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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely Included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many fi'ames as required. The following diagiams illustrate the method: Les cartea, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiim^is A dee taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le doc jment est trop grand pour ';tre reproduit en un seul ciichA, II est filmA A partir de I'angle suptrieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, on prenant le nombre d'images ntcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 LC! B sni us An ^^ LdVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOdL BOOKS. ., ; A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEM ov BOOK-KEEPING, BY SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTRY; SIMPLIFIED BY DETAILED EXPLANATIONS OF THE PHEA8ES AND BOOKS IN GENERAL USE, AND BY ' NUMEROUS EXAMPLES. WITH A VABIKTT OF USEf DL RULES, TABLES, & CALCULATIONS. BY THOMAS R. JOHNSON, ACCOUNTANT, MONTREAL. ISTcw B2dition« Revis ed . Approved by the Councils of Public Tnstruciion for the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec^for use in Public Schools. iTOontteal ; * PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL, AND BOLD AT THE BOOK STOBBSi 1868. Eitered, according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, m tUe year one tljousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, by John Lovm, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. P E E F A C E. in the y John This brief treatise on Book-keeping is designed to assist every class of persons who may have transactions of value with others, in keeping a record of the same, by means of a convenient and comprehensive Book or Books. It was first intended to treat only on tho system commonly called Double Entry, but with a view to make the work more useful, the other jystem called Single Entry has been intro- duced. While this has been done, yet it may be well to remark that the one called Double Entry has received the greatest con- sideration! because it is the only satisfactory and reliable mode of keeping books : in fact the chief desire is to make this system so simple that any and every person will comprehend it, and keep his Books by it. In every case it is most desirable that due consideration be given to a propei* division of your business and books, such as keeping all your cash transactions in a separate book, all purchases in an Invoice book, and Sales, &c., in other books suitable for such subdivision. The difference between the two systems of Single and Double Entry, chiefly lies in the susceptibility of proof of accuracy that i^e latter has over the former ; the one as its name intimates having but one entry to anyone transaction, (Debtor or Creditor as the case may be,) while the other must have the same entry represented in two or mo^'e accounts separately in the Ledger, which in the aggregate must be equal on both sides of said book. PREFACfi. to oven a set for practice. p„„on should A3 it IS ot the atmo.t ""P~ ^^.^ to reeord their .eepa hoc. or ^^ ;^-:::^l . ...^ of i.ee,». «a„„c.ions, they are ^''^^^ .„ ,^,f ,uhoogh 8.mpie, House or Domestic AceouuW, wh ^^^^ ^^„„„„y „iU he a good i""'"'-' ""^ "^^ ';,,*. a te. examples for a and he produetive of good '«"»'• ' ^^oh ^iU suffice to ,^es»aaor "-'-'-^r ^ he U a-d ia addition mustrate how such c»»"^' »';" g„,^. i„ Double Batry an 1, angular set o«^^ ^^^^ , J,,«ons are given hy .„„. set of B^- ;fjr:,u answe^all tUe purposes of r::::---r:siceon man. important I. order to render 8^-^ — ,,, ,„e heen appended ealculations, a -«>''- "^^J^';; ,m be InteresUng and proft- to this work, a reference to ^toc able. THOMAS R. JOHNSON. Montreal, December, 1863. the veral pting bould i their eeping Bimplo, conomy es for a uffice to addition Sntry an given by rposea of important appended and profit- HNSON. INTRODUCTION TO SINGLE ENTRY. In keeping Books by this method, all the accounts used generally represent b*it the Debit and Credit of individual accounts, and the Books used are chiefly ** Gash Book," "Day Book," " Invoice Book," and " Ledger," with the auxiliaries of « Bill Book," " Bank Cheque Book," "Time Book," (for Trades- men and Manufacturers,) a " Blotter," and a " Diary Book." Entries in these books only differ in names and details of the work. It is not necessary to give more than one set for domestic purposes, and one for mercantile transactions, with a few illus- trative entries for Tradesmen and Manufacturers : these latter may be posted into the same Ledger, as the same operation has to be gone through in each case as far as the Ledger is con- cerned. Debtor or Dr. signifies one who receives or owes ; thus when you sell or give any thing to any person he is your debtor ; the word To is always used in the case of debtor only. Creditor or Cr. signifies one who gives out or advances goods, &c., and is the opposite of the debtor ; thus if you pur- chase goods or receive money or anything else from any person, he is your creditor for that amount. By is always used in the case of Creditor only. A Bill Receivable is a Promissory Note or other bill given to you and is promised to be paid at a future day ; it is called receivable^ because it is presumed that when it matures, you are to receive the cash. A Bill Payable is a Promissory Note or other bill of accep- tance signed by you and given to another person in lieu of a payment, but which on the day of maturity must be paid in cash. To is always used wheu you make a debit entry. See examples- > JBy isaXw&ya used when ^ou make a credit entry. See examples. 6 INTRODUCTION TO CASH BOOK. In this book is entered nothing but your cash transactions, and on the left hand, which is called the Dr. or debtor side, you must enter all moneys received : in doing this you are making your Gash Account debtor, while at the same time the entry so made is virtually giving the person from whom you received the amount credit. On the right hand or credit side, you enter all moneys paid out, which has an opposite effect to the other side as explained above. DAY BOOK. In this book are entered all goods going out, all Bills Receiv- able and Bills Payable, and all charges or credits of every description except Cabh — and your purchases of merchandise, which will be found in your " Invoice Book." You must ob- serve in this book in particular the use of the word To in all cases of debit, and the word £t/ in all cases of credit; by so doing you will always be more certain and correct in your posting to the correct side of your Ledger account. INVOICE BOOK. Is used altogether in which to copy your Bills of purchases— and thus to keep a Book record of the details of such transac- tions, in S'^'b a manner as is not likely to be lost or destroyed, which might be the case with the original Invoice. LEDGER. The Ledger is always the chief book in every person's business, as in it are collected all the debits and credits of every account : the left hand side of this book (or page when so ruled) is in- variably the debit side of the Account, while the right hand side is of course the credit side. Note. — In Singl" Entry, to ascertain the position ofyourhusi- ness, you must take off on sheets of paper all the names that have (}alances that appear at their debit in your Ledger,all Bills Re-! SINOLB ENTRY. 7 ceivable that are unpxidf mid all your stock on hand, projierly, SfC. which put toqetner will form your Assets (an allowance or discount is frequently found to be necessary on some or all of your jissels.) On the other hand you must in like manner take off on sheets of paper all the names that have balances that appear at their credit in your Ledger ; and all Hills pay(d)le and acceptances, of every description for which you are liable ; these together are gener- ally termed your liabilities ; the one set or side of Accounts, ifc, taken from the other, will show your exact position. BILL BOOK. This book is used chiefly to note the particulars of obligations, where drawn, by whom, where and when payable, the date, and the endorser, with a marginal space where n memorandum should be made how the bill, note, or obligation has been dis- posed of. It is the general practice to have a book ruled so that one end is used for Bills Receivable, and the other for Bills Payable. Specimens are appended for examples. This book for every system is always tho same. BAXK CHEQUE BOOK. It is very important that a marginal copy of the filling up of your Cheques should be made before you pay them away : by this means you can always see and know the particulars of granting such cheqaes, &c. On the margin of the cheque you enter particulars as stated above, and on the opposite side of the margin you enter the money you deposit in the Bank, and add or subtract daily, as the cast may be, and the result will always show what your balance is in the Bank. Specimen sheets are appended of this book also, which is the same for every method of Book-keeping. TIME BOOK. There are any number of plans for a time book, all differing according to circumstances : however, there is appended a speci- men which is considered the best, as it affords the best op- 8 XHTKOD.CTION TO SINGLE ENTHV. . , ,. aav and patlicuUrly o™"» «" ' written that both Arties might sign the "ook unjl J ^^^^ ^^^,_ ,„, , „.u, bility of this book. , . DIARY. v^ot a Diary Book is, yet to make th 8 work complete, reference js made to xt^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ this worn. transaction or an api* ^^^^ :rthe appointment 0. e„g^g«-^^ >n,on. Piar. so soon rrtr:^x.'Xi uis toU ^--r ;.-= - ^'— /^aV of— -"^ * On--— — d^y°^- Bank, $. ,- - ance company falls due, $. On- day of. will take letters for me. on^ d^y "^-^ a.T.R.Co.,at P-"^- jce — inuB ; _inynote falls due at. _xDy insurance atQueenlnsur- :Mr. B. leaves for England, and .a meeting of Stockholders to make }how it3 cc, is to the date ftce ; this 80 sooa SPECIMEN BOOKS FOR GENERAL USE. 10 SFSdMEir OF BILL BOOK. BILLS No. Flace. Montreal. Feb. 20, '63. Jan. 24, '63. Feb. 28, '68. Date. Drawn by Myself. On whom. Whose Favor. My own. J. Ash. T. Savage. Note.— Bills Payablo, acceptance of a Draft on you and Exchange drawn on time by you uhoald all be entered in th)s place. This form is used for both Single and Double Kntry. 11 PAYABLE. Endorser. Where Fay'ble. Time. Due. Amt. Remarks. A. Hooker.) City Bank. Ontario Bank. 3mos. 3 " 3 " May 23, '63.300 Apl. 27, '63.ll60 May 31, '63.1343110 00 Disct. my own use. ,00 ■'*..■-■" ■". ■ ■ l.Vi'"JJ»-"" BILLS No.! riace. Date. Drawn by on vhom.WUoso Favor. ■ «^ I X 1 Tan 20, '63. J. Stevenson. 