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'frf THE NORTH AMERICAN S YL V A; OB, A DESCRIPTION OF THE FOREST TREES OF THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND NOVA SCOTIA, NOT DESCRIBED IN THE WORK OP F. ANDREW MICHAUX, AND CONTAINING ALL THE FOREST TREES DISCOVERED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, THE TERRITORY OF OREGON, DOWN TO THK SHORES OF THE PACIFIC AND INTO THE CONFINES OF CALIFORNIA, AS WELL AS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ILLUSTRATED BY 123 FINE PLATES. BY THOMAS NUTTALL, F. L. S., Member of the American Philosophical Society, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c. &c. &c. IN THREE VOLUMES. Vol. I. BEING THE FOURTH VOLUME OP MICHAUX AND NUTTAIx's NORTH AMERICAN SYLVA. PHILADELPHIA : J. DOBSON, 106 CHESTNUT STREET. Also FOR SALE BY R. BALDWIN, PATEIINOSTER-ROW, LONnON; II. BOSSANGE, No. II OUAI VOLTAIRP PARIS i PERTHES, BESSER k MAI KE, No. 22 JINGFERNSTIEO, HAMBLRG. 1842. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1842, by J. Dobson, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. i £. G, Doney, Printer, Library Street. TO THE LATE WILLIAM MACLURE, Esq. Preddent of the Academy of Natural Sciaiccs in Philadelphia, #-c. ^c. AS A MEMENTO OP III8 AlTACirMENT TO, AND LIBERAL IJNCODRAOEMENT OP, NATUKAL SCIENCES IN NOBTU AMEBICA. ALSO TO \ F. ANDREW MICHAUX, Member of the American Philosophical Society, Correspondent of the Institute of France, j^c. ^c. WHOSE NAME IS IDENTIFIED WITH THE HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE THE PRODUCTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FOREST, OF THIS WORK IS MOST RESPECTPULLY DEDICATED BV THE AUTHOR OP THIS SUPPLEMENT. iro J -J •I PREFACE. i The Forest Trees of America, being a subject of such great extent and importance, I felt, consequently, very diffident of undertaking their study, after what has been already done so well by my predecessor M. Mi- cHAux. Yet, in offering a new edition of the American Sylva in English, it appeared requisite, in keeping pace with the progress of discovery, that all the forest trees of the extended dominion of the United States, should, in some way or other, be included in the present publi- cation; and, I confess, the magnitude of the task ap- peared, at first, sufficiently appalling, wh'jn we reflect on the vast territory now claimed by the United States. Beginning with the arctic limits of all arborescent vege- tation, in the wilds of Canada, which we cannot, with propriety, exclude, forming as it does the boreal boun- dary of the North American forest; we then follow the extended shores of the Atlantic, until, towards t -lo ex- tremity of East Florida, and its Kjeys or Island . we have attained the very confines of the tropical circle and make a near approach to the island of Cuba and the Bahamas: turning westward, we pass over the wide forests of the Mississippi, pursue the western streams, through vast woodless plains, until we attain the long crests of the "Rocky Mountains" or Northern Andes. Here, in these alpine regions, we meet with a total «>< VI IMIEFACE. diaiij^c ill tlio features of llio forest; resiniferous ever- greens, of the family of the Pines, now predoniinate, and uttain tlic most <,Mirantic (hmensions. All the species, and they nrr numerous, luivo pccuhar traits, and form so many curious and distinct species, of wliich Httio is yet known more than their hotanical designation. Other remarkahle forest trees, also imperfectly known, inhahit this great range of mountains, whicii continues uninterruptedly into ti«e interior of Mexico in its south- ern course; while on the north, following the sources of tiic Missouri and the Oregon, and after thus dividing the waters whicii flow into the Atlantic and Pacific, it is, at length, merged in the "Shining Mountoins," which send oft' their distant tributaries to the Arctic ocean. The plains of the Upper Platte, those of the Oregon and of Northern California, a region bereft of summer rains, forming extensive barren steppes, like those of Siberia, present no forests, scarcely an alluvial belt along the larger streams of sufficient magnitude to afford even fuel for the camp fire of the wandering hunter or the erratic savage. The scanty drift wood, borne down from the mountains, the low bitter bushes of the arid plain, even the dry ordure of the bison, is collected for fuel, and barely suffices to prepare a hasty meal for the passing traveller; who, urged by hunger and thirst, hur- ries over the desert, a region doomed to desolation, and, amidst privations the most appalling, lives in the hope of again seeing forests and green fields in lieu of arid plains and bitter weeds, which tantalized our famished animals with the fallacious appearance of food, like the cast-away mariner raging with thirst, though surround- ed with water as fatal to the longing appetite as poison. Towards the shores of the Pacific, and on the banks of the Oregon, we again meet with the agreeable fea- tures of the forest. i 1 1 ■ ; I'UriFACK. vii "Mnjcslic woods, of every vigorous nircn, Stiijfi- above stage, liigli waving o'er the iiills; Or to the far liorizoii wide dilfiisM, A i)oiiiulleHS deep immensity of sliade." Transported in idea to the borders of the Hudson or the Dc'iiiwaro, we rcclini; hencatli the shade of venerable Oalvb and spreading Maples; we see, as it were, fringing the streams, the famihar Cotton-wood and spreading Willows. On the higher plains, and ascending the hills and mountains to their summits, we sec a dark forest of lofty pines; we hear the light breeze sigh and murmur through their branches as it did to the poets of old. But the botanist, in all this array, fails to recognise one solitary acquaintance of his former scenes: he is em- phatically in a strange land; a new creation, even of forest trees, is spread around him, and the tail Andes and wide deserts rise as a barrier betwixt him and his distant home. My indulgent reader will then excuse me, if I, on this occasion, appear before him only as a botanist; culling those objects which have given him so much delight, he wishes to present them to the curious public, alive to the beauties and symmetry of Nature's works. Whatever is yet known of their uses and history, is also given; and that the task might be more complete, we have rambled a little beyond, rather than fallen short of, the exact limits of the republic. We have thus added, as our friends Torrey and Gray have done, or intend to do, in their general Flora, a collection of the trees of Upper California, extending our ramble as far as the vicinity of Sta. Barbara, in about the 31th degree of north latitude. We here met with several Oaks, Pines, a Plane-tree, a Horse-chestnut, and a Box Elder, which have not yet been found within the limits of the territory of Oregon. VUl I'UEFACE. i I While the work wns in prop^r«'SS, Professor Touiiky ssor ction of dried informed n>e of tlie arrival of a larf'e colli plants from Key West, in Mast I'lorida, made by Doctor |{KOD(ii;TT, of the rnit(!d States a rmy. All the trees in til t this herbarinm, at least forty species, were jjenerous manner given up to me for publication by the l*rolessor. Most r)f them form distinguishiiifr features in the tropical landscape of the West India Islands. Among them were the Mahogany, Simaritha, the (iua- iacum or Lignum Vitie, the poisonous Manchinecl, seve- ral trees of the fannly of the Myrtles, {Einrcn'm^) three or four species of Fig trees, the Calabash, and i'apaw or Melon-tree, the Mangrove, two species of Cordia, the West India IJirch (Biirsem frummifcra), and many other arborescent plants which are now for the first time add- ed to the Flora of the United States, and thus in a mea- sure resolving the problem of the geographical limits of the Caribbajan Flora. The island of Key West lies about eighty-five miles from East Florida, and is the same distance from Cuba. It is about nine miles long and three broad, containing a [)opulation of about 400 people, chiefly engaged as wreckers. Besides the trees we have noticed, I have been re- cently informed of the existence of thickets of Cactuses on the island, one of which with an erect, cylindric and divided stem, attains the height of 30 or more feet. In the islands of the Everglades, considerably inland in East Florida, we have been informed that a Palm about 90 feet high, forming a magnificent tree, has been seen, but of this plant we have been unable to obtain, as yet, any further account. The haste with which I have been obliged to proceed with the publication, has prevented me from receiving much advantage from correspondents. Such as have honoured me with their remarks are mentioned under i PUEl-'ACK. IX tlio appropriate nrticica an tlu^ occur in tlic work; iiiiil I tuku this opportunity of tendering thcni my sinccru tlmnks for (ill sucli uHHistanco. As fust as now niat(Tiiils may bo discovered, wo in- tend to give tlioni to tiie world in tiio form of a supple- ment, and wo shall tlu^n also have an additional oppor- tunity for correcting any errors which may iiavo occur- red either in regard to information or in the progress of printing, as well as of making such additions as a more thorough examination of the subject may suggest, parti- cularly tiio characters of the dillerent kinds of wood in- digenous to tiic most extended limits of the republic. roceed ;civing have under Thirty-four years ago, I left Fingland to explore the natural history of the United States. In the ship Hal- cyon I arrived at the shores of the Now World; and after a boisterous and dangerous passage, our dismasted vessel entered the Capes of the Delaware in the month of April. The beautiful rol)ing of forest scenery, now bursting into vernal life, was exchanged for the monoto- ny of the dreary ocean, and the sad sickness of the sea. As we sailed up the Delaware my eyes were rivctted on the landscape with intense admiration. All was new! — and life, like that season, was then full of hope and enthusiasm. The forests, apparently unbroken, in their primeval solitude and repose, spread themselves on either hand as wc passed placidly along. The extending vinta of dark pines gave an air of deep sadness to the wilder- ness. i(- thcsc lonely regions, where, retired From little scenes of art, great Nature dwells In awful solitude, and nought is seen But the wild herds that own no master's stall." The deer brought to bay, or plunging into the flood 1 X PURFAC'E. from the pursuit of the Indian, armod with bow and arrow, alone seemed wantin ■.• [ C'l,.. ■ . . , . . . • : I i I * ii • .:>',; I ' 1 1 \> >'\ I ' f n •Krt-".; ;t. % •ma m^f^'^r.: ,:V«,s^ •lis < T it-!' t-? ■¥**.. ■•I- ': IrtS; .•i .•; ■ ^r .^' ,>^" '.it\' > - i) - \i''ri!'<>lu / //. #^ .1. ,» , .1-. HOLLY-LEAVED OAK. QUERCUS aouifolia; foliis lato-ovatis subcordatis dentato- spinosis glubris, ftniclibiis axillaribiis sessilibiis. Nkk in Annal. Scienc. Nat. vol. 3. p. 271. Annals of Botanj-, No. 4. p. 106. QuERCus AGRiFOLiA, folUs perennuntibiis subrotimdo-ovatis subcordatis utrinqtie glubris remote spinoso-dcntatis, cu- pula hemispfucricu; squaviis adpressis obtiisiusculis, glande ovata acuta. — Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am. 2. p. 657. Willd. Sp. pi. 4. p. 431. ^n Ilex folio agrifolii americana, forte agria, vel aquifolia glandifera. Plukenet, tab. 196. fig. 3 ? This species, almost the only one which attains the magnitude of a tree in Upper California, is abundantly dispersed over the plain on which Sta. Barbara is situated, and, being evergreen, forms a conspicuous and predominant feature in the vegetation of this remote and singular part of the western world. It appears more sparingly around Monterey, and scarcely extends on the north as far as the line of the Oregon territory. It attains the height of about 40 or 50 feet, with a diame- ter rarely exeeding 18 inches. The bark is nearly as rough as in the Red Oak; the wood hard, brittle, and reddish, is used only for the purposes of fuel or the coarse construction of a log cabin. As an ornamental tree for the south of Europe or the warmer states of the Union, we may recommend this species. It forms a roundish summit, and spreads but little till it attains a considerable age; as a hedge it would form a very close shelter, and the leaves ever- green and nearly as prickly as a holly, would render it almost impervious to most animals. ill 6 HOLLY-LEAVED OAK. llf 7 ' The leaves vary from roundish ovate to elliptic, and are of a thick rigid consistence, the serratures quite sharp; the young shoots are covered more or less with stellate hairs, and, for some time, tufts of this kind of down remain on the under side of the midrib of the leaves, which are, however, at length perfectly smooth and of a dark green above, often tinged with brownish- yellow beneath. The staminiferous flowers are very abundant and rather conspicuous, the racemes the length of 3 or 4 inches, the flowers with a conspicu- ous calyx and 8 to 10 stamens. The female or fruit- bearing flowers, are usually in pairs in the axills or juncture of the leaf with the stem and sessile, or without stalks. The cup of the acorn is hemispherical, and furnished with loose brownish scales, the acorn much longer than the cup, is ovate and pointed. We do not recollect to have seen this tree properly associated with any other, except occasionally the Platanus raccmosus; their shade is also hostile to almost every kind of undergrowth. By Persoon this species is said to have been found on the eastern coast of North America, while Pursh attributes it to the north-west coast, about Nootka Sound. It does not, however, extend even to the ter- ritory of Oregon, as far as my observations go. Nee says "I have only seen branches collected at Monterey and Nootka." The leaves of the young plants (if I am not mistaken) are perfectly smooth when first developed, of a thin consistence, with numerous slender sharp dentures; beneath they are of a brownish-yellow colour, and appear smooth and shining. ii Plate II. A young branch with barren aments. a. A branch with acorns. s i SMALL LEAVED OAK. QUERCUS *i)umosa; ramis gracilibus pubescentibus; foliis rotundato-ovalibtts suhsessilibus spinoso-dentatis glabniis- culis, subttis villosis concoloribus. I observed this species to form entangled thickets over the base of the hills which flank the village of Sta. Barbara, in Upper California. It attains the height of 4 to 6 feet, is of a very unsightly appearance, forming what we should call scrub-oak thickets, of considerable extent, over a barren and rocky soil, which denies sus- tenance to almost everything else; the branches divide into many irregular straggling and almost naked slender twigs, clothed with a whitish smooth bark. The leaves are evergreen, small, and wholly resemble those of the Quercus cocci/era^ but are somewhat pubescent above and softly so beneath; the young twigs are also hairy, with a persisting pubescence. Being unable to discover upon it at the season I visited that country (in the month of April) either flowers or fruit, I am unable to give a figure of it that w ould be at all interesting. 8 ! I ROCKY-MOUNTAIN OAK. QIJEROUS undulata; frutico^a ramosissima; foliis peren- nantibtis brevipctiolatis ohlongis acutis simuito-dcntaiis dentibus acutis, basi cuneatis, subtns ptilveridcnlo-tomento- sis, supra nitidis; fructibus subsolilciriis sessilibus, cupula hemisphserica squamis appressis, glande ovata acuta. Tou- KEY in the Annals of the Lyceum of New York, vol. 2, p. 248. ^if : This dwarf Oak, considerably allied to our small leaved preceding species, was discovered by Dr. James, in Long's Expedition, towards the sources of the Canadian, a branch of the Arkansa, and likewise in the Rocky Mountains. It is said to be a small straggling shrub, with the under surface of the leaves clothed with a close whitish tomentum or down, more or less spread, though more thinly, also on the upper surface, with the hairs stellated. The leaves are small, and somewhat resemble those of the Holly, about an inch and a half or two inches long, rather narrowed at the base, of a thick and rigid consistence, as in all the sempervirent Oaks, reti- culately veined beneath, with the margin sinuately toothed, but not that I can perceive waved, as the spe- cific name implies; the teeth sharp and acute at the points; above somewhat shining and minutely pubescent. The acorns are large and strongly resemble those of the Live Oak; they are, however, without stalks, and grow alone or in pairs; the cup is deep and hemispherical, with the scales pointed. It is so nearly allied to the Holly Oak of the South of Europe {Qiterais Ilex), that it is necessary to distinguish them. In our plant the base of the leaf is wedge-formed; P": ^•i-i?^'" ■■^'. ■ r -v; ;' ^^;■'%^*' :w ^4- !/M "^ :i^''-MM0^'> iliW- ::*i «)l S I > • ■ t- ■ ■ »Mf-* ^ » • ' ■ •■. 'i ^ . \i m \ '-"•■re . nti,-i'i>.! '■. •.! - !•• .> ' i.il. "I ,v ^- 11' HLlIf. Siuclaarclli3i.li. % '! ! ROCKY MOUNTAIN OAK. 9 in tlie Ilex it is usually rounded, the border less deeply toothed, and not in the least sinuated. The cup and acorn arc wholly similar, but in our plant a little larger and less pointed. Plate III. A braiicli of the natural size, with the acorn. 2 i ! 10 I! - DOUGLAS' OAK. QUERCl'S Doi'oi.Asi; yo///,v mc7iihr(ina('cis nhlnn^o-ovalihus Imsi (lent is jnfiuldtis \iiiuat()-j)htn(iliji(/is siccifa/r hand iiigresceiilihu.s, s^ipra i^liihris, snhlu.s piibcritlis, lohis brevi- bus acutitisculis, pcliolifi rannilifique juulm'ibus dense fnlvo-])nh(:sceulibn.s; fniclihiis .sc.ssi/ibiis snlilariis binisne, cupula hemisplurrica doise s(juaiii()sa ,s(/ua»ii,t ovatis con- vexis in appendicem .suhnic.mhranaceainjulvutn appressam Uncarcm obiumm jirnduclis pubcsceutibus; i^lande ovuta cuputain Iripla .superan/c obtusu cum utnbone conico. — IIooK. Ic. inod. Hook, and Aunot, Botany of IJeechy's Voyage, p. 391. This curious species, of wiiicli wc have seen only a dried specimen, was collected in Upper California, and bears some affinity to the Q. Garryana. According to Hooker and Arnot, the leaves and whole appearance of the plant closely resemble Q. scssUiJ/ora, but with differ- ent scales to the cup of the acorn. The leaves appear to be smaller, narrower, and less deeply divided than in Q. Gnrryana. The young leaves are covei'^d with down on both sides, and the lobes tipped with short, soft, acute points. To us, the branch which we have seen bears some resemblance, though vague, to the Post Oak, (Q. stel- iata.) The cup and acorn is also somewhat similar, but larger, while the leaf is smaller and scarcely dilated above. The under surface is covered with the same stellated pubescence. The stigmas of the fertile flowers arc from 3 to 5 in number. Plate IV. A branch of the natural size, with acorns, a. The male cat- kin and young leaf. h. The staminiferous flower magnified. ¥^*' ■■■■*. ^^m ■IPS'; V J ;#? .m:' ' ..;.;•:■ it' ?>%/ :ir?W ''^'■\^ 't 14^. ..-^ ■m '"^■^'^^m^ " fit f ,v.,_,- , //,,,-/ .«i.- •i..--.ii. ., ../v.. ^1 Ti i ■■•..• 1 \\ ' , f i 1 ; l'," (< ;, I ■ ,1- \ - TTWf II ■ :! t i' /iJ n J ^, QlH'lUMIM l>«»ll«>|iiMii. I'l.V TfWisT del ^un^i.Kira ^it^i Quercus Deiisitlora. ! 1 8'Cs-^ I'r 'I'-' '■,-:, ML . .7/y :\i' '..- . . |-.;i:) v^ ••!i till -li-!..' 1 ■ <'••: * ■ . -^ ' .;;. I,(.;;L^ ^ ^ ••. » m • „ i... ••• .. .- v..i,i;U;l.'r!.il>.'i;. (■'■•rVll- i'l. •.,".■!•-! , . . 'To Ml I - -• ■' I . ' 1 i , " •: raih.,.'!' ii,friu,-. iieliKij^r ;i!, ,;,.;-; i,, I ■■ ilio .■■!.-■.-• s|n '•:.;!<. ii-^ .T" ri;' ci.'rnf:'i, ;h(' (^ttircti^ ;'!i..iVi<-i ■ ■.'■\ Qmn^u-, -iin'hi dl 1^' lU \^f-. : i/ //.. . . ''r-.- J I' )•/>■, ■ niu-N ■■/.'; ■ . ', ■ :"•■■ tiii.\ •It'll • /■''■'•■ •■ •,• hiT!'-- .ft-' >■ I •• PI, ilU:U. li-.'. • • ■ ■■:-')■.'',; ./,■• ■ •i If- .-> /;< r('''/i ,'■ ; ', yAyi"' >■ /.iiUi''/- ■ ■■■■. <,■ hi-' '■! ',:■■ V . i. n: ■: ■■''■(> : )■■:'.. H.-r ! K t' t 1 1' J tUtii- . > ■■■■■' ;tf.-i.*' at!. •■ ■■ i];ret'ii 'nn\ coinniuii t'lii'-.i!: entire, -n- hc <> Iv iMIu W itl: tlu .iiii'!* lurvi.-^. bi.it i ! , 1 Jl < : .. .-:■ "i-^: M M ■-* " ' '■- --^^y'^ :'^tr :U^^:-y- ■ '- ,, , ■•. - 'li.: , i'.s'- .- '>'•'.. jtifj'.: : .:> :;■-. " V ■>#, 'f'j:^' '"■'■■, -■:/ "■^m^ ¥>■ .^'.^^ ^^ A* :5=?iSl^ ■■^'.0. :^-. •&,. ■•! .t ' ■;:^sp\ ■.i; -;.•-■.■■• . • V: •ijij^. '"■■"«»?■... ^J^. . • '-.>v;T:-:!.^ .