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Till'; TROl'llY 
 
 Eniccrr.u ix tiik mipdi.i; ok tiii; canadiav section, 
 
 IX TltE AXNKX!-: 1)U IIOUK I)K I.'DAf, COMTOSKl) Ul' TIIK t'ONTIilllLTIOXS 
 
 or Tin; KxiiiiiiTi>ii» oi- i-iiri;st!ai, riioDrcTDxs. 
 
AT TUB 
 
 UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION 
 
 OF 
 
 1 8 5 5 
 
 iprinleb bji orbcr of tijc Ccgislatioe Assemble. 
 
 
 TORONTO: 
 
 PRINTED BY JOHN LOVKLL, Y(3NGE STREET, 
 
 1856. 
 
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COMMUNICATION OP THE REPORT 
 
 TO 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR GENERAL, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. 0. TACHi:, 
 
 SKOBETAEY TO THE BXECTJTIVE COMMITTEE. 
 
 
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TO HIS KXCELLKNCY 
 
 STlt EDMUND WALKER. [lEAD, 
 
 ©oucvuor (General of t\)( Jprooiucco of ijritisi) 2Corll) "^mcxica, 
 
 &c. &o. &c. 
 May it i'lkasr Your I'xcellkncy : 
 
 The Executive Committee who were chnrged with the manngcment 
 of the Camidian I'^xhibition, held in view of fhc Universal Exliibition in 
 Paris, in 1855, decmin"? that their duties are now completed, have (Mssolved, 
 having directed me as their Secretary to present, the lind Ilcpurt of their 
 proceed ingji. 
 
 I have the honor to transmit to you as forming part ol my Report, the 
 documents f(;llowinrr, which contain the history of t'le Canadian Exhibi- 
 tion of 1855, nimely: — The Minutes of the Proceedincis of the first Commis- 
 sion, and tlie Minutes of the Executive Committee. 2nd. The Report of 
 the Secretary to the Committee, including the (hicision upon the Essays 
 submitted for competition. 3rd. A statement in detail underditlijrent heads 
 of the expenses incurred by the Comm'ttec, heinn; the report of the linancial 
 department of the Exhibition. 4th. My own report as Commissioner from 
 Canada to Paris, with iui ui)pendix containing copies of three works pub- 
 lislied at Paris on the occasion of the Exhibition, -IS letters on the subject 
 of the Exhibition, a complete C italogue of the prizes awarded to the different 
 countries, l)ein<f a rc'swmc of the official li.sts published iu tiie Monileur, and 
 also a statement of the sums received and expjuded by myself. 5th. A 
 report by Sir William Logan, with nppendiccs, comjn'ising a statement of 
 the distribution of the articles after the close of the exliibiiion, and a list of 
 the prizes awarded to Canada. 
 
 The Report made by William Gunn, ilsquirc. Treasurer of the Com- 
 mittee, the statement of the expenses incurred by Sir William Logan and 
 myself acting as Commissioners, and the voucher-i for all the monies paid 
 out, have been submitted for the approval of the Auditor of the Public 
 Accounts, and by him certified to be correct. 
 
 I have also forwarded to the Hon. the So'cretary of the Province, a case 
 
6 
 
 containing all the papers, correspondence, ducurnents and memoranda be- 
 longing to the Executive Committee. 
 
 I have been authorized to conclude some few matters, on account of 
 which the Committee did not think it necessary to continue their sittinj^s, 
 and thus delay the sending in of their report, after cotjtinuing their labors 
 for a period of eighteen months; these comprise a lew payments to be 
 m'lde of sums appropriated by the Committee, and ol some expenses, the 
 accounts for wliich have not as yet been sent in, amounting in the whole 
 to about two hundred pounds currency, to be paid out of the balance of 
 £044 2s. 4d. remaining in my hands. 
 
 I..m further directed to state thai the following articles, the property of 
 the Province, are safely deposited as lollows, viz., two fine specimens of 
 black walnut and sycamore in the hands ol' the Hon. John Young, at Mon- 
 treal ; a gold watch, a set of artificial teeth, and a model in silver of a fire 
 engine, in the hands of the Chairman of the Central Local Committee at 
 Toronto. 
 
 Several cases are expected which contain the articles enumerated in de- 
 tail in a list furnished by 8ir William Logan, as having been forwarded to 
 Canada. They consist in part of articles belonging to the Province and 
 partly of articles, the pro|)erty of individuals, for the restoration in good 
 order of which, the Executive Committee were responsible ; the freight of 
 these articles is yet to be paid, out of the balance in hand. 
 
 A collection of foreign grain brought from the Paris Exhibition, the 
 Committee have directed to be divided between the Boards of Agriculture 
 for Upper and Lower Canada. This collection having been addressed to 
 Montreal, the following gentlemen have been charged with its distribution, 
 viz.. Major Campbell, of St. Ililaire, Chairman of the Board of Agriculture 
 for Lower Canada, the Reverend Messire Villeneuve, Mr. J. Logan, and 
 Mr. Alfred Perry, of Montreal. The samples above referred to came for 
 the most part from the United Kingdom, Tuscany, Austria, and Algeria. I 
 have no doubt that experiments as to the comparative value of tliese dif- 
 ferent samples and their adaptation to the climate of Canada, will be con- 
 ducted in a manner which will be of service to Agriculture throughout the 
 land. 
 
 The whole respectfully submitted. 
 
 J. C. TACIIli;, 
 
 Secretary of the Canadian Executive Committee 
 
 for the Paris Exhibition. 
 Toronto, 2lst April, 1856. 
 
ABSTRACT 
 
 or TUB 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 PROCEEDINUS. 
 
 The communication in October, 1854, of the documents received from 
 the Lords composing the Board of Trade of London, by the Honorable P. 
 J. O. Chauveau, at that time Provincial Secretary, was the first signal 
 which aroused *he public to the necessity of having Canada represented at 
 the Exhibition in Paris. 
 
 On communication of those documents to the Legislative Assembly, a 
 Resolution was passed by that House, on motion of the Honorable Mr. 
 Young, in accordance with which, an Address was presented to His Ex- 
 cellency the Governor General, praying that His Excellency would be 
 pleased to take the necessary steps to secure a fitting representation of the* 
 products of the Country at the World's Exhibition of 1855. 
 
 Proceeding upon thi;^ Address, a proclamation was issucil, constituting 
 a Grand Provincial Committee, composed of gentlemen from all parts 
 of the Country, to whom was confided the care of taking the necessary 
 steps in the matter. 
 
 This Provincial Committee, composed of about two hundred persons, met 
 for the first time on the 30th of October, with Sir Allan Napier MacNabas 
 Chairman, and appointed a sub-Committee, to enquire into and report upon 
 the matter, on the following Thursday, the 2nd November. This Com- 
 mittee was composed of Sir Cusack Roney, the Honorables F. Hincks, P. 
 J. 0. Chauveau, T. Mackay, J. Young, Captain Rhodes and Messrs. J. W. 
 Gamble, J. C. Tache, J. Langton, E. W. Logan, de Rottermund, and C. J. 
 Laberge. 
 
 On the day appointed, the sub-Committee above mentioned presented 
 the following Report, which was adopted by the Provincial Committee. 
 
 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 The Committee appointed at the meeting of the Provincial Committee 
 held on the 31st ultimo, to suggest the course to be adopted to secure a 
 
.11 
 
 I: 
 
 prof^Pi- r«!f)rrs(Mitiitl()u of Caimdian products at the Parts Exliihition in 
 I8r)r>, have the honor to r('[)()rt : 
 
 Thiit a('t( r much considcratiuii and di9CU8.su>ti tlicyhuve arrived at the 
 <;onclii.sio:,s : 
 
 That it isahsolufely nt-cessary, in order to secure the vn(\ desired, that 
 HUthorily should l)e f^ivcn to the ['rovinci.ii ('(ttninittce to purchase such ar- 
 ticles as they deem csseiitini to ihat object. They are of opinion that any 
 Htternpt to induce voluntary ednrt fty means of local F'airs would he fruitless. 
 The experience of all who wero ;ictiv<dy <'ri^^a;?e(l in promoting th? ('anadinn 
 Kxhibltion at the World's p'.iir in Loiulon in iSf)!, is, that the success of the 
 present <fr()rt must depend entirely uj)on the energy and juil<^mont to be 
 displayed by an efllcicnt Executive to be aj)pointed by the Commissioners. 
 
 They would recommend that the Pro •'ncial C'ommittee should deh'gatc 
 their powers to an Executive Committee, to be composed of twenty-one 
 members, fifteen of whom should bo in fi position to give their attendance 
 at Quebec ; twt) should bo resident at or near I^Iontrcal, the remainder to 
 be gentlemen s])ccially connected with the industrial resources of Upper 
 
 Canada. 
 
 The Executive Committee shoul 1 ajjpoint their own (-hairman and 
 Secretary ; such Chairman and Secretary to be the Officers of the P''o. 
 vincial Committee. 
 
 They recommend the imm:^iliate selection of such Executive Committee, 
 and with a view to avoil any difficulties, they have venturetl to suggest 
 the names of twenty-one gentlemen, who would, in their opinion, be 
 efficient members of it, to wit : 
 
 The Honorable T. McKay, the Honorable N. F. I3elleau, the Honorable 
 F. Hineks. the Honorable J. Young, Mr. Gamble, M.P.P., Mr. Langton, 
 M.P.P., Mr.Cartier, M.P.P., Mr. Tache, M.P.P., Mr. Stevenson, M.P.P., 
 Mr. Brown, M.P.P., Mr.,Pthodes, M.P.P., Mr. A. A. Dorion, M.P.P., Sir 
 Cusack Roncy, Mr. Streev, Mr. E. W. Thompson, Mr. Hoi well, Mr. 
 Archambault, of L'Assomption, Mr. Matthie, Mr. Lugare, artist, Mr. L. 
 Denison, and Mr. Leemi ng. 
 
 They further recommend th it in communicating the appointment of 
 each member, enquiry should be made Irom him, whether he is j)re[)ared 
 to give his active services to the Committee, and in case he declines doing 
 so, or, after :iccepting, if he neglects attending three successive meetings of 
 the Con)mittee without lurnishin;; a satisfactory excuse, then that his seat 
 be considered vacant and the Committee at liberty to fill up the vacancy. 
 
 They recommend that the qm>rum of the Executive Committee ehall 
 be five. 
 
 The Committee do not deem it necessary to go into a detailed 
 
statomrni of tlicir viewn, us to the diiiirs «l<'volving upon llio T" ncutive 
 
 Cotnrnitt 
 
 »•(' 
 
 Tlioy wouUI however |)rol)!ihly in tlir first instance, detennine ns to 
 the <leseri|)tion Jind cla-^sidcijlion of the articles \vhieh it woJild be 
 expedient to oiler for exhibition : snh-Cetnniiltees inif^ht take charso of 
 the various clashes, and a.-sisted by tlie Loeal Cotninillees they will ren- 
 der less diilieult the selection of the ariieles and ihu irieans of obtaining 
 them. 
 
 The Cotntniltee consider that they should not omit to recotrimend 
 to the attention of the Executive Comiriittei' tlu- importance of securing 
 the publication of a work upon Canada, its productions nnd resources, 
 accoinpanied by a map, shewini» the t(eo<,Mii|Tliieal features of the 
 Country, and the diljerent routes followed by Kuropean cmigraltHi, cost 
 of passn^e, &e. 
 
 The Coinmillee suir^'esl that competition should be invited for such 
 work by the ofl'er of on«? «^r mere adequate prizes. 
 
 It has net fidlen within the province of this Committee \o enter 
 into the consideration of the amount which will be re(|uired \o eflcct the 
 objects contemp.-'ed. 
 
 They entertain no doubt however, that the sum re(|uired will be 
 obtained, to carry out ellicicntly a project which so seriously conc( 
 the advanliif^e and the best interests of the Province. 
 
 rnu 
 
 The whole ncverllielcss humbly submitted, 
 
 T. McK.W 
 
 Chiiirman of the sub-Committee. 
 
 By the adoption of this Kejiort, the Executive Committee of the 
 Canadian Exhibition in Paris, composed of the «(entlcmen whose names 
 it contains, became constituted. At a later period the IlonorabU; Mr. 
 Chauvcau, of Quebec, was added to the Executive Committee instead 
 of Mr. IloUvell, and Mr. Louis Ricard, instead of Mr. Archambnult, the 
 two gentlemen so replaced being absent. 
 
 On the very day of its formation, the Ex(>cutive Conimitlee held a 
 meeting and elected the [fonorable Francis llincksi, Chairman, Mr. .1. C. 
 Tacli6, Secretary, and VV. Gunn, Esquire, Treasurer. About ilie middle 
 of the following summer, 1855, Mr. Hincks having been appointed 
 Governor General of the Windward Islands, Captain Rhod{!S, of Quebec, 
 succeeded him as Chairman of the Committee. 
 
 On the 4th November, the Executive Committee published the 
 following regulation, to servo as a guide for the line of conduct to be 
 followed : 
 
10 
 
 THK KXECUTIVK COmMITTEK 
 
 Appointed to rnsiiro a fillinii; rcprrscntation of tlip indnslry and resoun^os 
 of Canada at tlic World's Exiiihifion to he ludd in l*aris in the year 
 1855, liav(! the honor to report : 
 
 That iho suecess of the present elj'ort to proenre a ereditabl^^ 
 t!xhil)ition of Canadian industry at the Paris Kxhibition nnist dej)end, 
 in a great degree, on the cordial and x(>alous eo-operation of the public 
 at large through the several Local Coinnnttees, It has been deemed 
 absoluiely necessary, in order to ensure luiily of action as well as 
 eflieieney, tha.t there t^hould be a Central Executive Committee, the 
 members of \vhi(!Ji, or at least a large majority of thcMU, should be able 
 to meet togeth(>r. The Executive Conunittec; will, however, be most 
 anxious at all times to receive the counsel and advicte of the Local 
 Conuuit'e"s. It is reetMumended that such I^oeal Conuuittecs be organi- 
 sed in the cdiief towns of each County in J^ower and llp|)er Canada, 
 and that tlu^y should lonsist of all members of cither Branch of the 
 Legislature, all Members of the Conmiission lately appointed by His 
 Ex(H'lleni;y the (Jovcrnor General, all Wardens, ]\!ayors and Reeves, the 
 IVofessors of incorporated Colleges, the Presidents and Secretaries of 
 Agriiailtural Soeieiies, and Presidents of Mechapics' Institutes or other 
 s(;ientilic bodies. The Connuilt<!es should have power to add to their 
 number, and it is hoped that in each locality, some one t)r more of the 
 classesjndicated will at onc(« organize a Local Committ(>e, the Secretary 
 of which should |)ut himself in conmninieation with the Secretary 
 of the Executive Connnittee, and give him all the information in his 
 power as to the (Mnploymenl of the people in his locality. Where any 
 special manufacture is carried on, it should b(; noticed, and accompanied 
 with any propositions which may b(^ made for its illustration. For 
 reasons which will be explained elsewhere, ii is proposed that at Mon- 
 treal and Toronto there should be Central Local Couuuittees, and as the 
 dnti(^s of these Coimnittees will be much mon; laborious and responsible, 
 they should be organised in a dillerent manner. It is proposed that 
 until further arrangements can be made, the resident members of the 
 Executive Committee should correspond with the Secretary, and that 
 they should sid)mit, with as little delay as j)ossible, the names of such 
 gentlem;Mi as may be eligible for serving on the Central Committee, 
 bearing in mind that the most important quali/ications, are the ability to 
 bo useful, active and energetic co-opcMation, and disconnection with 
 parlies likely to be exhibitors. Having provided ft)r the organization 
 of the l/ommiltees, the next subject for consideration is tlu; mode to be 
 
11 
 
 
 atloptfd to soeure a creditable representation of our industry at Paris. 
 The KxiU'iitive Conunittet; would earnestly press on tlu; piihlie the 
 importance of systematic, and, when practicable, scientirur anani^c- 
 ments. They be^ to call attention to the lollowinij; extracts from the 
 Juror's Reports on the London Exhibition. In the report of the .lurors 
 of Class 1, en mineral products, by Mr. Dufn-snoy, Member of the 
 Institute of FraiKre, Inspector (ieneral of Mines, iiic, it is said : 
 
 " Of all tlio lliilisli Coloiiiis, (Juimdii is Unit whose cxliiliitinii is tlic most iiitcroHling iiiul 
 coniploti!, iiiid line may <'vimi Miy lliul it is siipri ior, so fur as tlio mimral Uinjjilom is coiiccnied, 
 to all coimtrii's lliat liavc foiwaidod tluii' jirodiu'ts to the KxliiKilii'ii. 'I'l.ls ('(irius fi'om tlio 
 fiu't tlmt tlio 'Mllt'ctioii lias hccii made in asyslcmatii' maiiiKT, and llic ifsiill is, lliat tln' study 
 of it fiiniisln's till! incniis of approcialini^ at oiu'c tin- ;,'roloi,'ical stnu'luif and llic miiioiiil 
 rcsouri'cs of Canada. It is to Mr. Loy;an, oiw of tin- Mcmlioi's of tin- Jury, wlio tills llic oHice 
 of Ocoloj^iciil Surveyor of Canada, tlial wo an' indclitcd for this colloolion, and its vahm 
 arises from the fad llial lie has selected on the ^not most of the sjicciniiiis lliat have ho'ii 
 Hcnt fo (he K.vhihilion, and arranjjed them cinee their arrival in London." 
 
 Aij^ain, in the report of the .Furors of Chi.'-s ;5, " Sul)st;mces used as 
 food," by Dr. Hooker, it is .said: 
 
 "iMessrs. Law.son's eoUeclion ( xhihils the ear and !,'raiii of .'vc y vari.-ty of cereal and 
 also models of all the roots which it has hecn found |irac('.-alile to eii'.tivale in Scotland ; the 
 Bpeeimcn.s are heautifnl, and the an anf,'cmoiits seioMtitic and excellent. No consideration of 
 cost or tronlilc has hoeii allowed to iiiteifen! with providini,' all that is necessary to render 
 this collection a true and eoniiilctc illustration of the vc^'etahle products of Scotland. A 
 Couiu'il Medal has been awarded to Messrs. Lawsoii for their admirahly displayed, very 
 comiik'ie, iristruetivo and scicnlilii'uUy arraiiijeii collection of the alimeutary products of 
 Seothmd." 
 
 The .Furors of (Mass 4, in tlieir report on animal anil ve^elid)le 
 substiuices chielly used in manufactmcs, as implements, or ior orna- 
 ments, by Profcs.sor Owen, says: 
 
 " Anion>r (lie numerous sanijiles 4)f raw produce eonlribulcil l>y dilfi rent countriis, thcr'i 
 arc several oollertions of especial value which diiive addiiional merit from their coinplclenesH 
 and from the fact, that they illustrate the tnide and mauufactures of an entire couniiy. 'I'ho 
 importance of such ccdlcctions, not only in a eommereial hut lnastatisti<'al and Hcientitie jioint 
 of view, is very great., and the .lury therefore, being desirous of cxpresiing their approbation 
 of the praeti"al benefits to be deriveil from the t'ormation and study (d' riueh collections, and 
 Die adv.'intsigcs which the commercial and manul'aetm ing community may obtain liy their 
 means, have determined to recommend the award of the Council Medal to the Cioveriimeiita 
 of thos(( eouutrie.s. the natural producta of which were so instructively and completely 
 exhibited." 
 
 The three chisses above adverted to, comprise the ^retil sltipic pro- 
 ducts of C.anadii, her minerals, ai^rittultm-al products, and tinther, juid 
 the Committee hope that elibrts will be matle to ensure a satisfactory 
 representation of them. They wotdd likewise suiifu;est that the respective 
 manufactures should b(« illustrated, by exhibitint? the materiids in their 
 various stages, up to the hijjjhest point of perfection. Ft is most 
 important in the o|)inion of the ConmiittiH' that copies of the .Furors' 
 Report of the London Exhibition shoidd be ])laced within reach of as 
 
12 
 
 many as possible, and all persons desirous of exhibiting, are strongly 
 recommended to read such parls of that interesting work as may be 
 specially important to them. Those who have copies of this work are 
 revjtiested to place them at the temporary disposal of the Commitloe in 
 order that they may be distributed throughout the Country. 
 
 To assist the pul)lic as nuich as possible in the meantime, the Com- 
 mittee propose appcndingf to this report a concise table shcwin']; the 
 classification adoj ted at the IajucIom Exhibition, and the awards of the 
 Council Medals, also the names of Canadians who obtained Medals or 
 "Honorable Mention.'' A more detailed list ma}' l;e ijiven hereafter, l)ut 
 the Committee are anxious that as little delay as possible should take 
 place in developini^ their scheme to the ])ublic. 
 
 The Conunittec beino; of opinion that volimtary effort is not to be 
 relied on, have obtained the sanction of the Cimmissi-juers to the princi- 
 ple of pavinjj; for all articles sent to the Paris Exiilbition, i>iU at llie same 
 time they j)roposc that the contributors should receive all prizes or honors 
 which may be awarded to the articles sent by them. The iijreat difficulty 
 in carryinp; out the plan of purchasins;, is to avoid partiality, and the Com- 
 mittee have anxionsly considered this point, and have determined to 
 rcconmiend : 
 
 1. That all who have received prizes or honorable mention at the 
 London Exhibition in 1851, or the New York Exhibition of 1853, and all 
 who have received first prizes at cither of the Provincial Exhibitions of 
 Upper and Lower Canada in 185o atid 185-1, sliouM be invited to send 
 propositions to the Local Conunittces slatinji; whether they will send 
 specimens of their products and manufactures for exhibition to Montreal 
 or Toronto, on or Ijcfore 1st February next, payment to bo made for such 
 articles at the fair wholesale market valuo, to be decided in case of dispute 
 by the Jud;ics at the Local Exhibition. 
 
 2. The Local Committee may further recommend for consiileration a 
 proposition from any party who has received a first prize at any Local 
 Exhibition, which shall be referred to the sub-Committee of the Executive 
 Committee cliar-'cd with that branch of industry. 
 
 3. Li case of failure to obtain contributions from the above classes or 
 under special circumstances, the sutj-Committee may take such steps as 
 they may think best to ensure a proper representation of tiu .r ])articular 
 branch. By these means it is ho[)cd that public confidence will be in- 
 spired in the impartiality of the Committee. But it is proposed to go 
 further. The whole public are invited to com])ete at the Local Exhibi- 
 tions, at Montreal and Toronto, and any successful competitor will have 
 his contribiuion ])urchased on the same terms as those furnished by the 
 classes alrca'ly described. The Executive Committee do not bind them- 
 
13 
 
 selves to send to the Paris Exhibitior: jiny of the articles which ihev 
 engage to purchase. They must he guided by circumstances, such as the 
 extent of the ontributioii, the quantity of space allotted, &c., &c. The 
 articles not sent ^vill of course be resolil on account of the Commission. 
 The propositions made by the parties entitled to furnish articles under the 
 above regulations, must be as specific as possible, and must be forwarded 
 at once to the Secretary, so that the proper sub-Committee may dispose 
 of them. It will be advisable to prevent as much as possil)lc, similar 
 articles beiiig made by different manufacturers and mechanics. It is 
 hoped that no delay will now take place, and that the Local Committees 
 will be active in obtaining and promptly procuring the projKJsitions of 
 intended contributors. It is recommended that all the contributions be 
 sent to Montreal or Toronto, where they will be delivered free of expense 
 to the Central Committee at each place, and exhibited to the public at a 
 small admission price. Jurors will be appointed to aid the Committee in 
 determining on the articles to be sent to Paris, but no prizes will be 
 awarded. Such is the scheme which the Executive Committee are of 
 opinion will, if zealously supported by the Local Committees and the 
 public, ensure for Canada an honorable position at the great Paris Exhi- 
 bition. 
 
 F. IIINCKS, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 J. C. TACHfi, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 These regulations were numerously distributed to the public, together 
 with a classification of articles suitable for the Exhibition, and with 
 the following list of the sub-Committees chosen from among the Execu- 
 tive Committee, and specially charged with the duty of endeavoring to 
 obtain the articles belonging to their respective classes, accompanied also 
 by a notice to the l^ocal Committees. 
 
 Sub-Committee 1. — Mr. Langton, M. P. P., Chairman.— Messrs. Rhodes, 
 
 M. P. P., and Dorion, M. P. P. 
 Sub-Committee 2. — Mr. Rhodes, M. P. P., Chairman. — Messrs. Gamble, 
 
 M. P. P., E. W. Thompson, R. L. Denison and Archambault. 
 
 Sub-Committee 3. — Hon. Mr. Young, Chairman. — Hon. Mr. McKay, Hon. 
 
 Mr. Belleau, Mr. Langton, and Mr. Leeming. 
 Sub-Committee 4.— Mr. Dorion, M. P. P., Chairman. — Hon. Mi, McKay, 
 
 Sir Cusack Roney, Mr. Stevenson, M. P, P., and Mr. Holwell. 
 
 Sub-Committee 5.— Mr. Gamble, M.P.P., Chairman.— Mr. Carti':r, M.P.P. 
 Mr. Brown, M. P. P., Mr. Street, and Mr. Matthie. 
 
14 
 
 Sub-Committee 6.— Mr. Brown, M.P.P., Chairman. — Mr. Gamble, M.P.P. 
 
 Mr. Legare, Mr. Street and Mr. Lecming. 
 Sub-Committee 7. — Mr. Holwoll, Chairman. — Sir Cusack Roney, Hon. 
 
 Mr. Young, Mr. Stevenson, M.P.P., and Mr. Archambault. 
 Sub-Committee 8. — Hon. Mr. Belleau, Chairman. — Sir Cusack Roney. 
 Mr. Carticr, Hon. Mr, Young, and Mr. Legare. 
 
 "The Chairman and Secretary are ex officio members of all the Sub- 
 " Committees. 
 
 " The Local Committees are requested to report their formation as early 
 " as possible to the Secretary, and to offer such suggestions as they may think 
 " useful. No expenses are to be incurred without the written authority of 
 **the Chairman and Secretary of the Executive Committee. All proposals 
 "should be accompanied by an estimate of the probable cost. It must be 
 *' borne in mmd that the great object is to illustrate in the most sy.stematic 
 " manner the industrial resources of the Country. It has been found impos- 
 "sible to give the names of any of the parties entitled by the regul-^tions to 
 " contribute, except those who obtained rewards at the London and New 
 " York Exhibitions. Circulars will be sent to the others as soon as possible.'* 
 
 This appeal of the Executive Committee was responded to by the public, 
 and Local Committees were formed in different parts of Upper and Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 The Central Committees of Toronto and Montreal were constituted as 
 follows : 
 
 Montreal Committee: Messrs. H. Bulmer, Chairman, Louis Ricard and 
 W. Evans, Secretaries, W, E. Logan, the Honorable Mr. De Bleury, M. 
 I'Abbe ViJlensuve, Messrs. H. Lyman, V. Hudon, N. Valois, J. P. Litchfield, 
 W. Bartley, T. Do Is, A. Perry and A. Cantin. 
 
 Toronto Committee : Messrs. E. W. Thompson, Chairman, G. W. Allan, 
 Secretary, Buckland, Treasurer, Sheriff Jarvis, W. Armstrong, R. L. 
 Denison, T. Wheeler, J. Wheeler, W. Edwards, A. Ward, E. Musson, J. 
 Flemming, T. D. Harris, S. Thompson, J. Harrington, J. Pell, F. Cayley, 
 W. Gamble, Professors Wilson, Croft, Hind, Cherriman and Chapman, and 
 F. Cumberland. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEES. 
 
 One of the first acts of the Executive Committee was to open a compe- 
 tition with the view of obtaining a short and concise work on Canada, 
 having for its object to maka the foreigner acquainted with the Country. 
 The public were informed of the object of the Committee by the following 
 notice : 
 
 " The Executive Committee for the Paris Exhibition have deemed it im- 
 
15 
 
 portant to disseminate through Europe, fuller information ihan is generally 
 to be found in published works, upon the industrial condition and capabilities 
 of the Province, and have therefore decided upon offering for public com- 
 petition, three prizes of £160, £00 and £40 for the three best essays on 
 Canada and its resources, its Geological Structure, Geographical features. 
 Natural Products, Manufactures, Commerce, Social, Educational and 
 Political Institutions, and general statistics. 
 
 " In the treatment of the subject regard is to be had to the facilities for 
 transport both of goods and passengers between the mouth of the St. Law- 
 rence and the regions of the West, and to a comparison of these facilities, 
 as to cost and distance, with those offered by other routes. 
 
 "Persons desirous of competing for the above prizes must send in their 
 essays either in the French or English languages to the undersigned on or 
 before the 15th February next. Each rssa} to have a motto, a duplicate 
 of which must be inscribed on a sealed envelope, containing the name of 
 the author, and must accompany the essay. 
 
 •' The copyright of Prize Essays will be considered ih^ property of the 
 Committee. 
 
 "Practical utility and comprehensiveness, combined with conciseness, 
 vi'iW be among the chief considerations upon which the awards of the 
 Judges will be based. 
 
 " J. C. TACIlfi, 
 " Secretary of the Executive Committee. 
 
 "Quebec, 13th November, 1854." 
 
 Nineteen writers responded to this appeal ; the following is the Report 
 of the .Judges appointed by the Committee, and charged to decide as to the 
 respective merits of the essays, and also the final decision of His Excellency 
 Sir Edmund Head. 
 
 li' 
 
 t 
 
 KEPORT OF THE JUDGES. 
 
 The Committee to whom the Executive Committee on the Paris 
 Exhibition referred the selection of the Prize Essays on Canada, submit 
 the following Report : 
 
 The Committee have received from the Secretary nineteen Essays, 
 eighteen of which have been carefully considered, but the nineteenth is so 
 illegibly written that it has been quite impc'<sible to decipher it, without an 
 amount of time and pains, which the several members of the Committee 
 have been unable to give. 
 
 Of the eighteen Essays, the Committee have selected three with the 
 following mottoes : " Labor omnia vincii.'^ — ''tTattM ce que je racontey — 
 
16 
 
 and *• Virliite el lahore, dim spiro s;>ero"— as those which in their judgment 
 are entitled to prizes, but they have been unable to decide upon the order 
 in which they shall stand, as they are equally divided in opinion upon their 
 classification, and they therefore report them to the Executive Committee, 
 simply as prize worthy, considering it better not to make particular 
 reference to their notes, as to the position which each Essay should occupy 
 on the prize list. 
 
 In addition to these three Essays, the Committee recommend thosa 
 with the following mottoes : " Suam quisque pcllam portnt,'"—^' Leddit uhi 
 Cererem tellus inarata quolamiis" — and "./its with nai ions as with nature, she 
 knows 710 pause in progress or development^ and attaches her curse to all inac- 
 tion'' — to the favorable consideration of the Executive Committee, either as 
 deserving to be published at the public expense, or as entitlingtheir authors 
 to some gratuity to assist in their publication, as the Executive Committee 
 shall deem best, with the consent and at the option of the authors them- 
 selves. 
 
 The Committee have been most favorably impressed by several of the 
 remaining Essays, and while they have not considered it necessary to 
 make any further classification, they cannot avoid congratulating the 
 Country, that the opportunity hus been afforded to so many able writers, of 
 displaying the capabilities of this noble Province. 
 
 In conclusion, the Committee regret that their various avocations, 
 since they were named as Judges, have kept them so constantly engaged, 
 that they have not been able to give so close an attention to all these 
 Essays as they should have desired, but they have given them the most 
 careful perusal the time allotted would permit, and although there is not 
 one, even of those reported, without several errors of detail or description, 
 they have risen from their perusal with much gratification, arising as well 
 from the great amount of correct statistical information that has been 
 brought together, as from the agreeable and readable shape in which 
 much of it has been prepared for the public eye. 
 
 (Signed,) 
 
 J. HILLYARD CAMERON, 
 
 D. B. STEVENSON, 
 ROBERT CHRISTIE, 
 
 E. PARENT, 
 
 L. H. HOLTON, 
 A. N. MORIN. 
 
 Quebec, 23rd April, 1855. 
 
17 
 
 Tho opinions of iho Judges whoso decision we have just given, being 
 equally divided ns to tlie merits (f iho three works, selected as superior to 
 the olheis ; the Committee prayrd Ilis Excellency the Governor General, 
 Sir Edmund Head, to examine the three manuscripts, and to give as a 
 decision whicii should bj final, hi::i opinion as to the rank which each essay 
 should occupy, with respect to tl.ctwo others. 
 
 The following is the dcci: iou of His Excellency ; — 
 The Governor General having carefully perused and considered the 
 Essays placed in his handd by the Jud^;e,s, assigns the first place to that, 
 bearing the motto 
 
 '' Labor onmia vlncit." 
 
 The other two, though very diffjrerit in character, he has great difficulty 
 in placing. The Frci.eh Eio^y (J'ai vu ce ([ue je racontc,) is more reada- 
 ble, aud in sonic respects prcrcruulc to the English one, 
 
 " Yirtute et bborc duni spiro, spero." 
 
 On the otlier hand, the English is more systematic and concise, and for 
 purposes of reference conveys more infornialion ; and if it is impossible to 
 treat them as equal, which Ills Excellency would willingly do, it secnu 
 proper to a<;sig!i the second prize to the latter of the two, and the third to 
 the French. 
 
 1st Ma} , 1855. 
 
 (Signed,) 
 
 EDMUN.) lUlAD. 
 
 The Executive Oonimlttcc have, therefore, to announce tliat the Firat 
 Prize is awarded to John Sheridan Hogan, Escpiirc, author of the Essay 
 bearing the motto "irtto?- omnia vinciC the Second Prize to Alexander Morris 
 Esquire, of Montreal, with the motto, " Virtute et lahorc, dum spiro, 
 spcto,^^ aud the Third Prize to J. 0. Tache, Esquire, M. P. P., author of 
 the Essay, with the motto " J\d vu co qvejc mcordcy 
 
 In accordance with the reconmiendatiou of the Judges, the Executive 
 Conimittee have awarded three extra prizes of £25 each, to the authors of 
 thr Essays bearing tlie mottoes, " *Sw«/u quisque pdlam ])ortal^^ — " lleddit 
 uM Cercran Idlus inarata qnotannis^^ — and " li is with nationn as with nature^ 
 she bioivs no pause in progress and development., and attaches her curse to all 
 inaction.''^ The authors of these Essays are Hector L. Langevin, Esquire, 
 of the City of Quebec ; E. Elllings, Esquire, of the City of Ottawa, and 
 William Hutton, Esquire, Secretary Board Statistics, Quebec. The authors 
 of the other Essayi; may obtain them on application to the Assistant Se- 
 cretary of the Committee, I. 11. Eckart, Esquire, Quebec. 
 
 FRANCIS inNCKS, 
 Chairman Executive Committee. 
 D 
 
18 
 
 The Committee ordered that 5,000 eojj'ies of the Essays by Messrs. 
 llogan and Taeho and 1,000 copies of that by Mr. Morris shonld l)e printed. 
 The Essay by Mv. IIo,>;an was also transhited into French and t\V!» •'ia[)3 
 were annexed to caeii of the copies, a map of tlic country was also appended 
 to the Essay by Mr. Tache. 
 
 Transmission of Articles. 
 
 In order to facilitate as far as possible, a comparison between the 
 London Exhibition in ISol, and that of I'aris in 1855, in so far as Canada 
 is concerned, the list of articles forwarded in 1851, the only document re- 
 •naining, which relates to the Canadian Exhibition in London, is glvenbelow. 
 
 List op Articles forwarded from Montreal {ov the Grand Exhibition in 
 London, and consigned to Henry Houghton, Estpiire, 44, Fridav 
 Street, London, Agent appointed by the Commissioners. 
 
 55 Packages of MineialH, Oru.s, and Earths, consisting of blocks of Mnrble, blocks of Ser- 
 pentine, specimens of Peat, Earth, Siiell Marl, Ores of Iron, Zinc, Li-ad, Copper, 
 iNickel, Silver, Urnniiim, Cobalt, Manganese, Iron Pyrites, Molylnlcnite, iMagnesian 
 Lirnt'slone, JMaguusite, White Quartzose, Sandstone, Sohislose Stone, Soapstone, 
 Pipe Clay, Whetstone, Plumbago, Agates, Jaspjr, Waved Chert, Lilhographio 
 Stone, Iron Ochre and Stone Paints, Cfnadian Tripoli, &c. 
 
 The above are contributed principally by W. E. Logan, Esquire, Dr. James Wilson 
 of Perth, the Montreal and the Prince's Mining Companies, Sheriff Dickson, Sheriff 
 Boston and others ; the wliole accompanied by a vrdnnble collection of Canadian Fossils, 
 and specimens of Gold from the Chaudiere, contributed by Dr. Douglass of Quebec, 
 will be placed under the direction of Mr. Logan, who has already proceeded to England 
 for the purpose. 
 
 Also, 
 
 1 bale Hops, B. Smith Sfanstead. 
 
 1 bale Hops, J. Penncr. Lachino. 
 
 3 barrels Cpring Wheat, W. F. Weese Ameliasburgh. 
 
 3 barrels Spring Wheat, P. Desjardins Terrebonne. 
 
 3 brls. Spring Wheat, D. Laurent Varennes. 
 
 3 barrels Spring Wheat, John Drumniond Petite Nation. 
 
 3 barrels Spring Wheat, John Allan Long Point. 
 
 3 barrels Fall Wheat, J. Graham Sydney. 
 
 3 brls. Fall ^^ heat, Agricultural Association Canada West, 
 
 3 brls. Fall Wheat, Agricultural Association Canada W'est. 
 
 1 brl. Fall Wheat, .Tames Logan ....Montreal. 
 
 1 brl. Peas, Wm. Boa St. Laurent. 
 
 1 brl. Peas, D. Limrjges Terrebonne, 
 
 I brl. Peas, D. Jones Sydney. 
 
10 
 
 I brl. Hailuy, Win. Hoii... vM. Laurent. 
 
 I bairtil Oats, V. N. Walts, M. l\ P (iiaiitham. 
 
 I brl, Oats, A. Muir Iliiicliitibifwke. 
 
 1 bil. Hciins, ('. Fomnii-r r.on;.'U<niil. 
 
 I bil, Ui-aii-i, .Mail;»mf [>cino!0 Moiiln-al. 
 
 1 brl. Ik'iins, (yollow) Jos. HiicMi Si- Martin. 
 
 I bil. lirnns, ; horse) .las. Kislier lUvu^re clos Prairie. 
 
 \ barrel Muck wheat, K. Treiiliolin Kingscy. 
 
 i barrel Unekwheat, .1. iSi K. Caiiiir Thurlow. 
 
 "2 brls. Oatmeal, U. Siiiianv HowinanvlUo. 
 
 *2 brlx. Fldiir, .1. SimpscMi & Co . ilo 
 
 1 brl. Flour, Thomas Lin:.-hon Thurlow. 
 
 1 brl. Fi"' r, P. V. Failcy do 
 
 1 brl. Indian ^^.'Hl, C.Trenliolm Kiiiysey. 
 
 ), brl. Indian M.^al, .\. HiVrhe St. Laurent. 
 
 1 brl. Flax Seed, I). De.-^jardins .St. ito.-e. 
 
 I barrel Sib<»rian Oil Seed, James Fi,"hor Uividrt! des Prairies. 
 
 1 brl. jjuckwheiit. 15. De.'.jardius St.Ro.se. 
 
 A barrel Thnolhy Scied, S. Ubadoau . St. Anno. 
 
 ^ bane! Timo'ihy Seed, Tlioinas iMcf'inn. IMoiitreal. 
 
 1 brl. Ked Clover S(ied, J. JellVi^ys. . Hawdon. 
 
 1 brl. Corn in the Far, J. Loixnn Montreal. 
 
 1 brl. do ilo Alev. S'.aw Toronto. 
 
 1 barrel Vineuar, Gillespie, Moii'att & Co Montreal. 
 
 2 bo.ves Starch, J. I'iend.'r<j:asi do 
 
 2 boxo.s do Hronso'i and Sliipton St. Ililaire. 
 
 1 jar Pre.served Po'atejs, Lronsou & Shipton do 
 
 10 lbs. double retired Maplo Sugar, Cuininifi.-toners. 
 
 6 lbs. donlile re'lned Majjle Sugar, John Bales York. 
 
 1--2 lb,?. Maple Sugar, Joel Parker llallej'-, Eastern Town.«\iip8, 
 
 12 lbs. Maj'io Siiga.r, A. Fisher Ascot, do do 
 
 i dozen Syrap, Maiden Hair, J. Fletcher Montreal. 
 
 i dozen Raspberry Vinegar, J. Fleleher do 
 
 1 ease C uidy, J. Fletcher do 
 
 Hemp fj.'in], F. Grier do 
 
 6 Corr. ]]rooms. Nelson aiul Butlers do 
 
 6 Corn Whisks, Nelson and Hulters do 
 
 6Cfrn Brooms, 0. N, Hrainerd Hamilton. 
 
 6 Corn Whisks, do ... Jo 
 
 6 'Jorn Du&ters, do ,lo 
 
 1 roll Tobacco, J. Levey Montreal 
 
 ? jars Snuii, "it lbs , do Jo 
 
 'i6 lbs. Flax, M. Bastion St. Roso. 
 
 ■2 Cheese.s, ITllb.s., George Cross Duniiam, C. E 
 
 2Cheeses, 131 lbs..S. Baker do do 
 
 1 Cheese, 42 lbs., P. Spencer St. Armand, C. E. 
 
 1 Cheese, 6.5 lbs., I'rovineial Agricultural Association Canada West. 
 
 1 brl. Pork, Reinlmrt Montreal. 
 
 2brls. Pork, E. Idler .',...' do 
 
 i 
 
20 
 
 63 Ibi. f.anl. K. Mli-r Moiilrciil, 
 
 I brl. Herf, II. MclioUod ilo 
 
 16 lbs. Iloiii-y, lltiiiy hyinaii do 
 
 2<Mbs. lU'u.i Wiiv, Ju>cpii I'iii.suiiiiaiilt St Martin. 
 
 10 lb>*. dliii', A McFaiLmu ( oIimIds Neigon 
 
 1 (lox. luittltNl Ciilt-r, J. I'tMiui'i' I.iicliiiio. 
 
 1 doz. Miiioml WatiT.s, .\. Maim... . IMoiitri'al. 
 
 Smoked Hums, 11. U.iuhait do 
 
 I'mpart'd Hums, K. lilic-r do 
 
 Diiuil Ht'(.'f, Sim)ki!il, K. UIUt do 
 
 1 bri. Fiiio Ship Hisiuil, A. I'ilt.^ do 
 
 I cuso Hioad C'riirkfis, A. Fiits do 
 
 1 caso Minciiils, &,(\, .loliii Kobb do 
 
 6 Black Walnut riankt*, .1. Davie^ Sinicou. 
 
 3 do do ilo (."oimiii>rti()iu'r.s. 
 
 6 Birch, 2 HinI Kim, l Hiiit.-rmit, ','() riii.-, ?. VnaVa Kw "Alai-le, 4 Oak, 2 Iron Wo'hI, 3 
 Honiboam, '2 H;inl Majilc, li Si/I't Ahiplf, H Ae<li, I Tamarack, 7 Spnic't,', '.i Ciiurry, 3 
 Knees for ^hi|ibuililiiig, Cuilod Maple, Biil't< Kyo MapK;, Black Walnut Vciioors. 
 
 6 Eml)roidorinl (Miairs, W. Drum Quebec. 
 
 Elm Knot Work Tab!.-, .1. R Cameron Montreal. 
 
 Sofa, Keed and .Meakiiis do 
 
 2 i^hairs, Heed and Aloakiiis do 
 
 1 Chillonior do do do 
 
 Dried Smoked Sausa^'cs and I)o'oj»iia.s, E Idler do 
 
 Table, Imit.ition Maliojjiany, Jlamsay and McArthur do 
 
 do do Oak, do do 
 
 do do Marble, do Uo 
 
 Walnut Bedstead, James Moriee Jo 
 
 2 Walnut Chairs, S. Kedliead do 
 
 1 Oflico do do jlo 
 
 1 nra\vinij;-room Chair, William Allen do 
 
 1 Orniimental Slool Qnebce. 
 
 1 Stone Centre 'I'ablo. U Hanmiond. . INloutreaL 
 
 6 Rocking CKair.s, William .\Ilen do 
 
 Piccolo Piano Forte, LW. Herbert do 
 
 Spnng Buck Sofi, J. and \V. Hilton do 
 
 Walnut Centre Table, do do 
 
 Walnut Pier Table, do do 
 
 Spring Back Sewing Chair lio do 
 
 6 Drawing-room Chairs, do do 
 
 Tete-a-Tete, do do 
 
 Chiffonier, Ileed and Meakins, ... do 
 
 Black Walnut Centre Table, lieed and Meakin,'} do 
 
 Sofa, do do 
 
 Rocking Chair, do do 
 
 6 Black Walnut Chair.'", elaborately carvi.'d, needle work coveriuiis — style of 14th cen- 
 tury— intcndeil as a jircMMittu Her Maj.jsty tlie Queen, from the Ladies of Montreal- 
 
 20 Iba. CutNaila, Holland and Dunn Montreal. 
 
 22 yards Wire Cloth, W. H.Rice do 
 
81 
 
 fi flench Plant'n, A. Wallace ....Muntitnil. 
 
 6 Monlilin;; ilo do «l» 
 
 I'oliwhfil IJalaiioo Scalt's, cornplfito, C. I*. ImM <lo 
 
 8 Cluippiii;; A.\o«, do do 
 
 10 do do do do 
 
 Co()kiii;^St(ivt',\vitli Cnppor Furniture, corn., (). II. Clu'iicy. Toronto. 
 
 I'lirlour Slovo, (J. II. (Mieiicy ilo 
 
 Iron riiilc*, do do 
 
 2 cases coutaiiiiiiif vaiictiiM Sliip Hlocks, mado by J. CIiirkn.MoiilK'iil, Couunissionera. 
 
 3 Chopjiiiijj; A\(!s, Siiiinu'l Sliaw Toronto. 
 
 1 Kroud do do do 
 
 (ViopiM^s To'il.s, do do 
 
 9 Fiiitninir ('lii.-<L-ls, do do 
 
 1 Unntiii^ Axo, do do 
 
 2 V'h'cch Oil Cloth. M. I/dlammc Montreal. 
 
 3 paiis Shoo LiiM;^, Waidill do 
 
 {''levibkHJraiich riiu<, Wdlinm I'l.Mi^rus'ni tlo 
 
 3 Chopping A\es, (i. Loavitt Duntlas. 
 
 1 Hroad do do do 
 
 i ('ho()piii;^ A.vi% Soott and (iIlar<sfo d Montreal, 
 
 'Copviii;^ i'ress, Janit's I'erry do 
 
 Leather Tiunk, M Heaii do 
 
 1 do do .1. [rvin do 
 
 6 Whips, Josh Tlirt'okeld Toronto. 
 
 6 Biushe-, (fancy) 'Huh. Wl'.eoler do 
 
 5 Fancy Pails, .las. Uaiiy Shoibrooko. 
 
 1 do Fail, 1 ")(!() ji.inls, U. S Dodd Ayr. 
 
 1 case Fipes, ai^soned, lloadenson Moiitioal. 
 
 Specimen Cordage, T. Dixon Toronto. 
 
 Pox i'wino, A. ^j)ooner !\lontreal. 
 
 2 Coils Uope, lIeiiderM)n Qiehtc. 
 
 1 Couiilorpano, Simon I'oan Ilaliey, C. E. 
 
 2 Table Cloths, do do 
 
 1 Counteipant', Thos. Dixon Toronto. 
 
 2 Ilor.'^e lilankols, Wni. Canib:.) Milloa Mills, C W. 
 
 1 piece Carpiiting do do do 
 
 1 piece do Barber Es(|nef<ing, C. W. 
 
 I piece I-inen, M. Foitier St David. 
 
 1 piece Grey Clot's, Willet & Co Chainhly. 
 
 1 piece (Jr( y Cloth, lloii. Thomari Melvay New Filuiboro' nc.'\rBytowa 
 
 1 jiiece Satinelte, do do do 
 
 1 piece do dark, do do do 
 
 1 piece do biown, do do do 
 
 6 Fair Hlaukets. 
 
 Portable Grist Mill, C. P. Ladd Montreal. 
 
 Light Flony,h, A. Fleck lo 
 
 2 Light Flouilis, Skinner &MeCulloek Broekville, C. W. 
 
 6 Hay Forks, 3 Piongs, Skiinier & .McCuUock do 
 
 6 do 2 do do do 
 
22 
 
 6 M.iiiuri' Korku, SkiiiiuT & McCiillotrk Urix-kvillf, ('. W. 
 
 6 Scjllu- Siiaith.>4, ito lo 
 
 6 do tlo S. niirlhurt... I'ri'si-ott. 
 
 I Root Ciittur, M. Moo.ly 'rorrt'bonno. 
 
 I (Jiaiii Ci.iJlt' JILTisfonl. 
 
 1 t'liurn, W. !•'. WV.'eo Am.-liasburgli. 
 
 Moo.tf Skill. P. To(iiii{atliii.'4<):iu Quctiro. 
 
 1 I'air Siiow-SliouM, M, Umliii^aiilinut do 
 
 1 pair M(H'a.H(<iiiH, do «.... do 
 
 1 .Moose lliilo, Inilian Coat, Cap, (iun Casu, Leg;,uiig», 
 
 Kiiik' Case, &c., 1'. Tniiaiiscniran, do 
 
 I Hc't and ;)air Uraci-lots, U. U. Bell St. Cathi-riney. 
 
 4 Show Shovi' ». 
 
 Baik Caiioc! and Kqiiipriients, Commissionorn, 
 
 1 pair .MtKiso Horns, J, TliomHon Tlirfo Rivers. 
 
 fl l)airs Kml)i()id(Tfd Slipport*, Indian work,. loliu Hi'iulcrson Montreal. 
 
 ^ Ci;;ar Cases, Indian woik, tk) do 
 
 2 Pur.".t'^, J Fan, do do do 
 
 Baik IJox and Fan, bark work, II. Rochtdeau Tlireo Rivors, 
 
 Baik Hov and Tniy, bark wmk, M.-ijor C'aii\pbell St. Hilaiiv. 
 
 Einlnoidrivd T'able Ciotli, ,Iolin Uend(!rson iMuntn;ab 
 
 Indi.in Saddlo, 1'. W. bell do 
 
 Conii>leto Indian Costume, Mrs. J. II McVey South I'otton, C. Fl 
 
 Safety Rem, Mr. I lo' well (inebee. 
 
 llunliii^ Sadille, M. (Govern Sullivan Hamilton. 
 
 Doub'e Carriago Harness, Robert Morris .Montreal. 
 
 JSet Sinir.. Harness, Stewart Toronto. 
 
 Siii:.:!e Sleii^li, complete, Mel.ean & Wrii^lst .Montreal 
 
 Double do do Mieliael O'.Meara do 
 
 Single d.o do J. J. Saurin Quebec. 
 
 Siiig!(.> Fiincy Sleigh, complete, J. .1. Saurin do 
 
 Liuht Cariia'j;e, do do do 
 
 5 Calf Skins, II. Murray Montreal. 
 
 2 Sides Upper Leather, H. Murray... do 
 
 2 Sides Solt! Loatiier, .MeI.eun and Gumming do 
 
 3 Samples Leather, Mr. Alloa Jq. 
 
 Cn.ie Tanning Mateiials, Mr. Alloa do 
 
 Cliurch liell, Canadn Copper and Casting, G. E. Molson. ... do 
 
 Specimen of Lithotype, (I. Mathews do 
 
 Specimen of 'J'urning, Paiker, brothers Toronto. 
 
 Jledal and Die, Thonuis Wiieeler do 
 
 2 bars Axo Iron, St. Maurico Forges, Hon. Jamos Ferrier... Monti oaL 
 
 1 bar A.\e Iron, S(pjaro, St. Maurice Forges, lion. Jas. Ferrior. do 
 
 2 do Cold Folded do do do do do 
 2 do Twisted do do do do do 
 1 do Horse Shoo do do do do do 
 1 do Plouulisliare do do do do do 
 
 Model Locomotive Engine, P, Rodier St. Hyacmthj&. 
 
 Lithographic Drawing, T. Floraiug .....Toionto.. 
 
23 
 
 ArrliittH'tiiralDnivrin^r^, J. Dtinoan • Montn'.-il. 
 
 'i Model ltri(l;;('«, U, I.uwis Mi'llioiinu', 
 
 City of Montreal AriiH, i)n;{rnveil uii loutliur, MudaiiH) ilu Motiteiuiuli, Muiitruul, 
 
 Sliot lia^ mill otliur Imntiii^ nrticloH, J. Allou Moiitruul. 
 
 Moilel Caiiiion, do do 
 
 Speciiiit'iid ut I'untiotry, C. M. Dickiii.oon do 
 
 Do do Chui'le:* Halm Toronto. 
 
 Ritlc, T.J. Boyd Moiurcai. 
 
 Rule, '1'. .\>hlield Tonmto, 
 
 C'ortiopeaii, Macl'iierson Montreal. 
 
 I3olo;jriin Saiisnijei*, (i. Ueiiiliart do 
 
 Tlit'odiilito Stand, T. AHJititdil Toronto. 
 
 Do Jo J. li. Sinip.son 
 
 Clarionetfe, Mac IMiersori Montreal. 
 
 A Violin and CuMo, I'atrick Ili^fj^ins ilo 
 
 Complete Suit lltiille do I'ayt, Messrs. Adams do 
 
 Silk Sasli, C'lirruiiis-iioners, do 
 
 Steam Kn^'ine, fJon'4, Uruss Cocks, &o., C. (Jarth do 
 
 Case (iarden Sei'ds, assorted, (ieori;e Shepiierd do 
 
 Two Cases Faiiey Soaps, John Matliewson and Son do 
 
 Case Straw I'lait, assorted, inanutactiired at Qnubee, Coninirs. 
 
 Military Helmet, Sir Ja.s. Aluxundor, .\. 1). C Montreal. 
 
 1 caso Oinameiital Letter Press I'lintin;,', J. Starko Si Co.... do 
 Specimen I'riiilini,' in Colors iVoni Canadi;in Jiik, J. Uaylii*. do 
 
 Case Complete Type, C. T. l'als:;rave do 
 
 Specimensof'(ioldsmilli8' VVork, Henry Lai^^att, do 
 
 Do Silver do (J. Savagi: do 
 
 Do VViKI Cotton, J. 1'. Asliton, St. Laurent St. Laurent. 
 
 Fire Engine, ,Geor^u Perry Montreal. 
 
 Cod Liver Oil, Forpoi.se Oil, Wliale Oil, Porpoise Leather, Wliale Loatlier, Specimens ol 
 Printing 'I'yP'N i""'-' "' Maple Veneer, Cork Solo Cloys, Hunting Hoots, Moeasain 
 ami Slioes, Stump E.^ctractor, bent from Quebec, li. Synies, Escjuiru. 
 
 JOHN LEEMING, Secretary. 
 
 Montreal, 1st March, 1851. 
 
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43 
 
 To the articles above enumerated must be added a Geological Chart 
 of Canada, by Mr. Logan, and a Topographical Map, by Mr. Keefer. 
 
 A certain number of articles, about forty, altogether, were voluntarily 
 contributed by exhibitors from various places. The greater part of these 
 articles have no great intrinsic value ; but the articles of the exhibitors 
 whose numbers and names arc mentioned below are not in the same 
 category, and the Executive Committee have guaranteed the return of 
 their several contributions : 
 
 11. Mr. I'Abbe Malo, 
 73. Mr. J. W. Ryland, 
 80. Mr. Pietro Moretti, 
 86. Mrs. McCulloch, 
 218. Mr. Paul Kane, 
 310. Mr. D. Mercier, 
 315. Mr. I'Abbe Tanguay, 
 
 see Catalogue. 
 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 do 
 
 (£300 guaranteed.) 
 (property of Mr. Allan.) 
 
 In the descriptive Catalogue published in Paris during the Exhibition 
 will be found all the particulars, which it could not be expected would 
 be included in the foregoing lists, which are only given here to shew the 
 plan adopted in forwarding the articles. 
 
 Such was the collection sent to Paris under the immediate superin- 
 tendence of Messrs. J. C. Tache and W. E. Logan, who were appointed 
 Special Commissioners, charged to support and advance the interests of 
 Canada at the Great Universal Exhibition of 1855. Othoc gentlemen, of 
 whom Messrs. De Puibusque, Bossange, Maitland, and Boullon, resided 
 at Paris, and others of whom were expected speedily to arrive at the 
 place of Exhibition, were added to the Commission in the capacity of 
 Honorary Commissioners, and Messrs. Romain and Perry were appointed 
 Curators of the Articles. 
 
 Expenses of the Committee. 
 
 The following table exhibits, under their different headings, the sums 
 appropriated and expended by the Committee. The Accounts in detail 
 having been handed to the Auditors of the Public Accounts, with the 
 necessary vouchers and explanations, the whole, upon examination, have 
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45 
 
 The expenses are charged under several principal series, and, for 
 reasons to be explained hereafter, are distributed under the several head- 
 ings of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, and Paris. No. 1 comprises sums 
 disbursed as travelling expenses of the two Commissioners, the salaries 
 of the two Curators, the sum of £500 a gift to Mr. Perry, and various 
 other expenses. No. 2 includes contingencies of all kinds, and items of 
 expenditure which are not referable to any other htad. No. 3 consists 
 of sums paid for advertisements in the journals, &e., &c., and at Paris 
 for the printing of Mr. Stuart's Geological Chart, of Mr. Tache's descnp- 
 tive Catalogue, and other expenses of the kind. No. 4 shows the cost 
 of the various articles. No. 5 is composed of the exi)enscs of j)acking and 
 carriage of articles from different parts of the country, to Quebec, Montreal, 
 and Toronto in the first instance ; from thence to Boston and New York, 
 and finally from these two seaports to Liverpool and Havre. No. 6 is 
 a classification of the sums disbursed at Paris in the arrangement of the 
 articles for exhibition, the preparation of counters and glass-cases, and 
 for purposes of embellishment, &c. No. 7 shows the sums expended at 
 Paris for the publication of Mr. Tache's Essay, and for that of the other 
 Essays in Canada. 
 
 The labor of collection was shared, as will appear by the statement 
 of expenditure, between the Executive Committee, and the Central 
 Committees of Montreal and Toronto. The articles purchased by the 
 Executive Committee were indifferently the produce of Upper or Lower 
 Canada, and furnished chiefly by contributors of that class who had 
 previously received prizes at the London and New YorV Exhibitions^ 
 and by those who had been fortunate enough to obtain first class prizes 
 at the Provincial Exhibition. 
 
 The articles acquired by the Central Committee at Toronto were 
 exclusively Upper Canadian; those purchased by that of Montreal were 
 exclusively Lower Canadian. 
 
 In their prospectus, above quoted, the Executive Committee laid 
 down as a principle, that the products of mines, forests, and agriculture, 
 should necessarily receive the highest degree of attention; accord- 
 ingly, the display of products of these three kinds was truly magnificent, 
 and the premiums obtained were such as to give full satisfaction to all 
 who were interested in exhibiting the natural resources of our country 
 [to the greatest advantage. 
 
 It is not necessary to give a methodically classified eatalogne of the 
 agricultural products sent to Paris. The samples were numerous, very 
 fine, and in great variety. B^ruits and vegetables being naturally prone 
 to decay very speedily, and thereupon not admitted in.'o the building in 
 their original state, were nevertheless represented, either in the shape of 
 
46 
 
 preserves of diflerent kinclts, by drawings, or by being modelhid in wax, 
 from nature. The following classified catalogues of products exhibited 
 in the three first classes of natural objects will no doubt be perused with 
 interest. These lists are of course given only for general information : 
 
 MINERAL SUBSTANCES. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL SUBSTANCES SENT FROM CANADA, IN THB 
 ORDER IN WHICH THEY ARE USED IN WORKS OF ART. 
 
 1. Metals and their Ores. 
 
 Oxidulated iron, from Marmora, Madoc, Sherbrooke, Crosby, Hull, 
 
 Leeds and Portage du Fort. Specular Iron Ore, from McNab, Wallace 
 
 and Lake Nipissing. 
 
 Bog Iron, from Houghton, Vaudreuil, St. Nicholas, Machiche, Point 
 
 du Lac, St. Pierre, Cap de la Madeleine and St. Valicr. 
 
 Titaniferous Iron, from Sutton and Brome. 
 
 Ilmcnite, from Bay St. Paui and St. Urbain. 
 
 Blende, from Lake Suj)erior. 
 
 Lead Ore, from Lake Superior, Gasp6, Ramsay, and Lansdo"WTi. 
 
 Copper Ore, from Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Inverness. 
 
 Native Copper, from Lake Superior. 
 
 Auro-argcutiferous and Argentiferous Pyrites, from the Eastern Town- 
 ships. 
 
 Nickel, from Lakes Huron and Superior, and Daillcbout. 
 
 Silver, native, from Lake Superior. 
 
 Gold, native, from llivcr du Loup, Fief St. Charles, Aubert de I'lsle, 
 
 Etchemin, 
 Gold, native, from River Chaudiere, River Famine and other neighbor- 
 ing places. 
 
 Platinum, from Fief St. Charles. 
 
 iridosmine, from Fief St. Charles. 
 
 Auriferous Pyrites, from La Beauce. 
 
 Argentiferous Pyrites, from La Beauce. 
 
 Arsenical Pyrites, from La Beauce. 
 
 £. Minmds requiring chemical operations to fit them for use, 
 
 Uranic Ochre, From Madoc, 
 Chromic Iron, from Bolton and Ham. 
 Cobalt, from Lake Superior. 
 Wad, or Earthy Manganese, from Quebec 
 
47 
 
 in wax, 
 xhibited 
 iv(\ with 
 alien : 
 
 IN THB 
 
 by, Hull, 
 Wallace 
 
 !he. Point 
 
 n. 
 
 :rn Town- 
 
 de risle, 
 1 neighbor- 
 
 ly^- 
 
 Iron Pyrites, from Lanoraye, Dautrnye, and the Eastern Townships. 
 
 Molybdenite from Lak j Superior and Somcrviile. 
 
 Dolomite, from Dalhonsie, Blythfield, Sutton, Brome, Shipton, 8t. Sylvcs- 
 
 tre and Point Levy. 
 ^'^agnesite, from Sutton and Bolton. 
 
 8. Mineral paints. 
 
 Iron Oehrc, from Stc. Anne near Quebec, Cap dc la Madeleine, Shipton, 
 
 Pointe du Lac, and Rimouski. 
 Barytes, from Burgess and Lansdown. 
 Phosphate of Iron, fiom Vaudreuil. 
 
 4. Maferiah applkaUe to the Fine Arts. 
 Lithographic Stone, from Marmora. 
 
 5. 3Iuterials applicable to Jewellery. 
 
 Agates, from Lohc Superior and the North Shore. 
 
 Labradorite, from Grenville. 
 
 Jasper, from Lake Huron. 
 
 Ribboned Chert, from Lake Superior. 
 
 Perthite, from Bathurst. 
 
 Rubies, from Burgess. 
 
 6. Refractory Materials, 
 
 Soap Stone ('•ampact talc) from. Bolton and Potton. 
 
 Mica, from Gren illc. 
 
 Plumbago, from Grenville and Burgess. 
 
 White Sandstone, from St, Maurice. 
 
 Asbestus, from Dalhousie and Kamouraska. 
 
 7, Mineral Manures. 
 
 Phosphate of Lime, from Perth. 
 
 Gypsum, from Brantford and Oneida. 
 
 Shell Marl, from Ottawa, Sheffield, Montreal and Stanstead. 
 
 8. Grinding and Polishing Materials. 
 
 Whetstones, from Macloc, Eastern Townships. 
 Canadian Tripoli, from Laval. 
 
 9. Materials emploijed in the construction of haildings. 
 
 Slates, from the Eastern Townships. 
 
 White Granite, Hereford, Barnston, St. Joseph and Nicolet. 
 
48 
 
 Pfloudo-gmiilfr, from Nicolct and LonMlo. 
 
 Sandxlonc, I'lom Kuiiicsiiy, Pt'inbrok**, and St. Manricc. 
 
 Calcartu)>is Sandstone, from Lauzon and ClmiuHero. 
 
 Limt'stonc, from Marmora, Me Nab, The Chats, Gloucester, Montreal, 
 
 Paekenham, and Caiiij;hna\vaga. 
 Trap, from Sf. Koch. 
 Marble, from Oxford, Lake; lirompton, Dudswell, Sainl Arrnand, Sainl 
 
 Lin, MeNab and Paek(>nham. 
 Hydraulic 1/uuestone, from Thorold, Quebec, Oneida, Ncpean und 
 
 Hranlford. 
 Building Briel- s, from divers places. 
 
 10. Comhnsiihle Maicriah, 
 
 Peat, from Longuoiiil and Sheflield. 
 Asphalt, from Enniskillen. 
 
 11. MtscrlUmeom Minerals. 
 
 Aerolite, found at Madoe, forming a mass of iron with G.35 per cent, of 
 Nickel, weighing 370 lbs. 
 
 i-,|. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF CANADIAN WOODS, 
 
 SPECIMENS OF WHICH FORM THE CANADIAN COIiLECTION 
 
 FOR THE PARIS EXHIBITION. 
 
 1. MagnoUacece, 
 
 White wood, so called in Canada, (Liriodendron tulipifera. Linn.) 
 
 2. Teleaceoe, 
 Lime, (Lilia Americana. Linn. 
 
 3. Anacardia, 
 Sumack, (Rhus Typhina. Linn.) 
 
 4. Aceracece, 
 
 Maple, (Acer Saccharlnum. Linn.) 
 
 Red Maple " 
 
 Waved Maple " 
 
 Bird's Eye Maple " 
 
 Plane, (Acer Dasycarpum. Ehrhart.) 
 
 
1.9 
 
 mlreal, 
 
 I, Sainl 
 an und 
 
 cent, of 
 
 WOODS, 
 
 Linn.) 
 
 Wild yellow plum. (Pruiuis Aiiiericnnu. AfjiMlmll.) 
 RimI Cherry. (Ccrasiis I'cimsylvatiica. Jioiscl.) 
 Black ohorry. (Clmjisus scrotiiin. l)v ('aiidollc.) 
 Choko Cherry. (Corasns Virginiaiia. l)c CaiKlolIc.) 
 
 ' f). Cornacea;, 
 
 Cornel, flowering dojjfwi.od. (Cormis Florida. Linn.) 
 
 7. Pomacece. 
 
 Dotted or Apple Thorn, ((^ratjvi^iis pinictaia. Jaccjuin.) 
 
 Red Thorn. (Cratcegns coccinca. Linn.) 
 
 White Thorn. (Cratnegug cms Galli. Linn.) 
 
 Mountain Ash. (Pyrus Anicric;uia. De Candolle.) 
 
 June or Service berry. (Aniclanchier Canadensis. Torroy and Gra^.) 
 
 8. Fraxiiieoe. 
 
 White Ash, (Fraxinus Americana. Linn.) 
 Black Ash, (Fraxinus Sambucifolia. Lambert, 
 Bock Ash, (Fraxinus Pubesccns. Walter.) 
 Rim Ash, (Fraxinus Juglandifolia. Lambert.) 
 
 9. Lauraceve. 
 Sassafras, (Sassafrac Ofticinaie. Von Fsenbcck.) 
 
 10. UlmaceiB. 
 
 White Elm, (Uhnus Americana. Linn.) 
 Red or Slippery Elm, (Uhnus Fulva. Michaux.) 
 Rock Elm, (Uhnus Racemosa. Thomas.) 
 Gray Elm, ( " " " ) ' 
 
 11. Jii glandacem. 
 
 Buttenuit, (Jnglans Cinerca. Linn.") 
 
 Black Walruit, (Jnglans Nigra. Linn.) 
 
 Soft Walnut. 
 
 Shell bark Hickory, (Carya Alba. Nuttal. ) 
 
 Smooth bark Hickory, ( " Tormcntosa. Nuttal.) 
 
 Pignut, ( " Glabra. Torney.) 
 
 Butternut, ( " Amara. Nuttal.) 
 
60 
 
 12. Cupuliferece. 
 
 Wliitc Oak, (Qucrcus Alba. Linn.) 
 
 Swamp White Oak, ( " Bicolor. Wild.) 
 
 Red Oak, ( " llubra. Linn.) 
 
 Black Oak, ( " Nigra. J.inn.) 
 
 Chcsnut, (Cusfanca Vcsca. Linn.) 
 
 White Beech, (Fagus Fcrruginca. Alton.) 
 
 Blue Boech, Ilorn-Bcam, (Carpinus Americana. I'Michaux.) 
 
 Iron Wood, (Ostrya Virginica. Willd.) 
 
 13. Belulacece. 
 
 ]!,:■ 
 
 Paper or Canoe Birch, (Bctiila Pajiyracea. Ailon.) 
 Yellow Ilirch, ( " Excclsa. "Alton.) 
 
 Cherry Birch, ( " Lenta. Linn.) 
 
 Black Birch, ( " Nigra. Linn.) 
 
 Alder, (Alniis Incana. Willd.) 
 
 14. Saliaceoe. 
 
 Black Willow, (Salix Nigra. Marshall.) 
 
 Aspen Poplar, (Populus Tremuloides. Michaux.) 
 
 Large-toothed Aspen, ( " Grandidcntata. ' Michaux.) 
 
 Balm of Gilead, ( " Balsaniifera. ^Linn.) 
 
 Cotton Wood, Necklace Poplar, Populus Mcnilifcra. Alton.) 
 
 15. Flantanacece. 
 !Uitton-Wood, American Sycamosc, (Plantanus Occidcntalis. Linn.) 
 
 16. ConifereoB. 
 
 Pitch Pine, Pinus Rigida. Miller.) 
 
 Red Pine, ( " Resinosa. Alton.) 
 
 Yellow Pine. ( " Mitis. Michaux.) 
 
 White or Weymouth Pino, (Pinus Strobus. Linn.) 
 
 Balsam Fir, (Abies B.ilsamca. Marshall.) 
 
 Hemlock Spruce, ( " Canadensis. Michaux ) 
 
 White Spruce, ( " Alba. Michaux.) 
 
 Black Spruce, ( " Nigra. Poiret.) 
 
 American Larch, Tamarack, (Larix Americana. ^Michaux.) 
 
 White Cedar, (Thuya Occidcntalis. Linn.) 
 
 Red Cedar, Savin, (Juuiperus Virginiana. Linn.) 
 
Hi 
 
 51 
 
 LIST OF VEGETABLES AND FRUITS OF WHICH DRAWINGS AND 
 MODELS IN WAX, TAKEN FROM NATURE, WERE EXIlIBlTED. 
 
 VEQETADLES. 
 1. 
 
 Family of the Cruciferoe, class Braasicec, 
 
 Brassica. 
 Turnips, 6 varieties. 
 
 Family of the Umbelliferso, class Dancince. 
 
 Dancus, 
 Carrots, 8 varieties. 
 
 8. 
 
 Family '>f thy ChenopodeaD, class Cyclolobeae. 
 
 Beita. 
 Beets, 9 varieties. 
 
 4. 
 
 Family of the Liliacise, class Hyacinthense. 
 
 AHum Sativum. 
 Onions, 6 varieties. 
 
 0. 
 
 Family of the Cruciferse, class Raphanse. 
 
 Raphanus. 
 Radishes, 7 varieties. 
 
 «. 
 
 Family of the Umbelliferae, class Pencedaneee. 
 
 Past{nac(u 
 Parsnips, 3 varieties. 
 
63 
 
 FRUITS. 
 
 1. 
 
 Family of the Rosacese, class PomacetB. 
 
 Mains. 
 
 Apples. 
 
 Fameuscs, 4 varieties. 
 Rennets, 5 varieties. 
 Grises, 6 varieties. 
 Other varieties, 63. 
 
 2. 
 
 Family of the Rosacea, class Amydaleae. 
 
 Prunus. 
 
 Plums, 36 varieties. 
 
 Family of the Cucurbitacece, class Cucurbiteae. 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 1 
 
 Qiicurhis Melo. 
 
 Melons, 7 varieties. 
 
 The collection of grain and cereals included all the varieties of 
 these plants which are cultivated in the country. 
 
 The reports hereto annexed, of the Commissioners appointed to repre- 
 sent Canada in Paris, complete the general report of all the proceedings 
 connected with the Canadian Exhibition. 
 
 The Executive Council flatter themselves that they are enabled to 
 bring their labors to a termination, with the consoling reflection that the 
 most complete success has crowned the undertaking, for the due carrying 
 out of which, the country has manifested such earnest solicitude. 
 
 W. RHODES, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 J. C. TACHfi, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Toronto, 2lst April, 1856. 
 
^■illP^J^PSHF^^ 
 
 REPORT 
 
 OF 
 
 J. C. TACHE, ESQ, 
 
 CANADIAN COMMISSIONER TO PARIS 
 
 IN 1855. 
 
iW 
 
REPORT OF J. C. TACHE, ESQUIRE, 
 
 CANADIAN COMMISSIONER TO PARIS. 
 
 ?*1':. 
 
 j;<^ 
 
 [Translation.] 
 
 The duties which devolved upon the Special Commissioners appointed 
 to superintend the Canadian Department at the Great Exhibition in Paris, 
 were of two kinds : the Commissioners had to direct the arrangement of the 
 articles forwarded for exhibition, to place tiiem in positicms in which they 
 might be seen lo advantage, to see that due care was taken as regarded 
 their preservation, and to be present at the office of the section to answer 
 such questions as might be put to them by casual visitors ; on the other 
 hand, the Commissioners had a duly at least equal in importance to dis- 
 charge, viz. : to use every endeavor to dilTuse throughout Europe, correct 
 information respecting Canada, and to render the success which crowned 
 our exhibition as notorious as possible. It will at once be evident, that 
 to have exhibited collections of articles to the mere pas.sing gaze of 
 visitors, would only have been to aim at transient effect, to seek only a 
 momentary repute. It became then of absolute importance to perpetuate 
 the remembrance of the Canadian exhibition, and to make known to ♦ho 
 world such information as would be calculated to advance the progress 
 of emigration, commerce, and industrial pursuits. Another duly fal- 
 ling within the ollice of the Commissioner was, to transmit to the people 
 of Canada, from time to time, information in regard to events which 
 might occur at the place of exhibition, and to enable Ihe Canadian 
 public to derive profit to as great an extent as they had reason to expect, 
 by the grand lessons which science, agriculture, arts and commerce 
 might draw from the occasion so far as they were applicable lo the in- 
 terests of the country. 
 
 It was at once apparent to the two Special Commissioners, Sir William 
 Logan and myself, that the.sc difllerent duties so distinct in their nature, 
 differing so essentially the one from the other, could only be satisfactorily 
 performed by each Commissioner assuming his own distinct share of the 
 task. Sir William Logan, therefore, undertook the arrangement of the 
 exhibition and the other duties attaching to th.'t part of the work, aided 
 in his labors by the two curators of the articles, Messrs. llomain and 
 Perry, whilst I assumed that part of the work having reference to the dif- 
 fusion of information throughout both Europe and Canada. 
 
66 
 
 r't 
 
 Sir William Logan has sent In lo the CornmitttM? liis report touching 
 the share of the duties which devolved uj)on him, together with lists 
 shewing the manner in which the articles have been disposed of, in con- 
 formity with the insl.uctions which he received, and the opinion of many 
 of the Honorary Commissioners then present in Paris; the whole forms 
 part of the general report. 
 
 It becomes my duty, then, to render an account oftiie manner In which 
 that portion of the duties of the Commissioners whi(^h fell more j)articu- 
 larly to my share, has been fulfilled. In the first paragraph of this report, 
 I divided the duties incumbent upon me into two parts, namely, to spread 
 abroad information in relation to matters connected with the Exhibition, 
 so far iis they bore any relation whatever to the interests of Canada ; and 
 secondly, to enable the people of Canada by means of the public press, 
 to ])rofU by the grand lessons to be derived from the universal assem- 
 blage of the sciences, arts and manufactures. 
 
 The Executive Committee shewed that they gave due consideration to 
 ihe importance of affording the most ample public informaticm respecting 
 Canadian matters, v>dien they invited Canadian writers to compete for 
 three prizes oU'ered for the three best essays, written with tlie object of 
 difl'using throughout Europe, information calculated to attract emigration 
 and commerce to our country. 
 
 Of the prize essays, the one of wliich 1 am the author and which is 
 entitled, t fquissc sur le Canada consideri' sous le point dfi vue economiste 
 was forwarded to me to Paris, to be published under my direction. This 
 pamphlet, a co|)y of which I append to this report, was circulated 'hiring 
 the months of. July and August, unfortunately the other essays which were 
 publislied in Canada, were only received in France in the course of the 
 month of Noveinb:r, when the Exhibition was on the point of being 
 finally closed. 
 
 The Commissioners, in adlition to the above essay, ordered the 
 publication o( a work entitled Esquissc Genlogique sur le Canada, by 
 Mr. Sterry Hunt, Chemist and Mineralogist to the Geological Com- 
 mi^'sion, which ));vnphl(U being a remune of the labors of Sir Wi!li>im 
 Logan and his assistants Messrs. Hunt and Murray, was admirably calcu- 
 lated to adord to the world an \(\v.;\ of the mineral wealth of Canada ; a 
 copy of this little work, to which is annexed a reduction of Sir William 
 Logan's cliart. accompanies this report; I have also annexed to this 
 report a copy of another pamphlet, published in Paris by myself, entitled, 
 Cata/oL^nu: ruisnnne dca produits Ccniadicns exposes a Paris en 1855. The 
 object of this work was to perpetuate the remembrance in Europe of our 
 exhibition, and to serve as a sequel to the information oi the subject con- 
 
 ic 
 
67 
 
 idling 
 h lists 
 n con- 
 'many 
 forms 
 
 which 
 articu- 
 report, 
 spread 
 ibilion, 
 i; and 
 : press, 
 assem- 
 
 alionto 
 meeting 
 lete for 
 )ject of 
 igralion 
 
 ^hich is 
 
 moiniste 
 
 This 
 
 uring 
 
 li were 
 
 3 of the 
 
 being 
 
 red the 
 \a(la, by 
 ll Com- 
 Ivilli.im 
 culcu- 
 lada ; a 
 I^Villiam 
 to this 
 bntitled, 
 Vo. The 
 of our 
 >ct con- 
 
 tained in other publications. In addition to the information above referred 
 to, I considered that it was also of the greatest importance to draw the 
 attention of the public press to ('anada and her productions. For this pur- 
 pose f furnished several French journalists, with the data they would find 
 necessary, in the preparation of articles calculated to give to our exhibition 
 the consequence anJ popularity necessary to its complete success. I do 
 not hesitate to allinn, for the fact is of public notoriety, that estimating its 
 importance by its population, Canada has, comparatively speaking, at- 
 tracted a larger share of public attention than any other country, not 
 only in France but in the United Kingdom, in Germany, Switzerland and 
 Belgium. " iVow we can form an estimate oj thf. value of those few arpents 
 *' of snow ceded to England with such culpable carelessness by the Govern- 
 " merit of Louis XV.," says Count Jaubcrt at the word Canada, in his 
 work entitled. La Botanique d Pexjwsition universelle de J 855. 
 
 Success the most complete has crowned the efforts made by the 
 country in connection with the Universal Exhibition ; this success is evi- 
 denced by ihe report of the International Juiy, and in all the works spe- 
 cially published for t' e occasion ; — so much may be said for our success in 
 the opinion of learned men. With respect to the sujcess obtained in 
 popular opinion, that has with one consent been proclaimed by the whole 
 press of Europe, and has, moreover, been permanently recorded in two 
 great works, destined forever to preserve in the minds of an educated 
 people the remembrance of the Great Exhibition in Paris, viz. : in the 
 History of the Universal Exhibition, by Mr. Charles Robin, and in the 
 Album of the Exhibition published at the office of the Abeille Imperiale. 
 
 The chapter under the title Canada in the history of the Universal Ex- 
 hibition begins with these words : "The eftbrtsmade by Canada, that old 
 " French Colony, to make a suitable appearance at the Great Exhibition 
 " of 1855, efforts which have resulted, moreover, in the most complete 
 " success, coupled with the undoubted importance of that line country, 
 "whose future cannot be otherwise than brilliant, render it a duly on our 
 •' part to devote to it a distinct chapter." 
 
 The most beneficial results must inevitably arise from this knowledge 
 conveyed to the whole of Europe of the resources of our beautiful coun- 
 try, from this popularity, created in the minds of all the transatlantic na- 
 tions, from this interest every where inspired with respect to the affairs 
 of Canada. It would necessarily be difficult if not impossible, to predict 
 what will be the results as regards commerce and emigration ; all that 
 will, in a great measure, depend upon the cnerp^y of our leading mer- 
 chants, and to a certain extent also, upon the action of the Legislature, 
 with respect to its enactments in relation to the sale and settlement of the 
 public lands, to the improvements to be effected in our fine communica- 
 
58 
 
 tion by the River St. Lawrence, and to the regulation of our Tariff of 
 Customs Duties. There is no doubt, however, that the attention of Europe 
 is now directed to Canada, and out of the thousand facts which go to 
 prove this assertion, 1 will content myself with saying, that it is mainly 
 due to the popularity in Europe of the productions of our forests, that 
 the Imperial decree was framed, which reduces to a mere nominal duty 
 the enormous impost which heretofore debarred the importation into 
 France, A limber or vessels of foreign builJ. The eye* of European 
 commerce have been opened to the immense natural resources of the 
 beautiful country which we inhabit. Speaking of the Exhibition gener- 
 ally the London Times, in an article almost exclusively devoted to Cana- 
 dian productions, amongst other things remarks: '*Wp may certainly hope 
 *' to place Canada on a footing to enter into competition in our markets 
 " with Sweden, for the production of the bast iron manufactured with wood 
 " charcoal." The remainder of the article had for its object to shew that 
 we ought more particularly to turn our attention to the exportation of the 
 natural productions of the country, or of those in the first stage of manufac- 
 ture. 
 
 There is, moreover, no doubt that the success of our exhibition will be 
 the means of attracting to our shores an emigration from the continent of 
 Europe, and in proof of this result I may be permitted to quote a passage 
 from a letter written to me in October last, from Darmstadt, by Baron 
 Wedekinu, Chief Ranger of the Duchy of Hesse, and compiler of the 
 records of the German forests : " Tn conciusion,'' says this eminent per- 
 •' sonage, I congratulate you upon your Canada, Althuiigh the feeling in 
 " favor of emigration has very much diminished in Germany, I would re- 
 •' commend Canada to the emigrant, in preference to any other country." 
 I think it may, with justice be asserted, that the object of the Exhibiljon 
 has so far been completely attained ; to v'erive from it at a more remote 
 period the greatest possible profit, becomes the duty of the people of 
 Canada, each one to the extent indicated and entailed upon him by the 
 position which he holds. 
 
 I have before stated that it was part of my duty to inform the 
 People of Canada, from time to time, of all the principal circumstances 
 which occurred at Paris, during and in connection with the Exhibition. 
 
 For this purpose I transmitted a regular correspondence, comprising a 
 rapid sketch of the Exhibition from two different points of view, namely, 
 a comprehensive review of the Palace of Industry and its annexes, a vo- 
 cabulary, in fact, given in the form of a ramble through the Exhibition, 
 the other is an examination, of necessity limited to the exten*^^ of time and 
 space, and the amount of information at my disposal, comprehending, 
 however, an examination of the branches of industry represented at Paris, 
 
 '•■')i 
 
Tariff of 
 )f Europe 
 ich go lo 
 is mainly 
 Bsls, that 
 inal duty 
 Ltion into 
 European 
 ;es of the 
 an gener- 
 to Cana- 
 ,inly hope 
 r markets 
 vith wood 
 shew that 
 ion of the 
 manufac- 
 
 on will be 
 (ntinent of 
 a passage 
 by Baron 
 er of the 
 inent per- 
 eeling in 
 would re- 
 country." 
 i^xhibition 
 re remote 
 people of 
 m by the 
 
 orm the 
 imstances 
 ibition. 
 nprising a 
 , namely, 
 xes, a vo- 
 xhibition, 
 time and 
 ehending, 
 I at Paris, 
 
 59 
 
 class by class, according to the system of classification adopted by the 
 Imperial Commissic.i. These letters, forty-eight in number, published in 
 the Canadian newsp.Tpers are annexed as appendices to this report. 
 
 Although the remark made by Sir William Logan in his report is abso- 
 lutely true, namely, that it is impossible to give a list which would be 
 mathematically correct, more particularly if commentary be attempted, 
 of all the prizes awarded, before the publication of the final report of the 
 International Jury ; we may, however, make use of the figures contained in 
 the list of prizes published by order of the Imperial Commission to give a 
 comparative view ; the final report cannot differ in any essential particular 
 from the preliminary report, which was made with great care, and wliich 
 was made use of in the distribution of the medals. 
 
 From the lists here mentioned, it appears that Canada has carried off 93 
 prizes, among which we find one grand medal of honor, one medal of honor, 
 thirteen silver (first class) medals, thirty bronze (second class) medals, and 
 forty-eight " honorable mentions." To enable the reader to judge of th;j 
 aggregate as well as the comparative amount of success obtained in the 
 several universal exhibitions in which Canada has entered the lists as a 
 competitor, as marked by the number of prizes received, I liere shew the 
 total numbers of said prizes awarded at the Exhibitions of London, New 
 York and Paris. 
 
 They are as follows : 
 
 At London, 07 medals and " honorable mentions." 
 
 At New York, 63 " " " 
 
 At Paris, 93 " " " 
 
 The errors induced by the discrepancies of the various reports cannot, 
 in any serious degree, affect the comparative proportion here shev/n. I 
 should not omit to remark that Canada is the single instance of a colony 
 having obtained a grand medal of honor ; that the medal of honor was 
 awarded for the collection of woods and grain of Canada, and that the 
 contributions to the three classes forming the group of natural products, 
 were derived from a large number of localities, widely scattered, and situ- 
 ated in the most remote as well as the conterniinous parts of Upper and 
 Lower Canada : a striking proof that our country, throughout its whole 
 extent, is productive, and that its productions are of a high degree of ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 Jt is incumbent on me to make especial reference to a machine, con- 
 cerning which the Committee always evinced the highest interest, and for 
 the success of which they made a comparatively large appropriation. It 
 will be at once understood that I mean Mr. Remain's steam cultivator. 
 This machine, to which the inventor had devoted his life, and his very un- 
 common mechanical talents, was transmitted to Paris in an unfinished 
 
60 
 
 state, and he devoted to it several months of incessant labor before he was 
 able to make the first trial of it. This trial took place privately, and in 
 my presence ; it was finally successful as far as the principal mechanism 
 was concerned ; but the period of time during which it continued to act, 
 did not exceed a few minutes, in consequence of a faulty mode of applica- 
 tion in the construction of the boiler. Several engineers, and some agri- 
 culturists of distinction, were admitted to witness the trials, and all with 
 whom I conversed were of opinion that the principle of the machine r/as 
 good, and that it contained 'he solution of the problem of the steam plough ; 
 the fault lay, in their opinion, in a simple matter of detail. M. Core, a 
 French mechanician, the author of a History of Mechanics in the 19th 
 century, speaking on this subject at the special agricultural banquet, given 
 at Paris, 25th October, 1855, expressed himself in these words : " I feel a 
 '' high degree of satisfaction, which you, gentlemen, will all share with me, 
 " in learning that the problem of the application of steam to the plough has 
 " been completely solved by a Canadian mechanician, who is proud of his 
 " French descent. I lately saw this important machine at work, this plough 
 "of which steam was the motive power, and the experiment was such as 
 •' to leave little to be desired to ensure its perfection.'' 
 
 In consequence of the reports which prevailed of the experiments which 
 were thus made beyond the jurisdiction of the iury of the Exhibition, the 
 English house of Croskill sent agents to Paris to ofier to purchase his in- 
 vention from Mr. Remain on terms which the inventor considered as highly 
 advantageous to himself, and likely to promote the ultimate success of the 
 undertaking to which he had devoted his life. The house of Croskill sti- 
 pulated that the machine should be withdrawn from the exliibition. On 
 the application of the inventor, and having consulted both French and 
 English engineers on the subject. Sir William Logan and I thought it our 
 duty to enable Mr. Romain to avail himself of proposals which he, the 
 person principally interested, thought the most likely to effect the entire 
 success of his invention. In the contract which was entered into between 
 Mr. Romain and the house of Croskill, or rather their successors in that 
 house, the machine is designated as Romairi's Canadian Steam Cultivator. 
 Referring for all details on the several subjects which I have here touched 
 upon, and to the various appendices subjoined to this report, it now only 
 remains that I should render an account of the funds which were placed at 
 my disposal as Commissioner at Paris. My accounts at full length having 
 been examined by the Auditor of public accounts, and compared with the 
 vouchers annexed to them, have been found correct ; I here present a 
 statement. 
 
 General statement of monies received and expended by me, as Commis- 
 sioner at the Paris Exhibition, (in sterling.) 
 
 .t 
 
 ^;i 
 
 i 
 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
e he was 
 ,y, and in 
 ecbanism 
 ed to act, 
 f applica- 
 Dme agri- 
 all with 
 ;hine r/as 
 Ti plough ; 
 I. Core, a 
 1 the 19th 
 uet, given 
 ♦♦ I feel a 
 B with me, 
 plough has 
 ■cud of his 
 his plough 
 as such as 
 
 ;nts which 
 bition, the 
 ase his in- 
 as highly 
 cess of the 
 roskill sti- 
 ition. On 
 ranch and 
 j?ht it our 
 h he, the 
 the entire 
 o between 
 ors in that 
 Cultivator. 
 e touched 
 now only 
 placed at 
 th having 
 i with the 
 present a 
 
 Commis- 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 Dr. 
 
 February 1, 1S56. 
 
 To cash from txw-utivo ('omraitteo .. 
 
 To cash from Messrs. Mallet, of Paris 
 
 To cash from Messrs. Glynn 4 Co., of 
 of London 
 
 To cash from M- Potaux, of Liege 
 
 To cash from Messrs. Ciinard 
 
 To this value remaininK in my posaos 
 »i-)n in travelling eiiuipaKO, &c 
 
 Cr. 
 
 £ R. 
 
 100 
 2870 
 
 730 
 
 CO (I 
 
 6 Hi 
 
 2.') I 
 
 ;5851 13 (! I 
 
 Dy travelling expcnics and outfit 
 
 Hy Wm. Chapman, of London 
 
 By Stamp for the sumo 
 
 By tlii'i amount paid to Sir William 
 Logan „ 
 
 By Mr. Boninin, for salary from 1st April 
 to Kitli December, and to rcimbnrsr 
 his outlay as a custoc.an ^ 
 
 By other expenses of freight, arrange 
 ment of goods, printing;, .Sg 
 
 By personal expenses of all kinds, and 
 other disbursements 
 
 By balance deposited in the Bank of 
 Montreal 
 
 By balance ca^h in hand. 
 
 £ ■■ d. 
 
 152 10 fl 
 
 130 13 
 
 IS « 
 
 1300 
 
 mi a 
 
 853 10 
 
 27!) 
 
 692 12 
 
 26 !3 « 
 
 3S51 13 C 
 
 It appears by the above statement that of the sum of £3851 13s. Od. 
 sterling there remains to the credit of the Committee a balance of six 
 hundred and eighteen pounds five shillings and six pence sterling, which I 
 have repaid to the Executive Committee Fund partly by deposit in the 
 Bank of Montreal, partly in payment of appropriations made by the 
 Committee. 
 
 I cannot conclude these few lines without a word in reference to the 
 assertion made by a portion of the press in the United States amounting to a 
 charge that the machines exhibited by Canada, were, for the most part,surrep- 
 titious imitations of American inventions ; I deny the truth of this insinaation 
 mofst emphatically. Two or three implements of agriculture improved, not 
 invented, by citizens of the United States, and now become public property, 
 are indeed exhibited, not as Canadian inventions, but as specimens of 
 workmanship. This was perfectly fair, inasmuch as similar implements 
 were to be seen in the departments of almost all the nations who were 
 represented in the Exhibition. 
 
 If the journalists who have presumed to make this charge had taken 
 counsel with the Commissioners of their nation, with whom we were at all 
 times on the besttermt., and to whose kindness we were indebted for a part 
 of the space allotted to us in the annexe near the river, they would have 
 received convincing assurance that the success obtained by Canada at 
 Paris, was due only to the intrinsic merit of the products which she 
 exhibited. These few remarks will carry conviction to the least candid 
 minds. Moreover it is but right to admit that some journals in the 
 
62 
 
 United States were induced, by a sense of justice and good faith, to confute 
 these charges, and to call upon their autliors to produce proofs of their 
 truth. 
 
 J. C. TACHfi, 
 Commissioner for Canada^ 
 
 Rimouski, I5th Feb., 1856. 
 
) confute 
 of their 
 
 anada» 
 
 PAMPHLET 
 
 ? 
 
 PUBLISHED AT PARIS, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. 0. TACHE, Esq. 
 

 
SKETCH OF CANATU 
 
 il.sllllllY I'/' ihl' I 
 
 
 
 *0 <S 
 
SKETCH OF CANADA, 
 
 it .'//- .\\<rth ,■! thi-: 'iirilorr 
 
 .Miifi /rr f/it ti.'i.ii-shttiir '•!' ihi- n-iutrr rt till' /', . wm »'" 
 
 
Iliir i.s .^iliKihil ihr llroil l.nk,: t/,.,/„,<.<iiii 
 
 A '■ " 
 
 »,*i.»»«|'*^!N»,w>v 
 
 /. ." " ' ' 
 
 ^...■..vv»- ■•'^V 
 
 ..w^'! 
 
 .^•-.<-'^' 
 
 «l^ 
 
 mr 
 
 M A P 
 
 OF 
 
 
 
 i.shiiiiY I'/'lIu' rriuirr i<f llif /•.\s// 
 
 \' I'H t ttJIit. 
 
 ,L, /'v I (• Tiirlu- J'l^q-'- 
 
ITS 
 
 iii»iBe 
 
 Pnblid!; 
 
ll 
 
 SKETCH OF CANADA, 
 
 ITS INDUSTIIIAL (CONDITION AND IIESOUIICES: 
 
 BY J, C. TACHE, 
 
 UBMBEn, OP THR PAIILIAMENT OK CANADA. AND COMMISSIONEJl FOB CANADA TO TJIH 
 
 UNIVKBSAL KXUiniTlOX, A. D. 1S55. 
 
 Pnl)li3!)cr» bi) orUa of tljr Crftuthu (£cimmittfc in charge of tljc ennanitin Ctljiliition 
 
 in ^cBoioii at (Diicbcc. 
 
 TBAN3r.ATT;i) FnOM THF. PliB.NOtl. 
 
 I 
 
 P A li I S : 
 
 IT. E C T O U B C) S S A N (I E & 8 O N S, 
 
 QUAI A'OLTAIttE, 25. 
 
 1855. 
 
 k\ 
 
only 
 throi 
 Coui 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18. . 
 
 19. . 
 10- . 
 
 21. - 
 
 22. - 
 
 23. - 
 21. - 
 
 C 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 23. 
 
 29. 
 
 20. 
 
 31. 
 
 32, 
 
 33. 
 
EXPLANATION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE EIGUllES ON THE GEOGEAPHICAL MAP 
 
 ANNK XED TO THIS VOLUME. 
 
 In order not to crowd the annexed map with names, which would 
 only destroy its utility as an index to the different waters distributed 
 through the valley of the Saint Lawrence, the position of the various 
 Counties has been indicated by figiuci;!, as follows: 
 
 1. 
 
 County of Gaspe. 
 
 35. 
 
 — Richelieu. 
 
 68. 
 
 — Leeds. 
 
 2. 
 
 — 
 
 IJonavenUire. 
 
 36. 
 
 — Saint-Hyacinth, 
 
 S9. 
 
 — Frontenac. 
 
 3. 
 
 — 
 
 llimouski. 
 
 37. 
 
 — Rouville, 
 
 70. 
 
 — Lenno.v. 
 
 4. 
 
 — 
 
 Temiscouata. 
 
 38. 
 
 — Iberville. 
 
 7L 
 
 — Addington. 
 
 5. 
 
 — 
 
 Saguenay. 
 
 39. 
 
 — Bagot. 
 
 72. 
 
 — Prince-Edward. 
 
 6. 
 
 — 
 
 Kamouraska. 
 
 ■10. 
 
 — ShefTord. 
 
 73. 
 
 — Hastings, 
 
 7. 
 
 — 
 
 Chicoulirni. 
 
 41. 
 
 — Missisquoi. 
 
 74 
 
 — Northumberland. 
 
 8. 
 
 — 
 
 Charlevoix. 
 
 42. 
 
 — Berthier. 
 
 75. 
 
 — Durham. 
 
 9. 
 
 — 
 
 Monlmoreaci. 
 
 43. 
 
 — Assornption. 
 
 76. 
 
 — Pe.:,rb^rough. 
 
 10. 
 
 — 
 
 L'llet. 
 
 44. 
 
 — Jolietto. 
 
 77. 
 
 — Vic ^rja. 
 
 11. 
 
 — 
 
 Montmagny. 
 
 15. 
 
 — Montcalm. 
 
 78. 
 
 — Ontario. 
 
 12. 
 
 — 
 
 Bellochasso. 
 
 46. 
 
 — Jlonteral. 
 
 79. 
 
 — York. 
 
 13. 
 
 — 
 
 Quobec. 
 
 47. 
 
 — Laval. 
 
 80. 
 
 — Peel. 
 
 14. 
 
 — 
 
 Levis. 
 
 48, 
 
 — Terrebotiiie. 
 
 81. 
 
 — iSimcoe. 
 
 15. 
 
 — 
 
 Dvirchester. 
 
 49. 
 
 — Two Mountains. 
 
 82. 
 
 — Halton. 
 
 16. 
 
 — 
 
 Beauco. 
 
 50. 
 
 — Laprairie. 
 
 83. 
 
 — Went worth. 
 
 17. 
 
 — 
 
 Poitneuf. 
 
 51. 
 
 — Chateaugnay. 
 
 84. 
 
 — Brant. 
 
 IH. 
 
 — 
 
 Lolbiiiiero. 
 
 52. 
 
 — Argenteuil. 
 
 85. 
 
 — Wellington. 
 
 19. 
 
 — 
 
 Megantic. 
 
 53. 
 
 — Vautlreuil. 
 
 86. 
 
 — Wat(!rloo. 
 
 SC- 
 
 — 
 
 Nicolel. 
 
 51. 
 
 — Ottawa. 
 
 87. 
 
 — Perth. 
 
 SI. 
 
 — 
 
 Vatnaska. 
 
 55. 
 
 — Pontiac. 
 
 88. 
 
 — Lincoln. 
 
 22. 
 
 — 
 
 Drummond. 
 
 56. 
 
 — Prescolt. 
 
 89. 
 
 — Wei land. 
 
 23. 
 
 — 
 
 Artlu.baska. 
 
 57. 
 
 — Russell. 
 
 90. 
 
 — Ilaldimand. 
 
 2t. 
 
 — 
 
 Cliampiain, 
 
 58. 
 
 — Carleton. 
 
 91. 
 
 — Norfolk. 
 
 25. 
 
 — 
 
 Saint-Maurice. 
 
 59. 
 
 — Renftew. 
 
 92. 
 
 — Elgin. 
 
 26. 
 
 — 
 
 Maskiuonge. 
 
 60. 
 
 — Lanark, 
 
 93. 
 
 — IVliillesex. 
 
 27. 
 
 — 
 
 Wolfe. 
 
 61. 
 
 — Beanharnoi.'}. 
 
 91. 
 
 — O.vford. 
 
 23. 
 
 — 
 
 Compton. 
 
 62. 
 
 — Huntingdon. 
 
 95. 
 
 — Kent. 
 
 29. 
 
 — 
 
 Siieibrooke. 
 
 63. 
 
 — Soulanges. 
 
 96. 
 
 — Esse.Y. 
 
 30. 
 
 — 
 
 Stan.stcad. 
 
 61. 
 
 — {Ilengarry. 
 
 97. 
 
 — Lamblon. 
 
 31. 
 
 — 
 
 Verchc'ies. 
 
 65. 
 
 — Stoimont. 
 
 98. 
 
 — Huron. 
 
 32. 
 
 — 
 
 Cliambly. 
 
 66. 
 
 — Dundas. 
 
 99. 
 
 — Hriice. 
 
 33. 
 
 — 
 
 Saint-Jean. 
 
 67- 
 
 — Crenville. 
 
 100. 
 
 — (Ucy. 
 
 S4. 
 
 — 
 
 Napierville. 
 
 
 
 
 
 «. I 
 
8 K E T C n 
 
 OK 
 
 CANADA, 
 
 ITS 
 
 INDUSTRIAL CONDlTIOxN AND RESOURCES. 
 
 :vi ;■ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The object of this sketch is to combine within the smallest possible, 
 limiff*, the mof>t valuable infarmution on the past and present condition 
 of CanaJa, to enable the reader to judge of the future prospacls of this 
 fine Colony, 
 
 Numerous works exist relating to the History, the Commerce, and the 
 social and political position of Canada ; but tiioy arc all either too 
 voluminous, or intended to elucidate some one particular subject, — many 
 of them are so crowded with fio^ures, that the perusal of them is out of 
 the question, except to persons seeking complete information u])on the 
 general statistics of the counliy. 
 
 Every cfTort has been made to compress, in this pamphlet, all that can 
 interest the public, within limits which may render the work accepLable 
 to the gener.ll reader. 
 
 Nothinj; is more difllcuU than to sav much in a few words; it would 
 b3 impossible to give a detail of all objects of interest in Canada, even in 
 a work of ten times the length of this. Convinced of this, the author has 
 simply confined himself to pourtraying the main features and characteristics 
 of his country, an J has only endeavourcsd to delineate; them with perfect 
 truth. 
 
 The reader must hear in mini that this little volume is meant for " the 
 million ;" accordingly, the man of Jettsrs will fin 1 in it but a small amount 
 of literature ; the tourist, little of th3 picturehqae ; the philcsopher, but 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 I I •• • • 
 
70 
 
 little science ; the political economist, perhaps, too few figures ; still, all may 
 derive from it some knowledge which they do not already possess ; and if 
 the vast number of persons throughout Europe, who have been taught that 
 Canada is the perpetual abode of ice and snow, can be convinced of their 
 error, the aim of the author will have been attained, and something will 
 have been done towards pointing out to the super-abundant population of 
 Europe, a country where the emigrant may find a home, and a free and 
 wide field for his industry, under the protection of wise and liberal in- 
 stitutions, which al; )w ;o all, the peaceful enjoyment of their affections 
 and their li, ilic ; modes of existence. 
 
I. 
 
 PJIELIMINARY REMARKS. 
 
 Iniportiiuco of Cftiiiida. — Homidaries, extent and position of the Country. — Parts inhabited. — 
 Navigable Water.i. — Tides in tlie River Saint Lawreucc.—Natural wealtli. — Improvement 
 siuco 1700. — Arrangement ami intcition of tLI» w--- 
 
 Canada has undergone great changos -.inc 'e period when Franco 
 consoled itself for the less of this imr -i^-ii. "5 territory, by exclaiming, — 
 "after all, what signify a few acres of .sni ' in Canada?" Now, in 1855, 
 these acres of snow have become a countr;y covering a space of 300,000 
 square miles, inhabited by 2,000,000 O! -'•■q; the annual products of its 
 fertile soil, exceeding in value £25,000,000, independent of the wealth of its 
 forests and the riches contained in its unrivalled fisheries ; its trade employs 
 an ocean fleet of more than a million of tons burden, and a flotilla on 
 the lakes and rivers of upwards of two hundred thousand tons. Its Govern- 
 ment is nearly indepcnJcnt, with a revenue of one million sterling, and it 
 possesses educational and charitubh; inslilution.s, worthv <if the most 
 highly favored countries in the world. 
 
 Bounded on the north and west by the immense tract known as the 
 " King's Posts '' or the " Hudson's Bay Company's " territory, on the 
 south and east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Province of New Bruns- 
 wick and the United States ; Canada assumes the Ibrm of a paral- 
 lelogram, its length extending from the north-east towards the south-west. 
 
 Its whole length in round numbers is 1200 miles, its breadlh about 300. 
 The limits of the country, taking it lengthwise, extend from the 60th to 
 the 84th degree of west longitude, and from the 42n;l to the 52nd parallel 
 of latitude. 
 
 Here as in other countries the Isothermal zones are not regulated by 
 theparallelsof latitude, and with the exception of that part of the west- 
 ern Peninsula, in the immediate neighbourhood of Lake Erie, at 
 the extremity of Upper Canada, which is the hottest part of the countr}^, 
 and the coast of Labrador, the northcra extremity of Lower Canada, 
 which is by far the coldest, the slight diflercnce of climate affects only 
 the production of some delicate fruits, the ordinary objects of agricultural 
 labour, not at ail. 
 
 I- . 
 
 ] ' 
 
72 
 
 The inhabitad pnrt of this vast country cnntniiis an nrna of no more 
 than .'ihoiu. 30,000 miles, the remaindor is the proprrly of the province, 
 • and still i-xisf.s in its primilivo state as a furcst, atlordng liinbor fur build- 
 ing, of which great (juantilies are annually exported for the ;narket(? of 
 Europe and America. 
 
 No country in ih:' \v(jrl(l is so well watennl by fini* rivers as Canadn, 
 intersected as it is by the Kiver St. Lawrence through its entire length. 
 This river is na.vigablef<)rthc largest v.^i-sols up to Qucbci;, 450 miles from 
 ils inouth, and for vessels of GOD tons as iar as Montreal ; sixty leagues 
 higher uj), it bears on its bosom large steamers and sailing vessels of 
 from '200 to ;}00 tons burl hen. 
 
 The tide is ])erceptiblt! as far up as Three Rivers, ninety miles above 
 Quebec ; in the hnibour of Quebec the highest tides rise to 20 feet, ordi" 
 nary tides to about 12 feet, it l)eing found that from this port to the gulf, 
 this river is subject to the same influences as the open sea. 
 
 The natural productions ot Canada are as various as its surface is ex- 
 tensive ; ill:,' m )st useful kinds of weeds exist in abundance from one ex- 
 tremity of the country to tiie other, mineral.s, even gold, are found, al.so, 
 copp(;r and iron, the forests are inhabited by wild animals affording the 
 m().5t va'uable furs, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence boasts of the finest fish- 
 eries in the world, 
 
 The soil is almost every where proverbial for its fertility, and the ex- 
 plorations tliat are constantly made, prove that the land is good even in 
 localities where it was supposed to be the reverse. 
 
 Canada thus spucia'ly favoured by Pri-vidence has advanced at a firm 
 and ste.uly pace in the march of improvem:'n' ; its p pulalion which in 
 17G0, amounted only to some ."^ixly odd thousand, has in lers than a cen- 
 tury increased thifty-fo'.l. A jiroportionate amount of land has also been 
 cleared for cultivation, roads, and ( t'ler means of communication (in somo 
 respects unecjualed in ilie world) have i;een opened to comrnr;rce, and 
 education has Icopl pace with the progress of agriculture and the iudus- 
 ti'i il art'-. As a natural consequence, the poftical and civil institutions 
 have advauu:d unJ ■:• the i'o."3tcriug inliujuce of an enlightened lib3rty. 
 
 Canada has its deficiencies, no doabf, as well as all other countries, and, 
 as el>ewhcr.', all is not p.u-fection ; ihe lower orders have their periods of 
 trial, but taking the Uiings of this world at tliaii true value, and men for 
 what they uppear to be worth here as elsewhere, there are few countries 
 where one can live belter than in (Canada, no matter to what part of it we 
 may turn. 
 
 Not to trouble the reader with a mrsss of details on a variety of subject;', 
 and to allow every one to study tliat subject which interests him most, tha 
 auth jr his divided thi.^ .sk:iich into several chapters, each under a special 
 
73 
 
 heading and containing the information relatina: to some jiarticular feature • 
 of the counliy. As it is in the lir.sl phice especially necessary to j;lve soino 
 idea ol" its Rcogiai hy, tl;c succeeding clinptrr is intended to make the 
 reader liuniliar with those terriloiial divisions, an acquaintance with which 
 is essential to a clear comprehension of the history and the other data 
 which form the subject of this work. This is succeeded by a hasty outline 
 of the history of Can ida, a brief description of the geological confii^uraticjn 
 of the country as fjr as it relates to industrial pursuits, some hints on tho 
 climate and meteorology, and on the natural productions and t!ie benefit 
 derived from them. Trade and statistics generally are not fort;olten in this 
 picture, together with tho means of transport and the improvements made 
 in this branch. One chapler is specially di-voted to give the reader clear 
 and correct ideas cf our social and political organization. 
 
 The author is well convinced of the diniculiy of comprising so much 
 valuable matter in so small a space, but it is absolu'ely necessary ; it is the 
 only form in which information can be made pala!ablc to the people ; it is 
 in fact the only metho i of reaching a'l classes of society. This tr^'atise is 
 not a literary production : this will be at once perceived by the educated 
 reader ; it is a picture of things as they are, to eulighten for practical [)ur- 
 poses ; it it is not this, it is nothing at al!. 
 
 The object is, to make Canada known to tho world, for this purpose wo 
 must have a book which all the world will read; the man of education 
 without weariness, the man of limited education without the fear rf mis- 
 imder>landing ir ; it must be a hook which you can carry in your great-coat 
 pocket, or in your travelling portfolio, to read it on board a steamboat, or 
 in a railway carriage when the hurry of business givc«! you leisure ; it 
 must be at the same time a book which tl'.e artisan may carry homo and 
 read at his leisure after the labors of the day. 
 
 The autlior has done his utmost io be clear and precis?, and above all 
 truthful. All tha intbrmiition containi'd in figures in the difTerent chapters, 
 is in round numbers, but still so near the exact truth, that by the) end of 
 this year, ISjii.lhey will be exceeded in reality. The figures in tho chapter 
 of statisiics are the true numbers, extracted from official documents collected 
 and published. 
 
 A small map ofC.mada is phee 1 at tho end ol the volume : (his, contain- 
 ing few ddails, is only iatciidc I to give th?; reader an idea of the topr>gra- 
 phical configuration of the country, and cf the principal great territorial 
 divisions. 
 
 > 
 
 ■' I 
 
II. 
 
 GEOGRArillCAL DATA. 
 
 DivIi*1on of Lower and Uppoi- Caiimlii, or Cnimdii Fieiicl\ and Cnnmla Kn^lhli. — DiRorciico 
 between the two Suctioni*. — Tcniloriul divitiionx.— (i(.'oj;rii|iliical t!oH'rij)lion of llio two 
 CouiitiiuH. — TlioOulfimd ita I^liiiidH — Labrador. — Noitli CouHt. — Giis'po.— Districts and 
 Counties. — Tlio Saguonay — Lake Sf, John.— South coa^t.— (Juobrc. — Throe lliveis — S nut 
 Mauiico. — Tlio St. Fiuiici^. — The Hiolielieu.— Mdnnoid — '1 ho Ottawa.— I'.jtoun or Oitiiwn 
 City, — R,ij)ids.— dJroi'kviile. — Tlio 'I'hoiisand Iftlands. — Uiitaiio. — Kiigsioii, llivcr Trent. 
 — Toronto. — Lako Siincoo. -Hamilton. — .Niagara. — Lake Eiio. — River Detroit. — l.uko 
 St. Chi'r. — 'ibo Thames. — Lake Uuron. — Fisliing and iliniiig Staliona en Lake Superior. 
 
 Ailhourrh Can.ada »t present consists ol" hut one single Provincf, it is 
 ncvcrthele.s.s divided into two sections widely <ii(IVront Irom one another. 
 Upper and Lower Canada, or Canada West, and Canada East. The 
 latter extcnd.s from the Gulf to the River Ollawa, on the north of the 
 St. Lawrence, and to tiic point of intersection (jf the 45tli parallel with 
 the river on the south. This section enjoj's all tlic ocean navigation of the 
 Colony, the other. Upper Canada, extendinjr towards the west and south- 
 west includes within its limits, the navigation of the great Lakes Ontario, 
 Erie, Huion and Superior. 
 
 The area of Lower Canada is much greater than that of Upper Canada, 
 but from Lower Canada whicii is about six times as large as the other 
 section, must be deducted about one quarter; which, being situated along 
 the coast of Labrador and behind it, will never serve any other purposes 
 than those of the huntsman and the lumberer ; all the rest is suitable for cul- 
 tivation with the exception of a few of those sterile tracts which are to be 
 met with in most countries. 
 
 Lower and Upper Canada offer as great a contrast in the manners and 
 social habi's of the people, as they exhibit in their laws and geographical 
 situation. The former is chiefly inhabited by French or FrT.co-Canadian.?, 
 the latter almost exclusively by people of British orif.'iin ; m Lower Caniida 
 an immense majority belong to the Catholic religion, in Upper Canada the 
 largest number belong to the different denominations of Prof tants. The 
 English laws prevail exclusively in Upper Cnada; the c' rench Civil 
 law constitutes the sole code in Lower CanacKi. 
 
 The territory is divided into Districts, Counties, divisions and Unions of 
 Counties for judicial and political purposes; the Counties are again sub- 
 
 M 
 
70 
 
 divided inio Townships in Uppf^r, and into Parishes ;ind Townships in 
 Lower Oaniula. There are thirtyjudicial districts in th;i former and seven 
 in the iatte- there are fifty-eight Counties in Lower Canada, forty-two in 
 Upper; thf>>e Counties have also their idectoral su!)-divisions, which it is 
 not necessary to desorihe here, is the number of elector.al colleges will he 
 duly enumerated hereafter. 
 
 We will now enter on tl'.e plan uhieh we propose to follow ; to make 
 the reader acquainted with a little of il,e gL'cgrap .y of the country, wo 
 shall take the route which nature herself points out to us, b}- ascending the 
 stream of t'.ie Saint Ijrxwrence, which passes t!;rough uur territory as ils 
 main artery, and fellow the r-i'thern .">;!iore of the great lakes through part 
 of Upper Canada. * 
 
 Let us fi .■<t notice the Magdalen Islanls in the middle of tiie Gull' of 
 St. Lawrence; the principal Islan Is of the group being seven in number. 
 They form part of tfie Province of Canada, and derive their importance 
 from the fvct of their being a good rendezvous for those engage! in (he 
 fisheries, v. ho find in these wateis, cod, herring, mat kerel,sejils and whales. 
 The Gulf of JSt. Lawrence fiom north to south, fnnn the coast of Nova 
 Scotia, to that of Labrador, is upwards of three hundred miles in witlth. 
 
 At the VV'est'.'rn extremity of the Gulf and at the mouth of the iviver St. 
 Lawrenct-, i- situated about midway, the Island cf Anticosli, one hundred 
 nnd thirty-five miles in length, and thirty-six miles wide at its broadest 
 part. 
 
 This Island is not on!/ a station ii r hunting and fisliing, it contains also 
 fiorne hind capabiC of cultivation ; at present tlieie are but five houses on 
 it, two loi'ty light hous!.-s, for the bciiefit of navigation, two depots of pro- 
 visions in case of shipwrecks, nnd a ))ermanent lisliing and hunting 
 establishment. On the norih ot Anticosti is the co;!st of i.abndor, which 
 is exfremi.y sterile, but its rivers abound with the finest salmon and its 
 ishores arc frequented by all kinds of salt wahn- fi.>h, wliieh are taken in 
 gieat quaniitics at ihe different fishing stations eslabiislied there. 
 
 To the sniLh of Aniicoiii, i^n tlu' left hand, a'^cending the St. Lawrence, 
 is the district of Gaspe, comprising the Counties of Hcnaventuro aad 
 Gaspe. Here the soil is excellent ; thy people ol" thus locality arc em- 
 ployed in agricultural pui'suits, in I'le gfdting out vi' timber, and more 
 ci-peciallv in cod-lishing. Only a small part of this district is settled; but 
 the population is increasing very rapidly. 
 
 The north shore, on the right hand, facing the Gaspe coast, onU presents 
 to notice a few huniing and fishing es(abli>hnients. The land, fw a certain 
 distance, ascending the liver, is scarcely fit for cultivation, Icing broken 
 and rocky; it however abounds wiih goo I timber, tif excellent (juali y — 
 well adapted for exportation. 
 
 '$ 
 
 mil 
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 lar 
 
 be I 
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 onl 
 Sel 
 
 mf 
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 of 
 
77 
 
 The mean breadth of thn 8t. Lawrence at tliis point, is about sixty 
 miles, it narrows very suddenly at the Pointe des Monts on the north 
 sliorc ; upon this p jint, which projects a considerable distance from the 
 land, a light-house is erected. 
 
 The north coast and the coasts of Gaspe are watered by a jfrcat nuni- 
 ber of streams abounding in fi.sh ; and which float or are capable of floatinir 
 large quantities of timber, of which there is a good supply ; there are also 
 on both sides, g>od haiLours fur shipping: among which, that of the 
 Seven Islands is most rcmarkal)le. At the western extremity of (jasp6, 
 may be seen, at a distance of about Iwcnty-iour miles in the inferior, the 
 Chicchack, or Notre Diime Mountains, the highest in Canada, being 
 about 4,000 feet above the level of the s-a : tliey form part of the chain 
 of the Alieghanies, (.r Apalachian range. 
 
