IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 i.O V^ 1^ 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 i 
 
 ■U 136 1 
 
 2.2 
 
 1^ 
 
 yuu 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MA.IN STRUT 
 
 WEBSTER, N.r. MSM 
 
 (716)S72-4S0» 
 
 

 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The c 
 to the 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommag^e 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes g£ugraphiques en couleur 
 
 □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 r~T| Bound with other material/ 
 bLl RellA avec d'autres documents 
 
 n 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 I a re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge int^rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque ceia dtait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6tA film^es. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a dt6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la methods normale de filmage 
 sont indiquto ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou peilicuites 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxe( 
 Pages d^colories, tachet^es ou piqudes 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
 Quality inigaie de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary materia 
 Comprend du materiel supplimentaire 
 
 r~T] Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 I I Pages detached/ 
 
 rT] Showthrough/ 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 I I Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6t6 filmtes A nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 The ii 
 possil 
 of the 
 fiimin 
 
 Origir 
 begin 
 the la 
 sion, 
 other 
 first p 
 sion, 
 or illu 
 
 Thel{ 
 shall ( 
 TINUI 
 whicti 
 
 Maps 
 diffen 
 entire 
 begini 
 right < 
 requir 
 meth( 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est film6 au taux de rMuction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 
 
 14X 
 
 18X 
 
 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 ^ 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thenks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 New Bruniwicic IMuseum 
 Saint John 
 
 L'exempiaire film* fut reproduit grAce k la 
 gin^rositA de: 
 
 New Bruntwicic Museum 
 Saint John 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in iteeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettet6 de l'exempiaire f ilm6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimte sont filmAs en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impres&ion ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, seion le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol ^^> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol Y (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Un des symboies suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 IVIaps. plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre 
 film4s A des taux de reduction diff^rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir 
 de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mdthocfe. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 32X 
 
Voii^i-.^yuenls of Uic Auth-vi 
 
 ALL AROUND 
 
 
 THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 
 
 WITH THH INTliRPRETATION OF ITS INDIAN 
 NA.MtS OF LOCALITIES 
 
 BV 
 
 ALBERT s. GA rscHirr 
 
 Hni'KivrHip iHoM TnK N stional < ii;oi;i! ai'iik M \';azinl, V<>i ■ Vi 1 1. No I 
 
 .lANI'AliV, 1S'.».7] 
 
 WASniNdlDN, J). V. 
 Jl'nii \ DKTWKII.IU. 1"H1STI:US 
 
 18«7 
 
ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 
 
 By Albkut S. Gatschict, 
 Bureau of American Ethnology 
 
 Travelers coming from the south will find in the deeply in- 
 dented coast lands of the state of Maine a type of landscape 
 differing considerahly from others previously noticed. Through 
 the fiord-like character of Maine's tidewater section the water 
 element every where blends in with terra Jivmn, which alternatel}' 
 projects and recedes, and by the woU-marked color contrast be- 
 tween tlie blue ocean and the green orsomber-hued earth strikes 
 our sight agreeald}'. The level shore lands of the southern At- 
 lantic states are here replaced by hills, headlands, and capes of 
 bolder outlines, partly clothed in the fainter green of northern 
 vegetation, while other elevations exhibit the rocky, ocean-beaten 
 foundation upon which they are built. The dark-hued pine and 
 fir trees, which in other countries live in the mountains oidy, 
 here descend to the sea-coast, enlivening the tops and sides of 
 the numerous islands which lie scattered along the coast. The 
 further we proceed northeastward along the coast, the more the 
 scenery assumes a northern character. This is well evidenced 
 by the spare vegetation and the tiiinness of the^uimus which 
 we notice everywhere in and around I'assamaquoddy bay, an 
 extensive basin, the waters of which are fed by the majestic St 
 Croix river from the north and by the St George or Megigadevic 
 river from the east. The mainland encompasses this bay on all 
 sides, fringing it witii rock-bound promontories and some flat 
 sand spits ; only on the southeast side does it open toward the 
 Atlantic ocean, and tliere a row of islands forms its limit and 
 affords numerous passages suitable for navigation. 
 
