. It is seated on the Ardcche, tr"e^milesVofAubcnas.Lon.426E. ^'"r^J;!- i5alled by the inhabitants I'dlftflino, a f ■rtile vallry of Swisser- Und s. b cVt to the Griso.s It is about S^tiwSn length, "tcndin, f^..mjhe confines of Borniio to the lake ot Chi Morbihan Its principal trade s n wheat and rye for Spain, and .t hasa trade also in pilchards and sea etls^ It ,s three miles from the At antic .6 SWof Rcnnes. and 255 W l^V S of Paris. Lon. 2 46 W. lat. 47 ^^ N. Knr, a department of France, incM- ing part of the late province ot Pio- ^^7ar, a river which has its source in thecou,,tyof Nice, and falls mtotlie Me.riterrLean, four miles W of Nice. It gives name to the above dcpait- "* r«rn//o, a strong town of Ualy, in the dutchy of M'l''"' 47 miles Y N W of Milan. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 4j '',?,;„«, W, a t>.wnofFr.-uice intb.. 14 miles N N V\ m ^■,„. ,„() of Alcaiitura, ami o3 S I. Lon. 6 19 W. Itit. 39 town of Spain, in Es- I ciglit n\llc3 from Baua- of Tiukoy in Asia, in the frontiers of Persia. oils place, defcnilcil 1)V a on a mountain. U is 'lerbeglic, umler wlncli ' sangiacates, or par'icii. Its. 'llie Turks always (ins {^arrison in Oic resile. , lat. 38 30 N. ,V LanJ, the S cxtrcnv.ty id.discovere.abyTasiiiai;,, wards visited by capUm n's Road, a road of the is- utaboo, one of the Fnciid- Lon. 174 56 W, lat. 21 .eaport of France, in the of Morbihan, formcily a ., seated on the gulf (,t Its principal trade is m vefor Spain; and it has a [i pilchards and sea eih. iiiles from the Atlantic, sb lines, and 'J55 W by S of 2 4G W, lat. 47 39 N. partinent of France, mcliul- the late province ot Pro- ,-er which has its source in of Nice, and falls into tl.e ,ean, four miles W of Nice. ame to the above depart- a strong town of Italy, in IT of Milan, 47 miles W ^ilan. Lon. 8 25 E, hit. 4.. ,„, a townofFranccintlK- ,tofAin, UmilesNNV\..t m. 5 15 E, lat. 46 2o N. a cape on the E co.ast of the ,f Cianipa. Behind it i» •> I remarkable for having: a luRi ) summit. Lon. 109 17 E, l»t. ,f, a fortified tov^-n of Gcnna- bishopric of J-Iunstcr, sealtO. i er Embs. V A U U B E r.inmiM, a town of France, in the del i'audirse, a deiiaitmcnt of l-rancc, nartiMcnt of Allier, sealed on an enii- which iucUules tlie county ol Venaissm i,c„,o near the river Allier, 14 mill s| and ternlni yof .'Uignon. S S E of Moulins. Lon. 3 31 K, hit. 46 nin 2! miles N of Mesembnu, K \V of Constantinople. Lmi. 12 N. "varemies, a town of France, in the (Icparlment of Meiise. At this place ti.c iinfiirtunatc kiiii? of France, his (|iiccii, sister, and two children, were iirivsted, in their fiig'lit from I'aris, in Jiiie, 1791, and conducted b.ack to that city. It is 13 niilrs N of Cler- mont. I'arheh, a town of Transylvania, CO mlltsKof Temcswar. Lon. 17 10 E, hit 45 40 N. Cnriij, a conslderalile sci-.'iorl ol 1 ur- kpy in Europe, in BiiIk"'''", capital of ih* territory of Drobni.fia, with an arch- biiliop's see. It is sfiited nc.ir tl.o iiniilli of tlie Varna, in ll.c I51::t;k K; a, and ] k") ill- 42 44 N. " Vai-zey, a town of France, in the de- j)ai'tmcnt of Yonne, with a castle, 32 miles from Aiixerrc. ('■«(/, a town of Russia, in the gov- ernment of Novo^'orod, situate on the Voljja, 60 miles E of Novoi;orod. Lou. •Ij 44 E, lat. 56 16 N. Vasscdlxini' , a post town in Kennc- kck county, Maine ; situatid on the E • (le of Ke'iinebeck river, n miles ;, of Fort Halifax, 40 N oi . . iscassct, ,,ml about 83 N E of Portland, contain- iiiir 1188 inhabitants. l\ii>:cr!>uyg, a town of Bavaria, in the I'.'rrilory ofMunicli, witli a castle. It is sunimnded by lii^h mountains and seat- (il (ill the river Inn, 23 miles E of Mu- niili. Lon. 12 15 E, lat. 48 10 X. Trm/, a town of France, in the de- iwrtnii'iit of Upi)er Marne, scatLd on tiic Blaise, 10 miles N W of Joirville, a.'.il 115 E of Paris. Lon. 5 10 K, lat. 'IB 27 N. /'(jfflH, a town of France, in the de- Iiaitnient of Indre, sealed in a tine plain, ei},'ht miles N W of Issoudiin. Ldii. 1 56 E, lat 47 2 N. I'atica, a scap.irt of TunJ ^v of llie same name, 44 mi;es S E of Misi- ! tra. Lon. 23 2 E, lat. 36 3f! N. i'liiu-iiisf/vi viliajre and fountain of France, in the depHrlmenl to which it j^ives name, 12 miles E of Avignon, celebrated by I'ctrauh. i'diii/, I'cii'i dt; a coi.ntrv of Swisser- land, ill th^J canton of Bern. It extends along the like ot Geneva, rising giadii- iiliy ironi the ed^v of that lake, and is richly laid out in vineyards, cornfields, and meadows, and diecqiiered with continued villages and towns, it was wresied from lIic duke of Savoy, by the canton of Bern, in lSj6 Its inliabi- taiits arc robu.st and good soldiers. Lausanne is the capital. ]'t!udiibU:i, a town of France, in the department of Puy dc Donne, five miles from IsUiire, and 240 S by E of Pr.vi.s. ;■ ■.:i"i:io-h t, a town of France in the (leparliiHiaoi iVicurthc, with a castlfi. it IS .seatc d in liie most fertile, country fir corn in all I.nrrain, 15 miles S K of Toid, and 18 S ^V of Nanci. Lon. a 57 E, lat. 48 26 N. Vaudtm, ]■ idlks rf,m Piedmont. They lie N of the maiipiisate of Salu/.zo, and the diicf town is Hicerna. The iniiahitants are called Va;;dois ; also Waldenses IVoin i'eter Waldo, a mer- chant at Lions, who cMjiosed the su- perstitions of tlie church of Home, in 1 160, and heiniv oanishcd from Franco, ,sn.e I'.crc with his discij/les. The ^'a^ldois unil,rwci,l the most dreadful lierseci;tic;:'.s in tlie 17ih century, par- lirularly in 16.55, 1656, and 1596. i'av.dnvan^^c, a decayed town of Frar.ce in the departmcnl of Mourthe, .ng for- tress of Sar Louis, .50 ni.los N E of Nai.ci. L:.n. »^ 36 E, lat. '!'.■ 28 N. V.ivxhall, a village in Siirry, seated Ol the Thaiius, two miles S \V of Lon;!on. Il is celebrated ibr its gar- dens, v.'hich arc l.iid out in so grand a lastr tliaLtiioy arc honoiired Air three ii'.or.lhs in suir.nicr by most of the no- liiiiiv and gentry. Here is an alms- !io-.:.so for si.-,cii"poor wimien, built in U".18, l)v Y'\- NofI Caron, who resided hci.-, as ambassador from Holland, 28 ..',. , a town of Spain, in Andahisl.T, Vaucoleurcs, a town of France, in ihe (kparlnu'iit of M.-use, seated on tliej.'- .siiU; of ahill, ne.irtiie river Mei'se, 1U| fi ,■ ,■ .-. lilies W of Toul, 22 S W of Nanci, I ^vi!h ;i strong cai-tle, seated m a Jcrli.e .ami 150 E of Parid. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. | coontiy, al.,.oiv,ling in corn, wine, oil, 4tt36 N. and auitb, csvcciaiiy figs. It is five U D D mUes N E '.f Ua./a a." 158 S L of Maclri.l. I^^".?>'^V,lal..>7 48N^ Vbolir.ven, a t.'eo imi'er.al tit) ot Sii- .bia, mU.e county of F'-^^t^"''"''^^ Tlie inhabitants, who are pai'tiy Roman catholics unci i.artly ,n'otcstants carvy cnauTcattru.U- in cm-n, which they ccnd to Swlsstrhuuh and not «.i>- '^"ce arc very fumons butlis. It i^ sc-.tcd on a ir.Kli nxk, ncartlic h.kc of Constance 12 miles N of Constance. Lon. 9 10 ^"uL%u^v Sctulnd, a fortified town of I'ortUKal, in KstveniMlui-a, will, a S,od h.HM.nr, a. fciuk-a b> the h.rt o ^t. latro. It is bnilt on the nuns o the ancient Sct^brigu, j'l » J'-" ''^ ,''' a b^v, near the month nt the Zada- en. "It has a fme IisIhin, and u ve. v n-ood trade, purfcdai-ly '"/f' thirhagveat-inaiility IS Kent o the roloi.ics in America. It is sealed .it V E I UJemioi, a town of Siberia, in tiK-, government of Iikut/.k, scute, .m lie S E side of the lake Balknl, on the ■,,,...1 from Tobolsk to China, 1000 n„lc, NWof Fekin, and 1200 L ol loiiolsk. Lnn 'Jti,10K, lut. 53 0N. t7,//„„, or L'..'/.c, a city of Italy, ca,.. tal of Venetian Friidi, witli a t.t;ul(l. It contains 16,000 inhabitants, an«l i- seated in a lai^^e plain, .icar the rivers l-aidemento and Lisenzo. 10 in.lcs .. of A.niiWia, ami 55 N b> li ol Venice. Lon. 13 3 K, hit. 46 1-2 N. . UMoi, a town ..« Uiiss.a, m the p. vernmenl of Irkutsk .u..r the h^, 1100 miles E N E ol Irkutsk. L'nu l,i.j 30 E, hit. 55 16 N. Vecht, a river that has Us soni-co im Wcvtnlialia.near Monster, cr.isses tl,ssel.inisse.sbvOm,nen llilielt, an. ol Oothebwb'. iiiiit'i Vcchu a river of the United I r..vin. CCS, wiiieh branches oh fi.mi the nli channel of the Hhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zui.ler Zee, at Mov'*'"- recA»«. afo.tih.dtowuolGeimam. in tlK. circle of \V\stpliaKi, ami hi..lioi. ,f Monster, 30 miles N ol Osiw- 8 24 E, hit. .V2 54 N. I'tdcr.sloi, a tuwn of Uussia, in tlie government ot Archai>s-el, «"".-';^;;;;' ?he Vokscha, 200 miles E S Eot AuU- ap-el. Lon. 40 44 E, lat. o8 43 N. "l eerc. See VV/ii'c. Vcvlxt, an island in the ffulf of Ve- nice, on the coa.st of »alm;,tia. w.ih» bish;>p'ssee, acvo>.dharbour andac,. tad.l It is the mo-'t populous isl.>. I \,n this coast, abouiulsm wine and mU and has small horses m hic,h esteem. The onlv town, of the same name, is sc-nted on the sea, on a lull co"'"^""!; cd In two mountains, 17 nules N \J nf Arbe. and 110 S E of Venice. Lmi. ^^^J^i^'u^^^. Italy Piedmont. i„ tile mar-iuisate of Susa, seated ok a„ eminence, near the r.ver Dm.,., 13 miles N W of Turm. Eon, t ol t., '"'/W,"!; town of Portugal, in Men. t.Mo With a castle, seated on the An- hido..n.,U) miles SSW of Portalegie. I on 7 34 W, lat. 38 .u N- rW, iV a stron;,; town of Germanv, • the circle of Austria, with an M > castle, and u vUmcU i<:^d utiUu c^ \I E I town of Siberia, in liu-. Ii-kutzk, scaled on \\\t he hike Balknl, (ui the )lskt() Cli'ina, 100Umili.s and 1200 E ofToljiilsk. at. 53 N. 'iiie, acilyofltidy, capi. Friiili, with a cit;iil(;l. 000 iiiliiibitants, ami i-. f;e plain, iicai' >1"^' •'i"'"' ml Llsenzo, 10 imlcs 'A 1.1 55 N In li "'■ Venice, at. 46 12 N. )wn of Umisia, in tlio Ri- Irkutsk, niai- llic UiMa, N E cif likvitsk. L"iu 55 16 N. i- that lias its soni'co ih icai' MnnstL-r, enisles tl.c ciifoi I "'id Uenllieini, ami i\sHil, inissc-.'* by Omineii, SwailHlnvs, below wUicli le :i\ildei--Zee, under llie rt\\ater, thatis, Bluckwi- vcr of llie United rrovin- brandies ofi from ibe nlil ,e Hliine, at Ulreclit, and mderZee, at Mux den. lbili!i~d t^nvii of Geririany, of Westlibaba, and tii'li"!'- jler, .10 miles N nl' Osiia- 8 "^4 E, lal. 5-2 54 N. a luwnof Uussia, in Uie ot Arebansi-el, situ.ile Gevaudan, ;,;„1 on the E by Vivare/,. It is full of high mountuins, covered with snow tlu' j,n'(;iler part of the year, but abminds iiicillle. It now foiMUS the department gf U;ii>er Loire. Vejai, a town of Germany, in the cinlc of Bavaria, 22 miles N W ..f K:ili.-.lion. Lon. 11 50 E, bit. 40 10 N. ViUentz, ii town of Germany, in the paliitinatc of the Rhine, with a castle, seated on the Moselle, 13 miles N E of Treves. Lon. 7 3 E, lat. 49 52 N. W.ctri, or Velklri, an ancient town of Italy, in Campag-nu di Roma. It is a very 'pleasant place, and is the rcsl- (leiirc of the bishop of Ostia, whose palace is majfiiificent •, and there arc laii,^e squares adorned with line foun- tains. It is seated on an eminence, .■.uiTo'indcd bv hills, ei^'ht miles E S E (,r Alhano, and 20 S E of Rome. Lon. U 56 E, lat. 41 46 N. IV/c3, a town of Spain, in New Cas- tik-, with a castle, 45 miles N E of To- kdi), and 50 S K of Madrid. Lon. 2 22 W, lat. 40 N. Vclcz-de-GuDKini, a town of Africa, ill the kin(^(bmi of Fez, with a castle, ami a harbour seated between two bifyb moiinlains, on the Mediterranean, UO miles N N E of Fez. Lon. 4 \V, lat. J,i 10 N. yelcz-Miiltigit, a town of Spain, m Grinada, with a castle, seated in a !a,,.;u plain, near llie Mediterranean sea, 12 miles N E of Malaga, and 52 S \V of Granada. Lon. 3 24 W, lat. 36 «N. l''i!H^i, a town of Sclavonln, seated on the liver Bakawa, 10 miles E of Ciiiplz, and <» N \V of Poscija. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 46 18 N. l'vUJI:i Ustiug, a province of the Rus- sian ffovernment of Volog-da. UsliiiLj U llie capital. rdon; a town of Iliiidoostan, in tlie Carnatii;. It is a ))Ost of s^reat iir.por- i.iv.cc, eommandinj!,-the pjreat road from Mysore into llic Carnatic. It cviir.ists V EN of three stronp forts on as many iiilli;, and is deemeil impregnable to an Indi- an army. Durinj;' the last war af^ainst llyder Ally, it was relieved by Sir E) re Coote, in the face of the whole army of thai chief, which was reckoned an act of great (rencralsliip. It is 90 miles W of Madras, and 214 from Sering- apatam. I'vltzen. See Ultzen. W-iui, or Monti-ilclla-Vena, mountains of Carniola, on the coulines of Istria, on the S of the lake Czcri.ic. fauifio, a town of Italy in Naplijs, in Terra di Lavoro, with a bishop'* sce» seated near the Volturno, 27 miles \V of Cajma, and 43 N of Naples. Loa. 14 19 E, lat. 43 32 N. Veimissin, a small but fertile territory of France, lately depending on the pope, but now decreed a part of the republic of France, and included in the depart- ment of Vaucluse. It is of small ex- tent, but pleasant and fertile. Vcimat, St. a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais, and late province of Artois. It can be laid under water at any time, which is its chief defence, and is 27 miles S E of Uunkirk, and 22 N \V of Arras. Lon. 2 39 K, lat. 50 38 N. Vanm/ue, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, in a valley of the same name, with a strong castle. It is seated on the Es- sara, in a country (noducing good wine, 35 miles E of Balbastro. Lon. 25 E, lat. 41 58 N. Vciiciiiij^/icry, a town of the peninsida of Hindooslan, 51 miles E of Banga- lore, and 54 VV of Arcot. Lon. 78 38 E, lat. 13 5 N. l\'i:ce, lately an archiepiscoi)al town of France, in the dtpartmcnt of Van, and late province of I'rovcncc, and be- fore the revolution it wasabisliop'ssee. It is eight miles from the Mediterran- ean, and 10 W of Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 43 N. ('(vii/t, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of I'oi- loii. It IS so called from a small river of the same name. Fonten.iy-le-Compte is the cnpital. IV';.'".;', a town of Russia, in the go- vernuieiit of Riga, 36 miles N F. of Ri- ga. Lon. 25 15 E, lat. 57 12 N. rcnJuDie, a town of Frai-.ce, in the depailnieiil of Loir and Cher, and late |)rovii!(e of Ijlaisoih, seated on liie ri- \o:' L'jir, -"-' iiiih-s N E cf ToMr.';, and V E N S5 S W of Paris, l.on. 1 8 E, lal. 17 50 N. . • o . 1 Vn:'hrll, a town (it Spam, in Cii Mo- nia, 'jr. n.iU-s VV S W "I" D:ircclona ton 1 ,')() I'., l.it. 41 I.) N, r,«a,.f/un>U(l -m tl,r N by the Ciinl. bca.. Sc;i, oil tlif K l)y C:n-M-cm, on the S by Hew GranacUi, and on Du' y by St Mai-tlia. When the Spaniunls hiu.Ud lit Ti- hi UOW llicy ohbcrvoil sonic Imts built upon piU's, in an Indian ViUapc, in cM'dci- to raise thcin above the aVAv;- natcd wutif llial covcied the phini : and this iiidnccd thini to (five it the name of Veoe/.oeb, or I.ittle Venice. Near tlie scaeoust are binli nuiiintams, the tops of which are l>arren, but the lowrr parts in the valley are iertde, prodncim^ pienty of corn, rich pastures, sUL'iir, tdbacco, and fruits, 'llicrc are also plantations of cocoanuts, which are e.\ceedinKly good : and gold is lound in the sands of 'iveis. VtmnieLt, the capit:d of the province of the s;,iuc name, in Soutli /Vincrica, Nvith a bishop's sec, seated on a petiMi- sula, on the nulf of Vene/uela./O miles N K of Maracaybo. Loii. lO Ij W, lat. 10 43 N. ' , VT . J Vcr.cz:u'lii, a Kulf "" the N coast of Terri l''irina, wliich coinniunicates with Die lake of Maracaybo, by a narrow ^"{"»/Vf, a territory and lately the re- indilic of in Itaiv which coiuiirehends 14- provinces, nan;cly, tli<' Do;vado, t.ie Vadiiano, the Vicentino, the Veronese, the Bicijciano, the lJeiT;omasco, t.ic Cvcnuisc o, the Polcsino-.!i-Rovigo, the Marca.-rrevl-iana, the reltrino, the i:Mluncsc, tiic Cadoiino, Tnuh, and Is- tiia ; which see in their proper places. In the fourth, century, when .-'atihikins „f the Huns, called the Scourijeot God, r.tva"Td the N part of Italy, many ol liie 'hdiabilanls abandoned their coun- iw and retired into the i:,lands oi the Adrl-.tic Sea. As thesi; islands near each other, ihcy found means to join them together, by '^''ivln!? K'»<^«^';^ the side of the cani.ls, on which they built houses, and thus the superb city of Venice had its beKinnmK'. i he go- vernment of the republic of Venice was ;.nstocrallc, for r.one cou d have had ai.v share in it but the nobles. 1 b.ese may be divided into .si', classes, name- Iv twelve of the most ancient fi;Tiiilies, four families ih.-it in U^u, siib- years of age, had a right to be a member of the council, whether he had any capacity or not. It generally consisted of about 2500 ; and they wore accounted great politi.uins, good negociators, and secret even to a scru. iile. They also made a magmhcent ap- pearance, Builable to the dignity of their emplovment. The Doge wall elected bv a plurality of voices, and keiil his .lignitv for life. In bis election they made use of gold and mlver balls, which were put in a vessel, and served for balloting. Those who drew nine golden balls, first elected 40 counsel- lors, w!io drew twelve otliers. 1 hese elected 25 other counsellors, who drew 9 golden balls. These 9 elected 40 counsellors, who drew 11. Those that had the 11, chose 41 counsellors, who proceeded to the election, till 25 votes or more fell upon the same person, w-ho was then declared Doge. After thm election they placed the ducal cap on his head, upon which he took posses- sion of the Doge's iialacc. He never uncovered his head to any person, be- cause be did not wear the cap m us own name, but in that of the republic. \Vli«n there were any great solemni- ties, a nobleman carried the sword, which was an emblem of the supreme uuthoritv. but it was not beh.re the Uoge, i)Ut before the serate, to shew th'it the power was lo.lged m them. The o«ice of the Doge was to give mi- dience to all ambassadors ; to marry the Adriatic Sea in the name ol t.ie repub- lic, on Holv-Tliursday ; to preside lU all assemblies of Hie state ; to liave an eve over all the members of the magis- tracy ; and to nominate to all the bene- fices annexed to the church of St. Mark. On the other hand he was to determine nothing without the consent of the council ; he was not to open any letter addressed to the republic, orthat came from the republic ; he was not to re- ceive imy present ; he was not to leave tlic cilv" without permission of the s'ltes :' he was not to chuse an assist- ant i and he was never to resign his dignitv. In short, he was a prisoner .iv I( lot. •at N were written iiitlie tlie families tiiut • piililic ill 138J ; 1 tlu'lr ni)liilitv lor ilfi; and lastly all 'jK Venetians Iiavf inl)ir of tlielr no- ose families above (1 a riirlit to be a I, wlietlierlie bad It }jc lie rally 2500 i and tliey j)oliti(iaiis, pood < ret even to a scru- le a njat^nitirent ap- to the dijfiilty of Tbc Doge \va» dity of voices, and life. In his election ;old and silver balls, 11 vessel, and served ise wlio drew nine elected 40 coiinsel- (clve others. 'I'hesc )iinsellors, who drew These 9 elected 40 hew 11. Those that 41 counsellors, who •lection, till 25 votes the same person, who I 13o(je. After this ced tlie diical cap on irhich he took posses- 's p.ilacc. He never ;ul to any person, be- t wear the cap in hiH I that of the re|)iil)lic. re any great solemni- carriccl the sword, blem of the supreme : was not before the ; the serate, to shew was lo.lg-ed in them. Dog^e was to (five au- ssadors ; to marry tlie le name of tlie repu!>- irsday ; to preside in liie state ; to have an lembers of tlic niagis- ninate to all the bene- he ciiiirch of St. Mark, d he was to determine the consent of the not to open any letter republic, orthateamii ic ; he was not to re- . ; he wa.s not to leave ; permission of the not to chuse an assist- IS never to resign hi* , he was a prisoner in V E N V E N »lic city, and out of it he was no more tlun a private person. There were t'uiir councils, the lirst of which was cumjiused of the Uogc, and six counsel- lors culled the Signioru. The second was the Consi^^lia Grande, or Great Council, in which nil the nobles had a loice, and silting. The third was the Coiisiglio-dci-I'rcgadi, which was as it were the soul of the republic, and C(m- .sisted of about 250 of the nobility. The fourth was the Consiglio-l'ropria, '.vliose member* were culled Savii Grundi, or the Greut Sages, was joined II) the Signiori, and consisted of 2U as- sessors. This gave audience to the .embassadors. '!'hc fifth and la«t was IJ.Collegio-dellidieci, and was compo- sed of 10 coimscllors, who took notice lit' all criminal matters, and the Doge liinisclf when accused, was obliged to appear before tliem. There was no appeal from this council, and it was a ijrcat misfortune to be cited before it. It was a kind of state inquisition, as severe as that for religion ; and they iiad a great number of spies, who dis- CDVcred not only what was done, but what was said. As to religion, the Ve- netians are Uoman>CHtholics, and yet iliey tolerate the Greeks, Turks, and Persians. The protestaiils are nut al- lowed the free exercise of their reli- gion i but tliey are neither hated nor persecuttj, as in other Popish coun- tries. The head of the clergy is the Patriarch of Venice, who must be a nnhle Venetian, and is electe i by the senate. This Patriarch, in consequence {)( the policy of the senate, has scarce any power over the priests and monks, iiho are greatly corru])ted. There is another Patriarch belonging to Venice, whose authority extends over Friuli, Utria, and most of the bishops on Ter- ra Finna. The tribunal of the inqiiisi- tiun at Venice, was composed of the Pope's Nuncio, the Patriarch of Venice, ami tlie Father inquisitor ; but to pre- vent these from abusing power, three cniinsellors were added to the num- her, without whose consent they could determine nothing. The clergy in ge- .mral are ignorant, and yet they are pretty good orators. When the diver- ■iiiiis of the carnival were over, no- liiiiig was heard but sermons about re- ;;^^nuuir.e, and they declaimed very :'.Mngly against the violators of the iix'.h commaiulinent ; however, the K.'ruch of it is so common, and so mitcli in fashion, that the confessors theHU selves treat it as a peccadillo. Tli* iiiiniber of people in the whole terrilu- ries of the republic, is estiiiiati d at 2,500,000. Venice was onte one of the most powerful commercial and ma- ritime stales in Kuro|:c. For Uiis it was indebteil, at first, to the monopoly of the commerce of Imlia ; the pro- ducts of that country being conveyed, ill the middle ages, up the Persian Gulf, the Euphrates, unil the '1 igris, as far as Bagdad ; thence b) land, across the deseit, to Palmyra; and thence to the Mediterranean ports ; and, al'ter- wards, tlift supplying of the crusaders with provisions and military stores was an additional source of wonderful opu- lence and power. The causes of the decline of Venice were the continual wars with the states of Italy, with tho Hungarians, and their own rebellious subjects, which kept them employed so that they had no leisure to ojiposc the Turks, whose rapid ailvances ought to have alarmed all Europe. After the destruction of the eastern empire, the Turks came more immediately to inter- fere with the republic. Whatever va- lour might be shown by the Venetians, or whatever successes they might boast of, it is certain that the Turks ulti- mately prevailed j so that for some time it seemed scarce possible to resist them. What contributed also greatly to the decline of the republic, was discovery of a passage by the Portuguese to tho East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope in 1499. To this time the great- est part of the East India goodi im- ported into Europe passed through the hands of the Venetians ; but as soon aa the above-mentioned discovery took place, the carri.ige of India goods by the way of Alexandria almost entirely ceased. All these causes co-operating have reduceil Venice from a state of the highest splendour and importance in European politics, to comparative in- significance. The declension of Venice did not, like that of Rome, proceed from the increase of luxury, or the re- volt of their own armies in distant pro- vinces, or fp-om civil wars of any kind, Venice has dwindled in power and im- portance from causes whioli could not be foreseen, or guarded against by hu- m.in prudence although they had been foreseen. In their present situation, there is little probability of their at- tempting new coiiquosis j happy if they B It B B B V E N V tN ?W tC Of li-.MlM.MH.H"., .....y I.VOVU.l ;,.,• n.iviv I., l-c l-«""l '" "'"^ T' . .,,M,,|HiniMrn,.o-Uul.l>HolKr.n,h,,.>.K' V,.,T.mpcwiU,c».l....luT ll..•^^,K.- •llu.vuv.-u)ivil> •,nK. s.ram'.M';Avl... arc piT:.'.-..K'd f. th.n . l,yil.V:irnl..»:..Mi,oi'l.aNcl)c>ni>ivpci- Iv rccoir.ii.'.iuliil. . ■ .. ir.ll-l.lvl'i.l'.'. »"'l » V'l"V>'i''l>- ,.'' V..,.i.x. Tl,c av,roaol. to tW. < d - «l,Kl. .Invct vessels r,t«r.A:.mU.u st.-.,n«-t fnilMU-al.oiH. Oil tilt, al) iml ll.o c:,nn,y can a.lva.u-c IV. Uiv IR . VW..■ei.si!.la.eabouM■.^el...lc:.. •-..., t'.n; iniuiiiii:. >i i" " 'itul (it'i.rt'Uiui, lake, ./Jmuiu-i-'iiimr , r 'It; ^'M'f'^^^i '';•'•;> ,l,c large o,,..-.calloa-,l..- !iHll"t\ '='";-■• •,rH.m[l.i.la.ul., i.t uicw n.:l.-sa,. tlnce. •riusc islau.ls, w ii ¥;v^-.\m<-'!- s' v!hv,-.aktK-loirc-ofO;e-Ml,'alir r.rms. bcn.iv ll..Mvachlbclaf,^...a; t.-t. m vvvN 1.1;;1. wi'Hh. tl'c -..uv.l?,"t-n ;,!• Ur- lake Is .l.,..!;-(i'oiiB lo i';^:nw.\:.^ •iud sonietim.-. ihc IT""'1"1 «;'- ^>" "'f ,iust t;,cM.>s.-lves even .i> ^'^'■ ^-"""'^ This :a not so pveut ^,i,...M,v.n;.,...-.s..iiKl.t b. .-'K|M „.„ „',itc 'U'"" ** ^"'""'•' ''"'^"""l"'''" ""'""■ , .M.Ualiiig wit'. !!■. sticfl ; by HR-.i.s ,^^^■bi<•l,^^.aoi■.;..b.•iaK.s ap.i'suM ,,ay-. loahrxstany i.avtof ,R.r,> i,v Un'l, as ^cU as by water. 1 be ■uimbcr of tl.<- ipUM.itants is romi.i'.t' - ',:, l,c about 160,000. Tbc bou^u--. are Ui-.U ..'1 l/iWs. Tbe str-.-cti, u; ijcm: rfti, ore narrow 1 »"'l m. arc tbe onab, oxcil.l tbe Oieul ^i"''''' ^^'"''' '" '"> l,,,,:,.!, aiwl b«H a H.-vpriilin.- (.m.v tl,n..it?bllR>"bblb'.>tib..c,ly. lli.r. ,,,,. „i;„ve".500 l,n,ln-.'S .;xer lR•s.•.^.• |„,,|s, i),cmostC..in..iisot wbicbi.tu. calUatlR Ui^ato. U in buiH ul.M.. l.r ,„iaaU- of tlio nr<'..l cun'.a, wbi. li .1. ,„l.s V.i.ice im-. two l-u"'^ »>'^:" kvlilte marble, ana ban but. Minu'cli.n ,vb„l, itHi,nlRll.:ai.ri>.i1>e....».^lH,uiHl U '10 f.el 1V(>1« "i.e extreU.itN to tl,- „ll,;.,. ()ntbisbna;;earctwo n.ws., ,l,,,,,s.vvbl.b, M Ih ,„|,..rs .re narrow ana mean, ....Tico UR.n.bavcno.iuaysaiultbew, . it^ ,,llv N^asbeH tbe lu.i.se.. Mr ™ plaJ.c vv'.R^re a l-crs..n can Nvalk w, [.a^e ana safety i:. in tbe I'.a.' /a a, St M-.n-c, ; a kind or.rrei,na..r.|n=;ara«KK', i;,,„i.a by a number ol bu.bbnKs. »!1 sineular in tbeir kina ; "a>"''ly. ^l;' Ducal Palace; tbc cbnrc Irb of M Mark and St. Cen.nnano : tbc Old aiu New Prucuraties. a noble range 01 ,,„l,dinKs, in vvbicb arc tbc n.uscnm, epnblic library, m.a nine larRca,,.rt mens belonKiuK to tbe procurators. i S Mark. All tbe....- l...iUl.n(?s are ol ' marble. At lb." corner oi the ..(■« procuratie, '' >'^tle distance IromtJ 'cl.urcb stands tbe steeple o, St. Ma . a (maaraoKular tow-^r, about oOO ft L , •Ibe patriarcbal cbnrch of S Maik, tboiiKb one of tbc richest m\ uu,st expensive in tbe w<,i a, aoesn. mrike the e^e Vl•r^• much at hrst. f « , Tl itecture is of a mixed kina, mosll; Golbi.- ; vet many of the pillars Mre 0: • l.c-Cvc-ian orders. Tbe trade otlt.; ;.„v at present is far short of wluit ) was fbrmerh. Their clue mamfo. ,.>,es are cloth: cspcnallv s.; . silks, eoia ana silver st.iils, brocaiks volv;.H^,na paper, of vvbich. and vvmc, oil. fruit, svveetn.ats, anchoMCs .uu ...veral sorts of dru^s t.scd "' i; ' ^^.lofe's au.! paintiniT. the ''^P"'-^^ "'"^ ^ '' ^ |l,eld tl sUleiable. Venice has ''^■",'',7 f.|,oklhv ,.:U.s, nor eita.Iel. to aefcM.a 1 ; J,,,, -, ,„a,;on supplying the ^^antof ad . - |^^ • h: tiie tvcr.sury of relics is the pu)'' ■ ,-.il, or or |.r.lei.il, o r;,i\l> ^bo Itii^ali of I (.■rtutesi c iiiinot ilet ,, Greek 1 ,,rverly«,i UV.v.W of uliii-li are make eaci (f)vvii, the is that cal q;i;irler," «nii St. !•: ;,,!l, Cliioi l.i.io de M ■il.iiiils ar >i';ikiii[j 111 distil); I.W* lii-n 'jitlieir li ire few l^l.lml of d'lil look wui'l;."., I< noted ; 111 i palace, 1,'tlc slioi iiic Balt- iW of ^'1 j'll yich Tliere a jb'.iiil Vi Tienlliinc M.'. Fr. hrid^^'ti ol son, on t SU'.KM'S p: !lii, brid yis;)iri, cr i,'.c!ler i< railed Vcneliai •Illy her n]iportin ihcy seb iiiily \va secret n lir;ipc tl is an opi ilic sea, of f rani the she ii the lulls a i: N J iind t,o are llie (■.iniil', lit (Jun.il, wliiili i> Mil n II HI rpi ntiiic iiuum' .lillc ofllu.' cily. 'iliiru |) liliiln'rs (IMP llifsr (•!,. I.iiii'iiii of wliidi i til.' Ito. U in built aliiiiii lii" Hi'C'at curv.il, wliiili il;- iiilo two |):iiiM It is III anil lii.s Imt mic jii'cli, Hi '1|>.'|| III lllllN Cllllxi^lH , Ullli loiu (iliir «'\trfiiiit\ to Ihi- lis l>nii^,'f iiR two rows if (liviili 11 iiilKtlirri' slriiM-, r wliirli i« ill iIk' niidilli' il,/' roiisists oaly ol urvs ii'iruilsoii r:icli side. 'I'lin It' Kiahii is i'i|il!il^ liM'li 1,1 i I 111' Ol'iiiiil (.':iniil t'l- ,ls iiiiil (;i)nilolas, sir.il Hiuik. i of time, Ik sh ilel'ac-d, thai the j;i'talesl coiiiioi:*seiirs m iiiaiMisiTlpls aiiimt determine wlielln lit wa.i wrote , I Greek or l.itiii. Jl.'Hi'les wnil is lirijerly raileil liieriiy, (h-'i'e is a mill. iilmli' of little islands l\iii)C rwuiul, uliich are covered with huildiiijfs, and niuku each of lliem a k.u I of separate town, the most eoii»i(lcr;il>le of which i'.lliut called Giiideca, or the "J.wu t^iirter," wi.'ch is h.r;,'!' and popiil.nis j with St. Krositi I, S> Helena, S' (Jr. . I'. ;ji, CliioNa, II l.,iilo de I'.iu'slliil, , II l.i.lodc Maliiinofi'o. and .Nlnrano: tli..-; ( :>l.iiii!s are a sort of feiue to the c ty, . ikin;j ilie violi'iiec of the wure few and inconsiderable. In the nli'td of Miirano are made those lir.ui- '.Jill lookiii^' jrlasses, and oilier n'l.eis. woi'k.s, tor which Venice is ko iniieli noted ; licre the family of Cornaro hath 1 lialaie, with a (•'allery of paintinj^s, \,:llc short of an Itidiaii mile in leii^lh. liic fialt-works in the island of Cliiosa ire of (^real bciulit lo the Vinelians, ji.il yicltl a ^ory eoiisiderable revenue. Tlierc arc several other small inlands ali'iiil Venic'.> besides tliost! wc have Tn.'iitioiicd ; lint Ihcy are inconNiden'- 'ile. Kroni the palace \% a covereil !iriil(;'o of commnnieatiim to u state pri- (iiii, on the other sideof the canal ; pri- su;ier.s |)ass to and from the courts o'cr !!li^ brid;];e, which is ii.ime.l I'oiile dt i S'is;iipi, the Britlf^'e of sijflis. 'I'lie low- er j,-.i!lery, or pia/./a, liiijer the palace, i* railed the Brojclio. In this the noble Venetian:! walk anil converse. ; it was •iilj here, and at council, that they had "liportuiiitics of incetiMj;- tojyetheri for ilicy seldom visited openly, or in a fa- nnly way, n' each otiier'n houses ; anil ^c^rct mectinijs would have given um- iirapo to the slate iiiiiuisltors, 'I'Iic't il an opening' fVoin St. Mark's Place to ic si'a, on which stand two lofty pillars "f pranite. The };rand scene of ;.ll, the shews and follies of the festivals, the square of St. Mark, in which liiills are sometimes baited. In the floire's palace all the high colleges lielil their assrinblins ; but we are lold by several travellers, which .seenis icry .strange, that the stairs are no better llwn a privy. In this palace V E N I i« aimall nrnenni, rurninliod wiili urKM ■ agiiilist any sudden iiisiirreit.on of the people, togelliir wllli a Ktule piism, • 1 greal inani e.Mjiii'>lle paMiliii;;s, ami ':«'• ; \erul ciiiiosilK s, iiiiioii;;' w liii li aw suiiiit iiil:iilr.i citfiriili.i. CJne Midi- of il is to- ■ wards St. .Vtark's sip. tare, iiiid the low • 'ergill'ryim tliat sule, \v:!li llie hall ' under the new )irociir.ili« f.ic iii;j if, aic ! called the Uroglio, where the nobility I anil none else, at leinl while they ape 1 present, are all'iwid to walk. Tliu Hii'iare of St. .Mark in t!ie greateut or- 1 iianient of the city, rml liatn ilie form I ol a pari,l!el()gr,im. In this sipiare be- sides the church and palace of ht .Mirk, a"e two towcrii, on oiu; side of wliicii is a rm'ioii.s clock i and the other has Htairs so coiistpiicled that one may ride iif) on hoiMi'hack. Opposite to the dii- c.il palace is the p'llilie library of the c nmonwealth i ci otainiiig a large col- l> tioii of books and luaniiscripts, with some line paintings, .••.tatues, and curi- osities. H.iril by St. Mark's sij'iare i* the zecca, or mill: from /vixu tl;t» gold coin cilled Zecchino ta!«i s il.s iiimc. One of the Hni.dlcst pieces of money ut Venice is culled Cla/.etta ; i,nil the lipst iicwspspers puhdished tiiere, on a sini^le leaf, having been sold liir that a-piecc, all kirn's of new papers were fro.n tlunce styled ('.i/ettes. i'lie gland arsenal la two ami ii liali" I'.al'an nil'c:i in circull, and cnutair.:. vast i]Uiiiili.'L-< of n,iv,il and oliier w.i,'- like stores ; sniie pretend thai it cindd furnish urms for 10,!KJ,; liorae uiul 1(W,(JUU foot i here are the troiihits of ScaiiiK rlr-g and other.;, wit!', the In I- niet of AtdIa, ike. In ilii.s city is a f - iiions carnival wiiieli bigins on New- year's il.iy, ami contiuiie.i till Ashwed- iiesilay, all v\!ii< h time is employed in sports and diversions. Then there is scarce aii\ distiiiel ion between vice ami virtue ; for libertinism reigns lhron;;it the city, and thoii.saiids of foreigiu'rn frequent it from all parts of Knroi'c. They all Hnntar in masks, which no one can venture to take lH'i in this dis- guise they imitate the fin y of tlie an- cient Bacchanals ; and llie nearer Asll- wcdnesday a|)proache.s, the more mail they arc. 'I'lie principal spot of the masquerade is St. .M^irk's I'lace, where there are sonielimes l.j,(i()0 ]h opie ; and it swarms with harlequins, jesters, mountebanks, ropedancci's, and pnppct- sliowB. Even the priests ami monk4 enjoy the diversions of the ctinilvuii il ^^^ ■ JA""' ■BH*" -ir- V E R b«t ^hen that >s over nothing i. heard | and E^; from the clergv but sermons on epent ance. V.-nire is included m the J.ro. vince called ll .i ""K"^"' ''"V'^'l. miles E by N of Mant-.a, 115 NE of riorence. 140 E of Mdan, 212 N of Rofne, and 300 N by W of Naples. Lon. 12 10E, 5at.45 26N. V E R anar-mu,,.. There are such crowd* of Spaniards from all parts of America, that tents are erected for them wliilr the fair lasts. This place is famous oi, account of the landing of Ferdinando Cortez, with 500 Spaniards, when lie undertook the conquest of Mexico. It is 200 miles E by S of Mexico. Lon. 97 Z '^ r /f /asea between Italy fsS W, lat. 19 12 N Vemce, Gu{f oj, a sea be .ween u y ^ and inut of Turkey, in Europe. It'StUc ancient Adriaticum Mare, .and is still sometimes called the Adriatic. The doRC of Venice annually wedded this sea, in tolcen of the sovereignty of that republic over it. Ou Ascension Day-, he went upon the water m a superb vessel, which the commander swore to brine back again in defiance ot all w.atlier, and throwing a gold ring into the Hca, pronounced this sentence m Latin : We espouse thee, Osea/,u token of true and perpetual sovereignly. Veno, a strong- town of Dutch G-ael- derland, formerly in alliance wrth the Hanseatic towns. It was more than once taken and retaken in the wars be- tween the Dutch and Spaniards. In 175^ if surrendered to the allies, and was confirmed to the states general by the barrier treaty in 1715 It was taken bvthe French, Oct 28, 1794. It isscai ed on the K side of the M«"«c ("".