1 1 Montreal. Jan. ^. 1 ,. 1 u 23, 'eM R. ABhtord. 2 My favor. Jno. >iU be entered here, inw w» ravor. Ivor. ving you, or dat« should ouble Entry. HECEIVABLB. Id Endorser. None. Jno. Green Where Pay'ble. T'-nc. Ontario Bank. City Bank. 3mo8!Api''23. 8mos. Due. Amt. 57 Remarks. Disc'fd Feb. 5'63. ■\ 14 1868. Jan. Balance brought over . 5th— Deposited rth- rth— Less cheque No. 26.. 13th— Deposited 14th— do IGth— do $600 00 300 00 265 00 17th— Less cheque No. 27. 20th— Deposited. ... . 23rd— Less cheque No. 28. Amount carried over, 1165 00 100 00 1065 00 215^50 160 00 75'00 1515 50 100 00 L 1415 50 11100 1526 176 $1351 50 50 00 No. 26. Jany. 7, 1863. To George Sharpe, Acct. for horse for general use Amount No. 27. Jany. IG, 1863. To Jos. Griawold, Acct. of wheat pur chase Amou. t. . . . No. 28. Jany. 23, 1863. To Peter Burton, Acct. of flour pur- chase Amyunt . . . 100 00 100 175 [O Speeimen Sheet. 15 BANK CHEQUE BOOK. No. 26. CITY BANK. Montreal, January 7, 1863. $100 •,%-. Fay to George Sharpe, or order, one hundred and lupj Dollars which charge to " A. B. C." To the Cashier. , No. 27. CITY BANK. Montreal, January 16, 1803. $100 -ao^. Pay to Joseph Griswold, or order, one hundred and 'Poa Dollars, which charge to " A. B. C." ' To the Cashier. ;:\ No. 28. CITY BANK. Montreal, January 23, 1863. Pay to Peter Burton, or order, one hundred and seventy-five and tujTi Dol- o\ lars, which charge to o] o] o\ To the Cashier. ••A. B.C." 16 SPECIMEN OF TIME BOOK. December, 18G2. JAMES HUTCHINGS, Master Plumber. Date. M 1 T 2 W 3 T 4 P 6 S 6 M 8 T 9 WIO T 11 F 12 S 13 M 15 T 16 W17 T 18 F 19 S 20 M22 T 23 W24 T 25 F 26 S 27 M29 T 30 W31 Hours 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 S 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 13 10 10 10 Description of Work and lohere done Hours' work i\ shop preparing couplings, SiC, T. Mussen's house, half day no work. Hours' work in shop preparing water and i^as pipes for do. " " at house of T. Mussen on Sberbrooko street. Say 5 hours to complete T. Musson'a house, and 5 hours at work in shop for L. Boyer. Completing L. Beyer's job at water pipes in Cornwall terrace. Repairing heating apparatus at Ontario Bank, half day no work. No work, absent, being unwell. << «' " preparing water pipes for l>?Torranco. " at D. T.'s house completing repairs to water pipes. Hours' prepaiiUg gas and water pipes in shop for G. Wink's house. Say 5 hours' do. do. do. , and 5 hours at G. Wink's house. Whole time at gas pipes at G. W.'~ house. Say 5 hours time " •' and 5 hours at Mon- treal Bank work. Whole time at Montreal Bank job at gas pipes completed. " " at St. Lawrence Hall at heating apparatus, com- pleted job. Time at Court House, heating apparatus, half day not at work. Whole time at G. Wink's House, gas pipes completed. " '♦ •' " at water pipes. Christmas day ; no work. No work tliis day. Hours at G. Wink's water pipes. i< << << <( << << «« *• " completed. ^^ysn.— Each page qfyour Time Jiookrepresmta but one man' a time,and for one wanXh only. ife SPECIMEN ENTRIES. jT TKADESMAN'S OK MANUFACTUKKRS BOOK. DAY BOOK. January 3rd, 18C3. (ioorgo Winks, Dr. To Jamos Hutchinca' tinio, as por tirno book, in December, 18^52, working at. v^ ater pipes and Gas fittings, 10 days at !ii!l.50 •' 3()0 feet gas pipe, 300 lbs., at 10 cts . . . " 3-f» brancli gasaliors, #20, !|?35, MO... " 200 feet water pipe, 400 lbs., at 10 cts. " f)tapsat !ii!l.25eacli " 10 lbs. solder at 30 cts CartagO Tljoro may bo otlior items to cliarge. " Above is a specimen entry for a Gas- litter and plumber." 5tli J. G. Mackenzie & Co., Dr. To making 60 dozen collars at W) cts. " 30 " " (Wets " 30 " " GSets. " Above is a specimen entry manufactur- ing for a lirm at a fixed rate', time kept as specimen sheet." lOtli J. G. Mackenzie & Co., €r. By 5 bales raw cotton, 1000 lbs., to b( manufactured into sheeting ; they are t« pay m(^» time at *1.00 per day, and Doys' and girls at 50 cents per day in cash -25th J. G. Mackenzie & Co., Dr. To (2,500 yards shooting, being tho produce of their 1,000 lbs. raw cotton received by me on 10th.) Say men's time equal to 39 days at #1.00 . . Boys and girls time 150 days at 50 cts. . . . 15 30 96 40 6 3 30 18 19 39 75 00 00 00 00 25 00 25 00 00 50 00 00 189 50 67 50 114 00 Note.— In cases where a price is put on the articlee received and returned, the amount should appear in this book instead of the foregoing entriee. 2 18 SFECniEN ENTBIEfMJoBtinued. TRADESMAN'S OR MANUFACTURER'S BOOK. DAY BOOK. February 1st, 1863. — Theodore Hart, "Montreal." Dr. To labor 6 stone cutters' time preparing stone for stores in Notre Dame street in Dec 1862, equal to 138 days at 81.75. . . . Say 6 laborers excavating foundation, &c., for above, equal to 100 days at SO ots. Say 8 sleighs hauling earth and material tor above, equal to 110 days at $2.00.. . . Say amount or rough stone paid for 6 masons' time,— 100 days at 81.76. . . 6 laborers' do. 100 " 80... 4 bricklayers' 60 " 1.50... 4 laborers' do. 60 " 80... Sand and lime Above is a specimen of a mason contrac- tor's work and coarge, of course he alone can tell what deviations are necessary as to time, rates, and material : in fact all these entries are only approximate ideas as to details, and they are only given to illustrate how such detailed entries can bo made. Labor Account, Dr. To paid my men up to Ist inst., as per their time in Time Books This might be varied by opening an ao count for each of your men and cnarging them respectively tneir several sums, and of course should be entered in your Cash book. 241 80 220 300 176 80 90 48 200 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1294 80 200 00 J SINGLE ENTRY. Sekies No. 1 AND No. 2. 20 SINGLE ENTRY. Series No. 1. DOMESTIC OU Jr'IlIVATE CASH BOOK. [I] MoNTiiHAL, 3rd January, 1863. A. B. ('." Namo ofpornon {I'roprivtur ) By tuttli uii hanti tlib day r IIous(> Kxpcnsps. To i»ai»l for )l)irk«>lin;; tliis clay Sitlo ullicri', .'J()0ll)8. atf)C KnrnlUin> Account, )aii)or Itill from .). & VV, Hi " Furnituro Account. To paid Insurance on llousoliold Furni- ture, &c,, &c., in (juven Iuh. Co., on $1500 Labour Account. To paid Margaret, Kervant j;»rl, boing for 1 month, duo l»t inst A. B.C." By CuMh receiv.od for general expensuH 8th. Dh. Charities Account. To paid in Church on Sunday .»1.00 " " poor at ray door during week #1.00 House Expenses. To paid for 5 bags potatoes at 90 c. 10th . Labour Accouixt. To paid for removing snow and cleaning yard , To paid John 1 month's wages, due this day To paid for cutting and piling wood. Amounts taken forward . . fio 00 00 2' 00 00 00 50 120 00 00 00 00 Cr. 100 00 20 I 00 120 00 j: SINGLE ENTRY. SeriM No. 1. PRIVATK CASH BOOK. 21 January ISrn, 1803. [2] 1 " A. u. c." Db. 1 Cr. Bv Cash for I!ou.'<»' oxurnsos 20 00 14th. 2 House Kxiwnses. To paid E. E. Sholton, bill of Rroccrios. . . . " for vegrtn bles this day 12 CO 76 76 " Ulc'igli liiru to malic purchuHCH. . . . ll!Ml. a Kuniiture Account. To paid for an arm chair lor Willie. 1 60 \ u Wearing Apparel. To paid for cloMiinfr at J. Muir's " IJill of frootls at Morrison V C. Child's bill lor boots and shopH 20 10 00 00 00 1 "A. B.C." By Cash for House expenses 700 00 2()tli. 6 Charities Account. To paid at Church on Sunday 25 " poor at my door during week #1.26 1 60 y4th, 7 Corporation Taxes. To paid taxes for year 18(52 10 11 00 26 Water rates to 1st May, 18C3 31st, 8 Fuel and Light Account. To paid for coal and wood 14 7 00 26 Gas bill, 3 mos. to this date 1 "A. B.C." By Cash for house expenses 21 00 00 1 20 00 Balance to next mouth 1 I 140 140 00 I 22 Fkdruarv Ut, 1863. Dk. Balance fl-om laHt month brought forward. . 21 00 If Kav—imimiifji'ijijiiie SINGLE ENTRY. Beriw Vo. 1. DOMESTIC OR PRIVATE LEDGER. m LEDGER INDEX AND MONTHLY TOTALS. Ledger, fol. 1 Jndox. O 2 ^ o Is 2^- ^< hi s I 5 o 8 s 0*2 1803. January . . . February . . March April May Junu July August September , October .... November.. December.. Totals 260 CR. 00 Dn. 86 05 Du. 82 1)0 Da, 14 00 Dr. SCO Dr. 60 00 Dr. 21 2C tin 13 Dtt. 21 26 No.l No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No.6 No, 6 No.7 No.8 Years Totals Dr • Cr • $ c. .« c. NoTB.— A Diary Book (or an Almanac with blanlc pages) should be kept, 80 as to record events as they occur, such as the eugagement of servants, with particulars, special contracts, &o. •-*•"— tfc.o^ i^>aagPlf -^.i ^ SINGLE ENTEY. Series No. 1. DOMESTIC OR PRIVATE LEDGER. Ll.l 1863. Jany. A. B. C, (or Householder's name.) Dr. Cr. By Cash for liousc cxponsca . . . . <( <( << •> 1 100 1 20 2 20 2 100 2 i 20 [2-1 HOUSE EXPENSES. Dr. 1803. Jany 8 U To paid i'or KUiMlric^i ti it ti (t it n 00 00 CO 00 00 Or. 11 18 50 1 1 1 i 1 4 no ] 1 2 IS no 1 [3.] PURNITUFIR ACCOUNT. Dr. 1SG3. Jany. To paid Hilton's account. " " Insurance " " lor chair Cr. 1 75 m i 1 00 1 2 1 no I [4.] LABOUR ACCOUNT. Dr. 18C?. Jany. To paid Margaret " " Sundries and John. ia£aiaaJ.«h..-.'...- ■■|"^'.|- Cr, 1 1 5 9 00 00 1 1 1 SINGLE ENTRY. 25 Cr. 100 00 20 00 20 CO 100 00 20 00 Cr. Cr. f Series No. 1. DOMESTIC OR PRIVATE LEDGER- CHARITIES ACCOUNT. Dr. Cr. [C>.] 1863. Jany. To paid sundries. lH corn, at 95 cts 24th Joseph Ash. Terms ? months. By purchase fron. him of 50 kegs assorted cut nails at $3.20 _29th_ Charles Clarke, " New York " ^Lfi'V?'*"*'.*' *"'■*'"» '''"> of 1 hhd. sugar, ^?^L'^?;' ^^^ *«'*® ^^ JlJS-. 1109 lbs. net. at l»7.50 per 100 lbs "r^^.K^^^o^^;.**- ^'^'^' 330" lbs.* 'less" taie 6* lbs., 273 lbs. nett at 45 cts. 83 122 17 85 500 225 200 187 00 00 00 50 71 160 16 OJ 206 '.4 o: SINGLE ENTEY, Series No. 2. INVOICE BOOK. Montreal, Fhbruary, 1S63. 29 24 25 26 -7th. John Aird. By purchane from him of 15 pieces print, 33 yds each, 495 yds at 7 cts 12th- William Jeffrey, liy purchase from liim of 1 hhd molasses, 140 gals, at 35 cts 2l8t- I'eter McMullcn, " Lancaster," By purchase from him of 125 bushels corn at 96 cts " 100 bushels oats at 90 cts —28th- 19 Tliomaa Savage, " Terms 3 months." By purchase from him of 40 bbls, flour, at »5,00 10 bis, com, flour at .f 3.75 6 •' white sugar, 9601bs, not, at 11 cts. 118 90 75 00 200 37 105 00 50 60 34 49 66 00 208 75 343 10 30 SINGLE ENTBY. Series No. 2. DAY BOOK. IMoMTBBAL, January, 1863. 16 17 18 17 17 -3rd- Jacob Woodman, St. Antoinest., Montreal. To 8 bblB. flour, at S6.00 " 10 bushels oats, at $1.10 -^th- William Adam, " St. Lawrence st." To 14 lbs. sugar, at 10 ots " 1 box soap " 2 lbs. green tea, at 60 cts -9th. John Burnett, "St. Joseph st." To 5 bbls. flour, at S6.00 . . . . " 6 •' Com. flour, at $4.50. -12th- Alfred Jones, " St. Catherine st." To 13 yds print, at 9 cts " iR " lining, at 7 cts 15 -17th- Jolin Stevenson. " Dorchcstei' st." To 10 bbls corn flour, at ^M ... " 100 bushels oats, at $1.10 -19th- Kobort Ashford, "Cornwall, C.W." To 5 doz. table knives, at $3.00 " 8 " butts, at $1.00 " 15 kegs cut nails, assorted, at $3.50.. " 4 boxes Uiggins' axes, at $12.00. . . -19th- John Stevenson, " Dorchester st." To interest on his note for $155.00 at 7 per cent, for 3 months -20th- John Stevenson. By his note at 3 months payable at Ontario Bank, dne April 23rd, for amount of his purchase ot 17th inst. and interest . . . 