 The elevations encircling the bay of Passamaquoddy, though 
 bolder than those we see further south, are mostly flat-topped 
 and of tame outlines. They are ncciring an incline of 20 to 30 
 degrees, and therefore the local erosion through the impact of 
 rain is not very considerable. None of the hills or islands in the 
 bay rise above sea level more than about 300 feet. A feature that 
 may be pertinently called the hendlmid shore is prominent here- 
 
 Whenever a portion of the mainland or of one of the larger 
 islands in this region advances toward the salt water it first 
 
 16 
 
17 
 
 ALL AliOVND THE HAY OF PASSAMAqVODUY 
 
 sinks down, forming ii dopresHion. and then rinos an a knoll or 
 rounded hillock or hill heloro it plunges its rocky face abruptly 
 into tile ocean. These forniatioiv-i, appropriately termed hauh or 
 heittUaiiiln, are frecpmnt all around l*assama(]Uoddy hay, Campo- 
 hello islanil, Cohscook hay, and in many otlu^r sections of the 
 Maine and New Brunswick coasts. JJeaches liilcd with coarse 
 gravel, the detritus of the rocky shores, form the transitory stage 
 between the headlands and the more level promontories or points. 
 Not infrcipiently one headland succeeds another in a line; before 
 reaching the water, and even aftisr reaching the shore they reap- 
 pear, jutting out from the Ijriu}' element, two or three in suc- 
 cession, and lying in one continuous fde. This I have observed, 
 c. (J., on the north shore of Cohscook bay, west of Kastport, 
 Maine. ('ampo])ello island. New Brunswick, is replete with 
 "heads" on its far-extending shores, the islantl being eleven 
 miles long from north to south ; thus we have V>;\h\ liead, Wilson 
 liead, East Quoddy head. Friar's head. Head harbor— whereas 
 the term " point," less frecpient there, ai)pears in more numerous 
 in.stances on the west side of the ba}' and u[) the St Croix river. 
 
 Two large whlrlpoids, perceptible in the channel of the St (h'oix 
 river, are objects of great curiosity to the strangers visiting these 
 parts. One of them occurs between Moose island and the southern 
 end o*^ Deer island. New Brunswick ; the other, of minor propor- 
 tions, lies two miles above, the river being over one mile wide at 
 each i)lace. They are carefully avoided by people passing, either 
 in a white man's boat or in the Indians' canoe, for, like Char^'bdis 
 of old, they are liable to capsize any small craft that ventures to 
 come too near. They owe their existence not exclusively to the 
 shock produced by the impact of the currents from the bay meet- 
 ing those of the river, but also to the incoming tides and to a 
 difference of temperature between the two bodies of water. 
 
 The air temperature is generally low on the bay and around 
 it. Winter begins in Octol)er, and even at midsummer persons 
 who are not provided with warm clothing will often feel a chill 
 pervading their system when a sudden breeze breaks in from the 
 north or a thick fog stays till noontime over the ever-moving 
 waters. The weather is generally serene throughout the year, 
 but nevertheless morning fogs are of frequent occurrence. 
 
 The Canadian Pacilic is the only railroad company that brings 
 visitors to the hospitable shores of Passamaquoddy l)a\', but there 
 are nutnerous steamboats plying between St Andrews, St Ste- 
 phen, Calais, and Eastportand the neighboring cities of St Johns, 
 
ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 
 
 18 
 
 Bar Harbor, and Portland. Whother the touriHt visits tho.so parts 
 for si^htsoeiiif^or t\)r nistorinj; inipairuil iiealtli l»y tlicaid oftlu'ir 
 l>racin<i sua-brcezes, he is sure to take a peculiar interest in the 
 native Indians, whom he sees peddlin}^ their neat basi<(,'ts and 
 toys alon<i the streets, on steand)i)ats,a!id on hotel verandas. lUit 
 little att(Mition is n 'd(;d to scan the Indian among a crowd of 
 })eople i)y his dusky coniplexion iind a sort of nonchalance in 
 his deportment. His appearance and habits show hitn to be a 
 livinj: and movinjj; survival from prehistoric times. 
 
