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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols y signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too lorge to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiimis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est fiimi A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 ^s ^^ CANADA A Descriptive Text- Book By E. R. PEACOCK, M.A. Upfier Ctmadn Colleiif. WITH AN INTKOIHJCTION By the Very Reverend G. M. GRANT, LL.D. PrinrijHtl of Queen h Univtrtfity, Kiuijutoti l'ul»lishu«l Willi the approval of THE HON. CLIFFORD SIFTON, Q.C. MinisttT of the Interior TORONTO WARWICK BUO S & RUTTKR 1900 Minister of Agriculture. R' ttkr, Toronto, «).itano, in the Office of the 1 ^ 4A4(0 INTRODUCTION. 1 BAVIN(» lived in rjreat liritain for seven years, I know somewhat of the general ignorance of Canada to be found there, even in edu- cated circles. Canadians who are inclined to resent this should reflect on the nicagreness of their own knowledge of Australia or even of (Jreat Britain and Ireland, and on the greater ignorance of Canada to he found everywhere in the Republic which immediately adjoins their borders. The trutli is that the concerns of our own neighborhocMl and land are so pressing and important that an effort is recjuircd to learn anything accurately about any other country. But the British Empire is now rising on the horizon as a reality to the average man ; and there- fore it is fitting that the youth of the parent kingdoms should know something of those daughter nations which have steadily rcjectey a not unim|)ortant section of economists with a faitli childlike and sincere, as if the vision had been vouchsafed to their spirits by (jod. There is place now for a text-book in British schools on the Dominicm of Canada, — a vast regiermen in the backwoods and by recent pioneers to the prairies of the great Northwest and the mountain ranges of British Columbia. In the lives of those emigrants amid strange surroundings ; in their struggles with isolation, poverty, and a winter sterner than they had ever known l>efore ; in the experiences of tlieir children who as sons of the soil readily adapted themselves to its conditions ; in the formation by them of infant settlements which have developed into prosperous communities ; in the growth of municipal life and the struggles for con- stitutional freedom, until, in 1867, Canada rose to be a confederation of Provinces which soon after extended from ocean to ocean, and in its subse(iuent expansion into its present assured position of junior part- nership in the Empire, — our true history is to be found. To the political and historical student, probably the chief interest of Canada lies in the existence, side by side, of two civilizations of diflFer- ent types, — French speaking Quebec with its racial peculiarities, its people devotedly attached to their own language, laws and literature, INTRODUCTION. v«. ami their own religions traditions and forms, wedged in l)et\veen l\w Knglisii speaking lUiiritiine provinces on tlie one side iind Ontaiio and the great west on the other. Will giadual fusion take phut- hetween thoHO widely sundered elements and a nation he formed eomliin- ing the best (jualities of both, as Norman, Saxon and Cynni fused in Englanrhaps take two montlis in crossing. Four hundre though he fain would stay. r.uiii Si cue (III Iii'li.iii Ki'sci'vi'. After about a hundred years the British came and the gallant Wolfe defeated the French at the hattle of the Plains of Al)ral>am, just outside Quebec, in the year 1759. The fortress of t^uelxc with its frowning citadel was taken, and soon all Canada l)elonge«l to the liritish. Ever since then the Union Jack has been (,'anada's flag and the Canadians are as proud of it as the British, and just as ready to die for it, because it stands now and has always sto(id for all that is greatest and noblest in the life of Britain. Before long British people began to arrive in great numbers. They settled all the way up the St. Lawrence from Montreal to Lake Ontario, ->♦ 4 CANADA. and along the lake. Many went to tin; Niagara River, with its wonder- ful falls, and to Lake Krie. At first they had a hard time for the (coun- try was covered with forest, which must l>e cleai-ed before any crops could 1)0 raised. Hut the land was rich and the settlers had hrave hearts and helped f»no another, so before long all were comfortable. And now, nowhere could one find happier (jr more prosperous people than the children of these early settlers. Shortly after IJritain had taken Canada from the French, the British colonists to the south rebelled, bringing on the American war «)f Inde- pendence, wiii(!h estal)lished the United States of America as a new country governed in its own wa}'. l)uring the war tiiere were many people who h'ft the United States and came to Canada, settling in Acadia down l»y the sea, and away up by Lake Ontario and Niagara Falls. Tliese pectple left their honies l)e<;ause the\' wished to remain Biitish subjects, and were known as United Kmpiie Loxalists. All the wiiile, the old I'rovince on the St. Lawrence continued to be French, and so it is largely to this day. But tiiough the people speak French, the}' arc loyal subjects, and have given to Canada many of her best statesmen and soldiers. In time Acadia was divided into three Provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswi(;k and Prince P^dward Isliuid. All these names show the people's loving memory of the lands they had left. Next, Upper and Lower Canada, the names given respectively to the new settlement by the (ireat Lakes and to the ohl French province, were called Ontario and Quel»ec. In the meantime bold men luul been ])ushiiig their way far out to the west, and tiiere tluy found a land tliat rolled away like the ocean, for a tliousand miles withiait a break. Over it roamed iuige herds of buffalo, and fur-bearing animals of all kinds weie found in tiie east and north. At first the trappers and the traders had things all to tiiemselves. The Hudson's Bay Company sent out its agents who established trading posts at many pcants. They bought all the furs and supplied the Indian and white hunters with whatever the}' recjuired. But, beftu'e long, people began to come as settlers, and the settlement giadually grew until it was big enough to make (he new province of Manitoba. Along the western edge of the prairies, as the plains are called, stretches a lofty range of mountains known as the Kockies. lieyond, is a country nestling behind tlie mountains, and kissed by the soft Pacific breezes. Here gold was disc«)vcre(l about fifty years ago, and men came from all pai'ts of the world, greedy for wealth. They held po8sessi(m until they could find no more gold in the loose earth, and then gav»! way to other settlers who, in time, became numeroud (uiough to 1 i CANADA. form the province of British Columbia— the coutitrv from wliich we sot sail when we wish to cross the Pacific Ocean to Australia, New Zealaml, Japji;; or India. lietween Manitol)a and British Cohimhia lies an immense plain larger than the whole of Franco and Germany comhiticfl. It is cmuposed of the finest farming and ranching land, and here, as well as in Manitol»a, every settler and each of his hoys on reaching tiie age of eighteen, is given practically free, a large farm, in a country wliich produces the best wheat in the world. Tlicre is y^' no cutting down of trees or clearing away of rocks to be done in tliis country, but the land lies level and rich, ready for the plough. In sonn- parts huge herds of cattle and band:; of horses are raised, to be shipped to England and the continent. Thi:-; is called ranching and is a most in- teresting employment. Here arc the famous cowboys who live al day in the saddle, can bring down ; galloping horse with a rope, or thro\ up an apple and })ut two shots inti it with a revolver before it falls. Ranching is easy in this country, for the cattle may be left out all winter to forage for themselves, while in the summer they grow fat (tn the luxuriant grass of the plains. Farther north still, is a great lone land of lake, and plain an. French from Montieal hcsicge British in Queliec all winter hut in spring aie driven otl' l»y the lU-cl ; British troops concentrate around Montreal hut Fiench capitulate and hand over all Canada. Military rule till ITOIi, when Peace of I'aris confirms Britain's right to Canada. In same year famous Indian Chief I'ontiac forms a conspii-acy to take all British horder forts, hut is foiled, t^hieliec Act, 1774, estab- lishes government hy (ioveinor and Council appointed hy Crown. 177."). Revolutionary Amerioans invade Canada, hut fail to take Quehec. In 1784, 2o,0()0 British Loyalists leave United States and settle in Canada and Acadia. "^I'liey were afterwards known as United Km[)ire Loyalists. 1791. Constitutional Act grants slight measure of Representative Government and divides Canada into two provinces — Upper Canada and Ix)wer Canada, English criminal law to prevail everywhere ; hut in Lower Canada French law to prevail in civil eases. This is still the case. First parliaments meet at Newark (Niagara) in Upper Canada, and in Lower Canada at Quebec. Population of Upper Canada 20,(X)0, of Lower Canada 1.30,000. 1807. Parliament of Upper Canada makes provision for beginning of school system. 1812. United States declares war against England and invades Canada at three points, but driven l>ack ; Caiwulians capture; Detroit. (ien. Brock, Canadian Connnander-in-Chief, killed att^uecnston Heights. In 181.3, Americans capture Biitish fleet on Lake Erie, take York and re-take Detroit, hold western part of Upper Canada. French -Canadians beat bav'k a greatly superior force of Americans at Chateauguay and an American force is also beaten at Chrysler's Farm. Americans abandon Western Canada. In 1814 Americans invade L^^pper Canada near Niagara, defeat Cana- dians at Chippewa but are defeated at bloody battle of Lundy's Lane and driven back. Peace signed between Britain and United States, 1817. Bank of Montreal founded. 8 CANADA. Botween 1820 and 1832 the Lachine, tho Welland and the Rideau canals constructed. 1837. Rubcllit)ns in Upper and Lower Canacla on behalf of Respons- ible Government. • 1841. Upper and Lower Canada united and granted responsible gov- ernment ; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick given similar privilege in 1847. 1843. First settlement in British Cohimbia on Vancouver Island. A governor appointed for this new settlement 18")0. 1867. Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick unite to form Do- minion of Canada with Ottawa as capital. Canada divided into two provinces, Ontario and Quebec. Jolui A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of the Dominion. British North America Act, tho Dominion Constitution. 1869. Red River rebellion of half-breeds at Fort Garry. Col. Wols- ley (now Lord Wolsley) leads 1,.300 men through the wihlerness to sup- press the rebellion l)ut rel>els retire (juietly before he ai-rives. Rupert's Land and North-west territory bcmght from Hudson's Bay Company. Part of it formed into Province of Manitoba which enters confedera- tion in 1870. Fort Garry becomes Winnipeg the capital. 1871. British Colundjia enters the Dominion on condition that a railway be built to coiniect British Columbia with tlie east. 1873. Prince Edward Island enters confederation. 1881. Contract let for Canadian Pacific Railway wliich was com- pleted in 1886. 1882. Four districts— Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabasca and Saskat- chewan—formed in North-west Territories, and given local government with capital at Regina. 1885. A rebellion of half-breeds and Indians in Nortli-west Terri- tories put down after considerable loss of life. 1887. Tlic Canadian Pacific Railway oi)ens its line of steamships between Vancouver and Hong Kong. 1891. Death of Sir John A. Macdonald, first Premier of the Dominion of Canada. 1894. (ireat conference held at Ottawa of delegates from all parts of British Empire to discuss means of furthering trade between British Colonies, 6* CANADA. 