 On the south shore, we have the County of Unnouski, then Temiscouata, 
 the large populations of both of which are exclusively engaged in agri- 
 cultural pursuits — a fiarl of them, however, are occasionally cinplo^-ed in 
 getting out timber fa* the i nropeiin market. On the north, is the new 
 County of Saguenay. flie lew inhabifan!'- nf whicli arr^ exclusively 
 engaged in lumbering 
 
 On the loft, is the County oi Kamouraska, wiiich, with thitl of i'emis- 
 couata and Ilimouski, torm the District of Kamoiiraska, included within 
 that magniiicrnt ranrre of settl"ments which lie along the shores of the 
 St. Lawrence, known and celebrated in the country as the Coto dn Sud. 
 
 On the north shore, opposite Temiscouata, and forming the boundary 
 between the Counties of Saj^m-nay and Charlevoix, is the River Saguenay, 
 the great Iributaiy ot" tin; '.'t. Lawrence, the wild and n)ajcstic scenery 
 of which is without a parallel. From its mouth, at Tadousac, to ITa! lla ! 
 Bay, in the iatcric^r, for about fit\y-t'our miles ct' its ctairse, its average 
 breadth is ;i mile, and its depth one hundred fathoms. In this distance, 
 it receives the waters of several tributary rivers, and with the exception 
 of a few bays forming the mouth of these rivers, its banks are formed bv 
 mountains of fantastic outline, in some ])]aees, 1,500 feel high, their faces 
 descending almost perpendicularly to the water's edge, and over which 
 flow slender streatns of water from the table lands at theii* summits. 
 
 From IL'i. ! Ila! Bay to Chicoutimi, the Saguenay scarcely varies in 
 breadth, but its depth at low water docs not exceed 10 feet, the ebb and 
 flow of the tides are perceptible as high up as tlie rapidr, seventy-eight 
 miles Irom the St. liawrence. the flood tides reaching about the height of 
 10 feet. F-'rom that point, the Saguenay receives the waters of Lake 
 Kenogami, and discharges itself from Lake St. .Tohn. by two outlets 
 foimed by an island in tbrir centre. Lake St. John, twerity-f;iur miles 
 long, and about the same in brejulth, is the great basin of the Saguenay; 
 
 
 I : 
 
78 
 
 into it, innumerable rivers empty themselves. The lands in the vicinity 
 of the Upper Saguenay, which form the County of Chicoutimi, have been 
 rapidly settled within the last few yenrs. Upwards of sixty seagoing 
 shi s and a largo number of schooners annually ascend the Saguenay to 
 bring down the timber prepared there far the home and foreign markets. 
 An Indian tribe, the Montagnais, the most numerous in Canada, at 
 present inhabit the Counties of Saguenay and Cliicoutimi, and bring 
 great quantities of valuable furs to the foreign market. 
 
 Returning to the St. Lawrence above the mouth of the Saguenay, we 
 have on the north shore, tiie Counties of Ch irlcvoix and Montmorcnci, 
 and on the south, the Counties of L'Lslet, Montmngny, and Bellechassc'. 
 
 The St. Lawrence, which, from iho l\)inte des Moiits lo Kamouraska, 
 varies in breadth from eighteen to thirty-six miles, docs not here exceed 
 twelve miles, and its waters begin to change gradually from salt to fresh. 
 Opposite the last named Counties, and i'orming part of them, lies a group 
 of lovely islands, of mo!<t picturesque appearance; they are called, lie 
 auxCoudrcs, Goose Island, Cane Island, Grosse Isle, and Madame Island; 
 and lastly, the splendid Inland of Orleans, twenty-one miles long, and 
 co:n[)rehending five Parishes, which form part of the County of Mont- 
 morenci. 
 
 After passing the Island of Orleans, we enter the roadstead of Quebec, 
 within which is situated the prcsesit Capital of Canada, on the site where 
 Chamj'lain lirst laid its foundation ; its poit is large enough to contain 
 thousands of shiiis, its wharvi'f;, extending 50 feet into the river; and its 
 citadel is or.e of the strongest in the world. Quebec is built partly on 
 the h'duk of the river and partly on the promontory called Cape Diamond ; 
 it is bounded on one sidj by the v\'atcrs of the St. Lawrence, and by the 
 pretty Uiver St. Ch.rles on tlie otlier, and is situated in the midst oi" the 
 most lovely scenery in all America. 
 
 The reader will find in another chapter, statistics relative to the ditri rent 
 towns and divisions ol' Canada, all of wliich are advancing with rapid 
 strides in the march of improvement. 
 
 On the right-, to the north of the city, is the dainty of Quebec ; on the 
 left, on the south bank of the river, are the Counties of Levis, Doi'chester 
 and Beauce, the two last being in the interior. The river above Qu(d)ec, 
 becomes very contracted, varying from one mile lo hnir in breadth : a few 
 miles higher up, it has a d.'pth of only about M feet entiie shoals. Leav- 
 ing Quebec, you have on your righf, the County ofPoitricuf, and on your 
 left, the County of Lotbiniere, and in the intrrior and in renr of Lotbiniere, 
 the County of Megantic ; the.se lhr(.'e countie--, with the city of Quebec, and 
 the C amtie-; cf Quebec, Montmoienei, Charlevoix, Cls'cf-'Utim'', Saguenay, 
 Beaiice, Dorchester, Levi, Belleehasse, Montmagny. and I'lslet, compose 
 
79 
 
 the Judicial District of Quebei; — ihn tliinl in geographical position; 
 ascending I he river. 
 
 On the banks of the St. Lawrence, are the Counties of Nicolct and 
 Yama>ka ; in rear, in the interior, those of Drummond and Arthabaska; 
 and on the norih .shore, the Counties of ChampUiin, St. Maurice and 
 Miiskinongc, which, with the town of Three Rivers, situated between the 
 Counties of St. Maurice and Champlain, at the mouth of the Uiver St. 
 Maurice, composes the Judicial District of Three Rivers. 
 
 The River St. Maurice, which is ui)wards of three hundred miles in 
 lenglh, and which receives the waters of a large number of lakjs, is of 
 very great importance on account of the vast quantities of timber growing 
 in its vicinity, the richness of the soil en its banks, and the existence of 
 mines which produce iron of excellent quality. Th3 town of Three 
 Rivers is the centre of nil the trade of the St. Maurice. 
 
 In the interior, towards the south, in rear of, and adjoining the District 
 of Three Rivers, is the District of St. F'rancis, consisting of the small 
 town of Sherbrooke, and the Counties of Wolfe, Compton, Shcr!)rooke, 
 and Stanstead. The population, thou^^h still inconsiderable, is making 
 rapid progress. 
 
 In following the course of the river, we have crossed a jiart of Lake St. 
 Peter, an expansion of the River St. Lawrence; its length is about twenty 
 seven miles, its breadth about nine miles ; in the upper part, there are 
 numerous islands. Lake St. Peter receives the waters of the River St. 
 Francis, which gives its name to the District above mentioned, which it in- 
 tersects, and those of the splendid River Richelieu, which flows out of 
 Lake Cham})lain. These streams all swell the volume of the great St. 
 Lawrence. Luke Champlain lies almost entirely within the territory of 
 the United States; but the whole length of the Richelieu is vvithia Cana- 
 dian territory. 
 
 The banks of the '■ichelieu are the nost fertile in the whole District of 
 Montreal; we have on the right, the Counties of Vercheros, Chambly, St. 
 John, and Napiervillo; and on the left, th3 Counues of Rinhelieu, St. 
 Hyacinth, Rouville, and Iberville, which are bounded by the river, and in 
 the interior, Bagot, Shefford, and Missisquoi, In the County of St. Hyacinth, 
 is the pretty little flourishing town of St. Hyacinth. 
 
 Returning to the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Richc:i?u, and 
 ascending the former, which we must follow to a great distance before 
 reaching the end, we have on the south shore, a second time, the Counties 
 of Vercherc-i and Chambly ; on the right, to the north, Bcrthier and 
 L'Assomption, front ng on the St. Lawrence, and in rear, the Counties of 
 .loliette and Montcalm. 
 
 We have thus reached the Island of Montreal, whijh produces, among 
 
 i^ 
 
80 
 
 a 'housaiid other excellent articles, the best u; 'e.s oit .he Continent of 
 Aino •ica. 
 
 This island, thirty miles in length and nine in b^eaJlh, toin.s of itself 
 the county of that name. It contains ten Pa.iiihe^, anu also the fine city 
 of the same natnc, the most populous in all Canada, as well as the best 
 built ; in fact, in this particular, it is inferior to no city in the new world. 
 Montreal is the principal terminus of the inland navigation, and the 
 emporium of trade with the United States. 
 
 To the north of the Island of Montreal, is Isle Jesus, (livi>!od from it by 
 the River Ottawa ; it is about twenty-four miles in length, and contains 
 four Parishes, which, with ihe adjacent islands, compose the County of 
 Laval. 
 
 Isle .lesus is separated from the north shore by a branch of the Ottawa, 
 which bears the name of Riviere du Nord ; on the main land, along the 
 shores of this rivor, lie the Cjuntios of Terrebonne and Two Mountains. 
 On the south shore, opposite Montreal, are the Couiities of Laprairie and 
 Chateauguay. 
 
 At the extremity of the Island of Montreal, at th»; junction of the black 
 waters of the Ottawa, or Grand River, with the elcu stream of the St. 
 Lawrence, the two rivers form expansions, the expansion of tlie St. Law- 
 rence beinr, called Lake St. Louis, and that of the Ottawa being known 
 as Lake of the Two Moun'ains : these two lakes are divided from one 
 another by Isle Perrot and the end of tho Island of Montreal. Lake St. 
 Louis is entereJ by the Rapids of Caughnawaga, or St. Louis, the descent 
 of which, in a steamer, which is now efTccted without the slightest danger, 
 is well calculated to give satisfaction to those who are fond of that kind of 
 excitement. 
 
 Let us now t';'low to l?.'.' >\t"?'vard, the course of the River Ottawa which 
 Hows out of the Lake or Lukes Tcmiscamang at upwards of three hundred 
 miles from its mouth. 
 
 On the nortli shore is the County of Argcutcuil, and on the left to the 
 south, the County of Vaudrenil. From this point the Ottawa forms the 
 boundary between Upper and Lower Canada; ascending the River, on the 
 Lower Canada shore to the right, arc tho Counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, 
 wh.ieh form the new District of Ottawa. On the Upper Canada shore arc 
 the Counties of Preseott, Russell, Carlcton and Renfrew, with Lanark in 
 the rear. 
 
 A very large proportion of the timber trade of the Province is carried on 
 in the vicinity of the Ottawa. Its principal tributaries arc the Rivers an 
 Lifevre. the Catineau, the Rideau and River au Moine, about seventy-five 
 r.M cs from the mouth of the Ottawa ; at the foot of the Chaudierc Fulls, on 
 the Upper Canada shore, is Bytown now called the City of Ottawa. By- 
 
81 
 
 of 
 
 which 
 mndred 
 
 to the 
 
 lins the 
 
 on ihc 
 
 Pontiac, 
 
 lore arc 
 
 liark in 
 
 [riod on 
 
 Ivors ail 
 
 lity-Tivc 
 
 [tills, on 
 
 Bv- 
 
 town stands i-" a fine situation on a height whi* h, in the form of an ar.^i 'i*- 
 theatre, commands the bay forminj..' its harbor. 
 
 Althfuigh this Town is built en the Western shore, it is tlie gcn'^n'.j mart 
 for the trade on both sides of the Grand River, the populuiI'..> (> JiaH' 
 French, half English ; a handsome iron suspension bridge spans tlio Ki -j- 
 at this point. This tributary of the St. Lawrence presents a scries o? u, ".":■■ 
 nificcnt views from its mouth to its source ; although navigable througuout 
 much of its length, the coursoof this splendid river is, in many places inter- 
 rupted by rapids, the principal of which are at Carillon, the Chandierc, 
 the Chats and the Allumettes. Steamers of a large clas3 ascend and de- 
 scend reaches of the River ; smaller ones go the entire length by means of 
 locks ; and rafts of timber cither shoot the rapids, or avoid them by pass- 
 ing over slides constructed for the purpose. 
 
 To return to the St. Lawrence, on the left hand lie the Coimties of Beau- 
 harnois and Huntingdon, and on the left the County of Soulangcs ; these 
 are the last Counties of Lower Canada on the River and in the District of 
 Montreal. This District, which is one of the least extensive of Lower Can- 
 ada, is, however, one of the most ])opulous and consequently the richest. 
 
 At the end of Lake St. Louis towards the wTst, arc the rapids called the 
 Cascades and the Cedars, beyond wdiich the River widens again to about 
 four miles, thus forming Lake St. Francis. 
 
 From the end of this Lake at St. Regis, at the intersection of the 4oth 
 parallel, Canada lies wholly on the north shore of the St. Lawrence and of 
 the grr ♦: lakes; the south shore belongs to the United Sta^ s, bu' ihr 
 waters are common to both countries. 
 
 Following the same couvsc wc reach the County of Glenga"!" , the first in 
 Upper Canada on the St. Lawrenco, chitlly inhabited by Scotch Highland- 
 ers. From this point the reader will perceive by tlic "hange in the n nies 
 of places, that we have left Lower Ca'iada ; .e emigrants from the iJntish 
 Isles have a respect for the traditions ot their country, consequently 
 the names of their Counties and Districts arj the same as those of well 
 known localities in Old En[;ian(i, Ireland and Scotland, or they arc named 
 after men wdio have added lustre to the British name, or have figured In 
 the page of history since the conquest jf Canada. One County oidy re- 
 tains its French name, that of Frontenac. Following the example of 
 Lower Canada, many of the primitive names given by the Indians \n the 
 townships and rivers have been preserved. 
 
 After Glengarry come the Counties of Stormont and Dundas, which for- 
 merly constituted the Eastern District. In Stormont is the little Town of 
 Cornwall at the foot of a rapid called the I ng Sault. 
 
 After passing the Rapids called the Gallops, we arrive at the Counties 
 
 F 
 
82 
 
 ofGrenvillo and Leeds and the pretty Town ofBroekvillc, prettily situated 
 
 on a risiii"' ";r()und. 
 
 li( 
 
 We now reacii the Thousand Ishiuds, one ot the most picturcs([ue scenes 
 in the whole of our splendid i?iver. The name indicates a shoal of small 
 Islands, strcved about in inextricable confusion ; they are of all sizes, from 
 that of a bark canoe upwards : spme are merely a bare rock, others are 
 covered wi»h verdure ; some are level with the water, others ])rescnt to the 
 spectator fne bold shores of scarped rock ; no two arc alike, each has its 
 peculiar I er.uty. 
 
 We ronch Lake Ontario, one hundred and eighty miles long, forty-eight 
 wide, a hundred fathoms deep and its level two hundred and thirty five 
 feet above that of the ocean. 
 
 Next comes Kingston, the second fortified place in Canada, the thirii 
 town in importance in Canada AVest, situated near the Counties of Fron- 
 teuac, Lennox and Addington 
 
 The north shore of Lake Ontario next presents to us the Coimty of Prince 
 Edward, on a ])oninsula bounded by Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte. 
 At the up})er extremity of this Bay lies the Comity of Hastings and the 
 Town of Belleville. These two Counties arc inhabited principally by the 
 descendants of New England colonists, wlio refused to take part in the 
 revolution of America, and who by tlicir fidelity to the British Government 
 earned the name of United Empive Loyalists. It is into the Bay of Quint6 
 thai the Trent empties itself, a river of some importance from the extent of 
 its timber trade, and the high state of cultivation of the neighboring 
 County. 
 
 Next in succession, on the Lake shore, are the Counties of Northumber- 
 land and Duvl am, and the little towns of Cobourg and Port Hope. In 
 rear of these .u-e the Counties of Peterborough and Victoria, with the small 
 Town of Peterborough. In this neighbourhood the country is intersected 
 by fine Lakes, on which the steamboat's whistle is already heard ; then 
 follow the Counties of Ontario, York and Peel, of which the City of 
 Toronto lorms the centre. Toronto is the first City of Upper, and the 
 th'ivd of Uiiited Canada, it is favourably situated in a bay which forms its 
 harbowr. 
 
 This City is built in the modern American fashion, with very wide 
 streets crossinvi each other at right angles : it is the centre of a verj 
 considerab'-^ trade. 
 
 In rear is Lake Simeoc, thirty miles in length by fifteen in breadth : 
 ihis emptiej itself inio Lake Huron by the River Severn. It gives its 
 name to the County of Simcoe, which encloses a part of its waters and is 
 about the highest land in the country, being about 700 feet above the sea. 
 
 At the upper end of Lake Ontario are the Counties of Ilalton and 
 
83 
 
 len 
 of 
 
 the 
 its 
 
 th: 
 iits 
 is 
 lea. 
 Ind 
 
 Wcntvvorth, the city of Ilainilton and the County of Brant. IlaniiUon 
 Uo3 in UurUngton Bay, at the heaii of the navigation of Lake Ontario, its 
 site is picturesc[iie and well chosen for connnercial purposes; Hke the 
 neighboring Town of Brantford it is increasing at a rapiil rate. Ilainiltou 
 is the second city of Upper Canachi, in importance and popuhuion. 
 
 In the interior to the West are the CountiesofAVellington, Waterloo, and 
 Perth. There is, in this part of the country, a considerable settlement of 
 Germans. The chief place is the little Town of Berlin in the centre of 
 what they call ''Little Germany." 
 
 From BinTmgton Bay, as far as. the River Niagara, which is the boun- 
 dary of this part of the Province, the south shore of Lake Ontario be- 
 longs to Canada; to the eastward, in this locality, are situated the 
 County of Lincoln, and the small Town of Niagara, the latter at the mouth 
 of the river. This river which unites Lakes Ontario and Erie, is properly 
 speaking only the continuation of the St. Lawrence; it is at about the 
 middle of its length that the Niagara Falls, of which the whole world has 
 heard, are situated. Fortunately it is not my province to describe this 
 great wonder of nature ; who in fact could attempt to give a correct idea 
 of the Falls of Niagara ? 
 
 On entering Lake Erie, the first Counties which present themselves to our 
 notice are Welland and ILddimand. Lake Erie is about two hundred 
 and forty miles long by fifty four in bre-'ukh, its depth is not more than 
 eighteen fathoms, and its elevation above the level of the sea i'wo hundred 
 and sixty four feet. 
 
 The County of Norfolk, next in succession, was formerlv the Talbot 
 District named after Colonel Talbot, the first settler in this County, well 
 known in Upper Canada, for his success in colonization. ^Y<! have next 
 the Counties of Elgin and Middlesex: the latter having the rising Town of 
 London for its Capital. 
 
 In the interior is the County of Oxford, and on the shore, Kent, Essex 
 and Lambton, on the river Detroit; at the head of the navigation of the 
 river Thames is the thriving little Town of Chatham. 
 
 The river Detroit forms the junction of Lakes Erie and Huron ; like the 
 Niagara it is only a part of the St Jjawrence ; at about its middle it widens 
 out, and forms Lake St. Clair, 24 miles in length by the same breadth. 
 
 Having entered Lake Huron, and coasting along its Eastern shore, we 
 find the Counties of Huron, Bruce and Grey, — the last in Upper Canada. 
 
 The length of Lake Huron, is two hundred and forty miles bv a breadth 
 of about ninety. Its sljape is very irregular, its depth about seventv-fivo 
 fathcms, and its elevation above the sea 51>5 feet. 
 
84 
 
 Here end ihc Canadian settlements, with the exception of some fishing 
 posts on Lakes Huron and Superior, and some small companies of settlers, 
 established in localities favourable to the drawinji^ of timber or the working 
 of copper mines. 1 do not enumerate amonp^ these the scattered remains 
 of those wandering tribes who inhabit the extreme end of Upper Canada ; 
 these nations are fast disappearing from the Country, except the Montagnais 
 in Lower Canada, in the Saguenay territory, of whom it is said, that the 
 pure and gentle manners introduced by the missionaries have saved them 
 from the vices anil misery which are exterminating their brethren. 
 

 III. 
 
 A FEW WORDS ON THE PIUNCIPAL PERIODS IN THE HISTORY 
 
 OF CANADA. 
 
 Discovery of Caiiailii by Jiioquea ('artiiM'. — De Rolicrval.— Clmmplnia fouuda Quobeo. — 
 Quebec tukcu by the English. — Ciumdivretakcn by the French — Montreal foundci-l. — Colbert's 
 Bchcinc for coloui^iii;^ New Fruncf.— Civil Government of the Colony. — I'^cek'siastieul adnunis- 
 tration. — Education. — War between tlie oolouie-'. IJravery of the Colonists. — Siege of Que- 
 bcc. — De Frontcime. — D'llenille. — State of N'ew France in 1721. — Quebec in 1755. Successes 
 and _rfVcr8C8. — Defeat of Abintealin, — Victory gained by Do Levis. — Cajjitulation and treaty 
 of cession in 1701. — Stru^'gles between the French colonist'^ and ]']i!yli!*ii Ilmi^jrants. — Civil 
 Governinont of 1774. — Anierieaii War of Iudej)endenoc\ — Con.slitutiou of the year 1791.— War 
 of 1812. — fusurrection of 1837. — Present Government. 
 
 The reader imisc not expect more in this sliort chapter, than a few hasty 
 remark.s on the principal featnrcs of the poUtieal existence of this important 
 country. 
 
 Canada was discovered hy Jacques Carticr, in 1584 ; he made three 
 voyages tliithcr in succession, passed the winter in Quebec, an<l cxpU)rcd 
 the river from the Gulf to Montrcah Quebec and Montreal were then as 
 now, the great centres of popidation of the aborigines ; the former was called 
 Stadacona, the latter Ilochelaga, 
 
 The first Governor of Canada, M. de Robcrval, perished with the whole 
 of his suite on his second voyage. This terrible catastrophe contributed 
 not a little to retard the progress of iho colony. 
 
 From 1534 to 1608, the date of the foundation of Quebec by Cham])lain, 
 then Governor of Canada, history records nothing of interest beyond the 
 organization of companies in France, voyages, discoveries and wars with 
 the American Indians. The disturbed state of politics in Europe caused 
 the care of managing the colonization of Canada to devolve almost entirely 
 on private individuals, who unfortunately devoted their energies rather to 
 driving a good| trade in furs widi the Indians, than to the promotion of 
 agricultural industry in the colony. But dating from the foimdation of 
 Quebec, and thanks to the zeal of M. de Champlain, the idea was formed 
 ^ ^ making settlements, and of inducing the Indian nations (either by 
 force or treaty) to ally themselves with France. In 1629 the success of the 
 Colony was again retarded by the taking of Quebec, by the English Admiral 
 Kirk, but in 1632 Canada was restored to France. 
 
80 
 
 Moiilroal was founded in 1041, and made Htroiifj; cnoiic;li to resist the 
 invasions of the Iroquois, who were always ready to harass the French and 
 their Indian allies. 
 
 Old France liad done but little lor its colony in 1003, but under the 
 achniiiistratiou of the ^rcat Colbert, plans of colonisation were formed. At 
 this period the French popidiition of Canada amounted to no more than 
 two thousand inhabitants, irregularly scattered iu Tadoussac, (Quebec, Three 
 Rivers, Montreal, and a few other posts. 
 
 Till then all ])()litical authority in the colony, both civil and judicial had 
 been vested exclusively in the Governor. At that time however, a more 
 regular and eflfective system of Govenvment was established, by separatinji; 
 the Executive from the Legislative authority. 
 
 The earliest constitution of Canada established a su])reme Council, several 
 tribunals with limited powers, and the Coiiliane de Paris as the legal Code. 
 
 A functionary, styled an " Intendaiit" was apjiointod, who combined 
 the offices of Minister of Justice, of Finance, of Police, and of Public 
 Works. Grants of land continued to be made, as at ibrmcr periods, in (he 
 form of fief^ and seigniories, under conditions regulated from time to time, 
 by Koyal edict of the King of Franco. Questions of feudal law becoming 
 matters of litigation were decided by the decrees of the governors and 
 intendants. 
 
 Th.c Ecclesiastical Government of the country was at first administered 
 by vicars apostolic, then l)y bishops, the first of whom was Monseigncurdc 
 Laval. Schools and colleges were instituted by the zeal of these bishops. 
 New discoveries were oontiiuially made, the success of which was greatly 
 advanced by the activity of the missionaries, and the country rapidly im- 
 proved. 
 
 In 1389 war broke out between the French and English colonics, which 
 was marked by the usual variations of success of the opposing parties. In 
 saying that war broke out between the colonics, I allude to the neglected 
 state of New France, left to its own resources to stand or fall. The 
 English Admiral, Phipps, came with a fleet to lay siege to Quebec, but 
 was repulsed. Thanks to the good government of Count de Frontcnac, 
 New France was so successful in arms that she determined to assume the 
 offensive against the English colonies, and acted with such energy that 
 DTberville, the Canadian Cid, after several successful battles by land and 
 sea, took possession of Newfoundh. d and its capital, St. John's, and also 
 reduced the forfs in Hudson's Bay. 
 
 At length, in 1G97, peace was concluded with England, and was suc- 
 ceeded in 1701 by a treaty of alliance with all the Indian nations in 
 
87 
 
 Caiiadrt. A new war was succeeded by n new treaty, hy wliicli France 
 ceded to Enj^land Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson's JJay. 
 
 In 1721 New France reckoned a population lA' twciity-nve tlious->;v.l 
 soi'ls, owners of sixty-foiu' thousand ar])eiUs of eidtivated land, vi( idinjr a 
 very considerable produce. It contained several educational establish- 
 ments, and a fJiir amount of trade was carried on. 
 
 In the course of the hostilities which took place in 1754, Washington 
 was defeated at Fort Necessity by M. dc Yillicra. 
 
 On the d( claration of war in 1755, Kngland had deternnned on the con- 
 cpicst of Canada, and France, caring little for lur colony, entrusted its 
 protection to the heroism of the inhabitants, aiiled by a few soldiers. The 
 beginning of this campaign was favorable to the Canadians, who defeateil 
 Braddock at Mononirahcla, and took the forts of Oswego and AVilliatn 
 Henry, which they destroyed. In 1758, however, PiUgland raised her 
 colonial army to fifty thousand men. The English General, Abercroniby, 
 lost the battle of Carillon, but the English army were successful in their 
 enterprises in the Gulf. 
 
 In 1759 General Amherst attacked the interior of Canada, while AVolfe 
 with a fleet came before (^lebcc, and landed his troops on the Island of 
 Orleans; having scaled the heights of Abraham, he offered battle on the 
 plains near Quebec ; the victory was gained by the English, both Generals 
 were killed, and Quebec was obliged to capitulate. The Chevalier de 
 Levis was unable to retrieve this loss, though he subsc(p\enlly defeated 
 the same troops on the Heights of St. Foy. The fate of the colony was 
 decided ; having lost the su])port of its stronghold, and attacked on all 
 sides, it was compelled to surrender; thus, by the capitulation of 1701, 
 New France ceased to form a part of the French Empire, and became a 
 dependency of the English crown. The capitulation secured to the twenty 
 thousand colonists the free exercise of their religion, the mainlenance of 
 their ancient laws, and the preservation of all their institutions, social, 
 religious, and educational. 
 
 From 1701 to 177-4 the history of the colony is filled with recitals of the 
 contests between the old French colonists and the new settlers of British 
 origin, the latter being nearly always sustained by the despotic government 
 of that period. 
 
 In 1774 a sort of constitution known as the " Quebec Act, was framed 
 in England ; by it a supreme Council was created, the old French laws 
 were re-established, and an equality of civil rights secured to both Catholic 
 and Protestant, by dispensing with the oath administered to public offiecrs, 
 which up to this date had prevented Catholics from holding any ofhce. 
 
 The American war of Independence had some influence in Canada, the 
 
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88 
 
 Colony was invudeO, but remained faithful tu its allegiance and opposed 
 and repulsed the enemy. 
 
 In 1791, was granted that constitution which established freedom of 
 election and responsibility to the people, it was received with enthusiasm 
 by the population of Canada. All appointments to places of honor and 
 profit were under the patronage of the Crown ; the people elected their 
 house of Representatives, and the King appointed ihe members of the 
 Legislative Council ; all laws before coming into force, required the as- 
 sent of the three branches of the Government. An Executive Council 
 formed at the same time a Court of Appeals, but the nomination to office 
 and maintenance in it, in this body, depended entirely on the Crown. 
 
 In 1812,' the war between the United States, and the mother country, 
 gave the militia of Upper Canada an opportunity of displaying their 
 courage, and, with some trifling exceptions they were generally successful, 
 so that the '^nemy was finally repulsed after a contest of three years. 
 
 The continual differences between the Colonists and the authorities, which 
 succeeded the war, resulted in 1837 in an insurrection, and a partial rising 
 in both provinces. This movement was subdued and for some time Lower 
 Canada was pla^^ed under martial law, and afterwards governed by the 
 decrees of a Special Council. 
 
 In 1840 the constitution which now regulates the affairs of the ])rovince, 
 was granted by Great Britain ; this constitution will be treated of in the 
 chapter specially dedicated to a description of the political and social in- 
 stitutions of the country. 
 
 The constitutional Government which Canada now enjoys, on the model 
 of that of tho mother country, is administered, as in England, in turns by dif- 
 ferent parties, who assume the reins of Government and conci.iet its affairs, 
 and again in their turn pass into opposition. The most remarkable feature 
 in the history of Canada, from 1840 to 1855, is the vast amount of 
 public works, undertaken and completed cither wholly or in part, and of 
 which some more extensive notice will be taken hereafter. 
 
 The colony appears to be animated by a most excellent public spirit, 
 which laying aside the petty interests of party devotes itself to the general 
 welfare, pointing out to the different classes of society how much nature 
 has done for the country, and what is required to accelerate its progress 
 towards the greatness which awaits it. 
 
IV. 
 
 PHYSICAL ASPECT OF CANADA, AND REMARKS ON ITS 
 GEOLOGY AND METEREOLOGY. 
 
 Surface of the Country. — Form and clmrftctor of the Mountains. — Limits of the valley of the 
 St. Lawrence. — Clinin of the Laurcuitidcs ami Appalachian or Alloglmny Mountains. — 
 Featurea of the Country — Courses of the Rivers. — Level of the Valey of the St. Law- 
 rence; North and South Shore — Principal geological char.icteri sties. — Climate. — Com- 
 parative temperature. — Canadian Winters. — Meterological ohservations. 
 
 Although the surface of the country is in general very uneven, there 
 are no very great mountains ; none of tlieni exceed 5000 feet in hciglit, and 
 nowhere do they assume the appearance of crags or ])eaks, their well- 
 rounded summits being always covered will) !"iiU- grown trees; and if by 
 chance the naked rock exhibits itself like a w all on the borders of rivers, 
 it is always crowned by a sort of tabic land, on which the largest trees arc 
 found to flourish. 
 
 Two chains of mountains, which form together what is called the height 
 of land, and which have a general direction from the north east towards the 
 south west, inclose the valley of the St. Lawrence on both sides, and in the 
 north divide the waters of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence from those 
 of Hudson's Bay. The first of these chains is called the Lainentidcs. In 
 the south, the height of land formed by the Alleghany or Appalachian 
 range separates the waters of the St. Lawrence from those which flow by 
 the river Ristigouche, into the the Bay of Chaleurs, by the river St. John, 
 into the Bay of Fundy, ;>nd by the Penobscot, the Hudson and others 
 directly to the Atlantic Ocean. From the height of land, the ground 
 slopes downwards to the bed of the river at a less inclination in proportion 
 as it approaches the west, for the valley of the St. Lawrence has a gradual 
 ascent as it penetrates into the interior, but the centre of the valley 
 rises more than the siaes, so that on reaching the flat country in the 
 interior the rivers cross one another and form a net work, those which 
 flow towards the ocean receiving their waters from the neighborhood of the 
 lakes, and those which empty themselves into the lakes draining the coun- 
 try far to the south. 
 
 The mean height of the bottom of the ravines in the chain of the Alle- 
 ghanies, in the interior of the District of Gaspe is about on the same level 
 
90 
 
 as the waters of Lakes Huron and Michigan, and the summits ofthe Appa- 
 lachians, in the neighborhood of Lake Eric, in the States of New York 
 and Pennsylvania, are about the same height above the level of the sea, 
 as the tops of the Alleghanies, in the District of Gaspe, Quebec and the 
 State of Vermont ; but in the west, the beds of the great lakes are on much 
 higher levels than that ofthe Gulf, and the river St. Lawrence in the Dis- 
 trict of Gasp6 and Kamouraska. There is a dittercncc of only two hun- 
 dred and thirty -fivo foct between the level ofthe waters ofthe Gulf and of 
 those of Lake Oniario, in a distance of seven hundred and fifty miles, and 
 the dcjjth oi Lake Ontario, is a hundred fathoms. There is a difference of 
 level between Lakes Ontario and Erie of three hundred and twenty-nine 
 feet, though they are but a few miles asunder, and the Lake Erie is 
 only one hundred and eight feet deep. Along the whole extent of 
 the St. Lawrence, the north shore is more irregular than the south. The 
 vast number of rivers that flow into the St Lawrence through its lengthen- 
 ed course, do not reach it in a uniform direction, but at a variety of angles, 
 nearly all however, flow from the west towards the cast on the north shore, 
 and from the south towards the north, on the north shore, except towards 
 the great lakes into which the rivers empty themselves from all directions. 
 
 There is a far greater amount of territory on the north than on the south 
 shore, and the sides ofthe vallev of the St. Lawrence are also much more 
 extensive ; it is also on the north shore that the largest rivers and the 
 finest forests are found. 
 
 The stratum on which the basis of the valley of the great river rests par- 
 takes of the character of the primary gneiss and transition fn'mation, which 
 crops out in several parts of the country, the gneiss more particularly on 
 the north shore in both sections of the Province, the transition rock on the 
 south shore. Of the different geological formations of the country which 
 are most remarkable, some are analogous with those of the states of the 
 neighboring Union. All appear anterior in thoir conformation, and conse- 
 quently in lower layers than the coalfields, and even lower than the Devo- 
 nian strata of transition rocks, the latter being only seen at the two ex- 
 tremities of the country. The silurian period appears to be the pre- 
 dominant characteristic. 
 
 The kind of rocks most prevalent, to class them by a purely mineralogi- 
 cal system, are the terriferous, calcareous, the argillaceous and conglom- 
 erate, among which the most common are the calcareous and sand- 
 stone. Canada is rich in minerals and the reader will find a list of the 
 most important in the chapter dedicated to the natural productions of the 
 country. 
 
 The climate of Canada is generally very healthy, especially towards the 
 
91 
 
 lower part of the River. No endemic disease exists in the country, if 
 we except the intermittent fever in some parts of Upper Canada ; this also 
 disappears as soon as the country is cultivated, and the few marshes in the 
 neighborhood of the great lakes become dry or united with the cities. 
 
 In so vast a tract of country there must of course be great vai'iations in 
 the meteorological phenomena, taking as examples the climate of Quebec, 
 for the eastern end of the Province, that of Toronto for the west, and Mon- 
 treal for the centre. The 'cmpcrature rises gradually going west, so as to 
 make a difference of abcut a fortnight in the advent of spring between 
 Toronto and Quebec, and the same for the beginning of winter. The 
 mean temperature in summer is a little higher at Quebec than at Montreal, 
 and a little higher at Montreal than at Toronto. The mean temperature of 
 Quebec in winter is some degrees lower than that of Montreal, and the 
 temperature is lower in Montreal than in Toronto. Thus Quebec exhi- 
 bits the greatest degree of heat in summer and of cold in winter, so that 
 in short the annual mean temperature of Quebec differs but little from 
 that of Toronto. It will be seen hereafter, what effect the climate has 
 upon the vegetable productions of the country, affecting, as has been 
 already stated, only certain tender fruit trees and shrubs. 
 
 At Quebec the temperature in summer often rises to 95° Fahrenheit, and 
 tas fallen in winter, though but rarely, to 93°. The maximum tem])erature 
 at Toronto during a period of ten years was 95°, but this is not common ; 
 and the minimum temperature for the same period was 18° below zero. 
 
 The mean temperature of the years 1847-8-9, at Toronto and Montreal, 
 was for Tore ito 45° 30" above zero ; for Montreal 45° 45", making a differ- 
 ence of only 15". 
 
 We may here cursorily remark, to avoid comparative calculations, that 
 Arago estimates the mean temperature of Europe at 35^^ 20" Fahrenheit 
 and Dr. Craigie that of England at 50°, and that the mean temper- 
 ature of Canada is between that of Copenhagen (44° 18") and Berlin 
 (46° 4".) 
 
 The greatest meteorological variation between Upper and Lower Canada 
 consists in the following fact : That in Lower Canada the snow covers the 
 earth early in winter, and disappears in the space of a few days in spring, 
 while in Upper Canada almost universally it lies but a few weeks ; that in 
 the former its depth in the woods amounts to about three feet, while in 
 the inhabited part of the latter, it rarely exceeds a few inches. 
 
 Our winters which Europeans believe to be dreadful, are with us the 
 season of enjoyment, and many strangers afler passing a winter in Canada 
 have been heard to say : " Well ! after all, your winter is delightful, and 
 is not hard to bear. 
 
 1^ 
 
92 
 
 Our snow which frightens the new comer, makes the best roads in the 
 world, and winter is tl t season for the carriage of heavy articles, for pro- 
 curing timber and firc-wood, and for pleasure excursions ; and if the winters 
 are long, and the snow deep, they have the inestimable advantage of 
 contributing to the health of the inhabitants, by destroying all miasmata, 
 Jind nourishing and fertilising the soil ; neither is the wonderful rapidity 
 with which the growth of vegatation proceeds, to be forgotten. 
 
 The winter air is very dry, and so exhilarating, that without consulting 
 a thermometer, a change of a few degrees is not perceptible, and generally 
 speaking, these days in the winter are the least agreeable when the temper- 
 ature is too high for the season. 
 
 The principal fault of our climate is its excessive dryness in summer, 
 which however, decreases as cultivation extends, and which is less felt in 
 the Lower St. Lawrence, in the districts of Gaspe, Kamouraska, and 
 Quebec, and on the tonjjucs of land which constitute the counties of 
 
 T • 
 
 Lmcoln, Wclland, Essex, Kent, and Lambton, on account of their being 
 surrounded by large masses of water. But these two extreme points of 
 the Province, have as a counterpoise to this advantage two drawbacks 
 peculiar to them ; in Lower Canada the heavy northeast winds with their 
 accompaniment of beating rain in the autumn; and in the west, cold winds 
 and muddy roads, frozen or half frozen during the greater part of the 
 winter. 
 
 The autumn usually brings over the navigable waters, heavy fogs, which 
 certainly form one of those miseries of our country, from which, however 
 highly favoured otherwise, it is not exempt. 
 
 Canada has but little to complain of in the way of meteorological pheno- 
 mena, such as devastating storms, thunder or hail ; although some accidents 
 have occurred from these causes, they are so rare and so limited in their 
 extent that we may almost congratulate ourselves upon being exempt from 
 them on the shores of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The rivers bounded by high banks are not subject to those inundations, 
 which in many parts of the old and new world cause from time to time such 
 serious devastations. 
 
V. 
 
 NATURAL PRODUCTIONS AND MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Froduetiona of the Mineral Kingdom, and the principnl locations of tbeir beds, building 
 stone, combustible matters, mineral colours, precious stones, stones capable of vitrificati.m, 
 mineral fertilising substances, precious and other metats. — Productiona of the Vegetable 
 Kingdom, timbers for building and other purposes, plants and fruits. — Productiont of 
 the Animal Kingdom, beasts, birds fishes, and cetaceous animals. — Manufacturing pro- 
 eetset, extraction of the raw material, its conyertion into articles of consumption. 
 
 We now proceed to consider the principal substances of the Mineral 
 Kingdom, which are known at the present day to exist in the country, and 
 to give the names of the places in which they are found ; it is of course our 
 intention only to speak of those articles which come under the head of in- 
 dustrial produce. 
 
 Granite of good quality for building purposes is found principally in the 
 counties of Megantic, Sherbrooke, Stanstead, ShefFord, and St. Hyacinth ; 
 gneiss is also found in abundance on the north shore, in different parts of 
 both Upper and Lower Canada. 
 
 Sandstone for building is also found in different parts of the Province, 
 principally near Quebec, the mouths of the Niagara in Canada West, and 
 the Ottawa in Lower Canada. 
 
 Calcareous boulders are found in all directions. Lime also exists in all 
 parts of the country, and hydraulic limestone on the shores of the Grand 
 River, in the county of Brant, near Lake Huron ; it exists also in the 
 vicinity of Kingston and Bylown, in the county of Argcnteuil and at 
 Quebec. 
 
 Clays of various qualities are found over the whole face of the Province. 
 Marbles of a diversity of colours are found in many places, and serpentine, 
 particularly in the districts of Quebec and St. Francis, on th? douth shore 
 of the river. 
 
 The combustible substances of the Mineral kingdom are very rare ; 
 nevertheless, peat, naptha, petroleum, and asphalt exist in certain places. 
 
 Slate of good quality abounds in the neighbourhood of the River St. 
 Francis, and in the district of Quebec. Millstones of an inferior quality 
 may be procured, but the best are to be had in the district of Gasp6. Whet- 
 stones abound in several localities, and very good tripoli has been discover- 
 ed in the counties of Berthicr and Montmorenci. 
 
 (^ 
 
01 
 
 Earths of different colours arc met with in niiinorous places; for instance, 
 white bar^-tes long the north shore, from Luke Superior downwards ; 
 yellow, red, and brown oelire, in Tadousac and Montniorenci, and on the 
 borders of Lake Huron a kind of ferruginous chiy, which produces u deli- 
 cate red. 
 
 Lithographic stones arc procured, which, though not of the best (juaUty, 
 may be employed to great advantage. 
 
 In the category of precious stones we can boast of agate, jasper, hyacinths, 
 amethysts, and jet ; grains of ruby found on the borders of the Ottawa have 
 been shewn to us. 
 
 Materials for the manufacture of transparent and opaque glass arc abun- 
 dant, but more especially in the counties of IJeauce and Megantic ; there 
 is a great deal of white (piartzosc sandstone on Lal;e Ihuon, near Lake Erie, 
 and in the counties of Beauharnois, Vaudrcuil and Laval, — and basaltic 
 and other similar rocks on the north shore of Lake Superior, and in the 
 counties of Montreal, Vandreuil, and Chambly. 
 
 Compact talc and pot stone are found in ma ly places in great abundance, 
 but chielly in the counties of Beauce and Megantic, together with plumbago ; 
 asbeslus is found in Sianstead and Kamouraska. Gypsum is to be had on 
 the shores of the Grand River, near Niagara, a; " ^ the Islands in the Gulf 
 at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ; phosphate ■) pnncipally on the and 
 
 Upper Ottawa, and probably along all the north ^norc, going eastward; and 
 calcareous marl, suitable for manure in a number of places. 
 
 The country also contains uranium, chrome, cobalt, manganese, iron 
 pyrites, dolomites, and magnesites, for all which chemistry may find uses. 
 
 Native gold exists imder ground in sufficient quantities to be worked to 
 great advantage, in the county cf Beauce near Quebec, on the banks of 
 the river Chaudiere. Slight traces of gold in veins have been discovered 
 in the copper mines of Lake Superior and in the districts of St. Francis 
 and Quebec, where native silver is also found. Nickel and cobalt are 
 met with near Lake Huron, and traces of them are found in other places. 
 Copper exists on the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior and in the District 
 of St. Francis. Lead is found in the Ottawa and Gaspe districts. Iron 
 in its various natural states abounds in many parts of Upper and Lower 
 Canada, but principally near the River St. Maurice in the neighbourhood 
 of the town of Three Rivers. The crystalline schists on the north shore 
 through the whole extent of the country are found to contain masses of 
 iron ore, generally of specular iron. 
 
 We shall now proceed to inquire what are the most common and most 
 useful productions of our forests, first noticing those which exist over almost 
 the whole country ; we shall then show what trees are wanting in some 
 localities, and what are exclusively peculiar to others. 
 
95 
 
 The trees wlilch v.c find almost universnily in our woods, are, the oak, 
 TTinpK', walnut, yoke-chn, ehn, hireh of two kinds, ash, tluTe kinds of pine, 
 hemlock, tamarack, y'^'""^ and hlack hprnce, (he (ir, cedar, poplar, aspen 
 and white birch of two varieties : all these trees attain a considerable .size, 
 and grow in all parts of Canada, except on the coast of Labrador, where 
 the only trees that thrive, are the white birch, the fir, the different hinds 
 of spruces, beech and one of the varieties of pine. The trees of smaller 
 growth common to all the country are the cornel tree, willow, alder, hickory, 
 and wild cherry In our forests arc foiuid also, gooscl)erries, currants, 
 strawberries, wortleberries, juniper berries, ras[)berries and a host of oilier 
 trees, shrubs, berries and plants, some of which are useful as nu-dicincs or 
 for dyeing; these plants, among which we nuist not forget to meution the 
 ginseng, so famous in China, arc found throughout the whole length of the 
 Province, from Gaspu to the River Detroit. 
 
 The black waliuil, the chesnut, iron wood, saffron and a few others, arc 
 peculiar exclusively to the jieninsula at the western extremity of Upper 
 Canada. The oak is more abundant and of better (piality in Upper 
 than in Lower Canada. The same remark applies to the elm, but all other 
 woods attain a greater perfection in Lower Cana(hi. 
 
 There is one wood in particular of great value in ship-[)uil(hng, and 
 which from its strength and durability is beginning to be held in hi«'h 
 estimation in the foreign markets, it is called Red Spruce, or Tanuirack. 
 This wood appears to possess within itself, all the requirements of ship- 
 timber. The smallest of the forest trees above mentioned attain a hei-^ht 
 of seventy feet, and a diameter of two feet at their full growth. We have 
 pines of one Inuuh'cd and fifty feet in height by six feet in diameter, which 
 serve fot* lower masts in one single piece for ships of two thousand tons. 
 Our black walnut, bird's-eye and curled maple, and our waved red beech, 
 are splendid woods for cabinet ware and marquekrie. 
 
 Canada has sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, specimens of all the 
 productions above enumerated ; just as they arc got out in abundance 
 for commercial purposes. 
 
 As a matter of course all varieties of grain and vegetables arc cultivated, 
 and arrive at great perfection throughout the whole province ; the same 
 may be said of tobacco, hemp, flax, and hops, as well as apples, plums, 
 cherries and many other fruits. The best apples on the whole continent are 
 those grown at Montreal, here also are produced the best pears and melons ; 
 owing to the great care bestowed on their cultivation ; the best plums, and 
 best cherries (called French) come from the Quebec district, where other 
 fruits only come to perfection when sheltered by thick trees against the 
 north east winds of autumn. Grapes are produced with some success at 
 
 1^ 
 
06 
 
 Montreal, but pcnclies nttnin perfection only west of Toronto, nnd more 
 particularly nciir the river Ningurn. 
 
 The wild animals found in Canada arc the moose deer, (a kind of elk ;) 
 Caribou, (great rein-deer,) the buck, the black and red bear, the lynx or stag- 
 wolf, the wild cat, martin, mink, common wolf fox, the carcnjo or kinka- 
 jou, the martin, an animal which belongs to the family of small bears, the 
 beaver, the otter, nuiskrat, marmot, the polecat, the skunk, the hare, which 
 abounds in Lower Canada, and a great variety of squirrels. I have here 
 only mentiimed those species of animals which are most numerous and 
 which arc found in all our forests, with this exception, that the moose is 
 not found on the coast of Labrador, rarely crossing to the east of the 
 Saguenay or to the west of the Ottawa, and i:cvcr passing higher than the 
 Richelieu on the south-west, which shews it to be an animal peculiar to 
 Lower Canada; again, the skunk is found in the west where the moose is 
 not seen. The wolf is very scarce below Quebec, but foxes are numerous 
 and very large ; on the north coast of Lal)rador and in the Saguenay terri- 
 tory, black and silver foxes are common ; the price of their skins is perfectly 
 fabulous, a single black fox skin, having been known to fetch as high as 
 £24, sterling. 
 
 Our birds comprise every variety of ducks, wild geese ; both salt and 
 fresh water divers, the wild turkey of Upper Canada, the partridge, which 
 abounds every where, but chiefly in Lower Canada, quail, woodcock, 
 snipe, cranes and hcnms, plover of all kinds both large and small, birds of 
 prey, such as eagles, hawks, and others, screech-owls, ortolans, the thrush, 
 the woodpecker, the titmouse, and many others, some remarkable for the 
 beauty of their plumage, others for their uielody ; among the latter the 
 humming bird, and the nightingale, which arrive pretty early in the 
 spring. 
 
 The fish which are the most plentiful in our lakes and rivers are the 
 salmon-trout, the common trout, niaskinonge, touradi^ white fish which 
 are of great variety, the pike, perch, and a host of others ; the sturgeon 
 which attains a length of several feet, frequents some parts of the river. 
 Great quantities of fish are taken in the Western Lakes, but they are 
 trifling compared with the fisheries of the Gulf and Lower St. Lawrence, 
 where cod, mackerel, herring, pilchard, sea-trout, eel, salmon, and 
 many other species of fish abound in such quantities as to attract many 
 fishermen from the United States. 
 
 Every year, fish to a large amount is caught on these stations, without 
 taking into account the profits derived from the porpoise, seal, and whale 
 fisheries; owners of fishing vessels have made enormous fortunes by 
 pursuing this branch of industry. 
 
1)7 
 
 It in needless lierr, to notice the doniesticr iinimnis, the (lili'rrcnt Kiiro- 
 pcan varieties of whic^h hiive been introduced into this contilrv, to cross 
 or improve the breeds. 
 
 It nnist be evi(U'nt to th(! rcHih'r, that u popidiition not exceeding 
 •2,()()0,()0() is too scanty, and unable to rurnish sirdieient hands for the 
 cultivation of a fertile soil of so vast extent, orto reap all the advantages 
 to bu derived from those rcsourc-es which we have merely atleniptid to 
 (les(!rlbe in fmv words, and he will perceive at the same time ijuit tla^re 
 is ampl(^ room under the Canadian heavens for the em|)loymenl of intelli- 
 i^cncc, capital and labour, tlu; great levers of hmnan industry. 
 
 Let us take a hasty view of tin- industry of the country mider two 
 principal headings : Firstly, 'VUv production or extraction of the raw 
 uiat(!rial ; Secondly, The conversion of primary substances into manu- 
 factured articles, eillu'r for home consumption or for exportation We 
 shall, in this chapter, only point out the names of the conuuodities, as a 
 statistical enumeralion of them will be given in a chapter dedjciitcd to 
 that purpose. By the extracts, wi.'ch the reader will find in another <hap- 
 ter taken from the census of the inhabitants, he will see tlu; munber of 
 hands which each trade employs. 
 
 Besides the «'xtraction from tluj earth of stone i]\ for the erection of 
 buildings and monuments, employment is found in extracting gypsum 
 to be used as a fertilizing matter, white (piart/ose sandstone for iIk; pre- 
 paration of glass, coloring earths or pigments, for the painting of houses, 
 in procuring native gold, copper, and particrularly iron in all its varieties. 
 We shall of course only notice here such substances n.< arc produced in 
 large (juantlties. The Europium capilalisl or manufacturer wishing t(» 
 make practical cxperiinents in Canada, may, by comparing the account 
 which has just ])ecii given of the natural products r)f tlu« country, with 
 what the author hen; shews arc worked and em|)loye(l, and by referring 
 to the tables of stiitistics ol" the occupations of iIm; people, arrive at a 
 very correct estimate of the resources from which wi' derive the 
 greatest profit, t)f thn amount of that profit, and als(» of those matters 
 which are not as yet made use of; he may thus judge what branch of 
 industry would yield the highest return, and ofier the i)cst field for the 
 employment of capital. 
 
 The yields, of the mineral substances of which we have sj)oken, 
 do not suflice fi)r the uses of the country, and though these minerals 
 exi.st in gr(!at abundance under the soil, we nevertheless, are conipelled 
 to import gold, iron, copper, and colouring matters in their raw state. 
 
 The produce of our forests employed for building purposes, tor cabinet- 
 making, and manque cry is the principal item of our exportation, and 
 added to imni;nmfacturcd furs and agricultural produce,— which is in Canada, 
 
flitniltii' to tlin pnuliictionHof Ktiglatid and tlio norlli nf France,— fdnn niniont 
 tlu' only aiiicli s wliicli \v»' export in tlicir raw Ntalc, llic oiUvr cxporiH bcinn 
 i-oiiiparaii\('ly triilii)<;. Our wixkIh .supply ^unis iur tlio ptcparation ot' 
 varnislics, and t'nr crrlain ('luMnicalw, anioii^ tlicui arc llu> (ir gntii, the 
 sprn(*(< ^nui, and tlio pine ^um, or Canada lialsain. 
 
 'I'lic natural pjodnciions wliirli (^uutdian industry employs lor convfrHJon 
 into artielt •* o\' utility, or to adupt lor nsi-lul purposes, will he enunu rated 
 ill my future olixervations on our inauuru'tnring estalilislunents. Tliero 
 an in Canada i i .ill directions, f'oin)dricN for the n\rn\ulaclnre of all such 
 articles as are usunlly produciHJ in similar estahli^hincnts, from the largest 
 parts ol' steam engines to the smallest coolvin;;; utensils. The manu- 
 facture ofclav into hricks and other articles of pottery i< also carried on 
 very extensively. Some of our producers have furnished onsiderahle 
 ipiantiiics of execllont slate, hut still, the ^npply of all these articles is far 
 froM) e(p>allin}X the c<)nsumplitHi. 
 
 The maun fact uriiifi; industry of Canada, employs a part of our tindicr in 
 ship-hnihliiig'. and in this respect Quehee is one of the j^rcalest shiphnildiu}; 
 ports in the world. I may he excused a little national pride, when [ 
 htate tlu fact, that a ship ol' 1,()()() tons, the IJoomeranj^, huilt at (Quehee 
 hv Mr. Thcophile Si, .lean, made the shortest passa|j;e on record, from 
 Knjiland to Australia, having head n the Marco Polo, a rival ship, hy 
 seven days; at the same time landing; her cargo in perfi'cl order, notwith- 
 stanthug the high rate of sailing. Our ntamifactories of furniture, carriages 
 and implements, in whii-h wood forms the chief material, exempt us from the 
 neccs>ity M' seniling ahroad for snpjilies for our home consumption, 
 speaking of co\irse in giMieral terms, without noticing more than the most 
 remarkahl'' fca(nri>s, ..nd avoiding all such details as are only to he found 
 in tallies of si.itistics. I have here to adtl to the list of manufactures from 
 the pnulueis of our forests, that of pot and pearlash, and also, the con- 
 version (hy means of our ninnerons and powerful saw mills) of our forest 
 trees into planks, hoards, laths, &c., »fec., &c. 
 
 The produce of furre»l animals and the plumage of hirds, are also 
 prepared in several ways, yet skins exi)orted hy us in their natural state 
 frecpiently return here in.uinfaetured. 
 
 Great nnantliics of oils .are 
 
 m 
 
 annf.u'lnrid from the hluhher, of 
 
 cetaceous animals 
 
 tak( 
 
 tl 
 
 en m tiio irnlt am 
 
 If 
 
 K 
 
 iver 
 
 St. 1 
 
 jawrcncc, and the curin": 
 
 8 
 
 dtin^, and smoking offish is cariiedon, on a large scale : of these articles 
 
 our production exceeds our consumption, and we mignt even uicrcasc 
 
 [ht 
 
 our 
 
 pr( 
 
 duct 
 
 ion 
 
 of ih 
 
 lese articles, inasmuch as foreigners come an- 
 
 nually to reap the hencfit of our snper-ahundanco. aIic manufacture of 
 porpoise leather must he noticed, it hiving beiMi brought to such perfection 
 as to entitle it to the rank of a new invention : whale leather is also made, 
 though the wliale is generally supposed to have no skin. 
 
M 
 
 — ■e*gr«i^ .1 1 — -r 
 
 .u%ji t i^\jL.:mm 
 
 The raw iimlrriuls »>f nj?ri<Miltiiral Indiisfrv, <'in|)l«)y io tliolr prj-pcrntion, 
 n viist aiiioiint of lalxxir. 
 
 (Mir mills «'((iivcrl our wlu-at into Hour ol'scvcral (l«'scri|>lions and (|uaH- 
 tit*H. An al)un<lan(!c orHnj.^ar is ina<l(' iVotn the Hap ol'tlic maple Irci'. Wc 
 prepare our meals Uy saltinji^ or Hinokinjr, «'illier for domestie use or for 
 exportation : but it would \iv superfluous to enumeraio all these various 
 hranelies of industry wliieli nnke up the eomplenient of, and (^o to swell 
 the lahors of our farmers. We export comparatively little ^raiii in it/* 
 natural state. 
 
 Canada reebms ieveral woollen and linen fahries ntnon^ her artificial 
 
 produelions, and all sortsof maclnncry, tools, leallier, paper, prnitni<i; type, 
 musical inslrinucnls, :iiid further, -.•ontains workshops for every art, 
 trade nnd profession. In those hranches of Inhonr the workmanship of all 
 ordinary useful articles is of ahi;;h standard ; in ntatters of luxury we yield 
 the palm to Murope, hut to I'.urope only. 
 
 The author is well aware that many dvMails t^iven in this chapter n>ay 
 appear teilious, lint the intention of this work made their publication n 
 matter of duly. The commercial si ''siics will familiiiri/.e the puhl-c with 
 those imports and exports of (Janada, which we have not thon;^hl prop.er to 
 iiilriuluce here. 
 
# 
 
 c; 
 
 h( 
 
 lo 
 
 tk 
 
 lir 
 lh( 
 bu 
 
 La 
 
 18( 
 
 nor 
 
 alo 
 
 wh 
 
 iiad 
 
 Qu« 
 
 (lrc< 
 
 obsl 
 
 this 
 
 trea 
 
 lliei 
 
 Lak 
 
 and 
 
 Laki 
 
 Lak( 
 
 thesf 
 
 (lisaf 
 
» f 
 
 VI. 
 
 MKANS OF (COMMUNICATION. 
 
 Common Uoatls; — Moil iiud Ti'lcgriipli Coiiitnunicationa ; — Navigation of liif St.'^Lii^vroncc ; — 
 KiUurfii ()l)sticIoH overcome; — St. Luwrcnco, Licliinc, Uouuhariniis, uinl; WfUiind 
 Canals; — BcHt route to tlio Car West; — Rivors.Snguonay, llichulieu, Ottiiwii.iindClianibly ; 
 — lliddiu un(! (Iicnvillo CanalH; — SliJon forraftr*; — Hurliii^ton iin 1 Do-janiiim C;iniils; — 
 Grand Uivcr, Tlianuisaml others; — lluilwaya; — St. LawriMico K>iit(! romparcl wiiti the 
 Aniorican Lines of travel. 
 
 Ik'fore cnlcrini!; upon m rcviow of our ^Tcat rouics of inlfrcominnni- 
 iTilion, let ns observe llial i^ood common roads Iravcr.sc the ronnlry in 
 all tlircctions, thai llicro is no tujrncr, however thinly inhabited, nor 
 however roinot(! from the; cenln^ of population, that lias not a road leading 
 to it. These are not all lirst class roads, far from it, but they arc 
 passable, and indeed are traversed daily by the mails ii^oin^^ into the set- 
 tlements formed alonii[ the ii^reat public roads, and twice a week to the 
 more remote s(!ttlements. It is hardly nec(^ssary to add that telegraph 
 lines are established wherever lliey have been found necessary, and that 
 they are donbhi and treble Ix'lween th<! great centres of population and 
 t)usiness. 
 
 The distance from tlie moutli of the St. Lawrence to tlie e.\lrcmity!^of 
 Lake Superior, following the course of the Lakes and Kivers, is above 
 1800 miles ; few rivers in the world present so extensive a highway, and 
 none are navigable; for larg(i shi|)s to so great a kmgth ; the St. Lawrence 
 alone ofters this advantage lo vessels treble the tonnage of those with 
 which Columbus and ('artier made the discoveries of Americta and (>a- 
 nada. Nature had rendered the St. Lawrence; navigable as high as 
 Qnebec for ships of the largest size, and for vessels of live or f^ix hun- 
 dred tons burthen as far as Montreal, bul there thoy encountered an 
 obstacle, the St. Louis Kapids, whi(!h interrupted their progress ; beyond 
 this the navigation was again open for large vessels, but between Mon- 
 treal and Kingston forty-one miles of rapids formed a serious barrier to 
 their ascent ; next follow(>d Lak<! Ontario, and from Lake Ontario to 
 Lake Erie, a distance o)' only Iwenty-s(!ven miles, :in ascent of 330 feet, 
 and the Falls of Niagara opposed thrmselves; from thence through 
 Lakes Huron and Michigan the navigation was open, bul the entr;inceto 
 Lake Superior was still barn^d by the Falls of St. Mary. Now, all 
 these obslniclions, all these formidable barriers opposed by nature have 
 disappeared, you may start from any* ocean ))ort in a vessel of two hnn- 
 
 \\ 
 
102 
 
 died Ions burtluMi ami reach witlunil lransliij)niont ihr lirad of llic gn'nt 
 Lako. The St. Louis liapids an* avoided by tli<* liacliine Canal, iiiin; 
 miles in len<:;lli ; the Cedars, Cotetni, Loni^-sant, (lallops, and other 
 Kapids by tlu» Heauharp-'s, Cornwall and .Innetion Canals, thirly-three 
 miles loniT. The Falls of Niagara and aeeompanying Kapids l)y the 
 Welland Canal, twenty-seven miles long, and the St. Mary's Kapi Is by 
 a V(M'y short Canal, built by the Americans, our n<'ighbours. 'I'he Laiihine, 
 l^eauharnois, Ci>rnwall and Junction (Canals have tog(>thcr 27 locks, Ihe 
 dimensions of which within the gates arc 200 feel by 45, with nine feel 
 depth o\' water on the sills. The Welland Canal has 27 locks of 150 feet 
 hy 2(5 feet in breadth, and eight \'rv\ six inches depth of water on the 
 si'lls. 
 
 The reader will peri'cive that Canada has reason to be j)rond of her 
 great '' iiighway,'' which moreover has cost the country over ,C2, 800,000 
 sterling. 
 
 It nuisl be evident that the St. Lawrence route is unrivalled. It is 
 uniloubtcdiy, the best, the safest, and the cheapest lor tlu* emigrant, 
 whether he wishes to settle in any part of Canada, or to wend his way 
 towanls the Western States of tin* Ameri(^an Union, Ohio, Michigan, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, or Minm^sola, for it is the connecting 
 link with all the American Uaih\)ads which reach the Lake.- at Hullalo, 
 Ch^veland, Sandusky, 'I'oledt), DcMroit, Chicago, atid Milwaukie, and 
 with all our own lines o\' Railroad. The wlu)Ie of this Canadian navi- 
 galii>n, exiiMuling over tlu* fresh waters of a great river and extensive 
 lakes, is iu the higliest degree favorable to the licallh of travellers and 
 to llu> preservation ol' certain aniiles of trade which become damaged 
 by a lengthened exposure to heat, and uiany of which inth^'d suller 
 considerably by a long voyage on the tepid waters, witlu>\il depth or 
 current, oi the Erie Canal iu the Slate of New York. 
 
 Belore sjicaking further oii the subject of ihc suptriority of the 8t. 
 Lawrence route over every other, for the greater i)arl of isorlh America, 
 let us examine the other inland uavigiihic routes which the country pos.sesscs, 
 all these ditVerent branches from the san\c trunk radiate fioai each siileof tJic 
 principal artery. The lirst is to the Nonli, the Sn^ueuay, which oifers a 
 navigable channel for nearly ninety miles, \o the largest sea-going ships. 
 The second is die Richelieu, wnich unites the Saint Lawrence with Lake 
 Ohamplain, aided by the Chambly Canal, constructed for the purpose of 
 avoiding the rapids of the same name. The length oi" this canal is about 
 Vl miles, it contains ten locks, each one lumdretl and twenty icct long by 
 twcnty-four broad. Ne.xt is the Ottawa which has at its mouth a lock one 
 hundred and ciiihtv feet bv fortv-fivc, with six feet water to allow the large 
 ritcainers to pass from Lake w ,. Louis into the Liike of Two Mountains, 
 
i03 
 
 which ronnccts tho OttnwM wilh tlie Saint Ljiwroncp, ns far ns Carillon, at 
 that point larj^o vessels arc coinpellpd to make a slop; other hoals a few 
 miles above (irenvillc, extend iheir route to the Cityof Ottawa. Soinneh for 
 large vessels, hut the Oll.iwa fortns a water thoronghfare for a distance of 
 more than two hnmlred miles for steamers one hundred and thirty feet 
 long by thirty-two in breadth, (hawing live feet water, this route was 
 opened by means of the St. Anne Lock, of which we have spoken, at the 
 entrance of the Lake of Two Mouritains, l)y a Canal whieh avoids tho 
 rapids which ifnj)ede the navigiiion between Carillon and (Jrcnville, (hen 
 by another canal, tlie llidean, 12(5 miles long which intersects the interior of 
 the country from the City of Ottawa, taking its course towards the South 
 West as far as the iK'igbhorliood of Kingston, at the mouth of the river 
 Cataracpii. This canal, const ructed on a mixed system, comprises locks of 
 which we have irivtn the dimensions, and others, some of which are of 
 
 g'g'> 
 
 mil- dimensions, and are intended to raise the level of lakes and 
 
 Th 
 
 dertaken by the JJritish Militi 
 
 rivers. Tins expensive work, undertalicn l)y tlie Jintisii JMilitary Uovern- 
 mcut for a jiurely strategical pnrjiose, is now devoted entirely to commerce. 
 
 Beyond the Chaudicre llapi/ls near the City of Ottawa, tlie Ottawa is 
 navigated by Steamers of middling si/.e to the foot of the dials IlMplds ; 
 from this j)oint a railway bnill by individuals on an eeonr)mi('al plan and 
 which, for that reason, is called tlie Ahiniijiiiiil Hall- lioud, coiiiieets with 
 another line of steamers which runs to Portage i\\\ Fort. 
 
 Independent of this the Ottawa possesses slides, coiislructed along 
 its whole length for the descent of rafts, thus avoiding the rapids which 
 formerly caused the loss of many lives, and of large quantities (4" lumber. 
 Slides arc also c.;nstrncted on the ilivcrs St. Maurice, Trent itid others. 
 
 At the head of Lake Ontario, Burlington Bay used to be inaccessible, 
 in conse(piencc of a bar or spit whic!" barred the entry, but a channel has 
 been excavated faced wilh piers to preserve the sides, and so constructed 
 as to admit the largest vessels that Jiavigate the Lake. From the end of 
 Burlington Bay, the Desjardins Canal, alioiit three miles in length, has been 
 opened. This is simply a passagi! through a swamp, deepened by a dredging 
 machine, the object of this work was to avoid the ascent and descent of a 
 sleep hill, the foot of which borders the marsh through whicii the canal 
 is made. 
 
 The Grand River, which empties itself into Lake Erie, is made navigable 
 for vessels of small burthen as far as Brantford. about ;i<> miles from it8 
 mouth, and is connected with the Wellanil Canal by a branch of this canal 
 which is fed by the Biver. 
 
 The Thames is also navigable for a certain distance for vessels of moderate 
 draught, it empties itself into Lake St. Clair. 
 
 Ik 
 
104 
 
 No mention is made here of inferior comiuiuiicalions nor of the naviga- 
 tion of some of our inland lakes and rivers, for instanee, Lake Simeoe, 
 and River St. John, Lakes Temiscouata and Madawaska on the frontiers of 
 Lowtr Canada, which put us in connexion with the JStatc of Maine and 
 the Province of New Brunswick. 
 
 A raih'oad unites the Counties of Levis and (.Quebec, with iMontrcal in 
 one direction and with the United States and the Athmtic in the other, by 
 effecting a junction at Melbonrne witli the St. Lawrence and Athintie 
 raih-oad which runs toPorthmd along the borders of the State of Maine. This 
 route forms part of a grand scheme, known as the Grand Trunk Railway, 
 which is intended to penetrate through the whole province, and of which 
 the following j)ortions are in progress, viz. : from Trois Pistoles, County of 
 Temiscouata to Quebec, from Montreal to Toronto and from Toronto to 
 i'ort Sarnia. It is in connection with this line of railway that the Victoria 
 Bridge is now being built to join the island of jNIontreal to the south shore 
 of the St. Lawrence. This gigantic work will with its inunense abutments 
 l)e al)out three mili>s long, it will be a tubular bridge on the same principle 
 as that over the ^lenai Straits in Ki. l;in(l, the licight of its piers will be 
 such as to admit of vessels passing under it ; when complete, it will be 
 the largest bridge in the whole world. 
 
 The other Canadian Railroads in operation are, the Lanorale, Berthier, 
 and Rawdon, twenty-four miles lonir, which intersects the Counties of Ber- 
 thier, .folielle and Montcalm : the Montreal and Lachinc, in coimection 
 with the Railwav from Caui>;hnawa<ia to Plattsburgh via New York ; the St. 
 Lawrence and Champlain which ha> its terminus at Rnnse's Point on Lake 
 Champlaiii : these two latter unite with American railroads which have 
 their terniiiii in New York, Boston, and other cities of the United States. 
 The railroad which onuects Lakes Ontario, Simeoe and Huron, ninety miles 
 in length. The railroad from Buffalo tm-ough Branlford to Goderich, 
 which places Lake Huron In direct communication, over the Western Pen- 
 insula, with the Welland Canal and Laku Erie. The Great Western Rail- 
 road from Hamilton to Niagara, and Irom Hamilton to Windsor or the 
 River Detroit, is, next to the Grand Trunk, the most important of our 
 railroads, it is in full working order and carries on an extensive traffic ; 
 all these roads are complete and are in direct eoinnuniication with the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Besides these a number of railroads have been connnenced or are under 
 contract, one from Quebec to the back settlerr.ents of the Saguenay, another 
 from Quebec to Montreal by the north shore of the St, Lawrence, one to 
 the frontier in the district of St. Francis, from Montreal, one from the 
 Ottawa to Prescotr, County of Grenville, one from Brockville to the Otta- 
 wa, the '■ (jrand Jun-'lion '' from Belleville to Peterborough, and from 
 
105 
 
 thence to Lake Huron, a double brnnch from Port Hope to Cobourf^; and 
 Peterborough, one from Toronto to Godcrich, one from Woodstock, County 
 of Oxford, to Lake Erie, and one from London to Port Stanic)' on Lake 
 Erie. Several other railroads are in contemplation, for some ol which, the 
 Companies have already obtained their charters. 
 
 Let us here make a comparison between the St Lawrence and American 
 routes, as mems of transport for passengers and goods, also with respect 
 to their connection with the Western emigration and traffic between the 
 States and Canada. 
 
 Let us first of all establish that that route is the shortest and most direct, 
 which, from the north and centre of Europe, leads to the shores of Lakes 
 Ontario, Huron, Michigan, and Superior. From the European ports of 
 the above named sections, all ships direct their coin-sn either to New York, 
 Boston or the Gulf of St. Lawrence, uniting at a common centre near New- • 
 foundlnnd, a little to the West of Cape Race, distant from Europe about 
 2000 miles. It is from this point we should compare the different routes 
 in question. 
 
 From thence to New Orleans the distance is 3000 miles, to New York 
 1,360 miles, Boston 1,200 miles, and to Quebec 1,200 miles. 
 
 Thus from the coast of France or England to 
 
 Quebec, the distance is ... 3,300 miles 
 
 Boston, do 3,300 " 
 
 New York, do 3,450 " 
 
 New Orleans, do 5,100 " 
 
 Again, it is to be observed, that for ships coming from the North of 
 Europe tl'.ere is a shorter passage than that by Cape liace, that is to say, 
 by passing through the Straits of Belle Isle to the north of Newfoundland, 
 in latitude 52*^. The difference in the length of the passage is estimated 
 at about 300 miles in favour of the Straits. From the coast of Ireland to 
 Labrador in Canada the distance does not exceed 2,200 miles. 
 
 Having thus shewn that Quebec is nearer to Europe than any of the 
 ports in North America as regards the internal trade of the Continent, it 
 remains to be proved that the St. Lawrence route is superior to every 
 other. 
 
 Arrived at either of the ports of New Y'^ork or Boston the emigrant can 
 only reach the west with his baggage by some line of railroad, (except 
 from New York, by a water carriage of about 150 miles by the Hudson 
 River,) which arc all more expcpsive than our water communications, and 
 subject besides to transhipment at every junction of the different lines. 
 I have stated that the emigrant had but one means of travel towards the 
 West in the L'nitcd Slates, I mean that their Canals being small and thus 
 
 I 
 
106 
 
 incapable of ndniitlin^ stcanihoals, llicy «i"c unfit to carry passengers at 
 the present era in travelling. 
 
 On tlic other hand, emigrants or travellers arriving at Quebec, with the 
 intention of not remaining in Canada but of going westward, may be car- 
 ried with all their property to their destination, with all the comforts 
 afforded by large steamers to any of the inland ports without having to 
 set foot on shore except as a matter of recreation in passing through the 
 locks of the canals; and the difference of lime occupied in the journey 
 from the American ports by railroad to liuffalo, and that in the voyage to 
 Buffalo by Quebec on the St. Lawrence, is only forty hours, a trifling dif- 
 ference, considering the distance travelled, if we take into account the 
 charge either for the emigrant or for freight. 
 
 Again, let us remark that the navigation of the St. Lawrence connects at 
 a number of different points with steamboat and railroad routes, the greater 
 number of which terminate at the American seaports. From this circum- 
 stance we can thus, it may be remarked in passing, choose for our produce 
 either the American or the European market, and select further, cither 
 water or land carriage. All these advantages arc so palpable that when 
 it was proposed in the State of New "York, to bring the American Erie 
 Canal as far as Lake Ontario, Mr. Dcwitt Clinton, one of their statesmen, 
 opposed it, saying, " All goods for exportation once arrived on Lake Onta- 
 rio, will, in most instances take the Montreal route, uidess our British 
 neighbours arc quite blind to their own interests." The distance from 
 Quebec to Buffalo by the river may be taken at 600 miles, and the mean 
 distance from New York and Boston to Buffalo at 540 miles, by the best 
 railroads. Now, we know that the most moderate fares on railroads for 
 long distances are, by emigrant trains, IJd., per mile for each traveller, 
 and for the first class passage, 3^d., per mile. The regular charges on the 
 best boats on the St. Lawrence for emigrants, are a little over Id. for every 
 three miles, and 3|d., for cabin passengers. 
 
 This gives as the price of passage to the West : 
 
 From Quebec to Buffalo, for ordinary travellers, £3 Gs, Od., for emigrants 
 
 £1 2s. oa. 
 
 From Boston or New York to Buffalo, for travellers £3 5s. Od., for 
 emigrants 27s. Cd. 
 
 It must be observed that the charge of £3 Os., for first class passengers 
 on board Canadian steamboats includes meals, which generally from New 
 York or Boston to Buffalo, cost about 6s. more, making the total charge 
 £3 lis. Od. by the American routes, against £3 6s. by the Canadian route. 
 These differences of fare are not very great, still we must bear in mind 
 that we have instituted the comparison between our first class boats and 
 
107 
 
 tor 
 
 the American Railroads, which are most moderate in their charges. Much 
 cheaper passages may he procured on the St, Lawrence, hut nothing 
 chv-'aper can he found on any railroad. 
 
 The i)rices here presented shew that the difterencc of fare is more in 
 favor of the emigrant than the general traveller. Thcsame difterence exists 
 with respect to freight which amoujits to nuich less l)y the St. Ijawrencc, 
 and the saving increases with the hulk and weiglit o\' the goods to be 
 conveyed. 
 
 Below is a comparative scale of the charges for carriage of a barrel of 
 flour by different roiUcs, t'oin ("loveland in the State of Ohio, to the differ- 
 ent sea-ports ; 
 
 From Cleveland to 
 
 s. D. 
 
 Boston, (by Erie Cunal and Railroad) 5 
 
 New York, (by Eric Canal) 4 
 
 Portland, (by St. Lawrence and Monlreal) 3 G 
 
 Quebec, (by St. Lawrence) 2 
 
 This same barrel of flour, the freight of which, by the American 
 routes, airiounts to 5s., delivered at Boston via the Slates, would only 
 cost 3s. I)d., if sent there via the St. Lawrence and Montreal From 
 Toronto lo Quebec the IVeigiit ;)'' the same article is on the average Is. 
 6d., and f'>m Toronto lo New York 2s. d. These charges are of course 
 subject to ch..nge, but the proportion is always that indicated here. 
 The prices quoted are iha ordinary charges of steamers and freight 
 trains. The down freight on the St, Lawrence is something less, as 
 freight vessels descending the river, shoot the rapids, whereas on 
 ascending, they have canal charges to pay. 
 
 It has been objected to the St. Lawrence route, that it is only open 
 part of the year, and that we are quite isolated during the remainder. 
 The navigation of the St. Lawrence is generally open by tlie 2''th April 
 or 1st May, and closes about 25th November. 
 
 Now, during this period of seven months, its great thoroughfare afibrds 
 ample passage for all the freight, and as to emigrants and travellers they 
 would do well not to go westward in winter, oven should they take 
 Boston or New York as their starting point. The Erie Canal and Hudson 
 River are not open in the spring earlier than the port of Quebec, although 
 the temperature in the neighborhood of the former is higher in winter ; 
 but the St. Lawrence has means of its own for getting rid of the ice 
 which covers it. 
 
 It has been asserted in books written on the subject of the great high- 
 ways of which we have spoken, that the navigation of the St. Lawrence 
 
 % 
 
I OS 
 
 presents more dangers than other routes, and it has been urged as an 
 iurgumcnt that the rates of insurance are much higher on this route than 
 elsewhere ; the latter fact must Ll' admitted and on first 
 consideration it seems to carry great weight, but this is due to other 
 causes than the amount of losses, causes which result from the fact that 
 Assurance Companies are composed almost exclusively of capitalists, 
 who are (juite ignorant o*' the real interests of the trade with which they 
 are dealing. The reader will see further on in the chapter of statistics, 
 the comparative; amount of premiums and losses on Marine Insurances. 
 I will now proceed to use an argument of another kind, in favor of the 
 St. Lawrence rou'o which admit"^ of no discussion, but assumes all the 
 authority of past experience. 
 
 The year 1848, was probably the most disastrous ever known for the 
 whole world as regards shipwreck ; in this year the United States lost 585 
 sailing vessels, out of 21,000 which compose their merchant fleet, Eng- 
 land in the same .year 501 ships out of 30,000 ; Canada out of 2,000 sail- 
 ing vessels, which navigate the St. Lawrence from Montreal to the Gulf, 
 I20O of which were from beyond the sea, had only 48 shipwrecks ; and 
 (never before nor since that period,) has our river witnessed so many 
 disasters. 
 
 By these figures it is proved that in the year of the greatest losses for 
 the whole world, (the best consequently on which to form a comparison,) 
 we 'i.ive lost 1 ship in 42, and the United States 1 in 35. This then is the 
 evidence we have deduced from the Assurance Companies, to establish 
 the comparative amount of safety on the navigable waters of the two 
 countries. 
 
 This constant comparison of Canada with the United States will be ex- 
 cused, when it is reflected that too often in France the credit of all that is 
 done in North America is given to the Americans, a slight error which our 
 amiable neighbours tolerate, with a benevolence quite at variance with 
 their usual habits. 
 
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VII. 
 POLITICAL AND CIVIL INSTITUTIONS 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Constitution of Canada ; — Kxccutive powi-r ; — Lf gislutivi- power •.— I'.iiacttuoiit of l^aws ;— Dutleg; 
 of tlio IjC;;|i8lativo Uotlies; — Eloctivd piinciple ; — Coinportitioiiol" llio Exfculivo Council, 
 Assemblies ; Rcccssts ;— Proroyntions ami Uissolutions of llio Houses ;— Adniinistrntion of 
 Jnsliffi ill Cimaila East, or Fronih Canada; In Canada Wosi;— Education ; — Superiu- 
 tondcnt «>f Education ;— School Euuds ; — Mauaffcincnt of Scliocd Kcvtuue ; Univcrsilios; 
 Collp'jfos ;— Clergy ; — Local Municipalities;— ll'iada , — Uefercnce to Bevfral sulijecls in 
 the followiui,' clinpter. 
 
 The constitution which unites Upper and Lower Canachi nndcr one sole 
 Government is identical with that of I'lngland, with one only exception, 
 wliich is tliis, that the sanctioning of any law may be reserved for the 
 supreme iiuthorify of the Motlier (Jounlry whenever the Governor thinks 
 proper. This prerogative is only exercised to miiintain the principle of 
 col{»nial dependence, for in point of fact, the Parliament of l-jiigland, grants 
 the fullest liberty to the Colonial I'.irliament :)iul the management and 
 enjoyment of all their revcnu(>. 
 
 I he Executive power is coinposed of the Governor, who represents the 
 Sovereign, and of a Council of Ministers who alone are lesponsible for the 
 acts of the Government, ami preserve their position only by possessing the 
 confidence of the two branches (f the Legislature. In the event of a 
 collision between the Representative power and tlui Executive, the latter 
 can dissolve the House and appeal to the people by a new election. 
 
 The Legislative power is made up of two Assemblies, of which the 
 Legislative Council, is named by the Crown, by the advice and counsel of 
 the ministers, and the number nf which is unlimited, the other the Legisla- 
 tive Assembly is elected ' y the people of Counties and Towns, and is com- 
 posed of 130 Members, 65 for each section, the term of whose service expires 
 eve;"y four years, ai:d may erase before this period, in case of a dissolu- 
 tion of Parliament. The Legislative Assembly alone has the power lo 
 vote the supplies, and any measure involving an appiopriation of revenue, 
 intist originate in this Assembly. 
 
 Other laws emanate either from the Legislative Council or from the 
 Assembly, which bodies alone can consider and amend ail Bills. When a 
 Bill or proposed Act, brought up from one [louse to the other, is amended, 
 the Act is returned to the Chamber in which it originated, who may either 
 agree to the amendments or not, or propose other amendments to the amend, 
 ments; should both houses conj!ur, the Biil is passed, and only re(juires the 
 
Ill 
 
 Governor's sanclixn to become law ; if otherwise, then a conference is 
 arranged bRtwecn Members of the two Assemblies, chosen ns roti/nrcs. 
 In thii meeting the affair is always arran<j;o(|, if iu)t the Hill would fall to 
 the ground. 
 
 The Chambers ar* the High Court of I'inqtiiry of the Country, and 
 have the right to take cognizance of all matters ; and all informa- 
 tion asked for by the majority of the Assembly jnust be p:iven by the 
 Government, or ihey must resipn or nppc nl to the Connfry. (Questions 
 are decided by a majority of the members present, witliDiit regard to 
 numbers, provided there be a quorum. A (juorum of the lieyislative Council 
 consists of eleven, and of the Assembly of twenty-one- Each chamber is 
 presided over by a Speaker, who gives the casting vo.e on equal divi-^ions ; 
 the Speaker of the Counoii. is appointed by the Executive, and the ;*^peaker 
 of the Assembly, by the House. 
 
 All measures, investigations and nthvr preparatory labours are prepared 
 or carried on by Committees who report to the Mouse. These (/(»mmitfees 
 are either gener;il, that is, composed of the whole House, or special, when 
 composed cf a limited number of Memljers : there are besides these, Stand- 
 ing Committees, who leport at different periods on all matters referred 
 to them for enquiry. 
 
 It is intended shortly to make the Legislative Council (dective, which 
 will be an important change in the constitution, not only as respects 
 their responsibility to the people, but also as regards the relations between 
 the two Chambers, and between the Chambers and the Executive. 
 
 The council of ministers which is here called the "Ministry" or 
 "Administration," and whose number is not limited l)y the constitution, 
 is at present composed as follows : 
 
 A Provincial Secretary, whose ollice is identical with that of Min- 
 ister of the Interior and of Education. 
 
 A Receiver General whose office relates to matters of Finance. 
 
 An Inspector General of Public Accounts. 
 
 A Commissioner of Public Works. 
 
 A Commissioner of Crown Lands, — colonisation, woods and forests. 
 
 A Minister of Agriculture, attached to which is an office of Statistics 
 and Patents of Invention. 
 
 Two Attorneys General, the Law Officers, of Upper and Flower 
 Canada. 
 
 A Postmaster General. 
 
 Minister wiihout otfice, who is Speaker of the Legislative Council. 
 
 Of these Ministers five are from Upper t'anada and five from 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 k 
 
112 
 
 Attarlifii tt> llic Ministry and retiring with it, l>iil not forming piirt of 
 il an* two S«)li('itor'< (icihtiiI, wIu>so duties arc connrctrd with thosr of 
 Attorneys (Jrncrid. All tlicsr fiuxMionaricN must Im« incnilHTs of ono «r 
 other of tlx* Chamhers, and there must be some of them in l>olli. 
 
 Tin* Council of Ministers are in constant session and assist the(iov«*r- 
 nor with their mlviec ; he presidt's at all meetings wlier** his de<'ision is 
 re(|uin*d to the measures of the Coiuicil, hut the Ministry liavt> ('onuuittot' 
 meetini^s at which husiness is discussed and arranged ; the (Governor in 
 not present al these nje«*tin_u;s, eli(|ucttc rjot admittin,'r of any discussion 
 in his presence. 
 
 'riu* nomination of all public ollicers rests with the (lovernor. 
 
 The Speakers t)f tin* two Assemblies hav(* tlu* nomiiuition (»f lln*ir own 
 oirieers cxc<*pt 'he Serjeants-at-Arms and tJcntlemen Ush«*rH ; these, re- 
 ceivinij; the usual eoiumissions are nomiiuitcd by the Kxecutiv**, who an* 
 generally i,Miided in their selection by the wishes of the Speakers. 
 
 Disputed ("lections of Meudx'rs of the Le^'islativc Assembly are 
 decided by Klcctioii ("ommitlces, chosen from the body of the Iloust* in 
 virtue of a law to that cllcet. 
 
 Parliament must mi*et every y«*ar, its sitlinj; usually lasts several 
 months and is called a session. It may adjourn for long vacations with- 
 out alVecting the session, but when the labours of the S(!ssion arc 
 ttTtuinated by order of the (1 vcrnor in Council, it is called a prorogation, 
 and the next meeting of parliament conuucnces a now session. A 
 parliamcul is thc(luratit)n of the Assembly from one election to another ; 
 after every general j*lcction, w luMhcr before the expiration of the four years 
 from tiic issue t)f the w rits (by dissolution) or not, anew Parliament begins. 
 In tlu* interval betwi'cn the end of ono Parliament and the beginning of 
 another, a space of lime which should not amount to a year, and rarely 
 exceeds a few months, there is no legislative* pown*r in existence. This 
 will .sufTicc to show that our constitution is the same as that of England, 
 our parliamentary rules and practices arc exactly the same, and the Ilousiis 
 and members individually enjoy all the privileges secured by these 
 rules in the same manner as all the prerogatives of the Crown arc 
 vested in the Governor, %vlio is the Representative of the Sovereign. 
 Changes of Ministry occur as in England, in fact every political move- 
 ment is here an imitation of what is done at home on a larger scale. 
 
 The description we liave given of the extensive powers of the Cana- 
 dian Parliament which alVect everything connected with the legislation 
 and government of the country, leads us naturally to allude to a subject 
 which, especially for the French, is a bug bear which keeps foreigners 
 away from all quarters of the British Dominions, that is, the law of 
 inheritance or Alien Act. 
 
113 
 
 Thr Fn'nclimnn wlio vvislics to I'tnij^utc to (liiniulu fH'«'<l not fijir for 
 hiinMcU'or his family, tlir mijust o|n'rnli(itj ol" tills liiw, nor of tli«' liiw of 
 |)riiMoj;«'iiitiin' ; tlicsr objcciioniild*' laws, to wliicli, liowrvrr, nIh* owth, 
 ill tt ^rrat mcasiirc, Iut airriciiltiiral position and the siaUility of hrr 
 Govfrnrncnl, arr unknown in ('anada. We may suppose tliat ilic <-olot»y, 
 posscssinj^ tin* powrr of Irj^islatin^' on the subject, has taken ^ood rare to 
 annul all laws which liad a tendency to banish strangers from jtM terri- 
 tory, emigration l)einn the most important element in the prosperity of 
 .HO vast a eoimtry as this, so rich in nelural productions and one which 
 is still so ihirdy inhabited. The foreii^'tier maybe assured of (in(lin<r in 
 Canada, all those; ar."anf.jem('nts wlii<h will secure to him and to his 
 family, the possession, and peaceful, and uninterrupted itiherilance of 
 that wcMilth which his industry and capital .nay have procured him, 
 (mr laws and enaclm«*nts t«'nding to encourage honest and well dispo.sed 
 emigrants to settle among us. 
 
 The judicial power is dilVerently organised in liower and Upper Cana- 
 da. Here in few words are the two organisations; with one exception, 
 that in certain eases an np|)eal against the decisions of the Courts h(!rc, 
 may be made to the I'rivy Council in England. 
 
 In Lower (^anachi, the; highest tribunal is called, Thv (lurnVH Bcnchy 
 it is composed of four judges, with a Chic^f Jtistie^e as I'lesident, but any 
 of whom can act in \\\v. absence of tlie others in cc^rtain easels ; this Court 
 hears cases of appeal and gives judgment in serious criminal matters 
 which do not come within tlx; jurisdiction of the Police Courts. Another 
 Court composed of ten judges, two of whom are Chief Justices, one for 
 Montreal and one for Qu(!bec, is called the Superior Court ^ and gives 
 judgment en premiere instance in important causes and in appeal, in all 
 cases referred from the Courts below. The third in order is the Circuit 
 Court \ i\w number of judges of this Court at the present (hiy is nine, 
 one of whom resides in each of the districts of Kamouraska and 
 Ottawa, two in the district of G spu and one in the Circuit 
 of Chicoutimi, in the Saguenay territory; their jurisdiction »,;xtends 
 to sums not exceeding £50 currency; in some; dlstri(;ts the resident 
 judges exercise in addition, the jurisdiction belonging to other Courts, 
 but only during term. The Circuit judges hold with tlu; justices of the 
 peace. Quarter Sessions to try certain criminal cases. 
 
 There is besides an Adimiralty Court, the sole ju'lge of which, sitting 
 at Quebec, decides all matters of maritime law. When the inhabi- 
 tants of a Parish demand it, they may establish among themselves u 
 " Commissioners' Court," which adjudicates on matters of debt only, 
 not exceeding £6 currency. Special Magistrates, without salary, called 
 Justices of the Peace, are appointed among the inhabitants in diflerent 
 
 K 
 
 i^ 
 
114 
 
 I I 
 
 localities, and invested with the power of deciding on all rural and othr 
 matters of police. 
 
 In Uppef Canada, there is a Court of Appeal, composed of the Judges of 
 the vSuperior Courts of Law and Equity, a Court of Queeti's Bench with 
 a Chief Justice and two other Judges, a Court of Chancery, with equity 
 jurisdiction, composed of a Chancellor and two Vice Chancellors, a Court 
 of Common Pleas, consisting of a Chief Justice, and two puisne judges. 
 These "judges preside at the criminal assizes in the diflb rent counties 
 duringjwhat are called in England the Law terms. Besides this they go 
 the^Circuits. Again, besides the Superior Courts, there is what is called 
 the Heir and Devisee Court. This Court is held by Commissioners, who 
 are judges of the Superior Court, associated with other ji^ges appointed 
 ad Aoc.l;The jurisdiction of this Court extends only to litigation, connected 
 with the inheritance of lands held without letters patent from the Crown ; 
 again there are, the Probate Court, Surrogate Court, and Insolvent 
 Debtor's Court, whose powers it would take too long to define. There 
 are ^twenty-nine judges t>f counties and divisions of counties, \\\\o hold 
 terms, and reside within the limits of their respective jurisdictions, tliey 
 also preside'at Courts of Quarter Sessions and Division Courts, to give 
 summary judgment in matters of minor importance. In Ujvpcr as in 
 Lower Canada, the reports on judicial proceedings are published, the 
 reporters are^salaried and form part of the establishment of the Courts. 
 The management of matters connected with Education is attached to 
 the office of Provincial Secretary, but he has under his direction, two 
 Superintendents of Education, one for Upper and one for Lower Canada, 
 who are in point of fact the Ministers of Public Educalion. The Com- 
 mon School Fund, supplied partly by the Government, partly by local 
 taxes, is managed by the authorities of each parish or township. In 
 addition to the Common Schools, there are numerous Colleges and 
 Academies, governed by bodies politic, owing their existence to 
 charters granted by the Legislature, some of which in Lower Canada, 
 date their foundation from the early times of the Colony under Fiencli 
 rule. 
 
 There are several Universities, among others, the University of Laval 
 at Quebec, McGill College, ^Montreal, and the University at Toronto. 
 These three Colleges have the privilege of granting, and do grant lo 
 numbers of students, university degrees. 
 
 In the towns and in several counties of Upper and Lower Canada 
 there are literary Institutions and Associations, and many of the Parishes 
 have small public libraries. 
 
 The religious welfare of the people is well cared for. The Roman Calli- 
 olic Church, which is the most extensive, has a very numerous clerg)-, 
 
 unc 
 
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 Bisl 
 
 the 
 
 fort 
 
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 gran 
 
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 limit 
 
 nothi 
 
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 Churc 
 
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 The 
 
 in turn 
 
 taxes o 
 
 system 
 
 by fan 
 
 right to 
 
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 extent o 
 
 In tJie 
 
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 but in a 
 
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 bankino- 
 
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 apology ft 
 
 "been so 
 
 reproach o 
 
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 TVl^^r.-^sffia^ 
 
 115 
 
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 C'ourl 
 
 Lclges. 
 
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 called 
 
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 under the direction of several Bishops of whom the Archbishop of Quebec 
 is the metropolitan. The Church of England lias also a metropolitan 
 Bishop, several other Bishops, and a large number of ministers, 
 the other Protestant denominations support a clergy, sufficient 
 for the wants of their different congregations. The Protestant clergy, 
 is in part maintained by the profits accruing to them from a 
 grant of land known as the Clergy Reserves. What remains of 
 these lands, has been secularised by the Legislaiiire, and the profits 
 limited to the lifetime of the present incumbents The State pays 
 nothing towards the maintenance of its clergy, the Roman Catholics of 
 Lower Canada support their prelates and curates by payment of a tithe, 
 of the twenty-sixth part of the grain, added to a casual revenue of the 
 Church ; the tithe, which is small and only deducted from one article of 
 produce is fixed by a special law to that effect, and only applies to 
 Roman Catholics in Lower Canada. 
 
 The local affairs are managed by a Municipal Council, who are elected 
 in turn by rate payers. These corporations have the power of imposing 
 taxes on their constituents, but only for certain purposes. The prevailing 
 system in Upper Canada, for the maintenance of the public roads, is 
 by farming them out to Companies, who, by their charter acquire the 
 right to put up toll-gates at different places, and to charge a certain toll 
 for passing. In Lower Canada, the more general custom i.>- to impose 
 on every land holder an amount of personal labour, proportioncti to the 
 extent of his property. 
 
 In the following chapter on St-^tistics, the reader will find allusion to 
 many subjects which more properly belong to the preceding chapters ; 
 but in a concise work of this kind, repetition is, as much as possible to 
 be avoided. 
 
 It is on this account that many interesting data on our financial and 
 banking system have not yet been furnished ; all numerical informa- 
 tion, requiring explanation will receive it in the last chapter, in which the 
 reader must be prepared to find much figure work. This is almost an 
 apology for entering into statistics, but it has been said, " ^o science has 
 "been so neglected as statistics."' audi would not willingly incur the 
 reproach of similar neglect, when this work contains so small an amount 
 of information on other subjects. 
 
 i 
 
 in Calli- 
 clergy, 
 
VIII. 
 STATISTICS AND QENERAL INFOEMATION. 
 
 NoiK. — (1.) Census of Population ;— By Origin ; — By Religion ;— By Sections of the Province ; — 
 Population of chief towns ; — Remarks ; — Comparative Table ; — Number of Lunatics ; — 
 Statistics of Provincial Penitentiary ; — Census of Professions, Trades, &c. (2.) Agri- 
 cultural Census, and of land owned and under cultivation ; — Partition of Real EstPto ; — 
 Division of Fields ; — Annual Produce of Land ; — Number of Cattle ; — Aggregate 
 Value of Produce ; — Market Value of Agricultural Produce in 1851 ; — Comparison with 
 tbe United States; — Statistics of Education; — Universities; — Colleges; — Schools; — 
 Number of Pupils ; — Clergy. (4.) Public Works ; — Light Houses ; — Wharves; — Canals 
 Slides ; — Roads and Bridges ; — Cost of these Works ; — Report on them ; — Tow-Bouts ; 
 — Railroads. (5,) Finances of the Country ; — Revenue and its Sources ; — Comparative 
 Statement; — Provincial Ledger. (6.) Trade: — Business of the Ports; — Value of Im- 
 ports and Exports ; — Principal Articles of Importation and Exportation ; — Shin- 
 Building ; — Banks; — Insurance Companies. (7.) Various Details; — Local Taxes; — 
 Postage ; — Currency ; — Price of Houses ; — Fares by Steamboat and Sailing Vessels, 
 from Europe to Quebec. 
 
 The last Census, shewing the population, and the agricultural and 
 industrial condition of Canada, took place in 1851. The reader must 
 not forget that four years work great changes with us, as will be seen 
 by the tables of comparison in the next chapter. For instance, it is a 
 well known fact, that the population of the Province, on the 1st of 
 January, 1855, considerably exceeded 2,000,000: this the reader may 
 take as a criterion for comparison. 
 
 I. 
 
 Census of 1851. 
 
 Population of Canada, 1,842,265, distributed as follows between the 
 two sections of the Province : 
 
 Upper Canada 952,004 
 
 Lower Canada 890,261 
 
 I 
 
 These numbers are subdivided as follows, into origins and principal 
 birth places : 
 
118 
 
 Franco-Canadians 695,945 
 
 Canadians, (not French) 651,673 
 
 Natives of Ireland 227,766 
 
 » England 93,929 
 
 ** Scotland 90,376 
 
 Continent of America 64,109 
 
 »' Europe 18,467 
 
 The grand divisions of the population into religious denominations are 
 as follows : 
 
 Roman Catholics 914,561 
 
 Church of England 268,592 
 
 Presbyterians 176,094 
 
 Methodists 173,959 
 
 Free C " reh 61,589 
 
 Dissenters 176,085 
 
 No religion 71,334 
 
 Jews 351 
 
 Lower Canada contains : 
 
 Franco- Canadians 669,528 
 
 Canadians, (ether origins) 1 25,580 
 
 Roman Catholics 746,866 
 
 Upper Canada: 
 
 Anglo-Canadians , ... 526,093 
 
 Franco-Canadians 26,417 
 
 Protestants 733,917 
 
 Population of the chief towns of Upper and Lower Canada, in 1851, 
 in numerical order . 
 
 Upper Canada : 
 
 Toronto 30,775 
 
 Hamilton 14, 121 
 
 Kingston 1 1,585 
 
 Bytown, (City of Ottawa) 7,760 
 
 London 7,035 
 
 Belleville 4,569 
 
 Brantford 3,877 
 
 Cobourg 3,871 
 
119 
 
 Dunclas 3,617 
 
 Niagara 3,340 
 
 Brockville 3,246 
 
 Port Hope 2,476 
 
 Lower Canada : 
 
 Montreal 57,715 
 
 Quebec 42,052 
 
 Three Rivers 4,936 
 
 Sorel 3,424 
 
 St. Hyacinth 3,313 
 
 St. John 3,215 
 
 Sherbrooke 2,998 
 
 With regard to Quebec, it appears that the Banlieuc cotitains about 
 10,000 souls, in addition to the figures given above. 
 
 All these populations have increased considerably, especially in Upper 
 Canada, the rendezvous of British emigrants. The European must not 
 judge of the importance of a town by its population, for taking one 
 population with another, much more business is done in Canada than 
 elsewhere ; for instance, where will it be possible to find a town of 43,000 
 inhabitants, (that of Quebec in 1851,) whose export trade amounts to 
 £1,600,000 currency, and whose commercial fleet average? 1.000,000 tons. 
 
 In the foUov/ing table will be seen the increase of population in the 
 two sections of the Province since i763 : 
 
 
 NUMBERS or PEOPLE. 
 
 TEAES. 
 
 
 
 
 LOWER CANADA. 
 
 UPPEE CANADA. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 1763 
 
 70,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 82,000 
 
 1814 
 
 335,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 430,000 
 
 1823 
 
 427,000 
 
 150,000 
 
 375,000 
 
 1831 
 
 512,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 772,000 
 
 181-1 
 
 699,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 1,199,000 
 
 1848 
 
 770,000 
 
 721,000 
 
 1,491,000 
 
 1851 
 
 890,261 
 
 952,004 
 
 1,842,265 
 
 ll 
 
120 
 
 -• 1. 
 
 There are few States of the American Union in which the increase of 
 population has been so rapid as in Canada, taken as a whole, within a 
 few^years, and not one in which it reaches so high a figure as in Upper 
 Canada. I shall give here a table showing the proportionate increase of 
 Canada and the United States during ten years : 
 
 Population of United States, 1840 17,067,453 
 
 Do do 1850 23,091,488 
 
 Increase 35 per cent. 
 
 Population of Canada, 1841 1,090,000 
 
 Do do 1851 1,842,205 
 
 Increase G9 per cent. 
 
 Population of Upper Canada, 1841 465,357 
 
 Do do 1851 952,004 
 
 Increase 104 per cent. 
 
 According to the Return from the two Lunatic Asylums of Toronto 
 and Quebec, there were in 1851 : 
 
 In Upper Canada 288 Lunatics. 
 
 Men 150 
 
 Women 138 
 
 In Lower Canada 153 Lunatics. 
 
 Men 80 
 
 Women 73 
 
 The nu nber of criminals imprisoned in the Penitentiary, 390 
 
 For Upper Canada 256 
 
 For Lower Canada * 133 
 
 I shall now proceed to give a very long catalogue of almost all the 
 trades and professions, practised in the Country, with the number of persons 
 employed, give a separate statement for each Section of the Province. 
 This table is better calculated than anything else, to shew the amount of 
 our industry, and lo instruct the emigrant and capitalist, when compared 
 with the other statements contained in this sketch. Some notes which ac- 
 company it, will point out to those desirous of becoming acquainted with the 
 Industrial condition of the Country, the best use to be made of it. It may 
 be as well to remark that these data touching the employments of the people 
 are not mathematically correc^t. The incomplete manner in which this 
 
121 
 
 part of the ceu us was performed by those who were entrusted with ^"® 
 duty in 1851, has rendered tlie labour of correction extremely onerous: — 
 This list may however be very useful. 
 
 Alphabetical Table of the personal census of Canada^ as regards trades, 
 professions and useful employments. 
 
 Upper Cunada. Lower Canada. 
 
 Agents, Brokers and Auctioneers 281 228 
 
 Apothecaries 108 26 
 
 Artists of all kinds, Architects, Sculp- 
 tors, &c 218 269 
 
 Armourers 53 21 
 
 Surveyors 102 76 
 
 Barristers and Attorneys 302 273 
 
 Hotel and Tavern Keepers 1,772 443 
 
 Stevedores «' 168 
 
 Bankers 32 11 
 
 Hair-dressers 94 80 
 
 Jewellers, watch and clock makers 200 147 
 
 Butchers 600 474 
 
 Bakers 4G2 690 
 
 Shopkeepers 435 690 
 
 Brewers and Distillers 440 74 
 
 Brick-makers and Potters 92 80 
 
 Caulkers, Rope- makers, Block-makers and 
 
 Sail-makers 125 226 
 
 Wool-carders 72 94 
 
 Carriage-makers and Wheelwrights 1,781) 584 
 
 Chair, Cabinet-makers, and Upholsterers. . 1,258 879 
 
 Hatters 113 68 
 
 Shipwrights, Carpenters, Joiners, &c 8,367 8,923 
 
 Coachmen, Cabmen, and Carters 3,400 3,500 
 
 Collectors and Agents , 137 60 
 
 Pedlars 240 67 
 
 Merchants , 20 51 
 
 Clerks in General 3,242 2,376 
 
 Accountants 88 62 
 
 Contractors 718 600 
 
 Confectioners 86 76 
 
 Constables, Bailiffs, &c 185 90 
 
 Boot and Shoe-makers , 6,808 3,069 
 
 Farmers and Householders 86,224 78,264 
 
 I 
 
iJO^ 
 
 122 
 
 Dentists 86 
 
 Clergy 903 
 
 Editors and Booksellers 83 
 
 Grocers 475 
 
 Sub-contractors, for supplying timber 3,000 
 
 Manufacturers (general) 77 1 
 
 Tinsmiths 433 
 
 Founders 471 
 
 Blacksmiths 4,235 
 
 Hotel-keepers 319 
 
 Printers 500 
 
 Working Engineers 337 
 
 Primary School Teachers 2,422 
 
 Cullers 3 
 
 Gardeners 279 
 
 Farm Labourers, (not proprietors) 78,584 
 
 Jplasons and Plasterers G,909 
 
 Machinists C85 
 
 Tradesmen 2,600 
 
 Seamen, Fishermen and coasting Pilots. . . 5,000 
 Mechanics and daily Labourers, (not classi- 
 fied 20,000 
 
 Physicians and Surgeons 382 
 
 Millers 1,830 
 
 Wholesale dealers 155 
 
 Notaries 19 
 
 Artificers in Metals, Copper, Lead, &c . . . 64 
 
 English Military Pensioners 257 
 
 Ship-painters . . . « 641 
 
 Dealers in Ashes 84 
 
 Professors of Universities, Colleges and 
 Members of Learned Professions, (not 
 
 included above 80 
 
 Book-binders 51 
 
 Private Gentlemen. 1,116 
 
 House Servants 3,180 
 
 Saddlers 873 
 
 Tailors 3,602 
 
 Farmers 561 
 
 Weavers 1,738 
 
 Coopers. 1,935 
 
 Veterinary Surgeons and Farriers,, 46 
 
 8 
 
 020 
 
 76 
 
 529 
 
 3,000 
 
 346 
 
 323 
 
 403 
 
 2,840 
 
 247 
 
 400 
 
 224 
 
 2,000 
 
 73 
 
 142 
 
 63,365 
 
 1,316 
 
 272 
 
 2000, 
 
 8,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 401 
 
 667 
 
 589 
 
 5S8 
 
 59 
 
 29 
 
 600 
 
 16 
 
 150 
 
 40 
 
 3,870 
 
 5,559 
 
 273 
 
 671 
 
 532 
 
 166 
 
 473 
 
 20 
 
123 
 
 We have shewn that the population of Uppor Canada in 1851 was 
 952,004, and of Lower Canada 890,201. Tho ahovt; Tiihles, which have 
 been taken from the census of 1851, <iiid which refer to the ctnpU)yment 
 of Males only, give 200,000 for Upper Canada, and 220,000 for Lower 
 Canada in round numbers. Now this is as nearly as possible the exact 
 Male population from 15 to 05 years of ago, for each of the sections of the 
 Province. 
 
 A comparison being made between the amount of the whole population 
 of each Division of Canada, and that of the adult population, it will be 
 seen, that the number of adults is, comparatively speaking, far greater in 
 Upper than in Lower Canada ; this nrises from tho fact that tho French 
 Canadian population increase only by the excess of births over deaths, 
 while in Upper Canada the increase is swelled by immigration. 
 
 While on this subject it may be well to give a statement of the inhabi- 
 tants of Canada classified according to their ages, which cannot fail to be 
 interesting to the attentive observer, and from which many intcresiing facts 
 as to the fluctuation of the population may bo deduced. 
 
 Ntimler of persons of hoih sexes in Upper and Lower Canada. 
 
 Ages. Upper Canaila. Lo-vvcr Canada. 
 
 Less than 1 year 37,732 39,086 
 
 From 1 to 5 years 181,380 127,050 
 
 do 5 to 10 years 138,720 115,035 
 
 do 10 to 15 years 119,203 104,639 
 
 do 15 to 20 years 100,053 102,504 
 
 do 20 to 30 years 1GG,852 148,710 
 
 do 30 to 40 years 108,992 04,781 
 
 do 40 to 60 years 09,542 05,795 
 
 do 50 to 60 years 41,621 43,648 
 
 do 60 to 70 years 20,350 24,095 
 
 do 70 to 80 years 7,156 11,084 
 
 do 80 to 90 years 1,746 3,030 
 
 do 90to 100 years 225 407 
 
 do 100 upwards 20 38 
 
 Ages not given, from error 8,310 9,699 
 
 We must here observe that the social position of tho people in Upper 
 and Lower Canada is widely different. In the former a dis{'Osition to 
 spread themselves overthe country and a system of division of labour prevails 
 among the people, in consequence of which, the city po])ulation, although 
 nearly equal in the two sections, in Lower Canada is collected in only a 
 few localities, but in Upper Canada it is dispersed through a large number 
 
 \ 
 
124 
 
 of small towns. This arises iVom tlio ditroroi.co of clwiracter of tlio pro- 
 donuiiijpt race in racli seclion ; Franco and tho French criginaMy Huttled 
 Canaihi Ilasf, I.nKhiiul and the Fiiglinh, ('anada West. 
 
 In tho nnnihors of 23,000 for each section of tho Province, classed in 
 the table of occupations and as artisans and dudy labourers, (generally,) is 
 coin|irised all that versatiU^ class of men who are alternat(>ly hewers of 
 wood or hunters in tli(> forests, sailors or fisliernuMi, ship carpent(u\s, or 
 artisans of every description, in tho shop »)r the manufactory, and who 
 change their trade with the seasons, or us any particular kind of employ- 
 ment is in most demand. 
 
 It must be understood that tho number of nuiriners in tho |>rcced- 
 ing tabit's applies only to those who man the vessels ,." our inland or 
 coastiii;^ trade, as all sea-going shiptj arc almost exclusively numned by 
 British sailors. 
 
 2 
 AcailCUIiTUK/VT. OKNSUS. 
 The following extracts are from tho census tables of 1851 : — 
 
 Tho total numb'-M* of acres of land in the hands of diirercnt proprietors, 
 
 17,sn]0,7:J(J ' acres. 
 
 OC which in upper Canada 0,820,417 acres. 
 
 do Lower Canada 8, 1 1 3,370 do. 
 
 Under cultivation 7,300,830 do. 
 
 Of which in Upper Canada 3,005,703 do. 
 
 do Lower Canada 3,005,070 do. 
 
 Of the whole amount, there are, lands 
 
 covered with wood 10,038,057 do. 
 
 In Upper Canada 0,130,054 do. 
 
 In Lower Canada 4,508,303 do. 
 
 Which gives a mca'i for each person of 10 acres, 4 cultivated, G woodland ; 
 this average is now exceeded, as acquisitions of land and the extent cleared 
 increase in far greater proportion than the population. 
 
 The approximate value of all tho lands In the hands of different parties 
 is in round numbers. i!67,000,000, currency. 
 
 * The acre is ratlior Inrger than tho arpeut, about an eleventh more, and rather lesa than half a 
 hectare being 0.404.671 hectares. 
 
125 
 
 For Upper Canada JC.'l7,00n,000 
 
 For liower (.'anudu ;j(),OU(),()00 
 
 The nnrnborof land lioldera in 1851, wmh 195,«')8.'{, the nvcrnf^v. nniount 
 in possession of each liolder wiis about J)'2 acres, and the mean value 
 of each hit, JC.'MO, currency, in round nunihers, shewinp; an approximate 
 mean value of £3 14s„ currency, for each acre of land, half cultivated 
 and half in wood. 
 
 The lands is divided in the following tnanner among the holders : 
 
 In Upper ('anada: 
 
 Land holders OD.HDO 
 
 Holders of 10 acres and under S>,1>70 
 
 do I0to20 1,889 
 
 do 20 to 30 1 8,1(57 
 
 do 50 to 103 48,027 
 
 do 100 to 200 18,421 
 
 do over 200 3, 120 
 
 09,000 
 Lower Canada: 
 
 Land holders 05,823 
 
 do of 10 acres and lesa 13,261 
 
 do of 10 to 20 3,074 
 
 do of 20 to 50 17,409 
 
 do of 50 to 100 37,885 
 
 do of 100 to 200 18,008 
 
 do of over 200 4,585 
 
 94,822 
 
 In 1851, the. lands in Upper Canad' were : 
 
 2,274,746 acres ploughed. 
 1,305,556 " pasture. 
 55,401 " gardens. 
 
 In Lower Canada : 
 
 I 
 
 2,072,953 acres ploughed. 
 1,502.355 " pasture. 
 30,209 " gardens. 
 
126 
 
 The following tabic will shew the yield of dinbreut kinds of produce 
 in Upper and liowcr Canada : 
 
 - --.- - , lli. 
 
 rUODUCE. 
 
 BUBUELB. 
 
 Ul'PEB CANADA. 
 
 LOWKU CANADA. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 12,075,003 
 
 025,355 
 
 11,180,101 
 
 2,872,413 
 
 1,080,441 
 
 47W,015 
 
 039,204 
 
 4,987,475 
 
 3,480,343 
 
 7G4,ltl, 
 
 10,248,079 
 
 1,351,074 
 343,103 
 390,220 
 530,417 
 
 5,092,098 
 
 Bnrlcv 
 
 Oatg 
 
 Poas 
 
 ludiuii Corn 
 
 llyo 
 
 Buck-wheat 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 It must bo borne in inind that although the amounts in this Table are 
 given in bushels, the returns from Lower Canada were made in minot 
 which are an ei;:jhth hirgor than a bushel, so that to shew a fair proportion, 
 an eighth should be atlded to the Lower Canada produce (i). Upper Canada 
 raises most wheat, most Indian-corn, and most peas ; Lower Canada most 
 barley, most oats, and most potatoes. 
 
 Table exhibiting amounts of other produce. 
 
 rEODUCi; AND ilEASUllES. 
 
 UPPEE CANADA. 
 
 LOWEE CANADA. 
 
 Tons of hav'2' 
 
 081,782 
 
 50,050 
 
 14,995 
 
 1,828,033 
 
 3,581,505 
 
 701,012 
 
 704,470 
 
 905,053 
 1,807,010 
 
 889,523 
 
 1,830,904 
 
 0,190,094 
 
 53,327 
 
 488,052 
 
 Pouuds of hemp and flax.. 
 
 Yards of liueu 
 
 Xards of flauuel 
 
 Pounds of maple sugar... 
 Gallons of cider 
 
 Pounds of tobacco 
 
 (i) The author has not time to mako these calculations. 
 
 (2) The ton of hay weighs 20 cwts. 
 
127 
 
 Table of the number of Cattle. 
 
 NUMDEB OF CATTLE. 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 LOWEU CANAJ)A. 
 
 lIorHoa. 
 
 2O;i,30O 
 908,022 
 ll);],982 
 25i,9H8 
 290,921 
 509,257 
 
 182,077 
 029,827 
 111,819 
 180,317 
 291.,5U 
 250,219 
 
 1 
 Sheep 
 
 Drauglit oxon 
 
 Youucf cuttle 
 
 Cows 
 
 TTofa 
 
 
 It would be Impossible to give a detailed statement of the agricultural 
 produce, we shiill, however, give the aggregate annual value, of a large 
 number of articles ([uoted from the returns of 1851. 
 
 Total Value of all grain £ 5,024,208 cy. 
 
 do cattle 10,917,537 
 
 do of the following articles : 
 
 Hay, seeds, hemp, flax, hop.s, wool, tobacco, 
 
 sugar 3,905.012 
 
 Total value of the following : 
 
 Butter, cheese, cider, flannel, linen, salt 
 
 beef, salt pork 2,901,937 
 
 Total value of potatoes. 
 
 030,011 
 
 The following are the prices assigned to different articles in 1851, on 
 which to found an estimate ; all these articles have increased enormously 
 in price, still these tables may be assumed as a guide to the mean prices 
 of the articles contained in it ibr large quantities of middling quality and 
 inferior, for average years. 
 
 Horses £12 10 cy. 
 
 Cows 3 15 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Young cattle 1 10 
 
 Sheep 7 
 
 Pigs 
 
 6 
 1 
 
128 
 
 Wheat per bushel 4 
 
 Rye 2 1 
 
 Barley 3 
 
 Oats 1 
 
 Indian-corn 2 6 
 
 Peas 3 
 
 PolatOFS 1 3 
 
 Seeds 10 
 
 Hay (per ton) 2 
 
 Hemp and flax per lb 3 
 
 Hops do 1 
 
 Wool do 6 
 
 Tobacco do 6 
 
 Sugar (Maple) do 2 
 
 Butter do 7 
 
 Cheese (Country) do 6 
 
 Cider do per gallon 2 
 
 Flannel do per yard 2 
 
 Coarse Linen do 1 3 
 
 Salt beef, per barrel 1 10 
 
 Salt pork, do 2 10 
 
 The total value of the articles of produce detailed herein amounts to 
 £24,068,765 currency. 
 