*' f opposite side of which IS Fort St M.ch- ae ) 10 miles N of R"'-'^T,"T f Vi on I N W of Jullers. Lon 5 50 E, hit. .'il20 N. Vco^a, a town of ItaU- in Naples, in Basillcata, with a bishop's see. It is rera^«'d'encc of Gua- timala ; bounded on the N by the gul of Mexico, on the E by the province and bay of Panama, on the S by the Pacific Ocean, and on the W by Costa Rica, li is 125 miles long and 40 broad, ana isi 1 mountainous and barren c-"- of tl. isle^ of^F^^ ^ . ^^. ^^,,. seated in a u-hm*^ i""".', "■'.^;'„r e a^o the Appennines. 13 mdes N W of Ace renza,' and 72 N E of Naples. Lon. 15 S"> E lat. 40 54 N. "vn^ta-de-Cruz, a town of S America, in Terra Firma, seated on the river Chawe. Here the Spaniards used to embark the merchandise ot Peru, on that river for Porto Bello. Lon. . 9 W, ^""MZ^:^ town of Italy, in Friuli, 32 miles E N E of Belluno. Lon. lo 40 L, I'lfr Afi ^^ N '■ n;a%» episcopal town of Spain, in Granada, with a harbour Jt 's 43 miles N E of Almeria and o2 S W o C-arthagena. Lon. 1 30 W, lat. 371 J n- on the river Oise, 10 miles NEof Sen- lis. Lon. 2 51 E, lat. 49 22 N. Verceli,a. strcmg town o'. 1"'>' 'i Piedmont, capital of a lordship of the same name, with a bishop's see, a eta- 1 del and a castle. The tov>m-house, the governor's palace, and ihe hospital, arel handsome structures. It is seated t| the confluence of the Sf ^^la and Ccn , 10 miles N W of Cas.al, ar,d 40 N E oi Turin. Lon. 3 24 E, lat. 45olN. Verchokmk, a town of H"**'"' '" ^l government of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 Ja t,l lat. .HON. „fR,K rercholure, an episcopal town of Km • sia, in the government of Perm. Loni :, . seaport of N Amenca ^0 1 E. la 58 45^_N. Vera Cruz, " o^.m'—- — - ' , -.n New Spain, in Tlascala, seated on be gulf of Mexico. Here the fiota ar- rives annuallv from Spain to receive the produce of the gold and B'lver nune of Mexico, and an annual fair is held iiere for tlie rich merchandise of CUuia Verd, Cafe, a P'-omontory on the vv coast of Africa, 45 miles N W of Jf mouth of the Gambia. Lon. 17 3^ "• lat. 14 45N. ■„»i,p At Verd Islands, Cape, ■"l^^'J'lV.i 1 ro, ■ lantic, above 300 miles W of the com. E R \ here are such crowd» om all parts of America, erected for them wliilc This place is famous on landing of Ferdinaiulo |500 Spaniards, wlitn he conquest of Mexico. It it S of Mexico. Lon. 97 12 N. rovince of N America, , in the audience of Giia- ed on the N hy the gulf the E by the province and a, on tlie S by the Pacific 1 the W by Costa Rica. Ii ong and 40 broad, ami is a and b«rren countiT, .i. fold and silver. Conccptioii a province of N America, in tlie audience of Gua- nded on the N by Jucatan, the bay and province of n the 3 bv Guatimala Pro- the W by'Chiapa. It is 88 Tth, and nearly as much in 1 is full of mountains and ; there are many fertile val. feed a great number of hor- PS. There are also many h'illages of the n:.tive Amcrj. capital of the same name, |>'s sec, but is inconsidera. 120 miles N E of Guatimala. V, lat. 15 10 N. an ancient town of France, artnient of Oisc, and late tlie isle of France, seated • Oise, 10 miles NEof Sen- > 51 E, lat. 49 22 N. - strong town of Italy, in capital of a lordship of the , with a bishop's see, a cita- astle. The town-house, the palace, and Lhe hospital, are structures. It is seated at ncc of the Sessia andCei'va. \V of Cas.il, ar.d 40 N E oi m. 8 24E, lat. 45 31 N. si, a town of Russia, in the t of Irkutsk. Lon. 105 35 E, •e, an episcopal town of Rns- government of Perm. Lon t. 58 45 N. /.t', a promontory on the W •ica, 45 miles N W of the le Gambia. Lon. 17 33 W, mis. Cape, islands in the At re 300 miles W of the coast '"'T»-"«.;v^fc- IP V E R if Africa, between 13 and 19° N lat. discovered in 1446, by the Portuguese. 'I'lic principal are ten in number, lying ill a semicircle. Their names arc SU Anlonia, .St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicholas, Sal, Bouavistu, Mayo, St. Ja- go, Fuego, and Bravos. Virden, a dulcliy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, 28 miles long, and nearly us much bi .i.ul ; bounded K and S by the dutchy of Lunenburg, W by the VVeser, N by the dutchies of Uremen and Lunenburg. The Danes in 1715, ceded it to the elector of Han- over. The inhabitants are Lutherans. Verden, a town of Lower Saxony, ca- pital of a dutchy of the same name. Lon. 9 E, hit. '5:i 10 N. Verdun, a town of France, in the de- partment of r.lcuse, and late province uf Lorrain, with a bishop's see, and a strong citadel. Its fortiiications were constructed by the chevalier de Ville and marshal de Vauban ; the latter of whom was a nativeoftliis place. There are several abbeys, collegiate, and par- ish churches j and the must curious structures b>;sides, arc liie bishop's pa- lace, the town-house, and the Jesuits college. Verdun was taken by the Prussians in 1792, but retaken soon af- ter. The inhabil.ints are noted for making line sweetmeats. It is seated on the Meuse, wliich runs through the middle, 42 miles S W of Luxemburg, S. 150 E of Paris. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 4U 9 N. Verdun, a.tcuvn of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne, and late jjrovince of Burgundy, seated on the Guronne, 22 miles N W of Toulouse. Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 43 54 N. Verea, a town of Turkey, in the Eu- rojiean province of Macedonia, 48 miles \V of S:.loniclii, and 115 E of Valoua. Lon. 22 18 E, lat. 40 40 N. Vereria, a town of Russia, in the go- vernment of Moscow. Lon. 25 50 E, iat. 55 18 N. Vergeiuws, a post town in Addison county, Vermont ; lying on the E side of Otter river, 23 miles S of Burlington, on lake Champlain, and 47 N of Rutland. Verina, a town of S America, in tlie pnivince of Terra Firma, situate on a gulfoftiie Atlantic, 45 miles E of Co- iiK-.na. Lon. 63 44 \V, lat. 10 8 N. Virviandou, a late territory of France, in Picardy; which with the late pro- vince of Soissonnois, is now inciiided into the department of Aisne, It a- houiub in corn, aud excellent flax. V E R Va-manton, a. town of France, in the department of Yonne, and late province of Burgundy, seated on a river 10 mile* S E of Auxcrre. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 47 40 N. Vermont, one of the United Stales of America ; boiuided on the N by-Cana- da, on the E hy the river Connecticut, which divides it from New Hampshire, on the S by Massachusetts, and on the VV by New York. It is 155 miles long and 66 broad, and divided into 11 coun- ties. A chain of high mountains, run- ning N !>nd S divides this state nearly in tlie centre between Connticticut river and Lake ChampLVm. The height of land is generally from 20 to 30 miles from the river, and about the same dis- tal, je from the New York line. Tlic natural growth upon this mountain is hemlock, pine, spruc", and other ever- greens ; hence it has always a green appearance, and on this account has ob- tained the descriptive name of Ver- Mons, Green Mountain. On some high parts of this mountain, snow lies till May, and sometimes till June. The country is generally hillj'-, but not rocky. It is finely watered, and aHiirds fhe best of pasturage for cattle. On the banks of the lakes, rivers and rivulets, are many fine tracts of ricli interval land. The heavy growth of limber, wliich is common throughout the state, evince the strength and fertility of the soil. EliTi, black birch, maple, ash and bas^-wood, grow in the moist low ground ; and the banks of the rivers are limbered principally with white pine, intermingled with vales of beech, elm and white oak. The inhabitants cvilti- > «te wheal, 25 and 30 bushels of which grow on a- acre, rye, barley, oats, In- dian corn, he. The corn, however, is frecpiently cut off by tlie early frosts, especially on the motintaiiis and hills. That which grows on the hanks of the rivers is not so frequently injured. Flax is raised in considerable quantities, and the soil is good for hemp. Potatoes, pumpkins, and garden roots .ind vcge- taldes, grow here in gic.it plenty. Large quantities of sugar, of a good quality and flavour, are made from the sugar rnapie. The inhabil.ints have been estimated at 100,000. The princi- pal town is Bennington. Vcrnet. See Istoire. Vcrneuil, a (own of France, in the department ol' Eure, and la'i- province of Normandy, sealed on the Aurc, 22 V E R roilcsS W of Evvcux, anil 65 W by S ofPM'.s L.m. 59 K, l:>t. 48 4J N. Vcn-.cuit, a town of tninro, m Uie ilopavtmont of Allii-r, and hue pvovMuc of BoMvbonnois. three' miks from tlu- river Allicr, and 15 Suf Mcvilins. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 46 'jO N. . Vernnn, a town of France, in tl)C ilP- pnrtment of Euro, and late provnue o Normrindv, willi an ancient castle, and a fortress at ll-e end of the bridge, over the Sei.ie. 27 miles S E of Kouen, and 42 N W of Paris. Lon. 1 4, lat. 49 fi N. , , Veroli, an ancient and populous town of Italv, in Chami)agna di Roma, with a blsliop's see It is seated on the Co'^a, at the foot of the Appennines,4.) miles S K of Rome. Lon. 13 13 t-, lit. 41 23 N. _ , , V,ron critehes, and ^ow\ ramptcrts. he fctrcets are ncitlicv clean nor straight ; but tlierc is a handsome place called the pia/.za d'Armi, in which is a niar- ble s...alue, representing the republic of Venice. Tlie most reniarkahle ctructure is the amphitheatre built bv the Romans, in which there arc 44 rows of benches of wh.te mavl)le, which will conveniently hold 2.7,U0() t,ersoiis. Verona is the birthplace o1 Piinv the Naturalist, and m tne cathc- dr:d"is a magnificent tomb ot 1 ope I.Mcius. The river Adi-'c diyi-.i;; it into two parts, which communicate by two handsome bridges. The Trench teok possession of tlr.s ci'.v m JiU> l-'lo; but the Austrians nblig-ed them to, surrender it in June 1799. . 1^^'«, 1^„ miles N E of Mantua, and bl S W ot Venice. Lon. U 24 E, lat. '!,5 2bN. Veronese, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice, bounded on tlie N l,v the 'Picntlno, on the E by the \ in- r;.n;inoand I'aduano, on the ;^ bv tne ]\ta„tuan, and on the Vv^ by tlu- 1 res- ci;mo. It is 35 miles lour and 27 broad, .nn.l one of the mostlertne ciy.m- Iries in Italy, abounding in corn, wine, Iruits, and cattle. Vemoh, a considerable town oi Kus- «ia, in the government of lle^.an, seat- ed on a mountain, near a river ol thc samename, which ■' l'"' ''-^ "■^T" *:'"' into the Don. I.on.4 } 29 E, lat.-. . 15^. Verrez, a t ,wn of Italy, m Piedraor.t, witU an impregnable I'ortrcss. V E R Vi-niers, a town of Swisscrland, six miles E N K of Pontarlier, and 2U W S \V ot'Neutchalcl. . Vcrmiiics, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oiie. It con- tains 60,000 inhabitants, and since tlio revolution, has been created a bi.-hop^B see In the reiirn of Lewia XIII. il was only a small villaj^-e, till Lewis. XIV. built a m-igiiilicent palace here, whi(di was the usual residence ^'Vcvviers, A town of the Nctherl.ands. in the bishopnc of Liege, gcal«a p^k E U \vn of Swissorland, sis I'ontarlici', and 20 W S If I. town of Fraiu'e, in tlie Seine and Oiic. It con- liaUitants, and since tlic l)ecii creriti'd a I)I.-.1i(i|)'b ig-n of Lewis XIII. it nail vilia},'-e, till J.cwi.i i,igni(iecnt Jialace lioie, : usual residenee of tlie e. till litii), wlicn l,rw- s family, were foired hy enioie fi'oin it to I'aiis, i and ;.',ai'dens weioadoni- nuniber of «t:itae.», l:y masters, and llie water- ma^nilieent. 1 lie i;rcat )n^lil to lie as oiiriuiis a im:inslii|) of that kind, a* orld ; nor is tlie cliapcl nircd for its line arclii. rnaments. The f^anlcns are live miles ini-ircnn\. I sniToimdcd hy walls. ten niiles W S \V of I'aii-.. I at 48 48 NT. lillaii^e of i'lance, in tli« if A 11, nr.r.' the :ivrr V'er- ilh'd Choisenl's Folly; for : Choiseu! jiriine minister n 1708, formed a |.ilan ti> of Geneva, and, (not be in;; ic on good terms willi ino],'>lize the whole trade V/ilJiiiiis ilesi;;.; lie ber^aii SO'. Hut afieliiavin;ri!ear- tlic I'.arliour, and e.xpeiid- , on the project, it was Huii- •ishcd. iwn of Franre, in tlie de- Manie, and late province :fne, seated on a p-'ain, at, I nionntain, on which are rod'.'cinfj verv (.vood wines, V of Chalons an seated on a hill, near the miles W ot Casal, and 2j n. Lon. 8 2 E, hit. 45 U town of the Netherlands, jric of Liege, gtwttfd yik V E S t?ie V/czc, four miles S \V of Limbiirj^, :in I r,'S K of Lieg-e. I'l-iviiu, a town ol I'rancc, in the de- part, iieiit of Aiaiie, and lale province (ilT'iraidy, famous i'lru treaty, in Ij^fi, lictwceii Henry I\'. of Fiance and i'.iilip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scrrc, 110 miles N E of Paris. Lon. 4 U i:;, hit. 4'.) 50 N. VcruUim, the vestiges of & celebrated iloiiian town in lleruiirdsliire, close by ;>t. Alhan's. In tiie time of Nero it w:is a iniinieipiiim, or town, the iii- )i.i!)itants of which enjoyed the pr.vi- Icjfes of Uoniaii eiti/ens. Hy Tacitus it is called Vcrulainiiim, and hy Ptole- uiv Urohimium. After tlie depariiire ot tiie Remans, it was entirely ruined III the wars between the llritons and Savons ; nothing' remains of it but the ruins of walls, tesselaled pavements. Mid Uomaii coins which are still soiue- liiiics diiij up. VjiziioIu, a tf^wn of Italy, in Pied- ja.mt, with a ea de. i'es/v , a to^vll of France, in the dc- narlmenl of Aisnc, and late province i;t' Soissoiinois, seated on the river Ai.^ne. I^esmil, a town of Fra"cc, in the dc- |;,irtmeiit of Upper Saonc, and late province of Franehe Conite. Since the revolution it has been created a bish- op's see. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, called Mottc de Vesoiil, near tlie river liiirgeon, 22 miles N of Ues;in. son, and 2t'0 S E of Paris. Lon. 6 8 E, lat. 4" 36 N. Vesperiii, or Wiisbrain, a stronff and populous town of Lower Hungary, lapital of a county of the same name, with a castle, and an epi.scopal sec, whose bisiiop is chancellor to the king of Hungary, and has a right to crown iiiin. It is seated on the lake Balaton, at the mouth of the river Sarwise, 50 miles S \V of Strigonia, and 8j S E of Vienna. Lon. 17 57 E, lat. 47 14 N. I'vsuvius, a eelebratod volcano of Italy, six miles E of Naples. Tjiis inoiintaiii has two tops ; one of which only goes hy the name of Vesuvius, the other being now called Soniina; but Sir William Hamilton is of opinion, that i!ie latter is what the ancients called \'esuvius. Tlie perpendicular height of Vesuvius is only 3700 feet, though the asrent fro .i the foot to the top is tliree Italian miles. One side of the rnoiintam is well cultivated and fertile, producing- great plenty tif viii'-s; VE U but the S and W sidj.^ are entirely covered with cinders and ashes ; while a aul|)huieous smoke constantly issues from the lo|), sometimes attended witU the most violent explosions of stoiU'S, the emission of great streams of lava, and all the other attendants of a most forniiduble volcano. The first of these eruplion.s recorded in history took place in the year 7'^ ; at wliicU time the two cities of Pompeii and HerculancMu were entirely buried un- iler tlie stones and ashes thrown out. Incredible mischief was also done \.o tiie neighhonnngcoiinlry, and nimiher* of people lost their lives, among whom was Pliny iKe elder. It is the opinion of the be.-.t judges, however, that this eruption was by no means the fir.sl that had ever happened. The very streets of those cities, which were at that time overwhelmed arc said to be part- ly paved witli lava. Since that time 30 clitiercnt eruptions have been recorded, boiuc of which have been extremely violent. In the year 1533, a mountain three miles in circumference and a quar- ter of a mile in perpendicular height was thrown up in the course of one night. There have been instances of ashes and sulphureous smoke being carried not (;hly to Rome, but also beuind the Mediterranean into Africa, and even into Egypt ; birds have been suliocated in the air, and have fallen down upon the ground; and lislies perished in the neighbouring waters which were made hot, and infected by it. I'he operations of the subterraneous tire, apjiear to be very capricious and uncer- tain. One day there will be the ap- ])earance of a violent fermentation, and the iie.xt every thing will be calmed ; but whenever there has been a consid- erable ejection of scoriae and cinders, it has been a constant observation, that the lava soon made its jipjiearance, either by boiling over the crater, or forcing its way through the crevices, in the conical part of the mountain The to]) of the mountain fell in, in 1634, and the mouth of Vesuvius is now little short of two mites in cir- cumference. ^'tvay, a town of Swisserland, capital of a bailiwic of tlio same naYne, in the canton of Bern. It stands on a small plain, on the edge of the lake of Gene- va, .)7 miles S W of Bern. Lon. 7 4 E, lat. 46 2B N. Vrii.'re, a town of France, in the dc- j?3f" V I A paitment of Allioir, and late province of Bouiboimois, sealeil oil llie I'ivcr Allier, 17 miles N VV of M.mliiis. Vtzelay, a U'Wii <>t France, in the dc- parlmeiil of Nicvrf, ami Uu- provincL- of Nivernois. 'I'lieoaorc He/a \v::s burn in this town. It is si-altil siii llie Ut\t ot a mountain, noar the river Cure, 2U I miles S of Auxenc, ami 117 S by E ol Paris. Lon. J 42 E.lat. Ar 26 N. Vezeiize, a t'lwu of Fiance, in the ile. pnrtnicnt of Mcurlhe. Lun. t> 10 E, lal 48 29 N. Ufa,, a j^vcrnnient of Russia, for- merlv inihiilca in the goxeniment of Orenbuvpli. It is divided into the two provinces of Ufa, and Oren- burg-h. Ufa, a town of Russia, capital of a government of the same name It is r6ij miles E of !> >hcjW. Lon. d7 E, lat. 54 40 N. Ujjenheim, ?. town of Ccrm&ny, in Franconia, 22 miles N N E of Ans- pach. Ugcnto, a town of Italy, in Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bishop's see, eight miles W of Alessuno,and20S \V of Olranto. Ugiiar.i, a town of Italy in Piedmont, 16 miles S E of Austa. Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 45 30 N. Ucocz, a town of Upper Himpary, capital of a county of the same name, -with a castle, seated on a small river that falls into the Neisse, 15 miles N of Zatmar. Lon. 22 34 E, lat. 48 5N. . Ugogna, a town of Italy, m the dutchy of Milan, seated on the Tosa, 16 miles N of Varallo, and 45 N W of MiLin. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 45 52 N. Viadmui, a town of Italy, in the dut- chy of Manlr..!, seated on the Po, eight miles N of Parma, and 17 S of Mantua. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 44 53 N. Viana, a town of Spain, in Navarre, .seated near the Ehro, three miles N of Logrono, and 46 S W of Pampeluna. Lon. 2 20 W, lat. 42 32 N. Viana, a town of Portugal, in Entrc- Doiiero-e-Minho, seated at the mouth of the river Lima, with a good harbour, defciidpil hv a fort, 15 miles W of Bra- ga, and 36 N of Oporto. Lon. 8 29 W, lat. 41 39 N. Viiiiukn, a town of Austrian Nether- lands, in the dutchy of Luxemburj;-h, capital of a comity of tlie same name It 'is divided Lito' two towns by the ivcr Uren. In the one is a castle, V I c built on an inaccessible motintain. It is j 22 miles N of Lu.xcmburg, and 22 N W of Treves. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 49 55 N. Vianen, a town of the United Provin- ces, in Holh.ml, with a castle. It was taken in 1796, by the French, -who de- molislied llie f irtilications. It is ^leated I on the Leek, seven miles S of Utrecht. Lon. 5 8 E, lat 52 N. Viatha, a government of Russia, which was formerly a province of K;i8- an. It takes its name from the river Viatka, which runs through it I'iutLi, a town of Russia, capital of a goveriniient of the same name, with a bislioj/'s sf e, and a castle. It was for- mei-ly called Khlynof, and is seated on the river Vialiv;',' 100 miles N of Kasan. Lon. 54 15 E, hit. 57 25 N. Vic, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Menrthe, and late province of Lorrain, seated on the Seillc, 12 miles E N E of Nanci, and 197 E of Paris, Lon. 6 38 E, lat. 48 47 N. Vic, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Upper Pyrenees. Lon. 9 E, lat. 43 24 N. Vic, or Vicq, a town of Spain, in Cata- hmia, with a bishop's see. The cathe- dral is adorned with a fine portico, sup- ported by large pillars ; and the market- place is very spacious. It is seated in a fertile i>lain, on a small river that falls into the Tar, 30 miles N of Barcelona, and 265 E N E of Madrid. Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 41 55 N. Vic-Fezensac, a town of France, in the department of Gers, and late province of Armagnac, seated on the Douze, 15 miles W of Auch. Vic-k-Compte, a town of France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome, and late province of Auvergne. The counts of Auvergne resided here. It is 250 miles S of Paris. Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 45 36 N. Vicegrad, or Vizcgrad, a strong town of Lower Hungary, with a castle on the top of a rock, where the kings of Hungary formerly resided. The Aus- triatis took it from the Turks in 1684. U is seated on the S '.side of the Da- nube, eight miles S E of Gran, and 16 N W of lluda. Lon 19 7 E, lat. 47 35 N. Vicenlhio, a territory of Italy, bclontr- iiig to the Venetians ; bounded on ' N bv Trentino and Feltrimi, on tli ^- hv Trevisano and Padunno, on the S by Paduano, and on the W by the VcV«- c ble mountain. It in | ixcml)ur(^, and 22 .on. 6 13 E, lat. 49 i the United Provin- li a castle. It was le French, who de- rations. It is :;eatcd miles S of Utrecht. IN. iiMient of Russia, a province of K;i8- nie from the river throiigli it Russia, capital of a same name, with a castle. It was for- rrf, and is seated on )0 miles N of Kasan. 7 'J5 N. •ancc, in the depart- nul late province of the Seillc, 12 miles id 197 E of Paris, ;47' N. ance, in the depart- Pjrenees. Lon. 9 wnof Spain.inCata- i's see. The cathe- h a fine portico, sup- iirs ; and the market- lus. It is seated in a mall river that falls les N of Barcelona, ladrid. Lon. 2 13 E, iwn of France, in the ■s, and late province ed on the Douze, 15 town of France, in ■ Piiy-de-Dome, and ivergne. The counts ed here. It is 230 Lon. 3 22 E, lat. 45 •grad, a stront^ town y, with a castle on "where the kings of resided. The Aus- the Turks in 1684. S Iside of the Da- S E of Gran, and 16 Lon 19 7 E, lat. 47 tory of Italy, bclontr- ans ; boiuuled on ' 1 Ffltrino, on tli <:- Paduniu), on the S by Lue W by the VeV<»- i3i n I Italy I i.cai" Ik, I: I'l IllCll 140 I llic i Glt iieli I tidii i (')■>),( V I E Inese U is oi miles Ions, and 27 broad ; 1 so very pleasant ami lel-ule, Uial it liscalK-d the g-»-den of Venice. Tlie Line is excellenl, and the butter and Vliocse very good. Here arc also great Minh'jrs of mulberry trees, tor hiIH- ,ns i-aiid there are mines ot silver, j,;kI ii-on, and quarries of stone, almost ts li'ie .IS marble. Viremii, a Strong t;)Wn oi Italy, tlie gta')ital of Vicentiiio, will) a bishop's see. Ill is without w.dls, bit IS a large pare, 1 ;l„v,ifd with several palaces, and has |:l liiic square, with p:-,i/.zas under the |l,,,uses There are also several other lULTS, and fine churches. Here is an '.idemv, whose members meet in lhe_ lolvuipic theatre, a masterpiece ot LH;rk;.uiiisliip by Palladio. It -s seated Tbolwcen the nvers Bachiglione and Rerone, and two mountains, '" » '^';<'''; ll-lain, 13 miles N W of Padua, ol VV ot Ivcnice. and 1.15 N of Rome. Loii. U hi li, lat. 45 .6 N. . ., , I (k/i;, a town of France, m the lU- lirvtment of .\llier, and late province lof Uombonnois, famous f(n- the mineral lu,,tcrK near it. It is seated on the A - llicr, 15 miles S t of Ganiiat, and 1«J IsiiyEofParis. Lon. i 22 h, lat. 4b Vv™, a town of Italy, in Naples, in iT^iT.idi Lavoro, with a bishop's see. lit .vas almost ruined by an earthquake, li'i 16i)4, for there were only 4'J houses llrli. It is seated iieartliv. buy oi Naplfs- 1 15 miles S by E of Naples Lon 14 28 Ik, lat. 40 38 N. , ^ -i \'ico, a town of Corsica, 15 miles Is 'V of Corte. Lon. 9 16 h, lat. 41 V/M, a town cf Italy, in Naples. Lon. i 1 3J E, lat. 40 4.5 N. ..... . Vkov.'iro, a town and principality of, lUalv, in the pi'oviucc of Sabina, scii.e.l l.ca'rthe Toverone, elRlit miles E <> t iTivoli, and 40 N E of Rome. Lon. lo 8 |E,hU.42 30 N. I'icuiria See Vittona. nJen. See m.Uin. , i -kid; a town of the R;'"f I.S"7'-": nicnt of Vologda Lon. 41 43 E, lat. 61 Y\ncnr,a, a city of Germany, capital of die circle of Austria, and of the whole German empire. The citv itself is -not of ffieat extent, nor can it be enlarged, I iiQ-mff limited by a very strong fortihca- tionrbutiti* populous, and contains (; ),000 inhabitants. No houses without ''!'• walls arc allowed to be biultniiura- V I E to the glacis than 600 yard.; ; so that there is a circular field of that br-aatk all round the citv, which has abeautitul and salutary elicct. The sulin.bs are said to contain 200,000 inhabitants ; but they arc not near so populous, in pro- portion to tlieir si/.e, as the city, tor manv houses have extensive gurilens belonging to them. Many families who live during the winter withm the lorti- fications, spend the summer in the sub- urbs. This citv has six gates well >,) of Snow Hiil, in the same illrurlion, and 30 S E of Easton. Virniiii, the capital of Oliio co\mty, Kon-JK ky ; Ijin^' on the E side of Green rivci', V I L Vignament, a town of Germany inlh- biahopric of Liejye, two miles Nof Huy. Lon. 5 22 E, lat. 50 34 N. Vignol, a town of France, in the ile partment of Meuse. Lon. 5 25 E, lat. 48 46 N. Vignuota, a town of Italy, in the dutchy of Modena. Vigo, a town of the kingdom of Gal icia, with an old castle, a fort and a hat. hour. The town is snrrounded with a single wail, that has four bastionH, but b'mt 30 miles above its entrance is incapable of sustauung a long siege. ' ,.. . t .-t.v Ki \\j ..I' I.I.. ..*f'fM>/l I Tliu hui'liftiii* is r<>m»rk5ihli' for a sea. The harbour is remarkable for a sea fight between sir George Rook, com. niander of the English and Dntch fleets and a stiuadron of French men of war, with 13 Spanish galleons under their convoy. Admiral Hojjton broke through the boom laid across the month of the harbour, and the English took five men of war and four galleons, and the Dutch five galleons, and one large man of war Fourteen men of war and four galleons were destroyed, with a great quantity of plate and other rich ehects. Though a great deal of the silver was carried ashore, jet a vast quantity was taken While this was doing the duke of Or- mond with a body of land forces, drove the Spaniards from the castles which defended the Harbour. Vigo is seated on a bav of the Atlantic, eight miles S -..A...... — — - - W of Rhedondella, and 260 W N W near its confluence with the j of Madrid. Lon. 8 28 W, lat. 42 14 N Vihieri, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine, and late province of .'. ojou, seated on a lake, 20 miles S of Angers, and 162 S W of Paris. Lon 29 W, lat. 47 8 N. Vilaiiie, a river of France, which ri- ses in the department of Maine, and enters the bay of Biscay, below Roche Bernard. Villa-del- Key, a town of Spain, In Es- tremadura, on the frontiers of Portu- gal, taken by the allies in ir06. It is seated on the Guadiana, 17 miles N W of Badajoz. Lon. 7 10 W, lat. 8S 43 N. Vdlc-do-Comlc, a seaport of Portugal, in tlie province of Entre-Douero-e- Minho, at the mouth of the Ava. Neat int.. the Ohio, and 20 N W of Hartford, in the sauie comity. r/(/j«c, aconsideriible town of France, in tiic departnnnt of Istre, and late province ol Daiiphiny. It was former. jy im arehiepi^copal sec. The cathe- dral is a handsome Gothic structure. Vii'iine is 1j miles S of Lyons, and 265 S K ol I'avis. Lon. 4 55 E, hit. 45 31 N. Vier.ne, a department of France, for- med ol part ot the lute jn'oviuce of Poi- tou. It li.kes its name from a river which rises in tlie department of Cor- reze, and falls into the L';:!C between Cliinm anii .Sanmiir. Poitiers is the capital. Vieme, C7)/'*r, a department ot France, comi.riMnj;- the Ule province of Limo- sin. LiuKijrcs is tlit.ant3. Villa-NuT>a-di-Pjrtiinao, a seaport of Portugal, in the province of Algarva. L'ln 8 41 VV, lat. 27 5 N. Villa-Nmma-ii'Asti, a town of Pied- ni,)Mt, '.n llie countv of" Asti, 10 miles F. of Turin. Lon 7 .S'J K, lut. 45 5J N. I'illii Piindti, a town of Spain, in Lo- om, with an arsenal, and a palace bi-- ^•iiging to the constable of Castile. It V I L Is 26 miles N of Toro. Lon. SOW, Uf.42 5 N. Vitta-Peal, a town of I'lirlUfjal, in the pruvinri- of I'ra-hn- Mniilts, and la- pital of Ciiinnrea, in a very pleasant si- tuation, at the coiilluent-e of the Cmgo and Ribcra, li niiirs N V. ot Lain(;.;o, and 45 S E of Uraga. Lon. 7 20 VV, lat, 41 9 N. ViL'u-I\'eul, a town of S[>:iin, in llie province of Valrncia, 26 miles N id' Va- lencia. Lon. 20 E, hit. 30 46 N Villa Heal, a town of Spam, in Gui- pusi'oa. Villa-Pica, a seaport of New Spain, in North America, in Mexico, seated on tfie gidf of Mexico, 200 miles E oC the city of Mexico. Lon. 07 15 VV, lat. 20 26 N. Villa-Pica, a town of Chili, seated on the lake Malubaugcn, f>2 miles from the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 72 41 VV, lut. 39 15 S. Villa-Vi:insa, a fortified town of Por- tugal, in Alcntpjo, with an old castle, and a palace, where tlie diikcs of lira- gan/a formerly resided. It is a pretty large ])lace fortified in the modern tustu and in the suburb is an aMcieiit temple, originally built to the honour of Proser- pine, as appears from the inscriptions. The soil about this town is extremely fertile, and there arc qiinrrics of fin> green marble. It sustained a faminis siege against the Spaniards, in 1667; which occasioned a battle in a ueigh- bouving plain, the event cf which pla- ced the crown of Portugal on the head of the duke of Bragaiizu. It is \0 miles S VV of Elvas, and 83 S E of Lis- bon. Lon. 7 16 VV, lat. 38 36 N. Villa-Vicinsi:, a seaport of Spain, iii ,\uslria (POi'iiHh), seated on the bay of Biscay, 22 miles N E of Oviedo. Lon. 5 24 VV, lat. 43 22 N. l'(7/<; Viciasa, a town of Spain, in New Castile, six miles N E of Brihuega, anil 49 N E of Madrid. Villac, a town of Germany, in tlio dutchy of Carinlhla, belnnging to tb>: bishop of Bamberg, with a castle. Its inhabitiints carry on a great trade witli the Venetians, and near it are the batlm of Toplitz. It is seated at the contin- ence of the Drave and Geil, surround- ed by mountains, 12 miles S VV of Cl;i- genfurt, and 88 N E of Brisen. Lon. 14 3 I'., lat. 46 50 N. Ville Diet:, a town of France, in the department of the Channi'l, and late province of Normandy, 12 miles N N i't rk ' m r* ft V I L r...t- A', ranches ami taSE.-i;Coutan. vi.s. I..M., 18 \V,lm.-.8 UN. Uci)anmLM.l of I-"«'''C. u>.a ate pi... vi.I.u of l^uMK^K-iloc. 18 ...... K 1'. iK'.u!.-, ...i';>i'cAV. a t.,vM. of Kranro, In ^l,e .ir'K.i-VMcntof Uhoi.i- aiul L-mt, aiu. h.lc p.'ovinic of Lvomu.is. U is «!['•■ roMn'lc.l l.v wulls. >.ml s<<»t.a o„ tl,< ,hc.rMoi>.m. 18'n,lesNWot l-yms V 1 N couflucurc of tiK- ViN and Dauul?', Lo,>. 13 J0t;,lat.48i'.>N. (.,„.,>«f,aU,wnof A>i-.inan Bral.„m. sealc.lon the canal !■""' »|-"Vt " u.f Sihc'ldl, »cM-n miles N fc. ol Unis. i,rU. l.on .1^1 t, lut.50 SON. r„„,a*„. a town of P-l-lMgal, in tU ,„,„„„,• of iruhm-MoutCii. Lon. „.i W.l'.l. 4ljy N. , (-,/.r.m. 18 miles N W oi 1,u,ms. ; ^'Y^^' ^,,., ^^ ,-. ,,,■ u,skaskia. aiid ,ul .U! S h> E of Pam. l.oi..4.,lfc.. y;^*.'!^';;;;';,, L,„.:,v.lle m KenUukN. rU/c-fra.ehr, a si nni. town o F ram-t , In the lnil>ita"f* ■•'}■ I '« la.,ten.unen.l>,.. A. this town is the soat oftenitonal j...,s.lUion. ami lies .„ tlic l)..Son. of a feiM.le ronnl.'V, i ,^us3 rapidly in |«)l)>dulum awl illl|)IO\l'll.tlll. i,)io\i'ii.em. nil IV., -- - -,..., ■ I r;.n;,t Cilie St the most sunllicrn an. L..,. 2 25 ^. lat. 42 J.> N. | ,, ;, ;,,;''^ ■ p,,,^,,^,.!. 2J utiles W ri,V..;-V,.m/,.-, a town ot Iraiire '";' "j^. , ,^ \)|i this ca,ic in pnivincc of Uo...;ni;:'--. }^''•'^'\ ;,'•, ,, j 't So .ni.,h llect of dor.l.le the n.inii.er Iradc in linen clulli. and ,s -" "'" , , i, an.l Irehle the-iun.ber of gtnis. i.,iur:CO S of Pans. I'O" - -^<^ •"■ '•'^- ,"„c,«t .SV. one of the Windwanl 44 -'i '"'• . »• r,^„rf f„nr' Carihhee'lslands. in the W Indies. It nV,V7»/tr, a town ol I'lanrc, Join ;>^ Carihs, a warlike „>iU.sSof Pansoiithe n-lto ^■^X ! Vf 1 c ween whon. and the inhabi- I'Ukm.r, a town o 1' '•"''"•; '.^^^ ' j^t^tre larger islands there is a aep™.t..U,,i.e..U.^ province ot l..i.i„ii< "yi. ^„„i..rioi'Ps that tliev nrovince oi •'•'•'/^ '. Tarn. 12 a.ile.s N N L o» 1 oulo.isc r,/a.,..r,. u town of M'"'" ' ''' h .'"Is vincc of Miircia. Lon. 49 VV, lat. 38 ^"j.v'v-.ieinr, .t town of France in the dcp.n-tment of Lot and Gamine. Vi:k>:cuvc, a town of France in the departnuMit of O.ird. h'l,.n,,ar, a town of Sw;i^^"''>"'V" the canton of Bern. Lon. 6 o8 L, lat. 4(i 21 N. Vi!kncnve-'h ■Ur.u a town of Fr.inci the deiiartinent of Arderhe. and late province oftiieLslc of France. r/'Vrvr'ff'e.'.',alownot trance, in the a-pn"''-'-"^ "''^'''= "'"'*•''■'''' ''""'■ mamtcsl uisiiiiciion. "•• -:■.-■- conjectures that they were ongmalh a colonvfrom North America, their iicrce manners approaching nearer to those of the original natives of that conlin.nt. thanthev to do those of .S America, aial their langiiaitriiin Br;il).,nt, ic laii.il troni IIpii»ulaUiin aud 111. C:.i/)c St tlic most soiitlicrn y of I'ortiijvi'l. 2J miles W ;i|.f I.aniis. C)l! this ca|>e in !■ il Sir John J.irvis tU-liattd lli-it (if (lin;l)U> the niiMiber ul livhie the'iiinihcrof gum. \V, lilt. So 44 N. St. oiu- of the Win.lwaiil Ishimls, in the \V liiilifs. It :d hy Cai-il)a, a warlike wcch whom and the inhabi- ;he lul'ijcr islands tlicic is i distinction. Dr. Kohertsoii e» that they were originalh a im North America, tlieirliepcc ajiproaching' nearer to those! (•■inal natives of that conlincnl, to do those of .S America, ai;d jfuai^e also having somt af. that spoken in Morida. In •s they preserve their ancient of dcslroyintj all the males, ervin^f the women either f.ir • or for brcedin^y. St. Vincent a neutrfd island ; hut iit the i'Cri, the I'lonch agreed that to it should he vested in the who, in the sequel, at the in- 'some rapacious planters en • [1 an uiijuit war ai^-ainst the •.s, who iuhahiled the wind- e of the island, and who wen; () consent to a [..-ace, hy which ed a very laifye tract of vahia- to the crown. 'I'iio consc- )f this was, that in the next Try, tliey i^-icatly eontrihuted •duclioii 111' this island hy the who, however, restored it hy i of ITHJ. Since that lime \: )i!it ronlinued in the po«iiO the e,\ertions of liieijDvernor, Iiowcmt, and the Uritish t'circcs in the West Indies, the revolt H ill a i^i'eat measure (|iielled, thou)(h il will he lonjf before ihinjfs are restor- 1,1 Id their former state. St. X'inecnt is ill leii^tli about 24 miles, and about I,S ill bie.idtli i in circumference be- lueeii (iO and "0. 'i'he climate is very warm: at Ica.it in the judgment of the Kiiripeiins, The country is in (general i.:ll. , ill some places moiintailKiiis ; b i! i!ili'i's|.crsed with a variety of pleasant \.illie.>i, and S'iMic lr,\'ii iaiit plains, the sml beiaff every wlere fcilde, and the hi|i'h jjiniin Is a.i> ai least in |i;< iieial cisy dl' ascent Few islaiuls iif its ex- tent arc so well w.tereili iur -i'..!.!! rAiTs run down fioni the miiinl.iln , and s'li iller streams from aliiuHt e^erv hill; there are likewise several vcr\ line s.u'inj^s at a little ihilance fioiii the sea I'lu; iiiliabitanis raise all kinds Hi' (i'lTKUid provisions ii, pleptv, and wiili little trouble. Thu r.vcrs siippiv lliuiii with a variety of (i.sh j and liie i.nic may be said of tue sea tliat w:islie;i their coasts. T'lCV liiive abun iliiu e of excellent fruits, and very fn.e timber (it for almost every Use ; and with which they firiiierly supplieii their nei(;hbonrs It is 53 miles W ol' Barhadocs. Here is n botanical fj-ir (h'li, in whicli till' hi- ail-trees, broujrj.t from Otahtitc, are I'ow in a flourisliinj» cimdllion. Lon. CI W, lat 13 10 N Vi.'