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CANADA

A Descriptive Text- Book

By E. R. PEACOCK, M.A.

Upfier Ctmadn Colleiif.

WITH AN INTKOIHJCTION

By the Very Reverend G. M. GRANT, LL.D.

PrinrijHtl of Queen h Univtrtfity, Kiuijutoti

l'ul»lishu«l Willi the approval of

THE HON. CLIFFORD SIFTON, Q.C.

MinisttT of the Interior

TORONTO

WARWICK BUO S & RUTTKR

1900

Minister of Agriculture. R' ttkr, Toronto, «).itano, in the Office of the

4A4(0

INTRODUCTION.

BAVIN(» lived in rjreat liritain for seven years, I know somewhat of
the general ignorance of Canada to be found there, even in edu-
cated circles. Canadians who are inclined to resent this should
reflect on the nicagreness of their own knowledge of Australia or even
of (Jreat Britain and Ireland, and on the greater ignorance of Canada to
he found everywhere in the Republic which immediately adjoins their
borders. The trutli is that the concerns of our own neighborhocMl and
land are so pressing and important that an effort is recjuircd to learn
anything accurately about any other country. But the British Empire
is now rising on the horizon as a reality to the average man ; and there-
fore it is fitting that the youth of the parent kingdoms should know
something of those daughter nations which have steadily rcjecte<l that
extraordinary visiim of piecemeal dismemberment, which, half a cen-
tury ago, was cherished l>y a not unim|)ortant section of economists
with a faitli childlike and sincere, as if the vision had been vouchsafed
to their spirits by (jod. There is place now for a text-book in British
schools on the Dominicm of Canada, — a vast regi<m bounded on three
sides by three oceans and on the fourth side by the watershed of the
continent, — a country with a varied history, with interesting problems,
with infinite resources, and with a people just awakening into national
selfconsciousness. Mr. Peacock has been selected to write the text-
book, and the work has been to him a labour of love, done with literary
skill as well as conscientiousness and a sympathetic insight into the
needs of schools.

Canada has had heroic epochs of different kinds in the course of her
development. Parkman lescril)es those of the old or French regime,
from the time of Champlain to the day when Wolfe and Montcalm fell
on one battlefield behind the old city founded by Champlain. Stories
crowd his glowing pages concerning adventurous explorers, Indian

[v.]

vi.

INTRODUCTION.

ambtiHcadcn ami horrors, infaiitilu faith and splendid martyrdoms of
.IcHuit and Kucollot fathers, and wars wage<l against the British and
British eolonists on sea, lake, land and river. All tiiat was intrcnluc-
tory. The real history of Canada begins with the Peace of Paris, when
France withdrew from the long conflict waged for "a few arpents of
snow," in 1763, when practically the wliolo of the North American con-
tinent was handed over to Great Britain, to bo developed under a freer
air than Latin civilization breathed at home or permitted abroad. In
the very next decade came the schism of the British race, with the vain
struggle of the revolutionists to win or to corujuer Canada, a struggle
repeated with overwhelming numbers through successive campaigns in
1812-15 and then <lefeate<l still more decisively. But that which makes
the true life of a nation is to be found not only in the stirring events of
war but in the piping times of peace. In our case, it should be looked
for in the unrecorded privations endured by the United Empire Loyal-
ists, while they hewed out, from the forest primeval, farms for their
children, and in similar work done by hearts of oak from the highlands
of Scotland, Ijy Irish peasants and English gentlemen and labourers, by
hardy fisher folk on the lower St. Lawrence aiul the Atlantic coast, by
luml>ermen in the backwoods and by recent pioneers to the prairies of
the great Northwest and the mountain ranges of British Columbia. In
the lives of those emigrants amid strange surroundings ; in their
struggles with isolation, poverty, and a winter sterner than they had
ever known l>efore ; in the experiences of tlieir children who as sons of
the soil readily adapted themselves to its conditions ; in the formation
by them of infant settlements which have developed into prosperous
communities ; in the growth of municipal life and the struggles for con-
stitutional freedom, until, in 1867, Canada rose to be a confederation of
Provinces which soon after extended from ocean to ocean, and in its
subse(iuent expansion into its present assured position of junior part-
nership in the Empire, — our true history is to be found.

To the political and historical student, probably the chief interest of
Canada lies in the existence, side by side, of two civilizations of diflFer-
ent types, — French speaking Quebec with its racial peculiarities, its
people devotedly attached to their own language, laws and literature,

INTRODUCTION.

v«.

ami their own religions traditions and forms, wedged in l)et\veen l\w
Knglisii speaking lUiiritiine provinces on tlie one side iind Ontaiio and
the great west on the other. Will giadual fusion take phut- hetween
thoHO widely sundered elements and a nation he formed eomliin-
ing the best (jualities of both, as Norman, Saxon and Cynni fused in
Englan<l, Teuton, Norseman and Celt in Scotland, and etjually compo-
site elements in Ireland ? Oracles gloomily predict political strife, end-
ing some day in open eonllict, and possiMy with not a few of the.se, the
wish is father to the thought ; l)Ut careful studtMits of our actual
deveh)pment during the last lifty years the p«!riod in which Itoth
races have worked together iiaiinoniously in provincial and federal
aflfairs, since their emanci[)ation from tiie Colonial oHice— take a very
different view. Tliey entertain no douhts concerning our future. The
interaction of the two olemenls gives distim.-tive coh)ur to our national
life. To despair of a peacefid .solution of the proljlem, on a continent
where English speech and constitutional forms are so overwiiehningly
predominant, argues astonisiiing lack of faith in our own ideals and
moral forces and in the far reacliing results of free institutions.

Queen's UstvERSiTY, Kin(;ston, C.v.nada,
May, lUUO.

G. Al. CKANT.

CONTENTS.

iNTnODUf^ION
ClIAI'TKK I.

ClIAI'TKR II.

ClUPTEIl III.

ClIAPTRIt IV.
ClIAI'TKK V.
ClIAI'TKH VI.
ClIAI'TKH VII.
OilAI' KR VIII.

— HisTOKH-AL Skktcii, 1407-I9<)0

Suniiiiary

—The Dominion of Canada -Physicai- FEATruEs
Summary

-The Oovernmknt-The Peoi-lk-Like of the

People

•Summary

—Education in Canada

— Manufacti-kes— FisnrjKiF.s— Mr:iN(j

— LnMnEKiN(}
— Fakmino

ClIAPTHR IX.
CilAI'TEU X.
ClIAI'TBU XI.

Chapter XII.
QlIAPTER XIII.

—Canada IJv the Sea

Nova Scotia

Now Brunswick

Prince Edward Island

—Quebec

—Ontario

-Manitoba and the North- West Territories

-British Columbia

-Railways in Canada. . .

TACK.
V.

10
23
25
30
36
43
53
57
00
62
65
74
82
04
101

[a •« _
VUl. ]

"Tf

CANADA.

CHAPTER I.

HISTORICAL SKKTCH, 1497 1900.

^JWAY to the west, tliouHiuxlH of miles across the Atlantic Ocean
^^ lies Canada, Britain's greatest colony. It is a country so largo
that on a fast train going all tlie time nearly six ilays and nights
are required to cross it. To-day, one may take a tine Canadian .steam-
ship at Liverpool, Bristol, London or <Jlasgowand reacli ('anada with
the greatest comf«)rt in alxmt a week. But long ago things were very
ditFerent ; then one nnist sail, and |i«>rhaps take two montlis in crossing.
Four hundre<l years ago John and Sehastian Caltot left Bristol in their
little vessels, and after many weary weeks (»f tossing about on tiie great
deep, they reached the i.sland of Newfoundland, lying at the mouth of
the rJulf of St, Lawrence. This island is higger than Ireland and has
many rich mines and tiniher forests. But it is Itest known for its cod
fisheries. Off its coast lie the finest feeding gioiuids in the world for
cod. The bottom »)f the ocean rises so tliat it is near the surface, and
over this great hank tlie fish are caught. Here one may see in the
season hundreds of large fishing smacks at anchor. Antl all around
them, dotting the sea in every direction, are the small dories from
which the men fish. If one were to go ashore he woidd tiiid acres of lish
split open, .salted and drying in tlie sun. Sailing across a narrow
channel to the north, the Cahots came to a part of the maiidand, now
called Labrador, where they f<unid great innubers of .seals. After hav-
ing explored a considerable i)art of the eastern coast of Noith America,
they went back to England. Newfoundland ivnd Labrador belong to
Britain, but are not part of Canada and have a government of tlieir
own. Newfoundland is Britain's oldest colony.

Nearly forty 3'ears later from France came Jacques (,'artier, who .sailed
past Newfoundland into the (iuM of St. Lawrence. This gulf is about
as large as the whole of England and Scotland. After cr<»ssing it ho
entered a river, miles wide at its mouth and stretching far into the
interior. Up and down its flood now sail the ships of all nations, going
ami coming from the poi't of Montreal. But in those far away days
the country was covered b}' huge forests, and the oidy people living in

CANADA.

thoni wcrc! FiidianH ;— tall, strai^^lit, foppcr-rolourc*! fpllows M'ho never
HiiiiliMl. Tliry WJTO always grave; ami iligiiiliixl, excrpt wIm-ii cxcitfcl l»y
tlio tliouglit of fighting ami killing prople. Tln-n tln'y w«'r<! like KimuIh.
Tli(!y painted llicir iMidics with rt-d ancl yellow (»chri!, Htuck frathers in
their hair and dant.rd around ih*-ir camp firoH. Ah they danrctl thuy
Hang (»f their hravu deeds an<l hecainu more and more
(jxcited. Tiiey 8oon iK'gan to sliout and wave their
tomahawks, wliilo the H<|uaws sang to eneouragu them,
and the little papooses looked on in wontler. I'rosently,
the hraves woidd start ot!' through the dark forests,
stealing on and on, toward the camp of the enemy.
In the middle of the night, when all were sound
asleep, the raiders would rush in with wild yells and
kill most of the sleepers before they had time to fully
wake uj). Then tlie victors would return with shouts
of joy, carrying the scalps of their victims at their
Itelts and dragging along a few whom they had
kept alivo to torture.

These Indians were the finest hunters in the
world. They could glide through the forest like
snakes, could imitate the cries and calls of every
bird and animal, and could ]mt an arrow clean
through a deer at a hundred yards. They were always hunting, and
got large (quantities of skins. The French wanted these, because furs
were very valuable in Kiu-ope. So they settled at Quebec on the St-
LawrcMco and began trading with the Indians. They gave beads, toma-
hawks, guns and powder, and received in return shiploads of furs.
The life of the Indians was so free and simple, and the hunting and
canoeing seemed so fine, that many of the young Frenchmen left the
settlement, married squaws and lived with the Indians. These men
were called Cnnnnrn (h s Jlois, and they became talniost as great hunters
as the Indians themselves. In time the settlement grew larger. Then
there were wars M'ilh tiie Indians. Hundreds were killed, and many a
poor felh)W was tortured in the most cruel way before death came to
relieve him of his sutlerings, for the Indian shows no mercy to his
enemies. Still tlie settlement grew, and after a while another French
village sprang up on the Island of Montreal. People t(«)k up land all
along the St. Lawrence, and the most daring went to live, even as far
inland as the great lake now called Ontario.

Time has brought many changes to the Indians and those who still
survive in Canada are the wards or chiMren of the l)«)n)inion (Jovern-
ment, which looks after them on reservations set apart for their use.

Indiiiii i<r till' I'list.

CANADA.

(Jovornment Hchnola arc cstiildiHlied wIiltc they arc traiin-d, ni»t unlv
to rrad and writr, l)iit idso to work at hoiuo UHcfid ociMipation. In
addition, thcdifh'rcnt cIiiucIu'h hav« sovoral mission scIjooIh for Indians.
Many of tiu'ni Iwirn to farm or do other work ami make an eHort to
adapt tlu'inst'lvos to <i\ili/i.d life, lait tliey an- gradually disapiM-arinj,'.
Thu Indian makes a pathetie picture in his modern surroundings ;
all the old war paint and romance are gone, and lie lingers, hesitating
like one wlu) liua «)ut lived his weleome and knows that he must g«>
though he fain would stay.

r.uiii Si cue (III Iii'li.iii Ki'sci'vi'.

After about a hundred years the British came and the gallant Wolfe
defeated the French at the hattle of the Plains of Al)ral>am, just outside
Quebec, in the year 1759. The fortress of t^uelxc with its frowning
citadel was taken, and soon all Canada l)elonge«l to the liritish. Ever
since then the Union Jack has been (,'anada's flag and the Canadians are
as proud of it as the British, and just as ready to die for it, because it
stands now and has always sto(id for all that is greatest and noblest in
the life of Britain.

Before long British people began to arrive in great numbers. They
settled all the way up the St. Lawrence from Montreal to Lake Ontario,

->♦

4 CANADA.

and along the lake. Many went to tin; Niagara River, with its wonder-
ful falls, and to Lake Krie. At first they had a hard time for the (coun-
try was covered with forest, which must l>e cleai-ed before any crops
could 1)0 raised. Hut the land was rich and the settlers had hrave
hearts and helped f»no another, so before long all were comfortable.
And now, nowhere could one find happier (jr more prosperous people
than the children of these early settlers.

Shortly after IJritain had taken Canada from the French, the British
colonists to the south rebelled, bringing on the American war «)f Inde-
pendence, wiii(!h estal)lished the United States of America as a new
country governed in its own wa}'. l)uring the war tiiere were many
people who h'ft the United States and came to Canada, settling in
Acadia down l»y the sea, and away up by Lake Ontario and Niagara
Falls. Tliese pectple left their honies l)e<;ause the\' wished to remain
Biitish subjects, and were known as United Kmpiie Loxalists. All the
wiiile, the old I'rovince on the St. Lawrence continued to be French,
and so it is largely to this day. But tiiough the people speak French,
the}' arc loyal subjects, and have given to Canada many of her best
statesmen and soldiers.

In time Acadia was divided into three Provinces, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswi(;k and Prince P^dward Isliuid. All these names show the
people's loving memory of the lands they had left. Next, Upper and
Lower Canada, the names given respectively to the new settlement by
the (ireat Lakes and to the ohl French province, were called Ontario and
Quel»ec. In the meantime bold men luul been ])ushiiig their way far
out to the west, and tiiere tluy found a land tliat rolled away like the
ocean, for a tliousand miles withiait a break. Over it roamed iuige
herds of buffalo, and fur-bearing animals of all kinds weie found in tiie
east and north. At first the trappers and the traders had things all to
tiiemselves. The Hudson's Bay Company sent out its agents who
established trading posts at many pcants. They bought all the furs
and supplied the Indian and white hunters with whatever the}' recjuired.
But, beftu'e long, people began to come as settlers, and the settlement
giadually grew until it was big enough to make (he new province of
Manitoba.

Along the western edge of the prairies, as the plains are called,
stretches a lofty range of mountains known as the Kockies. lieyond,
is a country nestling behind tlie mountains, and kissed by the soft
Pacific breezes. Here gold was disc«)vcre(l about fifty years ago, and
men came from all pai'ts of the world, greedy for wealth. They held
po8sessi(m until they could find no more gold in the loose earth, and then
gav»! way to other settlers who, in time, became numeroud (uiough to

CANADA.

form the province of British Columbia— the coutitrv from wliich we sot
sail when we wish to cross the Pacific Ocean to Australia, New Zealaml,
Japji;; or India.

lietween Manitol)a and British Cohimhia lies an immense plain larger
than the whole of Franco and Germany comhiticfl. It is cmuposed of
the finest farming and ranching land, and here, as well as in Manitol»a,
every settler and each of his hoys on reaching tiie age of eighteen,
is given practically free, a large farm, in a country wliich produces the
best wheat in the world. Tlicre is

y^'

no cutting down of trees or clearing
away of rocks to be done in tliis
country, but the land lies level and
rich, ready for the plough. In sonn-
parts huge herds of cattle and band:;
of horses are raised, to be shipped
to England and the continent. Thi:-;
is called ranching and is a most in-
teresting employment. Here arc
the famous cowboys who live al
day in the saddle, can bring down ;
galloping horse with a rope, or thro\
up an apple and })ut two shots inti
it with a revolver before it falls.
Ranching is easy in this country,
for the cattle may be left out all
winter to forage for themselves, while in the summer they grow fat (tn
the luxuriant grass of the plains.

Farther north still, is a great lone land of lake, and plain an<l river,
the hauntof the hunter and the trapper. Beyond ihenortlierii moiuitains
lies a district, until the last few years practically unknown. But men
will risk any danger for gold, and some miners sailed up the Yukon liver
for seventeen hundred miles, in search of the precious metal. 1'hey
found rich deposits and now there are thousands of miners in the country.
Towns have sprung up, goveinment has been estal)lished and life and
property are protected by British law t[uite us etlcctively as in the
older parts of the country.

'W^'^rl^^^^

WlllMt.

CANADA.

HISTORICAL SUMMARY.

1407. Canada discovered by Cal)ot ; 1535, Jacques Cartier takes
possession for France ; Port Royal (now Annapolis, Nova Scotia)
founded in lv'05 — the first pi-rmanent settlement in Acadia.

1(508. Chauiplain founds Quebec, begiiuiing settlement of what
French called Canada ; in 1009 Cliamplain helps Hurons and Algonrjuins
to defeat Iroijuois and wins the undying hatred of Irocjuois for French.

C«»inpany of One Hundred Associates takes over gftvernment of
Canada, 102S, promising to settle the country in exchange for monopoly
of fur trade. In same yeai- Kirke with English fleet captures French
fleet on its way to Quebec ; 1029, Champlain surrenders Quebec to
Kirke. England restores Canada and Acadia to France. 1032, Cham-
plain first (iovernoi- of Canada. Death of Chaniplain, 1035. In 1049
Irotjuois attack and desti'oy Huron missions, putting to death with
teriible torture Jesuit missionaries Brebccuf and Lalemant. Hurons
almost annihilated.

In 1003, charter of Hundred Associates revoked and royal govern-
ment begins in Canada luider a Covernor, Intendant and Bishop.
Frontenac appointed Governor, 1072 — the only man who always kept
the Iroquois under proper control. Terrible massacre of French at
Lachine, near Montreal, by Iroquois in 1089. Frontenac, who had
been recalled to France returns to Canada to save it from annihilation
by the Irotjuois. His vigorous measures soon check Indians.

1098. Death of Frontenac. For many years thereafter there were
fre(juent outbreaks of border warfare between the English settlers to
the south with their allies the Iroquois and the French settlers with
their Indian allies.

In 1713, by Treaty of Utrecht, England finally obtains possession
of Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).

In 1735 a Frenchman builds Fort Rouge, near spot where Winnipeg
now stands, and shortly afterwards discovers the Rocky Mountains.

1745. Louisburg, strong French fortress on Cape Breton Island,
captured by English colonials under PeppercU but restored three years
later by treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. City of Halifax founded by English
1749. Much fighting on borders between English and French settlers —
many atrocities by Indian allies.

1755. Gen. Braddock, with 1,200 men, defeated and killed by French
near Fort du Quesne, where Pittsburg now stands. English carry off
the French settlers from Acadia. Montcalm takes connnand of French
in Canada, 1750, and France declares war against England — the Seven
Years War.

CANADA. 7

17^1. Loudon fails to take Louishurg from French ; Montcalm
iKjsiegcs British in Fort William Henry and garrison surrenders, hut his
Indians massacre many of Knglish prisoners.

17')S. Montcalm defeats Ahercromhieat Ticonderoga with great loss ;
Andierst, Boscawen and Wolfe take the great fortress of Louishurg ;
Ahercrond»ie superseded hy Andierst.

In I".''!), Wolfe and his ainiy scale heights ahove (^)\iel»ec, (h^feat
French in hattle of J'lains of Ahraham. liutii Wolfe and Montcalm
killed hut Quel)ec capitulates to Finglish.

17<i(>. French from Montieal hcsicge British in Queliec all winter
hut in spring aie driven otl' l»y the lU-cl ; British troops concentrate
around Montreal hut Fiench capitulate and hand over all Canada.
Military rule till ITOIi, when Peace of I'aris confirms Britain's right to
Canada. In same year famous Indian Chief I'ontiac forms a conspii-acy
to take all British horder forts, hut is foiled, t^hieliec Act, 1774, estab-
lishes government hy (ioveinor and Council appointed hy Crown.

177."). Revolutionary Amerioans invade Canada, hut fail to take
Quehec.

In 1784, 2o,0()0 British Loyalists leave United States and settle in
Canada and Acadia. "^I'liey were afterwards known as United Km[)ire
Loyalists.

1791. Constitutional Act grants slight measure of Representative
Government and divides Canada into two provinces — Upper Canada
and Ix)wer Canada, English criminal law to prevail everywhere ; hut in
Lower Canada French law to prevail in civil eases. This is still the
case. First parliaments meet at Newark (Niagara) in Upper Canada,
and in Lower Canada at Quebec. Population of Upper Canada 20,(X)0,
of Lower Canada 1.30,000.

1807. Parliament of Upper Canada makes provision for beginning of
school system.

1812. United States declares war against England and invades
Canada at three points, but driven l>ack ; Caiwulians capture; Detroit.
(ien. Brock, Canadian Connnander-in-Chief, killed att^uecnston Heights.

In 181.3, Americans capture Biitish fleet on Lake Erie, take York and
re-take Detroit, hold western part of Upper Canada. French -Canadians
beat bav'k a greatly superior force of Americans at Chateauguay and an
American force is also beaten at Chrysler's Farm. Americans abandon
Western Canada.

In 1814 Americans invade L^^pper Canada near Niagara, defeat Cana-
dians at Chippewa but are defeated at bloody battle of Lundy's Lane
and driven back. Peace signed between Britain and United States,

1817. Bank of Montreal founded.

CANADA.