9 CHAPTER II. THE DOMINION OF CANADA-PHYSICAL FEATURES. CKE Dominion of Canada occupies all tlio northern lialf of North America, except the bit at the extreme north-west, called Alaska, Tiiis formerly belonged to Russia, and was sold to the United States in 1867 for tiie sum of seven million dollars, or about t;i,4(K),(MJ0, Canada is almost as large as the whoh; of Europe, and larger than the United States, without Alaska. Ruiuiing along the west side of the country, from north to south, is a range of mountains called the Rockies. They extend in an unhroken chain from fifty to four hundred miles wide at the base, and lising in some of tiie higher peaks to a height of over three miles. Between the mountains and the Pacific lies British Columbia, bioken by many smalhn- ranges. To the east of the Rockies stretch the prairies and the older Provinces, with Huilson Bay and the Atlantic ocean beyond. To the north of Canada lies the Arctic ocean ; to the west the Pacific. The United States and the Creat Lakes form tiie soutiiern boundary, while eastward the country stretches to the Atlantic. On the west coast are several fine harbours, the best of wliieh are Esqui- mau, the station of the North Pacific scjuadron of the British Navy ; Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the starting point of steamers for Aiistialia and Japan ; and Victoria, the capital of liritish Colundua, situated on Vancouver Island. Tiieie are many harbours on the cast coast. The best known are Halifax and St. John, the latter on the Bay of Fundy. The (lulf and River St. Law- rence for seven or eight months in the year open a splendid waterway for the ocean steamers to tiie poits of (^)uel)ec and Montreal. On the north-eastern coast is Hudson Bay, a land-hjcked sea, as large in area as Fran(;e, (iermanyand England together-. This great inland water is entered from the Atlantic by a strait 400 miles long. Into it eveiy year ciomes the sui)i)]y slii)) of the Hudson's Hay Company which brings supplies of all kin.lsan.l goes back loaded witli valuable furs, thus keeping up an interesting link with the old French days. Many people expect that before long a railway will be built from Winnipeg to the Bay, and a line of large steamers established to give a more direct route to England for the wheat and cattle of Western Canada. 10 CANADA. In Canada the rivers, plains and mountains are on a very large scale. Along the southern edge of Ontario from the head of the St. Lawrence River stretches, the most wonderful chain of fresh water lakes in the world. They extend for over a thousand miles westward, and one can sail all the way in a large vessel. Lake Ontario is as largo as Wales, and Lake Erie a little larger. Lake Huron is as big as Belgium and Holland together, while if Scotland were put into Lake Superior, the largest of all, one would see nothing but a few mountain peaks. In the North-West are lakes like Winnipeg, Great Slave an •I Lakes. Superior (420 hy 160 milcH), Huron, (280 hy 190 inilos), St. Clair, Erifi ("JAO l>y 80 miles), Ontario (180 l.y 0.') luili-H), Nipigou, Nip- isaing, Simcou, Teniistatiiingue, Woo«1h, Rainy, Ahittihi, Oreat Tit-ar, (ireat Slave, Reintlcer, Athahasea, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, Manitoha, Deer, St. Joini, MiHtaHsini. Coast Link very irregular, and therefore affords many good liarlioius. Coast Watkks. On tlio north coast there are numerous hays and gulfs hut they are of no eommenial importance owing to the \ca\ On the east, Batlin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Strait. Hudson Hay, James Bay, Strait of Belle Isle, Gulf of St. Lawrence, liay of Fundy. On the west, Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, Strait of Georgia, Juan de Fuca Strait. No capes of much note ; only peninsula of great importance. Nova Scotia. Islands. In the North, Prince Alhcrt Land, Boothia, Baffin Land. In the east, Anticosti, Prince Edward Island, Sahle, Cape Breton, Mag- dalen Islands, Grand Manan. In the west, Vancouver, Queen Charlotte Islaudn. i in ( ANADA. CHAPTER III. THK OOVKRNMKNT— TIIK I'KOPLK— LIFK OK THK I'KOI'LK. CANADA isa st'lf-g<)vcriiiii<,' ( 'oloiiy «)f efore it becomes law. After a gem-ral eleetiun the political party whidi has a majority in tho Commons is ealled tlie party in power. When Parliament assemhles tho Ooverne-tJeneral sends for the leader of this party, and asks him to form a u -.try. He selects from the (,'ommons and Senato a certain rnimlKjr of tin; al)le8t men in his party, to form a Cal»inet and these Calunet AHnisteis, with the leader, who is caUed tho Prinu; Minister, form the Covernment. That is, they manage tho aUiiirs of the country according to tho directions of Parlianu-nt. One Minister has charge of the Postal service, another of Trade and Commerce, another of Militia an,' line over the fields ot glistening snow with shouts and peals of laughter. The older men du a great deal of curling, and get keen enjoyment out of their cup matches and bonspiels. Life in the country is, of course, somewhat ditlcrent from city life. Most of the games already mentioned are played to some extent, for the young fellows gather frcjm the different farms and have their games at some central place in the evenings. Occasionally the farmers take a day off and luivo a big picnic to which the people come for miles around, bringing their baskets of good things to contribute to the common store. Sometimes it is a church picnic, sometimes a politi- Ie school-house is much used also as a hall for evening ' •' ■' ■■■'*^^^' . ',,* '/ Public or Common School Ruiltlliig. gatherings. In many sections a singing school is formed in the winter by some local musician, and meets one. night a week. The young people of both sexes attend, perhaps more for the fun and the jolly drives home together, than for the music. At the end of the course, a concert is given, and the hall is packed with the farmers and their families. The programme of songs, readings, and dialogues is not very elaborate, but it gives more pleasure than many a first night perform- ance at a great London theatre. In the towns and cities there are similar schools for all children, but on a much more extensive scale. Here the buildings are large and instead of a single teacher for the ^ ^^ CANADA. 27 lieir lery Irm- lare lie. Ithe whole school, there is one for each grade. In many of the towns kindergartens have been introduced for the very young children and are proving wonderfully successful. The puhlic schools are altsolutely free to all children and are attended })y rich and 2>oor alike. Next come the secondaiy schools, known in different provinces by various names— higli sdiools, collegiate institutes, academies, grammar schools, seminaries. One of these is situated in almost every town, and' here the public scliool course is carried on a step further, with the addition of classics, modern languages, science and book-keeping. These schools also are supported partly by (Jovcrnment aid, ])artly by the locality in which they are placcil. In most of them the pupils pay a small fee, but so small that it excludes very few. Pupils who take a full course may go on to the normal training schools and lit themselves for teaciiing, or they may attei.d one of tiie universities. Many, of course, go into business, or a trade, or to work on the farm. Hundreds of young men and women in Canada teach in the public schools as a stepping-stono to sometliing else. Many of the best known public men began life as teachers. A notablo example is the Prime Minister of Ontario, who taught for years in a ccmntry school. But it is a great pity that teaciiers' salaries are not higli enough to tempt men to take up teaciiing as their life-work. No dcmbt tliis will come in time, but at present most of the teiichers are young. In addition to the government schools, there are a number which copy such English Public Schools as Eton and "Rucrby. These are of course somewhat ex{)ensive and are attended by the sons of the wealthier people. They are maintained by endow- ments, by the gifts of the wealth}', and })y the fees col- lected from ])upils. The gov- ernments do not contribute j anything towards their sup- port. The best known of such schools is Upper Canada College, founded in 1829 by the famous old Waterloo hero, Lord Seaton, in the city of Toronto. There are also many private schools for girls, and rnimerous institutions of a special nature, each devoted to the teaching of some such subject as art, nuisic, or business theories. The government provides schools for the deaf and dumb and the blind. upper Canada CoUego. 28 CANADA. There aro in the Dominion a number of well equipped universities. At most of these there is a good Arts faculty, a medical sciiool, and a school of practical science. All the leading religious denomina- tions have theological colleges in connection with one or otlier of the universities. A noticeable feature about Canaoplar, the liest woods for pulp, and from puli) most paper is now made, besides a great i.;any other things. One large lirm manufactures all kinds of tulis and pails frouj this material. Jhit it is most important for paper making, and the pul|) and paper mills are rapidly ineieasing in numher. The Lone. I'ike are numerous in the rivers ami sinalli r lakes, and one variety, the niaskinonge, grows to a great size. Specimens have been caught over five feet in length and weighing almost a hundred jiounds. The IJritish Columbia salmon fisheries are the most interesting of all, because there is nothing (piite like them anywhere else. We all use eaniied salmon whieli is generally put up in little round tins with brightly coloui'ed labels, Jf you look at the label, you will see in addition to tiie picture " Skeeiia River Salmon'' or " Fra.ser River Salmon," and that means that tlie fish came from Ri'itish Columbia, It is easier to get salmon in that ])roviiice than anywhere else in the world. Li the season when the lisli are running up stream, the flow of water is actually impeded at shallow places by their numbers. Standing on the banks one sees the wliole river red with the gleam of their sides, from which the .scales have been rul)bed in the struggle. Fishing with a hook and line is useU'ss in such wateis. Any number of fish can be scooped out at will with a landing net or even the bare hands may be used Mith success. In the lonelier parts of the country a bear has often been seen to go down into the shallow rapids, seize a large fish in his clav/s, (hag it ashore and eat it on tiie bank. The camiing factories are built by the streams and the beautiful fish that are flung in at oue side b}' the thousand, very soon come out in cans at the other. 