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Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: la symbols — »• signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Brrata to pelure, )n ck D 32X Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvant Atre filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 / '■*iii^4*j iWW | J>M » » III * H. ^MWfc^"*'* ^. THE SPANISH PRETENSIONS / Fairly Discussed, by ^W)a&umhu. Kequid falfi audeo dice re. Cicero, A. LONDON, Printed by GEORGE BIGG, 1790, AndSoldbyi'.ELMSLY,5/rrt«^; J.SEWELL. Cornhilh »nd J. STOCKDALE, Piccadilly, 6 3 Jiri s Si I t ■=! <».. To the KING! Sovereign! Ever zealous for the Honour and Welfare of my Country, I approach Your Majesty with This BifculJion of The SpaniJJj Preienfions, rr That my Sovereign may Ion reign in the Hearts of a FpvEE and Happy People, is the fincere wifh of Your Majesty's ^ 'I nth May, 1790, Faithful Subjca: 6 \ I nth May, 1790. PREFACE. i\ O Man more devoutly^ wifhes, that Peace may fpread forth her Ohve Branch, in every Region of The Earth : and my individual Experience of the Liberality and Generofity of The Spaniards, convinces me, that the Good - Faith and Honour of the Spanilh Nation, will incline them, on convidlion, to make full fatisfadion, for the Indignity that has been offered to the Flag of Great Britain ; and ample recompence for the Lof^es that Her Subjedts have fuflained. — But if the King of Spain, mifled by Evil Counfellors, fhould persist in wrong ! It muft be remembered, that The ALMIGHTY hardened the Heart ofPharoah, to bring forth Ifratl fres with a fh-ong hand and an outftretched arm : Iiiheritiiig 6 I ( « ) Inheriting, as I do, from illuArious anceftors, Mens inimica l*yrannisj I fhall not defpair, before the conclufion of the prefent Century, not only to fee the Natives of Old Spain in full enjoyment of all ibeir ancient rights ! but to find the Standard of Freedom diiplayed, in every quarter of the New World! rcdeunt Satiirnia regna^ Whea Univerfal Commerce fhall in- vigorate the hand of Induftry, by fupplying the mutual Wants, and maintaining the Common - Rights of All Mankind ; inftead of the Lives and Property of the People being (ported away ; at the caprice of a Fool ! or a Tyrant I i^d&umJiU, J Prions dufiou nly to ill full rights ! reedom )f the all in- :y, by and hts of Lives being . Fool ! fm 7th May, i;()o. 1 II L fiirulamcntal Principles of the Law of Nations, arc Jujlice and common LilrreJ} : In former times, when Ignorance prevailed, and narrow prejudices, ever confequent 10 l2;norancc, the Law of Nations nas not. cxicndcd to Infidels or ri[yage, to ailed ged, by the Loyfa's ing been South as heir con- ;d to be ting this muft be I to the cd ^teen )mmonly )e Horn, B' South Spaniards del Fuego asr ( ^i ) as far as 55? South Latitude, they could not have feen the Land terminate there: In all probability the Spaniards were off the Eaftern part of Staten Land, where, in Latitude 55? South, the Land would leem to terminate; or, if they had palled (wnirh is not probable) through Strait Le Maire, "he Land, of Terra del Fuego, adjacent to Succ-fs Bay, would have had the fame appearance, though it was not adually the Extremity. The only Difcovery then, which the Spaniards can claim here, is the Difcovery of the Strait of Magallan, the Fortpgnefe having difcovered the Eaft Coafi of Patagonia, long before Magallan s Voyage, and the EngUfJo, having compleated tlie Difcovery! confeqiiently, as much exchfive right to That Navigation, muft belong to the EnglifJo, as the Spaniards can pretend to, from their having gone beyond '^'^'^ fprtu^uefe\ but a Pretenfion of thtEngliJh to 6 1 : I : I'; ( 12 ) an exclufive Right of navigating on Oe South of Cape Horn, conld They be fo abfiiM ro make it ! would be laughed at, by all The World, as too ridiculous to n^crit fciious attention. It appears that the Spaniards fettled, in 1740, a Line of Limit with tlic Indians of Patagonia, whereby they renounced every pretenfion beyond that Limit, which was a little to the Southvyard of Buenos Ayres, Having, I conceive, fully refuted every Claim, the Spaniards can ailed ge to an t-xclufive poiTeiTion of the MagaUauic Regions; Their pretenfions on the North are now to be confdercd. How far the Spaniards, before Sir Francis Drake, in 157^, had gone on the Weft Ccail of America? may be difficult exadly p af certain, becaufe the Arcane del Mare, j)ubli(htd II i ihe South ibfnrd to \f all The it feiious bttled, in c Indians iced every lich was a Avres, ited every oe to an nc Regions; re new to Sir Francis the Weft ult exadly dei Mare, j|ubli(htc| f '!