 Tlu! I'iissiinia(iuod(iy Indians of Maine consiitute a portion of 
 the northeastern or .AbnaUi j^roup of tlie widespread Aljioidiinian 
 stock, of which the ancient domain extended over a j;n'j!;e area 
 of the United States and Canada. " he Ab.iaki Indians nov»' sur- 
 viving are divided into five seetioiis, among which (I) the /V- 
 iiolh^rots in Oldtown arc the nearest jillinity in language and nice 
 to the (2j >SV Fi'(iiici'< IihIIuhs of Canada ; ('•>) the I'dxaidiuKjiKKldic^, k 
 whose nearest kinsmen are (4) the Millrilc.-*, or Ktchcmins (this I 
 is their .Micniac name) , scattered idong the St .lohns river, New 
 Brunswick ; (o) the Mimuics, settled in Nova Scotia and on the 
 east coiist of New I'runswick. 
 
 The present Passamaipioddics arcMhout five huntlriul in num- 
 ber, and a large intermixture with white blotxl has takei^ place, 
 wdnch according to a safe estimate nniy amount to one-third of 
 the tribe. In about the saine |»roj»ortioii they have also preserved 
 their Indian vernacular, which among its Kuropean loan words 
 counts more i)f English than of French origin. Many of these 
 natives exhibit unmistakably the full physical niarks of Indiiin 
 descent — the long, stnught, and dark hair, the strong nasal i»one, 
 and a rather dark complexion. The cheek-bones are not very 
 l)rominent. The majority of the tribe are slim-built and of a 
 medium stature. They are not increasing, and their Indian 
 congeners on the Penobscot river an; positively on the decrease. 
 
 No central chief rules over these I ndians now, but each of their 
 three settlements in Maine has a sagum or elective governor. 
 These settlements all lie on watercourses or on the seashoie. 
 The one nearest to Kastport is at Pleasant point, near the town 
 of Perry ; another is in a suburb of Calais, and a third one for. 
 inerly liv ed npo]| T.tnvis island, but transferred its seats. tj ) the 
 neighboring Peter Da na's ])oint, near Princeton , on the Kcmjj3- ^ 
 l ^assis river, ahout 42 nnlcs "nortli of Kastport. Fishing is one 
 of their chief industries, but in this they now follow entirely the 
 example set by the white man ; they care nothing for agriculture, 
 and their village at Pleasant point is l)uilt upon the rockiest and 
 
lU 
 
 AfJ. AliOVM) TIIK HA V CF J'ASSAMAQCODny 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 
 (I 
 
 most un|)n)(lu(;tiv(; {^'rouiid tlmt could Imve hoon soloctod. 'I'ho 
 Hiimc niiiy Iks Huid of hoiius «)tlu!r Indian HottliMnnntH, Tor inimy 
 liidiiinH do not rotiuin! any better soil to rest their houses upon. 
 
 The industries now rorniiiit,' their main support are the nian- 
 ufaetun; of toy lioats I'rom hireh l»ark,ot' lishinj,' canoes from the 
 same material, of fans from ash-wood, and, ehioHy, of ornann'ntal 
 and fanciy l)ask(!ts from the wood of the yellow ash. The haskiitH 
 are made hy the women, and durinj^ the sunnner season th(! mini 
 sell them in the markets, (\speeially at the watering places and 
 in the comuK'rcial centers of the eastcirn states. 'I"he women 
 ilisplay a hi;,di de<j;reo of taste in selecting their models for these 
 tiny, elegant, an<l delioate art-products. Tin; ash-wood is split 
 into splints or hlades of extreme thinness hy machinery, seldom 
 wider than an inch, tiien dyed in all possible, hut always bright, 
 colors. .After this the splints are int(?rlaccd so as to form baskets 
 of the most varied shapes. During the work of interlacing, 
 blades of sweet-scented grass are inserted in the baskets, and 
 thus '• (inislied " they are sent to the stores with a fragrant odor, 
 which clings to them for months and increases their salabilit}'. 
 