.cent St an uninhabited island on the coast of Africa, and one of tlie Cape Verd Islaiuls. 'i'liere is a b.ay on the N VV side of it, and near ii arc laiigiit vast i|uantities of Turtle. I'vcer-t, St. a m.iritime province of Biasil, in South America. The capi- tal iif the seue name, lias a good har- bour. Lon. 46 30 VV, lat. 2'i 15 S. I'iDcent, .S't. a strong town of Spain, in Old Castile, with a castle, seated on » hill, near the river Ebro, 138 miles N E of .Vladrid. Lon. 'J 40 W, lat. 4J •30 N. Vir.giirla, a Dutcli settlement in the ;ieninsula of Huidoostan, on the coast J Concan, a little N of Coa. Lon. ".! '.'2K, lat. 15 J- N. yir,^^i>r/a lioch, rocks lying in the Ir.- Jiaii Oct an, prs£e>£ed bythe Midw;u,v, Lon. 73 16 \V, Ut. a tribe of Pirates. Ij 5.' N. (intimij^tici, an episcopal town of Ita- ly, in the II piihlii of Genoa, with u small hnrhoiir, hih\ .i slioi>g ca.tle on .i high rock. It has breiiolten taken ami retaken, and is sealcil on the Mediter- ranean, at (he Mioutli of the Uutta, 20 miles t. N K of Nice, and TO S \V of Genoa. Lon. 7 .j7 E, lat. 43 5.i N. {■/'/('. a town of Frame, in the de- part nvnt ( f Calvados, and late pi ounce of Normandy, with sevei-il manufac- tures of ccaise woollen (lollis. Il in sealeil on ibe Vire, ."tO luiles S I: (it" C lur.iiices, and 1 jO \V ol I'aris. Lun. 4 J \V, lat 48 10 N. l'i\-;ir Citf.i\ a cape of I'atagunia. Lon 1)7 .54 \V, lat .52 J3 .S. Iif; in GorJa See I'iixi" hlttmU. Virgin hlivi.'a, about ,><.) islands and ke\s, in the W lid.is, between .St. Juan ill- I'uerto i:iio and the Lewanl Ciiibliee Islands Ihey t«-'ere called Liis l'irgiw.1 In the Spaniards, in hon- our o( iiie ll.WO'J virgins of the lej^end. They arc possessed In tie Eiiivhsh and Uaiu s. III the (irst dielsion belo'ig'.ng to tie Englisli. is Toit'la, the princi- pal, ti, uliirli belongs Jost Van lJ_>ke's and Lii'lc Vaiulike's, Guana Isle, with !;e( t ami I'li.vleli Idiuds. In the se- I'M.id divisi /Il is Viigiu Gorda, to which Ik ';mj: Aueg.ulw, or Drowned Isle, N cive'-, Priclily Pear, and .Muskilo Isl.o'di', tliC Commanoes, Scrub .•iiul Dog Islands, the Falter City (two rocky islets, close together, at a ih--,. tancc resembling ri.ins) the UoumI Rock, Ginger, Cooper's Salt Island, IVter'a Island, and the Dead Clicst. Of the Danish division, the principal islands are St, Thomas and St. John. Lon. from 63 43 to 64 j5 VV, lat. from 17 10 to 18. !o N. Virgiiiiii, one of the United States of America, bounded on the S by North Caridina and rcnessce, on tlie W by Kentucky, on the N by Pennsylvania and the rieer Ohio, and on the E by the .Vthintic Ocean. It is 446 mile's in lenrtb, ami 224 in breadth 1 he princi. pa! livtrs are James, York, Rappalian- nock, and Potomac, which are fullofeon- venieiit li.-.rbours ; and there are also ma- n\ small rivers, some of which are capa- ble of receiving the largest merchant ships. 'I'lie climate is various. The laud to'.vu'ils the luoulh of the rivers is geiierilly \c,\v, and fit for rice, I'.r.-mp, and Iir.lian curn, ti;c;u;j!i at present 1:1 V I s stockr.l with mnny tort!, of tr«e«i, Irom un the r.vv. in KcncrMly level, ami I.erc and tlu re some imall l.ilU. H"' i «p the «cu is Renerally sandy. « m V.tlmulHtones Tor .vh,chr~ hom-H arc sel.h.M, shm . T '"• ['^ '"^*; lands lie near the hranches of the riv- er uul abmnul with vari....-* Borts of l-Xr, .uri>visinK»y ^'^^^J^'^^^Z pal nnxUicf is tobacco, wl.ra . un.l in inborn, In.l tlic culture of tobacc has.onsi.U-rubly declmed "> f-vo^^ "hit of Wheat. The Vu-RUUHns are H. K cral sensible, p.dite. ami hos^ta. ble and of an independent spirit. 1 l«i poor are ignorant and abject and all To^an inquisitive turn and m many other respects very -""ch reseniblethe neonle in tlie eastern states. JMty fit" 'from tli.m. however, in the.r n^on Is ; the former beinR much addict- ^l to Kan''%'. JrinkinR. swearmg. horlra^hiB. cockfightmff. a-l m-^ kinds of dissipation. There is muc greater disparity bet^^■cen the rich . d ^lcpoorinVirg>nia..;hanin.anyo he northern ftatcs. Virginia is di. «' cliWRP (it , and four brick iioiist* a rich hnrglitr, It i-< e rivei- Zuu, 50 "'dts K Loii.oSOli, iBt. 57 2oti )!• Dtjiipour, a coiuidei'iihli: cccan of Hiiidoiistiin, lor |)it«l of a lurK* kingdom <.l ame, now subject t.i tlic niltas. It i» i;''6 mils" ^ , und 234 S E of Bombay. ;, lat. 17 26 N. n town of Poland, ni Ma. I custle, seated on the Vis- :» N W of Warsaw, r/i and South, two islands of s, on the W coast of Scot- t, which lies to the south- i-ris, separated by a channel ne miles over, is somewhat idcrable, bciiiR about 30 cumfcrencc. The E side is s, covered with heath, and lasturagc than cultivation, stem part is arable, and pro , in pli-ntv, yielding from Hj in a favourable season, and ured with sea ware. Loch lituated in this islr.nd, about to the southward of Hermc- w its name from three rocks de, on which Rrow plenty ol •IcH.called maddies. It forms ucious harbour.capable of con- me hundreds of vessels of any nd has several islands within contribute greatly to its sccu- rth Uist is 15 miles S ot thr ve. And, . ht is about 21 miles in lengtli, 4 in breadth. It very mucli i Noith Uist in its sod am ns, and even in tlif external ce of the country ; being moun- nd heathv on the E, but plain ,1c on tlie W. It likewise in fresh water lakes, wtiicU itvoftrouts and eels, but do a ible deal of damage to the ar- und, by overflowing It in the South Uist is 20 miles W ot of Skyc. J'iftuld, a large river, which rises in MoiMit Criipach, on tin- (•()nfines of Si- li-iia and UuiiKary, crdsses Poland and I'riissia, and fulls by three uioutlu into tlio Hiiltic, below Uanl/ic Vilrrho, an episcopal tiiwn of Italy, in t!ii: patrimony of St. Peter. It contains I'J.OUO inhabitants, 16 parish churches, :iiicl many palaces and foiintuins. Near il la a sprinif, so hot, that it will not mly boil an egg, but even Hesh. It is ,e.»tcd at the foot of a mountain, from the top of which, the city of Home and the Meiliterranean Sea may bo seen i ihe latter at the distance of near 50 miles. It is 20 miles S E of Orvieto, iml 35 N by W of Rome. Lon. 12 26 L, lat. 42 25 N. /itre, II town of France, in the de- partment of Isle and Vilainc, and late province of Drittany, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit stocking) and ^Icivcs. It is seated on the Vilaine, 20 miles N E of Hennes, and 52 S E of St. Malo. Lon. 1 13 W, lat. 48 14 N. Vitri-le- Brule, a village of France, in the department of Maine, and late pro- vince of Champagne. Vitri U-l'nmcoia, a well-built andcon- Bulcrablc town of France, in the de- partment of Marnc, and late province of Champagne, /rhe houses »••• of wood i and there is a fiiiu square, in which the church stands. Il lias a jjreat trade, particularly in grain, and IS seated on the Marne, 15 miles S E lit' Chalons, and 100 E of Paris. Loii. \ 38 E, lat. 48 44 N. I'itring, a town of Germany, in the lircle of Austria, sealed on a lake, cidl- fii the Wordtsee, four miles S W of Clagtnfurt. Vttteaux, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or, and late pro- vince of Burgundy, seated on the river Bruine, among the mountains, where there are quarries of marble, 12 miles S E of Semur, and 27 W of Dijon. Lon. 4 27 E, lat. 57 20 N. Vittoria, or Victoria, a considerable town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of the province of Alaba. It is surrounded tiy ilouble walls, and in the principal' square are the town-house, two con- vents, and in the middle a fine fountain. Tile large streets are bordered with fine trees, which are a good defence a!;:ainst the heat of the sun. It has a RTcat trade in hardware, particularly in sword-blades, which are made here in great quantities. It ia seated on an eminence, »t the end of a plain, fertile ill corn and grapes, 32 miles S Eof llil- hoa, and \SS N of Madrid. Lon. 3 56 VV, lat. 42 55 N. Vivarain, a late small province of France, and now included in the de- partment of Ardeclie. Vivero, a town of Spain, in Galicia, seat'd at the foot of a steep mountain, near the rvier Landrova, wiioHe mouth forms a large harbour on the Atlantic, 30 miles N W of Mniidunnedu. Lon. 7 34 VV, lat. 43 50 N. Viviert, an episcopal town of France, in the department of Ardeche, am! late province of Langiiedoc, with u bi»liii|)'a see. It is seated among rocks (im one of which the cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 20 miles N of Orange, and 70 N E of Montpcllier, Lon. 4 40 E, lat. 44 20 N. Viza, a town of Turkey in Evropc, in Romania, with a Greek archbishop'ii see, seated at the foot of a mountain, at the source of the river Glicentro. Utenakdi, a town of Hussia, in the go- vernment of Tobolsk, at the junction of the Irlysh and Oby. Lon. (59 15 E, lat. 61 10 N. Ukraine, a large country of Europe, lying on the borders of Turkey in Eu- rope, Poland, Russia, and Little Tar- tary. Its name properly signifus a frontier. By a treaty between Russia anil Poland in 1693, tlic latter remain- ed in possession ot all that part of the Ukraine lying on the W hide of the ri- ver Dnieper, which is but indiilei-eiitly cultivated ; while the country on the K side, inhabited by the Cossacs, is in much better condition. The Russian part is comprised in the government of Kiof ; and tlie empress of Russia hav- ing obtained the Polish palatinate of Kiof, by the treaty of partition in 17f3, the whole of the Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper, belongs now to that ambitious and formidable power. The principal town is Kiof. Sec Cossacs. Vladimir. See Votodimir. Lladislaia. See Inmuladislavi. Uka, or Ulahorg, a seaport c-f Swe- den, in .East Bothnia. Lon. 22 20 E, lat. 65 40 N. Vlieland. See Flie. Ulierheci, a town of Austri.in Bra- bant, two miles E of Loiivain, and 11 S E of Mechlin. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 50 53 N. Uiietea, one of the Society Isles, in •W' U LT Lon. 151 31 W, if H 'i 1 1 the I'ficific Oceiin U;k^at,r, a bke of WestmorcUnd 10 niilc-s N of Ambcl-iile, ami 14 S W of I'ennth. It is eiriht miles loiij?, am abrnmils wilU char, and a variety ot otlif-r fibli. . iZ/iH, a free imperial city ot Germa- iiv, in the circle of Suubia, and the ci.ief of 'liat order in the circle, where the aivhivcs thereof are deposited. It is forflied ; and is seated on the nan- »d)e, wheie it receives the lUer, with a luoidsome bridge over the former. Here is a Rood college ; and in the cathedral, wlr.eli is a handsome struc- ture, are 6J copper vessels full ot wa- ter, rcudv for the exlinguisliing ot hve. Tiie inhabitants are protestants, and have a good trade in linens, fiistia^is, luadM are, and wool. The dnke of B-i- varia took it in 1702, by stratagem, t stirrendereil it after the battle of B.en- hciin. It was taken by tlie French, in 1796 ; bnt thev were obliged to aban- don it tlie s'.mc montli. Upon the con- clusion of an armistice between the French and Aiislrians in 18uU, it was delivered up as an hostage to the Frciuli, who perfidiously and contrary to agieemcnt, demolislied the fortifica- tions It is 36 miles W of Augsburg, 47 S E of Stu'.gard, and 6J N ot Mu- n^ch. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 48 25 N. Vitncii, a town of Germany in the archbishopric of Menlz, 30 miles N E of Treves. Lon. 7 H E, lat. 50 7 N. Uhilu), or Vlotho-j}, a town ot Germa- ny, in Westphalia. It is six miles S of Minden. Ulrkshaviu, a town of Sweden, in W Gothland. Its name was changed in compliment to queen Ulrica Eleano- la. Lon. 14 22 E, lat. 57 10 N. V'stc; a province of Ireland, lit) miles long and 100 broad ; boumlcd on the E bv 'the Irish Sea, on the N by the Northern Ocean, on the W by tlie At- K-intic Ocean on the S by the province of Leinster, and on tlic S W by that of Connaiu;ht. The jx-incipal rivers are the Ban'n, Fovle, Swilly, Newry-water, and Lan-gan : and it abounds with large- lakes. "The soil, in general, is fruitful in corn and grass ; and there are plenty of horses, sheep, and beeves. It con- tains one arclibishoiirlc, six bishoprics, 10 rounlies, .ind 365 p;irishes. The ririncipal place is Londonderry. Ultzi'n, or Vdtzcn, a town of Germanv iii the cti-clc of Lower Saxony, seated tJ N D on the Ilmenan. Lon. 10 38 E, hit 55 N. I L\versuinc, a town m LancH.tlinv, | with a market on Monday. The cikiii try people call itOi.sto-i, and it is seat- ed at the foot of a swift descent of liilh to the S E, near a shallow arn, ol tlir Irish Sea. It is the port of t'c d.sli.f. of Furness. It is 18 mik s N W of La-.. | caster, wid 267 N N W of Loiuk,;-. Lon. 3 12 W, lal. 54 14 N. Unia, or Umai, a town of Swc! ,io S E of Friburg. Lon. 7 32 E, lut. ; > ' U>v:crv:n!dcn, a canton of Swisserhina, the si.xth in rank ; bounded on the N b the canton of Lucern and the Lake ... the Four Cantons i on the E by liiiiH mountains, which separate it from lli.- canton of Uri ; on the S by Mount Bru- nich, which parts it from the c.'intonn Bern ; and on the W by that of Luceii. It takes its name from a wood, whio runs neaj-lv in the middle ot the coin.. tn-,fromNtoS. It is 25 miles long', a,ul 17 broad, ami is divided into t-^« pLU-ts, that above the wood, and tliat In. l„w it, calk d Oberwaldand UnderwaUl For this reason there are two c.nmch, two justices, two laiids-gemeind wit.i respict to external aflairs , fere is ioint council, chosen eriually by tlotu'. divisions. The Inhabitants are Rom.u callwllcs. Staitti ij the caoitid,. tJ N D wn. Lon. 10 J8 K, lal , a town ill I.aiuaxliiiv, .et on Mondity. 'llie loiii all itOi.slD'i.'aiHl it is seat- j i!t (if 11 Kwift descent (if liilU nciir a shallow :ivn. of tlic It IS the port of t'e d.Mi;c'.] It is 18 nulls N \V of L;i!i. 1 26T N N W of Loiuki;; vTlal. 54 14 N. Unu'd, a town of Sweden, u. , seated on tlu; river Uni:i. i Bothnia. The houses ;,!•( ^d■, and it was twice bii.' sians. It is the resideiut- . [,v of W Bothnia, and 2!i Stockholm. Lon 19 yE,l.a| a seaport of Venetian Istria,] ween the pnlf L.irgcna, ai;d| of the river \ver|iil (if iiiiy in tlic world. 'I'lioii^^h the country ilsflf produces \c\-\ (lw tlimsfs, yot almnsl all t!ie pro- diifts iiiid fomniodities of the glohe iiiuy I)f Ciiincl here, nearly as cheap as ill tlie rouiitrieu where tliey are made or prodMceil. A vast variety of manu- iurtuivH are carried on in tlie provinces, and with extraordinary skill and dill- g'cnce ; aiul a great niMtiher of hands are employed, and iiuuli wealtli ac- Unircd, by the herring, cod, and whale ttslieries. No ludian has equalled them in the curing oT hcrriiip^s.; those cured at Ghisjjow, ill Scotland, arc llioiifrht to come nearest to »hciii. Ahont 150 sail were annually eni|)loyed iu the whale fishery and about 200 in the her- rlnp. The iirolits of the latter, in a jjnod year, after all deductions, were thoiipriit to amount to 200 000 Holland Guilders. The principal manufactures here are those of linen, pajier, and earthen ware of all sorts. Ship-huild ing^ also employed vastnnmbers of hands The trade of this ccniiitry, however, upon the wlioK , has lonjj been declin- ing ; owinjj partly to a decline of their ar.^ient parsimony and industry ; but chiefly t') tlic improvement of inanurac- tiires, trade, and navifjatioii, in other countries, and at present (1800) is al- most aii./iiiihited As to tiie cliaracter of the Diitf'i,lhe boors or husbandmen are industrious enough, but heavy, and .slow of iiiiderstaiidinp;. The seamen are a plain, blunt, but roiig-h, surly, and ilUmannereil sfrt of people. Their tra'lesnieii are sotnetlii'i^ sharper, and make use of all their skill to tiike advan- ia^c of those they deal with. Everv cla-is of men is extre.nely fruf^al. All applitcs and passions run lower and cooler here tlian in oilier countries, avarice excepted Q;iari'iuch liberties do they allow their ser- v^nti, or lather are obliged to allow them i For they may not be struck or corrected by them, but the dispute must bi; left to the maifistrate. The Dutch arc tall and strong' built ; but both men and women have the grossest shapes that are to be met vritli any where. 'I'heirgarb, esccpt among the officers of tlie »rmy and some few oth- ers, is exceeding jilain, and the fash- ions change as seldom as in Spain. The men are .vldicted to drinking, which some think iieccss.ary in this fog- gy air, both for tlieii- health and the improvement of their understandings. Among their diversions, that of skait- ing in winter is one of the chief. It is I amazing to see the crowds in a hard frost upon the ice, and their dexterity in skaiting ; both men and women dart- ing along with inconceivable velocity. The Dutch are remarkable for their I cleanliness : nothing can exceed the I neatness of their houses, towns, and vil- 1 lages. Many of them have distinguish- ed themselves by their learning, and I some even by tlieir wit and ingenuity j witness Erasmus, Grotiiis, &c. The [ Dutch excel also in painting and en- graving ; and some of them have been no contemptible statuaries. In conse- quence of the Union (See Netherlands) the Seven Provinces guarantee each other's rights j they make war and peace, levy taxes, 8;c. in their joint ca- pacity J bill as to internal government, each province is independent. They send deputies (chosen out of the pro- vincial states) to the general assembly, called the states general, which is in- vested with the supreme legisl.itive power of the confederation. At the iieadof this g-ovcrnnient there has usu- ally bean a jirince st.idtholder, who ex- ercises a considerable part of the exe- ecinive power. Having deserted the grand alliance formed against the dis- turbers of the peace of Europe, and the ofHce of the stadtholder be-ng abolish- ed, the Dutch republic, under the name of an ally, is now in reality little better than a province, of France. The consequence of this alli.iiicc is what might have bc;en expected. The Bri- tisli government, obliged to attack its enemies wherever it might find tiiem, commenced hostilities against the Uiil- ted Provinces, and in the compass of a >ery short period wrested from thcni their most valuable possessions both in the East and West Indies. Amsterdam is the capital ; but tlic scat of the states ¥ ' '^ UN I tliey may not be struck or by them, but the dispute .'ft to the magistrate. Tiie tall ami stronjy built ; but mil women have the grossest it are to be met with any licir garb, except among the tlie army and some few otli- ceeding plain, and the fash- •re as seldom as in Spain, 'are addicted to drinking, le think necessary in Ihislbg- th for theii' health and the Lilt of tlieir understandings, eir diversions, that of skait- iter is one of the chief. It is ;o see the crowds in a hard tlic ice, and their dexterity r ; both men and women dart- j ' with inconceivable vehicity. ch are remarkable for their s : nothing can exceed the (f their houses, towns, and vil- 1 lanv of them have distinguish- elves by tlieir learning, and n bv their wit and ingenuity } Erasmus, Grotius, &c. The | xcel also in painting and en- and some of them have been Tiptible statuaries. In conse- r the Union (See Netherlands) n Provinces guarantee each ightsi they make war and vy taxes, 8ic. in their joint ca- mt US to internal government, ivinco IS independent. They wties (chosen out of the pro- atcs) to the general assembly, e states general, which is in- vith the supreme legislative if the confederation. At the his government there has usii- I a prince stadtholder, wlio ex- i considerable part of the exe- )owcr. Having de.serted the liance formed against the dia- ifthe peace of Europe, and the the stadtholder be'ng abolish- Dutch republic, under the an ally, is now in reality little lan a iiVovinoe, of Fr.ince. The once of this alli.incc is what nve lK:en expected. The Bn- eriimcnt, obliged to attack its wherever it might find tiiem, iced hostilities against the U>ii- t'inces, and in the compass of a ort period wrested from theni ist valuable possessions both in L and West Indies. Amsterdam ipital ; but tlic scat of the states I IIK 11 I I — - •<' I V N I rXITED STAT nn il r.VIIT ol' I.OI ISIAXI general is at the Ha^ie. See Scheldt. United Statei of America, u republic of North America, consistin); originul- ly, in 1783, of thirteen states, numely, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Uliode Uland, Connecticut, Kew Vnrk, New Jersey, Pdimsylvania, Uctuwure, Marylund, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, ami Georgia. Only eleven of tliese states acceded, at first, to the new federal constitution, but they were alterward joined by Nortli Carolina and Rhode Island: and Ken- tucky, Vermont, anil Tennessee, hav ing since been added to them, the pre- sent number of the states that form this great American republic is Nix> teen. In the treaty of peace, conclud- ed in 1783, the limits of the United States are thus defined. " And tliut all disputes which might arise in fu- ture on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be pre^ vented, it is hereby agreed and de- clared, that tlie following are and shall be their boundaries, viz. From the N W angle of Nova-Scotia, viz. That angle which is fo ^d by a line drawn clue N from the -nurcc of St. Croix River to the Higidands, along the said Highlands, wiiicii divide liiosc ri\Trs that empty themselves into tlic rive St. Lawrence, from tbo.se wliioii fall iito the Atlantic Ocean to tlie nortl'.-v ternmost head of Connecticut v-v .■ ; thence down along the middle of tiiat river to the 45lh degree of N hititude j from thence by a line due W on said latitude, tmtil it strikes the river Iro. qiiois or Cutaraquy : thence along the middle of-thirSBnl river into lake OiUu- rio.'throug'h the middle of said Lake, until it strilv^s the communication by water, between that lake and Lake Erie ; thence along the middle of said communication into Lake Erie, througli the middle of ".aid lake, until it arrives at the water communication between that lake and Lake Huron ; thence through the middle of said lake to the water communication between that lake and Lake Superior ; thence througlj Lake Superior northward of the Isies Hoyal and Philllpeaux to the Long Lake; thence through the mid- dle of said Long Lake, and the water communication between it and tlic Lake of the Woods to the said L.^k^• of the Woods i thence through the said Iftk',! to the most north westernmost int thereof] aiid from thenc^j ou a U N I due W course, to the Uivcr Mississip- pi ; thence by u line to be drawn al(uluchicola, or Catahouche ; thence along the mid- dle thereof to it* junction with the Flint River ; th< me strai^jlit to the head of St. Mary's River ; and tluncc down along the mi» i!ie king of Great Britain. Appealing to the Supreme Judge of the woiUl for t!ie rectitude of tiieir intentions, tfiiisu^ did, in tlie name and by the authority ofthe good people of the colonies, solennily publish and declare, that lliesc L'nited Colonies wei'e, and of right ought to be " Free mil Iiil^pi-ndeiit St.itcs ,■" that they were absolved fr nn all allegiance to the British crosvn, and that all poll- tical connection between them and Great Britain was, and o'ight to be, totally dis!>ulvcd ; and that as Freo and te 11 <■ !! i m U N N V O G ' I 'J Independent States, th?> liwl full pow- cr to Ifvv will", coiR'liide pi-are, con- truft alliiuircs, csiublisli commerce, nnd do all other acU and tliihfrs wliicli iMdependeiit Stales may of I'l;,'!!! do. For tlie s\i|i|iort of tliis de in niiinlicr, Tnutu- all\ pled},'cd to each other their lives, tlieir I'll times, and their s.uicd hon- our. Attlip same lone they pMldished art'cles of Conlederutinn and Perpetu- al Union between the St.atcs, in which they took, the style of " I'lic l.'nitcd Stales of Anurica," and ag'i^'ed ihat eacli stale shenid ret an its sosercif^'n- ty, freedom and independence, anrl every powci', juri.s.r.cfion and ri^hl not expressly dch gaud to Congress liy the coiilederation. Hy these art'cIcs the Tliirleen Uritcd Stales sc\eral;y entered into it linn leai^ne o' friend- ship with e.'ich other fm- their cinimon defence, the secorilr of their lil)ertirs, and their muuud and f,encral welfare, and bound lheniselv< s to assiij pacli other, ajcainst all (orce of.cred to, or attacks liiat mijjlit be nii.de upon all, or any of tlicm, on account . It is pleasantly sealed on the Slatiora, 14 miles S s'VV of Pavia, nnd .iaSbvWof Milan. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. ■',{ 59 N. ■ '"■^^/n/inice, a town of Germany, in the archdiifchy of Austria, which en- joys the j)rivile(;fe of ijramini^ protec- tion to slaves. I..in. 13 40 E, lat. 58 IN. t'r)!;o!iis, a Jieopje in Asia, sulyect to Wiissia, who have established their lia- biSiitlons in the ion sts on the N side of Mount Oiiral, e\tem!iiig' theniHelven to the W, and mill i'.irtheron the plains to the E of this chiun of mountains. Here tlie\ ha\e dwelt for tinip immc- niorial, and are possessed of traditions wiiicb lia\e a g^rcat conformity with history. Some authors pretei.d that they arc the brethren of tlie ancient Oiiyrians, or of the prcRiit Hungari- ans, and found their conjecture on the situatjim oi'tlie \'i,;voul territory, and the strikinj^ resembl.^nee there is be- tW' en tlie languages of the two na- tions. '1 his people was subjected to tiic dominion of P.ussia at the same time with Siberia. The V'ogouls are hardly of a middling stature, have ge- nerally l)l;uk hair, and for the iliost part a scanty beard. 1 bey have some traits of the Kalmouks in the style of tiieir physiognomy. They are of a gay )//; nia, a pala ;ind, 300 niiles bounded on the 1 E by Kiof, on the the W by Austriai chiefly of plains ■ number of rivers. Iimslcr. i,i>a. ey in I^iiroiic, lia, passes by uiitl falls into : of the Slict- ic-yond Gl" N fimr broad. rissL'fland, in .7 28 E, lat. of Russia, in mn. Lun. 44 ■ United I'l-o. 1 takfM by tin; L'ati'd on the •ccht. and 20 58 F, lat. 5C n of If-ily, in tiriJtory of L'ali'd on tlio :)t' I'aviit, and jn. 9 10 E, Germany, in I, wliicii en- ;iiii^- pi-otpc- E, lat. 58 IN. ia, siit)jcct to led liieir lia- tlio N side [^ tlieniHc-lvt's on the plains f inonntalns. time imme- of ti'aditiiins rorniity with |)rcte;.d tli;it the ancient ?Mt Hunpari- :tnrc on tlie .rritory, and llierc is be- tlie two na- siibjoeU'd to iit the same V'opouls arc •0, have ge- i>)r the most y have some the style of ave of a gay nest, lahori- ly and fickle, and passion- pen are ro- d gener.dly ey have net- VOL fiitT letters nor writing any more tiian till ir kindred nations : they do not nrkon their time by years, thoii.nh they murk the months, and name them after (he various rexohitions of nature which they observe in their forests. Void, a town of France, in the de- |;:ii'iment of Mcurthe, and late province (ifLorrain. Viiightland, a territory of Gi'rmany, ,n Up|)er Saxony, one of the four cir- cles of the manpiisate of Misi\ia. It is hiiunded on the E by Bohemia, on the N by the dutchy of Allenhurg, and on the \V by Tliuringia and Franconia. WiAven is the capital. I'liigtsberg, a town jf Germany, in the cuclc (^f Upper Saxony, with a cit- idel. Vokeimark, or IVii/icivKircl, u town of Cermanv, in the circle of Austria. Lou. U 56 E' lat. 4fi 45 N. Viilaim, a sea))ort of Italv in the Fer- r.irese, seated on the gulf of Venice, ;it one of tiie llioutbs of tlic Ho, 40 niiles E of Ferrara. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 44 SI N. Vdlcano, one of the Lipari Islands, i|i. ;he Mediterranean, 12 iiiih-s in cu/iiVn- iVrence. It is a volrano, itV.thlTform III' a broken cone, but now emits .jmoke only. Vulcanefn, a small volcanic '.sland in llie Mediterranean, between that of Lipari and Volcani). i'olgti, \\\e largest river in Europe, which has its source in two small lakes, III tin- government of Pleskof, in Uus- >ia, about 80 miles W of Tver. It be- ins to be navigable a few miles above that town, and is considerably aug- mented here by the junctioii of the Tvcrza, which is a brotuler, deet)er, aiirfi, a lort ciC Diitcli Gni'lilcrlaiiil, on an iiilKnd lornKit by tliv junction ot the Wiihiil unil tlic Mai-Mc. ViHirn, M\ islund of the United Pro- vinrcH, \\\ Snutli llolluml, liitwecn the inoiilhii of the Maese. Uriel is the cu- pitul. yoornland, u tcrrilni'V of the Unit", timid, \er_\ modest, an<:int. They arc as sidtious in rt'.ial ueonomy, UfpUcting' neither the culture of bees w,r tin ehace, in which l;tterlhc\ use ini'it'i r- ently the bow or live-aims. In their leisure hours many of ti.em empUn themselves in n'i;king all sorts of tur- t»cry, such as cups, spoons, shuttles. fee. i and others varnish all kinds of bowls and cups The women arc cm. ployed in sewing, in making linen, course cloths, uu/)rr M.iriborii: l»rtt-o(lice, in Pr Lind, m miles K 111(1 JO.S W of A' L'/if)i'!ghii>n, a t' villi u market on :i :in eminence, si ill! 'JU N bv VV o( », bit. 53 .^6 N. UtKitt, a. town ol \M\ a famous uni' iii'iop'.i see. It fji K' of an open m\ pasture, is a titvii, containing, ifiils. about 3iAJ nDund plot is exli iiviiled into two a 1 small rivulet Sa ife drawn at right !ral kind of s(|iiare irc built with brick f'licrahty are com iinirillied into the painted red, and I u with turf. Eac W'irt-yurd, or garc iierly the metrnpi ttc royal residence which was fimshet agnificent b.iildi It was consiir Ii the centre of itiicdral, a lar> krick, in whicli tere formerly R>':'r,d times gre; uid as often rep: 'mument of the The universii Sweden, and e North for Tic Hnyal Sociel\ oldest literary Here is a botanii Ihc celebrated Li' W. U[)sal ?iain, fertile in co «f Stockholm. 52 N. Uptoi, a town »itli a market on the Severn, 11 ler. and 109 W N 5> \V, lat. 5159 Urach, u town cri Isli all kinds of women arc cn\. mukiii)^ Inun, ; tlicy ulsomuku of eiiibi'oitUry. iiiinii aMi(ii\|( ilie ■I- tliure an) tliat piiop. lit China, in tlia ■11(1 jUI'iHllictKUl mofit conHJdcra- in tli'.t Jiirisilic. \V of 'I'u) .pinif. Fi-ance, wlii'i'c iiMbl'' bi'Ulf be- ne, king ul tlia t) iif China, and e of H.)ii-l)er ytarlborough, a village with a prKtotlirc, in Prince George, Marj Uiil, IS miles E by S of Washington, ukI jo S \V of A'liiapolis. Vppv.^ham, a town of Kiitlandsjiire, filli u market on Wednesday ; scaled :i .111 eminence, si.x miles S of Oakham Mv\ 9U N bv W of London. Lon. 4j *, lal. 53 .16 M. i'psii/, « town of Sweden, in Upland, itii a famous university, ami an arch- lii'iiip'^ see. It stanils in the liegin- tiiiT of an open plain fertde in grain mil pasture, is a small, but very neat 1 vvn, containing, exidusive of the stii iriits. about 3iMU inhabitants. The sruiind plot is extremely regular ; it is iivldcd into two almost e(|ual parts by 1 small rivulet Sala; and the streets ire drawn at right angles frcmi a cen- tral kind of sijiiai'o ; a few of the houses ire Iniilt with brick and stuccoed, but tlie fiur.ility are coiislriicted with iriiuks !inn'-,lhed into the shape of planks, and [uliiteil red, and the roofs are covered in with turf. Each bouse has its small wirt-yard, or garden. Uosal was for- nerly the metropolis of Sweden, and 'Ae royal residence The ancient palace fiiich was finished by Eric XIV. was a Lignificcnt b.iilding, until great part ^' It was consumed by tire, in 1702. In the centre of the town stands the t«thcdral, a large Gothic striictiire of krlck, in which the kings of Sweden were formerly crowned. It ha!) been JeitT.d times greatly damaged by (ire, uid as often repaired : it contains the monument of the famnus Gustavus Va- i The university is the most ancient 1 Sweden, and the first seminary in le North for academical education, r'lc Hoyal Society here is likewise the oldest literary academy in the North. Here is a botanical garden, of which llie celebrated Linne was superintend- int. Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile in corn, ;>5 miles N N W «f Stockholm. Lon. 17 48 E, lat. 59 s:n. Upioi, a town in Worcestershire, with a market on Thursday ; seated on the Severn, 11 miles S of Worces- ter, and 109 W N W of London. Lon. 5.' W, lat. 51 59 N. Urach, a town of Germany, in the U R A circle nf Suabia. Lun. 9 15 E, lat, 48 27 N. L'rt limn. It \v;iH biull by 'J.mIi" \irnhv, umfP, win) cullcil it till- castli 111' tlif llea\cns, uiuMkit liiuili- liii ol)strv;ilii)iiH. U is niiw lu ruiim. I.""- 1- J- t'. '"t- •''•5 *'''^' Vriitiioi, a town olllaly, in tlic (hitrliy oCUilmi". witli 11 IihIk'I''" "'■'' ^^ ^'•'■' built l>v iMipf Urban VIll iiiiks S\V i.ri.aiRMsti I'/.r N ol Yolk, s\m\Cu N 1)\ W of WiHiainsinirir. H lifs m lat. 37° .50' N, ami Ion. rt>' 3l> LVi(/K), a ilutcliv of Italy, in tlic F.r cksiastical State, 5J miles lonp, ami 43 broail ; boumkil on the N by Hh' I milfof Veniee. on the S by I'eruKim) ' anil Spoletto, on tlie li by Ancoiia, Hiul on the \V by Tuscany unil KomaKna. The air i.s not very wholesome, nor is the soil fertile. Urtiino, an arcliiepiscoiial town ot ltal\, capital of the ilutcliy of Urbiiio, with acitaih l,anil a palace, where tlu- diikeH fornerlv ifsideil. 