 For Upper Canada £13,822,863 cy. 
 
 do Lower Canada 10,245,902 
 
 To this again is to be added the value of certain other articles, such 
 as, poultry, eggs, fruit, honey, and vegetables. We should also place to 
 the credit of Lower Canada, ihe revenue arising from the oil, and skins of 
 cetaceous animals, and from fish taken in the Gulf, amounting to about 
 £1,000,000 ; and another sum of about £250,000, the value of furs obtained 
 principally in the Saguenay territory. 
 
 It must be observed that the growth of wheat has lately been subjected to 
 two destructive scourges, which however, are now disappearing ; the 
 ■(essian fly, which has devastated the whole of Lower Canada, and the 
 weevil in some parts of Upper Canada. 
 
 The amount of wood exported will be lound below, in the paragraph on 
 commercial statistics, it reaches £2,000,000 currency, in roun;l numbers, and 
 we may put down the whole produce of the forests, home and ibreign con- 
 sumption included, at £3,000,000 currency : Lower Canada supplying 
 more timber than Upper Canada. 
 
129 
 
 If we stop for a moment to compare the produce of Canada with 
 that of the States, it will be seen that the two countries are on nearly an 
 equal footing in proportion to their population, but that Canada has the 
 advantage, as to the amount of produce in proportion to the land under 
 cultivation, which shows in Canada, more recent settlements taken as a 
 whole, but a more genial soil, and a greater amount of natural re- 
 sources. 
 
 Population of the States in 1851 23,263,488 
 
 Do Canada do 1,842,265 . 
 
 Acres occupied in the States 303,078,970 
 
 do do Canada 17,939,790 
 
 Value of the articles detailed above, less the forest 
 
 produce for the States £339,239,558 
 
 For Canada 24,068,705 
 
 Which gives for Canada rather more than £13 cy. per head, and for 
 the United States £14 cy. a head; but if we add to the produce of the 
 United States the other a'-lioles of their production, and also add to the 
 Canada returns, the productions of the woods and the fisheries, the devel- 
 opment of which' employs in Canada so much larger a proportion of 
 hands, {vide table of trades, &c., number of labourers and lumbermen,) 
 then the balance would be much in favor of Canada. 
 
 The most evident proof of this assertion is, that the produce of cultiva- 
 ted land in Canada amounts to 24s. per acre, while in the United States it 
 does not exceed 22s. 
 
 8. 
 
 STATISTICS OP EDUCATION. 
 
 Upper Canada is much better provided with common elementary 
 Schools than Lower Canada; but Lower Canada contains a greater 
 number of collegiate and classical institutions. The following tables 
 give the enumeration for the year 1853: 
 
 For Upper Canada : 
 
 Numbers. Pupils. 
 
 Colleges 8 751 
 
 Normal Schools B 545 
 
 Grammar Schools 98 2,900 
 
 Common Schools 3,010 180,000 
 
 z 
 
130 
 
 For Lower Canada : 
 
 University , 1 400 
 
 Colleges 10 2,000 
 
 Academies, Convents' and Friars' Schools. 100 20,000 
 
 Common Schools 2,300 100,000 
 
 The Laval University, the seat of which is at Quebec, requires a 
 special notice, from the peculiar privileges secured to it by Royal Char- 
 ter, from the number of its Professors of the Sciences, Medicine, Law, 
 &e., the number of its students, and the valuable collection of books, 
 works of art and philosophical instruments, which it contains. This 
 institution is now the Alma Mater for classical studies, of the youthful 
 population of French origin. 
 
 We have stated above, that literary associations, scientific and me- 
 chanics' institutions, exist in all the towns and in many country places, 
 and that public libraries are a useful ornament in nearly every township 
 and parish. Besides these sources of instruction there are about 100 
 publications in the shape of periodicals and political newspapers, of which 
 about thirty are published in Lower and the remainder in Upper Canada, 
 
 We shall here give some statistical information respecting the clergy, 
 taking first in order the most numerous, those of the Roman Catholic 
 Church* 
 
 The British Provinces of North America are comprised in one Provincial 
 Catholic Archbishopric, of which Quebec, where the Councils meet, is 
 the See. 
 
 This clergy in Canada is composed of the Archbishop of Quebec, eight 
 Bishops and G07 Priests. 
 
 The Church of England has four Bishops and 252 ministering cler- 
 gymen. 
 
 The other Protestant communities, reckon 895 ministers, and divide 
 Canada into Districts, Presbyteries, &c., for the convenience of their 
 difierent Churches. 
 
 4. 
 
 PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 Our great Public Works, completed or in progress, are of various 
 kinds. 
 
 • NoTK.— This information should be inserted under this title, because the Chrgy are not 
 only the expounders of morality, but because, in Lower Canada at least, Ihey have identified 
 themselves with education, which has been carried out under their sole auspices. 
 
131 
 
 The first of these which preseat themselves to the notice of the stranger 
 on entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are the Light-houses, whicli com- 
 prise two distinct classes ; those in the lower part of the river, which 
 are the least numerous, but of a superior and expensive kind, and those 
 in the interior, trom Quebec to the Western Lakes. 
 
 The total cost of the first has been about £00,000 cy., of the latter 
 jE9O,O0O cy. 
 
 The first class are placed as follows, to the number of seven : two on 
 the Island of Anticos'i ; one on the Point des Monts, in the County of 
 Tadousac ; one on the little Island of Bicquet, County of Rimouski; one 
 on Green Island ; one on Red Island, County of Temiscouata, and one on 
 the Pillar*, County of L'Islet. Those on Bicquet and the Pillars have re- 
 volving lights, and that on Bicquet is provided with a 36-pounder, which 
 is fired every half hour in foggy w^eather. 
 
 These Light-houses, from their great solidity and style of building, are 
 perfect monuments. 
 
 There is also a floating light in the St. Roch traverse, opposite the 
 County of L'lslct. 
 
 Four new light-houses are in course of construction ; two in the Straits 
 of Belle Isle, one on Anlicosti, and another at Point Gaspe, all of which it 
 is intended to lii^ht with Frencl's lanterns. 
 
 The light-houses for the benefit of the inland navigation are too 
 numerous to describe, some of them are on floating barges. 
 
 The second class of public works are the artificial harbours the total 
 cost of which has been £450,000 cy. 
 
 There are seven in Lower Canada, the aggregate cost of which was 
 about £150,000 cy., inclu ling the light-houses erected on them; some of 
 them are not quite complete. The others are nearly all in Upper Canada; 
 their cost has amounted to about £300,000 cy. 
 
 Our Canals, including the Rideau, form a complete route of communicji" 
 tion ; the total cost amounts to £5,085,000 currency, distributed as follows : 
 
 Rideau Canal £1,500,000 cy. 
 
 Wei land do 1,500,000 
 
 Gallops do 300,000 
 
 Cornwall do 400,000 
 
 Bcauharnois do 000,000 
 
 Lachine do 4SO,000 
 
 Chamblydo 140,000 
 
 St. Ours Dam 27,000 
 
 St. Anne do 23,000 
 
 Desjardins Canal 30,000 
 
 Burlington do 850,000 
 
132 
 
 In addition to the above sums we have laid out £89,000 for deepening 
 Lake St. Peter; £ 15,000 for improving the Rapids, and have effected a loan of 
 £81,000 for improvements on the Grand River. All these latter works 
 are completed. The Gallops, Cornwall, Beauharnois and Lachine Canals, 
 are known as the St. Lawrence Canals, on account of their forming a 
 distinct system intended for the navigation of large vessels, the locks 
 being of large dimensions and capable of receiving vessels of 400 tons 
 burthen. 
 
 Slides for bringing down wood in our large rivers, have been built on a 
 vast scale on the Rivers Ottaw- , St. Maurice and Trent ; their total cost 
 amounts to £150,000. 
 
 The expenses of completing first class roads, with well built bridges 
 have amounted altogether to £798,000 currency. 
 
 For Upper Canada £530.000 cy. 
 
 For Lower Canada 268,000 
 
 The total amount expended on the above mentioned Public Works in 
 Canada will stand as follows, viz : 
 
 Light Houses £ 150,000 cy. 
 
 Harbours and Wharves 450,000 
 
 Canals 5,085,000 
 
 Deepening the Channels of Rivers 182,000 
 
 Slides 150,000 
 
 Roads 798,000 
 
 Total £6,815,000 
 
 From this is, however, to be deducted the sum of £1,500,000 currency, 
 the cost of the Rideau Canal, expended by the English Military Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The revenue derived from all these works by the Province is alrealy 
 large and is increasing rapidly every year. 
 
 Below is a statement of the above Revenue from 1848 : 
 
 J84S £46,493 cy. 
 
 1849 36,200 
 
 1850 65,772 
 
 1851 76,216 
 
 1852 84,602 
 
 1853 95,814 
 
133 
 
 Private Companies, which without having the monopoly, have however, 
 peculiar emoluments from the Government, maintain a regular line of tow 
 boats ; in return for this advantage, their charge for towage is fixed at a 
 certain rate which they cannot exceed on pain of forfeiture of their coiji- 
 tract. 
 
 Ocean lines of large screw steamers, make regular passages between 
 Liverpool and Quebec in the summer, and between Liverpool and Portland 
 (State of Maine,) in the winter. The owners receive pecuniary e \cour- 
 agement on conditions calculated to serve the public interests. 
 
 We will now devote our attention to Railroad Statistics. There are now 
 in Canada, about 3,060 miles of Railroad altogether, either projected, in 
 progress or completed, without including t'.ie long contemplated line from 
 Trois Pistoles to Halifax by the Bay of Chaleurs, which would make 
 Halifax in Nova Scotia, our great winter port, and would form a com- 
 plete line of communication from the Gulf to the Western extremity of 
 the Province, side by side with our great inland navigation, and most 
 effectually supplying its loss during the winter months. 
 
 Our Railroads, of which we have given the total length, are at present 
 in the condition shewn below as regards their progress towards completion, 
 which has advanced rapidly since the completion of the Canals. 
 
 Complete 700 miles. 
 
 In progress 2,016 do 
 
 Chartered 844 do 
 
 I'otal 3,060 
 
 It would be difficult to give the average cost of our finished railroads 
 but we may assert, taking into account the high price of labour and 
 materials, that it would be impossible to build a first-class road, (I mean 
 as compared with American roads, which are generally a single track, and 
 the finish and solidity of which are inferior to the English and French 
 roads,) for less than from £9,500 to £10,000 currency per mile, 
 unless under most favourable circumstances as regards locality, pecuniary 
 facilities and management. 
 
 I shall now give a statement of the average co'^t per mile of some roads 
 or parts of roads, quite completed, the amounts being in round numbers 
 and in French currency : 
 
 Grand Trunk 217 miles. 190,000 francs, £ 9,500 cy. 
 
 Great Western 229 " 220,000 " 11,000" 
 
 Ontario and Simcoe 66 " 150,000 " 7,500 »« 
 
 Buffalo and Goderich 75 " 100,000 « 5,000* 
 
 Total length 887 miles. 
 
134 
 
 Thn avprni^o cost .is CAhibltcd by (his tiiblo is £8250 cnrrrncy por milo, 
 that is tiiklnj^ o;ic!i road to roprcscnt the who'c, but when tin; longth of 
 oacli route or the total cost is takiMi into isocount, then the mean co.st rises 
 10 £0,300 per mile. 
 
 The thn^e first of tlio above mentioned roads, viz. : tlio Craiid Trunk, 
 tho Great WestcMU, and the Simcoe, have each a siiaro of the Provincial 
 gnaranlce, tliat is to say, tiic Provincial Government secures to the share- 
 holders of the Companies Iho repayment "f a cci lain part of ti»c capital 
 laid out in tlie construction of the roads, should the spceulalion not prove 
 remunerative, and as a security for the money thus advanced, the Gov- 
 ernment becomes a privileged creditor by a morlt^age on the whole property 
 of the Company. Should the road pay, and the investment prove profitable 
 to the Shareholders, then the latter are bound to make payment of tho deben- 
 tures issued in their favor and in circulation in the money market. In this 
 case tlie jirovince has nothing to pay, but in the opposite case the province 
 would have to redeem their debentures and become proprietor till the 
 amount of their loan was made good. By a law which regulates this 
 transaction, the amount which the Executive is empowered to secure to 
 each company, is limited. The total length of the three roads to which this 
 guarantee has been accorded, is 1,434 miles. 
 
 The maximum amount of debentures which th'. Province can be called 
 upon, first to issue, and afterwards, to pay in part, should the Company 
 become losers, has been fixed at £5,000,000, currency. 
 
 The capital invested in our railroads when the 3,Ol50 miles are completed 
 may be set down at £16,000,000, currency, the capital now employed 
 amounts to about six millions currency. 
 
 To the £10,000,000, above mentioned, is to be added £1,500,000, the 
 probable cost of building the Victoria Bridge over the St. Lawrence. 
 
 6. 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 The revenue of the province for the disbursements of 1854, amounted 
 to, £1,423,-520, currency, or about £1,250,000, currency, net. 
 
 The expenses of the civil list, including the expenses of collecting the 
 revenue in 1854, amounted to £939,534. currency. The unexpended 
 balance this year has been appropriated to the public works which were 
 either in progress or newly commenced. 
 
135 
 
 The dificrcnt sources of the revenue are as fullows: 
 
 Customs £1,115,000 
 
 Excise 20,000 
 
 Blink Imposts 25,000 
 
 Public Works 100,000 
 
 Militiji Finos 4,020 
 
 Casual Revenue 20,000 
 
 Law Fee Fund 4,500 
 
 Territorial 100,000 
 
 Below is given a statement of the revenue for 1840, to shew the im- 
 provement that has been made since that year, in which we entered into 
 those great fmancial speculations, which were the means of relieving as 
 from the burthen imposed on our money market by the great public work« 
 which being unfinished yielded no return. 
 
 Revenue of 1849: 
 
 Customs £450,000 
 
 Public Works 50,000 
 
 Excise 30,000 
 
 Territorial and other 44,040 
 
 574,040 
 
 The Government has no bank of its own, the revenue is deposited as 
 soon as received, in the public banks, and yields a certain amount of inter- 
 est, when the Minister of Finance has decided on nfit withdrawing the 
 monies for a stated time ; in that case a consolidated fund is formed, 
 which remains in the bankers' hands, who pay interest at the rate of four 
 per cent, till the money is required, in which case sixty days' notice of 
 withdrawal must be given ; sums are occasionally deposited for a stated 
 period, but these cfses are exceptions. Thus in 1854, on the 1st October, 
 we had the following amounts at disposal : 
 
 Bank of England £ 229 cy. 
 
 Glyn, Mills & Co., London 12,623 
 
 Baring Brothers, do 1 ,890 
 
 Bank of Upper Canada 302,008 
 
 Do Montreal 8,575 
 
 Lo North America 70,685 
 
 People's Bank 59,573 
 
 Midland District Bank 111,783 
 
 » 
 
136 
 
 Quebec Eank 1,271 
 
 Montreal Savings, Bank 11,000 
 
 GorcBank 11,085 
 
 City Bank 40,586 
 
 Total £235,298 cy» 
 
 The interest paid on deposits was : 
 
 For 1852 £13,135 
 
 For 1853 10,208 
 
 The Grand Provincial statement of our finances, shewed their state to be- 
 as follows on the 1st of August, 1854 : 
 
 DeUt side. 
 
 Provincial works £5,080,273 cy,. 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway Company 1,102,056 
 
 Guarantees on other roads. 1,064,582 
 
 Municipal Loan 851.616 
 
 Clergy Reserve Fund "] 
 
 Indian Fund.... I _„ . .-_ 
 
 SchoolFund \ '^'''^^^ 
 
 Other Funds J 
 
 Cash, and investments in the Bank of England, & 
 
 English Funds 1,500,000 
 
 Miscellaneous items 605,198 
 
 £10,998,393 cy» 
 
 A few words will suffice to explain these different items. The first ex- 
 plains itself: it consists of sums expended on public works. The second 
 and third are made up of sums due for advances made to railway compa- 
 nies to pay expenses as the work progresses, and guaranteed as above 
 stated. The fourth is produced by a law which authorizes municipalities 
 to require from Government the negotiation of their local debentures, the 
 municipalities paying annually into th^ hands cf the Receiver General the 
 interest on the sums thus negotiated by him in the name of the Province, 
 besides a sinking fund at the rate of six per cent, for twenty-five years,. 
 The fifth is formed cf sums received for the sale of lands reserved by 
 an old law for the Protestant Clergy, and which the Receiver General is 
 bound to give an account of, to the beneficiaries. 
 
137 
 
 The Indian Fund, and School and other funds, composing the sixth, 
 seventh and eighth items, arc hkcwisc special funds, created in con- 
 nection with tht public domain, and which the Minister of Finance must 
 give a special account of. These items arc carried to the debtor and 
 creditor side as balances ; as also the ninth item, made up of moneys de- 
 posited to order, and entered as casli in hand, moneys placed ont at 
 interest, redeemable at sixty days, and the sum in English Consols, devoted 
 to the reduction of our debt.. 
 
 In order to meet these obligations as tliey become due, we have the 
 fbllowing on the credit side of the account : 
 
 1. Loan on the Imperial Guarantee jEl,825,000cy. 
 
 2. Debentures payable in London 1,727,568 
 
 3. do do in Canada 827,554 
 
 4. Redemption of the Public Debt 488,830 
 
 5. Issue of Debentures in ftivor of the Grand Trunk 
 
 Company, authorized by law 1,102,056 
 
 6. Debentures issued in virtue of other laws 2,112,432 
 
 7. Special funds of Clergy Reserves, Indian and 
 
 other funds 794,fr38 
 
 Part of the Consolidated Revenue Fund for the cur- 
 rent year, and the Sinking Fund 1,500,000 
 
 From various sources * 620,285 
 
 Total £10,998,893 cy. 
 
 The three first items are made up of loans made by us to meet that part 
 of the first item of our debtor accounts, v/hich cur revenue docs not pay ; 
 they form our positive debt, which diminishes by the deposit of our instal- 
 ments, of which the next artic , No. 4, is an example. 
 
 The fifth aiid sixth articles form our collateral debt, and are resources 
 established to meet various exigencies, which we hope to cover by the 
 profits produced by the employment of the capital. For instance; thft 
 interest and sinking fund, paid in by the Municipalities will redeem the 
 debentures issued in their favor. As a security from the railways, we 
 have a privileged mortgage on them. 
 
 The seventh item relates to the revenues of lands reserved, as has been 
 already explained, which exactly meet Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the debtor 
 side. 
 
 The rest explains itself. 
 
138 
 
 On the first of January, 1855, our direct debt was... £4,350,000 
 
 Debentures on railroads, issued 3,380,500 
 
 Municipal Debentures issued 1,172,910 
 
 At the same date, our Sinking Fund, created by the 
 
 purchase of English Consols at 3 per cent 451,262 
 
 To show the yirosperous state of our finances, wc may 
 state that in 1849 the cost of public works carried to the 
 balance sheet of that year, only exceeded the direct 
 
 debt by 665,000 
 
 The cost of the same works car ied to the balance 
 sheet of 1854, exceeds the direct debt of the present 
 day by , 730,000 
 
 And the Public Works are hisher in value than the amount set down. 
 
 The Tniiking Fund, which in 1849 was only £53,533, amounts now to 
 £451,202. 
 
 The item, redempfLn of debt, in 1849 was only quoted at £100,000, 
 whereas, in the balance sheet of 1854, it is raised to £488,830. 
 
 Our Debentures stand highest on the English money market. Our 6 
 per cent. Sinking Fimd, redeemable in twenty-five years, commands a 
 high premium, and sometimes reaches 17. 
 
 6. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 It may be right to give first a statement of the number of arrivals and 
 departures from our different ports, both sea and inland. The year chosen 
 for this purpose is the last of which complete returns have been published 
 by the Customs Department, namely, 1853. 
 
 Total number of vessels from sea, and entered at the following ports : 
 1,798. 
 
 At Gas'.e 280 
 
 Quebec 1,300 
 
 Montreal 218 
 
 Total tonnage, 622,579 tons. 
 Vessels sailed, 1821: 
 
 From Quebec 1400, and the remainder from Montreal and Gaspe. 
 The tonnage of ships sailed was 058,853 tons, making a total of entered 
 and sailed, of 1,281,432 tons. 
 
139 
 
 Of tlic vessels which entered port 00 were foreijjjn. 
 
 Tlie total number of vessels which passed thronjih our Canals, whether 
 up or down w«s 20,400, with a total tonna^jc of 2,138,054 tons. 
 
 71,000 tons of flour and 100,000 tons of iron passed through the Wcl- 
 land Canal. 
 
 The whole value of our imports for 1853 was £7,895,351) cy. 
 
 Exports 5,945,752 
 
 In 1850 the imports were only 4,245,517 
 
 Exports 3,990,428 
 
 We must here remark that for the principal article of our export trade, 
 t. c, timber, the value is set down at the price at which it is produced, not 
 01 the selling price, which is of course considerably higher. 
 
 The port of Montreal receives the largest freight. The value of the 
 jjoods entered in 1853, was £3,381,530, currency. 
 
 The port of Quebec has the largest export trade, it amounted in 1853 to 
 £2,443,457. In this account is not hicluded the value of newly built ships, 
 a table of which is found below. 
 
 This last uvSeription of export was valued hi the same year at £1,105,056, 
 currency. 
 
 Below is a list of those articles which arc Imported in the largest quan- 
 tities, with the total value of importation of each kind of article, for 1853 : 
 
 Raw Sugar £264,919 cy. 
 
 Tea 390,105 
 
 Manufactured Tobacco 106,794 
 
 Cotton 1,315,635 
 
 Iron Manufactures 648,720 
 
 Linen 183,414 
 
 Woollen Goods 254,255 
 
 Bar and Sheet Iron 310,805 
 
 Railway Iron , 343,593 
 
 Books.* .-. 103,245 
 
 Chief articles of exportation, with their values, in 1853 : 
 
 ♦Produce of Fisheries 85,000 
 
 do Forests 2,355,253 
 
 Animal produce 342,631 
 
 Agricultural Produce 1,995,194 
 
 *XoTE. — To give an idea of the Gulf Flslieries, in tlie years 1847-48,532,711 barrels of mack- 
 erel were received in tiic Ports of the State of Massachusetts, almost all of which were taken in 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
140 
 
 Rolow is tho immhrr ami toiin.ipjo of the ships built and rc'i^istcrcd in tlic 
 whole Proviiieo, iu 1853 : 
 
 Ships 200 
 
 Tonuugc 01,512 tons. 
 
 Add to this the number of vessels built in the Province, but not regis- 
 tered at the Customs : 
 
 Ships (or small craft) 84 
 
 Tonnage 8,700 tonn. 
 
 (jlraiul total of vessels 284 
 
 Total tonnage 70,281 
 
 Under this head we find for Quebec, 50 vessels..49,541 tons. 
 
 Kingston 2,008 " 
 
 Gasp6 1,583 " 
 
 The rest have been built at different parts of Upper und Lower Canada. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 Tho principal incorporated Banks are the liauk of British North America^ 
 (Branch,) the Up^cr Canada, Montreal, Qiuhec, City, Midland District, Gar6 
 and Pco])le\'} Banks. 
 
 The general statement of tho affairs of the above institutions for 1853, 
 nvas as follows : 
 
 Debtor side £4,931,507 cy. 
 
 Credit side 7,165,005. 
 
 The principal Savings; Banks in 1853, were the 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 Montreal (Provident Savings,) 
 
 Northumberland and Durham, 
 
 Quebec (Provident and Savings.) 
 
 The sums deposited in these Banks in 1853 amounted to £207,304 cur- 
 rency, of which II were distributed among the three Banks of Montreal 
 and Quebec. 
 
 The principal Insurance Companies (I say principal, because several of 
 these institutions sent in no account of the slate of their affairs to the De- 
 partment of Statistics,) arc 
 
 1. The British American (Fire and Life,) 
 
 2. Canada (Life,) 
 
141 
 
 8. MiKiiiiI, 
 
 4. Kin{j;Nf()n Marine Insurance, 
 
 5. Ontario do do, 
 
 6. St. Lawrence do do, 
 
 Tlic amount of properly insured against fire and marine risks was, an 
 exhibited below, for the ofliees, 1, 4, and oidy, the other amounts have 
 not been given in complete. 
 
 Value of property i 
 
 d 
 
 it fir 
 
 JC1,01).'J,H14 
 
 msured 
 
 Premiums 9,720 
 
 Losses by fire in the year G,827 
 
 Value of Marine Lisuranee 002,042 
 
 Premiums received 0,925 
 
 Loi;ses 8,282 
 
 It may be well here to draw the attenticm of the reader to these figures^ 
 ns shewing the comparative risk attending navigation as connected with 
 the trade of Canada. 
 
 By a law called the ' New Banking Act," extended privileges arc 
 granted to Companies wistiing to establish Banks, they being obliged as 
 a security for their solvency to deposit provincial deljcnmres in the hands 
 of the Receiver (Jcneral. The amount of these deposits on the 1st January 
 of this year, was ^£201,125, being the gross amount of capital of all tlie 
 Banks that have taken advantage of this system. 
 
 The incorporated Banks pay a tax of 1 per cent, on their paper issues. 
 In 1853 this tax produced a revenue of £2'], 058. The highest amount it 
 had reached in previous years was £-18,950, in 1852. 
 
 :ur- 
 Ircal 
 
 ;e- 
 
 7. 
 
 General informalion. 
 
 We wish here to collect together several little items, omitted or deferred, 
 and addressed more particularly to emigrants. We enter on the subject 
 without any special dedication of this paragraph. 
 
 Local taxes are much liigher in Upper than in Lower Canada. In 
 Upper Canada the Municipalities take charge of the roads, pay the juries, 
 and meet several other expenses, while in Lower Canada the people are 
 taxed for education only ; the public works are performed by personal 
 labour, under the superintendence of the Municipalities. The system in 
 Upper Canada, is, in this respect, better on the whole, although it has been 
 abused in some of the Municipalities. 
 
142 
 
 The postage on Ictlors is 3cl. currency, over the whole province, for any 
 letter not weighing more than half an ounce, (the charge increasing with 
 the weight.) The postage on books or pamphlets by the mails, is very cheap. 
 The exchange with England ranges from 20 to 22 0/0. 
 
 I have given here a table of the value of the current money of the Pro- 
 vince, the pound, Halifax currency, consisting of 20 shillings at the same 
 rate, and being about the s^^me value as a French Louis d'or. 
 
 COINS. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 Sovereign 1 4 (i 
 
 English Crown ■' 1 
 
 Do Half C'n... 3 ^ 
 
 Shilling 13 
 
 Sixpence 7j 
 
 AMERICAN. 
 
 £ s. (1. 
 Eagle 2 10 
 
 Dollar 5 
 
 Half Dollar. 2 
 
 Dime 
 
 FRENCH AND SPANISH 
 
 £ 8. d 
 
 Crown 5 
 
 5 franc piece 4 8 
 
 Span i>h dollar 5 
 
 Pistorcen 10 
 
 A settler's hut costs from £5 to £25. 
 
 A good form house from £75 to £300. 
 
 A good barn generally costs from 20s. to 30s., the lineal foot ; thus a 
 barn, 40 feet by 30, will cost from £40 to £G0 ; a barn 200 feet long, 
 which is a common size here, w-ill cost from £200 to i:300. 
 
 A temporary barn for a new colonist may cost from £5 to £10. 
 
 Workmen's wages vary from 3s. to 5s. a day of ordinary labour. Trades- 
 men earn from Ss. to 7s. 6d. In 1853-4, wages were higher in consequence 
 of the great public works which were then in progress. 
 
 Lands with standing woods, well situated, pnd near to any settlement, 
 are worth at least 15s. an acre, and private sales of wood land have been 
 made as high as 40s. Lands in the Crown Domain, of which nearly all 
 wild lands form a part, arc sold at low or almost nominal prices, varying 
 from Is. 6d., to 3s. 6d., and 8s., these lands are sold on very easy terms. 
 Land is much higher in Upper Canada than below ; the population being 
 exclusively British, the greatest part of the emigration from the United 
 Kingdom is directed there and the demand raises the value. 
 
 The best route for emigrants is by Quebec, to which port the price of a 
 passage from Liverpool, for the working classes, varies from £3 to £6 in 
 sailing vessels, und costs about £7 10s. in steamers. 
 
 In all our ports and cities there are emigrant agents who give all neces- 
 sary information to emigrants; and there are Hospitals, in whicli, if sick, 
 they are treated gratuitously, with kindness and attention. 
 
CONCLUSION. 
 
 nent, 
 been 
 y all 
 
 rms. 
 
 )eing 
 
 ited 
 
 of a 
 lb in 
 
 3ces- 
 Isick, 
 
 "I have," said a Canadian, "visited many foreign countries, and I 
 have seen many more picturesque and more abundant in wealth, but I 
 have never seen one which ever gave me cause to regret that it was 
 my lot to live in Canada." 
 
 " Those who would go to settle in Canada," said a traveller, " may be 
 sure of finding in the towns and old settlements, all the comfort of the 
 first cities of Europe ; and in the newly opened country, a vast field for in- 
 dustry, and a sure return for their labour, especially if they bring with them 
 a moderate capital." 
 
 The author is decidedly of the same opinion, and this stu'y of his 
 country has made him love it more ; the conclusion he has come to, as 
 regards those who wish to leave Europe to settle in America, is this, that 
 few countries offer a faiier prospect for the future, to the Emigrant and 
 his posterity, more especially to the agriculturist, if he is wise enough to 
 remain one. It is not our intention here to advise those who can 
 enjoy their case at home to come to this country to seek a fortune. Far 
 from it. They might have cause to fear that punishment would overtake 
 them, for despising that moderate fortune which it had pleased Providence 
 to grant them. Besides, brilliant and rapid fortunes are not more common 
 in America than in Europe ; but there is certainly more room and a 
 better field for industry, though Canada is not a land of plenty, flowing 
 with milk and honey. A man leaving Europe, directing his steps to 
 America, or to any other part of the world, with the idea of making a 
 large fortune in a short time, stands an excellent chance of being 
 disappointed. The Emigrant compelled by adverse circumstances to 
 leave his country, must have seen enough of the rough side of life to 
 make him entertain more sober aspirations than these. But, let us re- 
 peat once rrore, the poor industrious man, the intelligent and honest man, 
 the capitalist (however small his means,) whose industry is fettered by 
 the difficulty of finding secure investments for his capital — all these will 
 find what they require in Canada, and much better in many respects than 
 elsewhere. The soil is boundless and fertile, Nature has already provid- 
 ed an abundant return in the forjsts, which the settler can at once turn 
 to account. The climate is remarkably healthy, the natural productions 
 abundant and various, the scenery beautiful and majestic, and all that is 
 wanting is the stout arm of the laborer and the influx of capital. 
 
 We wil' now answer a question which naturally is asked by all intending 
 emigrants. Where are we to go in your immense territory ? Which is 
 
144 
 
 I !■■ ! 
 
 the best direction to take ? In all sincerity I reply : Go where you will, all 
 places are nearly alike, some have one advantage, some another. Every- 
 where you will find a safe asylum, but I may as well frankly state that 
 emigrants speaking the English language only, and Protestant emigrants, 
 would do better to settle in Upper Canada, and French Catholic emigrants 
 would find it more congenial to their feelings to remain in Lower Canada. 
 The Frenchman, Belgian or French Swiss, will find themselves as it were 
 in their own country in Lower Canada, especially those from Breton or 
 Normandy. The Catholic finds every parish church surmounted with a 
 fine steeple, bearing the cross he has been accustomed to see. Again, the 
 Yorkshireman or Highlander may fancy that his native county has been 
 transferred to Upper Canada. Emigrants from the British Isles have learnt 
 this, for it is always towards Upper Canada that they direct their steps. 
 Lower Canada has not since the Conquest received fifty families of French 
 origin, and it is surprising how its population has increased to its present 
 figure. This extraordinary growth of the French Canadian race, is perhaps 
 unequalled in the history of the world, and moreover it is a fact which goes 
 to prove the high moral and sanitory condition of the people. 
 
 The reader will observe in these remarks that the principal object of 
 this work — which merely expresses the sentiments of the Government 
 that called it forth — is to attract emigration to this country ; and that, 
 with a friendly feeling towards Europe, which has a superabundant popu- 
 lation, and equally so towards Canada, where the available labor does not 
 suffice for the work. 
 
 Reference has often been made to capitalists ; and indeed the man of 
 business, who studies this work and the descriptive catalogue of the Paris 
 Exhibition, about to be published, will perceive that there are means of 
 making in Canada the most advantageous investments of capital ; more 
 especially in schemes for rendering available the natural riches of the soil, 
 the forests, and the waters, resources which, it may be safely said, Canada 
 possesses to a degree not exceeded in any other country in the world. 
 
 The question of emigration to Canada may present weightier and more 
 important features than the simple welfare of the emigrant or the coun- 
 try; but the limits of this work do not allow the cousideration of 
 questions of so high an order, which affect England as a power and a 
 mother country, and the French as a race, and as allies of the former. I 
 shall content myself with saying that their interests arc one and identical, 
 80 far as Canada is concerned. 
 
f 
 
 DESCEIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 OP THB 
 
 PRODUCTIONS Of CANADA 
 
 EXHIBITED IN PARIS l:^ 1855. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THB 
 
 PRODUCTIONS OF CANADA 
 
 EXHIBITED IN PARIS IN 1855, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. C. TACHE, ESQ., 
 
 COMMISSIONER FROM CANADA TO THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 (Translated from the French ) 
 
 I I 
 
 PARIS, 
 
 PRINTED BY G. A. PIVARD.-DEN^TAN & CO., 
 
 », COUR DKS MIUACLKS. 
 
 1855. 
 

 
BRIE? SKETCH 
 
 or THE 
 
 CANADIAN EXHIBITION. 
 
 The Canadian exhibition in London, in 1851, was as successful as 
 could be reasonably desired when we consider the infancy of the coun- 
 try, the inconsiderable number of the population, and the difRculties 
 arising from its remoteness from the continent of Europe. 
 
 Sixty prizes and honorable mentions, obtained in the different classes, 
 a special report by the jury on the class of mineral?, by which the 
 Canadian collection was placed at the head of all the others, and stated 
 to be superior to the exhibition of minerals by all the other countries bore 
 witness to its complete success to the full extent of our expectations. 
 
 The country was satisfied, but a number of exhibitors, to who'ie indi- 
 vidual efforts the success of the exhibition is due, had suffered consider- 
 able losses, and the results to the commercial int rests of the country 
 were not proportioned to the general calculation, from the circumstance, 
 that, except as regarded the minerals, the zeal and devotion of indivi- 
 duals had been alone depended upon, and that spirit of unanimity so 
 important in the selection of articles for exhibitions of that nature, had 
 not been brought to bear upon the labors incident to the formation of 
 the collection. 
 
 Profiting by the experience acquired, and with the desire of seeing 
 Canada take part in the noble spirit of emulation which attracted all 
 people to Paris — the Executive Committee charged with the manage- 
 ment of the matter, determined to give that national and general charac- 
 ter to the Canadian section of the Universal Exhibition of 1855, which 
 was wanting to the exhibUion of 1851. 
 
 To preserve to itself every freedom of action, the Committee determined 
 that all the articles, selected by the juries of admission, should be pur- 
 chased by the Committee, and forwarded to Paris at the expense of the 
 Province, but in the name of the contributors, who were to retain the 
 title and the advantages of exhibitors. From this it will be seen, 
 that the original idea was to set the country in the place and stead of 
 individuals, and thus to evidence to the people of other lands the 
 resources of the country rather than the skill of its inhabitants, and 
 the wisdom of such a measure is at once apparent, applied to a country 
 abounding in natural wealth. 
 
150 
 
 But although (he object in viow was principally to represent the re- 
 sources ollered by the country, the Couimittee on the other hand deemed 
 it their duly, not to neglect the opportunity of shewing to the European 
 public, that the Canadian heavens do not refuse to those over whom they 
 shed their light, those talents which originate, bring to perfection, or 
 carry on, the diderent arts and manufactures ; and if we may be penriit- 
 tcd io believe and repeat the flattering testimony expressed day after 
 day by the visitors of the annexe, those eflbrts have resulted in certain 
 success. Canada has forwanled to the Parii Exhibition, articles be- 
 longing to all the classes contained in the catalogue of the Imperial 
 Conunission, with the exception of the 19th and 21st, which relate to 
 cotton and silk manufactures. These do not exist in Canada, with the 
 exception perhaps, of some few establishments, which are comparatively 
 unimportant. 
 
 The three first classes, viz : those n?lating to mineral and agricultural 
 wealth and the produce of our forests, are the divisions in which Canada 
 will more specially shine, if shine it do at Paris. The mineral 
 productions, contributed by nearly eighty exhibitors, are the most immer- 
 ous ; they are classified in the order of their application in the arts, and 
 are suflicienlly complete, to give an idea of the abundance of this class 
 of productions, and at the same time to give an insight into the geological 
 formation of the country. It may be said, that wiih the exception of 
 coal, Canada contributes every species of earths, metals, and mineral sub- 
 stances, which consitute the basis of the various metallurgical manu- 
 faelures, or serve as materials for building: in this latter class the marbles 
 and cement must not be forgotten. 
 
 These sources of wealth have as yet hardly been rendered available, 
 owing to the want of capital and labour: the Province has, as yet only 
 commenced operations in these various branches of industry. 
 
 The exhibition of Canadian timber, it is reasonable to believe, will 
 prove that its inexhaustible forests, extending over nearly 360,000 square 
 miles, are unrivalled throughout the world for the variety of species, and 
 more particularly for the size of the timber of full i^ro vth. It will be seen 
 by the accompanying catalogue, that in this cla^^, as well as in that of 
 wood for cabinet making, Canada possesses certain precious rareties, 
 which it alone can furnish. The productions of the fisheries and of the 
 chase placed in the same category, enable the country to take an ex- 
 clusive place, as a field for industrial pursuits. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to dilate upon the importance and beauty of 
 Canadian gi*ain ; it will be sufficient for the visior to examine atten- 
 tively the gallery of the annexe on the Cours la Reine in the Canadian 
 seeiion, to form an idea of the great numl>er and beauty of the agiicul- 
 
151 
 
 uly of 
 atten- 
 adian 
 nicul- 
 
 tural productions, properly so called, of this Province. The varieties of 
 spring and fall wheat, of barley, oats, and peas, the suitableness as bread- 
 stuffs of many of these descriptions of grain, will at once make it apparent 
 that a fertile soil is seconded by a favoral)le climate, which admits, more- 
 over, of the cultivation of Indian corn, tobacco, and fruits which our 
 winters do not prevent from attaining a perfect development. 
 
 In the fourth and fifth classes of general mechanism applied to manu- 
 factures, and the sixth and seventh of special mechanism, C!anadu 
 having obtained several prizes and honorable mentions in Londoii, 
 forwarded to Paris articles which are at least worthy of remark, and 
 of which much has been already s lid by the public. Among these 
 articles are some which are second to none exhibited by any other 
 country. 
 
 It was not to be expected that the Canadian Exhibition would include 
 many of the articles comprised in the 8th and Dth classes, which, having 
 reference to manufactures, relate more particularly to the sciences and 
 the employment of chem'cal and physical agents, for the very simple 
 reason that a small population cannot create an adequate demand for 
 a production so special in its nature. 
 
 In the tenth class, Canada has been enabled to exhibit the n'marka- 
 ble productions with which nature abounds, varnishes, gums, vege- 
 table and animal oils, soaps and alkalis, leathers, dyes and paint stuffs. 
 Special notice should be taken of two articles exclusively belonging to 
 Canada, and introduced into manufactures by Canadians; I refer to the 
 porpoise leather and the paper made from the Immorlelk (gnaphalium.) 
 
 In the eleventh, the methods employed in the preparation and preser- 
 vation of alimentary substances, to adapt them for exportation, and to 
 enable them to support the accidents of a long voyage, are illustrated by 
 a large number of specimens. 
 
 In the twelfth class, Canada exhibits several plants and substances, 
 giving a partial idea of the numerous drugs which she is capable of sup- 
 plying; and in the thirteenth class, specimens of articles conneclcd 
 with navigation and ship building, the latter, one of the; principal sources 
 from which Canada derives her wealth ; a branch of trade to the impor- 
 tance of which no limits need be set, s^-^ing the abundance and excellent 
 qualities of the materials which form its basis. 
 
 In the fourteenth class, the visitor may see models of the immense 
 works connected with the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and also, what 
 will be of the greatest interest to foreign consumers, a number of articlL's 
 manufactured of wood, the low prices of which cause the gr(.'atest 
 astonishment to all. 
 
 M 
 
152 
 
 In the classes following are exhibited specimens of manufacture in 
 metals, of textile fabrics, tools, instruments ami cloths, tissues, knit- 
 ting, cordage, &c., in the formation of which, iron, copper, lead, the 
 plastic earths, wood, hemp, flax, straw, constitute the principal materials. 
 It must be remarked, however, that the present production is but a frac- 
 tion of what the country could supply at very low rates, on account of 
 the very small price of the raw material, the facilities for internal com- 
 munications, and the power of procuring at no expense, unlimited water 
 power for the service of machinery. 
 
 The Committee have also deemed it advisable to send over specimens 
 of those branches of manufacture, having for their object the improvement 
 of the diflbrent articles of dress. In this class, attention is directed to the 
 woollen and linen fabrics, made by hand, and known by the names of 
 druggets and home made cloths, which by the closeness of their texture 
 are admirably adapted for working clothes ; also the specimen of foot gear 
 known as bottes sauvages, the form and material of which are suitable 
 for the farmer, the woodsman, the sailor and ihe soldier. 
 
 To conclude, Canada also furnishes specimens of paintings and archi- 
 tectural and other drawings, of typography, bookbinding, photography 
 and lithography. It was never for an instant designed to compete 
 with the countries of Europe in these branches of the arts, it was only 
 intended to show, that Canada was not ignorant of these arts of 
 civilization. 
 
 The visitor, who doubtless expects to find specimens of Indian manu- 
 facture, will not be disappointed in his anticipations, he may .see these 
 fancy articles, the produce of Indian skill, and he will find among them 
 embroideries which for brightness of color and originality of de- 
 sign may be compared with the finest specimens of the art. One can- 
 not behold without surprise, the tasteful reproduction of flowers and for- 
 est leaves, the graceful lines of some of these productions along which 
 the light fingers of the daughter of the forca^ts have been guided by an 
 imagination inspired by a life passed in contemplation, by the perpetual 
 spectacle of a nature as imposing, viewing it as a whole, as it is lovely 
 in all its details. 
 
 In the foregoing and following remarks, mention has been only made 
 of the articles, without reference to the interests of the exhibitors, for it 
 is the interest of Canada and not that of individuals that has been con- 
 sidered in the preparation of this catalogue. 
 
 The style of the English catalogue has been adopted, and all notice of 
 the different professions or callings of the exhibitors and of prizes previ- 
 ously obtained, either rd the London Exhibition or elsewhere, has been 
 omitted in its compilation. 
 
 >v. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICLES SENT FROM CANADA AND 
 EXHIBITED IN THE ANNEXE NEAR THE RIVER. 
 
 F1R8T Division. 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 1st Group. — Articles having for their object the industrial pursuits in 
 connection with the extraction or production of the raw material. 
 
 FIRST CLASS. 
 
 MINING AND METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS, STATISTICS, AND GENERAL 
 
 DOCUMENTS. 
 
 1. Geological Commission of Canada. — Montreal, Low^er Canada. 
 Geological Map of Canada, and a collection of minerals mentioned in 
 detail in the following sections : 
 
 2. Keefer {Thomas) Cinl Engineer, Montreal, Lower Canada. Topo- 
 graphical Map of Canada. 
 
 Section 4. 
 
 Combuitible Minerals. 
 3 Scobell (J.,) Architfc^!t, Montreal, Lower Canada, Turf, pressed 
 and not pressed. 
 
 4. Boston.^ John^ Sheriff o^ Montreal, Lower Canada. Turf. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Iron and Iron Castings. 
 
 5. Billings (C.,) Ottawa City, Upper Canada. Silicate of iron. 
 Geological Commission of Canada already mentioned under No. 1. 
 
 A mass of pure meteoric iron, titaniferous iron, oligist and chromic 
 iron, magnetic pyrites, iron pyrites, ferruginous ochre. 
 
 6. Marmora Iron Company, Marmora, Upper Canada. Oxydulated 
 iron. 
 
 7. Ottawa Mining Company, Ottawa, Upper Canada. Oxydulated 
 
 iron. 
 
 8. Dickson {Andreiu), Kingston, Upper Canada. Oligist iron 
 
154 
 
 9. Lancaster (R.)y Vaudreiill, Lower Canada. Specimonsof bogiron 
 ore and phosphate o\ iron. 
 
 10. Larue Sf ^'o , Mannfaclurcrw, Three Rivers, Lower Canada. Bog 
 iron ore, with n|)c(Mtnt'ns of castings macU; therefrom. 
 
 n. Morin, St. Valier, Lower Canada. Specimens of bog iron oie. 
 
 12. Morris (Alexander)^ MniWrcnl^ Lower Canada. Oxydulated iron 
 from South Sherbrooko. 
 
 13. Mudgct (fl.,) Sutton, Lower Cnnada. Titaniferous iron. 
 
 14. Porter ^ Co, manufacturers, St. Maurice Forges, Lower Canada. 
 Specimens of bog iron ore, ca**tings and malleable iron. 
 
 15. Seymou<\ Madoc, Upper Canada. Oxydulated iron. 
 
 16. Smith (II L.) Sutton, Lower Canada. Titaniferous iron. 
 
 17. Stutson (Oramel,) Sutton, Lower (^anada. Titaniferous iron. 
 
 18. Stevens {Geors;e,) Newborough, Upper ('anada. Oxydulated iron. 
 
 19. Vanor/nan^Bf) manufacturer, Tilsonijurgh, Uppor Canada. Spe- 
 
 cimens of bog iron ore. 
 
 Section 6. 
 
 Common Metals {with the exception of Iron. ) 
 
 20. Bluit, Lansdownc, Upper Canada, Sulphuret of lead. 
 Gedogical Commissi n of Canada, already mentioned at No. \, 
 
 Specimens of copper ore, zinc, uranium and galena. 
 
 21. Copper Bay Mining Company, Montreal, Lowc^r Canada. Speci- 
 mens of Lake Huron copper ore. 
 
 22. Montreal Mining Company, Lower Canada. Copper Ore from 
 Lakes Huron and Superior. 
 
 23. Quebec and Lake Superior Mining Cnnpany, Lower Canada. 
 Native copper and specimens of Michipicolcn copper ore. 
 
 24. MacLean [J,) Ramsay, Upper Canada. Sulphuret of lead. 
 
 25. S^eep r(L'>uis,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Copper ore with native 
 gold and a series of mint^rals, illustrating the veins of Leeds, Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Skction 7. 
 
 Precious Metals. 
 
 Geological Commission of Canada, already mentioned at No 1. Na- 
 tive silver with copper, ores containing gold and silver, ores containing 
 silver. 
 
 26. Douoflas (J.,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Auriferous pyrites, 
 auriferous galena, gold and silver from the Beauce mines near Quebec, 
 extracted by washing. 
 
155 
 
 87. Lo/fOTi 'Jame*,) Montreal, Lower Canada, native gold, platinum, 
 and iridosiuinutn, with the dillrront descriptions of pt'bbleM and fine 
 sand which are mixed up with thcNO inctaU ut liiver du Loup, Hcauce, 
 near Quebec 
 
 Sleeper {Louis^) Quebec, Lower Canada, already mentioned under 
 No. 25. No ive gold. 
 
 Section 9. 
 Non-Metallic Mineral Productions. 
 
 28 Alherl ('"r/.,) Montreal, I^ower Canada. St(!alite. 
 
 29. Andies (L. ^ /f ,) Chanibly,^ Lower Canada, Amianthus. 
 
 30. Benton {L A',) Stanstead, Lower Canada. Shell marl. 
 boston^ Montreal, Lower Canada, already mentioned under No. 4. 
 
 Shell marl. 
 
 31. Brwn (R.,) Rice Lake, Upper Canada. Marmora marble. 
 
 32. Brown {JamSy) Cement ManuLcturrr, St. Catharines, Upper 
 Canada. Thorold cement, with a specimen of cah'areous stone, of 
 which it is composed. 
 
 33. Caron fy Deblois, Quebec, Lower Canada. Red ochres. 
 
 34. Calway {JameSy) St. Joseph, Lower Canavia. Granite. 
 Geological Commission of Canada^ already mentioned under No. \. 
 
 Dolomite, ilmenite, bog manganese, agglomeration of jasper, maguesian 
 limestone, serpentine, marbles, ochres, sand.stone for building purposes, 
 hydraulic limestone, white brick, building stone, stones for litliograi''hic 
 purposes, slate, Iripoli, agate, jasper, quartz, waved agates, whetstones, 
 sandstone, white quartz, fo.ssils, and other articles. 
 
 35. S/iipton Slate Company Lower Canada. Roofing slates 
 
 36. Hamilton International Company , Upper Canada. Asphalt. 
 
 37. Chcesman (/2.,) Philipsburgh, Lower Canada. St. Armand mar^ 
 ble. 
 
 38. Cyr (L.,) Ste. Rose, Lower Canada, Shell marl. 
 
 39. Grant Trunk Railway Company, Specimens of the different de- 
 acriplions of stone used in the public works 
 
 40. Dowa/dson (/.,) Oneida. Upper Canada Gypsum. 
 4L Faster (1/,! Brome, Lower Canada. Dolomite. 
 
 42. Gawyreau (Pierre,) Architect, Quebec, Lower Canada. Quebec 
 cement and the stone in its natural state, together with the stone formed 
 from the cement. This contributor received a diploma in Canada for 
 his preparation 
 
 43. Guy (J.y) Melbourne, Lower Canada. Roofing slates. 
 
 44. jHiZ/iarci^ Z)ici. sow, Pakenham, Upper Canada. Building stone. 
 
156 
 
 45. Hutchison 8f Morisson, Montreal, Lower Canada. A block of 
 hewn limestone for building purposes. 
 
 46. Jackman, GUmariy Kingsey, Lower Canada. Whetstones. 
 
 47. Jarvis ( W. B.y) Toronto, Upper Canada. Building materials. 
 
 48. Inlai/ (7^.,) Grenville, Lower Canada. Mica. 
 
 49. Keefer {Samuel,) Civil Engineer, Brockville, Upper Canada. Stone 
 used on the public works. 
 
 Keefer (Thomas,) already mentioned under No. 2. Blocks of hewn 
 limestone for building. 
 
 50. Lemieux (Frangois,) Commissioner of Public Works at Quebec, 
 Lower Canada. Lorette, Pointe aux Trembles and Cap Rouge build- 
 ing stone. 
 
 51. Leslie (James,) Shorbrooke, Lower Canada. Roofing slates. 
 62. Little, Paris, Upper Canada. Hydraulic limestone. 
 
 Larue Sf Co»npowi/, already mentioned under No. 10. Limestone, 
 argillite, and moulding sand, materials employed in the Radnor 
 Forges, near the River St. Maurice, in Lower Canada. 
 Mudget (B.,) already mentioned under No. 13. Dolomite. 
 Macdonald, Des Chats, Upper Canada. Building stone. 
 Mackay (Honorable Thomas,) New Edinburgh, Upper Canada. 
 
 Shell marl. 
 MacLoughlin (D.,) Ottawa City, Upper Canada. Arnprior mar- 
 ble and building stone. 
 66. MacMannis (J.,) Bolton, Lower Canada. Pot stone, or steatite. 
 57. Townley (Mrs.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. White brick. 
 
 68. Martindak (Thomas,) Oneida, Upper Canada. Gypsum. 
 
 69. Munroe fy Co., Pointe du Lac, Lower Canada. Ochres. 
 
 60. Newton (W.,) Bolton, Lower Canada. Chromic iron. 
 
 61. O^Connor (Daniel,) Lansdowne, Upper Canada. Sulphate of 
 
 baryta. 
 
 62. Perrault (Zephirin,) Kamouraska, Lower Canada. Amianthus. 
 
 63. Perry (Edmond,) Brockville, Upper Canada. Blocks of Cut lime- 
 
 stone. 
 
 64. Primmerman (J.,) Barnston, Lower Canada. Blocks of granite. 
 Porter Sf Co., already mentioned under No. 14. Limestone and re- 
 fractory sandstone, used at their forges at St. Maurice in Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 66. Samson, Pointe Levi, Lower Canada. Dolomite. 
 
 66. ^arkes, Ottawa City, Upper Canada. Shell mnA. 
 
 67. Spottiswood ^ Reynolds, Paris, Upper Canada. Gypsum. 
 
 68. Sykes, Deherque 8f Co., Montreal, Lower Canada. Labradorite. 
 
 69. Tanguay (Abbe,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Fossils. 
 
 53. 
 54. 
 
 65. 
 
157 
 
 70. Tardif (Joseph^) Tring, Lower Canada. Roofing slates. 
 
 71. White fy Gallop, Melbourne, Lower Canada. Pot stone. 
 
 72. White (P.,) Pembroke, Upper Canada. Building stone. 
 
 73. Whitecombe (/.,) Hawksbury, Upper Canada. Shell marl. 
 
 74. Wilson {James,) Physician, Perth, Upper Canada. Phosphate of 
 
 lime, barytes, ^nraphite, perthite and peristherite. 
 
 75 froodu;arrf(H.,) Bolton, Lower Canada. Steatite. 
 
 76. Votes (FT.,) Paris, Upper Canada. Gypsum. 
 
 77. Veomans {A..,) Belleville, Upper Canada. Shell marl. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF THE ARTICLES CONTAINED IN FIBST CLASS. 
 
 Topographic and Geological Maps. 
 
 Metals and their Ores. 
 
 A lump of meteoric iron, oxydulated iron, oligist iron, bog iron, titan- 
 iferous iron, ilmenite, blende, galena, native copper ore, pyrites containing 
 gold and silver, nickel, native silver, native gold, platinum, iridium, 
 auriferous pyrites, arsenical pyrites. 
 Minerals requiring Chemical Manipulation to adopt them to the Fine Arts. 
 
 Ochre of uranium, chromic iron, cobalt, manganese, molybdenite 
 dolomite, magnesite. 
 
 Mineral Paints. 
 
 Iron ochre, barytine, phosphate of iron. 
 
 Minerals made use of in the Fine Arts. 
 
 Lithographic stone, mineral materials made use of in jewellery, 
 agates, Labradorites, jaspers, quartz, waved agates, perthite rubies. 
 
 Refractory Materials. 
 Pot stone or steatite, mica, plumbago, white sandstone, amianthus. 
 
 Mineral Manures. 
 Phosphate of lime, gypsum, shell marl. 
 
 Sharpening and Polishing Materials. 
 Whetstones, tripoli. 
 
 I . 
 
158 
 
 Building Materials. 
 
 Slate, white granite, gneiss, san(l>tone, ealeareouB Bandstone, lime- 
 stone, trap, marble, liydraulie limestone, bricks. 
 
 Combustible Matters. 
 Turf, asphallum. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 It is a diflieult task to assign any price to the articles above named, 
 and in fact no commercial value has liillierto been allixed tolliem. Here 
 is all that can be said on the subject: 
 
 Magnetic and bog iron ores cost about 5s. per ton, delivered unsmelted 
 at the furnaces on the spot. Baryline costs at present £2 10s. per t n, 
 delivered unsmelted, and £7 lOs., when smelted and prepared. Gyp- 
 sum is worth from Is. to Is. 5d. per bushel when ground for manure, at 
 the pit, or more according to the distance from it. 
 
 Sandstone and limestone, for building purposes, cost, on delivery in 
 undressed blocks in the towns ready for cutting, from 8d to Is. per cubic 
 foot. The cost of quarrying, exclusive of the dift'ercnt charges for carriage, 
 is from Gs. to 10s. per cjibic yard. Blocks of limestone antl sandstone, 
 cut and laid on the spot where the work is to be carried on, cost, in pro- 
 portion to their size, from 2s. to 5s. per cubic foot. Granite costs a little 
 more ; blocks not so well finished, prepared for docks and canals, generally 
 cost about ill per cubic metre, when used for that purpose. 
 
 Limo is worth from 6J. to lid. per bushel, according to the localities in 
 which it is found. 
 
 REM.\RKS. 
 
 Mining operations in Canada are yet in their infancy, and the improve- 
 ment of its mineral resources, has been confined, properly speaking, 
 to mere experiments. It is only during the last few years that «he 
 manufacturers of the country have offered any serious ccjtnpctition 
 to the importation of iron castings. It is but a few years since, 
 that, with a very insufficient staff, the Geological (yommission of Canada 
 commenced their labours, nnd revealed to us immense mineral wealth. 
 Iron, copper, coloring matters, and building materials, are found in iiu'X- 
 haustiblc (luantilies, and of superior quality. Were adecpiatc labour and 
 
'■ u 
 
 159 
 
 cnpilul directed by science to be employed, Canada would be prepared to 
 furnish forei^zin coiuitries with these different primary muteriulH ut greatly 
 reduced prices. 
 
 These few remarks will suffice to shew that Canada is represented at the 
 Universal Exhibition not as working her niines, but merely as possessing 
 that natural wealth which, by the ap[)lication of labor and science, might 
 be turned to advantage. 
 
 Let us remark that experiments have been tried with some of the 
 cements, of which there are numerous specimens at the Exhibition, which 
 tend to shew that if rough cast upon l-.ths, the plastering forms ati im- 
 penetrable covering for houses, offering at the same time the advantages of 
 lightness and solidity. A roof of this description, con8lructe«l as an ex- 
 periment, has been found to withstand the influence belli of the heat of 
 summer and the cold of winter, without shewing the slightest flaw or 
 leakage. 
 
 Gypsum is now exported in the United States, and as this branch of 
 trade extends, a r(>dueiion in the price will necessarily be effected. 
 
 Messrs. Lonan & limit, Metnbers of the Canadian Geological Comniia- 
 bIou, and Commissioners in Paris, have just published a pamphlet upon 
 the mineral productions of Canada. 
 
 We must also notice that the exportation of metal from the mines, in- 
 creases every year. The exportations were calculated at £8,-350, in 1852 
 at £27,800, in 1853; and reached the value of £74,000, in 1854. 
 
 I 
 
160 
 
 SECOND CLASS. 
 
 porbbtry, hunting, fisheries, and spontaneous vkqetablb pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 Section 1. 
 Statistics and various Documents. 
 
 The Canadian Executive Committee have placed at the disposal of the 
 Commissioners in Paris, a considerable number of printed documents, con- 
 taining remarks upon Canada. These documents are distributed gratis to 
 visitors. 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Jbresiri/, 
 
 78. Bouchard {Pierre), Quebec, Lower Canada. A small sample of curled 
 
 maple. 
 
 79. Dorioin (J. Tfi), Montreal, Lower Canada. Pine plank. 
 
 Dickson (Andreio), mentioned under No. 8. Small specimens of 64 
 varieties of Canada woods. [See Recapitulation.] 
 
 80. Fan.ier and De Blaqniere, Woodstock, Upper Canada. Specimens, 
 
 in sawed planks and cross sections, of the following descriptions of 
 timber, and their several varieties: elm, lime, birch, maple, ash, 
 cherry, walnut, ironvvood, plane, chestnut, beech, poplar, carth- 
 amum, cedar, mountain-ash, and oak. 
 
 81. Gamble {J. Tr.),Vanghan, Upper Canada. Specimens of the following 
 
 descriptions of timber : pine, oak, elm, and biich. 
 
 82. Kennedy (William), Montreai, Lower Canada. Spf.cimens of wood 
 
 for cabinet-making purposes. 
 8'3. Lavoie (Abraham), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Cross sections of 
 spruce. 
 
 84. Lavoie (Joseph), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Cross sections of 
 
 tamarac. 
 
 85. Levesque (Celestin), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Knees of tamarac. 
 
 86. Marmon (Jean), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Cross sections of birch. 
 
 87. Saint A.'mand, Becancour, Lower Canada. Small specimen of 
 
 polished ash. 
 
 88. Saint Arnand, (Af.), Quebec, Lower Canada. A sheet of bird's-eye 
 
 maple for veneering, illustrating at the same time a new plan for 
 preparing timber for veneering. 
 
161 
 
 89. A- '>'^5 (•/.)) Quebec, Lower Canada. Specimens of the following 
 dc . ntions of timber, and of their several varieties : pine, spruce, 
 walnut, oak, birch, ironwood, elm, ash, white birch, lime, and maple. 
 
 Section 3. 
 Manufactures in wood. 
 
 90. Contin (A.^) Montreal, Lower Canada. Po^t oars. 
 
 91. Dubeau (Jeariy) Quebec. A wooden botti j exhibited as a specimen 
 
 of cooper's work. 
 
 92. (rrani and /faW, Montreal, Lov/er Canada. Barrels. 
 
 93. Hulliday (James,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimens of wood 
 
 turning. 
 
 94. Lamouche {A.,) Montreal, Lov.^r Canada. Wooden shovels. 
 Larue ^ Co., already mentioned under Nj. 10. Charcoal used in 
 
 their Forges near Three Rivers. 
 
 95. Manning [William^) Montreal, Lower Canada. Staves. 
 
 9(5. MacGihbon ( William^) Montreal, Lower Canada. Hoops and barrels. 
 
 97. Moore [Thomas,) Mimico, Upper Canada. Axe handles. 
 
 98. Paxton and Jennings, Montreal, Lower Canada. Staves. 
 
 99. Redpath [J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Different preparations cf 
 
 maple sugar. 
 
 100. Smith {D. ^' (r.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Handles of tools and 
 
 wheel spokes. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Land and amphibious animals. 
 
 101. Booth (J.,) Niagara, Upper Canada. Stuffed animals. 
 
 102. C'lrr (J.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Horse hair. 
 
 103. Kennedy (D.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Stuffed birds. 
 
 104. Lepag', (J. L.,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Porpoise oil. 
 
 105. Levesque (Nicholas,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Pi)rpoise oil. 
 
 106. MacCulloch (Mrs.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Collecti(.n of stuffed 
 
 birds. 
 107.'|Afercier (David,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Products of the chase, 
 and caribou and seal skin coats. 
 
 108. Mochrie (George) Montreal, Lower Canr.di. Preserved venison. 
 
 109. Mdlo (Abbe,) Becancour, Lower Canada. Caribou skin dressed 
 
 white. 
 
 110. Nault (Professor,) Quebec, Lower Canada, Castoreum. 
 
 ill. Simpson (Sir George,) Lachine, Lower Ca.iada, Eear, lynx, fox, 
 otter, mink, luar'.Liand beaver furs. 
 
162 
 
 'V. 
 
 I ,f 
 
 112. Tetu {Charles Hilaire,) Riviere Quelle, Lower Canada. Whale, 
 porpoise and seal oil clarified. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 Fishing. 
 
 Plans of 
 
 113. Levesqup. (George,) Pointe aux Orignaux, Lower Canada. 
 
 the fisheries in relief. 
 
 114. Murphy (M.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Fishing lines. 
 
 115. P".acock {John,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Fishing lines. 
 
 Teiu {C. H.,) already mentioned under No. 112, Shark and capelan 
 clarified oil. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Spontaneous Productions. 
 
 116. Ardouin {A.,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Medicinal plants. 
 
 117. Giroux {Oliver,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Medicinal plants, fir and 
 
 pine gum and spruce oil. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF ARTICLES CONTAINED IN THE SECOND CLASS. 
 
 Documents on Canada. 
 
 Timber of 64 different varieties: Bass wood, lime, sumach, common 
 maple, reJ maple, curled mapie, bird's eye maple, soft maple, wild plum, 
 red cherry, autumn cherry, choke cherry, pommette tree, white and yellow, 
 medlar, hawthorn, cornel tree, wild pear, mountain ash, white ash, black 
 ash, hard ash, common ash, carthamum, elm, red elm, grey elm, brown 
 elm, butternut, black walnut, sweet \va!nut, common walnut, hickory, 
 white oak, swamp oak, red oak, black oak, chestnut, beech, hornbean, 
 northern plane, f)itch pine, red pine, yellow pine, white pine, fir, hemlock, 
 spruce, hi ick spruce, tamarack, white and red cecar, iron wood, white 
 bouleau, red bouleau, white birch, red biich, alder, black osier, aspen, 
 white poplar, poplar, liard, boat oars, turners' ware, wooden shovels, 
 charcoal, staves, hoops, axe handles, handles for tools, maple sugar, stuffed 
 animals and birds, preserved meats, custoreum, plan of the fisheries, fish- 
 ing lines, ariilicial flies for fishing, medicinal plants. 
 
 Pine, fir, ;md spruce gums. 
 
 "Whale, porpoise, seal, shark and capelan oils. 
 
163 
 
 Bear, wolf, lynx, fox, moose deer, caribou, deer, beaver, seal, otter, mink 
 and martin, skins. 
 
 PRICES 
 
 and 
 
 OP ARTICLES IN CLASS II. 
 
 The prices here quoted are those obtained during the last few years ; 
 they are higher than those of the preceding ones. It is a known fact 
 that this increase in the cost of all articles of consumption is common to 
 all countries. 
 
 The price of square timber of the description known by merchants un- 
 der the, name of white and yellow pine, is, for square logs from 3d. to9d. 
 per cubic foot, according to the quality and size of the logs. 
 
 Oak, subject to the same variation, is from Is. 4d. to 2s. 6d. 
 
 Birch and maple from 7d. to Is. 
 
 Red spruce from 6d. to Is. • 
 
 Elm from 8(1. to Is. 8d. 
 
 Ash from 6d. to lid. 
 
 Black walnut from Is. to Is. 3d. 
 
 Red pine from 8d. to Is. 2d. 
 
 Cedar from 4d. to 6d. 
 
 Sawn lumber taken from the market for exportation assumes the regu- 
 lar form of the plank of commerce of the uniform length of 12 feet, and the 
 uniform thickness of 3 inches, the breadth being variable. Plank is sold 
 by the hundred pieces standard measure of St. Petersburg, containing 
 about 2 cubic metres, and about 130 metres superficial measure of sawing, 
 reckoning only one saw cut per plank. 
 
 Pine plank cost per hundred from 120s. to 300s., according to the kind 
 and qu.'ility. 
 
 Spruce plank from 60s. to 150s. also according to kind and quality. 
 
 Beams, of various kinds of wood of small dimensions, prepared for build- 
 ing purposes, as pine inches by 5 inches cost, according to the place of 
 sale, from 2^d. to 5d. per lineal foot. 
 
 Firewood by the cord, containing at least 4 cubic metres costs in the 
 cities : — 
 
 Hard maple mixed with birch (weighing about 2600 kilogrammes) from 
 30s. to 40s. 
 
 Soft wood (weighing about 2000 kilogrammes) from 12s. 6d. to 20s. 
 
 The cedar shingle, split and shaved, costs from 7s. to 9.s. per thousand, 
 capable of covering a surface of about 30 metres from the rain. 
 
 I , 
 
 t 
 
164 
 
 The lath of commerce which is of cypress, split only in the rough, costs 
 from ICs. to 35s. per cord. 
 
 The board of 10 feet in length, by 1 inch in thickness, and a mean 
 breadth of 10 inches costs: 
 
 Clear pine, according to quality and kind, from 403. to 80s., per hun- 
 dred pieces ; 
 
 Clear spruce, also according to quality and kind, from 20s. to 40s. 
 
 The stave of commerce, of c vk,in pieces containing on the average 1200 
 cubic inches of timbe ^ is* <m 850s. to 050s. per thousand. 
 
 The above prices ai < * ■*> ^^the Quebec market, which, being the prin- 
 cipal port for shipment, i - » ., v^is particular, the whole export trade with 
 Europe. 
 
 The flour barrel of commerce, made to hold about 1 90 lbs., costs from 
 2s. 3d. to 23. 6d. 
 
 Maple sugar, in lumps, costs, according to the season and the quality, 
 from 3d. to 6d. per lb. 
 
 Pine gum (Canada balsam) costs from 43. to 4s. 6d. the quart. Spruce 
 oil (a lesinous oil) from 6s. to 7s per quart. 
 
 Whale oil costs about Is. per quart ; porpoise, black porpoise, shark and 
 seal oils when clarified, cost aboi - \i. 3d. ; cod, capelin, and sardine oils 1 Id. 
 
 The prices of furs are very various, according to the year. The follow- 
 ing are the extreme rates in ordinary seasons for ordinary sizes and quali- 
 ties: 
 
 Bear sk-ns, 20s. to 80s. ; lynx, ^2s. to 20s.; red fox, 5s. to 7s. ; silver 
 fox, 50s. to 1 50s. ; black fox, 150s. to GOOs. ; beaver, Ss. to 8s. per lb. ; 
 otter skins, 25s. ti) 50s. : mink, 5s. to 10s. ; stone martin, 20s. to 50s. ; 
 red martin, 10s. to 20s. ; elk and moose, dressed, 20s. to 40s. ; seal, 2s. 
 6d. to 5s. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The timber for sale at Quebec undergoes the inspection of a body of 
 officer"^ known as the department of the Superintendent of Cullers. The 
 Cullers are authorised measurers and inspectors of timber, granting through 
 the medium of the Superintendent, who keeps a register thereof, certificates 
 of the quantity and quality of wood for sale, sold, or purchased. There 
 are three nmdes of purchasing : 
 
 1st. By the whole raft^ on its arrival, measured, without breaking bulk, 
 on a certified statement; of the kinds and the quantity, but without any 
 guarantee as to quality ; 2nd. By the raft, on a certified stst^ement of the 
 kinds, the quality, and a specification of the apparent defects afloat; 3rd. 
 
165 
 
 On a certifiecl statement of the kinds, the quantity and quality, after due 
 inspection and dressing of the logs, severally, b}' the Cullers in the booms. 
 
 Purchasers in the Quebec market, who are acquainted with the manufac- 
 turer and thf* place where the timber is made, commonly buy in the raft, 
 while still afloat ; strangers buy the timber from them culled, dressed with 
 the axe, and warranted. 
 
 To give an idea of the dimensions of our timber, we may say that each 
 aeveral piece squared, contains from 30 to 250 cubic feet ; there are logs 
 of still larger size, those for instance which are intended for masts. Some 
 idea of the average size may be formed from this circumstance ; namely, 
 that a vessel's cargo is rated, or considered as ordinary, in respect to the 
 dimensions of the timber taken generally, when each square log contains 
 from 50 to 75 cubic feet ; it is rated as choice when the average log ex- 
 ceeds 75 cubic feet, and there have been cargoes of v ,cb the average log 
 exceeded 100 cubic feet. 
 
 I here present a statement of the principal descri: u is vl c<quare timber, 
 measured and culled at the port of Quebec only, ir ...a i ear 1853. It must 
 be borne in mind that these quantities relate only to ar{j3 square timber 
 for building purposes. 
 
 White and Yellow Pine 17,422,724 cubic feet. 
 
 RedPine 1,851,435 *' *• 
 
 Oak 1,160,614 " " 
 
 Elm 695,2S5 " " 
 
 Ash 158,990 " « 
 
 Tamarack 707,155 " " 
 
 Maple and Birch 71,007 " " 
 
 Masts 1,067 pieces. 
 
 Spars 849 " 
 
 Of the different kinds mentioned in the list of woods exhibited in the 
 annexe of the Cours-la-Reine, Canada exported in 1853, the following 
 quantities : 
 
 Square Timber 617,421 tons. 
 
 Planks and Boards 25,523,115 pieces. 
 
 Shingles 24,821 thousands. 
 
 Birchwood 29,445 cords. 
 
 Laths 30,000 " 
 
 Tamarack Knees, Sleepers, Round Logs, 
 
 Railroad Ties 431,820 pieces. 
 
 Staves of Commerce 4,834,000 " 
 
 .:>■*••. 
 
166 
 
 The forest, moreover, contributed to the exports of that year 27,074 
 barrels (each about 6^ cwt.) of potash and other salts. 
 
 A few remarks on the purposes to which these woods arc applied will not 
 be misplaced. It will be discovered, in the first place, that the great variety 
 of kinds and abundance in quantity of the woods of our forests, is the rea- 
 son that the greater number of them have no intrinsic value in the country ; 
 and that they would cost, to those desiring to procure them, only the price of 
 cutting and the carriage ; except pine, walnut, ash, elm, tamarack and cedar ; 
 all other kinds bear a value in commerce, equal only to the cost of cutting 
 and carrying them. Pine, one of the chief products of Canadian woodcraft, is 
 useful for all purposes, being much used incabinetand joiner's work, build- 
 ing and ship-building, in short in all the arts in which wood is a material. 
 Spruce is next to pine, being applied to the same uses, and substituted 
 for it. It is stronger than pine. 
 
 Tamarack is, perhaps, the most valuable wood in Canada. For ship-build- 
 ing particularly ,it contains the qualities found separately in other kinds of 
 wood, but combined in none, lightness, strength, and a degree of dura- 
 bility equal to that of the cedar. It is used for many purposes in timber 
 work, and since the discovery of its excellence in Europe, the demand for 
 it has greatly increased. The best oak is superior to it, only for the outside 
 work of a ship, and where it is exposed to violent shocks or friction. In 
 naval architecture, nothing will bear comparison with it, either for the knees, 
 bends, or garlands of a ship. 
 
 Cedar is used in the frame-work of buildings, in the timbers of ships, and 
 in the fencing of lands. This wood is very abundant, and very cheap in the 
 lower district of the St. Lawrence. It everywhere attains a large size. 
 Oak is used almost exclusively in turners' and coopers' work, and in ship- 
 building ; and it is prepared to be exported for such purposes. There are 
 several kinds ; the white oak is the best, growing chiefly in the upper dis- 
 trict of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Elm of various kinds, some inferior, and others excellent, is used in ship- 
 building, both at home and abroad. 
 
 Ash is used in the various branches of building, in turners' and coopers* 
 work, and in carriage making. 
 
 The various kinds of birch are used chiefly by cabinet-makers, and 
 carriage-makers. For such purposes it is exported. In the frames of 
 ships, for the parts under water, it is more used as it becomes better known. 
 No wood is better adapted to sustain shocks and frictions than birch of 
 good quality. 
 
 Maple, particularly the kind, known as birds' eye maple and curled 
 maple, is one of the moit beautiful woods for cabinet work and inlaying. 
 Its hardness, beauty, and cheapness render it particularly suitable for floor- 
 
167 
 
 
 ing. We must notice a piece of veneering obtained by a mechanical pro- 
 cess; this specimen bears some resembhmce to a piece of cloth, and is 27 
 yards in length without a break. It will be observed that maple acquires 
 by being polished, a warmth and a depth of color, which is peculiar to it. 
 The diifercnt kinds of walnut especially the black walnul, supply the 
 most valuable materials to the caoinet maker. The same may be said of a 
 
 species of cherry-tree, which resembles mahogany, and which is used in 
 Upper Canada. 
 
 The lime and the bass-wood arc peculiarly useful in carriage-building 
 for the panels of carriages. These species of wood, being free from knots, 
 and but slightly subject to warp or shrink in the work, might answer for 
 many purposes. They are likewise used in cabinet work. 
 
 These are nearly all the kinds of wood which are turned to any account 
 in Canada. Comparing this list with that of the trees which abound in 
 the forests, how many do we pass by with neglect, which In Europe are 
 turned to useful purposes ; the fir, the bouleau, the poplar, and many 
 others, would cost but the trouble or the expense of cutting them. 
 
 The gums of the resinous trees, as the ])inc, the fir and the tamarack, 
 particularly that of the first, yield valuable substances, which may be ap- 
 plied in the preparation of varnishes and officinal matters. 
 
 It is unnecessary to invite attention to the furs of Canada, their beauty 
 is acknowledged on all hands. 
 
 We commend to the attentive examination of connoisijcurs, the porpoise, 
 whale and seal oils, and others, not omitting that of the little black jiorpolse, 
 [delphiuus minor). This last has the quality, peculiar to itself, of not con- 
 gealing at as low a temperature as S-l*^ Fahrenheit, which only deprives it of 
 its transparency. The greatest cold known in Canada, in ordinary seasons 
 which causes other oils to coagulate, does not even render that of the black 
 porpoise less transparent. All these oils are clarified and thus accpiire a 
 higher value in the market, being freed fi'om the dirt and impurities, 
 usually suspended in the coarse oils of commerce. 
 
168 
 
 THIRD CLASS. 
 
 agriculture. 
 
 Section Ist. 
 
 General Documents and Plana. 
 
 118. Evans ( WilUam,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Plan of a Canadian 
 
 farm. 
 
 119. Shepherd {Miss,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Drawing, from nature, of 
 
 Canadian fruits and vegetables. 
 
 Section .3. 
 Agricultural Implements. 
 
 120. Brough {R.y) Gananoque, Upper Canada. Rakes. 
 
 121. Binijham (»/.,) Norwich, Upper Canada. Iron plough. 
 
 122. Dion and Lepage^ Rimouski, Lower Canada. Thrashing machine. 
 
 123. Jeffries (»/.,) Petite-Cote, Lower Canada. Root cut«er. 
 
 124. Ladd (0. P.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Flour mill. 
 
 125. Moody (MatlheWf) Terrebonne, Lower Canada. Reaping and raking 
 
 machines. 
 
 126. Morse (2/.,) Milton, Upper Canada. A plough. 
 
 127. Paige {B. P.,) Montreal, Lower Cana'la. Thrashing machine. 
 
 128. Paterson (./,) Montreal, Lower Canada. A plough. 
 
 129. Bice {W iT.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Winnowing machine, dres*- 
 
 ing machine Mid metallic sieve for cleaning grain. 
 
 Section 4. 
 General Cultures. 
 
 130. Bouchard {Madame^ St Valier, Lower Canada. Flax. 
 
 131. Badham, Drummondvllle, Lower Canada. Oats. 
 
 132. Caaada Company, Toronto, Upper Canada. Wheat. 
 
 133. Clark (J.,) Longue Pointe, Lower Canada. Peas. 
 
 134. Coffin (Abraham,) Gaspe, Lower Canada. Spring wheat. 
 
 135. Corse and May, Montreal, Lower Canada. Linseed cakes. 
 
 136. Datvs and Son, Lachine, Lower Canada. Hops. 
 
 137. Dnrick (H.,) Lacolle, Lower Canada. Peas. 
 
 138. Dillon {J.,) Long Point, Lower Canada. Peas. 
 
 139. Dagg (J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Oats. 
 
 140. Fischer (»/.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Barley and sesame. 
 
 141. Fleming (J.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Peas and garden seeds. 
 
 142. Graham, Chateauguay, Lower Canada. Barley. 
 
 ;t 
 
169 
 
 lan 
 
 ?,of 
 
 
 ing 
 
 .8»- 
 
 143. Jnrvia (F.^) Toronto, Upper Cnnnda. Hops. 
 
 144. Knnplon {A..) Saint Thcrcse, Lower Canada. Wheat. 
 
 145. if/<ft3; ( Tr «/.,) Lacliine, Lower Cann'la. Flax. 
 
 146. Laurent (David,) Varennes, Lower Canada. Oats. 
 
 147. Logan {James,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Barley, carrot anJ other 
 
 vegetable sceda. 
 
 148. Li/mart, (William,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Clover seed and linseed 
 
 cake. 
 
 149. MacOowan (John,) Lachinc, Lower Canada. Spring wheat. 
 
 150. Mnrmdte (Doctor,) Montmajrny, Lower Canada. Tobacco. 
 
 151. Miller (Walter,) Sainte Rose, Lower Canada. Peas. 
 
 162. Afoycr^ ^ea/tw/jr, Lonth, Upper Canada. Dried fruits. 
 
 163. Ossuj/e (F. M.) Sault an Recollet, Lower Canada. Hemp. 
 
 164. Oswald (J.,) Sainte Therdse, Lower Canada. Barley. 
 
 165. Fellelier (J. i',,) He J6sns, Lower Canada. Sprinj^ wheat. 
 
 166. Phiault (Nicolas,) Himonski, Lower Canada. Beans. 
 
 167. Robertson (J.,) Lonp; Point, Lower Canada. Peas. 
 
 15s. Saint Pierre (Jean,) Rimonski, Lower Canada. Spring wheat. 
 159 Shaw (Alexander,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Chicory. 
 
 160. Shepherd (George,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Collection of garden 
 
 seeds. 
 
 161. Sloane (Alexander,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Wheat and Indian 
 
 corn. 
 
 162. Saguenay AgricnUural Society, Lower Canada. Wheat and peas. 
 
 163. Stevens (William,) Saint Mariin, Lower Canada. Timothy grass seed. 
 
 164. Taylor (James,) Hatley, Lower Canada. Maple sugar. 
 
 165. Thayer [J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Indian corn and beans. 
 
 166. Villeneuve (Abbe,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Wheat and peas. 
 
 167. Wade (R.,) Cobourg, Upper Canada. Wheat, oats, buck wheat, and 
 
 barley. 
 
 168. Wilson (D.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Tobacco. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Articles of special culture. 
 
 169. Perry (A ,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Nuts. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Produce of domestic animals. 
 
 170. Bouchard (Mrs.,) already mentioned, No. 130. Woo) 
 
 171. Lacomhe (Mrs.,) St. Michel, Lower Canada. Wool. 
 
 172. Rolierfson (J.,) Lacolle, Lower Canada. Wool. 
 
 173. SoiUhwick (M. 0.) St. Ililuire, Lower Canada. Wool. 
 
 «i 
 
170 
 
 Section 7. 
 Farm Produce. 
 
 174. Broge (Gforge), Montreal, Lower Canada. Cheese. 
 
 175. Wade (72 ), Cobourg, Upper Canada. Cheese. 
 
 R^iilCAPITULATION. 
 
 ARTICLES OF THE THIRD CLASS. 
 
 Plan of a Canadian farm, water-cole drawings of Canadian fruits and 
 veffetables, rakes, ploughs, thrashing machines, root-cutters, portable grist 
 mill, reaping machine, winnowing machine, dressing machine, and other 
 articles for cleaning grain, wheat, oats, barley, peas, flax seed, bud; wheat, 
 vegetable and grass seeds, h.)ps, tobacco, beans, dried fruits, chicory, 
 n.aple sugar, French beans, nuts, raw wool, cheese. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 The prices of bread-stuffs have, during the last few years, attained such 
 an unusual elevation, that it would not be proper to give the quotations of 
 the present year. The prices following may be considered as being the 
 average value of articles of goo.l quality, delivered at the place of ship- 
 ment. With respect to the other articles, their prices have varied but 
 little ; those given, being the cost of the respective articles, purchased in 
 Canada. 
 
 Horse rake, us<^ful wooden machine, £2 10s. 
 
 Iron plough from £1 15s. to £4. 
 
 Thrashing machine (Tooth plan,) with horse power motive apparatus 
 from £40 to £65. Thrashing machine, (drum and cylinder), with gear, 
 £15 to £20. 
 
 Root cutters, £4 to £5. 
 
 Portable Grist Mill, £15. 
 
 Reaping machines, £55. 
 
 Dressing machine, from £5 to £8. 
 
 Wheat per bushel, 4s. to 5s. 6d. ; oats, from Is. to 2s. ; barley, from 
 Ss. to 4s. ; peas, from 3s. to 4s. ; flax-seed, from 4s. to 5s.; grass and 
 vegetable seeds, from 10s. to 15s. ; hops, Is. per lb. ; tobacco, 6d. ; 
 maple sugar, from 3d. to 6d. ; raw wool, from 6d. to Is. per lb. Wheat 
 has lately been sold as high as 10s. per bushel. 
 
 -.! 
 
171 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The model of a Canadian farm has been sent over in order to give an 
 idea of country property in Canada. In our country each estate is enclosed, 
 the properties are distinct, and the farmer, who is the proprietor, never re- 
 sides beyond the limits of his own fields, unless he is the owner of several 
 lots. The intermixture of large and small properties exists to a very mo- 
 derate extent; hitherto, the monopoly of property and its subdivisicm into 
 very small lots, those two gravest of evils, have been unknown. The owner of 
 more than 400 arpents of land, is, in Lower Canada, considered a large pro- 
 prietor; and a man owning less than 80 arpents is looked upon as a small 
 proprietor. 
 
 There is nothing particular to be said with respect to the agricultural 
 implements : it is but fair to admit, that those which are exhibited have 
 been made from models of European and American invention, a few of 
 which have undergone some change. There arc, however, some ploughs of 
 Canadian design, and some of these possess undoubted superiority. 
 
 We do not hesitate to assert, that the exhibition of breadstuffs, fruits and 
 seeds from Canada, ranks among the most complete of the class. This 
 ought to be so, inasmuch as this colony is almost exclusively an agri- 
 cultural country, and to this noble pursuit owes its prosperity and 
 success. 
 
 It would be useless to enter into any dissertation upon Canadian grain, 
 one remark will suffice, viz. : that Canadian wheat contains a large propor- 
 tion of gluten, which, in breadmaking permits the admixture of a consider- 
 able quantity of potatoes, producing at the same time excellent bread. 
 
 The following are the quantities exported in 1853, of the different agri- 
 cultural productions ; the year 1853 is given, because the returns for 1854 
 have not as yet come to hand : 
 
 Wheat • 2,666,903 bushels. 
 
 Barley 43,350 " 
 
 Peas 242,910 " 
 
 Oats 1,028,310 " 
 
 Indian corn, beans and seeds 40,000 " 
 
 Of wool in the natural state only 424,452 lbs. were exported ; it should 
 be remarked that large quantities of breadstuffs and animal food are ex- 
 ported in various modes of preparation for keeping. 
 
 The sugar made from the sap of the maple tree, with all the saccharine 
 properties of other sugars, possesses ^ flavour not unlike that of vanilla. 
 This sugar which is generally preferred by the people of the country, is 
 
 . t* 
 
172 
 
 altofrether consumed at home ; and, in 1853, the insignificant quantity of 
 5,996 lbs. only was exported. The total production of maple sugar had 
 attained the extent of 10,000,000 lbs. at the date of the last general census 
 in 1851. 
 
 FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 general mechanism as applied to industry. 
 Section 1. 
 Weighing and guaging apparatus. 
 
 176. Lndd {O.P.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Scales used in commerce. 
 
 177. Hodden ( TT.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Scales. 
 
 Sec.ion 7. 
 Machines for raising weights. 
 
 178. Clark (JameSy) Montreal, Lower Canada. Pulleys. 
 
 Section 8. 
 Hydraulic and other Engines. 
 
 179. Fergmson ( TF!,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Hose pipes. 
 
 180. Lemoine (Louis,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Fire Engine. 
 
 181. Perry (George,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Fire Engine. 
 
 Section 9. 
 Bellows work. 
 
 182. Zt«f7/py (B.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Bellows. 
 
 Note. — Classes 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, will be included under the same re- 
 capitulation. The remarks therefore which relate to these classes 
 will be found given together, and will precede clasa 10. 
 
 FIFTH CLASS. 
 
 special machinery — articles belatiijo to carriage. 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Harness and Saddlery. 
 
 183. Archainhavlt {Andri,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Varnish for harness 
 leather. 
 
■ » )i 
 
 173 
 
 184. Barrington (George^) Montreal, Lower Canada. Set of harness. 
 
 185. Campbell {K B...,) Hamilton, Upper Canada. Harness-mountings. 
 
 186. Combs [Juhn,) Brockville, Upper Canada. Harness-mountings. 
 
 187. Couvrette (Magloire,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Set of double 
 
 harness. 
 
 188. Dean (Robert,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Leather Trunk. 
 
 189. Edwards ( W. ^ R.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Saddles. 
 
 19'*. Olasford {George,) Brockville, Upper Canada. Hames for collars. 
 191. Lnriuiere (Arulr^,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Harness 
 193. Morris (Robert,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Harness and travelling 
 trunks. 
 
 193. TVe'/ce^f/ (J.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Whips. 
 
 194. Willse (Joseph,) Fraserville, Upper Canada. Yokes for oxen. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 Specimens of Carriage building. 
 
 Gingras (Edouard,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Four-wheeled pleasure 
 
 carriage. 
 Lednc (Glovis,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Four-wheeled pleasure 
 
 195. 
 196. 
 197. 
 
 cttrnnge. 
 
 Pleasure sleigh. 
 
 198. 
 
 Stiurin (Joseph,) Quebec, Lower Canada. 
 
 Section 7. 
 
 Articles appertaining to Railways. — Materials used. 
 
 Holland ( \f.,) Montreal, Lower Canada, Railroad spikes. 
 
 Pip-r Brothers, Toronto, Upper Canada. Large lantern for locomo- 
 
 tive engines. 
 
 SIXTH CLASS. 
 
 special machinery and apparatus for workshops. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 Metcdluvgic Machinery. 
 
 Dean (Rohert),&\\'evi{\y mentioned under No. 182. A portable forge. 
 Lindley (C.,) already mentioned under No. 182. A portable forge. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Apparatus and Mechanical Contrivances used in Workshops. 
 
 199. ITelme and Wade, Port Hope, Uj)per Canada, Drilling machine. 
 
 200. Hood Brothers, Montreal, Lower Canada. Braces. 
 
 %i 
 
174 
 
 Lu(i(i, already inentioned under No. 176. Grinding m;!}. 
 291. MacLeUan {J. TT.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Mu.nicing macliine. 
 20'2. Munro {Daniel,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Planing machine. 
 
 203. Parson {T.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Brick making machine. 
 
 204. Rodden (TT.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Planing and turning ma- 
 
 chines, Carpenter's bench. 
 
 Section 7. 
 Machines for making small articles in Metal. 
 
 205. Dunn (P.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Nail making machine. 
 
 Section 9, 
 
 MacJiines used in Agriculture and in the production and preparation of 
 
 articles of Food. 
 
 206. Romain {Robert^) Peterborough, Upper Canada. Steam Cultivator. 
 
 Section 12. 
 Machines for special Uses. 
 
 207. Taylor and Dochrill, Montreal, Lower Canada. Sewing machine. 
 
 SEVENTH CLASS. 
 machinery and apparatus for woven manufactures. 
 
 Sectic.: 2, 
 
 Spinning MjiJaries. 
 
 208. Brongh (i2.,) Gananoqne, Upper Canada. Spinning wheel. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Machines for special uses. 
 
 209. Taylor and DockriJl, Montreal, Lower Canada. Sewing machine. 
 
 ! I-' 
 
 
 EIGHTH CLASS. 
 
 iNSrFir.IENTS RELATING TO THE EXACT SCIENCEs| AND FOR EDUCATIONAL 
 
 PURPOSES. 
 
 Section 8. 
 Indrum^Ms for measuring space , and Optical Instruments. 
 210. .h'y.-'r'i a.^d Potter^ Toronto, Upper Canada. Engineers' level. 
 
175 
 
 line. 
 
 g ma- 
 
 lion of 
 i^ator. 
 
 Some charts and fossil iiicri' stations belonginpj to this chisi; are referred 
 to elsewhere, under the title Geological Commission of Canada. The Abb6 
 Tanguay and Mr. Keefer. 
 
 NINTH CLASS. 
 
 CONTRIVANCES CONNECTED WITH THE ECONOMICAL PRODUCTION AND EM- 
 PLOYMENT OF HEAT, LIGHT, AND ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Production and employment of heat and cold. 
 
 211. Chimc,Smard, Methot ^f* Co., Quebec, Lower Canada. Stoves. 
 
 212. M(xklin, (0. S.) Chippewa, Upper Canada. A -tove. 
 
 213. Prowse (G. F.) Montreal, Lower Canada. Refrigerators. 
 Moddcn, already named. A kitchen stove. 
 
 1 » 
 
 le. 
 
 RECAPITULATION 
 
 OP THE ARTICLES COMPRISED IN CLASSES FOUR TO NINE INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Scales, pulleyp leather hose, fire engines, bellows, harnesse; , 
 hames, trunks, saddles, whips, yokes for oxen, pleasnre carriages, railroad 
 spikes, morticing machine, planing and turning machines, brick mak'n^ 
 machine, nail making machine, steam cultivator, sewing machine, spinniap; 
 wheels, an engineer's level, a refrigerator, stoves. 
 
 I'-- ! 
 
 "lONAL 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, 
 
 Scales, from £12 10s. to £20. 
 
 Pulleys, from Is. to Is. l^d per inch in diameter. 
 
 Hose for Fire Engines, 5s. per linear foot. 
 
 Fire Engines, according to size, from £40 to £300. 
 
 Forge bellows, from £7 10 to £15. 
 
 Carriage harnesses, from £30 to £50. 
 
 Working harness from £5 to £100. 
 
 Leather trunks, from £1 15s. to £10. 
 
 Saddles, from £5 to £15. 
 
176 
 
 Pleasure carriages, (similar to those exhibited) from £90 to X175. 
 
 Lanterns for Locomotivr.-s, £26 10s. 
 
 Portable forge, £7 10s, 
 
 Drilling machine, £30. 
 
 Braces £1 10s- 
 
 Morticing machine, J12S. 
 
 Planing machine, £75 to £150. 
 
 Turning machine, £25. 
 
 Brick making machme, £1.2 IDs. 
 
 Nail making macl.ine,, about £75. 
 
 Plough worked by steam, (a new invention) £800. 
 
 Sewing machine, £25 10s. 
 
 Engineer's level, £30. 
 
 Refrigerator, £9 10s. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 It could not reasonably be expected that Canada, where it is so difficult to 
 procure labor, to turn to advantage the great number of natural produc- 
 tions which tlic soil itself contains, on accou t, of the comparative sc.ircenesa 
 both of capital aiA workmen, should contribute any extensive collection 
 of articles, for the most part belonging to tho;e classes of manufacliires 
 which require a low rate of labor, and a large consumption, and which are 
 adapted to an advanced stage of society. Nevertheless, Canadian manu- 
 factures have already ^-^ained ilistinction in England in those branches con- 
 nected with the construction of fire engines, pleasure carriages, and 
 various other articles. 
 
 If Canada could have sent to the Exhibition a model of its large saw 
 mills in that section of mechanism having reference to forestry, she might 
 have compete;! with all other countries in that branch. For instance, a 
 model plan o^ die I.u'i.';*; saw mill at Montmorency, near Quebec, or of that 
 at (Miicoulii\i, on the Stguenay, containing each from 80 to 120 saws, and 
 which furnish for e-:i)art<. ion from 10,000 to 20,000 tons of sawn lumber 
 each per year — wjuld have been an object of great interest. 
 
 We cannot leave the subject of the preceding classes without saying a 
 word touching a ne v and purely Canadian invention, which was sent at 
 great expanse to Pari,^ to receive the verdict of the International Jury — I 
 allud' J the steam plough or steam cultivator. For several years past 
 mechanics have applied themselves to the serious and difficult task of 
 applying steam as a fi;otive power to ploughing; but all the efforts made 
 up to the present time have been, it may almost be said, futile. 
 
177 
 
 Recently in England, several machines invented for the purpose of solving 
 this difficult problem, were tried at an exhibition held for the purpose. 
 A newspaper giving an account of these trials, says : " Another disap- 
 " pointmcnt ! the steam plough is not yet in existence ! Shall it be said 
 " that steam cannot be applied to agricultural purposes!" 
 
 The Canadian machine, which is at present in Paris, — the name of whose 
 inventor we shall not mention (to remain faithful to the promise we gave 
 not to mention any name in the course of our remarks) — has already been 
 tried in London. It was worked there, but only for a short time, on ac- 
 count of a deficiency in the construction of the ordinary boilers. Several 
 competent persons in England and Scotland have foretold, that notwith- 
 standing this deficiency, it would soon be successful. 
 
 Since that time the invento" has devoted all his energy and attention to 
 the construction of a new species of boiler adapted to the working of the 
 machine. In a few days the steam plough and its new boiler will be sub- 
 mitted to proof, at an experimental trial. If this trial be successful, one of 
 the most difficult problems of the present age will have been solved ; if it 
 be not satisfactory, it is to be hoped that the inventor will always be favor- 
 ably remembered for the effi)rts he has made, and that Canada will be 
 looked upon with consideration for the sacrifices she has made in assisting 
 him to carry out his object. 
 
 TENTH CLASS. 
 
 Chemicals, 
 dyking and dye-stuffs, paper, leather and caoutchouc manufactures. 
 
 Section 1. 
 Chemical Productions. 
 
 214. JSre^nrtn (P..) Montreal, Lower Canada. Potash. 
 
 215. Carr (-D.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Glue. 
 
 216. Lyman {William,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Alkaline Salts. 
 
 217. MacFarland (A.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Glue. 
 
 218. Townsend {T. M.,) Chatham, Upper Canada. Chemical productions. 
 
 Section 2. 
 Oils, Resins, Essences, Soaps, Varnish, Ochres, S/'c. 
 
 219. ArcharnhnuU {A.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Harness Varnish. 
 
 220. Fisher (J.,) Riviere des Prairies, Lower Canada. Oil of Sesamum. 
 
 M 
 
 '•. • 
 
 .1. 
 
178 
 
 251. Fox (C. D.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Neat's-foot Oil. 
 
 222. Hearle (J. (?.,) Osnabruck, Upper Canada. Toilet Soaps. 
 
 223. Keefer {T. 0.:) Montreal, Lovvei Canada. Oil of the small blacV 
 Porpoise (Delphinus minor.) 
 
 224. Laflamme (/!.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Oilcloths. 
 
 225. Lepage, {L. J.,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Porpoise Oil. 
 226*. Leveque (M.,) Uiinouski, Lower Canada. Porpoise Oil. 
 
 227. Lyman {S. J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Wax. 
 
 228. Lyman ( W.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Linseed, Seal,Whale, Neat's- 
 foot. Lard, Cedar, Spruce, and Pine Oils ; wax. 
 
 ?">9. Tetu {Charles H.^) Kivi^re Ouelle, Lower Canada. Clarified Seal, 
 Porpoise, Whale, Shark and Capelia Oils. 
 
 Section 3. 
 CaoiUchouc and GuUa Percha. 
 
 230. Montreal India Ruhher Company, Montreal, Lower Canada. India 
 Rubber Boots and Shoes. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Leather and Skins. 
 
 231. Houghton and Wallace, Brantford, Upper Canada. Leathers. 
 
 232. Macldin (0. S.,) Chippewa, Ui)per Canada. Leathers. 
 
 233. Tetu {Charles H.,) Riviere Ouellc, Lower Canada. Porpoise Leather. 
 
 234. Valoif (Narcisse,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Tanned Leather and 
 Dyed Sht.cpskins. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 Paper and Pastchoard. 
 
 235. Andres {S. M.,) Chambly, Lower Canada. Paper manufactured from 
 Gnaphalium or Immortelle. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing, ^c. 
 
 2oQ.[Cringr"^ (Pierre,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Dyed furs. 
 
 2S1^ Lyman (W.,) ^- Co., Montreal, Lower Canada. A collection of in- 
 digenous dyeing plants, consisting of alder, white oak, butternut, 
 and poplar bark, carthamum, golden rod, and sumach leaves. 
 
 Section 7. 
 
 Colors, Inks, and Chalks. 
 
 238. Tache (J. C.,) and Michaud {T.,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Mineral 
 paints, grey, and others ; both raw and prepared. 
 
179 
 
 Section 8. 
 
 Tobacco, Ojnnm, and other Narcotics. 
 
 239. Murmette Dr.,) Moiitmafjiiy, Lower Canada. Tobacco, 
 
 240. Wilson {D.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Tobacco. 
 
 '*. .« 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF ARTICLES CONTAINED IN THE TENTH CLASS. 
 
 Potash, glue, alkaline salts, chemical productions, varnish for leather, 
 oil of sesamum, Neat's-foot (ul, little black porpoise, (Detpliimis minor,) 
 whale, seal, porpoise, capelan, shark, lard, cedar, pine, and spruce oils, soaps, 
 oil cloths, india rubber boots and shoes, loiither, porpoise leather, paper 
 manufactured from gnaphaliuin, dyed furs, plants for dyeing, mineral paints, 
 tobacco. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 The prices of several of the articles above mentioned, are regulated by 
 that of the foreign markets; the quantity inanufiveturcd not being sufficient 
 to meet the demand : — Potash of conmierce varies from 15s. to 25s. per 
 cwt. ; oils from cetacea and fish vary as to their price, as has already been 
 stated in class 2, according to their different kinds and cpialitics, from lO^d. 
 to Is. 3d. per quart ; oil and gums of trees from 4s. to 7s. per (juart. 
 
 Porpoise leather, generally speaking, is worth SOs. y)er side, that is, the 
 half of a hide ; these sides are, on an average. 9 feet in length, by about 
 4 feet in breadth. 
 
 Mineral paints are so abundant, that the price of the raw material on 
 the spot does not exceed 160 for every 100 of the cost of the labor; we 
 may say that they can be had at the place of collection for 5s. per 200cwt. 
 Canadian tobacco sells for about 7d. per lb. 
 
 It is useless to give the constantly varying prices of articles which are 
 not exported from Canada. As regards imported articles, European prices 
 will suffice for Jie information of merchants who may be desirous of 
 shipping to Canada. It is evident that if they can do a successful business 
 here, nothing can prevent them from over-coming all competition there, as 
 our Tariff of Customs, which, for most imported articles, varies from 8 to 
 10 per cent., ad valorem, extends the same conditions to all. 
 
 H, 
 
180 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 I'otash and other vegetable alkalis, form a very considerable branch of 
 the exp<»rtation of the country. Settlers, when cutting down and burning 
 the forests, generally convert a portion of the ashes into alkalis of com- 
 merce. In 1853, there were exported to foreign countries 27,074 barrels 
 of potash and j)carlash, estimated at the aggre^jate value of £150, 791 ; this 
 makes the average price less than that quoted above. It, however, may 
 probably not be exact. Oils from cetacea and fish, in the different states 
 of purity, furnished for exportation, were exported during the same year 
 to the extent of 18,225 gallons, of which the estimated value was £2,247. 
 This amount does not include the extensive exportation by the Hudson's 
 Bay Company ; and it is but an insignificant amount, compared with 
 the immense resources of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The oils exhibited 
 at Paris, in the Canadian section, are of superior quality, prepared by 
 a special process for the lighting of light-houses ; comparatively speak- 
 ing, with respect to the price, these clarified oils are more economical than 
 ^he; common oils. 
 
 I must draw attention once more to the quality possessed by the oil of 
 the cetacea called in Canada, little black porpoise, [Dclphinus minor) of 
 resisting the frost. 
 
 Leather made of the skin of the porpoise which has become altogether 
 a new article of Canadian manufacture, deserves special mention. Looking 
 at its strength, elasticity and beauty it offers incalculable advantages over 
 articles of the same kind. It possesses besides, a particular property which 
 may be of great advantage to a great many manufactures and especially 
 Parisian manufactures, that of being of greater service than any other sub- 
 stance in the polishing of metals. 
 
 Paper made from the itrnnortelle is a manufacture quite recently intro- 
 duced, and one which yet requires the sanction of practice and experience. 
 It is made of the flowers of the giiaphalium, a plant common enough in its 
 wild state, in certain unsettled parts of America. 
 
 The dyed furs exhibited in this class are, as specimens, destined to shew 
 the perfection of a particular process for dyeing furs. The specimens com- 
 prise red martin dyed as sables, and which "e so perfect as to deceive the 
 eye of the most competent judge. By way of comparison a red martin is. 
 attached to the martins dyed. The value of the red martin skin is on an 
 average 10s , that of the sable 30s., that of red martin skin dyed 203. The 
 cost of the process of dyeing is about ?s. per skin, including the profit 
 and loss of the dver. 
 
181 
 
 It will be suflRcicnt to examine the beautiful brifrht colors of the speci- 
 mens of fancy work worked by our Indians, to see ibat our forests are rich 
 in the primary materials for the fniest dyes. 
 
 Amongst the ochres and other mineral paints, which are found in abun- 
 danc( , there is a clay which furnishes a natural grey color, and which, if used, 
 might give to commerce a common paint, at a nuich lower price than any 
 of those now known in the markcis. This paint is remarkably adapted for 
 coloring and sanding buildings, and ibr the grounding employed in many of 
 the arts. Canadian tobacco was formerly, under the French rule, one of 
 the principle articles of commerce. It is certain that, were it grown with 
 care, it would become an excellent product ; as it is now cultivated in 
 Canada, it is a plant whicli requires scarcely any care, but which, neverthe- 
 less, when in good condition, is held in high favor 
 
 , '\ 
 
 ELEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 ilof 
 
 PREPARATION AND PRESERVATrON OF ARTICLES Of FOOD. 
 
 Section 1. 
 Flour, Starch aiid their comhinations. 
 
 241. Cfamhle (TT.) Etobicoke, Upper Canada. Flour of wheat, barley, 
 
 buckwheat and peas, Indian corn and oatmeal. 
 
 242. Flits {Clark,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Biscuits. 
 
 243. Lacomhe (Mrs.), St. Michel, Lower Canada. Potato starch. 
 
 244. Lawson {Edward), Toronto, Upper Canada. Wheat flour, and biscuits. 
 
 245. Macdougall {J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada, 
 
 246. Naysmith {John), Toronto, Upper Canada. 
 
 247. Piatt {Samuel,) Blenheim, Upper Canada. 
 
 248. Proctor («7. i).), Montreal, Lower Canada. 
 
 249. Mohh {John,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Biscuits. 
 
 250. Southwick {M. B.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Indian corn starch. 
 25 L Thomas {Richard,) Monixe-A]. Lower Canada. Buckwheat flour. 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Sugars and Saccharine Matters. 
 
 253. Gasse (Louis,) Rimouski, Lower Canada. Maple Sugar. 
 
 253. Redpath {J.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Maple and other sugars in 
 
 the raw and refined state. 
 
 254. Taylor [James,) Hatley, Lower Canada. Maple Sugar. 
 
 255. Valois (Narcisse,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Maple sugar and syrup. 
 
 Wheat flour. 
 Biscuits. 
 Wheat flour. 
 Indian corn flour. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 ■^ 1^ |22 
 ^ 1^ 12.0 
 
 u 
 
 !? - 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
 
 

 
 <v 
 
 i. 
 

 132 
 
 Section 4 
 
 Preserved and Manufactured Articles of food and sauces. 
 
 256. Ashton {J. P.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Pickles. 
 
 257. Bauden {J. ^ TT.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Bear hams. 
 
 258. Crawford ( TFi,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Mustard. 
 
 259. Idler (j^.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Preserved meats. 
 
 260. Leonard (P.,) Toronto, Upper Canada. Chicory. 
 
 261. Mo-Jirie {Cfeorge.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Preserved meats. 
 
 262. Mayer and Keating, Louth, Upper Canada. Dried fruits. 
 
 263. Shaiu {Alexander.) Toronto, Upper Canada. Chicory. 
 
 264. Soutkvick (M. J?.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Preserved meats, 
 
 potatoes and apples. 
 
 265. Thomas (Richard,) Montreal, Lower Canada, Sausages. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF ARTICLES CONTAINED IN THE ELEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 Wheat, barley, buckwheat and pea flour, oat and Indian meals, biscuits, 
 potato starch ; maple sugar, maple syrup ; pickles ; hams, bear hams ; 
 mustard ; preserved meats ; chicory ; dried fruits ; preserved potatoes. 
 
 M 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 Flour of merchantable wheat from 20s. to 30s. per barrel, (196 lbs.) 
 according to the quality ; other flour sells from 26 to 40 per cent, cheaper, 
 according to circumstances and quality. 
 
 Ship biscuit from 14s. to 20s. per cwt. 
 
 Maple-sugar from 3d. to 7^d. per lb. 
 
 Maple syrup about 7^d. per quart. 
 
 Hams sell, from 25s. to 30s. per 100 lbs. 
 
 Salt pork from 50s. to GOs. per barrel, (about 2 cwt.) 
 
 Salt beef from 40s. to 50s. per barrel. 
 
 It must be remarked, that the rise in the pnce of articles of food durinec 
 the last few years, forces us to give maximum prices, which were very sel- 
 dom obtained before ; besides, it will be understood, that these prices are 
 merely quoted here, for the purpose of giving a general idea of the condition 
 of the Canadian exporting market. It will be felt that it is indeed a 
 
183 
 
 difficult task, when we consider the extent of the country and the number- 
 less fluctuations, which have taken place during the last few years. We 
 therefore confine ourselves to quoting the prices at the shipping ports of 
 Quebec and Montreal, with all the caution necessary on so delicate a subject. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 This class contains those articles, which, next to timber, furnish the 
 greatest proportion of the exportsfrom Canada. The following is a succinct 
 statement of the quantity quoted from the Customs Returns for 1855 : — 
 
 Flour, 790,000 barrels, (196 lbs. per barrel); biscuit, 9,608 cwt. 
 salt pork and hams, 24,500 cwt. The other items arc resolved into a 
 number of small details, which it would be useless to give here. The 
 value according to the returns of this year of the exportation of flour 
 alone, is £1,062,208, making, in round numbers, an average value of 27s. 
 per barrel. The flour comprised in the above is of superior qaulity, hardly 
 any other than wheat flour is ever expovteu. 
 
 All these articles undergo inspection, and the most ample security 
 is given to the purchaser ; they are held in high repute in the English 
 markets, to which they are almost exclusively shipped. 
 
 The maple sugar, of which we have already spoken, is not exported in 
 quantities worth mentioning, nor is the maple syrup, which is nevertheless, 
 in every respect, superior to the best West India molasses. 
 
 It may not be out of place to mention here that the value to Canada of 
 the exportation of agricultural productions, which, in their classificaticn 
 are divided into separate classes as exported, is equal to a sum of at least 
 £2,000,000 per annum, that is to say, an exportation to the amount 
 of 20s. for each individual of the population, or of £6 for every head of a 
 family, and £12 10s. for every farmer. Thus the Canadian farmer is not 
 Vhomme aiix quarante 4cus, as, after having enjoyed and paid for all the 
 necessaries of life, he makes a clear profit of about £12 10s. 
 
 By way of comparison, we give below the Liverpool market price of the 
 two principal articles referred to, taken from an annual circular, which 
 serves as a standard for 1853. During the autumn of that year, flour of good 
 quality was selling in Liverpool at from £2 to £2 10s. per barrel, and salt 
 pork of good quality, from £3 15s. to £4 5s. per barrel ; thus flour was 
 worth about £1 3s. mm-e than it was in Canada, and for pork also there 
 was an advance of £1 3s. per barrel. It should be remarked that this 
 excess of price covers the freight, which was very heavy at that period, 
 the cost of insurance, besides storage and the profits and losses of the 
 
 K 
 
184 
 
 merchants. This shews a return profit for Europe of an average far below 
 the rates above mentioned, which are a collection of all the maximum 
 prices of the market, at a period of scarcity. 
 
 TWELFTH CLASS. 
 
 hygiene, phakmac7, medicine amd surgery. 
 
 Section 3. 
 Hygiene and Medicinal use of Water Vapour and Q-ases. 
 
 266. Geological Commission of Canada, Montreal, Lower Canada. Natural 
 
 acid Water of Tuscarora, in Upper Canada. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Pharmaceutics. 
 
 267. Ardouin (A.) Quebec, Lower Canada. Collection of Medicinal plants, 
 
 consisting of althcca officinalis, carthamus tinctorius, coptis trifolia, 
 pyrola umbellata, sanguinarla Canadensis, smilax aspera. 
 
 268. Croft (H.) Toronto, Upper Canada. Officinal preparations. 
 
 269. Oiroux (Olivier), Quebec, Lower Canada. Balsam and oil of spruce, 
 
 sarsaparilla, dragon's blood, and gold-thread ; extracts of cicuta, 
 hyosciamus, and aconite. 
 
 270. Lesperance (Joseph) of St. Thomas, Lower Canada. Cod-liver oil. 
 
 271. Nault (Dr.), Quebec, Lower Canada. Castoreum. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Human and comparative Anatomy. 
 
 272. Booth (J.), Niagara, Upper Canada. Stuffed animals. 
 
 273. Kennedy (D.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Skins of birds from Upper 
 
 Canada. 
 
 274. MacOullorh (Mrs.) Montreal, Lower Canada Collection of Cana- 
 
 dian birds. 
 
185 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OP ARTICLES COMPRiaBO IN THE TWELFTH CLASS. 
 
 Miner: 1 waters ; medical plants ; officinal preparations ; Canada balsam ; 
 oil of spruce ; pharmaceutical extracts ; cod-liver oil ; castoreum ; stuffed 
 animals ; skins of Canadian birds ; collection of Canadian birds. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 As the greater part of the above-mentioned articles are not likely to be 
 interesting, very speedily, as matters of commerce, I here subjoin the 
 prices of only a few which are now known to commerce. 
 
 Canadian balsam (pine gum), 4s. 6d. per quart. 
 
 Oil of spruce, 7s. per quart. 
 
 Cod-liver oil, 4s. 6d. per quart. 
 
 Castoreum (the natural bag) 2s. 6d. per lb. 
 
 Extract of hyosciamus, 16s. per lb. 
 of cicuta, 16s. per lb. 
 of aconite, 24s. per lb. 
 
 <( 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 In the space allotted to these notes, there is but little to be said relative 
 to the articles of this class. The only substances capable of becoming 
 objects of export and national commerce are : the vegetable oils and gums 
 known as Canadian balsam, oil of spruce, or Canada turpentine ; cod- 
 liver oil, and castoreum. 
 
 The gums and the turpentine produced in our forests are valuable in 
 the preparation of the finest kinds of varnish. We can furnish at com- 
 paratively low prices, cod-liver cal, which our fishery establishments pre- 
 pare in the greatest perfection. It is unnecessary to speak of castoreum, 
 as we are alone in the production of the article as an object of commerce. 
 
186 
 
 THIRTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 ' naval and military science. 
 
 Section 1. 
 Principal elements used in Shipbuilding and the Art of Navigation. 
 
 275. Clarke (Mrs. James), Montreal, Lower Canada. Pulleys. 
 
 276. Hood <f Brothers, of Montreal, Lower Canada. Brace. 
 
 377. Macgregor (A. & D.), Esquesing, Upper Canada. Collection of 
 cordage. 
 
 278. Sohier (G. W.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Ship's figurehead in 
 
 wood. 
 
 ■ I'll ■ ' 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Swimming^ Safety, or Diving Apparatus, ^c. 
 
 279. Ash (Lieutenant), Quebec, Lower Canada. Model of a safety raft. 
 
 280. Thomas ( Captain), Toronto, Upper Canada. Model of a safety raft- 
 
 Section 3. 
 
 Draivings and Models of the various systems of Naval Architecture adopted 
 
 on the Rivers, Canals, and Lakes. 
 
 281. Hudson (Captain), Toronto, Upper Canada. Models of boats. 
 
 282. Cantin (A.), Montreal, Lower Canadn. Oars. 
 
 Section 4. 
 
 Drawings and Models of the systems of Naval Architecture adapted for 
 Seagoing, Merchant, and Fishing Vessels. 
 
 283. Lee (Thomas C), Quebec, Lower Canada. Models of clippers and 
 
 steamers. 
 
 I ■'. ■< 
 
187 
 
 FOURTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 building materials, and architecture. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 Building Materials. 
 
 2ft4. Brown (R.), from Rice Lake, Upper Canada. Marmora marble. 
 
 285. Brown (James), St. Catherines, Upper Canada. Cement from 
 
 Thorold, and the stone in i(s natural state. 
 
 286. Cnlway (James), St. Joseph, Lower Canada. Granite from Vau- 
 
 dreuil. (Beauce.) 
 
 287. Cheeswan (R.), Philipsburg. Lower Canada. Marble from St. 
 
 Armand's. 
 
 288. Q-eological Commission of Canada, Montreal, Lower Canada. Marble 
 
 from Dulswell, and Missisquoi Bay ; serpentines from Brompton 
 and Oxford ; block of limestone (cut), from Gloucester, and white 
 bricks from Westminster. 
 
 289. Shipton Slate Company, Shipton, Lower Canada. Roofing slates. 
 
 290. Grand Trunk Railway Company, Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimens 
 
 of the various kinds of stone in the building of the Bridges or 
 Railways, (Grey Granite and Limestone.) 
 
 291. Oauvreau (Pierre,) Quebec, Lower Canada. Quebec cement and the 
 
 stone in its natural state ; a pipe made of cement. 
 
 292. Q-uy (J.), Melbourne, Lower Canada. Roofing Slate. 
 
 293. Hilliard and Dickson, Packenham, Upper Canada, iiuilding Stone 
 
 (Limestone.) 
 
 294. Hutchison and Morrison, Montreal, Lower Canada. A block of 
 
 Limestone (cut.) 
 
 295. Jarvis (W. B.), Sheriff of Toronto, Toronto, Upper Canada. Build- 
 
 ing materials. (Bricks, &c.) 
 
 296. Keefer (Samuel), Brockville, Upper Canada. Building Stone for the 
 
 Bridges on the Brockville and Arnprior Railway, (Sandstone and 
 Limestone.) 
 
 297. Keefer (Thomas C.) , Montreal, Lower Canada. Blocks of Limestone 
 
 (cut) and hardened hydraulic cement. 
 