Botween 1820 and 1832 the Lachine, tho Welland and the Rideau
canals constructed.

1837. Rubcllit)ns in Upper and Lower Canacla on behalf of Respons-
ible Government. •

1841. Upper and Lower Canada united and granted responsible gov-
ernment ; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick given similar privilege
in 1847.

1843. First settlement in British Cohimbia on Vancouver Island. A
governor appointed for this new settlement 18")0.

1867. Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick unite to form Do-
minion of Canada with Ottawa as capital. Canada divided into two
provinces, Ontario and Quebec. Jolui A. Macdonald, the first Prime
Minister of the Dominion. British North America Act, tho Dominion
Constitution.

1869. Red River rebellion of half-breeds at Fort Garry. Col. Wols-
ley (now Lord Wolsley) leads 1,.300 men through the wihlerness to sup-
press the rebellion l)ut rel>els retire (juietly before he ai-rives. Rupert's
Land and North-west territory bcmght from Hudson's Bay Company.
Part of it formed into Province of Manitoba which enters confedera-
tion in 1870. Fort Garry becomes Winnipeg the capital.

1871. British Colundjia enters the Dominion on condition that a
railway be built to coiniect British Columbia with tlie east.

1873. Prince Edward Island enters confederation.

1881. Contract let for Canadian Pacific Railway wliich was com-
pleted in 1886.

1882. Four districts— Alberta, Assiniboia, Athabasca and Saskat-
chewan—formed in North-west Territories, and given local government
with capital at Regina.

1885. A rebellion of half-breeds and Indians in Nortli-west Terri-
tories put down after considerable loss of life.

1887. Tlic Canadian Pacific Railway oi)ens its line of steamships
between Vancouver and Hong Kong.

1891. Death of Sir John A. Macdonald, first Premier of the Dominion
of Canada.

1894. (ireat conference held at Ottawa of delegates from all parts of
British Empire to discuss means of furthering trade between British
Colonies,

CANADA.

CHAPTER II.

THE DOMINION OF CANADA-PHYSICAL FEATURES.

CKE Dominion of Canada occupies all tlio northern lialf of North
America, except the bit at the extreme north-west, called Alaska,
Tiiis formerly belonged to Russia, and was sold to the United States
in 1867 for tiie sum of seven million dollars, or about t;i,4(K),(MJ0,
Canada is almost as large as the whoh; of Europe, and larger than the
United States, without Alaska. Ruiuiing along the west side of the
country, from north to south, is a range of mountains called the
Rockies. They extend in an unhroken chain from fifty to four hundred
miles wide at the base, and lising in some of tiie higher peaks to a
height of over three miles. Between the mountains and the Pacific lies
British Columbia, bioken by many smalhn- ranges. To the east of the
Rockies stretch the prairies and the older Provinces, with Huilson Bay
and the Atlantic ocean beyond.

To the north of Canada lies the Arctic ocean ; to the west the
Pacific. The United States and the Creat Lakes form tiie soutiiern
boundary, while eastward the country stretches to the Atlantic. On
the west coast are several fine harbours, the best of wliieh are Esqui-
mau, the station of the North Pacific scjuadron of the British Navy ;
Vancouver, the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the
starting point of steamers for Aiistialia and Japan ; and Victoria, the
capital of liritish Colundua, situated on Vancouver Island. Tiieie are
many harbours on the cast coast. The best known are Halifax and St.
John, the latter on the Bay of Fundy. The (lulf and River St. Law-
rence for seven or eight months in the year open a splendid waterway
for the ocean steamers to tiie poits of (^)uel)ec and Montreal.

On the north-eastern coast is Hudson Bay, a land-hjcked sea, as
large in area as Fran(;e, (iermanyand England together-. This great
inland water is entered from the Atlantic by a strait 400 miles long.
Into it eveiy year ciomes the sui)i)]y slii)) of the Hudson's Hay Company
which brings supplies of all kin.lsan.l goes back loaded witli valuable furs,
thus keeping up an interesting link with the old French days. Many
people expect that before long a railway will be built from Winnipeg
to the Bay, and a line of large steamers established to give a more
direct route to England for the wheat and cattle of Western Canada.

CANADA.

In Canada the rivers, plains and mountains are on a very large
scale. Along the southern edge of Ontario from the head of the St.
Lawrence River stretches, the most wonderful chain of fresh water
lakes in the world. They extend for over a thousand miles westward,
and one can sail all the way in a large vessel. Lake Ontario is as
largo as Wales, and Lake Erie a little larger. Lake Huron is as big
as Belgium and Holland together, while if Scotland were put into
Lake Superior, the largest of all, one would see nothing but a
few mountain peaks. In the North-West are lakes like Winnipeg,
Great Slave an<l Great Bear, each of which is larger than Lake

Camp of Ui'LT Hunters.

Ontario. By a system of canals to overcome the rapids, a con-
tinuous waterway is open ^or steamers drawing fourteen feet, from
the Atlantic ocean to the head of Lake Superior — a distance of over
two thousand miles. It is intended, as soon as possible, to make the canals
deep enougli for ocean ships. Then a steamer from Liverpool will be
able to sail into the heart of the country, unload its cargo for Western
Canada at Fort William and reload with grain, cattle, horses or dairy
products for the British markets.

Into the basin of the great lakes run hundreds of rivers, draining all
the country round, and supplying water power which will yet be

CANADA.

■»,-

■5'*

used by many a factory and mill. The lakes and rivers are richly
stocked with fish. The lake fisheries are very important, and give to
Ontario one of its chief industries. The rivers offer sport to thousands,
for the fish are many, and anyone may catcli thesn. There are no pre-
served waters or private rivers, except at a few points in the east. The
country nurtli of Lake Superior is a sportsman's paradise, for hunting
as well as fishing is of the best. Deer of various kinds and all the
different wild fowl are there in great numbers, ami may bo hunted
during the open season.

Into the Pacific ocean, through British Colunil)ia, flow the Frascr,
the Skeena, the Columbia and the Stikine. Tlie Columbia and the
Stikine enter tlie ocean through United States territory. The rivers
of IJritish Columbia are the world's greatest salmon rivers, and in
the sanil of most of them gold is found. Into the Antic flow the
Mackenzie, the Ba(;k and the Coppermine. The Mackenzie is a very
large river and receives several important tributaries. The Yukon
enters Behring Strait through Alaska, but farther up it flows through
Canadian territor}' which has become famous owing to its gold fields,
and is known as the Yukon district. To the east, we find tiie Atha-
basca, Peace, Nelson, Churchill, Severn, Albany, Saskatchewan and
many other rivers, all naviga])le for hundreds of miles. And then we
come to the noblest of them all, the St. Lawrence, which drains the
great lakes and offers to the traveller from Europe the most picturestpie
and interesting entrance to the North American continent. The
Atlantic steamships sail up the river past the ancient city of Quebec,
with its (juaint architecture and nuissive fortifications, to Montreal,
the connnercial metropolis of Canada.

Let us take an imaginary journey from Montreal to tlie head of navi-
gation, noting some of the interesting features as wo pass along. We
go by steamer up tlie river to the City of Kingston, where we
enter Lake Ontario. On tlie way we pass througii several canals to
avoid the rapids, but if we were coming down, the steamer would
run the rapids — a most exciting experience. Wo also cross the
Lake of the Tliousand Islands, one of the most beautiful spots in the
world, and the summer resort of thousands of tourists. After a
trip of two hundred and forty miles across Lake Ontario., we go through
the Welland Canal to Lake Eric. This is to avoid the Falls of Niagara,
which prevent ships passing up the river. Wliile the vessel is going
through the canal we can run over by rail and have a look at the great
falls — one of the wonders of the worhl. The Niagara river, the outlet
of Lake Erie, suddenly flings itself over a perpendicular cliff a hundred
and 'fifty -eight feet in height. Within recent years the enormous

CANADA.

water-power of Niagara has been turned to practical uses and drives
large mills and electric railways. In the form of electricity it is tran.s.
milted to neighhouring cities, and thus wo have ma(;hinery driven hy
the falls which are many miles distant. A long sail over Lake Krie
brings us to the iJetroit river. More ships pass up and down this

river than at any other point in the world.
These are employed in the inland navigation
of the continent, and many of them are as
laige as ocean ships. They carry grain from
Fort William, Duluth and Chicago to Buffalo,
Kingston or Prescott ; iron ore from the
mines round Lake Superior to Cleveland,
canned meats from tlie great packing houses
of Chicago for distribution all over the
world. Others are loaded with lumber from
the forests of Georgian Bay and Michigan,
salt from the wells along Lake Huron, copper
from Parry Sound, and countless other com-
modities. If wo stop here for a short time
we shall get some idea of the immense traffic
of the lakes. Up and down before us pass
the vessels in such (juick succession that a
steamer goes by every minute. Let us board one of the passenger
steamers and continue our journey. We pass through Lake St. Clair
and the St. Clair river into Lake Huron. If we were going to Chicago
wo should turn slightly to the left and presently enter Lake Michigan.
Instead of sailing straight across the lake, we shall turn to our right
when ])ait of the way up and enter (leoigian Bay in order to enjoy a
sail through some thirty thtiusand islands. The scenery here is beauti-
ful, while the Hshing and boating are excellent. Passing Manitoulin
Island, where there is still unclaimed land for settlers and where many
lishermen live, we enter the St. Maiy river and soon reach the village
of Sault Ste. ^lai'ie. Here in old days the Indians tortured the .Jesuit
missionaries ; but the Indians are gone and we find a thriving town
rapidly becoming an imp(n'tant manufatituring centre, where pulp mills
have been erected, whidi are said to be the largest in the world. At
this i)oint we nuist pass through a canal in order to avoid the rapids,
and may go either by the American or the Canadian side. Every-
thing works by electrii-ity and we are soon through along with
many other vessels. The navigation season lasts only about eight
months each year, yet during that time a greater tonnage passes through
these canals than goes through the Suez canal in the whole year. Not

NiaKarii Falls

CANADA.

long ago a wonderful siglit was to he seen on tlio St. Mary river. A
largo vesHul ran foul of another and sank ri^lit acioss the ship ehatniel,
which at tliat point was narrow. Before the ehaiuiel cuuld lie
cleared a lino of ships extending for twenty miles was waiting to get
through and a most exciting rush took place when the way was opened.
On reaching Lake .Superic^r we have a sail of four iiun(hed niiU's ahead
of us over a lake which is the largest in the world, and yet whoso water
is as cl(!ar and cohl as that of a mountain spring. At the head of tlio
lake wo find Port Artliur, an»' Fort William with its luige elevators
from which most of the grain of Western Canada is shipped.

»»

itjiti

Eluvatura at Fort William.

The Dominion of Canada occupies lialf a continent and naturally the
climate varies great]}- in different sections of its innnense area. It has
been pictured as a. great wilderness of snow and ice witli a narrow fringe
of habitable land running along the edges, but that idea has been long
exploded. Away to the extreme north, along the Arctic Ocean, such
conditions prevail, but in no other part of the country. The sub-arctic
climate extends southward over the barren plains, for a considei-able
distance, particularly on the, east side of tlie continent. But it soon
begins to moderate, especially in tlie centie and west and when the
united di.stricts are reached, we find in the north and east, the clear,
dry cold of winter and heat of sunnner. This climate is extreme but
exhilarating and much more endurable than a milder but moister climate.
In the west the chhiook win<ls from the Pacific sweep over the plains
and prevent the extremes that are experienced further east. Beyond

CANADA.

tho mountairiH, in British Colunihia, tho climate is generally mild. On
the coast it is very mild. In KaHtern Canada the climate is Hul)jcct to
extremuH but in the southern part of Ontario it is nnich moditicd by the
presence of the (Jreat Lakes, as is also the case in Nova Scotia and
Prince Edwaid Island owing to the sea Itreezes. Fogs are frequent along
parts of tho east coast in the spring and aiitnnni. The snow-fall in
the east is much heavier than that in the west. There is usually gcHxl
sleighing for three or four months in New Brunswick, Queinjc and
Northern Ontario. The southern jjart of the latti'r province gets very
little snow and the same is true of most parts of British Columbia.
There is a fair snow fall in the territorien, wiiich in the western part,
however, is soon swept away by the chinook.

SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL FEATURES.

Dominion of Canada occupies all northern part of North America ex-
cept Alaska. Area, 3,470, (M.K) square miles; greatest length. 3,200;
greatest breadth, 1,900 miles.

Rocky Mountains extend along Western side from north to south —
to the east of them a great plain, with low mountain ranges in south-
east. Highest peaks in Rockies, mounts Brown and Hooker, 16,(X)0
feet high. Between Rockies and Pacific are several short parallel
ranges— Coast, Cascade, (ioid. Blue sind Selkirk. The region between the
Cascades and Rockies is called the Great Western Plateau and is a per-
fect sea of mountains. Mountains of south-east, Laurentian, Notre
Dame, Cobequid, Watchish.

RiVKRS. Into the Pacific — Fraser, Columbia (through U. S. territory),
Skeena, Stikine and Yukon, (into Behring Sea, through Alaska); into
the Arctic Ocean — Mackenzie, Coppermine, Great Fish ; into Hudson
Bay — Churchill, Nelson, Severn ; into James Bay — Albany, Abittil)i ;
into Gulf of St. Lawrence — St. Lawrence, Restigouche, Miramichi,
Richibucto ; into Bay of Fundy — Petitcodiac, Kennebeccasis, St. John, St.
Croix. The Mackenzie drains Great Slave Lake, and receives the waters
of the Liard and Great Bear which drains Great Bear Lake. Into these
lakes flow the Peace and tlie Slave, draining Lake Athabasca and
Athabasca River. Length of Mackenzie across lakes and up Athabasca
River, 2,300 miles. The Nelson drains Lake Winnipeg which receives
the Saskatchewan, the Red, and the Winnipeg flowing from the Lake
of the Woods. I^he St. Lawrence drains the Great Lakes and receives
the waters of the Ottawa with its many large tributaries, the St.
Maurice, Sagueuay, and Richelieu.

CANADA.

ir>

•I

Lakes. Superior (420 hy 160 milcH), Huron, (280 hy 190 inilos), St.
Clair, Erifi ("JAO l>y 80 miles), Ontario (180 l.y 0.') luili-H), Nipigou, Nip-
isaing, Simcou, Teniistatiiingue, Woo«1h, Rainy, Ahittihi, Oreat Tit-ar,
(ireat Slave, Reintlcer, Athahasea, Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, Manitoha,
Deer, St. Joini, MiHtaHsini.

Coast Link very irregular, and therefore affords many good liarlioius.

Coast Watkks. On tlio north coast there are numerous hays and
gulfs hut they are of no eommenial importance owing to the \ca\ On
the east, Batlin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Strait. Hudson Hay, James
Bay, Strait of Belle Isle, Gulf of St. Lawrence, liay of Fundy. On the
west, Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, Strait of Georgia, Juan
de Fuca Strait. No capes of much note ; only peninsula of great
importance. Nova Scotia.

Islands. In the North, Prince Alhcrt Land, Boothia, Baffin Land.
In the east, Anticosti, Prince Edward Island, Sahle, Cape Breton, Mag-
dalen Islands, Grand Manan. In the west, Vancouver, Queen Charlotte
Islaudn.

( ANADA.

CHAPTER III.

THK OOVKRNMKNT— TIIK I'KOPLK— LIFK OK THK I'KOI'LK.

CANADA isa st'lf-g<)vcriiiii<,' ( 'oloiiy «)f <lit'at Hiitaiii. A (Jovernor-
(u'ljeial fiom |}iitaiii rcpicsfiits tln'ljucrii and takes nltout the
saiiif pait ill tliu guvciiiimiit as doi-s tlie (^ut'i-ii in that of tho
Empire, lie repiesents British autliurity, Itut aets aeoordiiig to tho
advico of the Caiuidiaii parliament. Tlie Dominion of Canada is a Fed-
eration com|)o.sed of seven I'rovinoe.s antl several Territories. The pro-

Parliaiuent UuiUliiiss, Ottawa.

vinces are Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba,
British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the territories, Alberta,
Assiniboia, Sackatchewan, Athabaska, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Ungava,
Franklin and Yukon. Ottawa is the capital of the Dominion. The
Parliament is made up of a House of Comiuons and a Senate. The

CANADA.

ProviiicoH niid TtTiitorit's hcikI iiii'inlaTs to the TIouh(! of Coninions iim!
the iimiihcr v.uU has ii right to Hcmi ilfpciKls upon its puimlatiuii. The
iiiciiiIh'Is are fU'cted hy tho jH-oplc, and ahnost ex cry man ovt-r twcnty-
unn years i.f ago, has a vote. The Senate i.s eoinposed of men elioseii
for life hy tho (iovernor-Cteneral-iii-Council, which means, (hat when
thoro are vaeancios in tho Senato, tlio Prime Minist«'r, after consulting
his Cal)inet, reeoinmends certTiin men to tho ( Jovernor-CJeiieral, and he
usually appoints tlu-ni to lill the vacan<ies. ]ioth the House of Com-
mons and tlio Senalu nuist pass every J5ill and the ( iovernor-( Jeneral
must sign it l>efore it becomes law.

After a gem-ral eleetiun the political party whidi has a majority in
tho Commons is ealled tlie party in power. When Parliament assemhles
tho Ooverne-tJeneral sends for the leader of this party, and asks him
to form a u -.try. He selects from the (,'ommons and Senato a certain
rnimlKjr of tin; al)le8t men in his party, to form a Cal»inet and these
Calunet AHnisteis, with the leader, who is caUed tho Prinu; Minister,
form the Covernment. That is, they manage tho aUiiirs of the country
according to tho directions of Parlianu-nt. One Minister has charge
of the Postal service, another of Trade and Commerce, another of
Militia an<l Defence and so on. A general election is held every five
years, but if ho thinks necessary, tho Prime Minister may appeal to the
country before the five year period has been completed. Wo see then
that tho central Government of Canada is very much like that of
Britain.

It would be quite the same, if England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales,
had each, in addition to tho i'arliament at Westminister, one
of its own to attend to matters of local interest. The Dominion Parlia-
ment deals only with matters of interest to the Dominion, or to more
than one of its Provinces. In addition, each Province has a Pailia-
ment of its om'u, much like that of tho Dominion and these
Parliaments settle all questions that atlect only their own Province.
The Governor-Ueneral is represented in each Province by a Lieuten-
ant-Governor. The Territories will bo formed into I'rovinces as
soon as their population is large enough. At present, tho Dominion
Government exercises a general control over their affairs and one of the
Cabinet Ministers, the Minister of the Interior, has this as his special
department. The districts of Alberta, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan
and Athabasca, which are the most thickly settled, have been luiited
under one government with Regina as the capital. Keewatin is
administered by tho Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba, while the
Department of the Interior takes direct control of the reat of the
territory.

CANADA.

It might look as if the ties which bind Canada to Britain were very
slight and could be easily broken at any time, but such is not the case.
The bonds of union are tlio strongest possiltle, — affection and self-
interest ; and Canadians are as proud of their Empire as are the people
of Great Britain and Ireland. They take the keenest interest in all
questions atFecting the welfare of the Empire and
show an increasing desire to help in its work. A
striking proof of this was given on the outbreak of
the war in South Africa. Canada was at liberty to
remain a meio on-looker; slie was not forced to
take any part in either the figliting or the cost of
tiie war: jet, from the wliole country came
<a demand that the Dominion should share in
the wojk. The (Jovernment called for vol-
unteers therefore to form a regiment, and
the Royal Canadian Regiment, one thous-
and strong, was sent to the war, followed
almost immediately by another thousand
men, half artillery, and half mounted
infantry. Then a great Canadian, Lord
Strathcona and Mount Royal, at his own
expense raised a body of Canada's famous
Western Rough Riders numbeiing nearly five hundred. Ho equipped
them in the most complete manner with horses and outfits, and landed
them in S(mth Africa. This is the noblest gift that any private citizen
gave to tiie Empire during the war. The Canadian troops were not
sent to Africa for mere show either. They fought bravely with the
home troops, many of them were killed and wherever engaged tliey won
the praise of the (Jenerals fo." their good work.

Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, better known perhai)s as Sir Donald
Smith, is a striking example oi what a determined, able man may do in
Canada. He came as a bo}' from Scotlantl to Nvork for the Hudson's Bay
Company, and lived for many years at its lonely trading posts. He rose
step by step until he becanie Chief Connnissioner of the Company. Then
he began to invest for himself and was soon recognized as an able finan-
cier. He was one of the leading promoters of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way, and took part in many other important enterprises. Now he is
Canada's chief representative in Britain, and has been made a peer of
the realm. Lord Strathcona has given very large sums to educational
institutions in Montreal, and with Lord Mount Stephen, another famous
Canadian, founded the Royal Victoria hospital in that city at a cost of two
million dollars. It is no wonder that all Canadians are proud of hira.

Strathcuiia Umau.

CANADA.

When we consider the size and wealth of the country, Canada's popu-
lation is very small, for London alone has almost as many inhabitants
as the whole of the Dominion. The population is fast increasing hut there
is ample rocmi for all who come. In the older provinces the country is
fairly well settled, although there is still a good deal of unclaimed land.
There are many towns and several cities, hut most of the people live
in the country. In Canada nearly every farmer owns his land
of which he has usually from a hundred to two or three hundred acres.
In the early French days, it was the custom to have the farms run
back from the river in long strips. This enabled the settlers to build

'!■•

um"r"^

''K.Mim^C:

■I

Farm Buildings.

their houses near one another along tlie river and thereby avoid the
loneliness of a new country with few inhabitants. The custom remained
after the necessity for it had passed away and in most parts of eastern
Canada the farms extend for a mile or more from tlie hi'diwav to the
bush that is usually left at the rear end of the h)t. If the settlement is
new, the houses are of logs or square timber, the barns small, and a
large part of the farm still uncleared. But in the older sections
one finds good brick or stone houses, and immense barns. The farmers

CANADA.