48 11 1 2 1 22 1 1 45 110 15 8 52 48 00 00 40 00 20 00 50 17 05 00 00 00 00 50 00 59 00 52 155 60 50 22 00 123 50 70 167 70 ) SINGLE ENTEY. Series No. 2. DAY BOOK. Montreal, January, 1863. 19 18 22Dd George Sharp. To 20 lb8. sugar at 10 cts. . « 5 " cheese at 20 ots. . " 5 " candles at 15 cts. " 4 gals, syrup at 50 cts. 28rd 18 25 Robert Ashford. To interest on his not« for S123.50 at 7 per cent, for 3 mouths 23rd Robert Ashford. By his note at 3 months payable at City Bank, endorsed by John Green for amount of his purchase of 19th inst. and interest i 00 00 75 00 27th 20 21 Joseph Griswold. To 25 yds white cotton at 17 cts. . " 1 piece print, 33 yds at 18 cts. " 3 doz. pocket knives at »3.50. " 5 " table " at Si2.76. " 2 kogs cut nails at $3.50 30tb Peter Burton, To 10 bbls flour at $6.00. '■•■••••I 30th Charles Simmons. To 25 bushels oats at $1.10. " 25 " corn at $1.15. 25 94 10 50 13 76 7 00 27 28 50 75 31 5 76 16 125 66 41 60 44 00 56 25 32 SINGLE ENTRY. Series No. 2. DAY BOOK. February, 1863. 27 14 22 9 22 28 2nd. To r» arma taukH, assorted sizes, at (iO cts. 1 »li»z. door looks 2 " cupboard do. jit *l.f)0 i " poll kiiivos at $7.60 5th, Joseph Ash. To bills payable, gave him my note at 3 mouths Irom January 24tli, 1863, pay- able at Ontario Uank, April 27, 1863. . . . .10th_ William Adams. To 20 lbs rice at 4 cts '• 15 ** barley at 4 cts.... " 20 " sugar at 10 cts .. . •' 10 cals. syrup at 50 eta. «< 5 lbs. tea at 60 cts _28th. Thomas Savage. Jio bills payable, for my note dated this day at 3 mouths, payable at the Ontario Bank hero, on May 31, 1863 -29th. 11 Joseph Ash. To sold him 25 bbls. flour at $5.50. .March 3rd. Wm. J. Shaw, Toronto, " per G. T. R." To consignment to him on my account 250 bushels oats, cost me 90 cts Cartage and storage, say Freight and Insurance, say 3 6 3 3 00 m (M) 76 •A 6 3 80 60 00 00 00 225 20 60 00 00 00 15 160 75 00 11 343 137 40 10 50 305 00 40 10 SINGLE ENTRY. Sei'iei No. 2. INDEX TO LEDGEIl. ABC (or your own ace). Adami, Wm Arkland, Charles Ash, Joseph Ashford, Kobert Aird, Johu Burnett, John.. Brown, Samuel. Burton, Peter. . . Bills Payable... Bills Keceivable Cartage Account Clarke, Charles.. a- O E F O Griswold, Joseph. H Jones, Alfred.... Jeffrey, William. Kemp, Alexander . Labour Account. Leggatt, Robert . M Monette, Joseph. Fol. 1 3 8 14 18 24 4 13 20 22 23 6 15 16 25 27 11 12 Mc McMullin, Peter. O Q K S Savnge, Thomas . . Stevenson, John.. Sharpe, George. . . Simmons, (Charles. Shaw, W. J T U W Wait, James Woodman, Jacob. X 33 Fol 26 8 17 19 21 28 10 2 34 LEDGER— SINGLE ENTRY. Dit. Series No. 2. "A. D. C," Proprietor. <1) Cu. 1803 Jan. li Fob. 18 To ('nsli, house cxp, 1 2o|oo; 21 20 00 1863. Jan. 3 By Cash tliis day, COO 00 Dr. JACOB WOODMAN, St. Mioine. Street. (2) Or. 18G3. Jan. 3 To Smidrics. 59 00 1863. Jan. 5r.yCas|i. 59 Dr. WM. ADAMS, St. Lawrence Street. (3) Ob. 1803. J;in. 5;To Mcrcliandisc .. 10 sill 1863. Jan. 5 By Cash. 1'! 4 I 00 Note.— The figures in brackets at right or left hand of each account are intended to represent separate pages lu the Ledger. (4) Dr. LEDGER— SINGLE ENTRY. Series No> 2, JOHN BURNETT, St. Joseph Street, 35 18G3. Jan. ToMwrchandlse. 52 60 1863. Jan. 20 By ('aah. (6) Dr. JOSEPH GRISWOLD. 1863. Jan. 27 To Sundrios. 18G3. 2| 41 44 Jan, 1 30 By Cnsb . (6) Dr. 1863. Jan. CARTAGE ACCOUNT. To Cash. 18 00 (T) Dr. LABOUR ACCOUNT. 18G3. Jan. 9 To Casli. 1 1 1 1 i 00 I Cr. 52 50 Cr. 90 00 Cr. Cr. m 36 LEDGER— SINGLE ENTRY. Series No. 2. Db. CHARLES ARKLAND, '^ my Clerk." Cr. 18C3. Jan. Feb. To CaHli , 20 00 I 20 00 Dr. THOMAS SAVAGE, '^Bemiharnnisr (9> Cr. 1803. Jan. Fi»b. Tofttsh " Bills Payablo... 200 00 348 10 18G3. Jun. Fob. 14 Uy 200 bs.whent 28 SundrieH. 200 IN) 34810 Dr. 1863. Jan. JAMES WAIT. (10) Cr. 29 To Cash. mm ! I 1863. Jan. I5yr)0bbls.Flo'r 187 50 LBDGEK— SINGLE ENTRY. 37 (11) Dr. ^ SeriM No. 2. TIOBERT LEGGATT, ''Montreal:' Gb. 1863. Feb. Izorro Cash. (12) Dr. 1863. Feb. 3|ToCaBli. 600 1803. 00 Jan. 2i By 100 bbl« Flour. 1 JOSEPH MONETTE. 225 00 1868. Jan. By 250 bs. Oats.. 500!0O Gr. 226 00 (13) Du. SAMUEL BROWX. Cr. 1868. Jan 21 By 75 bs. Corn... 1 71 25 • (14) Dr. 1863. Feb JOSEPH ASH. To Bills Payable. " Flour 311160 3 13< 1868. Jan. Cb. By CO kg,«. Nails. " Cash 160,00 123 50 38 LEDGER—SINGLE ENTRY. Series No. 2. Dr. CHARLES CLARKE, " New Yorft." 1863 Jan. '29 By Sundries. Dr. ALFRED JONES, St. Cafherine Stre.el. 1863. Jan 12 To Mercliaudisc. . 22 Dr. 1863. Jan. JOHN STEVENSON, Dorchester Street. 17 20 To Sundries. " Interest. . 155 2 70 157 00 70 1863. Jan. 20 By Note. (15 Gr. 21602 (16)) Cr. (17) Cr. 2 157 157 (0 70 Dr. 1863. Jan. ROBERT ASHFORD, " Cornwall:' (18) Gr. To Sundries. *' Interest.. 123 2 125 1863 Jan. 23 By Note. 125 66 125 66 LEDGER— SINGLE ENTRY. 39 (19) Dr. Series No. 2. GEORGE SHARPE. 1863. .Ian. 22 To Suiulries. 2| 1 5 75' i 1 1 (20) Dn. PETER BURTON. 1863. 1 ! Jan.jsol To Flour. 2 i i 1 1 t 1 60 00 i i i i (21) Du. CHARLES SIMMONS. 1863. 1 Jan., 30! To Sundries. 56 25 Ck. Ck, Cu. (22) Dr. BILLS PAYABLE. Or. I i 1863. Feb. 20 By Cash , 2 5 " J. Ash 281 '< J. Savage... 500 00 160,00 34310 m f 40 LEDGER— SINGLE ENTRY. Dr. 1863. Jan. Series No. 2. BILLS RECEIVABLE. (23) Cr. 2(Vro J. Stevens' Note 23 " K. Ashford " 157 125 1863. Feb. 5, By Cash 2 155 00 Db. JOHN AIRD. (24) Cr. 1863. i 1 1 1 Feb. 7 By Merchandise. 34 66 Dr. WILLIAM JEFFREY, (25) Cr. Dr. 1863 Feb. 12 By Molasses. PETER McAIULLIN, ''Lancaster:' 49 00 (26) Cr. 11863. iFeb. 21 By Grain. 208 75 I i (23) Cr. 00 (24) Cb. 66 (25) Cb. 49 00 I LEDGEE;— SINGLE ENTRY. 41 (27) Db. Series No. 2. ALEXANDER KEMP. 1863. Feb. To Sundrie?. 16 75 (28) Db. W. J. SHAW, " Toronto Consignment:' 1863. May. To Grain. 305 00 Cr. Cr. m m m (26) Cb. m 76 42 INTRODUCTION TO DOUBLE mTHY. BooK-KEKPiNfi is the art of keeping iiccounts, or is a record of transactions between parties where value is concerned ; and to be intelligible, and susceptible of proof that no omissions are made, these accounts must be kept by the system called Double Entry. Double Entry is not so difficult of solution as is generally supposed, or is rendered by the various authors who have inva- riably set before the pupil a multitude of examples or sets of Books which tend to mystify the whole vs'ork, leading a person to presume that each set of examples is a vew system, while in fact there is but one, and the variations are merely peculiari- ties, which are only limited by the capacities or ideas of the book-keeper, author or teacher. Any number of variations or sets of examples could be given, but the object in this short treatise on Book-keeping by Double Entry, is to simplify, and impart in a lucid manner, the most comprehensive and thorough knowledge of the art in as few words as possible, in order that it may be the more readily im- pressed and retained on the mind. The chief aim, therefore, is simplicity combined with accu- racy, and the use of such language as may be at once understood by every student ; and although many explanations may appear frivolous to some, it should be remembered that the work is designed for those who are not familiar with the art. By the time the student gets perfectly acquainted with the contents and rule" of this treatise, he will be sufficiently advanc- ed to make any additions and variations that will be found ne- cessary in any branch of business. INTRODUCTION TO DOUBLE ENTRY. 43 CHAPTER I, EM»IiANAT10N OK rUBASBS. DouBLK Entry implies an entry having two sides to it, which means that in the Ledger the entry must appear on both the debit and credit sides, but of course in different accounts ; that is, it will appear but once or on one side of each of the two accounts affected. There is but one system in Double Entry, viz : that of Debtor and Creditor, or in other words, every entry must have two sides to it, which, though they may be subdi- vided, yet in the aggregate must be equal when posted into the Ledger. There may be many variations as to the subdivisions, Ac, which are in all cases governed either by the nature of the business or the peculiarity of the book-keeper, yet all in eflect producing the same result; and as variations take place, so may additional books be required ; however, in a General Mercantile business the Books commonly used are Cash Book, Invoice Book, Sales Book, (sometimes called a Day Book), Journal, Ledger, and Bill book, with whatever other auxiliary books circumstances may require. When a person is master of the art he may reduce the num- ber of books, but until then it is safer to adopt those named above. Note.— ^ Diary Book is often found most useful for recordiuff events, ((c, but of course does not belong to a set of books. (See Single Entry.) Debtor or Dr. signifies one who owes or receives ; thus, when you sell to any person he is debtor to you. Creditor or Cr. signifies one who trusts or gives out, or is the opposite of debtor ; thus, when you make a purchase, the person from whom you do so is your creditor, (lohile you are, of course, his debtor.) Sundries is used instead of, or for a plurality of names or accounts , thus, " Sundries Dr. to Cash" means that several names or accounts have received cash and are debtors ; and vice versa. Merchandise, Cash, Charoes, Bills Reoeivarlb, Bills Payable, Profit and Loss, Interest, Exchange, Insurance, Rbnt, and such like accounts, are terms used instead of your own Hi; it ]\\i 44 INTRODUCTION TO name, to represent ^-^our transactions under these different sub- divisions, so that at a glance you can ascertain the actual nature of any or all of these accounts, which may be further subdivided to suit your caprice. Each separate account is named by the nature of the transaction it represents in your business. A Bjll Reckivahlk is u Promissory Note <»r other Bill given to you, and is promised to be paid at a future day. It is called receivable, because it is presumed that when it matures you are to receive the money. A Bill Pavablk is a Promissory Note or other draft or bill signed or accepted by you and given to another person in lieu of cash, which on the day of maturity you must pay in cash. Charges Account or Expense Account is used for such dis- bursements as have no other place or name in the Ledger. Interest Account is necessary in all establishments where it is either charged or allowed, when accounts exceed the time limited by agreement. Discount Account is only di.ferent from Interest Account in that it affects the prima facie value of an Account or of Bills Receivable or payable ; thus, a note for $1,000 has three months to run ; you get it discounted, that is, you get the money for it before it becomes due, for which aecommodation you have to take less than $1,000 ; and to make your Bills Receivable or Bill.J Payable balance in your Ledger, you enter the face of the Bill and charge Discount account with what it has cost you for the accommodation. Exchange Account is used by persons who transact business with other countries where a difference of currency exists. Note.