■■-7 ' :;i^;:i*: ^i:^«;r . fl. . . . * ^^.. J. ;' ''.'••J5 t i •; 4 I • I •|(^ '. • ,• / .- .y / 11 § *Castanopsis. t/lnicnts clnns;(ite(I (Did pcrsistenl, perianth lanuginous, divided to the base; scates of the spread! nsj; cap loose and sqaarrose; s.Unncns exscrted; nut somewhat an- gular and downi/; stif^nias several, filij'orin and decidu- ous. Trees of Oregon, California, and the Ilimmalay Mountains in India, with tiie aspect of the Chestnut. Leaves entire, pennately nerved, sempervirent. Aments elongated, erect, the flowers conglomerated. Fertile flowers . . . ? To this section, or rather genus, belong also, as far as the male specimens are con- cerned, the Quercus glomerata and Quercus spicuta of Dr. Wallich. DENSE-FLOWERED OAK. QUERCUS densiplora; foliis perennantibus coriaceis petio- lutis oblongo-lanceolatis basi obtusis l)reviter acuminatis parallele nervosis integcrriniis margine revolulis juniori- bus fulvo-furfurucco-to??ientosis subtus pullidioribus de- mum glabris, amentis mascitlis clongatis folia superanti- bus densifloris valde tomentosis nunc ad basin flores paucos femineos gereiicihns, friictihns sessilibus, cupula brevi he- m,isphasrica dense squamosa, squam,ibiis elongato-linearibus laxis sericeis, glande ovato-globosa sericea. — Hook. Icon. PI. ined. Hook, and Arnot, Bot. Beechy, p. 391. This remarkable tree, scarcely a true Oak, but con- generic with species in the Himmalaya Mountains, in India, is a native of Upper California. It has so much the appearance of a Chestnut, that the cup of the fruit alone attests what it really is. The leaves are ever- green and of the same lanceolate outline with the common Chestnut, having similar pennate nerves, but entire, or nearly so, on the margin; at first they are ij \ il i 1 l! r i i ' n y 12 OENSR-FLOWERED OAK. softly clothed beneath with dense stellate brownish hairs, but at length become smooth; they are about 4 inches long and 1 to U wide. The catkins are erect, about 4 inches long, presenting the appearance of cy- lindric, woolly spikes, beset with numerous cxserted stamens w ith long slender filaments, as in the Chestnut. The cup is shallow and patulous, within and without softly sericeous, the scales numerous and acuminate, very loose, somewhat spreading and 2i to 3 lines long. The acorn is large, evidently angular, and more convex on one side, covered with whitish down, and terminated with several filiform, lanuginous and deciduous stigmas. The Castanea chrysophylla of Douglas, if not the same plant, appears to be another species of this section or genus. Plate V. A branch of the natural size. a. Tlie acorn. CJWcst del. Quercus lieana. <.■! I < * t •1 1.,' '' 4 • t ' I . v . ■ ;■ ■i;i! !.■ i ' i:, I' , .llr^ • ■:•.:■ ..! • ill- ^.. • I'- - ! .I'.'l'-- f ."' ■. MU ;:'<.''llJi. u ■ 'rti-.' Ir.'" • •. I' 1':::*. ^v\\ • ' :\ \iv.: ;■■'•• /,•■.■ ! : i ■ . . • ' 1 . ■ : ■.dr,:<.-^ ■ .:. ■ _ - ; 1 ^^ f/..'.r •.■• <_ 'i ' ■ml •: ■ ,vt;-, lil Mh: '•f' ' it'*' ' I ' ■ * • Vi i.i>:;. '^•■. 1(10 ! i tf I i f I i I 1 ClV.i^,,, ■••■*• :*i! .m 4 •: -:, V '!^ ?.ti;1v !■ •■!: > : •; ■,, ^€i>. .*' h . W": ■•■'fe;::'fe' ■ft :#';'^-....:v-v;ffe!h ;>• . ■■ •■ ' ■/.•i.' ■:■,:'■ ^^.^^^^-' \ m> * ..r I •■^.: ^''^i^t.- ■•■.,.:■: ■ ; Av ■.. ■■::•■«: ';j>c;-' ";■ „.,^ i;--^ '.'l; 'inrrr 13* LEA'S OAK. QIJKKCIJS Lka>a, Joliifi /ne?tif)rtt/uK'ci.s, liniifissiine pvlUi- hilis, (iltloni^o-oviilibKN, ha.si rntuiiddtis, .sii/jcorc/tt/iA, .sinii- utn-/)uuialifKlis,ilenui}n !f/(t/iri\, lohis talis inlt"j;i'is .si'lacvo- acumiiKttis; friit'tibus hrcvi-jx'ilicelldth; sulilariis fnnisrc, cupula htviisphi'ricity stjiiatnis orufis obtusis^ if/ani/e suh- fj^lobosu villatasubseini-imineunit,cum umbonc brcvi conirii. Of this remarkably ambiguous Oak I have already spoken, in a note on Q. hdcrophf/llu, having at that time, in concert with Mr. Thomas G. Lea, its discoverer, con- sidered it as a variety of that rare species or some analogous hybrid. Other specimens, accompanied with the ripe glands, have now convinced me that it is either a distinct species or anotiier strange hybrid; but as I am by no means satisfied of the existence of such spon- taneous mixed races among our Oaks, I have taken the liberty of giving it as a species, and dedicating it to its discover >ir, an ardent and successful botanist. I shall also take the liberty of adding a quotation from Mr. Lea's notes, made on this plant, and sent to me with the specimens. "The fruit resembles Michaux's figure of Q. hctcro- phylla, but differs in being more depressed and obtuse at the summit. The cups, I think, are alike. The leaves are on longer petioles, but accord in being inclined to be cordate at base. If it is a hybrid, it may have come I'om the Q. imbricaria or Q. tinctoria or Q. coccinca. i'he fruit is too widely different from Q. rubra. The peduncles are about the same length as in my specimens of Q. imbricaria', in Michaux's figure of that species the fruit is represented as sessile, which I think is wrong. The petioles are much longer than in Q. imbricaria, the 2* f I I: I I i( 14* LKA S OAK, leaves Ifirgcr aiid nion; ohtiisc at basr. Tlirs(! niodifi- cationH(irit is a liyhrid) may !»«' derived Irdin tlio l(»n<^ petioles and Iar;[er leaves of the //A/r/- and Smr/rt (hds. 1 tliinU it do(;s not partake of Qiinrus ji/irl/osy (Willow Oak,) a speei(;s tliat docs not grow, to niy knowlediro, within several hundred miles ot'tliis place (Cincinnati)." "I saw two individuals of Q. phrllos in tiic Hartram garden, wiiicli Colonel Carr assured me were propagated from tlu! seed of the original Kartram Oak. Certainly our plant is very like Michaux's figure; but as that appears to bi; a hybrid of Q. plirl/os, I thiidv they nuist be considered distinct. If ours be a iiybrid, it most likely comes Irom Q. imbricuru' and Q. lincluria, or forr/7JCrt." "1 iiavc found but a single stock of this (about five years ago). It grows three miles north of Cincinnati." I confess I sec too little resemblance in our plant with Q. hnhricar'm, to agree with my friend Mr. T. I-ea, as to any hybrid connection with that remotely allied species. Uetwi.vt the Crey Oak, (Q. amhiniin, Muir.,) and Q. tinctorin, I pcTceivc a nearer resemblance. The fruit appears to be wholly that of the Grey Oak. The gland in both is striated, and with a small conic projec- tion. In our plant, however, the base of the gland and that of the cup are yelloAV, indicating its jdliance to Q. tincloria. The leaf diflcrs wholly from both in its simple undivided lobes, though the long i)ctiole and rounded base is that of tinctoria. Scarce as this species yet appears to be, under the present circumstances, I am inclined to believe it of a distinct race, with features as distinct as any species in the genus. For the Grey Oak being, I believe, unknown in Ohio, is again out of the question. I suspect it is in all physical respects allied to tinctoria, and would equally afford a yellow dying material. ii>1 LEA'S OAK. IT) Tlio full pjrown leaves iiro from T) to r).J iiiclios long, by :i to ;{.i wide, smootli and Hliininj^ al)ov«', with a small (juaiitity ordeciduonH sti'llati^ piilujsceiicc! Iumu atli. The lohes are about a Hin<,de i)air on a nicb'. The central lobe ordy .sometimes a^jain subdivided into three leaser lobes, all of them endin 0BSKllVAT10i\S ON THE UAK.S. Tlic Willow Oak is found as far west as tlie banks of the Arkansa and several of its branches. Live Oak, (Quorus virrns.) Trees near Magnolia, in West Florida, occur of 8 to 9 feet diameter; it con- sequently affords large timber. Great quantities of this wood are now brought from the coast of West Florida. According to Win. Bartram, the Live Oaks on the St. .John's in East Florida, are from 12 to 18 feet in circum- ference; the trunk there rises only from 12 to 20 feet, when it throws out 3 to 5 large limbs, which continue to grow in nearly a horizontal direction, each limb form- ing a gentle curve from its base to its extremity, {Bar- Iram^s Travels, p. 85;) and he adds, I have stepped above 50 paces, on a line, from the trunk of one of these trees to the extremity of the branches. The wood is almost incorruptible, even in the open air. The acorn is small, agreeable to the taste when roasted, and in this state they are eaten by the aborigines as we do Chestnuts. Stately avenues are formed of the Live Oak in South Carolina and Georgia, which, robed in Long Moss, put on an air of sombre grandeur and wildness. In addition to the geographical limits of the Oaks, I may add, that according to the observations of Mr. G. B. Emerson, the Rock Chestmd Oak {Qucrciis montana, WiLLD.), occurs in many parts of Massachusetts; he has also found the Yellow Oak (Q. castanea, Willd.), about Agamenticus Mountain in York, (Maine.) "It is also found at Saco, in Maine, 25 miles further north." The Black Oak, (Q. tinctoria,) "is found in York county, Maine, Q. palustris, (Pin Oak,) is very rare in Massa- chusetts." Mr. Emerson also corroborates my own ob- servations concerning the prevalence of the Post Oak on the Island of Martha's Vineyard, and adds, that "it OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS. 17 hardly exceeds 20 inches in diameter, and 30 feet in hciffht," which is a circumstance I iiad overlooked, its prevailing character there being that of a shrub. The Oaks, though a very extensive genus, arc con- fined to the Northern hemisphere. Besides the nume- rous species which pervade the United States, IG were discovered by Nee in iMcxico and New Spain, one of which, the Q. agrifolia is found in Upper California; 21 species were added to the Flora of North America by Humboldt and Bonpland found also in New Spain; 4 species were discovered in Japan by Thunberg; 2 in China by Bunge; 1 in Cochinchina, and 1 in the island of Formosa; 2 very remarkable species with lanceolate entire leaves and very long spikes of flowers, like those of a Chestnut, were met with in Nepaul by Wallich; 6 other species likewise exist in that portion of India; Europe, chiefly the southern part. Northern Africa and Armenia aflford about 28 species and several varieties; Java, Sumatra and the Molucca Islands also produce 19 species. Thus it appears, of the whole number, (accord- ing to the enumeration of Willdcnow and more lecent discoveries,) the Old World contains 63 species, and North America, including New Spain, about 74. Of these the United States possess about 37, and New Spain the same number. To these I may also add an additional species from the island of Cuba, nearly aUied to our Southern Grey Oak, (Q. clncrca;) this I propose to call after its discoverer, M. La Sagra, QuERcus Sagr^ana, foliis percnnantihuH oblongo-cllip- ticis obovatisque integris s. suhlohatis brcvl pdlolatis obtusis nitidis marginc revoluiis subtus tomcntosis ncrvosis subnlbi- dis,fructibus binis pediceUis incrassatis, cupula hemisphaeri- ca, squamis appressis, mice ovata. 3 18 OBSERVATIONS ON THE OAKS. This species apparently forms a tree. The leaves are broader than those of the Grey Oak, of a thick and rio^id texture, and are strongly veined both above and beneath; they are about 2h inches long and about 1 inch wide. i r I 19* t\ n \ ADDITIONAL OHSEUVATIONS. In density and hardness tlic Live Oak mnch exceeds every other species of the jrcnns hitherto examined. At first glance, and aided by its great weight, it appears ahnost hke Lignum Vita). The sap-wood is of a pale brownish-yellow, the perfect wood of a pale chestnut- brown, and the extremely fine saw-dust almost as bright a brown as that from Mahogany. Growing in a climate subject to small changes of temperature, and being ever- green, the woody circles of annual increment are very faint and obscurely marked, which adds to the common density of the fibres. These rings, on young trees, vary from 1 to 2 lines in width, but in the older wood they are much narrower. One of the most striking features of this wood, however, is the distinctness of the me- dullary rays which traverse in strong and pale lines the faint waves of the annual increments. For the first forty or fifty years, the Live Oak appears to increase in the bulk of its trunk, as fast as our White Oak; but after that period the growth is much more slow; still the density of its wood is so great, that, through a strong magnifier, the pores and vessels are barely visible. In the United States Navy Yard, in this place, I have mea- sured a squared log of Live Oak, 32 feet long, which probably formed the trunk of a tree not less than 50 to 60 feet in height. The present value of moulded Live Oak varies from $1.20 to $1.30 and $1.45 per cubic foot. Promiscuous unprepared logs sell from $1.20 to 98 cents and $1 the cubic foot. Some very choice timber sells as high as $LG5. This valuable timber has been employed in the United States navy between fifty and sixty years. 3* tl 20* ADDlTIONAr, OBSERVATIONS. Little is yet known respecting the southern limits of this species of Oak, though there can be httle doubt that it continues along the borders of the Mexican Gulf to Yucatan. Dr. Burroughs informs mc that it is said to be found growing on the banks of the Alvarado river, about seventy-five nules south of Vera Cruz. I am also informed of the existence of the Live Oak near Mata- gorda in Texas. It is stated in a late Texian paper that an English company have recently landed on the Brassos, in the neiglibourhood of Brazoria, for the purpose of getting out Live Oak. They are said to have contracted with the English government to deliver two millions of cubic feet. The country about Brazoria is loaded with enormous trees, some of them casting a shade of 150 feet in diameter. The Live Oak extends into Texas at least one hundred and fifty miles, according to the observations of Mr. Caspar Wistar, jr., of Germantown. .Tohn Lenthall, Esq., United States Naval Constructor, has fiivoured me with the following remarks concerning the timber used in the United States Navy. The frames and principal pieces are all of Live Oak, and the frames of several of our ships that were cut from the islands of Georgia and on the coast, thirty years since, are still in an excellent condition, though in some ships, in which the timber was cut inland, the result is not so favourable. The weight of a cubic foot varies from 73 to 78 pounds. This timber is peculiarly adapted to ship building, and is scarcely fit for anything else, being short and crooked, so that the timbers are rarely grain cut. The White Oak, used almost exclusively for plank, is cut from the seaboard of the middle states, and is equal to the best English or foreign timber. The Red Oak is never used. The Oak from Canada, is that which has ADDITIONAL ODSRUVATIO\S. ^21 io generally been introduced into England, and from it a very erroneous opinion has been formed with regard to the Oak timber of the United States, for the northern timber is much inferior to that from the southern states, and is never used. A cubic foot of unseasoned White Oak is from 58 to GO pounds, and seasonc', 47 to -19 pounds. White Oak timber is oflon brought from the lakes and used for keels and bottom plnnks; but for upper works that from the Delaware and Chesapeake IJay is preferred, being much stronger and more durable. This lake timber is principally to be found at Newport. From the Delaware river and Chesapeake IJay largo quantities of White Oak are likewise shipped for the Eastern States, of wiiich the better class of ships arc built. A great deal of Pine timber is also shipped from thence for the same purpose. I The Quercitron is the bark of tlie Qiicrats tindnria^ freed from the epidermis. JJesides tannin, it contains a yellow colouring matter, which may be extracted by water, and which, on evaporation, yields a peculiar extract to the amount of 8 per cent, of the bark employed. The tannin belongs to that variety which precipitates iron of a green colour. This tannin is very injurious to the colour, because it is precipitated by t.ic same reagents with the colour, and imparts to it a brownish tint. To obtain the colouring matter free from it, a bladder soft- ened in water, and cut into small pieces, freed from all the parts which are soluble in water, is applied to the infusion of the Quercitron bark, which takes up the tannin; or it may be precipitated by a solution of isin- glass. According to Chevreul, the colouring matter which he calls Quercitrin, although not a simple substance, is obtained by cautiously concentrating an infusion of 22* AUniTIONAL OIIRERVATIONS. Quercitron. A crystalline suhatancc then precipitates, wliicii, uliilo yet in suspension in the hcjuid, inipurts to it a [)early ap[)earaiice. It e.vhihits a sh\ -sHi ' 1 . . ■■' V ) ;' u • 1^ J! V r':..!. ^i - ' .• V -'■u 1 >•#?■ .MJ.--:- •^i-V . '4 r% 'ffii. •••':i;r .;. . :.>i.s-:' ■■■:- >;.,;- -V -.■ >'■' . ■ m,^, ■'■■ 'K,- H5f ■':'■:{ !( •rt- i^ i. ••'^ B- /■s-; M' :■ -r.v f ■ if*'- f «'. . ,,^.<'' ■>'i^^~ ■ -iS .-. S:':- ' ■;--■■ M^' Vojf'er- .*.'., ':■.'■* : .•"s:,-« /'» /'A n-t U'o-H .! ini! in ?.< ^ !• 'iJf' ''/■. -I/'/ , ' fttit/,' '.. rl 'it'ie CHESTNUT. Natural Order, AiviENTACEiE, (Juss.) Linnscan Classifica- tion, MONOECIA, POLYANDRIA. CASTANEA-t (Tourneport.) PoLYGAMUs. The male ament elongated, composed of numer- ous interrupted clusters of flowers, with a 5 or 6 parted peri- anth. Stamens 10 to 20. Female flowers about 3 in an ovoid muricate valvular involucrum. Perianth urceolate, 5 or 6- cleft, having rudiments of abortive stamens. The ovary incorporated with the perianth, the stigma penoillate, exserted, its divisions rigid and pungent. Nuts 1 to 3, included in the enlarging echinate, 4-cleft involucrum. These are trees or shrubs of temperate Europe and North America, with alternate, stipulate, mucronately serrated leaves, and very long axillary aments. Nuts farinaceous, edible. DWARF CHESTNUT. CASTANEA alnipolia, depressa, foliis obovatis subacutis, mucronaio-scrratis subciliatis junioribus subtus pubescenti- bus, amentis Jiliformibus solitariis tomentosis. j8. PuBEscENS,/o/«* brevioribus, adultis subtus pubescens. Castanea alnifolia, Nutt. Gen. Am., vol. 2. p. 217. Castanea nana, Elliott, Sk., vol. 2. p. 615. (not of Muhl.) Fagus pumila, yar. prascox, Walter, Carolin., p. 233. A SPECIES remarkable for its dwarf growth, and in- t So named from Castanea, a town of Thessaly, near the river Peneus, where large Chestnut trees are still found. 20 DWARF CHESTNUT. sorted only to complete the history of tiie genus. It rarely exceeds a foot in height, growing in small patches, with creeping roots. I first met with the variety /3 in the vicinity of Chark^ston, South Carolina, afterwards the smoother kind, much more abundant, nnd in flower in the month of March, around Tallahassee, in West Florida. The Floridian plant is scarcely a foot in height, with smooth purplish-grey branchlets; the leaves obovate, on very short petioles, deeply serrate, obtuse or acute, elliptic-obovate, when young- whitish pubescent; the adult almost perfectly smooth on both surfaces; about 3 inches long by 1 inch or more wide. Stipules subulate, rather persistent. Male aments solitary, long, and fili- form, tomentose. The fruit I have not seen. The Charleston plant grows in sandy pine barrens, and the nut, which is solitary, is said by Elliott to be much larger, but less abundant than in the other native species. This plant rarely exceeds 2 feet in height. Its leaves are glossy above, pubescent but not tomen- tose beneath. Fertile flowers 1 to 3 in an involucrum, only one perfected. The wood of the Chinquepin, (C pumila,) whenever it can be obtained large enough for posts, is much valued, as it is supposed to be more durable when exposed to the weather than any other timber, except the Red Cedar. (Elliott.) Plate VI. A branch of the natural size. 31 GOLDEN LEAVED CHESTNUT. CASTANEA ohrysophylla, (Dougl. Mss.,) foliis sempervi- rentibus lato-lanccolatis acuminatis coriaceis integerrimis glubris subtus aureo-farinosis. Hook. Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 2. p. 159. According to Douglas, this is a splendid evergreen tree, varying in height from 20 to 70 feet, with leaves 4 to 5 inches long, deep green above, and below of a rich golden-yellow. These leaves are, also, (very different from all the rest of the genus,) quite entire. The spikes or catkins of flowers scarcely exceed an inch in length, including the peduncle, and they are solitary in the axills of the upper leaves. Sometimes all the flowers on a catkin are male; sometimes the 2 or 3 lower flowers are female. The fruits are 2 or .3, crowded, or densely covered with acicular prickles. Said to be common at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia, Cape Orford, and near Mount Hood; constantly affecting the hills. This species rests wholly on the authority of Douglas. I did not meet with it, nor does it appear that any specimens were sent to England. It will pro- bably prove to be some very different genus to that of the present. BIRCH. Natural Order, BExuLiNEiE, (Richard.) Linnsoan Classi/i- cation, Monctcia, Polyandria. BETULA.t (Linn.) Male flowers in long cylindric amcnts. Scales in a double series, the inner by 3's, 1-flovvered; stamens 6 to 12. Female flowers with ovoid or oval aments; the scales trifid, 1 to 3- flowered. Styles 2. Nuts minute, compressed, 1-secded, edged with an alated thin margin. Trees or shrubs of the colder parts of the northern hemisphere on both continents with the bark often exfoliating in thin cir- cular plates. Leaves alternate, ovate, or deltoid, serrated; pro- ducing stipules; aments axillary. WESTERN BIRCH. BETULA occiDENTALis; ramis resinoso-verrucosis, foliis lata rhombeo-ovatis sublobatis inciso-scrratis hirsutulis, subtus pallidioribus punctatis, nervis remotis, amentis fce- mineis lato-cylindraceis squamis lobis lateralibus ovatis intermedio longiore. Betula occidentalis. HoCiC. Flor. Bor. Amer., vol. 2. p. 155. This low species of Birch, only 6 to 10 feet high, was first observed westward, near the sources of the Sweet- Water, a northern branch of the Platte, and where it penetrates into the first range of the Rocky Mountains. On the borders of this clear stream, diminished to a small purling brook, and accompanied by clumps of willows, we first saw it growing. According to Drum- ;.• f Supposed to be derived from Betu, the Celtic name for the Birch. ■^01 J0 I'l VII. n ■f": '■.'^''f'ii^'i^ii:-'- . ■^- I i i. ■ >'.:-. , . .^: •y> •■ •^-:i-$;:,,:.f ■'■'■■■ .•-■■•■i;'.>;;.'":i. - tfr^^- ■ji-**-'- ^^•ii^S . ".*■" ;W^7f'^' 1 .■:RV •hi-- ■ ■ -'■;■ #* :F- .e' r: • si?" ■ ■ .* ' ■ * .*■ V . .. ~i-.-»'-v*.,- . -. i ' ■^■' ;;'^^- -^ 14 tS; r.y. ■ ..s^S^i-SQ- _ i ■: ..ii.,, i'h <5<-til!j« i>.-.ri)Jcii!M li.i /.<•*./ ;,_»/. •<, ,(r/.'vl/«.-: i^ I H <■ ii • / O. dri . Hi: ' '■' ;m: r. ■, !vi< li: rt.. i i., ■/...■<;/; f\''. 1 ,1- ii.i. . - 1 ■ ' \\. 0.. I A, !' '! . •••'';<: I. w.-v ■' /•■ ■.. .li]f WJ:., ;- D^^l':'-. ;u.' . I ; , ! '■ . ^v !'-«;ri;u'-. luixv. u. • !< .•■•1 ;,:■• i\Mt as .If 'Mii.i :!■ ■• , jj, . ,. ;.,,,,!. J. ( 5;,, <■]■ . -!M .:!i = . .ilU' i.i.^!.' (i '•■ :l 'i tt!:J !!.!>> ..••■ . •■ ^ ' ■: !i\.:: /!. > ■ I'l.vn. J.'l'Frenck lei ninclaii s Lith.Flur „ , Beiitla occidentalis. WasitirrvOwh. Jiozileau oroidAnial. WRSTKIIN niru.'FF. 23 mond, it occurs on tlic cast side of the Rocky Monii- ttiins down to Mdinonton House. Doii^diis t'ouiul it near spriiifg's on the west side of the l{ocky Mountains; and Doctor Scouler met with it in Ore^'on, n(>ar to the straits of Juan do Fuca; it also j,'rows near Walhi- Walla, and continues up the Oregon to the country of the i'lut- hcads. Tiic principal branches are erect and somewhat virgate, clothed with a bright brown bark, copiously sprinkled with small resinous warts, so as to render the branches rough to the touch. The leaves are somewhat deltoid, or rhomboidly-ovate, on shortish petioles (in my specimens), acute, but not acuminate, sharply and somewhat unequally serrated, and very slightly lobed, above somewhat glutinous, > i< '\ very few pinnated nerves, below paler; the midrib and nerves sprinkled with a few long hirsute hairs, which are also seen above, on, and near the petiole. The leaves, in flowering spe- cimens, are only about H inches long by an inch wide. (The adult leaves described by Hooker, are much larger, 2 to 2i inches long.) The aments are cylindric, in the staminiferous plant, composed of a double series of scales. Female aments pedunculated, cylindric, at length drooping, often accompanied by a very small leaf at the base; the scales trifid and dilated, strongly cili- ated, the lateral lobes ovate; the central one nearly linear and longer; 3 germs beneath each scale. Nuts broadly winged. Styles 2, very long and subulate; summit of tlie germ pubescent. The trunk of this species is only a few inches in diameter, so that it scarcely ranks with proper trees. The leaves are bitter to the taste. Plate VII. A branch of the natural size. j. The seed vessel. 21 ovAr.-ij:Avi:D niRcn. HETUIjA niioMiiiFoi.iA, ramis re.sinosis ifrarilihus, J'niii.s .\nfit'/ioni/>oi(/co-oi't/'if)iis, ri.r (irii/i\f t()'t).s.sc scrra/is, .\ii/tfit.s pullidiorihus r/iinic/d/is; rniis jiilosiiisnilis «%'! ♦"T* ^i*"'" /' 4 i*-. ^S#Sf!^ ■'»>=* y:#'^ ■ i;^.. '-'/■.».•,- !• 4.ti: !'h<»iii!tii'i>iit, li-^,,/r ,,j „ A'„///>,i- •C-d V:,— t. ^ii, . ,■ J:->\\- ill-. !i'-'',''i }nU'<^ 111 i.'Iii' (■ :-U.5i- ■-'■ ' Kli^a : ;.: ni. li ;:■■■: X:\\-<. \'- Jt^^l PI vm. In i M^^^ 1 '^ p^ '\^>"^ mr^ /| 1 y^ sMMi&' 1 -*nB** J^ ^ifli^V J^^^l lU gglj^^ 'J^^g ^i&'..^^^l F^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^1 5j^ » 41 )^ r a. 1 •.' w \ \''' , Beinl.a rliuiuLil'olia . ■ < 1 il M OJ3SEIIVATI0NS ON TIIK lillU'll. liiosc mountairjs. wl,icl> appoars ,o bo Iho /W,, A„^ eostt of Pallas, first Ibiirid in HiW-m In tllo R„cky Mountains. l„.sidos tin. two sncrics now . oscr,bc-I «,,• met with ,]„. JIM,, ,*„,„/„,„, '„|,i,i, States? "" '-'' """"""""' "'■ ""-• '•■""<■■'' Canoe I),ac„ or l\vr.u !!,„,,„ (/?.,„/„ ;.,„,„„„.) Tins very uscfttl species of Jiireh to the ul,„-i'; nes o f ^0 north, ts lonnd accor,li„s -o the ohservaLns o iiu Richardson, as far as the (ijth dc^rree oflatitude. W„,TE B.acH, (Bc,„h pop,,/,;/;,/:,,.) Uookcv very ns y remarks the near artinity which this species hears aspcc ,s tlic same. I„ onr plant, however, tl,e leaves have longer acum.nated points, and stnaller fertile cat- knis. The scale of the same catkin in ours, is also co,j,parat,voly .smaller and shorter clawed, with the middle lobe acute and mneli .smaller than the lateral lobes, ,vhorea.s in the European Birch, the lobes arc nearly all equal and obtuse. i ALDERS. Natural Order, Amentacete, (Jussieu.) Linnsean Classi- fication, MoNfficiA, Tetuandria. :i ! Genus ALNUS. (Tournefort, Decandolle.) Character. The flowers are mo?i(tciou. wide. We found it, as usual with the j)lants of this genus, growing along the borders of small clear brooks, near the continence of the Wahla- met, but seldom, if ever, on the banks of the larger streams which are subject to inundation. In our pro- gress to the West, we first observed this tree on the borders of the rivers Boisee and Brulee, which pass into the Shoshonee, not far from Walla-Walla, and at inter- vals it continues more or less common to Point Chin- hook, near the shores of the Pacific. Tlio twigs are smooth and of a brown colour, and the yo".ng buds of every kind resinous, as well as the upper purface of the younger leaves; beneath, the leaves are more or less pubescent,; particularly along the veins, % J 11 .■1 \ 1- iX ■■<:':%::-:, •'-^«,?- .:..*-..^, ..\ ■ ." ■■■iC'- ■'■'' ■ •II.. •iSr :: # ■• ii;--''/ . i ■ . ■.''^■^^■.'' '■'- ■■'' .'■■ -^ ■,fc ■ . , --■-*.■; - V •' ' - ^ .' ■ ■. 'k 1^ ■::;■■:; , : '-'-^^ im ■■■••;- n. ^\-^ ■' ■■•■*l. .' H 1 ■V 1 . -•' ■ ■":■>■: '••■■'•.: a^ •., 1. '' *.-■-• .# ■.> \ •■^S-T .:>;^. ■■'W»>""i ■!»»»w^.^ v'' K SLHii 4.; . ; "?Sr-^t ■■:•■&- '.V", ■-■a* ■'*\ "ii. .-»■>;. •r- ;'*'."'" \ :*,■■.' ">'•': ;•' h: M: ;%■■■. " '•' „ J . >■>■ :;.;:; -;<'-#vr ■ " - . \ ■ K' . ; ,.»>'.: - rif-^<- ,'* . ■ ' ;.'i* ' ■ .■;':-''t;i'^- "" ■;] -v;S* J ^t::'^--.-;-'-'-T5 .. .*'■ ^■;-. ... ■'-■::■... \-. , I \ .\ I.M - or /'/ i-'.-.. 1 M;l,(: i ' •: t. ■ •■'^• '/. ■'. •■•' -/. //■■, //v. I/,.', " '■• - ■!• I iU •■'iit .hr, ' , ■■ i li' _; , . I.Jif.T ■:• ; .(: I I I |. >■' •• '■• '■ ! • ■ : it • . .-,, !|i:,< . !;,, ,; 1 ' >! ■ or' ' ' . ^t - ;),, L ,1 I i nix. M «iV.«-o„^/^«^Al7m8 Orejjona. v:."TTmv|--^- /tijrn- t/^ / ' ih", 'et^o-rr. 3 I i ,1 LI. onR(i()\ Af.DRU 20 and p.'ilor niid olfoii soiiuwlnil lorniijinoiH. Tho veins Jirc v(!ry stronirly iriiiikcd iiiid proiuiiiciit lioiicafli, tlin tcctli lai-jir*', l)iit the dcnlicnliilioii.s iiiimiti' and j^duiidular at tho points. SonKitiiiics tho heaves arc clhptioovato, th(! stalks ahout the third of an iiicli lonij. The stijudcs aro resinous, and disappear w ith \\\v evohition of the hud. The fruitinM'' ii ■■^:^-^-.. 4 . «» '' .**'» » ; . ' J ,» .f* /^ ^■^ r •^ . -m- >, ^^ ^^ ; .' "■'■.'/■;/' ■•»■ -" . -.■■■'■ ;,v.- > ■.«-.-,.▼? ■ ';C-i.,.;, t}:r]iJ* ei«<>.Ti ii< iM\. 33 ,f r.; !M" fp-' i ■'":*• -1' • '\ ' ■ .'■•:»= ■■:■■ rX '■-•■ \. ' ^'-0^^ -:'^--M ' * ■■"v5'>" RHOMBIC LEAVED ALDER. ALNUS rhombipolia; follis snbrhomhoideo.ovatis ohumus- cults ghiiino.3. (in the Library of the Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.) and Herbarium. A SPECIMRN of this very distinct species of Alder was collected on the Eastern shore of Maryland, by my friend Charles Pickering. It has the appearance of being a low shrub, with slender smooth branches. The leaves are 2i to 3 inches long by li or more wide, of an elegant well defined oval outline, and supported upon longish petioles; the young buds and leaves, after the manner of the genus, are slightly glutinous; the nerv- ings very slender, scrratures shallow, and in the larger leaves rather remote; the uppermost leaves on the in- fertile shoots are acuminated, and, at first glance, look almost like the leaves of a Camellia. The male catkins are unknown, as are the stipules, which are probably small. The fertile ament in size and general appear- ance might be taken for the strobile or cone of a Spruce; it is about the size of a Hop cluster, nearly black, with the scales very thick and deeply and obviously lobed. The carpel is small in proportion, and with a thick opaque and obscure margin, as in A. scrrulata. Plate X. A brancli of the natural size. a. The seed vessel. 4 \ I....) HI'.» tlsr- • < i.UiM % ! r 1 »^ i ti i I| L : ' i 1 1 I i \lj s I '•• 'i Mii'fT.M \, ./''/'/ Dvnii'iii^- Llit>iif< s< rnrfi.,' i,'>f',si-i rnl i;> ,ttnni"/f,, LUtM in lit, ^. \iilil'i.\ Jii ru^i t-cis: finh/i./.>^ /irmi- mi iiiii.i n'i.\, ./'"/ .-ir li'i •,<■ '>(> nil' it - .\ \ \ ■ vivi'ii.'v. l'.>l:,\ •■'■■'If s,ri-i!ii-i.ii,t..i (iiiii\, .\l«i I. \1-, t I! ■ , . J. I'L'Mi All'. S. |il. Hi [i. 1" ;. : !•, * ' '^ (", ' :, .11,.! 1 Irl !>:inil!il. , , ■ ■ ' i \ )(!i'i \\ .1- . t ' : ; I' , . II.!' : ''. ■.■ ,• • ■• ilv ;iii 1 .'(•:.;■■ i! vil'iii-i I..' » .1, Mii'iii'i. aiiJ -Mi, a. •.;(•■' (.i-i.tii ' >.. !i>ii-!-.li ].. !l ■ . ' ■ • '•'■;.;■>- ;;';' >■ ;i':'i i-i '!•' ':i riL"'C : • . ' . ■ ■■ • ' - ."U tUt' |!,- • '' I ••! ::.' "K I . i. )•;•!. - - • •- • . I : ■ ' VI ! ts.i; .-, I . ■■i'n'i';i!i!v ,..• . . • .; ';i)»-;i r- , r : -■ , . I ,)• (.if ;i S..;iiri.; i; ! • ^l^ii;'' '':i' ■•■/ '' •. ii''.i;i(, t>'..>'!., uilli tl: ' -rjl'l.'- \CI\ "lil''., .,lill '!•■>, 'V :,|t(t 'ilA H.";:-l' Ii.irll. >v II' t:iV!,>:>l ■,•■ .-Mi"''! iti j!!' )|i.,.i'''. ij,. :iii-' \vt;:t :: Im( '< r.'KUir. ' ■'!!( 1 Oi'-v ':!"' •'. L'.iii, .:■■ iit I. s. ; ; :r.:a. \ 1 I !■' Oh- :m'ii(.ii ■f ,•. .-. . ' n.x.11.1.) .niui!) !■[ \\ .1 1 ■ .1 I'iir V.I, ';! ' t.|'nll t, I 111. '■■-• i:,- •j;.-: Kti'iiillV •;i I'- .. u'.i All. . ,l( •<. iVciich dfl .'.111' '.,..1 .1 ijLtlil'.'Ill'' ■ 1 ^:.i Alnua TOaritima.. . . . I ' '; ! i'(. f ■ t.-f ■' .11 ' I I I I •i' \\ ill' ji j ( I ^^ P ) 1 I t % in II I ■ i II*' I i OiJtt4fue /•*ttt'r-«J Kh^i niiiius opa.ca. ///•/// ^ ntt9ttrnt^. PIM. ; : ii' ,1.1. ni it ( i F|.\l. rjP ., .•a( I n s at ,i.i.'"mi. I \ r ; t .] I, i :i 1 9 % ! I 1' I L JT-! :1*^!B^9^I ^■*;^., ''*^^-; •■ ■■^> x-.> ^■•■- ■^■. '\- ''^ISS^" .^fiM ■;.f;*. *S«:< •*|V» 4. .-I . /.<,. .y AV„ '•"•/'■'■ ■1 PI \l ELMS. Natural Order, Ulmacr^,. (Mirbel.) Lmmcan Classif ca- tion, Pentandria, Digynia. ULMUS. (LiNx.) OPAQUE LEAVED ELM. ULMUS *opaca; foliis partus oblongo-ovatis obtmis scabris, mbdnpUcuto dmtkulalis, bust cnneatis obliquis subtvs pu- bescentibus, Jloribnsfusciculatis, JHictibus hirsutis. In the summer of 1818, on my journey into the inte- rior of the territory of Arkansa and on the plains of Red River, near its confluence with the Kiamesha, 1100 miles up the former stream I had the satisfaction of discovering this curious Elm, which, like our other species, forms a majestic and spreading forest tree of the dimensions of an ordinary Oak. In those dry and open savannahs, the shade of this densely verdant tree proved more than usually acceptable. It is remarkable for the smallness and thickness of its oblique and usu- ally blunt leaves, which, with their short stalks, are only about an inch in length by half that dimension in breadth; they are also very numerous, close together, scabrous, with minute papillro, of a deep green above, and somewhat shining, oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, the margin with shallow double denticulations; beneath, the leaf is paler, a little brownish, with strong pennate. 36 OPAUUE LRAVED ELM. simplo, or forked nerves; the base of the leaf is oblique, as well as the whole outline, and one half of the leaf is much narrower than the other; the nerves are pubes- cent. The young branches are smooth and brownish. The leaves, before complete development, are canes- cently tomentose and attended by large oblong mem- branous brown stipules. The taste of the plant is astrin- gent, but no way mucilaginous. This remarkable species appears to be nearly allied to Ulmus chmcnsis, judging from the short description in Persoon and Duhamel. The flowers are fasciculated in small numbers and on short peduncles. The samara is elliptic, rather deeply bifid at the summit, covered with a dense and somewhat ferruginous pubescence even when ripe. Of the uses and quality of the timber of this species, I am unable to speak from experience, as it grew re- mote from the settlements at that time established in the territory. The density of shade produced by it, so crowded with rigid leaves, and the peculiarity of its appearance, entitle it to a place in the nurseries of the curious, and it is probably quite hardy enough for all temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet — " Foecundae frondibus ulmi" — might more justly be applied than to any other. Plate XI. A branch of the natural size. lique, 3af is lubes- vnish. anes- mem- strin- allied ion in ted in ara is [with even ecies, w re- ed in it, so 3f its >f the 3r all het— i-n ! (I ■ii CI. Ml. ■^ % « .^T^ •'A^-- I'll .1 III Inius Ta.ceiuosa.. ']'hjnna.t's tjhn^ Ornie a' arcutpe^. CI, Ml. t ^' ..'I'll .'l '11 /■■/ ,),. «" ^. • "> . 1. 1 . ;. I .: fi, '1 !^ .\ I'-. .'( ..ii;<< M ( : •, > ■'■■ it •• ':w ! :.; ' • ■ ' ':■.'.■ " ■ ..'■'., •■•r ! . > ;. ■i:i:' ' 'H'^-f - .';ij ))■:, . .'li;i:-. ' -. will . ^ ■J". ■ ' » '' -'Ui ■■■.!.•. ::,;.■ : ^>:.- :• '..•..•< 1,:. .. ■■. ,, I-, i.-. ,! W 'f.il5i !.- ■ ■'+ ••,■*»:' ^^: .« tM)!".*c« "«>■ fH I'l All. I .-♦ }■>.! W ■A,.''.-.,...f /.„ y'"/', THOMAS' ELM. ULISIUS HAfEMosA, (Thomas;) y;>///,y oralix acinninatis dupli- cato-scrratia gluhrh subtus jnibencentibus; Jloribus racemo- sis fasciculatis. Ulmus kacemosa, flowers in racemes; pedicels in distinct fascicles, united at their bases; leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous above, [minutely] pubescent beneath; stig- mas recurved. Eaton's North Am. Hot. (ed. 8.) p. -t(it. Thomas, in Silliman's Journ. Sci., vol. 1 9. p. 1 70, with a Plate. This species, confounded with our oilier Elms, is, ac- cording to Professor Torrcy, an abundant species in the western part of the State of New York, and probably of the Western States generally. Mr. Thomas, its disco- verer, found it in Cayuga county, in the State of New York, and in the adjacent country. According to G. 13. Emerson, Esq., Mr. Oakcs, he believes, has obtained specimens from Vermont, collected by Dr. Uobbins, so that it is probably a northern and western species. The lower stout branches, according to Mr. Thomas, produce corky excrescences like the Wahoo Elm. Leaves broad-ovate acuminate, obliquely auriculated on one side, doubly serrate, smooth, and somewhat shining above, with the under surface and ribs minutely pubes- cent. The flowers, unlike any other Elm, are disposed in racemes, composed of several clusters of 2 to 4 together and extending to the length of 1 to 2i inches, often furni.shed with one or two small but perfect leaves before the terminal buds are open; the flowers dis- tinctly pedicellate. Calyx 7 to 8 cleft. Stamens 7 to 10. Stigmas 2, recurved. Samara elliptic, large and very pubescent, with the margin thickly fringed, and the membrane more extended on one side as indicative of a second but abortive cell. Plate XII. A branch of the natural size. a. The flower, b. A branch with the corky bark. 'I 11 y I ■II; n fl I C K () R V . Nutnral Order Juolande^, (Dccand.) Lhma'an Classi- Jicalion, MoNtiiciA, Polyandiiia. CARYAt (NuTT. Clen. Am.) Slaminate flowers in very lono; and loose tornntc amonts, scales inibricatuti, ;J-|MUccl. Stamens ;< to (», with pilose anthers. Forlile flower with a single l-eleft superior herhuceous peri- anth. Style none; stigma partly discoid, a-lohcd, the segments bifid. Pericarp woody, i-valvcd. Nut mostly somewhat quadrangular, with an even surface. Large trees of North America, confined to the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, and extending from Upper Canada to Florida. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers polygamous, in compound pendulous pedunculated amcnts appearing with the leaves; female flowers terminal; the pericarp opening by 4 valves. Nuts edible or bitter, usually more or less quadrangular; in the Pukan even. Pubescence tufted or stellate. (Persoon, as far back as 1807, divided the genus Juglans into the two natural sections which it presented; his second division included the Hickories only. " * * %/imenlis musculis comjwsitis, letriuidrisJ") f From Kdifu±, the ancient Greek name of the Walnut. Hickory is an Indian name for some of the species of this genus; one of them was known to the Indians by the name of Pecan or Pakan; Rafinesque applied the barbarous name Hickoria to this genus, witliout describing or limiting it; in so doing he has no higher claims for the adoption of the name than our woods- men and the aborigines. Mjcni. Mjmi. ' :/.' . J',. . . u ; '!)'■■ :iii' ■1'i »i^uhi>iiiA •itU \\ t ■ ' '■ i « « i *^M*.(..»^..,>.M H.ti^» ,. ...„^, . 1 1 , f ' i 1 1 i 1 ii: t \. i 1 %*v '#-^: i '*;; t ,■ !,Ut#t.,tj |: "'.,,'•■.. '-vy-i { 1 1 •lili 1 1 ''v--^^^^^^^^^^^ •' ^>\ 1 \\ ' 1 ■<;:,:,.,.yjfj;:V,v;.^^,,'.' .Z 1 1' 1 ^ 11 1 "*■ ; '*; ' . ■• 'V ,'.- 1 ; 1 "■'••'• ! I 1 ,|» 1 ^ i ,, ,,.,■ ■: ^ i 1 -y^ '■ ■■■':•::■';:■ vi/ 1 ' 'riC'- ■•■■ 'i! I ! *'l .t.'ll< ^,y'*'\ ■ ■•■■.'»''!- .1 . n ■ . . ' ' V\ K'! W M: I fc<: ^ * %' £ .••^^'■. ^\, ;i^ '>m*V ^^ iv ^^ -^ ,:;?Vi' ^. hN\ tJ'?M - .'.V- ^^'- / IK p iil%*tS ii .•V/l*.';:/"'-^.-V V ■'■- ti. I *':, /.(It V 'rV/f.- -■/ .' /- .V 'V-'/^ A il^'v :\ .vri-- •!« iirj' 39 § I. Nuts more or less fjiiudrangular. Hickory, properly so called. SMALL FRUITED HICKORY. CARYA microcaupa; foliolis quinis ad sepienis, ohlongo- lanccolatis scrratis promisse acuminatis glabris auhtns glujidii lasts; amcntis glabris, mice siibglobosa sitbquad- rangulata, testa teniii. Carya microcarpa. Nutt. Gen. Am., vol. 2. p. 221, Darling- ton, Flora Ccstrica. [Ed. alt] p. 545. Juglans compressa. a. microcarpa. Muhl. Catal., p. SS. Bart. Flor. Philad., vol. 2. p. 179. Juglans alba odorata. Balsam Hickory. Marshall, p. (iS. This sjjecies, allied to C. tomentosa, or the common Hickory, becomes a fine lofty spreading tree 60 to 80 feet high, having a diameter of 18 inches to 2 feet or more, with an even bark. I first observed i on the banks of the Schuylkill, in the vicinity of Philaoelphia, and my friend Dr. Darlington remarks that it is frequent in moist veoodlands in the vicinity of West Chester. The nut is of the same form nearly as that of C. tomen- tosa, of a pleasant taste, with a thin shell, but usually small, not much exceeding the size of a nutmeg. It grows, I believe, also in Massachusetts, where I have seen these peculiar nuts. The wood is white and tough, and possessed of most of the good qualities which recommend the ordinary Hickory. This species is remarkable for the smoothness of its leaflets, which, in that respect, approach C. glabra or the Pig Nut, but they are every way larger and less deeply serrate; 2 or 3 pairs with a terminal odd one, 4 to 8 or 9 inches long and 2 to 3h inches wide, oblong-lanceolate, with shallow i 40 SMALL FRUITED HICKORY. serrulations, smooth on both sides when fully expanded, except a slight tuft in the axills of the nerves beneath; the under surface sprinkled with minute resinous parti- cles; the lateral leaflets subscssile and rather obtuse at base, the terminal one with a short petiole and attenu- ated below. Aments 3 together, upon a common peduncle, slender, nearly quite smooth, scales trifid, the lateral segments ovate, the middle one long and linear; anthers hairy, mostly 4, sometimes 3 or 5. Female flowers 2 or 3 together, sessile, on a common peduncle; segments of the perianth very long and somewhat folia- ceous. Stigma discoid, 4-lobed; fruit globose-ovoid, about i of an inch in diameter; the pericarp thin, with the sutures rather prominent. Nut somewhat quadran- gular with the shell thin. By the leaves it appears to be allied to C glabra, but the nut, on a small scale, is that of C. tomentosa or the common Hickory. n ^ Plate XIII. A small branch, reduced about a third, a. The nut. .