^'■.

have learned to combine everything nnrler one roof, and the stables,
mows, granary, tool and machinery room are usually all in one build-
ing. In the West, the country is as yet sparsely populated, and
many sections liave not been taken up. But the settlers have com-
fortable honu\s and l)etter opportunities for rajjid advancement than

those in tlie older sections of the country.

Frenchmen were the first settlers in Canada,
and the Province of Quebec is still nearly all
French. Tlie farmers are called habitants and
live in a very quiet, simple way. They are
cheerful, full of innocent fun, and make good
citizens. The hnhitantH liave very large famil-
ies ; indeed a family of twenty-four is not un-
common. Some years ago the Quebec Govern-
ment offered a hundred acres of land in the
unsettled part of the Province to every farmer
who had twelve living children, and the num-
ber of hahitiintH who came forward to claim the
reward quite astonished those wlio had passed
the law. In Nova Scotia also, the early settlers
were French, and were called Acadians. There
are still some French people in the maritime
provinces but most of the inhabitants are descended from British ances-
tors and this is true also of the people of Ontario. British Columbia is
peopled mainly l)y settlers from Eastern Canada and from Britain. But
the population of IManitoba and the North-West Territories is the most
interesting of all, for here one sees niore varied and interesting types
than in any other part of Canada. People from the eastern provinces
and the thousands of settlers from Great Britain and Ireland form the
largest class. But there are also settlements of (iermans and Swedes,
Galicians, Doukhobors, Mennonites and Quakers — all happy in the free-
dom and comfort of their new homes, and learning to take a proper
pride in the fact that they are British subjects. During the last few
y<;ars many people from the United States have crossed the border and
taken up land in tlie Nortli-West.

Town life in Canada difl'ers from that of P^ngland in many respects ;
one or two points are worthy of notice. There are not nuiny very poor
people in Canadian cities for nearly everyone can make a comfortable
living if ho is willing to work The houses of the labouring people
are much better, and they ai'e not nearly so closely crowded as in Eng-
land. There is far more fresh air and sunlight. Many of the houses
have gardens attached and all have at least a little bit of yard. The

lluL-kfy I'liiyei-.

CANADA.

■^

Canadian town lahourer is more restless than the Briton and not always
so thorough. But ho has greater Relf-confi(h'iioe and is much more
ready to try new ventures. Tlie people are just as fond of sports as in
P:ngland, and get a better ehance to take part in them so that almost
every young fellow plays some maidy game.

Canadians take much of their pleasure out of doors. The young
people row, or paddle in canoes, or sail. They pla^\' lacrosse, teiuiis,
football, cricket, golf and baseball. In winter too the fun goes on.
Hockey is perhaps the finest game in tlie worhl. It is certainly one
of the most exciting to watch. The players dash about on their skates
with wonderful speed and skilfully manage tlie jmck wim th"ir curved
sticks. The way in which tliey coml)ine and shoot this rubl»er disc
along the ice from one to another is astonishing. Skating is indulged
in by old and young alike. Besides the ice on the rivers and lakes,
nearly every town has a rink wliere the skating is not stopped by the
snow which is so likely to spoil tlie outdoor skating at any time. In
the evenings there are often hockey matches and thousands of people
turn out to see them.

Ice-boating, where possible, is capital sport. The boats gc very fast,
and in a good breeze have been knoMn to reach a speed of sixty miles
an hour. Snow-shoeing, tobogganing, coasting
and skieing have many followers. It is a
beautiful sight to see a long line of men
and maidejis starting ofl' for a snow-
shoe tramp. They are dressed in
pictures(jue white blanket suits with
knitted red or blue sashes and toques.
Each man cairies a torch and they
wind in a lon>,' line over the fields ot
glistening snow with shouts and peals
of laughter. The older men du a great
deal of curling, and get keen enjoyment
out of their cup matches and bonspiels.

Life in the country is, of course,
somewhat ditlcrent from city life.
Most of the games already mentioned
are played to some extent, for the
young fellows gather frcjm the different farms and have their games at
some central place in the evenings. Occasionally the farmers take a
day off and luivo a big picnic to which the people come for miles
around, bringing their baskets of good things to contribute to the
common store. Sometimes it is a church picnic, sometimes a politi-

I<at'ross<i PlnviT.

CANADA.

cal gathering, but all are much alike. After dinner there are various
athletic sports, a large dancing platform provides fun for many, while
there are speeches for the elders and usually some patriotic songs.
During harvest time, however, every one is too busy for games, and
work from daylight till dark is the order of the day. The country
people have much more spare time in winter than in
summer, and in the long evenings are quite free
from work. Sleighing parties are then very
popular, for every farmer has several horses and
one or two large sleighs. Nothing is more
exhilarating than to dash along in a country
sleigh, behind a lively pair of horses, with
jingling bells and merry laughter. After an
hour or two of driving, all gatlicr at one of
the farm houses to dance or play games.
The country folk know one another inti-
' mately and almost all are treated as equals,
so there is a great deal of pleasant inter-
course. But people are thrown more upon
their own resources than in town. They
necessarily live a quieter l)ut often a much
happier life. In the newer settlements of
the west, people are too far apart to enjoy many of the pleasures we
have just mentioned, and in winter nuist keep themselves occupied with
books and indoor occupations. As the settlement grows however, the
farm hoiise finds others going up on all sides, and new friends come to
take their part in the social life of the community. And there are
features about tlie life which are hard to find elsewhere — its freedom
antl independence make up for much. Tlie feeling of eijuality with all
one's neighbors, and particularly the knowledge that the land is one's
own is worth a great deal. The West has its special pleasures too, of
which riding is not the least. Every boy has a pony and rides a great
deal. There is good shooting also, for prairie chickens (grouse), ducks,
geese and other wild fowl exist in large numbers. Even the young Ijoys
become capital shots and get many a bag of prairie chickens. In the
fall there is deer hunting in many parts, and an occasional coyote hunt
breaks the monotony of the winter.

One thing worthy of special notice in country life is tlie way in which
farmers help one another. There is a system of mutual help, quite
necessary in a new country, but which, besides enabling the farmers to
get their work done better, leads to much kindliness and good fellow-
ship. If a man has a particularly hard bit of work to do, he holds a bee,

winter Sports.

CANADA.

and all come to help. The fall threshing and harn raisings as carried

on in Eastern Ontario are good examples of how tliis wdrks. All the

neighbors go to tiie farm at whicli the work is to he done and help the

owner. He does the same for the others, and so on it goes. These

bees are often very jolly atliiirs, although nuich hard work is <U)ne. The

dinner in the middle of the day is quite an

event. While the men work at the barn the

women are busy within doors preparing a

huge meal. Pies and cakes and a big baknig

of bread have been prepared beforehand.

Pots of potatoes and vegetables are put on

to boil and great joints of beef put to roast

in the oven. Long tables aie .set on trestles

and laden with substantial good things.

When all is ready one of the women blows

a tin horn, and work ceases at once. Then

the fun begins an<l the place rings with talk

and laughter. But the desire to help one

another is best seen when trouble comes.

The farmers stand by one another in the

most loyal way, and many a helping hand is Huntiiiff.

extended to any one of their luiniber who is visited by misfortune.

Canada, a Self-Oovekninu Colony of fiuEAT liuiTAiN. Goveknok-
(Jenekal, Rkjht Hon. the Eakl of Minto, (J.C.M.Ct. 1'ki.mk
Minister, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 0.C.M.(J,, 1\C.
Hifiii Commissioner for Canada in London, Rt. Hon. Lord
Stratiicona and Mount Royal, (t.C.M.O.

Dominiim of Canada establislied by British North America Act,
1867. Tiie system of goveniiiu'ut, a federal union having a central
govei'nnicnt controlling matters essential to tiie gcncial develojinient,
the pernianejicy and the iniity of the whole Dominion ; and a number
of local or provincial govertmients having control of matters affecting
their province alone, and of certain matters defined in the Act, such as
Education. P]ach governnuMit is administered in accordance with the
British system of parliamentary institutions. Tiie executive govern-
ment and authority is vested in the Queen and exercised in her name by
the Governor-General, aided b\' a privy council or cabinet, whose mem-
bers must have seats in either the Senate or the House of Conunons.
Legislative poMer is a ])arliament consisting of a Senate and a House of
Commons. Senate consists of eighty-one members distributed between
the various provinces and territories. House of Commons chosen by vote

CANADA.

of people every five years, at longest, consists at present of 213 nieinl)era
el(!('to(l from various provinces ami territories, according to population.
Justice is administered as in England, by judges, police magistrates
and justices of the peace. Canada consists of: (1) Seven provinces:
Ontario, (^)ucl)cc. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edwanl Island,
Manitoba and British Columbia. (2) Of four provisional districts:
Assiniboia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, Mith a local govern-
ment like that of the provinces. (3) Of three other provisional dis-
tricts : Ungava, Franklin, Mackenzie, and the provisional territory of
Yukon, which are administered by the Dominion (lovernnient, and (4)
the district of Keewatin, which is under the jurisdiction of the Lieuten-
ant-fiovernor of Manitoba.

Capital of the Dominion, Ottawa.

Population of the Dominion at last census in 1891, 4,833,239; esti-
mated population, 1000, about 0,300,000. Over 86 i)er cent, of inhabi-
tants luitives of Britisli North America ; foreign boin, 647,362— 475, 406
from (J rcat Britain; 80,915 born in United States. English speaking,
3,428,265; French, 1,404,974.

Defence. Imperial army consists of 2,000 troops at Halifax. Dominion
has a largo militia force. All British sul)jects between 18 and 60 liable
to service. Active militia, 1898, 36,650 officers and men. Royal Mili-
tary College at Kingston, founded 1875. Imperial authorities grant its
graduates a certain number of conmiissions in the Imperial army each
year. Naval defence in hands of Imperial authorities. There are
thirteen ships on Atlantic in North America and West Indies station,
and seven on Pacific.

Religion, absolutely free, no State church. All religions allowed
etpial rigiits.

CANADA.

CHAPTER IV.

■

EDUCATION IN CANADA-COMMON SC^HOOLS AND KINDER-
GARTEN, HIGH SCHOOLS, UNIVERSITIES. OTHER
MEANS OF EDUCATION.

BRITONS the world over have always been believers in the value of
education and those in the eolonies have led in tlie eilort for its
advancement. One of the first acts of tlio old Puritans after
settling in Massachusetts was to enact that "every township after the
Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders, shall
appoint one to teach all children to write and read : and when any town
shall increase to the number of a hundred families, they sliall set up a
grammar school." The early British settlers in Canada had the same
desire for their children, so the country has always had a good system
of local schools. In the early days when the settlers were poor and
scattered the school-master received a very small sum of money and
"lived round." That is, each settler took it in tuin to keep the master
at his house and so the dominie moved from house to house with his
little bundle of clothing and often a very scanty knowledge of the sul)-
jects he was supposed to teach. A small log building was put up in the
most central spot and the children often came on foot, for miles througli
the woods, to attend. Many a boy who afterwards became famous in
Canadian history received his early education from some old soldier, in
one of those little log schools. The value of good mental training was
ever in the eyes of the builders of the country, and the humble begin-
nings have developed until now Canada occupies a leading place in the
educational world. At the great Centennial Exposition held in Phila-
delphia in 1876 the experts appointed to compare the various systems of
the world, put in first place that of the Canadian province of Ontario.
At present the law comijels all children to attend school long enough to
learn at least to read, Avrite and keep simple accounts. But the
children, as a rule, do not stop here; nearly all complete the conmion
school course, and a large inmiber go on to the Higli Schools, while
many take a University course and fit tliemselves for one of tlie pro-
fessions. The great majority of the students at the Universities are
the sons and daughters of farmers. And it is becoming more and more
common for the sons of well-to-do farmers to take a university course
and then go back to farm life.
3

-$-

CANADA.

Tho basis of all education in Canada is the public or common school.
WhonevcT the people in any section reach a certain number, tho law
enacts that they must have a school. 'J'he government of tho province
supplies i)art of tho funds from tho general taxes, and the people of
the section contribute the rest. In the new parts of the country the
govenunent grant is larger, as tho settlors are neither numerous nor
wealthy. A school-house is built and a teacher engaged, to give the
pupils a good general knowledge of reading, arithmetic, writing,
geography, British and Canadian history, with literature and gram-
mar. Ti>e school-house is much used also as a hall for evening

' •' ■' ■■■'*^^^' . ',,* '/

Public or Common School Ruiltlliig.

gatherings. In many sections a singing school is formed in the winter
by some local musician, and meets one. night a week. The young
people of both sexes attend, perhaps more for the fun and the jolly
drives home together, than for the music. At the end of the course, a
concert is given, and the hall is packed with the farmers and their
families. The programme of songs, readings, and dialogues is not very
elaborate, but it gives more pleasure than many a first night perform-
ance at a great London theatre. In the towns and cities there are
similar schools for all children, but on a much more extensive scale.
Here the buildings are large and instead of a single teacher for the

CANADA.

lieir
lery
Irm-
lare
lie.
Ithe

whole school, there is one for each grade. In many of the towns
kindergartens have been introduced for the very young children and
are proving wonderfully successful. The puhlic schools are altsolutely
free to all children and are attended })y rich and 2>oor alike.

Next come the secondaiy schools, known in different provinces by
various names— higli sdiools, collegiate institutes, academies, grammar
schools, seminaries. One of these is situated in almost every town, and'
here the public scliool course is carried on a step further, with the
addition of classics, modern languages, science and book-keeping.
These schools also are supported partly by (Jovcrnment aid, ])artly by
the locality in which they are placcil. In most of them the pupils pay
a small fee, but so small that it excludes very few. Pupils who take a
full course may go on to the normal training schools and lit themselves
for teaciiing, or they may attei.d one of tiie universities. Many, of
course, go into business, or a trade, or to work on the farm. Hundreds
of young men and women in Canada teach in the public schools as a
stepping-stono to sometliing else. Many of the best known public
men began life as teachers. A notablo example is the Prime Minister
of Ontario, who taught for years in a ccmntry school. But it is a great
pity that teaciiers' salaries are not higli enough to tempt men to take up
teaciiing as their life-work. No dcmbt tliis will come in time, but at
present most of the teiichers are young.

In addition to the government schools, there are a number which
copy such English Public Schools as Eton and "Rucrby. These are of
course somewhat ex{)ensive
and are attended by the sons
of the wealthier people. They
are maintained by endow-
ments, by the gifts of the
wealth}', and })y the fees col-
lected from ])upils. The gov-
ernments do not contribute j
anything towards their sup-
port. The best known of
such schools is Upper Canada
College, founded in 1829 by
the famous old Waterloo hero,
Lord Seaton, in the city of Toronto. There are also many private
schools for girls, and rnimerous institutions of a special nature, each
devoted to the teaching of some such subject as art, nuisic, or business
theories. The government provides schools for the deaf and dumb and
the blind.

upper Canada CoUego.

28 CANADA.

There aro in the Dominion a number of well equipped universities.
At most of these there is a good Arts faculty, a medical sciiool, and
a school of practical science. All the leading religious denomina-
tions have theological colleges in connection with one or otlier of
the universities. A noticeable feature about Cana<lian college life is
that nearly all the men work hard. Most of tliem aro farmers' sons
who will have to earn tlieir own living, and nuist, therefore, work
to get rciady for the struggle. Tlio cost of a college course is not very
great, and many men pay their own way by teacliing for a few years
before going up, and working during the long sununer vacations.
These men go into tlie chxucli, teacli in high schools, or go to one of the
special colleges and fit themselves for law, medicine or ajjplied science.
The schools of practical science are at present very popular, as their
graduates are nnicli in demand as Surveyors and Electrical and Mining
Engineers. Increasing ntuul)ers of young women attend the universi-
ties where they have the same privileges as the men. The majcjrity of
the teachers in the public schools are women, as well as many in the
High Schools.

The provincial government of Ontario has established a large agricul-
tural college at Guelph, with an experimental farm and dairy in con-
nection. It is largely attended by the sons of Canadian fai-mers, and
also by yoiuig men from various parts of the M'orld who intend taking
up farming or ranching in Canada. Here men receive a thorough
training, not ordy in the theories of cattle breeding, butter and cheese
making and the value for food and best methods of growing different
roots and grains, but they learn also, in a practical way, how best to
apply these theories. The University of Toronto grants degrees to the
graduates of the college. There are also several schocds of dairying
which give a short, practical course on this most important subject.
The course is given during the winter so that farmers may easily
attend, and great numbers do so. Schools of Mining give practical
instruction to men who wish to engage in this industry and also, with
the help of the Universities, provide the higher scientific training for
those who desire it.

But there are other means of education than schools, and from these
everyone must learn. We are always at school and on the care or care-
lessness with which we learn the lessons our everyday life places
before us, depends success or failure. Every Canadian takes a keen
and often an active interest in politics, for the opportunities are many.
In addition to Dominion and provincial politics, there are the county
and township councils with their important powers of local self-gov-
ernment. The men elected to these are chiefly farmers, and the interest

CANADA.

aroused in a farming conmuinity over (lueationa of local improvement,
or expeiiditiue is very strong. Men cannot take part in discussions
and political campaigns of tliis kind withcjut learning a great deal that
is useful. It trains the ])owers of judgment and resource, it quickens
the interest in and desire for information, and above all, it gives a
knowledge of nien. Newspapers, too, are great educators, though
unfortunately their inllueiice is not always in the direction of higher
things, and every little town has at least a weekly paper, if not a
daily. All niemhers of tlie family read the papers, the cliildren as well
as the older fdlk, and through the paper many of their opinions are
formed. (Jlmrches have tiieir inlluentie in education, and every
denomination is well re^)resented in all parts of Canada. Tiiero is
absolute religious freedom and the church plays a prominent part in
the social as well as the religious life of the conuinmity. Tliis is
especially true of the country.

Speaking generall}', we may say, that every one in Canada receives
some education, and compared with otlier countries the standai'd is
high. ]iut just because an education is .so easily ol)tained, many fail to
appreciate its value and are inclined to forget their own responsibility
in the matter.

t.A

'W','^"*^

CANADA.

CHAPTER V.

CANADIANS A WOl^^KIXd I'KOPLK-MANUKACTUHKS—

FISIIKRIKS -.MLNIN(J.

TN Hpite f»f all that wv. have; said alxjut sport, the Canadians arc
essentially a working people. The leisure class, as in most new
countries, is small and nearly everyone; has some o(;eupation at
which he works regularly. Kven tiie memhers of J'arliament are paid
hecause there is not in (Canada the rich class of people who can devote

rul|i\vi"i(l oil KiviT liauk.

themselves to public life without thought of the cost. One result is
that there is much less ditterence between the various classes of society
than in an old country. The working man, while respectful to his
employer, is more independent than his brother in England because he
feels surer of a livelihood. It is our wish in this and the following
chapters to tell something of the occupations of the people in Canada.

An English boy would naturally put manufactures first, but in Canada
these do not occupy so important a place as in England. Yet they are

CANADA.

lire

|ty

is
le

qtiito M'orth consiili'tiiig, for tl\fi<' fiic many great iiiamifacturiiig firnw
in tiic l)(»ini!ii(iii, and the niiinlirr is rai)i<lly imri'asing. Tlicif are a
dozi-n large factories making agricultural mailiinery of all sorts —
binders, mowers, lakes, threshing machines and ploughs. The value of
the annual exports of agricultural impU-iuents to Australia alone
anKKUitH to over half a million dollars, or one Innxlred thousand pounds
sterling. Thero are important l»icy<le factories wliiih do a large export
husiness, l»ut dej)ei\d ihi«'lly on the home market. An indusliy has
sprung up within the last few years that ])iiiniises to rea^'h very laigt;
proportions. This is the manufacture of pulp and paper. There are in
Canada immense foiests of spiuce and ]>oplar, the liest woods for pulp,
and from puli) most paper is now made, besides a great i.;any other
things. One large lirm manufactures all kinds of tulis and pails frouj
this material. Jhit it is most important for paper making, and the pul|)
and paper mills are rapidly ineieasing in numher. The Lon<lon Dully
Chronicle gets its j)aper from Canada, uud no douljt many other Hi-ms
will soon follow its example.

There are a number of laige cotton, woollen and flour mills. Pianos and
organs are extensively maiuifaetured, and Canadian furniture has a wiilo
sale in Hritish markets. Of course iinunnerable other articles aie manu-
faetuied, but as a rule, more for home consumption than for export.

But the country has other industries, as important, as interesting,
and more distinctively Canadian. Fishing is very good sport, and th»)
delight of all hoys, but it is also the business by means of which m.uiy
thousands of people live, and in Canada this industry occupies a most
important place. There are four great fishing grounds — the (iulf of St.
Lawrence and Bay of Chaleur, the Hay of Fundy, the (Jreat Lakes and
the salmon rivers of Hritish Cohunbia.

The fisheries of the St. Lawrence and Bay of Fundv are tin; oldest
and most important. They rank among the great fisheries of the worhl.
Cod, mackeral, halibut, heriing, hake, salmon and other fish are
taken in immense numbers and shipped to varicais parts of the continent,
(ireat quantities of lobsters and oysters are found along the noith shore
of Prince Edward Island. The oysters are shipped in ice, even as far as
Kngland, while the lobsters are canned and may be sent anywhere with-
out fear of spoiling. Much of the fish is salted and goes to the West
Indies, with which the Dominion has a huge trade. In the days of
slavery in the Southern States the Magdalen heriing were much in
demand. These fish are a rather coarse kind oi herring and were
found in immense shoals round the Magdalen Islands. 'J'iie practice
was for several schooners to go to the islands in company at the
proper season. The crews joined their seines together and worked

CANADA.