'Ibc houses are well built, ! ml t,'reat qiiantilies ol line earthen ware arc niuile here. It is re- markable on account of its being the birtbplace of the illustrious Raphael. Tliis town was taken by the French ar- my in IZ'.IG, nnil is seated on a moun- tain, between tlieri\ers Metro ami Fo- ffliu, 18 miles S of Uimini, 58 E ot Flo- rence, ami VJO N E of Home. Lun. 1'2 40 E, lul -K") 46 N. . rrcikn, a town of Germany, in tlic circle of Westphalia. Lon. 7 8 E, lat. 52 8 N. „ . Uii;(intz, or yurgmitz, a town ot the country of the ruiconianii, formerly a considerable place, four miles in cir- cumference, but now in ruins, and no public buildings remain b-.it a mosque. It is 240 milei E of tlie Caspian Sea, mul rO S of the lake Aral. Lon. GO 25 E, lat. 40 55 N. . . L';yi7, an ancient town of Spam, in Catalonia, capital of a county of the same name, with ft bishop's see. It is seated on the river Sagra, in a fertile plain, surrounded by mountains, plant- ed with vineyards, 60 uiiks W of I'cr- piptRn, »ml "5 N by W of Bsrcclimi Lon. 1 44 E, lat. 4'.! .12 N. Uri, the most Houlhcrn canton of Swh. Hcrlaml, ami the I'curtb in rank, li ,< hounded oil the N hy the cantnii t,f Sehwit/. and the I.i.keof tiie Four C;iii. tons, on the E by the country of llir Orisons and the Canton of Glarus, u Uie S bv the baili wics of Italy, iiml 'in l.ie VV by the cautoiis of Underw.ililni :iiid Hern! It is .50 niilen long, ami U broad. Sec .Vc/kic/W. Lhi, Late of. See fValJtUtter Set. UiiiiumI, a'town of Germuiiy, in ihr eirclc of Westphalia. Un,fl,a town of Germany, in the cir. rie of Uliper Uliine, 18 miles N E ot Menl/. Lon. H 28 E, lat. 50 N Uru-icii, a town of Swisserluiid. Lon. 11 20 E, lat. 4'J » N. Vrsits, .Vr a town of Swisserlaiiil, ii> the bishopric of Basle, »eatcd on tlm Doulw, over which is a stone brid|;c, seven miles S of I'orentru. Us/)cc rurtitry, ft vast country oi Western Tartaryi bounded on the N bv the country of the Kalmucks, on the E hy Thibet, on the S by Hindoostiui, and on the W by Persia and the Caspi- an Sea. These Tartars are diviiltd into several tribes, ijovenied by tlie:r respective Khans, or princes. Wiiiii under one sovereiffn, they were the most powerful of all the Tartarian n.i- tions. The principal Khans pn.'e themselves in beiiit? descended fidin Tamerlane, whose birthplace was tl.c ancient city of Saniarcaml, the prentin capital of the country. The Usbeci, m their persons, are said to hiive better complexions and more engaging Icj- tiirea than the Kalmucs. Their reli- gion is Mahomctanism ; and they dif- l(.'r, in general, very little from tU people of the northern provinces ol Hindoostun. Vscnpia. See Scofiia. UseJum, an island of Prussiftn Pome rania, at the mouth of the river Oder, in the Baltic Sea, between which and the island of WoUin. is a passage called the Swin. It had formerly a onsiderablc town of the same name which was almost reduced to ashes in 1473. Lon. 14 11 E, lat. 54 6 N. Userdie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Correze and late province of Lorrain, seated on a craggy rock, at the foot of which flows the Vezcie, :i7 miles S E of Limoges, and 217 r of Paris. Lon. 1 o7 E, l»t 5 27 N UJiant, an ciiiiMi i)f the d uiiil bill- provi lo Cuiwpiel. i-imilereiice, Icti and u east t'.n/ii'f'i, a circle of Up|i nf Nassau V Meiitz. Loi UA, atowi a market or river Usk, Iv and 140 W li 36 \V, lat. 51 t'j>, a rive rises uii till shire, divide! t-i|ual poi tioi lul Channel. i'jici, a to p;iltnieiit of ot' Liino'iiiii Loll. 2 15 E Uitcinio, a iiioiiese, seal N E of Cieii 17 N Usliii^', a vernnieiit ol lilt. 61 15 N Uioxe'er, with a mark nil a risiii! Dove, 13 n 1J6 N N W La. 53 10 ^ Uiicci, a I New York ; Muhoek'ri' Scliuvler, 1 ;()N'Wof Hi W by N very tlirivi :.hii\it 12 yc tuntain iiiu Lhrccht, f nfilie Netl "I'J tiroad ; //ilder-Zee Gvieldcrlaii and on the very health iiuiiulutioni ce.s ; and til try pleasaii Utrecht, i led Proviii llie same n sity. It is Ibrm, Hu4 S E bv W of Burceldiii ['.]':\2 N. Ihcnininton of Swill, miptli in runk U i- N liy till- raiilim nl ,i.kf lit' till- Four Ciiii- ■ tlic country of tli'- Canlon of Gluniii, mi iwii's iif Italy, iiiiil ra\ itoMH of Unilerw.ililrii lO inik'v long, »ii>l U ■lilZ. Sfi- IVtMsUttter iff. n ol' Germuiiy, in (In iiliu. t' Gcrmuny, in the cir- ine, IH miles N E u[ 28 li, liil. 50 y N 1 of SwiHbcrlund. Lon. I N. )\vn of Swisiserland, ill Basle, »catcd on tlm rli i» 11 atone briil|;i-, I'orentni. , a vant country nf y, bounded on tlic N f the Kalmucks, on the I the S by Hindoimtiui, , FerBia and the Ca»pi : Tartars are dlvidtd les, ijovenu'd by tlitir IS, or princes. VViuii ireign, they were tU )f all the Tartarian m- rincipal Khans prii'e beint? descended fiom losc birthplace was tk Samarcand, the prenciH mntry. The Usbecj, in ire said to have betttr d more engaging I'ei. Kalniucs. Their reli- ictanism ; and they dif- , very little from tLd northern provinces ui e Scopia. sland of Prussinn Pome- outh of the river Oder, iea, between which and Wollin, is a passage nn. It had formerly a] osvn of the same name, lost reduced to ashes in 4 11 K, lat. 54 6N. iwn of France, in the de orreze and late pnivinccj ;atcd on a craggy rock, which Hows the Vczeie, of Limoges, and 217 H ). 137E,lat5 27N. U T R UJuiiit, an island of France, on tire loiiMi of the dtpdrtiheut of Finisterie, nndlwlc pio\inie of Unll^ny. opposite K, CuiKput. It is liglit miles in iir- rwiiilLrfiice, and tonluiiis several hum- 111 , and a custle. Lon. .) 1 '■ . hit 4H JK -N C'vMi'f'i, ii town of Cirnnuiij, ill the circle "of Up|KM' Rhine and princi|)alily nf Nassau VVeiburg, JJ nohs N li ot Mint/,. Lon. « 25 li, l.il. .v; KJ N. £/„>, a town A\ Monni,hire, with a iiiurkel on Mond.iy i sculed on the river Usk, 12 miles S '\V wl Monmouth, mill UO W hv Nf of London. Loii. ',' 36 \V, lat. 5l'41 N. L'.,i, avixerof South Wides, whnli rises on tiie W side ^if llreckiiook- sliire, divides Moninoullishii'o into un- i oiiual portions, and fulls into the Uris- lul Channel. C-if/, atown of France, in the de- paitnieiit of (Jorreze, and late province (,t' Liinosin, 32 mihiNIi of Tulles. LoM. 2 15 K, lat. 45 S> N. Uitunio, a town of Italy, in the Cre- iimiicse, scaled on the O^flio, 12 miles N h'. of Cremona. Lo 10 8 Ii, lat. 45 17 N. Usiiiig, a town of Russia, in the gn- vtrnment of Vologda. Lon. 10 30 Ii, W A A ferrncc, without its four silburbjij which are rmisulerahle. Tlie HleepU* of the calliiidi-al is \f\y liigli, and iho handsomest in the United Provinees. i'here is a great mimber of cliun lie* and hoH|)iuls. 'i'he environs are full (.fg.irdens, walks, and groves, whicli adili-il to llic purity of the uir, render Uireciit one of the most agreeablu places fur lesidiiue in these Jiails, and lilt. 61 15 N. Utoxe'er, a lown in Staf1<)rdsliire, willi a market on Wednesday; seated nn a rising ground near the river Dove, 1,? miles N li of Statiord, and 1J6 N N \V of London. Lon. 1 50 \V, lat. 5.5 10 N. Uiicii, a post town in Oneida county. New Y.n-ki lying on the W bank of Mohock 'river, opiiosite to old Fort Schuvler, 17 miles N li of Sangerf.eld, ;0 n'W of German Flats Town, and ai W bv N of Skeiiectridy. This is a verv thriving town i it bus .;Town in ;.li(iut 12 vcurs from a solitary farm to eonUiin uiore than 2000 inhabitants. Utrecht, one of the United. Provinces nfthe Netherlands, 30 miles long and •fj l)i-oad ; bounded on tlie N by the //lider-Zee and Holland, on the K by 1 Gvielderland, on the S by the Rhine, and on the VV by Holland. The uir is voi'v healthy here ; nor are there any inundations to fear as in other provin- ces ; and the soil is fertile, and the coun- irv pleasant. Utrecht, a celebrated city of the Uni- ted Provinces, capital of a province of llie same name, with a famous univer- sitv. It is well fortified, of a scjuave form, ami about llu'«c miles in ciixum- accordingly u gieat many people ot distiiii tioii resort hither. Here thu union of the seven United Province* was l)e„nin in IjT'J ; and here wai con- cluded, 111 1713, the peace which U;r- ininateil the wars of »iucen Ann. Utivcht wa.-. taken by tlie r'reiich ill 17'.)5, witiioul resistance. It is seated on the Rhine, It) miles S E of Amster- dam, 27 N L of Rotterdam, uuil o5 N" W of Niuiegiien. Lou. 5 b K, lut. .W 7 N. Utznach, an elegantly built town ol Swisserland, in a balliwie belonging tu the cantons of Sehweit/. and Glaius. KkW<», a seaport of Turkey, in the A- sialic province of Natolia. Lon. 27 58 E, lat. 38 27 N. Uxhrid^e, a corporate town in Mid- dlesex, *illi a market on Thursday. Near this town are the remains of uii ancient camp. U.vbridge is 15 miles \V bv N of London. Lon. 23 VV, lat. 5L 31 N. UxbriJi^e, a post town in Worcester county, Massachusetts, 5 miles VV of Meiiilon, about 40 S W of Boston, and 56 N li of Hartford, Connecticut. t/3c/i:, a town of Spain, in New" Castile, capital of a dutchy of the samo name, with u raslle. It is seated on the Cogolluda, 2tJ miles N N E of Mad- rid. Lou. 3 13 VV, lat. 40 46 N. Uzcl, a town of France, in the dc- paruncnt of tiie North Coast and late province of lirelagne, 17 miles S W of U. Brieu.\, Lon. 2 .72 W, lat. 48 10 N. Uzcs, a town of France, in the de- ]i:irtiueiit of Gard, and late province of Languedoc, seated in a country abound- ing in corn, oil, silk, mid good wine, 12 miles N of Nismis, and 20 S W of Orange. Lon. 4 27 E, lat. 44 2 N w. Jjr.iACKHAUSKN, a town of Ger- •■' many. In the cifcle of Lower I Saxony. v; A I w A L rv. with a bishop's see, situate on tlie Danube, 72 miles E S E of Presburg. Lon. 18 38 E.lat. 47 29 N. . Wateficld, a town in the W ridiiiKof Yorkshire, with a market on tnday. Here are two churches, and an ancient stone bridge over the Calder, on wlucK Edward IV. erected a chapel, ni remeni brance of those who lost their lives in the battle near tliis place, in 1460. li has a trade in white cloths and tammies, and is 28 miles S W of York and 184 N N W of London. Lon. 28 W, lat. 5- 41 N. _ . rra/ac/.ia, the ancient Dacia, a pvj. vince of Turkey in Europe; 225 ir.lc,! long and 125 broad; bounded on f.ie N by Moldavia and Transylvania, on the E and S by the river Danube, and on the \V bv Transylvania. It abounds in googon,^io^^■^^ of Dutch Guel- derland, seated on the Leek 10 nules N W of Niineguen. Lon. 5 Ji i^, lai-- J- Wa-ieria, or Wagerland, a fertile terri- tory, ^n thedutchy of UoUtein, 20 miles .n length and 15 in breadth ; bounded on the N E by the Baltic Sea; on the S by the river Trave ; and on the W by Proper Holstein, and Stomaria. It is very fertile in corn ; and Lubec is the principal town. Waii-ats, straits between Nova Zem- bla and Russia, through which the Dutch attempted to find a N E pjissage to China, and sailed as far us 75 E lon. in lat 72 25 N. . Waihlh'.sou a town of Germany in the circle of Suubia. IVab'ficet, a town m Lincolnshire, wl.li a market on Saturday. It is seat- ed near the sea, in a fenny part of the country, and on the river Witbam, 14 ill the circl long and 21 ami S by H and N by > ous countn has mines > .md alum. Waldcck, nfaprinci] a strong ca 25 miles V lat. 51 10 1 ll'uUen, rate town Saturday, mong plea is here cul mayor, has .and is 27 l and 42 N ' lul. 52 4 > Waldenb \\\ the circ on the Ml 49 N. mddenl many, in I'.i.mous f wure. Waldcnl of Swis.s Basle. IValdhh Anstilan fon.ied b iVom Fril '.» N. Waldsb, entry in I on Musk( Warren, '24 E of ' and lon ( V/uldsc nv, in tin t.'.ie fou,- house of liie placi Rhine, a Fui'cst, t and 17 V K, lat. 4; Wdldsl cantons i U;iderw: Towns ; great nu must nol stsdle, wliirh i Sfcking W A L ,n, and 130 N by E 20 E, lilt. 53 10 N. s, a tovvnof Hunga see, situate on tlie E S E of Presburg. i7 29 N. 11 in the W ridiiip; of market on Friday. •ches, and an ancient the Calder, on wliicK d a chapel, in remeni 10 lost their lives in s place, in 1460. li c cloths and tammies. \V of York, and 184 I. Lon. 28 W, lat. 5> ncient Dacla, a pij- n Europe ; 225 ir'.lc:! id; bounded on »'ie N I'ransylvania, on the E r Danube, and on the ia. It abounds in good , has mines of several :es wine, oil, and k11 can fruits. It was ced- bv the treaty cf Bel- rii'e inhabitants consist axons, and original na. iry indolent; a few on. lie to till the ground I is so fertile, that it is jcing any thing; and lastures with wine, oil, of European fruits, ire chiefly of the Greek ists, or Tervis, is the 1 island of the United irincipal one of Zealand, from the islands of N , be a narrow channel ; 1 Flanders by the mouth being bounded on *hc he German Ocean, It is and eight broad, and biect to inundations, but ; and pasture lands. The sland, and of the vl.olc iddleburg. iwn of the A.istrian Ne- lie county of Namiu-, on Hainault, between the mbre. In 1615, it was en- d bv fire. The French ike 'it in 1689, but were :ompclled to retire, with is seated on the Heur.i, Ciiarlcrov, uwd 27 S W of i ,30 E, hit. 50 10 N. irincipality of Germany; in the circle of Upper Rhine, UU mdes long and 20 broad ; bounded on tlie t. and S by Hesse -Cassel, and on the W and N by Westphalia. It is a mountain- ous country, covered with wood'4 • and has mines of iron, copper, quicksdver, .md alum. . , Waldcck, a town ot Germany, capital nf a principality of the san.-...ame, with a strong castle, seated on the SteinbacI), J5 miles W S W of Cassel. Lon. 9 -IE, kt.SllON. WMen, or Saffron Walden, a corpo- rate town in Essex, with a market on Saturday. It is seated on an ascent a- mona- pleasant fields of saHron, which is here cultivated. It is governed by a mayor, has a fine large Gothic church, .■uid is 27 miles N N W of Chelmsford, and 42 N by E ot London. Lon. 20 E, lal. 52 4 N. Watdenb'.irs, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, situate „n the Muldau. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 50 49 N. . _ Waldenhurg, Old, a town of Ger- inanv, in the circle of Upp.v Saxony, i;>.mous for its brown and earthen wure. WuUlcnburg, or Wallcnhurg, a town r,f Swisserland, in Iho canton ot Basle. n'aldhirk, a town of Germany, in \usti;an ilrisgaw, and in an island foruied by the river Eltz, five miles iVom Friburg. Lon. 8 3 E, lat. 48 '1 N WaiMoro\ a post town and port of cntiv in Lincoln county, Mauic ; lying on Muskonsrus rivor, 12 miles S W of Wan-en, 12 N E of New Castk, and '24 E of Wiscassel, in lat. 43 58 N, and lon 68° 54' \V. V/uldschut, a strong town of Germa- ny, in tac circle of Siiabia, and one ot the fouv Forest Towns, subject to the house of Austvia. It is seated opposite the placj where the Aar falls into the Rhine, at tlie entrance of the Black Forest, eight miles N E of Laflenb-M^g and 17 W of ScUaffhuusen. Lon. >. 12 K, lat. 47 38 N. , c. • WMstx.kc, a name given to the b wiss cantons of Lucern, Uri, Scliweitz, and UnderwaUkn. U signifies torest Towns ; these cantons containing a great number of forests. Tiiis district must not be confounded with tlie WaUl- btsdte, or Forest lowns ot Suabia, wliirh are Laufienbur^s Waldschut, Scckingen, and Khein.-lJen. W A L WahUuetter See, or Lah of the Vo-tr Can'ons, one of the finest lakes in Swis- sei-land. It consists of three principal brandies, culled tlie lakes of Lucern, Schwcitz, and Uri. The upper branch, or lake of Lucern, is in the form of a cross ; the sides of which stretch from K.ussnalclit to DuUcnwal, a village near Stantz. It is bounded toward the town bv cultivated hills sloping gradually to the water, contrasted on the opposite side by an -enormous mass of barren and craggy rocks. Mount Pilate, one ol the highest mountains in Swisserland, ris- iuL' boldly from the lake. Toward the E of this branch, the lake contracts into a narrow creek, scarcely a mde across. Soon after it again widens, .and forms the second branch, or lake of Schweitz; on the W side the canton of Under wal- den, on the E that of Schweitz. Hei-c the mountains are more lofty, and m- finitely varied; some covered to tlic verv summits with verdure, others per- peii'dicuLir and craggy ; here forming amphitheatres of wood ; thev. jutting' into the water in bold promontories. Towards the end of Uiif- branch the lake forms a considerable bay in the midst of which, lies the village of Bru- mcn, near which commences t,ie lUirci branch, or lake of Uri ; the scenery o which is most amazingly grand and sublime. It is a deep and narrow lake about nine miles iu length, bordered on both sides %vith rocks uncommonly wild and romantic, and, for the mast part, ,..M-pendicular ; with forests of beech and pine growing down their sides to the very edge of the water ; indeed the rocks are so entirely steep and ovit- hanging, that there .nre hard y more than four or five landing spots, here the lake is as smooth as crystal ; and tlic silent, solemn gloom which veiKiis m tlhs place, is not less awful and al.ect- inn- than the tremendous roaring olUie catara'-l in the other. Somewhat farther nn ,. the higliest point ot the SeeUs- oerg, there is a small chapel that seems inaccessible. On the opposite side but farther on, appears the chapel of ^^ uU- am Tell, erected in honour of that luro, and upon the very spot where (it la said) he leaped frail, the boat, m which i,e was carrvingpriMinertoKussnatiiit. It is built upon a rock that juts out into the lake under a hanping wood : a situ- I ation amid scenes so slrikio-ly awtul, as cannot fail of strongly atlectuig even the most dull and torpid imajjmitu'iw^ m ■Pi W A L Wales, ft principality in t'lc W of Ent,'lan(l, 1 JO miles lonff and 80 broad ; . bounded on the N l>v tlie Ii'isli Sen, on] the W bv thiit sea aiid St. CeorRc's Channel,' on the S by the liristol Chan- net, and on '.he K b;. the eoiinties of Chester, Sah.p, Hereford, and Mon- mouth. It is divided into V2 counties ; nanielv, Anglesey, Carnarvonshire, Denbighshire, ' Fiinlshire, Merioneth shire," and Montgoinery.shije, in N AValcs; Brecknocksliire, Cardigan- sliire, Carniarllien^hire, Glamorgan- shire, Penibrokesliire, and Radnor- shire, in S Wales. It is the country to which '' x: ancient Britons f!ed, wlien Grea' I'.i-itain was invaded by the Sax- ons. 1 hev arc now called Welsh, and continue to preserve thiirown language. It contains 751 parishes, and 58 mar- ket-towns. The air is clear and sharp, the catde small, and provisions, in ge- neral, good and cheap. Wales is a Tnonntair.ous country, and i.^ parlioilar- iy remarkable for goats, vhich delight in billy countries. It is watered by many rivers, tlie principal of which are noted in the dilferent counties. Wales, Ne^i' North, a country of North America, in New Britain., lying W of Hudson's Bay, and subject to Great Britain. , ■• , Wales, Ne^v South, a country of North America, in New Britain, lying S W of Hudson's Bay, and fibject to Great Britain. See Britain, Nck ,• Hudson"s Bay, and Labrador. Wales, Ni-iM South, the E coast of New Holland, extendin,? from 43 49 to 10 3" S lat. being the N and S extremi- ties of that vast island. This coast WIS first cxjilored by captain Cook, in J770i and a design was formed, in con- ^er|uence of his recommendation, to p-i-tllc a colony of convicts at Botan\ Bav. Captain Philip being appointed governor of the intended settlement, as well as commodore on the vo> age, sail- ed fron' Portsmouth, in May 1787. with a detochment of marines, and 77Si con victs, of which 220 v/eie women. He arrived at Botany Bsy in January 1788i but finding this bay very ineligible for ft colonv, he fixed up(-n Port Jackson, about tiire leagues ami a h'df N of Gape Bar.ks; and here a settlement was be- gun, (o which be gave the naljfic of Sydnev Cove. For the subsequent pro- recdings of the colony, we must refer to governor Philip's Voyage to Botiin\ J5av, SinU to the ptiblicatious of captain W A L Tench and captain Hunter on the same subject. A vast chain of loity mouii. tains run nearly in a north and south di. rection farther than the eye can trace, about 60 miles inland. The general face t)f the country is pleasing, di%er- silicd with gentle risings and small winding vallevs, covered for the most part with large spreading trees atiord- ing a succession of leaves in all sea- sons. A variety of flowering shruhs, almost all entirely new to an European, and of exquisite' fragrance, abound in those places which are free from trees j and among these, a tall siirub, beiu'iiii,' an elegant flower, which rmells like English mav, is i)eculiarly delightful, and perfuni'es the air to a great distance. There are but few trees ; and, as cap. tain Tench and others relate, of so bad a grain, that they can scarcely l>e used for anv purpose :' This, however Mr. Stock'dale ascribes to their being used m an unseasoned state, as has been al- readv mentioned In return for ther.e bad qualities, however, the trees yield vast quantities of the gum already men. tioned as a cure for the dysentery. The climate of this continent ajjpears not to be disagreeable, notwithstanding the violent "complaints which some have made about it. The . heat has never been excessive in summer, nor is the cold intolerable in wint- r. Storms of thunder and lightning are frequtnt; but these are common to all warm countries ; and it has been supposed (though upon what foundation does not well appear) that were the country cleared of wood, and inhabited, these would in a great measure cease. A shock of an earthquake has likewise been felt ; but these natural lalamities are incident to some of the finest coun- tries in the world. It is not known whether there arc any volcanoes or not. The quadrupeds are principally of the oijossum kind, of which the most re- markable is the kangaroo. Thers li also a species of dogs very different from those known in Euro|)e ; they are extremely fierce, and m never be brought to the s-me degree of famili- arity CO i'l.-jse which we are acqtiainted with : some of them have he'-n brought to England, but still retain their native ferocity. These dogs, which are the onlv d'omestic animal they have, are calied dinge ; but all other quadrupeds, without exception, they nai,.e kanga- roo. Tliere are many beautiful birds Il l Hunter on the same :liiiin of lolly moun- i nortli and south di. in the eye can tiace, iland. The general ,' is pkasin,^, di%er- ; risings and small covered for tlie most reading trees atlijril- of leaves in all scu- of flowering shnihs, new to an European, fragrance, abound in h are free from trees j a tall siirub, beiu'ini; , which rniells like peculiarly delightful, air to a great distance. ,v trees ; and, as cap- thers relate, of so bad can scarcely \>e used This, however Mr. ;s to their being used state, as has been al- io return for these vvcver, the trees yield ■ the gum already men- or the dysentery. The mtiuent ajjpears not to notwithstanding the ts which some have The . heat has never 1 summer, nor is the in wint' r. Storms of ;htning are frequent; common to all warm it has been supposed liat foundation does not !iat were the country , and inhabited, these ;at measure cease. A •thquakc has likewise hesc natural lalamities iome of the finest coun- rid. It is not known ire any volcanoes or not. s are principally of the of which the most rc- le kangaroo. Thers ii of dogs very diffi;rent ivn in Eurojie ; the\' are ■.e, and m never be s»me degree of famili- i\\\c\i we are acquainted ihem have bc-n brought t still retain their native le dogs, wiiich are the animal they have, are ut all other quadrupeds, tion, they nai.'e kanga- re many beautiful birds W A L »f ■varlcus kinds ; among which the principal arc a black swan, its wings edged with white, its bill tinged with red ! and the ostricli or cassowary ; which freciuently reaches the height of seven feet or more. Several kinds of serpents, large spiders, and scolopen- dras, have also been met witli j and tiiree or four specis of ants, particular- ly green ants, which built their ncst.s upo'i trees in a very singular m-.-uer. There are likewise many curious fish- es ; though the finny tribe seem not to be so plentiful on the coast as to give any considerable assistance in the way of'provisions for thecidony : some very large sliark^ have been seen in I'ort Jackson, and two smaller species. The iiiliabitants of New South Wales arc pecliap", the most miserable and savage r,ueof men existing, going entirely na- ked. They were plea.sed at first with some ornaments that were given them, but soon ilirew them away as uselees. It does not appear, however, that tlsey W A L the clumsiness of their amputating in- struments, must be a painful o|)eratiou. The New Hollanders appear extremely deficient in t!ie iisefcd arts. Of the cul- tivation of the ground tlic;. have no no- tion J nor can they he prevailed upon to eat our bread or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely for subsistence on t!ie fruits arid roots they can gather, and the fish they catch. They fre- quently set fire to the gi'ass, in orilerto drive out the opossums, .lud other an- imals, from tl eir reti-oats, and they have been observed to set decoys for quails. As wil these resources must be, at best, precarious, it is no wonder that they are frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in the s\immer, t'oey would eat neither the shark nor the stingray; but, in winter, any thing was acceptable. A young wiiale being driven on slun'e, was (piickly cut in pieces, and carried off : they broiled it only long enough to scorch the outside ; and in this raw state thev eat all their arc insensible of the benefits of clnailv- Msli. They sometimes bake their pro ing. or of some of the eonvenlcrices .n winch their newufi^hbours areposses- .sed. Some of them, whom the cidear to be made of ihe ed by the sailors their sprit sail yard. Their hair is generally so muth clotted with a red g-uin, that they resemble a mop. They v-aint tliemsclves witii va- rious colours : they will also sometimes (iinamcnt the iiselves with beads and sliells, but muke no use of the beauti- ful feathers of their birds. Most of the men want one of the fin-e-teetli in the upper jaw, which also appears to be a badge i)f honour among them It is com- ' iTion for the women toci't ofl'two joints of the little finger; which, considcriog tiir of an animal, and others of cotton. The meshes of the nets are made of large loop? artificially inserted into cacfi other, without any knots. Their hooks are •! ''e of the inside of a sliell very mu:h resembling mntlier-olpearl. Their canoes are nothing more than large jiitices of bark tied up at botli ends with vinos ; and, considering the slight texture of these vessels, the dexteritv with which they are manag. ed, and the hiddness with which they •.cnturc out to sea in them, arc won- W J^*"** W A L dcrful. There is no good reason for supposing them to be canmbaU, but t ey cat^ an.maV substances raw, or Sw so. Some of the.r vegetables ^re Doisonous when raw. but not so tvhenSd. They could never be shelter 6n tiie caverns with which the rocks ubound. So fur from being so "urcVto"thc cold, l^y.ff ;"^"-n^ y naketl. as to be insensible to the injii riSlhe weather, the colonists hud vcDealed opportunities ol seeing them ^hiverrng with cold in the wmver, or huddling together in heaps lU their }^Sohx^ cavenis, tiU a hre could be Sled to warm them. U -s probable hosvcver, notwith.-tanding Uicir ex- treme barbarism, that some knowledge , olHhearts may \^ introduced amog them, as some have been seen attc - Sy consideringthe utensds and con- v,.niencics of the Europeans, with a "sTemlngly.ofmaU^mgs.n^ar.^^^ nrnvements. In some tilings also uiey Tosscrs rgreat power of imitation ; Fhev can imitate the songs and an- J^f.^ee of tJie Europeans almost mstun- tCc^ou ly!mucl. better than the latter etnTmtate theirs by long practice ! A .u italcnt is discemable m their :i«rese"^ry where to be met with on the rocks ; these represent men ^dotber animds, and, though rude ^e ven. surprising for people who havenoUhe knowledge of const nicUng u comfortable habitation, or ot making clotCs In person, tl.ey are active. V S ro«s, and stout, though gcneralb l^^S^ The women have sometimes hc^,; kept back with tl.e most joalous .rnsibility; sometimes oflered with ^he g^a est familiarity. Such ot d.cm as ime been seen have soft a.id ,> ta. i-T::oder-»7 ance ot •'"y '•;"*''^;' ,^„J,, afraid of a Sfu^nialmo:t equally so of area Toatwiich they know to be the mar- traldros. of the Europeans Ihc nus- rhef which they have hitherto done fal been exorcised .mly on some lew stTaKRling convicts, most ot whom probaW Ui^ve been the aggressors. W A L Thev certainly burn their dead ; wliic'i .' . '■ ..loo tn flip Stni'V II perhaps, has given rise to the stor) ot their being cannibals. 1 hey seem very little iriveii to thievmg. in compayison with the inhabitants of most ot the islands in the Southern Oceun • and they are very honest among them, selves, leaving their spears and otl.er implements on the beach, in pcrfc-rt security of their remammg untouclied. They are very expert at throwing tlieir iavel.ns.and will hit a mark, with great cc-rtaintv, at a considerable distance, 'lliey arc more numerous tl.aii was at hrst imagined ; thougii sull llic.r numbers must be accounted lew, in comparison to the extent ot the coun- try; and there is reason to believe that the interior parts are umi.habiteo. With reeard to the civil jurisdiction ot the governor of New S VV ales, it ex- tends from 43 49 to 10 37 S lut. From Ihw sea-coast it extends westward as tur as 135" K Ion. and tlience proceed- 1 ing in an E direction, includes all the ' ishinds in the Pacific Ocean within the above-mentioned latitudes, by winch partition it is supposed that every Uirce of litigation will be cut oil, us all these are indisputably the dlsco^^. ry of the British navigators. Ihc powers of the governor are absolutelj unlimited, no mention being made ol » couiicd to assist him in any thmg ; and as no stated time is appointed tor as- sembling the courts similar to the as- sises and gaol deliveries in England, the duration of imprisonment is alto- Kcther in his bands. He is likewise hivested with a power ot summoning general courts martial ; but the inser- tion in the marine mutiny act, o a smaller .miv.bor of officers than 13 be- ing able to compose such a tnbun.>l l.asbecn neglected , so that am.htar) coui-t, should detachments be made tVom head-qiiarters. '"•/'^V'.ra' vail, may not always be tound pract ca- l.le to be obtained, unless the numbe. of officers in the setilenient at present be increased. The governor is allowed to grant pardons in all cases, t.eason ;u,d wiltiil murder excepted , and eNcn .n these he bus .luthority ^o stay the exectn-n of the law untd the kmg5 pleasure shall he sigmlled. In case o ■„e governor's death, the bei.ten n b^overnor takes h,s !>!''<;«; »"^°" '' decease, the anOionty .s h.dged m the hands of the senior oUicer. mUluif, a town of Folund, m tic tlutchy of ( ht. 56 35 N Walkenreid the circle of ffia, seated SWofHalb 51 5,"> N. Wallenstad in the cantoi teil into the enjoys sever httle town i being the ps Iran.'.poijted the Grison.s cation occa hither of It langiugc is habitants. E end of a 1 miles W of Ciiire. Lo Wiilkiista almut si.\tet in breadth : pxci:eding the E and ' hrcene gen quarters, 1 day, and cr tlicu cliang this biee/.e traiispoi'tat Soin^tinie.-t wind I'lisiic •■uul re.idei We were " .savs Mr. \Vallensfa( breeze abv constant : 0111' own I this moniii was direct bhnvi:ig fr 'tis true, rainy, w'li occasi'inul I cnmmon'.y I atliirds a \. and ri)mai Claris, tli I upon the 1 I cnrlclied i 1 and studd I .and small I rising bell I snow. O 1 pari, the I tcsq'ie, ci I pciidicula A L W A L W A L n their dead; wliic'r, 1 rise to the story ot als. Tliey seem very leving, in comparison aiits of most of the jutliern Oceun ; and lonest among tlicm- eir spears and otlier le bench, in iH-rftct remaining untouclicd. pert ut throwing tlicir hit a mark, with great ;onsiderab\e distance. numerous tl.an was 1 ; tliough siill llicir be accounted few, in lie extent of the coun- is reason to believe parts are uninhabiled. llie civil jurisdiction of New S Wales, it ex- ) to 10 37 S lat. From extends westward as 1. and thence proceed. :tioii, includes all the icihc Ocean within the 1 latitudes, by which supposed that every ion wdl be cut oil, as iispiitably the discovo- ish navigators. The 'overnor are absolutely lention being made of i t him in any thing ; and ne is appointed for as- 3urts similar to the as- deliveries in England, ' imprisonment is alt"- lands. He is likewise i power of summoning martial ; but the insci- larine mutiny act, of a ;v of officers than 13 be- ui)ose such a tribunid, ctcd i so that a military detachments be made irters, or sickness pre- dways be found practica. lined, unless the number .he setdenieni at present The governor is allowed ms in all cases, treason irder excepted ; and even .s authority to stay the the law until tlic kings ibe sigiufied. In case ot •'s death, the lieutenant js his place ; and on his aii'.honis is lodged m the senior o'iiicer. , . . , towit of Poland, m tie tlutcliy of Courland, lat. 56 35 N. Walkenreid, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- ffia, seated on the Sorge, 20 miles S W of Halberstadt. Lon. 21 5 E, lat. WulU-nstadt, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Appenzal ; incorpora- ted into tiie bailliage of Sargans, b.u enjoys several distinct privileges. This ht'tle town derives its existence from being the passage of the merchandise lran»poi;ted from Germany through the Orisons to Italy. Tiiis commur.i- caliiin occasions the fretjuent res )rt hither of Italian merchants; and thai langaagc is spoken by many of tlie in- habilaiits. Tliis town is sealed at the E end of a lake of the same lu.nie.nine miles W of Sargans, and 15 N VV of Lon. 9 14. E, l^t. \7 1 N. Walleimtadt, a lake of Swisserland, almut sixteen miles in length, and two In breadth : it is entirely bounded by pxceediiig higli mountains, except to the E and VV. From tliis situation, a hreene generally blows tVointliose two quarters, begiiinint^ at llie Ineak oi (hiy, and continuing f ;r some hours ; tticii clianges tioin W to E till sun-set: this biee/.e is very coineni'.it for tl.i; trar,s|i()rtation of the merchandise. Sometimes however a viole it north- wind nisiics down from t'i'j mountains, •■iiul rt iders tlie iiavigal-.on dangerous. We were assured by tijt- wutcimen " savs Mr. Conc," v,'",io lowed us from Wallensfadl to this pbice, that the breeze abv)ve mentioned was ge;i?r!dly constant : but we cannot attest it fioin our own experience; as wo set out this mornin,;r aliont ei of wliirli were demolished in the civil wars, andi-ne of •which only is now in use. il is seated -ir Ihe Thames, over wiiich IS a stone bridre. 1-i miles N W of Kead'ng, and *■ VV of I idon. Lon 1 1 \V lat 51 36 N. Walitiigj U7.ty, where there is ' a post office, 13 mih-s N of Xcw Ha- vn, _'7 S bv V of Hartford, and 21 N E of Darby. Wa'.lkill, a liver of North America Se- U'i)-j;nij Lands. U\i!'Mmt, a name formerly given to the inhai/itanU of a considerable part (if tlie -.'etlerlands, and a part of Flan- ders and Urabanu Wdlne;, an island of England, on the cotist of Lancashire. ("".; 'JO, ^ ti .vn of Sf.lavonia, capital of a eouiili ol i'..o same name, with a and romantic scenes. On the side of i castle. It i'' seated on the river VVal- Glaris, the mountains whicli boder po. 20 mii.-s W of Esscck, and _no_ S upon the lake, are chioPy ■ .iiivated ; enriched witli wood, or fine meadows; 1 and studded with cottag 's, cinirclu's, ,inil small villiiges ; the Alps of Claris I rising behind ;' their tons co-.oi -■.A with snow. On the otlur side, fir the most I part, the rocks are exceedingly gro- I tcsq\ie, cr.iggy, inaccessible, and jicr- Ipeiidicular • but here iind there a lew of HuwitU a murket on Ttmrsday anil Friday. It has s.v.mmI maiuif.i, - Hires ill iron, sucli as nails, bnillibits, 8lirnii)s, spurs, buckles, &c. and is p)- vcrncd bv a niavor. U is SL-alcd on tlic side of a'hill. 1.^ 'ndfs S of Slailord, and 116 N W of" London. Lon. 1 50 \V, lat. 52 46 N. Walsliam Kurth, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tncsday, 10 iniUs D- of Norwich, and 12J N N E of Lon- don. Lon. 1 31 K, lat. 52 40 N. milsiitj^lumuii town in Norfolk, with a market on Friday. It is fanions tor the ruins of a monastery, which had a shrine of the Virf,'in, nnicli frequented by pilgrims. Anion}? these ruins are two uncovered wells, one of which is called the Virgin Mary's, or the Holy Well ; and upon a stone at the edge ot it is a cross, where the people used t() kneel, and to throw in a piece of goUl when thev wislieil for any thing they wanted. Wal-.iiigliain is Jj miles N W of Norwich, and 1 16 N N K of London. Lon. 53 E, lat. 52 56 N. IValthavu w Bhlwjjs Wiillluan, a town in Ui.nipshire, witli a. market on Friday. Waltliam is eiglil miles S ot Winchester, and 65 VV h\ IJ of London Lon. 1 2U Vv, lat. .'■0 57 N. Walt/mm Ahi'c;, or Waltliam H"ly Cross, a town in Essex, with a market on Tuesday, ll rei:eived its second appellation from a holy cross, pretend- ed to have been miraculously conveyed here. It is sealed on the river Lea, which here forms several islands,^ 12 miles N by E of London. Lon. 3 E, lat. 51 42 N. Waltham Cross, or West Wahhavi, ft village in llerlfordsiiirc, which takes its first ai)peUati(>n from a cross erected here hx Edward L It is seat- ed near the river Lea, 12 miles N by E of London. Waltliam on the Would, a town in Lei- cestershire, with a market on Thurs- dav, almost di.-,used. It is I'J miles NE of Leicester, and 113 N by W of London. Lon, C 46 VV, lat. 52 51 N. Wiiltinbnich, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, on the ri\er Aich. Walton, a considerable vdlage m Surry, seated on the Thames, over which at this [>lace is a handsome bridge, and here likewise are tlic re- mains of an undent camp. It is »i.