 The present area of the l*assanni(pn)ddy dialect is confined 
 within a small district in Washington county, in southeastern 
 Maine, and limited to the three settlements already mentioned. 
 We may, however, add to it the area of the Milieite or '' Broken 
 langu age " dialect, which is heard in five or si.\ Indian villages 
 on the St Johns or Ulastuk river, in New Hrunswick, and differs 
 but little from I'assamafiuoddy. In former eenturi.;s those two 
 dialectic areas were much more extensive, the p roof of thjij jiest- 
 ing in thesnr ead of ij^eoi jp'pbic pjunfa «-<>iv1^ m1 in Passamaiiuod dv 
 ov er,the whole of~Washingt(>n and Hancock counties , iipart of 
 Aroostook county, Maine, and over the western part of the New 
 Brunswick territory. Just as large as this historic area was that 
 of tlie Penobscot dialect, for, as the local names still demonstrate, 
 it embraced the whole Penobscot river basin, with the valleys 
 of its numerous tributaries. 
 
 Inquiry into the signification of historic and actual geographic 
 names of Indian origin has of late become j)opular among the 
 educated classes of Americans. It is just twelve years since 
 Charles Godfrey Leiand encouraged those who might be able to 
 accomplish the task to solve the riddles contained in the names 
 of that country, mo.st of which have a sound so musical and 
 harmonious?.* Long acquainted with the great historic value of 
 
 ♦The Century Muenzine. New York, 1884, vol. 28, pp. C68-077, in I.elnnd's artlolo : 
 "Legends" of the I'lissnmiiquoddies." 
 
 ii 
 
 V ■ ^-^«== 
 
ALL MiOVM) Till': HAY OF I'MSSAMAUlODhY 
 
 'M 
 
 to)mf»m)>ln(' ntuiics, Ti«'liui(rsHU<.'}i('sti()n iiKluccd iiic.uliilc study- 
 in;; tl)(! (liiiloct, to list(Mi to tlu^ opinions of cnpiiltlc hxliiins \vli(>ii 
 r ro((Ui!st(!<l tlicin to intcritn.'t ii scries of" tlicsf nuincs. Msmy 
 inturpn'tiitions tiiiis oUtainod vvcvt. so crudf iind un^riiniiniiti(i 
 tliiit tlicy could not l)()sustiiin"d torn nioincul; l»ut tlu' niiii»»iity 
 of those rcstin}^ on a correct lin^Miistic Imsis disclosed the fact 
 that th(!y an^ mostly compound nouns and condtinations eitlusr 
 of two Huhstantives or of an adjective an<3 a sulistantive, with 
 the suhstantivf standing' last. In the first case, the noun stand- 
 ing Ili'Ht is Homctinicf coiniect(!d with the noun standing second 
 hy the easts-sullix /,as in Kdu'ki nrni'ku. Ihrr ixImuK iVom f-duk. f 
 deer. 'I'he local names around the hay mostly ntl'er to the watery 
 t'loment, lor the terms hfdi-Jt, xnnil-hur, cllj)', luichi/ s/mrc, IhIhihI, 
 hcddhind, point, hnij and Cdrc, riirri'nt and riiiijt'h'iirc make up 
 almost the whole terminology of the region. The frequent end-, 
 ing -k (-ilk, -tk, -rtk, -dk) sometimes nuirks the plural of a n ouuV 
 considered as aninnite, l»ut more iVeipUMitly it is the I nnitl rr nisc- \ 
 endiuff ohserved in all Algonkinian dialects under vari(tus forms. 
 This case-.suflix corresponds minutely to our prepositions at, in, 
 on, vpaii, (it the pidcc or upot of. It also ohtains in the l'enol)scot 
 and Milieite dialc(;ts; hut in the south W(!st coriK-r of Maine occur 
 a numher of geographic names in -rl. -it, -.' which approximates 
 the dialect in which they originate to that of Massachusetts and 
 of Kliot's Bihle. So we meet there with names like .\t)adasset, 
 llarriseekit, >hinset, Millinoket.()gun<iuit, i'ejepscot (Sheepscot), 
 Wehhamiet, and Wiscasset. The name l*enohs(;ot cannot he ad- 
 duced here, for its original form in that dialect is I'anawampskek, 
 *' where tlie conical rocks arc." ** 
 