FisllcTllU'll.

gradually towards slmie, driving tin' shoal before them. When they
got close to shore they literally shovelled tish into the boats until
they were full. The fish were then pitched into the hold h)ose, with
plenty of salt, and within a week all the s(!hooners were full to the

hatches of herring, which were taken
home, smoked and shipped to the South-
ern States for the slaves. A com-
mon lisli ill the waters of the (Julf
is the haddock which, Mlien cured
and smoked in tiie Scotch way is
called Finnan Haddie, and
furnishes a favorite breakfast
dish.

Fresh water fish of many
kinds are found in the (Jreat
Lakes. Tiiese a.e jiacked in
ice as soon as caught and
distributed fresh over all the central ])art of the continent. Lake tnmt,
whitetish, lake salmon, herring, black liass and pickerel are some of the
chief varieties. Stiugeon are also caught weighing from fifty to five
hundred pounds, but their ilesh is rathtM' cf)a; >e. I'ike are numerous
in the rivers ami sinalli r lakes, and one variety, the niaskinonge, grows
to a great size. Specimens have been caught over five feet in length
and weighing almost a hundred jiounds.

The IJritish Columbia salmon fisheries are the most interesting of all,
because there is nothing (piite like them anywhere else. We all use
eaniied salmon whieli is generally put up in little round tins with
brightly coloui'ed labels, Jf you look at the label, you will see in
addition to tiie picture " Skeeiia River Salmon'' or " Fra.ser River
Salmon," and that means that tlie fish came from Ri'itish Columbia, It
is easier to get salmon in that ])roviiice than anywhere else in the world.
Li the season when the lisli are running up stream, the flow of water is
actually impeded at shallow places by their numbers. Standing on the
banks one sees the wliole river red with the gleam of their sides, from
which the .scales have been rul)bed in the struggle. Fishing with a
hook and line is useU'ss in such wateis. Any number of fish can be
scooped out at will with a landing net or even the bare hands may be
used Mith success. In the lonelier parts of the country a bear has
often been seen to go down into the shallow rapids, seize a large fish in
his clav/s, (hag it ashore and eat it on tiie bank. The camiing factories
are built by the streams and the beautiful fish that are flung in at oue
side b}' the thousand, very soon come out in cans at the other.

CANAr)A.

3:^

Wo turn naturally to mining noxt, for Uritisli Columbia is tht> chiof
mining province. liost known are the gold, silver and coal mines
of tho Kootenay district. It is but a few years since the lirst
largo mines were opened, Imt (levelo])ment has been exceedingly rapi<l
and mining towns have s])rung up in all directions, while Rossland, the
centre of tho gol<l country, is almost large enough to bo called a city.
In this country the metal nuist be sepaia ted from the fjnaitz in which it
is imbedded and the piocess is so expensive that only wealthy comj)anies
can woi'k the mines. In another ])art of British C"oluml>ia is the famous
Cariboo district where so nnich gold wus found about fifty years ago, in

Mlnlnj; Scene.

the earth and the sands of tho river l»eds. These mines were for a long
time partially abandoned, but men arc finding that with proper working
gold can bo got in the Cariboo distiict still. The country about Lake
Atlin also promises to be very rich in the precious metals. In tho
p]ast Kootenay country are the coal liclds of the Crow's Nest Pass,
which are l)elieved to be the largest undeveloped coal areas in the world.
They aro just being opened up, and io is found that they c()ntain
immense deposits of the finest steaming coal. Already this coal
is largely used by tho steamships on the Paciiie, and by tho people

CANADA.

of the plains to the east. It is also specially well adapted for use in
smelting. A railway has been built from the east through the Crow's
Nest Pass into this district and gives an easy entrance to the mining
region of Southern British Columbia. Prospectors say that there is
plenty of iron in the Crow's Nest, and if tliis proves to be true, we shall
see great smelting works there before long, with all the increase in
population and business which tliat involves.

Everyone has heard of the Yukon district called the Klondike, away
to the north. All the papers were telling a few years ago of its wonder-
ful wealth and men hurried from every part of the woild to make their
fortunes, for the gold could be dug out of the earth without expen-
sive machinery. They had a terrible time in getting from the coast to
the Klondike and many perished in the snow. Others died of want or
cold after they reached the land of gold, for the winters are very long
and exceedingly cold. The country is almost within tlie Arctic circle
and during the summer there is hardly any night, while in winter moist
of the day is just a sort of twilight. Everything had to be carried
over the mountains on sleighs drawn by dogs, or by the men them-
selves, so it M'as impossible to get in enough food. The second winter
things were much better, and now there is a telegraph line, and a

railway has almost reached Dawson City,4;he
chief place.

It was always possible to reach the Klondike

without nnich discomfort by taking the

steamer up the Yukon. But that involved

■-- a long voyage round by Behring Strait to

St. Michael, at the river's mouth, and a

river trip of seventeen hundred miles. As

the river was closed by ice for nine months

in the year, not many trips could be

made.

Gold mining now goes on sj'stemati-
call}' all around Dawson, and some of the
miners strike very rich claims, but many
are disappointed. The gold is found in
nuggets in the earth, sometimes of con-
siderable size but usually (piite small.
The earth is dug out during the winter and ])iled in a heap, and when
the warm weather conies it is washed out and the gold collected.
People may now live in fair comfort though everything is still very
costly. There is a good hospital, and several doctors practise in the
town. There are churches, hotels, theatres and banks, while substantial

Washing floia.

CANADA.

shops and houses are rapidly replacing the huts of earlier days. It is
hkely hydraulic mining on an extensive scale will soon replace tlie pre-
sent primitive methods and greatly increase the output of gold which
even now is large.

In Ontario, there are important gold mines in the Rainy River dis-
trict. At Sudbury, great quantities of nickel are mined and sliipped to
the United States. This metal looks like silver and will not rust It
is much used for plating other metals, in alloy for coins, and in making
armour plate for the United States men-of-war. The Parry Sound dis-
trict is rich in copper, while silver is found nortli of Lake Superior
There is a great deal of iron in Ontario, but as yet it is of comparatively
little value, for no coal has been discovered near enough to make smelting
profitable. °

Up to the present time British Columbia and Nova Scotia have been
the chief mining provinces. Gold has been mine.l in the latter for many
years in sufficient quantities to yield the mine owners a fair profit But
the mineral for which Nova Scotia has long been noted is coal There
are several large mines, but those at Sidney, in Cape Breton Island, are
particularly valuable. Here one may see a large ship loading at the dock
with coal, which has been taken from under the sea right where the ship
IS nding. For the mines extend a considerable distance under the sea
though the entrance shaft is on land. Quite recently a very strong com-
pany of capitalists has secured valuable iron land on Newfoundlaiul just
opposite Sydney, and is now building at Sydney wliat will be perhaps
the largest iron and steel works in America.

CANADA.

CHAPTER VI.

-e^V

■s;-

Cult in;; (liiwii 'I'll

LUMBERIXr;.

►HE eastern half of Canada ■was once covered
with forests, and great tracts arc still un-
dcai'cd. When the eaily settlei-s came,
they had to go to work Mith axes and clear
a small jjatch of land. Tlien with the logs,
roughly scjuared, they built a house, filling
in the chinks with moitar or clay. At one
end was a stone chimney with a fire-place
that would hold half a dozen hig logs. Here
roaring wood files were built, and no one
could wish .a more cheerful place than the
living room of one of these log shanties on
a cold winter night. The settler went to
\\'oik every winter to clear more of his land
and before long had several good fields. At
first, when he had to get rid of the logs and stumps he burnt them and
made i)otash ivon\ the ashes. IJut later, saw mills were put up here
and there, for the settlers began to want finer houses and that meant
sawn lumber. Tliere was a growing demand also in England for timber
and the United States furnished a market for the coarser lumber which
England did not want. In this way one of Canada's greatest industries
develoj)ed.

Large sections of the cou!iti'y are still covered with ])ine forests, and
this makes tiie most valuable lumber. 'J'here are also thousands of
sijuare miles of spriue and large areas covered ])y such hardwoods as
ma[)le, beech, l»irih, asli and oak. Jiut when we speak of Canadian
lumbeiing we usually* mean the operations by which the pine is brought
to market.

Early in the fall bands of young men start for the shanties from
almost evei'v part of Eastern Canada. They arfc chieHy farmers' sons
and farm labourers. In addition, there are the regular shantymen, who
spend most of their lives at the business, but they go into the
woods earlier to begin o2)erations. During the spring and suunuer, part
of these regular lumbermen work in the saw-mills, while the rest are the
famous rivermen who bring down tlie logs from the shanties to the mills.

CANADA.

Oil their way to the shanties the im-ii go hy rail as far as possil)K', and
are then (h'iven on hig hnnber sh'igiis for niih's into the woods. Many
of the young farmers bring horses with tlicm and aet as t(>anistt'rs
(hn-ing the winter. In tlie preceding sunnuer the forest -rangers and
tlie inspector elioose ca section of the woods for tlie season's oj)era-
tions, and liere the shanty is l)uiU. It is a long, low log Imildii-.g with a
roof sloping from front to reai', a great door at one cornei-, and hiuiks for
fifty men. The hunks are huilt along one side and end, in adouhUi low,
one above the other, like the berths of a steamsliip, AI)out the middle
of the side opposite the bunks is the " cal)oose,"' or cooking tire. Hei'e

'^^

. V ■ ■ ■•■l..■.,;■^ f'?^- ■•■■•■ .••*^- , * ■•«:•; /v»^''>t'l ■

j-:ji-^>.ti<jil.'.feti-ttU.>».-

Luniliprman's T,nj» House.

sand is laid over a large patch of ground, to tlie depth of a foot, and this
is the shanty oven. The smoke escapes through a hole in the roof. The
cook first builds a large fire and keeps it going until tlie sand is red-liot
right through. He then rakes ofTthe coals and buries in tlie burning sand
the flat iron kettles in which he bakes his bread and pork and beans. He
covers them up and draws l)ack the coals. Evcrvtliiiig is cooked Iteauti-
fully in this way ; the shanty bread is as white and liglit as that of tlie Itcst
housewife in England. All meals arc nnich alike and consist of fresh bread,
bak(Ml pork and beans, molasses, rice, and tea with i)lenty of sugar.

CANADA.

When the men reach the shanty they are divided hj' the foreman into
fotir gangs, each with a boss and a six'cial class of work to do. Tin- Itcst
men fell the trees and cut them into logs. Another lot drag tlie logs to a
central point for the teainstei's who draw them to the lake or river,
while the green hands make roads and clear away brush befoi-e the men
M'ho are dragging in the logs. Everything moves with tlie utmost
regularity, and an astonishingly lai-go amount of work is done. The
logs are .all drawn to the nearest lake or stream, where they are piled
on the ice or on the bank if the current be too swift for good ice.
The supplies are hauled from the supply depot by inen called coasters,
each of whom has a team of heav^^ horses and a large sleigh. They often
come sixty or seventj' miles through the woods with their loads. Each
shanty has a storehouse aixl a stable for the horses. The men retire very
early and are up loi / be*' daybreak. The teamsters rise before three
o'clock and feed their horses ; half an hour later all have breakfast, and
by four they are off to work. About noon they have a cold meal, and at
dusk return to the ishaiu^ wit . ujh appetites as only shantynien have.
Nothing so sharpens the appetite as the long day among the odorous
pines, with the smell of the freshly cut wood and the hard work in the
cold air. There are no more health^' or hardy men to be found anywhere
than the lumbermen of Canada. After supper the men lt)unge about for
an hour or two, telling stories, reading, playing cards or carving with
their jack-knives. The advent of a newspaper is a great event, and the
occasional visits of the missionary are looked on as a pleasant break in
the monotony.

Were it not for the hard frost and snow, it would be impossible to
carry on lumbering operations. The ground and swamps in the forest
freeze hard, and then, when they are covered with snow, the lumbermen
can go anywhere and haul their logs with ease. But it is not very
cold in the forest, for the treps keep oft* all winds, and the men never
suffer from cold while working.

As soon as the ice on the smaller streams begins to break up in April,
the rivermen get to work floating the logs down the flooded streams.
It is hard work, and men often spend hours wading in the ic^- water.
But the greatest haste is needful, for the water soon subsides, and any
logs not down nnist be left till next season. About the time the smaller
streams are clear, the ice on the lake begins to go. The logs are held b}'
a boom till all are in the main river, or usually a lake expansion. When
all are down, the men let them drift. A boom is a long chain of logs fast-
ened together end to end by means of short bits of rope or chain, and is
used for holding and dragging logs. The men follow the drive, sweeping
the river as they go — that is, leaving no logs lying on the shore or in the

•"

CANAIU.

mouths of creeks, but keeping iill moving before tliein as they woi'k their
way slowly down stream. The drives, as they are called, often nunilHr a
hiuidied and fifty thousand logs, and (juite cover tlie river for a mile or
two. 'I'he cook's caboose follows tlie drive on a large raft, and cooking
is done as it drifts along. In the evening the raft is moored at a con-
venient spot and the men sit on the grass and eat their meals. Tiiey
sleep in tents iinless the mosquitoes become too troublesome, when they
often push out into mid-stream and sleep on the ?aft.

Raft in',' I.nss.

But it is at the numerous rapids that the river driver finds the excite-
ment and danger of his occupation. Here, as the logs go tin-ough, they
gradually stick and pile up along the sides until the whole river, exce[)t
a narrow chainiel, is lilocked. The Mater is dammed back and rushes
through tlie cliannel. The men guide the logs with their long
pike-poles and try to Keep them running but a log is sure to stick
before long and those coming swiftly behind ])ile up and make a, jam
that closes the channel. The men rush down and try to let off the Jam
before it gets too i>ig. They work hard, hopping about from log to log
with the utmost dex*^erity and every moment ruiuiing risks from which
only their skill saves them. Presently the key log is found and worked

CANADA.

loose by means of cant-hooks and piko-poles. Then there is a rush of
foaming water and tossing logs, over wliich the men nnist run or be
erushed to deatii. To tlie fuilooker tlie task seems impossibk', but
they dash across whirling h)gs, l)alan(ing themselves like acrobats,
leaping liither and tiiitlior and nevei- missing their step f»n the lieaving,
tossing nuiss. Every man Mcars boots m hose soles are studded with
shaip nails to prevent slipping, but desi)ite this their skill and coolness
are wonderful. To see a man poise himself daintily on a rushing h)g,
nn)ving his feet rapidly (o keep on the upper side, then with a might}'

Saw Mill Intf Mor.

lea{), land on an e(|ually juistable footing and keep his balance while
the foam tosses and the water roars about him, is a sight to stir the
coldest heart.

As the logs come into a lake they are caught in booms and towed
across by a steam tug and so the}- move slowly down stream taking the
whole summer for their joui'iiey and reaching the mill usually about the
end of August or lirst of September. The saw-mills are built on the
bank of the river, at some point where there is good railway or
sle:imship connection. Ottawa, the Dominion cajjital, is the chief of
these lumber centres. During tlie summer a saw-mill piesents a scene
of the liveliest activity. At night electric lights are called into service

CANADA.

and so night and day the busy hum of the saws is lioard. Thchif^s are
hauled up from the river hy endless chain carriers, placed on moving
carriages and cut into lumber by the lightning band-saw ami the
gang-saws which cut up half a dozen logs at once, 'i'hcnce machinery
carries the boards to the edgers to be trimmed, the outside slal>s to the
wood-pile to dry for tire-wood and the saw-dust and small bits to tiie
great furnace which burns all refuse. As the boards move oiit on their
carriers a man stands by who swiftly measures and marks them. Outside
they are sorted and stacked in piles ready for shipment.

The Ottawa is the most important lumber river in Canada, with the
St. John second. Into the former How half a dozen large rivers, each
bringing down its two or three drives every year. In addition to the
rougii logs for tlie mills, a great deal of square timber for Kngland
comes down the Ottawa. The timl)er is fastened together in ciil»s,
and a gieat number of these cribs are joined to form a raft which often
covers an extent of an acre or more. The nuMi have a little hut on the
raft and live there. When falls or rapids are reached the timl)er nmst
go through a slide just wide enough to receive a crilt, so the raft is
broken up, sent through one crib at a time and ])ut togetlui' again
l)oh)W. The water rushes through tlie slide very swiftly and a tiip
down on a crib is ii most exciting experience. At the bottom it shoots
into the river with a plunge which buries half its length in the water
for a moment. The rafts go slowly down the Ottawa until they join
the St, Lawrence above Montreal, then down the St. Lawrence to
Quebec, where the timl)er is loaded on ships for Kngland.

In British Columbia also, lumbering is an iniijoilant occupation, for
the Douglas tirs which grow to an innnense size and the cedars, make
capital lumber. The Douglas firs are hardly efpialled anywheie else in
size. They often reach a height of tiu'ce hundred feet with a girth of
fifty or sixty. The forests of British Columbia lie along the coast and
are ver}' extensive. Tlie Douglas fir and the cedar are the most impcjrt-
ant trees for lumber but there arc several other varieties as well.

red
he
he
he
or
of
ine
Ice

CANADA.

•4^

•»'

CANADA.

CHAPTER VII.

FARMING.

Fruit droirivfi, Dairy Ftirnnny, Poullrtj, WJudt, linnrhinrj,

BUT after all has been said, the farmer remains the great man in
Canada, and farming in its different l)ranc:lies, the h-ading industry.
P'roni Nova Scotia to British Cohimhia, in almost every part of the
country the farmers form the chief class of citizens, and a most intelli-
gent class they are, well read and deeply interested in all j)ul)lio ques-
tions. Most of tliem are always anxious to improve their business by
new and better methods and in this effort the Dominion and Provincial
(Jovernments give great assistance. The Dominion (ioveinment has
established in the different parts of the country, experimental farms
where scientific men are contiinially at work making practical tests as
to the value of different kinds of seeds ajid roots, the effects of various
fertilizers, the best breeds of stock for different puiposes and how Ix^st
to feed them. Reports of all experiments are furnished free to the
farmers and from time to time special reports are published regarding
any new weed that may be dangei'ous or any pest that threatens crops
or stock. Travelling schools go about also to give practical instructions
in butter making and the handling of milk. At these schools lectures
are given on the fattening of poultry and their ])reparation for market,
the proper handling of friiit and similar subjects. 'J'he farmers them-
selves have local institutes or societies where they meet and dis(;uss
U'.atters of interest to their work. In Ontario there is a large Agri-
cultural College where y<iung men going into farming may receive a
scientific training in its various branches, and there are smal'i r schools
of agricidture in Qui'bec and Nova Scotia.

Farming is a wi<le word, and there are several allied branches of
industry included under that iieading which differ in most of their
feattues. Fruit growing is one of the pleasantest forms of farming and
one which is ra])idly growing in importance. Nova Scotia has l>een
famous for its apples from tlie early Acadian days, whihi from Western
Ontario hundreds of tons of beautiful apples, ):>eaches, grajtes and straw-
berries are annually shipped to the neighbouring cities and to Britain.
British Columbia has a good climate for fruit, and fruit culture is grow-
ing. Within the last two years the introduction of cold storage has

CANADA.

cnahK'd (Iin'iIcik to Itcgiii llic shipment (if vaiioiis fiiiit.s to r.iiliiiii <»ii an
(•xt».'nsivc K<'al(^ and inucli is cxpocltd of this tra(h! lici-cafter. The fruit
gruweis hiivc <»f (■((iii'se many enemies to contend with and nmst lie
eontiniially on the watch. Fniit is so ])eiishahlo that any (h'lay in
picking or shippini^ is fatal, yet the fniit often fipens so fiist that
delay in hoth is inevitalile. ^'aI•ious insect jiests have to lie care-
fully gtianUid against, also the danger of frost in the spring time.
It is only the active, resourceful men thereforo who .succeed ut fruit
fai'ming, for in this hnsiness the cost of stupidilv, ignoi-ance or care
lessne^;s is I'liin.

mm^

Dairy C'attlo.

The farmers of Eastern Canada devote a great deal of attention to
dairy-farming ; in fact many of them have given up almost entirely the
growing of gi'ain except for fnddei'. In the west also more attention is
paid to dairying each suceee(ling year with good results. Cheese and
butter factories are built throughout the eountiy, in the East at very
short intervals, and to these almost eveiy farmer sends milk. A
favuiu'ite ])lan is to have two sets of machinery and to make cheese dur-
ing the summer and butter during the winter. The cheese industry is
one of the most important and is growing ^^•ith great rapidity. Nearly
all the cheese is shipped to Britain in whose markets it is a favourite on

»•

■0M

CANADA.

a<'«Miiiiit (»f its good qiiiility. Tlic «\[ioi'1 of lnittrr on a l.irsjfi' sralt'
licgaii liiU-r iiiid tho voliinif of tiadc is not Ticarly so laij/c as llial of
chcfso liut it is ovL'itakinj,' its rival. \/,\v^v ari'as of tin- icuiitiv .m-
paiticiilarly well adapted for dairyiii}^ and Ciinada sctins di^timd to
take a first placo in this particnlar Itnsint'ss. TIm' ^lu^,('>t atliniiim is
i)(iii>f paid l)y govcriiiiii and people alike to pirfr( I ini; tin' lM-^t
met hods for cari'ving it on and ho fai' no in(histiy has given Itetter
returns for the t-are ltesto\v»*d upon it,

l'll.'.0 nittlr

On every farm there are floiks of poultiy. The cities of tlie I'^nitid
States liavo always furnished a eonsideralih' niaiket for dressed ])oidtiy
and eggs. Now the intnxhietion of cold .^-toiage has made it possil)l(,'
to ship them to Britain so that the trade seems eajjahle of indefinite
extensiort. The egg.s are gathered up regularly l)y Imyers who dri\'e
through the country and call at each house once or twice a fortnight
during the summer, A short time before Christmas the turkeys, geese
and other fowl that have been fattening are killed, dressed and taken
to -what is called the " turkey fair." Hei-e they are bought by dealei-s
who ship them to tho various markets for the (^hristmas trade. So im-
portant is this trade ccmsidered that in .some particulaily suitable

CANADA.

lor;vlitics, such as Priuco Kdward Island, tlii' govi'nmu'nt lias established
Itoulliy t'altfiiiiig stations as examples to the faiiueis in methods of

tVtMling.