1 CANAr)A. 3:^ Wo turn naturally to mining noxt, for Uritisli Columbia is tht> chiof mining province. liost known are the gold, silver and coal mines of tho Kootenay district. It is but a few years since the lirst largo mines were opened, Imt (levelo])ment has been exceedingly rapiia is the famous Cariboo district where so nnich gold wus found about fifty years ago, in Mlnlnj; Scene. the earth and the sands of tho river l»eds. These mines were for a long time partially abandoned, but men arc finding that with proper working gold can bo got in the Cariboo distiict still. The country about Lake Atlin also promises to be very rich in the precious metals. In tho p]ast Kootenay country are the coal liclds of the Crow's Nest Pass, which are l)elieved to be the largest undeveloped coal areas in the world. They aro just being opened up, and io is found that they c()ntain immense deposits of the finest steaming coal. Already this coal is largely used by tho steamships on the Paciiie, and by tho people ^~ 34 CANADA. of the plains to the east. It is also specially well adapted for use in smelting. A railway has been built from the east through the Crow's Nest Pass into this district and gives an easy entrance to the mining region of Southern British Columbia. Prospectors say that there is plenty of iron in the Crow's Nest, and if tliis proves to be true, we shall see great smelting works there before long, with all the increase in population and business which tliat involves. Everyone has heard of the Yukon district called the Klondike, away to the north. All the papers were telling a few years ago of its wonder- ful wealth and men hurried from every part of the woild to make their fortunes, for the gold could be dug out of the earth without expen- sive machinery. They had a terrible time in getting from the coast to the Klondike and many perished in the snow. Others died of want or cold after they reached the land of gold, for the winters are very long and exceedingly cold. The country is almost within tlie Arctic circle and during the summer there is hardly any night, while in winter moist of the day is just a sort of twilight. Everything had to be carried over the mountains on sleighs drawn by dogs, or by the men them- selves, so it M'as impossible to get in enough food. The second winter things were much better, and now there is a telegraph line, and a railway has almost reached Dawson City,4;he chief place. It was always possible to reach the Klondike without nnich discomfort by taking the steamer up the Yukon. But that involved ■-- a long voyage round by Behring Strait to St. Michael, at the river's mouth, and a river trip of seventeen hundred miles. As the river was closed by ice for nine months in the year, not many trips could be made. Gold mining now goes on sj'stemati- call}' all around Dawson, and some of the miners strike very rich claims, but many are disappointed. The gold is found in nuggets in the earth, sometimes of con- siderable size but usually (piite small. The earth is dug out during the winter and ])iled in a heap, and when the warm weather conies it is washed out and the gold collected. People may now live in fair comfort though everything is still very costly. There is a good hospital, and several doctors practise in the town. There are churches, hotels, theatres and banks, while substantial Washing floia. CANADA. 35 shops and houses are rapidly replacing the huts of earlier days. It is hkely hydraulic mining on an extensive scale will soon replace tlie pre- sent primitive methods and greatly increase the output of gold which even now is large. In Ontario, there are important gold mines in the Rainy River dis- trict. At Sudbury, great quantities of nickel are mined and sliipped to the United States. This metal looks like silver and will not rust It is much used for plating other metals, in alloy for coins, and in making armour plate for the United States men-of-war. The Parry Sound dis- trict is rich in copper, while silver is found nortli of Lake Superior There is a great deal of iron in Ontario, but as yet it is of comparatively little value, for no coal has been discovered near enough to make smelting profitable. ° Up to the present time British Columbia and Nova Scotia have been the chief mining provinces. Gold has been mine.l in the latter for many years in sufficient quantities to yield the mine owners a fair profit But the mineral for which Nova Scotia has long been noted is coal There are several large mines, but those at Sidney, in Cape Breton Island, are particularly valuable. Here one may see a large ship loading at the dock with coal, which has been taken from under the sea right where the ship IS nding. For the mines extend a considerable distance under the sea though the entrance shaft is on land. Quite recently a very strong com- pany of capitalists has secured valuable iron land on Newfoundlaiul just opposite Sydney, and is now building at Sydney wliat will be perhaps the largest iron and steel works in America. 86 CANADA. CHAPTER VI. -e^V ■s;- Cult in;; (liiwii 'I'll LUMBERIXr;. ►HE eastern half of Canada ■was once covered with forests, and great tracts arc still un- dcai'cd. When the eaily settlei-s came, they had to go to work Mith axes and clear a small jjatch of land. Tlien with the logs, roughly scjuared, they built a house, filling in the chinks with moitar or clay. At one end was a stone chimney with a fire-place that would hold half a dozen hig logs. Here roaring wood files were built, and no one could wish .a more cheerful place than the living room of one of these log shanties on a cold winter night. The settler went to \\'oik every winter to clear more of his land and before long had several good fields. At first, when he had to get rid of the logs and stumps he burnt them and made i)otash ivon\ the ashes. IJut later, saw mills were put up here and there, for the settlers began to want finer houses and that meant sawn lumber. Tliere was a growing demand also in England for timber and the United States furnished a market for the coarser lumber which England did not want. In this way one of Canada's greatest industries develoj)ed. Large sections of the cou!iti'y are still covered with ])ine forests, and this makes tiie most valuable lumber. 'J'here are also thousands of sijuare miles of spriue and large areas covered ])y such hardwoods as ma[)le, beech, l»irih, asli and oak. Jiut when we speak of Canadian lumbeiing we usually* mean the operations by which the pine is brought to market. Early in the fall bands of young men start for the shanties from almost evei'v part of Eastern Canada. They arfc chieHy farmers' sons and farm labourers. In addition, there are the regular shantymen, who spend most of their lives at the business, but they go into the woods earlier to begin o2)erations. During the spring and suunuer, part of these regular lumbermen work in the saw-mills, while the rest are the famous rivermen who bring down tlie logs from the shanties to the mills. CANADA. 3/ Oil their way to the shanties the im-ii go hy rail as far as possil)K', and are then (h'iven on hig hnnber sh'igiis for niih's into the woods. Many of the young farmers bring horses with tlicm and aet as t(>anistt'rs (hn-ing the winter. In tlie preceding sunnuer the forest -rangers and tlie inspector elioose ca section of the woods for tlie season's oj)era- tions, and liere the shanty is l)uiU. It is a long, low log Imildii-.g with a roof sloping from front to reai', a great door at one cornei-, and hiuiks for fifty men. The hunks are huilt along one side and end, in adouhUi low, one above the other, like the berths of a steamsliip, AI)out the middle of the side opposite the bunks is the " cal)oose,"' or cooking tire. Hei'e W '^^ .f . V ■ ■ ■•■l..■.,;■^ f'?^- ■•■■•■ .••*^- , * ■•«:•; /v»^''>t'l ■ j-:ji-^>.ti».- Luniliprman's T,nj» House. sand is laid over a large patch of ground, to tlie depth of a foot, and this is the shanty oven. The smoke escapes through a hole in the roof. The cook first builds a large fire and keeps it going until tlie sand is red-liot right through. He then rakes ofTthe coals and buries in tlie burning sand the flat iron kettles in which he bakes his bread and pork and beans. He covers them up and draws l)ack the coals. Evcrvtliiiig is cooked Iteauti- fully in this way ; the shanty bread is as white and liglit as that of tlie Itcst housewife in England. All meals arc nnich alike and consist of fresh bread, bak(Ml pork and beans, molasses, rice, and tea with i)lenty of sugar. 88 CANADA. When the men reach the shanty they are divided hj' the foreman into fotir gangs, each with a boss and a six'cial class of work to do. Tin- Itcst men fell the trees and cut them into logs. Another lot drag tlie logs to a central point for the teainstei's who draw them to the lake or river, while the green hands make roads and clear away brush befoi-e the men M'ho are dragging in the logs. Everything moves with tlie utmost regularity, and an astonishingly lai-go amount of work is done. The logs are .all drawn to the nearest lake or stream, where they are piled on the ice or on the bank if the current be too swift for good ice. The supplies are hauled from the supply depot by inen called coasters, each of whom has a team of heav^^ horses and a large sleigh. They often come sixty or seventj' miles through the woods with their loads. Each shanty has a storehouse aixl a stable for the horses. The men retire very early and are up loi / be*' daybreak. The teamsters rise before three o'clock and feed their horses ; half an hour later all have breakfast, and by four they are off to work. About noon they have a cold meal, and at dusk return to the ishaiu^ wit . ujh appetites as only shantynien have. Nothing so sharpens the appetite as the long day among the odorous pines, with the smell of the freshly cut wood and the hard work in the cold air. There are no more health^' or hardy men to be found anywhere than the lumbermen of Canada. After supper the men lt)unge about for an hour or two, telling stories, reading, playing cards or carving with their jack-knives. The advent of a newspaper is a great event, and the occasional visits of the missionary are looked on as a pleasant break in the monotony. Were it not for the hard frost and snow, it would be impossible to carry on lumbering operations. The ground and swamps in the forest freeze hard, and then, when they are covered with snow, the lumbermen can go anywhere and haul their logs with ease. But it is not very cold in the forest, for the treps keep oft* all winds, and the men never suffer from cold while working. As soon as the ice on the smaller streams begins to break up in April, the rivermen get to work floating the logs down the flooded streams. It is hard work, and men often spend hours wading in the ic^- water. But the greatest haste is needful, for the water soon subsides, and any logs not down nnist be left till next season. About the time the smaller streams are clear, the ice on the lake begins to go. The logs are held b}' a boom till all are in the main river, or usually a lake expansion. When all are down, the men let them drift. A boom is a long chain of logs fast- ened together end to end by means of short bits of rope or chain, and is used for holding and dragging logs. The men follow the drive, sweeping the river as they go — that is, leaving no logs lying on the shore or in the •" CANAIU. 89 I mouths of creeks, but keeping iill moving before tliein as they woi'k their way slowly down stream. The drives, as they are called, often nunilHr a hiuidied and fifty thousand logs, and (juite cover tlie river for a mile or two. 'I'he cook's caboose follows tlie drive on a large raft, and cooking is done as it drifts along. In the evening the raft is moored at a con- venient spot and the men sit on the grass and eat their meals. Tiiey sleep in tents iinless the mosquitoes become too troublesome, when they often push out into mid-stream and sleep on the ?aft. 1 Raft in',' I.nss. But it is at the numerous rapids that the river driver finds the excite- ment and danger of his occupation. Here, as the logs go tin-ough, they gradually stick and pile up along the sides until the whole river, exce[)t a narrow chainiel, is lilocked. The Mater is dammed back and rushes through tlie cliannel. The men guide the logs with their long pike-poles and try to Keep them running but a log is sure to stick before long and those coming swiftly behind ])ile up and make a, jam that closes the channel. The men rush down and try to let off the Jam before it gets too i>ig. They work hard, hopping about from log to log with the utmost dex*^erity and every moment ruiuiing risks from which only their skill saves them. Presently the key log is found and worked 40 CANADA. loose by means of cant-hooks and piko-poles. Then there is a rush of foaming water and tossing logs, over wliich the men nnist run or be erushed to deatii. To tlie fuilooker tlie task seems impossibk', but they dash across whirling h)gs, l)alan(ing themselves like acrobats, leaping liither and tiiitlior and nevei- missing their step f»n the lieaving, tossing nuiss. Every man Mcars boots m hose soles are studded with shaip nails to prevent slipping, but desi)ite this their skill and coolness are wonderful. To see a man poise himself daintily on a rushing h)g, nn)ving his feet rapidly (o keep on the upper side, then with a might}' Saw Mill Intf Mor. lea{), land on an e(|ually juistable footing and keep his balance while the foam tosses and the water roars about him, is a sight to stir the coldest heart. As the logs come into a lake they are caught in booms and towed across by a steam tug and so the}- move slowly down stream taking the whole summer for their joui'iiey and reaching the mill usually about the end of August or lirst of September. The saw-mills are built on the bank of the river, at some point where there is good railway or sle:imship connection. Ottawa, the Dominion cajjital, is the chief of these lumber centres. During tlie summer a saw-mill piesents a scene of the liveliest activity. At night electric lights are called into service CANADA. 