\ miles W by S of iiiii^stoii. WAN * W.v^rslehen, a town of Germany, in (lie^rde of Upper Saxony. Wamtmasli, a town of Asia in Hin- dooslan, in the Carnatic, 27 miles .S S E of Arcot, and 3B N N W of Poiidi- cherry. WanJswortli, a large village in Surry, .sealed on tlie Wandle, near its conllu- encc with the Thames, live miles \V S W of London. At the close of tie last ccnlurv, many French refugees settled here', and established a Fiencli church, which is now a meeting fortlie methodists. The dying of clotli has been jiractiscd here for more than a century : there are also manufactures for boiling cloth, the printing of culi- coes and kerseymeres, and the whiten- ing audJpresiingof slulls ; with oil, iimi, anil whitelead mills, vinegar works, and distilleries. Here is a qiiakei's meeting-house, and two schools f^r children of that persuasion. The tow- er of the church is ancient but the church itself is a modern structure. In Garret Lane, in this parish, is a mock election after every general elcc lion of parliament, of a mayor of Gar- ret i in which Mr Fool's dramatic piece of that name gave no small ccle- britv. Wiwsen, an ii.iperial town of Ger- many in Suabia. The inhabitants are papists, and carry on a great traite in paper and liard ware. It is seated on the Overarg, \7 miles N E of Lindavi, ami 30 E of Constance. Lon. 9 56 E, lat. 4-38N. „ . , , • rr,«i'c«, a town of Sw;sserlanil, in Upper Aigau, seated (m the river Aar. Lon -3o'e, lat. 47 16 N. W.wgen, a town of France, in the oe- partmentof Lower Kliine, and l;.te pro- vince of Alsare, seated on the side ot a mountain, unci surrounded by a wall. It is eig!;t miles N W of Strasburg. Lon. 7 42E,lat. 48 3BN. Wan^'ried, a town of the circle ot Upper Rhine, in Germany. Lon, 9 58 E, lat. 51 5 N. WanloMead, a viUage.of Scollanil, near the lead mines of Dumfriesshire, and on that account it has a considera- ble number of Smelting houses. Wanste:it4cniiu, ; 'lopai'tinent of ;ir!jviiicc of / i'lok this place W.iiizli'/)cii, tlic circle of irincipalitvof -, \V of Magili U'iiralin, 'Jpper Hmigai lie same nam ..nd a bishop's •!ie Turks in vclook it ill 1( ■ivi:r Sehes K I'eterwaradi'i, /.on. 21 50 E, Wr more tlian a io manufacture* lirintii.g of e:.li- anil the wliiteii- Is ; witlioil, iiDii, vinegar works, e is a quakei's two scliools f r asion. 'I'hc tow- ancient but tlie oilern structure, his parisli, is a cry general elcc- a mayor of Gar- Fool's dramatic ,vc no small cele- al town of Ger- e iiihalj.lants are a great ti'aite in It is seated on tlie E of Lindavi, ami Lon. 9 56 E, lat, f Sw;sserland, in I on tiie river Aar. 16 N. France, in the de- hine, and l;.te pro- ;ed on tlie bide of oiinded by u wall. I W of Strasburg. 5BN. n of tlie circle oi :rniany. Lon. 9 58 illage.of Scotland, of Dumfriesshire, it has a considera- Ling liouseS. ;e in Essex, famous L magniiicent seats fVanstead House, in Berksiiire, with dav. It is famous ilaceof king Alfred, irancU of tli« 0& WAR W A R <'; miles S by W of Oxford, and GO W | of Gi.sliHn,_2r m 'A' I.ondiii. Lon. 1 16 E, lat.jWo.) N' U'iV'.ticiutu, a town of Franco, in the epartment of Lower Rhine, and Lite nruvince of Alsace. The .\usi.rians k tliisphice in 179.1. W.imli-hcn, a town of Germ.my, iu the circle of Lower Saxony, in the lirineipality of Magdeburg, It) miles VV 1 \V of Magdeburg. Il'ariilin, Great, a strong town of ihs ',V by N of New- X by \V ot the city of Ijiiig, and To New York. U\tic, a town of I£erilMiri'i>>liir'', wilU a market on I'tiesday. Ii is Sv atel nil the rivfr Lea, by wiiieli a great ti'adc is carried on i.> London in corn j .HJtIt) (juarliirs being frccjUenlly sent in a week. Here .ire sliuces and wears iu the river, to ))rfservc it tVom llonls. It is 21 miles N of London. Loii. ,> Upper Hungary, capital of a couity of. E, lat. ,51 50 N. le same name, with a strong citailel, I Wurtn-ili^c, or IVanlhri';^!-, a town ..:ul a bishop's see. It was taken h_\ ^ in Cornwall, wilh a market on Satnr- ■he Turks in 166U, but the .\iistrian"s | d.y. It has a hi idgo over the riv.p retook it ill 16y2. It is seated c,n tl.e ] Camel, whieii is tiiu handsome.st in tiie ■iver Sebcs Keres, 117 miles N E of coirity, aiiJ supported by 20 arch.\s. I'eterwaradin, and 150 E S E of Buda.j It is 1.1 miles S W of Camelford, anil /.on. 21 50 E, lat. 47 5 N. | '^H NV by S of London. Lon i 9 W ll\i>ui!t/i, Little, a streng town oi": hit. 50 .56 N Sclavouia, capital of a county of tlie same name, seated on the Drave, 2H miles \V S W of Uanilsca, and ,>1 N !iy Eof Zagrad. Lon. ."6 13 E, lat. 46 ^;! N. IKij/MH^ii/e ''the .\r'Tikill of Ferlslita) '.Mce the (-apilid of Ci-leond.''., in th<* iJeccan of Hindoostan. The site of it is sli'.l evident from the old ramparts, which arc ania/,ing!y extensive. A Wdifluvn, a post town in I'lyinouth cuuntv, Massachusetts ; Uing at tin; head'of iJiz/ard's bay, Ij'miies N \V" of barnsl.ible, 16 .N E of New liedl'ord, and 61 S bs V. of IJoslon, in lat. 41 43 N, i.iul loll! 70 iO W. U\in:h:im, a b.n'ough and seajiort lit Dorse'sliire, vv;tli a market >)n Satiir^ liay. It is sealed between tlie Fnune and Fin in it. It is siutp.i o ti.i- Uiillic, M I ' • ui nitll of till' >Variic, 26 inili s N E of Wisinar. Lon. IJ 26 E, ki. 31 l N. ''I'Mhctiiii, u (own of Austrian Flan- ilers, on tiit* river Lij), ^ !,!il milos N W of Lisli'. I-on. J 4 1'-, lat. 50 4.V N. JViirrt'i:, a post town in Lincoln coun- ty, ^tainc, scvi.-n miles \V by S of Tiioniuhton on Pcnohsrot l)a\, 12 N E f'f \V, Mboro' and 24 ii of New Castle, with W>'l inlraliitants. JViirrer, a post town in Bristol roun- t\, Rliode Island: situated nil Wurrcu river, four miles N of Uristol, and IJ S bv i: of Providence, in lat. 41 42 N. aiid" l.m. n 18 W. IViirriiit^loii, a town in I.anc a.sbire, with a market on W eibiesday . It lias larj^c and considerabli; niannfiutures of salli.loth, cotton, pins, j^luss, and oliit-r articles. It is r.cated on the Merspv, over which is a brid)ic, 1'5 niilcs ii of Liverpool, and 183 N N W «f London. Lon ' 2 4.5 W, lat ,5.^ 2.5 N. Warrlvc, a town of Asia in Hindoos- tan, Ml the Carnalic, ?y'2 miles N N E of Taiijore, and 55 S S VV of Pondi- eherry. \V,t)i'a\-:, a lari^'e city of P'llaiid, the e.apit.al of that country, and of the pro- vince of Masovia Its i- t;iation is not unjileas.ml ; it is built partly in a plain, and piU'tlv upon :i fjcntle a.sccnt rising- from the banl.s of tli ■ Vistula, wliicli i.i abo'.it as bi-oad as tlu-'i liumcs at West- minster- UridLjf, but \t;ry shallow in summer. 'I'li ■ city and '.*:\ siiburiis occupy a vast ";tent of irn.imd^ anu u:'o supjKiscd to contsun I -Iweeii »i\tv and seventy thousand inba!)ilants, anicin:.^ whom are a prodij^ious number of I'on-li^iiers. The whole lowi has a mclancholv appearance, ex'vbilinir that strong contrast of wealth and pov- ertv, luxury and distress, ,,'liit . per- vades every pai l of Ibis imh.'ppy conn- trv. 'i he str '«ts are spacicm-:, but ill- paved ; Tho elm, dies and public build inps are I.-irj^e and mai^nilicent : the julkces of tlie nobility wu numerous «nd splendid; but the gTcatrst (/art nf the houses, partiiiilai Iv in the suburbs, aiv mean and dl-consiructed wimhI! it hovels, In the bej^innintj ot 1794, i!m- eni|)ress of Kussiu put a n-arnsnn iiilo this cily, in order to compel the Piile« to ac,|Uiesii Sfiit;, entered an.' took jiiis- session. Wars.ivv is 160 miles S V. ui I) irit/.;c, Ijv) M N E of Cracow, and 3U0 N E of Vienna. Lon. 21 E, bt. 52 14 N. Warta, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradi.i, sealed on the river Warta, 1 2 miles N E of Siradia, and,')?' .S E of Posnania. Lon. 18 E, lat. 51 19 N. JVurtenburg, a town of Germany in Si- lesia, cajii'.al of a I )rd."diip of the same name. In 1?'42 it was entirely reduced to ashes, e\ci|)ttlic castle. It is .'2 miles N E of Brtshiw. Lon. 15 42 E, lat. 5! 41 N. Wtinvici, a post town in Orangr conn- t\'. New York ; s'.fnatpd on the E side of Walkill river, 10 miles Sof Go.sbfn, 11 N .)f H.I in bur,:;'. New Jersey, and T'J N W of the ctyof New Vork.' Waix\:'nl:. a town in Kbodi Island, the ca])ita' of Ki :.;• county, situati d about 10 miles S of ProMilencr, at the head of N.irrai!;p,n/.C't bay. /K.vji'/V/', a post (.own in Cecil county, Marvland, lyinjc between .S:issafras and Holiemia rivers, Ui mdes S of Elktm., 27 S ^V of r,<'wcastie, ( Delaware) ami 61 S VV of Pbiladelpbia. Warwick, the county town of AVi.r- '.vicksbire, witl. a market on Saturday. It was fortified with a wall, now in r liiit.; hot it has still a line castle of th' ancient eavls of War ,. Ick, inhabiteil by the |)resc.it po'ccssor or" tliat title. ' Warwick is a boroii;,d., jjevcnied by * »M\or, « liaiiiPilt. ri^'ular I: vviiicli IS cici:tly s les ; of has likew !;oo(l tree tor 1. ;.!.■! Oil a rock. ;iiid all t thioiif»'li II br,iJf.e, IJ ami ^'3 N iat .■)2 IH ■17 miles l< at its N e; s!iire, on t till- N E li In Worec ^l.p'.Ollahl lershirc, a It lies part and Cnilb the l| Hiid lon. tbe citiiieil R pjcatr^t j'Srt of ly III llir sul)url>s, sliiK'nl wimkI' IT ling (it 1794, llii- ;i n'lirnsun iniu iiin|)Ll llic I'dlri in|):itii)n sIk- li;iil soil WHS soon ex. 'I'lit' insuiTct • ihroiiglioMt !'.>• l'nis-.i!i laiil sirjrc il. \v;is rmiilKlli:!! Si'IiUiiiljclv II vcv<.'';'.ii;n(e was le r,t\ 111 tlie Kii:)- cir tr'umipiiiiiit eii- h. 'l'lu-> ilclivcrrd of Fnissin, and in loops, to the iv.im- L-rc'l ar..' took ))i)h- is ItiO mik's S l". iif a, of Crucow, and Lon. 21 E, 1-t. Great Poland, in tlic ;i, stiitfdon llic river E of Siradia, and 57 Lon. 18 E, hit. 51 wii of Germany in Si- )rd. f New N'ovk. 1 in Klinde I-.!and,tlie Ainty, sitnal' d about n ulcncc, at the liea!iire. |<)f iliem loorc than ;i n'ilc jijiart, and It lies partly in the diocese of Li' l.lii Id i iii.ny ol them nntenavteiL ri:c iml)li'; and t'.nentry, and partly in that o'' opices are kcnt in baildings e.eeled !iiv Worcester J conlaiiij four hu.:d; , d.s the purpose, near the President's and one liiierty, one city, 12 inai Uet. i House, a few of whi' h are execi:te<' in towns, : I'.il Li.S parishes j and sends six ' a style of considei able elej'^ance. 'I h«» niembeis tr> p;ii lianient. 'I he air is very i metropolis lies 42 miles S W by S of mild, plea-nut, itnil healthy. Tlic wood- ! iialtimore, l.ij N b>. E of Kie'ini' nd, lieul division, vhouxh now for the mo'.l ! 144 S \V of Phil.idclphi.i, 248 f.'om p.trl cleaied and cuUiv,, ted, iitill retains ' New York, ami 500 from Uoslon, in llie some wind of its wild character, bi'ing I same direction. iiitersiK-rsed with wide heaths anil I H',;,l■/l/m;^l/l, the iapit:d of ^^'■lshinl;•ton I . noithern purt has a gravelly soil ; but (lis chan;.;-es to clay on advancing- to- wards the middle. iMu'.di cheese of a Canonsbnrg', Ju N W of Union, S \V of Pittsburg, 37 ;md 2.51 WofPliiladcI- plila. It is sitnati d on the W side of g'ood kind is irja l..v.,iii.f ii;>iM.' Ik.s l.vcMni^f '>»«>■ 81'vt ral uiiicr Ixv.iis ..inUoMutlcsol U»s li',t.ui.>hur^, n tKWii ol (,fnn»tiy, in tlie •"iuli- 111 \V(.'!!ip'i:ili;i. /(..•4„i/ /«/£,'. :>v.wii cf c;.-vm!iny, 111 the LIU!.- 't ii;i%aii.i, will) a tustl'.- 1.W 12 I.J i., i;u.-.J4 N. n'..(r/.tf, a l'-\" 'I' '^"ir't'i-sitstiivo, •will. uni..iUtt t>ii«''iiir-ln>. mmM mi the f.iifiul Ci^iiiiml. I'l ilii" iii«>,.Ui ot u •niud Ikii'Ii •''.-, liiHili lu';iuc.il.;il In ciLil'ii'-s, waioii ;uc IVcii.-.aid lulK-C Avuli I ii'if.-t.>i.c, iiiul various di'i.-i- ai ti- des. Ji ih M' "i"^" 1^' ^^' "* H'"'!^"''- vaar, aud \r>o W In '^ "f I.>'hu>ii. U.ii. J2.i NV.laf Jl 1.' N H'.iieeoo. all i-.I!iihI in t'lU Smith Sea. tliscoM-rcil In C-I-iain Cook. U i-. :il)-)-.' six K:^K'.'i.-s in mvi'.it, is a luaurlnl hi'iit, \nlli a »nft:itc roMro-.i ■vvilli vvidaiV, iuul coniih'si-a ui lulls •..ml nluius. rUf M'il, in soni.' puit^, is li-1 •, .tiu! suni'v i hut t.irlKcr u|) tl"' cor.r.tp. , a iL-.Ul'.sh ci<-it w.;s sei-n m. tlic ris.i-.LC nT-)iiM(U, wliciL- the i^i mil- CM hi'.i!('ri:'i'ii- ho. icb, wl'icli :>iT I'mK ami viwriii'is. The iii.innovs of tin- people oi' this iBhiiul, tlii'ir (^'iccil l;a- »>itHol l.le, I'lul lli.'ii- metluhl ot'lrL-aV -xf.j; stPMircvs. i.-rei.tly vcvcnil.U; thoM: th'.a I'l''!'" '• al <)l"l"it'-. aii-.l il» iH'.:;h river Siii'o, which scparati'.s it fron I'ippcfan aiiv Wiilc'rlord llaN<.'n, wliirli parts n Irom Wcsl'.rd. It contaiiiH 71 paiish cH, and bciuU 10 niend.ers to paih;.- inent. ti'utrrfhnl, a rity and seaiiort ofliT- hind, in' a cmintv of the same nnin, I with ahishop'H.see. It is the sec.ma pla.e in llie kiiiijdoin, and liaN an rx- .•elh'nt harh..nr, wliere ships of ti:.' trre ti'it ht:r.len may ride at tlie rpiMV I'l stands on tlie river Siu'c.riylil n;iUi N of St. Oeor;,-t''8 Channel, 2'") S if kilkennv, and T.y .-s liv W of Dnhlir, hourir.;;- ish.iuls. 'IMk-i-C i •. aNo a i,n'c-;it filinilaiay lauveen ili.'ir rc•'.i.^■;ovls opi- nions and (ercnionifs. From every ci;i •nisVanef, iiulccd, it may be nmsi- ,'h-rcd as -.ndnhituhle, t'.iat the inl.ahi. tants of Water )o derive tlieiv descent IVom the. s:.nie st"ck. which has so re iii.irkahlv diiaised i'.stlf rivcr the im- in.T.se t::!'. nt of the Southern Ocean. Lun. IJH IJ W,lat.21 1 S. iru'cfiLoro, ajKist town in "S ovk conn- tv, Tdaiiie ; ^itll:iU•d on the N K sich' of tl'C nvcr Moi'sin, !.'> miles N W o( K*.niihuiih,.ll N by L of Portsnimitli jn Kew Hanii-iihlre, and -kT W oi Porll.-uul. •r(',j<<;/wy, apost t;'wn ol Connc-rti- ci:t, in New Haven rconly, at the (lis l:inre of i;» n;iles N by W from ::-vv Haven, 10 S from iMlilehem, and al-onl '23 S W frmn Harlfor.l. h'ti'Mpird, a eoiintv cf li-chnid, '16 iTiih:'- hniK and 2.> broad ; bounded on the S bv M. Genii;-e's Cliannel, or the V/ l-y Cwt, oii Ui." K and N E by the ..w„ (iitW, lai Jl IH N. ;(',;,7)..,jr,mic of the Weslrrn isles i., Scot hind, Hcparated from S Uist, 1"/ Cliis.iiTinl Uav. WuHifor.l, u town in Hertfordsbne. w'tli a jfieal corn innrkcl <'n Tiiesihiy It is seated ■)n the river CMn, sevc n n.ihs S hv VV of St. Albin's and M N \V of London. I.on. 17 W, lat. 51 ll\itafonl, a post town in ^ ork conn tv, Maine. 10 miles N of Ollshehl, :ui;l i) N \V of I'onland, with 535 iiihaln- ta:its. . n' Uerford, a post town in barato^fa r,.ui,lv,New York; Ivinp: on the W side (if MiidMin river, opposite to Laii- siu;b'ir;,'. six miles above Troy, and 11 above .-Mbar.V. Wn'.vrfoid, a post town in Erie cnnn- ty. I'cnnsvlvania.somc-tinr.es c.dled L'.- nnif, at liie di.stance of 10 miles S from I'lcsrpie-isle, and IJO W from Pills- bnrpf. . ,,. , ,, U\!tcrtn\-:n, a post town in Midule- sex comilv. M.issa.'busetts; situated on diaries river, eiii;hl miles \V by N of Uost(m. Wiitlhr^um, a town in Oxfords. iire, Willi a niaikct on Saturday. It is seat- id ini.lerlhe Chiltern H'lls.on a brook, wbich, willi the eontinncd ridg-e, di- vides the rountv from IJnchir.i;-han.- shire. It is i-1 iiViles S E of Oxiord, lul 46 VV of London. Lon. 1 W. hit 51 37 N, , , 'rV.ittcn, a town of France, in the dt- partinent of the North, and late pro- vince of FiiMieh Flanders, seated on the river .-Va, live miles from St. Omer jr(j//(i?i, a town in Norfolk, w.tb a v.KirkrI S 'I" hv W of Diihli;, J in N. he U'eslorn isles o', J IVoni S Uist, l>/ 1 in Herlfordshirp, narkcl on I'dcsd;!)- river Olil, seven St. Albm's and M Loii. 17\V, lat. 51 town in York conn- s N ofOlistieh!, aiul nd, with 53j iiihnhi- st town in Saratopra k i \\ inf7 on the \V ■cr, o].>posite to Lan- es aho\c Troy, and a town in Erie cnuii- ionic-tin-ies called L'." ice of 10 milts S from 130 W from Tills- inst town in Middle- isa.'husetts ; sitnateii ei.^diV miles W by N invil in Oxfor Isliire, Saturday. It is seat- tern H'lls, on a hrook. eont;nu(d rid^f) <^'" V from liucliir.j;-han.- iViles S li of Oxford, iidon. Lon. 1 U W. n of France, in the dc- North, and late pro- Flanders, seated on • miles ficnn St. Onier \.n in Novi'nlk, w'.th a u■s0 miles S E of U.d. igli, and ti.) W of Newhcrn. (fVirr, a river wlii'h rises in the VJ imrt fif the eoup.ty of Durliain, and di- ildes it into two parts ; llowliii,'' S K !<> stanhope to Uishop Auckland, and tlieiKC N K by Dm-liam receives nu- merous Irihutiiry rills from tlie m>Hiii- luins and tails into the German Oeca.i, at Sunderland. U'ccrmoiith, a village in Duvliam, op. posite Siitnlerland. '1 liis plac e 1.- lauious f ,r a hridj^e which has the hu•^■;est arch ia Knijland. Is built of iron, and the span of the arch is _'3l) left. U'eatl.cr.^fi-LI, a tow n of the United Stales, of Noil h .America. nV(iV/?4T/ix.<7'.'. a town ,if Swi.isc'rl.aiul, iutlic canton of iiiu-le, I'J miles S K of y.nvU-. ll'tLrt, a town of Dutcli Krabant. ■;lie French to.k possession of it in irvl. It is \2 niiles W of Huremondo. l.on. .5 38 K, lal. 51 7 M. Il'i'cvcr, a river whicli rises in the N )iarl of Siiriip:.hire, run,-, across tlie auddle i,f Cheshire, and recelvinf;' the Dane fr.im the K di-.ch.ar,^es itself into tlie estiiarv of the .Mersey. It is navi- :,',!)lc to Wiiisford, some miles above N.irtlwich in Cheshire. Wdbit.'Jt, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Uhiiie, 'JJ uiiles S K ot IKidelberi;-. I, on. '.) '-23 E, Lit, 40 10 N- ll'i'iclitci'lhich, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, and in the county of l-ieii- ncr;-, sealed on the river Kint/, with a c.isile, where the count resi.les. _ Wfiden, a town of Germany, in the lii'cle and palatinate of Bavaria, seated or, the Nab, 10 miles N W of I.euch- M.iilK I-'. l.on. IJ 10 E, lat. -1'.) 34 N ;i'i(ri;, u town of Germany, in the circle of UpP't' i^hlne, and county of Nassau. It is sealed on the Luhn, 2.? miles N F, of Na-;.saii, JJ N \V of Francfort, and :•.; E of Menlz. Lon. « J(i E, lat. JO 1'3 N. Wiilhcim, a town of Germany, in Se.abia, in thedutcly of Wirtembur;;, SI a'ed v',\ the river I.auler. H'cim.ir, a town ol Hiiper S.ixony, in Thuriu(;ia, with a maijuilicei.t castle, the residence of the ditkir cS Sa-.e- V, . im:H'. It is heated on the Ilin, 'JD nr.lrs N EofErfiirt, and 20 _V/ S \V ol' Naumburff. Lon. 11 j-3 E, lat. .)1 'i N. /,"■(■' ■i,-<()f/)i, a to-.vn. of Germany, in the |.;,l;'itiiuite ol'the Hhine, sealed on the Print /.a, four miles N E of Uoiir- lach. and nine S of Fhilipsburp. Lon. ;■;:) E. lat. -fj S N. f/',7'i/'/c/i,';.a town of Gcrmaey, in ihc palatinate of the llhine, 10 miles N of Heidelhcri,'. Lon. 8 -16 E, lat. 4:> 35 N. h'cl.iixiJen, a town of Germany, in the cKitorate of Meiiiz, where there :uc I'.ot batlis in hi',;h esteem. It in eis'hl miUs N E of Ment/, and l.*? \V of Francfort. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49 5GN. li'i-iJmiin. Sec I'c^ptrin. mUf.'niiiniL; u. iiu'tress of Western Pnis-ia, scaled at the ni.iith of tlic Vlstiila, below l):int/ic, whose baibniir it d( tends. Lon. 18 -iO E, h.t. 54 24 N. n'tMoc)))/:.''?, a fiwn ot' Fiance, in the dcDariiin lit of Lower Kliinc. Uc- Iween this place ami Lauterburp:, arc the famous lines from wliicli the French drove the .'Vns'.rians in IT'U ; and, the French were driven from t!u- sume po- sition in irW. It is seated on the Laiiter, 10 miles S W of Landau, and 2 J N E of Slrasbiui;-. Lon. 8 U K, Tat. 4S 53 N. li'iisjvmlmrg, a free imperial town ot Franconia, in the bishoju-'c of Aicli- stadt. 'I'he inhabitants arc protest :u;ts. It is seated on the Hednith. live miles N of I'appi iiheim, and 30 S \V of Nnrembnr^^ Lon. 1 1 2 E, lat 40 4 N. iriiisotihuri;, a town of Germany, m ti.e dulchv <)f Sa:;ony, '20 miles N by \V of Witlemhiiri'-, and '20 N Eof Dcs- h.w. Lon, LKil'E, hit. 52 8 N. irih^cm/>:ir^, or .lli'ni ^!'!ia, acityoi^ Traiisvlvania, cai.ilul of a county cl W EL tlir nami' name, villi a bi»li()i)'« «te. nml M uuiMVMiy. It 1« scuifd cm tlic «u|.- ..f u lull. nc»r U.c- livii- ()in|.ias ;1A iiiilcH \V lit' lli.niiUii»ti"U l.dii. ,1 b K, Imi 4!') -'() N. (C. i...i'm/'»'i', or Stulik\.riiiem!ni>},'. ■ J: luwii Ml l,()svtT Iliiiit;ar\, maUil i^l tlif K ciul ..r tl.c l'l:.ttiii Hi'ii, o<' I'lilcs s W (if llii'la. Lou. 18 .iJ K, lal' '' o ) \ "' l\'(wa fv!u a '"wn of Gcrninnv, hi tl,i- di'dt' 'if l-'i)!""'' f^"""".*' '"' Ml**'""- iTiir.rl.al)!i- toi- u vict..!'■, 17 inilr-sSWofLi'ip- fcuk I,ol>. IJ UE, lat..51'.t N. )('(■//<', IIP "■<•'•'■''. » •'• :'l"ii' "' "'■"■ iii:irk, ill t'.c iiroviiKi' of Nortli Jullaml Lon. 9 30 Fm 55 4) N. UViltin^cn, n town ,,f Gfrmiin , in tin- ciitIi' r)t Suubia. 1. m- l^J -I t-' '■'' 4U SS N. . , irrin.i.'vn;, a town of GiTinMnv, in t!ie cilTlc lit Siiabiii, f'.inniis tor ili wine, l.on -'. •.vVuti ronsiiincd ahovo SOi* iin:si-s. Ii is stated on iho side of a Idll, on ll.e rive;- Neil, IC miles N I' i,!' :N"i'lliani|). ton, and (i8 N In W of London. Lon. j'l \V, lat. 53 10 N. H\-U.i^l'i"n, a Dwn in Sliropslure •with a niai'ke.1 on '1 huvsd'.iy, seaU'd ivar Wrckin Hill, 12 mi'-'s K 'it Phrewsl)nrv. and 153 N W of London Lon. 2 .^0 W, lat. 52 40 N. U\'iiiiif;toi!, ulown in SoniersctJ.hnc, vlth a niarl.et on ThMrsday, seated on (he Tone, 15 miles N E of Kxeter, and l-ir W l>v S of London. Lon. 3 -5 W, lat, .50 57 N. .„.,.„ , • ,. il'dh. a seaport m Nor.oU-, wlii'-U WEN lini .» larRc cliiirrli, and a considcraijie c.ni iradiv It in .7 imU's N of Swall' JK.r.i, and l.Jl N N Ii of London. Lrni 1 I v., lat. 5.1 IN. HVAW, a f. nV//.T, a town of the Unif^d States nl Ncjrtb Anu'i-iea, situate on Wells bin m miles N K of Uoston. Lon. 7U o.; W, lat. 43 20 N. jr.:'/*, a town of Germany in Upper ■Vn-itria, sealed on the Trawn, 18 milci S nf Lint/. Lon 13 .53 K. lat 48 4 N. r(V//i, a liosl t'lwn in York tonnl.v, Maine; silnntcd on U.e sea shore, sii miles S of Keiinelmnk, 10 N of Ymk, imd 26 N by E of I'oi'tkuionth, New Hampshire. U'tUp'iol, a t'lwn in Monti,'"'"")'- -hire, with a market on Monday. Uh the principal tradinn' town in the conn, tv beiii"' the n'real mart for Welch ol- tons, rl;?nncls, J^e. I'iie easth'. called I'owis cast!.', is built of a redi'.ish stone, ;uul is :; larj^c stalely structure. It i* ^eated in a rich \ale', on the river Se- vern, nine miU's N of Moiitt,'omcry, ar.d 1 iliiin' t()w;i in tlie foim- cut iiuU't liir Welch col- kc. Tiif eiii.tle, culled built df;ue(!i'.isli sldiic, lutely structure. It is \;ile, du llie river Se- i N (if M'lntK'dnicy, ami iidun. Loll. 3 5 \V, l;it. Sec Al'uch. illume ill Hertfonlsliiro, i'diuu;- w;»s vccliiv ; inul tenuis celebrated Niglit n in Shropshire, wit'.; a rsihiv, seated on the K"- i N (if Shvewsbiiv\-, and Loiidiin. Ldii. ~ 40 \V, I town of Germany in t!i(! ia. Lon. V IB 11, h.t. -18 Ixirough in Bnckinivliani- Tiarkct of 'rliiirsdav . I'- iibcrs to parlianienl, '.ml SKof Aileshiiry, and 35 indoii. Lon. 35 W, lat. borotisli ill Shrop»liUx, \V E R .,1,1, a niaikcl on Monday. U sriids uvii nil niliers to iiarliunuiil, and i* I'.' finh's S L of Slirew«.l)ur; , and 147 N \\i 111 L(,mloii. Lon J .10 \V, lat. 5> J(i N. llVimr, the lar(;c»t lake o« Swede'i, lii West Gothland. N W of the Like WiUtr. It It JUU miles in letni,1li, and, iii siimc places. 10 in breadth. trennrr^Ouia', a town of Sweden, in V.VmI C'.ithlaiid, wliich is the hlaple hir a I the iron sent fnini the pnninee of W, iincl.ind to GdllK l)di'„-. It i'* se;.t. , I i,t the S W eMreinil) of the lake Wi'uncr, 15 miles li of Uddevallu, hV I M. ■(•■/. a |ieiiiiisiilii of Denmark, .,ir„Mi maUes t;.e N part of iN'orlh Jnt- l;oid ; hounded on llie S by the eu'ial (,!' ■\lhiir;<, on tin' E hv the Cutcfjate, ;,i»l on the N and W by the Gcnnan Oican. /Kivis.xu/, a town ol Oenmaik, in N.nt.i ji.tlaiid, capital of a pr.-IVctnre „f the saiiii name. It is sc.itcd or tlie Kvaa, 17 niile^ N W of Albmu- I-<>" [I .'tu ii, lat. 5* !■ N. ^ _ U'lnl.^orlli, a vili.iirc.' in Yorkshire, fiiivc miles N \V of R ithcrlKim. Wrbl,; an incieiit b'lvoiijrl, in Hcivn fudshlrc, with a market on Inesd-iy. It sends tw) members to pirlianu-iit, and is eijv'it miles N W of lleicfortl, and 141 W N W of Lomlon. Lon. 2 ■11 W, la.t. 5:2 9 N. ll'irk-ii, a town of Germany, m the eld marchc of liru'id-'ubirK', lornn rly a Mnm;; Jiassaj^-e on the river Kibe, but niiw all the f irtili"alions are rmiied. It is seated at 'he place wher'j the 1 ibel fails into the lilbe, (JD mile.i N .V ot Uoidin. Lon. 12 12 E. hit. 53 .5 N. U'c-chtvnn, a town df .\nstrlaii Bra- li.iat, seated at the coidluuiee oi the Denier and IJvle, nine iniUs li of Mech- lin Lon. 4 49 K, lat. 51 N. Wa-.lcn, a town of Weslplnha, in the ivr.mtv of M.irck, with an a!)hey. 'I'lie iv.liabitants are Prolestaiils, under the proteetion of Prussia. It is se.ited on tlie R.ier, 10 miles N li of Dusseldm-I, and 10 E of Dilishcr;!,-. Lon. 7 1 K, lat. 61 17 N. ]Vv.\U"ii>cry, a town of Swisserland, siihieet to the canton of Giants, and ca- pit;'d of a country of the same name, with a strong c;vs Jo, seated on an emi- nence, coiiiiuandiiitf a h-'aiitilul pros- pect. It is It) niili-s N E <>f Glariis. l.cn, 9 25 E lat, 4(1 5S M. MWJcnfcids, a town of Germany, m Bavaria. WES Wvrdoht, a town of Gcrm.iny, in the i Ic of Westphalia. Lon. 7 2'2 C, lat. .'.1 U N. Wtrlj, a town of Germany in West- phalia, in the bish(i[nic of Monster, sealc(l on the river Sl.ek, .'jOln.les S of Munsier. Lon. 7 20 E, lat, 51 j5 N. IVeiintUv.'l, or fVunnrniihl, u proii'.io of Sweden, m W est Gotlilaiid, lt>umil«'» liiiiic iiiid 50 broad ; bounded on the N b\ Ualeearlia, (.nthe E by tin- Westiiia- nia and Nencia, on the S In the lakes Weniur and Dalia, aiul on the W by lli(? nio.ml.ims of Norway It is fertile, and diwTsilied by niouiUiiiiH, nicks, hills, and d: les, clothed with forests oC birch, pd|.lar, iiiomit.oii a-.h, [line, and tir. it also ;d)(nmd» with laUi s, whicU siiccepil eicli other almost without in- terniissi III i tlif. ave fi'-m four to forty j miles in circuil'ifer, ii-e ; same so iiai'- row as to appear like Ii.oa.l rivprs, anil j olhersof a i .rci.lar iiha).e , tlicir shores, ' in some pulls, 'tf.p ru' 1 nrkyi in oth- ers i;en'l\ slopir,-c, and fcat'ueied witll Ikuij^iI:).; wood to'tllP. -m, :;■ I. it t\n: wa- ter. ' Nnmevoi; ,r'vnlet-i t^ow from these lakes, and form, >-.aieiones, sm..ll jiic- tnres.iuc cut.iracts. Carl-tadt is ilic capital. ll'crii, a town of Wcs'.phu'la, in tho b'.slKipne of Muiistev, wit!i a nionasle- rv, Hcated near tlie Lipp(", 28 nilks S h'v W of .Vlunstcr. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 35 M. Wtiiiigmnle, a town of Germany, in Upper Saxony, with a trade in hrewii-jj, M\A manufactures of elolli and stiilf. L"ii 11 10 E, l.it 52 2 N. JVcrra. See IVcser. U'eithiim, a town of Trancon'a, capi- tal of a comity of the s.mic n.ime. It is scaled at the ronilupm-c o! the Tau- ber and .Maine, 20 miles W of Wnrtz- bnr;r. Lon. 9 53 E, lat. 49 .Hi N. IfV,.c/, a town of Germany, in West- phalia, in the dulcliy of Cleves, with a^ stronjr citadel, near the confluence ot* tlie Uliine and Lipp«*. Here are tw<» Cahhii^t churches, ore for the L'..tlie- rans, and another for the Papists ; but t!ic rc'^er.cv of the town is in the h.uufj of tiie'^CaUinists. It was fornuudv an imperial and hanseatic town, but now h. ^•■ll,^■s to tlu- kinpv of Prussia. It w.is taken bv th.c Eivnrh in 1759, hut restored in ir<''2 It is 25 miles S E of Ch" cs, and 45 \ of Colot,-ne. Lon. 6 37 K, lat. 51 27 N. fr.vc/, a tt>wn of Gerrnv.nv, m the arclibislioprlc of Ticvts, 20 mihs S of W E S WES Coblcut/, .ind '!5 li ^' Eoi' Treves. L«m. 7 .50 E, l.it. 5U 4 N. ?rt«','.'."«'-6'/', a fui-t;iK-a town of Uus- s"m, ill the (Tovcnimcnt <>t F.Mlxmui, seated on ti,o Vv'iss, 55 miles S K ol H.vcl, ;nul 55 N W ofNuvva, Lon. :»j 48 E, lat. SJ lU N. fKmr, a oiisiiicniblc river of Ccr- manv, wliicii rises in tlic county ot Henncbii K. beiiis tbencalleathe Wcr- ra. It I' i^^i's I'V Smulkaia, crosses a corner of ■iliurinffia, enters the dutchy of limns wick, and receives the i'liUle, at M'lnden. It tben as..nmes tbe name of Weser, runs alonij: llie coudnes ot the circles of Westi.liulia an.l Lower Sixonv, w.iters Hanielin, Miiulen, and Hove ■; re.n-ivcs the AUer, below Ver- deiii and, [-assing by Bremen, enters the German Ocean. , U'cit BriJi'fvcata; a post town in 1 ly- moiitli county, Mu.ssachusetts ; about 22 miles S of Boston. Weiitbury, a boroug-b in U iltshjrc, with a market ci-i<^>; a'- >sttown,th. capital of Chester county, 23 miles W ol I ni- .i/ ladelphla, containing about 3ud inhabi- tants. It was divided from Delaware countv, and erected into a separate jurisdiction, September Jo, L89. U'Vitcr/uun, a town in Kent, with a market on Wednesday. 'I'lns place Ivid the honour of producini'- general ^V"olfe, who is interred in the church. It :.- seated on the river Darcnt. Lon. 6 E, lat. 51 IB N- Westerh; a post town in Waabnigton county, Rhode I^iland, situated o - tbe E side of I'awcatuck river, opposite to St hexagon spire taperini:; i,nM(Uially lik.: ;i pyramiil, ami covered with pidiite;'. m/tal. Within the cathedral is th; icmliofthal unfortunate monarcli r.rir. XIV. Westeros is seated on the .u.c Macler, 45 miles N W of Stockholm. Lon. irOE, hit, 39 oS N. n'tjtcriiiin', a town ot Germanv, the circle of Uiiper Rhine, in Weler;.. via, Willi a castle. It is the capital .,i a lordship of tbe same name, and 3,1 miles N of Mcntz. Lon. U IS E, lat, jO 26 N. fffifc;7i Islamis. Sec Azores and Ik- brides. . . JVcitern Tmitory, a country in Noi'tii .Vincrica, comprehending all thatpai' of the United States wliicb lies to tli-. N W of llie river Ohio. It is bmuuk ! (iiitiie ^V bvthe Mississippi, on tin: N h^' tlie Lakes,' on the E by Pennsylvania, imdon the S E and S by the Ohio Iv contains 11,U00 square miles, ecpial t-i 263,010,000 acres ; from wliicb, it \vc deduct 43,010,000 for water, there will remain 220,000,000 acres, belong iivtothe federal government, to be s(4dfor the discharge of the _ national debt. The country on the Ohio is eve- ry where pleasant, with large levtl spots of rich land; and remarkably hcalthv. One general remaric of tlin nature' will serve for the whole tr.u, of the globe comprehending betwecii the western skirts of tbe Allegany moUMtaiiis i thence rminnig south-wesl- wariUv to the distance of 500 miles vi the Ohio falls ; then crossing tliciii northerly to the beads of the river, tliutemplv themselves into the Olm. ; tlience E along the ridge that separates the lakes and Ohio's streams, to French creek This countrv may , from a pi'j- per knowledge, be alla-med to be tli.i most healths, tlie most pleasant, th>; most commodious and most tertile sp»t of earth, known to the Em-ope an peo- pic \-erv little waste land is to be f.und in anv part of this trace ot coun- try There are no swamps; .iikI thou"-b the bills are frecpicnt, they ar^- rentle and swelling, no where liigii,_ nor incapable of tillage. 'Ihey are "t a deep rich soil, covered with a heavy growth of timber, and well adapted to The production of wheat, rye, mdigo, tobacco, tiC. n-fsurKaUl. See IVetteravta. Wesi.r-Mek, a sc.iport of Sweden, m Smoluud, seutw.lonthe Ualtic, 50milc^ E S i:irc, :ukI supports > periiig i^vaddiilly lib; .•ovcrcd Willi puliik':'. the CHllieili'al in lh> irluuate iiioiKircli F.rii-. ; Is se;itfil on tilt ..ii.c N \V of Stuck-holiu. 59 33 N. Lowii ol' Germiiny, in )ci- Rhine, in WoUra. ;. It is the capitul 111' • same name, and jj itz. Lon. ti 18 E, lat. s. Sec Azons and //:• 'ory, a coimti-y in Nonii i-chcnding all that par; tales wliich lies to ill", •i' Ohio. It is hoiiiuk ! Mississippi, on the Nli^- the K l)v Pennsylvania, and S h'y the Ohio, li square miles, e([Ual ti ■es ; ti'um which, if wo ,UO(J for water, tlicit; 1,000,000 acres, beloii},'- M'al i^ovcrnment, to be seliai'se of the naliom.l mtry on the Ohio is evc- sant, with larj^-e levtl land; and reinarkably general remark, of ihii rve for the whole tr.ac, comprehending hetwecii ikirts of the Allcg-aiiy ence running- soulh-wesl- distance of jOO miles vi s ; then crossing llioiii the heads of the rivcvi jmsclves into the Ohii); gtlie ridge that separated Ohio's streams, to Freiu'h country nia> , from a pi'j- ;e, be all'a-iiied to he tin; ', ihe most pleasant, tlu; .ious and most ferlile sp»t ,vn to the ICnropean peo- .tic waste land \f to be part of this tracc of couii- are no swamps ; awl Ills are frccpient, they ;iri; welling, no where irig'ii,_ ; of tiliage. 'Ihey are "t *oil, covered with a heavy liber, and well adapted Id j'.i of wheat, rye, indigo, /. See IVctlenniit- ; a seaport of Sweden, in ilt.luniUe Ualtic, 50 miles WES N of Calmar, and 120 S W of Stock- ijobii. Lon. 16 £, lat. ;.r 40N. V.cdJiiU, a I'.osl town in llumpshire .■tiiiulv, Massacliuselts, lying on the S silly I if a river of the same name, 11 miles W of .Springfield, 34 li or' Stockhridge, ,A\A 3J N by W of Hartf.jrd (Coniicc .ic.nl.) li'cf.hff'i, a town of Germany, ni ,]\i- circle of the Hhiiie. ;rr-i-//i./c.'i, a town of France, in the ,lc;a.-liiienl of Lower Uliine, and late province of Alsace. ll'cstniu'iui, or Wcstniuidur.d, a pro- vince of Sweden I'roper, between .vulermania, Ge:,Lricia, Nerlcia, and U.ilund. It is -J miles l.ng and 4.j o.u.id, and abouiidi in cijjiper and iron .ni.'cs. The face of llie country is di- versilied like Wenm Und. W'esteros 'i tiie capi'al. ll\'stmini-:cr, a city of Mldillescx, riie residence of the nioii.U'chs ot Great Brilain, the seat of the pa; iiamenl ■mil of the higlt coiirls of justice, and cDiislituling Willi London aud Soul'.i- v.M"k, ilie metropolis of tlie l>riti^>li mniilre. This city bad i?s name from sitiiaiion of its abbey, ancienll) .■ailed a viin.ilei; in resiierl of that oi Si. Paul. That part properly called the .,y of V/estmiuste:-, c ■uipreheiidiug li,.'; parishes of St. John and St. Mar- garet, was once an isla:id foriiH-'U by ije Thames, c:i!led 'i'lio/ncy Island, irom llie thorns with which it was over .iin-, and tlie abbey that stood in it, Viiornev Abbey. The liberli.,-s of Webtin'iliste.- contain the sevc-al par- ,-'lc^. r,; bt. Martin in the Fiebis, St. James's, ;'t. Anne, St. Paul, C-'vcul t;.i,dcn, St.Marvle Strand, St. Clement, ^).nes, St. GeJ.rgp, Hanover Square, Mid tlift precinct of the Siivoy. 'I'he p.verament both of the city and liber- iie.s, is under the jurisilielion of the il.aii and cliapler of Westminster, in civil as well as ecclesiastical ailaiis; an 1 their auihorily extend-, to the pre- ci:i.:lof St. Martin le Gr.uid, by Nevv- ;■:.(..' street, and in sonn; towns of F,s- ' ;\, that are esempted froin tJU' jnris- ili don of the bisli.ii) of London and t'.,e arci. bishop of C.oitcrbnry ; but the niaiia-ement of the civil p.irt inu, ever ■-lace' liie !lef irmation, been in the ! ands if lav men, elected from time t-i time, :.iid c^nlirn\ed by the dean and •:i\..\ UT. See Lm It}".. Wi::t:niiutcr. a post town i'l Vermont, ;!! V.'iiidlisiro coun'y, aituatsd on the \V WES side of Connecticut river, opposite l« Walpole, Id miles N of lir-ildeb n-o" ■JJ S of Windv.r, and 1j N W of Keen (Mew llunqisiiire.) Wcituiir.sUr, a Jjost to'vn in Frede- rick couiuy, Maryland, 30 miles N W" ..f BailimoVe, and 7j N by ii td' Wmh- lVt.'stmc.'c'...n.l, a county ot Ln(.',-Uind, enclosed lnt ween those of Cuinocrlaiid, York, and Lai.casler ; ilie first bound- ing it on the N aiul N W ; the second Oil" the 1'.; ; ;»iid the last on the S and S_ W. It has the natural boundaries of bikes, flreams, and moinitains, almost e\ery wlici-e e\oept to the S, where it sink'; mulistinguisibably Inlo Laiii-asliire. froin the sea it is ex'dudcd by the de. tailu-.dliart of Lancasbiie ; and only iuntumches iip>m the bottom of t'nut 'wide sandv wash whicli sepuralis the two parts 'of that county. Us sliape is so irregul.M-ly angular, somewhat re- sembling that of a vinedeaf. Its ?iie is l.