Except in the ranching conntvy, the Western fanners devote their
energies mainly to \s heat growing. Wheat is what the English call
eorn. When tlie thrcsliing an<l marketing of the crop are ovei' in the
fall, ploughing begins and goes on steadily ijntil stopped hy the frost
in Novemher or Decenilter. Jn April the land is seeded with wheat,
after whieh the ploughing is comph-ted and the oats and other crops put
in. Then the farmer waits foi- the harvest, husying himself meantime
with his dairy cattle, ami the cultivating of the potatoes and other
roots, or in breaking up fresh prairie lan<l. In July the hay is cut,
dried in the sun and stored in the barns or in stacks. If many cattle
are kejjt, the green Indian eorn is cut and stored in a sil(», to be pressed
and used as winter food for the milch cows. As the wheat beirins to iu>ad
out, tlie western faiiuer casts many an anxious glance at the weatlier
prolKil)iliti«'s, for occasionally a latt> night frost conu's at this season and
damages his crop. In August the wheat is ripe and the harvest begins.
The grain is rapidly cut and bound in sheaves by machines called bind-
ers. In the East it is stored in l»arns to be threshed later, but the crop
is too large for this in the West, so it is hauled to a stack and piled
ready for the threshers. Just before cutting, the westein wheat fields
pri^sent a lovely pii^tuie. As far as the eye ean reaeh, the grain waves
an'd ripples to the warm smumer breeze like a sea of gold.

As soon as the grain has been cut and stacked, comes the threshing —
a most impoitant part of the Mork. In tiie .vest people live far apait,
and each man's threshing is too big a job to be done by a hft,
so a threshing gang goes with the mill. They sleep in a large eon-
veyance somewhat like a car, which is drawn from [)laie to pla(;e by the
traction engine which draws the threshing machine about and supplies
the driving power when the mill is at work. As the hum of the thresh-
ing mill begins, the scene is a lively ont^ and worth watching. Eveiy
man has his appointed place, and the stack of grain grows rapidlv
smaller as Llie pile of straw lieaps up, and the Itags ai-e tilled wi.li bright,
clean grain. As soon as threshing is over, the farmer hauls his grain
to the nearest railway station where it is sold and stored in the eleva-
tor for shipment to the East over the Canadian I'acitie Railway.
Sometimes he prefers to hohl his grain for a "rise" in price, hut this
is a risky bit of speculation in which only those can imiulge who are
well established.

In Southern Alberta, and to a smaller extent in several other parts of
the territories, the chief business is lanching. Each rancher has from

CANADA.

Olio to ten sections of land, or from G40 to 0,400 acres, usuallv well
watered and covered witli grass whicli makes good fodder both sunnner
and winter. This grass is peculiar inasmuch as it does not form a turf
likc^ that of other countries, Imt grows more in tufts. The dostr
< rofji/ing of sheep is theieforo very injurious, and sheep ranching is for-
bidden in Southern Alberta ; though in some other parts of the territories
laige flocks of sheep are kept. Most of the ranches are owned 1»y
Englishmen who had some capital witli which to begin, but companies
usually operate tlie larger ones.

The cattle and horses are branded with the stamp of their owner
and then allowed to I'ojim at laige on tlie plains. They remain ok 1
winter, and can live easily on the grass ; but a certain amount of . dd

,?> ^

''"iw;: ■'

Tlin'<!hliicr In tlie I'icM.

hay is stacked every summer for use when a thaw is (|uickly followed
by frost, as it is tlien very difficult for the cattle to get at the grass.
Twice each year — in the s])ring and fall — there is what is called a
" round up " of all the cattle in each district. A certain number of
cowboys are sent out from each ranch, and they gradually gather in to
a central place all the wandei'ing cattle or horses. Then the cowboys
go through the herd, cutting out the cattle of their own ranches,
M'ith their young. The brand is the means of identification, so that
cattle brands are of the utmost importance in the Northwest, and the
man who fails to respect them must expect severe treatment if found
out. The cowboys and their ponies show remarkal)le skill in selecting
and cutting out their own cattle. In this way the lierd is gradually

CANADA.

separated into varif)us groups, and these are di'iven to their own raiuhe.;,
wliile the cattle that have strayed in from other districts are all sent to
one ranc.li, and tlie various brands advertised in the newspapers, so that
the owneis may eome and elaim their cattle. Thus eaih rancher gets
all his cattle together twice a year. • The herd is gone over and the
young ones liranded. As many ius possibk> are sold and shipped to
England, the United State's or the mining districts of British Columl)ia.
Tlie branding is most interesting to the onlooker, and shows the cow-
boy at his best. "J'he animal is caught round head or horns by a rojio

Hailniaii ami IClrvaturs.

dexterously thrown by the cowltoy Another gets his noose over the
hind leg; then \\w victim is thiown and l)i'anded with a hot iron.
When all have been bivinded and counted thost) not sf)l(l ai'e turneil
loose to wander at will till the next 7'on)id-vp.

Horses are ti'eated as the cattle, but all tliat are sold must be broken
to riding. Tlie western ])ony or bi-oncho is a hardy, stubl)oi'n fellow,
who, when broken in, will jjatiently endure almost any anunuit of hard
work. When tamed he is a thoroughly obedient and faithful com-
panion, intelligent and easily managed ; but he does not give up his
freedom without a struggle. The breaking in of the jiony is known

CANADA.

as " Itroiicho-husting," and calls for all tin; cowhoy's skill. It takos
from thi»!u to six weeks to tamo a Itroiicho, and as there are many to
be broken every spring, the oowV)oys aie kept very l)usy. The horses
are quite wild at tiie hegiiniing, hut have become thoroughly ohedient
before a good rider lets them go. Tlie first few lessons give hanl
work to both rider and bioncho. The pony is caught with the
ropes, thrown and blindfolded, and after mucii bucking and struggling
finds himself encumbered with halter and sachlle— not the little English
saddle, but the big, comfortable westei-n one, with its higli ponnnel in
front for the rope, and the wide wooden stiriups. Ashe springs up

1^ i

-.fcS,

K»uud-ui).

he finds a cowboy on his back, while another on a trained pony circles
about him and keeps him from running too wildly with a quirt or a bit of
rope used as a whip. Then the fight liegins in earnest, M'ith skill and
cool determination pitted against wild, blind fury. The pony springs
forward and sidewise, shakes himself like a dog, jiunps high into the
air and comes down suddenly with his feet close together and his
back arched. He rushes forward and stops suddenly-, lies down and
rolls over, am' ies a dozen other wicks, but all to no purpose. An
ordinary rider could not stick on for half a minute, but the cowboy sits
as coolly as if nothing were happening, only dismounting when the pony
lies duwu and remounting the moment he rises. Then the pony

»-\

CANADA.

:-¥^y^

mm^m^^'^

tries his last trick. He rears high on his hind logs and lets him-
self fall backward, hoping to crush his rider, liut just at tlio right
rnonieut tiie nimble <ow boy slips off, and the horse gets a bad shaking.
As he recovers from the shock and picks himself up, he finds the
persistent rider still in his place. It is no wonder that after several
such attempts the poor broncho gives
up in despair and sui)mits quiet 1}' to
learning liie fine points of riding.

Tl»e cowboys guide their horses, not
by the bit, but by tlie pressure of tlie
rein on the horse's neck. Tiicy teacli
the ponies to respond
instantly to this i)res-
Hure, and also to stand
perfectly still when left
M'ith the bridle
rein trailing over
the head. Tlieir
own mounts are
w o n d e r f u 1 1 y
clever little fel-
lows, and at the

round-np, the way in whicli they will follow a steer in and out througli
the surging, bellowing herd, until they have driven it out, is quite re-
markable. When the rope is thrown by their ri<lers they stop at once
and throw their weight on the liaunclies, so as to pull up the captured
animal with a smhlen jerk. They enter thoroughly into the spirit of
tlieir master's work, and aid greatly in carrying it out. The cowlioys
are a jolly, noisy, restless lot of men, picturesque in dress and manners,
brave and strong, but full of mischief and rough fun. They are, jier-
haps, the finest riders and revolver shots in the world, wliile their
handling of the long rope, or lasso, seems to the tenderfoot, as they
call any newcomer, simply marvellous.

There is one incident in ranch life which the cowboy always fears,
and yet it never fails to call forth all his noblest qualities. At the
round-up, and when the separated herds are being «lriven to the randies
afterwards, the cowlmys are constantly on the wat<;h to guard against a
stampede, for, with the exception of a prairie fire, there is nothing so
dangerous or so hard to stop as the stamiwde of a large herd of cattle.
The slightest accident may start one, but few things will stop it except
the exhaustion of the cattle themselves. At such a time the instinct of
the cattle to keep together conies out strongly. A suddea revolver

Cmvliiiy aiiil Uimip fm.

CANADA.

sliot, or a shout, or the taint of sonic ininial in the air, may start a few
of tlieni running, and unless they are instantly stopi)e(l the whole herd
will 1)0 off, thundering across the plains at a iym-.g which tries the mettle
of the swift little ponies. It is at night that tlie stampede is most likely
to occur, and then, of course, it is much moie dangerous than in the
daytime. If the night be stormy, or they notice any restlessness among
the cattle, the cowboys keep moving about on their ponies and singing
to soothe the frightened beasts. But once off, the fear of the cattle
becomes a mad frenzy, and there is nothing left for the rider but to
fly through the darkness at the side of the rushing herd, and hope that
no lurking gopher hole may catch the foot of his pony. Woe to the
man who is foolhardy enough to venture in front of the tossing horns
and thundering hoofs ! Unless he can split the herd by shooting two or
three of the leaders, he and his pony will be trampled to death in the
wild rush. The usual method of the riders is to get upon one flank bj'
the leaders and keep pressing in on them, in order to turn them
gradually till they are moving in a circle. If tliey succeed, the mad
pace gradually slackens, the cowboys begin to sing and soothe the
animals, until at last they stop, and the wearied ranchmen breathe
freely again.

CANADA.

CHAPTER VIII.

CANADA BY THK SEA.

CHE earlv history of Acadia is a ronianro which furuishi-s di'lightful
suhjeet matter for the story-teller as well as for the iiistoriiui. It
is a story of hrave deeds and noble endurance, of undaunted deter-
mination against great odds. Here for generations Frencinnen and a
few Scots struggled to overcome the hardsliips of a severe climate, the

«t

iliirlM.mr. llalilUx, N'lva Scutia.

treachery of the savages, and the discouragement of frequent failure.
Now and then they varied the monotony by attempts to destroy one
another, thereby adding to their sum of woes.

In the year 1604 a French noble named de Monts set sail for Acadia
with two ships and a very mixed company. There were gentlemen like
the Baron de Poutrin-court and the great Champlain, who devoted his
life to exploring and colonizing Canada, but there were also criminals
and wanderers of all sorts. They settled on the island of St. Croix, and
while de Monta returned to Franco for sui)plies and more settlers,
Champlain and his men passed a most distressing winter, suffering from
cold and lack of supplies. On the- return of do Monts, they all crossed

CANADA.

over to Annapolis basin, as it is now called, and founded Port Royal,
the first permanent French settlement. This was tl:o l)eginning of that
great struggle to found a colony which went on for so many years, in
spite of discouragement and failure. The Colony grew very slowly, and
meanwhile settlements had been made at Quebec and other points on the
St. Lawrence. The French always made a distinction between the two
colonies, calling the one beside the Ba}' of Fundy, Acadia, and that on
the St. Lawrence, Canada.

Before many years a Scotchman, Sir William Alexander, determined
to take possession of Acadia for his king. Having obtained a charter,
he brought out a numV)er of Scotch settlers and called the countrj' Nova
Scotia, the name still borne by one of theProvinces. Butthough theScotch
remained and held a little settlement they were soon forced to acknow-
ledge the lordship of the French. For a hundred 3'ears the French con-
tinued to rule Acadia, though with frequent interruptions from the
sturdy Puritans of New England, who on several occasions seized the
French forts. In course of time as the colonies in Acadia and on the
St. Lawrence became important, a very strong fortress was built at
Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, which is now a part of Nova
Scotia. This point became a sxibject of fierce contention Ixjtween
French and English, for here lay in security the French privateers
which were wont to sally forth and carry destruction to the shipping of
New England. Once the New P^nglanders captured the fortress, but it
was returned to France by the careless monarch of England and not till
the final struggle of the Seven Years War did it pass into the possession
of the English.

Many an interesting story might be told, did space permit, of the
early days in Acadia, but one must suffice. Charles de la Tour, after
years of noble work for his King in estal)lishing French power and re-
sisting the Jlnglish, was named the King's Lieutenant-CJeneral in Acadia.
But the Seigneur d'Aulnay Charnisay had large powers also and was
jealous of his successful rival. De la Tour, having received a grant of
four hundred and fifty square miles along the St. John river, built a
fort at the river's mouth and thither lie came to live with his Iwautiful
wife, iiis children and his followers. He ruled all the country roiuid,
and well upheld the dignity of the King. Charnisay, whose fort was at
Port Royal, across the Bay of Fundy, trumped lip charges against de la
Tour, and aftei- years of intriguing, obtained from the King a decree
depriving de la Tour of his power and atithorizing Charnisay to arrest
him. But so stout was the resistance at the fort on the St. .John that
Charnisay withdrew discomfited. When he came again, de la Tour
secured aid from Boston, and falling unexpectedly upon the besieger,

CANADA.

drove him in utter rout to his own stronghold, Imt unfortiniiitcly did
not kill him. Some time later de la Tour was forced t(» go to Hoston
and at once the enemy appeared with a force, to take the fort, lint
Madame do la Tour inspired her garrison with courage, and so well
did they fight that Chai-nisay was forced to retire in disorder, lie tiien
invested the place closely, and sought to starve the garrisv>n into sur-
rendering, meanwhile keeping away de la Tour's ship which hung des-
pairingly in the oHing. When hunger had greatly Meakened its defend-
ers he again attacked the fort and once again was heaten ))ack. He
waited for some time and attacked in force. Inspiied hy their nohlo
leader the garris(m fought with the energy of despair. Time after time
were the eneni}' heaten hack from the palisades, hut at last a tiaitor,
tempted by Chainisay's gold, threw open the gates. Even then the
tight was desperate, and Charnisay fearing tiiat this woman would foil
him yet, called for a truce. He professed great admiration for the
bravery of Madame de la Tour and her followers and piomiscd them the
honours of war if they would surrender. To save her followers, Madame
de la Tour signed the articles of surrender, but so soon as he had theuj
all captive, the brute led this nol)le lady with a halter round her neck,
into the court yard and forced her to look on while every one of her
faithful followers was hanged. Then Charnisay carried her off' to I'ort
Royal where within a few days she died, heart broken at the loss of her
children and subjects.

During the seventeenth century Acadia changed hands several times
in the contests between France and England, till, by the treaty of
Utrecht, in 1713, all except the islands of (Jape Breton and St. John
passed finally into the possession of Britain. .St. .lohn was the name
given to the island which now forms the Province of Prince Edward
Island, and on Cape Breton stood the fortress of Louisburg, with its
fine harbour and commanding position.

Most of the Acadians refused to take the oath of allegience to Britain
at the time of the transfer, and when war again broke out they secietly
aided the French. So troublesome did the matter become that the
British forced most of the Acadians to leave their lumies, and carric<l
them away to distant parts of America. It was a sad blow to them,
and for many years the rich lands of the Nova Scotian valleys lay
desolate. Many of the Acadians fled and settled on the island of St.
John and in other parts of the Fren<h possessions. Most of those who
were carried away settled in the Mississippi valley, and a French colony
is still there in which one finds the quaint customs and distinctive dress
of the old Acadian days. In tJie course of years many of the exiles
wandered back to the land from which they had been driven.

CANADA.

The year 17.'>0 marked the beginning of that great struggle known as
the Seven Years' War, in which Britain Mon so much glor}' and territory.
The war was waged vigorously in New France, and hy 1760 tlie whole
coiuitry was in the hands of th(,' liritish. Louishing wascaptuied, after
a iuii'd struggle, in 17r)S, and FreMch influence in Aca<lia Mas over. For
a number of jears, the whole territory, including the island of St. John,
was administered as one colony. Tiien it was split up into four pio-
vinces, — Nova Siotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Cay)e
Breton Island. Tlie latter soon joined Nova Scotia, and there have been
three prctvinces since tiien. After the Ameri(!an War f»f Independence
about ten thousand of the loyalists who came To Canada, rather than
give up their British citizenship, settled in Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick. The British Government gave them all jjossible aid,
and they formed a splendid additi(m to the ])()i)ulation of the new
colonies. But they had given \ip their comfortable homes in order
to enjoy the rights of British subjects, and when they found that the
government Mas in the hands of a governor and a fcM' coiincillois ap-
pointed by the King, tliey protested vigorously. In time these protests
bore fruit, and responsil)le government Mas granted to the Maritime
Provinces, as they Mere called. In 1867 came C<)nfederati(jn, M'hen
Nova Scotia and New BriuisM'ick entered the Dominion of Canada.
Prince Edward Island joined a few years later.

The Bay oi Fundy, MJiich separates Nova Scotia from Ncm' BrunsM'ick
and is so important to both provinces, deserves a moment's considera-
tion. It is over a hundred miles long and fifty Mide. It is famous for
its high tides, M'hich in the long narroM' buys at the head reach a heiglit
of from fifty to seventy feet. As the tide forces itself into some of the
narrow channels a bore or tidal wave is formed Mhich comes rushing
along, in a great foam crested wave, as high as a man. Wherever the
shores are Iom^ and for many miles up the rivers tliere are immense
marslies which have been dyked off and form very rich meadow lands.
The fisheries of the bay are exceedingly valuable.

There are still several thousands of Indians in the Maritime Provinces,
but they have changed wonderfully since the days of the haughty
savages. They are a hund)le, peaceable people, M'ho live on reserva-
tions set apart by (Jovernment and su^jport themselves by doing a little
farming, by fishing, hunting, trapping and berry picking. The squaMS
weave beautiful baskets and do bead M-ork and the men often act as
guides and canoe-men for tiie hundreds of tourists and hunters who seek
sport in the wilder parts of the country. For these provinces, parti-
cularly New Brunswick, furnish some of the best fishing and shooting
to be found on the contiiicut. During the season there is good deep

's...

CANADA.

Kli(X)ting and the hunter may also have a look at tholonlly niooso,
though at present tlio law protects this aninmi from destruction. Wild
fowl of various kinds are nuinerouH, and the fishing is excellent. Trout
and salmon aro the two chief game fish. The salmttn rivers of New
Brunswick liave long been famous and aro annually visited hy ardent
fishermen from all parts of the continent and even from Kurope. The
Kestig(mcho and tlie Miramichi are perhaps the best known salmon
rivers, but there are many others.

This country by the sea is becoming ever more popular with people
who wish a pleasant ])laco wiu-re they can rest and enjoy themselves
during the hot months of summer. The sea bree/.es and good bathing,
the beautiftd scenery and the (juiet, are all attractive features to such
people. So the number of summer cottages and hotels grows apace.
The favorite resorts are the north sliore of New Brunswick and most
of the Prince Edward Island coast.

In many respects the people of the Maritime Provinces ma^' not
appear to have been so progressive as those in other fmrts of the
Dominion. They form the oldest community in Canada and they live
in the part tliat is best adapted for dairy farming, yet Ontario is far
ahead of them in that bianch of industiy. In fact they have been a
little slow in developing their best interests so far as money is con-
cerned. But in one point they have outstrij)pe(l all other parts of the
Dominion and taken a place quite out of proportion to their importance
in other respects. The Maritime Provinces have given to Canada more
famous men than perha|)s all the other provinces put togetiier. There
have been great statesmen, writers, college professors, poets and sol-
diers. This fact is no doubt due partly to the greater age of the com-
munity, but it is due much more to the devoted way in whii.h from the
first the ])eople of almost every class have striven for good education.

ris-

NOVA SCOTIA.

Nova Scotia is the most easterly province of
Canada, and forms a long peninsula lying east
and west. It is about tlirce luuidrcd miles long
and from eighty to one hundred in width. So
that iji area it is nearly half as huge as England,
To the south is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the
iu)rth, separating it from New Brunswick, the Bay
of Fundy. The narrow Isthmus of Chignccto forms the only connectitm
with the rest of the continent. The Island of Cape Breton lies to the
north-east and is an important part of the province, from which it

M CANADA.

18 Rc>|»nriit(Ml by the Strait of (Janso. This island is Hottlcil l>y
people! from the Highlands of S<:otland, who still preserve (In- (Jat'lio
language and n)any <»f tlie Highland customs. TIk; people of the main-
land are ehiefly of British or of United Empire Loyalist descent. In
the Annapolis valley and several other parts are many of the French
Acadians, while about Lunenhiwg is a prosperous (Jerman district whose
origin dates hack to the middle of the last century. As in the rest of
Eastern Canada, most of the population is native Ijorn.