(. n ; w Common Hickory, {Carya tomentosa, (3. maxima.) This is a remarkable variety for the great size of its fruit, which are as large as a moderate apple. It grows a few miles from Philadelphia. Mr. Elliott also observed it on the sea islands of South Carolina. ii! I Carya glabra, (Juglans glabra, Du Roi, Harbk., vol. 1. p. 335. J. porcina, Mich. North Am. Sylva, vol. 1. pi. 38,) of this there are two varieties, one with globose, and the other with turbinate fruit: intermediate forms are also met with, proving them to be no more than varie- ties. 41 §11. JSnh fwn, without promJncU miglcs. leaflets often numerous. — Pkcans*. Caryn an' 7StiKlaif> lilh f'hiiad^ M JfUiafercNS (itatUf if€^ iMyru-a iiiodura Cimr moalc-rf rijiv. i!i' :* ii' in('';it^; (»;■ y.-A V !. i'U i- ' :i;M V ;.! -iT:.,---' U in '4 ' !>|)l 1- ( ■;l!l.,,. !i; ;. , ;t,, V ;; ■,,., ,,: v.. ^_ , ' . 1 >!■!■ kiHU'., ^t ['• i!i, .:,!,!\ -pccif'S •>!! ihr> \^ (-•.•:•>, '■ not lurr! \^ ii!i n. m ;! >;»;>'•;!!■ Jf. flliS ' Mns.i'' :«'i ■): , r-r •'■' '■'•-";-* .;, fiii:- ,Lli,, '•!-• it, t'.j, r.- c, ■ ■ ■' I'aiji. in liii-^ : limjitc. \\\[^ h .;: fi.r CMIV:. '_,;vl:t ,■■■ : p>v . t;!;'^ t 'if • '>!•(■• )k:, ;,iV- , I.- ■.:, ;:,> M,.|ii-v. rijK, '!!! ■,;i!!.- r«j);i rcuiiy thi' Mi(>s!, f'lnnii.:.- \-r ■ ■. !v- ,ij<*^''' ..4^sa-pp- * ■*-^>; ";*• W :■ •^**r-'-\ v.; < W/i>tf "( ' o ,'iiiHfi v !<•,/ i'iatfdtits tncrftmsa rt.%;.rnf ,-^f fuirf^*'-rtt/ 47 CALIFORNIA BUTTONWOOD, or PLANE. PLATANUS uACEMosus; J'oliis qiiinqiielobo-palmutis basi truncatis subsinuatis subtus laniiginosis palliclis, laciniis lanceolatis acuminatis intcs;ris, stijndis angnlatis, fructi- bus racemosis. Nuttall, Mss. in Audubon's Birds of Ame- rica, tab. 3G2. This remarkably distinct species of Platanus is a native of Upper California, in the vicinity of Sta. Bar- bara, where it puts on very much the appearance of our common Button wood, {Platamis occidcntalis.) As far as I yet know, it is the only species on the western coast of America. It grows probably farther north, but I did not meet with it in the territory of Oregon. It does not appear in this unfriendly climate to arrive at the gigantic magnitude of its eastern prototype, though it equally affects rich bottom lands and the borders of streams, but the scarcity of rain, in this climate, which had not for three years been sufficient to encourage the raising of crops, and the consequent disappearance of water in most of the brooks, prevented, no doubt, this subaquatjf; tree from assuming its proper character in a more favourable soil. At first view it would be taken for the ordinary species, spreading out the same ser- pentine picturesque limbs, occasionally denuded of their old coat of bark, and producing the same wide and gigantic trunk, but a glance at the leaves no less than the fruit, would remind the eastern traveller that he sojourned in a new region of vegetation, and objects apparently the most familiar he met around him, asso- ciate them as he would, were still wholly strangers. The leaves not fully expanded were about 4 inches wide and the same in length, divided more than half II I m o fascinated with a beautiful Plane tree which he found growing in Lycia, that he encircled it with a ring of gold, and con- fided the charge of it to one of the Ten Thousand. I [e passed an entire day under its shade, encamping with his whole army in its vicinity, and the delay so occa- sioned was believed to be one of the causes of his defeat. Pausanius (a. d. 170) mentions a Plane tree of extraordinary size and beauty in Arcadia, which was said to have been planted by Menelaus, the husband of Helen, and to have been at the time he saw it 1300 years old. Plane trees were planted near all the public schools in Athens. The groves of Epicurus, in which Aristotle taught his peripatetic disciples; the shady walks planted near the Gymnasia and other public buildings of Athens; and the groves of Academus, in which Plato delivered his celebrated discourses, were all formed of this tree. The remarkable Plane tree at Buyukdcre, or the Great Valley, mentioned by Olivier, the naturalist, and after him by Poucqueville, Ilobhouse, and various other wri- ters, has a trunk that presents the appearance of 7 or 8 trees, having a common origin, which Olivier supposes to be the stool of a decayed tree, and which were all connected at their base. Dr. Walsh, who measured the tree in 1831, found the trunk 141 feet in circumference 7 50 ORIENTAL PLANE TREE. at the base, and its branches covered a space of 130 feet in diameter. The trunk divides into 14 branches, some of which issue from below the present surface of the soil, and some do not divide till they rise 7 or 8 feet above it; one of the largest is hollowed out by fire, and affords a cabin to shelter a husbandman. The tree, if it can be considered a single plant, is certainly the largest in the world. But what renders it an object of more than usual interest, is that M. Decandolle conjec- tures it must be more than 2000 years old. The wood of the Oriental Plane in the Levant and in Asia is used in carpentry, joinery, and cabinet-making. It is said to make beautiful furniture, on account of the smoothness of its grp'.n, and its susceptibility of re- ceiving a high polish. Concerning our common Plane tree or Buttonwood, (Platamis occidentalism Dr. Darlington remarks in his Flora Cestrica, page ?42: " It makes a noble shade in front of houses where it has room to develope itself;" and he further remarks that "the wood is not much esteemed; but is occasionally sawed into joists and other lumber." It is beginning to be considerably plant- ed as a shade tree on the side walks of the streets in several of the large towns of the United States, and being seldom attacked by insects, and rarely elevating the pavements, it is exceedingly well calculated for this useful purpose in a climate subject to such ardent sum- mer heats; but, if the Oriental Plane would answer the same purpose, and it is easily propagated, we should not only possess an ornamental but also a usefid tree, as it regards the wood. The finest specimens of trees of this species in the vicinity of Philadelphia, are those round the Pennsylvania Hospital, which were planted about the year 1760. ■iNi !e of 1.10 branches, surface of ' or 8 feet ' fire, and ^c tree, if ainly the object of Ic conjec- nt and in t-making. int of the ty of re- tonwood, ks in his shade in pe itself;" lot much Dists and t)ly plant- streets in ates, and elevating 1 for this lent sum- swer the e should seful tree, I of trees are those ) planted POPLARS. Natural Order^ AMENTACEyE, (Jussieu.) Suborder, Sali- ciNE^. L'mnxan Class and Order, Dkecia, Octan- DRIA. POPULUSf Linn. Difficious. — Aments cylindric, with the scales deeply cleft. Perianth cup-shaped, oblique, and entire. Stamens about 8, (or from 30 to 100 or more,) inserted on the scale or perianth. Fertile florets with the scales and perianth as in the male. Stigmas 3 or 4. Cujmile 1 -celled, 3 to 4-valved. Seeds numerous, comose, with long soft hairs like wool. Trees of the temperate and colder parts of Europe and North America, with one species in Asia. The leaves are alternate, roundish, or deltoidly cordate, the petiole, for the most part, vertically compressed towards the summit, and often glandular at the base; the flowers, (as in the Willows, to which they are intimately allied,) appearing before the leaves. The Poplars are divisible into two sections or subgenera. § 1. Those properly so called, with about 8 stamens, and, usually, filiform stigmas. § 2. Those with from 30 to 100 or more stamens, and with broad dilated reniform stigmas.— Pot ameria. These are mostly large trees which affect the banks of rivers, and includes Popu- lus Isevigata, (P. canadensis, Mich, fil.,) P. angulata, P. monilifera, P. heterophylla, (P. argentea, Mich, fil.,) and probably P. candicans, P. balsamifera, and our P. angusti- folia. t An old Latin name of uncertain derivation. ; I i ' I ,1|! ;> >> NARROW LEAVED RALSAM ROPEAR. POPULnS AN(;i'.sTiKoi.iA; fu/iis ovato-laneeuhttis lanccola- tisvc aciitis, sttpcrne atlcnnalis pctDthicrviis cnucniorihus glubris (ulprcaso-scrralis; ruviulis tcrelihus g/abris, gem- mis rcsinosis, P. nngustijhlia, Tohbkv, Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. York, vol. 2. p. 24 f). Narrow Leaved Cotlon-wood, of Lewis and Clahke. As \vc ascended the bunks of the river Platte, in our extended journey to the West, about Eariniie's Fork, a nortliern branch of that extensive stream, we observed scarcely any other tree along the alluvia! jildins but the present and the Cotton-wood, and those were chiefly confined to the islands, a circumstance accounted for by the annual burning of the prairies, which wholly strips the streams of their margin of forest, so that wc behold far and wide nothing but a vast plain, a sea of grass undulating before the breeze, and the illusion appears more sensible by the fact, that the only varia- tion to the scene is produced by the scattered islands of the lofty Poplar which gives life and variety to the wild and boundless landscape. The height of this species, which so nearly resembles the Balsam Poplar, may be about 60 to 100 feet, having a trunk of proportionate diameter, clad like the Cotton- wood with a rough greyish bark. Although a brittle and poor Avood for almost every purpose, it will, like the Cotton-wood of he Mississippi, {Populus nngidata^ become of necessity important for fence and fuel, when- ever this country shall become settled, as scarcely any other timber exists in suflicient quantity for economical 1 n.xvi. i '''■"^^y. ^^\: '-K jT ^■>r<«ir''-'-i-"''fr ^fl'^' >is:iiUt ./ •' ■V ■% 1 V ^- 1: ■> S^' if ■A, •'.j:^ , 'V-i'. •!•*-" .-..' i. •^ •5 ."'v^, f ^ // 1 iMi'.Uu.s .-•ii i«>ii; ■•i!j . : t.-.y-.C /fU-fl'^ ■ .'>,-//fA ■J r i #■■ J fi« Hiii Fi > ' ,1 i i ^ \KUo\\ i,i;\^ r.n i;\i.-- wi ♦' mik Itfl'M > XN ■/ rr ,; II' i.r> II "I.I i- ;ii!ti.\ lir'i.i'tO'ti ■ i.i.'i ((h -.■■■// '/' 'Jl'ui It li i<^ jn h ;■< ''Si.'-.'. "'•/('. n . U ltd II \,' ' '1.1 m nfU .' rrfihii^ i(liifjiis. .■ '.' lit - ti^!_ N V.irk. \..!. •ur rM't < oiiinici! i 11 M. ■•■>!. 'l! If !»-l,!Jui- (til 'IMI l.^ th (• ;iii!im;iI 'ji.i iiwi:: <>i 11^- 111' -1 rr.nii- ,.•• ;n ciiiiiitid liij flu. |irii;n<-, wlixh hIimIK iIk'!' iiiaj'Ui.'i ()( tiiri.-u -(1 liiiii >\i' ;.. (I. !,:■ ji si!--f mI;'!m. ■■('W i) >|• 0 fo,.f. !i;;N i!!r. (•■■■irt !lU<; ilu (.'oMi.ii- d wiii; a i''»ii'^!i i'Trvr'h i* ri-.. AIiIio.il'Ii .:i '■.•i!(I> .1.1 )• .\ . X 'il f> l!" M' I- < I M I > jnivi'f'.-*' i: '-vii ' Mil :M. i(;!l-UM>;! I ■ 'i -h^: MlS:^i:-. 111! '/' •Iti-J' IJV C<:;i' (.! it('c<'-si!.\ iiii'torTJUjl I'W \{-]\v\- ,\\\i T Ml'? <*;»iinr:\ :■ U.-fil !mc<,i;ii( 1! M ;-i.;(t hell- iHiV M- t \i ;■- lit -!Mll( ir-Ul .|>r ;•■! ■ (■!."niic.;!i I'l.XVI , I'l. .. .1)1- . .1 vi-(i 'iu ii ■ l'.^ f,( !•..■, ■-M>ii>ua,ui.-^-. Ih, 14 ii i 11; •Hi i 'A 58 LOxNG-LEAVED WILLOW. SALIX speciosa; foUis loiuj^isshnis Idnceolalis acrrulalis promissc acuminalis tf/ahrix siiblus i^lancis juniorihus pilo.sifi; amen lis' seroliiiis — 0-^. \A.'\\ \:i) w i\ ^ >.- 'i I ,; \ : 111,.- ^ , ■■ ■ / ,:■ It-: '1 I'll 1 1 . . ! : I • I "1 ;...." ;; I ■ t;; ■ ;■ ' _ ' ■ . :; '• si ;•' "■ I ■ i-li- - ' , ' , ' • i : ■ ' i 1 !.i 1 1 ,' i! •>f' ■ • ifi'-'V :'.-.■. ■ fl. ■ t-'il.!',-- i*! .i;. 'M i'l , I , . . n. wu. £;n<-l«av'aT,i)l-..r}nl* "^ -, iT,r« Salix speciosa. , '/ vucirnx. ^aktatcuMuM ,A\i l! I L(».\(M,RAVEl) WILI.OVV 5!) cxttMiHivc streams, Cor numy miles wc never lost sij^lit of the JiOiiji^-leaved Willow, wliicli seemed to dispute the domuin of tlie swcepiiin Hood, friii. el WW xvm. tJ '^*. J.* -I .'.•"^ ..,>-'cS-^- a'^'^ ♦r--?i'; I- i, 1 V » it' '>%: -%*•?. •\S' feft;^ 'v* "¥-. . ^w ..A^«fe ■•,.-*: 5 '^r..^^ ;?■ |l. 11: /..n rt\iA r:;i.ii fj ti f ■•■ ftftt ''r ^* nu. — -T 61 LONG-LEAVED BAY WILLOW, SALIX PKXTANDiiA; follis cl/ip/icis (icttnihidtifi scrralis i^/a- hris, pcliolis .siipcnie if/(ni(/ii/o.si.s, a/ncii/is .siro/iiiifi pen- tcuulris, i^o'tninihn.s /(inceo/(t/i.s ^lubris, Willd. Sp. pi, 1. c. Vaiil. in Flora Danica, tab. 943. Host. Sal. Austr. 1. t. 1. f. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1805. Salix pkntandka, foliis scmtlis gidhris, Jlorihus pcntan- dris. Linn. Ilort. Cliflbrt. p. 15 1. ct Sp. pi. p. 144. Flora Lapponica, p. 370. t. S. (ig. 3. Gmelin, Flora Sibirica, vol. 1. p. 153. t. 34. fig. 1. Salix foliis glahris, ovato-lunccolatis; pefiofis ghtndulosis; Jloribus kcxastcmonibus. IIallkr, Flora Helvetica, No. 1639. Salix Tnonlana major; foliis Laurinis. Tournefout, Insti- tutes Rei. Herb. p. 591, Salix fol'is laurco sivc lata glabra odoralo. Rail Hist. p. 1420. Salix pentandra, /?. taudata, foliis longissime. acnminatis attemiatis; ramnlis janioribus hirsiitis; capsulis rugiilosis opacis. i We met with this species, hitherto wholly European, in the very centre ot" the North American continent, by streams in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, towards their western slope, in Oregon, and also the Blue Mountains of the same territory. It is true, the present variety is a remarkable one. The uppermost leaves on the adult branches are about 5 or G inches long, one-half of which distance, or about 2^ to 3 inches, may be considered as the slope of the summit and the point of the leaf; the buds and last developed branches are also hirsute. This variety, like its prototype, be- comes a tree 1 5 to 20 feet high, of a bright, but not deep. ) t n I h.i H 62 LONG-LEAVED BAY WfLLOW. i!' m and rich green. The flowers arc fragrant, produced after the aj)i)carancc of the leaves, and the capsules in our plant arc slightly corrugated, even \vhen ripe and open, and do not shine as in the common IJay Willow. The leaves have the same odorous glands, and the bark of the branches is smooth, shining, and of a brownish- yellow colour. This tree is mot with in mountainous situations, by streams, in all the northern parts of Europe, in Britain, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Lap- land, and throughout Siberia and Russia. Its branches are too fragile to be employed for any economical pur- pose, and the wood decrepitates in the fire. The leaves, which are fragrant from the resinous glands of their margin, however, furnish a yellow dye, and the abundant down of its seeds in some of the northern countries, is used with success as a substitute for cotton, mixed with a third part of the true material. According to Loudon, it is one of the most desirable species of the genus for planting in pleasure-grounds, on account of the fine display made by the blossoms, their abundant fragrance, the shining rich deep green of the leaves, and the comparatively slow growth and compact habit of the tree. It is also one of the latest flowerinu Willows, the blossoms seldom expanding till the be- ginning of June. Plate XVIII. A branch of the natural size. a. The capsule. Sm- .d.i ■'! . !■ u.,^^ 11 .., „ SaJix Ixitea. . , . , \.u\ ■> • J I ■ ! 0_ ¥ 'I. il i I L ■ I ■; •!■ - ' i' - ■''■:!:;; t .'■ . n ■ * I'l ■ * . 1 ■cu;. -. . ■ r ' fi. I, ;(!: ; ill ill If I!' m ai, ' .ri r'h " It . ilf hi" 'f! ■'■Jii i^l II ',*■. ^45,-"^y^/ '■"4:^^- ■««-..«coiit spccios of Willow, whicli inliiiljits the Uocky Moiiiituiii ri'^ioii, uiul proceeds westward to tlu; hiiiiUs of the Oreiroii, but is no where coimnon. It attains to the in!iS'. i'lld/liia), hut it never grows so large, and is after the very first evolution of the leaf buds perfectly smooth, with none of those tufts of hairs whicli in that species appear at the interior base of the bud; it likewise possesses stipules, and bears short close catkins, with smooth capsules, and the serrulations of the leaves are not glandular, indeed scarcely visible, the leaf ap- pearing to have a thin and often almost entire diapha- nous margin. It is at the same time a very elegant and distinct species, remarkable for its smooth bright yellow branches and pale green, rather small, lucid leaves. It is well deserving of cultivation for the sake of variety, and is undoubtedly hardy from the climate it inhabits. The leaves are rather narrow, more lanceolate than ovate, acute, or somewhat acuminate, about an inch and a quarter long, and less than half an inch wide. The minute serratures or serrulations arc rather crowded, but very minute and shallow, and not in the least car- tilaginous. The young leaves before evolution arc silky and white beneath, but the pubescence Avholly dis- appears with their expansion. Plate XIX. A branch of the natural size with fertile catkins, a. The cap- sule. , I ;li: 1'^ 04 HOOKER'S WILLOW. I I .;. (. SALIX IIooKKiUANA. (H;in'iiU, MSS); nnnis valilc rolmsli.s j)uf)P.srcn/i/)ii.'i, Jttniorihiis (h'usv hnnvnlosu-laniili.s, fnliis late olxn'iili.sj'vrv.snhroliiiiifdlis rii(t'(/t'iis('ii/i\ .scrrit/i.s niur- ghic. iilintis supra {(/i/it//i.s) nadnisciilis .sahlu.s toincnlaso- fanatis, .stipidis [,scmicor(/(//i.s'], iimciifi.s ci/linilnicein eras- sifi, S(jaanii(» POND WILLOW. I ■: SAIjIX sTACJNALis,yjy///,v off/(tni(o-/(/)tcc()/, at len^rtli nearly sinootb and deep green, but always clad Iwaeatii witb a wbitisb close; tonientuin, producing all tin; bril- liant display of tlu; finest velvet. Tbe malt! flowers wo bavo not seen. T\w femah; catkins are ratber long, loose, and snbcylindric, often accompanied at tbe base by two or tbrec leaves, jind come out wlu^n tbe leavers an! considerably grown. TIk! caj)sules are silky, sbort, ovat(\ and acute. Tb(! style sbort, and tbe stigmas four and smootb. Tbe scales of tbe catkin art! brown and oval, somewbat bairy, and mucli sliorter tban tbe caj)sules. In tbe narrow leaved varieties, tbe leaves app(!ar almost wbolly entire. Tbe broader leaved plants b(!ar some rcscmblanco to tbe Grey Willow, but tb(! scrrulations aro minute and tbe stipules very small, or wholly wanting. 11 .1 WESTERN POND WILLOW. SALIX MACROcARrA, foliis lanceolatis angustatis subinte- gerrimis utrinquc acutis subacuminaiis dcmtirn glctbris subltis glaucis, stipulis obsoktis, amentis coietancis dian- dris, capsulis ventricosis caudalis glabriusculis pcdiccllatis, stigmatibus subsessilibus quadrijidis. i This species, like our Pond Willow (S. grisca), to wbicb it is closely related, is found forming clumps in wet places wbere the water is stagnant, situations which it always seems to prefer to the banks of running streams. It attains the height of .3 or 4 feet. The ii 'I > p 68 SOFT LEAVED WILLOW. branches arc smooth and brownish-black, sometimes glaucous or whitish. The leaves (about 2 to 3 inches long and half an inch wide) arc at first covered with a brownish silky down which disappears with age, when the leaves become dark green and bluish-white, or glaucous beneath, they are usually very acute, and mostly entire. The catkins are small and oblong, with 2 or 3 leaves at the base of the pedicel; the scales of the stamens are small and blackish, oval and obtuse, somewhat hairy. The female amcnts have very short pedicels, and produce at the base about 2 leaves; the scales are narrow and linear; the capsules podicellatcd, somewhat villous, but at length nearly smcoth, ventri- cose-lanceolate, with long points, and nearly sessile stigmas. SOFT LEAVED WILLOW. f. :| i M : !iV :i la SALIX sEssiLiFOLiA, foli'is lancpolutis sessilUnts aciiti.ssimis apice suhserrnhitis villosis mnllibus, .s/ipu/is nullis, amen- lis scrolinis diandric clf)nii;(ttis terminalilms! s^crininihiia lanatis, capsitlis lanccolutis deimuii subglabris, stylo pro- funde bipurtita stigmutibus bijidis. This beautiful and very distinct species of Willow, formed dense tufts on the rocky boi'ders of the Oregon, at the confluence of the Wahlamet, attaining to the height of about 6 to 8 feet, and when in flower appeared as showy as a Mimosa. It is remarkably leafy, and the leaves are hoary, with a rather long and somewhat copious pubescence, which communicates a softness to the touch equal to that of velvet; whether the leaves afterwards become more smooth or not I cannot say, but think it probable. Different from almost every other Willow I have seen, the catkins each terminate so PROSTRATE WILLOW. 