— Some persons keep only an Interest Account, leaving out Dis- count and Exchange Accounts. If your business under the latter two subdivisions is not very extonsivo, they might bo omitted, and the trans- actions taken t|) the Interest Account. Insurancb Account is used to show wjiat this item costs you, and to keep a check before you, that you have not omitted such an impoitaut feiitiire of your busiiierfs. CoMMis.sKiN Accoi'NT IS lisetl lo silow iraii;:af't ioiiH in such business as may be forwarded or given lo you as agent ; in this DOUBLE ENTRY. 45 i,t ease the guuUj do not bclung tu you ur yuui* Morcbandiso Account, because tbey are only sent to you for sale on account of others. If your business is not altogether confined to commissions, you may still have considerable to do in that way, in which case it would be advisable to keep a " Commission Invoice Book^" and a " Commission Sales Boole " for ready reference. Commission transactions are only passed to the debit or credit of parties through the Journal as they occur. CoNSiaNMENT ACCOUNT is uscd in cases .where you send goods to an agent for Lale on your own account. This account is charged with the entire cost of the goods and charges, the same as if a sale were made, but is subject to Profit or Loss, as the case may be, which will be shewn by your Agent's account of sales. Where there are more consignments than one, each should be represented separately, and designated either by letters of the alphabet or by figures. Profit a.nd Loss Account. To this account are charged or credited all profits or losses in any and every account in your Ledger as they arc settled only ; and at the end of the year your books should be made up, by balancing the various accounts that represent the working of your business by the medium of this account (except, however, Gash, Bills Receivable and Payable, Commission, Consignment Accounts, &c., which are conti- nued over that period). You will thus be able to show what you have gained or lost during the year. Journalizing means the bringing together of entries out of the other books into the Journal, for the purpose of carrying them classified into the Ledger, which is the chief book of every per- son's business. This used to be done to save a multitude of entries in the Ledger ; it was found however to be laborious and lengthy, as it often necessitated a reference to several books before you could get to the original entry, hence the cause of the present practice of posting direct from the Book containing the original entry to the Ledger, and by a single reference the de- sired information is obtained. Posting means the taking of the various accounts and amounts from the several Books to their respective places in the Ledger, ii :!:l f!!j 40 INTRODUCTION TO and should be kept up tuthc week or day, if possi'oic j the clodct' up to time the better always. Balancino or taking off a trial balance sheet is the taking out on sheets of paper, (or in a book for the purpose, which is the preferable way,) all the names and accounts in your Ledger and their respective balances as they appear therein. The totals of Dr. and Cr. sides of the balance sheet or book must agree to the very fraction, else the posting has been incorrect ; hence a necessity for monthly balances, because it is easier to detect an error of one month's standing than one of two er more months. NoTR.— A general balance of a person's business is usually made once a year, and implies the bringing do>vn of all balances in the Ledger, after having made [all the correcting entries necessary. This balance will exhibit the state of your affairs when so made. Averaging op Accounts is the equalizing the payment of an open account that has more than one entry, so as to make the whole equal to one date. (See Table appended^ page 90.) Partnkrship is where two or more persons engage in business together. It frequently happens that their interests are not equal ; this is generally governed by the amount of capital , influence, or abilities for business each may possess. Their rela- tive proportions should always be distinctly set forth in the Articles of Co-partnership or agreement between them, which should be registered according to law. A dissolution of Part- nership should invariably be registered and also advertised at once, as 2iany have been made to suffer materially from neglect of this. Partners may be active or silent ; the former meaning whore the person or persons devote their time and means to the busi- ness ; while the latter signifies those who only advance their means and partake in the profits ; their names and,tbeir persons are seldom known to the public unless through the registration. Assets are all the Debit Accounts of your Ledger. Liabilities are all the Credit accounts of your Ledger. Note.— To draw out a statement of your affairs you use the above two words and head your statements accordingly ; this is generally done by the help of Schedules, in order to have at a glance a condensed and accu- rate exposition. For example see close of Books page 84. DOTJRLE ENTRY. 47 CHAPTER II. CASH BOOK Is a very important one, as in it must be entered every cash transaction and nothing else. It is the almost uni- versal practice to enter all moneys received on the left hand or Dr. side, and all moneys paid out on the right hand or Cr. side. In posting from this Book to the Ledger, the sum total received or paid from the date of the previous posting is carried to the debit or credit of Cash account in the Ledger, while the various sums composing these totals will be posted to their respective accounts. The Cash Book is really the Cash account of the Ledger detailed ; hence on the Dr. or left hand side the word " To" is used, because Cash is Dr. to the person (or Account) from whom the money is received ; and on the Cr. or right hand side is used the word " Bv" the person (or Account) who is chargeable with the money. See example iu Cash Book. NoTE.--A'b//««flr but Cash should be entered in this Book, INVOICE BOOK Should be a copy of all purchases of merchandise made by you. The total must be posted to the debit of Merchandise Account in the Ledger, while the various per- sons from whom you purchase must get credit for their re- spective amounts, forming in the aggregate precisely the same amount tliat you have charged Merchandise with. In posting, care should be taken not to include in the total more than Uaa been purchased since your last preceding posting. Note,— If your business lead you to mark your goods, it will bo found a great saving of time when you do so, to put the folio uf the Invoice Uouk on each parcel showing where that particular Invoice is copied. M ii SALES 1300K Is where all goods sold are entered against the purchase ers. The total must be posted to the credit of Merchan- II li 48 INTRODUCtlON TO dise Account in tho Ledger, and their respective amounts to tbe debit of the various purchasers, as in tbe case of the Invoice Book, producing the same results. In sales where Cash is paid at once, by persons whose names do not appear in your Ledger, tbe entry is made in tbe Gash Book on the Dr. side, giving Merchandise credit for the same; and in retail stores the total of every day's sales for cash is entered in this way in one sum. JOURNAL. In this Book are made all entries that do not belong, strictly speaking, to any of the three foregoing Books. This Book is now used for transferring of accounts, for entering Bills Receivable and Bills Payable, and for tbe adjusting of accounts where neither Cash nor Mtfrcbandise is affected. Tbe debtor is always placed first, in entries in this Book, thus — A. B. Dr. to C. D. It would not be according to usage to say C. D. Cr. by A. B. Tbe word " Sundries" is in this Book alone used (unless in the case of Ledger posting), thus " A. B. Dr. to Sundries," which may mean that you gave to A. B. a note (or Bill Payable) in part payment, and also a Bill Receivable for another portion, and a transfer of an account for tbe balance ; cr say at least several Ledger accounts are affected by what you gave A. B. So also you might say " Suidries Dr. to C. D.'' Thus, having male a sale to 0. D. he gives you bis note (a Bill Receivable) in part payment, and a horse or wood to balance. Sundries would be used in these cases, because there are more accounts than two affected by the entry, yet tht posting into the Ledger must be equal on both sides although subdivided. The Jonrnal is also used for cross entries and adjusting of Accounts. If you have by mistake or oversight posted to the Wrong account in the Ledger, you can only correct the error through this Book by making the proper account Dr. to the one in error. Thus, suppose A. B. is in error, having an amount posted to bis credit that belonged to C. D., to correct this would be to make A. B. Dr. to C. D, for tbe amount, and vice versa if the error was on the other side. All entries in this Book P0TJJ]LE ENTRY. 49 in pai-ticulur should bo umdo as lull of cxpljitiaUonri as possible, ill order to jucvcnt iiiisuuderstuudinp;, as those eiitrios are fjfcn- orally ol' groat iniprrtaaco. {yide Rule (J.) LEDGER. This is Iho cliief Uook of every person's business, tor in it you have (loUected every account, name or transaction of your business classified : all the posting? is proved by the Balance Sheet. In this Hook the debit and credit of every account stand in juxta-position ; and ik is here you must look for the state of a person's account, and from it refer to the original entries if necessary. BILL BOOK fs used chietiy to note iLe dates when Notes are made and fall due, where they are payable, the name of the endorser and the amount. All Bills, whether payable or receivable, must invariably be entered through the Journal as well as in this Book, in order to give explanations at length whenever required. (See Specimen Bill Book and Cheque Book in Sitigle Entry.) Note.