 The [iididn nnmcs of (elevations, rivers, and localities are in 
 this article spelt in a scientiHt; alphal)et in whicdi the vowels 
 possess the value of anil are [tronounced as they are in the lan- 
 guages of the European continent.* To readi-rs it will soon ap- 
 l)ear how inconsistently the Indian names were rendered hy the 
 American and Britisjli natives in their pronunciation and how 
 often partsof them weredropped entirely. These Indian names 
 are generally easy to pronounce for Americans; still, Algonkin- 
 ian dialects have a tendency to droj) vowels when standing l»e- 
 tween consonants at the heginning of words. This cau.ses a 
 peculiar difficulty of utterance, and makes some of them unj)ro- 
 nounccahle to a majority of English-speaking people. 
 
 *g Is always liarrt and i 1ms tlie soiiiul of e in bucket. 
 
I 
 
 
 ALL 
 
 vM Tj[j,; jnY oA' ^'.iss^^fAQ!'onpy 
 
 i 
 
 A hlH't OK INDt/VN (IKOdltAIMIIC! NAMIIS OCCUUlirNti AHOJ'ND I'AhhA- 
 
 MA(ii«»i>i)V HAY, maim:, with tiikik dkuivaiionh 
 
 Bar Haibor, Moniit Drncrt, iiml Mount DcHcrt Mi\\u\ arc all calicil in 
 hiilian IVi-Hank or IV'Hsan, "at the (•lanl•lli^^^in^{ plac*' or plairH;" 
 fVoiii ('MM, "mIk'II," ii't'iMiinj; licrt'to tlu'clani only ; |) prcllx, an ver- 
 bal (Mxiill^. 
 Bay of Fuudy, a Htorni-iM-ati'ii conn'r of liic Atlantif ocean ln'twt'OiJ 
 C^\A>v*' — ^ .No\ I. Scotia ami New l5rnnH\vick, is to tiie iniiiaiis Wekwalieyituk, 
 " waves at the lieail of the hay," -tuk referring' to «aters iliivt-n in 
 waves or nioveil l»y tiie tidt*. Nowhere else in the world are the tiden 
 so hi^.'h as in tliis iiay. (See (hik bay.) 
 Ijl Bishop's point, a locality on north head of (irand Manan island, New 
 Hrnnswick. its Indian name, Mndebe-nhij.'en, means death-trap of 
 whales, from bndebi'ii, "whale"; -hi^en, a sntlix which stands for 
 " tool '" or " iiistrnmcnt." 
 Campobello island, New Mrnnswick, is called Kbay:wi'dek, from its posi- 
 tion between Maine and the nuiinland of New I'lrnnswick, " llontin^r 
 between ;" cba, bet ween ; ^widen, (loatiii;;. Another Indian .lame 
 ^^> for this island is Ivllitik, which seems to refer to the sn<lden deepen- 
 
 ing of the waters on the west side. 
 Cherry island, a rocky formation jnsi south of Indian island. New Mruns- 
 wick, is known to the native Indian as Mfsik ncn">*"^. ""' "'*' I'ttlo 
 island of trees." Misi is "tree" or "trees;" misik, "where trt'CH 
 stand;" ncVu, abbreviation of m'nfkn, "island;" -sis, diininutivo 
 endinj;. 
 Cobscook bay, a body of salt water lyin^' west and southwest of Moos»> 
 island. It is th(> Indian term kiipskid;, "at the waterfalls." The 
 tide, rising: here daily to about twi-nty l"eet, enters into the sinuosi- 
 ties of the sliorelands, and the waters returning: to the ocean form 
 rapids, i-i(Iles, or cascades (kiipsku). 
 ^ ^1 .^ Deer island, New Hrnnswick, a larj.'e isle at the southern extremity of 
 r\,' I'assanuKpioddy buy, is Kdi'iki ui'niku, "of the deer tin- island." 
 