69 low, many small icafy branches about 2 inclics long, ex- clusive of the catkin or spike, which is itself about li inches — in both sexes I'ttcnuatcd at the base; these branchlets as well as the leaves are whitish, with soft hairs, particularly the former, but still the green colour of the leaf predominates; the points of the leaves arc somewhat rigid, sharply acute, and, unlike most other species, they are destitute of petioles or footstalks; the scales of the ament are oval and unuf ually conspicuous, more hairy in the staminifcrous flower. The stamens are 2 to a scale. The capsule is pubescent and lanceo- late, at length nearly smooth. The stigmas 4, and rather long. No vestiges of stipules appear in any of our numerous specimens: the older branches are dark brown. It is difficult to decide on the affinities of this very distinct species, which at a little distance resembles a Protea or Lcucodendron, the leaves being equally grey and silvery, with soft hairs, which are so equally distri- buted on either surface as to obliterate the presence of the veins, and render both surfaces almost similar. It appears, in some respects, to resemble S. armaria, the Sand Willow, but the late appearance of the aments and their remarkable disproportion, are almost without a parallel. I! ,. f'V i"" the !ared the !what ss to saves say, jvery te so PROSTRATE WILLOW. SALIX BRACHYCARPA, yb//j* ovuHs lanccolatisvc acidis suh- sessilibus integerrimis citierco-pnbesceniibus subtus incuno- villosis, stipulis nullis, amends coxtancis brevibiis glomera- tis, capsulis ovatis abbreviaiis lomentosisy stigmatibus sub- sessilibus. This singular prostrate and dwarf Willow we met 1\ if ¥\ I ! 70 PROSTRATE WILLOW. I i! i, ! ■M Mr: with in the Rocky Mountain range, on the borders of Bear river, a clear rapid brook cutting its way through basakic dykes to tlie curious hike of Timpanagos, in New Mexico. This locahty is hkewise famous for the numerous seltzer springs so strongly impregnated with carbonic acid as to sparkle and effervesce like cham- paigne. Our hunters called them the "Beer Springs," and for a day and a half that we spent at this memo- rable place, the waters afforded us a most delicious treat during the warm weather, in those arid plains. In an open marshy situation, on the margin of the river forest, grew an abundance of this curious, depressed and hoary shrub, which has somewhat the aspect of the European Sand Willow, {S. arcnaria,) but it is much more dwarf, with the leaves smaller, and always hoary with pubescence. The stem branches from the base only rising four or five inches above the surface of the earth, but with many diffuse, tough, woody branches, which spread out into a circle of a foot or more. The root stock is woody and thick; the branches full of cicatrices, pubescent, but brown beneath, thickly covered with small leaves, which in some plants are elliptic-ovate, in others oblong-lanceolate, all very entire, nearly sessile and acute, from half an inch to an inch long, about three lines wide; above always grey with pubescence, but beneath rather w hitely villous; some of the lowest small leaves are smooth on the upper surface. There are no stipules in any of my specimens. The male flowers I have not seen. The fertile catkins are short and some- what clustered, not cylindric, few flowered, the capsules oblong-lanceolate and short, villous, with appressed hairs, not densely lanuginous, as in S. arcnaria, termi- nated by a short slender style and four short stigmas. 1, 1 1 :h'' » M II . \l' ll .. , / ,,,, ., huliA u,r'i>t»piiviia. . tuneis diandris lanuginosis, capsulis glabris lanccolutis, stylis elongatis. /3. ovATA, foliis ovatis acutis dense serrulatis. This dwarf and remarkable species of Willow, at- taining about two feet in heiirht, was oi)tained in the gorge of a lofty alpine ravine, through which we fruit- lessly endeavoured to pass. It was in the month of July, and the perpetual snows which still covered the mountains, mingled their outline with the skies. On the I t « IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // tf 1.0 1.1 Li 118 |2.5 ■a IB 12.2 Slit ■■ LLS. IM L25 114 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 V iV \ \ ». ^^ ^' o^^ ^■.■.■■•«»!^,a«»si. ■■'ii^'XSiAi^iidkt^StikiiaAa^.^-tii^iM'til.'odMmtlitti lu 'I 76 llOUND-LEAVED WILLOW. skirt of tilis gelid region grow our present subject. We named this scene of toil and disappointment, Thorn- burgh's Pass, or rather ravine, as no passage was prac- ticable, from the man who undertook to be our guide. It was in the central chiain of the Rocky Mountains, and near to the pass of the Shoshonees, which the fol- lowing day we attained. We know of no species with which we can compare this Willow. The older branches are brown, smooth, and full of cicatrices left by leaves that have grown near together, giving the plant a stunted appearance; the pe- tioles are about ^ an inch long, with the younger branches hairy, the younger leaves are also somewhat so on the mid-rib. The leaves are nearly round, from 1^ to 3 inches wide, and about the same in length, though some of the later produced leaves are ovate and sometimes even acute, both sides are equally green, the margin in the ovate leaves elegantly and very closely serrulated, but in the round leaves the serrulations are often nearly obliterated. The stipules are very large, wide, and heart-shaped, finely serrated with glandular points, at length they become membranaceous and deciduous. The male aments are oblong, large and sessile, the scales blackish and ovate, producing copious white hairs longer than their whole length, the filaments are very long. Tlie female aments grow on thick stalks, and have the scales also very woolly; the capsules are smooth and ovate, acuminate; the style is long, ter- minated by 4 stigmas. The ovate leaved variety was collected by the late Dr. Gairdener, on the hills of the Wahlamet. 77 • MINUTE WILLOW. SALIX NIVALIS, foliis ovalibus subspathulatis integerrimis glahris obtusis, subtns concoloribus reticulatis, amcntis scrotims pedicellatis paucijtoris, germinibus ovatis sericeis squamve glabrae retusie longioribiis, stigmatibus subses- silibus. Salix nivalis. Hooker, Flor. Bor. Am., vol. 2. p. This elegant and very diminutive shrub, merely about 2 mches high, was obtained in the same alpine ravine as the former, but on a plain elevated to the very Ime of perpetual snow, at the height of about 10,000 teet above the ocean level. The stems are smooth, brown and woody, sending out very few short branches termmated by scanty tufts of smooth coriaceous leaves, 2 to 3 lines wide and about 4 lines long. The male plant we have not seen; the female catkin is produced upon a pubescent pedicel nearly its length, the flowers are about 6, sessile, and the subtending scales smooth retuse and nerved. The germ is short ovate, and silky, terminated by a sessile or almost sessile quadrifid stigma. ^ This species is allied to the Salix myrtilloides, but at the same time perfectly distinct. Plate XIX. A fertile plant of the natural magnitude, young capsule and its scale. a. A leaf. b. The i \ I il 'ii****'**''****^)^*.,*.^^^^ ij I I I I i 1 1 78 DUSKY WILLOW. SALIX MELANOpsis, foliis lincari-hinceotatis serriilalis gla- hris hasi atlcmuitis vix petiohtth, slipuV'st miUis, amentis cosetuneis dicnulris, sriuainis stria lis ubtr capsulis gla- bris lunceohtlis sKhsesNilibus. This species, which I have called Dusky Willow from the dark appearance it assumes in drying, we met with at our station called Fort Hall, in the plains of the Rocky Mountains, on the alluvial lands of Lewis river of the Shoshonee, not growing in masses but scattered over the banks of the river in the more elevated situa- tions, and there attaining the magnitude of a small tree 12 to 15 feet high, with a spreading summit, and when in flower forming a very elegant object. It is closely related to the Triandroiis Willow of Europe, {Salix triandra,) but still sufficiently distinct. It never, like that species, becomes a considerable tree, but more resembles in its magnitude and mode of growth our common Black Willow {S. nigra). The wood is white and close grained as in that species; the young branches appear blackish-brown in a dead state, and the young leaves appear also very dark, they are about an inch and a half long, and about three lines wide, attenuated at the base, so as to present no distinct petiole, acute above, with minute serratures; there are no hairs at the base of the bud, as in S. triandra. The male flow- ering branchlets are provided with five or six leaves; the catkins linear and elongated, with dusky pubescent scales, marked each with about five striatures. Tho female catkins are rather short, and the fruit smooth, I r y\ xjii. . = I ^ 'I J) L. n // . •'*' tijx m«»lrtft<)p.'-',.s , , .. ijs.>r\' fi ■■/ffl': - ^ tti/,- :-,.!/• fi.*t. ^. \\ ^ \l \.\ ■>;■ 1: 'U,S'.VV |ii .-(. V \^ :.M.O\\ . I ■ " . , > I ' 1 ■ '' ' Miiji: . . ■; lii: ; ' ' ■- J, : I. ■ r ■' r. , : ^ i\, ,'■.,•■ >ij rj ! i'< 'j •' . !• .1 1. r'.\ ;.; ;..-i''i^ ! 4 I i ,1 I I. »l . ■: , .; - r •• 1 I i ' i';i ^ichi'. ;.> ,: : ■• ji! I i\ i( ;.••(! \ulli I; w or --;\ !":i \ ^ ; , ■'!"• ''in-;n' I;!).; r!. .irj.Ulril, uiU; tjii^i v })l!l>f -f. -ii' ■'•is<.' (::ifil ^^ itil ;ii:iM;! (v,\ -li'M'iMrS. 'S'lr ■.-•rv yn'\\:y - ii- irt. .mm! \\w icNil ■■;!;')' ' ';. I'l XXI. !' .1 t 'I n J- tr./i Salix nielariopsis. ,. # -^ i i ■ *«»***«fe'»w»a.afc,»te^.,4^4 ;U*1im*4».»JMMU|„»^ BLACK WILLOW. 79 with sessile stigmiis, as in other species of tliis n„rticu. Iiir jjroupc. • ' PtATE XXI. A branch of the natural size. a. The snlr. ;, ti. . <■. Thegorm. "■' "t stale. «. 1 ho stamen. The Salix Irmmlrn, so nenrly allied to the present spoaes becomes a tree 30 feet hi,l,, „nd is n-e'uenHy planted in osier grounds for the basket-inuker, but the best kind planted for this purpose is tlie a„V, propel so called, (S. .,„„„„/;,,,) ,v|,ieh might be propaiatid h almost every part of the United sTates. ° BLACK WILLOW. Saux moaA, Mich. Arb., vol. a. plate 125. fi,r. ] . vanety o( this tree occurs in South Carolina Tind Flo- r«la, m which the leaves arc villous and the scale of the ament densely lanuginous. In the herbarium of Mr Schwem, z ,t was marked, on the authority of Elliot?' as a species S. svbvillosa. ' This tree, a native of all the States from Now En<.- land to Florida, and west nearly to the i;.,; of the Rocky Mountains, is one of the few native spedes which becomes a tree, attaining the height of 15 to 25 feet with a diameter of 10 to 13 inchesr It affects the banks 01 nvers and lakes, and generally grows ne:r to he water, ,„ moist, occasionally overflow'^d situations" In the warmer parts of the States it puts on a handsome appearance, particularly when in flower, but has t"e defect of branching almost from the base, and lean «^ |i|j| f\ '.^mmJiumi.idic. 80 IJLACIv WILLOW. in a posture more wild and picturesque than beautiful. It has a dark coloured rough bjirk, and tho branches are brittle at the base; the male catkins coming out with the leaves are very elegant, and attractive and useful to bees. In the southern parts of the Union, according to Mr. Elliott, the stems when found suffi- ciently large are employed for the timbers of boats, and arc found to be liijht and durable. The White Willow, {Saliv alhii^ Linn.,) appears almost naturalized in many parts of the United States. It is particularly abundant in the western interior of New Jersey along the borders of the Walkill. It grows rapidly, becoming a stout tree in a few years, and in Europe it is considered the most valuable timber tree of the genus; it produces a white close-grained wood, capable of receiving a polish, it also affords fence-wood, fuel, and bark for the tanner, nearly as good as that of the Oak. The uses of Willows and Willow-wood in Europe are very numerous. It is generally a close fine-grained white wood, capable of taking a smooth and equal polish, and remarkably light withal. The osiers are very extensively used for all kinds of basket-work, and, as Virgil remarks, the shepherd sits beneath its shade, while it affords fence for his field, browsing for his flock, and honey for the bees, — "Salices, humilcsque genistse, Aut illae pecori frondem, aut pastoribus umbram Sufficiunt, sepemque satis et pabula mclli." Georgicon, II. MAGNOLlA.t Natural Order, Magnoliace^:, ( Jussicu.) Linnxati Clussi- JlCatioUy POLYANDRIA, PoLYGYNIA. C«/y.r of 3 deciduous petaloid sepals. Corof/a of from to 12 petals. S/amen.s numerous as well as the pistils. Carpeh disposed in an imbricated cone, 1 to 2-secded, opening by the dorsal suture. Seed, pulpy, red, suspended, when ripe hauK- ing out of the carpel by a long umbilical thread composed of spiral vessels. ' Trees and shrubs with large entire alternate deciduous leaves, and solitary terminal large and usually odoriferous flowers Chiefly natives of North America, China, and Japan. LARGE FLOWERED MAGNOLLV. MAGNOLIA GRANDiFLORA, Limi. (Mich. Sylva, plate 51.) In the neigbourhood of Savannah in Georgia, and near New Orleans, this splendid tree often presents an almost equal, smooth, columnar shaft of 60 to 80 feet elevation, and attains the height of 100 feet or upAvards with a graceful high and spreading summit. On the' trunk of this species, near Savaimah, I observed lar^re quantities of the parasitic air plant, Epidcndrum conop- scum, and it appeared thore to grow on no other tree According to W m. Bartram, who saw the species so t Named by Linnaeus in honour of Pierre Magno/, a botanist of Montpelier. 11 821 LMUiK FLOWEUKl) MAONOI.IA. nbundnnt in his tour in I'loridn, its summit forms ii per- fect cone, rising from a striiight clear trunk, rcsc.nbling a beautiful column, and, from its dark foliage ".silvered over with milk-white flowers," it is seen at a great dis- tance. The succ«'ssion of flowers is also long conti- nued, in favourable! situations from May to August. Though confined very much to the neighbourhood of the sea-coast, it extends westward in Georgia as far as Milledgeville; and I met with it in Alabama, on the banks of Utchec creek, about V2 miles from Columbus in Georgia, and afterwards in other parts of that State down to West Florida. It is known to the Creeks by the native name of Tooin. In the new edition of Duhamel, we have the following account of its introduction into France. There is at Maillardiere, about five miles from Nantes, a fine Mag- nolia, which was brought from the banks of the Missis- sippi, in 1732, and planted in a poor soil. It grew there neglected for more than 30 years, till M. Bonami, a phy- sician of Nantes and professor of botany there, recog- nised this beautiful tree to be tlu; Magnolia grandljfom; and at the meeting of the States of Jiretagne in Septem- ber, 1700, in Narjtes, he presented to the Princess of Rohan-Chabet, a fine branch of this Magnolia in flower, which became a subject of conversation and interest to all assembled. Louis XV. possessed several small plants of this species in his garden at the Petit Trianon, but they did not thrive; and, having heard of a Magno- lia 35 to 40 feet high, which every year was covered with fine flowers of a delicious perfume, he sent two of his gardeners to ascertain if it was possible to transport this tree to Versailles; and, above all, should they do so, if it would be certain to grow. They saw the tree, and, being of opinion that it would not survive removal, it was suffered to remain in its place. It was at that . I.ONnLRAVKD MAtJN'OMA. 83 time from 35 to -10 ivv.i liij^li; hut, n.: Siiicl«ir..Ljth.Pliil? Drimof,Ttyra^ jfajju-iftura^^'^^'^jih'^^^ JfB.^^C^OT:^^^ffa&forman,JftLv Arte, il.XXII DRIMOPHYLLUM.t Natural Order, Lavrinem. (Vcntenat.) Linncean Classi- Jication, Enneandria, Monogynia. Flowers hermaphrodite. — Perigonium 6-cleft, subcampanu- late, the segments spathulate-linear, equal, deciduous, the base persistent. Stamina 9, in 3 series, all fertile, filaments short, the 3 of the inner series with a pair of roundish large sessile glands, near the base of each. Anthers elliptic-ovate and similar, all opening on the inner side, 4-celled, the cells equal and parallel, with all the valves ascending. Ovarium 1- celled, with one ovule. Style short; stigma somewhat de- pressed, capitate. Berry 1 seeded A sempervirent, small tree of Upper California, with alternate, lanceolate, minutely reticulated, pungently aromatic, smooth leaves. Flowers small, yellow, smooth, in small terminal naked clusters. (Nearly allied to Ocotea of Aublet, but with hermaphrodite flowers, similar and uniformly introrse anthers, and a deciduous perianth. The leaves are also naked, without pennate nerves, and the inflorescence not in panicles. It is also nearly allied to Jiperiphracta of Nees, but with flowers of a very difierent habit, and, with those genera, belongs to the tribe Oreodafhne^.) CALIFORNIAN BAY TREE. DRIMOPHYLLUM pauciplorum. Ocotea salicifolia? Kunth, Synops. vol. 1. 458. This is a very elegant evergreen tree of Upper Cali- fornia, growing round Sta. Barbara, 20 to 25, or 30 t From Af<(M«c, acrid to the taste, and ui < m i' t j iin . 'U »:. THE LINDEN, or LIME TREE. Natural Order Tiuacejr (Jttssicii). Linnwan Classification^ POLYANDIIIA, MONOGYNIA, TILIA.t (Linn.) Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, disposed mo?e or less in 5 clusters, the crntral tuft (chiefly in the nati\e species) transformed into a j)etal. The ovary globular, villous, and 5-cclled, each of the cells bearing 2 ovules. Capsule lig- neous, globular, by abortion only 1-cellcd, with 1 or 2 seeds. Cotyledones sinuate. Trees of Europe and North America with alternate dilated or cordate leaves, oblique at the base, serrated on the margin, and with a tough and fibrous bark; stipules caducous. The flowers disposed in flattish pedunculated clusters (or cymes), and with the peduncle curiously adnate for a great part of its length to a large membranaceous, linear bractc. The rest of this family of plants are nearly all tropical productions. LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, or LLME. TILIA HETEROPHVLLA, folus ovatis, ttrgutc scrratis, basi nunc cordatis, nunc oblique aut wqualiter truncatis, subtus tomentosis; mice pisiformi. Ventenat, Mem. de I'Institut., tom. 4. p. 16. pl. 5. PuRSH, Flor. Bor. Amer., vol. 2. p. 363. Nouveau Duhamel, vol. 1. p. 229. Decandolle, Prod. vol. 1. p. 513. TiLiA heterophylla, leaves glabrous and deep green above, f An ancient Latin name, probably from the Greek a-yiAw, the Elm. IE. iji cation^ 'H- ''i \vi;i ''>^ ■,.>.. ■*r-' i';e or less 3 species) llous, and <)sn/e lig- r 2 seeds. dilated or argin, and le flowers and with ength to a I family of E. atis, basi (is, sublus I'lnstitut, . 2. p. 363. , Prod. vol. een above, k n-fiAM, the '•iife: •*" IfccvS':-!- i> it ruy. ; \ '*****^''" "'"'<'Vi...»,. .c,;..,^.- VWi: LlNDKN, oi IJMK 'J'KKK. V /■ (h<'i-' i 'I I .' t '■ 7vs.;».' I. /. i,t,:i(nl ( 'In ■.■■til : II.' I ■'/». \ ■ ; ! : ■ ■ ■(-•- 1 'li: .i; t. , ■'■■ .1 \ v ■■ '''U \ ■• ' VI :i • \ ffl'-J I- I. • I' ; : I . i l.-v I. ■ (Vl ..'■ ;. II . ■•■m,. •J. • J. ■ti,M.; ;i. 1 ll "I ,.1 !•. i"U! ' .:i' Mi (\.;iir. ■■;: i'.'';. 1. -r- i'\'.' (. v .■ 1.1 . ..I l-f ',\.. PI. xxm r.ARGR LEAVED MNDEN, OR LIME. 01 very white ami vi'lvcty-tomcntosc beneath, the veins dark coloured iind nearly ghihroii.t, with coarMo nuicronale fterra- tiircs; pi'lals oIjI'i.hc, croiitilatc; stuniinodia [inner petals] wpaliilatc, entire, .style hairy at ilic use. 