-ss than of the other northern coun- ties ; ^■et, in its greatest length a'.ul breadth, it measures about forty mdes^ The name (jf this county is descriptive or" ils naUue. It is the W:-jt wyir-Lrid: i' region of lolly monniains, naked hills, a. .d "black barren moors, which here, as well as in Cum!)erland, a c also called Jl-tU. The vailies in which tl.o rivers run are tolerably ferlile ; and in the lionh-oaslern quarter there is u. considerable tract of ciiiliv.ited plain. The rest of the county ail'uiU only narrow d.ells and glens oi' Icrtility a- midst the dreary hills and extended wastes. Xeilher are its mineral tr<'!*- sures considerable. It wants coaU. and the metallic ores it contains eitbef He so dead, or are sn remotely situated, as not to be wairth w-.n-king. It !•- b.ninds in, slate of the iiiiest quality, large (juantili •s of which are exported. The principal rivers are the Eden. Lone," and /Cen. It i,as ;dso several tine lakes, the priii. :nal "f wiiicli i* VVmnandei'-mere, or Win'it^rniere- wa- ter. In the f.u't ,t of Martin'estmi'!i:iuiil, a p ist tgwn in Oneida I county. New York, U mil's* E •fOu«i. 6 s « o <■ WET W E X :«:; m. ,1„, and uboMt. the same ,y,s(ancc W of e,ntcr,\U lUc l.anus, kiunvu l.> li>^ i:::,.;:uuuu,v>.,^ipi-„;;-s3. Hcll.'.i-i;-, Sbuucnbw'.c.,H..vL, u;t| _. b . ". . f>l,l F isl Irlcliiid, Bcnl'mem, and l,mL,cn. i ^nd Vii-don; the town ot l)oil ui.n i , .ml tlu-dultl.iesofWfSll.hahu, Boi^, «is a tK-autil.d l"';'lh-. ^ » ' ,; Lu'k of Gn.hc.iniun, the si-H t..v. ,,1 TvcL t,2.M feet 1<.;.::. and suspc>ulc.l 2, feel dn.ve the water. Jt '« '^ " ^ ;.o,e cle-untbi-iage than thai at SU..>t, ""r^^n'.,-. a free ImperUd town of Ge n nv, in Welle.-avm, surymnulol bv hcs ;ou\ wuH. I'.ankcd wuh tow. :,"'i!,einh.ab.tav,ts are ,>votes*ants md have a council of 24 niembei-s In •Sr.lein.penalclnunberwasU-ans. 1 bn ed bilher from Spiro, <>" »«" .' f ,"J be ^v;o■s which ravas-d the pa\an.tH Uisser.ted at tbe coTianemf ol the ■ \L, iU.,ardlVdlen.fivet,ulesSof si:,.ndr.SNbyEofSp.re Lon. b t/;.AV..'.acountvof Ireland, in the rr V ./c ■ f Mvn^ster, 38 miles lonj.^ ami /IK N , 1 1 W bv Wiiterfovd and KdUenn), .mo on m-Jra, one of the Orkney ^'•■•'";;^ JV^ w In C.therbmKh. U cont.un ..„ Mt n.i es lon,v atui fr^^m one to du' ee tl o « > . ._,,,^ ^ number, t ;,:-::>:^;.nt.h.inK;d,ont ^^C^; ■;;;-•-; h^rent. and is irait.d in corn a,. VlS^hS"'i^->tv: ^'— •""-"«;P'';^;..,/, a considerabk seaport of lliifWyisssii ^=^';;^..».....A,.,. see G,.«,:./; .,. h;..'\,!::|; rd^el ■'took'tlds V^vn in >h. ;£,^<..;.va town of Vorkshur JV^U, b^ > ;^^ _, ,^^,,^^ ., ^,„ , , „ n . f „ market on TU«r.id:.y. l.«n. 1 20 W , | ^^^ ^ - ^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^.^.^,^^^^,l ,,,. u.e i. k'"'! l:il. 5J 57 N- b.i'.'.iln--, iiL'.ioli, ;i t.) by ])fi )U ijestie ll :ll );u' t ;i few w iliMfree < •imIc. .' :i'V n.idi W S \V Wheel Olii ) CO side off. Cbiirsvi ;uvl7.; ! nrii I: ^!ave C ;iliinr 111 IS 11 ver' w, 11 fui there ai are not iitber. at tlie t walls Oi '.mmbci "i-y-, W II I W II I X ,sl town in llanfoni il; situiiU-d iin till- lei'liciit rivti-, time I, n N lit MuUliit.ii, sVw Uavcn, coiiUviu- liiliiumls- if Sweden, 'n <■'>""'• „! -,1, tlic midulc- ut It, Wcr.iicr U IS H^'* , i ,,(12.5 i'nini U t(i W . il^cturu-^, a l-rovinu- U,c curie <>f l-'l'l^-" ;!,,.. ,,;a:aiiu'.te (>( li.i: ;iii(l l-K-^se unil liilldu \WuWA ii>l<) iwo V-ivts 1 : (,r,.- culled WelK ru- ibeotl.er :.'i'iU. ^Vt^ leiwidd. . ni of Cevnirmy, ni tlr Siixoir , bUu-.ilc and is frultf.d in corn aixi a considerable seaport (if! ..udofa county of t lie s:ny the rcRulx rvoops at Eunisrorlliv on the J id June, ,l,cv wci-edrixen out of it. It is o' mn'c.-i K N f- of Wateiford, and . ' S (if 1) iblm. L.ii. o 3 \V, lat, jJ ir,\-i:, an episcopal lownnl .•.woacn, 1„ S.iKland, w.t!i a li.icbo.ir. It is scat (l on a lake, in wh.cii t^ere lire sovimI ;.slaii(ls. It is very small, and Mieinl.iM'S niosfiv of W;)od. It is .>0 in.les \V of C.lmai-, and 1.5.T S W „(• Slic.v.Kdm. Loii. .1 Jr K, lat. JO il N. XV ', a riv,-.- of Knvland, which lias its sumre in H.imns'iire, and li iwinjr ;liru I'.-li S.iwy by G ihHord, fulls into ihe rii.imes at VV'ev l)r,d--c. Ifv ■/."-;.' "•, a viiUe^e in Surry, s»at- cl oii lb./ vVev, at its enl..ince into !i,o iiianie.j, Iw-) miles E ot Chert- "''{',':■ ''/(■//, a vllla"-e in ! himpsliire, three m'les \V of Aiid.'iver, r.,in,)ii.s for an uii- „ ;,.! tail- Oil the 1 Kli .J.;L)'.)cr, tor sheep ic.ii ler, hoi)S, and ciiee.e. /•-• .)C5i(,A, a town in IJorsctshirc, m- , .iv.MMted with thatof ."■ielcomb iL'Kis, ii.t' i,i;stiiK-t !v)rou.e.;ns, p'laioes, and iVii.ls ; nor will the ne.^roes here let a loot ok ■■i-o'ind reinaiu uncultivated llesules, ill..- ,ow a. am the v,ry next dav alter tneV liave leaped. I'.ie inhabitants are 'i-eallv eivdi/ed and very re.specLlul to '.ehdiiier; especially to their sui.en- ors, and lliey are also so industnous, tlial even the women ai'e never idle. I'he^ie brew tiie be-r, dress tiie victu- als, and sell .dl .Sf.Ls of eommodiUes at tiie m.oket. Those tliut a,e rich, em- plov their wives and slaves m liH.nS tlie lan.l, and fliey carry on a c iii-suLr- able Uiide wiiii the product as well .is 111 slaves , for seme of Lhein uie able to deliver lUOJ of liie latter c.evy month. rile elilef men have t;ac'li7and on that ace mnt is resorted t.i l,v pers-.iw of all ranks, and Uieir nniesties and i!ie royal f.imdy ;;enecally li.:ii Kir tills place with tiie'ir residence a lew woks every year, l ins m soni^ (Icifive r.ompen sales for the loss ol its •I'a Ic. \ few plain un;l striped cott'ins rv Hide here. Weymouth is 13.1 miles W .S W o!" LoiuUm. See Mclcnnb Rk- ' "wheeling, a liost town, tlic cr.;.iial of Ohi 1 ci.nuiv, Viri,-;iiia; Ivui;? (mlliefc. si.lc of Ohio river, S miles h ot St, Clairsville, 47 'sV bv S of Washm-ton, aii'l :.-, S W of I'iusb'.n-;;-. imiah, a kingdom of Guinea, on the ^!ave Coast, e.Mendini; about lO miles iiloiilTlhe Atlantic, under () 21) N Kit. It is a verv jiopulous country, and verv wvll fnniislied with lar.ire villaiifes; and there are so manv small ones, tliatthey I are not above a mnstpict shot from each I iitlier. The houses are small, and round ;it the top, and encomp.issed with mud 1 walls or hedifes, lojvether with a threat iiiirabcr of uU sorts of beautiful and lot- ipiei.m, wld'sell ihemto llie liurope- leis iiir slaves. If any one liai)i)e.is to t-.uch the kiii'v's wives accidealally, he is(l.)o;nc.lto"iK-fP':Wal slavery. '1' ns !i,-i:i,,^ cnsidered, it is no wonder tli..t ihe women are n')t fond of bei'.'.i^ ihtj kinj^^'s wives; nav, s iilic of tlum w.ll n-nL-r a speedy death t > such a misera- ..■e life. Tbe kiii^: sets Utile val.ic up- Mi his daii-hters, fir he will di-p' e ot ;liem t) the lactois (d'tlie EnKhshconi- oanv, or the ina..ters of ships t:i;it come •liei'e. Thev live in a mi.nner by f^ucss ; t'lr ihev have no festivals nor lU .tiuetiou if days, hours, weeks, months, or years. I'lie 'custom of circumcision is ii.sed ;,cre ; but they a.e not able l> U 11 wliy thev use it, nor from whence it is de- /ived. Tiiev are such e;re:it i.amesters, tjiat thev will stake all they ha\e at ol.iv, not ev.-eptiniv their wives and chlldi-eu. -IMieir lehj^lim is very super- stitious i for thev have avast number ot •ihils; and theV defv t!ie most con- u iiiplible animal that they see lirst in a inornin-, not exceplinn- even stock.s and stones.' However, they have a priiici- ,,■11 reu-ard f.r snakes, very hiivh trees, and llie sea. An Eni;li.sh facKu- new come over, found a snake in the lions(^ b loij,in^^ to tlie taclory, and killed it withiiut the least scruple: which so i„. cnsed tbe iK-roes, that they weiv for reveiiRin.i.- the death ..f- the snake not onlv upfjii him Uiat killed it i but W H I upon the '.vhole factory; but by the f uTc ot'i'rcSL'nl'), ami ill" iiitcrps well as tainu fowls; such a-: Imiiics, ai:i.-!;s, and hens, which lasr I :iP>- t\treii!(.-ly plenty. There are iTinv,> j wild beast-i wi^iiin land, such ;.s eic- plianls, hufi'aloes, tip;erB, several ki'.ids nf t numbers o!' palni-lvees, from which they gel their wine. Ail tiic eoumion people fro naked here, as in other parts of Guinea, only tlu'v have a clolh or clout to cover tiieir_ naked- ness. Their trade consisted of slaves, e!c;.hants teeth, wax, and honey. 'I'lie Kniflish factory is 200 miles K of Cape Coast Castle, within land. Bows, ar- row.s, beaiitiful assair.iys, and clubs, are tlie i>rlnci]);d vvcapuns of the n:'.tion. Xaviv-r, or Sabi, i.< tlie capital. JVhith, a seaport in the N ridinpj of Yorks!ure, with a market on Saturday, i seated near the mouth of the Ksk It is n considerable town with a preat traffic In tlic build. n.T of ships, and the carry- ing business. Its liarb.iur is llie best on this coast, and is ))ri>teeted by a fine pier; but it lins no river comnnnieation witii thi' inland countrv. Several slups are sent from hence to the Greenland risber\. This place had the Innour .l)om niu.d of WUilliy are large worlds, in wiiich aUini is procured from a kind ot r-late. In Decemlu-r 1787, a strong new-liuiU ((uay, fill into the sea with a ihunderiug eiash, tidlowed by hu'ge masses of the clitV. The remains of the ■,iri'-.s\ church of an ancient abbey stood on tliis cliff, till November IZ'H, when the most part of it fell t.> the ground. Whitl^v is IS miles N N E of York, and ?.r, N 'of London. Lou. 24 W, lat. 54 SO N. . , • Whli,-hurch, a decayed borough m llanipskire, with a market on Friday. It sends two members to parliament, and ■i 24 miles K by N of Salisbury, and 58 WhvS of London. 1.5 N. Whitdmrch, a town in Shropshire, with a market on Fnd.av. 20 miles N o* Sh^e^\bbur^, and 161 N W of London Li.n. 2 40 AV,lal. .52 N. IVhitchurcli. or Littli: Stamnore, a vii- lare near Kdeeware, in MidiUc-cx, fl',";hl miles N W (4' London. It has a irhurch which e(.r'.aius the rcnriams <.t tlie nu.giiiiiccnt .seat of Canoti;;, whirli j belonged to the Duke of Chaiidos,bu;lt 'in iri2, bv James first duke ofClian- dos, who "lived l:ere in a kind of vep:d -tate, and die.l in 1744. It was deihrl- is'ied in I'Nr, and tlie materials were sold bv auction. 'Vhe church conlMiis ail that now veiuains of the magmhcem: seal of the duke of Cliahdos, called o! Canons. Wlitciall, a post town in 'Wasbmptoii countv. New York; situated at the head of lake Cliamplaln, 22 md.s N ot Kort K-lwiird, and 41 W of Hullaixi, conlaiuinL' 1604 inhabitants. Tbisi.h.ce wasfornicilv called Ske.-ncsboioiigl.. from inaior Skecue, u a town of Cundxilanii 10 miles S W from Cockermouth, ,>tv from Carlisle, and 2"() from London, i^ so calhd from the whi'e eliHs near it, that shelter lb'- harbour from tempests [It is a populous rich town, chiefly be- 'holden for its improvement to the Lo^v- ther familv, containing at least 12,000 inhabitants, and has about "00 shijiv , niploved in trade. It has a good arti- fcial harliour, with alongpier. In 1S(A t had but r.i\ houses, and one {i-hmg loat; in L'iB2, 12 small ship.-:. The coal-mines here ^y the most extraor- dinnrv in the world, being sunk to tlie deptl'i of l.iO fathoms, and c;;teiidc(l iin.ler the .sea to phues where there is (,ver them .Icptb of water for ships ot large burden In ir.U, part of the earth of three gardens suddenly shrunk: by this accident several lives were los:. and one budding was considerably damai;ed. Coals had been wrought under the places where the apeiliires appeared about 50 ye.irj preceding 1791. Four fire engines bch.ng to u collierv here, which, when at v»ork, lischaVgc at tlie r.ate of 1,768,620 gal- lons of water in 24 hours. Here ar-- coopcras -works, which yield eor.sidc! - able profit. Its 0 '290 from I,o;idoii, li. ■vvhi'e cliHs iic;ir it, .rlnnir from tompcsls ■li town, c.liiefly bc- •nvcniint tothe l.nw- nini,'at Itast l'.?,000 as 'about ''iOO shiji^ It lia3 a j'ood arli- li a long pier. In 1S(%, 5CS, ami oni! f.-hinjc 2 small sliipr:. The i'n the n:ost cxtraor- Id, bcinjv sunk to tlie bonis, and citriidctl l>la enjpnes bcl'.npr to u birb, wben at \»ork, rate of 1,768,620 R^il- 24 hours. Here nvf wbicli yield cor.sidi i - bicf trade Ik furnishiniv . of Scothuid with sal' the mo.st eminent i)ov' .t to Newcastle, fov tb«: *nal trade, and lord [.onsdale h said to I snnday, 176". I.on. 163 20 E, lat. 15 -end as many coals from hence to I' e- \ 44 S |;iiid and the Isle of Man, as brini,' him n m-ar 16,000 a ycaii. It is 10 niiU's S_ W of Cockcrmoutb, and o05 N W of London. Lon. o 34 VV, lat 51 .36 N. V.'iulelifni, a royal borouph of Scot- !:m,l, ill Wifftonsire. 'I'liis place is said t , have been the first bishop's sec in > olbind. H'hitemarxh, a. villape with a post of fu s in Monttfonicry county, Pejinsylva- iKj, about 12 mites N of I'hilacbdphia. i'lic township has 10H.7 inlmbilants. lli;'i'o was one of general \Vashin^>'ton"s cpiimipments in the winter of 1777- White Mintntaiii.i, tha lii;;-licst i)art of ;i rini whicli they arc deno- iuiialed the White r.Iountains. Al- ;'iiih|fli tliey are 70 miles within land, ■'icv are seen many leagues off at sea, .,;)-i appear like an cxceedinu'ly brig-ht ci.r.ul in the horizon. Their highest Bumniil is In lat. 44° N. W'li'ne l^Uiins, a post town in West Chester county, N(;w York, Ij' miles N of Kinicsbridp:e, and 30 of t!ie city of New Vork. This wa* (lie scene of i")n6id(.:rablR military operations in the .Viiicrican war. Wiiit,- St'ii, a bay of the Frozen Ocean ■M the N of Russia, situated belwcn KiBsia, I.apland, and Samojede, at the ii;ttom of which stands Archaiiiyel ; Uiis was the onlv communication which t;>c Russians had with the sea, before :lii; conquest of I.ivonia from the liwedes in the bepnning of ihe present i: ntury, by the czar Peter the Great. li'hitcsUnvii, a Iiost town in Oneida coiiutv. New York, situ;iled on ihe S si'le of Mohock river, four miles above •)M fort Schuyler, 25 E of Oneida lake, UN W of Conajohary, a\i(l 8:f of Ske- r.i'i-t'idy. This is a tlwlvina: town ; tiic 'iili;,!)itants at last census were 4212. n^hitsuntiJc hLind, one of the New lb brides, in the Pacific Ocean. It is J,' miles lonfj andfive broad, and was •liscovered by taitain VYalli.-;, -jn VVliit- W hit tkbury Forest, a forest in the S part of Northamiitonshire, nine miles m length, and, in some Jjarts, above tlire(- in breadth. Here tiic wild cat is still found. It is aeconlintv lo an ac- curate survey of it, nine miles two fur- lonH'.-. and tweiitv-six perches in lenivth, from the river Onse on the S E lo the N W end of Wiipeuh;(iii wood. Ii is a royal forest, and the duke of Graiion is r.o.nn'er. U'itiU.igcii, a town of Germany, in Austrian Suabiu, three miles S W ol Ulm. M'Unirg, a jTovernment of Russia, for- slatc ()♦'' merly Ru^.dun I'.r.land, and eomprii-ed in Carelia. It was ceded by I he Swedes to the Ru.ssians, partly by the peace of Ny.tadt in 1721, and partly by tile treaty iif Abo in 1743. 1 his pro- vince retains most of its ancient pri\i- Icij^es, with smne occasional ntodifica- tions, which have been necessarily in- troduced under the new jfovei nnient. The country produces, besides p;,stiu-e, r\ e, oats, and bailey, but not suilii ieni, for ihe inliubitants. ' Wiburg retains its own civil ami criminal courts of ji;;- ticc : in penal cases, not Cijital, the punishments prescribed by the provincial JMdicature are inriicted ; but wlienever a criminal is condemned to death, the Russian laws interpose, and, reprieving- him from the sentence of beheadin};;' of banirln.if, as enjoined by the Swedish code, consign him to the knout and traasjsortution to Siberia. In the go- vcrnor's court, business, is transacted in the Swedish, German, and Russian tongues. The peasants talk only tiie i'lnnisli dialect, but the inhabitants of the towns mulerstand Swedish also, and many of thiin German. Lutheran- ism is the estaldished religion ; but the Greek worship has been introduced by the Russians. U'ilnir^, a comtnercial seaport of Rus- sia, capital of a governme'it of the same name, with uiji.^hop's see, and a .strong citadel, containing abcmt 9000 inhabi- tants. The houses ure constructed of wood, except sc.rne few which are of 'orick. It was ce JON. {f^ici, a fortified town of Dutch Liin- Inii;;', se:itcd on tlie Maese. It has a coiiiniunieation witii Maestrleht by a hrid,i;-c-. L"u. .7 41 K, lat, 5U 52 N. " Wir!i-hy-I)uerstedf. a town of the United I'luvinces, in Utrecht, with a stroll);' castle, . coaled Ht (he |il.ice where tlie I.i'ck branch' s oil' from tiie Rhine, nine mdis \V of Klieneii, and \5 S K of Utrecht. I.on. 5 22 li, lat. oJ N. H'L/j'fi-il, a]).ist town in Washiiif^ton county, Khode l.^iind; lyinj^ on the W side of Narrii^-au/et bay, 2l miles S of Providence, and uiuc Vv of Newport. U'icHou; i\ ci.iinty of Ireland, in tiie province of Leiiihler, 3,5 miles Ioiil;' ami 1^0 biuad; boun, ilie capital of a conr.ty of the same name, in Ireland, seated on the Irish Sea, witii a narrow harbour, at the niniith of tlie river Leitrim, over which stands a rock, instearl of a cas- tle, surrounded by a sironpf wall, 24 miles S of Dublin. Lon. 6 7 W, lat. 52 55 N. Jt'ict'.jan; a town in Gloucestershire, governed b\ a mayor, with a market on Mondav . It is 17 miles N li of Bristol, and ni \V of London. Lon. 2 16 W, lat. Jl 26 N. Widdiii, a Greek archiepiscopal town of 'liirkey in Europe. 'I'liis town has bi'en long' a subject of contention be- tween the Turks ami Aiistrlans, and has several times been taken and reta- ken. It is now Well known on account of being' the capital of the ifovernment (if the late I'aclia I'aswan 0(jflou, who has been in aim.u fiir several \ears ol' late, and has repeatedly discomdted the Turkibli armies sent ii(^ainst him. In W IE I 1799 tlic Porte were oblifrcil i„ ni.iit: pe.ice with him almost on his i.wn terms, from which we mav intir i.c i, no despicable enemy. It is seatnlon the D.iiiulie, 88 miles N E of Nis.s;i, and l.)0 .S L. of licl-radc. I.on Mj i;'., lat. 44 113 N. H'lc I, a iirincipality of Germany, in the circle of Upper Rhine. n';Vi.i.'//,;H,-«, a town of Gerniaiiv, in the ciicle of Westphaliu. I.on. 7 i'l E, lat. Jl 48 N. JVieitin, a town of Great Poland, i'l the palatinate of Siradia. It was ni . ed by the Swedes in 16;k), hut has 1 tin since rebuilt, and has a j-ood c n.vlK It is sealed on a river w'-iicli falLs inl- the Warta, 20 miles S ol :-jiiadia Loii 18 .1.5 E, lat. jl UN. Wii-Htsla, a villasve of I'liland, h.tcly included in the paKilinate of Ciiimw, but now conijirised in the Ai;s'i'!aii kiiijrdom of Lodoineria. It is ccU'lr: ■ teil tiir its salt mines, which lie ei;;,l miles S E of Craco v. '1 hey a| pi.ir ti be inexhi^i.tiblc, as will easily be ciiii. ceived from the fu lowiiij^' accoui't ni' its diineiisiuns. Its known breadlh is 1115 feet; its leiifjtii 6tii)l i'eet -, ami dept!) "'13 ; and the best jud^'es on tljc spot s:ippose, with tlii' i;i'eati-st a;i| ciii'- ance of probabihtVj thi.s solid h-»\) n'i salt to branch into various direciioi.-, the e\tent of which cann- \r, H.iiiijish! »>■ a n:ii' •■ili-iiit thi ly o'le. '■'; !al p:ii !-isin;.r 111 :.t the N "Kiutli o| ^.111 1 W I'ui o;i' i| -'■:i. 'I'l ■>U-ep cli Imved i>! 7 I,E kVtTC obliged to muke almosl iiu his (wn cli \vc may intii' l,f i, if my. U 'iB s'-'iiivil (m miles N E ol Nls>;i, JcliiTiidc. l.on MJ ipallty of Ccrmany, in l^er lUiiiio. , town of GcTnumy, m (■st')li:iliii- l.on. 7 iJ W I G •n of Grciit I'oland, in • Sinitlia. U v;i:' n i' • L-s in l<5;iu, lull 1"»^ '"'" iv.l lias ii H<'<'<1 <;i>;tli a livef w-iifli I'dls liil' iiilesS ol ;-jirailia Lon. nllut.;i-or r(.lainlJ:.U>ly ■ paiidiniilo of Cr; ", Tised in tl;e Ans-nan dwinei-ia. U is cildi; ■ mines, wliicU Ix- fi^iA raco V. 'llii-y r'll»-'">" ,c, us will (-'"sily !»■ ("ii; he fo lowing- accimi'tm' Us known hrcadlli is s IcnK'-li ^f'^'l ^'^''^^ • "™^ d the Ijcst iudu'es on liic will. llK- Ki'f.'U-st apr^oiiv. i)ililv, llii.s ''"'■"l '^•"!- "' 1 into various direct i(«.~, Nvhich cannot l)f km.wi.; I'lch lias bccnpcnor-lc'd, onlv c;dcuhaed as lav vo iKrto dnp : and wlu) Mil ,• nuicli fartlifv it n ay .!.■• are several small cl.ai.ch llie salt, in wliifli mass is an da'.sof the-ycvi nrr ,cls is" above oO feet Ion.; • the altar, the cnicilix, s of t!u' church, the sUi- ■A saints, are all rawed lit. Many of the cncsvu- imhers, from whence d.c .„ iln-, arc of an imin.|nse ,re su)>iK)rled with tind.cr, <1 pillars ofsall, which arc for that purpose : scver..l i.nsions are without vv.) the middle. 1 rcmavktd ove) one of this latter snr , which was certainly 80 Ici ,ul so extremely lonp and dmost to appear amid t u: vm irloom withmit limits, f these va-.dts arc not arch- ut The immense si/e <>l bers, with the spacious pa .;vTos or galleries, together with the cIuihIs ah.)ve-ineiaioned, ami a tew ii„J.s built lor the horses wiiich are fuiUlered below, probably ^ave rise to the e-..ii;!''erated accounts of sinue tra- vellers, That Uuvsc mines contain seve- i;,l viil.-ijes iuhabiied by coh>n:esof nii- ,.'c,s who never seo llie light. It is cuil.dn tliat there is rooii|»siidicientlor >,u!i inii-i)os':s ; biHiief.ict is, that tiic millers hav e no d\velliii;,;-s under ;.ro;io/. ;;'i(ve«.'c.'i^. a town of German},^ in llie circle of Suubla. Lon. 1 j 2 E, lat. 4S ,]0 N. fi'^'..;;, a b.irou;.'h in Lancashire, wlih a market on .Momlay and Irida It is i^overued by a mayor, and sends two n'lemliL-rs to paili.inient. Here tlie strangest cliecks are made, ami otlicr rrticles of linen and cotton manufac- ture. That most elegaitt species ol colli, called Canncl, is found hi plent;, iiiul great perfection in the neigldi'm;-- i.iinil. The t^nudl stream tlie Ooir.;-las is ni;.de navigable hence to the liibble; liiid it is joiiieil bv a canal from Liver 1,m1. Wigan is :)0 miles S (4' Laiicas- lei\ and I'Jt) N N W of London. Lon. : ,1.) \V, lat. J3 J4 N. V,'ight, an isl.uid on the coast ol H,iiiii)sh;re, from which it is separutei! iiv a narrow clii.nnel It is in leninb :i!)aiit thirteen miles, in breadth twcn ty one. It is nearls divided into two I'fjial parts bv the river Cowes, which. rising in the S angle, discharges itself ut die N into the eb.cmel, opposite the month of r;.)Utl':iniotoiid)av. The li uiid W points of the island arc almost tiul oil' from the body by arms of the j:-x. The S coi.st is edged with very steep cHH's uCehalk and freestone, hoi- luwed out into caverns in >arLous parts. W I G The W side is fenced w'tli ridges of rocks, of which liie most reinarUable are those called, from their sharp e>c- iremities, tlie Needles. Uetween the islaiiil and the main arc various sand- banks, espccialU oil the li part, where is the safe road of St. Helen's. .\< n.ss the island from L to W runs a ridge of lulls, forming a tract of line (lowiis, with a chalky r tiie wsv of the glass-works in various parts Its principal lown is tlie borougli of New- 1 po;t : it likewise < otUaius tiie twos'.ii.dl i). ,■ ve;hs of Newton and Yarmoutli. ff'j/.f )'.', a town in the K ridirg of y.aiish re, witii a market on Wedne-S- dav, seated :'X the source of t'lo Skcl- ster, U> miles S li of York, .and ];;J N bv \V of London. Lon. U 40 W, lat. jj 3Z N. W:^ton, a town in Cumberland, with a market on 'I'lie-d.iy, veiled am-mg the moors, 13 m its S W of Cai lisle. :,nd .j'Jl .N' N W oi London. Lon. 3 4 W. hit. Jl oJ M. W~,^^t(i::, a horoor;h and seaport, the countv-town of \Vi:r;"ishlre. Here arc sever.'d vestiges of aoti [uity, .ilidto \,\\c N li is a great m;uNii, cal!e.) U N. Jfii'Uir.-jUrc, a coe f^tv in Scnthin-u-t of it stretclies into t'.ic sea in fnin of a )); ninsida, in- dented on both si.les i»y two inlets cal- led Lochri.m and tlio bay of (Uenlucc- Gallowa'- isaliillv country, well water- cd with iai.cs and' ninning streams, and 1 1'^ W 1 L fcaviiij^ sevor;il conimodi'ws creeks and harboiin,, but in (U-stitiilc of vvooil and find, rlic people cnr,il.>y I'lfins-d' • i pci'|)(:lu;iUy ill liiliiiifj i)a llie cou>t, us well its in tlif lakes and rivers ; in wlilcli last liii-y cateli iiinuinciable inullitiides of eels, part "f whieli they salt for ex- poHatiiiii.— Those wlii) do nut employ tlic .IS. Ivis in this man-vr, c Kuiv ♦ li luselves i fi.rniing, oi- in hiveduig oi .;ii.-( !>, wh.is'- word inrns out to ni-eal advaiita.^-e ; or in rais\;ip hlack. cattle, of wliicii 5y,0i)0 are ainiually exported to linir'aiid. They have iilce wise a small breed of horses peculiar to tlie couiUy, and cidk'd G".llo\vays ; wliieh are very Strom;, geiilU', and fit for labour. The J;iml that p-ojecfs into the sea between the two haNs'of Loclirianar.d CilcnUiciJ, is called the Keimes of Gall )\vay, and counted one of the most barren and rui-.'<-d parts of Scolhuid. On tlie W coart is port P.itrick, from whence tlic packet boat sails to Doiia^jlKulec, in Ireland ; the channel in this place be ini? not more tlian JO miles over. From a neiL'Ubouriu^j hill, one way see, m a fine dav, Ireland to ttic S W, the cuasl of Cnuiberland and the Isle of Man to the S E, and 'o the N, the island ot 11 V and the Mall of Kintyrc. W.'ii;sch, a iVont'cr town ot Turkey intluroiie, in liosnia, seated on a lake fnrnieil oy the river Unna, 40 nules S E of Cari'^tadt. Lon. 10 10 i'^, iat. -Ij 34 N . ,, WiU'iv/, a town of Germany m the circle of Suabla, with warm baths. Lon 8 3.5 K, lal. 48 4 3 N. . WiL'jcr^, a town of Germany, m the rinle of S\i.d)ia, silnute on the Nagold. Lon. 8 3S K, lat. 4S iA N. Wi/i'L'/i.iiuvn, a town of Westphalia, raintalof a small bailivvle, united Im tit diitchv of jiremen. It is sealed on tne HnnJ.'e, IH miles .4 W of Bremen. L./.i. 8 27 i'., l.it J.) 55 N. Wilh'shairv, a post town, the capital of l.uzcrr.e eouaiv, Pennsylvania ; mLu- aled m\ the E bank of S.i.f'pU'hamiah ri- ver, 62 miles N W of iv.istun on the Delaware, S7 N E of Ca<,avvs:.ey. and 58 of Nortir-mberland. Tlie mhabitants atlast enu>nor.iti<.n were HlJ. WiUjirJer, a town of Poland m Li.- thuama, in the paUdinulc of Wihia, seated on'tlte Sweita, 45mde3 N W ul Wilna. L'" M 54 E, lal. 55 VJ l-i. WtlliMn !'■ ■t S.^e '..uciiita. WilUain Fort, a fort in liivcrjicssbire, Scotland. W I I. town, the (.»! , North Can.', M(k of Nulbu- I he Uoaiv.lic, ' , about .>/ W i. 'J N E i \\\\ WiHiaviiboru', ii . tal ol Greenville cui; na ; situated en 'he < erei k, a branch of miles \V (d W'arrcii • N (if Haliiax, ai'' boro" .""i "amaly rg, a nost town, the cnu i.ii 01 Janii's City coun'y, and forrii'i', Ihe mcUopiilis of Virp;iiiia. It is si.u., ted on the east side of a small cn-tk lii.it runs into James vivcr, in lat. ,>, ' 16' N and lonjj. Tt)" 4-!: river, 6nii!'.s S W of Hager-i'.own, oi N W of l-'reJ- ericklown,'aiKl 7S from UaltimiU'e. miliumston, a post town in OrMi^r countv, Vermoul; siliiiiled betwee;! Wa.sh'in"-lon and Noiliiii-id, 14 miles N ofU.vml,lph,about-l'5Nof Wimli.., and an 'Ut the same distance S l. oi B.iilini;ton, on lake Champluin. WiUiamstcr., a post town in Befk- ,a,ii-e, Muss;u-:.m-:ells ; 20 miles \\ ot PittsUcld, ami i; S of Uernm-ton, in Vcnnont; ^ituiUed in the N W curu»': : I, :■■ town, lliC ( ,'] NiirUi Can.., , Milt of Nulbib', if the RoaiHiUe, !7 uc , about ;>/ W i,i i .1» N li i Hli; Ki.st town, tlic <:ij,! mii'y, anil t'Driin'i' . irp;iiua. U is si.u.i ; ol' a small r.ritk s liver, ill lat. ,ii ' 9 4b' VV, ami at t'l cs VV from Yidk clunond, uml 17) 'i,;i. 'I'liia anclca; (,■ It of colonial j^avcs:- vilij; bci;ii I'onvjv. oil account of a i'\'. public records \v iii own, and contiui: ' ilc-jVe till the rcviihi. are laid out wii i and the public i.i'.i:; uins of ci)ni[)av:il.> ■ arly liic cajiilol ;ii.i. fi)rj))cr was erccti.i'. bonour of tbe vii'.i. ■t, the patron of si;i- V, wbicb is i"./\v m.- i tbc gotbic bands (.f ul'S. 'rlie ciilkgi: of William :ind M;i- luUiwcd b\' tbc rii_\.l a cloar and certmi'. per annum, sl.U it 1 Ibe ancient donii- , to accommodate lU'J mi move ibaii forty. pdst town in Lyci i; - ylvania ; slandir.-; - ■; \V b;'ancb of .-iu.jii', S of T\o);m, oO N I.v M'Und.'and HiU N Vi' , p;)st town in V.'ai': [aiylanil; situuled .iU wiiia.-l: river, 6 nii'.'.-^i rt-n, jj N W of Im-cJ- i from ilakiinure. post town in Or;.ii,:;:' L; silnaVed bclvvec:'. No!liiii''!d, 14 niilfs bont-t'JNof Win.'.s.., ane distance S li ^'i ke Clianipluin. . post town in Ber';- sells i 20 miles N >-!' ;; S of Hennington, in :d ill tbc K W curu^: W T L f tbe Ktate, containing 20.i6 iiibabi- taris- itritiiamtton, a post town, tbe capital of Mar Ml counl\, North Ci b'na ; h- injc on tbe S side ol Itciuiv '. river. 2S miles VV of Plym lutli, jJ N W of VVasliinjfton on I' iin, tieo river, and a- bout 45 S E of Halifax, w.lb uboul JL/0 ;• n'tatits. IViliiiiinstaJt, a stroiiR seaport of II. >1. land, b.iill by VVilliaiii I prince ol O- , nmije, in 158). Tbe river near wlilcb ; it stai.ds, is called Hnlterlliet, or Hoi- j land Diep, and is one "f tbe bulwarks , of llie Di'cb on tbe side of llraliiut. ; Tbe Fieiicb laid sejtc to tbis pl.ve in j iryj, but were obljfed to raise tbe ; sieKe, afier a^fidlai.t ilefe .ce ; but tbev | took ii in J"y5. It IS 15 miles N h ol i Bergen op Ziotn. and 12 S VV ol JJort Lon.4.1U E, lat, 51 .3'J N. IV.. u' Llaiut, a rocky island at tbe N end of ibe island of So.illiern Ceor pia. It was discovered in l/T?, ami is covired wlt'i the iicits of many tboii- sand s'laRS. Lm. JU 20 W, lat 54 U S. IVi-l'hi.iK, !i town of Swiiserlaiid, in tbe rani, m of L .tern, t-ealeil ainon;;' hif^b mui. mains, oiitue ri%er \Vi;^ miles S VV of Philadeljibia, 74 N E of Hailimore, and 117 from Watliin^ton 'ibe town is incorporated, and (voverncd by two burgesses, and six :iS!.isiaiUs, who are elected aiinual- 1,. li IS regularly buili ; the bouses arc mosllvof brickh, and contains about 3 lOO s )ul!i. Tbe principal foreign traile of tbe Sli'te p.isses tb' ' this p.rt tbc .■.ports m 1802 amou f, 440,.500 do ,ars, and tbo^e rl. ;Hy .l)ines- l.t produce ibe ) i'u i,j.il lic erli- Hce is a poor-bouse, vd hi. il, 120 feet wiile by 40 iv. stories high, bu mintnee and a verv •;•,,.■> situauon. It lies in lat. 39 43-' , , ar^ 1 long. 75 32' VV. JVihnhigtcn, • ■ -n ' North Caroh- na, siuiauoiitbe si e of tbe E branch of Cape Ee.ir river, 34 nides N of Cape Fear, and 85 S W of Neubein. Wiina, a conime.ii.l ciiy of Llll.u- uni.i, in a ' alatiiiale of the name name, viiib a bisb p's see, a im.ver^iiy, an ancient castle, and a palace. The boii- se-( are a'l built of wood. It was taken b\ ll'.c Russians in 1794; an I is sealed at the coiii'.iieiice of the Vili.T and Wii- na. 15 miles E of Trokl, and 215 N E of Warsaw, l.on. 25 39 E, lat. 54 33 N. H'ildiiif, or WiU.iorf, atownofCer- nr.;nv, in'tl-.e circle of Upper Saxony. Lon! 13 23E, l.-.i. 51 5 N. U'ihhoirn, a town of Germany, in Ba- varia, seated at the eonl'.ueiice of the Wils and Danube, 30 miles N VV of Passaii. . IVii'snacli, a town of Germ.-inv, in thfi margravale of Brandenburg, seated on a rivulet that falls not far from il into the Elbe. Wilton, a borough in Wiltshire, witli a niarktt on Wednesday. It was for- merlv the bcik lll'irc, oiitlic li; liy Uci-lislilrc-and Hani|> ■liirc, on lilt \V liy Sonu-l'Ni isiiii'r, «m tlic S !);, D.pi'sotsliirf and Huiii|'s!iii'c, nnd on tin- N \V uinl iN l)> Glmioi'stir Till- liinil ill ttiis county IS of \i(rioiis qniilily, but in (^nifralilry ami i-U'valcd 'i III- N piirt, liii nifil) o\ti-nin witli I'o- reKis, and at prcsi'iit sprinkled willi woods. Is hilly, 1)111 Ici till' i and allinds pasture liir caltk- 'lie litij;iil of this tract is proxcd hy tin- vai is rivers wlilcli have their woorcfs in it, 'I'lu' liciids of the flianus ;n Oli'iocstcrsh.rc «irc \ciy iitar l!.c border of this coiint\ ; nnd (-cvcral of its tnbutarv Tills rise in the N of Wiltshire, 1 h'e chalk hills oi(iit)\ by lliiir various rid;,'es a coiisi- derable part of llic middle of tliis coiii'- fy, fjrminjj; wide diwiis in tl.e nei^fh- boiirhood of Marlboro'ijjh Bel.iw the middle Inpns that exienslvc tract of open diwil'i and heaths, frreat part of vhich bears llie nmie of Salisbury plain, tin- most remarkable spot of the kind in Kn^'land. Over these wilds, stretcliiiifj heyor.d the reach of slight, waiuler vast Hoi ks of sheep with liieir solitary shep- lieids, the sole tenants of the plain, except the bustard, the wheat ear, and a few other lovers of the ilesert. Kiiina of |{i.nian,SftM>n and Danish niomiments Te scattered throitfth these districts ; Mmonnf which the faiTioiis Stniiclieng-e rises »es it to have been the site ol a battle in AfiK, between Ccaii- liii kin^- of the West Saxons, and Klhelbi 1 1 kiiitf of Kent, in which the latter was deleaUd. At VViiiiblelon are copper mills, a iiiamifacture fir printing calicucb, and anuUier uH Japan ware. Wiuimii, a town of Swisserland, in the canton of Hern, seated on the Sib- neii, Itl miles S of Uern. Lon. 7 b K, hit 46 31 N. Wiiii/ffii, a free imperial town oi Germany in Siiabia, seated on the Nf- kar, ei^'ht miles N of Huilbrou, and 'Si E of llcid* Iberjc. Lon 'J 23 E, l..t. 49 20 N. JViii/iorii, or Winhorn Minster, a town in Dorsetshire, with a market on Fri- day. Il is apreit) larjre well-inhabited place, lias a handsoiiie church, called the Minster, and bad a monastery, in which were interred sonic W Saxon kiniffl. It i.s seated between the Stoin and Allen, six mile's N of I'oole, and 102 S W of London. Lon. 2 1 W.lat. 5a 47 N. Wiiicaunton, a town in Somersctsliirc, with a market on Wednesday, seated on the side of a hill, 24 miles S ofB-itli, and 108 W bv S of Limdon. Lon. 2 1» W. Iat.51 IN. Wiiiclicmnb, a town in Gloucester- shire, with a market on Saturday. It was formerly noted for itg abbey, whose mitred abbot had a seat in par- liament. It is seated in a deep bot- tom, 16 miles N E of Gloucester, nnd 9.? W N W of London. Lon. 2 W, It. 51 55 N. IViiichtUea, a town In Sussex, one of the cinque ports. It was built in 'lie rei^n of Edward I. on the destruc- t on of a more ancient town of the same ' ame, with 18 churches, and distant bout three miles. It was swallowed p by the sea, in a terrible tempest, ■lid the new town beinp sacked by the French and Spaniards, and deserted by the sea, dwindled to a mean place, It "'-M N imcril. Suliiibury i« njfc in Surry, on iin IlliTc in a purk be- li'iiccr, wlielue may 1 iliiirrlK s, exclusive unit VVtHtmiiiiitcr l)iniuiin, \s u ril'culur lulling' scvcit aci'i'tt i|('t'|j uikI |iri Tiot. I'H it to liavf bfeii tilt" |A()H, beUvcrli Ccaii- Wfsl Saxons, iiiul Rent, ill wliicll the ittil. At WiinblctMii >, a inunuructurc t'lr and uiiotlicr u<' jupuu rn of SwiHserlaiid, in 'II, seated on t!ic Ml)- if Ufi-n. I, on. 7 HE, •Lc impi'i'ial town ol ii;i, scati'd on till" Nc- N of Haillii'ou, and 22 Lon 'J '25 E, \.A. 49 ''inborn Minster, a town with u iiiarkcl on Fri- itv larjfc wt'll-iiiliabitcd dsoiuo church, culled Ll had a. nionastcn , in tcri'cd some W Saxon ed between the Stonr niles N of I'nolc, and idun. Lon. '2 1 \V,lat. town in Somcrsetsliirc, in Wednesday, seated hill, 24 miles S ofB'itli, of Loudon. Lon. 2 IK town in Gloucester- larkct on Saturday, It noted for its abbey, ■>l)ot had a seat in par- eated in a deep bot- E of Gloucester, nnd .ondoit. Lon. 2 \\^, town in Sussex, one ol'ts. It was built ill yard L on the destruc- icienttown of the same churches, and distant rs. It was swallowed in a terrible tempest, n being sacked by the liards, and deserted by :d to a mciin place. It W 1 N ,« a corporation, and scuds two mtm- bi-rs t\ed. Wiiuli'.Uea i'» two miles S VV of Hvf, and 71 >> W ol Lon- don l.dii 44 t., l.it. j;> M N. IViiie/ieulfjn, a jiost town in Worces tcr coiliitv, Massachusetts ; .)