 298. Leeming (John), Montreal, Lower Canada. Blocks of Limestone, cut 
 
 with a machine. 
 
188 
 
 299. Lemieux (Honorable Francois), Quebec, Lower Canada. Granite 
 and other building stone from Lorette, Pointe aux Trembles, and 
 Cap Rouge. 
 
 800. Leslie (James), Sherbrooke, Lower Canada. Roofmg Slates. 
 
 301. itWe, Paris, Upper Canada. Hydraulic Limestone. 
 
 802. MacDonald, Chats, Upper Canada. Blocks of Limestone (cut.) 
 
 803. Maclaughlin (D.), Bytown, Upper Canada. Marble and Building 
 
 Stone from Arnprior. 
 
 304. Perry (Edmund), Brockville, Upper Canada. Blocks of Limestone 
 
 (cut.) 
 
 305. Primmerman (J.), Barnston, Lower Canada. Barnston Granite. 
 
 306. Tardif (Joseph), Tring, Lower Canada. Roofing Slates. 
 807. Townley (Mrs.), Toronto, Upper Canada. White Bricks. 
 
 308. White (P.), Pembroke, Upper Canada. Building Stone (Sandstone.) 
 
 Section 2. 
 Various branches of Industry connected with Building. 
 
 309. Fox (D. W.), Toronto, Upj nada. Specimens of Slate Roofing. 
 
 810. Ostell (J.) and Co., Montre. -ower Canada. Doors, Blinds, and 
 
 Wooden Boxes. A model of the Court House at Montreal. 
 
 811. Murphy (J.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Specimens of Painting in 
 
 imitation of wood and marble. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Works connected with inland Navigation. 
 
 812. Office of Public Worksy Quebec, Lower Canada. Models for Canals 
 
 and Bridges. 
 
 Section 8. 
 Bridges. 
 
 813. Director of the Grand Trunk Railway, Montreal, Lower Canada. 
 
 Model of the Victoria Bridge. 
 
 Section 10. 
 
 814. Thomas (W.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Architectural designs, and 
 
 model of a Monumental Obelisk. 
 
 I n 
 
 ;■■■ 
 
189 
 
 FIFTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 STEEL AND ITS PKODUOTS. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Steel Tools. 
 
 316. Date (H. H.), Gait, Upper Canada. F'lgcd Tools. 
 
 316. Dawson (J.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Set of Planes. 
 
 317. Higgins (J. J.), and Co., Montreal, Lower Canada. Axes. 
 
 318. Jones (D. J.), Gananoque, Upper Canada. Shovels and Spades. 
 
 319. Parkin (W.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Iron Shovels. 
 
 320. Scott (Robert), Montreal, Lower Canada. Axes and Augers. 
 
 321. TFa//ace (W.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Set of Planes. 
 
 SIXTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 general metal work. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 JElahoration of Metals and Alloys hy Casting. 
 
 322. Ladd (C. P.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Cast Metal Coffin. 
 
 323. Rodden (W.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Castings. 
 
 324. Rice (W. H.,) Montreal, Lov.er Canada. Sieve and Wire Cloth. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Ironmongery and Nail making. 
 
 325. Peck (Thomas) and Co., Montreal, Lower Canada. Nails. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 goldsmiths' woke, JEWELLERY, MANUFACTURE OF BRONZES. 
 
 Section 3. 
 
 Goldsmiths' Work, and Precious Metals. 
 326. Bohle and Hendery, Lower Canada. Silver Plates. 
 
 i 
 
190 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 GLASS AND POTTERY. 
 
 Section 2. 
 Window and Mirror Glass. 
 327. Spence (J. C.,) Montreal, Lower Canada. Stained Glass. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OP ARTICLES CONTAINED IN CLASSES XIII TO XX INCLUSIVE. 
 Pulleys, braces, collections of cordage, figure-heads for ships, models of 
 rafts for salvage, models of boats, oars, models of ships and steamboats, 
 marble and building stone, cements, slates, bricks, doors, windows and 
 Venetian blinds, paintings on wood, models of canals and flood gates, model 
 of the Victoria Bridge, architectural designs and design for a monument ; 
 edged tools, cabinet maker and joiners' tools, axes, shovels, cast-iron coffin, 
 cast-iron ornaments, metal plates for dropping seeds, rails, articles of 
 jewellery, stained glass. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 In order to be consistent in following out the plan of noticing only those 
 articles under this head which may become immediately interesting to the 
 commercial world, we have but few of the preceding to particularise, in 
 relation to their prices. The succeeding remarks will convey all other 
 information which is of value. 
 
 Boat oars Is. 6d. to 3s. each, according to size. 
 
 Woodwork of sashes 93. 
 
 Woodwork of doors 19s. 
 
 Chopping Axes of modern patterns and of the weight of 3 J lbs. 5s. 
 
 Large smoothing Axes 10s. 
 
 The price of other tools in proportion. ■■■ 
 
191 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 IIVE. 
 lodels of 
 iml)oats, 
 )\vs and 
 s, model 
 mmcnt ; 
 1 coffin, 
 iclcs of 
 
 lly those 
 to the 
 larise, in 
 111 other 
 
 lbs. 5s. 
 
 The specimens of cordage exhibited are of good ({iiality, and give us 
 reason to regret that the cultivation of hemp has been ahnost abandoned 
 in Canada. Under the French Government, the exportation of this article 
 was an important item in the trade of the colony ; the soil, climate and 
 degree of humidity beina highly favorable to its growth. 
 
 The perfection to which naval architecture has arrived in Canada is 
 shewn by the models of ships and steamboats exhibited. It must be re- 
 collected that Quebec is one of the largest ship-yards in the world, if it 
 be not, indeed, the largest of all. There were built there in 1853, fifty 
 sea-going ships, of the aggregate tonnage of 49,541 tons, of the value, at 
 the high rates then current in the English market, of £600,000. I invite 
 attention to an apparatus foi the saving of life and property, the simplicity 
 and efficiency of which are well worthy of notice. This admirable inven- 
 tion would, if adopted, be a safeguard rendering loss by shipwreck almost 
 impossible. 
 
 The models exhibited, of some of our great public works and buildings 
 the specimens of building stone and other materials were sent principally 
 with a view to shevy the state of the industrial arts in the colony, and its 
 material resources. The plans and drawing of our large canals and of the 
 Victoria Bridge works which may be termed gigantic in character are cal- 
 culated to produce some degree of astonishment in the public mind. 
 Among the building materials some very fine hydraulic cement will be 
 noticed. The edged and other tools have attracted a good deal of attention 
 both by the perfection of the workmanship and their cheapness, both 
 qualities so remarkal)le that it is needless to invite attention to them. 
 
 We now come to the wooden manufactured articles, namely, the doors, 
 window-sashes, oars, turners', coopers', and other wares of various kinds. 
 The great importance of this branch will be appreciated, when it is recol- 
 lected that our vast forests are interaected in all directions by large rivers, 
 capable of floating heavy bodies, navigable, and abounding with water- 
 powers. These circumstances operating with the vast means cf transport 
 adapted to the most bulky articles of commerce, give to Canada great ad_ 
 vantages over every other country, and truly may we maintain, that we 
 can send to Europe, the timber, or the articles manufactured from it, at 
 paying prices, far below those of any other country. Packing-cases are 
 sent from Canada to the East Indies, the cost of which answers the views 
 both of the producer and the customer. 
 
 i 
 
192 
 
 This is in the natural order ui' things, nnd is not the result of European 
 patronnge, although the nations of Europe arc more interested in the mat- 
 ter than we, since it is their wants which are to be suppUed. On com- 
 paring the returns of the exports for 1851 with those for 1853, the annual 
 increase of this branch of our industrial ])rosperity will be strikingly appar- 
 ent : the exportation of standard staves, which, in 1851, amounted in 
 round numbers to £20,600, attained the value of £100,000 in 1853 ; that 
 of ship timbers, which in 1851, did not exceed £0,450, amounted in 1853 
 to £27,000 ; and the apparently unimporlont article of boat oars, which, 
 in 1851, was not mentioned in the return, had in 1853, attained the value 
 of £3,C50. 
 
 When we say that all these articles are shipped i" - England, it is to be 
 understood that the other countries of Europe might purchase them with 
 equal advantage, inasmuch as the English occasionally re-export them to 
 other countries. 
 
 TWENTIETH CLASS. 
 
 woollen and worsted manufactdre8. 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 Raw Wool and Hair. 
 
 328. Carff («/.)| Toronto, Upper Canada. Horse hair. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Fabrics of Wool, carded and milled. 
 
 329. Barber and Brothers, Esqucsing, Upper Canada. Cloths. Wool. 
 
 330. Bean, (Simon), Hatley, Lower Canada. Stockings and woollen bhawls, 
 
 counterpanes and flannels. 
 
 331. Bouchard, (Mde.), Saint Vallier, Lower Canada. Woollen article^. 
 
 332. Bryce^ McMurrich ^ Co., Toronto, Upper Canada. Woollen cloths. 
 
 333. Colby, (Mrs.), Hatley, Lower Canada. Stockings, Shawls, Flannel. 
 
 334. Lacombe, (Mde.), St. Michel, Lower Canada. Country Woollen 
 
 Cloth. 
 
 335. Torrey, (D.), Newmarket, Upper Canada. Cloths. 
 
 336. Valois, (Narcisse), Montreal, Lower Canada. Woollen cloth. 
 
 337. Walker, (Robert), Toronto, Upper Canada. Cloths. 
 
19S 
 
 TWENTY-fflOOND CLASS. 
 
 flax and iikmp manupaotu.hks. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Yarns and Threads of Linen, Hemp, and other jihres, ^c. 
 
 338. Sisters%/ Charily, Montreal, Lower Canada. Linen Thread. 
 
 339. Bouchard , (Mde.), St. Vailier, Lower Canada. Linen Thread. 
 
 TWENTY-THIUl) CLASS. 
 
 hobiery, carrets, embuoidkuy, and lack work, gold and 8ilvsr 
 
 fringes, etc. 
 
 Section 3. 
 Knitted Work. 
 
 840. El)enezer, (S.),';Toronto, Upper Canada. Woollen Gloves. 
 
 341. Harper, (Mrs.), Etobicoke, Upper Canada. Woollen Stockings. 
 
 342. Moore, (Mrs.), Etobicoke, L^pper Canada. Woollen Stockings. 
 
 343. Masson, (Mrs.), Etobicoke, Upper Canada. Woollen Stockings. 
 344.;^*SV/i'erMom,^(Mrs.), Cooksville, Upper Canada. Counterpanes. 
 
 345. Stijfelf (Mrs.), Toronto, Uppf^r Canada. Counterpanes. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Embroidery. 
 
 346. Langevin, (Mde.), Montreal, Lower Canada. A Table-cover. 
 
 347. Vancelow, (Mrs.), Montreal, Lower Canada. A Table-cover. 
 
 Section 7. 
 
 Lace Work. 
 848. Senklar (Miss), Brockville, Upper Canada. Needle-work. 
 
 / 
 
194 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF AETICI.E.S COMPRISED IN CLASSES XX TO XXIII INCLtrSIVE. 
 
 IIoi5e-hair, cloths, and wools, woollen stockings, woollen shawls, 
 woollen counterpanes, flannels, woollen fabrics, termed country cloths, 
 linen thread, coarse linen cloth, thread, knitted articles, thread-lace, woollen 
 gloves, woollen and thread counterpanes, table-covers, knitted articles. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 The ordinary cloths and stuffs of domestic manufacture, or produced 
 by machinery are sold front 3s. ,3d., to 10s. per yard. 
 
 Raw wool for f.om 9Ad. to Is. per lb. 
 
 Flax prepared for spinning, fron, 4d. to 6d. per lb. 
 
 Common flannel from 2s. to 2s. 6d. per yard. 
 
 Coarse linen cloth, from Is. 3d. to 2s. per yard. 
 
 The articles of hosiery, embroidery, and domestic manufacture, have 
 no fixed value in the market. 
 
 Hy-"il 
 
 K',:l!' ' 
 
 REMARKS. ' ^ 
 
 --• ■ ' \ . 
 
 The articles in the last mentioned classes -.vere sent to the exhibition 
 merely as specimens of the industrial skill of this country, in that particular 
 department. It is not to be expected that a small community, fully occu- 
 pied in the ordinary pursuits of life, should have leisure to cultivate those 
 arts which have for their object the rich and liixuriou., fabrics of European 
 service. Enough for us that we can produce good, coarse cloths of 
 woollen and linen materials, which are worthy of notice (particularly 
 those made by farmers' wives in tiieir own abodes) as being adapted to 
 r ake cbthes for the working man, and for the low price at which thev 
 can be afforded. A few manufacturers do, however, aim iit producing 
 finer and more delicate fabi ics. 
 
 Among the articles exhibited tlice are specimens of knitted and lace- 
 work, caps and other matters in wool, cotton and linen, which are not devoid 
 of incci-estin respect both of the material and the workmanship. These 
 articles are made at home by farmers' wives ; and it is to be observed that 
 such occupations are considerable sources ol wealth to their families, and 
 that, moreover, they have a tendency to improve the breed of sheep by the 
 spirit of rivalry which they produce. 
 
195 
 
 TWENTY-FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 furniture and decoration. 
 
 Section 3. 
 
 Furniture and Cabinetware for Domestic purposes. 
 
 349. Bevis (J.), Hamilton, Upper Canada. Round table. 
 
 350. Hilton (J. & W), Monlveal, Lower Canada. Sofa and chairs. 
 361. MacGarvey (Owen), Montreal, Lower Canada. Rocking chairs. 
 
 Section 4. 
 
 Fancy Furniture and Decorative Articles, in the preparation of which valua- 
 ble woods, Ivory, or Mother-of- Pearl are employed, or which are 
 rendered costly by Carving or Inlaid work, and the addition of Ornaments 
 of value. 
 
 352. Drum (William), Quebec, Lower Canada. Chair covered with 
 
 leather, embroidered with moose hair. 
 863. Rhodes (Captain), Quebec, Lower Canada. Chair covered with 
 
 leather, embroidered with moose hair. 
 
 354. Spence (J. C), Montreal, Lower Canada. Work table of glass, 
 
 painted and gilded. 
 
 355. Widder (Miss), Toronto, Upper Canada. Drawing-room chair. 
 
 Section 5. 
 
 Decorative' Furniture of Wood, or Moulded substances, Gilded or Japanned 
 articles, ^c. 
 
 356. Gushing (Mrs.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Fancy frame. 
 
 357. Hare (Albert), Montreal, Lower Canada. Looking glass frame. 
 
 Section 6. 
 
 Articles of Furniture made of Reeds, Straw, ^c, Household appendagesy 
 
 Domestic articles. 
 
 358. Boyd (John), Montreal, Lower Canada. Brushes. 
 
 359. Jenkin (Thomas), Montreal, Lower Canada. Brushes and bristles. 
 
 360. Nelson & Butlers, Montreal, Lower Canada. Brooms. 
 
 Section 7. 
 Tapestry Work. 
 
 361. Davis (Mrs.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Needle work. 
 
196 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF ARTICLES IN CLASS XXIV. 
 
 Round table of different woods, sofa and chairs, rocking chairs, chairs 
 covered with embroidered leather, glass work table painted and gilded, 
 drawing-room chair, pier glass frame, picture frames, brushes, brooms, 
 decorative needle-work. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 The articles exhibited by Canada in this class, while they serve as speci- 
 mens of cabinet and other work connected with household furniture, pre- 
 sent at the same time the qualities of our useful woods. The round table 
 shews them all united in a sort of mosaic work : visitors will remark 
 the beauty of our bird's eye maple, our black walnut, and, more par- 
 ticulaily, of our curled maple, a fine specimen of which is presented in 
 the boudoir chair. 
 
 Upon -nspection of a magnificent couch of bird's eye maple, among 
 the inimitable productions of Parisian cabinet making, I was informed, 
 that while the beauty of this wood for purposes of cabinet making and 
 room pannelUng was generally appreciated, it was excluded from general 
 use, on account of its high price, and the difficulty of procuring it. I was 
 surprised at this information, from the fact that this wood is so abundant in 
 Canada as to be used for fuel, and might be furnished in Europe at a price 
 hardly exceeding that given here for pine. The shipment and unloading 
 of timber makes a considerable item in the price which it attains in 
 the market ; these woods being bought second or third hand in the English 
 timber market, all the charges for transhipments, commissions, profit and 
 loss, uncertainty, and the delay, and inadequacy of such a source of sup- 
 ply, must be added to the price which it is really worth. 
 
197 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH CLASS. 
 
 articles of clothing and of fashion a^d fancy. 
 
 Section 2. 
 Linen Drapery^ Stays, Braces, and Garters. 
 
 362. Smiley (Robert), Hamilton, Upper Canada. Shirts. 
 
 Section 3. 
 Coats and other Garments, 
 
 363. Gauthier (Edward), Montreal, Lower Canada. Coats of Home 
 
 made Cloth. 
 164. Henderson and Company, Quebec, Lower Canada. Cloth great coat 
 trimmed with beaver. 
 
 365. Wheeler (Thomas), Toronto, Upper Canada. A feather mantilla. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Boots, Shoes, Gaiters and Gloves. 
 
 366. Barbeau (Joseph), Quebec, Lower Canada. Caribou and porpoise 
 
 leather boots. 
 
 367. Eckart (Isaac), Quebec, Lower Canada. Snow &hoes and winter 
 
 boots. 
 
 368. Fisher (Mrs.), Quebec, Lower Canada. Moose hair gloves. 
 
 369. Mercier (D.), Quebec, Lower Canada. Costume of a Huron Chief. 
 
 370. Merrifield S/- Sheridan, Toronto, Upper Canada. Boots. 
 
 371. Pollard (Mrs.% Hamilton, Upper Canada. A pair of worked 
 
 slippers. 
 
 372. Price (David), Chicoutimi, Lower Canada. Moccasins embroidered 
 
 with silk. 
 
 373. Scandrett fy Robinson, Toronto, Upper Canada. Boots. 
 
 374. Smith ^ Co., Montreal, Lower Canada. Boots and shoes. 
 
 375. Tache (J. C), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Moccasins partly covered 
 
 with Indian rubber so as to resist cold and damp. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Hats and Caps. 
 
 376. Couture (Mrs.), St. Ambroise, Lower Canada. Hay and straw hats 
 
 and oti. 3r articles. 
 
198 
 
 377. Martel (Mrs.), St. Ambroise, Lower Canada. Hay hats and articles 
 
 of the same material. 
 
 378. Marlel (Miss), Quebec, Lower Canada. Hay hats and other articles 
 
 of the same material. 
 
 379. Ranger (Mrs.), Acadie, Lower Canada. Straw hats. 
 
 Section 7. 
 Fans^ Screens, Parasols, Umbrellas, Walking Sticks. 
 
 380. Jones (Mrs. J.), Montreal, Lower Canada. A screen embroidered 
 
 with wool. 
 38L Paitenais (Miss P.), Industry, Lower Canada. Embroidery in 
 wool. 
 
 Section 11. 
 Sheaths, Morocco work, Pasteboard work, Basket work, SfC. 
 
 382. Malo (I'Abbe), Becancour, Lower Canada. Indian curiosities and 
 
 antiquities. 
 
 383. Jones (Peter), Brantford, Upper Canada. Indian Curiosities. 
 
 384. Mercier (D.), Quebec, Lower Canada. Fancy work by Indians. 
 
 385. Rhodes (Mrs.), Quebec, Lower Canada. Embroidered bark-work. 
 
 386. Tanguay (I'Abbe), Rimouski, Lower Canada. Indian curiosities. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAMES OF ARTICLES CONTAINED IN CLASS XXV. 
 
 Shirts, coats of home-made cloth, beaver-skin great coat, a feather 
 mantilla, caribou skin hunting boots, riding boots, porpoise leather boots, 
 snow-shoes, boots of seal-skin dressed smooth, moose down gloves, dress of 
 a Huron Chief, boots and shoes, embroidered moccasins, moccasins partly 
 covered with Indian rubber, hay and straw hats, an embroidered screen, 
 embroidery in wool done by the needle, Indian curiosities, and antiquities, 
 Indian ornaments, dress and furniture, embroidery upon bark. 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 It would b3 impossible to give so exactly as to be practicably useful, 
 a detailed statement of the prices of most of the articles above men- 
 tioned, which being as they are, ornamental and fancy articles, are 
 valued in proportion to the taste, the work and elaborate elegance with 
 which they are prepared. The following are the ordinary prices of some 
 of them. 
 
199 
 
 A winter suit of good and strong home-made cloth suitable for a 
 farmer, costs £2 10s. 
 
 Boots called Canadian boots for working, 2s. 6d. per pair. 
 
 An ornamental over-coat of beaver-skin, from £lO to £>l5. 
 
 First class hunting boots of caribou leather, £2 lOs. 
 
 Riding boots and trovvsers (called Crimean,) of caribou, £3. 
 
 Ornamented slippers embroidered with moose hair, upon an average 
 25s. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 It is needless to offer remarks on the beauty and cumfort of beaver-skin 
 coats, or the difference between the European prices of such articles and 
 the prices given above. 
 
 The boots made of caribou-skin are light and water-proof, a high degree 
 of excellence in those respects; and it is ceriuin, that the sportsman will 
 look in vain elsewhere for any equal to those exhibited by Canada. Such 
 boots would be incomparably superior to all others for the use of Engineers 
 and Officers in the army, engaged in the inspection of works, which com- 
 pel them to remain a long time on wet and miry ground. 
 
 Another description of boots is made of common leather. These are 
 termed Canadian or Indian boots, and are used only by farmers, lumber- 
 men, fishermen and sportsmen, in their various pursuits. They cost only 
 2s. 6d., and are admirably suitable for the laboring-man, the sailor and the 
 soldier ; — English seamen and soldiers when in Canada, use them in wet 
 or cold weather. 
 
 A partial application of caoutchouc may be seen in a species of moc- 
 casinof dressed moose-skin, a very suitable shoe for town or country ; as a 
 protection against c»ld and damp this shoe is invaluable. 
 
 The gloves of moose down are a specimen of a curious material. 
 Moose down is the name given to a species of wool, covering the skin of 
 this huge quadruped, beneath the long hair. This textile and felt-like 
 substance, is of a peculiar nature, and might possibly be adapted to some 
 special and profitable use. 
 
 The manufacture of hay and straw hats is rapidly increasing in Canada, 
 of which fact the specimens exhibited are proof. In tiie Report of Exports 
 for 1851, this branch of industry does not appear, yet in 1852, it amounted 
 lo £'2,O00, and in 1853, to £6,200. 
 
 The curious and elegant articles of feather work, moose hair, porcupine- 
 quills, and bark-work, are attractive to visitors ; and it must be con- 
 fessed that there is in the ornamental articles and those pertaining to the 
 
200 
 
 toilet, to be found in this collection, a degree of taste and refinement which 
 excites our wonder, when we consider that all this is the untaught art of 
 the aborigines of the shores of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH CLASS. 
 
 i I 
 
 drawing and modelling applied to industry, typography, and copper plate 
 
 printing, photography, &c. 
 
 Section 1. 
 
 Writing, Drawing, and Painting. 
 
 387. Armstrong (W.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Drawings in water colors. 
 888. Shephard (Miss) Montreal, Lower Canada. Drawings of Canadian 
 fruits and vegetables. 
 
 389. TuUy (Kivas), Toronto, Upper Canada. Plans. 
 
 Section 2. 
 Lithography, Autography, and Stone Engraving. 
 
 390. Whitefield, Toronto, Upper Canada. Lithographic drawings of Cana- 
 
 dian Cities. 
 
 Section 4. 
 Photography. 
 
 391. Doane (J. C), Montreal, Lower Canada. Photographs. 
 
 392. Palmer (E. J.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Daguerreotypes. 
 
 Section 6. 
 Stamps and Moulds. 
 
 393. Cochrane (Miss), Quebec, Lower Canada. Fruits in wax- work. 
 
 394. Soeurs de la Providence, Montreal, Lower Canada. Fruits and vege- 
 
 tables in wax-work. 
 
 395. Wheeler (J.), Toronto, Upper Canada. Seal engraving. 
 
 Section 7. 
 Printing. 
 
 396. Rose (H. & G. M.). Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimens of typo- 
 
 graphy. 
 
 397. Salter & Rose, Montreal, Lower Canada, Specimens of typography. 
 
 !'■ 
 
201 
 
 398. Smith (W. W.), St Johns' Lower Canada. Specimens of typo- 
 graphy. 
 899. Starke and Co.^ Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimens of typography. 
 
 Section 8. 
 Book-binding. 
 
 400. De Puibusque (Adolphe), Bookbinding in porpoise leather. 
 
 401. Mackay (Mrs. W. S.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Books. 
 
 402. Miller (R. & A.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimens of book- 
 
 binding. 
 
 403. Young (A.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Specimen of book binding. 
 
 TWENTY-SEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 manufactures of musical instruments. 
 
 Section 5. 
 Stringed Instruments ^ with keyboards. 
 
 404. Hood (T. D.), Moitreal, Lower Canada. Piano-forte. 
 
 Section 8. 
 Manufactured articles and accessories. 
 
 405. Hood (T. D.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Piano-forte and sounding 
 
 board. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 NAIviES OP ARTICLES CONTAINED IN CLASSES XXVI AND XXVII. 
 
 Drawings in water-colors ; drawings of Canadian fruits andjvegetables ; 
 architectural designs, lithographs representing some of the cities of Canada ; 
 photographed portraits ; fruit and vegetables in wax-work ; seal engraving ; 
 specimens of typography ; book-binding in porpoise leather ; specimens of 
 book-binding ; an upright piano and sounding board. 
 
 (, 
 
202 
 
 
 '-» 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 All the articles above named, have been sent for the purpose of giving 
 an idea of Canadian scenery or of illustrating the degree of excellence 
 attained in Canada in the different branches of art referred to. 
 
 The collections of drawings in water-colors, and of Canadian fruits and 
 vegetables in wax-work also serve to complete the exhibition of the pro- 
 ductions of agriculture and horticulture in this country. A specimen of 
 book-binding with porpoise leather is another evidence of the beauty of this 
 new and hitherto exclusively Canadian production. 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH CLASS. 
 
 painting, engraving and litiiographv. 
 
 Section 1. 
 Drawing and Painting, 
 
 406. Kane (Paul), Toronto, Upper Canada. Oil paintings. 
 
 407. Rijland, (J. H.), Montreal, Lower Canada. Oil paintings. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 In the department of Fine Arts, Canada has sent but a few small paintings 
 selected from a remarkably interesting collection of views of the scenery 
 of western America. Mr. Paul Kane, a young travelling artist, who 
 has travelled for seven years over the extensive prairies of America, on 
 both sides of the Rocky Mountains, has collected from amongst the sixty 
 tribes he visited, a most complete museum of the utensils, dress, tent fur- 
 niture, arms, tools, &c., used by these aborigines. He has also painted the 
 portraits of the chiefs of these tribes, taken drawings of the scenery and 
 sketches of their manners and customs. Mr. Kane will very shortly be 
 able to publish an account of his travels, accompanied by plates repre- 
 senting his rich collection. This work will be the more valuable from the 
 fact, that the Indian tribes are fast disappearing, or at least are losing every- 
 day the peculiar and picturesque manners and customs which characterize 
 them. 
 
 In terminating my remarks upon this class, I think it my duty to state 
 that we have in Canada, artists who could have sent to Paris, paintings 
 which would not have been without merit. Two of these artists (*) ob- 
 
 (*) Messrs. Plamondoa and Hamel : a third, Mr. Bourrassa, has since joined them, having 
 completed his studies in Rome and Florence. We may mention the name of one more Cana- 
 dian artist, Mr. Falardeau, a native of Quebec and at present residing in Florence. 
 
203 
 
 )f giving 
 xcellence 
 
 ruits and 
 
 the pro- 
 
 cimen of 
 
 ty of this 
 
 tained success as pupils in the schools of Rome and Paris, but their exces- 
 sive modesty would not permit them to contribute to the exhibition. I 
 mention this fact as a further proof that Canada is no longer an uncivilised 
 country. 
 
 untings 
 scenery 
 t, who 
 ica, GQ 
 le sixty 
 nt fur- 
 ted the 
 •y and 
 tly be 
 repre- 
 •m the 
 every 
 sterize 
 
 I state 
 ntings 
 *) ob- 
 
 having 
 Cana- 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The few preceding remarks a'e intended as a sequel to the information 
 contained in the different pamphlets distributed during the exhibition in 
 relation to the resources of Canada. Their object is merely to give that 
 general information wiiich is calculated to attract the attention of business 
 men and to allow them to judge d priori of the advantages which might 
 result from commerce with this country. It will be seen that the 
 data furnished relate particularly to Canadian articles of exportation, 
 and the reader will therefore conclufle that wr import all those articles 
 which we do n jt export. 
 
 All these observations serve to pi ove one thing, namely, that Canada 
 can supply Europe with inexhaustibh qr.antities of timber of the different 
 varieties mentioned, with the produce of fishing and the chase, with mine- 
 rals in their natural state, more espj ially with copper at comparatively 
 advantageous return prices. 
 
 A similar trade has been carried on between England and Canada 
 for nearly a century, which has increased year after year to such 
 an extent that the English market is no longer suflicient as a channel 
 for certain classes of prrduce. During last and this year, for example, 
 commercial affairs in Canada have suffered considerably from the circum- 
 stance of our having over charged the English timber market with our 
 produce, which now encumbers the timber wharves of many of the ports 
 of England, to that extent, that business men say, that Canada has pro- 
 vided for her timber consumers, one year's supply in advance. 
 
 A great number of persons from France and other continental coun- 
 tries have been informed by me of the possibility of importing these 
 articles direct '.o their respective countries, certainly what is possible as 
 regards transport, with respect to Liverpool and London, is equally pos- 
 sible with ref pect to Havre and Saint Malo, and what the English mer- 
 cantile navy is able to accomplish is equally possible for French mer- 
 chant ships, the navigation of the St. Lawrence being free ; charges for 
 freight may be said to be equal to all the European ports on the Atlantic 
 seaboard. 
 
 It may be said that the average charges for freight vary from 25s. to 
 35s. per toi measurement, subject always to the variations arising from 
 the nature and bulk of the merchandize to be shipped. 
 
V 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 
 oir 
 
 THE EXHir ITIOIST. 
 
 BT 
 
 J. 0. TAOHE, ESQ. 
 
i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ir 
 
 • .« 
 
isroTE. 
 
 The following details in connection with the nnivernal Exhibition, have 
 already been published in the form of correspondence addressed during 
 the Exhibition, to a portion of the French Press in Lower Canada, some 
 of these articles have been republished in the English papers of Lower 
 Canada. The House of Assv^mbly having ordered them to be printed to 
 form part of the history of the Canadian Exhibition of 1855, it has been 
 thought advisable to alter the original form of these sketches and to 
 make some changes in the order in which they were first written. They 
 have therefore been divided into four series, each composed of a certain 
 number of chapters. The first series contains an examination, very in- 
 complete no doubt, or to speak more correctly, a Hst of the names of the 
 principal works exhibited in the Fine Arts Palace ; the second is a sort of 
 report of a rapid ramble made through the exhibition of manufactured 
 productions ; the third consists of a series of observations upon the articles 
 exhibited in each class of the official classification, reflections upon the 
 exhibition in its relation to and efl'ect upon Canada, and destined to the 
 fullest extent possible to place the people of the Country in possession of 
 the principal additions to science, which might be a source of profit to 
 them hereafter. Lastly, the fourth series relates to the exhibition of 
 breeding animals which was intended by the French Government to com- 
 plete th'j exhibition of 1855 in connection with Agriculture. 
 
 The official statistics relating to the Exhibition not being complete and 
 finally published, it is more than probable that the figures contained in 
 these remarks, in so far as they relate to the number of exhibitors and 
 other details of this kind, although derived from the best sources, may 
 not be mathematically correct ; the small errors, however, which may 
 have slipped into the memoranda furnished by the authorities during the 
 exhibition, cannot in any way affect the conclusions to be drawn from 
 the general results of the exhibition; for example, looking upon the matter in 
 this light, it matters very little whether we state that there were a hundred 
 exhibitors more or less out of the twenty thousand or so who contributed 
 to the Industrial Exhibition, it is of no practical importance, whatever, if 
 
208 
 
 we have erred, in two or three single instances out of the whole 
 number of honorable mentions obtained in one class, and the same may 
 be said of all other trivial matters of detail. The important fact of the 
 final result i^ contained in the lists published provisionally by the Imperial 
 Commission, with all the exactness required for all practical purposes. 
 It most be borne in mind that these observations were written in the 
 midst of numberless occupations, and that they were printed amid the 
 labors of a Parliamentary Session. The reader, moreover, must not for- 
 get that the necessary conciseness has not admitted of any repetition, 
 so that to derive any profit whatever, from these remarks, reference must 
 be made simultaneously to the different series. 
 
whole 
 lie may 
 ;t of the 
 mperial 
 irposes. 
 L in the 
 tnid the 
 not for- 
 etition, 
 !e must 
 
r /! I 
 
 l.i-!l !■ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' '! 
 
 
 ■p? 
 
 
 [: = 
 
 d'Anfui 
 
 ii:: '■ 
 
 mthiiW 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ^^i 
 
 
FIRST SERIES. 
 
 PRINCIPAL WORKS EXHIBITED IN THE PALACE OF THE 
 
 FINE ARTS. 
 
 • i. 
 
 v. 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 I. 
 GENERAL DATA. 
 
 The exhibition of the Fine Arts, was held in a building erected apart 
 from the others, situated a short distance from the other buildings dedicated 
 to Industry ; placed there out of the way, with its severe and simple outlines 
 removed from the noise of the machinery and the hissing of the steam, it 
 offered to the works of intellect, a quiet and secure resting place, suitable 
 to them in every respect. The building is in the form of a parallelogram 
 surrounded on the exterior by a gallery ; the fagade is in the form of a semi- 
 circle composed of seven columns almost destitute of ornament. Light is 
 admitted to the rooms and galleries from the roof, in a manner to afford as 
 equal a distribution of it as possible over the different works of art. The 
 architect of the Louvre, Mr. Lefuel, had been charged with the prepara- 
 tion of the plans of this edifice, the interior surface of the walls of which, 
 present a total space for exhibition ot about 140,000 square leet. 
 
 As a matter of courtesy, the contributions of foreign nntions were 
 placed at the entrance to the building and ap[)eared consequently at the 
 head of the catalogue ; the first pictures thcr'^fore which slnicU the eye of 
 the visitor were those from Denmark, Swerlen, Norway, Tuscany, Peru, 
 Turkey, and the States of the Church, tha great gallery to the right was 
 occupied by Great Britain, and thit to the left by Piedmont, iielgium and 
 Holland ; French and Prussian paintings occupied, the former several large 
 rooms in the middle of the building, and the latter a square room near 
 the vestibule ; the pictures of uther nations were hung to the sides of other 
 galleries on the first story ; the galleries contained drawings, engravings, 
 water colour drawings, lithographs and crayon drawings. The numbei' of 
 exihibitors belonging to all nations was '2,029, and the total number of 
 works exhibited including cartoons, sketches, &c., &c., was, according to 
 the official catalogue 5,18;i, which weie divided pretty nearly as lollows 
 
 o 
 
 
 ( , 
 
210 
 
 among the different nations: France, 2,867, Great Britain, 780, Belgium, 
 269, Prussia, 225, Austria, 217, Holland, 131, Spain, 122, Switzerland, 110, 
 Bavaria, 76, Sweden and Norway, 60, Denmark, 52, United Stales, 44, 
 Saxony, 33, Sardinia, 27, Portugal, 27, States of the Church, 25, Duchy of 
 Baden, 22, Hawratic Towns, 1 1, Two Sicilies, 6 Peru, 5, Turkey, 3. 
 
 Of the 2,029 contributors to the Fine Arts section, 1,230 were painters, 
 323 sculptors, 184 engravers, 163 architects 40 lithographers and 89 artists 
 in water colors, crayons, &c. 
 
 To form a judgment of the number of prizes obtained as compared with 
 the number of exhibitors, I give below the *otal number of contributors 
 and prizes obtained in each of the principal countries, the number of 
 prizes includes the " honorable mentions." 
 
 The reader must understand that in giving these statistics, no attempt is 
 made to give any opinion as to the intrinsic merits of the different schools 
 of painting and sculpture, some of which moreover have abstained from 
 exhibiting. No, Art is not to be estimated by figures, the voice of pos- 
 terity or what is the same thing, the unanimous agreement of human opinion 
 are the only consecrations of genius; when the great medal of honor 
 therefore was awarded to Messrs. Ingres, Delacroix, Cornelius and other 
 historical painters, and at the same time to painters of other classes of 
 subject*!, it is by no mtans less certain, that the one class is widely 
 separated from the other. But as a fact of general interest and cu'iosity 
 the lists which follow have undoubtedly been of high standing. In these 
 details are included the prizes awarded intlie three clashes, including paint- 
 ing, sculpture, engraving and archi;ecture. 
 
 Names of Countries. 
 
 France 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Prussia and Zollverein 
 
 Austria 
 
 Holland 
 
 Italy 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Sweden and Norway... 
 
 Spain 
 
 Denmark 
 
 United States 
 
 Ottoman Empire 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 EXHIBITORS. 
 
 1063 
 291 
 
 42 
 
 215 
 
 109 
 
 88 
 
 44 
 
 4.6 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 PRIZES 
 OBTAINED. 
 
 294 
 
 66 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
211 
 
 Of these four hundred and eighty-prizes of all classes, sixteen were of a 
 peculiar character, I refer to the sixteen great medals of honor awarded 
 in the three Classes forming the Fine Arts section. 
 
 Of these sixteen great medals of honor, eleven were obtained by natives 
 of France, six of whom were painters, three sculptors, one an engraver, and 
 one an architect. England obtained two of these medals, one for 
 painting and the other for architecture. Belgium and Prussia each 
 obtained one for painting, and Saxony one for sculpture. 
 
 Unfortunately the Fine Arts Exhibition, magnificent, though it was, did 
 not attain sufficient proportions to render it the complete expression of the 
 state of the arts, at the present time, by reason of the numbers who abstained 
 from exhibiting. Italy, that classic land of the beautiful, the alma parens. 
 of the art, has, it may be said, altogether abstained from exhibiting. \V^e 
 have had no opportunity of beholding the works of her Minardi, Gagllardi, 
 Bezzuoli, Palagie, Agricola, Grigoletti, Lipparini, Goghetti, Capaltl, 
 Consoni, Chierici ; of her sculptors Tenerani, Cacclatore, Tadolini, Jac' 
 metti, her celebrated engraver Mercuri and many others. Whatever may 
 be the causes of their absence it is not the less to be regretted ; although 
 the French and German schools contributed very largely, they also suffered 
 considerably from some of their principal members refraining from exhibit- 
 ing ; the most to be regretted among these, being the great French Masters, 
 Messrs. Paul Delaroche, and Arry Sheffer, and jf the German school, 
 Messrs. Overbeck, Schnoor de Carolsfeld, Bendemann and Mr. Gallait of Bel- 
 gium, absences which the Parisian press has characterized as regards some 
 of them by the appelation of " abstentions dedaignctises.^^ In French sculp- 
 ture David d' Angers, since dead, did not exhibit. The English and American 
 sculptors, Gibson and Power, who live in Italy, and for Italy, refrained 
 from exhibiting with the rest of the Italian school to which they belong. 
 Italy being thus absent from the assembly, the French, German, Belgian 
 and En'i-lish schools remain distinguished one from the other by clearly 
 defined characteristics. It has been said of them, " The exhibition is 
 divided into four thoroughly distinct zones, England, Belgium, Germany 
 and France. England represents individuality ; Belgium, skill in execution ; 
 Germany, beauty of conception, and France eclectism.'' 
 
 At present the French school takes the highest rank, both on account of 
 the number of its great masters and by its fecundity in all the brfinches of 
 the art ; this superiority as a general fact, cannot be contested. It would 
 be difficult to define the ruling quality in the French school, for the simple 
 reason that its illustrations have taken different routes, all however, leading 
 to o-lory, and the word eclecticism which has been used to characterize this 
 school, is applicable to French art in its entirety, and must not be takeu as 
 
 
 i 
 
 
212 
 
 fixing an uniform standard established from the average of the elements of 
 the art, and adopted ahnost unanimously by its artists. 
 
 The difference is as great, for instance, between the pencils, the brush, 
 and the pallets of Messrs. Ingres and Eugene Delacroix, as between the 
 composition, drawing and coloring of the German school, and those of the 
 other schools. 
 
 The German school possesses a much more defined character, in so far as 
 relates to the common resemblance between its leading masters ; the great 
 German works have certain national indications, which cause them to be 
 at once recognized as belonging to a distinct clas?. This school devotes 
 itself more particularly to the ideal, and is distinguished by the class of 
 subjects of the greater part of its works, and like the literature of Germany 
 disdains the scenes of real life, striving rather to develop symbolical theories, 
 and plunging into the world of fables. 
 
 The Belgian and Spanish schools exhibit a good deal of the eclecticism 
 of the French school, with a more general tendency to elaborate finish. 
 
 England has made unheard of efforts for the Fine Arts competition of 
 1855, she has felt as a great nation ought to feel, that she had erred in 
 1851, when she excluded art from her exhibition, and at Paris the whole 
 force of her artists presented themselves at the summons, in full array. 
 The English school, for an English school now exists, has not yet attained 
 the lofty range of the art, it docs not produce large pictures, and makes but 
 rare excursions into the field of history. The real merit of its artists is 
 exhibited in the painting of animals and pictures of that class, originality of 
 design and the elaborate finish of the details, everywhere distinguishing 
 the English school among all the others. 
 
 In the specimens of sculpture exhibited, the chief success has been 
 attained by France, Saxony, Italy and Belgium. France and England 
 excelled in the class of architecture. 
 
 France carried ofl' nearly all the prizes in the sections of engraving 
 and lithography, England ranks n-rxt, and after her Prussia. In the 
 section of water colours, all the prizes exceptirg one awarded to Swit- 
 2erland, were carried off by England. France is unrivalled in the sec- 
 tion of crayons, and excels in miniature painting. 
 
 It should not be forgotten that these letters contain only lists of names, 
 and it is only sought, through their means to render the Canadian public 
 familiar with the great names of European paintings ; in a small country 
 devoid of reviews devoted to the subject, and in which are found but a 
 few works which treat of subjects here touched upon, too much must 
 not be expected, what I write I write for the masses. 
 
213 
 
 II. 
 
 THE FRENCH SCHOOL. 
 
 The greatest French painters are Messrs. Ingres, Eugene Delacroix, 
 Horace Vernet, Decamps, Meissonnier and Ileim ; there must be added 
 to complete this glorious list of masters, Messrs. Paul Delaroehe and 
 Arry ShefFer, who did not exhibit ; besides this Pleiad, tliere are other 
 great names which shine with brilliant splendor. 
 
 Mr. Ingres, a pupil of David, belongs to the classic school, to that 
 school which believes that uncultivated genius cannot be perfection, and 
 that study and traditional knowledge are necessary. It has been said 
 by Mr. Ingres, " I know nothing which has not been taught me." In these 
 words may be summed up, his life and fifty years of labor, and if this great 
 master has not been able to learn everything, he has of a certainty learnt 
 and taught much, for he has instituted a school. Form, outline and con- 
 tour have been his study, the ideal, the object of his aspirations, tiirough- 
 out the whole of his enormous labors he has never sacrificed to the 
 exigencies of fashion or the requirements of novelty. 
 
 This patriarch of art contributed to the Exhibition 40 works, extending 
 over all the periods of his long career. The most celebrated of these pic- 
 tures are, in the historical class, (EiVqms divining ihe enigma ; Venus Auaihjo- 
 mene ; Joan of Arc at the Qoronaiion of Charles VH. ; the votv ofLoiiisXlU. ; the 
 Virgin ivith the Host ; St. Peter receiving the Kegs of Parailise ; the Martyr- 
 dom of Saint Sgmphorium ; Homer deified and the Ajtotheosis of Na'poleon ; 
 among the miscellaneous works, Henry IV.. flaying with his children ; Pope 
 Pious Vll.y celebrating Dirine Worship; Tudoret and .ret in Pranpoise De 
 Rimini; in portrait painting, the portraits of Cherubini, Mr. Berlin, 
 Senior, Count Mole, and the Countess de Haussouville. 
 
 The painter who, in the opinion of everybody, ranks immediately after 
 Mr. Ingres, and who consequently takes the second place in this cate- 
 gory, is Mr. Eugene Delacroix, a pupil of Guerin, of ])owerful genius, 
 full of creative imaginaiion, enthusiastic often, original always. Mr. 
 Delacroix's talent is not one which is so generally acceptable as that of 
 Mr. Ingres, it is by his magnificent coloring that Mr. Delacroix captivates 
 the great number of his admirers. 
 
 Of the thirty-five pictures exhibited by Mr. Eugene Delacroix, the fol- 
 lowing may be instanced as evidencing the genius of the master: — 
 Hamlet., {scene ivith the grave diggers) ; Tasso in prison ; Pante and Virgil in 
 
 ■<*" 
 
 ' r 
 
 
214 
 
 the Infernal Regions ; the Massacre of Scio ; the Frrnzij of Mcdra ; the 28^A 
 July, 1830; the Justice of Trajan; Christ on the Cross; Christ at the 
 Tomb ; Women of Algiers. 
 
 Mr. Horace Vernet the painter of balllc pieces is distinguislied for his 
 inexhaustible fertility of imagination and his adherence to nature ; he is 
 a \n\\n\ of Vincent. A man who has been able to attain a reputation 
 similar to that enjoyed by Mr. Horace Vernet, must undoubtedly be the 
 possessor of immense talents. He has exhibited 22 pictures, among 
 which the one representing the taking of La Smala covers of itself 600 
 feet in superficies. Among the works exhibited by Mr. Vernet, those 
 most worthy of remark are. La Smala ; the liattle of Hanan ; the Battle 
 of Monlmirail ; Judith and Holophernes ; Rebecca at the Fountain; 
 Mazeppa; Return from Lion-hunting; Portrait of Brother Phillip, 
 General of the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine, and the portrait of 
 Marshal Vaillant. It is worthy of remark thai Mr. Vernet is the son, 
 grand-son and grcat-grand-son of celebrated painters. 
 
 Mr. Decamps, pupil of Mr. Adei de Pujol, has contributed to the Ex- 
 hibition no less than fifty-two works, in the different classes of subjects. 
 Mr. Decamps' pictures are distinguished by their effect, and the harmony 
 and unity of their conception, we feel that the painter has been insjjired 
 with a bright and clear idea, pleasant or terrible, severe or lively, but 
 that he was so imbued with it to enable him to work it into a picture, 
 and to compel all the accessories in the scene to give force to the principal 
 object. When he painted his admirable Defeat of the Cimbri, he did 
 not attach himself to one particular scene, no, his design was not to repre- 
 sent one general pitted against another, but the serried ranks of 
 barbarism opposed to the well ordered forc3s of civilization, and 
 the contest takes place in a narrow plain surrounded by precipi- 
 tous rocks, beneath a tempestuous sky. A strong light is necessary to 
 have the full effect of Mr. Decamp's pictures, and several of them had 
 not this advantage in the Exhibition. His principal pieces were, the 
 Defeat of the Cimbri ; Joseph sold by his Brethren : Eliezer and Rebecca ; 
 Tiger and Elephant; Interior of a Court yard; the Monkeys; the 
 Gypsies; Children ivith a Tortoise; Dismissal of a Turkish School; 
 Fine designs, from the History of Sampson, and one of an Episode 
 in the Defeat of the Cimbri. 
 
 Mr. Hiem, a pupil of Vincent, exhibited seven pictures and sixteen 
 portraits, he is an old painter, whose name was hardly ever mentioned 
 except as the subject of a pleasantry, but connoisseurs recognized in him 
 a master of the art, and the Exhibition has rendered him popular. There 
 is great strength and breadth in his coloring, and his drawing is faultless. 
 His talent exhibits that combination of great qualities, of which some are 
 
215 
 
 wanting in the greatest niastern. Ili.s principal pictures exiiil)ilcd were, 
 a Massacre^ the subject taken Iroiri Josepims ; the Martifrdom of Saint 
 Hypolite ; St. llyacinihe invoking the Virgin, restores a yo/fug man to 
 life, and a piece, the title of which in the catalogue wa-s as follows : King 
 Charles X., distributing prizes to the artists at the close of the Kxhibilion 
 of 182 K "The moment rei)resented is that when Cartelier is receiving 
 from the King the order of St. Michael ; Charles Vernet has just received 
 it." We have praised tlie talent of the painter, there is something still 
 more admirable in the goodness of heart and right feeling which courts 
 that talent in honor of his competitors, we cannot say his rivals. 
 
 M. Meissonnier is a painter of general subjects. He brought nine 
 pictures to the Exhibition, and was the sixth of the French school who 
 obtained the Grand Medal of Honor. He is u pupil of M. Leon 
 Cognet's. M. Meissonnier's distinguishing characteristic is the delicate 
 finish of every detail in his pictures. This secures to him the admira- 
 tion of all observers, and more substantial complements in the shape of 
 piles of bank notes for his pictures. He is, however, honestly entitled 
 to both. His pictures are nearly all small , he has lately increased 
 the size, but large or small they are delicious. Those which proved the 
 most attractive in the present Exhibition were : A Quarrel ; The Bravos ; 
 A Young Man at Work ; The Game of Bowls in the days of Louis XV. ; 
 the Game (f the Tonneau. 
 
 Having devoted this brief notice to the six French artists to whom 
 the Jury assigned the foremost rank, I am bound to make passing men. 
 tion of the names and principal works of a few others of the great 
 painters of the French school. A list of all would fill a volume, and I 
 am limited to a few pages. Following the example of M. Heiin, a 
 few of the older painters sent their works to the Gallery of Fine Arts. 
 M. About, a witty writer, gave them the collective title of " The Old 
 Guard." They are Messrs. Abel de Pujol, a pupil of David's ; Leon 
 Cognet, and Henri Sheffer, both pupils of P. Guerin ; Schnetz, a pupil 
 of David's and Legros' ; Vinchon, a pupil of Serangeli's. 
 
 A few names we must mention of other great artists in historical 
 painting : M. Couture, and his large picture of tha Roman Orgia, known 
 also as the Romans in the Decline of the Umpire; M. Chenavard, with 
 his fine Cartoons, embracing all History, a work designed foi the deco- 
 ration, formerly intended, of the Pantheon. M. Flandrin, and his St. 
 Clair restoring sight to the Blind ; M. Schmann, with his Jeremiah in 
 Bonds; M. Muller, The Summons of the lost Victims of the Reign of 
 Terror ; M. R. Fleury, and his Benvenido Cellini in his Workshop; M.Benou- 
 ville, St. Francis blessing the City of Assise; M. Chasseriau, Arab Chiefs 
 defying each other ; M. Ger6me, TJie Age of Augustus, or the Birth of Jesus 
 
 i-\ 
 
216 
 
 Christ, the subject taken from Bossnet's Universal History ; M. Glaizc, 
 The Pillory, an allef^orieal painting, a historical representation of genius 
 and merit slighted or persecuted ; M. Yvon, T/ic Retreat from Russia, or 
 Marshal Ney covering the Retreat of liie Grand Army. 
 
 Among \hv. miscellaneous paintings we must notice among others, A 
 Ceremony in the Church of Delft ^ by M. Isabey ; The Daughters of Eve, by M. 
 Iloqueplan ; My Sister is not at Home, (an idyll) by M. Ilamon ; The 
 Peasant's Dinner, by M. Edouard Frerc. 
 
 In landscape and other styles, how many remarkable pictures : The 
 Coast near Granville, by Theodore "ousseau ; T/w Ejects of the 
 Morning, by M. Ccot; A Path through the Wheat, hy M. Fran^.ais ; 
 Landscape with Animals, hy Jules Noel; Morning, by M. Achard ; 
 The Fens of Picardy, oy M. Iluet ; The Hay Field (a scene in Au- 
 vergne) by M'lle Rosa Bonheur ; Oxen going to Plough, by M. Troyon ; 
 Animals at Rest, by M. Brascassat ; The Floivcrs of the Tombs, by M. 
 Saint Jean. The names of Cabanel, Dauzats, Gudin, Ilcbcrt, Jalabert, 
 Larivierc, Marcchal, (Crayons,) Rouget, Constantin, Wintenlmlter, and 
 Madame lieberlin, (Miniature,) all excellent in their respective styleu, 
 must not be omitted. 
 
 SCULPTURE. 
 
 '" he three great French sculptors, the greatest at least of the present 
 day, are already of old standing: Messrs. Rude, Dumont, and Duret. 
 As I have before remarked, M. David d' Angers did not exhibit. Rude's 
 Child and Tortoise, Dumont's Leucothee, and Buret's Neapolitan Fish- 
 erman, were therefore the principal works in the department of Sculp- 
 ture. These three artists received each a grand medal of honor. 
 
 Next to theso veterans of their art were : M. Guillaumc, with his 
 Anacreon, in marble, and The Mower, in bronze ; M. Lequcsne, with 
 his Dancing Fawn, in bronze ; M. Perraud and his Adam after the 
 Fall, in marble ; M. Bonassieux, Meditation, in marble ; M. Marcellin, 
 with the Return of Spring ; M. Maillct and his Agrippina and Calig- 
 ula, a group in marine ; M. Raggi, with a grouj) iilso in marble, Meta- 
 bus. King of the Volsci, and his Children ; M. Gatteaux, Minerva after 
 the Judgment of Paris, in bronze ; M. Pollct, An Hour of Night, in 
 bronze. We must not omit the natiies of Foyatier, Jaley, Cabet, De- 
 bay, Moreau, Oudine, Cavelier Droz, Gumeny, Oliva, Etex, Lachesne 
 de Caen, and Le Comte dc Nieuerkaerke. 
 
 ■"I i 
 
217 
 
 OTHER URANCHES OF ART. 
 
 In Engraving, M. Hcnricpicl Dnpont obtained the grand medal of 
 honor, and was the only engraver to whom this highest prize was 
 awarded. Everybody has heard of that chef (Vauvre of engraving, the 
 Hernyeielo of Paid de la Roche. The next after this great master of Ids 
 art are: Messrs. Calamatta, F"orster, Martinet, Leroy, I'oUet, IJlanchard, 
 Burdet, Caron, Darnour, Deselaux, and the two Fran(jois. 
 
 In medal and stone engraving the most celebrated names are those of 
 Messrs. Bovy, Depaulis and Salmson. 
 
 The most eminent in Lithography are Messrs. Monilleron, Leronx, 
 Desmaisons, Laurens, Sirouy, Soulange and Teissier. 
 
 In Architecture, the grand medal of honor was awarded to M. 
 Duban. His greatest work exhibited was composed of twelve draw- 
 ings of the Castle of Blois (Loir et Cher.) Next after him are Messrs. 
 Questel, Christie, Due, Labroustc, Normand, Bocswilvad, Viollet, Le- 
 duc, Vaudoyer, Lesuel, Lassus, Baltard, Clerget, Pacard, Tetaz, Daly, 
 Millet, Ruprick, Robert, Denuelle, Petit. In the engraving and litho- 
 graphy of architectural designs, Messrs. Bean, Gaucherel, Guillaumot, 
 and liuguenet, are distinguished. 
 
 III. 
 
 GERMAN SCHOOL. 
 
 M. Pierre de Cornelius, of Prussia, received the honor, or rather the just 
 tribute of the grand medal of honor. This master, the founder of a schooi, ex- 
 hibited eight large pictures, his designs for the frescos of the Campo Santo 
 at Berlin. The subjects are : 1. The seven angels of the Revelations 
 pouring out the vials of the wrath of God ; 2. The four horsemen of the 
 Revelations, Plague, Famine^ War and Death ; 3. Works of Christian 
 Charity ; 4. Satan cast into the bottomless pit, taken from the Revelations ; 
 5. The New Jerusalem ; 6. Work of Charity ; 7. Beatitude " Blessed 
 are theij that hunger and thirst after righteousness^^ ; 8. The common 
 destiny of men. This statement of the subjects which he has chosen 
 denotes a powerful genius, conscious of its strength ; neither has its pos- 
 sessor over-rated its powers, the conception, com()osition, and drawing of 
 these cartoons is in the grand style of Michael Angelo. 
 
218 
 
 Soveniluf tli« niost celebrated of the German painters kopt aloof, tho 
 contributors Ibllovving M. di; Cornelius with greater or srnalU'r intervals 
 of merit, were Messrs. Guillautne dc Kuulhack, Magnus, Mcryerheim, 
 Schader, Kicliter, Kcuting et StefFeck. 
 
 The principal pieces exhibited by M. de Kaul back were : Th". Tower of 
 Babel; the Lci^'end ; llislonj^ and Mos<s, (tho Divine law-giver pointing to 
 tho tabUvs of tho law, and trampling tho idols under foot.) A l)eautiful 
 feniido portrait by M. Ilichter was much admired, also a piece entitled, 
 A Wcddiufi^ in Spring, by tho same artist, and, the Workman's family 
 by M. Alfryerheim. 
 
 In scul|)ture tho j^^rand niodid of honor was given to M. Ernest Ilietschell 
 de Saxe, being the only instance in which a foreign artist carried olf this 
 distinction in that department. The best of Kietschell's works among tho 
 seven studies and mod(ds in plaster exhibited by him were, a group entitled 
 Piefn, a bas-reliet called the Aiif/el luilh Christ, and another called Love 
 taming a Panther. 
 
 M. Uauch, of lierlin exhibited, among other works, a plaster model, 
 0!ie eighth of the size < f the original of his monument of Frerlerick the 
 Great, at IJerlin. The e(iuestrian statue of the King was surrounded by a 
 considerable number of other statues placed upon the first pedestal of the 
 two which form the base of the principal figure. M. Kiss had in the exhi- 
 bition a model in bronze, on a reduced scale, of his A^nazon and PanOtery 
 and a colossal equestrian group in plaster representing *S'/. George and the 
 Dragon. M, Voigt, of Munich, medal engraver, exhibited to the admiring 
 public four frames of impressions and models in wax. 
 
 The German artists who were succeii '..1 in the other departments of art, 
 were Messrs. Mandel and Keller, in engraving ; Kellerlioven and Linde- 
 mann-Frommel, in lithography : Zanth and Hesse, in architecture. 
 
219 
 
 < < 
 
 IV. 
 BELGIAN SCHOOL 
 
 In contravention of tlio opinions cited below, the Iklgian School has 
 been assigned the next place after that of Germany, bocauso the latter 
 affects the historical style, while the former ranges over the (icld of gene- 
 ral art. " France is in no danger," le Comto de Kis declares. " of losing 
 "her high position, but if one day, such danger were to arise, no doubt 
 " Belgium would inherit the glorious distinction." 
 
 "The public," says M. About "will draw two conclusions, one, that 
 *' after our department, the Belgian stands pre-eminent ; the other, that 
 "without a catalogue it is impossible to discern where the French School 
 "ends, and the Belgian begins." 
 
 M. Henry Leys is the Belgian master who obtained the grand medal of 
 honor. He is a painter of general subjects, and exhibited three pictures, 
 the Trentnines of Berthal de Iluze^ an event of the sixteenth century ; the 
 Walk beyond the Walls, from Goethe's Faust ; and New Yearns Day in 
 Flanders. 
 
 With M. licys, wo have Messrs. Willems, Madou, Portaels, Robbe, Van 
 Moer, Verlat, Joseph Stevens, Alfred Stevens, Dillens, Hamman, Robert, 
 Thomas, Verboeckhovcn, Degroux. It is in general art that the Belgian 
 painters are most distinguished. The following pictures of this school 
 were the most attractive : in history, Christopher Columbus discovering 
 America, by M. Hamman; Judas ivandenng duiing the night of Our 
 Saviour^a condemnation ; in general subjects. The Dog market, by M. Joseph 
 Stevens ; Reading, by M. Alfred Stevens ; The interior of a Silk Mprcer^s 
 Shop, by M. Florent Willems ; A Walk, by M. Degroux. 
 
 We must not omit to remark that M. Gallait, the great historical painter 
 of Belgium, sent no picture to the exhibition. 
 
 The Belgian sculptors who were most distinguished were Messrs. Guil- 
 laume and Jean Geefs, Fvaikin, Van Hove, Chardon and Jacquet. Among 
 the works exhibited weve the marble statue of King Leopold, and the Lion 
 in Love, by M. Guillaume Geefs ; a statue of the Virgin, a plaster model 
 by M. Fraikin, the Negro Slave, a group in plaster, by Van Hove. 
 
220 
 
 V. 
 
 ENGLISH SCHOOL. 
 
 Sir Edwin E. Landseer, a painter of animals and general subjects, is 
 the English artist to whom was awarded the grand medal of honor. Of 
 nine pictures exhibited by this favorite English painter, the most attractive 
 were the charming little landscape, called the Sanctuary, of which every- 
 one has seen the engraving ; Shoeing ; Jack in Office ; the tethered Ram. 
 
 All Sir E. Landseer's works are remarkable for extreme delicacy of 
 finish and skill in drawing. 
 
 Of the works of other English painters, the most admired were : the 
 Ascot meet, by Mr. Grant ; Portrait of the late Professor Wilson^ by Sir 
 Watson Gordon ; Uncle Tohy and the Widow Wadman, by Mr. Leslie ; 
 Tilbury Fort, by Mr. Stanfieltl ; a scene from the Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 
 by Mr. Frith ; Ophelia, by Mr. Millais ; Ruins of the Temple of the Sun, 
 at Baalbec, by Mr. Roberts ; Football, by Mr. Webster ; the Wolf slayer, 
 by Mr. Ansdell; the last sigh of the Moor, BoahdiVs farewell to Grenada, 
 by Mr. Hurlstone ; Portrait of Dr. Wardlam, by Mr. Macnee ; Job and the 
 Messenger, by Mr. Poole. 
 
 Mr. Mulready, an artist of high repute in England, found no favor in 
 the eyes of the Jury, but had partisans among the critics in art who ad- 
 mired his pictures of the Wolf and the Lamb, the Evening Gun, the 
 Bathers, and the Whidonian Controversy. Amateurs also noticed Sir 
 George Hayter's Picture of the Trial of Lord William Russell (1683.) 
 
 The English are the principal Painters in Water-Colors. Their best 
 artists in this style are Messrs. Cattermole, Haghe, Tayler, Hunt, Nash, 
 Topham, Wehnert, and Wells. 
 
 In engraving, the Jury awarded prizes of various de^^rees to Messrs. 
 Robinson, Cousins, Doo, Gruner, Pye, Stocks Lumb, and Wilson. 
 
 Mr. Thonburn received a first-class medal for miniature painting ; Mr. 
 Lane honorable mention in lithograph ; Messrs. Foley, Lawlor, MacDonald, 
 Macdowell, Sharp, and Weekes, honorable mention in sculpture. 
 
 England carried off numerous and brilliant marks of distinction in the 
 department of architecture. Sir Charles Barry received one of the grand 
 medals of honor in this class ; Messrs. Cockerell, Jones, and Donaldson, 
 medals of the first class for drawing of existing monuments ; Messrs. 
 Hardwick, Scott, Falkener, and Hamilton, medals of the second class ; 
 Messrs. Burton, Fowler, Wyatt, Allom, Digby, Kendall, and Shaw, honor- 
 able mention. 
 
221 
 
 VI. 
 
 OTHER SCHOOLS. 
 
 Among the works exhibited by other countries we noticed the Sermon in 
 a Chapel of Lapland, by Mr. Hockert, of Sweden ; The Lake of the four 
 Cantons, by Mr Calame, of Switzerland; the Gipsy Camp, by Mr. Knaus, 
 of the Duchy of Nassau ; the interment of St. Cecilia in the Catacombs, by 
 Madrazo, of Spain ; a Country Funeral, by Mr. Fidemand, of Norway. 
 
 In sculpture, Abel expiring^ a statue in plaster by Mr. Dupre, of Florence ; 
 Eve after the Fall, in marble by M. Fraccarolli, of Venice ; Bust of the 
 Archduke Ch .rles of Austria, in plaster, by Mr. Fenkorn, ot Austria ; the 
 Death of Abel, in marble by Mr. Miglioretti, of Milan ; Ruth, in marble, by 
 Mr. Bonnardel, of Rome. 
 
 In architecture, a plan of a monument to commemorate the alliance of 
 England, France, ind Turkey, by Mr. Bilezikdji, of Turkey. 
 
 The other names of note are, in painting, Messrs. Gronland, of Den- 
 mark ; Gude, o( Norway ; Muyden and Gsell, of Switzerland ; Blaas and 
 Steinle, of Austria ; Ferri, of Sardinia ; Mayer, of the Netherlands ; May and 
 Rossiter, of the United States. In sculpture, Messrs. Pierotti and Rad- 
 nitski, of Austria ; Marquis de la Torre, of Verona ; Bissen, of Denmark, 
 Vela, of Milan. 
 
o 
 
SECOND SERIES. 
 
 VISIT TO THE INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 I. " 
 GENERAL DATA. 
 
 " The nations of the earth had agreed to accept the international Jury of 
 " 1855," said a journalist of Paris, " as the court of supreme jurisdiction 
 "which sat to revise the decisions of the Jury of original jurisdiction of 
 " 1851.'' Each country, therefore, attended the Paris Exhibition with the 
 full strength of its industrial resources. That of London had ascertained 
 the powers of each respectively ; and that experience had, it was evident, 
 been a guide to the National Committees, in the selection of what they had 
 to exhibit. 
 
 The arena at Paris grew to dimensions much larger than the limits an- 
 ticipated ; and this was so much the case, that every body was taken by 
 surprise. Nations remote from France continued their contributions, long 
 after the final period appointed by the Imperial Commissioners charged 
 with the management of this vast department ; and it was not till some 
 time after the opening of the Exhibition, that they were in possession of 
 all the information necessary to carry out the business of arrangement. 
 
 Nothing seems better to shew the importance of the Exhibition of 1855, 
 than a comparison between the figures which determine the relative mag- 
 nitude of that and its predecessor of 1851. 
 
 The total area of the Crystal Palace of London, 1851, was in round 
 numbers 800,000 square feet ; that of the Palace of Industry and its An- 
 nexe at Paris, exclusive of the Palace used for the exhibition of Fine 
 Arts, was 1,220,000 feet. The whole number of exhibitors in 1851 was 
 14,840, that of the exhibitors at Paris in 1855 was 20,839. 
 
 A comparative statement of the exhibitors of each several nation at the 
 Exhibition of 1851 and 1855 respectively c.mnot fail to be highly interest- 
 ing. Such a statement will furnish proof of the mfluence of such exhibi- 
 tions, of the interest which they excite, and of the improvement which 
 they produce. 
 
224 
 
 A tabic of the Exhibitors of each Nation in 1851 and 1855, 
 
 1855. 
 
 French Empire 
 
 Great BrUain and Ireland 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Austria 
 
 Ilussia, China, and Persia 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Spain 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Holland 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Greece , 
 
 United States 
 
 Norway 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Hanse-Towns ... 
 
 Grand Duchy of Baden 
 
 Grand Duchy of Hesse 
 
 States of the Church 
 
 Duchy of Nassau 
 
 Frankfort on the Maine 
 
 Luxemburg 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Duchy of Anhalt, Dessau, and Coethen. 
 
 Electorate of Hesse 
 
 New Granada 
 
 Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, 
 
 Duchy of Saxe Cobourg Gotha 
 
 Guatemala 
 
 Duchy of Saxe Cobourg 
 
 Hawai 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Costa Rica 
 
 Duchy ol Saxe Meinengen 
 
 Duchy of Saxe Altenbourg 
 
 1710 
 
 10091 
 
 73S1 
 
 2674 
 
 872 
 
 1313 
 
 731 
 
 129G 
 
 305 
 
 i< 
 
 50G 
 
 686 
 
 28b 
 
 568 
 
 157 
 
 443 
 
 117 
 
 417 
 
 113 
 
 411 
 
 263 
 
 4U8 
 
 109 
 
 207 
 
 95 
 
 198 
 
 99 
 
 197 
 
 999 
 
 172 
 
 36 
 
 131 
 
 499 
 
 130 
 
 Sweden 
 
 121 
 
 12 
 
 107 
 
 190 
 
 96 
 
 39 
 
 90 
 
 134 
 
 89 
 
 Prussia 
 
 88 
 
 80 
 
 74 
 
 52 
 
 71 
 
 13 
 
 59 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 Prussia 
 
 18 
 
 << 
 
 16 
 
 <( 
 
 15 
 
 >< 
 
 1^ 
 
 (( 
 
 13 
 
 Prussia 
 
 13 
 
 (( 
 
 11 
 
 <( 
 
 7 
 
 (( 
 
 6 
 
 << 
 
 5 
 
 « 
 
 10 
 
 <( 
 
 4 
 
 « 
 
 3 
 
 u 
 
 2 
 
225 
 
 A Table of the Exhibitors, <kc. — {Continued.) 
 
 
 1851. 
 
 1 
 
 PrinciDaHtv of Lione . 
 
 (( 
 (( 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 " of Schaumburg-Lippe 
 
 
 Dominican Uepublic 
 
 
 Principal! tv of iJeuss f eldest Branch^ 
 
 
 Principality of Keuss (youngest " ) 
 
 Grand Duchv of Saxe Weimar 
 
 
 Principality uf Schwarzburg Rudolstadt 
 
 
 Turkish Emoii Ecvnt and Tunis ... 
 
 9 
 
 The three last countries shew so small a number of ex- 
 hibitors only because their respective Governments trans- 
 mitted the several collections. 
 
 
 Total 
 
 14840 
 
 20839 
 
 
 
 
 Th'i premiums distributed in London in 1851, were of four classei, 
 designated as General Council Medals, Council Medals, Prize Medals, arui 
 Honorable Mentions ; there were at Paris in 1855, divided into five classes, 
 designated as Grand Medals of Honor, Med ils of Honor, First ClassMedak 
 Second Class Medals, Honorable Mentions. 
 
 In London, in 1851, there were awarded 8 General Council Medals, ani 
 160 Council Medals, distributed among the several countries as follows : 
 
 General Council Medals 
 
 Council Medals 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland 3 
 
 France 2 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Turkey 1 
 
 ^Great Britain and Ireland 75 
 
 France 53 
 
 Prussia . . . . < 9 
 
 United Ptates 6 
 
 Austria 4 
 
 Russia 3 
 
 Bavaria 3 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Sw^itzerland 3 
 
 Belgium 2 
 
 States of the Church 1 
 
 Holland I 
 
i 
 
 
 226 
 
 At Poris, in 1855, without reckoning the prizes awarded in the three 
 classses of the Fine Arts, there were distributed 112 Grand Medals of 
 Iloiior, and 258 Medals of Honor, divided as follows : 
 
 France 70 
 
 Great Britain 17 
 
 Uelgium 7 
 
 Prussia* 5 
 
 Austria 3 
 
 United States 2 
 
 British India 2 
 
 Canada 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Lombardy 
 
 Piedrnnni 
 
 Havaria 
 
 Grand Medals of Honor < 
 
 Medals of Honor 
 
 [ France 1 49 
 
 Great Britain 31 
 
 Prussia l\) 
 
 Austria 10 
 
 Belgium o . 1 
 
 Switz >rland 10 
 
 Tuscany 4 
 
 United States , . . 3 
 
 Duchy of Baden 2 
 
 Holland 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 , 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Spain 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Wurtemberg » . . 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Duchy of Hesse . 
 Bavaria 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Canada 
 
 British Guiana, 
 Australia 
 
 The international jury of 1851, was composed of about half English and 
 and half foreigners ; that of 1855, was half French and half foreigners. 
 
 At Paris as at London, the price of admission was different on different 
 days of the week, and in both there was an exceedingly low rate appointed 
 for one day in the week. In London this rate of admission was Is. sterling 
 or Is. 3d. of our money ; at Paris, it was 20 centimes, rather less than 3d. 
 of our money. It is well known that in France, admission to exhibitions 
 and museums is for the most part gratuitous. The smallest number of 
 persons v.' ho visited the Cystal Palace in 1851, on any one of these low 
 
he three 
 [cdals ot 
 
 70 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 149 
 31 
 li> 
 IG 
 10 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 , 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ;lish and 
 giiers. 
 different 
 ippointed 
 , sterling 
 than 3d. 
 Iiibitions 
 amber of 
 hese low 
 
227 
 
 priced days, was 34,000; the largest 109,000: The smallest nuinljer at 
 Paris was 42,000, the largest 120,000. 
 
 Having givuii this gcneial inlurmatioii and exhibited those statistics of 
 both, the loinparisonol' whichisso interesting, we shall now proceed to re- 
 view the labyrinth of those fbors and those galleries, which the world had 
 charged with the wondrous products of human genius. 
 
 II. 
 
 THE CENTRE OF THE NAVE. 
 
 The small plan of the Champs Elysces which accompanies this volume 
 shews the relation and position of the different edifices of ihe Exhibition 
 at Paris. Let us enter the Palace in its eastern face and cast a rapid 
 glance over the mass of articles which occupy each distinct compartment 
 of this vast receptacle of all nations. 
 
 Having entered the nave, we find on each side of the prisage by which 
 we approach, chimney pieces, and various architeclui vi ornaments of 
 marble of different kinds, and a few rich articles of broaze ; those on the 
 right being of French manufacture, the other nations occupying the op- 
 posite side. 
 
 The nave contains large articles, collected on this middle or neutral 
 space, between the French compartments occupying the whole north 
 part or right side of the edifice, and the foreign compartments occupying 
 the other side. 
 
 The two first articles which we notice are : 1st .A looking-glass from 
 St. Gobain, a specirr- n of French skill in glass-making. This plate is 
 simply 17 feet by 10 feet. There is room in it to see oneself at full 
 length. It is needless to say that the beauty of this article '■'^i on a par 
 with its extraordinary size. 2nd. A crystal candelabra of i-normous 
 size, having eighteen gas jets ; This article is of English manufacture, from 
 the House of Osier, of London and Birmingham. iNext in succession are 
 a lantern of French manufacture, and two bronzed candelabra, one from 
 the foundry of Tusey, the other from the English foundry of JMessrs. 
 Muel, Whal & Co. Two reflecting lanterns, one having a revolv- 
 ing light moving by a mechanism of clock-work, by i\Jr. Sautter 
 of Paris ; the other with a fixed light from the manuiactory of 
 Chance, Brothers & Co., of Birmingham. An equestrian figure the 
 natural size, representing a knight armed cap-a-jne in polished steely 
 
228 
 
 Mr. Granger, of Piiris, property purveyor to the Opera. An iron door 
 made Mr. W. Bally, of London. An eagle, defending its prey, in bronze, 
 copied from a beautiful composition of the French sculptor, M. Cain, by 
 Mr. Vittoz, a manufacturer of bronzes of Paris ; the eagle-slayer, a bronze 
 by Messrs. John Bell, of London. A superb carving in wood, called the 
 Shrine of St. Hypolite, executed at Rouen, by Messrs. Ouelbery, cabinet- 
 maker and Alphonse Jean, wood-carver, from the design of M. Desmarest, 
 chief architect to the department of Seine inferieure. An article of furni- 
 ture in oak, by Messrs. Holland and Son, of London. A model in joiners' 
 work, of the immense printing establishment of NapoI6on Chaix, of Paris, 
 the celebrated editor of the Railway Library, with figures, shewing the 
 machinery at work. A telescope, 12 feet long and 9 inches in diameter, 
 mounted parallactically to the latitude of Paris, 48° 50' and moveable by 
 wheel- work, by M. Secretan, optician to II. I. M. the Emperor. Instruments 
 used at the observatory at Greenwich, a meridian circle, and a transit 
 instrument, A splendid pleasure boat, built at London, by Messrs. Searle 
 & Fie, builders to H. M. the Queen. This beautiful boat is built of 
 Canadian birds'-eye maple and mahogany. A marine trophy, a large col- 
 lection of apparatus and models connected with the sea and river services 
 of English manufacture, models of steamers, sailing vessels, anchors, chains, 
 blocks and cordage: this trophy is surrounded by figures habited in 
 diving dresses. A fine statue in bronze of St. Jean Baptiste, by M. Calla, 
 a Parisian artist. 
 
 Mechanical compositors and distributors of type for printing. The 
 progress to perfection which this French invention is daily making in 
 France and Belgium, enable us to foresee a time when the composition and 
 distribution of type will be effected with such rapidity, that the cost of 
 books, and other printed matters, will be greatly diminished. 
 
 A Knight attacking a serpent with bow and arrow, cast in bronze, by M. 
 Victor Thiebaut. 
 
 An altar-front in white marble, representing in demi relief busts of 
 Christ and the Apostles, surrounded by vine-branches and large foliage, 
 also in half r lief. Another altar in marble (Gothic) surrounded by a glory. 
 On the front of this altar is a symbolical representation of what inspired 
 the answer of the Virgin : Ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes ! 
 The Mother of our Saviour accompanied by St. Elizabeth, appears on a 
 hill, towards which the eyes and the homage of all nations and generations 
 of the earth are directed, represented by shepherds, magi, princes, and 
 doctors of the law. This long train of people, pontiffs, and kings, closes 
 with Pope Pius IX, proclaiming the dogma of the Immaculate Conception* 
 and the sailors of the French fleet in the Baltic receiving from the 
 Emperor the image of the Virgin. These two superb altars are the 
 work of the Abb6 Choyer d' Angers. 
 
229 
 
 The 
 
 Another altar of veined marble in the Bysantine style. A vnst chinnney 
 piece of the same material, embellished with the statue of a female, 
 symbolical of the City of Paris, and with four medallions containing 
 portraits of Tiisse, Arioste, Dante, and Petrarcu. These two work.- are 
 by M. Vossey of Paris. 
 
 A magnificent aviary, ornamented with small basins containing live fish, 
 and with flowers, sculptured figures, and turtle doves, canaries, and other 
 birds, living together in the utmost harmony. This aviary is by M. Tahan, 
 of Paris. 
 
 A statue of Icarus falling, in bronze, of great beauty and grace, eflects 
 hard to be attained, in the inverted position of Icarus, the type of imprudent 
 adventurers. This beautiful work was designed by the artistic hand of M. 
 Hypolite Ferrat, and cast by M. Vittoz of Paris. 
 
 A Brazilian diamond of the weight of 225 carats, bearing the nanio of 
 Star of the South, exhibited by M. Halphen. 
 
 A Gothic altar with statues of angels and a pointed arch, in French 
 artificial stone. 
 
 Two bronze busts representing their Majesties the Kmperor and 
 Empress, by Messrs. Elkington, Mason & Co., of England. 
 
 A Gothic pulpit of wood, carved by M. Vereman, of Holland. 
 
 Queen Boadicea rousing the Britons, represented with two of her 
 children, and holding a sword. This bronze work was cast by Messrs. 
 Elkington, Mason & Co., of Birmingham, and was copied from the 
 original in marble by the English sculptor, John Thomas. 
 
 A statue of Lesbia weeping for the death of her bird, in bronze, by M. 
 
 Labroiie, of Paris. 
 
 An altar of white marble with a mosaic pavement, in Bysantine work, 
 by M. Jabonim, of Bordeaux. 
 
 The nave is here divided by the transept, having at the point of inter- 
 section a gushing fountain of fusible lava, decorated with flowers of the 
 natural colours, in bronze, by the decorators of Paris. 
 
 We continue our walk through the central nave towards the western 
 extremity of the Palace. 
 
 An altar of the middle ages, in Goldsmith's work, by Messrs. Poussielgue 
 and Rusand. 
 
 A fountain in porcelain, by Messrs. Creil and Montereau. 
 
 A Gothic chair of carved wood, by Messrs. Couypers and Siolzemberg, of 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 An altar in goldsmith's work, by M. Bochelet, of Paris. 
 
 An immense plate looking-glass, by Floreffe, of Belgium. 
 
 A fountain surrounded by a basket of flowers in freestone, by M. 
 Melnetzhy, of Belgium. 
 
 I 
 
230 
 
 All alt ii-pii'cu of orilv, ill tlio Cjoiliic stylr, h^ iMossrs. Goycrs Brotljurs 
 of Louviiin, iJflKium. 
 
 A Miuluuuii of Ciirvcd oak in a niclio of the saino with stiitues of aiigeisi, 
 columns, iind iiiccnso vases. TUv aiiji^rls hold susjiciulod over llio liead of 
 tho Vii'p;iii a crown of niarhio of (la//lin<r whitciicss. 
 
 Four basins, by M. Giovanni Isoia, I'ro/cssur at tlio Itoyal Acadoiny of 
 Massa, Italy. 
 
 Several artic^los of srnalk'r iniportruicc, du|)licat(!s of which arc in the 
 galleries, anion^ them are telescopes and a idock Crom Austria. 
 
 Tlie two horses ol Murley in {^alvani/cd copper aflur Coustou. 
 
 Model of the great French ocean steamer, Dunuhc. This jidmirablc moilcl, 
 which cost JC;5000, and represents one-fifteenth the size (jI the original, 
 the screw and sailing vessel iA^n»&(!, shews even the movements of the 
 stcain-enftini', the minute |):irts of its .structure, the sails, rijj[<,'ings, furniture 
 and (ittin^^s of all kinds, of a ship exemplilying the mixed princi|)les of the 
 screw and sails, as prevalent in the present ago. The Danube is the pro- 
 perty of the company of the Mcssagerics Imperiaks lor the ]Medi- 
 terrancan and Black Seas. It is 2 10 feet long, y3 feet bcau), iJO feel depth 
 of hold, and draws 14 feet water. It has three masts, a screw-engine of 
 370 horse power, goes 13 knots per hour, and carries GOO tons of merchan- 
 dize, besides i)assengers, &c. This model was niatle in the workshops 
 of La Ciotat, near Marseilles, according to the plans of M. Dupuy 
 de L6me, engineer, and under the eye of M. Dolecour, I'/Ugineer. This is 
 the most beautiful of all the numerous and beautiful models in the Exhibi- 
 tion. 
 
 The large lantern of M. Augustin Frcsnel, the inventor of the lenticular 
 reflectors. This admirable inventioii is now loo well known to require long 
 description. 
 
 Two players at bowls, bronzes after the antique, in the ]Museum at 
 Naples, by M. Gros Marly, of Paris. 
 
 A bronze in the style of Patin, by Messrs. Eck & Durand, of Paris : 
 This group rcjiresents a combat between a horse and a lion. 
 
 Vases of Berlin porcelain, to imitate that of Sevres. 
 
 Four bronze stags of the natural size, from Berlin ; two of the ordinary 
 dusk colour, the two others of a light buff colour. 
 
 A hunting dog in bronze. 
 
 A flower-stand of pyramidal form, in the Moorish style, with pillars, vases 
 and arabesques, of colored bronze, by Mr. Charles Diebitch, of Berlin. 
 
 This closes the list of the articles in the parallelogram forming the 
 centre of the nave. 
 
231 
 
 III. 
 
 LATKIIAL I'OinioNS OF TlIK N/vVT:. 
 
 Tiirnintj to the rii^'lit iti tli(» fon-ign <l«.'paitiii(!nt, wr return fiom the 
 west to tin; I'astcm extremity. 
 
 The first coinpjirtnienf eontiiins eontribntions froin Saxony. Tliesc- 
 are tapestries, and small pieces of embroidered needle-work, in imitntion 
 ofenu^ravinufs on ('opper plate, exhibited by Mr. Ilietel ; paitilini,'s on 
 porrelnin in the shape ol" fancy boxes, niedMllintis, snM(l-ho\fj, mul 
 ornamen1(Ml articles for the toilet by Mr. Mucker; articles of phited 
 straw by ^fr. Reichel ; and lace mixed with plaited straw, l)y INIr. C (J 
 Rein and M. lirennewit. 
 
 The second compartment contains articles of pottery ; small foimlains, 
 vases, statuette , and table-furniture of terra cofta, alabast(M-, stone, and 
 porcelain. Tliest. several substances are used either separately or com- 
 bined, either in their natural state, or ornamented with paintings. The 
 exhibitors are Messrs. Vi'.ieroy and IJock of I'russia. 
 
 The third and fourth compartment'^ also contain Prussiim articles, the 
 former, porcelain from the roya' manufactory at Merlin, and a mirror 
 from that of the irlass Company of Aix-la-Chai)elle ; the latt(>r, crystal 
 and porcelain lustres by M. C. Spinn and likewise articles of porcelain 
 from the royal manufactory at Ucrlin, ainoni,' which is a pretty candela- 
 brmn with a figun; of Cupid pointing an arrow*. 
 
 The next four compartments bck)ng to Austria, and contain porcelain 
 and enamels of Messrs CJuntler, (Irohmann and Nclfer, a gothie clock 
 case, and various fancy articles of wood carved in the most admirable 
 manner, by Messrs. Stanmer and Mvr.u] ; a bas-relief representing a 
 religious subject from the Imperial Printing Oirice at Vienna ; and a col- 
 lection of vases of stained and cut glass. These vases magnificently de- 
 corated with scenes of history and the chase, are by Mr. Ilegenbarth. 
 These ar(! the contents of the first compartment of Austria, the others 
 contain a splendid collection of vases, ornamental and fancy articles in 
 plain, coloured, and enameled glass from the manufactory of Messrs. 
 Kralick and Tascheclc ; another still liner collection of glass and pcn'ce- 
 lain from the manufactory of His Excellency, the Cornte de Ifarraeli; 
 and finally another collection of porcelain in imitation of Sevres, by 
 Messrs. Fischer and Poriheim. 
 
 The three next compartments contain articles from Belgium; one, 
 
 • y. 
 
£32 
 
 magnificent cloths of various colours from the factory of M. Biolley and 
 Son, at Vcrviers ; another, a collection of sacerdotal vestments of un- 
 paralleled richness and beauty. This is one of the finest show-cases in the 
 exhibition. The exhibitor, Mr. Van Halle of Brussels has inscribed over 
 it the words, " God alone is great, glory to Him alone !" The last of 
 these three com- artmenls is that which contains specimens of fire-arms. 
 The guns, rifles, and pistols which enrich this case, several of them 
 highly wrought, are from the manufactories of Messrs. Victor Collette, 
 Tlionet, L'Honneux Brothers, Malherbe, Dandoy, Reick and Son, Mags, 
 Novent and Co., Schepers of Belgium, and particularly from that of the 
 celebrated Lepage of Liege. Among them is a rifled pistol of admirable 
 workmanship, firing twenty-four times without reloading. 
 
 We have no vr arrived at the cross alley, which is here decorated with 
 two small pantrres of natural flowers and marble statues. Here is the 
 American section : as the most honorable place had been -^^signed to 
 France at New York, the compliment was reciprocated to the United 
 States at Paris, and, as if to give point to the proverb " a good deed is 
 never thrown away," it happening that the United States could not fill 
 their pavilion, the Commissioners of that country gave up a part of it to 
 France, the products of which occupy much more than half the build- 
 ing. 
 
 Near the parterres, which we have just noticed, is a division contain- 
 ing articles of a rather novel manufactures that of hardened caoutchouc. 
 This material is now fashioned into combs, brush handles, handles of 
 tools, optical instruments, artificial whalebone, furniture, ornaments, 
 boxes, stocks of guns, knife-sheaths, scabbards, pouches and innumera- 
 ble other articles. 
 
 This composition is the invention of Mr. Goodyear, an American of 
 New York. Mr. Charles Morey, another American, purchased the 
 patent right in France from the inventor, and it is at present in that 
 country that this manufacture has been carried on to the greatest extent. 
 It labors, however, under two great disadvantages, one is the smell of the 
 caoutchouc which cannot as yet be got rid of, the other is the absence of 
 the test of time to ascertain its durability. The articles exhibited in the 
 Palace of Industry are from the manufactory of the General Company of 
 hardened caoutchouc, and from those of Messrs. Rousseau, Laferge and 
 Co., of the Seine et Oise ; of Louis Panris & Co., of Lille ; of Mirabel 
 Chambaud & Co., of St. Denis ; of Lafertrille & Co., of Paris ; Fauvelle 
 Dellebarre, of Paris, and of Poulot Prudent, of Paris. 
 
 Still passing along the alley, we find two compartments in the American 
 paviilon, one containing Colt's Revolvers, and highly finished clocks and 
 
233 
 
 watches from the house of Leroy and Son of Paris, the other articles ex- 
 clusively French Parisian jewellery by Mr. Maurice Mayer. 
 
 The eight following compartments, reaching to the extremity of the alley, 
 belong to the United Kingdom, and contain painted and gilt articles of iron 
 ware from the manufactory of Perry, Shoolbred, Loveridge ^ Co., woollen 
 carpels, tissues and stuffs of silk, wool, and cotton from Bedford and Hali- 
 fax ; articles of furniture of papier-mache by Jennens and Betteridge, and 
 lamps and ornaments for doors from Timothy Smith and Son of Birming- 
 ham ; cotton prints and muslins of all descriptions of pattern and beauty of 
 fabric by Messrs. Dalgleish Falconer & Co., of Glasgow; articles of earth- 
 enware and porcelain from the Staffordshire Potteries ; china-ware from 
 Messrs. Rose and Daniel of London ; tissues of silk from Manchester ; 
 beautiful mantel-pieces of polished iron and bronze, in the most correct 
 taste, by Hoole of Sheffield ; and last, a magnificent case containing speci- 
 mens of linen, cloth and lace of Irish manufacture, sent by the houses of 
 Holden & Co., uad Robert Lindsay &, Co., of Belfast. 
 
 Crossing the eastern end of the Nave, and passing along the northern 
 side which belongs altogether to France, we examine the compartments 
 and cases occupying the right of the alley immediately adjoining the 
 centre of the building. 
 
 The first compartment contains a church organ of small size and designs 
 for larger ones, contributed by Mr. Caille of Paris ; likewise a melodeon by 
 Messrs. Alexander & Son. 
 
 The next division contains the magnificent harps and pianos of the 
 celebrated Erard, and the no less beautiful ones of Messrs. Pape, Blanchet, 
 Playel & Co., flutes and fifes by Mr. Tulon, violins, violincelloes, ^c, by 
 Messrs. Bernard and Vuillaume ; and instruments of military music by 
 Messrs. Besson & Gautrot. 
 
 We next arrive at the fine exhibition of typography, types, engravings 
 and specimens of printing, by Mr. Henri Plon, then at the compartment 
 occupied by Messrs. Tuber & Brothers, containing decorative articles of 
 statues and bas-reliefs in carton-pierre, a bust of the Emperor, and 
 particularly a frame remarkable for its fresh beauty, its dazzling whiteness 
 and its colossal demensions. This frame forms a chimney-piece embel- 
 lished with a running border of artificial flowers and surmounted with a 
 plate ^'lass, such as can be made only at Paris. 
 
 The minister of War has deposited in this place a trophy of the arms 
 used by the Infantry and field-artillery, cannon, brass field-mortars, mus- 
 kets, rifles, pistols, sabres, bayonets, lances, cuirasses, helmets, &c. The 
 most remarkable are the Minie Rifle, with the half bent sabre of the 
 Chasseurs de Vincennes, and the lance-musket of the Cent-gardes. This 
 musket is loaded at the breech and is very light. Instead of thct 
 
234 
 
 biiyonct, a sword or rnpicr oT j^rcat length is fittod to it, and the weapon 
 thus f'onnod Iw the union of the musket with the sword, is more than 
 seven feet long, and may be used as a lance. 
 
 The next case contnins Iioautiful Cashmere shawls contributed by 
 Mr. Bietry; optical instruments by Mr. C;im ; superb ivory articles by Mr. 
 Toisson. fancy artichis hy Mr. Mayer, and perfumery by Messrs. Henry 
 and Demerson. 
 
 After them we have biscuit ware in every shape by Mr. Gille, toilet 
 articles by Mr. vSormani, charming fans by Mr. Duvelleroy, and porcelain 
 vases, artificial flowers, and various articles for the toilet, by several ex 
 hibitors; among them stained and gilt papers by Mr. Angrand, and fancy 
 buttons by Messrs. Trclon, Welden and Well. 
 
 One compartment is devoted to ornamental articles for the side board 
 by Jeanselme A: TSon, among them a game-keeper carved in wood, and a 
 gilt side-board, in the oriental style, adopted and perfected by Parisian art. 
 
 The con)|inrlnient which now meets our eyes contains bronzes by 
 Mr. Barbodienne, and among the vast number exhihilod we are attract- 
 ed by a copy, half the size of the original, of the door ofthc celebrated Baj)- 
 tistery at Florence made by Lorenzi Giberti ; a group reduced to ^ne third 
 size of the Laoeoon ; a copy half size of the Venus ofMilo; the Moses of 
 Michael Angelo, one fourth size, and two splendid candelabra of bronze gilt. 
 
 The next space is occupied by Mr. Tnhan with furniture from his 
 cel(4)rated factory, livw, among other articles may be seen a superb 
 side-board of rose-wood with gilded arabescjite. 
 
 Cut glass of every description from the renowned manufactories of 
 Clichy, St. Tjouis and Baccarat, adorn the next compartment. The 
 last mentioned of these manufactories have placed there two immense 
 candelabra entirely composed of glass, their total height being 17 feet. 
 
 French laces are well known, we therefore stop for awhile before the 
 pavilion of Mr. Auguste Ijcfebure, who exhibits black point lace from 
 Bayenx, Brussels, Venetian, Valencienne and Alenc^on point : we admire 
 not more than others perhaps, scmie artificial (lowers of white lace, and a 
 toilet table ornamented with these flowers and draped with the different 
 varieties of point lace. 
 
 We now come to the central avenue. Opposite to the great fountain in 
 the middle of the nave, a small jiarterre has been arranged on each 
 side ornamented with marble statues. In this vicinity are pavilions 
 containing inimitable specimens of Parisian plate and jewellery, silver 
 salvers, services, ewers, baskets and candelabra, by Mr. Fray ; a mag- 
 nificent tea service, dishes with covers, and a model in bronze of a 
 superb vase executed in repousse silver, the subject of the bas-relief 
 which ornaments the cup is a tournament of the middle ages, exhibited 
 
235 
 
 by Mr. Diirnnd. Ncxl lo these articles, the followincf gentlemen ex- 
 hibit : Mr. Miinuel, candelabra of silver gilt, a Gdlliie poniard, the handle 
 of which re|)resentH St. Michael overthrowing Satan, and a shield re- 
 presenting the last combat of tlu; Ama/ons, from the e('lel)rated design 
 Sic Vicloiia Viclis-, Messrs. Ilndolphi and VViese exhibit super!) col- 
 ](H;fi()ns of every variely of jewellery in which, all dc^seriptions of ])reeion3 
 matt!rials are fashioned in a thousand different ways ; Mr. Morel-Ladeuil, 
 chaser, contributes a model in wax of a vase to be executed \nr('pouss('i 
 for the sum of £950, the subject is The dance of the Fairies, taVvn from 
 the poema of Geriuany ; Mr. Weehte, a magnificent vase re|)resenting 
 the combat of the Centaurs and the Lapithae, and Mr. Lebrun, a mag- 
 nificent collection of silver vases of various designs. 
 
 The next com|)ar1ment contains the incomparal)le mousselines-dc- 
 laines and sn|)erl) cashmeres, exhibited by JNIessrs. Bernoville brothers, 
 Larsonnier lirothers, and Chenest. 
 
 Porcelain ware contributed by a numl)er of exhi1)ilors, occupies the 
 next compartment, we may notice particularly, a bust of the Empress, 
 sculptured by Mr. Barre, and executed in porcelain by Mr. Gille, .Jr. ; 
 and two vases of l)iscuil-ware, represenling the festivals of IJacchus, 
 exhibited by Messrs. Joidianneaud and Dubois. 
 
 A magnificent compartment is that (containing (he coiu't mantle of 
 ^ilk and gold and the cashmeres exhibited by Mr. Gagelin, the fresh 
 looking feathers and the head dresses l)y Madame Mehmie Hrun, and 
 the jewellery by Messrs. Bruneau and Company, Bapst and Charles 
 Duron. 
 
 After these come magnificent candelabra in l)ronze, plain, gilded 
 and coloured, exhibiled by Mr. Deniere ; amcmg the groups which 
 compose the the pedestals of these candelabra arc some which 
 contain very exquisite statuettes, a large candelabrum with a hunting 
 design, representing a tree in coloured bronze resting on the base of a 
 column ornamented with boars' heads surrounded with oak leaves. At 
 the foot of the tree is a dog in bronze ; a gim and hunting accoutrements 
 are supported by the trunk ; and hares and partridges are hung to the 
 branches which support the candles. 
 
 The next compartment contains lenticular reflectors for light houses 
 by Lepaute ; clocks and chronometers, by Mr. Wagner, and optical 
 instruments l^y Mr. Dubosq-Soleil. 
 
 Among the superb cashmeres exhibited by Mr. Hebert, which occupy 
 the next pavilion, we notice a shawl, the principal design in which 
 represents the bust of the Emperor, surrounded by allegorical figures. 
 
 Here the minister of Marine has erected a trophy of the wea{)ons em- 
 ployed in the French Navy. Cannons throwing oval balls of 200 lbs. in 
 
236 
 
 weight ; grappling irons, axes, cutlasses and boarding pikes ; enormous 
 muskets for the marines, pistols, sabres, bayonets, in fact all the instru- 
 ments of destruction which Mr. Cobden would like to see at the bottom 
 of the ocean, doubtless to give the unnecessary trouble of inventing them 
 over again. 
 
 Let us stop to admire the beautiful jewellery by Mr. Froment Meurice, 
 and particularly that magnificent Church ornament of silver, with small 
 pictures on enamel, the pedestal is ornamented with small silver statues 
 of the four Evangelists ; the arabesques, which form the outer frame, 
 contain three pictures, the middle one represents the crucifixion, that to 
 the left Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, and that on the right the Ecce 
 Homo. The same compartment also contains artificial flowers by Miss 
 Pitrat. 
 
 The next stall contains an immense variety of zinc wares, pipes, con 
 duits, sheets for roofing, vases, implements, garden statues, in fact no 
 end of zinc contrivances exhibited by the Nouvelle Montaigne Foundry. 
 
 The factory of St. .Jacques in the department of AUier, occupies the 
 last compartment of the avenue which we have gone through. It con- 
 tains a model of that vast establishment and models of wagons, locomo- 
 tives, railway carriages, in fact all the contrivances employed about rail- 
 ways, to the manufacture of which this factory is dedicated. 
 
 IV. 
 
 CIRCUIT OF THE NAVE. 
 
 We cross the nave from the north to the south side, to visit the com' 
 partments located on each side that portion situated between the two 
 side avenues, In order the better to understand the movements we aie 
 making, it must be borne in mind that we are traversing the Palace from 
 the centre to\irards the perephery, following the avenues by a deviating 
 course, traversing first those which are the nearest to the middle of the 
 nave, afterwards those which are more remote, and proceeding thus 
 until we reach the avenue which is nearest to the wall. 
 
 Passing from the first French avenue which we visited, to the foreign 
 side of the Palace, the first objects which present themselves to view, 
 belong to the exhibition of Saxony ; they consist of cloths of various 
 kinds, exhibited by Messrs. Lohse and Robert Albrecht ; specimens of 
 book binding, typography and galvanoplasty, some of which are very 
 
237 
 
 beautiful. These are contributed by Mr. Brockans, and the house of 
 Gi'esecke and Devrient. 
 
 Next to these contributions from Saxony, is placed the exhibition of 
 articles from the Grand Duchy of Baden. Metallic fabrics of great beauty 
 made of copper wire, contributed by Mr. Kehl ; among these metallic 
 cloths is one destined for use in paper making, which presents a con- 
 tinuous surface revolving on a cylinder, this cloth beautifully woven is 
 30 feet long by 7 feet wide. Next come from the 3ame country, printed 
 fabrics of cotton and thread contributed by Mr. Gabriel Herose ; line 
 s{)ecimens of different woollen cloths, by Messrs. llcecklin and Son ; 
 splendid velvets of all imaginable colors, from the Badoise Society of 
 Ettlinger. 
 
 We next pass to the large compartment belonging to Prussia. Entering 
 the court we see to the right and left various specimens of china work, 
 from the Royal Factory of Berlin, and also specimens of the same articles, 
 by Widow Mattschas, among which a very beautiful statue in terra cotta, 
 half life size, representing //ope, is worthy of remark. 
 
 A great part of the Prussian compartment is occupied by a display of 
 instruments of warfare, more particularly sabres and swords; helmets and 
 cuirasses of very beautiful workmanship may be seen, and a magnificent 
 cannon of cast steel ; these objects come from the following manufactories, 
 niimely : Messrs. Lunschloss, Schmolz, Hoppe, Harlkopf, Holler, Schilling, 
 Eiigel, Morh, Speyer and Krupp. 
 
 The other numerous objects contained in this magnificent compartment 
 comprise jewellery of various kinds, particularly some beautiful little hunt- 
 scenes, painted in miniature on ivory, by M. Carl Schulz ; a magnificent 
 Christ in bronze, of about three-fourths life size, at the foot of the cross is 
 a statue of the Virgin embracing the feet of Jesus. This beautiful object 
 is contributed by the Count d'Enisiedal ; a splendid Gothic mausoleum 
 of cast iron, from the foundries of Count de Stolberg Wernigerode ; the 
 same nobleman furnished for exhibition the followin^j; articles, also of 
 cast iron : a superb cross of filagree work, in the Gothic style ; lattices 
 of unparallelled lightn&tis and elegance ; iron lace covers and clasps for 
 books ; filagree fans as delicate and light as if made of more flexible 
 materials. (1) Count Stolberg also exhibits crucifixes and other articles 
 for religious purposes of fine white marble. Mr. Fischer's bronzes 
 comprise a very pretty group, half life size, the subject of which is a fawn 
 attacked by an eagle. Mr. Stobwasser exhibits paintings upon fancy 
 articles composed of sheet iron, which display much freshness and taste. 
 
 (1) It is well known that Prussian iron presents in these articles a velvetty surface, and 
 k warmth of color which has never been imparted to the iron of any other country, and which 
 iM due OS much to the quality of the metal as to the manufacturing processes employed. 
 
238 
 
 An inciTclible number and variety of articles of every kind, articles for 
 ieli"'ious purposes, toilet articles, jewels, amulets, necklaces, bracelets, &c., 
 &c., decorated with amber and coral, are contributed by exhibitors whose 
 names are as follow : Messrs Iloffinan, Winterfiold, Niese, and Tcssler. 
 The Prussian ijold and silversmiths are i'ully represented ; among the articles 
 contributed by Messrs. Rentropp and Kime, we may notice a Gothic cal- 
 vary in silver, about ten feet in height, gold and silver vases, and a superb 
 cover for a lloman Missal in silver, by M. Kune of Altena; a fountain of 
 bron/e and silver, a gothic cross with groups in has relief representing 
 subjects from the apocalypse, and an equestrian group, representing an 
 Amazon defending herself from a tiger, by Wagner; vases by Volgold; 
 magnificent salvers by Lovenlhol & Co.; a salver in the form of a shield, 
 representing in low relief a combat of the Amazons, by Lovenlhol. We 
 find a magnificent column of Prussian casting from the foundries above 
 mentioned ; the column is surnioimted by an eagle holding a thunderbolt 
 in his talons, the midille of the Gothic shaft uf octagon figure presents 
 eight statuettes of beautiful workmanship, representing the arts and 
 sciences. Mr. Ilaag has exhibited specimens of colors applied to enamels 
 Mr. Lauchainmer among other very beautiful articles in bronze exhibits a 
 fire place of burnished casting, ornamented with decorations in bronze and 
 polished in a severe yet agreeable style. Volgold and son have contributed 
 a large has rclirf roprefievJing the marriage of a Prussian Princess; a 
 specimen of the galvano plastic process in fine silver, more interesting as a 
 process than as a work of art. To conclude this brief description of the 
 principal articles in this compartment we may remark the variety of jewel- 
 lery p.nd toj'S exhibited by Friedeberg and Friedmann. 
 
 The two large compartments adjoining that we have just visited are oc- 
 cupied by Austria. The first object which presents itself to the eyes of the 
 visitor among the Austrian productions, is, the exhibition of the Imperial 
 Printing Office at Vienna, one of the most magnificent typographic 
 establishments in the whole world. There are constantly employed 
 in it more than 1000 hands, and there are prosecuted to the utmost degree 
 of perfection all the branches of the arts connected with typography. Tiie 
 magnificent collection exhibited consists of specimens of the following pro- 
 cesses : a secretary table containing all the illustrations of polygraphy, 
 to wit : four volumes in folio, containing more than three thousand differ- 
 ent specimens of the characters employed in ancient and modern writing, 
 and of the types employed in printing the different languages by their 
 respective nations, copies of antique engravings, including those of Albert 
 Diirer, illustrations and engravings by the processes, known under the 
 technical names of xylography, chimitype on copper or steel, lithography 
 chromoiilhograjihy, chimigraphy, the galvano plastic process, stylography, 
 
239 
 
 the 
 
 galvanography, hyalography, photography, microtype, and printing from 
 nature. 
 
 This latter process, recently adopted in the Imperial Printing Ollicc of 
 Austria, merits special mention on account of the beauty of the impression 
 it produces and the importance of the applications that may be made of 
 it in the advancement of the natural science. It consists in producing an 
 impression in relief, by means of objects themselves, having all tho truth- 
 fulness of nature, and exhibiting all their minutest details, such as the 
 leaves of a tree, flowers, plants, skins of animals, insects, and diflerent kinds 
 of woven fabrics ; in order to obtain these fac similes the object is placed 
 upon a solid plate of steel, and covered with a sheet of lead evenly rolled, 
 the whole is then placed in a rolling press by means of which the impres- 
 sion of the object is prodt'ced in the malleable substance of the lead, this 
 figure is retaken from the lead upon copper, by means of the galvano plastic 
 process, but inasmuch as it is reproduced in relief, a second galvano plas- 
 tic operation is necsssary to obtain upon copper a hollow impression, 
 Avhich enables the figure to be transferred to paper in demi-relief The 
 Imperial Printing Office of Austria exhibits among a number of illustra- 
 tions thus obtained, a print from nature of a bat of large size, the skin of 
 the animal was first emptied and then submitted to the efiects of the roll- 
 ing press ; any imitation affected by hand, does not in any degree approach 
 the beauty, and more especially the fidelity of these impressions from 
 nature. 
 
 The exhibition by the Imperial Printing Office also includes engraving 
 by means of the punch, type produced from 80,000 difierent matrices, 
 stereotyped plates, books in diflerent characters, magnificent book covers 
 with gold and silver clasps, engraving in all styles, articles of electro-plate, 
 and among others a superb collection of illustrations in relief, of anatomy 
 and natural histor", for the use of the blind. 
 
 The Austrian compartments which we are now inspecting also contains 
 numerous other articles, utensils, and covers, of German silver, polished, 
 plated and gilded, from the manufactory at Berndorf ; an astonishing exhi- 
 bition as regards the number and beauty of the s^jecimens of Bohemian 
 garnets, contributed by the following exhibitors : Messrs. Herman, Podie- 
 hvv. 1, Goidschmidt, and Count Schoenborn, gold chains of most perfect 
 beauty and purity by Bolzani & Co. ; vases of gold and silver, among 
 which may be noticed a cup havin*^ designs in relief on the subject of horse 
 racing, the cup is of gold and the objects in relief of burnished silver, these 
 articles are contributed by M. Radzersdor of Vienna ; a map in relief of 
 a mouniainous district in Upper Austria, by M. Pauliny ; gold and silver 
 snuflf boxe::, by Schiell ; two superb geographical maps, with mountains in 
 relief, one of Austria the other of Europe, sent by the Imperial Institute 
 
240 
 
 of Vienna ; jewellery by Messrs. Pichler and Rocco Brothers ; a collection 
 of precious stones, polished, by Mr. Anton Pozelt of Bohemia ; a magni- 
 ficent collection of jewellery, comprising coronets, bracelets, bouquets of 
 garnets, rings, necklaces, pins, and more particularly a massive cross of 
 silver, in repousse with gilded niches, in the Gothic style, containing sta- 
 tuettes of the Madonna and Child, Angels and Saints ; this magnificent 
 article was made by M. Jerome Grohmann of Prague ; wooden and copper 
 musical instruments by Zeigler and Sons, ^nd Miller and Son, of Vienna ; 
 strings of all kinds for musical instruments, by Louis Vanturini of Lom- 
 bardy ; a piano in a case of curled maple wood, by Mr. Peters. 
 
 So much for the contents of the first of the two Austrian compart- 
 ments : the second contains articles of quite another description — linen 
 and cotton fabrics, white, colored and printed, sent by M. Forster, 
 of Bohemia, and M. Larger, of Moravia ; cotton fabrics, by Mr. Dor- 
 mitz ; specimens of dyestuffs, especially Adrianople red, by Reekie & 
 Brothers, from Upper Carcnthia ''.nd Feld Kerch, Wellinger, Seykora 
 of Bohemia ; beautiful specimens of cotton thread by the heirs Dierzer 
 and Mr. Heimsch ; and fabrics from Trunau, BaumwoU, Lower of Austria, 
 and from Constance in Lombardy ; fustians by Mr. Spetzer, of Moravia ; 
 woollen, silk, linen and cotton fabrics, from the factory of M. MuUer ; 
 a numerous collection of colored cotton fabrics, by Mr. Francois Ler- 
 tenberger; white cottons of enormous width, from the factory of M. 
 Sobotka at Prague ; beautiful calicoes, glazed cottons and muslins, by 
 Messrs. f^^ubert, Heilmann, and Redelhamraer. 
 
 Next to these in the same compartment we find articles of ceramic 
 and glass manufacture, such as tissues of glass, spun and colored by 
 M. Tammasi, of Venice, including baskets, artificial flowers, lace, cer- 
 tainly for the most part more curious than beautiful in appearance, 
 enamels, artificial pearls, charlottes and brocailles of the famous Vene- 
 tian glass so long celebrated, glasses in sheets and panes, white and 
 colored, by M. Marietti, also of Venice ; aventurine and mosaic imita- 
 tion rock work in glass, some of which are very beautiful, by Mr. Pic- 
 aglia ; a magnificent collection of crystal and cut glass, by M. Jauke 
 & Brothers, which comprises crystal vases of different shades, orna- 
 mented with designs displaying admirable skill. Stone porcelain, terra- 
 cotta and crystal, the materials employed in the fabrication of various 
 articles and domestic utensils are sent in great numbers by M. Richard, 
 the Imperial Factory of Lombardy, the factory at Prague, and by Count 
 de Hum. In the midst of this collection we observed table services of 
 gilded porcelain, upon which the gold has been laid so perfectly that we 
 are almost induced at first sight to enquire why those articles of gold 
 plate have been placed in the midst of the stone ware and porcelain ; 
 
241 
 
 the reasion is, that in tlie very form of these table vases, gold plate has 
 been imitated so closely that you might fancy you were looking at 
 articles of gold in r^pousai work. 
 
 The next compartment to those of Austria, which we have just 
 visited, belongs to the Belgian exhibition ; it contains : A collection of 
 black cloths, by M. Simonis, of Verviers ; cloths of all colors, among 
 which are red, yellow and superb green cloths, from the factories of 
 Messrs. Bleyfuez & Son, of Dison ; an immense collection of woollen 
 fabrics and fine cloths, by Cha»les Weber, of Verviers; ordnance 
 and muskets exhibited by the Government of Belgium ; lastly an enor- 
 mous collection of weapons of warfare and for the chase, the specimens 
 of which are contributed by the following manufacturers, chie/ly from 
 Liege, to wit : Messrs. Lepage, Lemille, Bernimolin, Falisse and Trap- 
 man, Jausin, Lardinois, and Landers. This collection is composed of 
 arms of all kinds — rifles, muskeis, pistols, sabres, hunting knives, bayo- 
 nets, some of which are most profusely ornamented, while the simplicity 
 of others is quite remarkable. There are rifles from £2 10s., and others 
 which cost £150. The rifles and muskets used by all the different 
 armies of Europe are there represented. 
 
 We next enter the United States' Department, in which we see — a 
 collection of wooden models of vessels, printed works and engravings 
 relating to the natural history of the United States, and some fine hydro- 
 graphical charts, the work of Lieutenant Maury, of the American Navy. 
 The lines on these charts indicate the course of the winds and surface 
 currents of the different oceans, others shew the latitudes in which whales 
 are found. All these articles were given to the French Government by 
 the Federal Government a few years ago ; a collection of engravings, 
 especially as applied to the engraving of bank notes ; two collections of 
 daguerreotype portraits, one by Mr. Meade, of New York ; pianos and 
 violins; a fine collection of specimens of native copper, exhibited by 
 the Societe Frangaise du Lac Superieur ; a few small specimens of 
 steel from South Carolina, contributed by the Swedish Steel Company ; 
 a fine side-board of carved wood, from the works of Messrs. Ringuet, , 
 Leprince, Marcotte & Company, of New York ; specimens of dentistry, 
 by Messrs. Fowler, Preterre and Kingsley, New York ; a magnificent 
 collection of Californian gold in its different natural conditions ; chron- 
 ometers, scales and standards of American weights and measures, 
 sent by the comptroller's office ; scales used in commerce, from the 
 scale company of Vergennes, State of Vermont; medals relating 
 to the history of the United States, from the mint at Philadelphia ; two 
 mantel pieces, in colored marble, from Massachusetts, without ornament^ 
 
242 
 
 sont by Mr. Tuclcer; a model of a large river steamboat; a tanned alli- 
 gator's skin and boots made of that leatlur; this is a very ningular and 
 beautiful jjroduetion; the surface is covered with quadrilateral marks 
 similar to the hammering of the worlvmnn, and varying in size accord- 
 ing to tli(> (liireront parts of the animal. 
 
 Tlu! next compartment, which is within the space allotted to the 
 United States, is occupied by French industry; here may be seen 
 magnificent paper-hangings exhibited by M. Genoux, of P.iris ; a piano, 
 the case of which is of carved ebony, from the manufactory of Mr. 
 Harz; articles of decorative furniture, in diflerent styles, by Messrs. 
 Drapior, Desgrangc^s, Lemercier, Friliailler and Mazaroz ; ainongst others, 
 a side-lM)ard l)y the latter, with fi^Iiing and hunting subjects, purchased 
 by th(! Emperor; porcelains and bronzes, by M. Houligny ; and lastly, 
 furniture of Thuya and other Algerine woods, exhibite*! by J\Jr. Fourdi- 
 nois, among which we may remark a series of decorations for a room 
 ornamented with statues ra|)resenting hunting subjects, and a has-relief 
 representing a myth(jlogical winter scene. 
 
 The three compartments next to those I have just referred to, belong to 
 the English exhibiton, and contain ; an extensive collection of bronzes 
 and plate, ])y Elkington, Mason & Co., of London and Birmingham ; the 
 objects most worthy of remark, are two statues in bronze of life size, the 
 subjects of which are Dorothea and The Young Naturalist, a vase in 
 imitation of the antique silver candelabra with statuettes and a group 
 representing Guy of Warwick killing the dun cow : The Knight, his 
 horse and the cow are silver, the tree at the foot of which the scene is 
 taking place and the ferns ornamenting the soil, and the ground itself are 
 of bronze. The next compartment is the Birmingham Court ; it contains 
 woollen cloths, by Messrs. Stancomb & Son, Clark, Salter & Co., Wilson 
 and Armstrong, Dickson and Laings. A splendid assortment of sewing 
 cottons, by Brooks and Brothers ; specimens of shell buttons by Messrs. 
 Banks and Hammond ; gun caps, by Messrs. Armstrong & Co., and 
 Walker & Co. ; specimens of locks by Messrs. Cotterill and Woolbridge ; 
 gold and steel pens, by Messrs. Hincks, Wells, Mason, Mitchell, and 
 Wiley ; sounding apparatus by Messrs. Ogden and Ericssons ; articles 
 of stamped copper by Mr. Joseph Hill : fishing materials by Mr. Allcock ; 
 small steel articles by Messrs. Boulton & Son ; a collection of lanterns, 
 cocks and other articles of that description, by Mr. Messenger; beautiful 
 brasses both polished and twisted, also copper pipes and nails beautifully 
 wrought, ])y Mr. Everitt ; metallic cords for pianos and harps by 
 Messrs. Webster & Son ; articles of papier-mache inlaid with mother of 
 pearl, or ornamented with paintings of different kinds, by Messrs. 
 Macallum and Hodson, Foothorape, Strowell and Sherton ; locks, by 
 
243 
 
 Messrs. Tonks & Son ; hnicos, straps, and \V()V(?n bulls, by Mr. Taylor; 
 specimens of buttons of didcrent kinds by Messrs. Aston and Dain^ 
 Waits and Marton, Swillikcrnp and Wright; stationery, l)y Messrs. 
 Allan and Moore ; beaiilil'id spectiinens ol' saddlery by Mr. MidliMnore, 
 and lastly a variety of siirgieal bandages by Mr. T. I'. Salt, \vhii;li com- 
 plete in these dilierent classes, the eolleciion from the nianulacturingj; 
 town of Uirniingharn, the exhibitors of which have erected an oliioe for 
 general information in tin; middle of the compartment, which as w» 
 have just stated they call the Birmingham Court. 
 