41 and so night and day the busy hum of the saws is lioard. Thchif^s are hauled up from the river hy endless chain carriers, placed on moving carriages and cut into lumber by the lightning band-saw ami the gang-saws which cut up half a dozen logs at once, 'i'hcnce machinery carries the boards to the edgers to be trimmed, the outside slal>s to the wood-pile to dry for tire-wood and the saw-dust and small bits to tiie great furnace which burns all refuse. As the boards move oiit on their carriers a man stands by who swiftly measures and marks them. Outside they are sorted and stacked in piles ready for shipment. The Ottawa is the most important lumber river in Canada, with the St. John second. Into the former How half a dozen large rivers, each bringing down its two or three drives every year. In addition to the rougii logs for tlie mills, a great deal of square timber for Kngland comes down the Ottawa. The timl)er is fastened together in ciil»s, and a gieat number of these cribs are joined to form a raft which often covers an extent of an acre or more. The nuMi have a little hut on the raft and live there. When falls or rapids are reached the timl)er nmst go through a slide just wide enough to receive a crilt, so the raft is broken up, sent through one crib at a time and ])ut togetlui' again l)oh)W. The water rushes through tlie slide very swiftly and a tiip down on a crib is ii most exciting experience. At the bottom it shoots into the river with a plunge which buries half its length in the water for a moment. The rafts go slowly down the Ottawa until they join the St, Lawrence above Montreal, then down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, where the timl)er is loaded on ships for Kngland. In British Columbia also, lumbering is an iniijoilant occupation, for the Douglas tirs which grow to an innnense size and the cedars, make capital lumber. The Douglas firs are hardly efpialled anywheie else in size. They often reach a height of tiu'ce hundred feet with a girth of fifty or sixty. The forests of British Columbia lie along the coast and are ver}' extensive. Tlie Douglas fir and the cedar are the most impcjrt- ant trees for lumber but there arc several other varieties as well. I red he he he or of ine Ice t> 42 CANADA. •4^ •»' CANADA. 43 CHAPTER VII. FARMING. Fruit droirivfi, Dairy Ftirnnny, Poullrtj, WJudt, linnrhinrj, BUT after all has been said, the farmer remains the great man in Canada, and farming in its different l)ranc:lies, the h-ading industry. P'roni Nova Scotia to British Cohimhia, in almost every part of the country the farmers form the chief class of citizens, and a most intelli- gent class they are, well read and deeply interested in all j)ul)lio ques- tions. Most of tliem are always anxious to improve their business by new and better methods and in this effort the Dominion and Provincial (Jovernments give great assistance. The Dominion (ioveinment has established in the different parts of the country, experimental farms where scientific men are contiinially at work making practical tests as to the value of different kinds of seeds ajid roots, the effects of various fertilizers, the best breeds of stock for different puiposes and how Ix^st to feed them. Reports of all experiments are furnished free to the farmers and from time to time special reports are published regarding any new weed that may be dangei'ous or any pest that threatens crops or stock. Travelling schools go about also to give practical instructions in butter making and the handling of milk. At these schools lectures are given on the fattening of poultry and their ])reparation for market, the proper handling of friiit and similar subjects. 'J'he farmers them- selves have local institutes or societies where they meet and dis(;uss U'.atters of interest to their work. In Ontario there is a large Agri- cultural College where yeen famous for its apples from tlie early Acadian days, whihi from Western Ontario hundreds of tons of beautiful apples, ):>eaches, grajtes and straw- berries are annually shipped to the neighbouring cities and to Britain. British Columbia has a good climate for fruit, and fruit culture is grow- ing. Within the last two years the introduction of cold storage has 44 CANADA. cnahK'd (Iin'iIcik to Itcgiii llic shipment (if vaiioiis fiiiit.s to r.iiliiiii <»ii an (•xt».'nsivc K<'al(^ and inucli is cxpocltd of this tra(h! lici-cafter. The fruit gruweis hiivc <»f (■((iii'se many enemies to contend with and nmst lie eontiniially on the watch. Fniit is so ])eiishahlo that any (h'lay in picking or shippini^ is fatal, yet the fniit often fipens so fiist that delay in hoth is inevitalile. ^'aI•ious insect jiests have to lie care- fully gtianUid against, also the danger of frost in the spring time. It is only the active, resourceful men thereforo who .succeed ut fruit fai'ming, for in this hnsiness the cost of stupidilv, ignoi-ance or care lessne^;s is I'liin. mm^ Dairy C'attlo. The farmers of Eastern Canada devote a great deal of attention to dairy-farming ; in fact many of them have given up almost entirely the growing of gi'ain except for fnddei'. In the west also more attention is paid to dairying each suceee(ling year with good results. Cheese and butter factories are built throughout the eountiy, in the East at very short intervals, and to these almost eveiy farmer sends milk. A favuiu'ite ])lan is to have two sets of machinery and to make cheese dur- ing the summer and butter during the winter. The cheese industry is one of the most important and is growing ^^•ith great rapidity. Nearly all the cheese is shipped to Britain in whose markets it is a favourite on »• ■0M CANADA. 40 a<'«Miiiiit (»f its good qiiiility. Tlic «\[ioi'1 of lnittrr on a l.irsjfi' sralt' licgaii liiU-r iiiid tho voliinif of tiadc is not Ticarly so laij/c as llial of chcfso liut it is ovL'itakinj,' its rival. \/,\v^v ari'as of tin- icuiitiv .m- paiticiilarly well adapted for dairyiii}^ and Ciinada sctins di^timd to take a first placo in this particnlar Itnsint'ss. TIm' ^lu^,('>t atliniiim is i)(iii>f paid l)y govcriiiiii and people alike to pirfr( I ini; tin' lM-^t met hods for cari'ving it on and ho fai' no in(histiy has given Itetter returns for the t-are ltesto\v»*d upon it, l'll.'.0 nittlr On every farm there are floiks of poultiy. The cities of tlie I'^nitid States liavo always furnished a eonsideralih' niaiket for dressed ])oidtiy and eggs. Now the intnxhietion of cold .^-toiage has made it possil)l(,' to ship them to Britain so that the trade seems eajjahle of indefinite extensiort. The egg.s are gathered up regularly l)y Imyers who dri\'e through the country and call at each house once or twice a fortnight during the summer, A short time before Christmas the turkeys, geese and other fowl that have been fattening are killed, dressed and taken to -what is called the " turkey fair." Hei-e they are bought by dealei-s who ship them to tho various markets for the (^hristmas trade. So im- portant is this trade ccmsidered that in .some particulaily suitable 4G CANADA. 1 CANADA. 47 I lor;vlitics, such as Priuco Kdward Island, tlii' govi'nmu'nt lias established Itoulliy t'altfiiiiig stations as examples to the faiiueis in methods of tVtMling. Except in the ranching conntvy, the Western fanners devote their energies mainly to \s heat growing. Wheat is what the English call eorn. When tlie thrcsliing anad out, tlie western faiiuer casts many an anxious glance at the weatlier prolKil)iliti«'s, for occasionally a latt> night frost conu's at this season and damages his crop. In August the wheat is ripe and the harvest begins. The grain is rapidly cut and bound in sheaves by machines called bind- ers. In the East it is stored in l»arns to be threshed later, but the crop is too large for this in the West, so it is hauled to a stack and piled ready for the threshers. Just before cutting, the westein wheat fields pri^sent a lovely pii^tuie. As far as the eye ean reaeh, the grain waves an'd ripples to the warm smumer breeze like a sea of gold. As soon as the grain has been cut and stacked, comes the threshing — a most impoitant part of the Mork. In tiie .vest people live far apait, and each man's threshing is too big a job to be done by a hft, so a threshing gang goes with the mill. They sleep in a large eon- veyance somewhat like a car, which is drawn from [)laie to pla(;e by the traction engine which draws the threshing machine about and supplies the driving power when the mill is at work. As the hum of the thresh- ing mill begins, the scene is a lively ont^ and worth watching. Eveiy man has his appointed place, and the stack of grain grows rapidlv smaller as Llie pile of straw lieaps up, and the Itags ai-e tilled wi.li bright, clean grain. As soon as threshing is over, the farmer hauls his grain to the nearest railway station where it is sold and stored in the eleva- tor for shipment to the East over the Canadian I'acitie Railway. Sometimes he prefers to hohl his grain for a "rise" in price, hut this is a risky bit of speculation in which only those can imiulge who are well established. In Southern Alberta, and to a smaller extent in several other parts of the territories, the chief business is lanching. Each rancher has from 4S CANADA. Olio to ten sections of land, or from G40 to 0,400 acres, usuallv well watered and covered witli grass whicli makes good fodder both sunnner and winter. This grass is peculiar inasmuch as it does not form a turf likc^ that of other countries, Imt grows more in tufts. The dostr < rofji/ing of sheep is theieforo very injurious, and sheep ranching is for- bidden in Southern Alberta ; though in some other parts of the territories laige flocks of sheep are kept. Most of the ranches are owned 1»y Englishmen who had some capital witli which to begin, but companies usually operate tlie larger ones. The cattle and horses are branded with the stamp of their owner and then allowed to I'ojim at laige on tlie plains. They remain ok 1 winter, and can live easily on the grass ; but a certain amount of . dd ,?> ^ ''"iw;: ■' Tlin' are sold and shipped to England, the United State's or the mining districts of British Columl)ia. Tlie branding is most interesting to the onlooker, and shows the cow- boy at his best. "J'he animal is caught round head or horns by a rojio L Hailniaii ami IClrvaturs. dexterously thrown by the cowltoy Another gets his noose over the hind leg; then \\w victim is thiown and l)i'anded with a hot iron. When all have been bivinded and counted thost) not sf)l(l ai'e turneil loose to wander at will till the next 7'on)id-vp. Horses are ti'eated as the cattle, but all tliat are sold must be broken to riding. Tlie western ])ony or bi-oncho is a hardy, stubl)oi'n fellow, who, when broken in, will jjatiently endure almost any anunuit of hard work. When tamed he is a thoroughly obedient and faithful com- panion, intelligent and easily managed ; but he does not give up his freedom without a struggle. The breaking in of the jiony is known 50 CANADA. as " Itroiicho-husting," and calls for all tin; cowhoy's skill. It takos from thi»!u to six weeks to tamo a Itroiicho, and as there are many to be broken every spring, the oowV)oys aie kept very l)usy. The horses are quite wild at tiie hegiiniing, hut have become thoroughly ohedient before a good rider lets them go. Tlie first few lessons give hanl work to both rider and bioncho. The pony is caught with the ropes, thrown and blindfolded, and after mucii bucking and struggling finds himself encumbered with halter and sachlle— not the little English saddle, but the big, comfortable westei-n one, with its higli ponnnel in front for the rope, and the wide wooden stiriups. Ashe springs up J 1^ i -.fcS, K»uud-ui). he finds a cowboy on his back, while another on a trained pony circles about him and keeps him from running too wildly with a quirt or a bit of rope used as a whip. Then the fight liegins in earnest, M'ith skill and cool determination pitted against wild, blind fury. The pony springs forward and sidewise, shakes himself like a dog, jiunps high into the air and comes down suddenly with his feet close together and his back arched. He rushes forward and stops suddenly-, lies down and rolls over, am' ies a dozen other wicks, but all to no purpose. An ordinary rider could not stick on for half a minute, but the cowboy sits as coolly as if nothing were happening, only dismounting when the pony lies duwu and remounting the moment he rises. Then the pony L 1 ft »-\ CANADA. 