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Mapa. plataa. charta, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant raductibn ratios. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in ttia uppar laft haitd comar, laft to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diegrams iiluatrata the method: Lea cartaa. planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAa i daa taux da reduction diff Arants. Lorsque le document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un aaul clichA. il eat filmA A partir da I'engle aupAriaur gauche, do gauche A drbite, et do haut en baa. en prenant le nombre d'imegea nAcessaire. Las diagremmes suivants illustrent le mAthode. % 1 2 3 .V t I' ••* r 32 X fi \ .■ 0. ^' / ''^ ■ ^' # '♦ -> M CMC? S..*ft.i 4> 'i^'\/; \ f*-. A FEW REMARKS ON PLOUGHING AND PULVERIZING BY STEAM POWER. TO WHICH ARE ADDED TWO ESSAYS ON THE SAME SUBJECT. ^ #BY ^_- C. W. HOSKYNS, B. A., LONDON, MSMBER or THE ROTAL AORICITLTURAL SOCIKTT. J '<4 ■;«, < .., .if «S *» J. ^vS' t*^*',r'C# a.'. ri^ OnPlou{ adde Lom f(.' ;?53 » '. vation, is tific worl a numbe] no great ] principal] mical wi cultivatio the farme would bl some tim aiders wi combinin practicab steam po fromdifie bjp^%hich ment has The fir descripti( Illustratet ** As yoi Flongh of ] be infonno norel and < of examinii with his L( your readei centre of tb Ob which a whioh weit theensine hocaei^two Bteiinpowi < 'len over whieh &e rope roos. Two ploughs aie arranged together, each V 1,,.- ^'ip.t' -tSi ti*t.. ^: taming a trntm of ninei inches. With a field 180 yards long between the engines, the ploughing of each furrow 18 inches wide occupies 2^ minutes,' ttt« ploughs moving ^ rather less than 2| miles per hour. Allowing for the time lost in shifting the plough, this giTes.,4 acres per day at the present slow qpeed, which I see no difficulty in increasi'ilx to 4 miles per hour, when the men, who are only agricultural labourers, sluQI have acquired greater dexterity in managing the engines and ploughs. " To produce this resolt, there are required two men to drire engines, four to shift plooghs and engines, one to hold plough, and three boys at trupks, and 7) owt. of cokie. Taking the wages of men and boys at 128. per day,an4 the coke at 88. or -total 208. .the cost per acre will be 58. which is about one- half Uie cost of ploughing by horse-power, with the advantage of doing it in half the time. In estimating, however, the pecuniary advantages of steam- ploncning, it most be viewed in connexion with a general system of farm inarininety.f* It requires but little penetration to see that this plan can never become general. The^jgpreat cost of such a machine, combining two locomotives, and several ploughs, its cumbersom character, and the nimiber of persons required to attend it, put it effectually beyond the reach, at leiSi^t of the American or Canadian farmer. The next inv^tioQ is " Usher's Rotary Steam Plough," a drawing and description of which we find in the Scientific American of the 5th Jiine, 1852. In this machine there are five acting ploughs. Each plough, to act continuously.^ has three mould boards and coulters on its axis, the one taking kito the soil as the preceding one is rising out. The whole five pidughs are on one strong rotary shaft. On the carriage is placed locomotive boiler with its cylinders ; the power of the engine is applied through rods to the crank shaft, which is supported in standards. On the shaft, there is a spur pinion ; this pinion, by taking into the teeth of the wheel which is mounted on a shaft, gives motion to the pinion on the same shaft. This pinion takes into the cog Wheel, and gives action to the wheels of the carriage, thus moving the plough by a rotary progressive motion. The pinion ifS)Xiado#o as to be thrown out of gear with the driving wheel. Another pinion which is on' the shaft which is set in bearings to the moveable firame, is driven by a large c6g wheel. On the shaft, are secured a series of plates, which are formed in such a maimer as to have affixed several ploughs to them. Each i« formed with a strong hop at the centre, by which it is securely fixed to the shaft. Each pJate has three projectors, which termi- nate radially. Upon the