'I'oiiUKV and (luAV, Flor. North Aincr., vol. I p 2:$:). TiLiA ALiiA. Smith'i Insects of (Jforgia, vol. I. p. 21. I. 11? This is one of tho rnrrsf and niont ornanu ntnl trees of the wliolo genus, and n.s far as my own observations go, it is alino.st wholly confnied to the HJuidy forests of the Ohio and its tributary streams, to which I'ursli also adds tho banks of the ^^lssissi|)|)i; Torrcy and (iray received it likewise from the neighbourhood of Macon, in Georgia, where it was collected by our hite mutnal friend and excellent observer Doctor Loomis. In de.scending the Ohio, late in autumn, (about the year ISKi,) I got out of the boat in which I was descending to walk round Le Tart's Rapids above Cincinnati, here I oIh served almost an exclusive forest of this fine Linden, on a rather elevated alluvial platform, in a light, rich cal- careous soil. Most of the trees were tall and rather slender, 00 to 80 feet in height, md the ground was thickly strewed with their large and singular leaves, almost as white as snow beneath. According to the herbarium of Mr. Schwcinitz, it exists also in Virginia, probably on the borders of the streams which flow into the Ohio, near Pittsburgh; and according to Doctor Short, of Lexington, Kentucky, it forms in his vicinity one of tho largest forest trees in the rich lands there. Decandolle speaks of having received a specimen of some very similar species from Mexico. It docs not yet appear to have been introduced into Europe, though it is properly described in the new Duhamel, probably from Ventenat's essay, as the leaves are said to be snow-white beneath. The young branches are purplish and somewhat glau- ■'^i^'£^mt^„i,^^.^^ -!i««Wv..i-Al,,«.l l\ \ r-\ I 92 LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME. cous. The largest leaves I have seen are about 6 or 7 inches long, and 3 to 5 broad. In the young state, the white pubescence beneath is most conspicuous when the leaves are thinly covered, the hairs are stellate, the serratures are strong and sharp, with acuminated rigid points, the upper surface is dark green; the base of the leaf varies considerably, sometimes it is sinuated, at other times perfectly flat and truncated; the leaves are always very oblique at the base. The flowers are some- what larger than those of T. americana, and the fruit is villous, nearly spherical, and certainly always without any ribs. The TiLiA ALBA, White Lime of Michaux, plate 132, not being the T. alba of Kitaibel and Aiton, (Hort. Kew. 1. c.) which is a native of Hungary, it is necessary to change his name, and we propose to call it Tilia MicHAuxii, (Michaux's Lime,) if his plant should indeed prove to be any thing more than a smoother variety of our T. heterophylla. Plate XXIII. A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit, b. The flower. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. The Lime has long been a favourite tree for avenues and public walks; it is planted in the streets of some of the principal towns of France, Holland and Germany, and it is used for forming avenues both on the continent of Europe and in Great Britain. It has of late years been much planted along the streets in several towns and cities of the United States, but in Philadelphia it is so much attacked by insects that it probably will not long survive. The species employed for this purpose appears LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME. 93 Dr7 the •hen , the rigid fthe i, at 5 are ome- uit is thout 3 132, Hort. 3ssary TiLIA indeed variety )wer. venues ome of rmany, ntinent years B'ns and is so ot long ppears to be principally the European, while the native kinds being more hardy and vigorous, ought to have the pre- ference, particularly the present species, ('/'. hclcrophyl/a,) which in a good soil becomes a large tree, and is at the same time splendidly ornamental. The insect that de- vours the leaves of the Linden appears to be a moth,t which suspends its cocoons at the ends of the twigs of the trees it has stripped; these ought carefully to be re- moved and destroyed, by which means the evil, if not wholly cured, would be decidedly mitigated. The Dutch plant the Lime in towns, along their widest streets, and by the sides of their canals; and the whole country is thus perfumed by their flowers during the months of July and August; they likewise afford an ample repast for the bees. The wood of the European Lime tree is of a pale yellow or white, close-grained, soft, light, and smooth, and not liable to be attacked by insects. It is used by pianoforte-makers for sounding-boards, and by cabinet- makers for a variety of purposes. It is turned into domestic utensils of various kinds, carved into toys, &c. The most elegant use to which it has been applied is for carving, for which it is superior to any other wood. Many of the fine carvings in Windsor Castle, St. Paul's, Trinity College Library at Cambridge, and in the Duke of Devonshire's mansion at Chatsworth, from the hand of the celebrated Gibbons, are of this wood. It makes excellent charcoal for gunpowder. Baskets and cradles were formerly made from the twigs. The leaves are also employed as fodder for cattle in Europe. It is in Russia and some parts of Sweden that the well- known bass mats are formed from the inner bark of this tree. The bark stripped from young trees of six •)• A species of Oikcticxis. .^ fl 94 LARGE LEAVED LINDEN, OR LIME. inches to a foot in diameter are selected for this purpose. These strips are steeped in water till the bark separates freely into layers, it is then taken out and separated into strands, which are dried in the shade, and afterwards manufactured into the mats so much used by gardeners and upholsterers, and for covering packages. The fishermen of Sweden make fishing-netB of the fibres of the inner bark, formed into a kind of flax; and the shepherds of Carniola even weave a coarse cloth of it, which serves them for their ordinary clothing. The whole plant abounds with mucilage, the sap, like that of the Maple, affords a considerable quantity of sugar, and the honey produced by the flowers is considered superior to all other kinds for its delicacy, selling at three or four times the price of common honey; in Europe it is used exclusively in medicine, and for making some particular kinds of lujueurs, especially Rosolio. This Lime tree honey is only to be procured at the little town of Kowno, on the river Nieman, in Lithuania, which is surrounded by an extensive forest of Lime trees. The triturated fruit produces also a paste very similar to that of Cocoa. During the taste for grotesque decorations, the Lime, like the Yew, was cut into various imitative forms, and in some of the public gardens of recreation round Paris and Amsterdam there are very imposing colonnades, arcades, walls, pyramids, and other archi- tectural looking masses formed of this tree. The European Linden attains a height of upwards of 100 feet, and grows with vigour for several centuries. In Switzerland there are some very large and ancient Lime trees: one mentioned by Dccandolle the younger, near Morges, has a trunk of 24 feet 4 inches in cir- cumference; another near the great church at Berne, which was planted before the year 1410, is 36 feet in girth. ii 1 I PI. xxtv I',. nil. .71^ ad Siii«ltui-fe I.vlhFlulf . ,. t Filiiaouhora, ^\xaericana.„, . . ,:. PI. xxtv i^ siiuaiui's iii.ihHui'? J 'ii>.' i:! : III- . ;>! i ..■ '' !r, ■ ;':^ i.U'd i: '-i I n';|.,,i.;:, : '^ll::tr^;!;,.l'f. <■ ;! !.;! i-'l'.; -,. ■• ■• :; t'lj'.'-' u' i-'i;tr -!:-.t, . ■ ii, r. Ml- .■I I II. .. ■ :i I ■ . Mi.riri'Y!-' ?'• . ., ,)t till ;.i A.ii,r::ar\;s \ia\!.m:. ,■- \i \ \i.;;f^\ .. Kii !■'•'■■ ,lai(. , I :' !!■ I! '-^****'''=«*'»i*«»*iaM*ijsaas^ f) "i^ ■^i^-.-f' ■■- - . ,^t..^...^ rrrif ::^;-: Iv'-^' W^"^ %: X-jtV-'A' '■W^^-- Mi f 1 X.\l« ^'i:: %!:•> <"%^r ^^"w^ '■'^%'^l.-\.^. \ r V>.';?*Sm;;*> •»«i .^-^ ■ ■ •, ^■^K ■ r:^^.: f I I S&.-^-i- t ■'!,,■ ,.; .]-! .. fritJ^t-ltrUi t. l/tTt'l-i 'V iii.i-^..ip! ... .( .\mortv'Mj.»« ,-^^^„^,,v^^ ,y^.,.' i'HT,.tl.J['!,i\" VI XM ' n ■is. # ;? ;■* ^ '.urtllnU.i'l.il'- ..t^'lM"!'/'"' 1 MANGLE. Natural Order, Rhizophore^e, (R. Brown.) Linnxan Classification, Dodecandria, Monogynia. RIIIZOPIIORA.f (Linn.) Tube of the calyx obovatc, coherent with the ovary, the border divided into 4 oblong, persistent segments. Petals 4, oblong, emarginate, coriaceous, conduplicate, before expansion em- bracing the alternate stamens, the margins each with a double row of long woolly hairs. Stamens twice as many as the petals; anthers nearly sessile, large, linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Style conical, short, 2- furrowed; stigma 2-toothed or bifid. Fruit ovate or ob- long, crowned near the base with the persistent segments of the calyx, longer than the tube, at length perforated at the apex by the radicle of the germinating embryo. Maritime trees of the tropics with entire opposite leaves, and axillary flowers. AMERICAN MANGLE, or MANGROVE. RHIZOPHORA AMERICANA, foliis obovato-oblongis obiusis; pedunculis trichotomis jntiolo longioribus, stylis subula- tis bijidis,fructibns subulato-clavatis obtusis. Rhizophora 'mangle. Jacquin, Amer., p. 141. t. 89. Brown, Jam. p. 211. Decand. prod. vol. 3. p. 32. Nutt. Florid, pi. Sill. 5. p. 295. Tor. and Gray, vol. 1. p. 484. (not of Linn.) t The name, from fi^n, a root ^n/i*, to bear, in allusion to the seed germinating before it falls from the branches. ii ! 'Il -''*''°^'""^r'iri-ii|-|i I r tfJUiiHiiUi I 06 AMERICAN MANGLE. Candela americana fuliis laurinis, Catesby's Carol., vol. 8. p. 63. t. 63. Mansfle ar/uatica, Join's suhrotiinilis et punctutis. Plumieh, Gen. p. 13. Sloank, Jam. p. 155. Hist. vol. 'i. p. 63. Morgue Guapariba. Piso's Ura/il, 1. 4. c. 87. R. This tree is found in the nitiritimc swamps of Louisi- ana and East Florida, and along the coast of Texas, not uncommon. The Mangrove, like the famous Banyan Fig, sends out innumerable roots from the fusiform fruits which terminate its branches into the surrounding marshes, so that after a while a single tree becomes, as it were, the parent of a whole forest of several miles in extent; and growing well even into the salt water, it is not unfrequcnt to see their branches loaded with oysters (the Ostrca folium) of an exquisite flavour. Those thickets likewise afford a resort for various kinds of sea-fowl, and fringing the margin of the ocean and the salt pools with their spreading summits, they give a peculiar feature to the tropical landscape, but at the same time afford shelter to clouds of musquetoes. The bark and fruit are useful for tanning; the flower, accord- ing to Loureiro, dyes a very durable black, and, accord- ing to Sloane, affords a material for ink. The Mangrove of the West Indies and tropical Ame- rica becomes a tree about 40 to 50 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with a ferruginous bark and white wood of no great value, except for fuel, yet, ac- cording to Sloane, the wood is good for building and shingles. The wood of that of India, as described by Roxburgh in his Flora Indica, is of a dark reddish colour, hard, and durable. The Mangrove is not very tall, but very branching, the branches almost always opposite, elongated and pendant. When touching the soil, they strike root and become new trees, which re-multiply themselves in the AMERICAN MANGLE. j,.. burner on the liorilcrs ol tlio sou. Tlic leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, ai ,rst the ealyx lanceolate. The anthers are suhnlatc, the margin of the petals pilose. The style bifid, ^iU le uirZ ■'""'" '?"", "■"■ '"'""'"to. 'fhe verdure rf „h„?^ ^''"™ " ''""■'' "'"' S'°°"'y' ■•'"'' "'o "hole tree, sadneir " ''"°'°" ''"'°''"'""' P"='™'^ "" "«?"-=' of neaTlv „T'l' "'^""""1^''^ plant of this, or rather a Lmnajus, (now Bmg.ora.) This tree grSws commonly Its numerous roos ascending i„,o the air produce the suits, or as Roxburgh says, supported in the air on a circle of converging hop-poles. The fruit, the leave. to the native inhabitants. A figure of it is given by Rumphius, vol. 3. t. 68, and by°Rheede, in the Flora Malabarica, vol. 6. tab. 31, 32. ' •- ' wra PlATZ XXIV. A branch of tlio natural size. a. The fruil. 13 GUA VA. Natural Order, Myrtace^j;. LInmca?! Clussijicution, ICOSANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. PSIDIUM,t (Linn.) Cr.* a.ei.' J- I J ^ J ™ ^j CalA-]»traiit,hes cmtTaculia. , , ^ j, , ^ ri.xxvi. Ti. ' ( . :( ('•■■■I. :.:•-■;,. ;^;. /'.•; . .\ ■ .,, -^ ■■. j , • ■ , Hit x7,,'l.i:<- ■■(''''! '•' -. . O Vi.i'' ' 11.; 0(. »:;: . - ,/.s I'm-..' C/'f.v !;K ft ■)•■ w .5 I> I , . ■ /.I. /.■■■'■■'I'tl/l il .)( ■ • :iii; I I! i:i;'.i: i.rt r ■, \u M k iE i Liilli ^///". »^.gjattffff«wiiti wifi Mitmmn-iin tasi i -'"'''^^^:§^ . ^^i? 'i^r : ■* + .?*• if?:;.-.. ;^- ^ ■<■ ^:'^. I *r -«,.:: '^ ■ V* I ; .\\\ i '.:>'fi>- :fHi...f-V- i'"-^;-;: •:^-c%...r; •:*: ; ^^^:^-r. ■ J* ■--; . ■1- -'■■::--•■.*; -•-*■ *..,^ -". •.:^^; ■■-':.■:> i:;^iff "'';■"> .! j' ;.-'•.*! ^'.^' m .^^ /»>.'•.•. v'/* .* / /*//.<,'/> ' f.'t /A . '.r I '.;I^-pi ra.!i('.ii*',s • m' f i .icithii / ■l/l/r/-///>''/'i . ,■ /ti /'-rtt fj/'/r AW. 1 k Air /?''i4. fd// f CALYP TRANTHES,t (SwAIlTZ.) Natural Order, Mvrtacr^. Limisean Classification, ICOSANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. Tube of the calyx obovate, with the border entire, when flower- ing bursting circularly in the form of a lateral, and at length, deciduous lid. Petals none, or 2 or 3 and minute. Stamens many. S/i/le 1; stigma simple. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, the cells 2-seeded. The berry by abortion 1-celled, 1 to 4-seedcd. Small trees of the West India Islands and of Brazil, the leaves with pinnated veins. Flowers small and numerous, usually in axillary or terminal panicles. FORKED CALYPTRANTHES. CALYPTRANTHES chytraculia, arborea, foliis ovatis apice attenuatis rigidiusculis demum glabris, pedunculis axillari-terminalibus trichotomis paniciilalis Jloribusque riifo-velutinis. — Decand. Prod. vol. 3. p. 257. C. Chytraculia, arborea, pedunculis terminalibus trichoto- mis tomentosis, foliis ovatis apice attenuatis. Swartz, Prod. p. 79. Flor. Ind. Occid., vol. 2. p. 921. MvRTus CHYTRACULIA, peduncuUs dichotomis paniculatis to- mentosis, foliis geminis subovatis terminalibus. Linn. Amoen. Academ., vol. 5. p. 39S. Swartz, Observ. p. 202. Chytraculia arborea, foliis ovatis glabris oppositis, racemis terminalibus. Brown, Jamaic. p. 239. t. 37. fig. 2. Eugenia fallens ? Poiret. Suppl., vol. 3. p. 122. This plant forms an elegant and curious small tree, f The name from x-uMTrrf^i, a veil, and avflo?, a floioer, in allusion to the operculid form of the calyx. - I I- I I I ^ !i 102 FORKED CALYPTRANTHES. with hard wood, and in Jamaica is accounted an excel- lent timber, but the trunks seldom exceed M or 15 inches in diameter. In Jamaica it is Ibund in the dry mountain lands; it is also intligenous to the islands of St. Thomas and (iuadaloupe, and it has now also been found on Key West by Dr. IJlodgett. The branches appear to be covered with a grey and smooth bark. The leaves, when in bud, as well as the young branches, llowcr-stalks and calyx are clad with a short, soft, ferruginous down, which from the leaves, as they advance in their developement, wholly disappears, they arc of a lanceolatc-ovatc form, narrowed into a short petiole below; above acuminate but obtuse; beneath they arc distinctly pennato-nerved, and too opaque to admit the light through the resinous glands with which they are nevertheless provided; they are about two inches long by an inch in Avidth. The flowering panicles are trichotomous, usually terminal, and considerably ramified. The flowers arc small and whitish, from the colour of the stamens. The calyx is ferruginous and tomentose, formed of a small obovato even cup, the whole border separating in a circular manner flies over to one side, in the form of a rounded petal, from whence issues the numerous filiform stamens widi small whitish anthers. Tho germinal fruit appears small, dry, and tomentose, but I am unacquainted with it in a ripe state. Plate XXVI. A branch of the natural size. a. A flower magnified, showing the lateral adherence of the lid of the calyx. i. 'J I'l. -VXVll. I l'U).b■• 't T 1.1' I .■ ,i> ;. n •'! .v\Vii ^ijnc.l.ll :. ;.;'!. ilnl* •'! .VWil r r E ir G E N I A .t (Mic iii:i,i, LixN.) Natural Order, Myrtaci;.f.. Linniran Classification, ItoaANDRIA, AhtNOOY.MA. Tlic tube of the calijx roiiiidisli, n ifli the bonier deeply l-partcd. Petals •\. Stamens niuiiy, free. Ovary 2 to 3-cellcd, the cells contaiiiinjr several ovules. Hcrrj/ siib-^loljose, crowned with the persisting ealyx, when inatiin; I or rarely 'j-ctdled. See.ils I or 2, roundish and large. The vmtiryo pseudo-mono- cotylcdonous, the cotyledoncs very thick and wholly blended together, the radicle more or less distinct and very short. These arc trees or shrubs, mostly indigenous to the Caribean Islands, or the warmer parts of America. The leaves and in- florescence are very similar to those of the Myrtles. SMALL-LEAVED EIJGENLV. EUGENIA nirnoTOMA, pcdiinrHlis a.n7/t/n't)iis nppositis cl suf)tvrminalif)us folio ton;{ioril)iis l)ifutis nut fji's tji'Jh/is, Jlorihus in dichotomiis svssililms ceteris pri/icc/ta/is, fol'ils clliptico-lanceolatis fjasi attcnuatis pcllucido-jxDivliitis, adiillis glal)ris, Juniorifjits utruupic rarnulis calycil)ns;. M !-grained. ost white imes zig- 2^ inches e, ovate, scentless, cles, and 3 flowers separate jeduncles )ut grow The seg- 1, rough, lis 4, are ppear to \ \m- A''-^^:-- ■'^ ■■''^■^■&ii. '## •ig^ ! .■/.,•- / . r.n- p' ••r.i I .1 I,!' I ! r :!;;• i, li- ;.L • I '■H:^'i.\, 1 V I-'. ' I ■= i i 'l!!,'^';' . 1. U-. I : I : ■■!.-■: I ■.. . ' /v. M ;:•■;' M ; 'ill .■ ■ 1 PI wvni 1 M: !■•• '■>• Sinclair s lni\t f'.al |-in;>r>mii urocera. , , , I till f; II t/rniii ■ ' ' JuniAn.yir'i- I'/fin'. \)1 \\ 'y TALL EUGENIA. 107 have been reddish-white. Stamens numerous, the an- thers whitish. Tiie berry spherical, brownish-yellow, about the size of a grain of black pepper, studded over with numerous glands or aromatic cists, and crowned with the broad persisting border of the calyx: at first 2-celled, with several ovules, at length the berry is only 1-seeded, the seed large, with no distinct cotylcdones. It flowers in April. The size of the leaves appear to vary, so that in some specimens they are uniformly only about half the dimensions we have given. Plate XXVIII. A branch of the natural size and of the large leaved kind. A cluster of the berries. a. ; 108 BOX-LEAVED EUGENIA. EUGENIA vv\jToi,iA, pediaiciilifi axilturibns ramosis mitltl- Jloris hrevissimb, pcdicellis sub Jlore blhmcteolatis, foliis obovato-oblutii^is obtnsis basi ultemialis opucissubtus punC' talis murgine subrcvohilis. — Decand, Prod., vol. 3. p. 1275. WiLLD. Sp. pi., vol. 2. p. 960. Myrtus buxifolia, raccmulis brevissi?nis confcrtis axillari- bus,foliis cuncatisoblons^is obtusis convexiusculis. Swartz, Prod. p. 78, Flor. Ind. Occident., vol. 2. p. 899. M. monti- colu ? Swartz, Flor. Ind. Occid., vol. 2. p. 898. Myrtus axillalis, Poiret, Diet. vol. 4. p. 412, (non Swartz.) M. Poireli, Spreng. Syst., vol. 2. p. 483. This plant, also a native of Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica, has been observed at Key West by Dr. Blod- gett, where it is very common in sterile places, affecting the vicinity of the sea, and becoming a tree of about 20 feet in height, with a hard, white, close-grained wood. The bark is whitish-grey and even, the twigs are slen- der and chiefly clothed with leaves towards their sum- mits, they are wedge-oblong, sometimes almost lanceo- late, obtuse, and always narrowed below into a minute petiole, so that they appear to be nearly sessile, above of a darkish green and somewhat shining, beneath dull and paler, slenderly nerved beneath, somewhat opaque, punctate and slightly revolute on the margin, they are about Ih inches long by ^ to f of an inch wide. The flowers are very small, in axillary branching clusters of 3 to 7 together on the minute and very short bracteate raceme; there are 2 minute bracteoles under each flower; the calyx as well as the petals are studded with resinous glands, and the latter are more than twice the ' I rwH'- a^ 9^ ,:fet iST r V ^ . I ^t«'. ('! .