In noother Canadian I'rovince is the (;limate so nnich like that of Eng-
land as it is in Nova Scotia. It is rather moist and not sul»ject to vt'ry
great extremes. On the southern shore there are frecjuent fogs from the
Atlantic. The southern coast has many tine harhouis, and round the
whole peninsula there are luimerous smaller hays, important to tho
lishernien and in the coasting trade, thougli not large enough foi- ocean
ships. Much of the land along the c<jast is t(jo rocky and wild foi' culti-
vation, hut the interior presents a fine picture of cultivated fainis and
wide-spreading orchards. Farming is not so carefully carried on as it
might he, and the farmers have heen a little slow in adopting nt^w
methods in their work. In fact tlic Nova Scotians, like the English,
are conservative about changes, and as a result sometimes miss the
lirst-fruits of success in business.

Though the pine forests are now pretty well gone, tlu-i'c is a good
deal of spruce, and lumbering is carried on extensively. As compared
with other industries manufacturing is not of very great importance yet,
but thousands of men are employed in sliipltuilding. '^I'weiity years ago
Nova Scotia owned moresliips for her size than any other country in the
world, and they were all built at home. They Mere engaged chieHy in
the carrying trade, and were to be seen in almost every harbour of the
worhl. The great increase in the number of iion and steel vessels has
greatly injured Nova Scotia's shipbuihling, but it is still very important
and the Province niay again before many vears occupy a first place. It
is expected that when the works in course of erection at Sydney begin
to turn out their innnense (juantities of iron and steel, ship^'ards will be
opened near by for the construction of large ocean vessels.

All kinds of minerals are found in this Province, but the chi«
coal, iron and gold. The coal mines have long been extensively wt .'d
and the coal shipped to the cities of the ICastern part of the continent.
The coal is like that of tiu; north of England. There ai'e also extensive
deposits of g>'psum, from which comes the plaster of I'aiis used so
much in modelling.

Nova Scotia stands first among the provinces for her fisheries. There
are in]])()rtant fisheries on all three coasts — the Atlantic, the liay of

■

CANADA.

Ftiridy aiul thu (julf of St. Lawrunco. In addition to the large qniititi-
litis iisod ill the I'rovinco there are important fihipnionts to the Wont
liidieH, to South America and elsewhere.

A country witli bo nnich Hliipping and fi,sln'ng must navo a great
many sailors among its jxipulation. There are many who regiihirly
follow the sea, and lliousiinds more along the coast mIio take part
in tlio fishing and also do a little farming. The interior is given up
chietly to fairning hut the fanners are only hegitniing to realize their
opportunities. On account of the moist climate nnich of the country
is a<lmiral>ly suited for pasturage and dairy farming will .soon l)e the
leading industry, for cheese and hutter factories are heing estaltlishi-d
and proper methods tatight. The apple? of Nova Scotia have heen
celel)rated for many years, and almost every farmer in the western j)art
of the province has a large orchard. The apples are exported in
increasing (piantities to Britain. The government has estahlished
a school wiiere the projter care of fruit and fruit trees is taught
and the industry has received more careful attention of Lite. Along
the north runs a line of hills whi(;h keep off the fogs and cohl winds
of the hay. IJehiiid them lies the Annapolis valley, the mild climate
of which so pleasi'd the titst settlers after their haid experierue on the
island of St. Croix. This is the oldest part of the province, and the
best for fruit growing.

Except for the lieather. Cape IJreton scenery is remarkahly like that
of the Scotch highlands — the riigged hills, the iniexpecttid mountain
lakes, th(! shaggy woods are all there. And the Oaelii; tongue is there too,
for neaily all the inhaltitants are Highlandeis or of Highland descent.
Many summer visitors are l)eginning to visit the island and enjoy a
few weeks of its invigorating salt hreezes.

Sydney, the former capital of Ca])e lireton, is the chief port for the
.shipment of coal. The new iron and steel works j)romise to add greatly
to the im])ortance of the j)lace. The on<;e great fortress of Louishurg
has fallen to ruins, hut the prospe^^ts of the histoiic old town are
hiighlening, for it is likely to become the winter 2>ort of Sydney,
whose harbour is closed by ice duiing that season. On the main-
land there are many small towns along the coast, the importance of
which depends on the shij)ping, the fisheries and lumber. Some of these
are Yarmouth, 'J'riwo, Windsor, I'ictou and New (ilasgow. The last
two are in the heart of the coal n^gions and arc rapidly developing
their manufactures. Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, is a tine city
with a ])opulation of altout fifty thousand. It is well built and is
l)eautifully situated on a magnitiient harbour, large enough to proteil the
wliole British navy. Halifax is one of Canada s winter jKjrta and has a

CANADA.

large ocean trade. During the winter when the St. Lawrence is closed
by ice the Rteamships unload and take on cargoes at Halifax or St. John.
The harbour and city are well defended, for it is the summer station of
the North Atlantic squadron of the British navy, and there are import-
ant Imperial dock yards and arsenals. This is the only spot in Canada at
which a British regiment is regularly stationed, but just now the city
is garrisoned by a Canadian militia regiment in order to free the British
troops for the war. Dalhousie University is situated at Halifax and
there are smaller colleges in several towns, notably King's College, at
Windsor, the oldest in Canada. The people of the Maritime Provinces
have always been great believers in the value of a thorough education,
and many of the young men take a further course at one of the British
universities after graduating from Dalhousie.

The Province in addition to its facilities for communication by water
is intersected by several railway lines, and is coiniected with tlie rest of
the Dominion by the Intercolonial Railway, which runs from Halifax,
through New Brunswick and Quebec, to Montreal. This railway is
owiicd and operated by the Dominion (tovernment, and other railwaj's
are given running privileges over it in order to reach Halifax and St.
John, to which another branch extends.

NEW BRUNSWICK.

New Brunswick is the largest of the Maritime
Provinces, but the niDst thinly populated. It
stretches northward from the Bay of Furidy for
two hundred miles to tlie Province of Quebec.
On the east is the (Julf of St. Lawrence and on
the west the State of Maine. Tiie southern and
ea;<tern parts of the Province are well populated,
but in the north there are still large tracts of
forest land. The government has a system of granting farms to settlers
in this northern eountry on easy terms. Tiie j)rice is veiy small and
the farm may be paid for either in money or by doing a certain amount
of labor on the roads in the vicinity. The climate of New Brunswick
in the southern part is much like that of Nova Scotia, Imt it is not so
moist and is subject to greater extremes. The winter is usually very
steady, with plenty of snow and an even, eohl temperature. Tiie
people are chietiy of British descent, with a good sprinkling of United
Empire Loyalist stock, and mos^t of them are native horn.

New lirunswick has twic»^ suffered terribly from Hres, and many peo-
ple have not yet (juite recovered from the k)sses caused by the last one.

• I

CANADA.

In 182'), after an unusually dry suninier, a fire started in the woods on
the upper waters of the Miianiichi river. It swept on hefoie a diiving
wind an<l hurned uj) everything over an area larger than Wales. Many
people perished in tlu; flames, and those who lived in that district lost
everything they possessed. The (ioverinuent helped the sufl'erers in
every possihle way, hut it was long hefore the etlects of this disaster
had passed away. In fact, the track of the fire is still visihle, and the
land has never heen useful since. In 1877 more than half of St. John
was hurned down, and property valued at twenty-five million dollars
destroyed. Thousands of petjple were ruined and had to move to other
places in search of work. It was a sad hlow to the amhitious little city
and one not easily overcome. But the recognition of its importance as
a winter port has of late years given St. John new life, and its progress
has heen very rapid.

The chief industry of New Brunswick is still lumbering, with agricul-
ture following closely. Every winter immense (juantities of logs are cut
on the head waters of such rivers as the St. John, St. Croix and ^liia-
michi and sawn during the suiinner at the lai-ge mills further down.
The pine forests are becoming exhausted, so the luml)ernien have
turned their attention to spruce, and, as this reforests rapidly, the
supply seems likely to continue for many years. Mixcl farming is carried
on in all parts of the country, with 'ncreasing attention to Hairy ing, for
which the country is so well suited. In scmio of the counties there are
large stock farms, where cattle are raised for the British and American
markets. There are various mineial deposits in the province, but
mining is in its infancy as yet. Fishing, however, has long been carried
on extensively, and New Brunswick stands next to Nova Scotia in this
industry. There are fisheries on the Bay of Fundy, the (!ulf of St.
Lawrence and the Bay of Chaleur. The salmon rivers are, of course,
fished for pleasure chiefly.

Manufactures are not very extensive as yet. There are several
woollen and cotton mills, and hardware, leather and nia(;hinery are also
n.anufactured. On nearly all the rivers there are numerous saw-mills.
Those of the St. John, the Miramichi and the St. Croix are very large,
and cut an immense amount of lumber each year.

Towns are scattered thioughout the farming country and along the
coast, but the population of nu)Ht of them is not above three or four
thousand. Fredericton, the capital, is a prettily situated tow n (»f about
eight thousand inhabitants. It is on the St. John river, eighty-f(jur
miles from the mouth. The town is noted for its fine trees, and has a
beautiful Anglican cathedral. It is the military centre of the province,
and in it are situated the Parliament buildings and the provincial

CANADA.

university. Moiuton, tlio lu'adqiuirlcr.s of tlio liiten'olonial railway,
is ail iiiiportaiil railway (;eiitre and lias cxft'iisivc inamitactiircs. It is
at this point that tlie Intentolonial divides, oiio Itiamli going t(i St.
John and the otiier running thniugii the ('liignecto peninsuhi and N<tva
Scotia to Halifax.

At the mouth of the 8t. .Tolui river stands St. John, tlie ehief roni-
mercial city. It has a splendid harixnir, always (;lear of ice, and,' as a
result, its shipping trade is growing very fast. It is one of ('anada's
winter ports and the chief shipping port of the Canadian Pacific railway
during that sea.son. Despite the fact that it has a population of 011I3'
forty-two thousand, St. John ranks fourth among the cities of the
British Kmpire for the numlter, tonnage and si/e of vessels owned.
The only places that surpass it are Liverpool, London and (ilasgow.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

The smallest province of Canada is the most
thickly settled and the most thoroughly tilled.
I'lince Kdward Island lies in the (Julf of St. Law-
rence, east of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
from which it is separated hy Northumherlaiid
Strait. The land is nearly all fertile-and very
little of it is not under cultivation. It is kept
rich hy a natural fertilizer called mussel-mud.
Tins consists of the decomposed remains of millions of ousters, irahs,
clams and other shell-fish. (Jreat deposits of it lie along the coast, the
layers often reaching a thickness of twenty-five feet. During the
winter a machine is phued uiH)n the ice, which raises the mud in large
quantities, and it is spread upon the land liefore the frost leaves.

In the oUl days the land in Prince Edward Island was held by
al)sentee landlords, called proprietors, but the (Jovernment Hiially
bought out these men, and most of the farmers now own their land.
The population is chiefly of Scotch descent, with a good many
Acadians, whose ancestors wandered to the island during the troublous
times in Acadia. There are a few Indians, who live on a reservation
and are fairly successful farmers.

The island is a popular resort for summer tourists, as there is splendid
surf bathing all along the north shore, and the sea air is very bracing.
The climate is like that of Nova Scotia, somewhat moist, and not
subject to the extremes of the inland. The spring season is some-
times made rather unpleasant by f(jgs and damp winds.

Farming is the leading industry and nearly all the island is under
careful tillage. The farmers are progressive and u.sually very prosjier-

fli

CANADA.

(i:i

nvH. A good (leal of stock is ruisctl, Imt dairy faniiiiit,' rcct-ivt's most
atti'iilion. Lai'L't' (jiiaiit it ics of liay and ])<)tatt>»'s aie <,'r(i\\ ii fur .ship-
nitiit to tlu! United Stairs, and ])oiiltiy i-aising <»n a large stale is a
recent dcvfltipnnnt . 'riitie is now a line of ships luiniing diicct. to
liiitain, and tlie islam! is splendidly situated for tlit; sliipnienl of all
farm and dairy piodiiets to that country.

'I'JK^ tisheiiea are of great value to the country and might he consider-
ably extended ; tlie island is situated in the (;entre of the gulf tishei'i»'s.
In addition to the various fish oi the gulf there are extensive lobster and
oyster fisheries.

Coirnnunication Avith the maiidan<l is ke])t up the year round. Tour-
ing the suiniiier many lines of steamers call, but in winter it is some-
times diHi(H:It to get across Nort Innubeiland Stiait. The journey is
made daily by a steanu'r eonstructc«l espeeiall}' for the service. It is a
very strong, heavy boat, so built as to lun up on the ice aiul crush it.
A much mtire interesting way to cross is to go on the ice boat from Cape
Tiavcrse to Cape Tormentine in New lirunswick, a distance of nine
miles. 'I'hese boats aie box like things with a double keel. They are
rowed througfi the oj»en water and when a tloe is reached the double
keel serves for lunncrs. The h.irdy (.-rew springing out, sei/,(! the
leather straps and run \\ ith the l)oat over the ice.

Prince Kdwaid Islaial has several excellent harlumrs, the best being
that of Charlottetown, the cai)ital. This city has a jjopulation of about
sixteen thousand. The situation is goo<l and the city presents a very
neat, trim ap[)earance. It has many handsome buiklings, including
those of the legislature and a small college. There are also sevei-al
[Uivate s(;hools and convents. The other towns are small and situated
along the sea coast. A lailway nnis the whole length of the island
anil touches at all the important places.

MARITIME PROVINCES.

Nova Scotia. Capital, Halifax.

Population in 1S5M, 4")»),:^}»().

Ai'ca, "2(», ()()(( s(juare miles including Cape Breton, .3,120 scpiare miles.
Length ,S.")(> miles, Itieadlh 12(1.

IMiysical fi'atures : Surface diversified by lofty hills, broad valleys,
numerous lakes and rivers. Chief river, Aimapolis. Cobeipiid mt)un-
tains in north, gieatest elevation 1,2(K) feet. Coast line 1,2(M) miles;
shores aluupt and irregular, with many inlets and fine harbours, esjH-c-
ially in south-east ; numeious small islan<ls near coast.

Industries : r^uml)ering and ship-buihling important, agriculture in
all its branches, including dairy farming, stock raising and fruit glow-
ing. Exports of apples very extensive. Minerals very important, par-
ticularly coal : gohl, gypsum and iron extensively mined.

CANADA.

Fisheries ])y far the most important in the Dominion. Vahie of pro-
duet 1S1>7, $.S,(K)(),;U(i, eod, h)hsters, herring, maekerel, ha(hlo(,k, liak(\

Maiuifactures limited l)ut iiiereasing in vahie.

('ities and towns: — Halifax (49,000 estimated), Daitiuoulh, Yar-
mouth, Sydney,

Kdueation free and non-seetarian. Dalhousie College and University
at Halifax, University of King's College, Windsor.

(Jovernnient vested in Lieutenant-Covernor assisted hy an Exeentive
("ouneil, a Legislative Couneil, and a Legislative Assemljly. Province
has ten Senators and twenty Representatives in Dominion J'arliament.

Nkw Bki'Sswick. Capital, Fiederieton.

Population in 18!)1, .'W1,2(»,S. Area, 28,200 Square miles. Length,
north to soutii, 280 mil s, hreadth, 100.

Physical features : Surface geneially inidulating, elevation slight,
highest ])oint 2,170 feet. St. John River, 500 miles in length, chief
natural featuie, drains 0,000,000 acres of the province ; Miraniichi next
in importance, Restigouche, Richil)Ucto, I'etitcodiac, St. Croix. Lakes
numen)us but small. Coast line (on three sides), .WO miles, indented hy
large bays and tine harbours. Dense forests of pine, cedar, spruce cover
large areas in north and northwest ; lumber leading sonrce of wealth.
Agriculture next and increasing rapidly in importance. Soil exceed-
ingly fertile, grains, roots, hay and fi'uits largely grown. Dairy faini-
ing and stock raising growing rapidly. Fisheries rank n«xt in value
to those of Nova Scotia, herring, .almon, cod, lobster, smelts, sardines,
haddock, oysters.

Chief manufactures : Lumber, salmon, lobster and oyster canning,
textile and paper mills, iron works.

Minerals: (Jypsum, coal, asbestos, stone.

Cities and towns: St. Joini (40, 0(K) estimated). Fredericton, Portland
(now incorporated with St. John), Mon<.ton.

Education : Schools free and non-sectarian : University of New
Brunswick, Fredeiicton.

(Jovernment administered by Lieutenant-Oovernor and aii Executive
Couneil ; there is a Legislative Assembly elected by the people. }*rovin(;e
has tea Senators and fourteen Representatives in Dominion Parliament.

Prince Edward Island. Capital Charlottetown.

Population in 1891, 109,078. Area, 2,000 square miles. Length 140
miles, breadth fiom four to thirty-four.

Physical features : Sui'face rolling and well watered, greatest eleva-
tion about aOO feet. Deeply indented coast line, bordereil by several
small islands.

Industries : Agriculture the leading pursuit, grain, vegetables and
grasses principal crops. Stock raising and dairying important. Fish-
eries important and capable of great development, lobsters, herring,
oysters, eod, mackerel, hake.

Cities and towns: Charlottetown (12,000 estimated), Summerside,
Georgetown, Souris.

Education : Schools free and unsectarian. Two colleges. Prince of
Wales and St. Dunstan, the latter belonging to the Roman Catholics.

Covernment vested in Lieutenant-(iovernor, an Executive Council,
and a Legislative Assembly. The Province has four Senators and five
Representatives in the Dominion Parliament.

CANADA.

CHAPTER IX.

{ ,<.JA

S^^sibiMk-

_ tiA^f*^'

QUEBEC.

►HR ciuly history of French Ciinivda, like that
of Acadia, is full of interest and romance.
The story of Chaniplain's untiring struggles
to found a colony, of the patient heroism of the
Jesuit fathers among the Indians, of the explora-
tions of LaSalle and the Jesuits in the western
wilderness are but a few of the subjects which
lend interest to the history of the French in
Canatla. Champlain founded Quel)ec in 1608 on the site of an Indian
village. The position was well suited for defence and was soon strengt h-
ened by a palisade fort, later replaced by a stone one. The colony
was long managed by a company which imid very little attention
to its development, but thought only of the valuable fur trade. Just
one hundred years before the English captured the country, however,
the King witlidrew the company's charter and the colony passed
under Ko^al rule. Those who were sent out to take charge found
that most of tlie young men, allured by the charms of hunting and
trappuig, were slipping away from the settlement to live with the
Indians. As a colony could not very well grow under these conditions.
Talon, who held the office of Intendant, determined to stop the
practice. He sent to Franco and got several shiploads of French country
girls to come over as wives for the young men of Canada. The King
took a great interest in this experiment and gave a handsome dowry to
each girl on her marriage. Talon Avas a nuui of energy and when the
ships arrived he ordered all ui\marricd men to choose wives without
delay. The men went to the ships, cliose their partners on the principle
of "first come, first served," and were married before they left the
water's edge. Anyone who did not do as ordered was to be dealt with
severely, and the King ordained that any young man who refused to
marry should not be allowed to hunt, fish, or trade.

After the change to Royal government, things went on somewhat
better and the little settlements and lonely seigniories between Mont-
real and Quebec gradually increased in number. But the hostile
Iroquois were always a source of danger ; sometimes they lurked in the

CANADA.

woods on the lookout for anyone so luiliappy as to stray away from tlie
clearing ; at otlifi- tinu's Oicy MduM niakf a sudden descent in force and
f;dl upon some sleeping settlcnienl. 'I'lie most dic.idful of these raids
was the massacre of Liichine, when many peoph* wei'e shiin oidy a shot t
distancf? altove Montital. The French colonists siiowed the utmost
hravery in their <lif>icult position, and deeds of heroism were constantly

For instance, the Seigneur de la Verchercs dwelt at a htncly spot on
the St. Lawrences, a short distance helow Montreal, so exposed to attacks
from the Irocjuois that it wa:< called the Castle Dangeious of (Canada.
And it was here that Ma«leleine, the fcmrteen year old daughter f>f the

Quebea

Seigneur, proved herself a heroine whose name should live so long as
history is written to serve as an inspiration to girls and boys. One
morning when her father was away at Quebec, and most of the peo-
ple at work in the fields, she was at home with only two soldiers, an
old man of eighty and her two little brothers. Suddenly the Irotiu(.is
nttacked the fort. The soldiers at once gave up in despair when they
thought of their weakness and the strength of the enemy. But the
brave little girl took command and set such an examjjle of calm courage
that the soldiers were ashamed and took heart again. She held the
Indians at bay, until some of the women from the fields managed to
steal into the fort. So well did the young leader dispose her forces.

CANADA.

and take iiicaRm-cs aiijainst cvory sliiita<,'<>m of llie Tiidiaiis lliat for a
wliitlf week slie kept tlu'in oH" and foiled llicii- IksI ctloits. Her Inot ti-
ers, one twelve and t lie other ten years of a<ie, jiioved alile assistants
and used Iheir rruns ri;^lit laavely. When the siejfe had lasted for a
week liel|) arrived from Montreal. The relief party expected to find
tho foit in ashes and the inmates slain. Thev found instead, the <'arri-
son uninjured and a <i;irl of fourteen in eommand.