 • D'Orville's head, eminence where St Croix river empties into Tassama- 
 
 (pioddy bay ; KwaKUstelms'k, " at the dirty mountain ; " from kwa^- 
 weyu, "dirty;" tchus, "mountain;" -k, locative particle, "at." 
 The name was long ajro corrupted into the more popidar " Devil's 
 liead." UL^ ^ ^ 
 •»,^ Eastport, city and harbor, has the same It 'ian mime as Moim- idun il. 
 
 upon whi(;li it is built, Miiselenk. This is a corruption from the hy- 
 brid compound !Mus-i11;ind'k, its .second half being a corruption of 
 ixUiiiif, with the locative -k appended. The locality wheie the las 
 moo.se was killed, about a century ago, lies on its northern part. The 
 genuine Indian name for Moose island is Mus m'nfkn. The Moose 
 ielanders (and the Kasti)ort people especiall- ) are called MusCieniek. 
 Eel brook, a small rivulet at the northern end of (irand ^lanan island, 
 is in Indian Katekadik, which stands for Kat-akadik, and signifies 
 " where (-k) eels (katj are plentiful (akiidi)." 
 
 ^c^ 
 
 »AJ 
 
 
u'JM^A 
 
 MdOSO 
 
 The 
 111 form 
 iiiity i)f 
 
 ISJ^tllllil- 
 
 k wiij;- 
 
 '•at." 
 
 Devil's 
 
 Ill" liy- 
 tii>n of 
 lie liiH 
 Tlie 
 .Aloose 
 I'niek. 
 i»ian(l, 
 ijriiitlef 
 
 ,v^? 
 
 \] 
 
 M.i. AHovsh Tin-: ii.tr or i'.issA.)t.i<^((nn>y 
 
 22 
 
 »*i 
 
 ^- 
 
 Oardiiet's lake, in Marhin-i fowiidiip, 'ix callnl NrmdaniHw' .imiin. tlio 
 tcriii iii'iinlain ilcMiuMuitiii;; a H|M'i-i('H of ficsli-watt'i' ll»'li niHliiii^ up 
 ' ookn mid I'liuiiiit'N i U''"!. niniiiril ) ; li^iiiii, "liik«'." 
 Grand Manaii, .New llniii-wii'k. a laru'f i^laml willi liiyli "lioics, south 
 of l'iiHMaiiiai|iio(|(ly lniy, i^ tlic MiMiamik of the linliaiis. Die iiaiiut 
 prohalily Hi),;iiilleM "at the iHlaini " in the Mirinae ilialert. 
 Berring cove, a iaiife sea-linifh oiitheeiot side of ('aiiijioliell.i island, I 
 facinu I'nndy hay ami (irand .Manaii inland, is ealleil rilihaiiikfak.l 
 "at the lon^{ lieacli ; " pilt'li(''yii, ('/ in Iidhj ; anik, i/rmd; kie, lumli ; 
 locativti cane, kfak. This cove hits lately heen iiiadi' uccessilile hy 
 a }rood road lea<liii^ to it from the Tyii-y-eoed hotel, and with itH 
 pictiiresiine viewx and ilH iniillieolored pelihles foriiiH ijiiile an attiac- 
 ti<ni to visitorH. 
 Indian island, New Mniiiswick, I'nrniH a narrow strip of one and a half 
 iniU-s' lenv'th at the soiitliwestern entranee to rassainaijiioddy hay, 
 and was inhahited hy these Indians hefore they eroi'sed over t(» 
 Lineoin's point and IMeasant point, Maine. They eall it .Mi>Hx -iieL"is./ 
 "at the tree islan d." The iiatjie of C 'lerrv island di. v.) is a diinimiy 
 live of this. 
 Kendall's head, a hold headlami in northern part of Moose island And 
 y^j^ faein;; Deer islaml, New llninswiek, upon the " westt-rn pttssa;,'e " of 
 