01 :-¥^y^ mm^m^^'^ tries his last trick. He rears high on his hind logs and lets him- self fall backward, hoping to crush his rider, liut just at tlio right rnonieut tiie nimble n into sur- rendering, meanwhile keeping away de la Tour's ship which hung des- pairingly in the oHing. When hunger had greatly Meakened its defend- ers he again attacked the fort and once again was heaten ))ack. He waited for some time and attacked in force. Inspiied hy their nohlo leader the garris(m fought with the energy of despair. Time after time were the eneni}' heaten hack from the palisades, hut at last a tiaitor, tempted by Chainisay's gold, threw open the gates. Even then the tight was desperate, and Charnisay fearing tiiat this woman would foil him yet, called for a truce. He professed great admiration for the bravery of Madame de la Tour and her followers and piomiscd them the honours of war if they would surrender. To save her followers, Madame de la Tour signed the articles of surrender, but so soon as he had theuj all captive, the brute led this nol)le lady with a halter round her neck, into the court yard and forced her to look on while every one of her faithful followers was hanged. Then Charnisay carried her off' to I'ort Royal where within a few days she died, heart broken at the loss of her children and subjects. During the seventeenth century Acadia changed hands several times in the contests between France and England, till, by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, all except the islands of (Jape Breton and St. John passed finally into the possession of Britain. .St. .lohn was the name given to the island which now forms the Province of Prince Edward Island, and on Cape Breton stood the fortress of Louisburg, with its fine harbour and commanding position. Most of the Acadians refused to take the oath of allegience to Britain at the time of the transfer, and when war again broke out they secietly aided the French. So troublesome did the matter become that the British forced most of the Acadians to leave their lumies, and carric0 marked the beginning of that great struggle known as the Seven Years' War, in which Britain Mon so much glor}' and territory. The war was waged vigorously in New France, and hy 1760 tlie whole coiuitry was in the hands of th(,' liritish. Louishing wascaptuied, after a iuii'd struggle, in 17r)S, and FreMch influence in Aca|»nriit(Ml by the Strait of (Janso. This island is Hottlcil l>y people! from the Highlands of S<:otland, who still preserve (In- (Jat'lio language and n)any <»f tlie Highland customs. TIk; people of the main- land are ehiefly of British or of United Empire Loyalist descent. In the Annapolis valley and several other parts are many of the French Acadians, while about Lunenhiwg is a prosperous (Jerman district whose origin dates hack to the middle of the last century. As in the rest of Eastern Canada, most of the population is native Ijorn. In noother Canadian I'rovince is the (;limate so nnich like that of Eng- land as it is in Nova Scotia. It is rather moist and not sul»ject to vt'ry great extremes. On the southern shore there are frecjuent fogs from the Atlantic. The southern coast has many tine harhouis, and round the whole peninsula there are luimerous smaller hays, important to tho lishernien and in the coasting trade, thougli not large enough foi- ocean ships. Much of the land along the c'psum, from which comes the plaster of I'aiis used so much in modelling. Nova Scotia stands first among the provinces for her fisheries. There are in]])()rtant fisheries on all three coasts — the Atlantic, the liay of i ■ CANADA. 69 Ftiridy aiul thu (julf of St. Lawrunco. In addition to the large qniititi- litis iisod ill the I'rovinco there are important fihipnionts to the Wont liidieH, to South America and elsewhere. A country witli bo nnich Hliipping and fi,sln'ng must navo a great many sailors among its jxipulation. There are many who regiihirly follow the sea, and lliousiinds more along the coast mIio take part in tlio fishing and also do a little farming. The interior is given up chietly to fairning hut the fanners are only hegitniing to realize their opportunities. On account of the moist climate nnich of the country is aly suited for pasturage and dairy farming will .soon l)e the leading industry, for cheese and hutter factories are heing estaltlishi-d and proper methods tatight. The apple? of Nova Scotia have heen celel)rated for many years, and almost every farmer in the western j)art of the province has a large orchard. The apples are exported in increasing (piantities to Britain. The government has estahlished a school wiiere the projter care of fruit and fruit trees is taught and the industry has received more careful attention of Lite. Along the north runs a line of hills whi(;h keep off the fogs and cohl winds of the hay. IJehiiid them lies the Annapolis valley, the mild climate of which so pleasi'd the titst settlers after their haid experierue on the island of St. Croix. This is the oldest part of the province, and the best for fruit growing. Except for the lieather. Cape IJreton scenery is remarkahly like that of the Scotch highlands — the riigged hills, the iniexpecttid mountain lakes, th(! shaggy woods are all there. And the Oaelii; tongue is there too, for neaily all the inhaltitants are Highlandeis or of Highland descent. Many summer visitors are l)eginning to visit the island and enjoy a few weeks of its invigorating salt hreezes. Sydney, the former capital of Ca])e lireton, is the chief port for the .shipment of coal. The new iron and steel works j)romise to add greatly to the im])ortance of the j)lace. The on<;e great fortress of Louishurg has fallen to ruins, hut the prospe^^ts of the histoiic old town are hiighlening, for it is likely to become the winter 2>ort of Sydney, whose harbour is closed by ice duiing that season. On the main- land there are many small towns along the coast, the importance of which depends on the shij)ping, the fisheries and lumber. Some of these are Yarmouth, 'J'riwo, Windsor, I'ictou and New (ilasgow. The last two are in the heart of the coal n^gions and arc rapidly developing their manufactures. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is a tine city with a ])opulation of altout fifty thousand. It is well built and is l)eautifully situated on a magnitiient harbour, large enough to proteil the wliole British navy. Halifax is one of Canada s winter jKjrta and has a eo CANADA. large ocean trade. During the winter when the St. Lawrence is closed by ice the Rteamships unload and take on cargoes at Halifax or St. John. The harbour and city are well defended, for it is the summer station of the North Atlantic squadron of the British navy, and there are import- ant Imperial dock yards and arsenals. This is the only spot in Canada at which a British regiment is regularly stationed, but just now the city is garrisoned by a Canadian militia regiment in order to free the British troops for the war. Dalhousie University is situated at Halifax and there are smaller colleges in several towns, notably King's College, at Windsor, the oldest in Canada. The people of the Maritime Provinces have always been great believers in the value of a thorough education, and many of the young men take a further course at one of the British universities after graduating from Dalhousie. The Province in addition to its facilities for communication by water is intersected by several railway lines, and is coiniected with tlie rest of the Dominion by the Intercolonial Railway, which runs from Halifax, through New Brunswick and Quebec, to Montreal. This railway is owiicd and operated by the Dominion (tovernment, and other railwaj's are given running privileges over it in order to reach Halifax and St. John, to which another branch extends. NEW BRUNSWICK. New Brunswick is the largest of the Maritime Provinces, but the niDst thinly populated. It stretches northward from the Bay of Furidy for two hundred miles to tlie Province of Quebec. On the east is the (Julf of St. Lawrence and on the west the State of Maine. Tiie southern and ea;»'s aie <,'r(i\\ ii fur .ship- nitiit to tlu! United Stairs, and ])oiiltiy i-aising <»n a large stale is a recent dcvfltipnnnt . 'riitie is now a line of ships luiniing diicct. to liiitain, and tlie islam! is splendidly situated for tlit; sliipnienl of all farm and dairy piodiiets to that country. 'I'JK^ tisheiiea are of great value to the country and might he consider- ably extended ; tlie island is situated in the (;entre of the gulf tishei'i»'s. In addition to the various fish oi the gulf there are extensive lobster and oyster fisheries. Coirnnunication Avith the maiidan miles, Itieadlh 12(1. IMiysical fi'atures : Surface diversified by lofty hills, broad valleys, numerous lakes and rivers. Chief river, Aimapolis. Cobeipiid mt)un- tains in north, gieatest elevation 1,2(K) feet. Coast line 1,2(M) miles; shores aluupt and irregular, with many inlets and fine harbours, esjH-c- ially in south-east ; numeious small islan7, $.S,(K)(),;U(i, eod, h)hsters, herring, maekerel, ha(hlo(,k, liak(\ Maiuifactures limited l)ut iiiereasing in vahie. ('ities and towns: — Halifax (49,000 estimated), Daitiuoulh, Yar- mouth, Sydney, Kdueation free and non-seetarian. Dalhousie College and University at Halifax, University of King's College, Windsor. (Jovernnient vested in Lieutenant-Covernor assisted hy an Exeentive ("ouneil, a Legislative Couneil, and a Legislative Assemljly. Province has ten Senators and twenty Representatives in Dominion J'arliament. Nkw Bki'Sswick. Capital, Fiederieton. Population in 18!)1, .'W1,2(»,S. Area, 28,200 Square miles. Length, north to soutii, 280 mil s, hreadth, 100. Physical features : Surface geneially inidulating, elevation slight, highest ])oint 2,170 feet. St. John River, 500 miles in length, chief natural featuie, drains 0,000,000 acres of the province ; Miraniichi next in importance, Restigouche, Richil)Ucto, I'etitcodiac, St. Croix. Lakes numen)us but small. Coast line (on three sides), .WO miles, indented hy large bays and tine harbours. Dense forests of pine, cedar, spruce cover large areas in north and northwest ; lumber leading sonrce of wealth. Agriculture next and increasing rapidly in importance. Soil exceed- ingly fertile, grains, roots, hay and fi'uits largely grown. Dairy faini- ing and stock raising growing rapidly. Fisheries rank n«xt in value to those of Nova Scotia, herring, .almon, cod, lobster, smelts, sardines, haddock, oysters. Chief manufactures : Lumber, salmon, lobster and oyster canning, textile and paper mills, iron works. Minerals: (Jypsum, coal, asbestos, stone. Cities and towns: St. Joini (40, 0(K) estimated). Fredericton, Portland (now incorporated with St. John), Mon<.ton. Education : Schools free and non-sectarian : University of New Brunswick, Fredeiicton. (Jovernment administered by Lieutenant-Oovernor and aii Executive Couneil ; there is a Legislative Assembly elected by the people. }*rovin(;e has tea Senators and fourteen Representatives in Dominion Parliament. Prince Edward Island. Capital Charlottetown. Population in 1891, 109,078. Area, 2,000 square miles. Length 140 miles, breadth fiom four to thirty-four. Physical features : Sui'face rolling and well watered, greatest eleva- tion about aOO feet. Deeply indented coast line, bordereil by several small islands. Industries : Agriculture the leading pursuit, grain, vegetables and grasses principal crops. Stock raising and dairying important. Fish- eries important and capable of great development, lobsters, herring, oysters, eod, mackerel, hake. Cities and towns: Charlottetown (12,000 estimated), Summerside, Georgetown, Souris. Education : Schools free and unsectarian. Two colleges. Prince of Wales and St. Dunstan, the latter belonging to the Roman Catholics. Covernment vested in Lieutenant-(iovernor, an Executive Council, and a Legislative Assembly. The Province has four Senators and five Representatives in the Dominion Parliament. CANADA. 