The story of Daulae and his companions is one whieli cannot he
told too often, for it records the heroie devotion of men wiio volun-
tarily gav(! up their lives to save their fellows. Roberts, in his historv
of Canada, tells tlu; story as follows: " Anion <jf tlu^ names of the
heroes of Canada abides imjierislialde that of Daulae des Oiiiieaux,
familiarly known as Dollard. This young nolileman's name had sutiered
a stain in Fi-aneci. He came to Montreal in search of an opportunitv foi-
some deed that would wipe out the rejiroadi. At length word reached
the settlement that a great war ])arty was on its way down the Ottawa
to exterminat*^ Ville-Marie. Dollard, with sixteen eomrades, vowed to
shatter the wav(* e'er it broke on the city, and to restore respect for
French valour. They took the sacrament together and went forth to
the fate of 'i'liermopykie. Nor was this new Thermojiylae less ghirious
than that immoital one of old. With a handful of Huron ami Algon.|iiin
allies they ascended the Ottawa and entrenched tiiemselves in the ruins
of an old stockade at the pass of the Long Sault rapids. Seven hundred
yelling Inxpiois swooped upon them, and were beaten back. Appalled
at the territic odds, most of Dollard's Indians forsook him. Hut one
AlgoiKiuin chief, and a half score of the more warlike Huroris, stood
faithful. :Men were these savages, of the old, heroic pattern. For three
da^'s, -burning with thirst, for there was no spring in the fort,- faint-
ing witli hunger, for there was no time to eat, —gasping with exhaustion,
for the foe allowed them no respite, these heroes held the pass ; and the
liodies of the Iroipiois were piled so deep before them that the palisades
ceased to be a shelter. Not till all were slain but five, and these five
helpless with wounds, did the enemy win their way in. Of the five, four
died at once ; and the last, having life enough left to make it worth
while, was tortured. But the Iro(piois had been taught a lesson. 'J'hcy
slunk back to their lodges ; and Montreal drew breath awhile in peace.''
After the massacre of Lachine, Frontenae, Canada's greatest governor,
who had gone })ack to France, was recalled. He soon compelled tiie
Irocjuois to look on him with fear, and the colony was given a respite
from its dangers. From that time the country increased more rapidly
in importance and strength. Waifare with the English colonists to
the south, broke out occasionally and took the form of border raids in

CANADA.

whidi both sides, to their shame, made use of Indian alh'es, who, in the
name of liritain and of Franc(% committed the most dreadful atrocities.
As tlio eigliteenth century wore on tiie outhicaks of warfaie became
more fi-ecjuent till the last great struggle came, .and Canada passed
under British rule. In tlie course of time, as the countiy tilled up, the
ohl French part came to he known as Lower Canada, a name which was
changed., at the time of Confederaticm, to Quebec.

The Province of Quebec extends eastward from Ontario to the (Julf of
St. Lawrence and along the north side of the gulf almost to the Atlantic
ocean from which it is sepiirated by a narrow strip of Labrador. To the
south are the United States and New Brunswick, but the largest section
is north of the St. Lawrence, and runs up as far as James bay. The area
of the province is 347,350 square miles, or a little larger than tlie conj-
bined areas of France, Italy and Switzerland. It is the second largest
province in the Dominion and stands second in population. Quebec is
cut in two by the St. Lawrence river, which grows ever broader as it
descends until it reaches a width of twenty-five miles just before enter-
ing the Gulf. Ruiuiing along the south-east is a range of mountains
called the Notre Dame, which end in the high plateau of CJaspe, where
Cartier first landed to take possession of Canada for the King of France.
In (Jaspe, parallel to the Notre Dame, run the Shickshock mountains
with several peaks nearly as high as Ben Nevis in Scotland. In
the North are the rugged Laurentian mountains. Between the highlands
and the river lies abroad belt of flat agricultural country.

A number of large rivers flow into the St. Lawrence, usually forming
a succession of rapids and falls, though several of them are navigable
for many miles. The Ottawa river, which forms the boundary between
Quebec and Ontario, runs in a great irregular curve. From its source
to the city of Ottawa it has many a rapid and fall, with broad deep
reaches between. From Ottawa to the point where it enters the St.
Lawrence, a little above Montreal, the river is navigable except at one
place, and there the rapids are overcome by a canal. The St. Maurice,
which is over four hundred miles in length, brings down immense (juanti-
ties of lumber to be sawn at the city of Three Rivers, situated at its mouth.
The Saguenay is navigable for nearly a hundred miles, and is famous for
its magnificent scenery. For the last seventy-five miles of its course it
flows between cliffs often 1,200 feet in height. The beautiful scenery
and fine fishing make the river the favourite resort of thousands of
tourists. Into the St. Lawrence from the south flow the Richelieu, the
Yamaska and the St. Francis. The Richelieu drains lake Champlain,
and by a system of locks, vessel communication has been established
between the St. Lawrence and the Hudson, on which New York is

CANADA.

situated. The St. Francis drains a group of beautiful little lakes in
the Eastern Townships known as Magog, Memphremagog, Massawippi
iSt. Francis and Ayhner. The Laurentian area in the north is dotted
with small mountain lakes. The largest are St. John, th«^ source of
the river Saguenay, and Mistassini, about which very little is as yet
known.

The people of Quebec number a million and a half, most of whom live
along the St. Lawrence between the western boundary and a \um\t not
far east of Quebec city. Nearly all the inhal)itants are of French
descent and still speak French ; but their language is somewhat differ-
ent from that spoken in France. The English-speaking pojjuhition lives
chiefly in the cities and in the counties south of the St. Lawrenc(>, o[)po-
site Montreal. Tliis section is known as the f]astern Townships, and is
the most prosperous farming community in Quebec. The farmers pay
particular attention to dair\ing and the raising of fat stock.

The French Canadians are nearly all Roman Catholics and very much
devoted to their church and nn\s, as their priests are called. They
are very handy workmen under direction, and flock to the towns to
work in the factories. Strikes are almost unknown among them. The
farmers, or hahi(an/.<<, live on small farms as a ride, and when the sons
grow up and marry, instead of taking up land in the unsettled parts
of the country, they prefer to build on the lK)mestead and divide
the farm. Tliese people love company and like to have their houses
together. They build therefore near the road, and as the farms
are long and very narrow the highway in a populous country section
often looks like a long village street. The hahitants are a very simple,
contented people, easily satisfied and adhering to a greater or less
extent to the old methods of farming. Many of tlie cures have taken
up the question of improvement, however, and are using their great
influence to arouse tlie people of their congregations. Some of tliem
have even taken charge of co-operative clieese and butter factories,
in ordc to have a start made in tlie right direction.

Tlie habitant is a quite i)i(turesque fellow as he rides along the road in
his French cart on a hot summer day, and he is even more so in winter
when he wears a dress that is distinctively his own. He is clad in thick
trousers of grey home-spun and a coat of the same material, with a cap-
uchin or hood, which can be drawn over the head when driving in cold
or stormy weather. Alxnit his middle is wound a long scarlet sash, tied
so that the tasseled ends hang loose at tlie side. On his head is a
knitted capote of some brilliant colour with a tassel, and on his feet
"beef-skin" mo(;casins with long leather tops that come nearly to the
knee. Both the summer and winter vehicles used are peculiar. The

CANADA.

cart JH a high two-whcolod ,^g, usually without Hprings, und with ii seat
that will a<(;<»nuiH»(lat«! tw«» jRirsoris. The sleigh used in winter is called
a "liurlo" and is very low witli a high )>at:k, and adasli hoard to stop tin;
snow that flies from llie liorse's feet as \h' tiots. Tlif iioises are stunly
little animals, short and thick-set. 'I'hey are a hreed tiiat has heen
developed in (i)u(!hcc, will stand nnich hard work witliuut exhaustion,
and are known as French ('anadian ponies.

Th(! hOrltfiiits retain many of tiie ])i(rtm'es<}ue customs and ceremonies
of tiie early French settlers. Tiiey are fond of meeting together
for enjoyment, and will go long distances to attend tlie dances which
are freijuently held. The fun goes on from early evening till four or
five o't;lock in tiie morning, growing ever nunc lively as the night wears
awa\'. These dances are still conducted as they were a hundied years
ago — the "fiddler" sits on a high seat and "calls ofl"' the various
movements as he plays, while the dancers go tluough the lig)ires and
step dances of their great-grandfathers. After the midnight nia.ss on
Clu'istmas Eve, which every one attends, several families usually
gather at some farm house for a big supper, at which one may hear
many an old Fren(;h chanson and see some of the (juaint customs of long
ago. These people cling to their language also, and their love for the
past is shown in the fact that they (h) not speak modern French hut the
language of last century, with oidy such changes as life in an English
speaking countiv has caused. According to the law of Canada, French
and English are liotli recctgnizcd and hotli ai'c used in TarliauuMit. The
English of the French Canadian is a peculiar patoi^s hclj)ed out hy
violent gesticulations. A stanza from the poet Drummond, who has
pictured so well the life and thougiits of the /inhitrnif, will give some
idea of this patois and also describe in his (nvn words the dress of a
French Canadian farmer :

" Willi I w'cn (le oil' iiuiii an' Hatei'sc come ofT de ti)a!,'asiii
lialt'csc is los' liees Yankee clothes he's dress lak Canaycn
Wit' bottessauvajjes -ceintuie f1cch(i -an' eoat wit' capuchon
An' spik Kraiicais au naturel, de sam' as habitant."

The hdhitimt is singidarly independent of many things which to most
people are absolutely necessary. He grows his own tobacco and makes
nuu'h of his sugar fiom the sap of the majjle. From his sheep he gets
wool, which his wife spins and weaves into the strong " home-spun"
cloth of wiiich his clothes are made. Very often he makes his own
whiskey also, and a great deal of the ImlnUiufa whiskey hlnnc is used
throughout (^Miebci-.

The upper class among the French Canadians arc more like the people
of Parisj but they have a courtly manner which suggests old France

)

CANADA.

rather thiin thr nnKlern RopuMi''. This class has^ivcn to Caruula many
of hor greatest ptil^ie men, and one of the boasts of such men has heen
that they were Hritisli siihjects. The h-aih-r of the stniggh" for respon-
sihk^ government in Canada was a Frencli Canadian, the Hon. 1^. J.
I'apineau. Another who took part in tliat struggk-, (Jeorge Cartier,
hel))ed hxter on to bring ahout the confederation of the provinces, and
was Knighted for his services to the country. The present distinguished
Piemier of Catuida, Sir Wilfiid Laurier is a French Canadian.

Tiie northern j)ait of C^hiehcc is covered hy forests and most (tf the
south-east also, altliough tht're forest tires have done great (himagc,
Luml)ering is naturally the leading industry of the Province. In the
Eastern townships there are large groves of maple and during the early
days of spring the mainifacture of maple sugar and syrup is carried on
extensively. Agriculture stands next to lumhering in importance, and
then comes fishing. The fisheries of the lower St. Lawrence and of the
Culf are extensive, and furnish employment for most of the iidiahitants
of that district. From the (iulfto (^uehec the scenery is magnificent,
and at many points there are beautiful summer resorts where the visitor
finds good bathing, boating and fishing, as well as a delightful country
for drives or rambles.

Of late years several companies have begun to make use of the
immense water power of the rivers noith of the St. Lawrence. Large
companies have been formed and machinery put in to generate electri-
city for distribution to the manufacturers. Already there are several
pulp and paper mills and numerous (jther industries have been organized
to take advantage of the cheap power. The province has valuable
minerals, l)ut like Ontario, is hampered by the abseiue of coal. There
are deposits of the best iron, but the only place at which it is mined to
any great extent is above Tluee Rivers on the St. Maurice. (Jold and
co|)|)er mines are also worked, the latter (juite (!xtensively.

Quel)ec, the capital of the j)roviiice is the oldest and most historic
city in Canada. It is 'oeaulifuUy situated im the St. Lawrence. The
town is strongly fortified, the citadel standing on a high clit!' which fiom
the river side is almost impiegnable. Nearly the whole population is
French. (()uel)ec has important shipping and maiuifacturing interests,
and is the centre of the ocean lumber trade. In addition to being the
seat of the Provincial (Tovernment it is an important military post.

Montreal, the largest and most important cit\ in the Dominion, has a
population of two bundled and fifty thousand. Most of the wealthy
citizens, of whom there are many, arc Knglish-speaking, while the oper-
atives are chiefly French. The city is situated al the iooi of Mount
Royal, which gives to the citizens a splendid park with an outlook for

CANADA.

tnilcH ovfsr tlin Kiirroiinding country. Moritn-al in MithHtatitiully huilt,
most of tlio l)uil(liiigs heirig of Btone. Notre 1)arii(;, tho French cathe-
dral, seats ten thousand people, and tho cathedral of St, James is an
exact copy, on a reduced scale, of Ht. Peter's at lioine. Along the river
front are miles of massive docks, piers and wharves, for Montreal is at
tilt! head of ocean navigatit)n and during tlio 8cas(»n on(^ of tlie Itusiest
ports in America. Tho city has railway connection with every part of
tho continent and is the headtjuarters of the CJrand Trtiiik and the

i J'' K-

gp^.

r^ -

^ hU'-' ♦

Moiitreiil H.irl)imr.

Canadian Pacific railways. By means of the St. Lawrence, the Ottawa
and the Richelieu, with their canals, travel and transport by wvater are
possible in many directions.

Other cities are Three Rivers, Hull, with pulp, paper atid wooden-
ware factories, Sherbrooke, Sorel, St. Hyac;inthc and RichnKJiid.

CANADA.

Qt'KKKC, ('AI'ITAIi QlKIIKr. I'oiII.ATloN IN IS'.H, I ,t.SH, .');{.">. AkKA,
.'UT,;^'*) SylAKK MlI-KS, INCMIMNfi A NiMHKK (tK Isi,AMtS, MOST
IMTOhlVNT, AnTI<'(»STI, MA(il)AKKN, IIoSAVKNTlKK. Ij:N«;TIC (iF
PUdVI.N K KK(»M 7<M^)T<> I ,<MM) MlF-KS, HKKAt)TI£ AHOlT 300 Mll.KS.

Physical ft'iitiiics : Surfact* gn-utly (livcrsiricd, most stiiki i^ fiMturr,
tlic luimt'ioiis rivci'H and lakrs. St. Lawrence, (Iraiiiiiig almost eiitiio
Province, traverses the country from south-west to iiortli-east, l)etween
two |>rinci[)al niountain ranges; Notro Daino (Mount liaytieM, .'{,!)73
feet) south of river ; Laurent ian, average lieight l.OOO feet, nortii. Chief
Rivers flowing into St, Lawrence, from north, Ottawa, St. Maurice,
Montmoiency and Saguenay, fi'om south, IlicheliiJU, Yamaska, St.
Fiancis, Chaudicre and Ktchemin. Into the Ottawa flow, the Catincau,
du Lievre, Coidonge, lilack, du Nord, Petite Nation and Assomption,
all important linnl)er rivers. The Ottawa river is on the l)order between
Quehec and Ontario. St. John is the largest and most l)eautiful of the
lakes, aiea 3(50 sijuare miles. Other lakes besides the expansions along
the St. I^awreneo and Ottawa, are Lake ('hamplain ([)artly in the
United States), Memphremagog, ALagog, Massawippi, St. Francis,
Aylmer, Megantic and Spider. Mistassini north of the St. Lawrence,
is said to Ije veiy large hut has not been thoroughly explored. The
Province is notccl for the beauty of its scenery, the many points of
natiwal and histoiical interest attracting large numbers of tourists.
Nearly one-third of the whole area is covered by forests, and lumltering
is much the most important industry. Most important timber region
is along the Ottax.a and its tributaries, but the spru(;e forests in eastern
part of province rapidly increasing in importaiu'o owing to growth of
pulp and i)aper industry. Agriculture and stock raising next in import-
ance, dairy farming developing, fisheries of (Julf and lower St. Lawrence
extensive — (!od, herring, .salmon, lobsters, mackerel, smelts, .sardines.

In manufactures the province stands next to Ontario, chief products,
lumber, cheese, textiles, furniture, leather, paper, boots, shoes, flour.

Cities and Towns : Montreal, (240,000 estimated), Quebec, (73,000 esti-
mated), Hull, Sherbrooke, St. H\'acinthe, Three Rivers and Richmond.

Education : L'nder control of Superintendent of Public Instruction,
assisted by council of 3o members. Separate Schools are maintained for
Prf)testants wliere they are sutHciently numerous. Universities, McCJill,
Laval, Bishop's College.

Government : Executive vested in Lieutenant Governor assisted by
executive council of 7, all of whom must have seats in the Legis-
lature. There is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly.
Province represented in Dominion Parliament by 24 Senators, and G~)
Representatives.
6

CANADA.

CHAPTER X.

ONTARIO.

URINO the peiiofl of French occupation of
Canada, tliere was very little settlement west
of the Ottawa river. Early in the history of
the country, however. Fort Frontenac, situated at
the point where the w.tccrs of Lake Ontario enter
tlic St. Lawrence, became an imj)oitant outpost.
Tlie Fort was maintained by the great exphjrer La
Salle, who had secured trading riglits on the lakes
in exchange foi' keeping uj) the fort at tiiis j)oint. It was of the utmost
importance in (tverawing the Indians, and was also a trading post.
Later on another foil was established at Niagara, and a thii'd at Detroit.
But it was not till after the coiupu'st of (Canada by Britain that L'[){)er
Canada, as the countiy west of the Ottawa river came to be called,
attained a position of much im])ortance. After that event it became
the home of many liiitish coloni.sts as well as of a laige numi)er of United
Empire Loyalists. By 17!H the .settlements west of the Ottawa had
grown so large that the Constitutional Act divided Canada into Up))er
and Lower I'anada, each with a iiovei'nment of its own. So matters
remained until the rebellions of 1837 in both provinces, which arose
over the question of responsilde govennnent. I.i 1840, after the close
of the rebellion. Upper and L')wer Canada were re-united, so to I'emain
till 18()7, vvhen they were again divide;! ir to the Provinces of Ontario
and (()uebec, in order to form j)art of the new Dominion of Canada.

The country about (ieoigian Baveai'lv l)ecame the scene of tiie most
active labours of the untiring Jesuit Fathers, who toiled long and suc-
cessfully among the Huron Indians of that legion. They endured hard-
ships, disappointments and even pensecution with the utmost patience
and weie rewarded by receiving almost the whole Huron nation into
Christianity. But the Iro(pu;)is, the terrible enemies of Hurons and
French alike, kept up a constant warfare, gradually weakening their
foes, until in one great massacre they killed thousands of the Hurons.
The missionarioK, true to their followers, remained with them to the last,
and were put to death with horrible tortures l)y the victorious Iroquois.
The remant of the scattered people lied helplessly in various directions,
and the once mighty Huron nation was thereafter but a name.

CANADA.

The Province of Ontario lies to the west of Quebec, occupying tlio
territory hetween the (Jrcat Lakes and James Bay. It is a litth; hirger
than tlie (ieirnan Empire, and amung tlie provincis stands next in size
to British Cohnnbia and (^uel)ec. But in importance, wealth and
population it is tiist. 'I'he inhabitants nundter over twi nnllions,
or about one-third of the population of the Dominion. Ti.. southern
and eastern ])arts of thi' ])i'ovince are well setth'd, containing many
large cities and towns, but the north is still covered by forests, with
l)ut an occasional .settlement. Part of this noithern land is locky and
unsuitable for cultivation, liut it gives promise of being oiii; of the best
sections of the countiy, owing to the lidi mineral <lc|»osits. Farther
east is a section with soil ami climate admiral)ly suited foi' farming.
This is the Lake Tcmiscaminguc district, near the head waters of the
Ottawa. Settlers are taking up land lapirlly, coming chiefly from
Quebec and the older parts of Ontario. Soiilii-east of this section is the
pine district, which lias added so mucli to the wealth ot the ])idviiice.
The Hshing and shooting in iiorlliern Ontario are hard to sur|)ass,
while the scenery on the inland lakes and rivers rivals that of even the
Tliousand Islands and < Jeorgian Bay. ('olonization roads are constructed
by the I'rovincial (lovernment fiom tlie nearest railway ])oiiit to the
vai'ious settled parts of the new coiiiitry. These roads are ipiite inilike
those of an older land. They are called coriliiroy roads, and are made
by laying small logs clo.se together across the path and tilling iji a little
with earth. A long trip over a new rorihirai/ road is an experience not
soon to be forgotten. The log roads are gi-adually replaced, however,
by better ones as the settlements giow and traflic increases. Canadian
highways do not compare at all favouialily with those of Lnglaiul, but
a strong movement is now on foot throughout Canada for the improve-
ment of the roads.

The chniate of Southern Ontario is modified i)y flic (ireat Lakes, but
the north lias the clear, dry, inland climate \i'vy hot in summer and
cohl in winter. On the whole, however, the diy climate of the north is
the pleasantcr, as tlie m«iistuic of the lake region makes tlic cold much
more penetrating.

The farmers of Ontario are, jierhaps, the most jirogressivc and pros-
perous in Canada, and farming luu; l)een more specialized flian in any
other part of the Dominion. In the e;i.stern section the most careful
attention is paid to dairy farming, and I'hecseor butter factories are within
ea.sy reach of every farmer. Further west is a rii'h farming community,
where much attention is paid to fat cattle, grain and cheese. Between
the two is the famous fruit peninsula, pushed like a wedge between lakes
Erie and Huron, with a smaller peninsula standing between lakes Ontario

CANADA.

and Erie. In addition to fruit-raising, mixed farming is carried on
tlu'oughout the peninsula, and the district is one of the richest in Can-
ada. Tobacco and hops are extensively grown in the extreme south-
west. All over this section ap])les an; grown for shi[)nu'nt to the
Uritish and other markets. Near 'I'oioiito hundieds of acres are devoted
to the culture of strawberries. In the Niagara peninsula, wliicii is one
of the best fruit sections in tlie world, many kinds of fruit are raised,
but particular attention is paid to grapes and peaches. A diive through
this peninsula in September, is a revelation in the possibilities of fruit
culture. There are orchards of trees simj)ly bieaking down inider
their load of luscious peadies, and vineyards wliert; the grapes are meas-
ured not by the basket, but l)y the ton. Owing to tlie (juantit ies of
gi'apes gro\vn, the making of wine has Itecome an impoi'tant inchistry,
both about Niagara and further west on IV'lee Island.