\.\l\ \ 3- ^1 ■' fj.i .'rn' ' I ! X , /.■>,"'./ C'li. .'/.• i' , \\i). PiM"..,. .■•', . (■. ~'i ■ ^' I II. ■■ . |ii - V . .■ I' ^J . I ■ ; , > . ... , '■' ;• • ' ' ' -■ illllll ■ - .'- V n I ... •>i I .!• "' . ' i Ml ;■ :■ :. 'lie 1 \ r ■ . ; ; .■..., . ! ' 111; .. J '<■;<■' ij- :mI(I : -^ ■ i I \ •; I V'.in 1 i!i .-t.'. li-" ;.I.K'i ~. .i!l((.-.lin;.'; Ml. ■ '( I I { I >■ !••;'. :r. 1 1 ■i.in.ut -.'I* :■ ; • i: :i V ;m ■-■i.i-. |: -v C ;in(! , t!' ;•. i-'Mluiiv l'^ • i i> iP' U't. ojurv.*!;'.! f>j>a«Miv . • 1 1 ^•■.iilljor •>!! ti'.iJ liiiiMt'O Mill \i:l*V '^il-M! lir;i(M r.iif ■K' • '!;•. <:.)'■; ; •!> •• -ll ;!S 'Im jhtjil- ;;i'C ^•Mi'i(io(! >'■ ilh li.K.':. '.•■'.•: :'i>'' !,i.r iiilTr-r ■i'*f' Jnorc tlKii* fwi'c Uic ! ? i I I K.l)|...u>i rir.l l"ii.ir.l,tli ,; li I II r.i:l" /Itl.l- /t'UJ't'l/ /'^Uljflli II . JiriMenia buxii'olia. /tjmltuSIt'/' tr /r'/)///! .1 u,' ,.lJt,j- I: UOX-LRAVF,l) KUCENIA. 109 length or tho calyx. Tlio « alyx, racomcs, and minute branclilc'tm arc covered with a close brownisli j)iil)e8- cencc. Tho flowers am /mfi/niitiKu/s, on many speci- mens sterile, thoiiirh rurnishod with the |)istilluni, and many of th(3 tlowerin-■>'■ m- .,:^ ■?V •i'K- •;..•■ ■ ' ; ^Xr ..-.■ •;••*# ■ i^Ar, '■- -■ . -. -.- '''/'^■C-'.,'. > •'^".- '^^^^ ':. - . • V -^^m^y-k . ' - .^t' ,, ■ ^,' »"r-?- .- ■..;,on; : ••; -. '. . -■ :->f"' ■^o:'' !,?!■ ''• '■Mm,;'.., i' ..■ , ■il "(.'f' './■ i :<■■ ■■'' ■■ \ rV' • .•■. ti- ■; . .'. .If •!•. n. * ■ * j '•. ' ■ • : : . . \ ■• . V : , : ; Pi I'.-...',. V.,; I'lv.wn. 1 '■(.'/« ' iiicUur.iliilh lliil" Inifiiiii .IfriiontJ 'I'priHijirtliu, calaupu. CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND. Ill tlie leaves; drupe oval, compressed, glabrous, with elevated navicular margins, convex on both sides. Arnot, Prodr. Ind. Orient., vol. 1. p. .313. Jacquin's Ic. rar., vol. 1. tab. 197. Lam. Iliust. tab. 848. fig. 1. Adamarum, Rheed, Flora Malabarica, vol. 4. tab. 3 and 4, Toruey and Gray, Flor. N. Amcr., vol. 1. p. 485. According to Torrey and Gray, Dr. Hasler has dis- covered this splendid tree in Southern Florida. A variety of it is known to exist in the Carihbean Islands, which Humboldt and Kunth imagined to be introduced, but for tliis supposition there is probably no sufficient ground, as Poiteau collected it in the forests of Pf., Do- mingo, of which I liavc a specimen now before me. A near congener, if not the same thing, was found in Guiana by Aublet, his Tanibouca; yet the favourite re- gion of its existence is in the tropical forests of India, on the sandy and gravelly coasts of Malabar, and in the island of Java; it there becomes, according to Rheed, a very large and splendid tree of a pyramidal form, like that of a lofty spruce, the leafy summit being composed of almost horizontal branches disposed in circular stages. Its wood is white, very hard, covered with a smooth grey bark which is red within. The leaves, situated near to the ( xtremities of the branchlets, 6 or 7 together, at* intervals, form circular clusters of great regularity; they are about 6 to 9 inches long, by 3 to 5 wide, of an inversely ovoid or cuneate oval figure, widening towards the summit, where they be- come almost round, with a short, abrupt, slanting point in the centre, narrowed and somewhat cordate at the base, nearly entire, or obscurely, though sometimes very distinctly crenulated on the border, green and smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath; the young leaves and shoots as well as the petioles, clothed with a brown and close tomentum. The flowers are small, without scent, of a whitish-green, and disposed in great numbers in I ) « 112 CATAPPA, OR INDIAN ALMOND. several almost terminal axillary slender spikes, they are nearly sessile, with caducous, concave, oval, pointed bractcs. The calyx contains a small, very hairy, 5- toothrd cup. The spikes are not as long as the leaves. The fruit is an elliptic shell, a little compressed, glabrous, surrounded with an elevated margin, convex on both sides, and reddish-brown when mature. This dry drupe includes an oblong very hard nut, of one cell, containing a white kernel, of a taste approaching to that of the filbert nut, but more oily and soluble. In India it is also cultivated in gardens. The large almond-like kernels of its nuts are eaten and served at the best tables. An oil is obtained from the kernels by expression similar to that of the olive, which is said never to become rancid. It is made also into emulsions like almonds. The Indians employ the leaves medici- nally for indigestion, bilious affections, and other mala- dies. Plate XXXII. A small branch of the natural size. nut. a. The flower, h. The Terminalia Benzoin has a milky sap, and was believed to produce the Benzoic acid, which, however, is now doubted. Another of the species, Terminalia vernix, is said to afford the celebrated Chinese and Japanese varnish used in their lacquer ware. This tree grows on the mountains of several of the southern provinces of China, and in the Moluccas. It possesses a lactescent juice, which as well as its exhalations even, are said to be deleterious, but the kernels of its fruits, like those of the Catappa, are perfectly harmless and agreeable. At Batavia regu- lar plantations are made of the Terminalia Moluccana in the gardens and places of public resort, for the sake of its agreeable shade. ley are jointed iry, 5- leaves. ibrous, ti both r drupe taining of the e large rved at kernels is said ulsions medici- : mala- b. The elieved is now said to ih used iintains I in the lich as ;erious, itappa, a, regu- cana in sake of !■'■ .I.TFrencli t\e n www Sinc-Uu' sljlili t'^hV /hf^fJ . roiiocarpus frerta. oriiii'tifftr t/rot^ ri, \ssm r k -»-i,iii' s TjiUj »';>,;■• ..riHiil- - - r,-.;. I , . , i"'i ' ■■■•I' i', i. Ml..'.:. , ,1, I';. I \.. ■■•;.'i:l, '.':,,■ ;.l,':i( I- ' ' fiii!.-::., ;: ... ,, . ^/ .. .; •' O.Vf'C \R!>|: ( ■ ;. «",.■■ .■ t 1 . 1)1 ,vj. ;!.. ^■^ '•\ \\MII V«^.. ■# i.>^^ .. V. .- •.>i^ ... ^■■ i-'f ■■< '•- ^^Si-v"' -;>^*'* •■■•H".!!.!. .i'.-. \\.\lll r CONOCARPUS.t r W'"^ ((j^KllTNKH.) Nat lira/ Order, (V)Miuii:r.\ci;.i.;. Limurnn Vlassijicalloii, PliM'ANDUIA, \I()\0(;VMA. The flowers densely agjjjrcj^iitcd in ^lol)ul;ir or oblonu; spikes like amcnts. — Tiibe of the cali/.v aboiil tlie length of the ovarv, persistent; the border .-j-clel't. Petals none Staineiis T) to' 10, exs(!rled; the anthers heiirt-shaped. " ury eonipri'ssed, containing 2 ovules. The fruits eoriaoeoiis, oiirky and scal(!- like, closely ind)ricatod, and indehiseent. Cutt/lcduncs sj)irally convolute. Small maritime trees or shrubs, with alt.;rnate, entire, somt;- what coriaceous leaves. I leads of (lowers pedunculatisd, axillary or terminal, solitary or in panicles. BUTTON-TREE. CONOCARPUS ERKCTA,/o///5 obluni. l*iii:ul. Hill. Com MK I. IN, Unit. Atii?*t., p. 1 1 T). cum. ic. tllinis itKiriliinu fni/rlij'nlin cDrinriorutn. IM.ik. Almai^, !■!. I. 'J 10. f. H. tlliii Ji'Kvlit linwifnlid iirhor niiii'iliiiiii. Si.o ank, Jam. Hist., ■-'. p. 18. t. Kil. f. i. Innuminata. Pi.um. ic. lU.'). t. 1 1 1, f. 'i. This is another tropiciil West Iiulian tree wliich tlic southern extremity ol'Jji.st Florichi has allordecl. It lias been observed on the shore of Key West, Southern Florida, and around Tampa Hay. In tlie West Indies, bke the Man<^rove with whicli it fjrows, and for a kind of which it is taken by tiie Spaniards, who call it Man. SEnicEA, (Forstcr in herb. I'lTcrit.) J'oliis oblongis ulrinqite aciiminatis ad utramquc paginam etiani adultis adprcssl villoso-scriceis. Decand. Prod., vol. 3. p. Ifi. Mangle foliis oblongis integris xitrinque molli laniigine holo- scricea obductis. Sloane, Hist. Jam., vol. 2. p. G7. tab. 187. fig. 2. According to Sloane, tliis tree is known in .Jamaica by the name of the W hite Mangrove, and attains the height of 20 feet, having white wood with a very small pith; the bark is also smooth and whitish. This variety, or species, has also been found, with the above, at Key West, in East Florida, by Dr. Blodgett. We do not sec any thing to distinguish it as a separate species from the crccta except the peculiar silky, shining pubes- cence with which the leaves continue to be clothed even in the adult state. ^JW4i'^'.v«fX-i,m 1 nftwt mtrmmmp^ " t^' m^^t^ ^n m — ^ lerit.) inam ., vol. holo- ). 187. naica s the small rioty, Key 3 not )ccies >ubes- leven b 1 1 J T I'Vfini-.li i PIXSAIV. LapTiTHMiltiria raceinosa. It /////^ ^l/rrrirrfai-f r> '■\\\ n XAXi\ . Ill" !(iir's I'lt.fl Phil*' yrtifi^fS. u ,*i'.i' V.-lit. ' ■ 'I '■ l!' ' •t' i )' ... v.. I ■. |. , .■■• <. '..it'.. ■ •Wo':- 1; U 1 1 . '. V .;• ■■•!>? F- If 5<> ^1 i* v<«J^ ■^^■^•frVv-iS!*.'!' •■-■'■■■ '..'.••J'- ll y % • ^'X.:^ ii.^f*^' LAGUNCULARIA,t (G^RTXEH.) Nalural Order, CoMnRETACK.K. Limmui Chssif cation, Decaxdria, Monogyma. Cahyx l)orilcr persisting, subcampanulate, 5-lobcd. Pe/ah 5, iiiumlc, spreading and caducous. SfamcHs 5 or 10, in two' scries, included. Shy/e subulate, stigma capitate. Nuf mar- gined, coriaceous, valveless, 1 or 2-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Cotijhdoncs convolute; the radicle very long. A tree of the Caribbee islands with opposite, elliptic, smooth leaves Kacemes opposite, many-flowered, the flowers sessile, lurnished with deciduous ],ractes; the calyx bibracteolate at the summit. The seed germinating within the nut. A genus nearly allied to LuMNiTZEKA of India. WHITE MANGROVE. LAGUNCULARIA racemosa, Gsirlner, fil. Carpol., vol 3 p. 20.0. t. 217. Decand. Prodr., vol. 3. p. 17. CoNocARPus racemosa, fidiis lunccolalo-ovutis oblusiusculls, Jnii'.hbus ,seirreg(iti.s. LiNN.Sp.pl. Willd., vol. 2. p 09,5' Swartz, Obs. p. 79. Jacq. Amci. p. SO. t. 53. Conocarpus, foliis elUptico-ovatis, pcliolis biglandidosis, ra- cemis laxis, fructlhits sejunctis. Browne, Jam. p. 159. Mangle juUfcru, foliis eUiplicis ex adverso nascentlbus. Sloane, Jam. p. 156. Hist. vol. 2. p. 66. tab. 187. f. 1 Raii Dend;. p. 115. ' Sphenocarpus. Richard, Anal. Fr. p. 92. Schousboa commutata. Sprenoel, Syst. Veget., vol. 2. p. 332. This plant is a native of the sandy and muddy shores t From logimcula, a little bottle, in allusion to tiic form of the nut. 118 WHITE MANGROVE. lb of tlic Caribbean islands and the neighbouring continent, where it becomes a lofty branching tree, sometimes dividinjj into three or four trunks close to the "I'ound: it is called White Mangrove by the English inhabitants of these islands. Dr. Blodgett has sent specimens of this tree also from Key West, in East Florida. The branches arc cylindric and brownish, the twigs ferruginous; the leaves arc opposite and smooth, about three inches long and an inch and a half wide, upon short petioles, quite entire, thick, and somewhat coria- ceous, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, and sometimes emargi- natc, with a pair of glands near the summit of the petiole, and, in most of the leaves, towards the edge appenr a number of raised glandular points, which are closed or open. The flowers are disposed in axillary and terminal elongated racemes, the racemes sometimes trifid. Flowers small, sessile, greenish-white; the germ pyviform, and, as well as the short border of the calyx, covered with a short whitish, silky pubescence. Petals 5; very small and caducous. Stamens 5, not exserted. The germ at its summit with 2 small dentiform brac- teoles, the bractes themselves short, broad ovate and caducous. Style, at length somewhat exserted, with a small capitate stigma. Nut 1 -seeded. Plate XXXIV. A branch of the natural size. a. The nut in an early stage. i li xxxv Sincla.irsIjaKl'fcil'^ /)V//Vv/ fffrfx: iSheplierdia H,r^eiitea. . ffo^i.i'lf?- fif't^rertA" li xxw nc.la.irsIji(Kl'fc,l* ■zj'e^f;nA° <.x.v ','?*■»*' ,,,v*v.*^ .•« '■'? ' '•i^'y-. ■■'•If ^^ !ii ■■>. '."'.^>ii:^:" in 'vt'-' ■..' ■•■'•"■?**,■ ■■< ■■%'"f;i}'i/ ,• . ■,-. <. X.\' RABBIT BERRY. Natural Order, F.LjF.AC.yEM, (Jussieu.) Limucan C/assiJi- Culiuil, DllECIA, OcTANDIlIA. SIIEPIIERDIA,t (NuTTALi.) IIippopuak, (Pursh.) Flowers nuKcious.-IMAr.K m/y.r l-cleft, mud, larircr than that ol thclemalc. Coro//(,, none. Slamina . alternatinu; uiih a torus of S glands.— Fkmale flower v- i small r-clcl't, superior, campanuiate ca/i/x, and 8 gland... S/>/ie 1; s/i\'ma oblup.c, sui)capitatc. Berry juicy, l-sccdcd, globose, invested with the fleshy calyx. Small trees, spincscent or unarmed, with the general aspect of Ehcagmis. Leaves entire, opposite, clothed with silvery and ferruginous scales. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, or in spikes. Berries pulpy, diaphanous, scarlet, subacid. RABBIT BERRY, or WESTERN SIIEPIIERDIA. SHEPIIERDIA ARGENTE.v,/>///,v nhlomrn-ni'dlis, obtusis,,irla. brts, ittruupie ari^^enteo-lcpuhlis, Jlurihiis i^lomcrutis.— NuTT. Gen. Amer., vol. 2. p. 2 10. Loudon's Encyc. Plants, p. SI3(). Arboretum et Frutic. p. L321. fig. 120S. IIookkr, Flor. Bor. Amer., vol. 2. p. l.'JS. tab. 178, (well illustrated.) ' IIippopHAE argcntea, Pursh, Flor. Bor. Am. p. 115. This very useful, hardy, and ornamental tree, is t Named in honour of the late Mr. Wm. S/wphcrd, then cura- tor of the Liverpool Botanic Garden. A most scientific gardener and skilful cultivator. .^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 ■o Itt |2.2 yi IU& L25 i_U 116 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SB0 (716) •72-4503 10 7.A Bwnmrrfriiaai iLilMlltUSiU^.ia^ . 120 RABBIT BERRY. wholly a native of the northern and western regions of North America. Dr. Richardson observed it on the banks of the Saskatchewan, between Carlton and Ed- monton House Forts, in the latitude of 54, and Major Long's party found it growing on the borders of Rainy Lake, about latitude 49. On the banks of the Missouri, the limit of its southern range is the borders of the Platte, but it appeared to be most tabundant and fertile around Fort Mandan, or the Great Northern bend of the Missouri, in about the latitude of 48; here it becomes a small tree 12 to 18 feet in height, and when adorned with its brilliant scarlet berries, produced in thick clus- ters so as almost to conceal the branches, few objects are more ornamental, contrasted also with the silvery hue of the leaves, which reminds one of the useful olive; it presents at once an appearance both striking and novel. Amongst the natives and Canadian voyageurs it has several different names. According to Lewis and Clarke, it was known on the Missouri, to the natives, by the name of the Rabbit Berry, from being fed on probably by those animals, and it was met with by their party in the gorges of the Rocky Mountains. Rich- ardson says the Creek Indians give it a name which signifies Bloody Berry, (Metheoo-meeva,) from the sin- gular redness and transparency of its fruit. The Cana- dian voyageurs called it Graissc de bmtfy or Buffaloe-fat, from the imaginary relish of the berries, or from the practice of mixing them with their fat pounded meat or pemican. In 1815 I introduced a plant into the Liverpool botanic garden, but being kept in the greenhouse, it was, I presume, killed with kindness, and was soon lost. About 12 or 15 years ago, my friends Messrs. Wind- ships, of Brighton, in Massachusetts, in the vicinity of RABBIT BERRY. 121 Boston, obtained a few seeds of the ShepJwrdia from the banks of the Missouri, which growing, gave origin to all the plants now in the United States and in Europe. A standard tree, at this time growing in their nursery, is quite as large as an ordinary Apple-tree of the same age, and it is yet very vigorous and increasing in size. It is, I believe, about 20 feet high, with a handsome erect trunk, clothed with a somewhat smooth bark, and presents an appearance of the most vigorous health. Its resemblance to the Olive is very striking; it has a rounded uniform elegant summit, and when in fruit, which is at the close of summer, scarcely any thing can be more brilliant, from the load of berries with which it is every where clad; these are about the size of small red currants, juicy, but not watery, of a pleasant sub- acid taste, mixed with a sweetness, which renders them generally agreeable. Made into sweet jelly, in the manner of currants, they are thought preferable by most who have tasted them. But the great use of the Shep- herdia will be for constructing hedges or live fences, at least in the Northern States where it thrives well. Kept down by cutting it becomes sufficiently close, and has also the advantage of being thorny, green, or rather silvery, till late in autumn, and it is attacked by no insect, nor subject to any disease or blight. The berries are greedily devoured by all the autumnal birds, particularly Robins and Blue-birds, who flock round the tree in throngs while any thing remains to be had. In its native state it is a small, rather narrow topped tree, with the branches ending in stout spines. The leaves are oblong-ovate, obtuse, shortly petiolate, on both sides free from hairs, but covered with peltate or rounded scales, which (through a lens) appear to be ciliated. The flowers, which come out as early as in 16 122 RABBIT BERRY. March, arc in clusters. The calyx of the male flower is considerably larger than that of the female, and divided down to the base into four subovate, obtuse divisions, internally yellowish, but outside scaly like the leaves. The stamens are eight, with oftentimes rather short pubescent filaments; the anthers are oblong and 2- celled. The female flowers are smaller and shortly pedunculate, without any vestiges of stamens. There is one style, and a thickish, oblique, subelliptic stigma. The germ appears inferior, but is, in fact, only invested by the tube of the calyx. The berries are collected into clusters, and are sparingly scattered with scales, but bright and pellucid. The seed, or rather nut. with a cartilaginous shell, is subovate and shining, much like that of Hippophae, it is also scored externally as if partly 2-lobed, with a small projection at the base. The embryo is straight and flat, without albumen, and the radicle inferior. The cotyledons are large, thick and oval. Mr. Wyeth, in the Rocky Mountains, observed a variety of this species with yellow berries. Plate XXXV. A branch of the natural size. y A second species of this genus is the SHEPHERDIA canadensis, or Canadian Shepherdia, with elliptic-ovate leaves, nearly smooth above and naked beneath, clothed with stellate hairs and ferrugi- nous scales, the flowers are also in axillary spikes. This species, it appears from Hooker, ranges far to the north, throughout Canada to Fort Franklin, on Mackenzie River, and from Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. In the State of New York I have CANADIAN SHEPHERDIA. 123 met with it on the borders of the smaller inland lakes, as well as on the shores of Lake Erie; but this species scarcely becomes a tree, is without thorns, and the berries, though equally brilliant M'ith the preceding, are rather unpleasant to the taste. On the authority of Menzies it is said also to exist on the North West coast, but I have not seen it there. ■ 1 I XIMENIA.t (Plumier.) Natural Order, OLAciNEiE. Linnaoan Classification, OcTANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. Calyx 4-toothcd, minute, persistent, not enlarging. Petals 4, densely pilose within, connivent, above revolute. Stamens 8, the filaments capillary, anthers adnatc, long and linear, not cxscrted. Ovary 4-celled, 4-seeded. Style 1. Drupe ovate, 1-secdcd. — Decand. 1. p. 533. Tropical trees or shrubs, with smooth, alternate, entire, ellip- tical or ovate, exstijiulate leaves; flowers mostly in small axillary umbels. MOUNTAIN PLUM. XIMENIA AMERICANA, spinosa, foliis oblongis, pedunciilis multijluris. — Linn. Sp. PL Hort. ClifT. 1193. Swartz, Obs. p. 149. Decand. Prod., vol. 1. p. 533. a. ovata, foliis ovatis. X. midtljloru. Jacquin, Amer. p. 106. t. 277. fig. 31. Lamarck, Illnst. tab. 297. fig. 1. XiMENiA montana. Macfadyen, Flora of Jamaica, p. 121, a variety, however, without thorns. XiMENiA aculeata, Jlore villoso, fructu luteo. Plumier, Gcner. p. 6. Ic. 261. fig. 1. This plant forms a small tree with an erect stem and spreading, grey, verrucosa and somewhat angular branches. It is indigenous to the mountains of Jamaica, t Named in honour of Francis Xiiacnes, a Spanish naturalist and missionary. J.\.X.^V| 4^l«u- -•''•''^i^- :^'f'^>. ;-ita :":;■. -•'.