66 CHAPTER IX. { ,<.JA S^^sibiMk- ! c _ tiA^f*^' QUEBEC. ►HR ciuly history of French Ciinivda, like that of Acadia, is full of interest and romance. The story of Chaniplain's untiring struggles to found a colony, of the patient heroism of the Jesuit fathers among the Indians, of the explora- tions of LaSalle and the Jesuits in the western wilderness are but a few of the subjects which lend interest to the history of the French in Canatla. Champlain founded Quel)ec in 1608 on the site of an Indian village. The position was well suited for defence and was soon strengt h- ened by a palisade fort, later replaced by a stone one. The colony was long managed by a company which imid very little attention to its development, but thought only of the valuable fur trade. Just one hundred years before the English captured the country, however, the King witlidrew the company's charter and the colony passed under Ko^al rule. Those who were sent out to take charge found that most of tlie young men, allured by the charms of hunting and trappuig, were slipping away from the settlement to live with the Indians. As a colony could not very well grow under these conditions. Talon, who held the office of Intendant, determined to stop the practice. He sent to Franco and got several shiploads of French country girls to come over as wives for the young men of Canada. The King took a great interest in this experiment and gave a handsome dowry to each girl on her marriage. Talon Avas a nuui of energy and when the ships arrived he ordered all ui\marricd men to choose wives without delay. The men went to the ships, cliose their partners on the principle of "first come, first served," and were married before they left the water's edge. Anyone who did not do as ordered was to be dealt with severely, and the King ordained that any young man who refused to marry should not be allowed to hunt, fish, or trade. After the change to Royal government, things went on somewhat better and the little settlements and lonely seigniories between Mont- real and Quebec gradually increased in number. But the hostile Iroquois were always a source of danger ; sometimes they lurked in the i m CANADA. woods on the lookout for anyone so luiliappy as to stray away from tlie clearing ; at otlifi- tinu's Oicy MduM niakf a sudden descent in force and f;dl upon some sleeping settlcnienl. 'I'lie most dic.idful of these raids was the massacre of Liichine, when many peoph* wei'e shiin oidy a shot t distancf? altove Montital. The French colonists siiowed the utmost hravery in their icult position, and deeds of heroism were constantly For instance, the Seigneur de la Verchercs dwelt at a htncly spot on the St. Lawrences, a short distance helow Montreal, so exposed to attacks from the Irocjuois that it wa:< called the Castle Dangeious of (Canada. And it was here that Ma«leleine, the fcmrteen year old daughter f>f the Quebea Seigneur, proved herself a heroine whose name should live so long as history is written to serve as an inspiration to girls and boys. One morning when her father was away at Quebec, and most of the peo- ple at work in the fields, she was at home with only two soldiers, an old man of eighty and her two little brothers. Suddenly the Irotiu(.is nttacked the fort. The soldiers at once gave up in despair when they thought of their weakness and the strength of the enemy. But the brave little girl took command and set such an examjjle of calm courage that the soldiers were ashamed and took heart again. She held the Indians at bay, until some of the women from the fields managed to steal into the fort. So well did the young leader dispose her forces. CANADA. 67 and take iiicaRm-cs aiijainst cvory sliiita<,'<>m of llie Tiidiaiis lliat for a wliitlf week slie kept tlu'in oH" and foiled llicii- IksI ctloits. Her Inot ti- ers, one twelve and t lie other ten years of a, o[)po- site Montreal. Tliis section is known as the f]astern Townships, and is the most prosperous farming community in Quebec. The farmers pay particular attention to dair\ing and the raising of fat stock. The French Canadians are nearly all Roman Catholics and very much devoted to their church and nn\s, as their priests are called. They are very handy workmen under direction, and flock to the towns to work in the factories. Strikes are almost unknown among them. The farmers, or hahi(an/.<<, live on small farms as a ride, and when the sons grow up and marry, instead of taking up land in the unsettled parts of the country, they prefer to build on the lK)mestead and divide the farm. Tliese people love company and like to have their houses together. They build therefore near the road, and as the farms are long and very narrow the highway in a populous country section often looks like a long village street. The hahitants are a very simple, contented people, easily satisfied and adhering to a greater or less extent to the old methods of farming. Many of tlie cures have taken up the question of improvement, however, and are using their great influence to arouse tlie people of their congregations. Some of tliem have even taken charge of co-operative clieese and butter factories, in ordc to have a start made in tlie right direction. Tlie habitant is a quite i)i(turesque fellow as he rides along the road in his French cart on a hot summer day, and he is even more so in winter when he wears a dress that is distinctively his own. He is clad in thick trousers of grey home-spun and a coat of the same material, with a cap- uchin or hood, which can be drawn over the head when driving in cold or stormy weather. Alxnit his middle is wound a long scarlet sash, tied so that the tasseled ends hang loose at tlie side. On his head is a knitted capote of some brilliant colour with a tassel, and on his feet "beef-skin" mo(;casins with long leather tops that come nearly to the knee. Both the summer and winter vehicles used are peculiar. The iF 70 CANADA. cart JH a high two-whcolod ,^g, usually without Hprings, und with ii seat that will a<(;<»nuiH»(lat«! tw«» jRirsoris. The sleigh used in winter is called a "liurlo" and is very low witli a high )>at:k, and adasli hoard to stop tin; snow that flies from llie liorse's feet as \h' tiots. Tlif iioises are stunly little animals, short and thick-set. 'I'hey are a hreed tiiat has heen developed in (i)u(!hcc, will stand nnich hard work witliuut exhaustion, and are known as French ('anadian ponies. Th(! hOrltfiiits retain many of tiie ])i(rtm'es<}ue customs and ceremonies of tiie early French settlers. Tiiey are fond of meeting together for enjoyment, and will go long distances to attend tlie dances which are freijuently held. The fun goes on from early evening till four or five o't;lock in tiie morning, growing ever nunc lively as the night wears awa\'. These dances are still conducted as they were a hundied years ago — the "fiddler" sits on a high seat and "calls ofl"' the various movements as he plays, while the dancers go tluough the lig)ires and step dances of their great-grandfathers. After the midnight nia.ss on Clu'istmas Eve, which every one attends, several families usually gather at some farm house for a big supper, at which one may hear many an old Fren(;h chanson and see some of the (juaint customs of long ago. These people cling to their language also, and their love for the past is shown in the fact that they (h) not speak modern French hut the language of last century, with oidy such changes as life in an English speaking countiv has caused. According to the law of Canada, French and English are liotli recctgnizcd and hotli ai'c used in TarliauuMit. The English of the French Canadian is a peculiar patoi^s hclj)ed out hy violent gesticulations. A stanza from the poet Drummond, who has pictured so well the life and thougiits of the /inhitrnif, will give some idea of this patois and also describe in his (nvn words the dress of a French Canadian farmer : " Willi I w'cn (le oil' iiuiii an' Hatei'sc come ofT de ti)a!,'asiii lialt'csc is los' liees Yankee clothes he's dress lak Canaycn Wit' bottessauvajjes -ceintuie f1cch(i -an' eoat wit' capuchon An' spik Kraiicais au naturel, de sam' as habitant." The hdhitimt is singidarly independent of many things which to most people are absolutely necessary. He grows his own tobacco and makes nuu'h of his sugar fiom the sap of the majjle. From his sheep he gets wool, which his wife spins and weaves into the strong " home-spun" cloth of wiiich his clothes are made. Very often he makes his own whiskey also, and a great deal of the ImlnUiufa whiskey hlnnc is used throughout (^Miebci-. The upper class among the French Canadians arc more like the people of Parisj but they have a courtly manner which suggests old France mi ) CANADA. :i iM rather thiin thr nnKlern RopuMi''. This class has^ivcn to Caruula many of hor greatest ptil^ie men, and one of the boasts of such men has heen that they were Hritisli siihjects. The h-aih-r of the stniggh" for respon- sihk^ government in Canada was a Frencli Canadian, the Hon. 1^. J. I'apineau. Another who took part in tliat struggk-, (Jeorge Cartier, hel))ed hxter on to bring ahout the confederation of the provinces, and was Knighted for his services to the country. The present distinguished Piemier of Catuida, Sir Wilfiid Laurier is a French Canadian. Tiie northern j)ait of C^hiehcc is covered hy forests and most (tf the south-east also, altliough tht're forest tires have done great (himagc, Luml)ering is naturally the leading industry of the Province. In the Eastern townships there are large groves of maple and during the early days of spring the mainifacture of maple sugar and syrup is carried on extensively. Agriculture stands next to lumhering in importance, and then comes fishing. The fisheries of the lower St. Lawrence and of the Culf are extensive, and furnish employment for most of the iidiahitants of that district. From the (iulfto (^uehec the scenery is magnificent, and at many points there are beautiful summer resorts where the visitor finds good bathing, boating and fishing, as well as a delightful country for drives or rambles. Of late years several companies have begun to make use of the immense water power of the rivers noith of the St. Lawrence. Large companies have been formed and machinery put in to generate electri- city for distribution to the manufacturers. Already there are several pulp and paper mills and numerous (jther industries have been organized to take advantage of the cheap power. The province has valuable minerals, l)ut like Ontario, is hampered by the abseiue of coal. There are deposits of the best iron, but the only place at which it is mined to any great extent is above Tluee Rivers on the St. Maurice. (Jold and co|)|)er mines are also worked, the latter (juite (!xtensively. Quel)ec, the capital of the j)roviiice is the oldest and most historic city in Canada. It is 'oeaulifuUy situated im the St. Lawrence. The town is strongly fortified, the citadel standing on a high clit!' which fiom the river side is almost impiegnable. Nearly the whole population is French. (()uel)ec has important shipping and maiuifacturing interests, and is the centre of the ocean lumber trade. In addition to being the seat of the Provincial (Tovernment it is an important military post. Montreal, the largest and most important cit\ in the Dominion, has a population of two bundled and fifty thousand. Most of the wealthy citizens, of whom there are many, arc Knglish-speaking, while the oper- atives are chiefly French. The city is situated al the iooi of Mount Royal, which gives to the citizens a splendid park with an outlook for 72 CANADA. tnilcH ovfsr tlin Kiirroiinding country. Moritn-al in MithHtatitiully huilt, most of tlio l)uil(liiigs heirig of Btone. Notre 1)arii(;, tho French cathe- dral, seats ten thousand people, and tho cathedral of St, James is an exact copy, on a reduced scale, of Ht. Peter's at lioine. Along the river front are miles of massive docks, piers and wharves, for Montreal is at tilt! head of ocean navigatit)n and during tlio 8cas(»n on(^ of tlie Itusiest ports in America. Tho city has railway connection with every part of tho continent and is the headtjuarters of the CJrand Trtiiik and the i J'' K- gp^. r^ - ^ hU'-' ♦ Moiitreiil H.irl)imr. Canadian Pacific railways. By means of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa and the Richelieu, with their canals, travel and transport by wvater are possible in many directions. Other cities are Three Rivers, Hull, with pulp, paper atid wooden- ware factories, Sherbrooke, Sorel, St. Hyac;inthc and RichnKJiid. CANADA. 