— If you do uu oxfousivo bui^iuoss you sboukl koep a Keceivinh Book, iu which all goods comiug iuto store should be ontorcd with date and particulars; also a Delivkuv liooK iu which all goods going out should be entered, to whom and by whom delivered, how sont, date &c., &c. ■1*1 CHAPTEll III. RULES. 1st. Be sure you understand the nature of the entry to be made : if it is " Cash," take up your Cash Book; if Merchandise " Sales," take up Sales Book ; if Merchandise " Purchases," take up your Invoice Book ; and for every other description of entry, take up your Journal. D 50 INTRODUCTION TO 2nd. Be sure first who or wbat is debtor, aud the nature of the entry will clearly point out who or what ig creditor, and what Book to take ui>. 3rd. It is quite as ini[>osiible to make only one posting inyoui Ledger and liave it to balance, as it is to put a weight on only one side of a scale and at the same time have both equal. 4tu. ileniember that ci'rtain terms are used instead of your- self ko rcprt'seiil all your business, and as before stated there i* hardly a limit to the munber of subiivisions or kerms into which you may spread your business. Tn'ii. All entries, especially in the Journal, should be made as nearly as possible in the language of the bargain, understanding or transaction ; because, in disputed accounts, where recourse is had to law for sottlomont, the clearer your entries are, the easier will it be for your attorney, the judge or jury, to compre- hend th« facts, and give judgment accordingly. Oth. Cleanliness and uniformity or order in the style (and wi'iting if possible,) of every entry in Books should be observed^ and no erasures made, as such njode of corre-tion veiy frequently throws doubt on the mind as to the corrc ss of the original entry ; better far in most cases to correct error through the Journal, (as explained under the head " Journal," in Chap. 2,) or rather strictly observe 1st, 2nd and 3rd Rules. The great secret of Book-keeping by Double Entry is in the slritt observance of the foregoing Rules and Explanations. CHAPTER IV. i i \ Questions and Answers. CAPITAL. Question. — If you commence business with a capital of ten thousand dollars, as follows : Cash of your own, say two thousand dollars ; cash belonging to your friend, James Anderson, two thou- sand dollars, of which he gives you the use for three years at six per cent, per annum interest, which interest you are to pay half yearly ; and Bills Reecivable of your own lor the balance or sum «f six thousand dollars ; whiit QitrifS must ^'ou make ? DOUBLE ENTRV. 61 jintwfr. — At) thtue aro twu ituuid uf cash I mugt first eater these in my Cash Book on tho Dr. side, thus : To my own name Capital account, tlion to the name of Jauios Andurson, slating the particular!:) of tlioloan to mo. Next ( must taku tlic Journal and enter the Hilla Ileccivable, thus: "Bills Receivable Dr. io (my own name) Capital Account ;" and here give a detail of all the not»s forming tho said sum. IMTRl^llASKS No. 1. Question. — if you purchase mcrcbaDdise from 1). Torrance & Co., K. Maitland, Tylee & Co., Law, Young & Co., and A. Urqu- hart, what entries must you make ? Jlnswcr. — As these purchases are '• Merchandise" for which I am debtor, I will take u]) my Invoice Book, and first enter the name of the Firm from whom I first purchased, their place of business, and tho conditions of the transaction; then copy the whole of the Invoice or 'ill of Goods ; next in the same manner and in the order of priority by date,enterall the other purchases. ' I PURCHASES No. 2. Question. — If you purchase office furniture, a building in which to transact your business, and horse and dray for the use of your business, what entries Avould you make? Answer. — If purcha.sed for cash, I would enter tliem in my Cash Book on Ihe Cr. side of thai account and to the Dr. of the respective accounts of " Ollict; Kxpenrics," " Building Account, Store,"'and"(Ieneral Charges' or "Expense Account.' And if pur- chased on time or credit, I must make entries through the Journal. If purchased fl'om difl'erent persons and on different days, I would take the transactions as tliey occur, and make " Office Expenses Dr. to " {naming the person from whom I purchased, his place of business, and particulars as to conditions), then detailing the account. Secondly, I would make " Building Ac- count Dr. to " (as in the former case here also giving par- ticulars.) Thirdly, "General charges Dr. to '\as above.) 52 INTRODOCTION TO Should I have purchased all from one person I would state thus: Sundries Dr. to—— {name, place aiui conditions of purchase.') Office Expenses For ^— {here give details) $ Building Account For — (here give details) $ General Charges For (here yive details) $ PAYMENTS BY YOU. Question. — If you should give your note for these purchases after the entries above noted are made, what further entry must be made ? .Answer. — The person or persons from whom I purchased having become creditors, I must now through the medium of the Journal make them Dr. for my note, thus : — " (name, ^c.,) Dr. to Bills Payable" For my note at months payable at the Bank, being in payment of account for purchase of — (here give date of the purchase.) $ ? 5 * ;. SALES No. 1. Question. — If you make sale of Goods on time or credit, what entries would you make ? .Answer. ^-AW sales of merchandise on time or credit must be entered in the Sales Book by first writing down the name in full (Christian and Surname) ; or if a firm, that of each member in the same way ; on a second line the place of residence distinctly written ; if the goods are to be forwarded, the route or mode legibly set forth ; also the terms of the sale ; then the details of the merchandise. r I I SALES No. U. Question. — If you sell goods for cash to strangers what should be the entry ? DOUBLE ENTRY. 63 Answer. — I Would make the entry in the ' Cash Book, thus : on the Dr. side I would say " To Merchandise" for -^— (either describe the articles, or stiy, if the rtonPeasefrSon,"CoteauLandinK." Kecd. from them on ac, sales this day To W. Cline, "Cornwall." lleceived im him on ace. sales. . . . To bills Receivable Ace. Discounted James (ireen's note, at CM hi 18 o 19 20 To Discount Ace. Kecd. DiscountfromD. T. ^ Co.,pd, in adv. . . . E.M.T.&Co. " .... To Merchandise Ace. For cash sales this day #2000 2000 10 15 To Balance brought down To S. Gervais, "Three Kivers." Received from him on ace To liills Receivable. Discounted Andrew Russd's note at City Bank To Discount Ace. Reed. Disct.fromA.Urquhart&Co To S. Gervais, " Three Rivera." Received from him balance of his purchase Balance brought down. I 7 3 1 21 21 1 25 250 200 2000 125 18 80 300 1500 37 t 00 00 00 GO 001 00: 00 go! 50; *4000 00 275.00 2200 229 *6704 00 75 75 240 22 1837 220 .f2303 ""910 50 00 72 91 Note. —In posting the totals of this Book into the Ledger be careful that you do not include the balance on ci'hor side. The column next to tlie money column is used for tlie Ledger foUoa, to which you post the various amounts, (1) CONTRA. Cs. 'ii| 18G3. Jany. By Offico Furniture Ace. Paid A. (iraliam for inkstands, rules and map of Canada By Chargoa Ace. Paid A. Graham, paper,pcns,ink and books raid cartage on furniture By Mereliandi?e Ace. I'aid cartage on 1(K) bbls. Hour By Charges Ace. Paid lor license as merchant , . . . By Charges Ace. I Paid lor horse, dray and liarness. . . 6 By Discount Ace. Paiddiscounton James Green's note at City Bank By Kdward Hilton & Co.. " Montreal." J 'aid them cash payment on build 'gs " " lor furniture (10 By David Torrance & Co., " Montreal." I'aid them lor 1000 bbls. Hour { bought on .3rd) ByE.Maitlai d,Tylee&Co.,"Montreal," Paid them for 25 chests tea Balance carried down. By Discount Ace. Paid discount on A. Russel's note at City Bank By Alexander Urquhart & Co. Paid them in ruU this day 13: By Merchandise Ace. I Paid cartage to date 14 By ('harges Ace. Paid postages f 8.00 " labour handling freight... G. 00 Balance carried down 11 22 22 23 24 25 3 4 1 .*10,00i 25!()0: i25i 2 100 100 23 375 72 5000 750 50| i 00 00 78 00 001 i OO! i 001 18 1300 59 06 00 75 00 .35 102 100 25 50 00 470' 5750 00 24G22 6704 lU 1318 06 68 916 iiii2303' 91 ^i 'if 0) I'o 0) Ledger folio. 23 24 ;n 59 MOXtKEAL, Jamakv, ISor;. -January Orel. D. Torrance & Co., " Montreal." Bought from them at 3 mos. 1000 l)bl8. Sup. Family Flour at S5.00. nrd. K. Maitland. Tylee & Co., " Montreal, lioughi from them at S mos. to be delivered free of charges. 25 chests Tea. lbs. tare. 67 — 61 over . 870 -90', 65 — 7 64 — 6,2 68 - 7!, 66—7 66 — 6 65- 7 70 - 7',- 68 — 6i 68 — 7.', 66—7 6i> — 8 6.3 — 6 67 — 6> 69 - 7'. «55-7 67 — {\'j (58-6', m— 6 69 — 8 67 — 6\ 66 — 6'. 61*— S 65 — 6 70-8 87;] — yo', 167;^— i7;i I7il 15V5 (1) (2) MONTREAL, January, latia. 63 •e.2 J<2 27 U 350 34 .m 27S9 08 880 520 MG 80 00 28 10th. 8ale8 brought forward Wm. K. JobnHun, ••Hemmlngt'orcl.CE." TerniH 3 moit. Ship via " R.K." 20 BoxeH RaiHluw !ii!2.20 10 Chests of Tea lbs. tare. 09 — 8 OG — r.| «5 — H G4 — 6] «♦» — 7 ♦)6 — 7 68 — «i GH — 7 «3 — 60- li G61 68 G8 593 lbs, at GO ctf. 100 Barrels Sup. Family Flour at $5.25 Cartage ■15th. John BiriniDgham, " Coteau Landing." Terms 3 mos. with, endorser, via"G.T.K" 25 Half Boxes Raisins at 91.20 10 Drums Figs, 200 lbs., at 7 cto. o Chests 'i oa lbs. tare. 67 — 6J 66 — 6 67 — 6', 69 — 8' 70 — 8 389 35 35 304 IbR. at 60 cts 50 Barrels Sup. Flour •' Caledonia brand" at $5.00 Cartage 44 00 3.V) 52.5 3 80 00 00 30 14 00 00 182 250 1 40 00 75 4546 22 !t2;;80 478 $5952 15 17 1 •■■ m it! 64 MONTREAL, Januahy, 1863. («) s I AF 9> J.2 ^U McK 30 -20th, Aloxandor Forboe, "Ottawa." Ti-rms Canh, via " 1'riiico of VViilos," &c. KM) Half BoxoH Kaisinn at. . !*1.20 60 DrumB Figs, 1000 lbs., ut 7 ct». 5 Casks 8al Soda CWt8.(lH.lb8. OWtS.qH.lbH. 7. 1. 0.2.7 7. 1.14 0, 2.14 7. 2. 7. 3.14 0. 3.21 2 2 2. 30. 3 21 2. 3 18 2.3. 18 34. 0. 3 or 3811 lbs. at 5 coiits . . . . Cartage -25tli. John McKenzio, " Sarniu." Terms Cash, via " G. T. K." 200 Boxes ItaiHins at .iti2.20 ('artnsro 120 70 190 2 440 2 382 442 ••#824 fiC 25 80 I I (3) ii If 382 65 JOURNAL. 442 ^824 25 80 1.^ MONTREAL, JANUiiRY, 1813. I' iger 5 2 22 10 '■ I •1 12 13 lY -3rd.. Bills Receivable, Dr. To Capital Account, For the following Notes held by me and put into my business this day, form- ing part of my Capital,for the balance of which see Oash Book, folio L Say James Green's Note, Dec. 6, '62, at 3 months, payable at Ontario Bank. Andrew Russel's Note, Dec, 10, '62, at 3 months, payable at Bank of Toronto here William Brown's Note, Dec. 10, '62, at 4 months, payable at Bank of Montreal John Simpson's Note, Dec. 12, '62, at 3 months, payable at City Bank .... 