> niiU h N W of Worcester, and bj W by N ol llcMion. W.iichr.Uir, a city of Hampshire, witli iwo in.ii'kets, on Wediifid.iy and Sa- iiu'day. It is pleasantly scaled in a vallcN between liills, oil the del^vi'Hul river Itcliiiiic, and in about one mile u>n[ a half ill circuinfereiice iiiuiid the wall's, tliroug'li ivhicli there are fmr g'aie-.: however, there is some waste (ground wilbin llic walls, aii;inal plan. In the late wars it was tilted uj) for the reception of prisoners, but is now in- habited by a great number of t!ie French enni^raiit cler;fy. Near tlie S end of the city is the hospital ol' St. Cross, founded by a bishop of this see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and foiii' out-pensioners. All travL-lU rs. who call at this hospital, have a ri}>'h Id demand some bread and beer, which is alwajsbrouffhtto them Near the E pate of the city is .St John's bos pitnl, in the ball of which the corpora- tion (^ive their cntcrtainnieuts. The city ii interspersed with a |jre:it many i^ardeiis which coiitrdiutp to its liedtli iness and beauty. \VilU■he^ler was o' «i'eat note in the time of the Saxons and here Egbert was cisiwr.ed tin lii'st sole m 'iiarch of Eiij^land. Th city is governed by a mayor, and sends two members to parliament. It it- i.piited in av:dlcy on the river Itchen, 21 miles N VV of Chichester, and O.J \' bv N of London. Ljii. 1 31 W, lai Jl 5 N. W I N Wintcil >nd contaiiiH about 2iUU inhabitantN. n^iiiJtia', a town of the diitchy of Lixii'laiid, with a castle, aiul a iiai briiir at the inoiitli of the VV etaw, in the lial- II. , 70 miles N VV of Millaw, and UiO N "f Mei.iel. Lon 22 .'» K. lat. 57 2U N< ly.iia'entiiifiiiatir, or IViiiaiider-mirej the most eMeiinve lake in Knglaiid, lying- bel\>eeti We amorelaiid and i.aii< eashire. ll extends 10 mdi.'s from H to .S, but in no part brouilei th:>n a mile ; and e.vhibits a greater \aiaty of lino landscajie." tliaii an) lake in England. It II. fanious i'>r its line char, and abiKiiuiH .dso with I rout, perch, pike, anil eel. ll has a comiminieallon on the VV witli Kslhwaile water j ami lis principal eeder.i are tlie riven- Kotliay andUrat- bay. T!ii:i lai;e is Irefpeully intersect- ed by promonlorii s, aiul spotted witli i.-.lands. Among tliete, the Hi. line, 111' Creal l.ilaud, an oblong tract of j6 acres crosii.'S the lake In an ohlinue line, suri.iiiiided by a luimber of interior isles, finely wooded. Not one buU rusli, or s.vampy reed.debles the in:tr« gin ol this I'ake. l\'::,dUam. See JV.inondhum IViiulliiMi, a post town in Rnckinff- ham cotintv. New Hampshire, i iK'lit miles S by E of I,oii(!iiiiderr\ , 4.) S VV" of l-'ortsnioutii, and 2d VV of Ncwbury- ;iort. Wiitdliaw, a post town, the capital 'if Windham coimlv Connecticut, 10 miles W of Canteibliry, 12 N by VV of Norwich, and 32 E of Hart'brd, con« taining about 500 inhabitantH. WiiiJinmerk, a leiritorv of Germany, firmintc the E part of C.rniula. Met- lln? is the capital, Windlint^t-n, a towi of Germanv in Su;ii>i.'i, in the dutcliy of VVuleinburg', s ated on the Ncckar, 12 miles from St ily'iinl. Wihlsimm, an imperial town of Ger- manv in Francunia. Lon. lU 25 E, lat. 49 "> N. Win ! jar, a town of the United States of N Amurica, ncated ui\ the river Con« nccttciLt. W 1 N W I N V 'y S ul HiitliinJ, i.'\(l ,J S l)\ W cil'Diiriiuoulli oolli'ffe, Ntw H:iiiil).iliii'f. 'I'lif Sfat of KimTtiiieiil ulleriiulcs '.i.Hs eii tins town iiiid Uiltltind Wiiuuor, u post town in Hartto'.-ti county, Coiii^frtiri.t i U'n^g on tie \V )4i(lf of Conncolii'iil rixiT, seven m'l'.vi N of Hurttiird, uml 22 S In W ol Sprinirlii'lil, iVluHHuclulH(.-ll» It i\a^ 377.5 iiili;il)iluiit». Wi I'Uor, x con8iclfral)If boroiicrii in Biiksliire. It is pU-usuntly muIhI on the banks of till.- 'I'll. linen, on ii hcanti- fiil cniitiencc. It is cfklinttt-d fur its majfnilit cut I'listli', liiiill ori(;'in;ill\ by AVilliani the Conijii ri.r, und I'lilai-gcd by Hcniy I. It lius been enli.rj.ftl uial repalrcil by several monunlis, mid Cliiiiles II. restored tlie Chtle to iis pristii e MjlendDiiv : be cnlaiu'ed tlie windows, and made tbeni re>;uli.r ; fnr- nisluii tlir royal apartments Willi paint- ings i enlarged tlie terrure walk, niaie b) (pii en Lli/...betii on ti.e N side ot the castle; .iiul cunied anotlier terraie loiMid tlie E and S sides. His jiresenl inajtsly lias also made \ery fine iin- proveniriits in it. 'Ibis castle is seat- ed on a \ivf,\\ bill, wbieb rises !iy a pen- ile aseeiil. It is u pli.ee of ^rei.t strength on arcoiint of its situation, as it stands on an eininenre and adords a most m the town, tbrong-b a dou- bli- I'laiitatiim of trees, to the Hanger'u Lo.ii.'c. On the death of the last ran- (^I'l, Henry Frederic diikc of Cumber- land, his majesty took the manage* meiit of this park into bis own hands . and the improvrnients made by bis majesty, arc very considerable with respect to agricultural utility, fs well as rural beauty Windsor is 17 milcil li by N of Heading, and 22 W of Lon- onu. Lou 36 VV.Iat 51 ;)0 N. Windsor Forttt. a forest in Ihe E part of Uerksliirc, 30 miles in circumfer- ence. '1 hough the soil is generally barren and uncultivated, it has long been famous for its rural beauties, and fir the pleasures of tbc • base wbicli it has alliirded to u Icmg series of our monarchs. It was the theme of the juvenile muse of Pope, who was born within its precincts. Within the for- est is contained the Great Park, cover- ed with noble trees, and stocked with numerous herds of deer. It contains several town and villages, of wbirli Okingbam, near the centre of the for- est, is the principal. See Biiifietd. Whukmrd J.ilandt, such of the Carrib- bean, in the West Indies, as commenca at Martinico, and extend to Tobago. li'ind%v(ird Passage, the strait between Point Mai/.i, at the E end of the Is- land of Cuba, and Cape St Nicholas, at the N W extremity {Miiiai'ds in Ijlti .il liollarfBay. ai jjoii. Lon. 6 58 1 U'iiisin, a town er Si'xony, in the jcatcd at tbc coi .iiul Ihnenaii, 1.5 n hirir. Lou 1(1 1 1 U'insh-em, an ii iiiiii;, ill Franco li; if Aiisparli. It ijOod ranipaif, u d ivalU tliinked w ii;lialiil:;tits are pi i tire icdi;ccd all ',i) .isi;es. Il is si iU miles N W of I ■U E, lat 49 32 N Wiiisloij, a ti)\ Oiiic, with a n Mveii miles N W W N W of Loiidc 51 57 N. U'imlmv, a pos' ci.unty, Maiiie ; si fPce of Kenebcc a 27 miles W of i/l U'iscasset, wit Wii.ster, a Id V'liiLli lias no rii Ini the sale of pr It is five miles 152 N N W of L Wihterbeig, a ti till- rirric of We I, l.it. 51 5 N. U'i,.ieihuig. a the circle of Lowi Wintertnghtim, 1,1! ciilnsliirc, wh( cliriicn from one ii:is : ' ir in July. Wi: thur, a Ur ilic call- 1 of Ziii ricli library and a is M ated il' a fert L'IikIi, 15 Mules h 4o-E, lat 47 31 N Wi ilertdune.i, the live uiile^; H of Ya Winthrnp, a pn Cdiiiitv, Maine, ter l«, liv'v N E oi" Mo] ilown, anS iH riigra\iil uiU'tl to tlin re iit'vei" rc- ' lliid |)ul»cn I |).untiii^s, 11(1 lotty, in- ly l() 1)1- pa- s'itf till- S K xKli'i'ii-biiilt •n'» l,o<\tJC. xljrc is I lift 8.t Nicholas, it. Domiiiffo. Germany in of Stiitfjard. 1 of Poland, ritory of the It was ta- 58, but rcta- ;ated on the >f Bratklaw. iitb Carolina, W I N ii hilrfH-ld roMiity, ami ,'>0 niiliM N by \V III Colnnilila, abdiil tlie »;iiii'' din- iiiin' W of Canuleii, ami It J N by \V iilCliai'leston. Hile is a post otli'f, jii(l tlie iiiliabitaiits arc about 2U0. ll'iiiichnten, a Imvn of the United i'ruvinces, in Gri(Miii(fen, wIiitl' ibc I'liiite of Oraii^u fii'st defeated llu' >|j.ini:ifds in 1618. II is six miles S VV .'I Hullal'fUav. and Ui S K of Giiiiiin. jon. Lon. 658 E, lat. M ;'. N H'iimit, u town of Cifi inMiy in f,ow- tr Siixdiiy, in the diilrlij'of l/iiuiiliuri,s )i :d(il at the coiidiiei.re of tlio lillie .hit Ihlienau, 1.1 miles N W of l.iilieii- I'lirjr. l.oii 10 11 E, li.t. W ■?A N. U'iiish-em, ;m inipeiial town of Ger- iijiiy ill Eraiico lia, in the inar)',ravatc I Aiisp;irh. It i:) siirrnunded by a ^■iKiJ ranipuit, u diiiible dltc-li and liiick A'iilU tliiiiked with 'JO towers '1 lie :J:al)ll:;iits are proiestania In 17o0, , tire udixed almost the wlielo town ! .1 allies. It is sei'led on the Aisch, ( i(J miles N W of Njrembupg. Lon. 10 ,!1 E, lat 49 ;52 N. | WiimliKj, a town in Oiickini^haiti- : «liiie, with a market on Tiieaitlirnp, a post town in Kenebec ciiiiiity, ^Iaine, ten miles W zollern, the ruiiity of Eurstenbur.';, and tile H;iir(jiiis.iif of llilu'iibip;;; and on the W bN llie manpusate of Bade'i, and tile lih.ek Finest. It is 6.T inil.'s in le'ii;ili, and nearly as iniudi in breudtli. I'lu.ii^li there are iiiaiiy mountains and woiids, it is one of the n.ost populous and fertile countries in Germany, pro- ducing' plenty of past, re, corn, fruit, and a j^reat deal ot wine. There are also mines :ii:d salt S|)riii;ard i.s the capit.'d. W:'{) '.I I . W I T 7(0.), one of the Sandwich Islands, seven h'agues N W of Morotoi Frinii the appearance of the N E and N VV parts, it is tJie );roup. A bay is VV extremities, i empties itself, ll but the water is 1 from the entronct inliahitants Liei iiiaiider of v'-e 11; had been sent fr with a supply of f covery sloop, capi oil a voyage of surprised and nui together with Mr mer. Lon. 157 5 Wo'jwn, a \.Q\ with a market on iin a rising grouiK famous for its abl lungs to the du his country seat. iIdwii in 1724, bu built, and has a fr iit\-jeliool, found lord. Near it is 1 liiller's earth. It lord, and 42 N N 32 VV, lat. 52 Woburu, a small sex county, Massi S of Andover, , ly port, and UN Wo.lnat, a town circle of Prach, s 12 miles N VV of Pi'ague. Lon. 14 IFiimlen, a to\ vinees, in Holhmd 18 miles S of Am was taken by tli I.on. 4 51 E, lat Wohlau, a stri ill Silesia, ct'piti same name, with est part of the in! ed in a woollen seated near the iif Breslaw, and : Lon. 16 54 E, lat Wokinghavi. Wolbcch. a to\ circle of West pi i Wolfenbuttle, tlie circle cf Low f Brun'- .vlck, wi' like of Brunsw Miles. It is one ■cs in Germany, ibrary, with a relating to natur; on the Ocker, «e »M,, Germany, in tlie IS, with_a castle, ser. tt'ordsliire, w'ltli Hero are nianii. it blitnkels, iind called bearskins iglit miles N \V M W oi London, a N. f Germany, capi- Ihe same name, esse Cussel. Lun. ; town of Germa- :)cr Saxony, and f Saxony, witli a 1 a castle. It is ;neri.l assemblies Saxony are held, the place \Aliert-. proiessor in tint :d ill achapel he- It is sealed on VV of Dresden. 9 N. 1 of Germany, in asony. Lon. 11 f Russia, in the ia, 40 miles S of , iKt. 53 47 N. of Germany, in ilia, seated near Lon. 7 4 E, lut. ake in the N E re, six miles lonp i iouT miles S of Germany, in the ;, and electorate W of Coblentz. sr. Germany, in the ny. Lon. 12 30 in S mersctshire, esdiiv, 20 miles 1 Ijj'vV bv S of V, lut. 51 4 N. of Little Poland, he same name, in li^ It is seated lis into the Huff. •ho, and 3G N 'f 50 F.. lut. 51 3 N. iandvvich Ishmds, f Morotoi From N E and N \V W O L parts, it is tlie finest island of the uronp. A bay is formed hythe N and AV extremities, into which a fine ri%er empties itself, throngh a deep valley i 1)111 the water is brackish for 200 yards from the entrance. It contains 60,000 inhabitants Lieutenant Hergist, com- mander of v.''e Dicdalus storeship, who liad been sent from England, in 1791, with a supply of provisioiis for the Dis covery sloop, captain Vancouver, then (111 a voyag-e of discovery, was here fiiirprised and murdered by the natives, together with Mr Gooch, the astrono mer. Lon. 157 51 W, hit. 21 43 N. UWmiii, a town in Bedfordshire, with a market on Friday. It is seated nil a risinjc ground, and was Uirmerly famous for its abbey, which now be- longs to the duke of Bedford, and is Ills country scat. Woburn was burnt ilowii in 1724, but has been neatly re- built, and has a frecscliool, and a cha- lit;. •.ichool, founded by a duke of Bed- I'.ird. Near it is found great plenty of fuller's earth. It is 12 miles S of Bed- ford, and 42 N N W of London. Lon. 32 VV, lat. 52 2 N. Wuburu, a small post town in Middle- sex county, Massachusetts, eight miles S of Andover, 33 S VV of Newlni- ry port, and 11 N VV of Boston. IVodiiay, a town of Bohemia, in the r.ircle of Pracli, seated on the Bianitz, 12 miles N VV of Budweis, and 56 S of Prague. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 9 N. W^oerden, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in H()lliuid,seatedon the Rhine, 18 miles S of Amsterdam. This town was taken by the French, in 1794. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 52 6 N. Wohlaii, a strong town of Bohemia, in Silesia, c«;)ital of adutchyofthe same name, with a castle. The great- est part of the inhabitants are employ- ed in a woollen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder, 20 miles N VV iif Breslaw, and 32 S E ofGlowgaw. Lon. 16 54 E, lat. 51 18 N Wokingham. Sec Wolbcxt. a town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia. Wolfenbmtle, a town of Germ.iny, in li<- circle cl' Lower Saxony anddutcliy if Brun'- ,^'lck, with a castle, where the hike of Brunswick VVolfenbiittle re- lides. It is one of the strongest |)la- les in Germany. Here is an excellent ihrary, with a cabinet of curiosities relating to natural hislory. It is seated on the Ocker, seven miles b of Bruns- Okingham. W O L wick, *nd 30 \V of Halberstadt. Lon. 10 42 E, lat. 52 IB N. Wolfersdikf, an island of the United Provinces, in Zealand, between N Beveland and S Beveland. Wutfsperg, a town of Germany, in Lower Carinthia, with a castle, on which the district about it de|)ends. It is seated on tijc Lavand, at the foot of a mountain covered with wood, and full of wolves, whence tlie town took its name. It is 36 miles E ot Clagen- tiirt. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 56 Hi. Wolgast, a considerable town of Ger- many, m Swedish Poinerani.i, capital of a territory of the same name, willi a castle and one of the best and largcut harbours on the Baltic. It is seated on the Psin, 12 miles S E of Grijis- wald, 25 S E of Stralsund, and 45 N VV of Stetin. Lun. 14 4 E, lat. 54 1 N. WolkouMi, a town of Russia, in the government of Novogorod, 100 miles S E of Novogorod. Lon. 34 20 E, lat. 57 30 N. Wulhnvska, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodeek, seated on the Ros, 23 miles S E of Grodno, Lon. 24 40 E, Ut. 53 4 N. Wookr, a town in Nortluimbcrl.ind, with a market on Thursday. In a plain near tliis town was fought a battle so bloody as to give the name of Ucdriggs to the place where it was fought. Lon. 1 46 VV, lat. 55 34 N. iVolUn, a seaport of Geiniany, in tlie circle of Upper Saxony in Piussiun l*o- merania, capital of an i.'land of the same name, in the mouth of the Oder. It is 10 miles VV of Cammiii. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. ,54 4 N. U'uhnar, a town of Russia, in the government of Livonia, seated on the Aa, 38 miles N of Ri^a. Lon. 2'1 25 E, lat. 57 32 N. Woherlumiptoii, a town in Stafliird- shire, with a market on Wednesday. It has iiu ancient coUc-ri:'le church, an. nc.\<'d to the deanery of Windsor, and a haiulsome chapel. It is chiefly noted for ■I i.v: cat iron manufai tore, consisting of locics, hinges, buckles, cork screws and iapiinned ware. U is seated on a hill, 13 "miles S of Staflbrd. and i:4 N VV of London. Lon. 2 W, lut. 52 47 N. Wolvei, a vilhige in VVarkwickshire, fyvf miles S F. of Nuneaton. Here Ed- ward IV. was surjiriscd and taken pri- soner by Richard Ncvil earl of War- wick. \ ■:'fm ' •; WOO lVooSn<^ge, a t.nvn ... Suffolk, ^v.lh ama-Ka.m \VcHl..L-..luy, s.iaumt.. E. Kiv- .,»;.. a. .e sou U .as d.uU >!<>.■ l...il!iiig ships, caiTifS on .. Rvcal con. ti ."le. Is t:....o..» f...' vcl......!' sail, a„a .ra,.l. lime is b.i.i.e.l I.e.f f,„.;, fossil sea sl.clls.lt hud a.. Hbl.e>, „f vl.irl. the.e are .10 remavkal) 1. u.- ins 11 is seve,i ...iUs E N h ..i ll-s vich, and 76 N li "f Londun. Lo... 1 25 1::, lat. 52 11 N. IVoodM.a^,^ villupc w.thapostol fice. i.\ Middlesex couiity. New Jei-s< x , three miles N of A...1»..V, <'>...• S ot Kahw.-.y, "'Hi 10 N K ol New 11.U..S- "^'wooJbury, a tow.. i.A LilrhHeUl m.n- tv, Cilh;;.'" the intricate recesses, of which k.nf, Hcnrv II. concealed his mistress, tlie fair liosamand. The spot is now no less celebrated fcr tl.e iii»B'''h- cent seat of lilenheim, a ff.ft o the British parliament to tl.e great t.iike o MarlboroiiKl., on account of h.s s.gnal victory over the French at Hochstet, or Blenheim i.i Germany. It is one of the noblest seats in Europe. One ot (he pussa;i-es to it is oxer a bru.i.e w. h one arch. 190 feet in diameter, reseml)- Jinff the Hialto at Venice. The Har- dens tiihe up 100 acres of grou... ; a.ul the oir.ces which arc x ei y grand, have room enough to accommodate MO people. The apartments of the palace 'are magnificently f.i.n.shed, and the staircases, statues, paintings, and ta- pcstrv, snrpi-isi.iKl> «ih-. Chaucer the Let.-vvasbor.^ lived, and d.ed here It is eight miles N W of Oxford, ami fio W N W of London. Lon. 1 lo W, lat 51 53 N. U'ooihtock, a post town, and the capi- tal of Shenundoah county, Virginia, i~ W O R miles S by W of Slrasbiirg, 30 S of' VVii.chester, 2U N of Ni w iVl;.ikct,| Old 112 froi.i WAnlii.-gton. It st.,i.(lsl un the h: side ot North river, a biui,cli| of .>iliCi.aiidoali. . ,. , 1 WooMmm, a post town "^^^i'lo? oimlV, New Jersey, ^ "V''",^ I' ,''> >| „f Salem, and 2ti S ot Philadeli.liia.l and has 3U0 inhabitants. I W^lpit, a town m SutU.lk famous fori the niamifactiire of white bricks. I WMk:ich, a town in Kent, with ill market on Friday. Here are sevcrall line docks, rope-xards, and spacu.i.sl ,nairuzlne», this pUce be..ig wl.ol yl takln up a.ul raised by the works crcted for the ..aval service. BcskIcsI Uie siores of i-lank, masts, i.ilch, tar.l ac there is the g.myaid, called the! Warren or Park, where they m.kel trial of the guns, mortals, i^cl in which m.iN be seen some thousar.dj nieces of ordnance for ships and l-,.iUj;- lies, besides mortars, bombs, &e. will outmmibcr I! „der the military brand, I is the Warren, where art.llei-y <)t alll kinds and dimensions are cast. HcieJ ,s also a laboratory, where the niut- trosses are employed in the coniposi. tion of hre works and cartridges, aml| Ml charging b<.i.ibs. carcases, grcna.| does. A roval academy is estubli>-.l.- here, tindel- the br,u.-d of '^f^^'^'l for the instructing and (luahlxing iil| voiing irentlemcn intended as can. 1- datesfur the oflice of engnieer m thel military branch of that oftice. Ihe larKcsl shiiJS ride here safely, even ,1 I low watct' Some hulks are mooredj off this town, for the reception ot con- victs, who arc emplojed .." '•"'«."'S| "ravd from the river. It '^lO -^^M •i of London. Lon. 10 E, lat. 51 oOl ^ Worcester, a town of the Unlleill ota.es of N America and capital nt a| countv of the same name. It is ^a miles'W of Boston. , WorceHcr, a city in Worcestershire,! capital of that county, with a markcti .,r» Wedncsdav, Friday, and Saturdav,! •uul a bishop's see. It contains ...noi churches, besides the cathedral, am St Michael's without the hberties otl ihe city ; and has also three grammar- school;, seven hospitals, and a we.l. contrived quay. It is governed b> .il mavor sends two me.nbers to parlia-l rekl'ltisalargeweirmhabtejcy carrvinc: on a considerable trade ml gloves, and has likewise a large manu- 3 R if Strabbiirff, 30 S nfl N of Im \v i\Uiiki-t,| Nurtli rivci-, a biuiich| post town in Salem ■st'V, U miles N In t 6 S ()»' Philudcli-liia, ibitalUs. 11 in SutUilk fiimoiis fov nt \vhite bricks, own ill litnt, with ii jy. Here live sevcnil e-\uicls, itiid spiiciiius i j)Uce being vvl.dliy raised by tlie works naval service. Ucsk'cs lank, masts, jiilcli, l:ir, a giin\aicl, called Hie ,rk, where tluy make euns, movtara, he. e seen some th()i:s;ii cl lice fov sliips and l.aUc Drtars, bombs, &c. witli nler the military bnincli' , wliere nvtillery of Ul er.sions are cast. Here atorv, where the niiit- plov'ed in the coniposi- irks and cartridges, ami lombs, carcai.es, (••rciiii- , academy is establii-lKil he biiurd of , Massachusetts ; I T I I J a post ti.wn in Hiiup- 10 miles ill) . ^.M- W of Nortliampton. 19 F. of Pittsfleld, iiivl 41- N W of lirookticlil, containing JJ:? i;il).il)ltiints. lV..:tjn H isser, :i 1) irniij,'h in \ViUsliire with ;i iii;i"kot im I-'i'idMV. It is se;itc(l iif:u' tlic Fiii'fst of liruiulon, st-iiiis two niniilioi's to prirliununt, and is;5U milts N of S;!!;sl>nr\. and 80 \V of London. Lop. 1 .■51.W,"i.t. .^1 ,n N. H^itUm-un.'.cr- E i};c, ;t corporate town In Gi( lu c'Hirisiiiif, with :i rnarlii-t on Friday. It i.s ;;i)veiM\ed by u n;:i-oi', and inhnhiti'dchic'H'. hy cti)tl\ipi's It is seat- ed inidcr \\\v lii'.ls, CO miles N F. of Brislul, and 108 \V N \V of London. Lon 2 11 W, hit. Jl 40 N. ?r.i;^'i,, a town in Lincolnsliirp, with a in.ukp( on Th'nsdiiy, 11 miles F. N E of Lincoln, and 144 .V of London. Lon. 10 W, lat. 5.5 18 N. Wrath, Cal>e, n vast promontory in SHthcrlandsliii\», which t()vms the N W point of Gicat Uritain. It in tlie droad of marinci , for a;;'ainst its rnpfircd and lofty c lilt's (he rupid tide bursts with in- credible i'liry. Wrentlumi,, a. post Unwi in Norfolk county, Massachusetts ; 20 miles S by W of Boston, and 19 N E of I'rovi". dcncc, (Rhode Island). It has 2U61 in- liabit.ints. t'/rex/uivi. a town in Donbif^'hshire, with a iiiaikct on Monday and Thurs- ^j.: It is the most pop-.dous town in all N Wales, and a place of con^^idcra- bl^ traffic, in Welsh flannels. It has a Gothic rhnrch, the lofty steeple of which is the boast of this jjart of the country. In the vicinity of Wrexham is n larjj^e founder'- for cannon ami otiier articles. It is seated, on a river, in a coiiurv aftijrdinj' plenty of lead. Lon. 3 10 W, lat. 5.3 -J N. Wi-i.itni}, a town in Somersetshire, with a market on Tuesday. If is the birth-place of Mr. Locke, is noted for calamine, and seated amontj the Men dip !iills, 11 miles W N VV of Wells, and 123 W of London. Lon. 2 8 W, lat. 51 21 N. See L.iva: IVrot/imn, a town in Kent, with a market on Tuesday, 11 miles W N W of Alaidstnne, and 24 S E of London. Lo-i 24 K, lat 51 18. IVwmenhcr^, a town of Germany, in the circle of Westflialia. It is 14 miles S of Paderboni. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 51 26 .V. IKutisiedel, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, with mines of cop- per, and quarries of niarb'e, in its vi- WYE cinily. Lon. 12 24 E. lat. 50 10 JI Wumtiorf, a town of Germany, ni tln^ circle of Lower Saxony. Wiirtenbur^. See U'irteiiibury. Wurtzlinr;^, a bishnprii- of Cjerman\, coniiiieliendiny- the prnicii)al part of Franconia ; bounded by tiif count\ of llenncberff, the dutcliy of Coburg-, the abbey of Fulde, the ;!rcld»fs'iiojn'ic of Mcntz, the marquisate of An'«ipach, the bisbopr.c oC Uamherp, and the county of Wertlu'im, bein!,'- about 6j miles in lenjjth, and 50 in breadth. The soil is very fertile, and produces more corn and wine than the inhabitants consume. The territories of the bishop, com- prehend above 400 towns and viUajres, of which he is sovereifjn, beinp one "f the j^rcatest ecclesiastic princes of the empire. IVurtzlmig, a city of Germany, in Franconia. It is defended with g-ood fortilications, and has a mappiificent pa- lace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome hospital. The castle stand.s on an eminence, and communicates witli the city by a stone bridjye, on which, are 12 statues, representinjjas many saints. Wurtzburg' was taken in 1796, by the French, but upon their defeat in Sep- tember following, it was retaken. It is seated on the Maine, 40 miles S W of Bandierg, and 300 N W of Vienna. Lon. 10 1:5 E, lat. 49 46 N. Wurzach, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabla. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 4S 6N Wurzoi, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and territory of Loipsic, witt> a citadel. Lon. 12 40 £, lat. 51 19 N. Witsteihriusni, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxonv. Lon. 12 ."0 E, lat. 52 53 N. Jl-'usHr/uiuseii, a town of Upper Saxo- ny, in the middle marche of Branden- burg, 11 miles S S E of Berlin. Wynlusii:g, a post town, in Luzerne county, Peimsylvania ; situated on the N bank of Susquchannah, near the mouth of Wvalusing creek, 28 miles N W of Harlem, and 62 N W of Wilkes- barrc. Wye, a town in Kent, with a market on Thiu'sday, soateil on the Stour, 10 miles S o*" Canterbiu'V, and 56 S E of London. Lon, 14E,"lat 51 ION. W;e, a river of Wales, whicii rises on the confines of Cardiganshire, and rii'^- niuj^ S E divides the counties of Rad- nor and Breciiiiock ; then crosses Here- th Ai Lu pr. net pri on S can kir of E |4 E. lat. 50 W NT of Germany, in tlii^ xony. ll'i'i'eriibur:^. ii'|)nr of Cicrmany, r IJi'imipul iwrt ot' 1(1 by I'ne county ol' itdiy of Cobiirg-, tlie tlie :ll'('liljit.iii«luiio«. Lun. 9 4 L, lat 4; J4 N. jr,.'. sec li^i-iL IF iieuJak; u. town of Austrian Flan- ders^ wueie j^eiiei'iil Webu, m ITOrf, Wiui 3J0J men only, dciealcd 24,000 Freuc-i It is eiijut miles E N E of Di.MNutde. W,rf, a river in Lancashire, which rises iikeiu' Wyrcsdulc, si)L utiles S E of Lunciii«ter, and pas.iiujf by Garslung', enters tuie Irish Se.i, below Puulton. ir.tUe C. H. llie seat of jaslicc in "Cvyiiie coantx , Vu-sfiiiia ; wliere tliere IS u ji'jst ottice, 3£> ..iile-. N Eof Abiiig- tun, )i S W uf I-ijj'iisvilic, ;uid jil truiu Washington. X. VABEA, a seaport of Spain, in Va- -^ lenciii. Lon. 25 E, lut. 33 40 N. Xaccr., or Succj, ii seaport of Sicily, wiUi an old castle. It is sealed on tlic S coast of tiie island, at the foot of a mouataiii, 20 miles S E of Mazara, and 41 3 S iV of Palermo. Lou. IJ 2 E, iat. Sr 41 N. Xii^'iui, a seaport on the S coast of the island of Cuba, one of the fir.est in America, H4 miles S E of Uavaimu. Lou. 80 45 VV, lat 22 10 N. Xalapa, a town of New Spain, in the province of I'lascala, with a bishop's (iee. Lon. 9S 20 VV, lat 19 32 N. Xulisco, ;' t'wn of New ."ipain, in the province of Guadalajara Proper, seated on the Pacific Ocean, 400 miles \V of Mexico. Lon. 110 5 VV, lat. 22 JO N. Xiitivii, a. town of Snain, in Vah ncia. It IS seated on the side of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Xucar, ,52 miles S \V of Valencia, and 50 N VV of Ali- caiit. Lon. 14 VV, lat. 59 4 N. Xu'xiier, or Salii, the capital of the kinjfdomof VViiidahj on the Slave Coast of Guinea, It js noted for its great mar- X U D I ket, which is licU at the distance of a. ■ mile tidin ilie w,iil». 'I'lu: i.iarUet , l.uc is suirounded by settler s booths, vv.i.eli are only permitted t) sell certain sorts of meat, as bee), porK, and ilie llesli of goats and do^s. Jleiv kh.ves oi bulli .texes are bo.iglit uiio suld, us well as o\en, s:ieep, d.igs, hogs, ti^li, and birds. Here .lie to be Ij.iikI various coinnuidi- lies of WiihUu iiiamifacture, and every tiling of Eui-o|.e.iii, Asu.llo, or Atrieun prod'ielioii. X,.vier is staled ulie li.ile liom tlie river E.iphrales. -i^i/.jff;-, a town of .Spam, in Navarre, oj i.iles .-j E of l';.ni;je!una. Xcnier, St. a town of Paraguay, ia the province of La Plata, 2U>j iiiiiis VV of tiio Janeiro. Lo:;. 5J 6 \V, lat. 24 S Xercs-ik- Biidujcz, a town of Sp.iin, in Eslremadiira, ai,d in the teiidoiy of I'ra-la-Giiadiaiia, acalcd on liie rivulet .\rdilla, 27 iiiilos ;i E ol' iiaU.iJoz. Lon. 6 J2 VV, lat. ja 9 N. Xeivs-iie-GuaJiiiiu, a town of Spain, in .■V.id..lusia, sealed on tii'- (»iliidiaiia, 18 miles N oi' Avainoiite. L.n. 7 15 W, lat. J7 J'J N. Xcn:si.le-la- Froiitcra, a town orS|)ain, in A. ;...■; la, famous for excclle:;l v.'ine ; and ,• li ^ is derived llic iiaiue ol that we ca.i ;jhei -v It is se«!^i! on tlie Gua- daleta, live mu.^s N of Port Si. .Mary, and 110 S by W of Madrid. Lon. 5 59 VV, Lit. 36 42 N. Xacs-dc iii-lrcntcra, a town of ?'e\v Spain, in the audience at Guadalajara. Loi. lot 25 W, lat. 22 35 N. Xicoco, all Ibland of Japan, between Nijilion and Saikoka. Ximu, an island of Japan, the second in size and eminence, to the S W of Niphon, from which il is divided by a narrow channel. It is 300 miles in cir- cum fere nee. Xi.xona, a town of Spain, in Valencia, and in the territory of Segura, witli a strong castle It i.j st attd among luoiiii- tains, in a count ly tliat pi'oduccs excel- lent wine, 15 miles S VV of Alic.int. Lon. 10 VV, lat. 38 G N. Xucar, a river of Spain, wliicn ri:^c» in New Castile, in the Sierra de-Ciien- za. It parses by Ciienz.i, and entcino- thc province of Valencia, runs into the gulf of Valencia, at the town of CiiUe. ra. Xndr.o^rot!, a town of Turkish Cro. atia, 17 miles N of Seiieniua, and 37 E of Kzara. Lon 16 51 E, iat. 40 34 N. M Y A R Y. Si'c RJte. bcc Uruii.m C(W- 2" iin arm of the Zuiilcr Zee, wli'ali » I .tiiatl.at sea, tiM- milts li of / ,u ul:n :. It fnnii.s llic limliitliirj be- tw.o N liiid S Hnlluiul, and is [.w- l.:'lK. S. I' LVi// } .,/ioit'. :-cc Vra'sh. r„t,uk, one of llic fovir provinres of IIk' KiiHsi.in j^ovtiiinu'i I (if Irk\ahk, in ll;e I a.-icrii imrl oi S.Ihmi;.. Tdlulst, atcxvn I'f Sil)tri;\, C!ij)ilal o( H i ■.-.siiiii pn v.m e of tlio siiim- nunu', r.. ; ■ ;'- oil llic i\vc'.i- Lena Um\. l-J 5J i,, ..• b: IN. J'.'t, t!ie capital of a province of t);i- same nanie, in tiie island of Cey- lon. l'../,.\:v', a seaport of Arabia, with a ca'Mlc, on the roust of th. !',v;l S.a, (^0 ni.ks "^ VV of Mcdnia. Lon.4C; lU E,hit. 2j 4'J N T<,i,ii>urg, u town of Russi:i,in the c^o- VI i-nnu it oi I'clcrshuvfj. Lon. .?» 16 E, If.i j9 IJi N. 3..;K'f ff'.'.'c, a post town in I.ouisa cout.t' , V'li'gi'iia, 14 miles S ('f Lonisa C..I. t-i."iise, 14 N of Col'.inihia Court- lion .• ami tiO M W of Ritliinond. 'X\i'g.tclitg ise-i.ir.iig, II ;j-i-eat viver of China, vhieh rises lU liie jii-ovinpc of Vniniian, jiiid liavinf;- cvossed Hon-ipian,!? and Kianff-na:i, enfis the EastLrn Ocean, op'posite tlie isle of 'i snnf^-iuini;-, whieh i; forn.ed b. the sand a.Ti'mnlated at i'^ nio'itli. I;^. the niontl.s of April and Ma u j^.eat nuini'.r of ux'-elU'nt fisli are c ;ai-.lit in this river whicl; are sent to court, c.osered with i 'e in haiktjkept for the purpose. Tare. ;> ri\cr in Noriblk. Turiun. See Inhn. Tarvioiitli, a boron-^h in Norfol!;, with a niMlvCl on VVedntso sends sllip> to the. Greenland fishery. T he home fishinjj is c.iir,(.! i.n at Urn seasons: that lor iiiaCkiel in May and June, and that for heiiU'if in oilober and November. The latter is the n.osl consideralile ; and, besides the boats belontrinji,- lo the town, many lobles (roiii the Yorkshire coast, hired for t!ie purpose, are em- ploMil in it. Varinouth is Viiiich fre- quented in the season as n place for 3ea-b,.tl;inp. It is governed by air.avor, and sends iwo members lo parliament. The market place is very spacious ; but the streets in general ale \ery narrow, and Jest wide* enouijh for their little carr"iat:,-;s to pass through. 'Ihese car- nages'' are a khid of sledge, drawn by one horse, and calculated intirely for these narrow streets. Here are two c'.iurches; that of St. Nicholas has a loftv steeple, whiih serves as a seamark, and' which ever way il is viewed, it ap- pears crooked. Oil ll.c mouth of the harbour is a bar, which prevents the eutiv of ships of large burden; and the many sandbanks nlf the coast, .it a dis- tance, form the Yarnaiulh Koads, so noted for freipient shii)\vrecks. Yar- moulli is 27 nidc!^ E of Norwich, and 1 IJ N E of London, Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 52 45 N. Vannouth, a borough in Hampshire, on the \V coast of the Lsle of Wight, with a bH'ong caslle It sends vwo mem- bers to parliament, and is seated on n criik, eijfiit miles W of Newport, .".r.d I'Jj S W of London. Lon. 1 2!} W, hit. 50 40 N. , Vannouth, a post town in Barnstab.e countv, Massaehnserts : situated five mi!'.'s'E by N of Hanistable, and 76 S E of ISoslon, with 1727 inhabitants. Tarodiif, a government of Russia, formerly a province of the government i)f Mosc'W ru>-^i>'-i>f, a tcwn of Russia, capil.d ot ■ll- \ K all the iiii]"iia una Jorwiili, .'Hid v means 1- c.ii'h and lualt in vast tlicir mannracuil'vd our will not adni:t dc-n, l.ul iscxti-fiiK-ly sini'st, the vessels ly- Um'^ u vci-y ts.tjn»ivc y. llie ibi-f ij;ii trade 'liieth to the haltie, d, i.ud the Mediler- .sciiit.i sllil'-i to tlii: ,-. T lie hnine f\sl)in(> ivo (.tasims: that tVir jiid June, and thai liif jher antl Niivend)ei-. (■ ir.osl cou3ideral)li.- ; boats heli)njjin)(; to the .s (mni tlie Yorkshire t!ic ijurpose, are em- rnioiUh is liuith tVe- seasoii as a plafe f'oi- ! governed by aUiavor, lendiers to pai'liaiiieiil. e is very spacious ; biit neral aie \ery narrow, noujjh tor their little i thnmgh. 'lliese rur- l ol' sledge, drawn by :alcidatcd intirely for reels. Here ure two )f St. Niehohis has a iili serves uh a seamark, wa\ it is Viewed, it ap- Ofl the mouth of the •, which prevents the large burden ; and the i oil' the coast, .it a dis- Yarniouth Koads, so lent shipwrecks. Yar- es E of Norwicli, and don, I.on.l 55E,lal.5C borough in Hampshire, of the Isle of Wight, stle ll sends two rneni- ent, and is staled on a les W of ^'ewp(•rt, .".r.d idon. Lon. 1 2!} W, hit. post town ij'i Barnstable ehuserts ; situated five )f liarnstable, and "6 S Ith 1727 inhabitanls, government of Russia, ■Ince of the governmeut )\\\\ of Russia, capi*..d ot YEN i p^vcrnment of the Hamcnnmc, Bcatcdj It the cunllnence of the Volga. Lon. 33' yj t, lat. 57 35 N. }\iruin, a town in the N r'ding ol Voritihire, with a nnirkel on 1 hursday. It is .sc.ited on the 'lees, over v\liii h is a stone bridge, /lO miles N N W of York, .,n 1 'JjS N bv W of London, l.on. 1 12 \V, lui. 5-iSl N. Vt.niqui, a village of S America, in I'liM. lUrc L'lioa and the Trenrh ni.i- iliiinaticians measured an arch of the meridian. Ic.'l, onc! of the Shetland Islands, to ihc N of that called Mainland. It is 12 miles long and eight broad, ami lias sneral good harboiu-s. lellinu Rher, u\- l{uam a '-iver that rises in tiic deimrinK'nt of Kievrc, and passing b\ Chateau Chlii.iU, Clatne- ei, Auxerre, J"i;^ny, .ind S<.ns, f.dls into the Seine. Auxerre is the capital. Viirhiiaa, if^jrovince of Guiana, abii Willi!) 19 a lilii'il} iiuU'piiiiK'iil ol L'illu r III' liii- riclings, lia.i Jiirihdalion over J6 \i!l.i- };fH :iml liiiMili'tM W ol'tlif Oust', cullctl llic Lil)i.rl) ol' Aiiijty. It is ili\ itliil Inlii tiiiil' wlii'iU, Ii:is 2U |Iui i»lli.'.s, iiiul is wil- led raiiuJ. '1 lici'i.' \v;is a >,ri.:.l liadc litre li>r!iii'i l\ i lull It litiii dcctu-ilsiiuL' tlic i-ot'i)in;:i'.iiPii, tiiid tliL* ul)n!:tii)n rf tlic c'liiiil ofllic pic'sidcnt of llio m.'rtli. 'riic pknly mid rlii;ii|iiic-hs of provisions licri- bi'ini^s aliuiulaiiii' uf ;.U':n,",'.i'!i liilhti' fur till- CDiiVcilitiii) lit" lj<):ir:'.Mi;v ; uiiti tin- riiii;iiiis that uiv sldl to I.if :ii.i.:i licrc, of till," iii};eiuiit\ itiid grandeur <>i' till' old Uoiuans., Ijo.'.idL's ti;c niiiiu i,t' .'ililii.\s, castles, and rliill ('lies, 111' u I ittr VV of Lundoii. Lon. 1 1 VV, lal. oJ 5'J S. Vuihhire, a county of Enj;land, dou- ble ill bi.:e to any of the other ; bouiitU cd on tlie N by Durham and Wesl- Tnoriit ; on tl divides it fi In the nvc likes Or.lar W and S Jirscy. It bniad, and oontaiiiing ' Vork, in j. ridges of mi and S \V (1 1,'any moiin try is quite CDvcredin it kinds of trc iiy moimt.'u into hills wi The hills and when Tlie valli wheat hem arc cove State, witl white, re oak. lies boars dust (lians che en ; the h llie coninu: tiire whe mcnse are 'li.m corn for export &c. for lioi parts of tl kept, will butter and this State liawks riv mountain.s or are jus This state rivers and Vork Riv Slates of N formed b muiiky and KlC »' V O'l ) R oils n';;ii)iis. 'Ili^ S' to S, is i-mi il ill ts of laiul in Kni;. ami S liia mui.sl.i, I |janturiip li)i' fiX- (jrown 111 p^iiU til sea I'oasl i'\cl]j'. it, is ill gt mi'ul iiiii.. islstini^ of \vi(k- ex- buiTCii liills. 