plates and projections, thus shown, the tilling pents are secured. The mould-boards for turning the fur- rows are secured by screw bolts to the projectoA of the plates. Plough points or shails are attached by bolts to the extremities of the mould boards. ,A coulter is also set before each plough point, which are moved in a rotary direction. =3%^Mbwing as^ thft remarks of the 1SditOTcrf*4he S dm t^ fic 1 American upon this plough : — ** This rotary steam plow shows at once the sreat difference between the farmen in Britain and our agriculturists. This plow weighs five tons, and the \€ engines ai three, or t^ of three fe( earth ; it n hour, plow It requires be introduc our farmer subservien good bints extensivel; oiallyinth be thrown belt, to dri Anothi applying secured t and Agri machine, appendec » Anoth< b^ which efiibient ap refer to the yention wh it Afran pver the su lonj way, and, not to ^ongh. T than anjrth Magazine,! framework- chine, the o equidistant! row. Thes tionofthei form, whid selves forwi fineness tha nios'Masa: work, wiUi I of 8 inches i The reason is that the i of their pase each side ol varieties, in ing spindles the nature o completely « fra« passage bottom (tfUu /' mg between tho [>ies 2^ minutes,' \llowing for the the present slow hour, when the greater dexterity ire engines, four a boys at tnu:ks, 128. per dayian4 ich is about one- tfi of doing it in itages of steam- 1 system of farm Ian can never le, combining om character, t it effectually adian farmer. 1 Plough," a the Scientific there are five ily, has three Lkihg into the s five plbu^s is placed tm of the engine J supported in his pmion, by ed on a shaft, s pinion takes f the carriage, motion. The th the driving hich is set in ge cdg wheel, are formed in them. Each . it is securely which termi- us shown, the iming the fur> of the plates, le extremities each plough '^^Scieatific tice between the five tons, and the f engmes are nominally ten horse-power; it can be worked with five. four, three, or two plows. When worked with four plows, it turned over a breadth ' ot three feet at once, and stirred the ground so as to make it resemble spaded earth ; »t moves at a good pace, being no less a velocity than 2,560 yards per hour, plowmg about six acred in one'day. The price of it was £400, or $1 465 It requires an engineer and two laborers to attend it. Such a plow will not be introduced into America; it is too large and expensive, but it will show our tanners what is domg in sdme other parts of the world to make steam power aubseryient to man m tUling the earth. It will, nd doubt, also afford many good hmts to some of pur inventors, for steam power will y^t be employed more iSu^'^'iF ^^*«"«"ltg«J Pafposes in our country than it is at present, espe- cially mthe West and South-W'^st regions. This plow, when not tilling, Sm be thrown out of gear with the engine, which can then beinade, bypuUeyand oelt, to drive a threshmg machine and many other machines." Another invention has been perfected by Mr. D. S. Brown for applying steam to the purposes of cultivation, and a patent was scOTred to him on the 3rd April, 1852. The Gardner's Chronicle and Agrtculturcd (Gazette of London, gives a description of this machine, whicb, with the reit»arks of the Editor, is hereto --"^nded:— ^. Cfardener^a Chronicle, London, May 1, 1852. V '*! ^^^ competitor has appeared for the prize, for so it will undoubtedly bwjyhich 1* to be the lot of him who shall first succeed in the cheap and efficient applicauon of steam-power to culti^tion. We shall at present merely refer to the fact that a patent has been taken 8ut, and shorUy describe the in- vention which IS thus secured to Mr. D. S. Brown, whose ingenuity has designed It A framework, carrying a S-horse power steam-engine is drawn by horses over Ae surface of theland to be tilled ; it is about 10 feet wide, and perhaps ZWMt long: the weight of ^e whole wjll not exceed atons, to draw which torn fiOWHM will be amply sufficient, especially as the stean* power outsits ovra way, and tha^orses have only to draw the weight of the machine and engine, and, not toforc>theoutter8 through the earth as they ^o the coulter of the ^^ JX^^ cuttStMEpear to be more like large bbring or drilling tools tBan anything else. In^lhe drawings given with t^e description m the . Magazme, there are two sets repMMnted as placed across the length of tUjti framework--across the direction of i^MiQn : one set in/the front part of the tnWm - chine, the other across the hinder part of^e framework. They are placed f eqmdistanUy, and the tools of the hinder setl>«ttk in the intervals of the front ?"'