5th. Sundries Dr. To Edward Eilton & Co., " Cabinet makers, Montreal." Building Account, store. For purchase from them of Store, No. 78, Notre Dame Street, Montreal, as per deed before Gibb & Hunter, N.P. dated Jan. 5, 1863, payable ith cash and the balance in 1, 2, and 3 years with interest at 7 per cent Office Furniture Account. For 1 Office Desk and Stools, $40.00 6 Chairs at 2.00 12.00 1 Private Desk, 20.00 Insurance Account. For this amount allower^ E. H. & Co. for unexpired Policy, No. 20076, on the building purchased this day in sured for $1500. Poiicy to expire 30th Dec, 1863 •10 th- Fuel Account Dr. To Daniel Gorrie, "Coal Merchant, Montreal." For 3 Chaldrons of Coal, at $8.00 TeriL^s 3 months [This is entered here because it is not Mer< chandiae, and th') Account is opened in order to ihew wbRt fViel costs for the year.] (1) 2000 1500 1500 1000 00 00 00 00 GOOO 00 1500 72 00 00 30 00 1602 00 24 00 24 00 (1) (i) MONTREAL, January, 1863< 67 Ledger folio. 9 26 23 9 -lOth- Exchange Account Dr. To T. W. I'oston & Co., " Quebec" For Commissariat Sterling Draft on London, 60 days, received by me in part payment of their account, amt. £500 stg. at 8J per cent .23rd-. Dfvid Torrance & Co., Dr. To Exchange Account For Commissariat Draft on Loi:don,sold tUem this day, £500 stg. at 9i 2411 11 2411 11 2433 32 2433 33 a H 24 68 MONl^REAL, Pkbrdary, 1863. (8j -' ! Ledger folio. 20 30 5 20 j5 3 16 3 24 6 1st- William Cline, Dr. To Sundries, John McKenzie, " Sarnia."' For Amount of the latler's account transferred, by order of the former, of date Jan. 26, '63, as fyled Interest Account. For 3 months' interest on the average of the two accounts as balanced .... 2nd- Bills Receivable, Dr. To William Cline. For his note at 3 months, dated Jan. 19, 1803, (being average date of his ac- count), endorsed by John McKenzie, and made payable at City Bank here. -6th Consignment Account »' A," Dr, To Merchandise Account. For amount of goods as per Consign- ment Book, folio 1, sent to John Fra- ser, Quebec, for sale on ray account. -6tL- Consignment Account " B," Dr. To Merchandise Account. For amount of goods, as per Consign- ment Book, folio 1, sent to W. J Shaw, Toronto 10 th E. Maitland, Tjlee & Co., Dr. To Bills Payable. For my note at 3 months, dated Jan. 3rd, payable at the City Bank here.. 442 10 602 2000 600 105 25 37 452 62 96 602 96 00 2000 00 00 600 00 00 105 00 INDEX TO LEDGER. 69 A. Anderson, James 18 B. Bills Receivable 5 Bills Payable 6 Birmingham, John 28 Building Account 10 H. Hilton & Co., T dward 22: I. Insurance Account 12 Interest Account 8 0. Gash Account I Charges Account 4 Capital Account 2 line, William 20 Consignment "A" 15 Consignment « B " 16 D, Discount Account 1 Exchange Account....... 9 Forbes, Alexander 29 Fuel Account 13 G. Gervais, Seraphin 21 Gorrie, Daniel 17 J. Johnson, W. B . 21 K. L. Law, Young & Co 31 M. Maitland, E. Tylee & Co.. . 24 Merchandise Account 3 MoKenzie, John 30 K, f ii ■ 70 INDEX TO LEDGKR-^Contimied. 0. Office Furniture Account.. 11 T. Torrance & Co., David. . . . 23 P. Pease & Son, Orton 12 Po8ton& Co., T. W 26 Profit and Loss^ Account. ^ 14 U. Urquhart & Co., Alexander 25 Q. V. R. w. s. X. Y.Z. 0^ 23 25 I • i ■ 1 : m R 11 ! I 72 Dr. CASH ACCOUNT. 1868. Jan, To Sundries. Dr. 6704 2067 1863. Jan. By Sundries. CAPITAL ACCOUNT. 1863. Jan. a) Ob. 6158 1886 58 81 (2) Or. By Casli " Bills Receiv'ble 2000 00 6000 00 NoTi.— The figures in braolcets at riglit or left hand of each account are intended to represent separate pages in the Ledger. (8) Dr. MERCHANDISE ACCOUNT. 73 Ob. 1868. 1863. Jan. 4 To Cash 1 2 50 Jan. 5 By Cash -1 26 00 18 << <« 2 69 12214 76 46 7 16 " " -1 •' Sundries 2 86 6962 00 17 " " Sundries.. 2 17 (( 26 " " ....-8 824 80 Fob. 6 " Consign't A... 3 2000 00 41 "Consign't B...3 600 00 (4) Db. CHARGES ACCOUNT. Cb. 1868. Jan. To Cash Sundries. 26 100 100 9 (5) Pr. BILLS RECEIVABLE. Or. 1863. Jan. Feb. ToCap'tl,J. Green " " A.Russell " " W. Browne " "J. Simpson " W. Cline.... 2000 1500 1600 1000 602 1863. Jan. By Cash. 2000 1500 00 00 Note.— In Posting to this account, each note should be entered separ* ately, and when paid the amount should be set opposite to itself. The vacant spaces wiU show at a glance what notes are not paic(. 74 Dr. BILLS PAYABLE (6) Or. 1868. Feb. 10 By E. M. T. & Co 106 00 NoTB.— The posting to this account should be done in the same manner as in Bills Receivable. Dr. 1863 Jan. To Cash. DISCOUNT AOOOUNT. (7) Or. 23 18 1863. Jan. By Cash. 143 87 75 60 Dr. INTEREST AOOOUNT. (8) Or. 1863. Feb. 2 By W. eiine... 10 37 (6) Or. »oo (7) Ca. 143 87 75 50 (8) Ob. 10 37 Db. EXCHANGE ACCOUNT. 75 Cb. 1868. Feb. To. J. W, r. & Co, 2411 11 1803. Jan, 23 By D Torrance & Co 2438 33 (10) Dr. BUILDING ACCOUNT, " STORE." 1863. Jan. 5 To E. Hilton & Son 150000 (11) Dr. OFFICE FURNITURE ACCOUNT. 1868. Jan. 8 To Cash 5 " E. Hilton & Co. 10 72 Ob. Or. 't t Db. INSURANCE ACCOUNT. (12) Or. 1868. Jan. ToE.IIilton&Co., ) Store i Db. 30 00 FUEL ACCOUNT. (13) Or. 1868. Jan. 10 To D. Gorrie. Db. 24 00 PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT. (14) Cr, (12) Or. (18) Or. (W) Or, (16) Dr. (JONSIGNMENT ACCOUNT " A." 1863. Fob. To McrchanUit^e. . . 2000 00 (10) Dr. CONSIGNMENT ACCOUNT " B. 1803 Feb. I'o MerclmiuUso. 000 00 (17) Dr. 11 Or. Or. DANIEL GORRIE, Coal Merchant, Montreal. Or. |i 1863. Jaii. 10 By Fuel Account. 24 00 h 78 Dr. JAMES ANDERSON, Monlreat. Cb. 1863. Jan. Ky Cash, loan . . , 1 2000 00 (IB) Db. ORTON pease & SON, Coteau Landing, C. E. Or. 1863. Jan. 8, To Morcliandisc. 88680 18r,3. JaTf. Ky Cash. Dr. WM. CLINE, Cornwall, C. W. 1863. Jan. 3 Feb. 1 To Merchandise.. " Sundries.. ... 860 452 802 II 1863. Jan. Feb. By Cash. " B. K. 250 00 (20) Or. 200 00 602 96 ■ (18) Cn. t(K) (19) Or. (20) Cr. (21) 99 Dr. SERAPHIN GERVAtS, Hiree Rivers, C. E. Cr. 1863. Jan. OToMorchandiflo. .. 620 620 00 00 1863. Jan. By Cash. 80000 2ao'oo 62003 (22) Dr. EDWARD HILTON & CO., Montreal. Or. 18()3. Jan. 6 To Cash. 447 00 t t 1808, Jan. 6 By Sundries. . 160200 i ? so Dn. DAVID TORRAI^OE & CO, Cr. 1863. Jan. 7,To Cash. 23, " Exchange. 5000 00 2433 33 1863. Jan. By Mcrchandific. 1 II II 600} 4750 00 00 Dr. E. MAITLAND, TYLEE & CO. (24) Cr. 1863. Jan. Feb. To Cash " Bills Tcyable. 750 T05 1863. Jan. 3 By MerchaudiRe. (I (( 750 loa 00 00 Dr. ALEXANDER URQUHART &' CO. (25) Cr. 1863. Jan. 10 To Cash. 1 1300 00 1863. Jan. 5 By Merchandise 1300 00 Cr. 00 00 (24) Cr. 750 108 00 00 (25) Cr. (28) Dr. T. W. POSTON & CO., Quebec. 81 Or. 1863. Jan. 5:To Mcrchanditio 2 2789 1863. 08 Jan. 10 By Exchange. 2411 U (27) Dr. WM. B. JOHNSON, Hemmingford, C. E. Or. 1863 Jan. 10 To Merchandise. 927 80 (28) Dr. JOHN BIRMINGHAM, Coteau Landing, C. E. Cr. 1863. Jan. 15iTo Merchandise.. 47816 F \\ 82 Dr. ALEXANDER FORBES, Ottawa. Cr. 1863. Jan 20 To Mercbaudisc... 382 66 Dr. JOHN McKENZIE, Sarnia, C. W. (30) Cr. 1863. Feb.! 2 By W. Cline.... 4^2 26 Dr. LAW, YOUNG & CO., Montreal. (31) Cr. 1863. Jan. By Merchandise. <( ,, ; May .30th, $150 ;•„",. i ^nd the average time of the whole. ffays May 6th, $50 X — = 0th, 70 X 3 = 210 15th, 80 X 9 = 720 27th, 120 X 21=2520 30th, 150 X 24=3600 $47'> \7050 /1 5 days from May 6th ^470 [ia May 2 lst= Answer, 2350 2350 NoTR. — To this answer must be added the time on which you sold the goods if all on same time. You will then know when the whole became due —if say at 3 months, Aug. 21st would be the answer. AVEUAdlNC. OF ACCOUNTS. (•1 *Tlie above example may lie extended to years, and, as a ge- neral rule, fractions of Dollars arc omitted, or say, omitted under j^,^^, and one may be added when over that. Rule 2nd. — If the several amounts of an account of Sales^Sfc, be made at different dates, and having different limes to run, then it will be necessary to prefix the dates when (he respective amounts fall due^ instead of the dale of the sale, and equate as in Rule 1 . Example 1. — Sold John Grange goods as follows: on May 1st, $G00.00 at mos.; May 15th, $400.00 at 4 raos.; May 30th, $200.00 at 6 mos.; June 4th, $300.00 at 3 mos.; July 10th, $300.00 at 4 mos.; find the equated time when all will become due. SALE. TIME. 1 May, 6 mo. 15 " 4 " 3o " 6 " 4 June 3 " 10 July 4 " DUE, am't. 1 Nov, $600 15 Sept. 400 30 Nov. 200 4 Sept 300 10 Nov, 300 $1800 ORDER DUE. DAVS. 4 Sept. 15 " 1 Nov. 10 " 30 " 300 X 0-= 400X11= 4400 600X;")8=34800 300X07=-20100 200X87=17400 i 1800 )76700(42 days. , 7200 4700 3G0O 1100 Answer, 42 days from Sept. 4th i9=0ctobor 16th all due. Note,— If several articles are sold on the same day, but having diflferent times of payment, the dates when due must be used for each amount subdivided as above. Example 2.--Alexander x-orbes owes for the following amounts : say Ist January, Cash $60.00 ; March 6th, goods $120.00 at 3 mos.; April 3rd, my note due July 6th, $150.00; June Ist, sight draft, $100.00 ; what is the average time of the whole amount? ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 I^|2j8 |25 ui §Sii 122 us IS u K li° 12.0 ILS, 6" Hiotographic Sciences Corporation <> 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR,N.Y. I4SM (716) •72-4503 '/u 9^ \ X ^ 92 AVEitAGING OF ACCOUNTS. DATES. TIME. DUE. AM'T. 1 Jan. — — 1 Jan. 6 March 3 mo. 6 June 3 April 3 mo. 6 July 1 June — — 1 June $60 120 150 100 $430 OBDER DUE. DATS. I si Jan. l3t June 6tb .Tune 6lli July $60 X 0= 100X151=15100 120X156=18720 150X186=27P00 $430 )61720(143 430 1872 1720 1520 1290 230 Answer, 143 days from 1st January i3=May 24th. Rule 3bd. — To ascertain the equated time of an account current having both debits and credits. Firstr proceed as in foregoing rules, to equate each side of the account ; then calculate from the average date of the larger side, callillg that side the debt and the other a payment on account of it, as if made on the average date of that side . Multiply the amount of the smaller side by the number of days that intervene between the average dates, and divide the pro- duct by the balance of the account, the quotient will be the number of days before or after the date of the larger side. Note. — If the payment is made before the debt is due the balance will be due after the date of the debt, and vice versa. Example.— Find when the balance of the following account is due : Dr. HARRIS, EVANS & CO., " ACOOTTNT CURRENT." Or. 1861 March May July Jan. 17 To Cash " Merohandiee " Sight Draft " Merchandise Total average, April 27.7... Balance*.. . . S400 660 240 460 00 00 00 00 1861 April May July 8 1 12 1^ 00 •680 00 By Cash " Note due Ju/u 4,61 "Cash Total av'ge June 12. Balance $80000 600 260 600 00 UO 116000 69000 176000 fit. AVERAGING OP ACCOUNTS. 93 lUO , Opxbation.