 The adjoining compartment contains ; Twilled cotton fal)rics, by 
 Messrs. Paid & Co., and Fyfe and Sons, of Glasgow; muslins and hces 
 by Messrs. Wallace, Macdonald and Brown ; white cottons by Mr. Uridc;, 
 different cotton fabrics by Messrs. McMillan, Laird and Thompson^ 
 sewing cottons by Clark; lace by Mr. TiirnbuU ; poitery, crystal and 
 porcelain, by Messrs. Hose, Daniell, Pinder, and from the StalfordsliirB 
 potteries; beautiful linen damasks, cotton damasked fabrics, and mixed 
 woollen and cotton fabrics, by Mr. Hevcridge of Scotland ; cotton goods, 
 by Messrs. HoUins, Shiters and Smith; beautiful tools by Mr. Howard; 
 articles of silver and plated steel by Messrs. Dixon & Son; mmierons 
 specimens of cutlery by the following makers: Messrs. Saynor and 
 Cooke, Wilkinson & Sons, Hameroft, Norwill & Sons, Spenc(!r & Son, 
 Ward, Oxley, Wastenlioln, Wilson and Davy ; crystal and ))lated ware 
 by Messrs. Samson and Davenport ; fancy cutlery by Mr. Round. 
 
 To conclude the enumeration of the contents of this compartment I 
 must notice the pavilion containing specimens of the linen manufacture 
 of Ireland, the land so rcrowncd for fine linen. Thitj splendid exhibi- 
 tion, prepared by the Belfaf-jt Committee, includes everything that is pro- 
 duced by this nourishing branch of industry, fine woven fabrics, muslins, 
 laces, embroidered jaconets, damasked stulfs, and a number of fabrics, 
 the fineness of which is only surpassed by their whiteness and freshness. 
 
 Passing from the South to the North side of the nave, at its eastern 
 extremities, we reach the compartments occupied by France, and which 
 are similar to the foreign sections which we have just examined. Pro- 
 ceeding from the eastern to the western extremity of the Palace, we 
 first reach the large Court set apart for the exhibition of French print- 
 ing, and the bookbinding which forms its necessary adjunct. It con- 
 sists of books of Natural History by Mr. Victor Masson; architectural 
 works with plans, by Mr. Daly ; scientific works by Mr. Roret ; the 
 various productions of the printing offices of Messrs. Maison, Gamier 
 and Brothers, Delalain, Gillaumin, Amyot, Lcvrault, Firmin Didot, 
 Didier, Langlois, Dalraont and Mame de Tour, all well known firms; 
 musical publications by Messrs. Schonenberger, Heugzel & Co , Derrie ; 
 
244 
 
 •upcrl) bin(lin«5s for books, in which gohl, silver, wood, poli8hed steel, 
 mother of [x^arl, and precious stones are employed either separately or 
 together in the formation of arab<'s(jues, reliefs and artistic designs of all 
 kinds, for the ornamentation of the leather^ the primary and principal 
 material which is treated with inconceivable taste and variety of 
 method ; these specimens are principally contributed by Messrs. 
 Len^grc, Curmer Bel in, Leprieur and Lortic. We may also admire the 
 illustrated works by Mr. Claye ; the diHerenl specimens of letter-press, 
 lithography and engraving, by Messrs. Furne, Bance, Dupont, Bailliero ; 
 gome beautiful engravings by Messrs. Renouard & Co. ; richly *)ound 
 illustrated works by Mr. Lehuby ; engravings by Mr. Louilleux -^ 
 archaeological and monumental engravinj^s by Mr. Silberman, of Stras- 
 bourg ; types by Messrs. Laurent and Deberry ; religious works by Mr. 
 Adrien Lecl^re. 
 
 To complete this brilliant ''xhihitioii which illustrates in this compart- 
 ment the whole modern art of typography, we have only to examine the 
 collection presented by the Administration of the Imperial printing office 
 of Paris, the principal objects cxhibiteil may be classed as follows • 1st. A 
 collection of punches, matrices, and French and foreign type ; 2nd. A series 
 of specimen sheets ; 3rd. Volunjcs from the oriental collection and others; 
 4th. Ap{)lications of electricity to printing; 6lh. Different methods of book 
 binding; 6th. Models on a small scale of different apparatus for drying, 
 printing ; 7th. Geological and geographical maps ; 8th. A book printed 
 with orni.mcnts in gold and colors, for the Exhibition. The two 
 latter classes merit special mention. In the beautiful geological charts of 
 France, we find a practical application of that admirable invention of the 
 Imperial printing olKcc, aided by the Mining Administration of France, for 
 printing in colors. To color the geological chart by Messrs. Dufresnoy 
 and Elie de Beaumont, twenty-four siiccessive impressions from as many 
 lithographic stones were required, nevertheless the most delicate outlines 
 and the most minute details have been preserved. The book, printed for 
 the Universal Exhibition, is the Imitation of Jesus Christ, this magnificent 
 volume in folio contains the Latin text, and the translation hito verse by 
 Pierre Corneille ; nothing can excel the beauty of the type nor the elegance 
 of the ornamentation of this masterpiece of printing of the age, only 
 100 copies of this work have been printed, and the total expense is 
 calculated to be about £10,000: a distribution of them has been made 
 among the principal libraries of France, the learned French and foreign 
 Societies and the principal European Courts. 
 
 The present Imperial printing office was founded by Louis XIII. and 
 commenced operations in the Louvre in 1640. The Imitation of Jesus 
 Christ was the first great work printed there. This vast establishment em- 
 
249 
 
 Icgance 
 
 ployca 94 hand presses, 14 steam presses, 20 liiliognipliic presses, 1 press 
 for cri<^raviti<rs, aii'l two hydraulic presses for hot pressing, it employs 
 about 1,700,000 poumls of type. 
 
 The compartment adjoining the one wc have jint examined, contains 
 ohjccts of art of dilfcrent kinds such as, wax fruits, by Mr. Dai rice, of 
 Meanx, articles of decoration by Messrs. Ilardouin and Berrier and Son, 
 sculptors, artistic frames l)y Mr. Shicrry, wax fruits by Mr. Louesse of 
 Paris, specimens of giUiing by Mr. Souly, jr., among others a magnificent 
 frame for a ghias, executed for Mehcmcl Ali, various kinds of sculpture for 
 churches by Messrs. Solon and Ilugon of Iloydor, among which wc may 
 remark a Madoima by the former, and a Notre Dame des Viclitires bj 
 Mr. Ilugfm ; Church ornaments in piaster by Mr. Ilailigental of Strasbourg, 
 leather ornaments and decorations, such as soffits, wainscotting, cornices, 
 &c., by Mr. Dulud, sculpture by Mr. Crosset, fancy articles of mother of 
 pearl, amongst others a splendid hea ' of the Ecce Homo^ by Mr. Courquin, 
 sculptures in cprton pierrc, among which uia}' be rcnuirked a Jesus preach- 
 ing on the mount, by Mr. Tirant, artificial flowers in shell-work by 
 Madame Rose of Toulon ; house ornaments by Messrs. Marck and Coutan ; 
 busts by Mr. Guctrot, statues and bas-reliefs, increased or reduced in de- 
 mcnsions from models by mathematical process, exhibited by the Societi 
 des Arts Indusiriels de Paris; specimens of house decorations in imitation 
 of porcelain by a process patented by Mr. Chaude ; wood carving by Mr. 
 Planson ; carvings of different kinds, amongst others a superb crucifix in 
 ivory by Mr. Midland ; antique engravings restored, and gilding;* by Mr. 
 Boucarul ; a medallion in carved wood rej)resenting the Holy women at the 
 foot of the cross, ornamented with statuettes of the four Evangelists by 
 Mr. Siverler; beautiful wood carvings from the house of Wirth of Switzer- 
 land, exhibited by the agency at Paris ; mirrors and plate glasses by Mr. 
 Mercier, superb wax mouldings, the subjects taken from natural history, 
 by Mr. Slahl, moulder to the Museum of natural history ; bronzes and 
 plaster casts for religious purposes by Mr. Pillioud; artistic mouldings, and 
 amongst others an Ecca tLnno, and Knights in si>igle combat^ by Mr. 
 Vincent ; plaster casts by Mr. Salvadore Marche ; in the midst of which, a 
 Madonna^ Night by Pollet, Pradier^s Bacchanal and Leda, reduced 
 to one fourth their original size deserve attention ; miniature plaster cists j 
 copies of the works of M^ne and Cain by Mr. Dufoiliy ; alabasters by Mr. 
 Vullicnne ; gildings by Mr. Dumond Peterclle ; a Guardian angel medal- 
 lion in wood by Mr. Victor Froyer ; ivory carvings by Mr. Bland of Dieppe ; 
 am(mK which we mav notice a mamiificent Christ one fourth life size and 
 a cup ornamented with sporting designs, an ivory Christ and a bas-relief 
 of the same subject by Mr. Wolf of Paris ; paper and leather beautifully 
 
246 
 
 cait with scissors by the Countess dc Danipierre ; specimens of electro-plate 
 hy Mr. Bcanre ; heraldic engravings upon metal by Mr. Chevalier: 
 engraving in intaglio and in relief on fine stones by Mr. Brasseux ; archi- 
 tect nral ornaments in Roman cement by Messrs. Rozet and Menissoii of 
 Vitry-le-Francais ; a sujicrb box of carved ivory by Mr. Morcan ; plaster 
 casts reduced and increased in size by the mathematical process by Mr. 
 Sauvage; among others a reduction to one half and an enlargement by one 
 half of the Veruis of Milo, a collection of fruits and vegetables in plaster by 
 Messrs. Ledion and Buchetet of Paris; specimens of monuments in full re- 
 lief, among them we may admire the model of the Cathedral of St. Jean des 
 Yignes at Soissons by Mr. Betheder of Soissons ; the astonishing produc- 
 tion of monuments in shell work by Mr Ilostin d'Etel in the Morbihan, 
 It Is almost impossible to imagine, how this artist can reproduce in this 
 manner by the arrangement of sea-shells all the details even to the statues 
 OTi the monuments, — as for example in his model of the splendid Cathedral 
 of Toul, — small statues less than one inch in height are formed in perfect 
 accordance with artistic princi})les, of more than twenty shells differing in 
 form and size. We should do wrong to believe that these works are mere 
 diild's play, nothing illustrates so strikingly as these works of art, the vast 
 Gothic lace work of the Cathedrals of the middle ages,^ which will continue 
 fo be objects of admiration when many other objects will have disappeared, 
 f()r 77ian does not live by bread alone, his understanding and mind reqnirc 
 other food, and failing this nourishment, the human race begins to degene- 
 rate, each stone detached from the palaces of Babylon and the temples of 
 Egypt witnessed another step taken by these nations towards the lower 
 regions of barbarism; when a people not only maintains its monuments, but 
 re[)ro(lnces their beauty, it is an evidence that it is increasing in intellec- 
 tual vigor. 
 
 Let us go on to the next compartment, which is filled with articles com- 
 prised in that category which Parisian industry has entitled Pantaisips. 
 We see fruits in marble by Mr. Carettc ; specimens of looking glasses by 
 Mr. Luce ; alabasters by Mr. Everard ; articles of iron in repoumse work 
 and particularly the shield representing the battle of Rosbec by Mr. Mer- 
 reille ; bas-reliefs in ivory by Mr. Catel d'Abbevillc ; wax fruits by Mr. 
 Montel of Toulouse, including 1300 varieties; a Chrisl in wood and other 
 statuary by Mr. Faurre of Paris ; articles in ivory by Mr. Morest, and 
 above all, his model in relief of Notre Dame de Paris and his Venus dc 
 Medici, reduced to a proportion of one tenth ; ornaniontal furnitnrc by Mr. 
 George ; fancy bronzes by Mr. Asse ; fa. y fans by Mr. Camaret ; articles 
 in stone and malachite by Mr. Theret ; sculpture and fancy articles in wood 
 by Mr. Viardot; gilded bronzes by Mr. Garuler ; Scotch articles shewing 
 the different tartans on wood and leather by Mr. Gency ; chased steel 
 
247 
 
 articles burnished or gilded, by Mr. Henry, among whicli may be seen a 
 superb hunting knife, travelling necessaries, porte-nionnaics and other 
 fiincy articles by Messrs. Magnet, Laurent, Henry, Sehlose and Brothers, 
 Sorniani, Felix, Aucoc, Tahan, Monneret, Berthet, Huet, Boguet, Kapp, 
 Gaillard, Vervclle, Muller, Triefus, Poret, StagnuiUer, Mae6 and Boul- 
 anger ; it is needless to remark tliat these artists arc engaged in differ- 
 ent branches of manufactures, the raw material employed serving to dis- 
 tinguish them. The taste displayed in the fabrication of these articles is 
 no where more strongly manifested than in Paris, whence immense quariti- 
 ties of these articles arc annually exported. 
 
 Let us continue our ramble through the same compartment. Here we 
 find liquor stands and oil cruets by Mr. Marechal; portlblios by Mr. 
 Fenoux ; fancy caskets by Mr. Tabor ; fancy articles ornam'-sited with 
 cameos, precious stones, enamels, mother of pearl, &c., by Mr. Lenos ; 
 novelties in earthenware and porcelain by Mr. Gellee and Brolhers ; gilded 
 jewellery by Mr. Delecomte ; fancy articles in wood by Messrs, Beker and 
 Otto; decorated and fancy furniture by Messrs. Coebel and Martin. 
 
 To conclude the. description of this extensive compartment let us say a 
 word about aCiiinese Kiosqu^, erected in the middle, and in which is a 
 nuinberof toys.dollsandautomataby Messrs. Voisin,Girout& Co., Theroude, 
 Verdanaime and Bontems. The latter exhibited a small pavilion which 
 attracted immense attention at the New York Exhibition, and even here 
 was an object of great curiosity. This stall contained a tree, about which 
 flew, walked, drank, sang, and remained quiet by turns, automaton birds, 
 perfectly natural in appearance. We ought not to forget that the cele- 
 brated Viiucanson did not disdain to exercise his mechanical genius in 
 the construction of automata, and that by these means he succeeded in 
 resolving many great problems. 
 
 The next compartment contains a part of the magnificent collection of 
 French crystal and glassware, which is unequalled in the world, considered 
 either as works of art, or as a branch of maimfacture. 
 
 Here we have watch and spectacle glasses and goblets, by Messrs. 
 Burgun, Berger, and Co., of Moselle ; superb engraving on glass by Mr. 
 Becker, of La Meurthe, among which we may particularly admire the descent 
 from the cross by Uubens, the Madonna, after Raphael, and a bust of the 
 Emperor. The collection of glass and crystal wares include specimens of 
 every branch of manufacture connected with them, vases, goblets, basins, 
 candelabra, of white, colored, gilded, cut, polished or unpolished glass, 
 in imitation of porcelain and enamels, ornamented with arabesques, and 
 figures sent from the glass manufactories of Valleresthal, Lyons, St. Louis 
 Baccarat, La Villette, ('lichy, and Pantin, and by Messrs. Mougin and 
 Brothers, of Vosges. We may also notice the artificial flowers by Messrs. 
 
248 
 
 Moussier and Boullaml ; the letters painted in gold on glass by Mr. 
 Lambaurg, ol' Saumur, a lion of life size attacked by a serpent ; the whole 
 in glass deceives all the visitors. Visitors are continuilly in ecstasies at 
 the skilful manner in which these animals are stuffed, and ran hardly be 
 brought to believe that the scales of the serpent, and the beautiful mane 
 of the lion are composed of glass. 
 
 We come now to the principal compartment of French gold and silver- 
 smiths' work, in which gold and silver glitter in every shape and form. 
 We admire successively, the contributions by Mr. Grichois, called inter- 
 crystal plate, these consist of arabesques, or other designs in gold or silver 
 enclosed in the middle of transparent glass ornaments; the exhibition of 
 vases and other ornaments for religious purposes, by Mr. Thierry; arti- 
 cles of jewellery, of gold and brilliants, for religious purposes by Mr. 
 Gerbaud, Jr. ; articles by Mr. Poussielgue Rusand, particularly a Gothic 
 ostensory ; others by Mr. Delani, all of silver, among which we may 
 remark a cup representing a river and other fresh water subjects; gold 
 ewers, and basins, and other objects, by Mr. Charpentier; the beautiful 
 collection by Messrs. Favier and Neveu, of Lyons, among which we may 
 particularly remark, six ostensories of large dimensions, a golden ciborium 
 with medallions in Sevres porcelain, and garnished with brilliants, and a 
 patena ornamented with a bas-relief representing Jesus Chri&t rising from 
 the tomb ; gold plate by Messrs. Cosson, Corby, Thouret, Baleine and Son ; 
 silver plate by Mr. Delajuveny; gold plate inlaid with ornaments in ivory, 
 &c., by Messrs. Veyrat and Rudolphi ; magnificent articles by Mr. Casse, 
 among others, a medallion shield 30 inches in diameter, with hunting 
 subjects, the top of the shield is formed of a statuette of a huntsman 
 winding the horn, and holding six beautiful greyhounds in a leash, sylvan 
 ornaments decorate the perimeter, and surround three medallions contain- 
 ing bas-reliefs, representing wolf, boar, and stag hunts at the moment of 
 the death. 
 
 We observe the plate exhibited by Mr. Calkit ; specimens of plate for 
 religious purposes, by Triouellier, and particularly an ostensory of colossal 
 dimensions for the permanent exhibition of the Sacrament. This large 
 work is about four feet in height, the rays of the glory extend two feet, 
 the pciestal is adorned with statues of the four evangelists, the base is 
 composed of a sheaf of wheat surrounded with statues of the three divine 
 virtues, the base of the rays of glory is surrounded with a vine, statues of 
 angels and with clouds ; the statues of the evangelists, and of the divine 
 virtues, and the clouds are composed of silver, the rest of the piece is of 
 gold. 
 
 Let us in conclusion admire the bronzes for church decoration bv Messrs. 
 Jansse, Hebcrt and Bachelet ; and the mouldings for gold and silver plate 
 
249 
 
 by Messrs. Henry Hayet, Leonard and Guayton. Among the articles 
 exhibited by Mr. Guayton, we may remark a calvary, after Justin, and a 
 vase representing a subject from Dante's Inferno ; the handles, periphery, 
 and base of the vase are adorned with figures of the damned, interspersed 
 with numerous serpents ; upon the top is a group representing Dante and 
 Virgil his guide. 
 
 We now enter the porcelain saloon, not the one containing the Sevres por- 
 celain however, but the one dedicated to the contributions of difTerent French 
 makers; we notice bright colored china services by Messrs. Mansard and 
 Son ; fancy articles, statuettes, animals, &c., by Messrs. Capoy and Brothers ; 
 vases and candelabra by Messrs. Laroche and Pannier ; specimens by Mr, 
 Jacob Petit, especially tsvo statues, three-quarter size, of two young gar- 
 deners, male and female ; delicate articles by Mr. de Buttigues, among 
 others a large vase, with paintings representing the emblems of music ; 
 the handles being formed of small figures of cupid ; services, vases and other 
 articles by Messrs. Mace, Ernie and Condrec, Talmours and Honore ; 
 statues and statuettes by Fleury, among the rest a Virgin of the size of 
 life; imitations of antiques and of Chinese and Hindoo vases by Mr. 
 Mayer; Chinese porcelains by Finet; porcelains by Mr. Lerosey, among 
 others a magnificent dessert service, called the Pompadour service^ and three 
 medallion portraits, of Napoleon I., Napoleon HI. and the Empress 
 Eugenie ; crystal and porcelain ware by Messrs. Jouhanneau and Dubois, 
 particularly two beautiful renaissance vases of biscuit, with bas-reliefs 
 of the feasts of Bacchus ; Mr. Boyer's collection, among which, deserving 
 of special notice, are three glass basins with hunting subjects painted 
 on them, one representing a stag hunt, another a wolf hunt, and the 
 third a bear hunt; and lastly, articles by Mr. Gille, junior, in the midst of 
 which we particularly remark a quail fight, and among the groups in 
 biscuit ware, an Immaculate Conception of life size, and a charming group, 
 half life size, called Penitence; an unfortunate ///e perdue half conceal- 
 ed by her flowing tresses, at the feet of a religieusit who is in the act of 
 presenting the cross to her, the contrition of the guilty one and the con- 
 fiding charity of the good Nun are admirably rendered. 
 
 The next three compartments, which communicate one with the other, 
 are devoted to the exhibition of French bronzes, a most extensive manu- 
 facture, of which Paris is specially the centre of production, and the 
 whole world the market. The French exhibitors in this class are very 
 numerous, and among the contributions of each one are objects deserving 
 of admiration, which we cannot possibly remark in detail ; we may, how- 
 ever, stop to admire the works which more particularly strike us, among 
 them, the statuette of a young negress going to the fountain, by Mr. Dau- 
 brec, two charming groups, forming a pair, by Mr. Lachesne of Caiin. 
 
250 
 
 In the first of these groups a coiled serpent is in the act of threatening a 
 child half lying on the ground, protected by a faithful dog; the mixture of 
 hops and fear on the part of the child, the resolution of the dog who is 
 covering the child with its body, the hesitation and malice of the serpent 
 are admirably depicted ; the other group represents the dog panting but 
 victorious, the body of the serpent stretched out and the head parted from 
 the body lying at some distance, the child in his transports of gratitude 
 holds the dog in his embrace, his beautiful little head intermingles the 
 tresses of his lovely hair with the silky locks of the noble animal ; the 
 effect of these groups is really enchanting, innocence and devotion are 
 triumphant. In the contemplation of such objects as these, we recognize 
 the civilizing influence of the arts. 
 
 Next we have an exhibition by numerous contributors, of vases, candela- 
 bra, clocks, statuettes, mantle ornaments, &c., in bronze, plain, gilded, and 
 colored, and in galvanized zinc. Let us proceed to consider the finest spe - 
 cimjns of art; the shield with the battle of Brenneville, twellth century, 
 represented in relief, by Mr. Brignier, engraver ; two bathers, one-third 
 life size, by Mr. Paillard ; a man at-arms sounding the trumpet, by Mr. 
 Charpentier; two groups by Mr. Labrone, one representing a good old 
 Monk giving his crucifix to be kissed by two sweet little angels of chil- 
 dren, the other Ilelo'isa and Abelard, at the moment when the recluse of 
 the Paraclet exhorts his unhappy friend to think of Heavenly things, saying 
 to her, So do, that having been separated here upon earth we may he united forever 
 hereafter ; a Grenadier of the Guard, a Zouave and a Scotch Highlander, 
 by Mr. Miroy; "Venus after Pradier, by Messrs. Duplex and Salles ; 
 a dancing girl, small gilded bronze, by Mr. Leblanc ; a bust of Dante, 
 by Mr: Thicbault ; a snake on a leaf in electro plate, by Mr. Feuquieres ; 
 statue of a young fisherman harnessing a tortoi'^e, by Mr. Durand ; a work 
 table of bronze and porcelain, and the marr-age jewel case of Marie An- 
 lomette, by i\Ir. Kreisser; the Bacchanal, ifter Clodeon, Atalanta lacing 
 the buskin, after Pradier, the sorcerer riding on a dragon, giving notice 
 of the sabbath, aftCi- Faillot, cast by Messrs. Mori.s, Son, & Co. ; to which 
 must be added a boar hunt ; in this latter .^^roup the artist has given a life 
 like appearance to the course of the dogs, they being only fixed at the 
 point of contact with the animals they press upon; electro plated medal- 
 lions, by Mr. Lefcure; these medallions sell at the low price of from three 
 shillings to two pounds ten shillings; lanterns for gas by Mr George; 
 bronzes for churches, by Messrs Foex & Co. ; the nymph in the cradle, 
 sculptured by Mr. IMoreau and cast by Messrs. Miroy and brothers. Alma 
 reposing, sculptured by Mr. Poitcvin and cast by Mr. Bay, the finish of 
 this piece is remarkably fine, t!ie dancer has thrown away a part of her 
 garment in order to cool herself, her castanets lie on the ground by 
 
251 
 
 h. 'o, she seems fatigued, tins dark daugliter of the east, and the languid 
 postures which her lassitude causes her to assume, are still more graceful 
 than those of her irregular dance. 
 
 A good number of these works of art are in galvanized zinc, on which 
 account the price of the article may be much reduced without any effect ui)on 
 the artistic merit or the lasting capacity of the objects ; for example, the 
 group of The Sorcerer prodaiming the ijuhbath is to be had for £45 ; if it 
 were bronze the price would be £250. The Nymph in the Cradle may be 
 had for £27 10s.; were it of pure bronze die j)rica would be £75 ; and 
 Alma repomuj^ sold for £100, would be woitli £500. 
 
 "We shall conclude this sketch of the circuit of the nave by a remark 
 upon the process of covering with a coat of pure copper, wood, iron 
 castings, zinc, &c., by Mr. Oudry, of Paris. By this process Mr. Oudry 
 covers with a layer of copper more or less thick, without rivet or sawder, so 
 that it adheres perfectly to any object whatsoever, from a nail or a ])iece 
 of wire ti; a canal lock gate or the bottom of a ship. It is needless to say 
 that this result is produced by electricity ; the specimens exhibited are 
 very beautiful, a wooden plank is covered on one side villi a coat about 
 one millimetre in thickness. No means other than the process arc adopted 
 and the union is perfect. 
 
 V. 
 
 UNDER THE GALLERIES, FIRST AVENUE. 
 
 We arc now about to examine the articles exposed on both sides of the 
 avenue which extends around the nave immediately beneath the galleries. 
 Starting from tue north side of the building we cross over to the south- 
 western extremity of the Palace, and notice in passing the linen and 
 cotton fabrics of French manufacture, by Mr. Schlumbcrger, of the 
 Department of the Upper Rhine ; the stuffed work by Mr. Lefcvre, of Paris, 
 particularly a swan and a superb boar's head. Then diverging a little to 
 the right we see the articles exhibited in the west vestibule, namely, vases* 
 ornaments, and other articles in glass and crystal, by Mr. Sieigeirwald, of 
 Bavaria; lattices, iron chairs and metal bird cages, by Mr. Lebouc, of 
 France ; beautiful veneered flooring, by Mr. Wierlh, of VVurtemburg 
 iron garden furniture, by Mr. Tessicr, of France j and wire bird cages, by 
 Mr. Clairin, of Versailles. 
 
 ' -T' 
 
 .1 
 
252 
 
 Leaving the vestibule and cr.)ssing to the south, we inspect the exhibi- 
 tion of cutlery, by Mr. Dittmar, of Wurteiriburg ; thimbles of gold and 
 silver and inlaid with hard stone, by Mr. Gabler, ot" Wurteniburg; a 
 miniature plan in relief of Jerusalem, by Mr. Louis Erbe, also of Wurteni- 
 burg; linen and cotton fabrics, by Messrs. Stauss and Lcushnei, of 
 Saxony. 
 
 Following the left hand, we traverse the long avenue which crosses the 
 Palace from west to east, and on the two sides wc have clocks in wooden 
 cases, from the Black Forest, in the Duchy of Baden ; a very extensive 
 collection of cutlery, by Mr. Holler, of Prussia ; axes, cutting tools and 
 saws of all kinds, by Mr. Linderberg and Brothers, of Prussia, especially 
 a circular saw five feet in diameter ; buttons, snuff boxes and mantel orna- 
 ments in metal, by Mr. Grcef ( f Prussia ; cornices, door handles, &c., for 
 house decoration, in stamped copper, by Messrs. Kulhmann Brothers, 
 Adamy, Schmole and Schmidt Brothers ; linen fabrics of various quali- 
 ties, by Count Harrach, Messrs. Kufferle <fe Company, Groer Brothers, 
 Obcrleither, Folser, Walter & Hru.ska, of Austria ; linen and hempen 
 thread, from the spinning mills of Wicsenberg, in Moravia, Austria ; table 
 cloths, by Mr. Schneider, of Austria; mats, cords, &c., of linen and 
 hempen thread, deserving particular notice, by Mr. Haussman, of Austria ; 
 flax and hemp from the Central Society of Austria, whose sales amount 
 to about 200,000 livres per annum ; cloths and flannels, by IMessrs. Rhal- 
 erbeck, Gerard Dubois and Deheselle, of Belgium; carded and spun 
 wool, by Mr. XofFray, of Belgium ; linen thread, by Messrs. Oldenhovc, 
 Vandelbucke, and the ateliers de charite of Gand, in Belgium ; four 
 chairs, by Messrs. Elicrs & Blake, of Boston, United States ; French pro- 
 ductions in India rubber, amongst others some very pretty shawls and a 
 preparation for sheathing ships. 
 
 We now pass in front of the middle aisle, which leads to the passage to 
 the Panorama. This little avenue contains specimens of that ornamental 
 Parisiar» cabinet ware, the articles of which present an incredible richness 
 of appearance, being manufaciared of the most precious woods, adorned 
 witti gilding or arabesques or with statues and bas-reliefs of bronze or 
 gilded copjjcr. The objects here exhibited are from the factories of 
 Messrs. Wasmus Brothers, Schnidlcr, Muller, Gros, Jeanselme, Marcclin, 
 Roux, Charmois and Huret. 
 
 Re-entering the avenue which we left for a short time, we see printed 
 cottons from Manchester, United States, pretty boots and shoes for 
 ladies, by Mr. Shaw, of New York ; table cutlery, by Mr. Garside, of 
 New Jersey ; white aiid colored cottons, from the Amoskeag Com])any 
 of New Hampshire, and the productions of the Hamilton Woollen Com- 
 pany of Massachusetts. 
 
253 
 
 Next we have on each side of the avenue, pavilions set apart for the 
 manufacturers of England and Scotland, more particularly of London, 
 Aberdeen and Glasgow ; woollen cloths and fabrics, by Messrs. Wrighley, 
 Crombie, Huddersfield, Clay, Day & Son, McFarlane and Cross ; mousse- 
 line de laines, alpacas, light stuffs, and other fabriej, by Messrs, Sugden, 
 Titus, Salt «St Son, Blake & Company, Boyd, Grum, Gourlie & Son, Auld 
 & Buchanan, and Ilamel; coarse woollen fabrics and carpets, by Mr. 
 Hadden ; watered fabrics, by Messrs. Waller Milligan «fe Son ; shawls and 
 handkerchiefs of silk and wool, by Messrs. Evans & Co., Swaisland, 
 Backer, Tuckers & Co., Wingate & Son, Walford, Fairer & Harrison ; 
 diapered and plain fabrics, by Messrs. Somerville, Dallas ; carpets, by Mr. 
 Templeton ; hatter's work, by Mr. Blair; sewing cotton, by Mr. Clarke; 
 strong diapered fabrics, by Messrs. Scales & Herbert ; brushes, mats and 
 cordage of cocoanut fibre, by Messrs. Widley it Co.; a fine collection of 
 sail clolh, by Messrs. Baxter, Brothers & Co.j, of Dundee ; specimens of 
 linen thread, by Messrs. Dangan & Co., of Dublin. 
 
 Crossing from the south side of the palace to its eastern extremity, we 
 have on the right a collection of fishing utensils and apparatus used in 
 Ireland. We see immense hand nets and miniature models of the slopes 
 used to serve as passages for fish. Some of tl ese are constructed with 
 steps so as to enable the fish to ascend streams notwithstanding the erection 
 of dams or other impediments for the creation of motive power, manu- 
 facturing or industrial purposes. Employers of water powers in Canada 
 onght to be compelled to take similar precautions, costing as they do 
 almost nothing, especially on the streams flowing into the lower part of 
 the St. Lawrence which salmon generally ascend. The small tanks be- 
 longing to these models are filled with water supplied by a fountain )n 
 the palace, and contain small fish which are furnished by Mr. Mallet of 
 Paris, Professor of Pisciculture, who rears pike, carp, eels, &c., as other 
 people do puppies. He also exhibits bottles containing the spawn of these 
 different fish, and points out to us those which are good and those which 
 are clear. 
 
 Leaving this interesting quarter, having cast a glance upon a curious 
 primitive canoe of leather and basket work called a Coracle, used in ancient 
 times by the inhabitants of Gaul and Ireland, and comparing this wretched 
 specimen of navigation and the pretty bark canoe of our Canadian Indians, 
 we then enter the avenue on the French side. Here are specimens of basket 
 work, wooden hats, baskets, boxes, vases of basket-work, by Messrs. Am- 
 beroy, Mutet, Desiugues, Renardin, Pierson,Tordeux, Derk, and Barbotte, 
 elegant feather brooms in all colors, by Messrs. LoJde, Henoc and Lhuil- 
 leur; hair jewellery by Mr. Lemonnier; specimens of brushes, clothes brushes, 
 tooth brushes, scrubbing brushes, <fec., by at least 20 makers in different 
 
264 
 
 parts of Francf? ; mountings for fans from the factories of St. Goncvicve, 
 Oise ; artists' iirushos, by Messrs. Marietta, Saunier, and Mosdatncs Fil- 
 llon and Fontana of Paris, a Iftrgo collection of p'pes, snuff l)oxcs, tobacco 
 pouches and other articles of tobacconists* ware, by several exhibitors ; 
 statuettes incnssnhks by Messrs. Delattre & ('o. ; two beautiful calvaries 
 in ivory, one by Mr. Dcsnoycl, of i'Oise, and the other by Mr. Sacopcc of 
 Dieppe ; cheap wooden and horn combs by Mr, Corneil of I'Aricgo ; a 
 nutnl)er of fancy articles, and plnythings comprised under the head of 
 Parisian ariicks; nsaries, by Mr. Fillot, of Jura ; gold and silver gilt 
 papers anc . rr" i g stones, by Mr. Dufour of Paris; beautiful book bind- 
 ings by Me. .-s 'f '■ and Nakara, of l^onieanv, among them a baf)tisnial 
 gift covered s ,*-«■•> velvet, sprinkled with goklen bees, and surmounted 
 with a charming statu.' . of a child in a cradle. 
 
 A row of compartments contains magnificent specimens of ivory carv- 
 ing, for which the town of Dieppe has attained so high a reputation : in 
 this beautiful collection the following exhibitors have distinguished them- 
 selves; Mr. LaCort, by an ivory cover for a Roman Missal, Mr. Pois^ou, 
 by a gothic chapel for an oratory ; Mr. (Jorrean, by a statue of the Holy 
 Virgin in a gothic niche; Mr. Vangorp, by a beautiful Christ; Mr. Bel- 
 hoste by a powder horn, with bas-roliefs, representing the hunting goddess 
 Diana; Mr. Garnot 'y an J^ccc Homo of great beauty, ( ne fourth life 
 size. 
 
 We next come to a collection of parasols, walking canes, and whips of 
 all kinds, tastefully and lichly ornamented with ivory, metals, precious 
 stones, &c. ; next we have dolls and children's toys, by more than a dozen 
 exhibitors; utnlircllas by Mr. Callier; bcantifid fans adorned witii draw- 
 ings, and feathers, with mountings of gold, ivory or ]>recious woods, 
 also common fans sold at 2^(1. a piece ; specimens of leather by Mr. Jos- 
 scliii ; scal)bards for swords, and sabres, and sheaths for hunting knives, 
 stained ivories and stamped leather by INIr, Obre ; masks and dominoes in 
 great variety by Mr. Cochet ; vases and services of tlie Algerian cactus 
 pattern, mounted in silver by Mr. Toussaint; plate by several firms in 
 Paris and the Departments. 
 
 We may particularly notice the historical armor, objects of art and 
 classical jewellery, by Mr. Granger, furnisher to the opera; we notice in his 
 collection a splendid antique cuirass, of beautiful workmanship in gilded 
 copper, an Imperial Crown of gilded copper, and a knight's complete 
 suit of armor, in the Italian style. 
 
 We now arrive at the porch at the grand entrance to the Palace ; in 
 passing we notice numerous vases, statues and other objects, in porcelain, 
 French sandstone, common earthenware, and terra cotta ; among these we 
 observe a door in the Byzantine style, adorned with statues of half life size, 
 
255 
 
 dozen 
 (1 raw- 
 woods, 
 VIr. Jos- 
 knivcs, 
 noes in 
 cactus 
 rms in 
 
 and a Virgin in the monnmcntnl stylo from the factories of Messrs. Virc- 
 bertz Brothers of Tonlonsc, u Polyliyinnia after the antique, a coh).ssal 
 statue a Lcda, life size, a hoar hunt, and a specimen of the application r'' 
 terra cotta to the external decoration of houses, these articles are exh>I)itt 
 by Mr. Jarnant, junior, of Paris. 
 
 Ile-entnrin;^ tlio ji^rand lateral avenue, we arrive at the extensive collec- 
 tion of French hoots and shoes, which coniprises every description of foot 
 gear, of every ima,'^iiiable material, even of wood ; it is needless to s[»eak 
 of the richness and elegance of a part of these articles, nor of the excessive 
 cheapness of the other part. This collection contains contri[)utions from 
 more than forty makers, chiefly Parisian. Visitors remark particularly 
 the historical collection by Mr. Pillot, particularly the brodkins and the 
 ai)ti(|ue cothurnes, the foot gear of the middle !<<res, and the boots of the 
 mousquctfiire. 
 
 Next we have a beautiful collection of fans b many contributors; 
 bullous of gold, silver, copper, iron, wood, sh( n, lotiier of pearl, silk, and 
 what not, exhibited by a score of contribute,.-, coquettish looking garters 
 by Mr. .lourdain ; clasps of all kinds, studs, auu shirt buttons, and other 
 fancy articles by Messrs. Dandc, Chambel' r id Hesse, Jr. 
 
 Hronze manufactures comprise so wide a range, that notwithstanding 
 all t'u! specimens we have already enumerated, here again we have tubes, 
 walking sticks, fire guards, and screens, all manufactured of bronze by 
 ISli-. Pjerou, of Paris ; lamps and chimney ornaments, and other articles of 
 bronze and copper gilt by Messrs. Riviird, Becquet, Gousse, Renardeux, 
 an. I Lehuitel ; galvanized artificial flowers by Mr. Gervaisot, specimens of 
 gilding and varnishing in imitation of gold by Mr. I.auglasse. 
 
 Arriving at the end of this avenue on the French side, we notice the 
 vuriiius fabrics in wool, silk and India rubber, applied to the manufacture 
 of boots and shoes, by Mr. .Tacquemin Gaudant. Beautiful felt tor clothing 
 purposes, and for carpets from the manufactory of Choisy le Roi ; and the 
 variety of fabrics in carded wool by Mr. Pin Bayart, of Rouhaix. 
 
 The exhibition of these two branches of woollen manufacture,/e//5 and 
 fahrics of carded wool is very interesting, on account of the great beauty 
 of the specimens on view. 
 
 iplctc 
 
 ace ; in 
 rcclain, 
 hcsc Ave 
 life size, 
 
 •'■*'L 
 
2/56 
 
 VI. 
 
 UNDER THE GALLERIES— NEAR THE WALL. 
 
 We now proceed to the inspection of the first compartment under the 
 galleries. Here are placed those articles, the exhibition of which occupies 
 a large s[)ace, on account of the large number of exhibitors in each class, 
 and which do not possess ihe same degree of interest as articles in the 
 other parts of thu Palace, which we have visited, nor as those placed in the 
 upper galleries and in the panorama. 
 
 We begin with the French department, which commences at the 
 Western extremity of the Palace, and shall continue our ramble from 
 north to south, then from east to west, returning to our starting point. 
 
 Here wo have splendid carpets by Mr. Desbischops Grau, from the 
 Department du Nord ; a collection of cloths, stuffs, and fabrics in wool, 
 cotton, and linen, contributed by about fifty exhibitors from different parts 
 of France ; hair cloths and fabrics, plain, colored and mixed with silk, 
 hats, shoes, crinolines, &c., by several exhibitors; hair and silk fabrics for 
 furniture coverings by Mr. Joliet, of Paris ; a vast collection of hempen 
 manufactures by about twenty exhibitors fron: ihe Departments, a large 
 collection of counterpanes in linen, cotton, and silk, among which we 
 observe the fine linen counterpanes shewn by Mr. Buffault, those of cotton 
 by Mr. Albinet, and those of silk by Mr. Guyon ; also calico counterpanes 
 by Madame Lacroix, of Les Alpes ; serges and flannels by more than ten 
 exhibitors ; hangings and carpets, particularly those by Messrs. Labouriau 
 and Trapet ; clothing by Mr. Parissot, from his establishment in Paris, 
 called La helle jardiniere. 
 
 Passing to the foreign side, opposite the French, we enter the Wurtem- 
 burg Department. Here we have carpenters' tools by Mr. Bolsterii ; 
 iron utensils, fancy articles, and glass ware by numerous exhibitors ; a 
 fine silver church lamp in the Gothic style by Mr. Bruchmann ; iron and 
 wooden furniture, particularly a toilet bureau of cedar in very good taste ; 
 pianoes, clocks, specimens of printing and binding, various cloths and 
 fabrics, hats, &;c. ; paper hangings by Mr. Veiel, and beautiful stuffed birds 
 (Stc., by Tiedemann, among which we admire an owl attacked hj two loeasels. 
 
 We next come to the compartmentof Bavaria, which contains jewellery, 
 and ornamented arms, stained glass, glass ware, and a collection of 
 toys, a fine assortment of musical instruments and wood for violins, a fine 
 
257 
 
 collection of articles in wax and plaster, articles for religious purposes, 
 anatomical preparations, &c., colored ami gilt paj)ers, fancy nrficles in 
 horn, ivory and tnetal ; hose for lire engines ; niarquetterie work by Mr. 
 Ilartinan, of Munich; fine files by Mr. CJ ruber : tools, horse shord and 
 other articles in metal ; beautiful wire cloths by Mr. Kaltenelicr, of Munich 
 leather trunks, a collection of pencils, a variety of cloths and fabrics ; and 
 lastly, some concave mirrors by Mr. Kalb. 
 
 Saxony comes next to Bavaria, and exhibits a variety of linen and 
 cotton fabrics, embroidery, and printing on cloth ; a fine collection of 
 shawls by Messrs. Amhroun and Schneiber ; specimens of xilogranhy, 
 specimens of bookbinding and printing, very fine carpets, articles of 
 clothing ; beautiful boas, mufls, and tippets of feathers and down by Mr. 
 Pattermatui. 
 
 After Saxony we have the Duchy of Oldenbourg, which presents a 
 pyramid of fine stearine candles ; cameos, and other precious stones, and 
 a collection of cloths and other fabrics. 
 
 Hanover is distinguished by its fine collection of linens and hemp fabrics 
 of every vari(!ty, hunting weapons, a collection of toys and fancy articles, 
 clocks, metallic articles, among others a bronze statute of the King of 
 Hanover. 
 
 Brandeburg and Silesia exhibit a beautiful and numerous assortment 
 of cloths and linens. 
 
 Luxembourg exhibits a collection of cloths ; cotton fabrics called tiger 
 skins, which sell at from 4d. to 7|d. a yard, if we are to believe the 
 affiche ; gloves, bonnets, lace, and clothing, paper hangings, tobacco, 
 slates, and a large cabinet of bronzed wood, ornamented with statues 
 and flowers cast in metal, ft is certainly not distinguished for good taste. 
 
 Next comes a part of the compartment of Prussia and the other German 
 States not specially referred to. The various objects which present them- 
 selves are, a large collection of different wove fabrics, beautiiul and good 
 pianos, beautiful little landscapes and other designs in hair, very beautiful of 
 the kind, by Seel ; tapcrtry work, furniture, leather prepared for use in the 
 manufacture of pianos, wood and cork carvings, the latter remarkable for 
 their delicacy ; frames of gilt wood, specimens of photography, walking 
 sticks, whips and other fancy articles ; a collection of buttons and studs ; 
 also of boots and shoes and other articles of clothing ; a table of gilt wood, 
 the top of which is covered with a cloth composed of silk and pearls, and 
 bearing escutcheons which contain the following singular collection of 
 portraits : Napoleon 1, Peter the Great, Washington, Frederick II, Voltaire, 
 Shakespeare, Goethe, and Schiller. Wc also have i.i this section a concc- 
 tion of toys and fancy articles ; stoves ; several fire proof safes of beautiful 
 workmanship and tasteful design ; a collection of plushes of different 
 
 . k 
 
258 
 
 colors, and cloths ofjrrcut beauty, from Aix la Chapellc : lastly, a l.-irpe 
 collection of iiianufactures in metal, instruments, utensils, and tools; 
 articles used in saddlery, and bronzes, among which we observe a Chris/ 
 one-third life size ; a fine group representing the loptism of Clorinda by 
 Tanned: the warrior is in the act of j)ourin'4: water from his helmet upon 
 the forehead of the infidel ; the base bears the inscription from Jerusalem 
 Delivered : lo vado in pace. 
 
 In the middle of the exhibition from the Zollverein States, we observe 
 a collection of mineral waters, worsted and silk embroideries, clocks, mu- 
 sical instruments and beautifid wire cloths from the Duchy of Baden. 
 
 We enter the Austrian section. Austria is one of those countries which 
 displays the greatest amount of that artistic taste in the finish of articles, 
 whicb gives an increased value to the object. Hence we have a collection 
 of engravings and articles belonging to the printing, book and stationery 
 trade, a collection of hardware, secretaries, work-boxes, &c., colored 
 papers, gold and silver gilt for book-binding, pasteboard models of Venice, 
 a trophy composed of canes, pipe stems, &ic., playing cards in exquisite 
 taste and of brilliant colors, beautiful little designs in marquettcrie work, 
 specimens of photography; iron bedsteads, by Mr. Scheder, who has succeed- 
 ed in removing the appearance of discomfort presented by iron furniture 
 generally ; a collection of fire jjroof safes, a large collection of tools of all 
 kinds, toys, small carvings in woud, a large collection of meerschaum 
 pipes, the finest in the building ; among them are immense pipes, on 
 which groups of figures arc carved ; one represents in bas-relief the taking 
 of JMissolongui by the Greeks, the figures are about two inches in height, 
 and there are more than twenty about the bowl of the pipe ; fancy articles 
 of all kinds, a collection of umbrellas, accordeons, a numerous and varied 
 collection of woollen thread, among them the fine wool used for cash- 
 meres; fine cloths from Lombardy, and a large pavilion filled with cloths, 
 alpacas, shawls and woollen fabrics, by Mr, Liebig ; a large collection of 
 pearl buttons, spectacles, fine engravings, leather trunks, and portman- 
 teaux, carvings, frames, and ornaments in carton-picrre, a vast collection 
 of cloth from Austrian Italy, and other parts of the Empire, among which 
 we particularly observe the white and colored cloths by Messrs. Moro, of 
 Carenlhia, and Blaschke of Moravia ; basket work, a collection of hair 
 cloths, coarse fabrics and plushes, carpets, marquettcrie work and furni. 
 turc, among which we admire a beautiful cabinet of black walnut and 
 rose wood, simple and elegant in style, from the manufactory of Mr. 
 Oggioni of Venice. 
 
 This long catalogue of articles, which may, indeed, appear tedious, cannot, 
 however, fail to be useful to my Canadian readers. In a rising country, 
 k) which but few travellers turn their attention, and in which the means 
 
259 
 
 of dilTiisiiig inforiniitiott are still limited, the mere Ntatcmciit of the dif- 
 ibrcnt hranches of hiunaii iiuhistry is of itself eulculated to originate 
 many \isefid projeets ; besides, it is interesting to be made aware of the 
 parts taken in the arts by the people of different nations. 
 
 Let ns eontinuc our journey through the numerous compartments 
 ranged along the walls of the Paluee of Industry. We had reached the 
 Belgian Court, on the foreign side. This Kingdom, the exhil)ition from 
 which is so remarkalile, presents in this portion of the space she occupies, 
 specimens of horse hair fabrics, woollen cloths and stuffs, coiuiterpancs 
 of all kinds, linen fabrics, specimens of thread, sail cloth, and a collection 
 of table linen ; among the latter a beautiful table cloth, the designs on 
 which represent a hawking scene in the days of chivalry; a large collec- 
 tion of pottery, tiles, bricks, draining tiles, and large melting j)ots for 
 zinc ; a iurj^c floor in marcpictterie work, twenty feet scpiare, exhibited hj 
 Messrs. Dekeyu & Brotliers, of Brussels. In the exhibition of martpict- 
 terie work, we have wood sawn into very thin planks, from the knot of an 
 oak, which gives it a beautiful spotted appearance : this is a further proof 
 of the care taken in Europe in the search of that description of timber 
 which abounds in our forests, and which we altogether neglect in Canada. 
 Among the furniture exhibited, we observe a fine largo cabinet by Mr. 
 Vandcrbrundc of Mulincs ; next we have in the Belgian exhibition a col- 
 lection of drawing tools, beautiful hempen cordage, and a cable three- 
 fourths of an inch in circumference and fifty fathoms in length, of brass 
 wire twisted in strands; a large collection of zinc, iron, wire, nietaJ 
 utensils, tools, nails, fire proof safes, iron in broad sheets almost as fine as 
 sheets of paper, ornaments in cast iron of great lightness, a superb bronze 
 vase for the garden. 
 
 We enter the United States' section. Here we have a large collection 
 of articles of clothing and safety apparatus, and a variety of utensils in 
 flexible and hardened India rubber. The greater part of these articles 
 are of French manufacture. This collection contains a beautiful Amcri- 
 c. 1 map of the United States, on India rubber. If the printing upon 
 such a substance be indelible, it may be fancied of what utility to the 
 mariner this application might become. 
 
 Wc now reach the English compartments, which contain a vast collec- 
 tion of the following articles : Articles of cast and polished iron, among 
 others lattices, stoves and mantel pieces ; articles of papier mad- , such 
 as work-tables, portfolios, &c.; harness mounting: , in iron, co' <■ and 
 other materials; larjic common carpets, cloths, Uiwacas, tartans, dhawls, 
 muslins and other woollen fabrics, silk thread, hair cloths, a large collec- 
 tion of buttons, a large assortment of locks, &c.; numerous specimens of 
 needles, pins, and other small articles of that kind ; wrought iron uten- 
 
260 
 
 gils, a fine large iron lattice of great lightness and in excellent taste ; large 
 and small articles of pottery, among which wc observe a jar ten feet in 
 height by five feet in diameter ; church clocks, mixed fabrics of linen and 
 cotton, silk and cotton, carpets, hangings, various light fabrics, fowling 
 pieces and harpoon guns for whale fishing, specimens of wire, a collection 
 of lamps, tiles, bottles and articles of general use ; a billiard table, aiticles 
 of furniture, p irticularly a large couch of citron wood, maple and rose 
 wood, by Messrs. Trollop & Son ; a collection of porcelain, among which 
 are some works of art in biscuit, among others The Death of Ahel, by 
 Messrs. Minton & Co.; a ."foses taken out of the Waiersy and Titania, b;y 
 Mr. Wedgewood; a large collection of shawls and other fabrics ; a large 
 collection of tools, cutlery, hardware, stcelware ; a large circular saw, six 
 feet in diameter. 
 
 Next we have, still in the English Department, the followin;ji; articlch- : car- 
 pets, a large collection of cotton fabrics, unbleached cotton, licking, 
 fustians, velvets, cotton sheeting, furniture stuffs, braid, in fact every 
 description of cotton manufacture, particularly some beautiful cotton 
 counterpanes stamped and embroidered, exhibited by the Manchester Com- 
 mittee ; shawls, plaids, horse clothing, counterpanes, flannels and other 
 woollen fabrics, sail and packing cloths, hemp, matting, mats of cocoa-nut 
 fibre, stoves and other cooking utensils, cordage, threads, fishing-nets, and 
 lines ; building materials, modci^ of war vessels, yachts, life-boats, among 
 others a life-boat constructed partly of wood and partly of India rubber, 
 which may be folded up so as to occupy hardly one-fifth of its real volume, 
 by Mr. Berthon ; models of bridges, viaducts, docks, quays, and locks ; 
 imitations of woods and marbles, painted on wood; a church organ, pianos, 
 and metallic strings for musical instruments ; walking-sticks, bows, and 
 arrows, and other fancy articles ; hunting weapons, and, lastly, a collection 
 of decorations and objects of art in carton- pierre, the most beautiful of 
 which is an altar for a church ornamented with bas-reliefs and surn)ounted 
 with fiv_^ niches, the one in the middle containing a statue of the Virgin, 
 on each side are two angels bearing the attributes of the mother of the 
 Saviour. The design of this altar is worthy of remark. 
 
 We now pass to the French side, for it must not be forgotten that France 
 occupies the whole of one side of the Palace, the whole of the Panorama, 
 all the passage, and more than halt' the annexe. The French Department, 
 which we are now about to inspect rapidly, contains a collection of 
 linen and cotton fabrics and articles of clothing, and here we have a series 
 of articles of these manufactures in every stage from the cheapest article 
 produced, up to the richest and most costly. 
 
 The first objects we notice are articles of ladies' dress, corsets, caps, bon- 
 nets, mantillas, in fact all the articles comprised under the term confection 
 
 ': 1 
 
261 
 
 de hianc et de fin, collars, chemises, neckerchiefs, gloves, st(»cl<iiigs, &c. ; 
 next arc dresses, men's apparel, cloaks, garters, &c., a fine collection of 
 furs, and skins and winter clothing, among which we notice a beautiful 
 mantilla called caraco, of crimson velvet trimmed with the finest furs, which 
 is labelled marlrcs dn Canada price 3000 francs ; in the midst of this exhi- 
 bition of clothing, in respect of which Paris gives the laws to the whole 
 worhi, we notice a collection of historical costumes of the Court of France 
 at different periods. 
 
 Let us stop a moment before the exhibition of Mr. Letailleur, who has 
 succeeded in replacing furs which have become too rare, by sheep skins 
 prepared and dyed in various ways and cobrs, and with which also he 
 manufactures house and carriage rugs. The preparation of lamb skins for 
 winter coats has already been commenced in Lower Canada. It must be 
 continued, for in proportion as the population of the world increases, the 
 love of comfort becomes diffused, and civilization creates new wants, 
 industry must supply the deficiency in the natural production of certain 
 articles. 
 
 The reputation of French hats are universal ; well, here we have speci- 
 mens to suit every taste and condition, from the plumed hat of the 
 general officer to the modest, crushed up feh of the commercial traveller ; 
 we have too, woman's head gear so fresh looking and coquettish, and 
 ornaments in hair, plaits, combs, wigs, &c. 
 
 Next is a collection of French cottons by a number of exhibitors, among 
 whorr the manufacturers from the Rhine departments are distinguished, 
 fine cotton fabrics, cotton sail cloths, glazed cottons, calicoes, tickings, 
 muslins, cotton sheeting, unbleached and colored velvets, counterpanes, 
 cotton fabrics in imitation of wo!)l, linen and silk, figured cotton cloth for 
 b jok-bindinu;, prints, sewing cotton, &c. Next we have hair-work by Messrs. 
 Constant and Lcmonnier., Among the articles exhibited by the former we 
 notice a net-work of serpe its in the form of a crown, and among those o". 
 the latter a large picture five feet square, representing a landscape, and an 
 eagle making a descent upon a teal's nest ; next a collection of linens, table 
 cloths, and damasked fabrics, among which a splendid cloth with de-igns 
 representing bear hunting, scenes in the Polar regions, &c., stamped and 
 embroidered stuffs, and muslins, and black ami white point lace. 
 
 French book-work, including printing, engraving of all kinds, 
 book-binding, geographical maps, maps in relief, in fact every des- 
 cription of article conijirised under the terms book-work and sta- 
 tionery, is here rojiresentod by more than one hundred contributors 
 over and above those we have already noticed. In the midst of this 
 collection, in a class in wiruli France holds the highest rank, we observe 
 re])roductions in lithograph of the works of the masters in painting, in 
 
262 
 
 which not only the comjX)sition and drawing are effectually produced, 
 but even the tone and style of the artist ; as, for example, Decamp's 
 works, in which you seem to observe that richness of color which is a 
 characteristic of that eminent artist, and which gives him in certain 
 pictures such a character for originality. 
 
 Let us continue our examination of the industrial section of these 
 vast compartments : here we observe sail cloth of liemp, and artists' 
 canvases, some of which are twenty-five feet by twenty-four; carding 
 machines for every description of spinning manufactory, mattrasses and 
 bed furniture ; a fine and extensive collection of cordage, pack thread, 
 bobbins, and straps of hemp, thread, packing cloths, and mats of hemp; 
 a large collection of pottery, porcelain, bricks, tiles, vases, utensils, 
 and objects of art of all qualities and descriptions, among which we 
 remark two fine statues, one-fourlh the natural size, in biscuit ware, 
 representing Clovis and his wife, by Messrs. Valeu and Bcrlhoud ; a 
 large collection of glass ware, bottles, globes for lamps, and articles of 
 common use, glass bells, and a trophy composed of 104 bottles, 
 placed one upon the other, the largest of which is about three feet in 
 height by about two feet in diameter, the din elusions of the smallest 
 being really liliputian; next we have a large collection of cloths of all 
 colors, stuffs, a va/iety of woollen fabrics, alpacas, common shawls, 
 French cashmeres, counterpanes, flannels, plaids, stamped and spotted 
 fabrics, carpets, &c.; next we have satins and velvets, damasked fabrics, 
 muslins, bareges, satinettes, merinos, glazed cottor.s, hangings and furni- 
 ture stuffs. 
 
 Amongst all these articles, some of which astounded us by their 
 cheapness, and others by their richness and beauty, v>'-e admire as a 
 work of art, a piece of needle-work embroidery, representing sheep 
 shearing in the country, by Mr. Perilleux, and as a specimen of manu- 
 facture some beautiful white and colored woollen felts by Mr. Bellion ; 
 some of these felts are half an inch in thickness. 
 
 Lastly, in the midst of these specimens of spinning and weaving, we 
 notice a space containing bronzes by Mr. Etex, amongst others the 
 statue of Monseigneur Affre falling on the barricade, with an olive branch 
 in his hand, bearing the legend, "The good shepherd giveth his 
 life for the sheep ;" and a group representing Cain in despair, surrounded 
 by his weeping family, immediately after the murder of his brother. 
 The latter group is remarkable for its beauty of conception and compo- 
 sition. 
 
3roduccd, 
 Decamp's 
 hich is a 
 a certain 
 
 of these 
 id artists' 
 ; carding 
 asses and 
 k thread, 
 of hemp ; 
 
 utensils, 
 i'hich we 
 uit ware, 
 thoud ; a 
 rticles of 
 I: bottles, 
 e feet in 
 
 smallest 
 ths of all 
 I shawls, 
 1 spotted 
 d fabrics, 
 and furni- 
 
 by their 
 lire as a 
 ig sheep 
 3f manu- 
 
 Bellion ; 
 
 ving, we 
 liers the 
 /e branch 
 veth his 
 rrounded 
 I brother. 
 1 compo 
 
1 
 
 1 
 

 1 
 
 263 
 
 VII. 
 
 
 
 THE QALLFTIIES. 
 
 We now proceed to inspect the galleries of the Palace ; we reach 
 them by the grand central staircase near the passage to the Panorama, 
 on the south-eastern side of the building. Ascending the stepi^ of 
 polished stone, we remark all around ihe vast landing place the 
 following objects, namely : large floor carpetings, by Mr. Braquanie, 
 of Paris ; a beautiful Italian white marble mantel piece, by Mr. 
 Ros.d, of Milan; a medallion, with the bust of the Empress Eugenic, 
 over whose head a Cupid holds the Imperial Crown ; two statues 
 of angels ornament the two extremities oi the console ; pretty little 
 colored window panes from Austria, large paintings on glass for 
 church window, from Belgium, and lastly at the entrance to the gallery, 
 the immense astronomical clock for the Cathedral of Besaucon, which 
 indicates not only the time but also the principal astronomical piienom- 
 ena, lunar phases, eclipses, &.C., in all 112 diflerent indications ; it was 
 constructed by Mr. Bernardin, according to the calculations and under 
 the superintendence of Cardinal Mathieu, Archbishop of Besancon. 
 
 Proceeding towards the right of the avenue which traverses the gal- 
 lery to thi; balustrade, from which the whole of the nave may b*^ seer, 
 we see in the space set apart for the United States, a coUeetioi- of ;*ia;in:i, 
 church organs, harmoniums, accordeons, and other musical i '•trnnents, 
 by French exhibitors, and attached tr the balustrade a fine large clock, 
 by Mr. Colin, of Paris; this beautiful instrument indicates by (litlerent 
 bells and dials the hour in the diflerent capi cities in the world, the 
 lunar phases, and the day of the month; the time is transmitted to other 
 dials in different parts of the bni'img by means of electricity. 
 
 The whole of that part of the southern gallery which extends on our 
 riffht from where we are nov, standing t( the eastern extremity of the 
 Palace, is devoted to the British Exhibition ; here we have mstrnments 
 and maps by the Surveying Department of Great Britain, consisting for 
 the most part of beautiful theodolites and levels ; acoustic instrun^mts 
 in great number and variety, by Mr. Rein; beautiful specimens of 
 clock work, a large collection of optical, astronomical and scientific 
 instruments, among which we remark delic .*e balances by Mr. Ortling, 
 which are sensible of a weight of one thoubandth part of a grain ; they 
 are mounted on agates and rubies ; an electric apparatus for measuring 
 the direction and intensity of the wind at sea, by Professor Smyth ; 
 
264 
 
 capillary preparations injected by Dr. Hctt, of London, for the study of 
 human and comparative anatomy ; a large collection of maps, books, 
 engravings cf difleront kinds, models for drawing in plaster, 
 and [)lat(!s ■^v^ith subjects in anatomy, natural history, and other 
 analagons subjects, for schools and libraries: amongst these \vc 
 must remark particularly the magnificent geological chart of England, a 
 collection of the different fruits of the Amygdalloid family, a collection 
 of small crJ)les, copper conductors for telegraphs, pretty reliefs carved 
 in wood, fimong which we remark The Procession of ISeplune, by Mr. 
 Hall, and a groap of dead game, composed of a woodcock, a snipe and 
 a partridge,, by another artist ; statuettes in bmnze, marble and other 
 materials, in the midst of which we remark a group of Cain and Ahcl, 
 by Mr. Carrier : Abel is represented dead ; and Cain, with one hand on 
 the altar, on which is the lamb which his brother had sacrificed to the 
 Lord, seems to be meditating upon the enormity of his crime, the first 
 .i.arder, which spread desolation over the abodes of men. 
 
 Continuing, we see specimens of photography and daguerreotyping, 
 and an apparatus for stereoscopic photography, exhibiting the picture 
 either flat or in relief, according as we examine it either through one 
 or two lenses ; furniture and room decorations, consisting of fringes and 
 embroidery, some of which, composed of velvet, embroidered with gold, 
 are icmarkable for their richness and beauty ; an extensive collection 
 cf embroideries, lace, muslins and prints, chiefly from Nottingham ; 
 shawls, the most beautiful of which were from the Jewish house of 
 Salomons, to which the recently elected Lord Mayor of London be- 
 longs. Next we have silks, woollen fabrics, linens, rich carpetings, 
 velvets, vario.is articles of clothing, gloves, hosiery, boots and shoes, 
 &c., &c. ; artificial flowers, toys and stationery, cases of instruments, 
 brashcH, specimens of printing and binding, and an envelope machine. 
 
 Having traversed the labyrinth of the avenues and compartments con- 
 taining .lie objects we have just inspected, we arrive at the principal 
 exhibition of English gold and silver smiths' work ; many have contri- 
 buted to ihis collection; Messrs. Hunt & Roskell, in their articles of 
 jewellery, exhibit diamonds and precious stones, amounting in value to 
 £50,000 sterling; the Goldsmith's Company of London exhibit a number 
 of eniblemntie Abases and candelabra, one of which represents the 
 festival on I lie occasion of granting the privileges to the Company of 
 <^;oldsmith.L by Richard II. 
 
 This collection of plate is very numerous and of great richness ; we 
 particularly observe a shield of iron and silver representing Shakspeare, 
 Milton and Newton, each surrounded with attributes, as difficult to di\ine 
 as enigmas, the subject of the composition is described as follows : 
 
205 
 
 lOUSC 01 
 
 Shalispeare seated on the vessel of immortnlUy^ Jluatinrj on the river of life, and 
 Apollo and Minerva shewing him the vices of hanan nature, personijied by 
 figures in torments, monsters, cfc. ; in spite of its intricacy it is a fine work, 
 but the most beautiful specimen is one representingjupitcr hurling thun- 
 derbolts at the Titans, designed by Mr. Vechte, a French artist, employed 
 in London by Hunt and Roskell, the successors to Storr and Mortimer ; 
 the shield of which I have before spoken, was designed by this artist. 
 This collection is remarkable for its richness, a number of the groups 
 being in solid silver. 
 
 We now arrive at the exhibition of the East India Company, who 
 adopted the happy idea of exhibiting not only the remarkable manufac- 
 tured productions of India, but also of exhibiting the characteristics of 
 that wonderful country, and as it were transporting the visitor into the 
 midst of the scenery in that strange land of civilization, causing our 
 minds to recur to the Tales of the Thousand and one nights, and the 
 enchanted shores and palaces of fairy land. 
 
 First we have pavilions painted in oriental style, containing Indian 
 stuffs, superb cashmeres which are imitated in France, but which have 
 never yet been equalled, various velvets and other fabrics of the richest 
 colors, muslins embroidered with gold and silver, silk and cotton scarfs, 
 gauzes ornamented with arabesques in gold, the whole incredibly trans- 
 parent and light, a sun beam might sport and reflect itself on the gold 
 threads of the tenth tissue. Next we have costumes made vip of the 
 above materials, embroidered slippers, Turkish slippers of gilded white 
 leather, and caps of gold and silk, velvet cloaks for Indian Princes, 
 arms, bows and arrows, muskets and pistols, sabres and daggers, lances, 
 coats of mail, helmets, cuirasses of most fantastic form, and inconceiva- 
 bly rich in ornament, musical instruments, guitars with one or more 
 strings, drums, tom-toms, flutes, chibou([ues and narguillis, toys, car- 
 riages the most curious in the world, small statuettes, figures represent- 
 ing Indian animals, the elephant, crocodile, serpents, monkeys, and the 
 pretty little Hindoo cow, an object of worship on the shores of the 
 Ganges. 
 
 In this exhibition there is something so original and so fabulous that 
 you seem to be transported to another world, especially when you 
 examine the representations of life in the East ; first, there is an Indian 
 village, or more propeily speaking a bazaar in the country, consisting of 
 an enclosure in the form of a parallelogram, made of bamboos, covered 
 with thatch; in the court, herding together, are women, children, men, 
 horse s, cattle and elephants, on the roof of the house are Iroups of monkeys 
 basking in the sun, or gambolling in a fantastic manner. Then we have 
 the pavilion of an Indian Prince, containing ivory and ebony sofas, on mag- 
 
266 
 
 nificcnt c'ar|)ets, a clotli of green velvet spotted with gold covers the princi- 
 pal sofa, in front of which is a tabic with a chess-board, walking sticks of 
 CGsfly woods, narguillis glittering with crystal and gold, ivory, precious 
 stones and amber shew their aristocratic bowls, in fact it is evident that 
 the personage for whom all these objects are destined, must be deemed 
 and believes himself to have been formed of other materials than mankind 
 generally, for willius, in all our views of luxury, the entertainment of our 
 friends is always one of our aims, whereas here, everything is destined 
 for one single individual who has been condeumed to suHer continually 
 from indulgence, idleness and ennui. Here again we have another 
 prince, who, finding his palace too warm, has taken u[) his abode in his 
 tent. He sits listlessly on cushions smoking hischiboucjue, his courtiers 
 stand around, slaves holding large fans stand in a circle around him, 
 a medicant is in the act of advancing towards him, he must not give 
 him anything himself, he must give instructions to an attendant, and 
 remain as lie is, folded in his own dignity, wrapped up in silk, velvet, 
 and gold, and walking from his palace to his tent and from his tent to 
 his palace. All this may appear amusing to you ; for my own part, — I 
 am obliged to you, — but I would rather not be an eastern prince. 
 
 Here we have the car of Juggernaut, which moves along drawn by 
 thousands of devotees, the car is in the form of a pyramid, and must be 
 about thirty feet in height. Imagine to yourself every conceivable 
 variety of arabesques and fantastic carving, the whole painted red, green, 
 yellow, blue and white, and you will have some idea of the architecture 
 of li k3 car. 
 
 To conclude our inspection of this curious Indian collection, let us 
 examine the models of pirogues, a climbing po.e on a festival ground, 
 some models of the Temple of Ambabi, and of the mosque of Ahinidebad, 
 some sj)ecimens of printing in Hindostanee, some jewellery and some 
 household utensils, and other articles in ordinary use. 
 
 Next to this collection is a compartment in which Australia exhibits 
 specimens from her gold fields and of her other mineral wealth, speci- 
 mens of her vegetable productions, and also some stufTed animals and 
 birds, many of which are peculiar to that country. 
 
 Leaving the Indian and Australian collections we enter the compart- 
 ments occupied by the articles sent from Egypt, whoseviceroy just now 
 is acting in so independent a manner towards the Sultan his suzerain. We 
 observe in this collection a panorama of the Isthmus of Suez, just com- 
 pleted, by a French engineer, Mr. de Lesseps, preparatory to the con- 
 struction of a canal between the two seas, articles of saddlery richly 
 ornamented, oriental fabrics, embroideries, woollen, silk and cotton stuffs, 
 
267 
 
 .'r f! -Li-. — 
 
 carjK'tings, grain, miiK>rals, wines, sugars, articles in filabaster of 
 remarl<a!Me beauty, and lastly, Ijooks printcnl in Arabic and Turkish. 
 
 Tunis displays some wove fabrics, sadlery, and cloll. ig, and a 
 beautiful pipe. 
 
 The Ottoman Empire occupies the next division, which is filled or 
 nearly so, with stufls, embroideries, carpets, shawls, scarfs, and a variety 
 of woollen and silk fabrics; of the silks some are from a French estab- 
 lishment at Mount Lebanon ; a collection of the current (toins, pipes, 
 chibouques, and narguillis, weapons of war, and military saddles, 
 cutlery, and lastly, specimensof photography anddrawing from Wallachia 
 and Moldavia. 
 
 From China, incense vases and others in porcelain, scent bags, and 
 japanned screens, iron-wood furniture carved and inlaid, shawls and 
 other stuffs, and two beautiful lari^e yellow vases of Chinese pocelain. 
 
 The little kingdom of Greece sends a collection of woollen and silk 
 fabrics, cordage and leathers, articles of clothing and specimens of 
 photogra|,iiy, the model of a Greek corvette, a collection of dried Greek 
 flowers, and, lastly, a very pretty costume, and rich male attire spotted 
 with gold. 
 
 In the next compartment occupied by Tuscany, whose principal exhi- 
 bition is in the annexe, we remark a collection of very pretty furniture 
 and some beautiful mar([ueterie work, specimens of fine Tuscan mar- 
 ble, mosaics in stone from Florence, pretty articles of stationery, candel- 
 abra, and vases of serpentine, bronzes, among which a copy of the 
 Perseus, by Bellini is worthy of notice, porcelains from Florence, the 
 well known and admired straw bonnets from Tuscany, a marble man- 
 telpiece, specimensof silk and cotton thread, a collection of stuffs, some 
 cordage, pottery, and locks, specimens of photography, alabaster and 
 porphyry vases, beautiful imitations of ancient Italian deljih called 
 majoHca, made to deceive connoisseurs. The compartments of the other 
 Italian states, namely, the states of the Church and Sardinia, are con- 
 tiguous to those we have just examined. It may be said that the 
 kingdom of Naples abstained from exhibiting, and the few productions 
 from that country ire placed in the compartment of the states of the 
 Church. The industrial section of the exhibition from the Roman states 
 is placed in the annexe. In the section in which we now are, we ob- 
 serve, a large collection of those beautiful cameos, for which Rome is so 
 renowned, a collection of mosaics of all sizes, among which is one 
 representing the Roman Forum, by Mr. Galante. This n.agnificent 
 work of art is nearly five feet in length and thirty inches in breadth, and 
 is worth £1500. We also notice pottery made of the famous earth 
 from Mount Janicula, coral jewellery, a beautiful model of Trajan's 
 
268 
 
 coliunn In hronzo, a maiiliiiu; for ciilting out cloth for coats, artis'ic 
 designs and ornaments in iriarblc, stucco and Greek anti(|uc uiarlilc, 
 worsted hangings in imitation of Gol)t!lin's, specimens of silk, cloths, 
 and articles of cloth mg, artificial flowers in wax and muslin, beautiful 
 photographs of the monniiumts of ancient and luodern Rome, dillerent 
 kinds of furniture, and, lastly, a portrait in mosaic of the Emperor 
 Naj)ole()n I. 
 
 Sardinia exhibits woollen, linen, silk and cotton fabrics, embroidered 
 fabrics worthy of notice., leathers, beautiful lithographs, wax fruits, a fine 
 collection of specimens of clock making, musical instruments, surgicul 
 instruments, bookbinding, stuffed birds, mosaics in wood, some hand- 
 some furnitun;, fancy articles for smokers, a plaster group of Napoleon 
 I and his son, and a pateh-work (juilt, similar to those frequently seen 
 in the country, in Canada. 
 
 Nearly the whole of the gallery on the north side, which we have just 
 entered, is filled with French productions, which we shall cursorily ex- 
 amine, for they are so numerous that we should never come to an end 
 were we to examine them in detail ; we have already, in the nave and 
 in the lower galleries, examined in detail, objects for the most part simi- 
 lar, we shall therefore proceed by groups without following the labyrinth 
 of pavilions and compartments. 
 
 The entire front of the gallery looking immediately upon the nave, 
 is occupied by a suit of magnificent |)avilions containing jewellery of all 
 kinds to the value of many thousands of pounds; gold, silver, diamonds, 
 pearls, rubies, topazes, emeralds, in fact all the precious metals and 
 stones, of exquisite workmanship, and arranged with the purest taste, 
 attract the gaze of visitors, who are astounded at the wealth displayed ; 
 some of the articles in this superb collection of the so world renowned 
 jewellery of France, merit special mention, on account of their artistic 
 beauties, for as regards richness and brilliancy it would be diflcuU. to 
 make a selection ; first we have an ornamented sword with a steel hilt 
 by Mr. Henry, a table of silver and mosaic by Mr. Farry, a pin with 
 a figure of the Virgin by Mr. Mellerio, lastly, the model of a cup in 
 jasper of one single piece with figures and statuettes inre/)0Mssegold and 
 enamel, representing Theseus and Andromeda, this lijou is said to be 
 worth £4000. 
 
 If we proceed from the balustrade directly to the great central staircase, 
 by which an entrance is gained to the gallery on this side, and which as 
 it were, divides the gallery into two, we observe in the corridors at the 
 entrance to the g dlery, a collection of beautiful carpets by the most 
 celebrated French makers, arrong which we must not forget those of 
 Aubusson, a gigantic crystal candelabrum of great beauty from the re- 
 
269 
 
 nownod fai tory of Hnccfirat, and a pirr glass from St. Gobain, 17 ft. by 
 5 with a frame worthy of its beauty. 
 
 Next we remark, eontained in a number of bc^autifid pavilions, and 
 occupyin<^ dillerent parts of \hv. gallery, a lar<^e plate glass from 
 Monllucon, silks of the inimitable Lyons manul'a(;tiire, a variety of 
 fabrics in silk, wool, and linen, cmbroideri<>s, laees, muslins, stuffs, 
 worked with gold and silver, points, &c. ; amidst all these varieties of 
 luxuries replet- with taste maybe distinguished the nianufaetii res of Lyons, 
 Paris, and St. Etienne, and in laees and embroideries, Valenciennes, 
 Cambrai, Amiens, Nimes, jMulhouse, Konen, Nancy, Tarraif; n(\xt we 
 have exhibited all the processes in the production and manufacture of silk 
 from the gathering of the cocoon, up to the richest and most delicate 
 fabric. 
 
 Nearly in the middle of this gallery, is the apartment prepared for the 
 Empress, the principal ornaments in which consist of tapestry hangings, 
 made in the reign of Louis XIV, by the young ladies of St. 
 Cyr under the direction of Madame de Maintenon, a pier glass in the 
 Louis XV style, made in London, furniture of magnificent Parisian 
 cabinet work, silk hangings and the inkstand used by Napoleon I at St. 
 Helene. 
 
 After the French compartments, we have the Portuguese, Spanish and 
 Swiss compartments. 
 
 In the Portuguese exhibition we remark a collection of wood for 
 cabinet making, a collection of specimens of marbles, Portuguese to- 
 baccos, a variety of fabrics, particularly some light silk stuffs, em- 
 broideries, mats, and other articles of plaited straw, woods and other 
 substances, some paper made of aloes, porcelain, admirable imitations 
 of flowers and feathers, and, lastly, a colossal porcelain vase of great 
 beauty. 
 
 Spain exhibits a fine collection of stuffs and wove goods, porcelain, 
 delfand potteiy, beautiful embroideries, gold and silver plate, Church 
 ornaments, medallions modeled in wax, plaster bas-reliefs, fire-arms, 
 pianos, furniture, and photographs. The distinguishing quality of the 
 Spanish exhibition is the combination of cheapness and the excellence 
 and good taste of the articles ; here it is evident we are dealing with a 
 nation amongst whose people, the principles of art are generally diflluscd. 
 
 Switzerland demands special notice for her embroideries in needle- 
 work, her reliefs and groups carved in wood, for which she is so justly 
 celebrated, various woollen, silk, cotton, and linen fabrics, cutlery, 
 musical boxes, a fine collection illustrating the Swiss manufacture, 
 par excellence, viz., watchmaking, a superb oak prie-Dmi, some photographs, 
 and, lastly, some embroideries on cloth and plaited straw. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 £ 11° 12.0 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
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In traversing the Swiss Department we have passed one of the pavil- 
 ions on the staircase leading to the gallery ; in the vicinity of the stair- 
 case are exhibited a stuffed lion, the skin of which was furnished by 
 the celebrated Lieutenant Gerard, the lion slayer, and some specimens 
 of glass staining, one of which represents a scene entitled, The education 
 of the Blessed Virgin. 
 
 We now reach the cross gallery at the western extremity of the build- 
 ing which contains the exhibition by Holland, Sweden and Denmark, 
 and a part of that of the German states. 
 
 On arriving at the compartment of Holland, we have got through the 
 examination of about three-fourths of the galleries. The principal ob- 
 jects in the Dutch exhibition contained in this department have more or 
 less relcronce to navigation ; we have models of merchant and war ves- 
 sels, a model of a flat bottomed fishing boat, models of the celebrated 
 dykes, a model for the construction of ship's masts of iron, scientific 
 instruments, compasses, chronometers, sextants, &c. ; after these we have 
 collections of engravings, letter press, and bookbinding, a fine collection 
 of natural loadstones, glassware, and fancy articles, various fabrics, 
 among which we remark some fine large carpetings, and counterpanes, 
 and other household articles, next a collection of utensils, furniture, 
 arms, and other fane ' articles from the Island of Jara. 
 
 In the next compartment, Sweden and Norway exhibit a collection 
 of fabrics, among which we notice some fine linens, a collection of scien- 
 tific instruments, and fine surgical instruments, a collection of sculpture 
 and ornaments and furniture in carved wood, various articles of cloth- 
 ing and decoration, specimens of bookbinding, furniture of diffe-ent 
 kinds, gold and silver plate, a table on which stands a large porphyry 
 vase, some beautiful furs, musical instruments, fancy articles of birch 
 bark, models of public works, and, lastly, some perfumery. 
 
 Denmark exhibits in this part of the building, a collection of furs ; the 
 productions of its woollen and cotton manufactures ; specimens of Dan- 
 ish porcelain from Copenhagen, some of which are works of art copied 
 from the works of the celebrated Danish sculptor, Thorwaldsen, the 
 author of the famous statues of Jesus and the twelve Apostles ; musical in- 
 struments, particularly pianos, collections of stuffed animals and birds ; 
 some furniture, among which is a bookcase of carved wood, mathemati- 
 cal nautical instruments, a model of a pilot boat, articles of clothing, 
 and, lastly, a beautiful mechanical compositor. 
 
 Among the fabrics, models of vessels, embroideries, earthenwaie, cabi- 
 netwarc, marquetterie work, and other articles sent by the free town of 
 Hamburg, we notice a coUossal barometer, the style of execution of 
 which, does honor to its maker, Mr. Kriiss. Entering th« part of the 
 
271 
 
 galleries assigned to the German states, we perceive around the passages 
 leading to it, specimens of Prussian stained glass, and a pavilion contain- 
 ing the celebrated Eaux de Cologne, by Mr. Jean Marie Farina. 
 
 In the first of these compartments the different German states exhibit 
 a variety of fancy stuffs embroidered, stamped and damasked, em- 
 broideries, toilet articles, specimens of engraving, superb specimens of 
 photography, a collection of playthings and fancy articles. Among the 
 numerous articles of bronze and electrotype here exhibited, we remark a 
 magnificent bas-relief of the picture by Gendron La Danscdes WilHs^cxc- 
 cutod in electrotype by Mr. Kress of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. 
 
 Next comes Prussia with an exhibition of various fabrics dilHiring in 
 price, among which we notice particularly Berlin carpetings and wools, 
 and Utrecht velvets, numerous and varied specimens of stationery, en- 
 graving, bookbinding, and books, architectural designs and collections of 
 arch.pological drawings, albums, maps in relief, photographs ; and, 
 lastly, a collection of skins and furs. 
 
 From the Prussian we pass to the Austrian collection which astonishes 
 the visitor by its richness, and amid which we particularly admire the 
 beautiful velvets of Vienna and of the Provinces of tho Empire, every 
 description of silk, linen, and woollen fabric rivalling the finest of their 
 kind in the whole world, embroidered, spotted and damasked tissues, 
 &c., specimens of silk and wool in the various stages of their preparation, 
 national costumes, shawls and other toilet articles ; a collection of hats 
 and caps in which we remark the singular fashions in vogue in the dif- 
 ferent ))rovinces, such as Hungary, Transylvania, and Wallachia, a fine 
 collection of carpetings, specimens of the beautiful Bohemian crystal 
 ware, which was the first to compete with that of Venice, and, lastly, 
 a magnificent organ completes the catalogue of the most remarkable 
 objects in this beautiful section. 
 
 Belgium here, as on the ground floor, is next to Austria, she exhibits 
 among other objects a collection of fancy carpetings, diflerent kinds of 
 embroidery, specimens of engraving and photography, musical instru- 
 ments, and particularly some pianos from Brussels, ornaments of marble, 
 such as mantel-pieces and frames, dresses and carpets of furs of different 
 kinds, articles of jewellery and gold and silver plate, bronzes, fancy arti- 
 cles in great variety, a collection of biscuit ware and some articles in 
 terra cotta. 
 
 We shall conclude our examination of the galleries and consequently 
 of the Palais d'Industrie, by noticing the few articles from the Southern 
 States of America and Central America. Let us observe the stuffed 
 birds, the mats and carpets, and the natural productions of Guatemala 
 and New Grenada, the collection of minerals from the Argentine Ilepub- 
 
272 
 
 lie, the natural prodn'^-tions of Brazil, the collection of minerals, the 
 tobaccos and other plants, the books and stationery, the tissues cm- 
 broid^ired with gold, and lastly, the collection of birds and insects from 
 Mexico. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THE PANORAMA. 
 
 We now proceed to examine the annexe called the panorama, which 
 immediately adjoins the Palace. The panorama is divided into two 
 principal sections, the circuit and the central division, the whole is occu- 
 pied by French exhibitors. 
 
 We shall first make the circuit of the building entering on the right. 
 Here is assembled the most considerable collection of French furniture ; 
 the perfection at which French workmen have arrived in this branch is 
 well known. This vast collection, which is composed almost exclusively 
 of fancy furniture, is contributed by a host of exhibitors, the list of whose 
 names it would take too long to give ; let us then content ourselves with 
 the examination of a few of the specimens which are worthy of special 
 remark : a polished oak mantel-piece, ornamented with statuettes, by Mr. 
 Roudillon, a frame of Sevres enamel and two large pannels, painted 
 with arabesques ; a book-case by Mr. Klein, of carved black walnut, and 
 consisting of two distinct parts supported each by four pannels, the 
 lower part is ornamented with busts of Dante and Virgil, and witb alle- 
 gorical designs, emblematical of the arts, the whole is surmounted by a 
 globe, supported by a figure of Atlas, the globe itself being surmounted 
 by a figure of science seated on a couched lion : an immense side-board 
 by Mr. Ribailler, adorned with statues of natural size of the four quar- 
 ters of the world, and with a host of allegorical figures and bas-reliefs, 
 the merit of the workmanship being a recompense for the strangeness 
 of this encyclopediacal composition ; an ebony sideboard with bronze 
 ornaments, and a black walnut book case with bronze ornaments, by 
 Mr. Barbedienne, who manufactures both bronzes and furniture ; next 
 to these we have bedsteads and other furniture ; next an immense col- 
 lection of implements and cutlery, the most beautiful and complete ever 
 oifered to public view ; the next section contains musical instruments of 
 French manufacture, wind, string, and percussion instruments ; let us 
 note the names of the justly celebrated makers, Pleyel, Blanchct, Debain, 
 Pape, Alexandre, Darche, Boisselot, Hertz, and especially the firm of 
 
273 
 
 5, the 
 
 ; cm- 
 
 from 
 
 which 
 to two 
 3 occu- 
 
 Erard, who always rank at tlie head of this branch of industry, and will 
 continue to do so, notwithstanding the death of the head of the firm, 
 which took place during the exhibition. The cliei d'o-Mivre exhibited 
 by Erard is a grand piano in the style of Louis XV., deeoratiul with 
 bronzes and paintings ula Wateati; the total weight of the tension, the 
 cords being of steel, is 44,000 pounds. 
 
 We now enter the central section uf the panorama. Observe around 
 this large circular compartment, the Gobelins and Beauvais tapestry, tho 
 large picture in wool representing the family of Darim at the feet of 
 Alcxamler ; the Miraculous draught (f Fishes, after Raphael ; La Vierge aux 
 pnissons, also after Raphael ; Christ laid in the Sr/iulchre, after Caravache ; 
 Christ at the Tomh^ af;er Charnpeignc ; illustrations of the fables of Lafon- 
 taine, and furniture covering from Beauvais ; porcelain vases and carpet.?, 
 by Mr. Sallandrouze. Here are exhibited specimens of aluminum, 
 the new metal recently discovered. 
 
 In the middle of the panorama a platform has been erected ; on the 
 lowest elevation are the Crown Jewels of France, contained in a magni- 
 ficent pavilion, around which, an uninterrupted stream of visitors con- 
 tinually circulates. Let us stop to admire these jewels, in which the 
 beauty of the workmanship, the precious metals and stones rival one an- 
 otb' ., let it suffice to say that the total value of the jewels is calculated at 
 £1,800,000. Below and around the elevation on which the Crown 
 jewels are placed, the platform is occupied by a collection of Sevres 
 porcelain, and gold and s-lver plate, among which we particularly notice 
 a large monumental vase, with figures representing the diflferent nations 
 of the earth, executed in commemoration of the Universal Exhibition of 
 1851, enamels representing the four Evangelists, statues in biscuit ware, 
 table services, vases, and candelabra. Among the plate we particularly 
 remark a service of 100 covers, executed for the Emperor by Mr. Chris- 
 tofle ; the entire service is composed of 350 pieces, bearing the arms of 
 the Napoleon dynasty, the principal piece is an epergne in the form of 
 a temple, the cupola bearing the figure of France rewarding merit, it is 
 surrounded by stutues of religion, concord, powsr and justice ; at the base 
 of tho cupola we see on one side the genius of agriculture on a car 
 drawn by four oxen, and the other side the genius of war, on a cor drawn 
 by four war horses; let us also remark the models in Sevres porcelain of 
 various ancient works. Proceeding by the gallery, let us direct our 
 steps to the annexe du lord de Veau. 
 
 In the gallery just referred to, is exhibited on one side, the greater part 
 of the exhibition of French clock work, including clocks, watehes, 
 chronometers, and other scientific instruments; and on the other side 
 are collections of natural history, plants, flowers, and fruits, methodically 
 
274 
 
 arranj^nd ; collections of animals prepared for innsenms, and curious 
 specimens of fossils, amongst others a plaster cast of tlie head and 
 tusks of an antediluvian animal. At the entrance to the annexe, are 
 exhibited wax models, the greater part of which are of beautiful work- 
 manship. 
 
 Before entering the annexe, wc shall briefly examine the area fen.ed 
 in, which surrounds the panorama ; here, in a number of pavilions and 
 tents lire contained a number of articles sufficient of themselves to form 
 a magnificent provincial exhibition ; all the articles contained in this 
 section are of French exhibition. Let us note the principal objects; 
 first of all we see ranged along the palisade, artistic groups in terra-cotta, 
 destined for the decoration of gardens, blocks of artificial stone, which 
 having been submitted to experiment, has been found to possess a force of 
 adhesion superior to that of natural stone, statues and arbours of lead and 
 zinc, a pretty little pleasure boat by the Seine boatmen ; next we have 
 a collection of agricultural implements, ploughs, rakes, thrashing 
 machines, steam ploughs, mills, reaping machines, wine presses, harrows, 
 and many others, five or six of which are from Belgium. 
 
 Here it is that under a cover France has exliibited her agricultural 
 products, cereals, plants, and preserved fruits ; among this collection we 
 remark beautiful merino wools, French flax and hemp, silk cocoons, 
 some very curious beehives, and specimens of pine for shipbuilding 
 planted in the Landes which had attained a growth of 15 feet in the short 
 period of four years. 
 
 Here, also, the Marquis de Bryas exhibits within a pretty rustic 
 
 pavilion his admirable method of deep drainage by means of earthen 
 
 ware pipes, and here are displayed beautiful specimens of French carriage 
 
 building and wheel wright's work, and models of railway vans and 
 
 • carriages. 
 
 Let us now briefly examine the exhibition of cheap articles, which is 
 called the Galerie de Viconomie domestique. This gallery is exclusively 
 devoted to articles of food, clothing and furniture. Amongst the cheap 
 articles of food we observe preserved vegetables, Indian meal, and the 
 various so called Italian pastes. In the fuel section we remark, pressed 
 turf, and coal made from charcoal and cinder dust mixed with tar by 
 means of an hydraulic press. English crockery at four shillings a dozen, 
 and Belgian and French earthenware cups at one penny each ; tent bed- 
 steads for less than ten shillings ; stockings from Nottingham at one 
 shilling per doz ; French buttons at one shilling, the lot composed of 1748 
 button;* ; French clocks at eight shillings ; in fact a host of articles 
 wonderful for their low price, which however does not in every case con- 
 stitute cheapness. As regards the . success attained in this section, 
 
275 
 
 France, Prussia, Aus>tria, Great Britain and BL'lgiiun take the lirst 
 rank. 
 
 Austria exhibits excellent clocks at W()n(l(^rfiilly low rates. I for^jfot 
 to mention that there was an organ suitable for a village church, the 
 piice of which was only £5. It seems that in France, a very fair or;j[aa 
 may be had for £25. 
 
 IX. 
 
 ANNEXE DU BORD-DE-L'EAU. 
 
 We have only the annexe now to examine ; we enter this build in:J[ at 
 the east end, next to the Place de la Concorde, and before insjx cling 
 the articles on the ground floor, ictus look at the contents of the gidlerics, 
 which it will be better to examine first, as they do not extend the whole 
 length of the building, but only about halfway, terminating abruptly at 
 the commencement of the exhibition of machinery in motion. 
 
 Ascending the stair case which leads to the right hand gallery on the 
 north, we first notice a part of the exhibition of the English Colonies, 
 including Ceylon and the Indian Archipelago ; we observe ivory, tovloise- 
 shell, and metallic articles, made by the natives, cabinetware and fancy 
 articles, preserved fruits and natural productions from the three natural 
 kingdoms ; minerals, cereals, and prepared fruits, furs, and skins, and 
 mattrasses and hammocks used by the natives. 
 
 The collection from Australia is composed for the most part of a variety 
 of timber and articles made of the different kinds of woods, some stuffed 
 animals, and furs ; a collection of minerals, particularly some specimens 
 from the gold fields, vegetable productions, specimens of printing and 
 bookbinding ; the articles sent from Van Dieman's Land and the C;?pe 
 of Good Hope, are almost identical with the above. 
 
 The collection from New Zealand contains fetiches, instrumenis and 
 utensils used by the natives, a collection of woods of the country, and 
 specimens of a gum held in great repute, for the preparation of vaniibh. 
 Here are placed a few specimens of English, Canadian and French 
 productions. 
 
 The States of the Church here exhibit a part of their collection of ceramic 
 manufactures, sands and carbonates for polishing metals, a fine blo'>'v of 
 rock alum, a collection of forest productions, agricultural prodiieljoiis, 
 chemical productions, preserved fruits, edged tools, hemp productions, sail 
 cloth, and sperm candies. Here, Sardinia, among other articles, exhibits a 
 

 
 276 
 
 £ne collection of ston^, marble, and other materials of the kind ; a 
 •Dlieetion of minerals, earihenware, and agricultural and forest pro- 
 ductions. 
 
 Norway exhibits some very curious articles of clothing, furs, carriages, 
 kousehold implements, specimens of paper ami pulleys, a model of a 
 ■cw steering apparatus, and some planks of northern pine and fir. 
 
 The German States shew some mineral and agricultural productions, 
 some iron manufactures, clothing, and specimens of paper, fire arms, and 
 cutlery. 
 
 Prussia exhibits some natural productions and manufactured articles, 
 •mong others some telegraphic cables, some curious surgical instruments, 
 ^cimens of paper, and a collection of optical and philosophical instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Austria has collected here a number of important articles, among others, 
 a fine collection of iron and steel manufactures, implements, fire arms, 
 catlery, surgical instruments, &c, geological, geographical and hydro- 
 graphical charts, models of buildings, and of boats ; clocks, and optical 
 «nd scientific instruments, agricultural productions and implements, and 
 lastly, an immense voltaic pile for the production of ^tricity. 
 
 Here Belgium presents a fine collection of agri al productions, 
 
 pr , .red furs, gold and silver plate, and water prool .otning. 
 
 i'.ie rest of this gallery is occupied by France. Here are telescopes 
 and nautical instruments, a diving bell, a level, and other engineering 
 instruments, photographical apparatus, a large collection of mathematical, 
 astronomical and philosophical instruments used in the sciences of 
 observation, beautiful French parchments, surgical instruments in g-eat 
 ▼ariety and of beautiful workmanship, contrivances for the education of 
 the blind, instructive games for children, surgical bandages, artificial 
 anatomical preparations, stufied birds, and a collection of agricultural 
 productions of France and Algeria, and some French furniture. 
 
 To conclude our visit to the galleries, we traverse the building and 
 ascending to the left gallery on the south, we proceed to the eastern 
 extremity of the annexe, where we shall commence a rapid survey of 
 the objects displayed on the principal floor. 
 
 The gallery west of the Seine contains a piano and furniture made 
 of Algerian wood, next we have the exhibition from French Guiani, con- 
 sisting of barks, woods and plants, the skins and plumage of animals and 
 birds, agricultural productions, spices, dye-stuffs and fruits, weapons, 
 mats, and other articles. 
 
 Next to this collection from Guiana, we have a few articles from 
 French Oceanica, comprising sponges, and corals, cottons, tobacco, 
 and aromatics, dyestufTsjOils, and native fabrics. Next, France displays 
 
277 
 
 ind ; a 
 Hi pro- 
 
 rr'mges, 
 Id of a 
 
 uctions, 
 Tis, and 
 
 articles, 
 uments, 
 1 inslni- 
 
 g others, 
 re arms, 
 d hydro- 
 1 optical 
 Mits, and 
 
 ductions, 
 
 lescopes 
 jineoring 
 matical, 
 ences of 
 in g-eat 
 cation of 
 artificial 
 ■icultural 
 
 fmg and 
 
 eastern 
 
 purvey of 
 
 made 
 in'i, con- 
 uals and 
 weapons, 
 
 |;les from 
 
 tobacco, 
 
 [displays 
 
 some alimentary preparations, and some India rubber clothe, and a fint 
 and numerous collection of chemical productions, and perfumeries, among 
 whi(^h we notice those coming from Provence. 
 
 Next comes Austria, with a very good collection of chemical 
 preparations, particularly some celebrated salts and acids, specimens of 
 various sugars, surgical instruments, and numerous orthopa'dical cou- 
 trivances ; next we have a pretty collection of articles for draftsmen and 
 artists, paper, colors and pencils. 
 
 Prussia exhibits some licjueurs, syriips, sugars, manufacture*',! tobaccos, 
 candles, and essences ; and a fine collection of the celebrated Eau 
 de Cologne. 
 
 The articles collected here by the different petty German States and 
 Holland, are virtually of the same description as those we have just 
 examined from Prussia. They all belong to the united Zollvereia 
 exhibition. 
 
 Next, we notice in succession the following articles : from France 
 some church ornaments, and articles of clothing made in the deaf and 
 dumb asylums of Paris and Bordeaux, transparencies for windows, and 
 models of house roofs. From Tunis, some furs and skins, some agricul- 
 tural productions, and dried fruits, articles of leather, and earthenware. 
 From Spain, a fine collection of chemicals, some candles, tobaccos, 
 corkf., paper, and mineral productions, among them rock salt from Cata- 
 lonia ; and lastly, a collection of the famous Spanish cigarettes, the 
 classic ornament of the Majo. 
 
 We ato]) to examine the beautiful collection of agricultural productions 
 by the Board of Trade of London, comprising every production classified 
 in order, the grain in the ear with the stem and the roots, preserved 
 fruits and vegetables, plants and woods ; also, wools and other animal 
 products. 
 
 Proceeding, we observe the productions of the English Colonies in the 
 Mediterranean ; from the Islands in the Mexican Gulf, and from Guiana, 
 consisting, — fron Malta and the Ionian Islands, of coffee, sugar, 
 woods, agricuhural productions, prepared fruits, dried fish, and a few 
 fabrics ; stuffed birds, and specimens of engraving and typography from 
 Jamaica ; minerals, forest and agricultural productions, toilet articles 
 and clothing, stulFs, ant! household articles, musical instruments, and 
 specimens of photography from British Guiana ; a fine collection, con- 
 sisting chieHy of mineral productions, among which is plastic earth of 
 good quality, about 111 specimens of the produce of the forests and the 
 chase ; we notice particularly the wood of the banana tree, and some 
 fine bear skins ; a large collection of agricultural produce, wheat, coffee* 
 cotton, pepper, &c., and a variety of raw and refined sugars, banana 
 
¥ 
 
 
 
 
 278 
 
 li 
 
 monl, riiin, slarrli, gums and modieinal |)lan1s, (for(la<;fc of various fibres, 
 aboriiritial articles of ciolhing, hammocks, and other furniture, native 
 hilts and iinplenients. 
 
 Having' inspected the, gaUeries, we proceed throug!i the whohi lenijtli 
 of the annexe, 1,000 feet, noticing on our passag(! those objects, 
 among the thousands which seem most worthy of observation, or those 
 at least which attract the hirgest siiare of attention, for there are objects 
 here of the greatest interest which appear to remain forgotten, and wliich 
 seem lost in this immense colli ction which is too vast altogether to admit 
 of the study of its details. The first compartment .it this extremity of the 
 ann(?xe belongs to England, it contains a vast collection of iron (tastings, 
 balconies, furniture, artistic and decorative objects, and others by the 
 Coalbrookdale Company, numerous collections of sp(?cimens of iron, and 
 ;ron manufactures, from different parts of the United Kingdom, and a 
 fine collection of saddlery by several contributors ; the specimens com- 
 posing it are ver, beautiful ; a collection of leathers of various ([ualities 
 and variously prepared, a fine collc«!tion of English coal and coke 
 arranged according to their degrees of utility ; a vast collection of soaps 
 of dilferent kinds, and specimens of essences and various chemical 
 prej)arations. 
 
 We now come to the agricultural implements, or implements connected 
 with agriculture, exhibited by Great Britain; the principal of which are 
 a numerous collection of ploughs of diti'erent forms and dimensions, 
 harrows, drills, horse hoes, thrashing machines, and reaping machines, 
 horse rakes, portable ^team engines, and lastly, a tile machine for making 
 earthen ware tiles for drainage, around v/hich, a crowd is always 
 gathered to examine it in operation. 
 
 From the English Department we pass to the Canadian Compartment, 
 which is the only place in the annexe which is inclosed in a similar 
 manner to the large compartments in the Palace. Nearly all the articles 
 from Canada are collected in this compartment with the exception of 
 the machines in motion, to the number of 12, some agricultural imple- 
 ments, and a few articles placed in one of the galleries of the annexe 
 immediately above where we are now standing. 
 
 CANADIAN COMPARTMENT. 
 
 The visitor upon entering the Canadian section, which is bounded at 
 the two extremities by pavilions in which are arranged the objects of 
 small dimensions, or of delicate texture, is at once struck with the 
 appearance of the trophy of Canadian timber which occupies the centre 
 of the compartment. This trophy which is nearly 60 feet in height, upon 
 an octagonal base l4 feet in diameter is composed of three stories 
 
279 
 
 fmrmountcd hy a s|)ir»', the top of which is omamcnicd with a Ix-aver, 
 the (MnbltMn of Canada. A wimiin^ stair <;as<' in the interior leads to 
 the ^aMeries on the dilTerent stories, the highest of which forms the 
 prominent feature of all the trophies in the annexe. From this gallery 
 the view of tlu! building is really inagnilio-nt ; this extensive edilie.e 
 nearly 4000 feet in length, presents itself to the gaze of the visitor in all 
 its varied aspects, with its nuniberh'ss decorations and variety of colors, 
 the fairy like confusion of all the obji^ets displayed on tlu; ground door 
 and in the galleries, and the iron and crystal vault of the immenso 
 industrial caravanserai. The complete view of the annexe, the aerial 
 and indefinable prospect renders this gallery t)n«; of the most curious 
 points of the Exhibition of 1855. 
 
 The (Canadian trophy, so beautiful for its picturesque form, is not only 
 a pavilion of luxury, but also an exhibition of articles of the second class, 
 that is to say, of the produce of the forests, composed of the contributions 
 of more than thirty exhibitors; it is constructed with the woods of 
 Canada, and contains G4 varieties and more than 200 specimens, which are 
 principally in the form of the boards and planks of commerce; some of these 
 are more than one yard wide, by nearly four in length. To these woods 
 are added manufactured articles more or less intimately connected with 
 lumbering, wooden doors and windows, blinds, boxes, casks and barrels, 
 oars, wooden shovels, handles of axes and other tools, hot)j)s, beautiful 
 specimens of veneering in birds'-eye maple, splendid furs and several 
 other articles, all these stand gracefully out from d:.iperies of imperial 
 purple. At the foot of the trophy are seen enormous disks of wood, 
 formed by transverse sections of trees covered with their bark, and 
 intended to shew^ the texture of the difl'erent species. 
 
 Let us take a short review of the geograjjhical arrangement of the 
 saloon which engages our attention. We have already said that the 
 two extremities are bounded by glass cases, the spaces between whic'h 
 give access into the interior, which is divided into eight parallel zones, 
 extending in the direction of the length of the annexe. Let us notice the 
 general arrangement of the contents of each zone, beginning with that 
 which is bounded by th'i wall on the north-east side, nearest to Cours la 
 Reine. Here we have the numerous mineral and mctallurgic products, 
 including a beautiful geological map, a large topographical map, and all 
 kinds of building materials. 
 
 The second zone contains agricultural produce in its rough state, and 
 the third the same produce manufactured ready for commerce, together 
 with the products of the chase and the oil furnished by the fisheries. 
 
 Then comes the beautiful model of the Victoria Bridge, which excites 
 the admiration of so many spectators, by the mere perfection of its 
 
 W 
 
280 
 
 cxprution, but still xwow. I)y the idea which it ^\\r» of that ^i^nntio 
 enterprise, which, thanks to the dillcrent (l(H-nni<*iits published at I'aris, 
 IM now known to all the world, as well us many other things belorc 
 unknown eoneerninjj; oiir beaiitilul country. 
 
 C'rossin,i,'the centre of the saloon, we s<'e, on each side of the trophy, the 
 two dcautiful carriaj^<'s of Canadian manufacture which have b«'en so 
 much |)raisc(l, and the two fir** engines which are so remarkable in every 
 rpspect. 'J'he lifth zone is formed of models of canals, bridges and 
 public ••difiees. In tlu' sixth zoiw wo. see dillcrent instruments, and 
 especially manufactured metals, and in the seventh a rather large exhibi- 
 tiun of furniture and n piano. 
 
 Lastly, Icaninu; against the southern portion of the wjdis of the buihlii. ;, 
 arc spe<'imens of |)aintings, engravings, and plaitography, collections of 
 birds and stuHcd nnimab-, specimens of cordage, and of prepared and 
 dressed leather. 
 
 Let us now east a glance on the glass ceases which form the line of 
 separation between the Canadian s»'clion and those ailjoining. I'hey 
 are five in number, at each extremity. Those of the western extremity 
 contain, crossing from north to south, the first, pres(»rved meats, salted atid 
 smokctl tt)ngm*s, hams, &e. ; the second, straw and hay hats, samples of 
 book binding, particularprcparations of porpoise, caribou and mooseskins, 
 and a great many other articles ; the third, stulls, and varioiis fabrics; 
 the fourth, embroidered articles, lace work, and wearing apparel ; the 
 fifth, Indian curiosities and fancy work, of such taste and richness us to 
 surprise every body who saw them. 
 
 The glass cases at the eastern oxiremity, crossing from south to north, 
 contain : the first, beautiful furs, martin, mink, otter, beaver, fox, and 
 many other kinds, which it is really comfortable only to look at ; the 
 second, acoUect ion of diflerent kinds of shoes and boots; the fourth, jewellery 
 and articles belonging to the toilet; and the fifth, medicinal plantsand those 
 used in dyeing, pharmaceutical extracts and chemical preparations. 
 
 Still advincing in the annexe, immediately adjoining the Canadian 
 Exhibition is one of the American divisions, which, like all the others, is 
 almost entirely occupied by France. The United States exhibit here, 
 only some reaping machines, one of wdiich apj)ears to be the best of all 
 that were exhibited, thrashing machines, and a few other agricultural 
 implements. France has occupied this American compartment by a 
 collection which offers one of the most important features of the whole 
 exhibition. This collection is a splendid illustration of its civil and 
 military genius, and contains models representing the building, accom- 
 modations, and arrangements of men-of-war of every discriplion, and 
 .above all, of those steam batteries, the use of which is so new, so bold 
 
281 
 
 ami MO iiltd^rtlicr Fn'ticli ; illiiHlralions of llir Imincliinp; of slii|)s and of 
 tlu' I'ortiiiitioti of slocks ; niodrls of pilot, li.''liitii,' atid riiciti;^' l>oats ; iiiodrls 
 of merchant vessels, and various apparatus for rescuing sliipNvrecke'i 
 persons and pr<»perty ; models ol' public works, temporary and ptrmunent 
 booms for rivers; models of \\\r eonstriietion o( harbours, brid^'.-s, 
 viadtiets, a(|iiednets, tunnels, models of seairoldin^ for house bnildi.if^ ; 
 u beautiful model of a liK''^ liouse, shewin:^ u perpendicular section of 
 the interior ; u niod(d of th<* harlM>r of Calais, atid a iuu|) in relief of the 
 harbour of Marseilh-s. What d! <lin^Mii.shes all tin* pr(Mluclions<»f French 
 g(>nius is their solid and durabh; a|>pearanc(!, und th(;ir monumental 
 aspect. 
 
 Tuscany has a pleasing exhibition here, composed principally of a 
 collection of mim-rals, whicdi an; very remarkable in every respect ; 
 a beautiful collection oi' buildinij timber, and cabinet work ; acolh'clion 
 of brcad-stulls, plants, and roots, admirably arranged ; very line specimens 
 of wool, leatln!r and other animal productions; and specimens of the 
 beautiful Tuscan straw which is so cehibratud. 
 
 The Stat(>s of the Cluirch exhibit here, minerals, productions of the 
 forest ; br«'adstu(rs and other aj^ricultural produce, and some; aji[ri(Mdtural 
 iinpleini'nts ; amongst which is an inijenious harrow, intended to be 
 adapted to the c(!l«'brated Frencdi plough of Dombasle. 
 
 Spain exhibits a collection of minerals, and some beautiful specimens 
 of marble ; a collection of woods, comprising about GOOdiH'erent species, 
 together with the leaves, fruit, roots, bark, sections toslu'wthe grain and 
 the charcoal and ashes which they produce, this collection is the most 
 beautiful of its kind; breadstuHs and other agricultural produce ; wines, 
 and superb oil ; tools of various kinds, and (isjiecially the to(»ls which 
 pertain to wocxl craft ; a collection of cordage ; and lastly, a beautiful 
 collection of merino and other wools of those magnificent flocks of Spain 
 which have obtained such a world wide renown. 
 
 Portugal exhibits produce of various kinds, amongst others, minerals ; 
 different sorts of wood and corks ; agricultural implements and produce, 
 cordage, and earthenware vessels. 
 
 The Kingdom of Sardinia exhibits a collection of substances belonging 
 to the mineral kingdom, among which are the beautifid marbles for which 
 the quarries of Piedmont arc so celebrated ; woods and agricultural 
 produce ; and several models of various machines, amongst others the 
 plan of a locomotive designed to overcome sleeptir inclines than our 
 present locomotives are cnpa])lc of surtrionnting. 
 
 Turkey shews a fine collection of agricultural produce, particularly of 
 breadstufFs, preserved fruits, and tobacco ; there arc also specimcus of 
 
282 
 
 silk and skins of birds and animals, amongst which are tiger and ostrich 
 skins. 
 
 Greece, which is here placed in the neighbourhood of her ancient 
 enemy, presents a pretty, though not very large collection ; there are 
 plastic earth, and beautiful Grecian marbles, porphyry, agate from Mount 
 Taygetus ; Rosso antico ; cipolin marble ; the black marbles of 
 Mantinea ; the alabaster of Psythalia, &c. ; a fine collection consisting 
 of 77 varieties of woods from Achaia and Elidus ; agricultural produce, 
 amongst other things, preserved and dried fruits, and the celebrated 
 beeswax o^ the mountains of Greece. 
 
 In the midst of these foreign productions, there is a collection of French 
 leather which is universally celebrated. 
 
 Switzerland, in addition to productions similar to those of the countries 
 we have already enumerated, exhibits a little pavilion containing coiin- 
 terpanes embroidered with needlework, together with other productions 
 of that "ind executed in an asylum for children ; articles of furniture ; 
 machines of various sorts, and a beautiful plan in relief of the environs 
 of the celebrated landscape of the Lake of the Four Cantons. 
 
 Holland next presents itself with its specimens of mineral, agricultural 
 and forest productions, and excites particular attention by a collection of 
 articles pertaining to shipping; and by an exhibition of cordage, and of 
 the productions of its Colonies of Java and Sumatra: consisting princi- 
 pally of sugar, coffee, opium, indigo, cotton and oils, the whole arranged 
 in a trophy, surmounted by the celebrated panther of Java, stuffed, in 
 the act of springing and bearing in her mouth a young deer just caught. 
 
 Denmark exhibits a collection of minerals, woods and agricultural 
 produce, amongst which are some beautiful wools ; chemical preparations 
 and stearine; then agricultural implements, amongst them a plough 
 and a harrow for a single horse, and the model of a nailmaking machine, 
 which, it is said, is capable of manufacturing 5,000 nails per hour. 
 
 Amongst various manufactured articles, the productions of the Hanseatic 
 towns, is a beautiful carriage from Hamburg, and a rather singular 
 production, consist! jg of cigars, manufactured from a paper which is 
 made with stalks and refuse of tobacco, thus preventing waste. 
 
 Here Sweden has collected the greatest part of her exhibition. The 
 principal articles are minerals, particularly samples of her celebrated 
 iron, in the state of ore and castings, in the manufactured stale, 
 particularly as cable chains, anchors, and other articles connected with 
 ships; as steel, accompanied by specimens of lock making, and tools, 
 particuk.ly of tools used in mining, and farming implements. Then 
 comes a collection of woods, comprising about twenty varieties, together 
 with an instrument for measuring trees, and specimens of pitch and tar : 
 
283 
 
 a collection of agricultural produce, breadslufl's, seeds and undressed 
 wools ; of the sledges and furs of the north ; leather and stufFed birds. 
 
 Then come the G(>rman States of Baden, Bavaria, Wurteniburg and 
 Hesse, whose united collection is particularly remarkable, (besides the 
 articles exhibited here by all the Stales) for tobacco, leather, paper, 
 tools and instruments assembled in the form of a trophy ; soaps, furs 
 millstones, candles, cliuiuical and distilled preparations, and for fire 
 
 engmes. 
 
 Prussia exhibits splendid specimens of the products of her iron and 
 copper mines, and of the tools used by the miners ; in the midst of the 
 nave is placed, on an immense platform, a vast apparatus for distilling, 
 comprising five great copper cauldrons ; to the mineralogical collection 
 of Prussia is added a fine geological map, the bust of Humboldt, and 
 cast statuettes of the twelve apostles, one-fifth of the size of life ; several 
 bells of various sizes, in cast steel, are ranged in the midst of the Prussian 
 division, they are of magnificent tone, the largest weighs nearly 6,000 
 pounds, and is worth £440 of our Canadian money; this exhibition is 
 completed by articles of the kinds already enumerated in other countries, 
 amongst which we specially remark the fine wools of Prussia, the finest 
 in the world, together with those of Austria and Spain. 
 
 Austria has raised in the centre of this section of her exhibition a vast 
 trophy of about twenty-five feet in height, made in the shape of a bottle, the 
 exterior of which is formed by an immense quantity of bottles, contain- 
 ing Austrian wines ; then comes a collection of minerals ; a fine collection 
 of woods, amongst which we observe some superb fir planks, prepared for 
 the making of boxes; agricultural produce and farming implements; 
 earthenware of various kinds ; collections of soaps and stearine candles ; 
 then a collection of saddles and other articles of saddlery ; and a multi- 
 tude of other articles, amongst which we must not forget the fine wools 
 and fleeces of Austria, whose provinces of Hungary, Silesia and Moravia 
 sell the finest at very low prices. 
 
 The products of Belgium, which come next, are entirely of the same 
 description with those already enumerated, excepting only, the splendid 
 productions of the zinc mines, amongst which is remarkable, a fine 
 block of calamine stone, and geological maj)s of great merit. 
 
 We now enter upon the domain of France, which here occupies about 
 half the entire area of the annexe, that is to say, a space of about 2000 
 feet, or very nearly 10 acres in length, by nearly 75 feet, which is the 
 entire width. The collection which now presents itself and which in 
 importance is probably the most considerable in the whole exhibition, is 
 the metallurgic collection, amongst which, together with a crowd of 
 articles manufactured from iron, copper, steel, lead and zinc, cast, 
 
234 
 
 moulded and laminated, we particularly admire the fountains, the 
 stoves and furnaces, the mantel nieces, the tools of every description, 
 the copper cauldrons, the vesseio, the bells, the plates of iron, copper 
 and steel, the sheet iron, iron and steel bars, the cable chains, rails 
 for railroads, a fine collection of the tools, instruments and apparatus 
 used in mining, a large collection of hardware, patterns of trip ham- 
 mers, weighing 16,000 pounds, and lastly, specimens of large and small 
 pieces of cast and wrought iron. 
 
 Then comes a collection of charcoal and other fuel produced in France, 
 and belonging to this class is a splendid trophy, representing with the 
 most minute exactness, a portion of the mines of Anzin, the method of 
 working them, the tenth of the natural size ; there we see the geological 
 strata of the soil, the shafts now being worked with miners at work, the 
 machinery employed in the transport and extraction of the coal, in fact, 
 everything connected with the underground labor of these poor miners. 
 
 Close to the articles just enumerated, we find, first, a large and beautiful 
 collection of watches, clocks, and instrur'ients pertaining to astronomy and 
 the exact arts, photographic, distilling and other apparatus, cheuiical 
 preparations and the instruments for preparing them, a collection of scale, 
 marbles and other mineral productions ; then a collection of articles of 
 perfumery, and above all we must not forget the fine collection of ])re- 
 parations of human and comparative anatomy, contributed by Doctor 
 Auzoux. 
 
 Here are displayed the productions of ijome of the French colonies ; 
 Martinique, among other minerals, exhibits a v')lcanic stone, used for filtering 
 water ; cabinet-maker's woods and dye stuffs, bees-wax, honey, tobacco, 
 manioc, liijueurs, and Caribbean vessels ; Guadaloupe exhibits principally, 
 coffee, cocoa, vanilla, cassia, cottons, cochineal, dried fruits and liquors, 
 and hammocks made from the fibres of the pita tree. The Islands of 
 Bourbon and Reunion contribute minerals, woods, particularly ebony, 
 and indigenous productions consisting chiefly of spices, oils and gums. 
 From Poiulicherry they have sent spices, dye-woods and different varieties 
 of raw silks. Senegal and Gambia have contributed elephants' teeth, gum 
 copal and other gums, caoutchouc, the natural productions, together with 
 the arms, fal)rics, dresses and vessels used by the inhabitants of these sin- 
 gular countries. 
 