• ,^"ese tools Me spindles, inclmeddownwiids, but pointing in the direc- tion of the machine's motion and being armed wi& ^bits," of any desired form, which, revolving, and at the same time, we imakine, screwing them- selves forward, efleclually overtum the soil and comminiite it to any deeree of fineness that may be deeined, desirable. The correspondpnt of the " JJecha- nics'Magaane^ says, "The width of soil which the reVolving cutters can work, with S-horse power enffine, will be 10 feet at the time ; for 15 cutters of 8 mohes m diameter and 15 cutters of 6 inches in diai^ter equal 10 feet. • ^ fwwn .why the forward cutters are made smaller than\the hinder cuttera IS that the forwaid ones enter and cut the earth with solid isarth on each side u I/""??®'. "* ^ •'*°***' ®™* *^* ^® '^^^^ •»"*» with W loose earth on eacft side of their Mth, and consequentiy they can work easilsr. Cutters of aU yanetie^ m pomt of shape and size, can be fitted into the sdcketsof the revolv- ing spmdles. The work done will necessarily vary with thelort of power and tte nature of the soil, Mxt js HnportantloiibBervethat whate^r Ud^ is doie ^= Btoncf^BO second plonghin^r any harrowing Is needed, fer the earth is completely cut up and pulverised by the cutters, so as to admiUt once of the w JI?!?S? 1 •"' "»^ «»«»' Ae» Ming no hardened robrtratuA, left at the oottom M the limow, as m ordinary ploughing, to hold the water." |t appears 6 to m that thU maoWne will not leave the land in so perfectly fit a state for the seed aa this extract asserts. The first row of cutters would dnU out circular grooves or funows in the hard lands throwing the comminuted soil on the mtervals of hard land ; the second row would nndermme these : but eten sanposinir that ito tools so overlapped the former row as to entirely disintegrate the whole soil to the desired depth, it would, we conceiye, leave the now thoroughly comminuted soil in ridge and furrow corresponding in width to tbe intervS* between the tools— a very desirable state no doubt for some oiope, but undesirable for others." In all thd aul « Ae i«l to wSrk at t Aver end of a p^^hln^S "fe V t^"^ *^« P'»»«« attempts weft, aU madein 5iS dSKvLnlt^y^^^ ^"^ m turn that ^'^^ wver^i loventDn had come to see " ' Tis good to be 0/ trdft tt« oH toiw wfore ye beon^yirtfefrfagy^ Mt . , . ■f j4\ mt ¥ s 8 dreimU- He i. • r««il«IK»»«l,. •» '^^„"3,°JL"„, „„ th< Mil into • ••f')^' oenfury shall have P^^ "^^^h be oJt up iift6 fine tilth a« on. operftm, Aould not a rtrip, or lair, dfearth be^out ^P '" j^^,, „^ ent. •. P^^ak mto rand sown and covered in, too,) aa e"'*? •■ j_,„ te wind up a rone, " Srdrr, A. to employing a rteainen|beto^inj a dre^ J ^ S drag a plow, to turn up ^^'^ZAhmoJ!, iufflenj rollers/and clod • LwLeSt to' all the a°f ^V^^ wXriXvatioS, it remind, oneof T^-v--. *^An mtmlementally the reai^^onm *»u ,^ . j^_ « the bouae that Jack built." ,J;*»«^",rat a task so utterly atvanance with, pectable bjleH^i"SSf^i^S^'o^Len' ^ ^ ^^* raEiStT^Xcsofth..teaniengi« ^ ^ ^ «I 2 I may he forgiven for - ^^J .^^.l^'^^^^e] even if of one useful shilling ^'''iJ^'^J''jTi^it!^,>Bfi> do%orse work ma sncci^ul, of harnessing •^»°' ,r^A J^^^ed work it is i«t tq^om- hnni^wav : the implement itself, ^°?",r^"^„ ^non it. (be it as ancient tialbiW^' y? •* '' S, ^StfS-d^ to the -uhspil, whi^ StMiB tainted ^TJ "th„ .ff SWkaSST w^ tEe we.ght.of sort STbmised and hardened by the "^'^^JT^ cleavage, fmd the weight of ^ UlSirfat that of the force required *» effect tneciea^^^ than thi», ^ ■ « Why flien should we rtmggle for ^^^^^^^SL^ "pffifS^get ^^ThB tnie object is ^toperpemate ^^^^ J^the clod, to ridSit. Why poke an '^^'^K^^'^SJ SSrumenU to of « »9«»»i todmg tear it up in a lump by main fo'^*/"."