— Multiply the smaller side 91160 by the number of days from April 27 to June 12, and divide the result by the balance 9590. 1160 46 6900 4640 I 69(S() 5336(^(90 days hefbre April 27, since payment 531 was not made till after that date. 26* nearly equal to half a day. See bolow. The balance $590 is therefore due from Jan. 27. Proof of the foregoing rule can be had by the calculation of Interest on each of the items as follows ; Interest is made upon each to the 2Sth July at 6 per cent. Principal Int. on $400 from March 1. „ u QQo « « 26. 240 " May 5 460 " July 28. « n <( 81750|C0 9 79 13 84 8 $1776 44 Principal Int. on9800from April 8. 600 " JuJv 4. ' 12. " " 260 Balance . . , tll60 5 2 607 S1776 00 72 86 67 44 Again Balance of U. E. & Co.'s account, say principal due as above. ^ ♦ on 27th January, $590.00 Int. to 28th July is 17.64 discrepancies for fractions 05 which would be the — interest for the half $607.69 day. See above. NoTB.— It is quite obvious by the foregoing, that the example is correct, and the calculation of luterest in Proof, would result the same if made to any other date than the 28th July, or at any other rate of Interest. The Proof calculation is merely to establish the correctness of the average date, when the balance should be due, viz, 27th January. To many it may appear an absurdity to state that a person could be charged with the balance of his account from a date prior to the mt date of any of the items forming thai accqunt, yet by thoughtful examination of the foregoing calculation and proof, the seeming absurdity will at once disappear. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. LONG MEASURE. 3 feet = 1 yard. 16J " or 5J yards = I rod, pole or perch. or 220 " or 40 rods, poles or perches = 1 furloog. or 1760 " or 320 rods, poles or perches or 8 furlongs. = 1 mile, or 2240 yards = an Irish mile, and eleven Irish '^miles are equal to fourteen English miles. 1 i^'^o"* inches = 1 link of " Gunter's chain." 100 links or 4 rods or C6 feet = 1 chain. 660 5280 6720 (I u LAND MEASURE. 10,000 square links or 4356 square feet = 1 square chain. '"•To ZZ chains. \ - «=«« '^-'"- '-' = ' -- «"«"^''- 54756 square feet =1 acre Scotch. 70500 " " = 1 acre Irish. 32400 " French feet = 1 arpent Note.— 100 feet French =;106^p7P, feet English (1 ariwnt = 36800 square feet English ) LINEAL MEASURE. French Measure. English Measure. 12 inches = I foot French or = 12/o«,?u inches. 18 feet = 1 perch " or = lO^oVo feet. 10 perches = 1 arpent " or = 191 ^oVo f"^"*-- 84 arpents = 1 league or = Sf^^ miles. TABLE OF LONG MEASURE. English French Metres. 12 Inches = I Foot = .3048 3 Feet = ] Yard = .9144 6 Feet = 1 Fathom = 1.8288 5J Yards =s 1 Pole oe rod = 5.0292 40 Poles = 1 Furlong = 201.1679 8 Furlongs or 1760 yards = 1 Mile =r 1609.3436 3 Miles = 1 League = 4828.0307 TABLE OF LONG MEASURE— FRENCH. 1 French.— BT8TBMB usuel. Usual. ' Metrical. ** English 1 Ligno = 2.31 Milimetres = .091 inches. l 1 Pouce = 2.77 Centimetres = 1.09 " ' 1 Pied = 3-33 Decimetres = 13.11 «* 1 Aune = 12. Decimetres = 3 feet 11.24 inches. ! . 1 Tbise = 2. Metres = 6 feet 6.74 inches. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 95 DECIMAL SYSTEM. Fronoh. Engliiib. 1 Milim^tre ^ .03937 inches. 1 Centimetre zm .39370 " 1 Decimetre zzz 3.93701 " 1 Metre rs; 393.7009 «* 1 Decametre zz 393.7009 " 1 Hectometre ZZi 3937.009 " 1 Kilometre =: 39370.09 « 1 Myriametre :^ 393700.9 " SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 Cubic inches 27 Cubic feet. 40 C. ft. of round timber, or ) 50 C. ft. of hewn timber ] 128 Cubic feet make I cubic foot (c. ft.) " I cubic yard (c. yd). " 1 ton. 1 cord of firewood. it To find the cubical contents of a vessel with rectangular base and vertical sides. RoLB. — Multiply length of bottom by breadth, and the product by height of vessel. Example. — How many cubic feet will a tank, measuring 6 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4J feet high, contain ? Answer 6X4X41 or 108 cubic feet, or 4 cubic yards. <-6 ffisr —>' To find the cubical contents of a vessel with rectangular top and bottom of different dimensions, or to find the cubical con- tents of the frustum of a pyramid, RuLB. — To the sum of the areas of the top and bottom add tho square root of their pro- duct, multiply this sum by the perpendicular height and take one-third of the product for the solid contents. BxAMPLB.— If the perpendicular height of a vessel be = 24 inches ; the area of top (or length of top X by breadth) =144 sq. in. and the area of bottom (or length of bottom X by breadth =64 sq. in., by the rule the cubical contents are found to be r 96 WBIOHTS ^ND MEASURES. Area of top 144 Area of bottom 64 Sum of areas 208 Product of area of top and bottom 144 + 64=9210 sq. root of which is 96 304 which multiply by i of height, or 8 gives for answer in cubic inches = 2432 To find solid contents of a cj'lindrical vessel. RuLB. — " Multiply area of bottom by height of ressel." (Note.— The area of a circle is found by multiplyiot; tlie square of the diameter by '7864) EzAHPLB. — Inside diameter of ressel being ' 32 inches, and height of side 3 feet or 36 inches, find cubical contents. Area of bottom == 32^ X '7854. 32 32 64 96 3i \ I 1024 sq. of diameter. •7854 4096 5120 8192 7168 . 804-2496 = area of bottom, multiply hj height 36 48254976 24127488 jSnswer. 28952*9866 or 28953 cubic inches, which divided by 1728 will give 16*7562 cubic feet. WEIGH-^S AND MEASURES. 97 To find the solid contents of a vessel with circular top and bottom of unequal dimensions, and liaving straight sides ; or to find the cubical contents of the frustum of a cone. RuLB.— " To the product of top and bottom diameters add the sum of their squares, multiply this sum by the perpendicu- lar height and by constant "2618." Example. — Top and bottom diameters are 20 and 11 inches respectively, and perpendicular height of vessel, 18 inches; find solid contents. To product of diameters 20 X 11= 220 400 add sum of their squares 121 = 521 which multiply by height multiply by the constant '2618 18 5928 741 m . 13338 •3618 106Y04 13338 80028 26676 cubical contents in inches = 3491-8884 which divided by 1728 gives 2'0208 cubic feet for angwer. The imperial gallon contains 277-274 cubic inches. The old wine gallon contains 231- " " Hence, to convert Imperial into wine gallons^ Role.—" Multiply by 1.20032 exactly ; or add one fifth the number of Imperial gallons for the number of wine gallons very nearly. To convert mne into Imperial gallons. ItcLB.— " Multiply by -83311 exactly ; or subtract one sixth the number of wine gallons for the number of Imperial gallons very nearly." A cubic foot is equal in bulk to 6-2321 Imperial gallons. A cubic inch is equal in bulk to -0036 « « a ^ammmm 98 WEIGHTS AVD MEASURES. Hence, to find the capacity in ffallona of a tank or vestel qfany of the forms described on pages 95-97. RuLB. — "Multiply the contents in cubic feet (found by abore rules) by 6-2321, and the result will be Imperial gallons; or multiply the contents in cubic inches by '0036 for a like result." ExAUPLB. — The cylindrical vessel 32 inches in diameter and 3 feet high contained 28953 cubic inches (see page 96), find con- tents in gallons. Multiply 28953 cubic inches, by -0036 173718 86859 Jlnswer, 104*2308 Imperial gallons. LIQUID MEASURE. Impl. gals. cubic ft. 37 1 gallons = 1 barrel = 6*054. 63 " = 1 hogshead = 10*109. 126 " = I pipe = 20*218. 252 « = 1 tun = 40*436. STERLING EXCHANGE. The rate of exchange whatever it may be, is actually that rate of advance on the old par of $4.44| for every £l Sterling. ExAUPLE. — What is the value of £500 Stg. at lOi per ct. adv. £500'Stg. or $2000 Which at old par = $2222.22^ . lOi 22222228 llUllI 10^ >er ct. advance = 233.3S33| old par " = 2222.22^ Answer $2455.66| NoTB. — In practice add the rate of advance to the Sterling at once, then add to the whole one ninth (^th) more, which will result precisely the same and avoid fractions. Thus - £500 Sterliug or $2000 at 10 1 per ct. advance^. , 10 per ct. is 200 i per ct. is 10 ,. add ith. 2210 236.551 f2455.55| TABLE OF SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD. Showing their actual weight, fineness, and amount of pure silver in each coin, and the value of pure silver calculated at iSV^hs part of 1 cent per grain. ice. NAMES OF COINS. Abokntihb Rbpublio. Dollar, 1888 lu 1889 Value of Pure Silver. If Austria Crown, (Brabant). . 1783 to 1799 Biz Dollar. 1884 Florin, " Twenty Kreutzers,.. " Lira,.: 1889 Half lira Quarter Lira,... Badbit. ,^^, ^ ,.„^ Crown, 1881 to 1884 Specie Dollar, 1765 to 1778 Double Gilder, 1822 to 1826 Gilder, 1887 to 1889 HalfGUder, ,^^ Ten Kreutzers, 1880 Bavabia. ^ Crown 1826 to 1882 Specie DoUar. 1806 to 18221 llorin 1839 Half Florin, 1888 Twenty Kreutzers,. .1778 Six Kreutzers 1833 Three Kreutzers,.... " Bbloiux. ,,^„ ^ ,„^^ Crown 1793 to 1800 Five Francs, 1888 to 1886 Half Crown,... 1796 to 1800 Two Francs, 1886 Franc " Half Franc " Quarter Franc " Brubswiok. fpede Thaler, 1790 haler, 1886 •^Florin ...1789 to 1800 ' Half Specie Thaler. .1776 ' Sixth thaler, 1780 to 1792 Specie Dollar 1887 to 1889 iQnbank Dollar,. . .1818 to 1839 Sixty Schillings, (Hoi- stein) 1787tol794 Englakp. ,^^^ Crown, 1822 100 TABLE OF SILVER COINS. TABLE OF SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD^Con/tntMtf. NAMKB OW COINS. ENGLAND. H»lf Crown 1820 to 1826 Shttling, 1881 Sixpence, 1888 Four pence, 1868 Frakos. Crown, 1774 to 1792 SixLivres 1788 Five Francs 1881 to 1888 Half Crown 1774 to 1792 Two Francs, .- . Franc Half Franc , Quarter Franc, Greeck. Five Drachms, 1888 Drachrae 1882 to 1888 Half Drachme, 1888 Quarter Drachme. .1884 Hamotkb. 8ueoie Thaler, 1766 llialer 1884 Florin .1889 Four Marian Groshen,. . . . HSSBB Specie Thaler, 1809 Crown, 1825 Double Thaler, ...1889 Gulden, 1888 to 1889 Uali Gulden, 1888 Milan. Scudo, 1889 Half Soudo. . . ... " Five Livres, 1806 to 1814 TwoLivres, " Lira 1689 Naflsb. Scudo, 1881 to Ura, 1818 Netherlands. Ducatoon, 1766 to Three Gilders 1816 to Kix Dollar, 1806 Gilder, 1816 to Half Gilder, " Twenty-five Centime8,1824 to 1830 Ten Centimes " Poland. Convention Thaler, 178^ Thaler, 1794 FiveZlotych, 1881 Zloty ...,1888 1888 1785 1888 1888 Weight. 1 9 8 16 1 19 1 6 18 12 18 18 16 1 • 4 6 io;.6 8 4.6 1 14 19 14 9 2 20.6 1 9.6 17 18 17 10 19 8 12 1 10 18 18 28 23 22 6 20 3 10 16 17.6 8 9 16 6 10 2 19 17 17 8 4 20 20 20 18 17 6 22 810.6 217 .1 2 17 22 16 10 10 6 2 Fineness in 980 926 926 912 912 899 912 900 900 900 900 900 902 902 902 896 'm &96 996 838 875 900 900 900 902 902 902 902 900 880 938 896 912 896 896 660 660 888 688 872 872 Fare Silver. .s t d O 8 8.8 8 8.9 1 16.7 1 2.8 16 20.9 16,21.8 14 10.1 12 2 1 16 10 8 1 14 16 21 6 3 16 7 14 6 2 14 8.6 19 20.8 10.2 17.1 22.6 18.7 7.1 16.3 18.3 18.2 11.1 9.8 28.8 14.1 12.6 8.6 1.8 2.1 18.3 10.8 18.9 11.8 16.7 19 18 14 10 8 1 18 14.2 16|12 4 1 12.9 14.7 1.1 14.6 17.7 17.8 Value of Pure Silver. f Cts. 64 21 lU 07 09 09 98 64 87 18 00 04 88 16 08 04 08 69 6t 09 97 07 89 89 19 97 49 98 87 16 96 26 20 00 89 19 09 08 97 m 66 10 TABLE OF SILVER COINS. 