 Algiers, beautiful already and full of promise, comes next after these 
 smaller col »nies. In the section of substances of the ihineral kingdom, we 
 must notice the splendid onyx ; an agate, the transput ency and brilliancy 
 of which rendered it one of the most estc^Tied articles of Roman luxury ; 
 and in the fine collection of the woods of Algiers we cannot but admire 
 that beautiful red bird's-eye cedar, and the Thuya wood, which, except in 
 
285 
 
 color, greatly resembles the bird's-eye maple of Canada. The eollcction 
 of agricultural products of Algiers has been formed into a trophy, in which 
 the splendid grain is admirably displayed, among which the fine ripe wheat 
 is most remarkable. Many specimens of cotton give magnificent promise 
 of future greatness for Algiers in that manufacture. Amidst all this wealth 
 of production, we find arms, ornaments, utensils and tissues of Arab manu- 
 facture ; an illustration of the productive talent of that noble race who now 
 dwell in tents, after having been lords of the halls of Grenada and the 
 Alhambra. 
 
 We have now reached that point in the annexe where it is divided by a 
 beautiful fountain, the basin of which is embellished with a gigantic aquatic 
 plant of bronze of the natural colors. 1 he leaves of the water lily arc 
 neither more verdant nor more flexible than these metallic leaves, its flow- 
 ers are not whiter, nor its stamens more slender. 
 
 We are still in the French department, and have now reached that part of 
 the annexe termed the machinery section, because nearly at this place com- 
 mences that driving shaft which derives its motive power from mighty sieara 
 engines placed without the building, and which in its turn communicates it to 
 hundreds of machines the parts of which were in all directions, in general mo- 
 tion, like a meeting of the Shakers, or dancing Dervishes. It will be recol- 
 lected that, at theLondcm Exhibition, the managers had provided for the work- 
 ing of the English machinery only, and that foreign exhibitors had no chance 
 to compete with their English rivals. But here the motive power is sup- 
 plied without limit, and gratuitously, to all nations and all exhibitors. Here 
 are twelve Canadian machine" in motion. The driving shaft here mentioned 
 is not less than 1500 feet in length, and turns 100 times in a minute. All 
 who require motive power can obtain it on a simple requisition: the wheel 
 is fixed, the strap attached, and the machine is at once in motion ! 
 
 Around the fountain above mentioned are exhibited vast cranes, for 
 raising heavy weights, one of which can raise 72,000 lbs. 
 
 It would be an endless task, and would defeat the end which I have pro- 
 posed to myself, to particularize each individual machine, which is here 
 exhibited ; I must therefore generalize. 
 
 France exhibits numerous locomotives, several of which are of colossal 
 \ jwer, portable stc.am engines also, and many other engines and machines 
 accessory to the use of steam ; machines for boring the earth ; grist and saw 
 mills, machines for the working of metals and wood, for the kneading and 
 moulding of plastic earths, for striking coins and medals, and for the manufac- 
 ture of chocolate ; looms for the fabrication of cashmere shawls, and other em- 
 broidered tissues ; sewing machines ; a circular machine for the mechanical 
 performance of netting ; an apparatus for the rapid preparation of coffee, 
 which is almost miraculous in its eftocts; presses of all kinds, among them 
 
 k, 
 
286 
 
 a copyin;^: press, and one for the fabrication of cards ; a machine for making 
 envelopes ; a machine to saw the hardest stone ; one for cork cutting ; 
 another for washing bottles ; a contrivance for making various articles of 
 metal; models and apparatus of all kinds; mechanical reels for winding 
 silk ; and a host of machines for combing, carding, spinning and weaving 
 cotton, wool, silk and linen ; fire engines and pumps of all kinds and for 
 various purposes. 
 
 Next after the exhibition of French machinery are those of Belgium, 
 Austria, Prussia, ZoUverein, England, Canada, the United States, Holland, 
 Sweden and Norway. The five first mentioned countries exhibit specimens 
 of the same machines as France, but in much smaller number ; England 
 the most ; Canada, the United States and some others, have only a few 
 machines, which will be mentioned hereafter. 
 
 In the Belgian collection wc notice an iron stern-post and rudder for a 
 vessel of 2000 tons, and a machine for composing and distributing type. 
 
 In the Austrian section are carriages, among which is that of the Mayor 
 of Vienna, fire engines and a steam pump, locuniotivea, and a fine model 
 of an hydraulic press. 
 
 In the joint compartment of Prussia and the Zollvcrein we find, besides ' 
 such articles as the above, fire engines, a book binder's press, and car- 
 riages. 
 
 England exhibits, amidst numerous articles of the classes mentioned 
 above, many of them very remarkable, cotton looms, several beautiful 
 carriages, fire engines, a pump acting by centrifugal power, a testing ma- 
 chine for chain cables, and a model of the various parts of the ship of 
 23,000 tons, which is now building in London, under the direction of Mr. 
 Brunul. 
 
 Here Canada exhibits planing, morticing and boring machines, work- 
 benches and turning-lathes, and finally, a nail-cutting machine. 
 
 The United States exhibit a few steam engines, a machine for making 
 screw nuts at one stroke, one for cleaning rags, pumps of various kinds, 
 and a few other machines or elements of mechanism. 
 
 Among steam and other engines from the North of Europe, we must 
 not omit to notice a steam engine for a screw steamer, from the manufac- 
 tory of Motala in Sweden, which involves a new principle in the manner of 
 its adaptation. 
 
 We here terminate our pilgrimage through these vast and numerous 
 halls, the receptacles of the Universal Exhibition of Paris in 1865. This 
 great scene of peaceful rivalry was closed on Thursday, loth November, by 
 the Eniperor, with Roman pomp and magnificence. 
 
THIRD SERIES. 
 
 STUDIES OF THE CLASSES. 
 
 Before I proceed to a cursory review of the twenty-eight clashes of the 
 Exhibition which composed its industrial section, together with the 3lst 
 class comprising the cheap articles, it is proper that I should make a rapid 
 survey of the Canadian Department, so far as such a survey may be avail- 
 able to lead us to profit by examnles and comparisons; I shall accordingly 
 say a few words concerning the Canadian part of the Exhibition in respect 
 ol itri practical uses, before I proceed to examine the several "'.isses of 
 productions. 
 
 loncd 
 lautiful 
 12 ma- 
 np of 
 )f Mr. 
 
 work- 
 
 kinds, 
 
 I. 
 
 CANADIAN SECTION COxMPARED. 
 
 In the first class, embracing all that relates to the extraction of mineral 
 substances, and to the minerals themselves, we were among the last, and 
 far behind most countries, in regard to metallurgicaloperations, for tiie very 
 simple reason that we are deficient in the population and capital which 
 carry on, and still more deficient in the men of science, who in France, 
 England, Austria, Prussia, Belgium and other countries direct and en- 
 lighten, lh« labors of the mine. But if we proceed to an examination of the 
 minerals in their natural state, our section at once assumed the first rank, 
 and no country was in a condition to compete with us for a moment, either 
 in the aafgregate or the details of the department. The class of Canadian 
 minerals was the most complete and had the adv-antages of displaying at a 
 glance to the learned observer the geological configuration of the country, 
 with reference to the industrial results which it may yield. For this suc- 
 cess, which is a mere repetition of that obtained at London in 1851, 
 Canada is indebted entirely to the geological commissioners ; and this 
 shews to demonstration, the necessity of continuing the labors of that com- 
 mission on a more liberal scale. We possess in the bosom of the earth the 
 untouched riches, which in England have been the main element of in- 
 dustrial and rommercial greatness ; but the conditions of progress towards 
 
 ■Ki 
 
2S8 
 
 that gie.itnoss, are the li^ht of science, and oxlensivt^ cnfrrprise. Mining 
 operations cannot be prolitahly condncled on a small scale. 
 
 When we reHcct thnt the iron which abounds in Canachi is ntMirly of the 
 same (piality as that of Sweden, that it is (ioiind in |)iaceH, surround d by 
 immense lorests, and tliat, we liave at hand (he stone, sand, and other 
 matters which are necessary for the smelting, mouhiing and casting of the 
 metal, we may well wonder that every year we import Iroin Knj^land, 
 Sweden and the United Slates manuractnred iron to the amount of more 
 than JC I ,()0(),000. Hut, we must ayain observe, success attends such enter- 
 prises, only whiMi undertaken on a grand ncale, wliaiever the abundance of 
 the raw material. The workiuijof an iroti mine Is not for limited m.^ans, 
 nor to be carried on on a petty scale. A cheap market must be a full market. 
 In Europe blast furnaces are n(»w built, capable of smelting 80,000 lbs. per 
 diem. The want of coke in Can ula, be it observed, does not oppose an 
 obstacle to the successful prosecution of iron- works. Ours is a country 
 of rich forests 270,000 square miles in extent. Sweden smelts her iron 
 with chill Ciial only, and sells it to Enii^land for a paying pi ice ; the English 
 convert it into steel and .send it to other countries. Other I'^uropean 
 countries use charcoal, notwithstanding the general scarcity and dearness 
 of wood in Europe. 
 
 Examining the different articles of cast-iron, which are exhibited in the 
 annexe by the water-side, and comparing them with similar articles sent 
 from C'anaila, we are impressed with a feeling; of their superiority, not in the 
 quality of the material, but, in respect of taste and appropriatencsa of 
 design. Most of the designs of such ornaments of our production are 
 frightfully ugly, and generally spe^'.king, the weight is preposterous. We 
 are lavish of materials, not only needlessly but even injuriously, as afTecting 
 the excellence of the articles made. If we expended the value of the 
 superfluous material in taste of design, we should produce cheaper 
 and better articles. 
 
 The second class, embracing the products of the forest advanced us to 
 the ft)remost rank, both as producers and as manufacturers. No country 
 could compete with us in the show of woods, and particularly of the kinds 
 used in ship-building, including in the estimate all the various species. 
 In this class are included, moreover, all the products of the chase and the 
 fisheries, in which departments the Gulf, and the vast territories of the 
 Saguenay and the North west, place us beyond competition if not as pro- 
 ducers, at leasstas proprietors of the finest field for production, in the whole 
 world. 
 
 In utilitarian respect.s, it is plain that the Canadian department of the 
 Exhibition was foremost in the class, now under consideration. A few 
 
289 
 
 remarks on the modoof Retting out the timber, us l)earing on thr suhsi'- 
 quent applicatioi oi" it in th« mechanic arts, will not be out of place. 
 
 In lumbering, as the making of timber is termed in Canada, Just (jun 
 am«»urit of intedigencc is brought into action, which is re(|uiied lor the 
 scjuaring of the logs, and the saving of them into tlie platdts of com- 
 merce. None of that skill of woodcraft is exerei-sed which turns to the 
 best and most ])rontal)le account the various species, by attendinij to their 
 several degrees of adaptation (o the mechanic arts, and to tlu^ prepara- 
 tion to be expended on them to make them fit t".ir market. As before 
 observed, two things otdy are known, square timber ;in:l the \>hi\\\i lliree 
 inches thick. A more recondite study of the application of tiMil)iT to the 
 mechanic arts, would instruct us in the fact, that there are eotiilittons of 
 length, girth and diameter required in those arts, by the inlhienceofwhicli, 
 the square log of !jO fe»t h)ng by 20 inches s(|u:ire, and plank of 12 feet 
 by 10 inches lose their intrinsic vahje as compared with tint higher value 
 which is derivable from compliance with those conditions. How many 
 arcitho trees left to rot in the forest because thcv are not reducible to n 
 saw-log of the standard measure or a sijuare stick of the retiuired dimen- 
 sions ? which, trimmed to another form, would in other mark 'ts bear a 
 greater value, though diminished in volume. 
 
 Of more than sixty principal species of i-mber which we pos.sess, v.n 
 make profitable use of s 'arccly ten, the rest are left to , bsolute d«!cay. In 
 liurope the birds-eye mapie 's considered as equal to the most precious «jf 
 the woods used in cabinet-work. It is indeed hardly attainable, and when 
 found, it bears a higher [>rice than mahogany. From this cause aris. s the 
 dearness of all the articles made of map'e in the Parisi m cubiii»'t-\\'orK. 
 the finest in the world. 
 
 The axe-handles, wooden shovels and other sm:ill articles oi tlii - kinii 
 attracted much admiration and some surprise at their cheapness, especially 
 the;!doors, casements, and window-bl.nds. These branches 'A' any indus- 
 trial skill and labor will no doubt receive a great imjiulse, and a wider 
 field of operation in a country abounding with material, whei" water- 
 power is found at every point, and where all the conditions ;ir.' found 
 vvhich^:ire requisite for extensive enterprise, and prixluenon at a cheap 
 rate. 
 
 These remarks will, I trust, be not altogether unprofitable. They are 
 but hints, tmt they may serve to guide reflecting minds in the considtMation ot 
 subjects which are highly important to all. From this Exhibition of J8.55 
 will be derived a collection of facts, affording food for years o! reflection 
 and leading to conclusions, the bearing of which on the national prosperity 
 of nations, and on the progress of the arts, can be as yet but little apju-eci- 
 nted. The preliminary study of these, in the aggregate must precede 
 
 T 
 
'2m) 
 
 timt of th«' (lofjiih. TIunIs my «>l)joct in iln'sr obwervjifioiiM, and 1 pnrHtin 
 it IIS far IIS iiiM(> iitid s|)!um> permit me. 
 
 Tlu' cliiss «)!' Agricultunil productioiiH, proudly ho oiIUmI, which in the 
 third, ImIvcii as a whoh>, I'oimd us on a h'vcl with the t'orcmoKt. Our ^raill 
 won the admiration of all who saw it. [ iiinsi u(>t fail to notioc the remark, 
 generally m.ide, that we neglect the eultivation of hemp, of llax, and of 
 tohaceo, \\lii> li *Mir soil is so well snile(| to produce in aliniidanee and of 
 exeelliMit nn;ilii\. 'Phesi- thre<' .irlicles, especially the last, may he mad« 
 tl\e soiu'ce ot imiiK ii v piolit. The tlcmand for luMup is increasing in a 
 rati«) much greater than that of its production, and this inde|)eiidently o' 
 the occasii)iial seasons of siarcily whicdi occiu" in respect of all other natund 
 productions The vast increase of the whipping of all nations, has for many 
 years past produce«l a scarcity of tho e articles in which hemp is rctpiired 
 lis a material. Those articles have now reached fahulous prices, prices 
 which may, to a certain cxIcmiI, int<'rfere with the success of our ship- 
 huilding, a pursuit so intimately couiu'cted with our prosperity. 
 
 In a tlescriptiou of llu' visits paid I)y Prince Napoleon to tlu; I'iXhihilion, 
 we ri'ad '* ('an.wla malvcs a hrillianl display of its productions : its specimens 
 "of}:;rain, iVuil, llowers, and hiead sliills of various Kinds, attract the at- 
 " teution ami challeU};e the ."idmiralion of llw world. The |)ains which the 
 " t\uuniis i()n<Ms and dclcijates ol' Canada have taken, entitle theni to the 
 " praises which Prince Na|)oleou has more than once hestowed on their p.irl 
 " of the Kxhihilii'U." 
 
 Canada t»n»k its pl:"ce thereforo amonj; th 'se c< uutries which aecpiircd 
 distinction, by the rarity, the beauty, and the importance of tho produce of 
 their soil. We were tln' very (irst in abnudauee and <piality. Sonu? 
 countries excelled us in the classification of the substane.cs which they 
 oxhibiletl, and a grailuated arrangemonl was wantinji; in ours, which the 
 Conujussiouers could by no means accomplish at the season at which they 
 made their collecliou. I alln !e to the display ot the ear with the stalk, 
 shewing; to'the visitor the complete production of nature as it was gathered. 
 The iuries, and commissioners in general, attached great importance to 
 these collections of plants, scientifically made, (indiug that they furnish 
 valuable data for the study of the influence of climate and various modes 
 of eulture, as favoring tho develojimcnt 'f the whcdc j)lant, or certain of its 
 nart"*. T<» ^n"' ^'P '*'' '" ^"^'^ woril, — we stand before the world, at the Uni- 
 versal Exhibition, as a country eminently agricultural, and inferior to none 
 in respect to the facidty of production 
 
 Apart from the merit of excellence in rpiality, our display ()♦" grain and 
 seeds ])ossessed that of variety and an abundance of each kind. This latter 
 circumstance enabled us to make exchanges : and the varieties which we 
 thus aciiuired may put us in the way of making cxpcrinaMits, the results of 
 
201 
 
 :r . ft ';gi t.v~ — 
 
 wlucli i-"iy be im|)(irtimt. Algeria, in |mrli(:iiliir, riimislifil m with Honu! 
 iiovcllicR wiiicli proiniHC! to lir valimhio. 
 
 Wn Imd lull few iiiliclcH in the f'onrlli (ilaHH, whicli consiHtcd ornicclmni- 
 cnl iiiv<Mili(>nH applied to iiiannfactnn'H ; nrillicr could we hope lo |)c (jis.. 
 tingtiinlicd in tliiH d(>|)!irtiii('nl in n coinpariKon wiili Knropcan connlricH 
 except hy onr fire enj^incH, a parlicnlar in \vliicli we liav«' livalH, hut no 
 Buperiors. " (Janada," rrince Napoh'on ohHcived, " dislinj^niwhed iiHelfin 
 thiH chiHs hy two (iic-c'nf^incH," 
 
 IleCcrence can he made, lor the particnlaiH of each elas.s, lo the reeapitnlu- 
 tion of the preniiiMnH awarded, which is Mncxed to this Hlurleh. 
 
 In the liflh chisH — tnechanicM applieil to locomotion and tlu; ;neaiis of 
 truiiHport — onr conlrihnlions of prodnctH of the carriage hnilder and the 
 Muddier, lion- favorahie conipariHon, Cor their taslcrulness and cxci'llcnco with 
 articles of ordinary merit, nolwiihslanthnf^ the exiraordinary ni'.nher ^f 
 cxhihilors. 
 
 llavin}^ lirsl reeomnientlcd visitors to proceed to ijic annexe tor the (!X- 
 press pnrpose ofexnininini^ iIk; two ('iiiiadian vehicles, to w'<ich he assitrns 
 n prominent rank in the i'lxliihition, M. Tresca, the anth'/P of a work on 
 tlie Mxhil)ition, goes on to say, " these earria<^es are eh jrant in fi)rm, and 
 *' the iron-work, eH|)ecially, is very carefully manaf^ed 'fliey are creditahle 
 "to the taste of the hnildrrs. M. (>lovis Lednc tias, hovvijver, hnilt his 
 "' Amerieaine' with a head which has lonj^ since gone out of fashion, and 
 " which iliminishcs its elfect ; and M. Kdouar'l dinfrras' carriaj^e is hung 
 too low, "and has loo low wheels, a fault w'nich distnrhs iIk- harmony of 
 " parts which shoidd exist in all carriages." 
 
 Our two clever hnilders will forgive tlie candor of these remarks. Our 
 object is not to Hatter, but to instrnel a'ld to encourage ; an<l while tiicy 
 turn this criticism to profital^le accomit, oiu'ineelianics may fnid consolation 
 in the rellection, that nrilhrr men iwr cirriayrs are /null lc.s.s^ even at the Kx- 
 Itibition. 
 
 The sixth (;lass concerns the mchanieal powers applietl lo special piu'- 
 poscs, and the materials used in manufactures. It was impossil^le for us 
 to cjiter into serious competition fri this class, considered in its fullest ex- 
 tent. We are, in the New Worl I, far from the perfection which has been 
 attained in France, England, an(i Belgium, in point of workmanship. I say 
 in point of workmanshij), because there are new American inventions, par- 
 ticularly in agricultural implements, in which the meclianic princi[)lc is 
 inconfestably sn)<erior. In this class, we «lid all that could be expected 
 from ua. 
 
 M. Tresca, of the Cotistrvatoirr. dcs Aits et Mctirrs^ whom we have before 
 mentioned, notices Mr. Munro's planing machine, Mr. McLcnnon's mortiein"' 
 machine, to which the author awards the merit of a new principle in the 
 
292 
 
 arri\ii<^i>iiii>Mt for working itisidc and otitflidc at tlicHunio time, Mr. Ilo(|(lcn\ 
 trenail niiU'luMo, and the planing iiiachino and wurk-hcnch of l\w gaino 
 goiuliMnaii. Tlu' last nuMitioiicd article olioited from the writer the following 
 remark : — " This machine although not remarkahle in any one .>' letaiis, 
 " becomes so for the extreme simplicity of its mounting anU A..ng8, ila 
 '* small bulk, and its cheapness, the price being only £100." 
 
 Wc made no contribution to the seventh class, which embraced mechanism 
 applied to tlie textile art. The same may be said res[)ecting the eight, 
 which relates to the exact arts, and comprises optical and mathematical in- 
 struments, clocks and watches, and aj)paratns tor purposes of education ; 
 neither do we enter the lists in the ninth, which includes articles designed 
 to eeoiiomiM liirlit. heat and electricitv : in this, however, we have our 
 cooking s'.oves. 
 
 In the tenth class, relating to chemistry, dying, printing, paper making, 
 book-binding, we contributed nothing which could be compared with simi- 
 lar production from European states, except in re.sj)ect of the raw material, 
 which, strictly si)eaking, belongs toother classes. The leather of the por- 
 pois, caribou, and moose skin, will very probably be the subject of a !;pecial 
 article, in the report of the Jiu-y. 
 
 In tliis part of the Exhibition we display some novelties in manufactures: 
 such as the leathers above mentioned, vegetable oils, the products of par- 
 ticular species peculiar to Canada, a natural grey paint, furs dyed the 
 natural colors, and paper made from the " immortelle" {gnaphalium.) 
 
 Oin* specimens of glue seemed to fnul favor; but in that prepared from 
 fish a fault was remarkcil, which I shall mention in order that it may l)c 
 avoided. It is the disagreeable udor of the fish, from which the European 
 article is entirely freed. It appears that this sinell depends altogether on 
 the manner of preparation ; and that, to avoid it, it is only necessary, after 
 the product is once obtained, to avoid, in all snbsecpient stages of manipu- 
 lation, contact with any utensil, tool, vessel, or even the hand of the 
 manipulator, which has been touched by the raw material. 
 
 The eleventh class, that of prepared alimentary substances, found us, m 
 producer? of preserved fruits and meats, behind other exhibitors ; but 
 crowned us with great success in flour, ours being generally superior to any 
 exhibited. Our cheese also received a premium. 
 
 " Canada and British Guiana do honor to the mother country," M. Tresca 
 remarks in his book entitled, ' A Visit to the Exhibition,' " by their flour 
 " and their starch." 
 
 Some of our natural productions of the province of pharmaceutics have 
 shewn, by the notice which they have received, what profit might be ex- 
 pected from a complete botanical exploration of our country. 
 
293 
 
 The thirteenth cUhh, r(■latiM^ to Mhi|)-I)uil(liii^ and thr inilitai)' art, ex- 
 hibited on ihe part ot'Cyuiiadn, beautiful niodels of ocean and river steainefM 
 and apparatus tor reseuing life and [»ropertv from Hliipwrccked vessels. In 
 these departments t^uebee has prodneed nuxlels worthy of the first doek- 
 yarda in the world. 
 
 In the fourteentl. chiss, that of eivil arebitecUire, although inferior in 
 relation to the whole, and nearly unr<?j)reHcnted in resp<rt of the monumen- 
 tal section of this deparlment. one comparttnent attracted considerable 
 nutiee by the disphiy «>t niodeU of our public works, and the exhibition of 
 wood prepared tor bnililiu}^ purposcH, as doors, window saslu':^ and l)linds. 
 These became the objects of nuudi notice at Paris on account of thei. . leaj)- 
 ness. The geiu.'ral use of the eenu;nts of Qncoec and ThorolcP cannot be 
 too strongly r(!conuuended. Oiu* building stone from Montreal and other 
 places were also much admired, and the collection of marble;', exhibited by 
 different persons, gave great eclat to this section of our department. 
 
 The fdleenth class contaiin d articles of steel. In tliis departnuMit we 
 exhibited nothing but edged tools, but they were so superior in temper 
 and form to nearly all others, that onr success was, comj)arafively, very 
 great. When it is remembered that iron of a (piality admirably adapted for 
 the fabrication of this nuiterial is abundant in Canada, the rcilc tion sbonid 
 lead our views to the production of an article s(j eonstriutly in demand, so 
 extensively used. Some countries im])ort the kind of iron which is suitable 
 for the nuiinifacture of steel ; but we possess in ourselves all the elements 
 of this imj)ortanl source of wealth, and yet we import the sti el of which 
 we make these tools so sujicrior in quality. 
 
 Our castings — entering into the sixteenth class— were not withotit merit; 
 but yet we have much to learn in an art which has been carried to so high 
 a degree of jxirfcction in Europe, especially in tastefubu.NS of design. In 
 respect of quality, without attaining the pertcction of some countries, our 
 productions are on a par with those of other countries in general, and this 
 we owe to the superior quality of our ore. 
 
 The seventeenth and eighteenth classes contained articles of jewelry, 
 bronzes, glass and earthenware. In all these departments we are absolutely 
 deficient, and we must long be satisfied with the production of articles of 
 bare necessity, and with purchasing from Eurojie those articles of luxury 
 which in France, England, Austria, Prussia and Belgium have attained 
 incredible perfection. 
 
 In the manufacture of cotton, occupying the nineteenth class, we had 
 nothing to shew. 
 
 In the twentieth class, that of woollen goods, we had many articles of 
 cloths and cheap tissues, particularly of domestic manufacture. Articles 
 of this kind were in a manner lost in the vast collection ; but nevertheless 
 
 .1 
 
294 
 
 it wnM evident that our country clotlis are, for durability and strength, 
 considered to be admirably adapted to our cliniute. The mode of fabrieu- 
 ttoti, at home, is niorcover coiuicctcd with our social condition, in oa 
 much as it militates against the centralization of the people, a state in 
 which itjdividuality of character, for which the people of Catuida are now 
 happily remarkable, is usually lost. 
 
 Nature liad denied us the means of contributing anything to the twenty- 
 first class, that of silks. 
 
 A few articles of the twenty-second class — that of fabrics of hemp and 
 linen — and particularly a collection of very good cordages ind specimens 
 of linen spun by the hani, sufhccd to make us regret that this department 
 had not received from us all the attention which it deserved. This neglect 
 is the loss to be excused as the soil and climate of Canada are eminently 
 suited to the culture of the material. 
 
 The twenty-third class comprised hosiery, tissues, gold and silver lace, 
 embroidery and thread lace. Although we were not<[uite unprovided with 
 articles in this department, which were above mediocrity, it is needless to 
 remark that we could have no pretensions to excellence, compared with 
 the aggregate of products of the kind ; yet we received for our collection 
 a medal of the second class, and two p. jtty pieces of worsted work obtained 
 honorable mention. 
 
 The manufactures connected with furnishing and the decorative art 
 formed the twenty-fourth class, in which Canada numbered thirteen exhi- 
 bitors ; the beauty of our woods, shewn in venecrins; and cabinet-work, 
 particularly that of the curled maple, the novelty of tfie dressed .skins em- 
 broidered with moose hair, and the curiosity excited by the sight of the 
 rocking-chairs, unknown in Europe, produced an interest, and achieved a 
 degree of success, difficult to be attained by ordinary means and efforts. 
 
 In the twenty-fifth class, which comj)rehcndcd clothing and articles of 
 fashion and elegant taste, we exhibited many beautiful objects, and main- 
 tained a highly successful competition. Our shoes and boots of porpoise 
 and caribou leather, straw and hay hats, Indian curiosities, and embroidery, 
 obtained the admiration of marjy, and marked distinction from the Jury, 
 which will be particularized in the recapitulation of the premiums. Our 
 misfortune was that European exhibitors sent collections, while we could 
 send only a few articles : now, supposing his merit to be no more than 
 equal, assuming even that it is inferior, an exhibitor of a collection has 
 great advantages in the opinion of a Jury, who are not apt to care greatly 
 for single articles. Our boots and shoes, fur coats, Indian curiosities, straw 
 and hay hats, and embroidery in wool, and especially our clothes of country- 
 cloth in the score of comfort and substantial value, attracted the notice of 
 many visitors, and were certainly entitled to receive it. 
 
205 
 
 The twenty-sixth cIusm comprised nrticlcs cotuicftr«l with printing, 
 photof^raphy mid cnj^ruving. We arc of course, in these matters, far ho- 
 hiiul, parlicuhirly in the cvi<lep.ccs ot' taste ; and the success which we did 
 attain w.is trilliiif^, and the prctniuin awarded only to stininhife and 
 ctjcouragc. A Htill greater deficiency was to he expected in the next chiss, 
 the twenty-seventh, l)ein<{ that of musical instnimenis. We have already 
 BCCM tluit the twenly-eigljth, twenty-ninth and thir:ieth had reference to 
 the fine arts, and that Cana(hi exiiihited nothing of the kind. 
 
 The reader will peiccivc th.it, in this ra lid skcrch, i have not entered 
 into details, but m:!rely generalized (acts as they occurr< d, in thr aggre- 
 gate. 
 
 One tiling gave a degree of comparative merit to our section, on which 
 we heard many flattering remarks. This was the unity ol idea, which 
 had tfuided us in t!ie collection. Our exhibition was complete, and fairly 
 represented the industrial progress of I lie country as well as its natural 
 resources. 
 
 I may conclude these remarks by observing, that our success in the 
 classes of mineral wealth, forest pioduclsand agricultural pro-iuce, plainly 
 points to the cultivation ol the soil and the natural advantages, as th.: 
 source ol our future prosperity ; that in manufacturing, it is our interest to 
 fabricate articles of which our metallurgical, woodland, and agricullural 
 labors furnish the materials ; that in other branches of manufacture;, we 
 cannot for a long time hope to produce more than what is necessary for 
 ordinary consumption and daily domestic service ; thai for articles ot taste, 
 of perfection in art, and luxury we must resort to Europe to satisfy the 
 wants created by advanced civilization ; that we arc to remain convinced, 
 that perfee.iion is the work of time and the result of circum:3tances which 
 cannot exist in a new country, a vnry growing population partly composed 
 of Emigrants. 
 
 II. 
 
 Before entering: in this section of our remarks, I must premise that the 
 official classification of industrial products, recognized seven s^roups, 
 composed, in the aggregate, of 27 classes. To them was added a 
 supplementary class, termed that of domestic economy, comprizing cheap 
 articles of food, clothing, furniture, and domestic furniture and dwellings.* 
 
 * Most of the technologiciil and Btatisticiil information containeil in these remarks was 
 ♦oUected from works published on the spot, particularly from the Account of the Vints of 
 Prince Napoleon from Mr. Trescn's work, and from articles in the journals La Patrie and X« 
 Monde Indiistriel ; the remainder are the results of the visits and personal oLservatiou of the 
 author— (J. C. Tach6.) 
 
 -L 
 
296 
 
 F I R S 1^ GROUP. 
 
 NATURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Class-s 1, 2, 3. 
 
 The countries which were most distinguished for the result of metallurgy, 
 forming the first class of articles exhibited, are England, Belgium, France, 
 Austria, Sweden^ and Prussia. In respect to the quality of iron, as the 
 element of tiie manufactures in question, the six countries take rank a* 
 Ibllows : Sweden, Belgium, Prussia, Austria, France and England. In 
 reference to the quantity produced and brought to market, whether for 
 home consumption, or exportation, they are classed as follows : England, 
 France, Austria, Prussia, Sweden and Belgium. This distribution of 
 precedence is mjide irrespectively of population, or extent of territory, and 
 a.s the result merely of statistical facts.* 
 
 The iron of Sweden, which is the best, is manufactured with chaicoal. 
 Its (juaiity is not the effect of the particular mode of smelting, but is 
 entirely owing to the quality of the ore and of the use of charcoal for fuel. 
 It is well known that England receives this superior kind of iron from 
 Sweden, for the purpose of manufacturing it into steel, for which purpose 
 the interior quality of iron, so abundant in England, is not suitable. 
 
 England has always held the first rank in tiie iron-trade, in respect of 
 quantity. This is due, not only to the enterprising spirit of the country, but 
 to the abundance of iron-ore and coal, contained in its bosom, and 
 accompanied by all other matters useful and necessary in its production. 
 England was the first, half a century ago, to use steam ii. the blast 
 furnaees, to subslitute the flatting mill for the hammer, and coke for 
 charcoal. 
 
 The exhibitors who are most distinguished, belonging to the several 
 countries mentioned, lor the manufacture of iron, are: for England, the 
 Bowling Iron Company, and the Rimney Iron Company ; tor France, 
 Messrs. Chenot, the Montataire Iron Company, and the Company of La 
 Fonihric dc Conches ; for Belgium, the Iron Worksof Couillet and Selessin; 
 for Austria the Comtc d'Eggcr, and the administration of the iron Works 
 belonging to Prince Schwarzenberg ; lor Prussia, the manufactory of 
 CMSt-steel of Essen and that of Boclium. It is not useless to make 
 mention of those names, as a matter of general information. 
 
 France and Belgium are tlu; two counties which are most distinguished 
 for recent improvements. 
 
 • These remarks are altogether general in their indications ; and are meant, rather to point 
 out the neceiiriity of enquiry, than to convey exact information. 
 
297 
 
 Among the manufacturers and companies above mentioned, we notice 
 M. Chenot, as making use of a peculiar method which gives great re- 
 sults. Thij metallurgist treats the ore with gas and obtains the metal 
 in a spongy state. It is not yet ascertained how far this method may be 
 applied on a large scale ; one thing is certain that it must have some 
 useful result in one way or another. 
 
 The beautiful sheet iron of Austria is well known, it is as thin as de- 
 licate sheets of paper, and perfect in texture. This is of incredible 
 beauty. 
 
 What lightness is found in the railings, the iron seats, &c., of the English 
 manufacture of the Coalbrookdale Company in Shropshire, and how 
 cheap also are the articles? The reason is plain, the purchaser has not 
 to pay for a load of useless iron. 
 
 What elegance there is in the stoves and other articles of French 
 manufacture, from the blast furnaces of the Marquis de Vogue of France ? 
 These designs of hunting and historical scenes are bas-reliefs of art, and 
 the articles are not dearer on that account, because tiie material is not 
 wasted ; and as to the casting, the beautiful costs no more than the most 
 deformed piece that ever was moulded. This is now generally under- 
 stood ; and in England where art is less perfect than m France and Bel- 
 gium, the proprietors of founderies endeavor to procure artists from those 
 two countries. A French sculptor, M. Geneste, is, at this moment, in the 
 receipt of a salary of £2000 per annum from an English manufacturer. 
 
 The art of combining the useful with the agreeable is the climax of 
 material progress. The study of the beautiful in art, is, to the intel- 
 lectual man, what the study of truth is to his moral existence ; but we 
 shall return to this subject when descanting on those classes which relate 
 to the various uses of iron. 
 
 We now come to the second class wiiich includes the results of the 
 woodland occupations, of hunting, fishing, and some other pursuits, the 
 object of v^rhich is the collection, not the culture of the productions of 
 nature. 
 
 In scientific respects, and in respect of variety, Spain occupied the 
 first place in the exhibition, of products of the forest. The admirable 
 Spanish collection presented 600 diflferent species, and derived immense 
 importance from the idea of shewing, with specimens of the woods, 
 those of the bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits of the trees and shrubs. The 
 beautiful cork trees of Seville and Salamanca were particular objects of 
 admiration. The Spanish exliibition had been prepared under the aus- 
 pices of the Royal Forest Institutes of Villa Viciosa. It will be seen 
 that individual energy and the spirit of association are the strongest 
 springs of imj)rovement in the arts of life, in respect of abundant pro- 
 
 •■:•[.. 
 
298 
 
 duction and varied transactions, the singleness of action and enlarged 
 intelligence of government are necessary to the success of those full and 
 material courses of study on which depends the progress of the scientific 
 vehicle of the arts, and the forward movement of mankind in the path 
 of improvement. Thus in France, the skill of the planter has succeeded 
 in producing, for exhibition in 1855, pines and oaks of which the seed 
 was sown in 1850, in the Landes of St. Albin, and which now measure 
 12 feet in height, by a girth of 12 inches. As these reflexions have led 
 us to France, it is fit that we should invite the attention of the studious 
 m such matters to the injection of the lighter woods, from which process 
 they acquire durability and several other qualities important from the 
 uses to which they are applied. Something analagous to this is the 
 new process exhibited by Sardinia for the staining of woods ; the speci- 
 mens exhibited were of beech. 
 
 Sweden exhibited a fine collection of oak, pine and beach for ship- 
 building purposes, and Norway one consisting of planks of commerce 
 combined in the form of a pyramid with great efiect. 
 
 Austria was likewise distinguished for its exhibition of articles of the 
 second class, and obtained the admiration of all, by a fine collection of 
 thin boards of that celebrated Moravian fir which is in such request 
 among musical instrument makers. In its qualities, this fir appears 
 to bear a perfect resemblance to the large white fir of the lower St. 
 Lawrence, of which no use is made in Canada, although it yields a 
 very fine board. 
 
 Algeria, which with Canada stood on a par with the countries of the 
 second rank, presented one of the finest collections, comprising among 
 others the cedar, the olive, the thuya or cUre, the cactus, and the cork- 
 oak. Considerable quatitics of these woods are already exported from 
 that country, and the commerce is increasing daily. Of all these woods 
 of Algeria, the citre or thuya attracts the most attention ; it was known 
 and esteemed for its use in cabinet work in the time of the Romans, by 
 whom a piece of furniture of this wood was considered an article of 
 luxury. The wood is of a light red, varying from pink to a deep flame 
 color. The part of the tree preferred is that situated at the junction of 
 the bole or trunk with the root, as it yields the most variegated, wavy, 
 or spotted timber. This is a remark wortiiy of the attention of our wood 
 cutters and cabinet makers. Hitherto we use both at home and for 
 exportation only the trunk or bole of the tree, between the stump and the 
 first fork, being precisely that part which yields the fewest of those varie- 
 ga.ed fleets of the growth, which are so sedulously sought after, for 
 the purposes of the art of decoration. 
 
•299 
 
 The Grand Duchy of Tuscany exhibited one of Ine finest collections 
 of woods, the principal kinds being fir, beech, soft maple, white horn- 
 beam and oak. Among other specimens we noticed a horizontal section 
 of fir, which measured seven feet in diamcler, and a similar section of 
 maple, (hollow) of nearly the same diameter ; but these two articles had 
 no other merit than that of shewing the grain and the large growth of 
 the trees from which they were taken. 
 
 Portugal exhibited some interesting specimens of timber for building 
 and cabinet work. 
 
 British Guiana was distinguished for the order and good taste which 
 the Commissioners of that colony had evinced in the arrangement of 
 their interesting collection of valuable woods, the most remarkable being 
 the rose wood and the brazil wood. They also published during the 
 exhibition, a very interesting catalogue of the industrial products of their 
 country. 
 
 Singapore, the Sandal Islands, and the Mauritius sent their contribu- 
 tions ; and the Island of Ceylon exhibited 300 specimens of the different 
 woods of the oriental world. Australia, Victoria. 'I'asiiiania, and the 
 Cape of Good Hope were not behind in this class. 
 
 , We must notice also the fine collection of woods from New South 
 Wales, one of the most beautiful in the Exhibition. 
 
 The inspe(;tion of the woods of New Zealand satisfied us of one fact, 
 namely, that till recently the greater part of the woods and plants afforded 
 by that new country were unknown to Europe. 
 
 In the class of furs, the finest displays were the contributions of 
 Canada and of Greenland, In the oils yielded by the cetacea, we had 
 the superiority, at least no animal oil was exhibited which would bear 
 comparison with our clarified porpoise and seal oils, and that of the 
 small black porpoise {delphimis minor.) 
 
 Tie conclusion to be drawn from a comparative review of the entire 
 exhibition of forest products is, that, excepting a few special -exceptions 
 of no general occurrence, no country on the globe is so rich a;- Canada 
 in large timber of the most useful class, furnishing the staple for the 
 greatest amount of (ionsuinption. So much for the productive faculty of 
 our soil. It is our part, taught by experience, to turn to the best account, 
 the great natural wealth of our forests. 
 
 The third class of the Exhibition comprised articles connected with 
 agriculture, and comprehended two grand divisions, the history, the im- 
 plements and the products of cultivation. 
 
 We must relate the results of the experiments made at Trappes, thirty 
 miles from Paris, on the land of Mr. Dailly, a celebrated French farmer. 
 For the j)urpose of the several operations, the land was divided into five 
 
300 
 
 ^* 
 
 parts. The part on which the experiments in drainage were to be made 
 was under the direction oi' Mr. Pelligauit, an engineer, that for plough- 
 ing undor Messrs. Auterocke and Thiebaat, that for the various modes 
 of preparing the soil under Mr. Masson, that for the trial of thrashing 
 machines under Mr. Hause, Professor of the Imperial School at Grignon, 
 that in which the drills and grubbers wen^ lo be tried, under Mr. Bou- 
 chet, foreman to the Pluchet at Trappes. 
 
 The draining tiles and other a}jparatus of the Marquis de Bryas wa:» 
 superior to every thing of the kind previously known. By the applica- 
 ticm of this system, the Marquis has raised a properly near Bordeau 
 formerly worth only £35,000 to an annual value representing a capital 
 of £55,000, The most complete draining tools were supplied by the 
 Vicomte de Rouge of France, and Messrs. Burgess and Keg, of England, 
 General Morin's dynamometer, an instrument to measure the power of 
 traction required by various implements is the most perfect instrument 
 of the kind ; ♦he next best seemed lo be that of Mr. Bentall of England. 
 Among the ploughs, harrows, and other implements of the kind the most 
 admired were those of Howard of England, of Morse of Canada, of 
 the French School of Grignon, of Ransomes of England, of Hamois 
 of France, of Odears of Belgium, of Redoli^. of Tuscany. The horse- 
 hoe of Mr. Ilainois of France, the Norwegian harrow of Mr. Cappelea, 
 and the roller of Mr. Croskill of I'lngland, were also admired. 
 
 The most prominent articles in the next part were an English root- 
 cutter by Messrs. Ransome and Sims, worked by a small steam engine, 
 by Mr. Calla, a French manufacturer ; another root-cutter, by M. Mau- 
 rer of Baden ; a churn, from M. de Lamberk of Belgium ; a corn- 
 sheller from Austria, a slraw-cutter from Belgium ; and most remarkable 
 of all, a machine for making draining tiles, invented by M. Caila of 
 France ; and another machine, lately Invented by a French lady named 
 Champion, for preparing the clay for that same jmrpose. 
 
 The threshing machines which were most approved of w(!re those of 
 Mr. Pitts of the United States, of M. Duvoi • of France, of Mer,srs. 
 Clayton & Co. of England, and of M. Pinet of France. The Irst was 
 the best, and was worked by a French steam engine made by M. 
 Calla ; that of M. Duvoir, the next best, by horse power ; that of Messrs. 
 Clayton, by a steam engine of their own ; and that of Pinet by a gear 
 of new and very ingenious invention. The Canadian threshing machine 
 had comparatively but little success, and this unfavourable result was 
 partly, perhaps entirely, the effect of the mode of working it, by the 
 horrible plan of horses ascending an endless stair. 
 
 The two best reaping machines were those of Mr. McCormick of 
 the United States, drawn by two horses, and that of Mr. Cournier of 
 
301 
 
 France, drawn by one hors(\ The improvements in this machine wee 
 not yet r;oniplete, but we are on the right road to such a degree of per- 
 fection as will render the use of it common. The four rakes tried were 
 those of Mr. Howard of England, of Grignon of France, of Count 
 Morelli of Sardinia, and of Air. Moody of Canada. The best was 
 Howard's. 
 
 The hay-making machine of Mr. Smitli of England, which in a few 
 minutes turned a field of lucerne just mown, astonish(;d and delighted 
 the spectators, and with reason, for the aihairuble work of the machine 
 is beyond all praise. 
 
 It is evident by this review that whatever may be said in America, 
 and especially the United States, of the inferiority of the old world to 
 the new in respect to machines to I'acililate the operations of agriculture, 
 we have still more to learn from Europeans than th(!y can learn from us 
 Immense improvement is in progress, and is the more important from 
 the impetus communicated to the movement by learned bodies, which 
 the single uncombined efforts of individuals in America do not give in 
 an equal degree. 
 
 To resume our review of the implements which most attracted the 
 attention of the public and of connoisseurs, and which obtained the 
 preference of the judges at the trials made at Trappes, we come to 
 the reaping machines by MeCormick, and that of the self-acting rake 
 by Wrigh*, on the Atkins plan, both from the United States ; that by 
 Cournier of France ; the American reaping machine, by Manny, v.hich 
 was most successful in cutting lucerne. The French draining apparatus 
 by the Marquis de Bryas, and the Viscount de Rouge ; Mr. Howard's 
 horse rake and his plough (of England ;) and the dynamometer, by 
 General Morris, (French ;) the Englisli hay-making machine, by Mr. 
 Smith ; thvi threshing machine, by Mr. Pitts of the United States, and 
 M. Duvoir of France ; steam engines, by Mr. Calla ; the corn-sheller 
 from Austria ; the straw-cutter, from Belgium ; draining tile machines, 
 by M. Calla and Mad'imc Champion of France ; and the drill from the 
 Imperial school at Grignon. The principle of all the American reaping 
 machines is that of the saw, moved with great rapidity by wheel gear ; 
 this plan is liable to be frequently disordered, but has the great advan- 
 tage of not choking readily ; in the Frencii machine by Cournier, the 
 principle of the shears is substituted for that of the saw, the former 
 being less liable to become disordered or to wear out, but very subject 
 to be choked, and this peculiarity renders it less useful for cutting green 
 crops, such as lucerne. The Monitmr remarks, in an article on the 
 subject, that the idea of the reaping or mowing machine is very ancient. 
 They were in use among the Greeks and Romans at a remote period, 
 
 ' \ 
 
302 
 
 and Pliny and Columella describe them. These descriptions are very 
 interesting, particularly as we have, after a long interval of silence and 
 oblivion, recovered the idea, with all the advantages arising from our 
 improvement in the mechanic arts. 
 
 In the exhibition of the products of agriculture the different countries 
 were distinguished by contributions as follows : France presented a fine 
 collection of cereals and plants, prepared in the most systematic manner 
 by Mr. Vilmoria, and rice from the celebrated rice-fields of Camargne 
 on the Rhone. 
 
 Algeria was especially noticed for its exhibition of agricultural pro- 
 ducts, properly so termed : wheats of various kinds, barleys, oats, and 
 maize were shewn with their stalks, in splendid sheaves and of species 
 known and esteemed in the days of the Romans, who received from 
 Africa immense quantities of grain. 
 
 England drew the admiration of all beholders by her fine collection 
 prepared by Professor Wilson. This collection comprised samples of all 
 the grains with the stalk and the root ; models of the fruits and vegeta- 
 bles of the United Kingdom, and hcrbals shewing the plants peculiar to 
 the soil of the British Isles; the exhibition of Englisli grain, seed and 
 vegetables, was superior to all as a scientific collection ; but fell a little 
 short in respect of quantity. 
 
 The beautiful collection iVom Austria was especially remarkable for 
 the cereals of Bohemia, and the fine wools in t'le fleece from the flocks 
 of Bason de liarteinstein and Count Barkoczy. In the two fold respect 
 of quantity and quality, ihe Austrian collection was next to that of 
 France. 
 
 Prussia cxhibiti;d the finest wools in the; world which were sent by 
 the Directors of the Royal Flocks at Frankenfelde. 
 
 The Agricultural exhibition from Holland was combined in a trophy 
 in the centre of th(; Dutch section of the annexe. 
 
 Portugal occupied a distinguished place in this class of the 
 exhibition. The display of wheat, maize, almonds, olives, vegetable oils 
 and models of fruit and vegetables was above all praise. 
 
 Spain had a splendid collection in the department of agriculture, re- 
 markable especially for its variety consisting of all that all other countries 
 produce. It is unnecessary to praise the beauty of the wools and fleeces 
 of their flocks which are already so celebrated. 
 
 The Agricultural products of British Guiana, of Egypt, of Belgium, 
 and of the United States, though not interesting as collections, in com- 
 parison with those above described, were greatly distinguished for their 
 excellence and importance, and oflbred some remarkable peculiarities of 
 value. 
 
303 
 
 This third class completed the first group according to the classification 
 adopted by the Imperial Commissioners ; the group namely, which com- 
 prised the extraction and production of the simple material substances 
 necessary for the support and comfort of life. 
 
 I must repeat, inasmuch as the announcement tends to increase our 
 love for our country, that in this group, taken as a whole, Canada held 
 the first place, by its display of natural wealth and its productive 
 capacity. Taking, one by one, the three classes which we have review- 
 ed, Canada stands as follows : — In the first class, being that of mineral 
 pioducts, we were in the front rank in respect of variety of species and 
 scientific arrangement ; but certainly far behind in respect of turning our 
 mineral resources to account. In the second class, that of products of 
 the forest, we were in the first rank in respect of the aggregate of useful 
 species which we exhibited, and likewise in the amount of lumbering 
 carried on, with a view to exportation. In the third class, that of agri- 
 cultural products, we were not behind the first, in respect of the import- 
 ance of the articles exhibited ; and in the amount of produ'^tion, as com- 
 pared with population, we held the same equality of precedence. 
 
 Let me here cite, for the general benefit, a truth which becomes more 
 fally patent from this exhibition, namely, tiiat in manufactures, art, not 
 the value of the material, constitutes real superiority ; and this truth was 
 proved incontestably at this great scene of competition. Let us every 
 where inscribe the aphorism, ^^ Intelligence should rule the xvorUI.'''' 
 
 III. 
 
 SECOND GROUP. 
 
 MANUFACTURES RELATING TO THE APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL 
 
 POWER. 
 
 Classes 4, 5, 6, and 7. 
 
 We come to the examination of articles of the fourth class. This com- 
 prised articles of general mechanism applied to manufactures, and was 
 the first of the second group according to the classification of the Im- 
 perial Commissioners. 
 
 It was one of the classes which numbered the smallest number of 
 exhibitors ; the total number from all countries being about 350. Of 
 this number France supplied about 200. The countries which contri- 
 buted the most after France, were England 31, Austria 17, Prussia 16, 
 and Belgium 14. 
 
rsE' 
 
 304 
 
 The enumeraticn: of a few of the principal articles, noticed by connois- 
 seurs, and mentioned by observers, may be serviceable to attract the 
 attention of Canadian mechanics to the continued elTorts and success of 
 Europeans in invention, in the province of mechanical art, as connected 
 with the increasing demand of human ingenuity in producing. All pro- 
 fessional persons wlio made a study of the Universal Exhibition of 
 London in 1851, and who have had an opportunity of attentively examin- 
 ing that of Paris in 1855, confess to an immense amount of improve- 
 ment in all nations, an improvement which tends to bring the con- 
 veniences and comforts of life more and more within the reach of all 
 classes of mankind. The Exhibition of London greatly contributed to 
 to that improvement, and the first idea of Mmvcr«a/ii;m^ exhibitions will 
 ever remain a memorial to the honor of tiie English name. 
 
 Here we particularly remarked, amongst the articles furnished by France 
 for the fourth class, the following articles ; asmoke consuming grate, which 
 in tile shape of an endless chain, uncoils as the coal is consumed, combining 
 advantages in health and economy, hitherto unknown in the use of this kind 
 of fuel ; a non-condensing and expansive stean engine, the chief merit of 
 which consists in its not causing any pressure on the side valves ; a rotary 
 steam engine ; a pump made by an eccentric rod resting on a tube of 
 vulcanized cuout chouc, and acting without the aid of pistons or valves ; a 
 mechanical pair oi bellows possessing the advantage of giving an immense 
 volume of air, with comparatively little aj)paratns ; a ventilator intended to 
 ventilate mines and mills, and which gives besides other advantages a 
 pressure of air six times greater than that obtained by the plans usually 
 adopted ; a machine to regulate the flood gates of canals and dam heads, 
 arranged in such a manner as to keep the water always at the same level 
 imdcr the most disadvantageous circumstances ; a new steam engine on 
 the expansive and non-condensing plan, made in such a way as to preserve 
 all the pressure which the steam has in the boiler, the mechanism is reaju. 
 lated by the hand, and only permits the quantity of steam absolutely 
 necessary to the inversions to be introduced ; a steam engine intended to 
 economise fuel, by employing steam mingled with the products of the 
 combustion ; a steam engine for marine purposes, made to be placed in 
 the stern of the ships, in such a way as to economise space, very consider- 
 ably, and a dyanometer the highest perfection of improvement, intended 
 to measure exactly the power employed by every working engine. 
 
 We observed in the English compartment of the Exhibition a steam 
 engine with three cylinders, arranged so as to economise the heat of the 
 steam, after it has served its purpose ; a hydraulic press for testing cables, 
 &c., of immense power, and a new system of propelling ship3, formed by 
 a paddle, feathering alternately, and fixpd at the water line. 
 
305 
 
 Austria amongst other things exhibited a pump without either pi>lou or 
 valves, hut formcil by an eccentric roil ; a steam engine remarkable for 
 the way in which it exercised the motive power; a iiorizontal steam engine 
 and a scries of models for double levers or weighing machines. 
 
 The following articles coming from different countries also attracted 
 particular attention, namely, a ventilator worked by h steam engine of 
 peculiar construction, and a steam engine made with two cylinders, acting 
 at right angles on two shafts, ihis comes from B:'lgium ; four oscillating 
 steam engines from the United Sta'es intended to act without the usual 
 side valves ; a steam engine exhibiting a considerable number of improve- 
 ments, and intended for sea-gcjing shij)'i, se.it by Sweden ; a new plan of 
 employing combined pulleys from Sardinia. 
 
 Let U3 now examine the productions of some of those countries which 
 are most distinguished in the fifth class of the Exhibition, particularly all 
 that pertain to locomotives for railroads, and before entering on these 
 details, let us mention one fact of great importance in all qtieslioiis relating 
 to railroads. It is known that the question of the relative weight of the 
 locomotives, of trains, has, since the origin of railroads, occupied the atten- 
 tion of professional men ; people seem to be inclined to different opinions 
 in England and on the Continent. In France, Austria and Germany for 
 example, thoy are disposed to give locomotives a great weight, supported 
 by a considerable number of wheels, whilst in England people seem inclined 
 to return to the comparatively light engines. 
 
 In the Exhibition of France, we remarked in the compartment devoted 
 to locmotives, an engine capable of moving in ordinary use a train of 45 
 cars loaded with an aggregate weight of 000,000 pounds ; to tliis it 
 appears to add the qualities of being easy to clean, of consuming little fuel, 
 of having a lower centre of gravity, and of having the chimney longer: the 
 mixed machine of Messrs. Gouin which has its tender attached behind 
 for the purpose of making its weight serve to keep the locomotive on the 
 railroad track ; the engine " The Eagle," also Messrs. Gouin's, the motive 
 wheels of which are nearly 10 feet in diameter, the boiler is divid'-d in two 
 and the centre of gravity is below the axles of the large wheels, the passen- 
 ger trains, it is said, can be drawn '\" this locomotive at a speed of GO miles 
 an hour ; the engines of Messrs. (Jail & Co., distinguished for the perfection 
 of the workmanship. The other articles belonging to this cla«s, which were 
 particularly renuirked among the innumerable articles contributed by France 
 were, an iron wagon sent from the manufactory of Mr. Ncpveu&Co. ; the 
 luxurious carriages of Messrs. Clochez and Leclorc ; the town carriages by 
 Messrs. Lelorieux and Dunaimc ; a calanh by M. Bergeon ; a chariot by 
 Mr. Cliquennois; a phaeton by Mr. Ilayot ; a carriage by Mr. Balvallette, 
 
306 
 
 Bnd n chard banc bv Mr. Vidcrknr. In tlic department devoted to saddlery 
 France iiuiiil)crv'd 2!) exhibitors, who coiilcndcd with ICni^hmd for the 
 superiority in this branch which is so much cuhivalcd in Enj^hmd. 
 
 Ill the Eiij^lisii section of the Exhibir-on wliioh was particularly distin- 
 gnislic I ill this class by its fine exhibition of articles of saddlery ; we noticed 
 locomotives by Mr. Stevenson and Mr. Fairbnrn, that by the latter is hi:ng 
 by means of springs made of caontchonc ; a locomotive illustrative of the 
 fystcm of Crampton, which consists in placing the driving wheels behind 
 the boiler : this engine was built in France, at the manufactory of the 
 ehemin defer (le Nord; the chameleon phaeton by Mr. Starry changing 
 its form at pleasure ; a chariot by Messrs. Davis k Sons ; and three fine 
 calashes sent by London manufacturers. The 31 English exhibitors 
 of articles of saddlery (-fFired to the public view a complete assort- 
 ment of everything pertaining to this kind of manufacture. For solidity 
 and cxcellenrc of material, English paddlery has no superior in the world; 
 the names of those who were declared the best amongst the numerous 
 Enylis!) exhibitors of the class now occupying our attention, are Messrs. 
 Gordon & Son, Blackwell, Cuff, Shipley and Dunlop. 
 
 Austria, amongst other articles, exhibited a locomotive from the railroad 
 manufactory of the State, calculated to surmount steep grades ; another 
 locomotive from the manufactory of Mr. Gnnther; the magnificent state 
 carriage of the Mayor ot v^ienna ; carriages from the manufactories of Messrs. 
 Lauren/i &. Co. of Vienna ; admirable saddles by Mr. Laocfflcr ; Ilimgarian 
 bridles ; the plan of a locomotive by Mr. Engerth ; Wallachian harness by 
 Mr. Sindel which is extremely light. 
 
 The industrious Belgians were not behind in this class; amidst other pro- 
 ductions of theirs, we admired the followingarticlcs : a locomotive by Messrs. 
 Cockerel & Co., built after the German fashion called Engerth 
 which consists in causing part of the weight of the locomotive to rest upon 
 the tender, so as to equalize the weight of the whole mass, which is thus 
 extended over a wider range of the track ; a locomotive by Messrs. Zaman, 
 Sabaliei & Co., of Brussels ; a bcrlin by Messrs. Jones, Brothers, of 
 Brussels; some cabriolets by the stime mainifacturers; a snow plough hv 
 locomotives, by Mr. Dufour ; harness, saddles and other articles of that 
 description, by Mr. Lidoubce Lojunc ; some splendid harness by Marechal ; 
 and lastly, some harness by Messrs. Thcry de Gand, Rousseau of Liege, 
 and Van- Mull Asschc. 
 
 Wo must notice among the products of the kingdom of Prussia, a 
 locomotive by Mr Borsrig of Berlin, made for high rates of speed, under 
 ■fcivorable circurstmces ; and the fine bridles by Mr. Kornbach remark- 
 able for their lightness and finish. 
 
307 
 
 The sovcnil (jonnaii stntcs liad also floiit to tlic Paris Exliibilion a few 
 locomotives worthy of pohlic notice. All the countries niciitionetl hrtd 
 likcwi'.e sent models of the numerous articles coinposiii'i; the truck, ami the 
 rollinj; niul stationary stock of u railrtiad. 
 
 In carri.iii(>s, we remarked veliit les l)y Messrs. Hermans & Co., of 
 Holland, a spiuiish volante from Moxico, and two wagi^ons from Switzer- 
 lund. 
 
 Amon<i; the articles of saddlery from coinitries not hitherto mentioned, 
 wo nnisl notice with approbation, the foll'jwin^: bridles and harness by 
 Mr. Vincent, of Portuiral ; Italian saddlery of Mr. Talamucci, of Tuscany ; 
 and an army-snrgcons' saddle, from Holland. 
 
 As supplementary to what has been said of the variety of ()j)inion8 
 relative to the \v( ij^ht to be p;iven to locomotives, we shall mention one 
 fact, namely that the ad()j)tion (»f elbowed axles, of the requisite stren<rth 
 and ([uality, enables the machinist to place his cylinder within the frame- 
 work of the engine, while, in any other plan, the want of room, In a 
 manner compelled him to put them on the outside of it. Another conclusion 
 resulting from the Exhil)ition of 1855, is the adoption of cn<;inc3 of high 
 speed, requiring new and different arrangements of the gearing. Another 
 fact also of sonc imj)r)rtancc is the more general adoption of steel instead 
 of iron, as the material of the priiicipul parts of steam engines. 
 
 To the well known elegaiue and slrLMigth which have long distinguished 
 the manufacture of carriages and saddlery, the labors of modern makers 
 have now added lightness. This has, however, by a natural exaggeration, 
 been carried to an excess which trenches on the two former, neither of 
 them less important. 
 
 In the sixth clr s, according to tlic classification of the Imperial 
 Commissioners arc included special machines applicable to materials and 
 in manufactures. It contains twelve sections relating to the following 
 articles, namely : elementary machines, Uiachines for mining j)urp()ses, 
 the same for buildiMg pnrj)()ses, the same for the working up of mineral 
 materials, other than metaU, the same for metallurgical purposes, materials 
 used in mechanical archi lecture, n^nchincs for the manufacture of small 
 articles in metal, the same for lumbering ])nrposes, the same for farming 
 purposes and the preparation of f.)od ; the sanie for ojierative chemistry, 
 the same for the arts of dyeing and printing, the same for certain special 
 branches of manufacturing indus^try. 
 
 It would be tedious to give a review, at any length, of the articles of this 
 class, in which there were at least 500 exhibitors : t. c. 297 French, 57 
 English, 30 Austrian, 20 Belgian, 20 Prussian, 18 American, 6 Tuscan, 
 and 5 Swiss. The remainder were from the smaller slates of Europe, and 
 4 from Mexico. 
 
SOS 
 
 if 
 
 The macliinca of which tlii.s iminoiisc colh'clion consisted were put in 
 motion, at the expense of the Frnnch Oovernrnent, hy nici»n« so skill'iilly 
 contrived, that the whole was effected, without inipetling the passnj^e of 
 visitors, or rendc.in^ th;'ir free access and the iiKhilj^encc of their eurioHitjr 
 perilous to themselves. The motive power was communicated from over- 
 head at stated distances, to the extent of more than ITtOO feet, hy means 
 of hells or straps workinf^ on a (lriviii}r .shaft or windlass. This iron Hhaft 
 of the Icnjfth mentioned, was .supported hy an enornjous trestle of tust 
 iron, occnpyinj; tiie centre of the annexe, and it was driven hy enormous 
 Htcam cnjiines, sittiafed outside of the edifice. Thus the motive power was 
 distributed j2;raluitously and without limitation to exhibitors of all nations. 
 
 Before we proceed to details coneernin|^ particular machinery, let us .say 
 a few words respcctinfj; the various kinds which attracted the jrrcste.st share 
 of public attention. This will shew tho tcMidcncy of ind.istrial ideas at the 
 l^lxhibition of l.Sr)5. The dilfi-rent modes of a|>plyin<i; the principle of the 
 trip-hammer in the mani|)ulHtion of metals, have l)ccn greatly increased, 
 principally in the preparation of leaf gold. Inventions for the mechanical 
 conversion of wood to usefid purposes have greatly impn)ved, and been 
 enriched with niceties of fabrication which European art affords; and in 
 this department Franco displayed some considerable iniprovements, in 
 sawing out by machinery, materials of exact form, as for ships bends and 
 knees, whether the sawing be done in curved or straight lines. The idea 
 of a composing machine, as apj)lied to typography, has also had new 
 results, which lead us to conclude that it is suseej>tii)le of practical 
 application. The improvements made in the cylindrical presses, t'.'uding 
 to their application in the printing of elegant vclumcs, and their coloured 
 engravings are a feature in the labors of successful invention which has but 
 lately appeared. 
 
 We should now proceed to a few details respecting certain machines, 
 which are distingnised from the mass by some peculiar merit : 
 
 Among those which arc adapted to the manipulation of mineral 
 substances which are not metallic, wc noticed an Austrian machine, 
 exhibited by Mr. ViltorcHI, cutting out by a scries of saws, while it planes 
 and polishes with graving tools, building and other stone ; a French 
 machine by Mr. Chevalier, which by means of an endless steel- wire 
 adapted to pullies, saws with the greatest regularity the hardest stone, as 
 quartz, granite, and even crystal ; the machines for the manufacture of 
 draining tiles by Mr. Boric, celebrated for his hollow bricks, also by Messrs. 
 Calla and Touaillou of France, and those by Messrs. Whitehead and 
 Clayton of England. In the?e the mass of clay kneaded and passed 
 through a mould of the required form, is cut to fancy, by means of one or 
 more steel threads fixed in a state of tension, in moveable frames. 
 
309 
 
 Arnoni^ llic riKicfiinj's for W()rkini» in wood wo rcinarKcd tlioso of 
 Mt'Msrs. IVrin and IMiili|»|Mi for ciitling out tnonldin^'s and hollow <;on- 
 toiirs; and jnorlictinii; tnafliincs by Mt^ssrs. Damon and Uniiicr, wliirh 
 hav(! tills pccidiarity that the mortico is made hy an instrniiicnf revolving 
 with rcinarkabli' rapidilv, and rcmaitnni^ rounded at the ends, »musI be 
 finished by hand Ft »r very Ion 'j; or conlinni I mortices, the superiority 
 of this plan is indispiilable, on aeeoiint of the rapidity of the operalion. 
 We noticed two mae.hines by M. Sautrenil of Fecamp; one for preparing 
 (loorinu; boards by a singh; stroke, tlje other a phining machine for 
 Bmoothing buildin*,' timber on four sides at once ; this latter is \i*>ed Id 
 France, in preparin*^ plankim^ for ships ; lastly, we remarked a turning 
 lathe, with four descriptions of tools, for the manufacture of wliecds. 
 There were likewise two sets of saws, by Mr. Normand of Havre, one 
 for cuttina; out the ribs, frames and futtoeks of a ship, with their bevel- 
 ings, beufls, crooks, and varyitiii; thickness; the other imitating with the 
 motion of the cross cut saw, the absolute precision of cut belonfj;ing to 
 that implement of manual labor. These twosets of saws were the most 
 perf(!et machines of the kind. In the forc^iijn departments of the Exhibi- 
 tion we noticed with approbation the tool machines by Messrs. Whit- 
 worth, Smith & Co., and by Shepherd, Hill & Co., of England; the 
 veneering saw by M. Schwartjckep of Prus.sia ; and the connecting gear 
 by Mr. Sigloof Austria. 
 
 Among the machines for the fabrication of small articles in metal we 
 noticed a forging m.'ichinc by Mr. Whitworth of England ; shears for 
 cutting sheet-iron, by Mr. Hichmond of the United States ; and a machine 
 for cutting nails, by Messrs. Frez & Stollz of Paris, who have introduced 
 caoutciiouc as a material for springs in all their machines. 
 
 In the section of machines to facilitate chemical processes and the 
 manipulation of food, the best were, a mill with fiv(; runs of stones, with 
 the friction movement, and fitted so as to permit the separation of a mill 
 stone from the others, even while at work, by Messrs. Fremont, Fontaine 
 and Hrault of France ; and an apparatus lor cleaning grain, by Mr. 
 Va(dion of Lyons. 
 
 A multitude of machines of great importance certainly, but of no prac- 
 tical interest for us, or which would recjuirc too long and too minute a 
 specification, were found in the remaining sections of the class which 
 now engages our attention. These cursory visits to the domain of 
 manufacturing art, will shew llo^v readily we might extract profit from 
 the most rapid survey of this Exhibition. An idea sometimes, or a word, 
 is sufficient to suggcrst to an artisan the conception of a valuable improve- 
 ment, or to reveal to him a resource before unknown. We have a right 
 to be proud of our success at Paris, but wo nmst not be led by it to 
 
3!0 
 
 suppose that we are adepts while we are still but tyros. We have in arts 
 and manufactures still much to h^arn, and Europe will be our teacher. 
 We may console ourselves meantinie with the reilection that we possess, 
 all the elements of progress and prosperity. 
 
 The countries which were most distinguished in this seventh class, 
 and which furnished collectively nearly ail the articles exhibited, are 
 France, England, Austria, Belgium and Prussia. 
 
 For the preparation of particular substances, for weaving and spinning, 
 the corded ribbons by Messrs, Scrive Brohers and AJiroude of France, 
 the cylinders, valves, cog-wheels, and other gear by iMessrs, Pengest & 
 Co. of France, the pressing rollers by Mr. Fleary of France, and the 
 corded ribbons of Mr. llisler of Prussia, and of Mr. Horsfall of England, 
 were much admired. 
 
 Upon the whole, England, which contributed the greatest number of 
 inventions, maintained her superiority in res]XH!t of machines adapted to 
 the spinning of cotton; and accordingly Mr. Tresca observes, their exhi- 
 bition of spinning machines consists almost entirely of cotton spinning 
 machines. Of these English machines, the most remarkable were the 
 carding and splicing machine invented by Mr. Evan Leigh, exhibited 
 by Messrs. Dobson and Barlow of Bolton ; the spindle roving frame by 
 Mr. Mason of Hockdale ; the various bends of gear in action by Messrs. 
 Elec & Co. ; and especially the complete exhibition sent by Messrs. 
 Piatt Brothers of Oldham, in the French department public attention 
 was invited to the strijjping cord by Mr. Lecoeur ; the rota froiteur and 
 the drawing frame by Mr. Danguy, junior ; the mull-jenny loom by 
 Messrs. Gallet and Dubus, with 432 sj)indles; the blower and spreader 
 by Mr. Koesklein ; and the looms of Messrs. Nicolas Sclumberger & Co. 
 *' The department of machines for cotton spinning was filled altogether," 
 as Mr. Tresca observed, " by England and France, and, with the single 
 " exception of Mr. Sclumberger's machines presents no progress worth 
 " commemorating." 
 
 In machines for the preparation and weaving of flax, we noticed those 
 of Messrs. Mertems of Belgium, Farinaux, Ward and Lacroix of France, 
 Combe 'St Co. of England. There were also a few machines from 
 Austria and Prussia. 
 
 The department of machines for the manufactures of wool is occupied 
 almost exclusively by French exhibitors, among whom we distinguish 
 Messrs. Collet, Vigoureux and Penard, for carding, who follow the 
 modern practice of carding by rovings. Mr. Mercier was at the head 
 of those who exhibited machines for (;arding-wool. 
 
 Messrs. Meynier, Heilman, .Michel and Windsor of F'rance, Messrs. 
 Bearzij Brangirdie and Grassmeyer of Austria, and Messrs. BcnarJel 
 
311 
 
 and Ilcnscli of Prussia, were distinguished among those of tiie first 
 rank for the perfection of their machines. 
 
 One machine by Mr. Deshayes attracted mucli attention. It was for 
 making watch guards, purses and other articles of the kind. 
 
 The mechanical weaving of studs places England, where most of the 
 machines in use were invented, in the foremost rank among all nalions. 
 A machine for weaving sail cluth by Messrs. Parker was particularly 
 mentioned. 
 
 France takes precedence for machines for the manufacture of figured 
 fabrics, as she had the merit of inventing them. The march of improve- 
 ment in this department, is superseding the cartoons of the Jactiuard 
 loom, by paper patterns which have the advantage of greater economy. 
 The mach nes of Messrs. Acklin, Espany and Blanchet were noticed 
 with approbation. 
 
 Besides these there was a mul*'iude of machines for fulling, combing 
 and spinning of material for mechanical spinning ; but it is not to be 
 expected that we should enter into a detailed enumeration of the whole. 
 Those mentioned above are intended to shew how constantly the arli- 
 zans of Euroj)e are engaged in dimini'^hing the price, while they main- 
 tain the excellence of their productions, nay, even increase it, and to 
 impress on our own manufacturers and merchants the necessity under 
 which they lie, of closely following the steps of their teachers, both for 
 Ihejr own sake and that of the public. 
 
 IV. 
 THIRD GR(3UP. 
 
 MANUFACTURES BASED ON THE APPLICATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHtlMICAL 
 AGENTS, AND HAVING liEFER»j:NCE TO INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Classes 8, 9, 10, 11. 
 
 The Imperial Conservatory of Arts and Trades exhibited the weights 
 and measures of France. This exhibition derived a double interest 
 from the cireumslance that these measures has been already 
 adopted by several European States, and that the adoption of them by 
 all is in agitation. They are already in use among the learned of all 
 countries. The necessity of adoj)ting terms and divisions of weight and 
 measure, known to science and of general application, was shewn 
 during the deliberations of the international congre.;s on statistics at 
 Paris in 1855. 
 
312 
 
 The French Government had sent to the Exhibition of the United 
 States' De|)artinent, the American weights and measures presented by 
 the United States Government a few years ago. 
 
 We noticed the arithmetical machine by Mr. Thomas, which gives 
 products of thirty figures; the new rules for logarithms by Mr. Gravet, 
 and the scales for weighing coins by Baron Seguier. 
 
 In the manufacture of time-pieces Mr. Wagner, the French clock 
 maker, has introduced some remarkable improvements, in the method of 
 regulating the compensation in the scapements, and in the imiform action 
 of the pendulums. Mr. Cote of London, made his contribution of im- 
 provements in this branch. The spiral springs of the house of Lutz of 
 Geneva, for watches and chronometers were greatly admired. These 
 articles do not lose their properties on being subjected to fire and tem- 
 pered anew. Their excellence is truly surprising. 
 
 The clock for the palace of the Exhibition, by M. Collin, indir .ted the 
 hour on two dials far apart, by means of electric wires. This is the ap- 
 plication of a new system to electric clocks, in making wkifth Messrs. 
 Verite and RobertjHoudin, (the famous Professor of Legerdemain,) excel. 
 Of monumental clocks, the most remarkable were the astronomical 
 clock by Mr. Bernardin of France, and clocks by Mr. Weiss of Prussia. 
 
 In watchmaking the reputation of the French, Swiss and Belgian 
 makers is well known, and was well supported at the Exhibition. Of 
 instruments designed to measure time, bulk or distance with precision 
 and specially applied to scientific uses, it may serve a useful i)urpose to 
 mention a few, namely, an achromatic object glass, by Mr. Lerebours. 
 15 inches in diameter, and about 26 feet focus ; refracting telescopes by 
 Mr. Bardon ; a new kind of object glass, adapted for photographic appa- 
 ratus by Mr. Jamin ; a parallactic telescope by Mr. Secretan ; an instru- 
 ment by Mr. Porro, which may be used either as a telescope or as a very 
 powerful microscope ; a microscope by Mr. Nachet ; microscopes and 
 theodolites, by Mr. Chevalier ; and to complete the list of productions, 
 (nearly all French and Parisian), a new instrument, the pj'ofilograph. by 
 Mr. Diunoulin. This beautiful invention is used to trace an exact out- 
 line of a landscape by mechanical means, and for extensive levels its 
 importance is very great. 
 
 The English Government exhibited a fine model of the meridian cir- 
 cle at Greenwich. Among English exhibitors Mr. Locke distinguished 
 himself by his parallactic telescope ; and the Engineers of the Coast 
 Survey by the fine collection of instruments which they use. 
 
 In the Austrian Department we noticed the meridian telescope of the 
 Polytechnic Institute of Vienna, the numerous and beautiful surveyors' 
 instruments, by Mr. Starke, and maps in relief shewing the levels and 
 
313 
 
 zones by varied tints, the roads, and a register of various statistical in- 
 formation. 
 
 This class contained, however, numerous instruments to ascertain the 
 density of bodies, acoustic instruments, and electric raacliines, variously 
 applied, instruments for the purpose of registration, m(;teorological and 
 other apparatus. We have mentioned only the noveliies in tiiis class, 
 for it were an endless task to make special mention of all who distin- 
 guished themselves. 
 
 The countries which bore off the honors in this class are, in the order 
 of the premiums awarded, France, Switscerland, England, Austria. 
 
 We now come to the articles examined in the ninth class. 
 
 The art of preparing bog-turf for fuel has been much improved in 
 Em'ope. Necessity has proved to be the parent of invention. 
 
 In a rapid review of this class, much useful information is to be 
 gathered, the bare notice of which may furnish our artizans with ideas 
 of improvement sure to be productive of good. What we are mainly to 
 study is not the products of our own country ; these we may always 
 examine at our ease ; it is the matters exhibited by other countries, 
 which we can inspect at no other time but that of an Exhibition. De- 
 tailed criticisms of these will be given in the final report of the inter- 
 national Jury. There and there only, we are to look for a perfect ap- 
 preciation of objects. 
 
 In its review of the various articles in this ninth class, and giving an 
 account of the visit of Prince Napoleon, the McDiit'eur niakes the follow- 
 ing remark : " Heating by means of wood, coal, or charcoal, and light- 
 " ing by the direct combustion of a limited number of solid or liquid 
 " substances would at the commencement of the j)resent century have 
 "improved the staple of this ninth flass," and it proceeds to notice the 
 growing disjiosition to use the heat of gas " i^or jjiirj^oses of hijcjicne^ of the 
 ^^ pnpandion of food, and of mechanical piirsiiits, public and private^ 
 
 The first article taken in the order of classification were chemical 
 matches, in which branch Austria holds the first rank, the spi-cimens 
 sent being the ordinary and regular productions of the makers who sent 
 them. This branch is said to give employment in Austria to 20,000 
 workmen. Sweden also exhibited excellent specimens of this article. 
 Several French exhibitors had also sent their contributions, and as 
 France is the classic land of taste and fancy, we had iastfnl and fancy 
 matches. The highest price for round matches was one penny per 
 thousand. 
 
 Pressed coal, a mechanical compound of solidified fragments of coal 
 mixed with the residue of coal-tar, has on account of its superiority to 
 coal, conic into genc^ral use, particularly for shipping. It is sold in 
 
314 
 
 France at 30s. per ton. ?n the Exiiibition, France and Belgium shewed 
 the best specimens of this article. It seems that in Belgium they liave 
 succeeded in solidifying coal by pressure only, without the use of the 
 coal-tar to agglutinate it. 
 
 The preparation known as mnuhled coal, discovered by Mr. Popelin 
 Ducane, was shewn at the exhibition in numerous specimens, made of 
 the dross and dust of coal mixed and agglutinated with coal-tar. It is 
 in shape like charcoal, or else cylindrical. 
 
 The making of turf, in pieces pressed and dried, carbonized lurf, or 
 comp ict antiwacite turf, has assumed in Europe a degree of impor- 
 tance and has reached an extoi)'. the proofs of which appear in the pro- 
 ducts of the kind sent by France and England. 
 
 The perfection to which candle-making has been carried is well known. 
 It will soon enable the poorest to lay aside the use of the old tallow 
 candle. England, Austria, Belgium, and France, are here again the 
 most distinguished ; France especially is pre-eminent for its shew of 
 acids and alcohols for the rectification of fatty substances, which are the 
 basis of candles. 
 
 It would be impossible to describe, in tins place, the difTerent'systems 
 of warming houses, pertaining to the four groups of which we have 
 knowledge ; that is to say, by open fu-e-j)laces or stoves ; by healed air ; 
 by the circulation of iiot water in i)ipes ; and by steam similarly diliused ; 
 but it may be useful to those persons in Canada who interest themselves 
 in the respective merits of those various modes, to be acquainted with 
 the names at least of the artizans who have distinguished themselves by 
 the beauty of their production. These are, for stoves, hot-air stoves, and 
 apparatus for conveying it, Messrs. Laury, Chevalier, Pauchet, and 
 Ambart of France ; Messrs. Bailey, Edwards & Son, and Hoole of Eng- 
 land ; Messrs. Garlon of Belgium, and Stait of Switzerland. For hot 
 water apparatus, Mr. Duvoir Leblanc of Paris has acquired a high repu- 
 tation and received a medal of honor. 
 
 You are aware that the Indians of Canada obtain fire by the rapid 
 friction of two pieces of wood. Well, the pinks of civilization, Messrs. 
 Beaumont and Mayer of Paris, exhibit a machine, consisting of a 
 boiler filled with water which is heattd to the pressure of three atmos- 
 pheres, by the caloric generated by a conical metal tube, in which ano- 
 ther cone of hard wood accurately adjusted to fit its interior, is made to 
 revolve. This mode of generating heat is intended to be employed only 
 when the motive power is obtained free of cost, as when it consists of a 
 waterfall. You will perceive that if this novel idea is capable of being 
 usefully and economically applied, the want of water-power will cer- 
 tainly in Canada be no bar to its introduction. 
 
•< ImmW i m lmmmmiim 
 
 
 315 
 
 There is a wish to introduce gas, the MimUenr remarks as above cited, 
 as an article of domestic fuel. This principle has been applied in Eng- 
 land by means of asbestos. The current of gas is C()nvi>y in a lighted 
 state through an apparatus consisting of wicks of asbestos. Great results 
 are anticipated from this discovery. We may observe that the asbestos 
 exhibited in the Canadian section and sent from Kamouraska is exactly 
 of the pliable and silky kind with short fibres which is suitable for this 
 purpose. 
 
 Very interesting apparatus for procuring ventilation was also exhibited 
 as well as models of apparatus applied to blast furnaces for the smelting 
 of ore. The use of this apparatus, the bellows of which convey heated 
 instead of cold air, produces a casting, not only of better quality, but 
 also at less expense. 
 
 In the lamp department a vast number of improvements were ' xhibited 
 which might be very usefully adopted in Canada. True perfection 
 in this department is to be found only in France. We may mention the 
 lamps by Mr. lladrot, as remarkable for their brilliant light, those of Mr. 
 Aubineau for theirgrea' size, those of Mr. Guillaume for their diminutive 
 size, and the cheap and economical lamp by Mr. Dessaules, besides 
 many others. Lanterns for the light houses constitute also a branch of 
 raanutacturing skill in which France has attained unquestionable 
 eminence: this superiority is indeed undisputed. The immjilal Fresnel 
 who invented tlie lenticular lanterns, has conferred this glorious preemi- 
 nence on his country ; accordingly the French Government had erected a 
 kind of monument to his honor in the centre of the nave. This was a 
 lenticular lantern of large dimensions, placed upon a pillar, which was 
 dedicated to the memory of the great inventor. The coasts of France 
 are lighted by 198 beacons of various sizes. 
 
 There was no great exhibition of improvement in lighting by gas. 
 Most of ihe apparatus exhibited had reference rather to the transmission 
 of gas, than to the means of generating it. or to its economical use. 
 
 The various modes in which electricity is applied to the mechanical 
 arts, composing the ninth class, might afford matter for much interesting 
 speculation ; but besides requiring special and exact knowledge, this 
 subject does not possess an interest in our young country, equal to that 
 of the branches of industry here lightly commented on, with a view to 
 draw public attention to the progress of modern art. 
 
 We cannot omit, however, to mention the discoveries made by an Aus- 
 trian, Mr. Glnti of Vienna, in the electric telegraph. That gentleman, by 
 availing: himself of the interruption of the electric current, by non 
 conductors, has succeeded in transmitting two diii'erent communications 
 
316 
 
 in opposllo (lirpctions, by the same wire. " This" says Mr. Trcsca, 
 "is the greatest improvement yet made in the electric telegraph. 
 
 Here we shall close our few remarks in a class, the components of 
 which are highly interesting to Canada, either as a consuming population, 
 or as possessing the natural resources which may render it a producing 
 one to an important degree, in many of the mc st valuable branches 
 particularised. We shall be fortiuiat(^ if, while depicting 'he improve- 
 ments which were most remarkable at the Paris Exhibition, we may 
 lead some inquiring reader to seek farther and more exact information. 
 This would undouiedly lead to the adoption of new modes of deriving 
 benefit from our natural resources. 
 
 The tenth class, containing articles comprised under the heads of 
 chemical arts, dying ani priithvj;, paper-making, manufactured skins, 
 caoutchouc, SfC, is one of those which numbered most exhibitors. Of 
 these the official catalogue contained nearly 2000 of all countries. The 
 countries which contributed most largely to this class with the number of 
 exhibitors from each, were France 900, England 166, Prussia 152, Aus- 
 tria 100, Helgium 58, Spain 33, Holland 33. Next after these was 
 Canada 26. 
 
 In the production of matters purely chemical, Austria anu the German 
 States appeared to hold the first place in the Exhibition. Among other 
 articles of the kind, we noticed the collection of large masses of alkalein 
 metals from Prussia, and compound ethers from Austria. 
 
 White zinc, used as a paint, with great advantage over white lead, was 
 principally exhibited by Belgium and particularly by the Franco-Belgian 
 Company, known as the Compag'iie de li Vieill: Montngne. 
 
 England exhibited Li't/iia and ijcllow Priissiate of Potass, obtained by 
 the use of common coal, instead of animal carbon. 
 
 It would be tedious to particularise all that the Exhibition contained 
 of acids and other prod r'ts of the chemical art ; but we cannot omit the 
 wonderful French, production the new metal, termed aluminum. 
 Aluminum was first obtained as a distinct substance by M. Wochler, a 
 German chemist, but we are indebted to Mr. Sainte-Claire Deville, who 
 coniinued his researches, assisted by the private purse of the Emperor 
 Napoleon, for producing it as a material for domestic utensils. We cannot 
 here enlarge upon the process by which it is obtained, suffice it lo say 
 that, having been already fashioned into domestic utensils, it has been 
 found to poss.,,s the following properties: a degree of lightness, equal 
 almost to that of glass, a high degree of sonorousness, a capability of 
 resisting the action of fire next to that of silver; freedom from loss by 
 oxydation, tenacity and hardness equal to these qualities in any of the 
 metals in common use. 
 
317 
 
 Golatino assumes in Canada a character which in most inlcreslintT, 
 inasmuch as it is now used for iho preservation of game and other meats, 
 by being applied as a coating to exclude the atmosphere. It is needless 
 to insist on the value of such a piocess as a measure of preservation. It 
 wir be seen at once, that it a prinei[)le essentially economical, as the very 
 sui)stanee, used as a preservation of the main or principal siibsiance, re- 
 tains all its value, and that the food thus preserved, undergoing no pro- 
 cess of mani|)alation, remains in possession of all its original ilavor and 
 other properties. 
 
 Among the numerous specimens of ultramarine produced by artificial 
 means, that of Mr. Gi'im(!t of France, the inventor of the process, by 
 which it is manufactured, was naturally the best. Some idea may be 
 formed of the importance of this product when we learn that formerly 
 natural ultramarine cost £75 per pound, and that no more than 4 lbs. were 
 consumed in Europe in a year, whereas Europe now uses five millions 
 of pounds yearly which costs no more than one shilling per pound. 
 
 In leather, France was distinguished for its morocco, its varnished 
 leather and its calf leather, all having a world-wide reputation ; England 
 for its strong sole leather and that which is used for saddlery. In the 
 articles mentioned, France was closely followed by Austria, Germany 
 and Belgium. 
 
 It is well known that the celebrated Russia leather did not appear 
 at the Exhibition, but we mu8ti„ nark that tliat leather, which has quali- 
 ties so peculiar, is tanned with the decoction of willow bark and im- 
 pregnated with an oil extracted from the bark of the bouleau. We make 
 this remark, because we have willow and bouleau in Canada. 
 
 In the manufacture of pa|)er, diflerent countries oflered a vast number 
 of exhibitors, among the new papers made without rags we noticed 
 straw-paper made by Mr. Louis Piette of Belgium. 
 
 It would be a tedious labor to enumerate the diflerent uses now made 
 of caovitehouc, we have alrcadv noticed the advantage of substituting it 
 for steel in springs for certain machines. We must remark by the way 
 that we are indebted to France for the discovery of caoutehonc, to Eng- 
 land for its first application to useful purposes, and to the United States 
 for its connexion into a pliable and durable substance, as well as into a 
 hardened form, capable of great resistance. Mr. Goodyear of the United 
 Slates received the grand medal of honor for his discovery of hardened 
 caoutchouc. 
 
 The French savans who discovered the method of making artificial 
 ultramarine, and who are now producing opium, give us reason to lioi)e 
 for a further discovery in artificial quinine, a product of which the final 
 
 * i,.-i 
 
318 
 
 disappearance was anticipated together with that of the quinquina from 
 whloli only it is now obtained. 
 
 We now come to a class, the eleventh, which has intimate relation to 
 Canadian interest, being based upon agricultural produce. It relates 
 to the preparation and preservation of alimentary substances. 
 
 This class is naturally r(>ducib!e to two grand divisions, termed, in 
 the words of the Imperial Commissioners : 1. Preparation of alimentary 
 substances ; 2. Preservation of alimantary substances. 
 
 In the preparation of alimentary substances, and the extraction of their 
 various elements, we remarked the following articles : an apparatus by 
 Messrs. Martin & Co. of France, for extracting the gluten; an appara- 
 tus for baking, termed the mechanical kneader by Mr. Roland, also of 
 France. In the French comjiartment were observed also many diilerent 
 apparatus used in the manufacture of sugar and spirit from beet-root. 
 
 It would be impossible to enumeraie the numerouf^ articles in this class, 
 for, as they relate to the most ordinary wants of mankind, they are not 
 the exclusive productions of one or two countries, but fill v/i'hin the 
 scope of all. Accordingly there was no country which had not numer- 
 ous exhibitors. 
 
 It may be of service to notice the progress made in France in the preser- 
 vation of meats. In our revitnv of the preceding class we have already 
 made a few obscsrvations on iho use of gelatine, as a coating to guard 
 meat from contact with the air, but that discovery is the least extraordin- 
 ary which has been made. 
 
 By a process, which consists of rapid drying by means of hot air, and 
 then of compression by means of the hydraulic press, vegetables have 
 not only been prepared for keeping, but also.made to occupy a compara- 
 tively trifling space. It is only necessary to steep them in cold water 
 SIX hours, in order to restore them to their original color, appearance and 
 even bulk. It will be seen that, on these conditions, they may be mat- 
 ters of daily use. It is calculated that, by this process ipore than 1200 
 lbs. of dried vegetables may be packed in a case of 1 cubic metre (30 
 cubic feet). This quantity represents 8000 lbs. of fresh vegetables which 
 would on an average require a space of 1300 cubic feet at least. Thus 
 seven times the bulk of nutritive matter may be made fit for transport, in 
 a space 43 times smaller than it wcdd naturaiiy fill. The allied armies 
 in the Crimea were supplied with vegetables, thus prepared, to the extent 
 of 42,000,000 of rations. 
 
 The h"ef Uscu'd of the American Navy is now well known. Several 
 other art cles of the kind were exhibited, among tbsm meat biscuit, con- 
 taining, in half a pound of matter, six rations of good soup ; and biscuit of 
 the same description, by a company from Buenos Ayres. 
 
3U> 
 
 The Gcnnai Mmt Prescnnnr/ Compmi!/ in Fnince have proiluood a suh- 
 stance which they have termed onservalinc, exiracled from tlie ofPal of 
 animals, such as the hones deorived of thi3 marrow, tendons, &:c., with 
 the addition of su2:ar and gnt.i. The principle is evidently tfie same as 
 that of preservinnr hy fridatine. Ths question is, which of the two con- 
 serim/ines is the hest? Th; Compatiy exhihited a leg of beef weij^'hing 
 nearly 100 Ihs., preserved six months before. This had in all resj)ects all 
 the freshness of m;^at just killed. 
 
 Rut the most extraordinary discovery of this kind is that of Mr. Lamy, 
 a Frenchman, who preserves meat withrtnt coverinnj or coatin.j it, exposed 
 to the air and the sun. Ilis process, which he has not revealed, is pure!y 
 scicnlific, and consists, it is said, in ooaa;ulatin:i those pirts which are 
 liable to putrefaction, and which prxluce fermentafion in alimenrary sub- 
 stmces. He exhibits legs of mutton, preserved saver i! years ago, salmon, 
 pike, vegetables, fruits, whole partridges, and a vvhole deer preserved two 
 yoar.s since. In the winter, Mr. Lamy ^iij/plies fruit at fabulous prices, 
 and the purchasers profess themselves pcrlectly satisfied with the quality 
 of what he s'^lls. 
 
 We should endeavor to profit hy many of these discoveries, in Canada. 
 They would enable us to export enormous quantities of alimenlaty sub- 
 stances, which now remain unsold, because their 'liability to decomposition 
 or tlieir bulk renrlers the carriage of them diificult, or too expensive, or 
 altogether impracticable. 
 
 V. 
 
 FOURTH GROUP. 
 
 MANUFACTUnES PERTAINING TO THE LEAnNED PROFESSIONS. 
 
 C/dsses 12, 13, 14. 
 
 The articles exhibited in the twelfth class — that which related to the 
 public health — were few in number. Connected with the supply of 
 water of good quality to large cities, we saw nothirg but some filtering 
 machines, which offered no new feature. On thiv- head, we must cite 
 some observations made in the Paris papers. L seems to be agreed that 
 the requisite quantity of water ^r/r diem for each individual, to place a city 
 in this respect in circumstances favorable to health, is about sixteen gal- 
 lons or three cubic feet. At Rome the daily supply is nearly U»0 gallons 
 to each individual ; of course this quantity includes the public baths, 
 public wash-houses, and all that is required for domestic consumption. It 
 would have been v.ell to have exhibited along with our models of bridges 
 
 h 
 
320 
 
 and can.iN, somrthinLr to givi^ an itliM of our s|)l(iiliil w.iicr works at 
 Qui;l)rc aiiil Montreal ; for it. is eviJuiit that, in ruspect of llii* supjily of 
 water and sewerage, those two cities will soon stand pre-eminent among 
 all tlio ciiic;; in llie world. 
 
 Wo saw at the lixhihition several models of valves for drains and watei' 
 closets, hnf- nothing so new or so remarkable as to give new ideas on 
 sanitary |)olity, or to re(|uire special njention. 
 
 We :»l)serv(ul oiu! article which will he the means of iiitrodueint; a 
 benefioia! change in the construction of hnildings in respect of healiht'ul- 
 ness This was a hoilow hrick, the cavity in which was adapted lo fonn 
 a tiiine!, thus esla')lisliin<r a kind oi' venilator in the wall itself, preventing 
 damp. We also saw stucco to ho usjd as a dressing for walls and ceilings 
 of rooms in hospitals, dissecting theatres, and other places used f)r similar 
 purposes. It would of course be impossihie to give a minute descripiiou 
 in this pl.ice, of the various plans for ventilating and luMting public and 
 private buildings. 
 
 We saw with admiration, in ihls class, the fine carriages for the sick 
 and wouiidcd of the French army, wagons jin 1 moving cantcMus. These 
 articles had been transmitted to the Exhibition by th<^ Minister of War. 
 
 Several apparatus for baths were oxhibite I, [)Uf, nothing new, except 
 one for administering baths of condensed or rarified air, cither generally 
 or topically. 
 
 It would not be generally interesting to speak of the various pharma- 
 ceutical preparations which were exhibit •(!. T) professional men it 
 would avail little that we should mention them in general terms. The 
 countries w hich wore distinguished ;n this department were France, Ger- 
 many, Austria and Englan 1. 
 
 In surgical cutlery, the superiority of the French is inf'isputablc and 
 undispufe 1. The countries whicli, after France, made the best and largest 
 contribution in this respect were Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Norwa}-, 
 Hesse, Portugal and the Slates of the Churcii. The .u-ticles exhibited 
 were very numerous, from diirorent countries, in artificial limbs, as arms, 
 legs, (S':'o., intended to restore parties who had undergone amputation to 
 the exercise of the functions of v nich they ha 1 been deprived. As these 
 ap[)aratus f^a-m in some degree a part of the arj-c?; il of surgery, the 
 fabrication of them comes next in importance afier the improvements 
 made in surgical instruments. The three French houses which bore the 
 palm from the whole world, for the perfection of this surgical cutlery, 
 both as inventors and mcinufacturers, were those of Charriure, Mathieu 
 and Luer of Paris. 
 
 It is not long since the time, when, iavored by the metallurgical circum- 
 stances of their country, the English manufacturers of London had a decided 
 
3-21 
 
 superiority in this rcspoct, P'raiice owes its present nscendnncy in this 
 brmicli to the house of Charriere, ami this hmisc i.h iiulchicd to its own 
 energy for its world wide reputalicjn and iininense wealth. As the 
 hiutory of the struggle of this house, at Icnglli so sueccssful, may he a goo<l 
 lesson to others, we may venture to (juotc a few wonls written by Doctor 
 Girald«';s in the Patrie : "He, (Mr. Charriere,) welcomed wiili open arma 
 " all tiie foreign workmen who came to Paris, and listened with (lefcreucc 
 "to all the iritical remarks addressed to him. Having constant intercourse 
 " with young physicians ot vivid, iuujginatiou and intelligence, he placed 
 "his men and machinery at their <lispo-;al, and nuule at his own expense 
 "the instrumeits which they devi.sed. His ware rooms are lillrd with 
 "these ahortivM inventions, and are more like the musemn of nn antiipi'iry 
 "than a cutler s warehouse. There are to he seen models of the most I'anciful 
 "deficri])tiou, some scarcely formed so as to give a definite idea of their 
 " inteudcvi usj, others ([inte finished, but given up as of no ])ractical use. l>y 
 "such means, and by bokliy drawing upon the future, he has created the 
 "magnificent estat)lishment for the manufaclure and sale of cutlerv which 
 "stands in the Uup. ()••■ PEade de Mnlerlnfy 
 
 The person whose eoii..'ibutions to the Exhibition were iiiconjparably the 
 most worthy of admiration, both for their beauty, their perfection and their 
 usefuhiess, in the department of anntomy and pathology, was Dr. Auzoux of 
 Paris. Tv» his preparations of this kind, Mr. Auzouz had adiled siMru' fine 
 ones of natural history and comparative anatomy, by the aid of which it 
 was possible to study /oology without the labor of dissection. Of course the 
 studies incumbent on physicians and learned men are not here n'cant, who 
 can by no means i)e exempted from tlic labor of dis.section. 
 
 The beautiful preparations in osteology of Mr. Vasseur of P.ui.s were 
 also objet'ts of great admiration, particularly those of i\\Q cranium, the b(-nes 
 of which were placed relatively in siiii though not quite in contact, and were 
 kept in position by the aid of screws, v/hich allowed them to be handled. 
 
 The countries which contributed the greatest number of stuffed birds and 
 quadrupeds were France, Savoy, Wurtembeig and Prussia They were 
 generally well executed as to attitude, form and i)rcservati(m. The col- 
 lection of birdb from Canada was greatly admired. 
 
 The thirteenth class devoletl to articles relating to maritime and mili- 
 tary matters, derived additional interest from the passnig events of the 
 war, requiring the developtneul of all the resources of modern art. 
 History has not hitherto had to record the display of such an armament as 
 that which the siege of Sebastopol has called into action, and never before 
 were the means of transport applied so as to effect the wonders performed 
 by the Anglo-French scpiadrons. These circumstances of the time were 
 rather injurious to the effect of the Exhibition of 1855: as \jertain marine 
 
 V 
 
322 
 
 steam cn^inoH intetnlod to bp exhibited, weic diverted from their pniifio 
 dcstiiialidii, to be usefully eiiinloycil on board the albed lleets. Thus it 
 was that, models exeepted, there were fewer engines exliibited at Paris 
 than at London. But, to make amends, new inventions and evident 
 improvetnents were mnnifestetl, giving nssmnnec that we are on the road 
 to important diseoverie.s, and i\ew modes of applyinif them. 
 
 We shall specify n few of the improvenietits effected in the tnanufnctnrn 
 of steam cnfjiinos, intended for maritime service. 
 
 Tlic griidiial increase in size of the motive machinery, and the use of 
 engines of great power, is the great fact of the age. In this thangc of 
 system the intention ia, not only to move larger bodies, but to attain greater 
 speed, and what has been done in this behalf has esiablishcd as an axiom 
 " thai yreatcr speed requires (jrealtr power in the proportion of the square of the 
 speed required.'''' 
 
 Another step in the road of improviinent is the snbstituiion of the screw 
 apparatus for all others in ocean navigation, particularly in that branch of 
 it which combines dcahiwiih sails, h was for the purpose of increasing the 
 motive ])ower of tlie screw, without dmiuishing that afforded by the sails, 
 wiicn necessary, that the Frencii engineers have invented the screw d 
 quatre hranchcsy which may by u system of joints, be reduced to two, and 
 occupies no more space than the screw d deux branches. Two new systems 
 were promtilgated at the Exhibition, having reference to the placing or 
 housing of the engine in the hull of the vessel ; one (French) fixes it in the 
 devoynres of the after part of the vessel in order to save room ; another 
 (Dutch) distributes the weight of the engine throughout the entire length 
 of the vessel, in order to avoid these alterations of form produced by the 
 application of considerable weights acting constantly on an isolated point 
 of the frame. 
 
 Finally, in France, opinions are in favor of the direct application of the 
 motive power to the screw, while in England they seem to incline to its 
 a])j)lication by gearing. The adoption of the former principle aims at the 
 saving of rootn ; that of the other diminishing friction and giving belter 
 control of the piston, diminishes tlie wear and tear of the engine. We 
 nuist observe that the use of steel in various j)arts of the engine diminishes 
 the risk arising from wear and tear, and the danger of accidents so produced. 
 
 Among the numerous exhibitors in this class, the French Minister of 
 Marine was particularly distinguished; the articles exhibited being a great 
 number of models of ships, and their rigging and equipment. 
 
 The following articles in this part of the Exhibition demanded especial 
 admiration : a model of the engine of the ship Napoleon, a screw of 9G0 
 horse power, w.^rking by gearing, — said to be the fastest ship of her rate 
 afloat ; a model of i no engine of the ship VAhjenen^ a screw, with direct 
 
323 
 
 action, ot'lMJO horse power ; ti brass screw, \veiji;}»iiij^ 2'),000 llw. intciuled 
 for the iiU\[) V Liiju'rinl ; this has four fixed Wratiehes hut is tu'vertheless 
 rcinovahle ; a model of the steam mortar-vessel If Vautimr^ the first war 
 steamer in which mortars were shipped and fired, — it is now at Sehastopol • 
 a model of the a|)paratus used in lannchinj^ the man of war fUlin on the 
 Charente, is worthy of especial notice. In this case, it was necessary, on 
 account of the narrowness of the river, to cause the vessel, on leaviii"- the 
 ways, to take a list up and down the stream. For this purpose the ship 
 was rij5<i;e(l on each side with a stronji; chain. These were shortened hy 
 the decussation of certain ofthcir links which were tied with ropes intended 
 to break one after another, their tenacity beinjj; fi;raduated and calculated 
 to produce the eflFect desired. The plan was crowned with complete 
 success ; and, havinj;; been applied to a body so ponderous as that of the 
 Ulm, does credit to the skill of the engineers who devised it. 
 
 Enu;land exhibited, as illustrations of its naval power, modelsof the heads 
 and sterns of ships, and articles of various kinds. In the exhibition of the 
 Dutch naval establishment, we notice models of small war-vessels, built 
 with Hat tloor-timbers. These flat boliMiied ships, are intended to navii^ate 
 the coast, and for attack and defence in shoal water. The war in the 
 Baltic caused great attention to be paid to inventions of this kind. 
 
 We now come to the exhibition of articles pertainmg to merchant 
 shipping, on the ocean and on rivers. It is remarkable that the exhibition 
 in this class, although no doubt very interesting, was not expressive of all 
 the importance which mankind attach, in our day, to maritime affairs. 
 
 The first objects which drew our attention in this department, not as 
 novelties in invention, but for the boldness of cntrcpriso which they 
 indicated, were the models and plans of the several parts of that gigantic 
 vessel, now being built in London by Messrs. Scott and llussel, under the 
 direction and according to tiic plans of Mr. Brunei the engineer. It is 
 known, that monster ship will measure 23,000 tons, and will, in round 
 numbers, be 700 in length, 80 feet beam, and will have engines of the 
 aggregate power of 2,600 horses. England had also a maritime trophy, 
 containing models of the great ships Hmalnya^ Persia and others, diving- 
 apparatus, apparatus for the rescue of shipwrecked persons and property, 
 and a number of articles connected with ocean and river navigation. In 
 the ship-building section of the English compartment, the most celebrated 
 and illustrious name was that of the house of Napier of Glasgow. 
 
 Enj^land stands foremost among the nations of the world for the number 
 of its large foundries for the manufacture of steam-engines for ships. In 
 respect of perfection and beauty of workmanship, almost all other European 
 nations are on an equal footing ; in the experimental part of the art, France 
 seems to hold the first rank. It may not be uninteresting to know that 
 
324 
 
 there arc in Europe about sixty j^rcat establishments particukriy devoted 
 to the manufacture of steam-engines for ships. Of this number England 
 possesses thirty, and France fifteen ; the others arc distributed among the 
 several other States, according to their population, or rather according to 
 their maritime position. 
 
 One of the most striking articles in theexhibitionof the French merchant 
 navy, was the fine model of the sh\^ Danube belonging to the Compngnie dcs 
 Messageries, It shewed all the details of her construction, rigging and 
 equipment, together with her engine and screw in operation, a master- 
 piece of workmanship. Among the numennis specimens of French skill 
 were building models, half of iron half of timber by the inventor of the 
 system, Mr. Arman, who obtained the Grand Medal of Honor, in this 
 section ; numerous models of Fren h clijipers ; huge plates of iron 3 feet in 
 width, by 15 feet in length and 3 inches in thickness. These ])lates were 
 intended for the defences oi' the Jloat in g hattnies contrived by the Emperor 
 Napoleon for the attack on the citadel of Croiisiadt, that terrible claw of 
 the Northern Bear. 
 
 In the other sections were, the model of a s-ivci' steamer used by the 
 Austrians on the Danube, of 240 horse power and drawing very little 
 water ; the model of tlie American, a river steamer of the United States of 
 1,000 horse power ; a very fine stram engine with a screw having a direct 
 and reverse nioveinent exhibiteil by the Swedish foundry ofMotalato 
 which this article docs great credit ; an iron stern-post with a rudder of a 
 new form, from Belgium. 
 
 In the .second division of this thirteenth class, relating to objects 
 of military art and the fabrication of arms, it will be perceived at once 
 that France took the foremost rank. Belgium being the next in prece- 
 dence for workmanship, particularly in the manufacture of fire arms for 
 sporting purposes. England exhibited very little in this department. 
 
 The arms used by the French army were collected in the nave of the 
 palace in a sui)erb trophy, designed by M. Panguilly Haridon, the 
 engineer. Before proceeding to make a few remarks on details, which 
 derived a particular interest from the circumstances of the war then in 
 progress, it will not be amiss to consider the improvements made within 
 a few years in the manufacture of arms, and in the art of handling and 
 using them. Here arc then, in brief, the specifications of the improve- 
 ments made : extraordinary precision of aim in firing from mortars, from 
 the knowledge of the rotatory motion of the shells on their axes ; per- 
 fection and simplicity attained in the use of rockets in open field war- 
 fare ; diminished damage from repeated firing now obtained, in manu- 
 facturing artillery to the extent of sustaining 3000 discharges without 
 perceptible damage, whereas 200 shells were formerly the greatest num- 
 
32o 
 
 ly devoted 
 r England 
 fiinong the 
 cording to 
 
 1 merchant 
 npnffnie dcs 
 igging and 
 , a tnastcr- 
 rench skill 
 titor of the 
 lor, in this 
 n 3 feet in 
 latcs were 
 e Einpcror 
 ble claw of 
 
 sed by the 
 very little 
 d States of 
 ng a direct 
 f Motala to 
 rudder of a 
 
 to objects 
 2d at once 
 t in prece- 
 ■e arms for 
 rtment. 
 ave of the 
 ridon, tlic 
 lils, which 
 '^ar then in 
 ide within 
 idling and 
 ! improve- 
 rtars, from 
 ixes ; per- 
 field war- 
 in manu- 
 !S without 
 atest num- 
 
 ber which could be fired from guns of the largest calibre ; a new method 
 of preserving gunpowder from the eflecis of the weather and from danger 
 of explosion ; rapidity in loading combined with correct aim in firing, 
 with musketry. 
 
 To ail this progress we have to add ihe general improvements made 
 in workmanship and material. The use of sporting guns, loaded at the 
 breech, has also become general, and the alterations made daily in this 
 class of fire arms give us reason to hope that they may be adopted by some 
 arm of the military service. A few brigades have already received them, 
 as for instance the cent gardes of the Emperor. To give an idea of the 
 regard to economy which prevails in the manufacture of arms, we may 
 observe that good muskets are to be had, wholesale, in Erance and Bel- 
 gium, for ten shillings, while such is the luxury of finish and embellish- 
 ment applied lo sportsmen's guns, that they are sold as higii as £500 
 each. 
 
 We noticed in the French compartment the musket of the cent gardes, 
 which as we have seen, is loaded at the breech. This musket is fitted 
 with a straight sabre of the length of the old rapier, forming with the 
 musket a lance more than seven feet long. Next we had the celebrated 
 rifle, known as the Minie rifle, the improvements in which are due to 
 two French Officers, Messrs. Minie and Delvigne. It is well known that 
 the shape of the l)all, which has undergone and is still undergoing great 
 alterations, is highly important in attaining precision in the direction of 
 the ball, fired from this formidable weapon. Revolving pistols have 
 undergone a variety of alterations, most of which are improvements. 
 Mr. Gasline lleinette of Paris, exhibited some barrels of fowling pieces* 
 the strength of which was wonderful. This property of exempt ion from 
 the danger of bursting is the efiect of a new process of welding, which 
 consists in using, instead of flat bands, twisted spirally on a mandrel 
 fitting closely, so as to be welded afterwards, two triangular rods, fitting 
 one into the other, for the purpose of being welded. These bands or rods, 
 thus twisted together on the mandrel are to each other as the female is 
 to the male screw, when the latter is inserted. 
 
 I omitted to mention the field-piece termed the Emperor^s system. 
 This piece, intended to fire shells as well as solid shot, relieves an army 
 from the necessity of carrying mortars, as well as field pieces ; and as 
 the princi|)le equalizes the diameter of the hollow, with that of the solid, 
 shot, it simplifies the service, and facilitates the equipment of an armed 
 force. 
 
 Belgium, and rirtieularly Liege, exhibited a vast colk-ction of fire 
 arms, both military and for sporting purposes. All the improvements 
 

 M* 
 
 known in France, except in a few particulars, are known and turned to 
 practical account, with the same degree of perfection, as at Paris. 
 
 Prussia made a fine exhibition of fire arms, among which we noticed 
 the cast steel cannon by Mr. Krupp. 
 
 In the English compartment, a Mr. Needham who was an exhibitor, 
 shewed a gun to be loaded at the breech, in which the charge is ignited 
 by a needle. This is a Prussian invention, on which Mr. Needham pre- 
 tends that he has made improvements. Great praise was bestowed upon 
 some ornamented arms, exhibited by Mr. Zuloaga of Spain. A rifle with 
 carved work by Mr. Rinzi of Milan was regarded as a master-piece of 
 workmanship ; and in the Sardinian section we remarked a model of a 
 portable drill for cannon which would save tlie trouble of sending to an 
 arsenal or an armourer's forge, to repair the touch-hole of a gun, when it 
 is l^seless. 
 
 The fourteenth class contained, under the title of Civil Constructions, 
 (buildings for the purposes of civil life) a mass of articles connected 
 with, or pertaining to, the private dwellings of mankind, and to public 
 edifices, required by the social habits of civilized life. 
 
 We shall take a hasty survey, for no other is possible, of what this 
 section contained that could interest us. Among the numerous speci- 
 mens of building stone exhibited, we noticed, first in order, the collec- 
 tion from Wurtemburg, arranged in form of a pyramid, and in the 
 geological order of the natural formations. This comprised granite, 
 sandstone and limestone of various kinds, and belonging to the difl'erent 
 epochs. We next came 1o the fine collection of limestone from the envi- 
 rons of Caen, in Normandy, the price of quarrying which on the spot 
 varies from l5s. to 20s. the cubic metre (30 cubic feet.) There were also 
 specimens of the carboniferous and colored limestone of the environs of 
 Bristol. This collection was the same as that exhibited in England in 
 1851. 
 
 Public attention is now occupied, particularly in France, with a ques- 
 tion long and extensively agitated, concerning the fabrication of artifi- 
 cial stone, to supersede rubble masonry with economy of material and 
 labor, and yet secure greater solidity. Mr. Coignet of St. Denis, exhibited 
 a stone consisting of coal ashes and quick lime)) or of sand, small shingle 
 and lime, or again, of aand, terra cotia in powder, ashes and lime. This 
 substance costs from 6s. to 10s. per cubic metre. It is run like grouting, 
 and in fact the building is cast in a mould, by portions which are more 
 or less considerable. A house in the environs of Paris was thus cast, in 
 ev(.>ry part, together with its mouldings and other ornaments. Separate 
 walls have also ])een erected 50 feet in height, by way of exjieriment. 
 Blocks of artificial stone are also made, in which plaster is the principal 
 
 t j 
 
327 
 
 d turned to 
 Paris, 
 we noticed 
 
 n exhibitor, 
 je is ignited 
 jedham pre- 
 lowed upon 
 A rifle with 
 ter-piece of 
 model of a 
 snding to an 
 ain, when it 
 
 mstrudions, 
 s connected 
 d to public 
 
 if what this 
 erous speci- 
 , the collec- 
 , and in the 
 sed granite, 
 the different 
 om the envi- 
 on the spot 
 ire were also 
 i environs of 
 England in 
 
 with a ques- 
 on of artifi- 
 nalerial and 
 is, exhibited 
 mall shingle 
 lime. This 
 ke grouting, 
 ich are more 
 thus cast, in 
 ?. Separate 
 experiment, 
 the principal 
 
 material. Mr. Bernard exhibited also small specimens of larger blocks, 
 which he is making for the harbor of Cherbourg of an artificial vitrified 
 substance, which appears to be superior to hydraulic cements and grout- 
 ing. This substance is obtained from plastic clay, well worked, and 
 subjected to excessive kiln-burning. 
 
 France, England and Wurtemberg seemed to hold the first place in 
 the invention of cements. The Exhibition contained material evidence 
 of the labors of Messrs de Villeneuve and Vicat, Engineers, particularly 
 in the application of tiie sub-carbonates of lime, and magnesian lime- 
 stone. 
 
 It would be a tedious labor to give the names of the various marbles 
 from all countries. Some, however, were so beautiful, that it would be 
 unjust to omit to mention them. Algeria had sent, among other kinds, 
 that beautiful marble which is called agate or onyx, the veined and 
 transparent whiteness of which is so greatly admired, and tli(; fine yellow 
 marble of Numidia, these two were celebrated among ihe ancients. 
 Florence exhibited a collection of those magnificent Tuscan marbles, 
 which are known to the whole world. Greece and the Island of Corsica 
 had splendid specimens of rouge antique, green porphyry, verd antique, 
 and other marbles. England exhibited fine large specimens of Cornish 
 serpentine. 
 
 Many countries h .d contributed slates, tiles, and bricks, of various 
 forms and quality. The hollow bricks seemed to be much approved 
 of, owing to their comparative lightness and small cost. It was shewn 
 indeed, that in the fabrication of this new article for building, there is 
 a saving both in the quantity and manipulation of the material, as well 
 as in the processes of drying and burning. The articles of this kind 
 exhibited by the house of Messrs. Borie, Brothers, were admirable. 
 Terra cotta was shewn to be applicable to a new use, as a stucco or 
 plaster, in places in which damp might destroy ordinary mortar. 
 
 Next after Canada, in the exhibition of timber, as a material for build- 
 ing, came Jamaica, British Guiana, New South Wales, Van Diemen's 
 Land and Algeria, particularly in respect to flooring and woods for in- 
 ternal decoration. Among the articles exhibited by Algeria, we noticed 
 the wood called Thuya or, Citre which was so highly prized by the 
 Romans. Cicero is said to have paid for a table made of this wood, 
 a sum equal to £5000 of our currency. In the Algerino collection, were 
 specimens carefully selected from the root, the trunk, the branches and 
 knots of the tree, in order to shew the variegated colors of each part. 
 ^„ Sweden, Norway, Austria, Tuscany, and several other States exhibited 
 specimens of timber suitable both for building and cabinet work, which 
 
 H. 
 
328 
 
 *; i 
 
 we have already had occasion to notice in a general way, under the head 
 of Products of the Forest. 
 
 A word relative to the j>rooesses of two French inventions, one 
 for the preservation of wood, the other for coating very soft species 
 of stone as a defence against exfoliation or efllorescence. Mr. Bou- 
 cheni produces by pressure the complete saturation of the pores of 
 timber v/ith a solution of sulphate of copper, while the wood is still 
 green. The expense of the process and of the material is about 15s. per 
 cubic metre (30 feet cubic) of soft wood. Thus pine of superior quality, 
 worth 6d. per foot, would, after saturation, cost Is. per foot. As a test of 
 the efficacy of his plan Mr. Boucheni exhibited the results of 18 years' 
 experience. Railroad ties of bouleau, laid down nine years ago, had 
 been taken uj) in order to be exhibited. They were in a state of perfect 
 preservation, while .^irnil.ir pieces, laid down with them at the same 
 time, were totally decayed. Mr. Kulinan, by repeated moistening of 
 the surface of soft stone, coats them with a layer of silex. This he calls 
 silicaiing. Now ilns silication costs about Is. per square metre (9 or 10 
 squa;e feet) and renders the sot'test stone as durable as the hardest kinds. 
 