*' ( 13 ) publifhcd -^1 F/T'\''^?rf ini66i, fays, that fomc Mt,^s bad aiiireprefented Cape Mendocino to be in :■.? No:th Latitude, which the Spjiifb Allots ano Sir Francis Drake concurred in placing in the Latitude of 40? North; and therefore a quellion may arife, whether the Spaniards ever reached the Latitude of 44? North? beyond which, it does not appear, from Hcrrera, they had pretended ever to have navigated. Abraham Ortelius, the King of Spain's Geographer, in the Map of America 1574, declares thefe Regions to be unknozvn; the lafl Place, marked in this Map, is I'uchano in ^livira about 45? North Latitude. But ^dvira was a Land Difcovery, and confequently ill-determined. Sir Francis Drake difcovered this Coaft in X579* to the Latitude of 48? North, at leaft, gnd not only the Arcano del Mare, and Le Clerc*^ * World Encompaffed, 4? Edit. i6a8, P. 64. ' Ortelius in his later Maps carries Cape Mendocino above (;o? North, but the Modern Spanilli Chart has brought it back into 40? North. 6 ! k I I' ! ! ' ii ! j ••i i ( H ) C/^r'j Map 1602, but almoft ^/7 Maps, particularly the Maps of the French Geographers, M. De Lijle 1700, and M. Robert de Vaugondy 1750, name this part New Albion, from Sir Francis Drake's Z)//?o^^^ry. But Difcovery without occupancy docs Hot merit much attention, whether the Difcoverers were Englifli or Spaniards : Nor is even the honour of Difcovery due from the Publick, where the Voyages have been kept fecret; for Latent Surveys, do not merit the name of Difcovery! which, by the very 'word, implies Notoriety! Whereas what is not communi- cated to the World at large, for Publick Benefit, ought rather to be an Objed of condemnation than of honour and advantage. From the time of Sir Francis Drake, no circumflantial end authentic documents, have been laid before the Publick, of Voyages on this Coaft, till that of the Spaniards in »775» ' Afaps, French >o, and this part ^Ifcovery. lot merit rers were ven the Publick, cret; for tiamc of implies immuni- Publick bjed: of vantage. rake, no Its, have Voyages liturds in *775i ( '5 ) 1775, in which they examined fcvcral Harbours in Latitude 55? to 58? North, but they vifited no part of the Coaft, between 48? Morth and 55? North Latitude, fo that the firft Publick and Authentic Defcriptioii of Nootka, or King George's Sound, in 49? I North Latitude, and the parts adjacent, was given to The World in Captain Cook's laft Voyage 1778. I have not mentioned the Dlfcoveries, attributed to John de Fuca in 1592, nor Thofiy to Bartholomew De Fonta 1 640, becaufc they are difclalmed by the Spaniards, and the reality of fiich Voyages poffitively denied: * So thai if true (as 1 am difpofed to think they arc, however vaguely and imperfectly recited) They * Noticia de California^ dedicated to the King of Spain, and publiftied with the approbation of the Council of the Indies, and with all formal Lieeacts, M'adrid, 4? 1757, Vol. 3, P. 436. 6 I ( .6 ) They miift be confidered 2iS Difcoveries, outcaft and abandoned by Spain! and are, by adoption, become Englijh, in which Language only (or in tranilations from It) They have been communicated to The World, and in Communication alone ! the true Right of Difcovery muft be grounded. Amongfl Nations, ignorant of Letters and the Diplomatic Rules of Europe, Treaties of Amity cannot be executed according to European Forms; but the Natural and Exprefiive Form, is by exchange of Names ; and, in this manner, The Englifh have the ftrongeft Alliances, with the Natives in that part of The World. i^Ja&umhCS't i '. t » , P, S, 'es, outcaft adoption, e only (or ave been and in Right of Etters and Treaties ording to tural and )/ Names ; have the es in that ymhCS'^ X„