^'"?: J^eroui attempts at cnltivaUon e^n^ revolutions. Wkmd ^h^^J^X^laH a hilf wide, throwing ;S^ into X semioucnlar t«f«^ *J?;l^^the feet of* dog ■oratohing SSkAe pulverised soU (just as ^^^^^i^SJ^^ing forward on.tlw ha^ ground with adow and eq™*!* Jf JJJ^'^n Aie wfee, or ^id •«'fl«^ KSpoi-t^Cc^ ^r^^l^cFS^&eti^^Si"^^^^^ SmStS ftudtiaoes, and capable "S/^^Sy granulated andpreciaefy ^Sg" ways/onwrd '«dle»'^*'^^SS S^t inches deep., nej^ KSS, hl& "^^IT^'C^SJ Sa^iijtSS except Ae^dnll^fiio^ iJ^&ScrSSiffilSUSdwiihalightbn^ ^» ^ e ed^^ 4^^-^ -.. _x.^Jbairfa-and i|/will not be long before it get^ npon^ the others, ff it cost five pounds an^rfelo clear them out, it must be done, and would in such case ' well pay to do it. But the truth is, thatvthe i^islrumeht itself suggests the kind of rnachme, which, with a little adaptation, (greater power and slowed motion,) might perform this .preliminary serviceat the least expense. If land is to be like a garden in one respect^' I see nd good reason why it should not in alL I " do not think stonea will /stand long in the va* of steam, nor be readily pte-- ferred to bread ; it^herethere happen >o m^ume, a steam-driven cultivator can be brodgfit to bfear,,^ich, after the simple and beautiful example of the mole^ sliall play out the lonff comedy of oar present field cultivation in o emgU act, present a finely granulated seed bed by 4 siiigle process, almost at the Hour required, and trammel up the long summer fallow into the labor of a day. with an accuracy as perfect as thrfluming of a lathe, and an aeraUon, rand consequent oxygenation,) of the soil as diffusive and minute as that of a soS- terred nuKle heap, or the dust flying from a steam-saw bfinch. "Implement makers and mechanicians would not be long in understanding ^lUiis, if ttey were not under the supposition, received at second handby them, and therefore the more diflicult to eradicate; that plowing is a'necessarv foraa of cultivation fo be kept in view. Once let them be m^e fully to per- ceive that plowing is merelv the first of a long jbries of meana towards the ao- oomplisbment of a particular end, that end being the production of a seedbed of Buitoble depth and texture, and with the soil as nearly as possible inverted in Its bed— and I do not think Aey will be long setting Oie steam engine . about Its proper task, m the proper way. Jut their atMon is distracted at present, fromJthe end to the means. They are taught to think-that thedlow wasmequa non— that steam cultivation of necessity implies steam plowinir and they are led to give up the task in despair, because" they ai» at fl^t upwJ a false scent • ^ ■ — ^ *^ « We have many roHiny inoplembnts employed in' the field, but we have only one of a revolving uniflement. The clod crusher and the Norwegian barrow rotf, the hay-tedding machine, (oha of the best instruments ever in- vented,) revolves: ^l use the words arbitrarily, but the difference I allude to is very important; The first are liable to the evU of cfogging ; because they derive their axis motion from ihe$oa aa they pass over and press upon it. Ihis action must not be confounded with that of a machine which hat Ui caute of revolution imthm itself, independent, and acting upon the soil as a circular saw acts upon a board, or the paddle wheel ^f a steamer, upon the « water. The teeth of a saw clear themselves, . by the dentrifugal motion they oommuiucale to the particles they have detached from the substance they act upon. A circular cultivator, steam driven, will do the same, for I havrf'proved ir. It does so more effectually according to the speed, (of revolution,) and the state of moisture of the soil. This last incident is as it should be ; for it is not desirable that a cla^ 8(h1 should bo deah with when in an improper stalfrfor cumvation ; and one great advantage of sud^ an instrument as I point to would be thatjjt would so greatly enlarge the choice of a suitable period, by its com- pendious accomphAment of the whole work of. culture^-A Ckirdeiur*s f^htomde, London, .hnuary,185l. - ^ w.«»»i«r. I -«y^' ^ *°"i? ^^^I? .