 We may be allowed to cite the flattering compliments paid to Canada 
 by Mr. Tresca : "Canada," he says, " is a land ofliope not likely to he dis- 
 " appointed. Active, intelligent^ enterprising, beyond all other distinct nations, 
 " ^vhic]i equally abound in the elements <>f industrial production^ it claims and 
 ^'demands our attention.-'' 
 
 In the department of metals as materials for building purposes, we 
 noticed among many other articles, cast-iron pillars for beacons, wharves, 
 and bridges ; T irons for floors, from several factories of France, in which 
 country this method of building prevails extensively ; waved sheet- 
 iron from the French factory of Montataire, used in roofing without 
 rafters or irons, piping for \vater-works 10 feet long by 3 feel diameter 
 cast at the foundry of Fourchambault in France, for the city of Madrid. 
 
 We must not omit to mention the large models of tressels, scaflTolding, 
 rooffing and other articles cotinected with building exhibited by Messrs. 
 Neveu & Co. of Paris ; as that gentleman is a master in his profession 
 and one of those who advocate; and maintain the use of wooden ma- 
 terials in building, against the encroachments of iron. It is impossible 
 to give in this place even a hasty sketch of the numerous models of 
 public works, French and foreign, which were exhibited. France had 
 booms, both temporary and permanent, tunnels, water- works, viaducts, 
 bridges, and light-houses, alse a model of a bridge now being built over 
 the Seine opposite to the Hotel de Ville. This bridge, of one arch, while 
 very light in appearance, evinces a degree of boldness, never equalled, in 
 the arrangement of the key of the arch. An engineer named Martin, 
 
329 
 
 r the head 
 
 tions, one 
 )ft species 
 Mr. Bou- 
 
 pores of 
 od is still 
 It 15s. per 
 ^r quality, 
 LS a test of 
 
 18 years' 
 s ago, had 
 
 of perfect 
 
 the same 
 jjtening of 
 lis he calls 
 re (9 or 10 
 lest kinds, 
 to Canada 
 I to he dis- 
 nd nations, 
 claims and 
 
 poses, we 
 , wharves, 
 , in which 
 ved sheet- 
 ig without 
 t diameter 
 if Madrid. 
 ;affolding, 
 Dy Messrs. 
 profession 
 oden ma- 
 mpossible 
 nodels of 
 Vance had 
 viaducts, 
 built over 
 rch, while 
 jualled, in 
 d M artin, 
 
 who is also an artist, was struck with the difference in an artistic view, 
 between stone bridges and iron bridges, and with the mean appearance 
 of the latter, and has endeavored in erecting his bridge at Tarascon to 
 give to metal bridges, together with the durability of stone, the same 
 handsome monumental appearance. All honor to Mr. Martin who has 
 thus continued to mingle the useful with the bsautiful, as qualities 
 equally necessary ! 
 
 In the English Exhibition, there was a model of the tubular bridge 
 over the Menai, which sinks somewhat in dignity before thejundertaking 
 of the Victoria Bridge ; a model of the harbor of Grimsby at the mouth 
 of the Humber, and another of a similar work at Wearmouth. 
 
 VI. 
 FIFTH GROUP. 
 
 MANUFACTURES OF MINERAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Clashes 15, 16, 17, 18, 
 
 Let us cast an eye over the fifteenth class, relating to rough and manu- 
 factured steel. There is a species of this material now largely manufac- 
 tured, and the use of which is rapidly extending, for the fabrication of 
 common tools, parts of steam-engines, and even ordinary carriages. This 
 is called puddled steel. It is not more costly than malleable iron, inas- 
 much as it is produced by merely interrupting, at a given moment, the 
 process of decarbonizing cast iron while rendering it malleable. Puddled 
 steel, therefore, is merely cast-iron less charged with carbon than the cast- 
 ing of the blast furnace, or iron containing more carbon than malleable iron 
 contains. This discovery, so simple in its nature, is due to Mr. Stengel, 
 a Prussian, and was improved on in Belgium and France. It is no\^ 
 « the great fact in metallurgy" to use the words of a connoisseur. No 
 country is in a better position than Canada to produce this steel, which is 
 destined to supersede iron, very advantageously, in many of its uses. 
 
 Yorkshire has placed England in the first rank among the nations which 
 produce the steel of commerce in respect of quantity. These English 
 steels are made of Swedish iron. Next after England comes Austria, in 
 which country the provinces of Styria and Carinthia manufacture a large 
 quantity and of superior quality ; then France, represented principally by 
 the steel factories of the Loire, and, lastly, Prussia and Sweden. 
 
 Cast steel is now used for many purposes, to which it was considered 
 inapplicable but a few years since. In the exhibition of bells, cauldrons, 
 cannon, plates for engraving on steel, springs, pieces of machinery, rails 
 
330 
 
 for railways, we observed cast steel to be used, instead of iron, giving 
 the advantage of much greater strength, with equal weight, and it is 
 probable ere long, at reduced cost. 
 
 In the manv.facture of common tools and articles of that class, three coun- 
 tries seemed It) supply the demands of a large export trade, being in the or- 
 der of the quantity supplied, England, Prussia, Austria. France is self-sup- 
 plying, but exports little. Sheffield, in England, and vSolingen on the 
 Rhine, are the chief centres of product'on. 
 
 The problem to be solved in the production of tools, as of other articles 
 in ordinary use, is how to produce the best article at the lowest remune- 
 rative price. Taking both these conditions into the account, France, 
 England, Austria, Prussia, and Canada were on terms of perfect equality. 
 Austria has a reputation for the manufacture of scythes which she has 
 always maintained. About 0,000,000 are made in each year, and 1 ,850,000 
 sickles and chopping knives. In order to give an idea of the beauty, taste, 
 and luxury displayed in certain articles, on the one hand ; and on the other 
 ■ r the cheapness at which similar articles can be produced, we rpay 
 remark that there are scissors to be had at £lO per pair, and scissors at 
 Id. per pair, that there are razors sold at Is. per dozen, whicii will not 
 shave, and razors which will shave well, at Is. each. 
 
 It would be useless to give a more detailed account of the articles in 
 this class. We must limit ourselves to those which obtained marked 
 distinction, and to new modes of production, new demands of fashion, 
 in order that our countrymen may reap some benefit fron an Exhibition 
 which they could not vi.j.it, though they contributed to it so nobly. 
 
 The sixteenth class, to which we now come, related to the fabrication 
 of metal articles of ordinary use. It would be tedious to mention all 
 the articles comprised in the extensive exhibition oi this class, to which 
 so many had contributed, but in which the improvements apparent bore 
 no comparison to those cited in the other classes relating to the manufac- 
 ture of metpllic articles : for the simple reason, probably, that articles of 
 this class being in every day use, have been speedily brought to a certain 
 height of perfection, which cannot be exceeded, except by the silent 
 working of time. 
 
 We have already noticed the high intelligence manifested in the 
 manufacture of cast-iron articles in Europe, and the beautiful exhibition 
 made by the Coalbrookdale Company, whose articles occupied a space 
 near that of Canada. Other manufacturers obtained notice, as Mr. 
 Ducel and the foundry at Val d'Osne in France, and Messrs. Requile, 
 Pecqueur and Buckens at Belgium ; but as we have no commentary to 
 make of any practical utility, it would be tedious to enumerate the 
 
331 
 
 >n, giving 
 and it is 
 
 iree coun- 
 
 iii the or- 
 
 self-sup- 
 
 in on the 
 
 r articles 
 
 remune- 
 
 , France, 
 
 equality 
 
 she has 
 
 1,850,000 
 
 ity, taste, 
 
 the other 
 
 , we may 
 
 cissors at 
 
 will not 
 
 Lrticles in 
 I mar Iced 
 f fashion, 
 Ixhibition 
 
 >iy. 
 
 ibrication 
 sntion all 
 to which 
 irent bore 
 manufac- 
 irticles of 
 a certain 
 the silent 
 
 1 in the 
 xhibition 
 1 a space 
 as Mr. 
 Requile, 
 entary to 
 erate the 
 
 various branches composing the sections of this ^lass, particularly as it 
 is connected with those wliich precede anr" follow it. 
 
 Among the articles in copper, we noticed the large pieces of wire cloth 
 and metallic sieves, contributed by the German States and the sheet- 
 copper sent by Prussia and France. We must not omit to mention the 
 collection of utensils and articles of zinc, by the Socie'c de la Vieille 
 Montngne. As instances of the precious metals applied to ordinary 
 uses, and to utensils, for chemical manipulation, the articles exhibited 
 by Messrs. Desmontis, Chapuis and Co. of France, and those by Messrs. 
 Benham and Froud of England, obtained notice. 
 
 The most successful in the fabrication of metal articles for common 
 purposes were Messrs. Delloye-Mathieu of Belgium, the house of 
 Boelium of Prussia, and Messrs, Dietrich, Barbezat, Mouehel and 
 Roswag, and the house of Rom illy in France. 
 
 The next class, the seventeenth, relates exclusively to articles of luxuiy, 
 and includes goldsmiths^ work, jewelry and the fabrication of bronzes. 
 
 On the subject of jewelry and goldsmiths' work, we shall say nothing, 
 inasmuch as we could only gi\x' a list of names which would convey a 
 very faint idea of the wealth exhibited ; moreover the names may be found 
 in the preceding series. We shall, however, say a few words relative to 
 to the last section in this class, namely that o*'the bronzes. 
 
 This branch which is essentially allied to art, is peculiarly Parisian. 
 Within these few years the discovery of the galvanoplastic art, that of 
 the method of copying by a mechanical process, the master-pieces of 
 sculpture, and that of the use of zinc, and some economical compounds, 
 have greatly enlarged the field of this species of manufacture, by enabling 
 its professors to sell, at prices which are within the reach of persons of 
 middling fortune, fine copies of the great works. It is ])0ssible, for 
 instance, thanks to electro metallurgy, to procure foi a few shillings, a 
 copy of a bas-relief, on a reduced scale, but possessing all the merit of 
 the original in its relative propo -tions. 
 
 The process of copying, by a mechanical process, here mentioned, is 
 due to two operator , of artistic talent whose names ought to be placed 
 in record, Messrs. Collas and Sauvage. The processes of these artists 
 are different, but both are perfectly successful. The sale of real works 
 of art, at cheap rates, must evidently produce an immense effect in the 
 taste of the people. Messrs. Susse, Barbedienne and others, for instance, 
 are prepared to supply on terms within the means of persons of ordinary 
 fortune, copies of the Venus of Milo^ and of the Apollo Belvedere, in 
 short of all the master-pnces of modern and ancient statuary in 
 plaster ; and copies in metai on a smaller scale at moderate prices. 
 
 I I 
 
 ( I 
 
 I I 
 
' I' 
 
 To this class belong also these beautiful imitations of pi mis in metal, 
 V'ifii their natural colors; with such ,)lants covered with imperishable 
 leaves, and unfading flowers, the fountains of the I'alacc of the I'jxhibition 
 were embellished. Prussia seetns to reserve to itself the exclusive privilege 
 of fabricating those beautiful castings, of velvet smoothness, imitating the 
 finest lace work, and ornaments which no one else can imitate. 
 
 The Universal Exhibition of 1855 was rich in articles of the eighteenth 
 class, namely ihat of glass, porcelain and pottery, in respec both of 
 quantity and excellence. 
 
 In the manufacture of bottle-glass, the inhabitants of the wine growing 
 countries naturally take precedence, as necessity is the mother of invention; 
 accordingly France, Austria and the Rhenish provinces sent the finest 
 specimens of bottles and glasses; Austria especially, had in the annexe a 
 trophy of bottles full of wine, exhibiting at, the same time the wines and the 
 vessels in which they are deposited for exportation. 
 
 Numerous were the articles of window and plate glass, which were 
 exhibited from all the countries of Europe. The two large plates from 
 France especially, and one from Belgium, were looked upon as models of 
 perfection, and triumphs over the dilliculties of the art. The same may be 
 said of a collection of glass vessels, contained one within another, to the 
 number of one hundred and four. 
 
 France, Austria, and Bavaria were distinguished for their exhibitions, of 
 crystals. With respect to crystf^l lustres, France and England are the sole 
 producers, and this manufacture, the handmaid of luxury,vvas magnificently 
 reprensented by two candelabra and the large lustra from the French 
 crystal works of Baccarat, and by a candelabrum from Messrs. Oslev & 
 Co. of England. 
 
 We have to notice an experiment made in France with signal success 
 in the manufacture of crystal. This consisted in substituting boracie acid 
 or silex and zino for lead. It produces a material harder and less fusible, 
 and renders the glass infinitely preferable to all others for optical purposes ; 
 but more refractory for engraving and gilding by heat. 
 
 The manufacture of crystals in Bohemia, presents a fact, sesn elsewhere 
 and in other pursuits, but which is worthy of being noticed and kept con- 
 stantly before the eyes of political economists and the heads of industrial 
 establishments: labor carried on by families at home. Those niagnificent 
 crystals so perfectly cut and polished, are wrought and perfected, by 
 country people and their families, in their cottages, at those seasons when 
 it is impossible to pursue the labors of the field. We have no time to 
 comment on this fact, but it contains the solution of a problem in social 
 
 
333 
 
 economy, the corollary of wiiich is the maintenance of a healthy equili- 
 brium between the aggregate of population and the number engaged in 
 agriculture, and the prevention of too great a centralization of the masses, 
 too often the origin and cause of misery and demoralization The ceramic 
 art has made wonderful advances. The potter now manufactures porti- 
 coes, as he formerly fashioned milk-pots. He is become an artist, and 
 statues or {.roups of statues issue from his hands. He proves that form, not 
 matter^ rules in work of art. It would be tedious to describe all that was 
 exhibited in pottery, common or monumental, in earthenware or porcelain, 
 branches in which all contended for the palm ; always excepting the por- 
 celain of Sevres, which had no equal, though it found many imitators. 
 One word we must say on those machines for tempering and grinding 
 clay, for bricks and earthen pipes, and those moulding-machines, which 
 turn out bricks and pipes, with a saving of time and money which are 
 truly astonishing. Several of them were in operation in the annexe, par- 
 ticularly in the French and English compartments. The most important 
 feature, perhaps, of this mechanical fabrication, consists in the fact, that any 
 one could purchase at a reasonable rate, these pipes for deep drainage 
 which are destined, by their general use, to effect a total change in the 
 agriculture of the world. As our space does not permit us to describe 
 these processes, the adoption of which is becoming universal, and which 
 render art so largely subsidiary to the pursuits of agriculture, we shall 
 mention the names of the two persons who have effected the most in 
 furtherance of this great end, and whose publications ought to be read 
 by all educated farmers, particularly those who possess capital. It may 
 easily be supposed that we mean the Marquis de Bryas, and Mr. Parkes 
 
 '.^' 
 
 the Engl 
 
 Engineer. 
 
! * 
 
 334 
 
 VII. 
 
 SIXTH GROUP. 
 
 MANUFACTURE Oii" TISSUES. 
 
 II* 
 
 Classes 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. 
 
 We shall cast a rapid <r]ance over the nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first, 
 twenty-second and twenty-third classes. These comprehended almost a 
 fourth part of the whole number of exhibitors at the Great Exhibition, 
 that is to say, 5,000. The fjjeneral aim in the manufacture of tissues is 
 low prices. Acccordingly spun cotton, which ten years ago cost Gs. per 
 yard, now costs but 3s., and woollen cloths were exhibited in the Econ- 
 omical Gallery costing only 2s. per yard. This advance towards cheapness 
 seems to be made from time to time, subject to two conditions: at first, 
 it is cheapness only : that is to say, the diminished cost is obtained in the 
 first place, generally speaking, at the expense of quality ; but, that point 
 being attained, the manufacturer perceives the necessity of improving the 
 intrinsic value of the article, and, while the selling price remains at the 
 same point, the goods improve, so that after the lapse of a few years, an 
 article is produced at half the primitive cost, fully equal iu value, intrinsi- 
 cally, to thf>t of the previous period. 
 
 England occupies the first place among the nations for the quantity of 
 cotton manufactured in every form of preparation, and stands second to 
 none in respect of quality ; except, perhaps, in a kind which seems pecu- 
 liar to the town of Lille. This is an imitation of watered silk [moire 
 antique) in cotton. England produces nearly one-half of all the cotton 
 goods sold throughout the world. Its factories contain 18,000,000 spindles, 
 and spin nearly 600,000,000 lbs. of cotton yearly. France reckons 
 4,500,000 spindles, and produces 144,000,000 lbs. of cotton yarn. In 
 Europe, Austria stands next to France, Prussia and the Zollverein to 
 Austria, next Spain, then Belgium. This gradation refers to quantity. 
 In respect to quality, all countries are perceptibly on the same level. We 
 here speak only of the countries which took a serious part in this section 
 of the Exhibition. Of others, it appears that the United States reckon 
 nearly 6,000,000 spindles, and accordingly take rank next after England ; 
 
335 
 
 and that Russia stands next to Austria in respect of quantity ; but that 
 neither the United States nor Russia has, in respect of cpiality, all consi- 
 dered, attained the perfection achieved by the nations above mentioned, 
 in many branches of the cotton manufacture. There is a tendency, on 
 every hand, to introduce a combination of cotton with other materials of 
 textile fabrics, snbstitutint"; it, in many kinds of floods, for wool, llax, 
 hemp, and even silk. This is natural, with a view to cheapness ; thus we 
 have wool and cotton, silk and cotton, linen and cotton, and cotton mixed 
 with various other materials. 
 
 In the manufacture of flax and hemp, France, Austria, Prussia, and 
 Ireland stand foremost, and equal^ in respect of quantity. Ireland takes 
 precedence, perhips, in respect of the production of ordinary goods, but 
 France is far befoic that country, in fancy goods and the finer articles 
 generally. Nearly all (or at least the greater part of) the articles of this 
 class, from the United Kingdom, are manufticturcd in Ireland. Belgium 
 shares the distinction of France in respect of quality, and is on a par with 
 the German States, and next after the countries above mentioned, in 
 regard to quality. 
 
 In the manufacture of linen and hempen goods, particularly of the 
 former, a great part of the spinning, on the Continent, is still done by 
 hand. It would be a question worthy of consideration, how far we might 
 succeed, by a suitable organization of domestic labor, and in circumstances 
 favorable to substantial competition with the large manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, in producing the same articles, and thus diminishing the still 
 increasing centralization of the masses, which is attended, in the large 
 factories, by that mixture of all ages and both i exes, which produces de- 
 moralization and wretchedness. 
 
 Several new materials for the loom, or but recently used to a serious 
 extent, now engage public attention. One is the Urtka Nlvea^ of which 
 England exhibited manufactured specimens, under the name of China 
 Grass. Others are the Agave, Manilla hemp, the fibres of the cocoa-nut, 
 the palm, of the mulberry, the date, and of a number of others. What do 
 not the savage tribes of the Pacific contrived to effect with the bark of the 
 cedar ? It is one of the principal objects of mechanical invention of the 
 day to discover methods of applying new materials to the textile art, which 
 till recently was limited to the use of hemp and flax. This is a result of 
 the constantly increasing demand, especially for naval purposes. 
 
 This fact which has been evident for so many years, ought to lead us to 
 consider that in Canada our soil and our climate, and the hydrological 
 conditions of the country are admirably adapted for the cultivation of hemp, 
 which in fact used to be exported from Canada. 
 
 I ! 
 
336 
 
 
 In woollen innnufacturcs thi? same relative positions arc taken, that is to 
 say, that France, Austria, Prussia, P^nj^land, the United .States and Uolgium 
 rank first with rcsj)ect to the cjuantity produced, and that nearly all the 
 nations arc on a par with respect to the quality of the wool produced. It 
 is, however, but just to add, that the projijrcKs in England, France and 
 Belgium as regards fine cloths, is due entirely to the efforts of the manu- 
 facturers, whilst as regards Austria, Prussia and Saxony, their position is 
 partly due to their altogether special situation with reference to the pro- 
 duction of the raw material ; the flocks of Saxony, Silesia, Hungary and 
 Moravia produce the finest wool in the world. 
 
 With respect to the price of cloths of similar (lualilics, the different 
 countries appear to ra>»k as follows : Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Belgium, 
 Francc.,aiid England ; the cheapness of material and low price of labor 
 arc conditions peculiarly in favor of Austria. 
 
 Woollen stuffs are divided in the first place into embroidered, woven and 
 felted ; the woven stufls are divided into three special classes, light and 
 na[)less fiibrics made of long carded wool, fiilled and milled fabrics, made of 
 short carded wool, and lastly, mixed fabrics, a suflEicicntly vague definition. 
 
 In England the fabrics are principally of long wool ; Austrian manufac- 
 tures are of short wool ; France excels in the class of novelties and 
 embroidered stuffs ; French cashmeres arc the only ones which can 
 compete with those of India. 
 
 Next to the woollen fabrics are placed all those fabrics m which the 
 skins and hair of different animals constitute the only material, or are 
 mixed with cotton, wool or thread. 
 
 Germany alone has exhibited stuffs made from wool taken from the rags 
 of old cloth. This manufacture the French call Menaissance. Holland formerly 
 so celebrated for her cloth manufactures and so proud of her special fame, 
 has now lost her glory, and presents perhaps the most striking instance, in 
 this branch, of rapid and complete decay. 
 
 Of silk manufactures there were about one thousand exhibitors, the 
 countries holding the first rank in this department were as follows : France 
 521 exhibitors, Switzerland 94, Austria 86, Prussia 49, the Sardinian States 
 37, England 35, Spain 30, Tuscany 30, States of the Church 12,— there 
 were also others from several other States. 
 
 It appears that France alone produces nearly one-half of all the articles 
 in silk which are sold throughout the whole world, and in this branch of 
 industry France is distinguished, both by the superiority and quantity of 
 her productions. Nothing can compare with the articles of silk from the 
 manufactories of Lyons, Paris and St. Etienne. 
 
 1 
 
337 
 
 For the purpoHcs of this work it is ustlcss to give more tlinn tliat poncral 
 foniiiitioii which no one ought to i)e without, with rc'rt|)oct to the various 
 brauclics of luauufacture and wliicii may tend to enlighten tlie merchant to 
 a certain extent with reference to the situation of the various markets, uiid 
 the respective qualities and prices of the articles. 
 
 Let us pass on to the articles in the twenty-tliird class, which comprises 
 hosiery, carpets, embroideries, laccK and golil and silver fringes. 
 
 To give an idea of the innnense difference between the intrinsic values 
 of the f)riginal materials employed in this class, it will suffice to say, that for 
 the greater part of these manufactures, the price of the thread varies from 
 lOs. of our money up to £'li)0 per pound, that is tc/ say, in the proportion 
 of one to five hundred, and to give an iilea of the im])ortance of the manu- 
 facture of lace and embroideries, it will be enough to state that it employs 
 in Europe about 1, •300,000 women and young girls. This branch of 
 industry is the more interesting, from the fact, that it is almost the only 
 one which permits the work people to labor in their own dwellings, and 
 which does not expose them to the dangerous proniscuousncss of the 
 factory. At this branch the young mother may work with her children 
 around her, under her husi)and's own I'oof, and the young girl hi the 
 paternal domicile surrounded by her brothers and sisters under her mother's 
 eye. 
 
 Imitation cotton lace is made by machinery and can be sold as low as 
 one-half-penny per yard. 
 
 The materials of which these beautiful fabrics asc composed, are linen, 
 silk, woollen and cotton thread, sometimes mingled witli gold or silver 
 thread. 
 
 France and Belgium excel all other countries in the fabrication of 
 laces, prints and embroidery. France surpasses Belgium in the making 
 of black and white silk laces, and fancy articles ; Belgium excels France 
 in Brussels and Valenciennes points. Next to these two countries rank 
 Aiistria, Switzerland and Scotland. In the manufacture of laces, twists, 
 &c., in fact lace making and embroidery in general, particularly em- 
 broidery for religious purposes, France, Belgium, Austria and Switzerland 
 hold the highest rank. 
 
 In tapestry work there is one branch which the workers carry on at 
 home ; this is peculiar to Sweden, and has attracted attention as an art, 
 as a producilon, and as a social question ; this is the manufacture of 
 tapestry embroidered with the needle. We have only now a word to 
 say of tlie beautiful French manufacture of tapestry ; let us remark the 
 tapestry from Aubusson and other factories and pass gradually to the 
 
 W 
 
338 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 tapestry of Beauvais and Gobelins, which must be considered not so 
 much in an industrial as in an artistic ])oint of view. When by a line 
 traced with worsted thread can be produced, the composition, drawing 
 and coloring of Raphael's Miraculous draught of fishes^ and Philippe 
 Champaigne's Dead Christ, the worker must not only be an artist but a 
 skilful one. Beauvais is devoted more particularly to the manufacture 
 of tissues for house and furniture decoration. 
 
 To the exhibition of Gobelins hangings may be added the beautiful 
 velvet carpets called savonncrie, which is now a branch of manufacture 
 at Gobelins. One of these carpets, the vi?lvet of which, worked with the 
 needle, is more than an inch in thickness, and at which four workmen 
 have labored seven years, is worth £6,000. 
 
 The countries which ranked next to France in tapestry work, were 
 England, Austria and Prussia. 
 
 nil. 
 
 SEVENTH GROUP, 
 
 FURNITUKE AND DECORATION, ARTICLES OF CLOTHING, &C., AND DRAWISO' 
 AND rWDELLING APPLIED TO INDUSTRY, PRINTING AND MUSIC. 
 
 Classes, 24, 25, 26, 27. 
 
 The exhibition of furniture resnilted in great success to France, and 
 especially to Paris ; the only fault found with the exhibitors was, that 
 they did not display specimens enough of the common furniture in ordi- 
 nary use. It is impossible to describe the richness and beauty of this 
 vast collection of French furniture. 
 
 We remarked as deserving of pmise an English pier glass with arose 
 wood frame, from a design by Mr. Brigneaux, a French artist, the work- 
 manship, however, was altogether English ; a fine oak bov -case from 
 DenmarL, and some pulpits for churches, and a niche carved in oak, 
 with a statae of the Virgin, by a Dutch artist. 
 

 339 
 
 DRAWfse* 
 
 In all these branches, designs have to be obtained from Paris or the 
 other industrial centres of France, and this should not be forgotten by 
 those of our cabinet makers who are desirous of being initiated into the 
 •ecrets of harmony and mathematical precision in the adjustment of the 
 parts and taste in the decorations and accessories. 
 
 In the other branches of decoration, France always maintained a vast 
 superiority, but the foreign exhibitions were more worthy of remark than 
 on the former occasion in 1851 ; thus Austria exhibited fine carvings in 
 Wagram stone ; Rome, Tuscany, and Sardinia, fine mosaic work aj)plied to 
 decorative furniture ; England, some magnificent work boxes, Scotland, her 
 fancy articles shewing the various tartans ; Germany, her fancy smoking 
 contrivances. 
 
 In Morocco leather work, Eng.and and France evince decided 
 superiority. 
 
 For paper hangings, France took the same rank which she had carried 
 by assault for furniture. It would be alike useless and tedious to enter 
 into details respecting the different materials employed in the manufacture 
 of furniture, &c., carton-pierre, papier mache, &,c. : we have only to observe 
 that Paris alone manufactures £200,000 worth of furniture, and therefore 
 as the different varieties of timber are the chief materials in this branch 
 of industry, which is daily increasing in importance, it is a market, the 
 conditions of which Canaia ought to study with some care. 
 
 The twenty-fifth class was divided into two principal sections, articles 
 of clothing properly so called, and fancy articles including canes, fans, 
 parasols, and other fancy articles. In this class, as in all those in which 
 taste alone is to be consulted, Paris gives the law, and France manufac- 
 tures for the whole world. From this general rule, we may except the 
 hats and fabrics of straw from Tuscany, Switzerland and Belgium, the 
 delicate fancy articles in wood from Switzerland, which are equal to those 
 of France of the same kind, some hair work from Prussia, meerschaum 
 pipes from Austria, and some cheap articles in gloves, hats and umbrellas 
 from England. 
 
 The most remarkable articles in point of usefulness at the Exhibition of 
 1855, were some water-proof fabrics of various kinds, seamless clothing 
 of felt, and clothing sewed by machinery. 
 
 This exhibition of clothing presents a very picturesque appearance, duo 
 to the exhibition of historical costumes by the property purveyors to the 
 Paris theatres, and the nntional and provincial costumes of the different 
 countries, turbans, vests, and embroidered caftans from the countries where 
 Islamism prevails, the gauzes and costumes of crimson velvet worked 
 
340 
 
 
 wit) I gold from Greece, clothing of various materials adorned with 
 feathers and shell-work and the spoils of the chase, by the Aborigeiics 
 of America, Africa, and Oceanica, and above all, the precious stuffs and 
 gauzes embroidered with gold and precious stones used by the Princes of 
 India. 
 
 In this class is comprised the vast collection of toys, consisting of dolls, 
 figures, automata, and a thousand other trifles, usually placed on the mantel 
 piece or drawing-room table. In that class France, England, Austria, 
 Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurtemburg are the most distinguished : the United 
 States exhibited some toys of India rubber, and India some figures in 
 ivory and el> ay representing the manners and customs, animals and 
 plants so peculiar to the East. It would be useless, indeed impossible, to 
 enter into any longer details respecting these classes, which, in an exami- 
 nation of this nature possess interest only as a whole, and for which a 
 brief description suffices. 
 
 The twenty-sixth class, relating to drawing, and modelling, applied to 
 industry, letter press and copper plate printing, photography, printing and 
 bhiding deserves a longer and more detailed examination than the classes 
 preceding. 
 
 In the happy application of art to industry and the introduction of taste 
 into manufactured articles, we must notice particularly two mechanical 
 processes, both producing the same effects by slightly different means, viz., 
 the reproduction with the greatest exactitude, in fact a mathematical 
 exactitude of every description of object in relief and consequently of the 
 chef (Pceuvres of sculpture and statuary. These processes invented almost 
 at the same time by two Frenchmen, Messrs. Sauvage and Collas in !836, 
 have already worked wonders, especially in the manufacture of bronzes 
 and plaster casts, the entire aspect of which they have altogether renewed ; 
 the two master-pieces exhibited to illustrate these processes were a statue, 
 in plaster of the Venus of Milo, increased one-half, placed by the side of 
 a reduction by one-half of the same work, and the equestrian statue in 
 bronze of the Emperor Napoleon the Third, increased to double the size, 
 from the model by Mr. Debay. A host of other copies of all sizes and of 
 different materials, ancient and modern master-pieces, were exhibited in the 
 Palace and the annexes. 
 
 By means of wax, every variety of created being with all their colors, 
 reflections, physical appearances, varieties ofshade and transparency have been 
 reproduced. Even oysters have been copied in spite of the softness of the 
 substance which characterises them, and the reflections ever fleeting of the 
 mother of pearl composing their shells ; copied we say with a perfection which 
 
341 
 
 astonishes and confounds one : this discovery has rendered immense service 
 to the physical sciences, and to medical study. 
 
 Beautiful carvings in wood and ivory and mouldings of different materials 
 both natural and artificial, form part of the fine and interesting exliibition 
 in the class we are now considering. The artists in these different branches 
 appear to have paid special attention to religious art, and from it to luive 
 derived their most beautiful conceptions, and their most delicate cxeciitii)n. 
 There seems indeed to be some indefinable connection between ilic mate- 
 rial employed by the artist and the subjects which he treats ; for example 
 there are groups and statues which are much more effective in bn-nzc thiin 
 in marble and vice versa; some descriptions of marble are more suited for 
 certain attitudes than for others, and this the artist feels ; there is one 
 subject which almost all ivory carvers have treated, — the Ecce Homo — 
 is not ivory admirably calculated to represent the sublime sacrifice of the 
 Saviour ? 
 
 Carton-pierre appears to enjoy special favor among the artificial sub ■ 
 stances employed in decoration, the frames of the magnificient pier glasses 
 in the exhibition were composed of this material. 
 
 Leather has been adapted to purposes of decoration and bcautifid 
 hanging of leather worked in relief were to be seen in the palace of industry. 
 
 Nearly all the countries of Europe have exhibited in the branches just 
 referred to ; France took the lead in this great concourse ; Austria possesses 
 the art of producing wax figures ; England exhibited beautiful docoratiuns 
 in carton pierre, amongst other things, a church altar surmounted by a 
 statue of the Virgin ; and some beautiful medallions with hunting subjects. 
 Italy, and particularly Florence, has distinguished herself by her pr jpara- 
 tions in wax of subjects in natural history. 
 
 Lithography which has, in France especially, been brought to such pcr- 
 fecti(m, is particularly valuable as a means of reproducing paintings from 
 the fact of its being able to exemplify the style and tone of the painter 
 with greater fidelity than engraving cither on wood or steel. This art has 
 recently received a new application which goes by the name of chromoly- 
 thography^ by which term we may understand engraving on stone vnlh 
 colors. This process consists in the drawing upon as many stones as there 
 are colors or tints to apply, drawhig on each stone only the part to be 
 pi'oduced in one particular color ; the difficulty lay in giving the exact 
 precision to the different sections of the entire piece, and adjusting exactly 
 the divisions in all the details of the execution. This difficulty has been 
 overcome and perfection has been attained. Mr. Dufour, the author of the 
 celebrated Atlas Dufour has given to Mr. Logan a charming copy reduced 
 
342 
 
 :i: 
 
 I 
 
 It.. 
 
 of the Geological chart of Canada, in which are contained 23 different 
 shades and colors. Copies are produced in this style of illuminated 
 manuscripts, tlic works of pious monks of the middle ages, which are 
 brought out with inconceivable fidelity and skill. 
 
 After Franco, Austria and England are the two countries in which litho- 
 graphy and chromolithography are cultivated with the greatest success. 
 We may remark that by means of chromolithography, the price of colored 
 maps and pictures has been reduced in the proportion of three to one. 
 
 England maintains her old superiority in the style of engraving called by 
 the 'EiigVish mc^^zol into, and which the French name vmniere noire. 
 
 It is useless to enlarge on the beauty of copper and steel engravings. 
 In wood engraving, which appears to have reached the zenith of its glory, 
 the ditfcrent c . intries in which this art has been carried out, appear to 
 have attained about equal success, the proces; being more mechanical than 
 in the other branches of engraving. 
 
 The imitation of water colors is only carried out in England to any great 
 extent. 
 
 The astonishing and curious invention of Mr. Daguerre has, since it left 
 his hands, undergone various modifications ; besides daguerreotypes we 
 have now photograplis taken on paper, /telioymphy, that is to say, a style of 
 engraving in which light takes the place of the hurin of the engraver. In 
 this latter branch the exhibitions from France, England, Greece, Florence, 
 Rome and Munich were especially worthy of notice. 
 
 We must not leave this subject without referring to the works of Messrs. 
 Solomon and Garnier of Charires, who, by the application of a discovery 
 made by Mr. Niepce of St. Victor, have by a series of processes in which 
 iodine, mercury, aci'ls and thick inJc are the principal materials, succes- 
 sively or simultaneously employed, succeeded in producing at will ar d very 
 rapidly, copies of crayon drawings, specimens of typography and of 
 prints or engra ings exactly similar to the original models. 
 
 It would be impossible to describe the perfection at which typography 
 has row arrived. The two principal establishments in the world have 
 illustrated the history and progress of this wonderful art, which has 
 changed the aspect of the world. If lEsop, returning to the world had 
 again to answer the doable question, " Which is the best and worst thing?" 
 Instead of answering as he did before, " The tongue," he would certainly 
 say it Avas the art of printing. Let us return to the egtablishments to 
 which we referred, viz : the Imperial Printing Olliccs of France and Aus- 
 tria. 
 
343 
 
 I. I. 
 
 The Imperial Printii Offce of France exhibited, as shewing the utmost 
 degree of perfection in v ;. ^rnphy attained in 1855, a folio edition of the 
 Imitation de Jesus Christ, with the translation into French verse by Pierre 
 Corneille, ornamented with vignettes and arabesques, executed by purely 
 typographical processes. All the Fs in this edition bear the distinguishing 
 mark of the type of the Imperial Printing Office of France, that is to say, 
 a small mark to the- left of the letter, the distinctive sign of all the printed 
 matter issuing from this establishment. 
 
 The Imperial Printing Office of Austria exhibited, as the invention most 
 remarkable for its novelty, magnificent specimens obtained by the process 
 styled mcthode naturelle, invented in that fine establishment. These con- 
 sisted of collections of plants, leaves, roots, ferns, sea-weeds, skins, and 
 other produce of living animals, also laces and tissu'^s. These productions in 
 demi-relief are obtained by the impression of the object itself on a thin 
 sheet of lead, and then taken from the surface of this ductile metal by the 
 electrotype process. In order to obtain the first impression on the lead, the 
 leaf or other object is placed between a plale of lead and another of pol- 
 ished steel jr copper, and the whole is then submitted to the action of 
 a rolling press. Nothing can exceed the beauty and fidelity of these 
 copies ; by means of this process all public institutions may be provided 
 with copies of those beautiful hcrbals which are now confined exclusively 
 to a few great and old families, for it is impossible by any other means to pro- 
 duce in relief the characteristics of plants v^hich it may be sought to study. 
 
 In this class also is comprised the exhibition of designs for manufac- 
 tures, an art which gives that superiority to France in all classes of pro- 
 ducts in which good faste is of any imj^ ortauce. A manufacturer here 
 executes everything in accordance with a design prepared by an artist who 
 devotes himself specially to the branch, the latter has nothing whatever to 
 do with the mechanical processes, and the business of the workman is only 
 to produce with exactness the design submitted by the artist. In the 
 panorama we perceive the most beautiful designs for stuffs, ornamental and 
 fancy articles and articles of clothing and furniture. 
 
 Type founding being the chief element of good and beautiful typo- 
 graphy, it is needless to say what perfection it has attained. The progress 
 in this manufacture which has enabled typography to rival engraving and 
 lithography in the production and imitation of arabesques and penmanship 
 is due to Mr. Derriey of Besan^on, an artist and type founder, to whom is 
 principally due the bringing to perfection ofvigtiettes in typography. 
 Now, however eccentric may be the signature of a man of law, an exact 
 typographic imitation of it may be produced by moveable type. 
 
 ■Ml 
 
 i . 
 
344 
 
 Book binding was represented at the Exhibition in all its varied forms 
 from the tnoimmt'ntal styles exhibiled in the French and Austrian com- 
 partments, works of art in which the pm'cst taste has been displayed and 
 in the preparation of which the most valuable materials have been employed 
 and fashioned in a thousand ways, to the cheap bindings in cotton, numer- 
 ous specimens of which were sent by England. Illuminated covers 
 for the decoration of drawing-room tables or for school prizes were ex- 
 hibited by Mr. Lenegre of Paris. We notice also beautiful gilded covers 
 and metallic binding, by Mr. Gaste of Paris, applied to public registers 
 and mercantile books, and which by their peculiar style and solidity fyrm 
 a distinct branch of the manufacture. 
 
 The twenty-seventh class, which is the Inst which relates to manufac- 
 tures, includes musical instruments of all kinds. 
 
 We shall only offer a few jiencral remarks to note the most recent im- 
 provemcnts in this class, which numbered nearly 500 exhibitors, of vviiom 
 350 were French. 
 
 An improvement which it is said has worked wonders, as regards sound 
 in wind instruments of wood, is the enlarged arrangement at tiic outside of 
 the holes, which in these instruments are not stopped directly by the fingers, 
 but by means of a small contrivance for the purpose. 
 
 In wind instruments of copper, it seems that by allowing large diame- 
 ters to the curves, an immense effect is produced in the quantity and 
 quality of the sound. 
 
 The celebrity of Italian violins from the town of Cremona is well 
 known. Th^s reputation was due to four or five makers, who no longer 
 exist, but whose talent was such that great artistes have paid as much as 
 £1,000 for a Cremona^ for so are these violins called. A Parisian maker, 
 Mr. Vuillpume, has succeeded in imitating so perfectly that the differ- 
 ence cannot be distinguished, the style, workmanship, arrangements and 
 the varnish of Cremonas, and what is better still, the real merit as regards 
 lEound, of these celebrated instruments, satisfying thus both caprice and 
 necessity : this caprice perhaj)s should not be called so, for without its 
 exigencies such great perfection might n^ver have been attained. 
 
 We shall say nothing of the organs, harmoniums and pianos, of which 
 there are about 400 specimens. Every one knows the name of Erard, 
 whose pianos have as great a reputation as the violins of Cremona. The 
 head of this firm died during the Exhibition and th 3 direction passes to 
 the nephew of the deceased, who was himself a nephew of his predeces- 
 sor. This firm has acquired a princely fortune, and owns the celebrated 
 
■mmm 
 
 345 
 
 estate of Passy, known as the Chateau de la Muette. The firm of Erard 
 has a branch in London. 
 
 We may mention the mechanical piano by Mr. Debain of Paris, on 
 which you may play without being a musician, as you play on a barrel 
 organ, by turning a handle, but, by means of an excellent piano key- 
 board, (the very best if you like) the keys of which are acted upon by 
 notes of music, represented on small boards by metallic points, which 
 perform like a great master. Tims you have one of Mr. Dehain's me- 
 chanical pianos, you ask for the music of a new opera, it is sent to you 
 noted on a board, with the breves, crochets, &c., you place it in the 
 slide of your piano, you set some one to turn the handle, and you hear 
 the opera beautifully executed. Mr. Debain gives nearly 100 pieces of 
 music noted on boards to those who purchase his pianos. 
 
 The countries which most distinguished themselves in the fabrication 
 of musical instruments, were France, Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Italy 
 and Belgium. Naples is particularly celebrated for her inimitable chari' 
 terelles. Of copper instruments Austria had as many exhiliitors as France. 
 This was we believe the only section in the whole exhibition in which a 
 foreign state had as many exhibitors as France. 
 
 n^ 
 
 IX. 
 
 THIRTY-FIRST CLASS. 
 
 We have already referred to this interesting class of domestic economy. 
 In the recapitulation of prizes we shall see the success obtained respec- 
 tively by each nation ; let us here mention the classes in wliich the 
 different nations excelled in cheap productions. In this class were 
 comprised articles connected with printing destined to furnish means of 
 instruction to the working classes. In this class Messrs. Mame & Co. of 
 Tours, have received the Great Medal of Honor, for their educational 
 works, and other publications, combining excellence of quality, at a low 
 price, the combination of which two elements alone constitutes cheap- 
 ness. 
 
 In the section relating to the preparation of articles of food, we remark 
 with interest the various Italian meals and pastes, the meals and preserved 
 
 V 
 
346 
 
 ^^ 
 
 meats of France, and Canada, the beautiful preserved fruils and vegetables 
 of France, the French and llhine wines. The countries which are 
 distinguished in lliis section are, — in the order of success obtained, — 
 France, Portugal, Sardinia, the German States, and Canada. Austria 
 exiiibited some wine of good body, at an excessively low price, and 
 Spain some dried fruits at very moderate prices. 
 
 In the section relating to clothing, we admired the cheap French cloths, but 
 especially those of Austria and Prussia, the French boots and shoes, the 
 Prussian and English cottons, id t)-" cheap Austrian and Belgium 
 linens. As regards the number '' ■ :es obtained in this section, the 
 different countries ranked as follov. > , r 'c, Austria, Prussia, England, 
 the German States, Portugal, Canau. aud /* 'nrium. 
 
 In the section relating \o dwellings we n'mar;:ed, French and English 
 economical methods of building, economical contrivances for lighting 
 from France, Belgium and Portugal. France exhibited nearly all the 
 articles in this section. 
 
 In the section relating to furniture, we observed iron furniture from 
 England and France, furniture of common woods from France, delf and 
 stoneware from England, Frantic, and Portugal, and a fine collection of 
 coopers' work from the United States. 
 
 We have already stated that, in this Jass, articles connected with 
 printing at low pric(;s, destined for the education of the poorer classes 
 were admitted. In this branch France obtained several prizes, and 
 Prussia also for cheap engravings, destined for popular education. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that to derive profit from these observations, 
 it is necessary, in each cbss, to refer simultaneously to the different 
 series, and to the recapitulation which immediately follows the fourth 
 series, which contains the total number of prizes awarded to each 
 country, — this number may be compared, with the number of exhibitors 
 given at the commencement of these observations ; these series ar»» 
 rendered complete each one by the others. 
 
 Our labors are now brought to an end. A writer has said : " Let us 
 " hope that this great exhibition will not be looked upon only as a 
 " simple matter of curiosity on the partof the public, orasasimple question 
 of publicity and progress on the part of the exhibitors;" were that all 
 indeed, the exhibition being concluded, nothing more remains. We 
 have endeavoured to derive from it some little information for Canada, 
 and have managed that some \vritt(>n documents shall remain in Europe, 
 which may servo to perpetuate for tlie benefit of the country, trie useful 
 and practical remembrance of our own exhibition. Our motto has been: 
 " To diffuse infovmalion respectinij Canada, and to study the industry 
 " of other countries." 
 
FOURTH SERIES. 
 
 ▲ FEW WORDS ON THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF BREEDING ANIMALS. 
 
 The grand agricultural exhibition of breeding animals was lu;ld in 
 the Champ de Mars during the first month of tlie Industrial and Art 
 Exhibition which took place at Paris ; it formed a necessary addition to 
 the class of the great exhibition relating to agriculture. 
 
 Tiie place set apart for this exhibition was a portion of the west . le 
 of the lawns which border the Champ de Mars. Five rows of tents -md 
 stalls tastefully ornamented, served as shelter for the 1684 animal >. it 
 thither from the different countries of Europe ; wide |)assagi ;>, ^<r«d 
 squares adorned with sparkling fountains and the trees in the vicin..y, 
 afforded shade, air, space and ventilation to the thousands of ^i: jrs 
 assembled there from all points. 
 
 The only species of animals admitted were, horned cattle, sheep, swine 
 and poultry. The classification had provided two principal sections in 
 each class, viz : male or female animals of breeds foreign to France- 
 born and raised by foreigners out of the country, the property either of 
 foreigners or natives ; and male or female animals of either French or 
 foreign breeds, pure or crossed, born and raised in France. Each section 
 was further divided into a certain number of classes, comprising the 
 different breeds. 
 
 At the close of the exhibition. His Excellency the Minister of Agricul- 
 ture deduced the conclusions lo be drawn from the gen(;ral resiiUs of 
 the exhibition : " From comparative study," said His Excellency, " may 
 " be drawn a rule to a certain degree fundamental. The three qualities 
 " (in horned cattle,) meat, milk and labor are very rarely united. The 
 " predominance i»f one of these qualities speedily demonstrates the 
 " absence of the other two." 
 
 After an analytical study of the exhibition, of the diflerent varieties of 
 horned cattle, it seems clear : That the breeds which appear to unite the 
 largest proportional average of the three qualities specified, are the 
 French breeds of Salers, Aubrac, and Parthenai. 
 
 The breeds which were distinguished the most, for the quality of meat, 
 are the English Durham breed, which exceeds all the known breeds in 
 
 -■| 
 
 ■l> 
 
348 
 
 tills rospeof and in point of precocity, and also the English IIcTcford and 
 Devon breeds. 
 
 The breeds which combine to the greatest degree, the two qualities of 
 milk and meat, are the Dnteli breed, the Swiss, Fribonrg and Schwilz 
 breeds, the English Ayrshire breed ; the Scotch breed, and the French 
 Normandy and Flanders breeds. 
 
 The French Charolais combines to the gn^atest degree, the l\\o 
 qualities of meat and labor. This breed exhibits great beauty of 
 form. 
 
 The Breton and Alderncy are for their size the best for milk. The 
 Breton l)reed particularly, is extremely small and the elegance of its 
 form gives it the appearance of an animal intended to ornament a park, 
 rather than the appearance of a farm animal. 
 
 The (jualitiiis of meat have attained their highest state of developement 
 in England; those of milk and labor in France, Belginm, Holland iind 
 Switzerland. 
 
 The finest bveeds of sheep, for wool, are those of Saxony, Spain, 
 France and Austria. Tlu; quality of sheep, in the way of meat, has 
 attained the greatest perfection in England. 
 
 In conclusion, it appears that the finest breeds of horned cattle in their 
 respective qualities are, the Durham, Flemish, Hereford, Norman, 
 Sehwitz, Swiss, Parthenai, Ayrshire and Charolais. In the section of 
 sheep, the pure or crossed merinos are far su[)erior to the others. As 
 regards pigs, the Craonaise and Leicester breeds appear to be pre- 
 ferred. 
 
 To give an idea of the munificence of the French Government, it is 
 sufficient to say, that the first prizes in the dillerent categories of 'he 
 horned cattle class, consisted of a gold medal and the suiii of £50. Thi; 
 French Government extended to this portion of the Great Exhibition, lh(? 
 same idea of rewarding, besides the exhibitors themselv(!s, the subordi- 
 nate workman, &c., and awarded prizes consisting of medals and sums 
 of money to the stewards, bailiffs and farm s(^rvants, recommended as 
 
 having contributed to obtaining the desired results. 
 
 The population of Canada, being especially an agricultural one, they 
 will read, not without interest, the names of some of the groat Enr()p'^;).a 
 breeders. In order that the most distinguished of these may be known, 
 we propose to give here the names of those who took the first prizes in 
 the diil'erent classes, sections and categories. 
 
349 
 
 I. 
 
 FIllST CLASS. 
 
 II O n N E D CATTLE. 
 
 First Section. 
 
 Animals of breeds foreign to France, born and raised out of tlie coun- 
 try : 
 
 First Category — Short Horned Durhams. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 10 months old, the Maniuis of Tulhouet de la 
 
 Sarthe, France. 
 1st prize for a cow of iJO montlis old. Lord Leversham. 
 1st prize for a cow 4 years oKI, Mr. Strattou, linglaud. 
 
 Second Category — Hereford breed. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 8 years old, Lord Uerwick. 
 
 1st prize for a cow 43 months old, Mr. \V. Perry, fitighiivi. 
 
 Third Category — Devon, Sussex and analogous breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a Devon bull 5 years and 8 months old, Mr. G. 
 Turner, England. 
 
 Isl prize lor a Devon cow, H. R. H. Prince Albert. 
 Fourth Category — Ayrshire, Alderiicy and Scotch biecds. 
 1st prize for a Scotch bull 30 months old, Lard Tall)ot. 
 
 1st prize for an Ayrshire cow, G years old, the Marquis de Vogue 
 du Cher. 
 
 Fifth Category — Dutch breed. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 3 years old, the Agricultural Colony of Gaillon, 
 
 in France. 
 1st prize for a cow 7 years old, Mr. Gilies of Saine and Marne. 
 
 Sixth Categori) — Swiss breed. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 2 years old, Dr. MuUer of Switzerhind. 
 
 1st prize for a cow 7 years old, Mr. Charles Muller of Switzerland. 
 
 I ■. 
 
350 
 
 Seventh Cat gory — Scliwit/ breed. 
 
 1st prize for a hull VI months oM, Mr. Ch.ibcrt of Lower Rhino. 
 
 1st pri/.o fur a cow 9 years old, Mr. lidla, Director of the French 
 School of Grignan. 
 AltojTofhcr (\'l prizes and honoriihle mentions were awarded in the seven 
 preceding catci^ories. 
 
 Second Section. 
 
 Animals of French and foreign breeds born and raised in France. 
 l^irat Category — Norman breed. 
 
 1st i)rize for a bull 32 months old, Mr. Laino of the Lower Seine. 
 1st prize for a cow 5 years old, Mr. Lechantier of Calvados, 
 
 Second Categovfj — Flemish breed. 
 
 1st pri/.o for a bull 30 months old, Mr. Demarelle of I'Alsno. 
 1st prize for a cow 8 years old, Mr. Douville of La Somme. 
 
 Third Category — Charolais breed. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 23 months old, the Count do Bouille, de la NIevre. 
 1st prize for cow 30 years old, Mr. Louis Masse, du Cher. 
 
 Fourth Category — Garonnais and Agenais breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 17 months old, Mr. Truel de Beaulieu of the De- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne. 
 
 1st prize for a cow 4 years old, Mr. de Lavergne of Gers. 
 
 Fifth Category — Comtois breed. 
 
 1st prize for a bull 10 months old, Messrs. Tourtel Brothers of La 
 Meurthe. 
 
 1st prize for a cow 4 years old, Mr. Chaupy of Doubs. 
 Sixth Category — Mountain breed. 
 
 1st prize for a Limousin bull 34 months, Mr. Tarnaud of Haute- 
 Vienne. 
 
 1st prize for an Aubrac cow 26 months, Mr. Charles Durand of la 
 Lauz^re. 
 
 Seventh Cafegory—Pairthenak, Cholatais and Nantais breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a Chalotais bull, 12 months, Mr. David of La Loire-in- 
 ferieure. 
 
 1st prize for a Chalotais cow 6 years, the same, Mr. David. 
 
351 
 
 Eiijhlh Category — nroton breed. 
 
 1st pri/o for a bull 23 montlis, Mr. Gucnevoux, of Iln-et-Villcino. 
 Isl prizo for a cow 23 months, Mr. Allier. 
 
 Ninth Cat<'i^orif — OiIut French breeds. 
 
 1st prize lor a Breton bull 5 years, Count de Charnpagny du Mor- 
 bihan. 
 
 1st prize for a T^orraino cow years, Mr. Pargoii of f-a Meurtho. 
 Tenth Category — Pure Durham breed raised in France. 
 
 1st prize for an ox of 20 months, Mr. Uoutton-LCviiciue. 
 1st prize for a cow 20 months, the Count of Falioux. 
 
 Eleventh Ctttegory — Other pure foreign breeds. 
 
 1st prize an Ayrshire bull 21 months old, the Marquis of Danipierre, 
 1st prize for a Swiss cow of years old, Mr. Thicruut Abbe of Marne. 
 
 Twelfth Category — Cross breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a Norman-Durham bull 3 years old, Mr. Gregoire of 
 Marne. 
 
 1st prize for a Durham-Cotentine cow of 3 years old, Mr. Cccire of 
 I'Orne. 
 
 In this second section of the first class, there were awarded 80 prizes 
 and honorable mentions of all sorts. 
 
 i SECOND CLASS. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 First Section. 
 
 Animals born and raised in foreign countries. 
 
 First Category —Mennos and half-breed Merinos. 
 
 No first prizes were awarded in this category. 
 
 2nd prize for a ram of 2 years old, Mr. C. Collin of Iloilandj 
 
 2nd prize for a lot of Merinos-negretti sheep, the same, Mr. Cohiil/ 
 Second Category — Breeds with long wool. 
 
 Ist prize for a ram of Leicester breed, Mr. Kingdom of Lynchi 
 
352 
 
 Ist prize, ex-cequo, for a Leicester ram, Mr. L. C. Watkins. 
 
 1st prize for a Leicester sheep, Mr. G. Turner of England. 
 Third Category — Breeds from Holland, Texe', Cotsvvold and Oxford. 
 
 1st prize for a Cotsvvold ram, Mr. Beale Brown of Switzerland. 
 
 1st prize, ex-oequo, for a Cotswold ram, Mr. Landy. 
 
 1st prize for an Oxford sheep, the same, Mr. Brown. 
 Fourth Category — South Down and analagous breec's. 
 
 1st prize for a South Down ram, Mr. Jonas Webb, of England. 
 
 1st prize for a South Down ram, Mr. Rigdon ol ■England. 
 
 1st prize for a South Down ram, Mr. Allier of France, 
 in this section of the Second Class there were awarded altogether 40 
 prizes. 
 
 Second Section. 
 
 French and foreign breeds born and raised in France. 
 First Category — Merinos and half-breed Merinos. 
 
 1st prize for a Merino ram, Mr. Simphal of I'Aisne, 
 1st p:ize for a lot of Merino sheep, Mr. Hutin of France. 
 Second Category : — Foreign breeds with long wool. 
 1st prize for a New Kent ram, Mr. AUi t. 
 No first prizes for sheep in this class. 
 Third Category : — Foreign breeds with short wool. 
 
 1st prize for a ram of South Down breed, the same Mr. Allier. 
 No first prize was awarded for sheep. 
 Fourth Catefiory : — Cross breeds. 
 
 1st p ;e for a half breed merino ram, Mr. Millaut, of Cher. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Dishley merino sheep, Mr. Pluchct, of France. 
 
 THIRD CLASS. 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 First Section. 
 Animals born and raised in foreign countries. 
 First Category : — Large breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a boar of Berkshire breed, Mr. Boutton Lev6que, of France. 
 1st prize for a Manchester sow, the Viscount of Curzay, of France, 
 
S53 
 
 Second Category : — Small breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a Leicester boar, Mr. Bacary Williams, of England. 
 1st prize for a Leicester cow, the same Mr. Williams. 
 
 The total number of prizes and honorable mention granted in this 
 section was 11. 
 
 Second Section. 
 
 French and foreign breeds raised in France. 
 
 Mrst Category : — Pure French breeds. 
 
 1st prize for a boar of Oraonaise breed, Mr. Boutin, of Maine and 
 Loire. 
 
 1st prize for a sow of Augeronne breed, Mr. Allier, of France. 
 
 Second Category : — Different foreign breeds. 
 
 1st prize for an Essex boar, Mr. Allier. 
 
 1st prize for a cow of New Leicester breed, the Marquis of Dam- 
 pierie. 
 
 In this section there^were awarded in all 16 prizes. 
 
 FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 GOATS, RABBITS, &C. 
 
 1st prize for a he-goat, Mr. Giot, of France. 
 1st prize for rabbits, Mr. Gerard, of Paris. 
 There were awarded altogether 5 prizes in this class. 
 
 FIFTH CLASS. 
 
 POULTRY. 
 
 Ist prize for poultry of Crevecojur breed, Mr. Chaumel Adam, of 
 France. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Cochin-China breed, Mr. Gerard, already men- 
 tioned. 
 
 i 
 
354 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Dorkings, Mr. Keyworth, of England. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Spanish poultry, Mr. J. C. Baker, of England. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Brahma fowls, the same Mr. Baker. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Dutch breed, Mr. Gevers Deynout, of the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of Italian fowls, Mr. Gerard, of Paris. 
 
 1st prize for a lot of fowls of mixed breeds, the same Mr. G6rard. 
 
 1st prize for turkeys, the same Mr. Gerard. 
 
 1st prize for geese, the same Mr. Gerard. 
 
 1st prize for ducks, Mr. Lemaire, of France. 
 
 1st prize for pigeons, Mr. Burzeau, of France. 
 
 There were awarded altogether 28 prizes in this last class. 
 
RECAPITULATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PHIZES AWARDED. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 The following extract from the lists of prizes awarded, by the Inter- 
 national Jury, to the contributors from the different countries represented 
 at the Exhibition, may be very useful to commerce in general, as being 
 the expression of the degrees of advancement attained in the different 
 branches of industry by the different nations of the world. 
 
 W'j have already seen that the exceptional prizes awarded by the 
 Imperial Commission, under the titles of Grand Medals of Honor and 
 Medals of Honor, are intended as the expression of the degree of perfec- 
 tion obtained, or of discoveries added to science, and in consequence 
 are limited in number, in so far as general production is concerned. 
 
 In awarding the first and second class prizes, and the honorable 
 mentions the good quality and comparative cheapness of the articles 
 exhibited were more particularly considered. We have already seen, in 
 the third series of observations upon the exhibition, mention made of the 
 production in large quantity, of articles exhibited in the principal 
 branches of industry. In order to form a correct opinion of the compara- 
 tive state of manufactures in the different countries, we must not lose 
 sight of the extent of population, and in order to study the industrial 
 conditions of the various populations, we must examine the cir- 
 cumstances of situation, climate and extents of territory, in which they 
 are situated. 
 
 At the end of each class is inserted a list of the prizes, awarded to the 
 journeymen and overseers of the exhibitors of the different articles. The 
 intention in adopting this description of prizes, has been to reward the 
 personal merit of the artists, painters, sculptors and mechanics, whose 
 talent, good conduct and zeal are the mainspring of the production of 
 the articles exhibited. The number of these prizes in each branch of 
 industry affords, to a certain extent, evidence of the social condition of 
 each country, and still more of the solicitude of the heads of the different 
 branches for their subordinates, as least as far as regards Europe. 
 
 i I 
 
 I 
 
356 
 
 We shall see at iL coaclusion of each class a detailed list of the prizes 
 awarded to fJaniniar, exiiibitors. We should here mention with gratitude the 
 iservices reni. rtd in the Canadian portion of the Exhibition to the mem- 
 bers of the Jury and others, by Messrs. De Puihusque, Hector Bossange 
 and Maitland, Honorary Commissioners, residing in Paris. These gentle- 
 men exerted for the benefit of Canada all the experience which their long 
 residence in Paris gave them, and all their knowledge of the resources of 
 Canada, — in fact they used all the zeal and energy which a spirit of kindness 
 could suggest. 
 
 PRIZES OBTAINED BY THE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES IN THE 
 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 EIRST CLASS. 
 
 Mining and metallurgy, comprising general statistics, the modes of work- 
 ing mines, the modes of preparing metals, coals and combustible min- 
 erals, iron, common metals, precious metals, coins and medals, non-metallic 
 mineral productions. 
 
 PRIZES. 
 
 / Belgium 3 
 
 Grand Medals of Honor } Prussia 1 
 
 ( Canada 1 
 
 France .... 5 
 
 Belgium , . . . ... 2 
 
 Austria 1 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 Prussia 1 
 
 Hanover 1 
 
 Medals of Honor. . . • . ■ 
 
 Medals, of Fir 
 Second Class, 
 
 and 
 
 f France and her Colonies 143 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 65 
 
 Austria 60 
 
 Prussia < 4S 
 
 Belgium 38 
 
 id i J'ioUvoi'ein 
 
 22 
 
 Honorable Mention.. 
 
 Sweden and Norway 21 
 
 .Span 12 
 
 Portugal , 11 
 
 Tuscany 9 
 
 fc: .'aia 4 
 
357 
 
 Medals of First and 
 Scccivd Class, and 
 Honorable Mentions 
 
 ' United States 4 
 
 Ottoman Empire 2 
 
 Switzerland 2 
 
 States of Spanish America 2 
 
 Sta' '38 of the Cljurch 1 
 
 Greece 1 
 
 I - v^- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 5| 
 
 l«^ 
 
 1 
 
 )^^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 PRIZEU AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 Only one Medal of Honor was awarded, to Mr. Dusouich of France, 
 Minmg Eugin ser, for a Pamphlet. 
 
 'France 74 
 
 Belgium 24 
 
 - Prussia ,,.... 6 
 
 Austria 4 
 
 l^ Hanover 1 
 
 I'RIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 The Grand Medal of Honor was awarded to Sir William Logan, for his 
 Geological Map of Canada, and as exhibitor of the greater part of the col- 
 lection of minerals. 
 
 SECOND CLASS. 
 
 Everything relating to the management of tree;., or U sporting 
 fishing and hunting, 'and products obtained without cultivation, com- 
 prising statistics and general documents, management of the trees, hunting 
 of terrestrial and amphibious animals, fishing, products obtained without 
 cultivation, destruction of vermin, means used for acclima zing animals 
 and plants. 
 
 PRIZES. 
 
 Grand Medal of Honor < France * 1 
 
 Canada ... 1 
 
 Medals of Honor < British Guiana 1 
 
 Sydney 1 
 
358 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 ^France and her Colonies , 40 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies * a? 
 
 Austria 8 
 
 States of Spanish America 7 
 
 Spain 5 
 
 Netherlands 3 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Greece 2 
 
 Sweden and Norway » 2 
 
 United Sta.es 2 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 1 )enmark 
 
 Ottoman Empire 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Prussia 
 
 PRIZES /-V/AEDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 19 
 
 United Kingdom 7 
 
 Austria 5 
 
 Spain 2 
 
 Prussia 1 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 A medal of honor was awarded tc ihe government of Canada for all 
 the collection of this class, and of the following class which belongs to 
 the same group (see catalogue for names of contributors.) 
 
 A first class medal to the Hudson's Bay Company, for a collection of 
 furs. 
 
 A first class medal to Mr. Ars^'rer/ D'ckson, of Kingston, for a collec- 
 tion of timber. 
 
 A second class medal to Messrs. Farmer and De Blaquiere, of Wood- 
 stock, exhibitors of a collection of timber. 
 
 A second class medal to Mr. Sharpies, of Quebec, for exhibiting a 
 collection of timber. 
 
 * The prizes given to Car '^. % is idso those of all the other Colonies, in all the classea, are 
 included in the number of those of the United Kiugdom, und are reported with detaila at 
 the end of e{,ch Class. 
 
mrtmlmmmm 
 
 .359 
 
 THIRD CLASS. 
 
 Agriculture, comprising statistics and general documents, farming, agri- 
 cultural tools and implements, general produce, special produce' rearing of 
 useful animals, industries immediately connected with acrriculture. 
 
 Grand| Medal of f 
 Honor \ United Slates 1 
 
 I United Kingdom 5 
 Austria .3 
 Denmark j 
 Grand Duchy of Baden 1 
 
 ' France and her Colonics 356 
 
 Austria 90 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 68 
 
 Portugal , . . 56 
 
 Spain 35 
 
 Belgium 31 
 
 Greece , 21 
 
 German States , 21 
 
 Prussia jg 
 
 Sweden and Norway 17 
 
 Denmark \i 
 
 Tuscany . , 10 
 
 Sardinia , 9 
 
 Netherlands 9 
 
 States of Spanish America 7 
 
 Switzerland , . 6 
 
 Ottoman Empire 6 
 
 United States 5 
 
 , Tunis 1 
 
 Trance 166 
 
 Austria 22 
 
 Prizes awarded to Prussia 6 
 
 Overseers, ^ United Kingdom 5 
 
 Journeymen and I Zollvcrein 5 
 
 Workmen i Denmark ., 4 
 
 Belgium , 3 
 
 United States ] . 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 k 
 
360 
 
 Firpt Class Medals. . . < 
 
 Second Class Me als. 
 
 HoL able mention. . . < 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 ''Mr. Cross of Montreal, for cheese. 
 
 Canada Company, Toronto, for wheat. 
 
 Lyman & Co., Montreal, for seeds. 
 
 Mr. Shaw, Toronto, for chicory. 
 ^Mr. Perry, Montreal, Mechanic. 
 
 ' Mr. Fisher, of Montreal, for seeds. 
 
 Mr. Fleming, of Toronto, for seeds. 
 
 Mr. Laurent, of Varennes, for oats. 
 
 Mr. Morse, of Milton, for a plough. 
 
 Mr. Shaw of Toronto, for seeds. 
 
 Mr. Shtpperd, of Montreal, a collection of seeds. 
 ^Mr. Wade, of Cobourg, for seeds. 
 
 Mr. CofFm, of Gaspe, for wheal. 
 Mr. Evans, of Montreal, for seeds. 
 Mr. Kempton, of Ste. Ther^se, for seeds. 
 Mr. Jarvis, Toronto, for hops. 
 Reverend Mr. Villeneuve, Montreal, for wheat 
 and peas. 
 
 FOURTH CT.ASS. 
 
 Machinery in general, as applied to industry, apparatus for weighing 
 and guaging, instruments used for conveying power and detailed portions 
 of machinery, horse gins, windmills, hydraulic machines, steam engines 
 and air engines, machines used in moving heavy weights, hydraulic 
 engines for lifting, ventilators and bellows. 
 
 Grand Medals of ( Franco 1 
 
 honor ( Sweden 1 
 
 f France 4 
 
 Medals of Honor J United Kingdom 1 
 
 [ Grand Duchy of Baden 1 
 
' '«ratst?'?i«s4^-Tmm-* 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 361 
 
 ' France and Colonies 128 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 25 
 
 Prussia g 
 
 Belgium 4 
 
 United States 3 
 
 Austria , 
 
 Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 ^Zollverein 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 PBIZES AWA&DED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 ( France 5 
 
 ( Portugal , 1 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 First Class Medal, Mr. George Perry, of Montreal, for a fire engine. 
 Honorable mention, Mr. Lemolne, of Quebec, for a fire engine. 
 
 t-.' 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 FIFTH CLASS. 
 
 Special machinery and apparatus for railways and other modes of 
 transport, comprising apparatus for carrying burdens on the arm, the 
 back, or the head, specimens of harness and saddlery, materials and 
 apparatus for wheelwrights' work and carriage making, carriages, rail- 
 way apparatus, apparatus for water conveyance, air balloons. 
 
 Grand Medals of 
 Honor 
 
 r France 1 
 
 ■s Austria 1 
 
 [ Prussia j 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 -l 
 
 France q 
 
 United Kingdom 6 
 
 Belgium 3 
 
 Austria j 
 
 Wurtemburg 1 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 1 
 
362 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 '' France and her Colonies 72 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 36 
 
 Belgium 9 
 
 Austria 8 
 
 Zollvcrein 6 
 
 Netherlands 3 
 
 Prussia 2 
 
 Sardinia 2 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Switzerland 1 
 
 PRIZES ATVARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 ' France 8 
 
 Austria 4 
 
 United Kingdom 3 
 
 Belgium 3 
 
 Sardinia 3 
 
 Prussia 2 
 
 PRIZES VO CANADA. 
 
 Honorable mention to Mr. Barringlon of Montreal, for a harness. 
 
 SIXTH CLASS. 
 
 Special machinery and apparatus for workshops, comprising separate 
 pieces of machinery and apparatus for workshops, machines used in mining 
 operations machinery used in building, machines for working non-metallic 
 minerals, metallurgic machines, apparatus and mechanical contrivances 
 used in' workshops, machines used in the manufacture of small articles in 
 metal, machines used in the felling of trees and in their after treatment, 
 machinery used in agriculture and in the preparaton of alimentary subs- 
 tances, machines used in the chemical arts, machines use' in connection 
 with dyeing and printing, machines used only in certain trades. 
 
 f France 3 
 
 Grand Medals of Honor } United Kingdom 1 
 
 ( Denmark i 
 
363 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 France 
 
 Ui)itt'd Kingdom 
 
 Unit<'il States . . . 
 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 France and her C<tlonies 199 
 
 United Kingdom nnd Colonies 30 
 
 Belgium 9 
 
 United States 9 
 
 Zollvcrein 7 
 
 Prussia 4 
 
 •{ Sweden and Norway 4 
 
 Austria 3 
 
 Switzerland 3 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Portugal 1 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 . Netherlands < 1 
 
 PHIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 ' Sardinia 6 
 
 Tuscany 4 
 
 Switzerland 3 
 
 ' Austria 3 
 
 Netherlands 2 
 
 Zollvcrein 
 
 , France 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 First Class Medal to Mr. Redden of Montreal, for a Machine for carpen- 
 ters' work. 
 
 Second Class Medals to ' 
 
 ' Mr. Munro of Montreal for a Planing and Groov- 
 ing Machine. 
 Mr. Paige of Montreal, for a large Threshing 
 Machine. 
 
 Honorable Mentions . . 
 
 'Mr. Dunn of Montreal, a nail making machine. 
 Mr. Rice of Montreal, a sifting machine. 
 Messrs. Dion & Lepage, Rimouski, a model of 
 a threshing mill. 
 

 Vi 
 
 w ^/. 
 
 
 7 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 11.25 
 
 ■^ Uii |2.2 
 
 Wteu 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 i\ 
 
 iV 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO 
 
 (716) 873-4503 
 
 

364 
 
 SEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 Special machinery and apparatus for the manufacture of woven fabrics, 
 comprising instruments used in spinning and weaving, machines used in 
 the preparation and spinning of cotton, machines used in the preparation 
 and spinning of flax and hemp, machines used in the preparation and 
 spinning of wool, machines used in the preparation and spinning of silk, 
 rope making, lace making and special machines, weaving of the low warp 
 and high warp, looms for making hosiery, apparatus and machinery for 
 bleaching, dyeing, dressing, and the folding of fabrics. 
 
 GrandMedals of Honor \ ,, ., ,\'r''l 
 
 ( United Kmgdom 1 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 France 3 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 Belgium 1 
 
 ' France and her Colonies 130 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 24 
 
 Prussia 9 
 
 Belgium 8 
 
 Austria 7 
 
 United States 4 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Zollverein 3 
 
 Switzerland 1 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 PRIZES AWARDZD TO OVERSEERS, JTOURNEYMEIf AND WORKMEN. 
 
 ' France 8 
 
 Austria 4 
 
 United Kingdom 3 
 
 Belgium 3 
 
 No prizes to Canada in this class. 
 
365 
 
 EIGHTH CLASS. 
 
 Arts relating to the exact sciences and to instruction, comprising stand- 
 ard weights and measures, documents of all kinds relating to the different 
 weights and measures used in each country, clock work, optical instru- 
 ments and apparatus of all kinds used in measuring space, instruments 
 employed in the study of physics, chemistry and meteorology, maps, 
 models and documents relating to astronomy, geography, topography and 
 statistics, apparatus used in the study of the sciences, materials for elemen- 
 tary instruction. 
 
 Grand Medalsof Honor — France «j 
 
 Medals of Honor 
 
 France » 9 
 
 Switzerland 4 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 United States g 
 
 Sweden 1 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 <! 
 
 'France and her Colonies 197 
 
 Switzerland (53 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 18 
 
 Austria 1 1 
 
 Zollverein 1 1 
 
 Sweden and Norway 11 
 
 Prussia 10 
 
 Netherlands 8 
 
 Denmark 6 
 
 Belgium 4 
 
 United States 2 
 
 Portugal 2 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Sardinia S 
 
 Sicily 1 
 
 States of Spanish America 1 
 
 PRIZES TO JOURNEYMEN, OVERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 ( France 4 
 
 ( Switzerland 2 
 
 i 
 
 No prizes to Canada in this class. 
 

 366 
 
 NINTH CLASS. 
 
 Manufactures relyting to the economical production and employment 
 of heat, light and electricity, comprising processes having for their object 
 the employment of heat, cold, light and electricity derived from natural 
 sources, processes having for their object the production of fire and 
 light, combustibles to be used as cheap fuel, warming and ventilation of 
 the houses, production and employment of heat and cold in domestic 
 economy, production and use of heat and cold in the arts, lighting, 
 lighthouses, signals and aorial telegraphs, production and employment 
 of electricity. 
 
 Grand Medals of 
 Honor 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Other Pri'^es. 
 
 France 2 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 ' France 7 
 
 Austria 1 
 
 Switzerland 1 
 
 ^France and her Colonies 127 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 25 
 
 Belgium 12 
 
 Prussia 6 
 
 Austria 5 
 
 United States , 3 
 
 Sweden and Norway 2 
 
 Zollverein 2 
 
 Denmark 2 
 
 Portugal 1 
 
 ^Switzerland 1 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 A grand medal of honor to Professor Faraday, of London. 
 
 ' France 5 
 
 Belgium • £ 
 
 Switzerland 2 
 
 ^Austria 1 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 A second class medal to Mr. Rodden, of Montreal, for a cooking stove. 
 
 II \ 
 
367 
 
 TENTH CLASS. 
 
 Chemical manufactures, dyeing and printing, paper, leather, skins, 
 India rubber, cohiprising chemical products, latty substances, rosins, 
 scents, soaps, varnishes and all kinds of coatings, india rubber and 
 gntta percha, paper and paste-board, bleaching, dyeing, printing, colors, 
 inks and pencils, tobacco, opiums and various narcotics. 
 
 France 1 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 United States 1 
 
 Grand Medals of 
 Honor. 
 
 Medals of Honor .,..■< 
 
 ' France 8 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 Tuscany 1 
 
 Prussia 1 
 
 Grand Duchy of Hesse 1 
 
 Austria 1 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 'France and her Colonies 387 
 
 Zollverein 70 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 69 
 
 Prussia 60 
 
 Austria 56 
 
 Belgium 42 
 
 Spain 17 
 
 Switzerland 14 
 
 Netherlands 14 
 
 Portugal 12 
 
 Sweden and Norway 12 
 
 Sardinia 11 
 
 States of South America 7 
 
 Tuscany 7 
 
 Denmark 3 
 
 United States 2 
 
 States of the Church 2 
 
 Holland 1 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN AND WORKMEN. 
 
 A grand medal of honor to Mr. Chevreul, of Paris. 
 
 f France da 
 
 OtherPrizes.."..'i'..JY°^^^^^^°g^°"* I 
 
 ] Austria 7 
 
 (^Switzerland 4 
 
368 
 
 PBIZKS AWARDED TO JO RNETMEN, OVERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 I Belgium 3 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Spain ' 1 
 
 German States 1 
 
 No prizes were awarded to Canada in this class. 
 
 ELEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 Preparation and preservation of alimentary substances comprising 
 flour, fecula and their extracts, sugar and sweet substances, fermented 
 drinks, preserves and condiments, preparations from cocoa, coffee, tea, 
 &c., confectionery and products of distillation, apparatus and processes 
 for the preparation of food. 
 
 Grand Medal of 
 Honor. 
 
 Medals of Honor .... 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 France . 
 
 France 4 
 
 Zollverein , 
 
 1 
 
 France and her Colonies 420 
 
 Portugal 77 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 72 
 
 Austria 60 
 
 Spain 28 
 
 Zollverein • 27 
 
 Prussia 19 
 
 Netherlands 16 
 
 Sardinia 14 
 
 Belgium 12 
 
 States of Spanish America 10 
 
 Tuscany 8 
 
 Greece ^ 
 
 Switzerland 5 
 
 Ottoman Empire 2 
 
 Sweden and Norway 2 
 
 States of the Church 1 
 
 United States 1 
 
 I" 
 11 
 
I*? 
 
 369 
 
 S 
 3 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO JOURNEYMEN, OVERHEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor — Franco 2 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 f France 30 
 
 < Austria 10 
 
 ( Belgium 10 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 2nd Class Medals — Government of Canada for the Canadian collection 
 (8ee||in^catalogue the names of contributors to this class.) 
 
 Mr. Clarke Fitts, of Montreal for biscuits. 
 
 Mr. Gamble, of Etobicoke, for flour 
 Mr. Lawson, of Montreal, for flour and biscuit. 
 Mr. McDougal, of Montreal, for /lour. 
 Honorable mentions. . ^ Mr. Nasmith, of Toronto, for biscuit. 
 
 Mr. Proctor, of Montreal, for flour and Indian 
 
 corn. 
 Mr. Robb, of Montreal, for biscuits. 
 
 . 1 
 
 .420 
 . 77 
 . 72 
 . 60 
 . 28 
 . 27 
 . 19 
 . 16 
 . 14 
 . 12 
 . 10 
 8 
 5 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 TWELFTH CLASS. 
 
 Hygiene, Pharmacy, Surgery, Medicine, comprising. Hygiene and Pub- 
 lic Health, Hygiene in Private Life, Use of Water, Vapour and Gas, 
 Anatomy of Man, and Comparative Anatomy, Veterinary Medicine and 
 care "of Horses, 
 
 Large Medals of ( France 2 
 
 Honor '. . . ( United Kingdom i 
 
 Medal of Honor. — France 1 
 
 Oiher Prizes, 
 
 '< 
 
 France and her Colonies 147 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 29 
 
 ZoUvcrein 11 
 
 Sweden and Norway 9 
 
 United Sti^tes 9 
 
 Austria 6 
 

 370 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Other Priz(!.s. 
 
 S 
 
 ^Sardinia 5 
 
 Netherlands 6 
 
 Spain 3 
 
 Prussia ., 2 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Ottoman Empire 
 
 States of Spanish America 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Greece 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO JOURNEYMEN, OVERSEBKS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 16 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 1 y-11 »* J 1 ^ Mrs. McCulloch, of Montreal, for a collection 
 Second Class Medal. , s c . rr i y -^ e ^ \ 
 
 i ot stuiied birds irom la. 
 
 / Mr. Croft, of Toronto, for c ^mal preparations, 
 ilcuorable Mentions. . < Mr. Lyman, of Montreal, for officinal prepara- 
 
 ( tions. 
 
 THIRTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 Naval and military arts, comprising the principal elements of the ma- 
 terials used in Ship-building, and of the art of navigation, swimming 
 apparatus, life-boats and diving-bells, drawings and models of ships, 
 boats, &c., used on rivers, canals and lakes, and in commerce and deep 
 sea fishing, drawings and models of vessels of war and military engi- 
 neering, materials of war and military equipage, equipment of troops, 
 arms and projectiles, pyrotechnics. 
 
 f France 3 
 
 ^r J 1 TTT ; United Kingdom 1 
 
 Large Medals of IIonor-( t» 1 • 1 
 
 (^Prussia 1 
 
 r France 7 
 
 Medals of Honor. . . . •< Belgium * 3 
 
 l Prussia 2 
 
 t i 
 
371 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 'France and her Colonies 147 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 32 
 
 Belgium 28 
 
 Austria 9 
 
 Prussia 9 
 
 Sweden and Norway 7 
 
 United States 7 
 
 Zollverein 5 
 
 Switzerland 5 
 
 Netherlands 4 
 
 Spain 3 
 
 Greece 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Ottoman Empire 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Portugal 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO JODRNEYMEN, OVERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 Large medal of honor to Mr. Dupuy de Lome, of Paris. 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 ( France 4I 
 
 \ Austria 2 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 First Class Medal. . . . 
 
 { Mr. Lee, of Quebec, for models of steam and 
 
 \ 
 
 sailins: vessels. 
 
 Second Class Medal.. — Mr. Cantin, of Montreal, for boat oars. 
 
 Captain Thomas of Toronto, for a model of a life- 
 boat. 
 
 Honorable Ment 
 
 ion . . \ 
 
 FOURTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 Civil Engineering comprising building materials, the divers branches 
 of work connected with building, foundations, works in connexion with 
 marine navigation, roads and railways, bridges, distribution of water 
 and gas, special buildings. 
 
 LargeMedalsof Honor I p^""^'^^^^ . !?f. .T ..V.V.V.V. !!.*!!.*!!.'.'. .' 1 
 Medal of Honor — France ] 
 
 i 
 
372 
 
 ' Franco and l.cr Colonies 209 
 
 United Kingdom 37 
 
 PruHsia 15 
 
 Belgium 14 
 
 Sweden and Norway 13 
 
 Austria 9 
 
 Tuscany 8 
 
 ZoUvercin C 
 
 Sardine i 5 
 
 Other Prizes! ^ States of the Church 5 
 
 Switzerland 4 
 
 Spain 4 
 
 NiMherlnnds 3 
 
 G -et ce 2 
 
 Portugal 1 
 
 Tripoli I 
 
 Denmark 1 
 
 Switzerland 1 
 
 Unit(»l States 1 
 
 l ' 
 
 PUIZ£S iiMTAKOKO TO JOUKNEYMEN, OVERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 Large medals of Honor to Messrs. Ue Montricher, Poirce and Vicat, 
 of France. 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 r Franco 65 
 
 J Belgium 10 
 
 Austria 2 
 
 Prussia 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 1 
 
 First Class'^Medals . . 
 
 Public WorksOffice, for models and materials. 
 
 Geological commission, for building materials. 
 
 Mr. Oslell, of Montreal, for wooden doors and 
 window sashes. 
 
 Second Class Medal to Mr. Brown, of St. Catherines, for building 
 materials. 
 
 ' Shipton Slate Company, for slates. 
 Hamilton Intern ation;.! Company, for asphalt. 
 Mr. Gauvreau, of Quebec, for Quebec hydraulic 
 cement. 
 
 Honorable Mentions 
 
378 
 
 fiftki:ntii class. 
 
 Steel and its protlucts comprising the irmnufui-turc of steol for the 
 market, manufacture of speciul kinds of sterl, spring!^, cutlery, steel 
 toolH, various steel manufactures. 
 
 Large Medals of 
 Honor. 
 
 France 1 
 
 Unitrd Kingdom 1 
 
 Prussia 1 
 
 United Kingdom 3 
 
 France 2 
 
 Medals of Honor. ... ^ Austria 2 
 
 Prussia 2 
 
 Wurternburg I 
 
 France and licr (.'olonies 125 
 
 Austria (>0 
 
 Prussia 57 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 54 
 
 Switzerland 8 
 
 ZoUvcrcin 6 
 
 Sweden and Norway 6 
 
 Belgium 5 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Denmark 2 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 ^ Portugal 1 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 < 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO JOURNEYMEN, OVERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 I France 26 
 
 Austria 12 
 
 Prussia 9 
 
 Belgium 2 
 
 Prizes to Canada. 
 
 c Mr. Scott, of Montreal, for tools. 
 Second Class Medals. < Mr. Higgins, of Montreal, for axes, 
 
 ( Mr. Parkyn, of Montreal, iron shovels. 
 
 Mr. Date, of Gait, for tools. 
 Honorable Mentions . \ Mr. Dawson, of Montreal, for planes. 
 
 Mr. Wallace, of Montreal, for planes. 
 
 i. 
 
374 
 
 SIXTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 General metal work, comprising I'laborution of metals and alloys, 
 wires, large tubes, copper ware, sheoi iron, tin ware, metal wire work, 
 ironmongery and nail-making, locksmith's work and hardware, zinc 
 work, lead work, tin work and various white alloys, precious metals. 
 
 Large Medals of ( Belgium 
 Honor. ( Prussia. . 
 
 Medal of Honor — Franc 
 
 Other Prizes • 
 
 France and her Colonies 180 
 
 Prussia 56 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 55 
 
 Zollverein 35 
 
 Austria 30 
 
 Belgium 29 
 
 Sweden and Norway 6 
 
 Netherlands 4 
 
 Tuscany 4 
 
 Switzerland 3 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Denmark 3 
 
 ^Turkey 1 
 
 PBIZES AWARDED TO JOURNEYMEN, ONERSEERS AND WORKMEN. 
 
 '' France 53 
 
 Belgium 17 
 
 Austria 7 
 
 ^ Prussia 3 
 
 Zollverein 1 
 
 Tuscany 1 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 Honorable Mentions 
 
 fMr. Peck, of Montreal, for nails. 
 1 Mr. Jones, of Gananoque, for iron insiraments* 
 I Mr. Parkyn, of Montreal, for iron inj*rument8. 
 LMr. Rice, of Montreal, for tin. 
 
375 
 
 -J.i .iJJSi'«_ ^ , .jj ;•-, J-34fltMB«r3.—At.lSa-^.»5eB'i 
 
 SKVHNTEKNTII CLASS. 
 
 GoIdsmith'M and silversmith's work, jewellery, bronzes, comprising 
 processes used in goldstnilli's wt)rli, cultin;;,' and engraving? of nlones 
 used in jewellery, niuniifaelurc^s of pri'(Moiis metals, plat>«d goods, 
 jewellery, imitation jewellery, jewellery made of various metals, 
 statues, bronzes. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor — FVanco , 
 
 f France 11 
 
 I United Kingdom 3 
 
 Medals of Honor. ... J Prussia 2 
 
 Netherlands 1 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 ■ Frane(5 and her Colonies 187 
 
 Prussia 18 
 
 United Kingdom ^nd Colonics 15 
 
 Austria 11 
 
 Switzerland 9 
 
 Spain 6 
 
 Zollverein 6 
 
 Sweden and Norway 5 
 
 ^ States of the Church 4 
 
 Belgium 4 
 
 Netherlands 4 
 
 Denmark 2 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 Naples 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Portugal 
 
 States of Spanish America. 
 Tunis 
 
 PRIZES AWARDICD TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 Large Medal of Honor to Mr. Vechte of Paris. 
 
 ' France 81 
 
 United Kingdom 16 
 
 Prussia 9 
 
 Austria 5 
 
 Belgium 2 
 
 States of the Church 1 
 
 Netherlands I 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 V. 
 
376 
 
 No prizes awarded to Canada in this class. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CLASS. 
 
 Glass and pottery comprising general processes used in making glass 
 and pottery, window glass and mirror glass, bottle glass, crystal glass, 
 crystal, &c., for optical instruinents, ornaments, comrr.on pottery and terra 
 cotta, faience, stone ware, porcelain, artistical objects. 
 
 S France 3 
 
 1 
 
 Large "^fedals of 
 Honor. 
 
 Medals of Honor 
 
 ^1 
 
 i!^ 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 ' France 4 
 
 Austria 1 
 
 - Prussia 1 
 
 Belgium 1 
 
 Bavaria 1 
 
 France and her Colonies 154 
 
 Austria 25 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 25 
 
 Belgium 15 
 
 Prussia 13 
 
 Zollvcrein 6 
 
 Netherlands 4 
 
 Sweden and Norway 4 
 
 j Tuscany 2 
 
 Switzerland 2 
 
 Portugal 1 
 
 Denmark 1 
 
 PTilZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 47 
 
 United Kingdom 19 
 
 Austria 8 
 
 Belgium 6 
 
 Prussia 4 
 
 Denmark 3 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 German States 1 
 
 Tuscany 1 
 
377 
 
 No prizes to Canada in this class. 
 
 NINETEENTH CLASS. 
 
 Cotton manufactures comprising the materials used in the manufacture 
 of cotton, raw cotton, prepared and spun pure cotton, fabrics, plain, pure 
 cotton fabrics, figured, pure cotton fabrics for special purposes napped, 
 light cotton fabrics, pure cotton fabrics, manufactured with coloured 
 threads, pure cotton fabrics, printed, cotton velvet, mixed fabrics, cotton 
 ribbons. 
 
 Large Medals of 
 Honor. 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 France I 
 
 France 3 
 
 Switzerland 2 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 . Prussia 1 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 France and her Colonies 192 
 
 Switzerland 32 
 
 United Kingdom 21 
 
 Belgium 21 
 
 Austria 18 
 
 Prussia 9 
 
 "{ German States 5 
 
 Portugal 2 
 
 Sweden and Norway 2 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 Netherlands 2 
 
 Denmark 1 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 PRIZES AWABDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 85 
 
 Switzerland 6 
 
 Belgium ■ 5 
 
 Netherlands 1 
 
 k: 
 
 No prizes awarded to Canada in this class. 
 
378 
 
 TWENTIETH CLASS. 
 
 Woollen and worsted manufr ares, comprising illustrations of the 
 processes, raw wool, hair and bristles, prepared and dyed, woollen yam 
 plain and twisted, bleached or unbleached dyed in grain or in piece, 
 with or without a mixture of cotton, silk, &c., fabrics of carded wool 
 milled, carded wool fabrics not milled or only slightly milled, combed 
 wool fabrics, combed or carded wool fabrics mixed with cotton, combed 
 or carded wool mixed with silk, floss silk, cotton, woollen shawls, 
 cashmere shawls, horse hair fabrics. 
 
 Large Medals of 
 Honor. 
 
 Medals of Honor. . 
 
 r France 7 
 
 -< United Kingdom 1 
 
 (.Belgium 1 
 
 France 7 
 
 Austria c 3 
 
 Prussia 3 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 France and her Colonies 2P 3 
 
 Prussia 112 
 
 Austria 59 
 
 United Kingdom 39 
 
 German State."! SO 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden and Norway. 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 China 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 States of the Church . 
 Turkey 
 
 24 
 9 
 6 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN, 
 
 France 232 
 
 Belgium 52 
 
 Austria 10 
 
 German States 19 
 
 United Kinfr^^lom . . . . = 1 
 
 No prizes to Canada in this class. 
 
.4.1 ,. I III 
 
 379 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST CLASS. 
 
 Silk manufactures comprising the preparation of the silk, raw and 
 thrown silk, plain fabrias and pure silk, fabrics of pure silk, figured, 
 brocaded or with pattern, velvet and plush, fabrics for furniture, hang- 
 ings and church decoration, fancy silk fabrics, mixed with gold, silver, 
 cotton wool, flax, in which silk is the principal material, fabrics made of 
 pure or mixed floss silk, silk ribbons. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 France 6 
 
 Lombardy 1 
 
 Piedmont l 
 
 France 25 
 
 Austria 2 
 
 -' Prussia 2 
 
 Switzerland 2 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 f France and her Colonies 253 
 
 Switzerland 68 
 
 Austria 65 
 
 Prussia 35 
 
 Sardinia 34 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 24 
 
 Tuscany 20 
 
 States of the Church 11 
 
 Spain 10 
 
 Greece 7 
 
 Ottoman Empire 6 
 
 Portugal 6 
 
 German States. 
 
 Belgium. 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 States of Spanish America 3 
 
 Sweden and Norway 2 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 51 
 
 Austria 11 
 
 United Kingdom 4 
 
 Prussia 4 
 
 BeL'ium 1 
 
 No prizes to Canada in this clasi-. 
 
 i 
 
380 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND CLASS. 
 
 Flax and hemp manufactures, comprising the preparation of flax and 
 hemp, flax, hemp and other vegetable fibres raw and prepared, thread 
 from flax, hemp and other fibres, sail cloth and other coarse cloths, fine 
 cloths and ticking cambrics, damasked and diapered fabrics, flax mixed 
 with cotton or silk, fabrics made from other vegetable fibres than flax 
 and hemp. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor < 
 
 France 
 Ireland. 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Belgium 
 
 France 
 
 United Kingdom. 
 Prussia 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 r France 129 
 
 Belgium 48 
 
 Austria ^ 32 
 
 Prussia 32 
 
 United Kingdom 26 
 
 • German States 16 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 States of the Church 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Spain 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 No prizes to jomneympn, &c., or to Canada ii. this class. 
 
 4 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 TWENTY-THIRD CLASS. 
 
 Hosiery, carpets, embroidery, laoe of every kind, arold and silver fringes, 
 comprising all articles of these different classes manufactured of silk, floss 
 silk, wool, horse hair, thread and cotton. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor j „ , / ' 
 ° I Belgmm, 
 
 4 
 1 
 
881 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 France 8 
 
 United Kingdom 3 
 
 Belgium 1 
 
 France 289 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 59 
 
 Belgium 39 
 
 Austria 31 
 
 German Slates £2 
 
 Prussia jq 
 
 Sweden and Norway 17 
 
 Switzerland 15 
 
 Sp'iin 10 
 
 Sardinia g 
 
 ' Netherlands 7 
 
 Greece 5 
 
 Denmark 4 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Tuscany 2 
 
 States of the Church 
 
 China 
 
 States ol' Spanish America 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Tunis 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WO!?KMEN. 
 
 France 377 
 
 Belgium js 
 
 Austria I4 
 
 United Kingdom 7 
 
 German States 2 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 Second class medal to Government ofC^jnada for their collection. 
 
 Mrs. Jones, of Moat real, for a screen worked in 
 Honorable Mentions . . 
 
 wool. 
 
 Miss Partherais, of L'Industrie, for embroidery 
 in wool and silk. 
 
 k 
 
382 
 
 TWENTY-FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 Furniture and decoration, comprising decorative furniture made of 
 itone, stony substances or in metal, cabinet work for daily use, fancy 
 furniture and decorative articles characterized by the use of costly woods, 
 ivory, shell, by sculpture and inlaid work, furniture of moulded substances, 
 gilt, lacquerec', &c., furniture made of reeds, cane, straw, &c., household 
 utensils, upholsters' work, stained paper, stuffs Mnd leather prepared for 
 hangings, blinds, book-binding, &c., decorative painting, fittings for 
 theatres, public ceremonies, &c., church furniture, ornaments and decora- 
 tions. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor •{ France , 3 
 
 Medals of Honor. 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 i 
 
 France 3 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 Prussia 1 
 
 Tuscany 1 
 
 ' France and her Colonies 210 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 49 
 
 German States 15 
 
 Belgium 14 
 
 Austria 11 
 
 Prussia 11 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Sardinia 8 
 
 Sweden and Norway 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 States of the Church , 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Greece 
 
 Spain 
 
 Denmark 
 
 United States 
 
 Ottomim Empire . . . . 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 115 
 
 Prussia , 13 
 
 United KirgJom 12 
 
383 
 
 Belgium 10 
 
 States of the Church 2 
 
 Austria 2 
 
 Switzerland o 
 
 • A 
 
 Denmark 2 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 Second Class Medal... / ^''* ^^"'^' °^ ^^^^^^^ 'or a chair of waved mapeL 
 
 \ Mr.Hilton,ofMontreal,foracollectionoffurniture. 
 
 Honorable Mentions. . 
 
 M. Bevis, of Hamilton, for a mosaic table. 
 Mrs.Widder, ofToronto,for a drawing room chair. 
 Mr. Mac Garvey, of Montreal, for rocking chairs. 
 
 twenty-f]ft;i clasp. 
 
 Articles of clothing, objects of fashion and farcy, comprising materials 
 used in making clothes, buttons, linen drapery, stays, braces and garters, 
 coats and clothes, boots and shoes, gaiters and gloves, hats and caps, hair 
 work, feather and bead head dresses, ornaments, artificial flowers, needle 
 work, fans, screens, parasols, umbrellas, sticks, articles of hardware in 
 wood, ivory and shell, &c. Dressing-cases, inkstands, fancy articles orna- 
 mented with ivory, &c., sheaths und manufactures in morocco leather and 
 cardboard, basket work, &c., toys, dolls, wax figures, games of all 
 kinds. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor ! ^'"^"^^ 
 
 United Kingdom , 
 
 Medals of Honor < 
 
 f France 
 J Austria 
 
 Tuscany. . . . 
 Switzerland 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
884 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 i 
 
 France and her Colonies 506 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies. 136 
 
 Austria 86 
 
 German States 44 
 
 Sweden and Norway 42 
 
 Prussia 39 
 
 Portugal 22 
 
 Belgium 17 
 
 Greece 16 
 
 Switzerland 12 
 
 Tuscany 10 
 
 Spain 10 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Ottoman Empire 8 
 
 Sardinia 7 
 
 Netherlands 6 
 
 States of Spanish Ami rica 3 
 
 Ignited States 2 
 
 States ; f the Church 2 
 
 Tunis 1 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVERSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 286 
 
 Austria « 30 
 
 United Kingdom 17 
 
 Belgium 8 
 
 German Stales 6 
 
 Switzerland • 2 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 ' Mr. Barbeau, of Quebec, for hunting and riding 
 boots. 
 
 Mr. Henderson, o^ Quebec, for a beaver pelisse. 
 
 Second Class Medals...-^ Mr. Mercier, of Quebec, for Indian work. 
 
 The Montreal India Rubber Company. 
 
 Mr. Smith, of Montreal, for a collection of boots 
 and shoes. 
 
385 
 
 Honorable Mentions... 
 
 ' Mr. Mercier, of Quebec. Indian curiosities and 
 furs. 
 
 Messrs. Merryfield & Sherldon, of Toronto, for a 
 
 collection of boots and shoes. 
 Mr. Gauthier, of Montreal, for clothing. 
 Messrs. Scanberth &, Robinson, of Toronto, for a 
 
 collection «if boots and shoes. 
 The Sisters of Providence, of Montreal, for wax 
 
 work. 
 
 Mrs. Rhodes of Quebec, for ornamented bark 
 work. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH CLASS. 
 
 Drawing and modelling applied to industry, le^trr p.ess and copper 
 plate printing; photography, comprising writing, d. awing and painting- 
 lithography, autography and stone-engraving, engraving on metal or wood 
 stereotomy, moulds and stamps, printing. 
 
 LargeMedulsofHonorS^''^'^^" 
 
 t Austria 
 
 ^France . . . 
 
 Medals of Honor. .. . ^United Kingdom. 
 
 (Prussia 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 ' France a'ld her Colonies 420 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies . . ., SG 
 
 German States 4^ 
 
 Prussi i 29 
 
 Austria 27 
 
 Belg'um 13 
 
 Netherlands g 
 
 Switzerland g 
 
 Spf in rr 
 
 United Slates n- 
 
 States of Spanish America q 
 
 Sa dinia q 
 
 i'l.scany ^ 
 
 Z 
 
386 
 
 States of the Church 5 
 
 Portugal 3 
 
 Greece 3 
 
 Ottoman Empire 3 
 
 Denmark 3 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO DVERSKEKS, JOURNKYMKN, AND WORKMEN, 
 
 Large Medalsofllonor j u'Ji^jKV;^^: 
 
 om. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 C 
 
 Other Prizes -^ German States G 
 
 Belgium £> 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 f France. 
 I Austria 
 
 Honorable Mentions . . 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA. 
 
 Miss Cochran, of Quebec, for fruit in wax work. 
 Mr. Doane, of Montreal, for photographs. 
 Mr. Miller, of Montreal, specimens of book-bind- 
 ing. 
 
 Mr. Palmer, of Toronto, specimens of daguer- 
 reotypes. 
 
 The Sisters o* Providence of Montreal, fruits in 
 wax work. 
 
 Mr. Young, of Montreal, specimens of book- 
 binding. 
 
 TWENTY-SEVENTH CLASS. 
 
 il 
 
 Manufacture of musical instrument;*, comprising wind instruments in 
 wood, horn, ivory, bone, shell, leather and metal ; wind instruments with 
 key-boards, stringed instruments, without key-boards, pulsatile instru- 
 ments, automaton instruments, manufactured articles and accessories. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor < „ ' . 
 
 f l^nvRfiR 1 
 
 
387 
 
 Medal of Honor 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 •{ France 5 
 
 France 117 
 
 Austria 22 
 
 German States 7 
 
 Belgium G 
 
 United Kingdom 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 United States 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Nctherluuds 
 
 States of the Church. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Sardinia 
 
 PRIZRS AWARDED TO OVKRSEERS, JOURNEYMEN, AND WORKMEN. 
 
 France 29 
 
 Austria 4 
 
 Bclf^ium 4 
 
 Prussia 2 
 
 United Kingdom 1 
 
 NO PRIZES TO CANADA IN THIS CLASS. 
 
 1 
 
 To complete the nunihor of nil the prizes awarded in the ails, we must 
 add the special prizes given exc-lnsive of the classes ; tho^ic avvarded by a 
 mixed Commission in the br.inches comprised in classes X, XIX, XX, XXI, 
 XXII, and XXIII united, and above all the prizes awarded in the 
 additional class XXXI, f stablishcddurinjr the exhibition, for cheap articles 
 of the descriptions most useful l<» the poorer and middle classes of society. 
 
 SPECIAL PRIZES EXCLUSIVi: OF CLASSES. 
 
 Large Medals of Honor J Unhcd K 
 
 Medals of Honor . . 
 
 ingdom . 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Tuscany 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 V, British India . .., 
 
 o 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
388 
 
 PRIZKS GRANTED BY A MIXED COMMISSIOV OF CLASSES X, XIX, XX, 
 
 XXI, XXII AND XXIII. 
 
 Large Medals ui'IIonur'^ France 4 
 
 w ,, nrj (Franco 6 
 
 Medals «f Honor j United Kingdom 2 
 
 ' Franco and her Colonies 69 
 
 Unided Kingdom and Colonies 31 
 
 Austria 8 
 
 Switzerland G 
 
 Prussia 5 
 
 United States 2 
 
 Dcnninrk 1 
 
 Netherlands 1 
 
 Other Prizes. 
 
 THIRTY-FIR Sr CLASS, ADDITIONAL. 
 
 Domestic economy comprising cheap articles of food, building, furni- 
 ture and clothing. 
 
 Large Medal of Honor. ^ France 1 
 
 Medals of Flonor .... 
 
 Other Prizes 
 
 France 
 Austria 
 
 'France and her Colonies 207 
 
 Prussia 17 
 
 Austria 15 
 
 United Kingdom and Colonies 11 
 
 Portugal 
 
 9 
 
 German States 5 
 
 Sardinia 4 
 
 Belgium 3 
 
 Spain 1 
 
 United States 1 
 
380 
 
 PRIZES AWARDED TO OVeHHEEKM, JOURNEYMKN, AND WORKMUN. 
 
 France 9 
 
 United Kingdom 2 
 
 lielgiuin 1 
 
 Prudsiu 1 
 
 PRIZES TO CANADA IN THR TWEMTY-rECOND CLASS. 
 
 o , /-,, »T 1 I ^ Mr. Idler of Montreal, for preserved meats. 
 
 Second Class Medals. { », o . , ,. m i r i ■ ■ 
 
 t Mr. omitli ot Montreal tor boots and shoes. 
 
 Honorable mention.... \ Mr. Cross of Montreal, for cheese. 
 
 RECAriTULATION. 
 
 Grand total of the pjizes awarded to each Country, exclusive of the 
 categories of the Large Medals of Honor and Medals of Honor. '^ 
 
 France and her Colonies 7,763 
 
 United Kingdom and Coloniesf 1,32G 
 
 Austria 1,012 
 
 Prussia 724 
 
 Belgium C16 
 
 German States 475 
 
 Switzerland 293 
 
 Sweden and Norway 263 
 
 Portugal 235 
 
 Spain 150 
 
 Sardinia 1 32 
 
 Netherlands 121 
 
 Tuscany 116 
 
 United States 75 
 
 Greece 66 
 
 Denmark 62 
 
 States of Spanish America 49 
 
 States of the Church 43 
 
 Ottoman Empire 34 
 
 Tunis 4 
 
 China 3 
 
 Sicily 2 
 
 Tripoli 1 
 
 * All these numbers and those preceding have been copied with care from the lists of the In* 
 temational Jurj, and revised with minute attention. 
 
 f With regard to France and England, and especially the tatter, the Colonies form a consi- 
 derable amount in the total. 
 
 Iv, 
 
REPORT 
 
 or 
 
 SIR W. E. LOGAN. 
 
 Toronto, 3rd April, 1856. 
 
 Sir, — Having returned to Canada after the performance of the duties 
 assigned to me in conjunction with Mr. J. C. Tache, as one of the special 
 Commissioners to the Paris Industrial Exhibition, and brought with me the 
 various medals awarded to the contributors of the collection of products 
 sent from the province, I have the honor to inform you that these have been 
 placed in the hands of the Provincial Secretary for safe-keeping, until such 
 time as it shall please His Excellency the Giovernor General to order the 
 distribution of them among those for whom they are finally intended. 
 
 These medals consist of one grand medal of honor, one metial of honor, 
 thirteen first class and thirty second class i.iedals. In addition to the names 
 of the contributors to whom the medals were decreed, those of forty-three 
 contributors appear in the official list as rewarded by an honorable mention ; 
 but beyond the publication in the official list there are no diplomas or 
 documents of any kind connected with them. 
 
 In the official list of prizes published in France at the time of the dis- 
 tribution of the medals, nothing more is registered than the name of the 
 contributor, thf class comprehending his contribution, and the country from 
 which it comes. A copy of this as relates to Canada, I now transmit to 
 you ; and you will perceive that, with no other official document as a guide, 
 it would be impossible, without great liability to error, to state the grounds 
 on which the awards have been made, or frame any report, comparing 
 Canadian contributions with those of other countries, or putting forth what 
 might be considered the general results of the Exhibition. This can only 
 be done after the final reports of the juries have reached this country, and 
 these were not expected to issue from the press sooner thari .ln\ e months 
 from the time of my departure from Paris, towards the end of December. 
 
 They were at that time being framed, but no access was permitted to 
 to them or to the bases on which they were founded, except to mem- 
 bers of the juries, and no juror was allowed to examine more than the 
 documents of the class to which he was attached. The only juror especially 
 connected with Canada, was Mr Hunt, of the geological survey, who was 
 appointed by Prince Napoleon to the first-class — that including mineral 
 products. All the facts relating to the proceedings of the jury on this class 
 
392 
 
 are in his possession, and he is engaged in preparing a report which will 
 embody such details regarding the applications of Canadian minerals as 
 have been suggested by the opportunities and experiences afforded him by 
 the Exhibition. 
 
 Accompanying this I transmit to you also a statement shewing how the 
 Canadian collection has been disposed of since the close of the Exhibition, 
 some of it having been presented to various institutions in Paris connected 
 with the French government, part of it sold, some portion returned to 
 Canada, and the remainder deposited in the Sydenham palace to form the 
 nucleus of a collection of Canadian products, which the Canadian govern- 
 ment, accepting an offer of space from the Directors of that institution, are 
 disposed to place there, and to make worthy at once of the province, and of 
 the building in which the collection will be displayed. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing documents, I hand you a statement of 
 monies paid and received, by which you will observe there is a balance 
 against me of (£6 19s. 3d. cy.) six pounds, nineteen shilHngs and three 
 pence. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant. 
 
 W. E. LOGAN. 
 
 To W. Rhodes, Esq., M. P. P., 
 
 Chairman of the Executive Committee, 
 
 of the Paris Exhibition Commission. 
 
LIST OF PRIZES AWARDED TO CANADIAN EXmBITORS AT 
 THE PARIS INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION OF 1855. 
 
 Glass I. 
 Grand Medal of Honor, W. E. Logan, -Canada. 
 
 Class l\. 
 
 Medal of Honor, Canada. 
 
 1st Class Medal, Hudson Bay Co.,-Lachine. 
 
 ^ A. Dickson,— Kingston. 
 
 ^nd Class Medal, Farmer & DeBIacqui6re,-Woodstock. 
 
 G. Sharpies,— Quebec. 
 
 Qlass in. 
 
 1st Class Medal, Canada Company,— Toronto. 
 
 G. Cross, — Montreal. 
 
 W. C. Lyman & Co.,— Montreal. 
 
 A. Shaw, — Toronto. 
 
 A. Perry,— Montreal. 
 2nd Class Medal, J. Fisher,— Montreal. 
 
 J. Fleming, — Toronto, 
 
 D. Laurent, — Varennes, 
 
 L. Morse, — Milton. 
 
 A. Shaw, — Toronto. 
 
 G. Sheppard,— Montreal. 
 
 R. Wade, — Cobourg. 
 Honorable Mention, A. Coffin,— Gaspe. 
 
 W. Evans,— Montreal. 
 A. Kimpton,— St. Th^r^se. 
 W. F. Jarvis,— Toronto. 
 Abbe Villeneuve,— Montreal. 
 
 •i\ 
 
394 
 
 Class IV. 
 
 1st Class Medal, George Perry, — Montreal. 
 
 Honorable Mention, L. Lernoine, — Quebec. 
 
 Class V. 
 
 Honorable Mention, G. B: rington, — Montreal. 
 
 Class VI. 
 
 1st Class Medal, W. Rodden, — Montreal. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, D. Munro,— Montreal. 
 
 13. P. Page, — Montreal. 
 Honorable Mention, P. Dunn, — Montreal. 
 
 Dion & Lepage, — Rimouski. 
 
 W. H. Rice, — Montreal. 
 
 Class IX. 
 2nd Class Medal, W. Rodden , — Montreal . 
 
 Class XI. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, Clark Fitts,— Montreal. 
 
 Government of Canada. 
 Honorable Mention, E. Lawson, — Montreal. 
 
 J. McDongall, — Montreal. 
 
 J. D. Proctor, — Montreal. 
 
 J. Robb, — Montreal. 
 
 Glass XII. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, Mrs. McCulloch, — Montreal. 
 
 Honorable Mention, H. Croft, — Toronto. 
 
 Wni. Lyman & Co., — Montreal. 
 
 Class Xm. 
 
 1st Class Medal, T. C. Lee,— Quebec. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, A. Cantin, — Montreal. 
 
 Honorable Mention, Captain Thomas, — Toronto. 
 
4*: 
 
 396 
 
 Class XIV. 
 
 1st Class Medal Board of Works,— Quebec. 
 
 Geological Survey of Canada,— Montreal. 
 
 J. Ostell, — Montreal. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, J. Brown,— St. Catherines, 
 
 Honorable Mention, Shipton Slate Co,,— Sliipton. 
 
 International Mining Co.,— Hamilton. 
 
 P. Gauvreau,— Quebec. 
 
 Glass XV. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, R. Scolt,— Montreal. 
 
 J. & J. Higgins,— Montreal. 
 
 W. Parkins, -Montreal. 
 Honorable Mention, H. & K. Date,— Gait. 
 
 J. Dawson, — Montreal. 
 
 W. Wallace,— Montreal. 
 
 Class XVI. 
 
 Honorable Mention, Thos. Peck,— Montreal. 
 
 D. T. Jones, — Gananoque. 
 Wm. Parkins,— Montreal. 
 W. H. Rice,— Montreal. 
 
 Cla^s XXHI. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, Kingston.* 
 
 Honorable Mention, Mad. J. Jones,— Montreal, 
 
 Mad. P. Partcnais, — Industrie. 
 
 Class XXIV. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, Wm. Drum,— Quebec. 
 
 J. Se W. Hilton, — Montreal. 
 
 • This'is awarded to the collective contents of a pavilion marked Kingeton in which the pro- 
 ducts of the follcwing contributors were exposed, 
 
 Simon Bean, worsted stockings, shawls, blankets and flannels; Madame Colby, worsted 
 stockings, shawls and flannels; Madamo Bouchard, worsted thread; Barber Brothew, 
 flannels. 
 
 K. 
 
396 
 
 Honorable Mention, J. Bevis, — Hamilton. 
 
 Miss Widder, — Toronto. 
 
 Class XXV. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, J. Barbeau, Quebec. 
 
 Henderson & Co., — Quebec. 
 
 Canada India Rubber Co., — Montreal. 
 
 Indians of Canada. 
 
 Smyth & Co., — Montreal. 
 Honorable Mention, D. Mercier, — Quebec. 
 
 Merrifield & Sheridan, — Toronto. 
 
 Mad. Rhodes, — Quebec. 
 
 Scandritt & Robinson, — Toronto. 
 
 Sisters of Providence, — Montreal. 
 
 Class XXVI. 
 
 Honorable Mention, 
 
 .Miss Cochrane, — Quebec. 
 
 J. C. Doane, — Montreal. 
 
 R. & A Miller, — Montreal. 
 
 T. J. Palmer,— Toronto. 
 
 Sisters of Providence, — Montreal. 
 
 A. Young, — Montreal. 
 
 Class XXXI. 
 
 2nd Class Medal, 
 
 Honorable Mention, 
 
 .E. Idler, — Montreal. 
 Smyth & Co., — Montreal. 
 .G. Cross,— Montreal. 
 
 It ' 
 
STATEMEJN^T 
 
 SHEWING THE MANNER IN WHICH THE ARTICLES SENT 
 FROM CANADA TO THE PARIS EXHIBITION WERE 
 
 DISPOSED OF. 
 
 In this TaUe the designation of the Article is generally preceded hy the name of 
 
 the Exhibitor. 
 
 CLASS L 
 
 The collection of minerals in this class was distributed in part to the Ecole 
 des Mines at Paris, and the remainder sent to Sydenham Palace. For 
 details upon this class and those that follow we refer to the' cata- 
 logue. 
 
 CLASS n. 
 
 Bouchard, Pierre, specimens of maple sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Dickson, Andrew, specimens of timber, sent to Sydenham, as also the arti- 
 cles of the same class exhibited by Messrs. Farmer and DeBlaquiere, 
 Gamble, Kennedy, Lavoie, Levdque, Marmon, Moody, Saint Arnaud' 
 Saint Armand, Sharpies, Dubeau, Grant & Hall, Halliday, Lamouche' 
 MacGibbon, and Manning. ' 
 
 Moore, Thomas, Paxton, Jennings and Smith, handles of tools and staves, 
 distributed between the Gonseruatoire des Arts at Metiers, the Austrian 
 Commission, Messrs. Goldenburg of Germany, and Sydenham Palace. 
 
 Mercier, David, divers articles sent back to owner. 
 
 Hudson's Bay Company, a collection of furs, part sold to the profit of 
 Canada, part presented to the English Commission and the Jardin 
 des Plantes, and the remainder sent back to Canada. 
 
 Murphy, M., fishing-lines, sold. 
 
 k 
 
398 
 
 Peacock, John, artificial flies for fislung, presented to the Conservatoire dcs 
 Arts et Metiers. 
 
 CLASS m. 
 
 Evans, W., plan of a Canadian farm, presented to tlic Imperial School at 
 Grignon. 
 
 Bingham, J., an iron plongh, sold. 
 
 Brough, R., rakes, some presented tin the Imperial School at Grignon, 
 and the remainder sent to Sydeniiam. 
 
 Dion & Lepage, large model of a thrashing machine, presented to the Im- 
 perial School of Grignon. 
 
 Glasford, George, scythes sent to Sydenham, 
 
 Jeffries, J., stump and root extractor, 
 
 Moody, Matthias, reaping and weeding machines. 
 
 Morse, a plough, 
 
 Paige, a thrashing machine, 
 
 Patterson, a plough. 
 
 Rice, a fanner, the foregoiiig were sold for the benefit of the Committee. 
 
 The whole of the collection of seeds and grains (see catalogue) was in part 
 exchanged for seeds and grains from the following countries, viz: 
 France, England, Austria, Portugal, Egypt, Turkey, Tunis, Tuscany, 
 States of the Church, Algeria, Norway and Denmark; part were -prO' 
 sented to the SociMe In iperialc (l\iccImitationlde France; to the Con- 
 servatoire des Arts cf ^hHlers ; to the Imperial School of Grignon ; to 
 Mr. Vilmorin and otlur members of the Jury, and the remainder sent 
 to Sydenham. 
 
 Perry, Alfred, hickory nuts, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Robertson, wool ; t-^outhvvick, wool ; Corse & May, oil cake ; all sent to 
 Sydenham, 
 
 Cross, George, cheese, given to the French Exhibition of cheap articles. 
 
 W.ide, R., cheese, damaged and lost. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 Ladd, C. P., scales, sent lo Sydenham. 
 
 Rodden, scfiles, sent to Sydenham. Some articles from this contributor 
 
 were sold to his profit, as they were his private property. 
 Fergusson, W. J., hose and pipe, sent bctck to Canada. 
 Lemoine, Louis, fire engine, do. do. 
 Perry, George, fire engine, sold to Eiiglis'i Government. 
 
399 
 
 CLASS V. 
 
 Archambault, Andr6, harness, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Barrington, George, do., sold. 
 
 Combs, John, hames, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Couvrette, Magloire, do. do. 
 
 Dean, Robert, leather portmanteau, sold. 
 