73 Qt'KKKC, ('AI'ITAIi QlKIIKr. I'oiII.ATloN IN IS'.H, I ,t.SH, .');{.">. AkKA, .'UT,;^'*) SylAKK MlI-KS, INCMIMNfi A NiMHKK (tK Isi,AMtS, MOST IMTOhlVNT, AnTI<'(»STI, MA(il)AKKN, IIoSAVKNTlKK. Ij:N«;TIC (iF PUdVI.N K KK(»M 7 I ,rinci[)al niountain ranges; Notro Daino (Mount liaytieM, .'{,!)73 feet) south of river ; Laurent ian, average lieight l.OOO feet, nortii. Chief Rivers flowing into St, Lawrence, from north, Ottawa, St. Maurice, Montmoiency and Saguenay, fi'om south, IlicheliiJU, Yamaska, St. Fiancis, Chaudicre and Ktchemin. Into the Ottawa flow, the Catincau, du Lievre, Coidonge, lilack, du Nord, Petite Nation and Assomption, all important linnl)er rivers. The Ottawa river is on the l)order between Quehec and Ontario. St. John is the largest and most l)eautiful of the lakes, aiea 3(50 sijuare miles. Other lakes besides the expansions along the St. I^awreneo and Ottawa, are Lake ('hamplain ([)artly in the United States), Memphremagog, ALagog, Massawippi, St. Francis, Aylmer, Megantic and Spider. Mistassini north of the St. Lawrence, is said to Ije veiy large hut has not been thoroughly explored. The Province is notccl for the beauty of its scenery, the many points of natiwal and histoiical interest attracting large numbers of tourists. Nearly one-third of the whole area is covered by forests, and lumltering is much the most important industry. Most important timber region is along the Ottax.a and its tributaries, but the spru(;e forests in eastern part of province rapidly increasing in importaiu'o owing to growth of pulp and i)aper industry. Agriculture and stock raising next in import- ance, dairy farming developing, fisheries of (Julf and lower St. Lawrence extensive — (!od, herring, .salmon, lobsters, mackerel, smelts, .sardines. In manufactures the province stands next to Ontario, chief products, lumber, cheese, textiles, furniture, leather, paper, boots, shoes, flour. Cities and Towns : Montreal, (240,000 estimated), Quebec, (73,000 esti- mated), Hull, Sherbrooke, St. H\'acinthe, Three Rivers and Richmond. Education : L'nder control of Superintendent of Public Instruction, assisted by council of 3o members. Separate Schools are maintained for Prf)testants wliere they are sutHciently numerous. Universities, McCJill, Laval, Bishop's College. Government : Executive vested in Lieutenant Governor assisted by executive council of 7, all of whom must have seats in the Legis- lature. There is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. Province represented in Dominion Parliament by 24 Senators, and G~) Representatives. 6 CANADA. CHAPTER X. D ONTARIO. URINO the peiiofl of French occupation of Canada, tliere was very little settlement west of the Ottawa river. Early in the history of the country, however. Fort Frontenac, situated at the point where the w.tccrs of Lake Ontario enter tlic St. Lawrence, became an imj)oitant outpost. Tlie Fort was maintained by the great exphjrer La Salle, who had secured trading riglits on the lakes in exchange foi' keeping uj) the fort at tiiis j)oint. It was of the utmost importance in (tverawing the Indians, and was also a trading post. Later on another foil was established at Niagara, and a thii'd at Detroit. But it was not till after the coiupu'st of (Canada by Britain that L'[){)er Canada, as the countiy west of the Ottawa river came to be called, attained a position of much im])ortance. After that event it became the home of many liiitish coloni.sts as well as of a laige numi)er of United Empire Loyalists. By 17!H the .settlements west of the Ottawa had grown so large that the Constitutional Act divided Canada into Up))er and Lower I'anada, each with a iiovei'nment of its own. So matters remained until the rebellions of 1837 in both provinces, which arose over the question of responsilde govennnent. I.i 1840, after the close of the rebellion. Upper and L')wer Canada were re-united, so to I'emain till 18()7, vvhen they were again divide;! ir to the Provinces of Ontario and (()uebec, in order to form j)art of the new Dominion of Canada. The country about (ieoigian Baveai'lv l)ecame the scene of tiie most active labours of the untiring Jesuit Fathers, who toiled long and suc- cessfully among the Huron Indians of that legion. They endured hard- ships, disappointments and even pensecution with the utmost patience and weie rewarded by receiving almost the whole Huron nation into Christianity. But the Iro(pu;)is, the terrible enemies of Hurons and French alike, kept up a constant warfare, gradually weakening their foes, until in one great massacre they killed thousands of the Hurons. The missionarioK, true to their followers, remained with them to the last, and were put to death with horrible tortures l)y the victorious Iroquois. The remant of the scattered people lied helplessly in various directions, and the once mighty Huron nation was thereafter but a name. f CANADA. 75 i The Province of Ontario lies to the west of Quebec, occupying tlio territory hetween the (Jrcat Lakes and James Bay. It is a litth; hirger than tlie (ieirnan Empire, and amung tlie provincis stands next in size to British Cohnnbia and (^uel)ec. But in importance, wealth and population it is tiist. 'I'he inhabitants nundter over twi nnllions, or about one-third of the population of the Dominion. Ti.. southern and eastern ])arts of thi' ])i'ovince are well setth'd, containing many large cities and towns, but the north is still covered by forests, with l)ut an occasional .settlement. Part of this noithern land is locky and unsuitable for cultivation, liut it gives promise of being oiii; of the best sections of the countiy, owing to the lidi mineral ulation. There are a few hundred In- dians wlio live on land reser , .1 by government for their use. They cultivate their land to some extent, but live chiefly l)y luniting, fisiiing, berry picking and acting as g\iides for hunting and camj)ing parties. Some of the best steamboat pilots on the uppei' St. Lawrence are Indians, The women make baskets and beaded work, afterwards tramping through tlie country to sell their wares at the farm houses or at the summer resorts. i i CANADA. 79 Tlie lisheiifs of Oiiliuio, rai'iit'd on cliictly in llic (licat Liik»:s, aro very valuahlo ami fuinisli I'liiployimiit tut- a laigd iuhiiIh'i- of incn. Great (juaiititics of fresh lisli are consumed in tlie eimntry, and there are also important exports to the cities of the United States. Ky the useoficeand refrigerator cars, fish may be shipped to distant parts of the continent and reach its destination in a perfectly fresh condition. The rivers and lakes of Northern Ontario afford capital sport for the fisherman, as they are well stocked with such game fish as tiout, hass. pickerel and pike. Mining is aiu)ther industry which is rapidly developing. The most important centres at present are the Rainy River district, where gold Toronto, Ontario. is extensively mined, the nickel and copper mines about Sudbury and the copper district of Parry Sound. But the area of mining land is very large, and many metals are found in paying (piantities. Ircdi of the best quality exists in several sections, but is at present not valuable, owing to the absence of coal. Toronto, the capital of the Province, is situated on a fine ])ay over- looking Lak(; Ontario, between the haibotir and tlie lake is a loii<', sane' island which furnishes a splendirl l>reatiiing place and recreation 80 CANADA. ground for the citizens, many of whom live there during the summer months. In the evenings thousands (;ross i)y the ferry boats to enjoy a stroll in the parks or to attend the entertainments provided by the ferry company. Several yacht and boat clubs have their club liou.ses situated on tlie bay. Tlie ])opulation is al)out 220, 000 and the city covers a wide area. The streets are wide and shaded by beautiful trees. Hamilton, at the western end of Lake Ontario, is a manufacturing and business centre with a popidation of about fifty thousand. London, with forty thousand people, is the distributing point for the western peninsula. Ottawa, the Dominion capital, is picturcsciuuly situated on the Ottawa river. The Chaudicre and Rideau falls fuinish iinjuense power, which is transmitted in tiic form of electricity to all parts of the city. The Parliament Imildings form perhaps the finest group of build- ings in Canada. Ottawa is the eliief centre of the lumber l)usiness of Ontario and has large saw mills and piling yards. Tlie Roman Catholic University is situated in the city and also one of the Provincial Normal schools. Kingston, on Lake Ontario, at the en- trance to tlie 8t. Lawrence and the Rideau Canal, is a fortified city and has important shipping interests. It is the seat of the Ro^'al Military College and of Queen's University. Other cities are Hrantford, Wind- sor, Peterboro,Cuelph, Stratford, St. Thomas, Belleville, St. Catharines and Chatham. Ontario, Capital Toronto. PoprLATioN in 1891, 2,114,321. Area, 222,000 Square Miles; Lenotii N.W. to S.E., 750 Miles, N.E. TO S.VV., 500 Miles. Physical features : Surface usually undulating. Many lakes and rivers. The Laurentiaii mountains (highest elevation 2,100 ft.), extend from Kingston to (Georgian Bay. Blue mountains, south of (Jeorgian Bay, reach an elevation of 1,900 ft. The north-western part of the Province is drained by the Nipigon and other rivers flowing into Lake Superior. Into Georgian Bay How the Spanish, French, Maganetawan, Severn, Nottawassaga and Muskoka rivers; into Lake Huron How the Saugcen, Maitland and Aux Sables; into Lake St. Clair the Thames ; into Lake Erie the (hand ; into Lake Ontario tlie Trent, Moira, Napanee and Salmon. Large tributaries of the OttaM'a on the south are : Nation, Rideau, Mississippi, Madawaska, Petewawa, Bonnechere. The largest lakes (excluding the (treat Lakes), are Simeoe, Nipigon, Nipissing and Laki- of the Woods. The water boundary of ()iitario extends along the (heat Lakes and their connecting rivers for a distance of 3,000 miles. CANADA. 81 I N* Industries : Agricultiue, lumk-ring, fruit farming, stock-raising, fishing, niiinufacturing, mining and dairy farming. Cities : Toronto, (•22o,(>00, estimated) ; Ottawa, (,-)6,0(»0, est. ) ; Hamil- ton, (.lO.lKMt, est.); L()nd(m, (;«,()()() est.) ; Kingston, (IS,(HM>): liiant- ford, (lo,4r)0): Windsor, (12,0(10); Peterhoro", (12,(M»0); (luelph, {I0,rm) ; Stratford, (10,4.S2) ; St. Thomas, (10,;i70) ; Helleville, (10,000) ; Berlin, (9,3;{2) ; St. Catharines, (9,170) ; Chatham, (!»,0.-)2). Education : School system under control of Minister of Education. Law provides for the maintenance of separate sch.)ols for Roman Catholics. Education practically free ; attemhince compulsory Let ween ages of ; and 13. Provincial University at Toronto. In this city are also the universities of Tihiity, McMaster and Victoria. At Kings- to.i is Queen's University, at Ottawa the Roman Catholic University of Ottawa, and at London the Western Universitv. (Jovernment : Executive power is vested in a Lieutenant-Covernoi-, aide.l by an Executive Council of 8 members ; Legislative in an assembly of 94 members elected for four years ; sessions are amiual. The Pro- vince has in the Dominion Parliament 24 senators and 92 representatives. n'^ 'Au^' .