^»7> and by some pen not yet dot of straight strokes and pothooks, there shall be written, for the edification of tiie^cultnral pubUc, an historical sketch of the ' Rise and Progress of Stbam CvuitatioV v^ ffif 10 ■ It U to be f^tfed Uiat aomo of the refleotions will not be of the mort ^I^ mentary kind to the genius or the faith of the generation that witneB»d the Great Exhibition of 1861,— that embraced nearly in one experience the development of Steam Navigation, of the BaUroad ayBtem, the Electric Telegraph, and other kindred appUances in the many-path field of pracUcal science.' *It was strange,* we may suppose our ibture annalist to write, ' that amidst the blaze ot surrounding discovery in the arts that eooriomlze the labour and advance the condition of man, an application of steaim-power that muM^surely have pressed' with such powerlhl motive and exigency on a period when an extensive change of oommeroial policy seemed especially to evoke the mechanical resources of the kingdom, by way of sett-off to its often urged dis- advantaces in climate and in fiscal burthens,— should have been long regarded rather with the apathy evinced towards the cobweb speculaUons ol dreaming enthhsiasm, than dealt with as fi practical question by practical minds. While zealous agrioolturists were eloquently excited once a year over the weiffht of an ox, or the twist of an improved mould-board, 'Scienctf, was satined, and ' Practice 'seemed to tread on the heels of perfeetion. Under such patronage, * Improvemepts' in the established implemente of tillage, , were of course as numerous as the moiety of 20 acres of ground could con- veniently accommodate for annual Exhibition. A revolution impending over T^iaae ttaelf was of course the last thing d teamt of i It is ever so. True, a few black funnels might be seen smoking in the show yard, and the whirring drum of the steam-driven Threshing-machine had, thanks to the previoua invenUon of a certain Scotch lawyer, made the agrestial mind forget to expect, or its prizes to stimulate, unprovpments in the Flail. But the principal and tune- Lnouredactof agricdtuie proper, ofcutt«tw,■■ e most oompU* : witnea^ the Bxperisnce the I, the Eleotrio eld of practical a, ' that antidst I the labour and hat mufit Buiely [wriod when an to evoke the often urged dis- nlong regarded ms ot dreaming ractical minds, a year over the •Science', was feetioD. Under lents of tillage, , lund could con* impending over r8o,Thie, a few e whirring drum evimu invention to expect, or its icipal and time- lapoured under and' the Harrow re were still re- e smiled at the 1 the day when the darling tool id figure-head of ie will oonlinue, sated fVom their re and necessity ir the * Death of oadrnped is only ''; and that when no choice lefibut I mode of action d-culture for the illage continued; wa) no necessary ith the action or )yed in Mannfac- ar to the agricul- ho gaye a serious^ ler as a piece of t to the existing ij on the scene of illage, to aoalyse the man: 4nd to shaki* hJm \.a '>®«'on»8 reversed} the auadmned w«- 25L its inventiopX siX„e 17S± tt^'V ^^^^^r ffio^veS rc"ui?''r ^^^'»^ -5^^^^^^^^^ that modes of tillage aJi««X «.!?!? "^'*'***'^<*° "»■ Point, when w««S!«; action from all ho^-woAeJiSi? f "^^J «»'* -AficiSydiflSS^ more ancient cong^errhJHo2^fc°&,'" ^hose ^f^ "SlpadS^iS Uve action of these manu J tooljL^iSo^i ^® ''?7'*''*«^ Md^ve^^^^ draught might have diSj suSted S^m '"l*^" farm-impleSurrf j;l^^*^» « different from aff^e^ ,ffit'^ discovery of o<;&rmSn.'S one who had ever seen a nutme? ^^ ^^^ •^®" ^ra™ e^h other. Anv armed surface of a meater T^fL^J^ "^^J" '^to fine atoms amin.. iSI^ teeth of a circular sS^r^VJoSdtd r^™t'°*'*'^P« Ca tim"Cby fij contemplaUdn of IbiamedumS ni^ni^"!," ^ imaginative faculty for ^ depth, might surely (one shouM n!^^ °^ commumted soil a few inSS^ generation by som^ Z^to^nT^u^?%^^''i "*'«» the «edit o?lS Bv Steam-power, than attemStoWnfe"'" ^°' ^ effectuating of tillaS Ploughs and Ha^rowB, ItoK a„d "^ ffl '^'^ ^"'^ VP'entiee-Wpin wS figure as^he rude teiiia of th- ri ^®™' °' e^en the Spade wii^JTM im!J^*heSouftMnCoua tr wa ^-yin, A„ ^--." ^ V. ^^•:^. i *, • •^, — ' ^ Mk /< ^ 'P i l» ghfbans'tm Ak^^ and lookJugout'Oiw^Jl^ and » •twtttt' «*— *w and dwn " ofooini^ aaondv* r "^ 1 ^£'i^.::s^:t^^, ». k ^ M V M » 'f-' ^luHres'on rbe •OCOJB- BTiUMe no next centory, loh apbint as lliar wfth the Iromafrteam- i» the«wtiM* SblemllaflWe ^^ We bave ■ /■ - •..^t^M^^ •-' x V f5 •V ^^ rf»-'^_ i-, -.(A*-- ..^