 Edward, W. R., saddles, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Morris, Robert, harness, sent to Sydenham, leather portmanteau sold. 
 
 Trelkeld, I, collection of whips, sen', to Sydenham. 
 
 Wiltse, Joseph, yoke, sold. 
 
 Gingras, Edward, a carriage, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Leduc, Clovis, do. sold. 
 
 Saurin, Joseph, a sleigh, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Holland, M., railroad spikes, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 t 
 
 CLASS VL 
 
 Dean, Robert, a portable forge, sold. 
 
 Lindlay, C., do. do. do. 
 
 Helme and Wade, boring machine, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Ladd, C. P., flour mill, sent to Sydenham, sold. 
 
 MacLellan, a mortismg machine ; Munro, a planing and grooving machine ; 
 Parsons, a brick making machine ; Rodden, cabinetmakers' machine ;' 
 planing machine ; trenail making machine ; Dunn, a machine for mak ' 
 ing nails, all sold. 
 
 CLASS VII. 
 
 Brough. R., Spinning jennies ; Taylor and Dockriil, a sewing machine, all 
 sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS VIIL 
 
 Hearn and Potter, an engineers' level, sent back to Canada. 
 Keefer, Thomas C, a topographical map of Canada, sent back to Canada. 
 Tanguay, L'Abbe, fossil bones, being a private contribution, were sent back 
 to the owner. 
 
 .> 
 
400 
 
 CLASS IX. 
 
 Scobell, I., pressed turf, sent to SydcnhaTn. 
 
 Ladd, C. P., an iron coffin, do. do. 
 
 Macklin, 0. S., a stove, sold in a damaged state. 
 
 Prowsc, G. F., a refrigerator, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Rodden, W., a kitchen stove, sold. 
 
 Lyman, \V., sponge, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Piper Bros., lanterns for locomotives, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Tetu, C. H., fish oil of different descriptions, ;^art sent to Sydenham, and 
 
 part furnished by Mr. Tucho to the firm of Levasseur, al Paris, as 
 
 samples. 
 
 CLASS X. 
 
 Brennan, Patrick, potash, sold. 
 
 Carr, I., glue, sent to Sydenham 
 
 Lyman, W., alcaline salts, sold. 
 
 MacFarland, Archibald, glue, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Townsend, T. W., chemical preparations, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Archambault, A., leather vn lish, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Fisher, J., vegetable oil, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Fox, C. J., neais' foot oil, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Ilearle, J. G., toilet soaps, sold, 
 
 Keefer, T. C, porpoise oil, given for samples. 
 
 Laflamme, A., oil cloths, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Lepage and Lev6que, porpoise oil, part given by Mr. Tache for samples, 
 
 and the remainder sent to Sydenham. 
 Lyman, S., wax, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Lyman, W., animal and vegetable oils, sent to Sydenham, 
 Montreal Lidla Rubber Co., boots and shoes, part sold, and part sent to 
 
 Sydenham. 
 Houghton and Wallace, leather, sold. 
 Maclin, 0. S., leather, sold. 
 T6tu, 0. H., porpoise leather, in part given for samples, and the remainder 
 
 sent to Sydenham. 
 Valois, Narcisse, tanned and dyed leather, sold. 
 Andres, S. R., paper made from the plant Gnaphalium, given to the 
 
 Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. 
 Gingras, Pierre, dyed martin furs. 
 
401 
 
 Lyman & Oo., plants for dyeing in part, sent to the Imperial Manufaclory 
 
 of Gobelins, and the remainder sent to Sydenham. 
 Tach6 k Michaud, mineral p.iints, sent to Sydenham. 
 Marmette, Dr., tobacco, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS XL 
 
 Gamble, W., flour of different qualities, sold. 
 
 Fitts. (y'larke, biscuits, sold. 
 
 Lacombc, Mrs., potato starch, given for samples. 
 
 LawBon, Edward, flour and biscuits, sold. 
 
 MacDougall, J., wheat flour, sold. 
 
 Nasmith, John, biscuits, sold. 
 
 Piatt, Sanuiel, flour, sold. 
 
 Proctor, J. D., Indian meal, sold. 
 
 Thomas, Richard, buckwheat flour, sold. 
 
 Gasse, Louis, maple sugar, given to a chemist to be analysed. 
 
 Redpath, J., maple sugar, sold. 
 
 Taylor, Jas., maple sugar, sold. 
 
 Valois, Narcisse, maple sugar and syrup, given to be analysed. 
 
 Ash ton, J. P., pickles, sold. 
 
 Bauden, J. & W., bear hams given to the Jury. 
 
 Crawford, W., mustard, sold. 
 
 Idler, E., preserved meats, given. 
 
 Leonard, P., chicory, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Mochrie, George, preserved meats, sold. 
 
 Moyer & Keating, dried fruits, part given to the Jury, and the remainder 
 
 sent to S' denhain. 
 Shaw, Alexander, chicory, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Southwick, M. B., preserved meats and vegetables, given to the Jury. 
 Thomas, Richard, sausages, withdrawn from the Exhibition on account ot 
 
 beint; damaged. 
 
 CLASS XII. 
 
 Ardouin, A., collection of medicinal plants used for dyeing, part presented 
 to the Imperial Manufactory of Gobelins, and the remainder sent to 
 Sydenham. 
 
 Groft, H., pharmaceutical preparations, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 GIroux, Olivier, medicinal plants and vegetable gums, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Lesperance, Joseph, cod liver oil, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Booth, J., stuffed animals, presented to the Jardin des Plantes. 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
402 
 
 Kennedy, D., skins of Canadian birds, part given to the Jar din des Flantetf 
 
 and part to the British Board of Trade. 
 MacCulloch, Mrs., collection of Canadian birds, belonging to the 
 
 exhibitor, sent back to owner. 
 
 CLASS XIU. 
 
 Clark, J., pulleys, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Hood and Brothers, brace, presented to the Conservatoire des Arts et MHiers, 
 
 Macgregor, A. & D., collection of ropes, sold. 
 
 Sohier, G., figure-head for a vessel, left in the Trophy of the English Navy. 
 
 Ash, Lieutenant, model of a safety raft, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Thomas, Captain, do do do do 
 
 Hudson, Captain, model of a safety steamer, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Cantin, A., oars, presented to the Minister of Marine and Colonies in 
 
 France. 
 Lee, Thomas, models of clippers and steamers, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS XIV. 
 
 All the building materials belonginj; to this class were given partly for 
 
 bridges and locks in France, and the remainder sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Ostell & Co., wooden doors, windows, blinds, and other articles, divided 
 between the French Exhibition of cheap articles and Sydenham Palace. 
 
 Board of Public Works, models of locks and bridges, sent to the Conserva- 
 toire des Arts et Metiers. 
 
 Grand Trunk Railroad Company, model of Victoria Bridge, s nt to Syden- 
 ham. 
 
 Thomas, W., architectural drawings, sent to author. Model of General 
 Brock's monument, presented to the relations of General Brock in 
 Jersey. 
 
 CLASS XV. 
 
 The tools forming the collection in this class were for the most part sold; 
 the remainder were divided between the Conservatoire des Arts et MdtierSy 
 Sydenham Palace and the Austrian Commission. 
 
 CLASS XVI. 
 
 Rodden, W., fancy castings, given to the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers^ 
 
r PlanleSf 
 to the 
 
 ! Milters. 
 sh Navy. 
 
 lonies in 
 
 tartly for 
 
 1. 
 
 , divided 
 
 n Palace. 
 
 Conserva- 
 
 o Syden- 
 
 General 
 Brock in 
 
 >art sold; 
 ' MdtierSy 
 
 Metiers.. 
 
 403 
 
 Rice, H., wire doth, sent to Sytienham. 
 Peck, TIjomas & Co., nails, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS XVII. 
 Bohle & Hendery, plated ware, sold for the weight of metal. 
 
 CLASS xvin. 
 
 Spcncc, J. C, stained glass, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS XX. 
 
 The greater part of the woollen fabrics and other materials forming the 
 collection m this class were sent back to Canada, with the following excen- 
 tions, VIZ. : *^ ^ 
 
 Carr, J., hair sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Bean, Simon, a shawl and other articles in wool, given on the premises: 
 
 part of the flannel was sold and the remainder sent to Canada. 
 Bouchard, Mrs., worsted articles, sent to Sydenham. 
 Colby Mrs., a shawl, sold ; some articles given to the persons employed on 
 
 the premises, and the remainder sent to Canada. 
 
 CLASS xxn. 
 
 Sisters of Charity, thread, given to the Jury. 
 
 Bouchard, Mrs., needle work and Canadian cloth, sent to Canada. 
 
 CLASS xxni 
 
 Ebenezar, S., worsted gloves, sent back to Canada. 
 Harper, Mrs., worsted stockings, sold. 
 Moore, Mrs. do do do. 
 
 Musson, Mrs. do do do. 
 
 Silverthorn, Mrs. counterpanes, do. 
 Stiffel, Mrs., do do. 
 
 Langevin, Mrs., table cover, do. 
 
 Vencelow, Mrs., do do sent back to Canada. 
 Senkler, Misses, needle work, sent back to Canada. 
 
404 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 Bevis, J., centre table, sold. 
 
 Hilton, J. & W., sofa and chairs, sold. 
 
 MacGarvey, Owen, rocking chairs, one given to Mr. Maitland, the remain- 
 der sold. , > 
 
 Drum, chair of curled maple, sold. 
 
 Rhodes, Captain, chairs covered with moose skin and worked with moose 
 hair, sold. 
 
 Spenco, J. C, work-table, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Widder, Miss, a devotional chair, private contribution, sent back. 
 
 Cashing, Mrs., fancy frame, sold in a damaged state. 
 
 Hare, Albert, do do do. 
 
 Boyd, John, brushes, sold. 
 
 Jenking, Thomas, brushes and leather, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Davis, Mrs., worsted embroidery, sold. 
 
 / 
 
 CLASS XXV. 
 
 Smiley, Robert, shirts, sold. 
 
 Gauthier, Edward, dresses of etoffe du pays, sold. 
 
 Henderson &c Co., beaver skin coat, sold. 
 
 Wheeler, Thomas, feather cape, sent back to Canada. 
 
 Barbeau, Joseph, hunting and other boots, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Eckart, Isaac, snow shoes and Esquimaux boots, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Fisher, Mrs., moose skin gloves, private contribution. 
 
 Mercier, David, Huron Chief's dress, sent back to owner. 
 
 Merryfield & Sheridan, shoes, part sold, and remainder sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Pollard, Mrs., embroidered leggings, sent back to Canada. 
 
 Price, David, embroidered moccasins, private property. 
 
 Scandritt & Robinson, boots, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Smith & Co., boots and shoes, part sold and remainder sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Tache, J C, moccasins, soled with India rubber, private contribution. 
 
 Couture, 7Irs., straw hats, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Martel, Mrs., do sold. 
 
 Martel, Miss, do do. 
 
 Ranger, Mrs., do sent to Sydenham. 
 
 Jones, Mrs., screen embroidered in wool, sent to Canada. 
 
 Parthenais, Miss, embroidery in wool, sent to Canada. 
 
 Maloj L'Abbe, Indian curiosities, private property ; sent back to owner. 
 
 Jones, Peter, Indian curiosities, sold. 
 
 
405 
 
 RHof^'M ''^' Y'""! ^"''^' P"'"*^ contribution, sent l>ack to owner. 
 Rhodes, Mrs., embroidery on bark, sold. 
 
 Tanguay, L'Abb6, Indian curiosities, sent back to owner 
 
 ae reraain- 
 
 i'ith moose 
 
 3,m. 
 
 iyderham. 
 
 ydenham. 
 ition. 
 
 to owner. 
 
 CLASS XXVI. u 
 
 Armstrong W., water colour drawiiigs, sent back to Canada. 
 
 Shepherd, Miss, drawings of Canadian fruits and vegetables, sent to Sjden- 
 
 wv^A^iTV^'"'^"^"'"'^^ drawings, sent back to Canada. 
 
 Whitfield, lithographed drawings of Canadian towns, sent back to Canada. 
 
 i^oane, J O., photographic portraits, sent back to Canada. 
 
 Palmer, J. E., do do do do do. 
 
 SrstTnf P^''''^'"' *'f ' P'"'' ''"^ '" '^' Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. 
 bisters of Providence, do do do d 1 
 
 Wheeler, J., seal engraving sent back to Canada 
 
 Rose, specimens of photography, do do 
 
 Salter & Ross, do do do do 
 
 Smith, do do do do' 
 
 Starke & Co., do do do do' 
 
 ^' ^otnT'' '^'^°'^^'' ^""^ ^^"^^"^ ^" P'^P"^'" ^'''^''^ ^^"^ back to 
 
 Mackay^ Mrs specimens of book-binding, sent to Sydenham. 
 Miller, R. & A., do do do do 
 
 Young, A., do do do do.' 
 
 CLASS XXVII. 
 Hood, T. D., piano-forte and sounding board, sent to Sydenham. 
 
 CLASS XXVHL 
 
 Kane, Paul, oil painting, the property of Mr. Allan, sent back. 
 Ryland, J. H., oil paintings sent back to owner. 
 
'■«: 
 
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A SKETCH 
 
 or 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF CANADA. 
 
■f^^ 
 
 '™ 
 
 / 
 
A SKETCH 
 
 or 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF CANADA 
 
 SEEVINO 
 
 TO EXPLAIN THE GEOLOGICAL MAP 
 
 AKD THE 
 
 COLLECTION OF ECONOMIC MINEEALS 
 
 SENT TO 
 
 THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION AT PARIS, 1866, 
 
 BT 
 
 W. E. LOGAN, F. R. S. 
 
 MMnber of the Ooologioal S<«,leU« ot France and England, Director of tie Geological Co. ,. 
 
 mission of Canada, Ac, &c., &c. 
 
 AND 
 
 T. STEERY HUNT, A. M. 
 
 Member of the Geological Society of France, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 
 
 Chemist and Mmeralogist to the Geological Commission of Canada, Member 
 
 of the International Jury of the Univerfiol Exhibi+icn 
 
 at Paris, &c., &c., &c. 
 
 {Translated from the French.) 
 
 ■^.-^"^ •>.-».. N.^-^ 
 
 PARIS 
 
 HECTOR BOSSANGE & S^ON, 
 
 QUA! VOLTAIRE, 25. 
 
 1855. 
 
.m.j 
 
 / 
 
INTKODUCTION. 
 
 The commencement of a systematic investigation of the Geology of 
 Canada, d-ites only from the year 1842. Before this time, however, 
 several efforts had been made by men who appreciated its importance, 
 to establis h a commission for the Geological and Minerological examina- 
 tion of the Country, but it was only in 1841 that the Legislative As- 
 sembly having voted a sum of £1500 for a geological exploration 
 of the Province, the Governor, Sir Charles Bagot, named in 1842, Mr. 
 W. E. Logan, as Geologist, and Mr. Alexander Murray, as Assistant 
 Geologist, to put the project into execution. The exploration, being thus 
 commenced, was co.itinued under Lord Metcalfe by a second grant of 
 £2000 a year for a period of five years from 1845, and in 1850 the 
 Act was renewed under the administration of Lord Elgin, for a similar 
 period. 
 
 The Geological Exploration of Canada presents peculiar difficulties ; 
 in old countries where civilization of many centuries has developed the 
 mineral resources of the soil, where mines and quarries furnish every 
 where facilities for studying the nature and arrangement of the different 
 formations, where, finally, the labors of the Topographer have preceded 
 those of the Geologist and given exact maps of the country, geological 
 researches become comparatively easy. But, in a new country like 
 Canada, all these things were wanting; the geologist was obliged to 
 precede civilization, and, penetrating into unknown regions, to point out 
 sources of mineral wealth hitherto unknot vn, preparing thus the way for 
 the industry of civilized men who shall replace the savages. If we adc' 
 to all these considerations that a geographical knowledge is anindispen- 
 sible preliminary to investigations of this nature, it has often been neces. 
 sary to combine topography with geology, and to make at the same time 
 a geographical and geological map of the country, we may form some 
 idea of the difficulties to be surmounted in the Geological Survey of 
 Canada. 
 
 Canada has an area of about 40,000 square leagues ; and the researches 
 of Messrs. Logan and Murray, aided by those of Mr. Richardson, have 
 already made known the geology of a great portion of this extent. Ac- 
 
410 
 
 / 
 
 cording to the evidence given before a Committee of the Legislative 
 Assembly, in October, 1854, it appears that the explorations up to that 
 date, comprehended the shores of Lakes Superior and Huron, as well as 
 all the great western basin of Canada, the valley of the St. Lawrence as 
 far as the Gulf, the valleys of the Richelieu, Yamaska, St. Francis and 
 Chaudicre, that of the Ottawa and its branches as far as Lake Temis- 
 caming, as well as almost all that part of Lower Canada south of the 
 St. Lawrence, including the district of Gasp6. To these geological 
 labours must be added the topographical surveys of several rivers tribu- 
 tary to Lakes Huron and Superior, of a great part of the Ottawa and its 
 branches, as well as the surveys executed by Mr. Murray upon two lines 
 of exploration between the Ottawa and Lake Huron, and the measure- 
 ments of the principal rivers of Gaspe. All these topographical labours 
 were only accessary to the Geological Survey, although necessary to its 
 prosecution, and have greatly augmented the task of the Geological 
 Commission. 
 
 The Annual Reports of the Geological Survey form at present about 
 1200 pages in 8vo., summaries of the geological researches of each year, 
 with descriptions of the economic materials met with in the progress of 
 the investigation, as well as researches upon the rocks, minerals and 
 soils of the country, by Mr. C. Sterry Hunt, who has, since 1847, been 
 attached to the Geological Commission in the capacity of Chemist and 
 Mineralogist. 
 
 The inevitable expenses in a country where it has been necessary to 
 carry on at the same time topographical and geological investigations, 
 and to organize expeditions into regions still in a state of nature — have 
 been such, that, notwithstanding the liberal sums accorded by the Pro- 
 vincial Government for these researches, it has not been without con- 
 siderable personal sacrifice on the part of its director, that the Geological 
 Survey has been carried on up to the present time. At the last Session 
 of the Legislative Assembly there was accorded the sum of £2,000 for 
 the publication of a Geological Map of Canada, upon a scale of, {njiJ^uiyoj 
 (having thus a length of more than six feet by a breadth of three feet,) to 
 be accompanied by a condensed summary of all the Reports which have 
 yet appeared. It is proposed, during the continuation of the Survey, to 
 publish each year, besides the annual Report of Progress, a livraison of 
 ten plates of the characteristic fossils of the different formations of Canada 
 accompanied by a descriptive text, and also to give geological sections, 
 wuth a minutely detailed geological Map on a large scale, which will 
 be published in several parts to appear successively. 
 
 The geological commission has secured, for the pateontology, the co- 
 
417 
 
 Legislative 
 1 ti)) to that 
 as well as 
 iwrence as 
 rancis and 
 iko Temis- 
 luth of the 
 geological 
 ivers tribu- 
 wa and its 
 n two lines 
 J measure- 
 lal labours 
 sary to its 
 Geological 
 
 sent about 
 each year, 
 progress of 
 lerals and 
 1847, been 
 lemist and 
 
 cessary to 
 stigations, 
 ure — have 
 )y the Pro- 
 thout con- 
 Seological 
 st Session 
 £2,000 for 
 
 ee feet,) to 
 rhich have 
 Survey, to 
 Ivraison of 
 of Canada 
 1 sections, 
 vhich will 
 
 operation of Mr. .limit's llall, ot Xcw \'()rl\, who will (lirt<!t the spoi'ial 
 Htiidics reciuired lor the dt-scriplioii, and publiculioa of the fossils. This 
 diHtini^'uisJR'd professor, so well known by his researches ujxin the 
 geology of the United States, will soon publish a geological map of that 
 country on the same scale as that of (Janada, and as Mr. \a)^hxi has 
 adopted the divisions established by Mr. Hall, in the palicozoic rocks of 
 the United States, their (combined labours in these adjacent countries 
 will giv(! to the Geology of North America, a unify of plan which will 
 greatly facilitate future geologicid researcli(!.s on tlu; American continent. 
 Tiie Map of Canada, which is now being engraved in Paris, will be 
 published before long. 
 
 The Canadian government wishing to scuidtothe Universal Exhibition 
 at Paris a series of the economic minerals of the country, Mr. Logan was 
 directed to collect them, and the minerals here exhibited, although in 
 part, (!xhibited imder the names of dillerent individuals, were, with a few 
 exceptions, collected by the personal care of the members of the Geologi- 
 cal - ommission. In order to indicate the geological relations of these 
 materials, Mr. Logan has exhiliiied at the same time a map upon a scale 
 of B-^o.V-oT)) upon which he has brought together for the first time all the 
 details of his geological labours ; at the same time, as an explanation 
 both of the map and the collection, we have thought proper to give in the 
 little treatise ^which follows, a short account of the most interesting facts 
 in the geology and mineralogy of Canada. We have added, moreover, a 
 catalogue of the economic minerals of the country, and a small map, on 
 a scale which is one-sixth of that about to be published. The geology 
 of the neighbouring States is taken from the Maps of American Geologists? 
 especially from that of Mr. James Hall. 
 
 For the geological facts, and for whatever relates to the j)hysical 
 structure of the country, all is due to Mr. Logan and his geological 
 assistants ; the mineralogy, as well as the chemistry of the metamorphic 
 rocks and the mineral waters, is the result of the researches of Mr. T. 
 Sterry Hunt, who has edited this little sketcn. 
 
 Paris, August 1st, 1855. 
 
 y» 
 
 the 00- 
 
 B' 
 

 *'• 
 
 M^ 
 
 '} 
 
 / 
 
SKETCH 
 
 or TBI 
 
 GEOLOGY OF CANADA 
 
 I 
 
 THE LAURENTIDES. 
 
 The province of Canada is traversed, through its whole length by a 
 mountainous region, dividing it into two basins, which may be distinguish- 
 ed as the Northern and the Southern basins. These mountains, which'have 
 been named the Laurentides, form the North shore of the St. Lawrence 
 from the Gulf as far as Cape Tourment, near Quebec ; from which point 
 they leave the river, and while they follow its general direction be'come 
 more and more remote, until near Montreal, they are at a distance of ten 
 leagues from tho St. Lawrence. Going further Westward, this moun- 
 tainous region follows the line of the Ottawa, and crosses this river near 
 the Lac des Chats, fifty leagues from Montreal. Thence taking a South- 
 ward direction, it reaches the St. Lawrence near the outlet of Lake 
 Ontario and from this point running North-westward, the Southern limit 
 of this formation, reaches the South-eastern extremity of Lake Huron at 
 Matchedash Bay, and forms the Eastern shore of the lake as far as the 
 47th degree of latitude, where quitting this lake, the formation gains Lake 
 Superior, and extends in a i\orth-west direction to the Arctic Sea. 
 
 To the South of the St. Lawrence, this same region covers a consider- 
 able space between the Lakes Ontario and Champlain, and constitutes the 
 Adirondack mountains. With this exception and perhaps also a small 
 exposure in Arkansas and another near the sources of the Mississippi, 
 his formation is not found to the South of the St. Lawrence and 
 as it belongs especially to the valley of this river and constitutes the 
 Laurentide Mountains, the Geological Commission of Canada has dis- 
 tinguished it by the name of the Laurentian system. 
 
-■«»»>*■— III.. .iM ■■,. ■ «i«.,.^^,...-.. v„,>..>M«^^.p^^.f^,^t^«a>krt>Man**-.- 
 
 / 
 
u 
 
 THE LAURENTIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 The rocks of this system are, almost without exception, ancient sedimen- 
 tary strata, which have become highly crystalline. They have been very 
 much disturbed and form ranges of hills, having a direction nearlyjJNorth- 
 east and South-west, rising to the height of 2,000 or 3,000 feet, and even 
 higher. The rocks of this formation are the most ancient known on the 
 American continent, and correspond probably to the oldest gneiss of 
 Finland and Scandinavia, and to some similar rocks in the North of 
 Scotland. 
 
 The rocks of the Laurentian formation are in great part crystalline 
 schists, for the most part gneissoid or hornblendic. Associated with these 
 schists, are found large stratified masses of a crystalline rock, which is 
 composed almost entirely of a lime and soda felspar. This rock is s ine- 
 times fine grained, but more often porphyritic, and contains cleavable 
 masses of felspar, "ometimes several inches in diameter ; these felspars 
 are triclinic. and have ordinarily the composition of andesine, labradorite, 
 anorthite, or of intermediate varieties. Their colours are various, but the 
 cleavable felspars are generally bluish or reddish, and often give colored 
 reflections. Hypersthene is very generally disseminated in these felsp.ithic 
 rocks, but always in small quantity. Titanic iron-ore is also found in 
 them, in a great number of places, sometimes in small grains, but often in 
 considerable masses. 
 
 "With these schists and felspars are found strata of quartzite, associated 
 with crystalline limestones, which occupy an important place in this 
 formation. These limestones occur in beds of from a few feet to three 
 hundred feet in thickness, and often present a succession of thin beds 
 intercalated with beds of gneiss «r quartzite ; these latter are sometimes 
 quartzite conglomerates, and have in certain cases a base of dolomite, 
 Associated with these limestones, are sometimes found beds composed in 
 great part of wollastonite and of pyroxene, species which evidently owe 
 their origin to the metamorphism of silicious limestones. Beds of dolomite 
 and of limestone more or less magnesian, are olten interstratified with the 
 pure limestones of this formation. 
 
 The limestones of this system are rarely compact, and most frequently 
 
 "1^ 
 
/ 
 
 422 
 
 are coarsely granuted. They are wliite or reddish, bluish or grayish, and 
 these colours are often arranged in bands which coincide with the stratifi- 
 cation. The principal mineral species met with in these limestones, are 
 apatite, fluor, serpentine, phlogopite, scapolite, orthoclase, pyroxene, horn- 
 blende, wollastonite, quartz, idocrase, garnet, brown tourmaline, condrodite, 
 spinel, corindum, zircon, sphene, magnetic and specular iron, and graphite. 
 The condrodite and graphite are often arranged in bands parallel with the 
 stratification. Beds of a mixture of wollastonite and pyroxene are some- 
 times met with, which are very rich in zircon, sphene, garnet and 
 idocrase. The most crystalline varieties of these limestones often exhale 
 a very fetid odour when bruised. The limestones of this formation do not 
 yield everywhere well crystallized minerals ; near the bay of Quinte there 
 are met with beds which still preserve the sedimentary character, and show 
 only the commencement of metamorphism. 
 
 The conditions in which they are sometimes found, indicate that the 
 agents which have rendered these limestones crystalline, have been such 
 as to render the carhcnatr, of lime almost liquid, and that, while in that 
 state, i- has undergone great pressure. As evidence of this opinion, we 
 find that the limestone often fills fissures in the adjacent siiicious strata, 
 and envelopes the detached, and often, folded fragments of these less 
 fusible beds precisely like an igneous rock. 
 
 The crystalline schists, felspars, quartzites and felspars which we have 
 described, make up the stratified portion of the Laurentian system, but 
 there are besides, intrusive granites, syenites and diorites, which form 
 important masses ; the granites are sometimes albitic, and often contain 
 black tournoline mica in large plates, zircon and sulphuret of niolybdenor. 
 
 Among the economic minerals of this formation, the ores of iron are 
 the most important, aad are generally found associated with the lime- 
 stones. The magnetic iron ore which supplies the forges of Marmora, 
 C. W., is brought from Belmont, where it forms a succession of beds as- 
 sociated with crystalline limestone and a greenish lalcons slate. The 
 strata are here arranged in the form of a basin, and the iron ore predomi- 
 nates for a thickness of more than 100 feet. A few miles distant from 
 this locality, in the Township of Madoc, there has been wrought a bed 
 df magnetic iron ore which occurs in a micaceous schist and has a thick- 
 ness of 25 or 30 feet. The ore, which is very fine grained, often possesses 
 magnetic polarity, and contains a mixture of small quantities of actyno- 
 lite with a little yellow uranite ; it furnishes an iron of superior quality. 
 Many other mf.sses of this kind of ore are found in the surrounding 
 region ; that of South Sherbrooke has a thickness of 60 feet, and that of 
 Crosby on the Ilideau is nearly two hundred feet thick. At Hull on the 
 
423 
 
 ayish, and 
 le stratifi- 
 tones, are 
 ene, horn- 
 jndrodite, 
 
 graphite. 
 1 with the 
 are some- 
 arnet and 
 ten exhale 
 ion do not 
 linte there 
 
 and show 
 
 e that the 
 been such 
 ile in that 
 pinion, we 
 3US strata, 
 these less 
 
 h we have 
 ^stem, but 
 
 lich form 
 en contain 
 
 ilybdenor. 
 
 iron are 
 the lime- 
 Marmora, 
 ' beds as- 
 ale. The 
 predomi- 
 itant from 
 ght a bed 
 as a thick- 
 
 & 
 
 possesses 
 of actyno- 
 )r quality, 
 rrounding 
 nd that of 
 ull on the 
 
 Ottawa, a bed of ore 100 feet thick is exposed by an undulation of the 
 strata forming a sort of dome, so that the ore is wrought with great faci- 
 lity. These ores are for the most part pure magnetic oxyde of iron, some- 
 times mixed with a few hundreths of mica or quartz. 
 
 A compact variety of oligist ore, (red hematite,) often replaces the 
 magnetic ore in this formation. At Macnab upon the Ottawa, a bed of 
 this species twenty-five feet in thickness, is found in liie crystalline lime- 
 stone ; the ore is mixed with a little silica and carbonate of lime. Mr. 
 Murray of the Geological Commission, has lately recognized the existence 
 of a large extent of crystalline oligist or^ upon one of the islands of 
 Lake Nippissing. 
 
 The limestone of the Laurentian system are often traversed by veins of 
 calcareous spar and sulphate of baryta, containing sulphurct of lead in 
 disseminated masses, or in veins which are often two or three inches 
 in thickness. One of these localities in the township of Lansdowne is 
 already explored ; what appears to be a continuation of the same vein, is 
 met with in the township of Bedford ; these localities are in a general 
 direction N.E. and S.W. The galena is sometimes accompanied with 
 small quantities of blende and iron pyrites; it is very slightly argentifer- 
 ous, yielding by cou[)ellation only about two ounces of silver to the ton 
 of ore. 
 
 Veins containing copper pyrites have been observed in several localities 
 in the Laurentian system ; but the quantity of metal which they contain, 
 appears very inconsiderable. One of these localities is in the Seigniory of 
 Lanoraie, in the county of Berthier, and near to it in the same Seigniory 
 there is a vein of quartz 40 feet wide containing a great cjuantity of, 
 cubic and magnetic pyrites. Intht neighbouring Seigniory of Daillebout 
 there is found a considerable vein of cubic iron pyrites, containing small 
 portions of cobalt and nickel ; this same formation in the State of New 
 York has furnished crystallized sulphuret of nickel. 
 
 Graphite is very frequently disseminated in small plates in the crystal- 
 line limestone, and also forms veins, sometimes of considerable thick- 
 ness. Near Grenville, on the Ottawii, ar(i two of these veins, one of 
 which was wrought some years since. The graphite, according to the 
 description of Mr. Logan, there forms three detached veins, each having 
 a thickness of about five inches, and is accompanied by wollaslonite, 
 orthodase, idocrase, garnet, zircon, and sphene> Fine specimens of gra- 
 phite have also been found in several other localities. The graphite of 
 these limestones being very crystalline and lamellar, cannot be sawn like 
 that of Cumberland, and besides, its colour is grayish and its lustre 
 metallic, so that it is not suited to the manufacture of pencils. It may. 
 
424 
 
 
 / 
 
 however, be very well employed for the fabrication of refractory 
 crucibles. 
 
 The sulphate of baryta which is now very much employed in the 
 fabrication of paiuts is common in the Laurentian formation. The gangue 
 of the lead ve'<ns already mentioned, often consists of this mineral, and 
 in a portion of that of Landsdowne in which the galena disappears, the 
 vein which has a breadth of about two and x half feet, is filled with pure 
 sulphate of baryta, often in large crystal. Bathurst and Macnab are also 
 localities of this mineral. 
 
 The titaniferous iron-ores of this formation merit the attention of mi- 
 neralogists by their abundance as well as by their associations ; although 
 these minerals are not adapted to the production ol iron, when they con- 
 tain a large proportion of titanic acid, they may become important as 
 sources of titanium. The principal deposits of titanic iron in Canada, 
 are at Baic-St.-Paul, where a single mass of 90 feet in breadth and 300 
 feet in length occurs with many other smaller ones in a rock which is 
 chiefly composed of a triclinic fels})ar. The ore which is granular has 
 tiie composition of the ilmenite of the Ural Mountains ; it gave to Mr. 
 Hunt titanic acid 43,60, protoxyd of iron 37,06, peroxyie of iron 
 10,42, magnesia 3,60=99,68; it contains in some parts, a considerable 
 proportion of orange-red transparent grains which are pure titanic acid 
 and belong to the species rutile or brookite. The felspathic rocks of this 
 formation in several other localities, contain titanic iron often in small 
 masses an inch or more in thickness and always marking the lines of 
 stratification. If, in the progress of chemical science, titanium or its 
 compounds should ever become important in the arts, these localities of 
 Lower Canada will afford inexhaustible supplies of titanic iron-ore. 
 
 The crystalline limestone near Grenville furnishes a great quantity of 
 mica in large crystals, capable of being divided into very thin plates, 
 having a length and breadth of from twelve to twenty inches, and perfectly 
 homogeneous and transparent. This locality is already wrought, and the 
 mica is large)y employed in the construction of stoves and lanterns. 
 
 The gneiss and quartz rock of the Laurentian system furnish in many 
 localities excellent building materials, but, as these rocks occur for the 
 most part in regions as yet but little inhabited, and as they are besides, 
 more difficult to work than the silurian limestones, these harder materials 
 are as yet but little explored. The Laurentian limestones furnish a white 
 marble which is often marked with bluish or grayish undulation, as for 
 example that of Arnprior ; or it is mixed with grains of green serpentine 
 as the marble which is wrought at Grenville. These limestones are 
 
 ■t i 
 
426 
 
 'ifractory 
 
 d in the 
 B gangue 
 3ral, and 
 )ears, the 
 vith pure 
 > are also 
 
 m of mi- 
 although 
 they con- 
 >ortant as 
 Canada, 
 and 300 
 which is 
 nular has 
 Lve to Mr. 
 ? of iron 
 isiderable 
 anic acid 
 ks of this 
 in small 
 lines of 
 im or its 
 alities of 
 ore. 
 
 lantity of 
 n plates, 
 
 perfectly 
 t, and the 
 
 erns. 
 
 fine-grained, but the dolomite of lake Mazi'"'a\v may be compared with 
 the marble of Carrara. 
 
 Among the minerals in this formation having an economic) value, we 
 must not forget the phosphate of lime so precious for agriculture, which 
 is often met with in these crystalline lime stones. In the township of 
 Burgess, there is a remarkable locality of this mineral in abed of coarse- 
 grained reddish limestone, containing also large crystals of mica. The 
 phosphate of lime of a pale green colour, often forms Jong prisms two or 
 three inches in diameter ; the angles of these crystals are never very well 
 defined, and the mineral often takes the shape of rounded masses, giving 
 to the limestone that aspect of a conglomerate, and recalling those beds 
 of Silurian limestones which we find filled with coprolites composed of 
 phosphate of lime. The proportion of phosphate of lime in the limestone 
 of Burgess, may be estimated at about one-third of the mass. 
 
 As stones capable of being employed for the purposes of ornament, we 
 may cite from this formation the aventurine felspar to which Thompson 
 gave the name of perthite, but which is an orthoclase, and the periste- 
 rite of the same author which is a white translucent albite, remarkable 
 for its beautiful reflections of blue, yellow and green, resembling those of 
 labradorite. A beautiful variety of this latter species, which we have 
 already stated to be abundant in the hyperstenic rocks, is found in several 
 places in erratic blocks, and exists in place, in the seigniory of Mille- 
 Isles. In the township of Burgess a red variety of corumdum resembling 
 the ruby, is found in small quantities, and the red zircons of Grenville 
 are sometimes transparent and of a fine colour, constituting veritable 
 gems. 
 
 in many 
 Lir for the 
 besides, 
 materials 
 1 a white 
 on, as for 
 erpentine 
 tones are 
 
/ 
 
 
Ill 
 
 THE HURONIAN OR CAMBRIAN SYSTEM. 
 
 The shores of lakes Huron and Superior ofler a scries of schist-s, 
 sandstones, limestones and conglomerates interstratified with heavy beds 
 of greenstone, and resting unconformably upon the Laurcntian formation. 
 As these rocks underly tiiose of the silurian system, and have not as yet 
 afforded any fossils, they may probably be referred to the Cambrian 
 system (lower Cambrian of Sedgwick.) The schisti:' of this system 
 upon Lake Superior are bluish in colour, and contain beds of clurty, 
 silex, marked by calcareous bands, and holding anthracite in its fissures. 
 
 These are covered by a considerable thickness of trap, upon which 
 repose massive beds of red and white sandstone which sometimes 
 becomes conglomerate and contains pebbles of quartz and jasper. Beds 
 of a reddish argillacous limestone are often interstratified with these 
 sandstones, which are intersected and overlaid by a second eruption of 
 greenstone of great thickness and columnar in its structure. This for- 
 mation, which, according to the observations of Mr. [.ogan, lias, on lake 
 Superior a total thickness of about 12,000 feet, is traversed by a vast 
 number of trappean dykes. 
 
 In the corresponding formation on the north shore of lake- Huron, the 
 sandstones are more vitreous and the conglomerates more abundant than 
 on lake Superior; they are, however, associated with conglom- 
 erates and schists similar to those we here just described, and the 
 formation offers great intercolated masses of greenstone. A band of 
 limestone, fifty feet in thickness forms a part of this series to which Mr. 
 Logan assigns a thickness of about 10,000 feet. He has shown after the 
 irruption of the interstratified greenstones, that of two systems of trap 
 dykes and a third of granite, intermediate in time between the two 
 eruptions of trap. The formation of the metalliferous veins is still more 
 recent. The principal mineral species of these veins are native copper, 
 quartz, calc-spar, dolomite, fiuor, and sulphate of baryta with several 
 zeolites, of which laumouitc is the most common, heulandite, stilbite, 
 thompsonite, apophyllite niA analcime are also met with, as well as 
 prelnite and datholite. These veins are only metalliferous \vhere they 
 traverse the beds of greenstones. 
 
428 
 
 The most important localities of native copper are the islands near 
 Nepigon Bay, lake Superior. Upon the island of St. Ignaee a vein 
 coincident with the stratification, has been traced from one end of the 
 island to the other. This vein affords, whenever it has been explored, 
 native copper often finely crystallized and associated with gray copper 
 ore. Native copper has also been wrought on Michipicoten islands, at 
 Maimanse and at Mica Bay, on the Eastern shove of the lake, where it is 
 associated with gray sulphuret of copper and with copper pyrites. Native 
 silver, often well crystallized, accompanies the copper in all the localities 
 indicated in Michipicoten and St. Ignaee islands. At Prince's mine on 
 Spar Island, this metal is found in a vein of quartz and calcareous spar 
 accompanied with sulphuret of silver and copper, blende, galena, 
 malachite and arseniatcd cobalt. The native silver occurs in the form 
 of little laminae in the calcareous spar; several essays upon a mass of 
 several hundred pounds weight, have yielded from three to four per cent 
 of silver, containing traces of gold. Upon Michipicoten Island arsenical 
 nickel is found with an arseniuret of copper (domeykite) and a green 
 hydraled silicate of nickel and alumina containing 31 per cent of oxyd 
 of nickel. Nickel is also found at Wallace mine on lake Huron as an 
 arsenical sulphuret associated with pyrites ; this ore furnishes 13 per 
 cent of nickel with a little cobalt. 
 
 The veins as yet examined on Lake Huron do not contain native 
 copper ; copper pyrites are there the predominant ore, but the Bruce mines 
 have furnished considerable quantities of gray sulpliment, and of varie- 
 gated copper ore in a gaugue of quartz with heavy spar and dolomite. 
 At Wallace's mine, at Root River, and at Echo Lake, there are also large 
 veins where the metal is found in the form of copper pyrites. 
 
 This Huronian formation is known for a distance of about 150 
 leagues upon Lakes Huron and Superior, and everywhere offers metalli- 
 ferous veins, which have as yet been very little explored. It cannot, 
 however, be doubted, that this region contains metallic deposits, which 
 will one day become sources of great wealth to Canada. The coal 
 formation of the neighboring State of Michigan will then furnish the com- 
 bustible required for melting the ores. 
 
 /.I 
 
nds near 
 2 a vein 
 id of the 
 explored, 
 y copper 
 lands, at 
 here it is 
 
 Native 
 
 localities 
 
 mine on 
 
 'ous spar 
 
 galena, 
 the form 
 mass of 
 per cent 
 arsenical 
 I a green 
 
 of oxyd 
 on as an 
 ) 13 per 
 
 a native 
 ce mines 
 of varie- 
 lolomite. 
 Iso large 
 
 3out 150 
 metalli- 
 cannot, 
 s, which 
 ^he coal 
 the com- 
 
IV. 
 
 THE PALAEOZOIC FORMATIONS. 
 
 / 
 
 Upon lli<» islands of the north of Lake Huron a f^erios of fos^iliferous 
 strata is found to rc|)ose horizontally upon the inclined strata of the 
 Huronian formation, but, further south, these fossiliferous rooks rest directly 
 upon those of the luurentian system, throughout the whole of their outcrop 
 in the valley of the St. Lawrence. These fossilifi lous strata correspond 
 to the oldest fossiliferous rocks of Europe desii(nated by Murchison 
 as the Silurian system, but forming the upper cambriau of Sedgwick. 
 To this formation succeeds the uppt^r silurian system of Murchison 
 (Silurian of Sedgwick) and the devonian ; these groups, with the excep- 
 tion of a small area of the carboniferous system, occupy the whole of 
 the Canadian portion of that great basin which is bounded to the north 
 by the Laurentian and Huron iau systems. 
 
 Mr. Logan has shown that the l)asin thus indicated may be divided 
 into two parts by an anticlinal axis, which, following the valley of the 
 Hudson and of Lake (Miamplain, enters Canada near Missisquoi Bay, 
 and thence, running North- West, reaches the St. Lawrence near Descham- 
 bault, ten leagues west of Quebec. The western portion would then 
 form a subordinate basin containing the Apalachian, Michigan and 
 Illinois coal fields, while the eastern portion would embrace the coal 
 fields of New Brunswick and Massachusetts. The rocks of these two 
 basins present remarkable diflerences in their chemical and physical 
 conditions. The formations of the western basin are nearly horizontal, 
 and offer a perfect conformity, while in those of the east, there is discord- 
 ance between the upper and lower silurian, and between the devonian 
 and carboniferous formations. The strata of the eastern basin are more- 
 over very much folded and contorted, and have in some parts undergone 
 profound chemical and inineralogical changes. We shall first give a 
 description of the sedimentary deposits of the western basin. 
 
THE WESTERN BASIN. 
 
 isiliferous 
 ta of the 
 si directly 
 ir outcrop 
 or respond 
 Slurchison 
 Sedgwick. 
 Murchison 
 iho excep- 
 ,e whole of 
 the north 
 
 be divided 
 lley of the 
 L^uoi Bay, 
 Descham- 
 ould then 
 Ihigan and 
 -e the coal 
 these two 
 \ physical 
 [horizontal, 
 is discord- 
 devonian 
 are more- 
 undergone 
 irst give a 
 
 <c 
 
 Reposing upon the Laurenlian and Cambrian (rocks), and from the 
 base of the palujozoic series is found a sandstone, wliich is often purely 
 quartzose, but sometimes (colored) by a mixture of oxyd of iron, and be- 
 coming slightly calcareous in its western prolongation. The fossils of 
 this formation are few in number, being limited to two ir secies of LingulOy 
 some fucoids, and those impressions which have been nav.ied Scolithus. 
 It is worthy of remark that the germ Lingula which characterizes the 
 most ancient formations, still exists in tropical seas, and that the shells of 
 all its species, both recent & fossil, are composed in great part of nlurplatic 
 (lime,) having a composition dillbrent from other shells and identical with 
 that of the bones of vertebrate animals. Th.e different species of Orpicula 
 a germ closely allied to Lingula and the conu/aria offer a simular com- 
 position. 
 
 This sandstone to which the Geologists of New York have given the 
 name of the Potsdam Sandstone often bears the foot prints of an animal 
 which is regarded by Prof. Owen of London as a species of Crustacea 
 of which we have perhaps no living analogue. The impression of the 
 feet on each side are very near to each other, but the width of the tracks 
 from 5 to 12 inches, and there is an intermediate groove which appears to 
 have been made by the tail of the animal. Prof. Owen has given to these 
 impressions the name of protechnites. Thej are very abundant at Vau- 
 dreuil, St Anne and many other localities. The thickness of this forma- 
 tion of sandstone in the Eastern part of Canada is about 300 feet, but it 
 diminishes towards the west. 
 
 Upon the Potsdam Sandstone reposes a formation known as the calci- 
 ferous sandstone having at the East a thickness of 250 feet and it is charac- 
 terized by peculiar organic remains among which are fucoids and several 
 species of gasteropods. To the calciferous sandstone succeeds a mass of 
 lime stone in which the New York Geologists have recognized four 
 divisions designated by the names of Chazy, Birdseye, Black River and 
 Trenton, each of these is characterized by particnlar fossils At Montreal 
 
432 
 
 / 
 
 this group has a thickness of about 1200 feet, and presents at its base 
 massive greyish beds ; towards the upper part the limestones became 
 black and bituminous, and are intercalated with black shales which 
 form the commencement of the succeeding formation. Towards the 
 west, these limestones are less abundant and the divisions not so well 
 marked : upon the Manitoulin Islands, according to Mr. Murray, their 
 total thickness does not exceed 300 feet. 
 
 These limestones are often very rich in fossils, which are sometimes 
 silicified ; near Ottawa the casts of Orthocero) and of some other fossils 
 occur in a granular ferruginous dolomite, v/hde the (encasing) limestone 
 contains no carbonate of magnesia. In the Chazy limestone near Haw- 
 kesbury as well as in a bed of sandstone at AUumette Island, belonging 
 probably to the summit of calciferous sandstone there, are found rounded 
 masses from one to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, consisting in great 
 part of phosphate of iime, and apparently composed of the exuviro of ani- 
 mals subsisting on the phosphatic shells just mentioned which are very 
 abundant in these same beds. Fragments of Lingula are often visible 
 in the interior of these coprolites, which yield by analyses, from 36 to 45 
 per cent, of phosphate of iime, with a little fluorid and carbonate, and 
 portions of magnesia and oxyd of iron. The residue is silicious sand, 
 with two or three per cent, of organic matter, which exhales ammonia 
 with an animal odour when the coprolites are tested. The formation 
 which rests upon the Trenton limestone is known by the name of the Utica 
 Slates ; these slates are black, bituminous and very fragile, containing 
 abundance of graptolites, and having a thickness of from 60 to 100 feet. 
 To the Utica slates succeeds a series of bluish or grayish schists, inter- 
 calated with thin beds of sandstone and limestone. This series which 
 is often very fossiliferous belongs to the Hudson River group of the New 
 York Geologists, and attains in Lower Canada a thickness of about 1500 
 feet ; on Lake Huron, however, it is reduced to about 300 feet. 
 
 Resting upon this last series we find in the western part of Canada, a 
 red argillaceous sandstone, known as the Medina sandstone and regarded 
 as the base of the upper silurian system. At the westejh extremity of Lake 
 Ontario, this sandstone has a thickness of 600 feet, but it becomes thin- 
 ner towards the west, and appears to be wanting in the eastern basin. It 
 is followed by a series of limestone and fossiliferous shales of no great 
 thickness, known as the Clinton Group ; and overlaid by massive beds of 
 bituminous limestone, known as Niagara limestone. Thiss ^rmation pre- 
 sents an elevated plateau atthe Falls of Niagara, while following at a little 
 distance the S. W. shore of Lake Ontario, is prolonged to Gabots Head, 
 
433 
 
 its base 
 
 became 
 s which 
 rards the 
 t so well 
 ray, their 
 
 onetimes 
 lier fossils 
 limestone 
 lear Haw- 
 belonging 
 d rounded 
 ig in great 
 ace of ani- 
 ;h are very 
 ten visible 
 ,n» 36 to 46 
 )onate, and 
 ious sand, 
 ammonia 
 formation 
 fthe Utica 
 containing 
 to too feet, 
 hists, inter- 
 iries which 
 of the New 
 about 1500 
 
 Canada, a 
 id regarded 
 ity of Lake 
 :omes thin- 
 basin. It 
 lof no great 
 iive beds of 
 [mation pre- 
 ig at a little 
 ibots Head, 
 
 upon Lake Huron, and thence to tlie Manitoulin islands. The upper 
 beds of this formation, often contain cavities iiUed with crystals of cal- 
 careous spar, dolomite, sulphate of baryta, (lour, celesline, selenite and 
 anhydrite, sometimes with blende and galena. The combined thickness of 
 the Clinton and Niagara groups on Lake Ontario if^ about i?00 feet, but up{m 
 the Manitoulin Islands it rises to nearly 600 feet. To this formation 
 succeeds a formation of shales and limestones known by the names of the 
 Gypsiferous Group and the Onondago Salt Croup wliieli is followed by 
 beds of limestone containing Delthyrh and Pentamcrus. These lime- 
 stones form the summit of the upper silurian system, which attains be- 
 tween the Lukes Erie and Ontario, a total thickness of about 1100 feet. 
 
 The base of the Devonian Si/sfein^ \n the State; of New York, is the 
 Oriskanij , sandstone represented n Canada by a white (jiiart/ose sandstone 
 of little thickness upon which rests ihv comiferons lu/icstonc of the New 
 York Geologists, the two forming together what they lia\ e named the ujjper 
 Hekh-rlicrg series. To these rocks succeed blaclc bitinninous shales 
 known as the Hamilton Group. This is the highest Ibnnalion met with 
 in Western Canada, but in the neighboring States of Michigan and \ew 
 York, we meet with the upper portion of tin- Devonian system in the form 
 of massive sandstones intercalated with shales, and divided by the Aew 
 York Geologists into the /■*o/-/ff^'ert/if/ C/icmjing' Group^ and the Catskitl 
 M'dinlain Group. This last is regarded as the eijuivalent of tin; old red 
 sandstone of England, and inunediately iniderlies the carboniferous sys- 
 tem. 
 
 The fossiliferous limestones of Montreal and St. l)oinini<|ue take a fine 
 polish and are employed as marl)les; they exhibit white I'ossil fonu upon 
 a gray or bluish gray ground. At Missistjuoi Hay, and at Cornwall, is 
 found a fine black marble, whi(!h belongs to the Trenton limestone. St. Lin 
 furnishes large slabs of a beautiful reddish gray marble, filled with organic 
 remains, especially with corals which have a bright red colour. This 
 marble belongs to the Chazy division, wluch at Pakenham, gives a com- 
 pact chocolate-brown marble susceptible of a very fine polish. The rocks 
 of the Hudson River Group and the Trenton limesiom! furnish every- 
 where good material for building and paving The Cha/y limestone con- 
 taines an argillaceous bed which is largely wrought on the Ottawa, and 
 furnishes the hydraulic cement of Hull, which is much esteemed. This bed 
 characterized by the proximity t)f a layer filled with Ci/therc, has bcim 
 traced over a large area and furnishes a hydraulic cement at Kingston and 
 Loughboro'. At Quebec a black limestone belonging to the Hudson 
 River group, yields also a very valuable cement. The Thorold cement 
 
434 
 
 / 
 
 so widely used, is derived from the base of the Niagara limestone while 
 the gypsiferous formation at Cayuga, at Paris, upon the Grand River, and 
 at Point Douglas on Lake Huron furnishes a cement which hardens very 
 rapidly under water. 
 
 The chazy limestone in the vicinity of Marmora, contains beds of a 
 superior lithographic stone in large quantities. The same stone may be 
 traced at intervals as far as Lake Couchiching a distance of about 75 
 leagues. 
 
 The gypsum qu trries of the upper Silurian rocks are very important, 
 and are founc] all along the outcrop of the so called gypsiferous forma- 
 tion. The principal quarries wrought are in the townships of Dumfries, 
 Brantford, Oneida and Cayuga. The gypsum is chiefly employed in the 
 country as a manure or calcined as plaster of Paris. But apart from the 
 domestic consumption, the townships of Oneida and Cayuga furnished 
 last year 7000 tons for exportation to the United States. These gyj)suras 
 are of recent origin ; they occur in the form of mounds, which penetrate 
 the pakcozoic strata, and even the overlying clays of recent date. The 
 beds of limestone which surrounds them are upraised, broken, and in 
 creat part absorbed. Mr. Stcrry Hunt, of the Canadian Geological Com- 
 mission has shown that these phenomena are due to certain springs con- 
 taining free sulphuric acid which acting upon the carbonate of lime 
 have changed it into gypsum. (Sea Comptes Rendus deP Academic des 
 Sciences^ 1855, \st Semeslre p. 1348.) The Utica slates which are some- 
 times higlily bituminous are worthy of attention as sources of oils and 
 bituminous matters, but as yet no experiments have been made with 
 them from an industrial point of view. 
 
 The Hamilton shales are still more bituminous and furnish in many 
 parts of Wtstern Canaada, springs of petroleum, as those upon the 
 Thames and in Enniskillen where there are several superficial layers of 
 as))halt, which appears to have been produced by the transformation of 
 petroleum. The largest deposit of asphalt covers three acres, and there 
 is another of half an acre with a thickness in some parts of two feet. 
 This matter furnishes by distillation among other products a great quantity 
 of naphtha. 
 
 Ill 
 
le while 
 ver, and 
 ens very 
 
 eds of a 
 
 may be 
 
 ibout 75 
 
 nportant, 
 s forina- 
 )umfries, 
 ed in the 
 from the 
 furnished 
 gyj)suras 
 penetrate 
 ite. The 
 n, and in 
 ical Com- 
 rings con- 
 of lime 
 idemie des 
 lare some- 
 oils and 
 lade with 
 
 in many 
 [upon the 
 I layers of 
 Imation of 
 land there 
 
 two feet. 
 Lt quantity 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE EASTERN BASIN. 
 
 We have already indicated the existence of an anticlinal axis which 
 divided in two parts the palaeozoic region of Canada. Upon the line of 
 th's axis the most recent formation (with the exception of the quaternary 
 deposits) is the lower portion of the Hudson River group, distinguished 
 by the name of the Lorraine or Richelieu shales. In the Yamaska valley 
 an outcrop of the Trenton limestone marks this anticlinal line which 
 separates the two basins. Not far to the east of this limestone, we find 
 reposing upon the Richelieu shales a series of sedimentary rocks which 
 constitute the upjjcr part of the Hudson River group, but which aie 
 entirely wanting in the western basin from which they have jjrobably 
 been removed by denudation- This series is composed of massive 
 grayish sandstone, often calcareous, associated with schists, gray, green, 
 and red near the summit, and with other schists black, bituminous and 
 graptolitic. In some parts of this formation the sandston(! becomes con- 
 glomerate and encloses great fragments of the inferior fossiliferous forma- 
 tions. More frequently however these sandstones pass into a bituminous 
 limestone containing fossils, and mixed with magnesia, oxyd of iron or 
 silicions sand. These limestones are intercalated witii silicious and 
 bituminous dolomite which weathers yellow and contains a ])ortion of car- 
 bonate of iron; the dolomite appears in some parts to be replaced by a 
 ferruginous and silicious carbonate of magnesia. This series of rocks 
 forms the heights of Poinl-Levi and Quebec, where it has a thickness 
 of 1000 feet. To this Quebec formation, succeed red and green schists 
 holding little bands of calcareous matter, and intercalated, especially 
 near the summit, with great masses of quartzose sandstone, often cal- 
 careous, and coloured reddish or greenish by a mixture of argillaceous 
 matter. This series of sandstones and schists which may have a total 
 thickness of 300 feet, has been named by Mr. Logan the Sillery group, 
 and appears to be the equivalent of that which the New York Geogolists 
 have designated as the Shawangunk or Oneida conglomerate, which in 
 central New York is interposed between the Richelieu shales and the 
 Medina sandstone. This Sillery group like that of Quebec is wanting 
 
430 
 
 in Western Canada, but to the east the two may be traced as? far as 
 the southern extremity of tiie Apall.'ichian coal basin. 
 
 The Siilery group offers but very few organic remains ; at Riviere Ouelle, 
 however the sandstone has furnished bodies composed of phosj)hate of 
 lime, and resembling fragments of bones. In the same locality also a bed 
 of conglomerate with a calcareous base contains a great number of 
 w' at appear to be coprolites ; they are composed of phosphate of lime 
 with a little corbonate, some animal matter, and 10 or l2 per cent, of 
 oxyd of iron, and are intermingled with a large (piantity of iron pyrites 
 in small radiated globules. This association appears to be due to the re- 
 dncing action of organic matters upon a neutral proto-sulphate of iron 
 which would furnish at the same time bisulplniret and oxyd of iron. 
 The graptolilic hales of Point- Levi also contain eoj)roli1es. 
 
 Upon the Quebec and Siilery groups, whi' li form the northern shore 
 of the peninsula of Gaspe, repose unconformably about. 200 feet of 
 fossiliierous limestones and shales which represent the upper silurian 
 system, and to these succeed 7000 feet of devonian sandstones interstra- 
 tilied with red shales. Upon the Soulliern shore of Gaspe the upturned 
 edges of these devonian s'rata are overlaid by 3000 feet of horizontal 
 beds of ;i sandstone, 'he mill sloue grit which forms the base of the New 
 Brunswick coal-field, but they are themselves destitute of coal. 
 
 Tiie lossilif'rous limestones of Gaspo ]n:-.y he followed to the S. W. as far 
 as Luke IMcMiphramagog upon the li.ic ot'ihe Liiired States, and from thence 
 thev eontitmc southwards in tlu; valLv of the Conucclicut until thev are 
 concealed by liie triassic sandstones of Massachusetts, affording a continuous 
 outcrop of 700 miles. The devonian system, which is purely silicious in 
 Gaspe, presents towards the S. W. some beds of limestone, which are fo'..nd 
 associated witli the upper silurian limestones, in the line of the great .'alley 
 lUSt indicated. 
 
 / 
 
 I ,■ 
 
VII. 
 
 THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS. 
 
 The rocks of tlic caslern basin have been disturbed by successive fold- 
 ings and dislocations, and form a series of parallel niontain ranj^es which 
 belong to the Apallachicn system and which, traversinjj; the province of 
 Canada, in a south-west direction, may b 'rated as far as the State of Ala- 
 bama, in latitude 34° N. Some of 'licse mountains in Canada al'ain a 
 height of over 4000 foet. The rocks of this mountainous region have been 
 very much metamorphosed and rendered crystalline by cliemical action, so 
 that the fossils are for the greater part obliterated. The rocks thus altered 
 belong to the Hudson River group and to that of Sillery, and they form 
 a belt haviu''- an averau;e breadth of about 40 miles, which limits to the 
 north-west the valley occupied by the superior limestones ihroughotit its 
 whole length. The direction of this mctamorphic belt does not coincide 
 precisely with that of the undulations of the region, from which it results 
 that the latter, in their northern ])rolongation, pass out of the limits of the 
 metamorphic region and present the strata with tlieir characteristic fossils. 
 The changes which these sedimentary strata have luidergone are often very 
 remarkable, some of the bcvls have been converted into chloritic, micaceous 
 and talcous schist and others hito felspathic, hornbleinHc and epidotic rocks. 
 With the talcne schists and agillites are intercalated beds of serpentine, 
 which have already been traced for a distance oi' 150 miles in Canada and 
 are accompanied by limestone, dolomite, magnesite and dialUige. 
 
 The investigations ot the Geological Commission go to show that during 
 the changes which these sedimentary rocks have undergone, there has been 
 no introduction of foreign materials, but that on the contrary all the minerals 
 which are found in these crystalline strata have been produced by the re- 
 actions and chemical combinations of the matters already existing in a state 
 of mixture in the sediments. The unaltered argilaceons schists yield by 
 analysis four or five per cent, of alkali which suffices to form the felspar 
 and the micas found in the crystaline schists; the dolomites and the mag- 
 nesites always contain a large amount of silica and very often a ^lortion of 
 oxyd of chromium which under the form of chromic iron characterises the 
 serpentines of this region. The sedimentary origin of these ser]ientines is 
 
438 
 
 V. ■ ; ' 
 
 / 
 
 
 very evident and they are probably the result of an action between silica 
 and carbonate of magnesia in presence of water, and aided by a somewhat 
 elevated tempcriUiire. Bischoif has shown that silica even in its insoluble 
 modification decomposes the carbonate of liine, magnesia and iron, in con- 
 tact with water at 100° centigrade. A similar reaction with highlv silicious 
 magnesites would furnish a hydrated silicate which is no other than ser- 
 pentine, and with the dolomites would result amphiboles and diallages. 
 Magnesites containing less silica would yield talcs and steatites, while dol- 
 omites containing too little silica to form aiuphiboles would give rise to the 
 mixtures of serpentine with carbonate of lime so common in these strata. 
 
 Among tiic unctuous schists possessing a pearly lustre there are many 
 which are not magnesian but owe their physical characters to a micaceous 
 mineral, which in certain cases at least is a hydrous silicate of alumina, 
 idential with the phokrite of cuillemin. It is worthy of remark that the 
 principal minerals of these metamorphic rocks are hydrated, as for cxaviipiCj 
 the serpentine, talc, chlorite and pholeritc ; the diallage is also h;',drated. 
 Among the anhydronus specise which these rocks contain, we may mention 
 pyroxene, orthoclasc,e[)idote,and more rarely garnet, sphcne and tourma- 
 line. 
 
 As we approach the north-western limit of the metamorj)hic region, it is 
 easy to observe the gradual tx*ansition by which the schists lose their 
 chloritic -ind nacreous aspect, and assume their original sedimentary charac- 
 ter. Beyond the limits of the metamorphism, but in a region where the 
 rocks are still much disturbed, there are found fissures filled with a black, 
 bituminous ..nd very fragile material, whicli somcliines forms botryordal 
 masses. This matter loses by a strong heat 20 per cent, of volatile by hy- 
 drocarbons and leaves a pulverulent charcoal which burns with difficulty 
 being only a few thousanthes of ash. This substance which is very common 
 in the formations of Sillery and Quebec appears to have been derived from 
 the bitumen of the palaeozoic rocks, which volatilized by heat has been con- 
 densed in fissures, where it has subsequently undergone such changes a'? 
 have caused it to lose its volatility, and converted it into a coal-like material. 
 
 In the County of Ga-.pe, the limcstOiie of the upper silurian sytem, 
 which have sufif'orcd no mineralogical changes, rest upon the metamorphosed 
 strata of lower silurian, and frequently enclose fragments of these latter, 
 but towards the south-west, the fossils of these limestones show proofs of 
 a conmiencement of such inetamoiphisii ,and in the valleys of the river St. 
 Francis and of Lake Memp!;ramagog, the limestone become crystalline 
 and mhaceous, although the fossils of the upper silurian and devonian 
 epochs may be still recognized upon weathered surfaces and in thin sections 
 
439 
 
 iitter, 
 oois of 
 iver St. 
 talline 
 vonian 
 cctions 
 
 of the limestones. Towards the south-east these crystaUine limestones 
 are overlaid by micaceous schists more or less calcareour associated with 
 chiastolite slates, quartzites and hornblendic rocks containinj; garnets, the 
 whole beintj; altered palaeozoic strata, and penetrated by granites of the 
 devonian epoch. The facts which we have cited shew that the mctamor- 
 phic action in this region, as well as the force which prodiic<Hl the undula- 
 tions of the strata was prolonged up to the end of the palaeozoic epoch. 
 
 The crystalline strata just described contain many metallic veins which 
 traverse both the n])per and lower silurian rocks, and these veins, together 
 with the mineral contents of the metamorphic strata themselves make this 
 region very interesting in an economic )) int of view. A scries of highly 
 ferruginous slates of the Hudson River group, yield in the townships of Bolton 
 and Bromc beds of iion ore, in which the metal in the form of magnetic 
 oxyd or ])eroxyd is disseminated in crystals or more often in grains and 
 scales in a chloritic schist associated with dolomite. These i>cds have a 
 thicl<ness of from six to fifteen feet and yield from 20 to 50 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. They often contain titanic acid, but generally in small 
 quantity. The t'tanium also appears in the form of crystals of sphone in a 
 vein ti'aversing one of the beds of magnetic iron ore, and in another locality 
 as crystallized rutilc upon specular iron ; chemical analysis shews the 
 presence of titanium in the unalteretl ferruginous slates of the altered region. 
 These deposits of iron ore are very abundant, but from the mixture ot 
 chlorite and the presence of titanium, they cannot be compared with the 
 deposits of the same species in the Laurentian rocks. The same ores arc 
 met with in many other localities in tiiis formation A remarkable locality 
 of magnetic and titaniferous iron occurs in Vaudreuil and Beauce, where 
 the two species intimately mixed, form a Ijcd fifty feet thick in seri)entine. 
 The ore is granular and after having been pulverized may be separated by 
 the magnet into two portions ; the magnetic portion which forms about 
 two-thirds o! the mass is pure magnetic oxyd of iron, while the residue is 
 ilmenite containing 48.6 per cent of titanic acid. The serpentines of this 
 region contain in many places disseminated grains of chromic iron ore, of 
 which a bed of twelve inches occurs in Bolton, and one of fourteen 
 inches in Ham. These ores contain from 4G to 50 per cent, of oxyd of 
 chromium. Chromic iron also occurs disseminated in the dolomites and 
 
 magnesites. 
 
 The copj)er ores of this metamorphic region are found in veins which 
 are generally concordant with the stratification, and are associated with the 
 dolomites of the Quebec formation. In Upton there is a vein twelve 
 inches wide, of argentiferous copper pyrites, in a gangue of quartz, and 
 
uo 
 
 / 
 
 another similar vein near Sherbrooke contains, besides silver, traces of {rold. 
 In Leeds and Inverness are found considerable veins of siilphuret of cop- 
 per, variegated copper ore, with a ganitne of quartz and dolomite. In 
 Leeds a l)cd of ferruginous dolomite contains sulphuret of copper and 
 specular iron with a little native gold. Small quantities of copper ore are 
 met with in various other localities ; they are often disseminated in beds of 
 dolomite, with blende and galena. 
 
 The seigniories of Vaudrcuil and St. George, in the Valley of the 
 Chaudiere, present veins of (juar' ' whic' ravorsc slates belonging to the 
 base of ihe up])er silnrian lisnesf >"» d contain native gold in small 
 quantities, with galena, blende, aj,' ■ ulphnret of iron, cubic and 
 magnetic pyrites. The blende and j. .ites • both auriferous, and the 
 galena from a recently opened vein contains oie-thousandth of silver. 
 The dehris of these slates and of those of the Quebec formation, have 
 furnished the auriferous sands which cover a large area on the south-oast 
 slopes of the mctamorphic belt. The gold, the existence of which Mr. 
 Logan has shewn in the alluvium over a surface of about 10,000 square 
 miles, is issociated with magnetic, chromic and titanic iron ores, rutile, 
 zircon, and small quantities of native platinum and iridosnium. The gold, 
 which sometimes occurs in masses weighing sf^vr ral ounces, but more often 
 in the form of small scales and grains, contains from eleven to thirteen per 
 cent, of silver. It is not easy to say what proportion of gold is contained 
 in these sands, but experiments on a large scale have shewn that the 
 exploration cannot be pursued with profit with the present price of labour. 
 Cobalt and nickel have been found in traces only in these rocks. An 
 arseniated oxyd of nickel is fo-md in small quantity at Bolton, and the oxyds 
 of the two metals are associated with the chromic iron of Ham. 
 
 Among the economic materials of this region, the roofing slates must 
 not be forgotten. It is now only six years since the geological conunission 
 first signalized their existence, and already large (piarries are wrought, which 
 furnish in abundance slates of superior quality. The quarries of Melbourne, 
 Richmond and Kingsoy, belong to ihc Hudson River group, but those of 
 Westbury and iiiviere du Loup, are near the base of the upper silnrian. 
 These slates have a '^leavage independently of the stratification, and have 
 shining surfaces. Silicious slates which serve as whetstones, arc common in 
 many localities in both of these formations. 
 
 Steatite, which generally accompanies the serpentines of Lowei; Canada, 
 is abundanf, in Bolton, Potton, Vaudrcuil, Beauce, and many other localities. 
 The former beds, iiitercolatcd for the most ])art with argillaceous or horn- 
 blendic schists, may be obtained in large masses. A comj)act chlorite 
 
441 
 
 of irold. 
 ; of cop- 
 lite. In 
 per and 
 r ore are 
 1 beds of 
 
 y of the 
 ng to the 
 in small 
 ibic and 
 and the 
 if silver, 
 in , have 
 ^nth-oast 
 dich Mr. 
 square 
 s, rutile, 
 rhc gold, 
 pre often 
 teen per 
 ontained 
 that the 
 labour. 
 s. An 
 le oxyds 
 
 tes must 
 unission 
 t, which 
 bourne, 
 those of 
 Silurian, 
 nd have 
 mnion in 
 
 Canada, 
 
 )calities. 
 
 or horn- 
 
 chlorite 
 
 or potstone is also very abundant in many parts of the same formation, 
 and may readily be sawn into large blocks. The serpentines throughout 
 their whole extent, furnish very beautiful dark green marble, often resem- 
 bling the vert-antique ; green serpentines of various shades are mingled with 
 white and grayish limestones, giving rise to many varieties of these marbles, 
 the finest of which are from Broughton and Oxford. Near Philipsburg the 
 Trenton limestones afford a fine white marble ; in their southern prolonga- 
 tion, these limestones become more crystalline, and form the white marbles 
 of Vermont, which are now celebrated. The upper silurian limestone of 
 Dudswell are grayish and yellowish, with veins and spots of black ; they 
 still exhibit on their polished surfaces, the traces of fossils, and often form 
 marbles of great beauty. 
 
 The dolomites and magnesian carbonates of this region luir .x in abun- 
 dance the materials for the fabricafion of the salts of magnesia. I . eposit 
 of magnesite in Bolton has a breadth of more than 300 fe ,. the lock is 
 crystalline and colored green by oxyds of chrome and nick . a tother bed 
 of it has been found at Sutton. The analysis of the two has jivt as ^ollows •* 
 
 Sutton. Bolton. 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia 83.35 60.13 »=■ magne^.a 28.62 
 
 Carbonate of iron 9.02 8,32 ■= oxyd of iron. .. . 5.13 
 
 Silica, insoluble 8.03 32.20 
 
 100,40 100,65 
 
 The insoluble part of these magnesites is chiefly silicious sand. It is 
 worthy of remark that the Bolton rock contains silica and magnesia in the 
 proportions required to form a serpentine. 
 
 The granites already alluded to, which traverse the devonian system, 
 are very fine grained, of a grayish color, and splitting with facility, yield 
 a superior building material ; that of Stanstead is the best known. Vau- 
 dreuil furnishes a bluish-gray variety which is used by the country 
 people for the fabrication of mill-stones. 
 
 To the east of the great anticlinal axis which divides in two partst he 
 palaeozoic formations of Canada, are the moLutains of Bromc, Shefford, 
 and Yamaska ; these are great masses of an intrusive rock, which is a coarse- 
 grained diorite, often having the aspect of a granite, and containing gene- 
 rally a white felspar with augite and a little mica. The mountains of 
 Monnoir, Beloeil, Montarville, Montreal and Rigaud, to the west of the 
 same axis, are also formed of intrusive rocks ; Beloeil, which is the most 
 elevated, has a height of about 1,300 feet. These hills are composed of 
 diorites having much resemblance to that of Brome and Yamaska ; these 
 diorites are characterized by the presence of small amber-yellow crystals 
 of sphene. 
 
/ 
 
 r. > 
 
VIII. 
 
 THE QUATERNARY OR ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS. 
 
 We have already indicated the existence in Canada of the palaeozoic 
 rocks and the base of the carboniferous system, but with the exception of 
 the post-tertiary deposits, the more recent formations are entirely want- 
 ing. The surface of Canada is formed of clays interstratified with sands 
 and clays, and in many parts overlaid by diluvium. These stratified de- 
 posits contain the remains of a great many species of marine animals, 
 identical with those now inhabiting the gulf of the St. Lawrence. The 
 concretions found in a bed of clay near Ottawa contain in great abundance 
 the remains of the capeling (wa//o/^^s villosKs) associated sometimes with the 
 Qyclostomas linnpus, and great numbers of the leaves of exogenous trees. The 
 skeletons of a celacea and of a species of Phoca have been found in the clays of 
 Montreal, where beds filled with shells exist at a height of 500 feet above the 
 present sea-level. Similar stratified clays, but without fossils, have even 
 been remarked at an elevation of 1,200 feet. The detached bones of the 
 Elephas primigenins and of a species of deer have been found in a stratified 
 gravel on the shores of Lake Ontario. In the Valley of the St. Lawrence 
 several terraces may be distinguished, marking the different limits of the 
 sea during the deposition of these post-tertiary strata. 
 
 The clays of this scries form the superficial soil of a great portion of the 
 country ; they are often calcareous and constitute a soil remarkably fertile. 
 The alluvium which is spread over but limited areas, has been transported 
 from the north ; in the eastern {)art of the St. Lawrence Valley it consists 
 almost exclusively of the ruins of rocks olthe Laurentian system, but in the 
 south-west of Canada the dehris of the palaeozoic formations are mingled 
 with those of the crystalline rocks. 
 
 The soil of the south-east of Canada is composed of the ruins of I he 
 metamorphic palaeozoic strata which form that mountain chain, already de- 
 scribed as a prolongation of the Alleghanics. In the Laurentide mountains 
 the soils are very fertile near the limestones and the lime felspars, and we 
 find that the settlements have followed the outcrops of these rocks, while 
 the gncifsoid and quartz ore districts are still uncultivated. Among the 
 
.■.l», - , N W> S*' i -« iiT 
 
 444 
 
 
 economic materials of the superficial deposits arc clays for the fal)ricatiorj 
 of Ijrick.s and coarse pottery which arc \vron<rht in a f^rcat rutinlicr of 
 pluces. In the vicinity of London, of Toronto and of Cobonr^ there are 
 clays which yield while and yellow bricks that are much esteemed. 
 Monldinj^ sands and tripolis are also al)nn(lant in different localities. De- 
 posits of shell marl, very valn;»ble as manure, occur often in beds of large 
 extent; among other localities we may cite Sheffield and Olden, near 
 Kingston, the vicinity of Ottawa, Stanstead and New Carlisle. 
 
 The hydrated pcroxyd of iron liinonite, is widely spread in Canada, and 
 forms superficial deposits often of large extent. The forges of St. Maurice, 
 near Trois llivieres, have been sujiplied for nearly a century with the 
 limonite of th:it neighborhood, and u furnace for the smelling of the same 
 ore has lately been eslat)lishcd at ('hamplain in the same vicinity. It is 
 worthy of remark that although the St. Maurice ore contains a considera- 
 ble proportion of phosphate, it furnishes castings and tualleable iron of an 
 excellent (piality. In the County of Norfolk, on the shores of Lake Erie, 
 there are beds of runonile which have been wrought for a long time, and 
 there arc also extensive beds of this ore in Vaudrcuil, near MoiUreal, and 
 at Saint Vallier. 
 
 These deposits of limonite on the north side of the St. Lawrence, are 
 often associated with iron ochres ; the most remarkable localities of which 
 are at Pointe-du-lae and St. Anne de Montmorenci. The ochres of Pointe- 
 du-lac are wrought, and yield by different processes a variety of valuable 
 pigments. The phosphate of iron, viviaiiite, in a pulverulent form is 
 found in abundance with the limonite of Vaudrcuil. 
 
 Considerable areas in the eastern part of Canada are covered with 
 marshes which furnish al)undance of peat, but this combustible is as yet 
 almost unknown in the country. There arc a great many ol these marshes 
 upon the north side of the St. Lawrence from Mille Isles, in the District of 
 Montreal, as far as Champlain, a distance of abouf. 120 miles; and upon 
 the opposite shore the}"^ arc fouiul from the County of Beauharnois to the 
 Riviere du Loup, over a length of about 300 miles. The savanne of St. 
 Hyacinthe covers an area of about two leagues, and there are others still 
 larger. The peat is often twelve and fifteen feet in thickness, and of ex- 
 cellent (pialiiy ; that of Longueuil, in the vicinity of Montreal, has been 
 wrought for a year past, and furnishes a fuel which will before long become 
 very im])ortant for a country where coal is wanting and where wood is 
 already becoming dear. 
 
Ul)ric'utiun 
 lumljcr of 
 the re arc 
 esteemed, 
 ties. De- 
 ls of large 
 tleti, near 
 
 uukIm, and 
 . Maurice, 
 y with the 
 ' the same 
 ity. It is 
 eoiisidera- 
 iron of an 
 liiike Erie, 
 lime, and 
 itreal, and 
 
 re nee, are 
 
 of which 
 
 of Pointe- 
 
 vahuible 
 
 I form is 
 
 :re<i with 
 is a;^ yet 
 e marshes 
 Jislrict of 
 ud upon 
 lis to the 
 ne of St. 
 
 lers still 
 (1 of ex- 
 
 las been 
 g become 
 
 wood is 
 
 IX. 
 
 THE MINERAL WArEUS. 
 
 The mineral waters of Canada witliout exception issue from the unaltered 
 palaeozoic rocks, and otter from their lunnber and their various composi- 
 tion a very intcr'\stir><i; subject of invesiiuation. The aiuiual reports of the 
 peological commissu;;! nive the analysis, by Mr. Sterry Hunt, of (ifiy-ninc 
 sprin<i;s, of which fifty- four are more or less saline, ami may be divided 
 into two classes: the neutral waters which contain besides salts of soda, 
 chlorides of calcium and ma!.!;nesia, and the alkaline waters holdiiig carbo- 
 nate of soda. Both of these clas-es contain with but few exceptions, 
 bromides and iodides in small (piantitiea, as well as bicarbonate of lime and 
 majjnesia, often in great abuntlance. In those springs which do not con- 
 tain sidi)hates, sails of baryta and strohtia are constantly met with, and 
 small traces of oxyds of iron and manganese are never wanting, lu some 
 of the neutral salines the cpjanlities of chlorides of magnesia and caleiiun 
 are so consideralile that the waters are very bitter, but others, which contain 
 less of these salts are very agreablc to the taste, and much freciuenied by 
 invalids. In the report of the geological commission for 1850, there is a 
 list of twenty springs of this class, containing, fri)m four to thirty-six parts 
 of solid matter in one thousand i)arts of water. Among these springs the best 
 known are Saint-Leon, Caxton, Plantagenet, Lanoraie, and Point-du-Jour, 
 but others e([ually good are found at Nicolet, St. Genevieve and elsewhere. 
 The quantities of bromides and iodides, and the salts of baryta andstrontia 
 contained in several of these springs give them valuable medicinal pro- 
 perties. 
 
 In the report already cited there is also a list of eighteen alkaline springs, 
 of which twelve furnisl from two to twelve parts of solid matter to the thou- 
 sand of water. Among these twelve there are nine which contain salts of 
 baryta and strontia, these two bases being almost always associated. In 
 the more saline of these, the quantity of carbonate of soda is relatively 
 small, being equal to from one to twelve hundredths of the total w- '.'ilit of 
 soda salts, while in the weaker waters it rises to fifty and even eighr-hun- 
 dredths. The greater number of these waters contain small quantities of 
 borate of soda, which is included with the carbonate in the numbers which 
 
446 
 
 / 
 
 we have just given. The best known of these springs are those of Var- 
 ennes and Caledonia, which are feebly alkaline and pleasant to the taste. 
 A spring at Chambly contains two thousandths of solid matter, of which 
 one half is carbonate of soda, and another at Nicolet contains in a litre 1"135 
 grammes of alkaline carbonate, and only 0*423 grammes of chlorids. The 
 proportion of potash in these mixed salts rarely rises above two or three- 
 hundredths, hvc the alkalies of a spring at St. Ours, determined in the stale of 
 chlorides, give twenty-five hundredths of chloride of potassium. The water 
 of this spring contains 0'53 grammes of solid matter in a litre, principally 
 alkaline carbonates. All the waters of this class hold in solution silica, 
 often in considerable quantity, and deposit by boiling, silicates of lime and 
 magnesia, mixed with carbonates of these bases. Silica in a soluble form 
 is always found even in the neutral saline waters. ■ 
 
 With some few exceptions, the springs of these two classes rise from 
 strata belonj^lng to the low»;r silurian system, the waters of the limestones 
 which form its base are generally neutral, while the springs which flow from 
 the schists which cover these limestones are often alkaline. 
 
 Among the springs of the upper silurian rocks there are some neutral 
 salines, and those of the acid waters, of which we have spoken in noticing 
 the gypsums of Upper Canad;i. The analyses of four of these s])rings have 
 furnished from 2'00 to 4'30 grammes of free sulphuric acid, and from OGO 
 to 1'87 granmies of sulphate of iron, alumina, lime, magnesia, and alkalies to 
 the litre. Of these acid waters that of Tuscarora is the best known and has 
 a great reputation among the country people of the vicinity in the treat- 
 ment of various diseases ; all these acid springs contain a little sulphur- 
 etted hydrogen. Many of the springs of the silurian rocks are more or 
 less sulphurous, but that of Cnarlotteville, which is upon the outcrop of the 
 devonian rata contains in addition to aconsiderable amo\nit of chlorides and 
 sulphates, ihe large proportion of 32 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen 
 to the gallon. 
 
 The acid springs of which we have just spoken, as well as a great num- 
 ber of salines, evolve carburetted h;ydrogen gas, and often in consider- 
 able quantities. None of the springs of Canada as far as yet observed 
 appear to merit the appellation of thermal. 
 
 
»se of Var- 
 
 the taste. 
 
 •, of which 
 
 litre 1-135 
 
 rids. The 
 
 or three- 
 
 the stale of 
 
 The water 
 
 principally 
 
 tion silica, 
 
 if lime and 
 
 iluble form 
 
 s rise from 
 limestones 
 li flow from 
 
 no neutral 
 
 in noticing 
 
 wrings have 
 
 from OGO 
 
 [ alkalies to 
 
 vn and has 
 
 the trcat- 
 
 sulphur- 
 
 more or 
 
 •op of the 
 
 rides and 
 
 hydrogen 
 
 reat num- 
 consider- 
 obscrved 
 
 X. 
 
 THE GREAT NORTHERN BASIN. 
 
 This great basin, of which the Laurentides form the southern limit is very 
 little known. Among the Laurentian rocks at lake? "Nipissing, Saint Jean, 
 and des AUumettes, small areas of lov/er silurian rocks are met with, which 
 are to be regarded as detached portions of the southern basin. The last of 
 these localities occurs on the Ottawa at the mouth of the Mattawa, and 
 sixty miles further north, after having passed the great Laurentian axis, we 
 reach the valley of lake Temiscaming, which belongs to the northern basin. 
 Here Mr. Logan found a series of chloritic schists, sometimes conglomerate 
 in character, nearly horizontal in their attitude, and having a thickness of 
 about a thousand feet. To these schists succeed 500 feet of massive green- 
 ish white sandstones, overlaid by a calcareous formation 300 feet thick, and 
 compoicd of strong beds of yellowish and grayish limestones intercolaled 
 with calcareous shales. The whole filled with the characteristic fossils of 
 the upper silurian period. 
 
 The chloritic schists probably correspond to the Huronian rocks, but it is 
 difhcult to fix the age of the sandstones which are destitute of fossils. Li 
 all the collections brought from this northern region, there have as yet been 
 found no fossils more ancient than tliose of lake Temiscaming ; the numer- 
 ous fossils found in the diluvium on the shores of lake Superior, also help 
 to show that the lower silurian system is entirely wanting in the vast basin 
 to the north of the Laurentides ; from which fact Mr. Logan concludes, 
 that these mountains from the coast of Labrador to the Arctic Ocean form- 
 ed the limits of an ancient silurian sea. 
 
/ 
 
CATALOGUE 
 
 OP THE 
 
 ECONOMIC MINERALS OF CANADA. 
 
 METALS AND THEIR ORES. 
 
 Magndic Iron Or. Marmora, four localities ; Madoc, four localities ; South 
 Sherbrooke, Bedford, Hull, three localities ; Portage du Fort. 
 
 %c«/«r /,w Or..-Wallace Mine (Lake Huron,) MaeNab, St. Arnaud, 
 button, three localities ; Bronie, three localities ; Bolton. 
 
 Limonite {Bog Or..)_Middletown, Charlotteville, Walsiu-duvrr,, Gwillim- 
 bury West F.tzroy. Eardley, March, Hull, Tenipleton, Vaudreuil, St. 
 Maurice Charnplain, Batiscan, Ste. Anne, Portneuf, Mcolet, Stai;- 
 bridge, Simpson, Ireland, Lanzon, St. Vallier. 
 
 Titaniferous Iron.-f^t. Urbain (Bale St. Paul,) Vaudreuil (Beauce.) 
 
 Sulplmret of Zinc (Blende.)-Vnuce^, Mine and Mamainse (Lake Superior.) 
 
 Sulphuret of Lead {Crakna.)--Fiizroy, Lansdowne, Ramsay, Bedford, Bas- 
 tard, la Petite Nation, Ause des Sauvages, and Ause du Petit Gaspe, 
 JMairaanse. ^ 
 
 Oopper..--St. Ignace and Michipicotcn Islands (Lake Superior,) St. Henri 
 native copper Prince's Mine (Lake Superior,) .«/y..re^ of copper. 
 Mica Bay and Maimanse (Lake Superior) sulphurd variegated copper 
 and copper pyrites. Bruce's Mine (Lake Huron,) Root River, Ecfho 
 Lake and Wallace Mine (Lake Huron,) copper pyrites. Inverness and 
 Leeds, variegated copper. Upton, argentiferons copper pyrites. As^ot 
 copper pyrites containing gold and silver. ' 
 
450 
 
 Nickel. — ]\licl>*ri<-oten (I-ake Superior;) arsenial nickel, with a hydrat'd 
 sikfiuc of'iii^ckeL Wallace Mine (Lake Hnron,) sulpharseniuret of nickel. 
 DiW.f'jOUt Eerthier, nickeliferous pyrites. Ham and Bolton, in small 
 quantit'es, associated with chromic iron ; the nickel in most of these 
 different localities is associated with a little cobalt. 
 
 Silver. — St. Ignace and Michipicoten Islands (Lake Superior,) native silver 
 with native copper. Prince's Mine (Lake Superior,) native silver with 
 sulphuret of silver. 
 
 Qold. — Seigniory of Vaudreuil, Beauce, on the Rivers Guillaume, Lessard, 
 Bras, ToufFe des Pins, and du Lac. Seigniory of Aubert de Lisle. 
 Rivers Famine and du Loup. Aubert-Gallion, Poser's Stream, and 
 the River Metgermet, All these localities in the County of Beauce 
 afford native gold in the alluvial sands. This auriferous region has an 
 area of 10,000 square miles, and the precious metal has been found at 
 Melbourne, Dudswell, Sherbrooke, and many other localities in the 
 valleys of the St. Francis and the Chaudiere, Native gold is also 
 found in small quantities in Leeds, in a vein with specular iron, and 
 at Vaudreuil, Beauce, with blepde and pyrites. These sulphurets are 
 both auriferous, and the copper pyrites of Ascot also contain a small 
 proportion of gold. The native silver of Prince's Mine likewise con- 
 tains traces of gold. 
 
 NON-METALLIC MINERALS. 
 
 / 
 
 ¥' 
 
 Uranium. — The yellow oxyd of uranium is found in small quantities with 
 the magnetic iron of Madoc. 
 
 Ohromium. — Bolton and Ham are localities of chromic iron. 
 
 Cobalt. — At Prince's Mine, Lake Superior, arseniate of cobalt and associated 
 with >ji okel in the localities mentioned above. 
 
 Manganese. — B"i;oii, St^t'stead, Tring, Aubcrt-Gallion, Ste. Marie, Beauce, 
 Ste. Ar..ic, ear*hy peroxi/d. 
 
 Iron liyrites — C';ire.)lo.T, Terrebonne, Lanoraie, Garthsby. 
 
 Graphite.— r'r: ,\vil'e, Fifzroy. 
 
451 
 
 nickel. 
 small 
 these 
 
 e silver 
 •r ivith 
 
 essard, 
 ) Lisle, 
 im, and 
 P.eauce 
 1 has an 
 bund at 
 in the 
 is also 
 ron, and 
 irets are 
 I a small 
 ise con- 
 
 ties with 
 
 ssociated 
 I, Beauce, 
 
 Dolomite, — Lake Mazinaw, North Sherbrooke, Drummond, St. Armand, 
 Dunham, Sutton, iJrome, Ely, Durham Melbourne, Kingsey, Ship- 
 ton. Chester, Halifax, Liverness, Leeds, St. Giles, Ste. Marie, Saint 
 Joseph. 
 
 Carbonate of Magnesia. — Sutton, Bolton. 
 
 Sulphate of Burijta. — Balhurst, Macnab, Lansdowne, and many localities 
 on Lake Superior. 
 
 Iron Ochres. — St. Nicholas, Ste. Anne de Montmorency, Champlaip, 
 Wa tham, Mansfield, Durham. 
 
 Steatite. — Sutton, Bolton, Melbourne, Ireland, Potton, v'audreuil, Beauce, 
 Broughton, Elzevir, the steatite of the last four localities is employed 
 as a refidctory stone, and that of Stanstead and of Leeds is ground and 
 employed as a paint. 
 
 Lithographic Ston... — Marmora, Rama, lake Couchiching. 
 
 Agates. — Isle St. Ignace, Michipicoten, and Thunder Bay (lake Supe- 
 rior) Gaspe. 
 
 Jasper. — Great Riviere Quelle, Gaspe. 
 
 Labrador felspar. — Mille Isles, Drummond and many other localities. 
 
 Avenlurine. — Burgess. 
 
 Hyacinthe. — Grenville. 
 
 Corumdum. — B urge ss. 
 
 Amethyst. — Spur Island, and many other localities on Lai Superior. 
 
 Jet. — Montreal. 
 
 Quartzose Sandstone. — For the manufacture of glass Cayuga, Dunn, 
 yaudreuil, Isle Perrot, Beauharnois, and many localities on the 
 north shore of Lake Huron. — The sandstone of St. Maurice is em- 
 ployed as a fire-stone for iron furnaces. 
 
 Retinite and Baaalt. — For the fabrication of black glass : many locali- 
 ties on Lake Huron and Superior. 
 
 Gypsum. — Dumfries, Brantford, Oneida, Seneca, Cayuga, &c., the 
 localities are very numerous. 
 
 1. r- . ■'.' .~ 
 
 t/- ■■■■ 'Vl 
 f It'll- ■ 
 
 ^e. 
 
452 
 
 Shell Marl — Oulumet, Clarendon, North-Gwillimsbury, Bromley, 
 MacNab, Nepean, Gloucester, Arg^nteuil. Hawkesbury, Vaudreuil, 
 St. Benoit, Ste. Tberesej St. Arnand, Stanstead, St. Hyacinthe, 
 Montreal, New Carlisle, (Gaspe.' 
 
 Phosphata of lime. — Burgess, Hull, Calumet, Ottawa. 
 
 Millstones. — Several kinds of stone, riore or less adapted to tlie purpose, 
 are employed i!i Canada for the fal^rication of millstones. The best is 
 a eorncous quarlzlte which accompanies the serpentine of the Eastern 
 Towrjships, and has been wrought at Bolton. 
 
 A silicous connlonierate waich serves to make millstones is found at 
 Vaudreuil, at the Cascades, Ilam and Port Daniel. We may mention 
 also' for this purpose the granites of Stanstrad, Barnston, Br.rford, 
 Hereford, Ditton, Marston. Strafford, Weedon and Vaudreuil, Beauee, 
 the grantle inillsion..^ of Vaudreuil are much esteemed. The pscudo- 
 graniles ;nid diorites of the mountains of Sio. There-e, Rouville, 
 Rouii'cinoiil, Shefford, Yamaska and Broine, are aiso sometimes em- 
 ployed to make millstones. 
 
 Grvidxfoncs. — A sandsUme, known a,s the gray-ljrand, and fmnul at the base 
 of the upper silnrian of Western Canada i^i many i calities is em- 
 ployed for the fabrication -f jffi.ulstones. The Potsdam sandstone 
 and a sandstone from Gaspi basin arc aUo employed for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 WhrtHiones. — Madoe, Marmora, lake iMazina\v, Fitzroy, Potton, Stanstead, 
 Ilatley, Bolton, Shipton, Marsion. 
 
 Trijw/i. — Laval, Lanoraie, 
 
 f 
 
 
 I 
 
 BUILDING M .TERIALS. 
 
 Q-ranites. — Large; masses of a voiy beautiful intrusive granite are found 
 in many of the town'/aips of t le East. Among other localities we may 
 cite Stanstead, Larnston, Hereford, Marston, Megan tic mountains, 
 Weedon, Wirs' jw, Stafford, and Lambton. The diorites of the 
 mountains of Ste. Ther^se, Rouville, Rougemont, Yamaska, Shefford, 
 and Brone, furnish also good building stones. 
 
filey, 
 euil, 
 nthe, 
 
 rposc, 
 jest 13 
 astern 
 
 and at 
 
 icntion 
 
 iin-ford> 
 
 kauce, 
 
 pscudo- 
 
 ouville, 
 
 K's oin- 
 
 thc base 
 
 is em- 
 
 nJstone 
 
 he same 
 
 ta\istead, 
 
 453 
 
 Sandstone. — A beautiful variety of yellowish-white ssculstouc occurs at 
 Niagara, Queenstown, Barton, lla nilton, Flamboro' West, Nelson, 
 Nassagaweya, Esqucsing, Nottawasaga, and Cayuga. Other localities 
 are Rigaud, Vaudreuil, lie Perrot, St.-Eustachc, Terrebonne, Beau- 
 harnois, St. Maurice, Lac des Alluuietles, and Fitzroy. 
 
 Calcareous Sanchfone. — Brockvllle, Ottawa, and a great many ])laccs on the 
 Ottawa river, St. Nicolas (Lauzon), Cape Rouge Malbaie. 
 
 Limestones. — Maiden, Manitoulin and St .Tos('j)h's islands, Cape Hurd, 
 Cabot's Head, Sydonhani, Euphrasia, Nottawa-aga, Mono, Escpicsing, 
 Nelson, Ancaster, Thorold, Matchedash Bay, Orillia, !'ania, Mara, 
 Marmora, Madoe, Belleville, Kingston, Macnab, Ottawa, Plantagenet, 
 Ilawkesbury, Cornwall, Isle Bi/ard, Isle de Beauharnois, Caughnawaga, 
 Montreal, Isle Jesus, Terrebonne, Philipsburg, St. Dominique, Gron- 
 dincs, Deschambault, Bcauport, Bale St. Paul, Malbaie. Upton, Acton, 
 Wickhani, Magoon's Point, Stanstcad, Hatley, Dudswcll, Tcmiscouata 
 Gasp6, Port Daniel, Richmond, Anlicosti. 
 
 Hydranlk Limestones. — Point Douglas, (Lake Huron,) Paris, Cayuga, 
 Thorold, Kingston, Loughboro', Hull, Quebec. 
 
 Roofing Slates. — Kingsey, Halifax, Lainbton, Melbourne, Westbury, Riviere 
 du Loup. 
 
 Flagging Stones. — Toronto, Etobicoke, River Credit, York, Temiscaming, 
 Bagot, Horton, Clarendon, Sutton, Potton, Stanstead, Inverness, Port 
 Daniel. 
 
 ire found 
 
 we may 
 
 lountains, 
 
 ]s of the 
 
 Shefford, 
 
 Clays. — Clays suitable for the fabrication of red bricks, tiles and coarse 
 pottery, are everywhere found through the valleys of the St. Lawrence, 
 Richelieu and Ottawa. Clays, for the manufacture of white bricks are 
 met with at London, Toronto, Cobourg, and Peterborough. 
 
 Moulding Sand. — Augusta near Prescott, Montreal, Acadio, Stanstead. 
 
 Fullers' Earth. — Nassagaweya. 
 
 Marbles. — White. — L ike Mazinaw and Philipsburg. 
 Black. — Cornwall, Philipsburg. 
 iJerf.— St. Lin. 
 
4. ' 
 
 / 
 
 454 
 
 Brown. — Pakenham. 
 
 Yellow ^ Black. — Several varieties at Dudsvvell. 
 
 Grey ^ variegated. — Macnab, Philipsburg, St. Dominique, Montreal. 
 
 Green. — Serpentines affording severji' beautiful varieties of marble 
 occur at Grenville, and along a range of 160 miles in the Eastern 
 Townships. Among other localities wo may mention Stukely, 
 Brompton, Oxford and Vaudrcuil — Beaucc. 
 
 COMBUSTIBLES, ETC. 
 
 Peat. — Huiuberstone, Wainslleet, Wcstmeath, Beckwith, Goulbourn, Glou- 
 cester, Cumberland, Clarence, Plantagenet, Alfred, Caledonia, L'Ori- 
 nal, O.snabruck, Finch, Winchester, Roxburg,Longueuil, St. Hyacinthe, 
 Monnoir, the Seigniory of Riviere du Loup, Riviere Quelle, Macnidcr. 
 
 Petroleum. — Mosa and many localities on the Thames, River St. Jean and 
 T*uisseau-Argente, (Gaspe.) 
 
 Asphaltum. — Enniskillen. 
 
 •4^ 
 
 1 
 
on 
 
 treal. 
 
 marble 
 Eastern 
 Itukely, 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 1, Glou- 
 , L'Ori- 
 acinthe, 
 acnidcr. 
 
 ean 
 
 and 
 
 COHMUNICATIOM OF RepoeT. '"**■ 
 
 6 
 
 Abstract of Troceedings 
 of thfi Committee, compiising 
 
 Preliminary Report 
 
 Regulatiou 01' Executive Committee 
 
 Sub-Committees appointed 
 
 Report on Prize Easays 
 
 Decision of His Excellency 
 
 List of articles forwarded to the London Exhibition in'1851. . .' .[.,,[ is 
 Articles transmitted to Paris in 1855. . . 
 
 Appointment of Commissioners 
 
 Statement of Expenses 
 
 Classification of Minerals 
 
 ■■'■ 46 
 
 Classification of Woods 
 
 '••••••• '••••••••••••••,,,,, 4fi 
 
 Classification of Fruits and Vegetables 
 
 RFPORT OF MR. J. C. TACHE. 
 
 Duties of Commissioners 
 
 Division of Labor 
 
 Information respecting Canada 
 
 _^, ' ••••••••• •..,,,, 56 
 
 Prizes obtained .... 
 
 59 
 
 Romain's Steam Plough 
 
 Expenses of the Commissioners 
 
 Assertions of American Press ^ . 
 
 61 
 
 SKETCH OF CANADA. 
 
 Explanation of the Geographical Chart -» 
 
 Preface 
 
 69 
 
456 
 
 I. PniMuiNARY Rem AUKS. 
 
 FAOB 
 
 11 
 
 Importanoo of Ciiuftdii. — Houiiilfti'iei', extcut and position of tho country. — 
 Parts inliiibiteil. — Navigable Waters. — Tides in tho Ilivcr St. Lawrence. 
 — Natural wealth. — Iiuprovomcnt since 1760. — Arrangement and intoa- 
 tion of this work. 
 
 II. OKooKArnicAL Data , 76 
 
 Divisions of Lower and lli)pcr Canada, or Canada French and Canada 
 lilnglish. — Diflcronco b< tweea the two Hcctious. — Territorial divisions. 
 — Geographical description of tho two Ccjuntries. — The Gulf and its 
 Islands. — Labrador. — North Coast. — Gaspt-— Districts and Counties. — 
 The Saguenay.— Lake St. John. — South Coast. — Quebec. — Three Rivers. 
 — Saint Maurice. — St. Francis.— The Richelieu.— Montreal.— llie Ottawa. 
 — Bytown or Ottawa City. — Uapids.— Brockville. — The Thousand 
 Islands. — Ontario. — Kingston. — River Tren . — Toronto. — Lake Simcoe. 
 — Hamilton. — Niagara. — Lake Erie.— River Detroit. — Lake St. Clair. — 
 The Thames. — Lake Huron.— Fishing and Mining Stations on Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 h 
 
 III. A Few words on tub paiNoiPAt. rnnions is the History ok Canada... 86 
 
 Discovery of Canada by Jacques Cartier. — De Roberval. — Champlain founds 
 Quebec. — Quebec taken by the English — Canada retaken by the French. 
 — Montreal founded. — Colbert's scheme for colonising New France. — 
 Civil Government of the Colony. — Ecclesiastical administration. — Edu- 
 cation. — War between the Colonies. — Bravery of the Colonists. — Siege 
 of Quebec. — De Fronterac. — D'Iberille. — State of New France in 1721. 
 — Quebec in 1755. — Successes and reverses. — Defeat of Montcalm. — 
 Victory gained by De Levis. —Capitulation and treaty of cession in 
 1761. — Struggles between the French colonists and English emigrants. 
 — Civil Government of 1774. — American war of independence. — Con- 
 Btitntion of the year 1791. — War of 1812. — Insurrection of 1837. — 
 Present Government. 
 
 IV. Physical aspect ov Canada, .and remarks on its Gjcolooy and Mete- 
 
 OROLOOY 89 
 
 Surface of the Country. — Form and characler of the Mountains. — Limits of 
 the valley of the St. Lawrence. — Chain of the Laurentidcc. and Appala- 
 chian or Allegany Mountains. — Features of the Country. — Courses of 
 the Rivers. — Level of the valley of the St. Lawrence.— North and South 
 Shore. — Principal geological characteristics. — Climate. — Comparative 
 temperature. — Canadian Winters. — Meteorological < jservaiions. 
 
4.57 
 
 
 PAOB 
 11 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 89 
 
 PAGI 
 
 v. Natural I'aouuotions and Manuvactcres 08 
 
 Productioiia of the Mincrul Kinfjdom, and tho j)i iuoipal looationrt of their 
 beds, buildin;^ stone, combustiblo mutters, mineral colours, procions 
 Btoinci^, stonea capable of vitrifioation, mincrul fertilising substancc.i, 
 precioua and otl>er metals. — Productions of tlie Vegetable Kingdom, 
 
 timbers^ for building and otber purposes, plants and fruits. — Produo- 
 ti us of tbn Animal Kingdom, beaAts, birds, fishes, and cetaceous 
 animals. — Manufacturing irocessofi, extraction of tho raw material, itu 
 convcrtiou into articles of consumption. 
 
 VI. MkANS ok CoMUnNICATION 101 
 
 Common lloads. — Mail and Telegraphic communications. — Navigation of tho 
 
 St Lawrence. — Natural obstacles overcome. — St. Lawrence, Lnchine, 
 
 Beauharnois, and Welland Canals. — Best route to the far West. — 
 
 Rivers Sngueuay, Richelieu, Ottiuva, and Clmiubly. — Rideau and (Ireu- 
 
 villo Canals. — Slides for rafts. — Burlingtcu and Desjardins Canals. — 
 
 Grand River, Tliames and others. — Railways. — St. Lawrence Route 
 
 compared with the American Lines of travel. 
 
 i 
 VIL Political and Civil Institutions of Canada 110 
 
 Oonstitution of Canada. — Executive power. — Legislative power. — Enactment 
 of Laws. — Duties of tho Legislative Bodies. — Elective principle. — Com- 
 position of Executive Council, Assemblies, Recesses. — Prorogations and 
 Dissolutions of the Houses. — Adiniuistratiou of Justice in Canada East, 
 or French Canada — In Canada Wcjt. — Education. — Superintendent of 
 Education. — School Funds. — Management of School Revenue. — Univer- 
 sities. — Colleges. — Clergy. — Locijl Municipalities. — Roads. — Reference 
 to several subjects in the following chapter. 
 
 VIIL — Statistics AND General iNKOEM.vTroN 117 
 
 Nolb. — (1.) Census of Population — By origin; by religion; by sections of 
 the Province ; population of chief towns ; remarks ; comparative table ; 
 number of lunatics; statistics of Provincial Penitentiary; census of 
 professions, trades, »tc. (2.) Agricultural census, and of land owned 
 and under cultivation; partition of real estate; division of fields; an- 
 nual produce of land; number of cattle; aggregate value of produce; 
 market value of agricultural produce in 1851; comparison with the 
 United States. (3.) Statistics of Education — Universities; colleges; 
 schools ; number of pupils ; clergy, (4.) Public Works— Liglit houses ; 
 wharves ; canals, slides ; roads and bridges ; cost of these works ; report 
 on them ; tow boats ; railroads (5.) Finanoes of the Country — Revenue 
 and its sources ; comparative statement; Provincial ledger. (6.) Trade — 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 VEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 l^m 125 
 
 ■50 ^^* IBI 
 
 ■^ ^ §22 
 
 u Dig "^ 
 
 ^ li& 12.0 
 
 I 
 
 IMI 
 
 1^ 
 
 11.25 III 1.4 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. I4SS0 
 
 (716) S73-4503 
 

 ^ 
 
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 iu.t.K,.imiHa« 
 
 458 
 
 rAOB 
 
 1 . 
 
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 Buainest of the porta ; value of imports and expoi to ; principal articles 
 of importation and exportation ; ship building ; banks ; insurance com- 
 panies. (7.) Various details — Local taxes ; postage ; currency ; price 
 of houses ; fares by steamboat and sailing vessels from Europe to 
 Quebea 
 
 CONCLVSION , 148 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 Brief sketch of the Canadian Exhibition 149 
 
 1st Division 
 
 2ad Division 
 
 8rd Division . . , 
 
 4th Division . . , 
 
 5th Division . . . 
 
 6th Division . . , 
 
 Tth Division . . , 
 
 '1st Class, mineral productions 163 
 
 2nd « Forestry 160 
 
 . 8rd " Agricultural productions 168 
 
 '4th Class, General mechanics 112 
 
 6tb " Articles relating to carriages 172 
 
 6th " Apparatus for workshops 173 
 
 7tb " Apparatus for weaving, &e 176 
 
 '8th Class, Instruments relating to the exact sciences 174 
 
 9th " Instruments connected wilh employment of heot, 
 
 cold, Ac 176 
 
 10th " Chemical productions 177 
 
 11th " Preparation of articles of food 181 
 
 f 12th Class, Hygiene pharmacy, jfec 184 
 
 -j 18th " Naval and military science 186 
 
 tl4th " Building architecture 187 
 
 fl6th Class, Steel and its producto 189 
 
 16th " General metal work 189 
 
 I 17th " Goldsmiths' work, jewellery, &c 189 
 
 [ 18th " Glass and pottery 190 
 
 '* 20th Class, Woollen manufactures 192 
 
 f 22ad " Flax and hemp manufactures ,... 193 
 
 23rd " Hosiery embroidery, &c 193 
 
 ' 24th Class, Furniture and decorations 196 
 
 26th „ Articles of clothing, &c 197 
 
 '26th „ Printing, Bookbinding, ifcc 200 
 
 27th „ Musical Instruments 201 
 
 * The nineteenth class related to cotton manufactures, none of which were exhibited, 
 f The twenty-first class related to silk manufactures. 
 
459 
 
 FAOI 
 
 US 
 
 149 
 
 163 
 160 
 168 
 
 172 
 112 
 113 
 115 
 
 174 
 
 176 
 177 
 181 
 
 184 
 186 
 187 
 
 189 
 189 
 189 
 190 
 
 192 
 193 
 193 
 
 196 
 197 
 200 
 201 
 
 8thDiTi8ion . ^ , J 28th ClMB, Painting, Engraving 202 
 
 Remark respecting Canadian artists 202 
 
 Conclusion 208 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXHIBITION. 
 Not« 207 
 
 FIRST SERIES. 
 
 Exhibition of the Fine Aria. 
 
 Number of exhibitors 2IO 
 
 Number of prizes obtained 2IO 
 
 Characteristics of the different schools , 2IO 
 
 French tchool. Painting _ 218 
 
 Sculpture 216 
 
 Other branches , 217 
 
 German school, Painting 217 
 
 Sculpture 218 
 
 Belgian school. Painting 219 
 
 Sculpture 219 
 
 English school, Paintiog 220 
 
 Other branches 220 
 
 Other scfiools 221 
 
 SECOND SERIES. 
 
 Viait to the Industrial Exhibition 223 
 
 Comparative importance of Exhibition of 1856 223 
 
 Number of exhibitors from each country 224 
 
 First class premiums, 1861 226 
 
 First class premiums, 1855 226 
 
 Number of visitors 226 
 
 Centre of the nave 227 
 
 Lateral portions of the nave 231 
 
 Exhibition of Saxony, Prussia, and Austria 231 
 
 Exhibition of Belgium, United States, and Frnnce 232 
 
 Exhibition of England and France 238 
 
 Exhibition of France 233 
 
 We sent nothing in the two last classes of sculpture and architecture. 
 
460 
 
 ^'■i 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 tt 
 
 FAOB 
 
 Circuit of the nave, Exhibition of Saxony, Baden, Prussia 286 
 
 Exhibition of Prussia 287 
 
 Exhibition of Austria 288 
 
 Exhibition of Belgium 240 
 
 Exhibition of United States, France 241 
 
 Exhibition of England 242 
 
 Exhibition of France 248 
 
 Under the gallerien, first avennt, Exhibition of France 251 
 
 Exhibition of the German States 262 
 
 Exhibition of France and United States 262 
 
 Exhibition of the United Kingdom 263 
 
 Exhibition of France 264 
 
 Under the galleries near the wall. Exhibition of France 268 
 
 Exhibition of the German States 267 
 
 Exhibition of Prussia , 267 
 
 Exhibition of Austria 268 
 
 Exhibition of Belgium 269 
 
 Exhibition of the United States 289 
 
 Exliibition of the United Kingdom 289 
 
 Exhibition of France 260 
 
 The galleries. Exhibition of France 263 
 
 Exhibition of the United Kingdom 263 
 
 Exhibition of the East Indies 268 
 
 Exhibition of Australia 266 
 
 Exhibition of Egypt, Tunis, and Turkey 266 
 
 Exhibition of China and Greece 267 
 
 Exhibition of Tuscany and Sardinia 267 
 
 Exhibition of France 268 
 
 Exhibition of Portugal and Spain 269 
 
 Exhibition of Switzerland 269 
 
 Exhibition of Holland and Denmark 270 
 
 Exhibition of the ZoUvereiu 270 
 
 Exhibition of Prussia, Austria, and Belgium 271 
 
 Exhibition of Spanish A merica 271 
 
 The panorama, French furniture 272 
 
 Crown jewels 273 
 
 French gold and silver plate 273 
 
 Sevres porcelain 273 
 
 French clocks 278 
 
 Illustrations of natural history 278 
 
 French agricultural exhibition 274 
 
 Gallery of cheap articles 274 
 
461 
 
 FAOI 
 
 286 
 287 
 288 
 240 
 241 
 242 
 248 
 
 251 
 262 
 262 
 263 
 264 
 
 256 
 
 267 
 
 267 
 
 268 
 
 269 
 
 269 
 
 269 
 
 260 
 
 263 
 
 263 
 
 266 
 
 266 
 
 266 
 
 267 
 
 267 
 
 268 
 
 269 
 
 269 
 
 270 
 
 270 
 
 271 
 
 271 
 
 272 
 
 273 
 
 278 
 
 273 
 
 273 
 
 273 
 
 274 
 
 274 
 
 Annexe du bord-de-Vrav, Eihibitiou of British colonies 276* 
 
 Exhibitions of various countries 
 
 £xhibition» of French colonies 
 
 • ••••••,,,,,,, ,,^^^^ 277 
 
 Exliibitious of France and colonies 
 
 Canadian section 
 
 278 
 
 Exhibition of the United States 
 
 --,,.. 280 
 
 £iXnibition of France . . . 
 
 280 
 
 Exhibition of Tuscany States of the Church ogi 
 
 Exhibition of Portugal, Sardinia 
 
 Exhibition of Turkey ... 
 
 ' 281 
 
 Exliibition of Greece, Switzerland 
 
 Exhibition of Holland, Denmark 
 
 Exhibition of Sweden and Norway 
 
 Exhibition of Gennan States, Prussia ' 
 
 Exhibition of Austria, Belgium 
 
 Exhibition of France and colonies ....'....*..............,.. ^^' 
 
 Exhibition of machinery in motion 
 
 285 
 
 THIRD SERIES. 
 
 STUDIES OF THE CLASSES. 
 
 Canadian section cmnparcd 
 
 ■« •• 28T 
 
 Ist Division, Natural products 
 
 '^ 296 
 
 . 2nd " Machinery 
 
 •' OQ9 
 
 3rd " Physical and chemical agents 
 
 4th '« Industries relating to the sciences 
 
 5th " JIauufactures of mineral productions 309 
 
 6lh " Manufacture of tissues 
 
 7th " Furniture decorations, &c 
 
 3l8t Class, (additional), cheap articles '" „ 
 
 346 
 
 FOURTH SERIES. 
 
 EXHIBITION OF BREEDING ANIMALS. 
 
 General deductions 
 
 JJ4Y 
 
 F1B8T Class; Black cattle 
 
 349 
 
 Ist Section, Animals of breeds foreign to France 34, 
 
 2nd " French breeds 
 
462 
 
 '1 
 
 V < 
 
 I 
 
 VkOM 
 
 SsooND Glass. 
 
 let Section, Foreign animals 861 
 
 2nd " French animals 862 
 
 Tbtbd Class; Figs 862 
 
 Ist Sectior., Foreign breeds 362 
 
 2nd " French breeds 863 
 
 Fourth Class; Ooats, <Sec 868 
 
 Fifth Class; Poultry 368 
 
 RECAPITULA.TION OK PREMIUMS AWARDED. 
 
 NOTK 3W 
 
 Ist Class, Mining and Metallurgy 366 
 
 2nd " Forestry 367 
 
 8rd " Agriculture 869 
 
 4th " General Mechanism .., 860 
 
 6th " Special mechanism 861 
 
 6th " Special mechauiBm 862 
 
 1th " Weaving,«fec 864 
 
 8th " Suientific instruments 866 
 
 9th " Instruments conuected with the employment of heat and cold. 866 
 
 10th " Chemical productions 867 
 
 11th " Preparation of articles of food S68 
 
 12th " Hygiene luJ medicine 369 
 
 ISth " Naral 1111(1 military scieuce 370 
 
 14th " Building, architecture, (be 371 
 
 16th " Steel and its products 873 
 
 16th •' General metal work 374 
 
 17th '• Goldsmiths' work, <tc 376 
 
 18th " Glass and pottery 376 
 
 19th " Cotton manufactures 377 
 
 20th " Woollen uiauufactures 378 
 
 2l8t " Silk manufactures 379 
 
 22nd " Linen and hemp manufactures 380 
 
 23rd " Hosiery, embroidery, <fec 880 
 
 Slth " Furniture and decoration 382 
 
 26lh *' Articles of clothing 383 
 
 26th " Printing, &c 386 
 
 27th " Musical instruments 386 
 
 Exceptional Peehiums 387 
 
 81st Class, cheap articles 888 
 
 Ricafitvlation 389 
 
463 
 
 PAOl 
 
 861 
 
 862 
 862 
 352 
 353 
 368 
 368 
 
 366 
 
 366 
 
 357 
 
 359 
 
 860 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 
 364 
 
 365 
 
 866 
 
 867 
 
 368 
 
 369 
 
 370 
 
 371 
 
 378 
 
 374 
 
 376 
 
 376 
 
 377 
 
 378 
 
 379 
 
 380 
 
 880 
 
 382 
 
 388 
 
 886 
 
 386 
 
 887 
 
 888 
 
 389 
 
 PAOI 
 REPORT OP SIR WILLIAM LOOAN, 
 
 COMMISSIONER FBOM CANADA. 
 
 Medals sent to the Honorable the Provincial Secretary gj, 
 
 List of Canadian psizk BsciriiNTs 
 
 Statement shewing how aeticles exhibited webe riZLrvZoZZ 899 
 
 Statement of monies received from sale of articles exhibited 
 
 • 4Uo 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SKETCH OP CANADA. 
 Intboduction 
 
 • 4|K 
 
 I. The Laurentides 
 
 41 J 
 
 n. The Laurentian system 
 
 " 421 
 
 IIL The Cambrian or Huronlan system 
 
 17. The Palceszoic rocks 
 
 • • 4.<>o 
 
 V. The Western basin 
 
 VI. The Eastern basin ''"'.". ^^^ 
 
 "VII. Metamorphic rocks 
 
 VIII. Superficial deposits 
 
 IX. Miucral waters 
 
 X. Northern basin 
 
 447 
 
 Catalogue of the economic minerals of Canada 449 
 

 . ^wjm J I . . ^^ui. I iiiiiiii iiiiiiiumppgp 
 
 3 it It ■ 
 'ant 
 
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 T O R N 1 
 
 PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELli, YONGE 8TRBET. 
 
BEET.