--^r ^"^S^ 82 CANADA. CHAPTER XI. f MANITOBA AND THK XOFlTfrWEST TKRKITOIilES. 'AR .away to tlu; nortli-wost of the eai'ly Fronoh .settlements in t^iiehec, lay a gieat luikiiown land, the hannt of the Indian, tlie hufl'alo atid the l)eavei'. Tiie eoinitry was little more than a tradition to the French, hut it was not long to remain so. The desiie for the profits of the fur trade and the love of adventure led the French Voi/ai/cii r-s and traders ever westward. Two French- men, (rroseilliers ane Intendant discoinaged liim, pieferiing to have the Indians come to the Ftencli with their furs. Foiled in this (punter he went to Paris, and failing thei-e crossed over to FiUgland where he succeded in arousing the interest of Prince Rupert. Thi'ough him others were interested in thi; venture, and in 1008 fJroseilliers set sail for that great bay which had long before been discovered by the English. After a favourable pas.sage, he establislied the first foit on the shoies of the Ba}'. The venture was succes-sful and on their return to England laden with furs, the merchants obtained, through Prince Rupert's good offices with King Charles II. , a charter granting tliem .sovereign lights in what the charter (;alled Prince Rupert's land. This was a tcrritoiy whose boundaries were (piite indefinite, but wiiich rtuiched later on to the Paciitie and the Arctic Oceans. Thus originated the Hudson's Bay Company which long governed the .lorth- west country, and is still a most important commercial force. Freiu'h jealousy of the new company was .soon anmsed. Ra li.ssou and (Jroscillei's having (juarrelled with the F^nglish took charijc of a French ex[)edition to Hudson Bay. This was the beginning of a long and bitter rivalry. The French did not depend wholly on the success CANADA. 83 " c»f tliL'ir expt'ditioii \>y soi, l)iit smiglil jilsu (d hold the Indian tiudc l»y |)usliing ever wt'stwiii I l)y llit; inland loiite. In IT.'il, N'eicndrve with liis three sons, a Jesuit inissioniiry and a nnnil):T of Coiirntn^ ili » /im's, inadu the journey fi'oni Lake Superioi', atioss the [.ake of the; Woods, to the Red Rivei', and at the point wlicie it is joined i)y the x\ssinii»oine lie Iniilt Kort Houge, near the spot on wliich Wiiniipeg now stanils. In his steps followed tiie Ficnch (,'anadian tiadeis, collecting fuis for the eonunereial houses of Montreal. This was the heginning of the North- West Association, for years the hitti'r rival of tiie Hudson's May Com- pany. The servants of both coni[)anies intermarried with the Indians an f^* .."' 'Of .» y .^.^\> ^^-^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 145B0 (716) 873-4S03 s. m '\i ^^ :\ iV ecause the grain is lifted hy macliineiy and stored liigh enough above the ground to riu> easily from the hins, througli chutes or spouts, into the cars. Tlie same pro(;ess goes on at points like Fort William, where the grain is transferred from cars to vessels for its long trij) on tlie lakes. The grain elevat barrels. The prairies have witnessed many a change during the last genera- tion. Thirty years ago immense herds of butfah) roamed unliindered save for the Indians an()fi ; Estimated Pkiosknt Poi'Ilation, 22o,<)0«J. Akka, 73,956 SyiAKK Milks. Physical features : Surface in general (;f)nsists of a series (»f succes- 8ive levels, locally known as stepjMJs or benclies. In north and east sur- face broken and hilly, abundantly watered, witii gooy Lieutenant- Governor, assisted by an Executive Council of five members, wlio must l)e members of the Legislative Assembly. Province has 4 senators and 7 representatives in the Dominion Parliament. Territories. Area: Assiniboia, (X),,340Sgi:AREMiLKs ; Saskatche- wan, 114,000; Ai.behta, 1(M),000; Athabaska, 251, SOO; Yikon, 198,300; Mackenzie, 563,200; Uncava, 456,0(K> ; Keewatin, 756,000 ; Franklin, unknown. Physical features : Rocky mountains along northwestern boundary ; Reindeer or Caribou hills in Northern Athabasca, southern portion generally level ; lands nuiinly prairie ; eastern extremely luieven, large areas occupied by Hudson Bay. Numerous lai-ge lakes : (Jreat Bear, (treat Slave and Atluibasca the largest. Two great river systems, one draining into Arctic Ocean, the other into Hudson Bay, Mackenzie, the great Arctic river ; Churchill, Nelson and Severn run into Hudson Bay. Saskatchewan with its branches an immense inland river system ; drains a large area, crossing country from west to east ; flows into Lake Winnipeg. Industries ; Agriculture in all the southern part ; immense wheat belt, other grains and roots grow also, ranching, dairying developing. 41 CANADA. 93 «* Tn north, rich deposits of riiiiu>i-tils, gold tieldsof Yukon most importuiit ; i-oalin all districts, tiolds in AUterta i's|K!cially important and worked in several plae«'s. Many other niin«-r'als sup|K)seth parallel, and then(;e along that line to the great lakes. The citizens of the country to the south hegan, al)Out 1S4">, to claim the wh(»lo territory as far north as Alaska, M'hich was then owned l>y Russia. They did not get it, but hy the Oregon Treaty of 1H4<>, they secured all the lower valley of the Columhia. Thus did unjust demands, loudly proclaimed, receive a nnich richer reward than they deserved. For a time, dur- ing the mining excitement, Vancouver Island and the mainland were separated, and New Westminster hecame the capital of the latter. They were reunited in 1800, and in ISTl Hiitish C'olumltia entered Confederation. The Province niadu one important stipulation hefore entering the Dcmiinion, namely: that within two ycais the construc- tion of a railway should hegin, to connect British Columliia with the rest of the Dominion, anA. 07 .i their inoiHttire uikI tlini toiiif duw n t ln' rastiiii f.i(l»s a> iliy \smi|>. In tho extremti iiuitlicrn pait of ilif ikiimIi y tlif ilim.itr is severe, pHiticu- Lilly (liiriiij^ tlic winter. 'riuMij^'h so iiniimtaiiums, Kritish ( 'iihiinliia 1ms (lidusaiiils df smiare miles of tile liiiest a;,'! itult Ural anil lanehiii;,' laml. In a cnuntry so varied, all kinds of land may We found, from the ri< h river liottom Hiieh as that in the Fiaser delta, through all tlu* stages to tin- hare roek with a little sand and moss on the mountain heights. In the valleys of the sections where the rainfall is plentiful the land is rieh and luMvy, in other parts it n'(|uires iirigation from tlie mountain streams to make it productive. On the higlu-r plateaus, cattle and horses tlourisli on the rai'liaini'tit r.uiMiirL'^. N'i'toiii. r.ritisli I'oliiiiiMa. rich hunch gi-ass, and ranching is a protituhle occupation. All the grains and vegetahles of a temperate climate an; grown, and in addition, fnii* growing is hecoming important and promises to assuiu" large jiropor- tions. The Provincial (Jovcrnmcnt grants land on easv terms to settlers, who must take possession of their farms and actually live on them. The l)ominion (Jovernment also owns land in Uritish Columhia, which is availahle for settlers, on payment of a small jtriic per aire and {letual settlement. All the laud for twentv miles on each side of the 08 CANADA. Caiiiulian Pacific railway line belongs to the Donunion Government, and is adniinistfred by the Department of the Interior, in much the same way as tlte public lands of the Nt)rth-West Territories. Immense areas of the province are heavily wooded ; as a result lum- bering is a most important industry thougii as yet only in its infanc}'. The finest growtli is on the coast, and in the Gohl and Selkirk ranges. The two most important trees for lumber are the Douglas fir, and the cedar, but there are also several kinds of pine, in addition to spruce and other trees. The Douglas hr gi'ows to a height of two or three hundred feet and is tlie most important tree for lumbering purposes, being especially suitable for use in framing, bridge and ship building, and for masts and spars. The cedar grows to a gicat size, and the amount of (icdar cut almost equals tiiat of the Douglas fir. \'ancouver is the centre of the lumber tiade, but New Westminster and Victoria have also extensive saw mills. Mining is the most important industry of British Columbia and it seems capable of intlefinitc extension. Gold, silver, lead, copper and coal are all worked extensively, and yet there aie inunense areas of mineral land still to be exploied. The gold mines have always aroused most interest, and were the means of first opening up the Province to settlers. Tiie early mining was all placer or surface mining. This declined for many years, but is rapidly growing again, and now the introduction of hydraulic mining has added a new feature and made nnich more exten- sive operations possible. By means of a powerful stream of water the earth and gravel are loosencul, so that they may be easily shovelled into tlie washing machines, which remove the earth and leave the gold. Quartz mining has made great strides recently, and large towns have sprung up as if by magic where a year or two ago there was nothing but the lonely rocks. The (piartz in which the gold is imbedded, after being taken out of the mines, is cruslied ))y means of expensive stamp mills, and then reduced in order to get the gold. There are mines in many parts of British Columbia, but the Kootenay district is at present the most prominent, for it contains the gohl mines of the Trail Creek region, of which Rossland is the centre, the famous Slocan silver and lead mines, and the coal district of the Crow's Nest Pass. Mining towns are springing up in all directions and new mines are contiinially l)eing o^jcned, some, perhaps, to fail, but many to become permanent producers. The coal mines of the Crow's Nest Pass region have recently been opened up by a railway leading from a point on the Canadian Pacific to the east of the Rockies, through the Crow's Nest Pass into the Kootenay district. The coal is the best of steaming coal, the seams are immensel}' thick and extensive, CANADA. 99 i» I and already largo shipments are made for the use of Paeifio steamships and to the plains towards tlie east. At Nanaimo, on VaniMtuver Island, are extensive coal mines witli an annual output of over a million tons. The coal is of the liest (juality and is nuith used hy the steamers of the Pacific. Large (juantities are sliipped to San Francisco an sinuiic miles ; It-ngth 7M miles ; lueadth, 400. Vaneouver [slaiid, 1 ">,!l.'i7 s feet, furtiier west Cascade and Coast ranges with mean elevations of 6,ueeii Chai'lotte group. Many tine haihours. Industries : Mining, chief souice of wealth. Fisheries, particularly salmon canning. Agiiculture, raiu'hing and fruit growing ; lumher. Cities and towns: Victoria ('2.'), 0(M I, estimated), \'ancouver (30, (XK), estimated), New Westminster, Nanaimo, Kossland, Nelson. Kducation : Schools undenominational and free ; attendance com- pulsory. ({overimient vested in Lieutenant-Governor, and an exec;utive council who must he memhers of the Legislative Assembly. The Province has in the Dominion Parliament, three senators and six representatives. CANADA. 101 CHAPTER XIII. THE RAILWAYS OF CANADA. CO a countrv as large as Canada, with its wlioat tii-lds far from oithcr oci'aii, a good system of railways is of tlie utmost importance. And for so new- a country, ilie Dominion has l)een wonderfully fortunate. All the oldei- parts oi Canada are a network of railways, while even in the newer seetions the iron horse follows closely in the track of the set- tler. Two of the roads take rank among the great railways of the world and several otheis have a very laige mileage. Tliis v.ith one of the most wonderful systems of inland navigation in tiie worhl— one capable still of very great extension— assures to tl»e Dominion excellent trans- portation facilities. Tile first Canadian lailway was a short line opened in Lower Canada in 1S.S6. Tile fiist line in Cpper Canada was the Northern Railway, hegun in 1 work was done