 . jv***" !^t Croix river, is railed by the Imlians \Vahf),'eii(''k, of " at th-whilo 
 .1 k~ hone," or WahiVt^n, "white hoiu'," from tliu^'VNliile coin'- of a rock 
 led>;e on its top; wiihi, irhitc ; -)"'"^r -t^^n, Imiif ; -k, nl. 
 Kunaskw&mkuk, ahhreviiited frecpieiitly into Knnaskwamk. is a eoin- 
 prehensiv*' name jriven to the town of St .\inli('ws. New Ihiiiiswick, 
 to the heights ahove and north of it, where the AI;;on(piin hotel is . 
 erected, and to the coast between St Andri'Ws and .loe's jtoint. The 
 name sinnities "at the jfravel beach of the pointed top;" kniiii, 
 " point," referring to a sandbar projectinjf into the hay ; knnaskwa, 
 "pointed top or extremity;" aink, "^travel," and here " ^jravelly 
 beaeli;" -nk, locative ending;, til, on, ii/mii. 
 Lubec, a village sonth of Kastport, at the narrows 1 ?tween Campohcllo 
 island and the mainland of Maine, is called Kehamki'ak, "at the 
 beach forming the narrows." Kebe-ik means "at the narrows," and 
 is the same word as the Oree and Moiitajjnais: Kehek, (jihluc, in 
 ('anada ; -ki'ak is the locative case of kie, "at the beaeli or beaches." 
 Maohias and East Machias, two towns on the sonthern trend of tlit> 
 ]Maine eoast, in WaHliin<rton county, whieh were settled from Sci;r- 
 
 boron<;h, in Maine, represent the term Mietchiess, i ' i' f n , 
 
 Meddybemps village and Meddybemps lake, draincMl by DennyM 
 river, Dennysville tow i. •, are <'alled after a fres!i-water Ush, mr-de- 
 besH'm, or the lidhponl. 
 Moose island. ^Seo Kastpoil.) 
 
 Moosehead lake, in the^interior of Maine, I'iscataquis county, is called 
 in I'assumaqnoddy Ktclii-^;Ufi^ . "at the wide outlet." A literal 
 translation of the Enjirlish name would be Musatp ajfcmuk ; nius, 
 " moose deer ; " -atp suffix referring to "head;" i'lgemnk, " at the 
 lake." Chesuncook is in Penohwol dialect the name of a lake to the 
 
 gJ^ 
 
 U^ 
 
 ■'^. 
 
 •A*" 
 
 
 IaX 
 
 
 !l(t»"' 
 
iv 
 
 IJ 
 
 v.; 
 
 23 
 
 ALL A HOUND THE BAY OF PASHA MAQVODDY 
 
 ! 
 
 northeast of ^looseliead lake, and Hignifies "at the ])ig outlet," 
 Ktchi-siinkuk. 
 
 Mount Katahdin, on Peiiohsoot i-lvor, though its name is worded in the 
 Penobsoot dialect, may be mentioned here as signifying " large moun- 
 tain;" the syllable kt- is equivalent to ktchf, '• large, great, big; " 
 ■id'ne, ad'na, is " mountain." The Penobscot Indians pronounce it 
 Ktil'd'n ((t short); the Passama(iiioddies, Ktfid'n {a long). 
 
 Norumbega is the alleged name of a river and .-iome ant;ient villages or 
 Indian "cities" in Maine, spelled in nnmy ditl'erent ways, but never 
 located with any decree of (lertaiuty. The name dots not stand for 
 any Indian settlement, but is a term of the .\buaki languages, which 
 in Penobscot sounds nalambigi, in Passamaquoddy nalabegik — lioth 
 referring to the " still, (luiet " (nala-) stretch of a river between two 
 rifiles, rai)ids, or cascades ; -bcgik, for nipcgik, means "at the water." 
 On the larger rivers ami watercourses of Maine ten to twenty of these 
 " still water stretches " may occur on each ; hence the impossibility 
 of determining the sites meant by the old authors speaking of these 
 localities. NaranLvuik, now Norridgewok, on middle Penobf?t!ot river, 
 has the same meaning. 
 
 Oak bay, a large inlet of St Croi.t river, east of the city of Calais, is 
 named Wekwayik— " at the head of the bay." 
 