101 TABLE OF SILVER CULNiS OF THE WOULD. ^Continuidt VLUXB Of COINS. 64 21 lU 07 00 00 88 64 87 18 00 04 88 16 08 04 08 68 bh UO 87 07 38 88 18 87 48 88 87 16 86 ao 00 88 18 09 87 67 66 10 A POBTUtfAL. Crown of 1000 rela 1888 HalfCrswnof&OOrels. " Criuado, 1888 SixVintens, " Piece of aoo rei 1888 Piece of 100 reis " Prussia. Convention Thaler,. . .. 1786 Thaler l«28tol881 Two third piece, 1787 One third piece 1808 One sixth piece, 1822 to 1828 BOMK Scudo 1886 Half Soudo. 1775 to 1786 Teatoon 1880 Panl 1775 BVBSIA. Ten Zlot 1886 Ruble,.* 1887 to 1888 Half Rouble 1887 Quarter Rouble 1886 Five Zlot 1888 Thirty Copecks " Twenty Copecks 1837 to 1889 Ten Copecks 1838 Five Copecks 1884 to 1888 Sardinia. Five Lirres 1881 to 1886 Five Francs 1800 Lira 1194 Saxont Specie Thaler 1828 to 1886 Half ThalOr 1818 to 1826 Quarter Thaler 1800 to 1802 Sixth Thaler 1808 to 1810 Two New Uro8chens...l841 Spain. Dollar 1808 to 1821 Half Dollar. 1772to 1788 Five Fezetas 1809 to 1811 Ten RealsaN. Specie Dollar 1880 to 1848 Half Dollar 1831 to 1832 Quarter Dollar 1880to 1882 IliirdDolIar 1784 ! Sixth DoUar 1803 to 1S07 Eighth Dollar 1882 i Sixteenth DoUar 1886 to 1886 Weight. Fineness Pure Silver. Value of Pure in Silver. 4 9 oi^(nitl>8 1 C9 • Cts. 18 912 17 7.8 1 12 8 12 <« 8 16.9 66 9 16 908 8 18.2 66 2 7 «98 2 1 8 13 8 19 920 8 11.7 22 1 22 K 1 18.8 10 17 22 880 14 20.9 96 14 7 760 10 17.2 68 11 1 << 8 6.7 63 6 6 667 2 12 16 8 9.6 256 20.8 06 17 7 900 16 18.6 1 00 8 11 913 7 17 60 6 2 926 4 16 29 1 16 918 1 12.5 09 20 6 871 17 16.3 1 18 18 8 875 11 16 75 6 16.6 .1 6 20.4 38 8 8 880 2 224 18 9 20 871 8 13.6 56 3 22 872 8 8.9 21 2 17 876 2 8.8 15 1 8.5 t< 1 4.4 07 16 (< 14 08 16 1 902 14 11.2 93 16 892 14 6.6 91 2 14 889 2 7.1 15 fa 884 16 2 97 8 22 883 7 10.2 48 4 11 838 8 17.6 24 8 11 687 I 20. 6 11 1 22 310 14.2 OB 17 6 900 16 12 6 1 00 8 13 11 750 4 2.2 26 6 8 876 6 8.6 84 8 iS 686 2 17.1 17 2 16 760 1 28.2 12 1 7 (< 28.2 06 102 TABLE OF SILVER COINS. TABLE OF SILVER COINS OF THE WOULD— Co/i/<»u«-4 7.8; 02 Three Livres, (Oenov«)1796 19 8 868 16 18.7| 1 08 Twenty-flve Centimes, „l (Geneva) 1889 8 14 262 16.6 04 Ten Centimes, (Ge'va) " 2 1 126 6 1 01^ Ten Batxen. (Vaud). . . 1828 416 900 4 4.8 27' FiveBatzen " ....1818 2,15 686 1 17.9; 11 Batzei " ....1881 lll6 164 6.8 01.^ 01 " (Freyburg) 1828 116 187 • 6.6 Thayler, (Basle) 1768 14 20 888 12 8.6 80 Crown. •• 1796 17 4 840 14 10 98 Tuscany. Leopoldine, 1880 to 1884 17 14 926 920 10 8 6.8 8 1 06 Five Pauls 1820 817 62 Five Livres 1808 to 1807 12i1ft 968 926 12 4 8.4 1.6 78 Florin 1826tol828 4 9.6 26 Half Florin. 1827 2 4 i< 2 1 18 LIvre 1808 2 1 11 4.6 969 960 2 1 8.6 8.8 14 Half Livre 1821 07 Uhitbd Statks. Dollar 1792tol886 17! 8 892 16 11.2 1 00 (Smaller Coins in proportion to 1 the Dollar.) 1 Dollar 1887 17 4.6 900 16 11.2 1 00 Three cent piece 18&0 12 760 9.6 02i WUBTBMBUBO. Crown mstoiaj! U 22 876 1( 18.2 1 07 Convention Thaler .... 1806 Double GildeK 1824 Tl 22 888 h 22.1 96 le 8 760 IS 6.4 79 Gilder •• 81 8 760 6' 2 ! ' 89 There are pieces among the Silver Coins (Bolivian and Peruvian Pieces) which in many eases fall short in weight or flneness, and are not worth what the fttU weight and standard pieces are. in this schedule the vftlne of pure metal only is considered and uot what the pieces might past for with the public. Some doubt is expressed as to the purity of the" Bel- gian " Mint, therefore its flneness and value are omitted. TABLE OF GOLD COINS OF THE WORLD. Showing their actnal weight, fineneis and amount of pare gold in each coin, and the Talue of pure gold calculated at i^^a cti. per grain. ARRANGED rOR CANADA. Cts 88 10 27 18 07 02 08 04 014 27 11 Oli 01} 80 00 fi2 78 26 18 14 07 00 00 02^ 07 96 79 MAMIt^ OV OOIMe. AaOKIfTIMR EBPUaLIO. Doubloon, 1828 to 1881 " ' 1818 to 1882 AuosauBO. Daoat, AuexRiA. „^ ««^*'.»»" :::::::}S! Half" 18» Duoat, 1762 " ' 1809tol884 •• 1888 Quadruple Duoat,.- 1830 ^ •• " ...1840 Badrx. .„^^ TenGildera 18J9 Five Gilder», WW to 1828 Bavaria. „^. ^ ,,„, Duoat 1764 to 179 " ' 1800 .« 1882 BxLOivia. Forty Frano8, Twenty Francs Soveraln 1778 to 1? Bbun«wiok. ^__ TwiThalers, 1746 1806 •' " 1813 to 1819 •< «< 1824tol8S0 « 1881tol888 FiyeThalers 1748 to 1764 COI.OOHB. Ducat Dknmark. Speeie Duoat, 1749^ *^ " 1795tol802 Current Ducat Double Fred'or, 1818 to 1889 Fred'or, 1818 to 1839 Chriitiund'or 1776 ENGLAND. Fire Guineas, 1729 Fire Sovereigns,. . . .1889 Guinea, 1727toJ760 «• 1818 Weight. Fineness Purw Gold. Value of Purw in Gold ^ fj TW^ffO**"* 1 Q a • Ct». 17 10 816 18 18.6 14 1» 17 7 868 16 15 48 2 6.8 976 2 4 2 23 7 2 917 6 11.8 6 66 7 6.6 898 6 12.7 6 70 8 J6 902 8 6.4 8 85 2 6.6 »86 2 4.6 2 28 2 6.7 988 2 4.7 2 23 2 6.7 986 2 4.8 2 28 8 28.6 988 8 19.8 9 10 8 28.6 986 8 20.2 9 11 4 9.6 900 8 22.9 4 04 2 4.7 900 1 a:8.4 2 02 2 6 980 2 8.9 2 28 2 • 984 2 4.1 2 25 2 6.6 987 2 4.8 2 27 8 7 • 4 8.5 7 2 917 6 11.9 6 66 8 10 898 7 18.8 7 78 8 12 896 7 14.7 7 82 8 12.6 896 7 16.2 7 86 8 18 896 7 16.6 7 86 8 18 894 7 16.2 7 86 4 6 908 3 201 8 96 2 1.7 968 2 8.7 2 19 2 6.6 988 2 4.8 2 27 2 6.7 979 2 46 2 26 2 876 1 18 1 80 8 12.6 896 7 16 7 86 4 6 896 3 19.2 8 90 4 7 905 3 21.2 3 99 26 20 918 24 11.9 25 24 26 16.6 915.5 28 12.4 24 28 6 7 8.8 916 4 20.2 4 98 6 915.5 4 21.4 5 02 104 TABLE OF GOLD COINS. TABLE OF GOLD COINS OP THE WORLD— Co/»/t>merf. NAMUS OK COINS. Half Guinea, 1801 to 1818 Quarter " 1762 Sovereign, (these pieces are"! very regular weight and I fineness in and tip to 1886 \ Avill average J France. Double Louis d'or.. .1744 " •• " .. 1786 to 1792 Forty Fi-ancs 1830 to 1889 Double K apolcon . . . 1803 to 1814 IVenty Francs, , Greeck. Twenty Didchm, Hanover. Ten Thalors, 1813 to 1814 Five'iimlers 1808 . 1813 Ducat, 1776 Ukssk. Ten ihalers 1773 to 1786 Five Thalers 1771 to 1784 H. DARM6TADT, Cftrolin M¥:xico. Doubloon tinenesB irregular, running from 860 ^o 872 average weight, Milan. Sequin, 1770 to 1884 Doppia or IMstole, 1793 Forty Lire 1806 to 1814 Twenty Lire, " •' Sovereign 1831 Half Sovereign, 1889 Naples. TwoOnzie, 1783 Onzia 1818 Onzia, (of Sicily).... 1761 Netherlands. Ten Gilders 1816 to 1889 Five Gilders 1816 to 1839 Ducat, rERlT. Doubloon (Lima Mint)1826to 1883 Doubloon (Cu/coMint) " " 1837 Poland. Ducat 1791 PORTCOAL. « Joannese 1730 Half Joe, 1787 to 1804 Moidore, 1689 1705 Weight. Fineness i in Q 2 1 o 16 8 916.6 915.6 6 2.6 915.6 10 9 8 8 4 10 19 7 6.6 3.6 902 901 899 899 900 8 17 900 8 4 4 2 12.6 6 6 6.6 890 896 89') 998 8 4 8 10 6 3^ 890 893 772 li 88 2 4 8 4 7 8 6.6 1.6 I 6.6 16 990 908 899 899 898 902 , 6 2 2 16 10 20 99.5 869 4 2 2 7.6 8.6 6.6 890 890 930 17 17 17 8.6 8.6 8.6 867 871 866 2 6.6 984 18 9 6 6 7 6 21 21 012 Pi4 908 928 Pure Gold. 10.61 6.2 416.1 9.6 19.7 10.9 10.4 317.6 3 8.1 714 3;i9 3 318.7 2 6.1 711 318 2 9.9 15 16 16 2 16 8 6 6 4.9 16.6 10.9 17.4 12.7 6.4 .6 9.7 10.4 20 22.2 4.1 1.1 2.7 0.8 1.6 16.8 9.9 6.8 S.l Value of Pure Gold. « Cts. 2 49 1 24 4 81 9 67 9 07 7 66 7 66 3 82 3 44 7 82 3 91 ; 3 87 2 27 7 69 3 87 2 46 2 2S 8 79 7 65 8 83 6 70 3 35 6 18 2 46 2 49 3 95 1 97 2 23 16 62 16 66 16 48 2 10 17 20 8 64 6 40 6 66 « »l .. H 24 81 67 07 66 66 82 44 82 91 87 27 69 87 46 TABLE OF GOtiD COINS. X05 TABLE OF GOLD COINS OF THE WORLD.— Ccn/tn«c 996 2 4.2 2 22 8 12 1 906 3 3.1 3 21 10 18^ m 913 9 16.4 9 93 8 7" ""^ 916 7 14 7 82 4 4.6 917 3 21.1 8 96 2 12.6 917 2 7.4 2 84 2 2 916 1 21.7 1 98 19 916 17.8 76 2 18 969 2 16.9 2 70 16 14 898 14 21.4 16 36 1ft 7 890 9 8.8 9 41 6 4 906 6 18 9 6 71 5 19 906 6 6.7 6 87 4 8 898 8 16.9 3 79 4 2 898 8 16.0 3 79 8 1!».«> 896 7 16 3 7 86 R 18 898 7 16 7 90 R 18 9J0 7 16.6 7 90 R 18 900 7 16.6 7 90 2 6.7 979 2 4.6 2 23 17 R 908 16 17.7 16 21 17 K 898 16 11.4 16 96 17 8 870 16 1.9 16 62 17 8.6 868 16 1.6 16 52 1 14 896 7 16.6 7 90 R 16 870 7 12.9 7 73 R 16 866 7 11.9 7 69 4 7 909 8 21 6 8 99 4 7 896 8 20.1 S 96 4 8 872 8 18.6 8 87 2 4 874 1 21.4 1 98 2 4 868 1 21.1 1 98 2 4 861 1 20.2 1 89 2 6 977 2 8.7 2 18 2 6 976 2 4,6 2 22 106 TABLE OF OOLD COINS. TABLE OP OGLD COINS OP THE WORLD. —Continued, 'height. Fineness in TT^irtbs Pure Gold. Value of Pure Gold ITAMXS OF COINS. • 21 6 2 64 21 11 10 10 1 2 e 18 20 22 20 20 2 17 6.6 8 12 6 18 18 1 6 « 8 4 4 4 4 20 6 2 48 19 10 10 9 e 9 18.6 S.6 9.1 9.1 8 22.4 6.6 6.4 0.2 8.4 7.5 7.6 16 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 21 6' 2 49 19 10 10 9 2 Cts. SWITZVaLAND. Double Pistole 1798 Berne Pirtole. 1796 900 901 891 896 897 998 908 999 887 900 916.7 899.2 900 900 980 08 47 " 1796 Basle 61 " 1798Solenre " .1800 Helretio BepubUo TiTSOAIfT. Eighty Florins 1827 Ruspone 1801 to 1808 Sequin 1824 to 1884 United States. Quintuple Eagle.... 1861 Double fiasrle 61 47 68 44 26 68 96 Eagle 1792 •• .18844»«> '• 1887^*5 68 62 98 Dollar 1860 WUBTEMBUBO. Ducat 1790 22.6 2 89 94 18 Nora.— The value of pure Gold at the Philadelphia Mint is 4iacL&ot8. per grain. The calculations in this table are made on the right hand eoluma weights at 4.j3^th8 cts. per grain omitting fractions. Those Coins used in commerce such as Sovereigns, 20 Francs, X Tlia- lers, Spanish, and Patriot Doubloons, and Dollars, ftc, will of course fluctuate with the dlfTerence between the demand and supply. When Gold Coins have b^en clipped or made light by any other process, the following will enable you to ascertain theur valtte,—the test is with American Silver. Half Eagle is equal in weight to 8U cents of Silver. Sovereign is equal " Sv " " Napoleon is a snade lighter than 26 " " XThaleris " " 50 " " Ten Gilder is equal in weight to 25 " Doubloon " " 100 " " _ " CONTENTS. PAOB Preface : 3 Introduclion to Single Entry, with Explanations of Books, &c S Specimen Books : Bill Book 10 Bank Cheque Book 15 TimeBook ; 16 Day Book ^ 17 Single Entry, Series No.l 20 do. Cash Book, Series No. 2 26 do. Invoice Book, do 28 do. Day Book, do 30 do. Ledger, do 33 Introduction to Double Entry 42 Explanation of Phrases ; 43 do. of Nature of Books 47 Rules for Double Entry 49 Questions and Answers 50 Cash Book , , 55 Invoice Book 63 Sales Book : 61 Journal 65 Ledger 69 Trial Balance 83 General Statement : 84 Journal Examples 85 Rules and Tables : Time Table 87 Interest Table 88 Discount and Exchange 89 & 98 Equation of Time 90 log CONfBKtS If eighU and MeMurei : '^*' Long Measure • Land Measure Lineal Measure ** Long French Measure ** Solid Measure, and Useful Rules on do ^5 98 Liquid Measure Sterling Eschange ^^ Coin Table, Silrer ®^ « Gold ^^^ T 15 18 18 )3