'I'llii well wiitcriil, ami iKftl in II niiigululy 'I'luy rise, iiij^cuc- iiiiiiik bkirts of vlie N E rouiiil to llm as I'.cy iiroci-ed to- like llie vi-ins of u ;ii(;tli terminate iii I'hich issues ill tlic ese li.e priiicipal, (lone preserves il» ler, in llie iionhcni numlli of the fyca isl i-oniinences lii|,'li I'sed with many fiali- irly jibced like nests llie rotks. No cdjbl s more ill fish of \a- lis ; ami it breeds an laidy r:xe of fislier. llieir prey to great iply tile inland conn- .eiit. 'rhc district of from this i)arl of the thoiii;li mountainmis ids great numbers of it parts hreetl lean ; sides of the hllL, a\ ins, it prod ices good astures for largL^ cat- iie, on the N W of formerly a count)- of lead luines are work- ntage. In Yoi.ishire listricts of Cleveland, Craven. In tliis last f tlie highest hills in na'.nedWarr.side, the igh. The principal )iue, Don, Uervent, Varf, Nidd, Ure, and enniiiate in the Hum. s into tlie German Yorkshire aiftl Lin- )ital of York cimnty, miles W of Columbia nnah, '^i from Laiicas- liladelpliia, and 50 N t stands on the li side, k. It is iiicorporatcd Y O R and cnntnins JSO.Vmhabitant*, who car-' ry on a lively retail li.nh'. ); r^ the' rri|iital of York ro'inty, Mail: • i sitiiatc'l on York riv.'r, near (he orriin, ten inili-s N K of Polls- mouth, 16 S of Well', mid 2',' ot" Ktn- iirbiink, ill hit 4:1 12 N, and Ion. 70 .V.) W. The inhabitants wi'.o arc estinial- ed at 2TTCi are piiiicipally engaged ir. the (islicrics. K,r>, iVi"!;-, one of the United States of America, hounded on tin- S F. h\ the Atlantic Ocean ; t)ii the K by Con- ine ticiit, Massachusetts, and \'it- ni'viit ; on the N by the 46" of h.t. viiich divides it from Canada i on the N '.V In the liver St. Lawrence, and the I ikcs Ontario and Krie ■ and on the S W and S by Pmnsylvania and New JiTscv. It ill .■■>;>() miles long and .''.OO bi-oad, and is divided into ll? coiintie.s, rnntaining 44,0UO square miles. Kc-w Vcirk, in general, is intersected by ridges of mountains running in a N K andS W direction. IJcjondthe Allc- pnv mountains, however, the coun- try "is quite level, of a fine rich soil, covered in its natural state, with various kinds of trees. East of tlie Allega- ny mountains the country is bmken into hills witli rich intervening vallins. The hills arc clothed thick with timber, and when cleared aff')rd fine piisture. The vallies when cultivated, produce, wheathemp, Indian corn, &.o. The hills arc covered in vari-oiis jiiirts of the State, with several kinds of oak, such as vrliite, red, yellow, black and cliciiuit oak. Besides these is the siimacii, wiiich bears clusters of red berries ; the In- dians chew the leaves instead of tobac- co ! the berries are used In dyes. Of tlie commodities produced from cul- ture wheat is the sta|)lc. of which im- mense arc raised, and exported. In di.m corn and peas arc likewise raised for exportation i and rye, oats, barley, &c. for home consumjition. In some parts of the state large dairies are kept, which furnish for th? market hiitter and cheese. The best lands in this State, which lie along the Mo- hawks river, and W of the Allegany mountains, are yet in a state of natiiiv, or are just beginning to be settled. This state abovinds with several fine rivers and lakes. Vori Hirer, a river of the United States of North America, in Virginia, iiirmed by the con'luence of the Ha- muuky and Mattapony, 30 miles above Z O R York Town, below whi« h place it e«; tcis CliLSiipcak Hay. i;7>-(r.ii"(, the ca|>iud ol Y'ork roitiity, Virginia; a port town iii d ivst of t n- try. Il lies on the Ssiilc ol Y.irk river, 1.! miles t, of VVillianiihiii;'-, (ii F. by S ol nil hu. Olid, and J".) N U of .Vorf.'ik. ill hit ;./'\?y N, and Ion 70° j:' W. llie in!iablt:,nts are abdiu '/OO. This town is leiidtred I'amims by t!ie suit; n • (hr of the British arniv under Lord Cornwallls, Oct, ll.Mh 1791. I'li-tclifoii-J'cii, » corniiii riiul city of Cliinu, in the province of Hou-iiuang, whi'h may be reckoned one of tho wealthicHl cities in Chinii. Its district contains one city of the second, and seven of the third (lass ; and it is seat- ed i;ri the Yiing-tse-kiaiig, 275 miles .S W of Nan king. Voiigluit!, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and province of Mini- ster. It is surrounded by walls, has a very commodious harbour, uiili a well defended quay, and sends two mem- bers to ])arlian.ent. It has a manufac- ture of earthen ware, and is seated on the side of a lull, at the mouth of th^ river lilackvvater, 2H miles E hv N of Cork. Lon 47 5 \V,lat, 51 5=. ^^U ..u\cs 1. ,,,1 ni U e Pa- s .1.; V'.'Ud. ciil'il'd "' " t:;;,conUe-s;>menumc,w;u.acas. teS.na .■.hcUk.ol•Y^x,•a...V->- .rii.M> Lon.GoOE.lat 46 50 N. OW.-.Nut,nvM.,VK>-a>>a.. m the . i„-,vuKc .1 Nonnunay, live milfs N t "''Si''- '>n.,e nul.an,a IsWs in the\mlies,lsn.gt..llK- Not tuba; r.mW,..one.,.tl.c Bahama Ian, •„, tbi- W Indies, to the N oi tl.c k,I(- o Yuma, lyin, nncU-rthc t.-ornc ot Snontol'ckln.form. ucojnnmn... lien between the N ami S' I ":''^^^*^ In the course olits navRalion !i g.eat number of h)cks are founa, which the. Z of water surtklent to curry lar^e barks has ••"naere.l neecss.ry 1 c obstacles which "^^'"-^ "I'l" ^" ,.V' ^ ', evociilion of this vaajrn.fieent wo.k, the ^''L „,cl lonK dikes by wh.ch .t s r nt'^ncd, its banks decorated and ol- ;- l^i with cut st.Mie, the. n^en^ms '■'.' m„sm of its lock., ul render ,t !;;;;;; t of admiration to the L.iroi'ean p.v^^eii'eAeheli. l,s district con^ ^ -ns one city of tlie sea,nd and . o^ the third class ; and is 87 mdes i^ ot ^ r«-A,".'/"". ^ '^■"y "*■ S'. '""•' '" ""■ pv. nee of Ho-nan. Its district con- L.stw.citie«oithe second and 12 Z A O ^t,f the third class. It i* 17-' wlc* X W of Nankinif. , r.n-;m-.,oneofthen.o.t ferul- .nA om.lent pn.viiirc* in Chnm i bant?-si and h.or,_-tchr.m,.m , ,iK- S by toe kingdom-. ^.1 I-a.-i :m, Vomiuin. ami on the W hyl.ioseol IJunma.and FeBU. This ,,rov.m,.- ,, j reckoned ..ne of the most erlile un,U „,H,lenl in China ; ilH inhah.f.uUs arr l,U-. .-. robust, ah'uble and tond ol Ine sciences, which they cultivate w,u,| Kncc-HSi its rivers, (jold, roi-per uu,. tin mh.« , its umber, ruh.es. »i.ii l.l.lres. atjates. pearls. ,-*c,o..s slon., „,.M.!;.i.iusk. silk, elephants, hor^si .urns, med.cMud i.lants and linen lu procured it a reputation which remlcH t respoclahle to the Chinese. Is co.u- .ere -is immense, us well as its n di- ' es,wliieharesaidtobeincxlnu.sUl^^^^^^ r,„i-uw,fou, the capital of th(. i-ro vince of Yun-nan. in China, once c- .n.rkubh. for its extent and the oea,i of its public huildinp. allwh.c u b,.,„ destroyed by the Tar ars.M 11 dillerent invasions. Its d.str.c en. ,Hins four cities ..f the second a-M^^^^^^^^^^^^ cluss It is 4.50 miles N W_ol Cant.n. r«r.»A a town of Turkey mAsMMV Caramania. Lon. 34 30 b.lat. 39 40 N^ }W.; a town of France, seated on llif Cher.' Lon.5 4E.lat.49 32N. z. r/inERK, a town of Germany, j'l I Z\i,e pulatinute "f the Hh.ne, - ,„;ics VV of Philipsburg. Lon. 8 lUU | '''zi'iii.'J'town ofTransvlvania,onl ti.e confines of Moldavia, hve m.k'. S W of Neumurk. . , Zc;6./n,,atownofFrance, mtiele. pavtuKUt of Lower Rhine, uiul late r_ Vnce of Alsace. 15 miles N of Stras l,„r' Lor.. 7 50 E, hit. 48 sO N. 'z:c/.l;orW,.«.atow„ofGer^^^^^^^ nv. in the circle of Upi-er S.ixon). Lon l,';16E.lat,.«13N. , Zafru, a town of Spam, n E^f'^m dura, with a castle. ^^ '\«^f ,;! I llie foot of a mount;un. near the r m. GLh.xicra.20milesSWofMcd.n.. I on 6 12 VV, hit. 38 19 N. . . "^ Ci. a\own of New S-.un,^ th,' utlienceof Mexico. 200 miles SW ofthutcity, »tthem.3ath ol a rivci o. A O . U \» ir J »aiU» N w r tlii; nioit ferlllf mA t ill Cliiiin i boiimliii xlilii'M and 'rhil>«'l,im| si iiml K.U' i-trlif«m,i jiH((li>iu-i >r I.ai"^ •'I'll n lUc \V by t.iiiscol] KU. Tliis |»r<>viin'.(.- i. ttic inoHt t'criili' -Mvl] ,a ; iu inliiil>itni>U an li'al)le unil t'oiul of I'liR 1 tlic'v cuUivLile wUiil uiulicr, ruliifs, su;> poiil-lH, (lAcio'ls slonei, silk, olc-pliiiiits, tiorsts, I il pl.ints and liuc-n luvi- piitulion whioli rciulcrs 1) the Chiin^Hf. lu com- nsf, as wc-ll iw its rich- lid to be iiicxbiiusUlilc. tlie capital of tlic i^ro an, in Cliina, once r. t» extent and tlie'oeiial; I lildingn, all wliich ijuu I bv the Tartars, in Ibuir lioi'is. 119 distriet con, s (if the second and tliin. ;Omile* N\VofCant.n.] ivn of Tuvkey in Asia, iix on.34 30K.lat.39 40N. ,„f France, seated on lUf! i4E,lat.49 32N. z. a town of Germany, Llnate of the Hh.ne, 1; 'liilipsburg. Lon. 8 10t, town of Transylvania, oil of Moldavia, five miK'S ] ■nark. . , , own of France, in the de- Lower Hliine, und lute pro- ice, 15 miles N of Strus- 7 50 E, lat. 48 50 N. : Suc/mn, a town of Germa- circle of Ui>per Saxony. E.lat. S3 13N. ' own of Spain, in Estrcmi- a castle. It is sealed ul| t mountain, near the rnci , 20 miles S W of Medina. W, lat. 38 19 N. . . ,.atown of NewSnam.iM ■eof Mexico, 200 miles b\\ , *t ihetMiith of anvcro, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 [frilM I.I ii 12.5 1.8 L25 1.4 III ''^ - ^ 6" — ► Hiotogrdphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m i l n ) i> . , s ¥ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVi/iCMH CoHection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproducttons historiques % lite same name. 17 SO N. Zagara, a ftJWj key in Eurtpe, in of Coi-ii)tU, P^»>:,; almost alvruys cot the ancient HejlUf the fountain, Hip ■ ' Zngrad, a Biro capital of a count; with a bishop's i the Save, 25 mi and 137 S W of] lat. 46 20 N.; Zahara, ft stro Apdalusia, seat* ana d«;ferided bj miles $E ot §e lat. 36 52 N., Zahara, or the of Africa, bmihd< ry, on the E bjr" ontheS by Tom by the Atlantic ( ry hot, tut wlio) It is a n»ere,deB< ports, and. so pa ter, that the cs and Negrojand both water and | producing hard isupport of life, •wild arid ignorai ber of petty priin tan religion is the country. Zahna, a towi circle of Upper ! lat. 51 W N. Zaire, a large rising in the k vides the kingdc and falls into the Sogno. I Zaniora, a 8t I Leon, with a bii j Tirons fine turct I is seated on ah ; ro, over which i 1 135 miles N ol N W of Madrid \Al N. Zamora, a tO' dience of Qjiito. are rich mines c near the Andes Lon. 75 55 W Zamora, a t «he prorince of Z A 14 Uie same name. Lon. 104 35 W, lat. 17 SO N. . ^^ Zagara, » ftmtjvis mountain ot Tur- key in Eurtpe, in Livii-lia, on the gulf of Coi-ii}t"U, ji^ucpVopt Parnassus, and almost alvrays covered with snow. It is the ancient 'Htjlllponi from whic;b issued the fountain, Hi'ppocrene. ' . ■ ' Zngrad, a strong town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the same name, with a bishop's see. It is seated on the Save, 25 miles N p. of CarlsUdt, and 137 S W of Buda. Lon. 15 41^, lat.46 20N.. ... Zahara, 'i strong, ,to.\yfl of Spam, m Apdalusia, seated on a craggy rofk, and d«;ferided by" » citadel. It is 47 lriiles$E of; Seville, ton. 4 55 W, lat. 36 52 N. Zahara, or the Desert, a vast co\mtry of Africa, bmihde'd on the N by Barba- ry, on the E by Fezzan and Cashna, on the S by Tomlwptoo, and on the W by the Atlantic: Ofceah.' The air,is^ ve- ry hot, tut wliolesoihe to the natives. It is a mer^ldesert, as tlie name im- ports, and so parthed for want of \ya- ter, that the ci^rayans from Mprocco and Negroland' are obliged to carry both water and provisions, the province producing hardly any thing for the support of life. The inhabitants are wild arid ignorant. They have a num- ber of petty princes j and the Mahome- tan religion is professed throughout the country. Zahna, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxpny. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 51 W N. Zaire, a large liver of Africa, whicli^ I rising in the kingdom of Macoco, di- vides the kingdoms Loango and Congo, i and falls into the, Atlantic Ocean, bplow j Sogno. Zamora, a strong to\(rn of Spain, in Leon, with a bisllop's see. In its en- virons fine turcois stones are found. It is seated on a hill, on the river Doue- ro, over which is a bridge of 17 arches, 135 miles N of Salamanco, and 150 N W of Madrid. Lon . 5 18 W, lat 41 41 N. Zamora, a town of Peru, in the au* dience of Qiiito. In its neighbourhood are rich mines of gold, and it is seated near the Andes, 230 miles S of Quito. Lon. 75 55 W, lat. 5 6 S. Zamora, a tovm of New Spain, in «he prorincQ of Guadalajar»» 30 milea Z A N g E of Guadalajara. Lon. 104 30 W, lat. 20 30 N. Zamora, a town of Alj^icrs, m the province of Constiintiuc, 250 miles W of Hamamet. Lou. 6 25 E, lat. 36 20 N. Zamosii, a stiong town of I'olimd, in Ked Russia, now llie Austrian kliiii^- dom of Lodomeria. It liiis a citadel, and is 37 miles N \V of Leiiibuis- Lon. 23 26 E, lat. 50 52 N. Z«»>i/ian^o, a town of New Spain, in the province of Mexico Proper, 25 miles N of Acapulco. Zanetviile, a post town in AVashiug- tan county, Ohio; situated on the E side of Muskingham river, 76 miles N E of Ghilicotha, and 6.5 W of St. Cluira- viUe. Zaifara, a kingdom of Negroland, to tlie W of the kiiiffdom of Zegzcg. Tlie inhabitants are tull in stature, of a very black complexion, with bniad faces, and savage dispositions. It is very lit- tle known to EuropMUS. Zanguebar, a counti-v on tlie E coast of Africa, between 3°'N and 18° S lat. It includes several petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguese have settle- ments. The inliabitants c.'icept those converted by the Portuguese, are either Mahometans or pagans, the latter much the more numerous. The princiiial territories arc Motiibaza, Lanio, Me- linda, Qiiiola, Mosambiiiuc, and Sbfa- Ih, Tlie Portuguese trade for slaves, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, wax, and drugs. The productions are my^li the same as in other pvt.< of Africa, be- tween the tropics. Zaiite, an island of the .Mcditerra^ nean, near the coast of the Morca, 17 miles S E of the island of Ceplialonia. It is 24 |nilea long and 12 broad, aftd very fertile. Its principal riches con- sist in currants, whicli are imcultivalcd in a large plain, under the shelter of mountains, which gives the sun great- er power to bring, them to maturity. Here are also th eminence plant^ Kkkkk Z A t -wUh eannon I" one part of this island is a pWce which shakes wlftMi trod ii])- „n, like aquagmlre ; andaspriiiu whlcli tlirowsout a great deal of bitumen, es- pecially at the time of un carthqiiike. It sei-vea insteadof pitch to pay the hot. tonis of the ships, and about 100 bai'- rels in a voar are tised for this purpose. Tl'.is isliiid belont^s to the Venetians, who havf conslaiitlv a jjovernor resid 5„}, ill the fortress. Tliere arc about 50 villines, but no other larjve town than Z;.inc, which is seated on the E side ol the isiai-.a, ^r.d ha.^. a good harbour. Ij c.niu:n.s near 20,0u0 inhabitant* : And tl.e noiisfs arc low, oil acfcount ot Ihi; ir^q.-xM eai'lh.iuakes. The English aiu Dulcli have e..cli a factui'v and const;! here. Lon. 213 E, lat. 37 53 N. . Zanzibar, an i»l:indof Africa, ou the co;.sl <.jf Zi^i^wh'V, between the island* of I'cmba and Monsia, with the, title ot a kingdom tributary to Portugal. It a- hounds in sugar canes and citrons. The inhabitantb ai-c Mahometans. L,on. ,>y ■25 E, lat. 6 0S. . „ V Zara, a strong city of Venetian Dat n.atia. capital o«' » ^'.'""^y of the same name, with an archhishp's see, a cita dol. and a harbour. U vra* formerly jnuch more considerable, the circura- Icrence of the walls being now but two miles, and the inhabitan^,s not above 6000. Near the church, which the GiTcks.call St. Helia, are two fluted columns of Uie Corinthian order, sup posed to have been part o» the temple of Juno. ■ There are fine pamtinga in t E A S of Tockay, 'ahd'lio E of Buda. Leu. '2'2 34 E, lat. 47 50 N. ^ . . Zator. a town of Ptiltthd^ cftpftal of a starosty of ilic sanle nathfe, in thep«- iutlutde of Cracow, With a CafeUe. U is seated on an emlrithce, .ticar the ri- ver Vistula, 20 miles S ,'\V of CracoiM, and 50 S E of Rati^bon. 1.0n. 19 42 E, lat 49:i4N. ; ', ,, Zft^iieh, a tpwh of Per»ii», situate 20 inilcs from the Caspiai* Sea. Zavitiii. Sue Zueda , ._ Zbardt, a thwn Of Polartcl, in Poili). 11a, 70 miles N by. W of, Ktolnieck. Ziuircyv), atoWnof, iyUsti^ian Poland, 20,000 men, and 110,000 Cossacks aiid filrtars. ZboroW is 25 mile^AV of Zb^ raz, an-l 52 E' by S of Lehibu*^ L"* Mr 'ic V !..» Ad A(? TJ • LcJfl. the churches, « ^ by DiitcU flinders, and on the Wand M W by the Ocrman Ocean. It is couHpoaed oi se- veraiulandB, the principal ofj«»M^are Walcheren, Scho-wen, «."«,= °^^' Urid, Tolen, Uuyvoland, and Wolfti's^ dike. Th* inhabitiants aw at* g;*^ expence to defend themselves froiA«» encroachments'of the »e«i «nd "> "^ ing up their dikes. , The nver &«*«» forms the most of these islands t and th« soil of them is fruitful, buttiie air is unhealthy, especially for strtngers. The inhabitants are excellent sf^mciv. The principal towns are Middteouin; and FlusliKig. »t,. u. cific Ocean, 1642. He lat. 34 to 4: kut being ai after he cai to which Iv •rs Bay, h called the > nour of th has been g maps and Zealand. the whole the coast mained al by many .toutliern when it v tnin Cooli two large four or fiv gave his .,f thissti lotte's S( made a p bis subsei lie betwc between winters o the sumi equally y product! place. T full of t ber, fit I trees ari largo as let flow and hea straight ■lasts n in 1773, with E 1777, ii totally weeds, leeks, I and A f ed by < •very make i only qi formei the lat also t vcgcti tirely thoug the \ wood sen, I T [l30 E of Buda. Lou. N. lof Wltthd^ capital of lanle naihe, in the pa. Iw, With '« caktle. U Indhce, thear tlie ri. fcilesSWof.CracoW, iibon. 1.011. 19 42 1, \h of Persia, ' situate CaspiaH Sea. Cueela , '',':; ' 1 Of Polartil/irt Podi). ly. \V of, Kiftninieck.' 1 oif; JfViisti'ia'H Poland, bf L'Wfl&iitjg;.;' H«;^e, gl)t a .bitttfe bietWeiiii :\)i Ml island in the J>a- gific Ocean, discovered by Tasman, in 1642. He traversed the E coast from lat. 34 to 43° S, and enteretl a strikit : kut being attacked by tlie natives, soon after he canie to an anchor, in the place 10 which he gave the name of Murder •rs Bay, he. did not go 'in shore. He called the country Statcn Land, in ho- nourof the Staten General, though il has been generally distinguished in our maps und charts by the name of N«w- 22caland. From the time of Tasman, the whole country, except that part of the coast which was seen by him, re- mained altogether unknown, and was by many supposed to make part of a soutJiern continent, till the year ITfO, when it was circumnavigated by Ciip' tnin Cook, who found it to consist of two large iKlands, separated by a strait four or five leagues broad, to which he gave his own name. On the \V side if this strait, in lat. 41 S, Queen Char- lotte's Sound is situated, wliiclk %vu8 made a principal place of rendc^.vous in his subsequent voyages. These islands lie between the lat. 34 and 48 S, and betweenthelon.of 166and 180 E. The winters are milder than in England, and the summers not hotter, though more equally warm. Among the vegetable |>roduclions, the trees claim a principal place. There are forests of vast extent, full of tl)C stralghtest .ind largest tim- ber, fit for building of any kind. The trees are cliiefly of two sorts; one as large as an oak, distinguished by a scar, let flower, the wood of which is liard and heavy ; another remarktibly tall and straiglit, of which probably very fine ■lasts might be made. Captain Cook, in 1773, planted several spots of ground with European garden seeds ; and in ^777, in several of these spots, idth(High totally neglected and over-run with weeds, were found cabbages, onions, leeks, purslain, radislies, mustard, &c. aiul a few fine [lotatoes, greatly improv- ed by clL-uigc of soil. In other places •very thing had been rooted out, to make room for temporary villages. The only quadrupeds arc dogs and rats j the former are domestic, antl for fond j and the latter, though not numerous, seem also to be eaten. The birds, like the vegetable productions, are almost en- tirely peculiar to the country; and though it is difficult to follow tiicm in tlie woods, on account of the uniitr- wood, and climbing plants, yet a p<'r. sen, by remaining in one place, mu\ Z E O thoot as many in a day, as will serve fdr six urcigiit others. Captain Car^k in^ tr.oduccd European poultry, and on his last visit had the satisfaction to find them increased, botli in a wild r.nd do. mi.'stic state, beyond all danger of be ing ever exterminated. Their creeks swarm with fish, which are not only .wholesome, but equally delicious witik those of Europe The rocks are fur- nished with great quantities of excel- lent niuscles, one sort of which mea- sures above a foot in length, and with great variety of otiier shell (isli. The men arc stout, well made, ami fleshy t but none of them corjjulcnt. like the la- zy and luxuriant inhabitant.-, of Ot.iheitc and the Society isles ; (uid they arc al- so excect)tinA wilh water, and are exccedin {fly fruitful. /u-ighviiheiiti, a town of Germany, in the lantlgTiivftte of Hesse Cassel, 30 miles S of Casscl. Lon. 9 19 E, lat. 50 52 N. ... Zc'il, a town of Germany in the cir- < 1c of Suabia, 70 miles S of Ulm. 2«>i'H, a. town of Turkey in Europe in Jannii, with a castle anil' an archbi- Hbop's see. It is a small place, and seated on a hill, by the gulf of the same name, near the river Ea\lada, 50 inilcs S E of Larissa. Zehz, a towMi of Upper Saxony, in the dntchy of Nauitiburg, with a cas- tle, and a well frequented college. It is seated on the Ester, 25 miles S W of Lcipsick, and 45 E of Erfurt. Loh. 12 8E,lat. 50 59 N. Zcll, a town of Germany, in the cir- cle of Lower Saxony, capital of a (lutchv of the same name, which de- volved to the house of Hanover by marriage. It is surrounded by ditches and ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and lime trees. It is a small town, without trade or mamifactnres, but tlie high courts of appeal for all the territiirics of the electoral house of Bninswick-Lunenberg are held here, and tlie inli.ihitantu derive their prin- cipal mciins of subsistence from this circumstanrc. The castle, a stately bviilding, surrounded by a moat, was fortiR-Hv the residence of the dukes of y.eW ; aiid was repiiired by George HI. king of Great Britnin, tor the residence of "his uiifortunate sister the queen of Denmark, who died b.ere. Zcll is scitcd on the Ailcr, 31 miles N W of lirunswick, and 47 S bv W of Lunen- burg. Lon. 10 12 E, hit. 52 49 N. Zell, an impcHaltown of Germany in llic circle of Suabia. Lon. 8 8 E, lat. 43 22 N, Zcll, iiii imperial town of Germany in the lircte of Suabia, se.iled on the :'.K.:\\u- Sctr. Zcluii'-, 'Aeojcso. Zelicrfeld, a town of Germany, \n the c'utIo oI' Lower Siirnny, in the U in? fiii'cst ; »ix miles S S W of GosUr. 2. ))/ 'I'.a, Ni.va, a large island, in the Nortlieni Occim, to tlie N of Russia, fr,.in ivliiolV it is separated by the Sta't of V\'':ii;;atc, It has no inhabitants, cxript wild beastu, partii-iiliirly Whitt ft)x«'8 *'nl W<;ti'v. In 1595. a Butch Z I B vtisiel vms cast away on the ooast, anfl the crew were obliged to winter here ; they did not see the sun from the 4th of November to the beginning of Februa- ry; and had great difficulty to keep themselves from being frozen to death. Zemtin, or Zemplin^ a town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the same name. It is seated on the Bu- drog, 25 miles S E of Cassovia, and '27 N E' of Tockay. Lon. 21 35 B, lat. 48 36 N. Zenguia, a town of Tmrkey in Asia. Lon. 37 50 E, lat. 36 25 N. Zenta, a town of Hungary, where the Turks under Mustapha II. were defeated by Prince Eugene. Lon. 21 30 E, lat. 46 AN. Zerbi. See Gerbet. Zerbit, a town of Germany in the circk- of Upper Saxony, capital of a district of that name, in the principali- ty of Anhalt, with a castle, where the princes commonly reside. The inhabi- tants are partlv Lutherans and partly Calvinists, and' are famous for brewing good beer. It is 27 miles N W of Wittemberg. Lon. 12 13 E, 1st. 52 ON. Zeriga, a town of Persia, in Irac- Arabia, seated in a narrow plain, be- tween mountains. It has produced several very famous Arabian Autiiors. Zia, an island of the Archipelago, one of the Cvclades, to the S W of Negropont. It is 15 miles long and eight broad, and well cultivated. It abounds in barley, wine, and silk i also a fine sort of oak, whose fruit, called Villam, is the best trading commodity of the isLind, and of which they sell vast quantities in a year, it being, used by dyers and tanners. The priii- pal town is of the same name, and seat- ed on an eminence, 30 miles from the luiibour, at the farther end of a disa- greeable valley. It resembles an am- phitlieati-e, aiid contains about 2500 houses, all flat at the top. It belongs to the Turks, but most rtf the inhabi- tants are Greeks, and they have a bishop who resides at Zia, Zi/>et, a territory in Arabia Felix, eitcnding from the principality of Mec- ca to th:'it of Mocha, being bounded on tliciE bv the principality ofTehaniii, and on the W by the Red Sea. The 1 urks were formerly masters of tlii^ country, but it no-ir belongs to an .■\rabi:ui prini-e. Ziiiit, a trading to*n of Arabi* Ve- jlx, capital ■name. It Imiles N \V Zigtt, a lit has bee' I the Turks 1*2 E, lat. ' Ziriczee, I Provinces I pal of the I N E of T iBriel. L( Zittato, ■ in i.utsati: 1 Siixony. IsiiiTOunde I ditches ! Ijuhurbs i I surround number ( thereon. the inhafa there are the neigl weavers. those of : tend thei The catl two high lege, wl Slid otli Joining tlie finer^ distance It was T 1757. 1 miles S I Uresdei Znahi , in Mor nrc a gr I i; seatf' I S W of Lon. Ic Zoan »f Bart: 1 milcp ^ hit. 32 Z< bit iiirc'o subsist ing the in tiie r.otiee this St' coiisitl' daime ficvt^-. Zvffi the (■! fvUitj-d ray on the oo«st, anfl ^liged to winter here : icsun from the 4th nf beg'inning of Fehnia- lat di*i'iculty to keep Ibeing' frozen to death. Ii/i/m, a town of Upper of a county of the lis seated on the Bu- |E of Casaovia, and 27 Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 48 •n of Turkey in Asia, t. 36 25 N. of Hungary, where ;r Mustaplia II. were ICC Eugene. Lon. 21 erittli ' n of Gcnnany in the Saxony, capital of a iame,in tlie principali- :h a castle, where the ly reside. The inhabi- Lutherans and partly re famous for biewinjif is 27 miles N W of .on. 12 13 E, lat. 52 m of Persia, in Ir.ic- n a narrow plain, be- is. It has produced nous Arabian Authors. [I of the Archipelng'o, lades, to the S W of is 15 miles lonff and d well cultivated. It y, wine, and silk ; also :, whose fruit, called ;st trading commodity lid of which they sell in a year, it iseing-, ul tanners. The priii- e same name, and sent- ce, ."O miles from the Farther end of a disa- It resembles an am- contains about 2500 t the top. It beloii)>'« It mo.st of the inhabi- cs, antl they have a les at Zia. tory in Arabia Felix, he principality of Mer- locha, being bomuled jriiicipality (ifTehama, • tlie Kcd Sea. The •nierly masters of thi^ now beloiigu to an J toiifn of Ar.ibj* Vt- % OF Ex, capital of a territory of the same name. It is seated un Uic Zibit, 150 miles N W of Aden. Zigtt, a strong town of Hungary It lias been often taken and retaken by the Turks and Imperialists. Lon. 17 42 E, lat. 46 21 N. Ziriczee, a strong town of the United Provinces in Zealand, and the princi- pal of the isle of Schowen, 12 miles N E of Middlcbuvg, and 18 S W of Briel. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 51 36 N. Ziiiavi, n. fortified town of Germany, in I.usalin, subject to the elector of Saxony. It is a handsome place and jurro'.inded with a wall, and has ditches and bastions. Besides the tiil)tii-bs and liandsomc gardens that surround it on all sides, there are a miniber of fine villages that depend thereon. The principal business of the inhabitants is brewing beer; but there are above 100 clothiers, and in the neighbouring villages above 1000 weavers. Its merchants irade with those of Prague and I..eipsic, and ex- tend their commerce as fur as Holland. The cathedral has three organs, and two high steeples. Near it is a col- lege, where the languages, drawing, mul other iii'ts, are taught gratis, joining to tiie cloisters is a library, the finest in all Lusatia ; and at a small distance from it, is the oi-phun house. I It was pillaged by the Aiistrlans in ir5". It is seated on tlie Neisle, 1" miles S W of Gorlitz, and 25 S E of Dresden. Lon. 15 5 E, lat. 50 59 N. Znaim, a strong town of Germany, in Moravia, with a castle, in which lire a great many pagan antiquities. It 1; seated mi the river 'leva. 24 miles S W of Briiui, and 32 N of Vienna. Lon. 16 40 E, lat 48 38 N. Zoara, a fovtilied town on the coast »f Barbary, with a good harbour, 60 mik'!- VV of Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 E, ht 3'2 45 N. Z< biitz, ;! town of Germany in the I'ire'o iS UppiT Suxony j the chief subslsle: seated near a large forest, which contains the best pine-trees, in all Swisserland, three miles from Arburg. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 47 5 N. Zolnoci, a town in Ujijier Hungfarj', capital of a county of the same. It> was taken by the 'I'urks in 1554, and retaken in 1605. It is seated on the Teysse, where the Sagelia falls into it, 62 miles N E of Colucza, and 62 E of Buda. Lon. 20 50 E, lat. 47 10 H. Zorndorf, a village of Germany, in the new niarche of Br.indenburg, fa- mous for a battle between tlie king of Prussia, and the KuBsi.ins. Zout Pan, a cnrioiis salt lake in the country ot the Hottentots, situated a few miles N of Point Padron. It is a plain, much above the level of the sea, aiid between three and four miles in cir- cumference. At some seasons of tJie year, it is formed into an entire mass of fine white salt, which haii a vevy striking appearance. It was visited in December 1778, by lieutenant Pa- terson, who found that a short time before his arrival, the middle part of it had i)cen dissolved by the heu^y rains, but that round the sides was a. hard crust of salt exactly -resembling ice. Zueela, a town of Afi'ica, in Fezzan, situated in a district of remarkable fer- tility, in which the remnants of ancient buildings, the ntimber iiud size of the cisterns, and tlic construction of tlie vaulted caves, intended perhaps us re- positories of com, exhibit such ves- tiges of ancient splendour, as will pro- bably attract and highly rewui-d the attention of future travellers. It is 140 milts E of Moorzook. Lon. 16 34 E, lat. 2" 59 N. Ziig, a small canton of Swisserlaiul, bounded on the E and N by that of Xu- ric, on the W by lliat of Luccni iiiitl the free Provinces, and on the S by tiiat of Soh'w»"i.t/. It is rich in |;astiiiage, ha^ jjlenty of various kinds of stone fruil, as well as walnuts aiul chesniits ; Kiitl its wine is of a \ery acid tiavouiv The iiiha!:i!ants are Koiiiun catholics, and tlic p,(ivcrnnn:nt is dcnioeratio. i'lie inliabiti.iits of this cam on, :itxi es])eci:iHy of tiie town of /^iig, \\i\-\t somewhat more iutluciioe, and enjuj a gre;iter shi.re in tlie udiiiinistrAtion of i.ii.iirs, ili.Tii ll.. s(' of tlio capital !)Ur|;lis in l^c liv. ntlier deliifucxatir;*! i caritjiwii. tV K y.ieg, a town of SwissiTlaiHl, capitfcl •f acanum ol'tlic same name, mid the only wiilled town of all the popular ones, stands ileliKlitfuUy upon tlic ed(,'e of a lieaiitifiil lute, in a fertile valle\, aboundinff in corn, piisture-t^roiiml, M\d fniit-trees. In UoS, a a.ieel -which wan on the side of the lid?e, was swallowed up. There are sever.J handsome churches, and a go^d lown- house. Ziig IS 1') miles N E of Liicern, and 42 S E of Basil. Lon. 8 16 E, lut. 4r 10 N. ,. , ^ Zuiiler-Zee, a fr-cat bay of the Ger- man, Ocean, which extends from S to N in the United Provinces, between Fricsland, Overyssel, Guelderland, and Holland. Zulpha, ft town of Persia, almost close to Ispahan, to which it is a sort of snbnrb, and separated from it by the river Sanderon. It is peopled by a co- lony of Armenians, who were bro\igl'-t into Persia by Shah Abbas. It is an archbishop's sec, and contains several churches and monasteries. Zulfiich, or Zu/o/i, atown of Germany, in the d\itchv of Juliers, belonging to the avchbisliop of Cologne. It is seated on the Nasscl, 10 miles S of Juliers, and 10 W of Bonn. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 50 46 N. Ziiric, a canton of Swisserland, 50 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded on the N by the Rh'.ne, which separates it from the canton of Schauff'hausen on the S by 'that of Schweitz, on the E by Thurffaw and the county of Tocken- burg, and on the W by the canton of Zug and the Free Provinces, Zuric was formerly an imperial city, and obtained from the emperor Frederick II. very considerable privileges; which were ncknowledgcd and augmented by seve- ral of his successors. The civil war between the magistrates and the peo- ple, in ir35, was very near reducing the city to ruins ; but the former being banished, the citizens, in 133", estab- lished a new form of government, which was confirmed by the emperor I.ouis of Bavaria. The exiles, after se- vcrul fruitless attempts, were at length rc-admUted i but it being discovered that tliev had engaged in a conspiracy ag-ainst the citizens, they were all of tiieni put to death. In consequence of this transaction, thenoliles in the neig!) l)ourhood tool; up arms against the town: th(! laltcr, after having applied mcffectuaHv for assist anca to tl>c em- Z U R. peror Charles IV. entered into na ail, ancc with the four cantom, Lucinij Uri, Scliweitz, and Unjerwalden, and wuB adn.itted a member of their conft. deracy. This event haRjened in the veai 1351. The four cantons yielded the pre-eminence to Zuric : which pri. vilcgc it enjoys at presents being th? first canton in rank, an alii. tlie lour cantoiw, Lucini) eit/., liiul Uinlerwalilen, anil If a a racuibcr of their lonfc. liit event happened in the The four cantDns yielded niiicncc to Zuric : wliicli pri. njoys at presents beioj,' th? \ in rank, an"- '""^^ ... I ' .1. 1...:..,. intoi'miicd rank'e of vaUics. which being intern,i.vc "^ngvinejardsumlpastuicgruuiu . nroduce a mo.t phasing efiett 1 1.<- Eent countrv is tlacly cultivated and iihieople^li "'"l^'"- «"'>'^1"''\.P'"'^"' Te like appea . .'.sonu little distance £S'with;.^.lu«i. -;-^X mountains of Schweitz and Olaiiis . t c ZoTcvv all togctlier is piclures.iue, ivehU diversified. The river Um- ilat runs through the wliole length ot tlii. lake to the city ot Zuric Z«nW.atownotSpa.n in OldC.^; rial, but now snl-irct to the clcctoiY>» Sux'.iiv. The plac where the mhahi- lants are bun.d is in VoigHund ; and therefore it is comnu;nly said, t lat thev are Misuiaiis while alive, bva iter tliL-y aie dead. llic MuUlaw, li mTlcV's"of AUfuburg, ami iO N E of Plasven. Lon. 12 26 E, lat. 50 4,) K- Z'winsfnb.rg, u town of Geriuanv, m the landgravate of Hesse Uarnistadt. eight miles S of Darmstadt, and 1- N of Worms. Zxvoll, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overy**'^^!. .""'V'" "-^^ ,^1 trict of Zailunt. It is detc-ndcd by some fui-l'lications ; and the canal, which begins near tliis place, ami ex- t.-n.'s to the river Yssel, is defended bv several forts. Near it is the moun- tain of St. Agnes, wl.eie tlierc; was ZunW. a town ot Spain, 111 y" -t- tain oi =>v. ."h-.v.... ;., „.|>\rHi ,;iH w til a castle, seated on the 'I'M^'. f„,uierlyan Augustmcoiuent, ... wh ctr „le, witu •^^""' '. _„ ., ,- ,v. lal. 3J .,., ' iCeim.is lived 71 >i-a.'s, and vci'V iUN. Willi a >..»»>.— I , near Toledo. Lon. 3 17 W, lal rhonias K-e.ni.is lived 71 >i-ai's, and died in 1471. It was formerly an im- ncrial and hanscatic town, ami is seu- cd en an en.inener,.u the nver.s Aa am. Yssel, five mdes S of Hasse It, am. elglit S E of Campcn. Lon. 10 L, Z.r3