 Passamaquoddy bay, according to its orthography now current, means 
 the bay where pollock is numerous or plentiful. The English si)ell- 
 ing of the name is not (juite correcit, for the Indians pronounce it 
 PeskC'dCmakiidi pekudebegek. Pesk(5dein is the pollock-fish or '• skip- 
 per," "jumper ;" called so from its habit of skipping above the sur- 
 face of the water and falling into it again ; -kadi, -akadi is a sufiix, 
 marking plciity or abundance of the object in question. (Cf. the :iame 
 Acadia, derived from this ending.) There are several places on the 
 shores of this bay especially favorable for the catch of this food-tish, 
 like East Quoddy head, etc, as mentioned previously in thia article. 
 Quoddy, the abbreviated name now given to a hotel in Eastport, 
 shonld be spelt : Kadi or Akadi, for there is no w-sound in this Indian 
 term, and it would be better to write the name of the bay, if scientific 
 accuracy is desired, " Peskedemakadi bay." 
 
 Pembroke lake, a long water sheet, stretching from north west to south- 
 east, is in In<mn Imnakwau agum, or " the lake where sweet tree- 
 sap is obtained." Makwan, or " sweet," stands for the liquid sugar 
 running from the sugar maple in season. Agum means " lake." 
 
 Pleasant point, Indian village on the western shore of St Croix river, is 
 called Siba-ik, Sibayik : "at the water-passage, on the thoroughfare 
 for ships or canoes," which refers to the sites just south of the 
 
 "point." vMt J»' <l 
 
 Princeton, a village on the Kenn ebasis riyc r, south shore (an affluent of 
 
 tlie St Croix river from tne"west), is called Mdakmfguk, " on the 
 
 rising soil ; " from mda, " high, rising," and kmfgu, an abbreviation 
 
 of ktakmfgu, " laud, soil, territory." 
 Red Beach, on west shore of lower St Croix river, Calais township, 
 
 above Robbiustou, is named Mekwamkes'k, "at the small red 
 
 
 .\ w- 
 
to south- 
 veet tree- 
 uid sugar 
 ike." 
 < river, is 
 ouglifare 
 h of the 
 
 -T- 
 
 ,rl^' 
 
 •y 
 
 ig outlet," 
 
 rded in tiie 
 urge mouu- 
 etit, big; " 
 jiiounce it 
 
 villages or 
 but never 
 t stand for 
 ges, which 
 ''gik — l)oth 
 tween two 
 he water. ' ' 
 ty of these 
 po8.ribility 
 Ig of these 
 >sCot river, 
 
 Calais, is 
 
 mt, means 
 ;lish si)ell- 
 nounce it 
 or'-skip- 
 e the sur- 
 s a suffix, 
 the '.lanie 
 es on the 
 food- fish, 
 is article. 
 Eastport, 
 lis Indian 
 scientific 
 
 ALL AROUND THE HAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 
 
 ■24 
 
 
 Schoodic 
 
 St Croi 
 
 origin, '"or a long distance it forms the frontier heiwccn Maine 
 (Was'liiiigton county) and New Bnniswick. The French name, " Holy 
 Cro.«H," came from a cross erected by early French explorers. 
 
 St Francis river, in Canada, Ontario province, upon which Indians 
 cognate to tlie Penobscots of Maine are living, is called by tliem 
 Lesigantuk, a contraction of IJlastig.'in-tuk. The same name is given 
 to their village and to the natives themselves. 
 
 St Oeo.ge and St Seorge river, emptying into tlie northeast end of 
 Pas-samaqnoddy bay, are just as well known by their Indian name, 
 Megigadowik, "many eel.'- having;" from nu'gi, maiii/ ; gat or kat. 
 eel; -wi, adjectival ending; -k, locative case sullix. 
 
 St John river, running near the western border of New Brunswick and 
 its large tributary, the Aroostook, are both called in Penobscot anil 
 in Passamaquoddy, Uia.stuk, "good river," meaning river of easy 
 navigatiop, without cascades, falls, or rapids; from ula, wuli, (jood ; 
 -tnk, tida. liver and watfa driven in waves. 
 
 I . ,- ( 
 
 ffluent of 
 " on the 
 reviation 
 
 
 jwnship, 
 nail red