*•■ ■ " "'.'It.; ■•■%:■ -^;^. W-^- , •^■!i---« .fJS^- -. ; -r. ■f^ ■ -.-■r.-s.' **.; ^!i ?= A 3r\ f % ■f .f. '• M.' '' I .. ,.7r3S6a». yW/'.tt^ufiitJ/ /'/i./T-r 4,..,...,,, .-tjrrr't, ,1 n.. I Af r \ ! A s'V \\'. !'!,l '-y. >. ,\. 'U . . '''. ••;;/_»••■ !!■ i .' '1 it- I Ki HI- rixxitvi . ii.iC M'lM »'■.:. Sm.laii ci [iillLrtiil-? JWbunioJUi Plurrt- inieiua -Americana. Jiimfttit' jimertraine. p«~**asafepp.j«;.,fta,^ MOUNiAIN PLUM. 125 Key West in Florida, where it was found by Dr. Blod- gett, and is also met with in the neighbourhood of Carthagcna, in Ilispaniola, and many years ago it was collected in the interior of East Florida by John Bar- tram, as Mr. A. Gray saw specimens of it in his collec- tion still extant. According to Drs. Wight and Rox- burgh it is also indigenous to the coast of India. It bears a drupe the size of the Plum of Europe, or of a pigeon's egg, yellow, smooth, and shining, 1-sceded, with a thin rind and watery pulp of a pleasant sweet subacid taste. The seed is large and white. This Plum is of an agreeable flavour, and not inferior to the common varieties of that of Europe; it has a slight degree of astringency with a pleasant acidity. The flowers have a fragrant odour said to be like that of frankincense. The wood is as yellow as that of the San- dal, and, in India, its powder is often substituted for it by the Brahmins in their religious ceremonies. The leaves grow 2 or 3 together, on short, lateral, tuberculoid branchlets; they are petiolate, oblong-lance- olate, obtuse and narrowed below, smooth, obscurely veined, about 2 or 2i inches long, and less than an inch broad. The flowers are disposed in small pedunculated axillary and subterminal umbels, the umbels 3 or 4- flowered. The calyx is minute and 4-toothed. Petals 4, linear-oblong, conniving into a tube below, recurved at the apex, and covered with rather long and dense brownish-yellow hairs within. Stamens 8, as long as the petals, the filaments like the most delicate threads, the anthers long and linear, ovary 8-angled at the base, conical and subulate, with the style as long as the sta- mens. Plate XXXVI. A branch of the natural size. a. The fruit. MACLURA,t "ECU, 1et«and«ia. Pimm Dro:,,,o„,._j, ^ 'actesccnt trpn ..^j . , ^«'- yc'lo.v woo , It^^'' ^° ^''« F"«tic, and with no , • I-ovnoy's Encvr? „r la ' ^<^"- Amor vnl o (E:";r'3f7'"-»' '<> s, rr '^r; ■?"- '-»™ ^ ^-^P-SH. ' ^- c. -fc-ATON's ManuaJ, This rcmarkabJo trop th u -^ .^^;^^^^ perfectly thriving and t Jn honour of flm i i -—_ __ 'tP i L,t t'>e r«/y;r 4.clcft. " g'obular amcnts; '"g'-aftcd together. ^'•'v;/* nuniorous, ' globular berry of with nearly simi- wjtbout stipuJes, "ovvcrs in pedun- •nicosc and large, sb-yclloAv or yel- '"guished by the WOOD. 'Vol. 2. p. 234^ •''G. Arboretum «' J227, 1228. ton's Manual, thriving and Josopher, and > 1 ■".uiibv. .. .. ■ ■■ , ^ ^A*,^ . : ^■fev. ";^- • -.":■/,■; ' ■ ■ ■ , i'- ■•■ '4m ;\ r-^ ■'ii/-.., v * ^•■:^ i/- 'Nik / ...i^" % #^^^fi- '■•jifii vi' / ■ 'H. i%: \l *n V. ;. ii'i.» 1 ■"'*'•■''/ '. i}r,! V • ■ 'I *?■ '•■•■>.l I, -.; \.' I f. . 'I; -■■■., \ . .'!(;);•' ■. '■' ■ '!■(•>:; ■ifNs |, f M -is >■■'• i i , > ■<'ll 1. i-;r. !• ■ ' ...i *•; .{,.;.,■, S TTW^^TTeT ^.•«y« <>>v«,„.:^ *^^"^" Auraniiaca /fait c/1.4ri J PIXXXVUI i' 0' t TW7^"1X Sinuloiri tilth Ma.chira Aura-nliaca. I'l.XStVUl (>■ ,'' V !;,■■:• \V l! i .- t I .j./'cr ;:h . ■: 1 \ -V 'If •: riip <■•,.. , nvi ■- iik'" ;v:' ^ ■ 1^- • -. ' • ! tht ! - .M '^' lO:^.-' ■■•■• 1:' ' - in tj,' r :•■■;; Mi-^'v:r . .-! '^ ..p,1 u;., -1.. !'l. .Ill- ;(■•.( I '•. 1 1 - •Hi. vi:. ;. ; .t A S-!'*. J 1 x_..»^'.yj ■".\4^, >:: , :* iv, ■|i.;.j!|;i'k" ^\\-.i!l ;:V": liiiiif "»- J •■ m.: A- if: v.- :• \ ^ 1^ •;■. ■ !''■ '1 s Vt.irlu:. 1 ly. , . iiM.t ■•(! >?,.,„ ,^' y,v AwwaBujimiBia^MLm Wirwa?!T!35!SJ OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW-WOOD. 127 hardy in the climate of Philadelphia, raised from seeds, does not naturally extend to the north of the Arkansa river; it is even there of rare occurrence, and generally destitute of fruit. We saw a few old ill-grown trees on the banks of the Pottoe, a few miles from Fort Smith. It was only on the rich low bottom lands of Red River, near the confluence of the Kiamesha, that we beheld the Madura in perfection, forming a great part of the prevailing umbrageous forest, and attaining an elevation of 50 or 60 feet, by a diameter of between 2 and 3 feet. It is, however, much inclined, when full grown, to throw out irregular spreading limbs of considerable extent, though at first it presents a very elegant roundish spreading summit. But at all times it strikes the be- holder as something remarkable in the northern forest by the beauty and splendour of its dark and shining foliage, which in appearance strongly resembles that of the Orange, and the numerous spines which the branches present seem to confirm the comparison. The fruit is alike singular, resembling full grown yellowish-green Oranges, but filled with a milky juice, and, as they ripen at intervals, or become abortive, the ground beneath, like an orchard, is strewn with this curious fruit, which, when first discovered, lying neglected beneath the tree, led the voyagers to fear and report it as a poison; but the family to which it appertains and its relation to the Mulberry, aflfords a presumptive sanction for its harm- less qualities. The Madura was first noticed by Hunter and Dunbar in their voyage up Red River, on the banks of the I jttle Missouri, of the Washita River, also near Natchitoches, and upon the banks of the Arkansa. It was likewise observed by Dr. James, in Major Long's Expedition, along the banks of the Arkansa and the Canadian. I first saw living plants, bearing fruit, about the year 1810, ^M tMiMSiSm,. 128 OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW-WOOD. in the garden of Mr. Chouteau, at St. Louis, which were raised from seeds collected in the country of thcOsagcs. It was afterwards introduced into the garden of tiic late Mr. M'Mahon of Philadelphia, from seeds collected by Governor Lewis. The largest tree I have seen in cul- tivation is in the garden of Mr. Thomas (now David) Landreth, in Federal Street, Philadelphia. It is about 20 foet high and 5i in circumference. This tree has for many years born fruit, but the seeds have only of late been perfected, in consequence of the absence of the staminiferous individual, on the accession of which, how- ever, it produced abundance of seeds nearly as large as those of the Orange, and much of the same form; these were indicated in the fruit by an unusual projec- tion of the external tubercles. The wood of the Madura is solid, heavy, and elastic, of a fine yellow colour, which, like the Fustic, it readily communicates to water, and it might consequently be used as a dye. It is also capable of receiving a fine polish, and resembles satin-wood by its brilliant gloss. The elasticity and durability of its wood has long been celebrated by the Indians, who, from its use, have be- stowed upon it the nanic of Bow-wood, and the Cana- dians, who traversed these regions in quest of furs, knew it long by the name of the Bois dWc. The bark, as in Broussonetia^ affords a fine white flax. Another important use of the Madura, in this climate, is that of forming live fences or hedges, for which purpose it is well adapted, as it bears cutting, grows close, and is very thorny, as well as free from the attacks of blight and insects; it has all the advantage of keeping for a long time green, and appears, in all respects, as elegant a fence as that of the Wild Orange in the south. It has, besides, an additional recommendation in its use OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD. 129 ight for feeding silk worms, for which purpose it is scarcely inferior to tho famous Mortis Muiticavlis.'t The branches are flexuous and round, clothed with a smooth grey bark. The leaves are alternate, upon long foot-stalks, and arc usually oval and acuminated; on the bearing branches they arc, however, often considerably larger and heart-shaped at the base, very entire, with the point mucronated and a little pungent, the upper surface is smooth and shining, but the petiole and nerves on the under side of the leaf are somewhat hir- sutely pubescent. The petiole is often an inch or more long; the leaf itself 2 to 4 inches, and H to 3 inches wide. The staminiferous plant appears uniformly weaker, more delicate, and smaller leaved than the fertile plant. The flowers in it are axillary, in pedunculated small umbels, each umbel containing about 15 to 20 flowers, consisting merely of a small 4-cleft calyx, with oval hairy segments, and 4 stamens, on lengthened and ex- serted filaments. The anthers are 2-celled, large and oval, opening lengthwise. In both plants, single, undi- vided thorns come out in the upper axills of the leaves. The female capitulum consists of a congeries of flowers united into a globular form, about the size of a cherry; these consist also in a calyx of 4 divisions, but less regular than in the male. The styles and stigmas, one to each germ, are f of an inch long, giving to the ament the appearance of a tuft of long pubescent threads. The berry filled with a milky juice, becomes about the size of a moderate but not large Orange, having an irregular tessellated appearance, almost like that of the Bread-fruit; these tessellations are the unduly enlarged t Different opinions are now entertained of the value of the leaves of the Madura as a food for silk-worms, some approving and others discouraging their use. 17 130 OSAGE ORANGE, OR YELLOW WOOD. fleshy summita of the segments of the calyx. The whole of the calyccM, nt a short distance below the immediate surface, become partly engrafted together into one mass, and a transverse section of the fruit, therefore, presents a series of radiating and woody fibres, amongst which are immersed the one-seeded germs. The seeds are obovate, compressed, and nearly as large as those of the Orange. The testa is yellowish-white and car- tilaginous; there is no albumen, and the seed is of a yellowish-brown, pendulous, with the radicle inverted from the axis of the fruit, and curved partly over the margin of the thick and fleshy cotyledones towards the point occupied by the hylum. The fruit, when ripe, is succulent, has a sweetish but insipid taste, and is some- what acrid. As far as we know, it is not eaten by any animal. It is readily propagated by sowing the seeds, and also by cuttings of the root, which grow much more readily than cuttings of the branches. Although several male plants were raised in this vicinity, it is singular to re- mark, that while the fertile plant is in its utmost vigour, very few of the former survive; and as their presence is necessary for fertility, it probably would be the best way to ingraft the male on some one of the branches of the bearing plant. Plate XXXVII. A branch of the male plant of the natural size a. flower a little enlarged, b. The female capitulum. The male Plate XXXVIII. The fruit of the natural size. a. A transverse section of the same. b. The appearance of the abortive germs in the section. c. The seed with the testa, d. The same divested of the testa. e. The embryo, f. The back view of the same. olo [itO mo ro, }(Is 5SC ar- ' a ted the :ho . is le- ny Iso iiy ale re- ur, is est of OSACR ORANGE, OH YRLLOW WOOD. 131 Besides the Fi<,% we liave, in tit is interesting family of plants, the famous Bread-fruit of India and tlio islands of the Pacific. The Cow Tree, or Palo do Vaca of South America, which is tapped like a foun- tain, and yields a copious supply of rich and wholesome milk. The nuts of the /i/o.s/mMwi alcicaslritm, when roast- ed, arc used in the place of hread, in the West Indies, and have a taste similar to that of Hazel-nuts: the juico of all the plants of this family also contains more or less of caoutchouc. Amidst this generally harmless group of plants, it is singular to find the deadly Upas of Java, {Antiaris toxicaria,) whose inspissated juice is found to contain that most virulent of all poisonous principles, strychnia. It is, however, somewhat doubtful what tho real affinities of this plant are, as it is acknowledged to be an anomaly in the family. ale :he 311. ita. >M».««U NETTLE TREE. Natural Order, Ulmackj^, (Mirl)cl.) Linuaian Classifica- tion, POLYOAMIA, DkKCIA. CELTIS,t (Linn.) Flowers polyoamous. — Stmninatc flower with the calyx 5 or 6-parte(l. Corolla none. Stamens 4 to 7. Perfect floiver with the calyx dccj)ly .5-parte(l. No corolla. Ovarium 1- ccllctl; the ovules solitary and pendulous. Style very short; stigmas 2, thickish, subulate, and spreading. Drupe globu- lar, 1 -seeded, thinly coated with a sweetish pulp. Embryo inverted. Cotyledones folded. The genus within its proper bounds includes deciduous leaved trees of South Europe, the Levant, the mountains of Nepal and Cuba, and the forests of the United States. The true Celtides have alternate, entire, deciduous, and mostly cordate leaves, generally oblique at the base, 3-nerved, entire, but mostly ser- rated on the margin. The stipules are membranaceous and deci- duous. The flowers are precocious, or appear before the expan- sion of the leaves, with a film-like irregularly torn membranous perianth, the staminiferous ones near the base of the branchlet pedicellate, and 3 or 4 together. The fertile flov/ers are solitary and axillary, on short peduncles. The drupes brownish-yellow, rather sweet, insipid, and nearly juiceless. For the tropical species with axillary cymes coeval with the leaves, 2 distinct styles and an ovary with 2 ovules, I propose the name of Trachydendron, (in allusion to their rough pubes- t The ancient name of the Lotus, applied to this genus by Linnaeus. n XXXIX, K.JM.cnig del. lirl.ur .-.n,rh?liiJ» . ,, , ^ Celtis i-rrticulaia -^ . . . riXXXDL ► •'-•••. • •'■:■*.. ^;.J■^^,K rnvi: j i.' u k i'5 ■■• , , '•■ ■ '"'• .' ■•• I-'.' '• .i '.'JDj^h fif.' ■ '■VUi..L LI. iM.v ' ' ' •" • i;!T, 1 '.( *!!'■•. • • • • , . ■- •- ■ ■ ■ ':.'-■ .,■!,. 1 i ''•■io. ri.r . ! ir- ■ ,i, tf. ■ : ,, ., . ,1 •:^r, -"fj/l^': ,.,.%. '/'■ ' '■_. ' ji lJ.■■ -. i\v ij;^^ ii. 1... Mm;-. : ..-^..,\ ^ -^a;^ rJ!.- !>:.,n; - i -• •■ 'Ituf !..c. . ■'»,.■. r ■-r\Ci] ■■, Uu ! *n,, Hi;; -.r -! ■ ' ' Icav. ji?'. o> ■ '.-■ ■■ Jiriu ,1 ii.iU . - •;!.!• -carcciv it'-O'-^ • . uiih i -v' r .!'.;•. - lc-',v;)it!- t')!' i)f>i- • ■' !-he ■>■ ,. ' a ;i; !!;;'>»"; "if ;;•:• i(^;iv- - ii:;i; h, .,} .-, .- :,' •\n -err.: ^'1- .■•' t:,, -. . .■: : . - "',,,'.-• UU!i- "<.>i. I'M .(■ '* i ' '-r ^ ••■!. 0: Uu- i). u^.i.^.^hPliil* 'i VnXIN .^ m^-- -."-;'•" -i::!?^ ;^vtV ' '*5. *. » ' ■■-■■ ■* p' i *- I i *■: i ■ /, ■■-^■V r. T'Ur ': VSXiX ► ■•m SMALL LEAVED NETTLE TREE. 133 cent leaves and twigs.) Most of these species have a tough fibrous bark of the nature of hemp. SMALL LEAVED NETTLE TREE. CELTIS RETICULATA, foUk brcvibus, lato-cordatis, subcoria- ceis, vix et irregiilariter serratis acutis basi obliquis sca- bris, subtus subglabris vents elevatis reticiilatis, peduncu- lis fructiferis unifloris. Celtis reticulata. Tohrey, in Annals of Lyceum, N. Y , vol 2. p. 247. This low growing species of Nettle tree was dis- covered by Dr. James near the base of the Rocky Mountains; I likewise met with it in the same moun- tain range, by small streams, and also along the borders of the Oregon, towards the Blue Mountains, particularly along the banks of the Brulee, a small stream falling into that river. It does not, in the situations where we observed it, become a timber tree, but rather a tall shrub, full of slender, and, at length, smooth branches. The leaves become thick and rigid, and are about an inch and a half long, by less than an inch wide, acute, but scarcely acuminate, with a few irregular serratures towards the point of the leaf, though a number of the leaves may be observed possessing no serratures at all; the upper surface is shining and scabrous, beneath the leaves are pubescent along the nerves, though at length nearly quite smooth; the petioles are 1 or 2 lines long and pubescent; the base of the leaf is very oblique, rounded and slightly sinuated. The drupe is globose] solitary, brownish-yellow, on a short peduncle. Of the wood of this species nothing is yet known. Plate XXXIX. A branch of the natural size. V'i.r l.M ■ ■-•41 il LONG LEAVED NETTLE TREE. '.a^nrif^^^^^^^^^^ «« « TO roe,, i„. «'!'!" from St. [„„i, ,J ZZ'" r^'^" "'« Missis- ••'n.l not deeply cleft bark in 2 ^ "" '""'• "' o™" -'">mi«, at once dis.ingu hlf tt™'' °' "^ "^P'"""" Common Hack-Berry. like ,„ ,f 'P""^'"-' fro™ the (confined »i,|,i„ i„ proper iiL?\?u" ''^^f °*" ""e genus, flowers appear earlv in To '^ ""^ '"significant filmy yellowish-brown. The T 'ves't ^ '■",™°°''' -"^ consistence, and rcmarkahlc7ortl,n ™°?' "<■ " ""- ncummated points, of an ovll^'''"™S*<"'"'cir fo'-ni, subtended by dccid„™™ .■ , "'™"=-'anceolate pubescent beneath, partc^tlvM ''"'f ' ""'' »' «'« O' veins; at length a'^mSsoh.fr "'" '"S*^ ^^^^^k scabrous either above or tetth t'^""""*. "' "° ""'« the margin. The length k ^i" ,' ?"'' "''""> «'"*'•« on by 1 to U wide. The Ob a ,^;'fr ^ '" ^* '"^be^ corrfing to the positio7of theTr "'?, """^'^ ^^^ "c- fi-t developed 'are n "arly e „ "atT "'" '"''"'■^''^ ">»«« 'E TREE. ohtlis promisfie acn- yM,ri,sbaslrotnn. ^'* frvctiferh vm- r. Gen. Am., vol. i. ' GO or 70 feet, i„. >ordcr the Missis- tJ'Gsea. Its even ce of its aspiring Pecics from the est of the genus, ^significant filmy ■e the expansion 're smooth and 50th, of a thin t length of their >vate-IanceoIate » and at first e large vessels oth, at no time 'ioJJ}/ entire on • to 3^ inches •ase varies ac- branch; those and of a lan- der, and more ifiles about 3 the females PI.AL ' ///,\'f// /:t' y../^ . I'clli.s loi)oiioli/i. Pl.AL ..... ;i ■ " I u. '^■K /■% '^'■'.■■. :». ' ii^ % '':\f.,'-^'*'^ ■^}«t- M ;«>' vv :;"''-^if'N •*":*: -H"i C''3- ^;|w *■ Mi^; ''■=";^i;r''i'i ""m. It-- fc :l WAw^ i.tM^Mt ) 'Mi ■/.■•.•-■/.■ ,y i\H/'.- . 'vtii' ... «.,-.«*—■♦■* 1 5.1 n ■ ^K-'/V W,N LEAVED NEtTLE«EB. r^:7 'X stamen, avc Iron. tc. 7. ^^^^_^ __,,„„ spccicB bcais a clo ^^^^^^^ ish-ycUow, on a bhort p Plate ^l"- Al«nchof*cn»mrf»i^c. THIN LEi^VED NETTLE TREF. "^r,: °P*o ot Sy-op. M;j::-p,o,aCc,tnc. p. ISO. C^.ri^pumda. P-«^^' occiJ.nf«/i«. i« often T„,B species, nearly *d to ^^^^^^^^^^ Fcrry,m Je a shrub than a ^r^; J.^l^bom-ing mountamB turcs, m*-" 136 THIN LEAVED NETTLE TREE. Tho berries arc solitary, brown and glaucous. It is, perhaps, little more than a variety of C. occidentalis. The American Nettle Tree, {"Ccllis occidentalism) occurs in almost every part of Massachusetts, and I know a tree of it, east of the Connecticut River, nearly five feet in diameter." G. B. Emerson, Esq. Thick-leaved Nettle Tree or Hackrerry, {Ccltis crassi/otia.) This species is readily distinguished by the large size, thickness and roughness of the leaves; they are often full 6 inches long, by more than 3 inches wide. The flowers, which are very numerous, (in the trees of the forests of Kentucky,) appear long before the de- velopement of the leaves, and are subtended by broad caducous bractes. The divisions of the calyx are epathulate, cucuUate, scarcely torn, and not ciliate. The fruit, as well as the flowers, from the falling of the small leaves which accompany it, often appears disposed in racemes. The drupes are dark brown, nearly black. This species also admits of some variety. In some the leaves are larger and more pubescent or even hirsute, while others are nearly smooth when adult. The wood of the Nettle Tree of Europe is blnckish, hard and compact, heavy and M'ithout sap-wood. It is so pliable and tenacious, that it will bend much without breaking; it therefore makes a good wood for the shafts of carriages and other uses of the wheelwright. It forms hoops which are very durable; and it is said, that after ebony and box, it surpasses all others in durability, strength and beauty. It is likewise unattacked by worms; and is esteemed for works of sculpture, as it neither contracts nor cracks. The roots serve as a die for linen stuff's; and an oil has been obtained from the seeds very similar to that of sweet almonds. END OP vol. I. It is, italis. cntalis,) , and I , nearly {Ccllls by the s; they IS wide, rees of he de- r broad yx are cihatc. of the isposed black, me the lirsute, ^ckish, It is nthout shafts forms t after ibility, ed by , as it I a die •m the