Tln-oughout all tlie older parts of the l*rovince one sees comfortable
brick and stone houses, large bai'ns, and neat, well-tilh-d farms with heids
of thorougiibred cattle and numbers of good horses. On every hand aie
signs of thrifty industry and comfort. At short intervals, particularly
in the west, stand busy manufactui'ing towns and (piiet country villages.
Everv mile or two countiv school houses are met with, and in each vil-
lage rise the spires of two or three churches.

The .surface of the country is irregular but in no ])art are there high
moinitains. The Lament ian hills rini fiom near Kingston, towards the
north-west to (Jeorgian Hay. They reacli a height in some places of
over two thousand feet. The Blue mcmntains to the south of (icoi'gian
Bay are of about the same iieight. The rivers and lakes of Ontario aie
numerous. In the east is the St. Lawrence into which tlows thcOttiiwa
with its many atH'icnts. Both of these aie border rivers. 'I'lie great
lakes all receive the waters of numei'ous rivers, like the Trent, Moira,
(irand, Thames, Saiigeen, Maitland, French, S])aiiish and Nipigon. The
lakes of the I'rovince are almost innumerable, the largest are Simcoe,
Kideau, Nipissing, Nipigon, 'I'amagami, the i'etciborough lakes, the
Muskoka lakes, and the Lake of the Woods, on the border.

The people of North America are very fond of out-door life, and many
thousands s])e'-.d the summer months at some resort where the air is fresh
and the life free. As a result, nearly all the little inland lakes have
their summer visitors. At the Thousand Islands there are hundieds of
beautiful cottages and many large hotels. Excursion steamers, pleasure
yachts, canoes and small boats are constantly winding their dt'vious
way through the ma/e of islands. Dances, sailing matches, picnics help
to keep up the merriment during the \\ hole summer. About one hundreij
miles north of Toronto are the beautiful Muskoka lakes, and there the

CANADA.

1 1

scene is repeated in a simpler way. The Georgian Bay district is rapidly
becoming equally popular and the seeker after the delights of the wilder-
ness is driven ever faitiiei' ainld. Many nf the young men in Cnnada
j)refer to take their lii)lidays in a fi'eer' style llian is ])ossil)le at a
fashi(jnal)le sunniier resort, so they go far away to the lakes ;uid rivers of
the unsettled country to rainp, as it is called. They live in tents, cook
their meals over an open lire, and spend tlieii' days in canoeing, tisinng
and hunting. It is not an unconnnon thing for young fellows to take
tlieir Cannes, a tent, and some light piovisions an<l start otl' for several
weeks of exiiloring on the inland riveis and lakes.

Owiny; to the nuinl»er of rivers llowinif throutfli the more ru<f}'<.'d
parts of tlie jjrovince, water power is almost everywhere availaltle for
manufacturing purposes. Hence Ontario is rapidly assuming an import-
ant position as a manufactiu'ing province. At Sank Ste. Marie, for
instance, on the rapids of tlie St. Mary river, are situated the largest
pull) ''idls in tlie world. In all the towns of the western peninsula
there are factories for the manufacture of a variety of tiiings-^agiicul-
tural implements, edged tools, mill machinery, pianos, oigans, furnituie
and various otiier articles. There are also large bi'eweries, and dis-
i leries, the latter exporting extensively tt) Britain and tlie Uiiite<l
- tates. On (Georgian l!ay and in the Ottawa district are great saw mills
and factories for cutting and dressing lumlier. Throughout Kastein
Ontario tlieie are cotton, woolen and knitted goods mills, carriage
factories, locomotive and car works ami implement factories. Although
as yet most of their output is sold in Canada, theexpoit trade in manu-
factured goods is growing.

The wi'stern peninsula is impoi'tant for its salt and oil industries.
Along Lake Huron is an extensive area, producing large ([uantities of
salt. The salt is pumiied from wells in the form of strong Itriiie, wlii<'li
is evaporated and the product relined at Windsor, Sariiia, (iodci'icii
and other points. A little further south is the oil region, whitli has for
many years supplied most of ('anada with its coal oil. Here, at (-entres
like I'etrolea and Oil Springs, are thousands of wells producing crude
petroleum, which when letined yields illuminating oil and many valu-
able by products. The industiy has been a most prolitable one and
employs many hands.

The maple leaf is usually spoken of as tlu emblem of Canada, just as
the shamrock is the emblem of Irelami. or the thistle, of Scotland. The
reason is that all over Kastei'ii Canada are groves of this beautiful hard-
wood tree. The maple has been of great value to Canadians, for not
only does it funiisii a very tine hard-wotxl for polisiied interior work
and for tire wood, but from its sap the maple .syrup and maple sugar

CANADA.

of Ciuicarla are made. F^very spring, dining parts of March and
April, the sugar making goes on, and there are few nioie delightful ex-
periences f(jra h(jy tlian to spend some days at a sugar camp. The trees
are tapped as soon as the heat from the smi is strong enough to make
the sap run during tlie day and under eacii dripping spile is hung a tin
bucket to catch the sap. At the camp is a large stone Hre-place, called
an arch, on which is set a great flat pan. (Jnce or twice a day the men
drive through the woods with a puncheon and gather the sap. It is
poured into the pan vnider which a fire is kept going night and day.
The sap looks like water, but its taste is sweet, and as it boils the
water evai)orates leaving the delicious dark syitip. Tliis is poured into
cans and sealed for futuie use or sliij)ped to the city markets. But the
gi-eat event at camp, is a "sugai'ing off." A couple of large black pots
are hung over a tire outside, each containing a (juantity of maple syrup
which is slowly boiled. At a cei'tain stage, a little of it when cooled,
makes delicious taffy. Over each pot hangs a small bit of fat pork,
the drip from which keeps the syrup from l)oiling over. The pots are
carefully watched, for there is (juite an art in knowing just when the
syrup has l)een boiled tong enougli. Wiien tliis point lias been reached,
the })ots are placed on the ground and their contents thoroughly mixed
by means of wooden paddles, then run into moulds and allowed to harden.
This is the method of making maple sugar, a most delicious sweet, and
in the early days an invaluable addition to the larder of the settlers.

Ontario lias a veiy complete .system of connnunication. Railways run
in all directions, while the great lakes and the St. Lawrence afford a
waterway along the whole southern boundar\'. TIic Ottawa river is
connected with Lake Ontario by the Rideau canal, running from Ottawa
to Jvings' )n, a distance of about one hundred and thirty miles. The
rapids of the St. Lawrence are overcome by canals, while the Welland
and Sault Ste. Marie canals complete the navigation .system of the lakes.

The people of the Province are mainly of British descent but most of
them are native born. In the west there is a large anil very prosperous
Oernian comnnniity, while many Fren<]i-('anadians have settled in the
north and east. Tiie descendants (jf the United Einpii'e Loyalists foi'm
a consideiable part of the po»>ulation. There are a few hundred In-
dians wlio live on land reser , .1 by government for their use. They
cultivate their land to some extent, but live chiefly l)y luniting, fisiiing,
berry picking and acting as g\iides for hunting and camj)ing parties.
Some of the best steamboat pilots on the uppei' St. Lawrence are
Indians, The women make baskets and beaded work, afterwards
tramping through tlie country to sell their wares at the farm houses or
at the summer resorts.

CANADA.

Tlie lisheiifs of Oiiliuio, rai'iit'd on cliictly in llic (licat Liik»:s, aro
very valuahlo ami fuinisli I'liiployimiit tut- a laigd iuhiiIh'i- of incn.
Great (juaiititics of fresh lisli are consumed in tlie eimntry, and there
are also important exports to the cities of the United States. Ky the
useoficeand refrigerator cars, fish may be shipped to distant parts of
the continent and reach its destination in a perfectly fresh condition.
The rivers and lakes of Northern Ontario afford capital sport for the
fisherman, as they are well stocked with such game fish as tiout, hass.
pickerel and pike.

Mining is aiu)ther industry which is rapidly developing. The most
important centres at present are the Rainy River district, where gold

Toronto, Ontario.

is extensively mined, the nickel and copper mines about Sudbury and
the copper district of Parry Sound. But the area of mining land is
very large, and many metals are found in paying (piantities. Ircdi of
the best quality exists in several sections, but is at present not valuable,
owing to the absence of coal.

Toronto, the capital of the Province, is situated on a fine ])ay over-
looking Lak(; Ontario, between the haibotir and tlie lake is a loii<',
sane' island which furnishes a splendirl l>reatiiing place and recreation

CANADA.

ground for the citizens, many of whom live there during the summer
months. In the evenings thousands (;ross i)y the ferry boats to enjoy
a stroll in the parks or to attend the entertainments provided by the
ferry company. Several yacht and boat clubs have their club liou.ses
situated on tlie bay. Tlie ])opulation is al)out 220, 000 and the city
covers a wide area. The streets are wide and shaded by beautiful trees.
Hamilton, at the western end of Lake Ontario, is a manufacturing and
business centre with a popidation of about fifty thousand. London,
with forty thousand people, is the distributing point for the western
peninsula. Ottawa, the Dominion capital, is picturcsciuuly situated
on the Ottawa river. The Chaudicre and Rideau falls fuinish iinjuense
power, which is transmitted in tiic form of electricity to all parts of the
city. The Parliament Imildings form perhaps the finest group of build-
ings in Canada. Ottawa is the eliief centre of the lumber l)usiness of
Ontario and has large saw mills and piling yards. Tlie Roman
Catholic University is situated in the city and also one of the
Provincial Normal schools. Kingston, on Lake Ontario, at the en-
trance to tlie 8t. Lawrence and the Rideau Canal, is a fortified city and
has important shipping interests. It is the seat of the Ro^'al Military
College and of Queen's University. Other cities are Hrantford, Wind-
sor, Peterboro,Cuelph, Stratford, St. Thomas, Belleville, St. Catharines
and Chatham.

Ontario, Capital Toronto. PoprLATioN in 1891, 2,114,321. Area,
222,000 Square Miles; Lenotii N.W. to S.E., 750 Miles, N.E.
TO S.VV., 500 Miles.

Physical features : Surface usually undulating. Many lakes and
rivers. The Laurentiaii mountains (highest elevation 2,100 ft.), extend
from Kingston to (Georgian Bay. Blue mountains, south of (Jeorgian
Bay, reach an elevation of 1,900 ft. The north-western part of the
Province is drained by the Nipigon and other rivers flowing into Lake
Superior. Into Georgian Bay How the Spanish, French, Maganetawan,
Severn, Nottawassaga and Muskoka rivers; into Lake Huron How the
Saugcen, Maitland and Aux Sables; into Lake St. Clair the Thames ;
into Lake Erie the (hand ; into Lake Ontario tlie Trent, Moira,
Napanee and Salmon. Large tributaries of the OttaM'a on the south
are : Nation, Rideau, Mississippi, Madawaska, Petewawa, Bonnechere.
The largest lakes (excluding the (treat Lakes), are Simeoe, Nipigon,
Nipissing and Laki- of the Woods. The water boundary of ()iitario
extends along the (heat Lakes and their connecting rivers for a distance
of 3,000 miles.

CANADA.

Industries : Agricultiue, lumk-ring, fruit farming, stock-raising,
fishing, niiinufacturing, mining and dairy farming.

Cities : Toronto, (•22o,(>00, estimated) ; Ottawa, (,-)6,0(»0, est. ) ; Hamil-
ton, (.lO.lKMt, est.); L()nd(m, (;«,()()() est.) ; Kingston, (IS,(HM>): liiant-
ford, (lo,4r)0): Windsor, (12,0(10); Peterhoro", (12,(M»0); (luelph,
{I0,rm) ; Stratford, (10,4.S2) ; St. Thomas, (10,;i70) ; Helleville, (10,000) ;
Berlin, (9,3;{2) ; St. Catharines, (9,170) ; Chatham, (!»,0.-)2).

Education : School system under control of Minister of Education.
Law provides for the maintenance of separate sch.)ols for Roman
Catholics. Education practically free ; attemhince compulsory Let ween
ages of ; and 13. Provincial University at Toronto. In this city are
also the universities of Tihiity, McMaster and Victoria. At Kings-
to.i is Queen's University, at Ottawa the Roman Catholic University of
Ottawa, and at London the Western Universitv.

(Jovernment : Executive power is vested in a Lieutenant-Covernoi-,
aide.l by an Executive Council of 8 members ; Legislative in an assembly
of 94 members elected for four years ; sessions are amiual. The Pro-
vince has in the Dominion Parliament 24 senators and 92 representatives.

n'^

'Au^' .--^r ^"^S^

CANADA.

CHAPTER XI.

MANITOBA AND THK XOFlTfrWEST
TKRKITOIilES.

'AR .away to tlu; nortli-wost of the eai'ly Fronoh
.settlements in t^iiehec, lay a gieat luikiiown
land, the hannt of the Indian, tlie hufl'alo atid
the l)eavei'. Tiie eoinitry was little more than a
tradition to the French, hut it was not long to
remain so. The desiie for the profits of the fur
trade and the love of adventure led the French
Voi/ai/cii r-s and traders ever westward. Two French-
men, (rroseilliers an<l Radisson, pusiied their adventurous way to the
waters of Lake Supeiior. Heie they heard of a sea to the north, and
a fur countiy wliidi offered lich rewards to the trader wlio shoidd
hrave the perils of the long journey. I'he next year, (iroseilliers visited
this counti'V accompanied hy a small band of picked men and was much
more sm-cessfid in securing furs than even he had expected. He thei'e-
fore made his way hack to Quebec with a scheme for the establishing
of a trading [)ost on Hudson Ray. Rut ti>e Intendant discoinaged liim,
pieferiing to have the Indians come to the Ftencli with their furs.
Foiled in this (punter he went to Paris, and failing thei-e crossed over
to FiUgland where he succeded in arousing the interest of Prince Rupert.
Thi'ough him others were interested in thi; venture, and in 1008
fJroseilliers set sail for that great bay which had long before been
discovered by the English. After a favourable pas.sage, he establislied
the first foit on the shoies of the Ba}'. The venture was succes-sful
and on their return to England laden with furs, the merchants obtained,
through Prince Rupert's good offices with King Charles II. , a charter
granting tliem .sovereign lights in what the charter (;alled Prince Rupert's
land. This was a tcrritoiy whose boundaries were (piite indefinite, but
wiiich rtuiched later on to the Paciitie and the Arctic Oceans. Thus
originated the Hudson's Bay Company which long governed the .lorth-
west country, and is still a most important commercial force.

Freiu'h jealousy of the new company was .soon anmsed. Ra li.ssou
and (Jroscillei's having (juarrelled with the F^nglish took charijc of a
French ex[)edition to Hudson Bay. This was the beginning of a long
and bitter rivalry. The French did not depend wholly on the success

CANADA.

c»f tliL'ir expt'ditioii \>y soi, l)iit smiglil jilsu (d hold the Indian tiudc l»y
|)usliing ever wt'stwiii I l)y llit; inland loiite. In IT.'il, N'eicndrve with
liis three sons, a Jesuit inissioniiry and a nnnil):T of Coiirntn^ ili » /im's,
inadu the journey fi'oni Lake Superioi', atioss the [.ake of the; Woods, to
the Red Rivei', and at the point wlicie it is joined i)y the x\ssinii»oine
lie Iniilt Kort Houge, near the spot on wliich Wiiniipeg now stanils. In
his steps followed tiie Ficnch (,'anadian tiadeis, collecting fuis for the
eonunereial houses of Montreal. This was the heginning of the North-
West Association, for years the hitti'r rival of tiie Hudson's May Com-
pany. The servants of both coni[)anies intermarried with the Indians
an<l as a result thei'e grew up a lace of men, who to the wild hlood of
their Indian mothers, added the intelligence and power of their white
ancestors. These men were destined to pla^' an impoitant part in the
history of the North -west.

The only aim of those interested in the West so far, had been to obtain
valuable eai'goes of furs, but we come now to the beginning of an agri-
cultural settlement. In ISIO the atlaii's of the; Hudson's Hay Company
weie not in a prcjsperous condition, and Lord Selkiik proposed to take
over part of the Company's possessions in order to found a colony. In
spite of opposition he was granted a large section of courrtry in the
Valley of the- Red River, on conditiorr that he shorrld establish a (lolorry
arrd furnish from among the settlers sucii labour-ers as wer-e reipiired by
the Company in their trade. In ISll, the first settler's wer-e sent oirt,
most of them from Scotlind and Ireland. But the Re«l Riv(;r
Valley was the hunting-gr'ourrdof the fierce Hois-Hrules, the French half-
br'eeds, to whom reference has ali-eady been made, and it was the country
in which the North-West Company secui-ed the buH'alo for' their supplies
of pemmican, or dried meat. The settlement therefore was fiercely
oppo.sed and the settler's endur'ed thegi'eatest hardships. Once, most of
them were induced by their enemies to remove to CJeorgian Bay, but
others took their places. Then the allies of the North-West Compairy
mirr'dci'cd the govcr'nor' of the settlement and sever'al of his j)eo[)le. In
reprisal the Kail of Selkirk seized Fort William on Lake Suiieiior, the
chief post of the North-West Company and ari'csted the officers. But
(piieter councils pr'evailed finally and the two coriii)anies joined fijrces.
The little colony grew steadily till, in 1S70, there were 12,(K)() jieople,
10,000 of whom weri^ half-breeds of either Fi'iMu-h or Scotch jiarentage.

In 1870, the Dominion of (,"anada bought out for a large sum the claim
of the Hudson's Bay Corrrpairy to the whole tei'ritory, leaving them their
rights of tradirrg. F'or' various reasons the half-br-eeds objected to the
trairsfer, and, led by one of tb.eir number, named Louis Rii-l, set up a
govei'nment of their own. A settler who refuse*! to recogniz(; the

CANADA.

nutliority of lliis new government was put to death. As soon as news
of this was received, a military expedition was organizid in the east to
crush the rising. At its liead was the jjresent comman<U'r-in-(;hief of tlio
British forces, then Colonel ( iarnet W'olsley. Aftci- a long and toilsome
mar(li,the little army I'eached Koit ( Jariy only to find that the rebels had
dispersed, the leaders having tied over tlie hordei- into the United States.
Manyof the volunteer foree settled in the country, wiiich was immediately
constituted as the I'loviiice of Maiiitoha hv tlie Dominion < ii)\crnment.

\Viiiiiilii% .M;iiilti)b;l.

The new province prospered, and the growth of the capital, the name
of which had been changed from Fort Garry to Winnipeg, was lemaik-
able. In 1885 Riel came back from the United States and again incited
the half-breeds and Indians to rebel. The militia of Canada, inider
General Middleton, suppressed the rising after several lives had been
lost, and later on Riel and the other ring-leaders were hanged. Since
then the history of the province and of the territoi'ies farther west has
been one of peace and steady progress. The most important event was
the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 188(5.

The term, Western Canada, is a wide one including, as it does, the
provinces of British Coliunbia and Manitoba, as well as the vaiious
territories. The present chapter deals maiidy with Manitoba and tlie

CANADA.

(listriclH of Aswinihoia, Allicrta, Saskatilicwaii and Atliahasca, for. with
tli(! cxrcptioii of l»iitisli ( 'oliiniltia, tin- ifst of the vast t( i ritory is at
presfiil prailirally uiiscttird.

It is not \ci_v long since people looked on the Xorth-West of Canada as
a groat, fio/en wilderness, which otl'ered inducements to none hut the
hunter and the fur-tiader. All that has heen changed, and the wilder-
ness turns out to lie on<! of the most fertile and valualile parts of the
Dominion. Maniloha, Assinit)oia, Alherta and Saskatchewan cover an
area tMpial to that of France and Sweden comltined. Manitoiia is
situated to the west of Ontario and north of the Koundai'V line lietween
Canada and the United Stales. West of Manitoha is Assinihoia, extend-
inu alon<; the Inteiiiat ional houndrv line and still farther west hetween
Assinihoia and the nioinitains is Alherta. Saskatchewan lies north of
Manitol)a. and Assinihoia an<l east of .-\|l)erta, ami Athabasca lies to
the north of Saskatciiewan and Aliierta. The territory is so laige
that there are consideralile variations in climate. In the eastern
pai't the clinuite is suliject to exticmes. In winter the cold is intense
with a moderate snowfall. The severity of tlw cold is largely counter-
acted, however l)y the dryness of the air, and is not so much
felt at Winnipeg as in Kastein Canada, though tlii' thermoiueter is
usually several (U'grees lower. The climate of the western part is niueh
milder. 'I'he warm rh'niook win<ls from the I'aeitic during the winter
temper the climate and keej) the snow fi'oni accumulating, with tluj
result that horses and cattle are usuallv ahle to forage foi' them-
.selves. Occasionally duiing the winter on these great level plains,
a high wind aiises and hlows the ])o\\(leiy snow in clouds so that it is
very hard to judge dii'ections and one is apt to hecome hewihlered. The
wiiul is veiy cold and the line ])articles of snow sling as they aie diiven
against the face. These storms ai'e very ditl'erent, howevei', from the
tornadoes of the south-western part of the continent, which usuall}' occur
during the summei' and destroy everything that lies in their path. 'I'he
North-west of Canada is fortunately well out of the track of such stoi-ms.

In the north and east the count I'v is chictly I'olling jiraiiie land, diversi-
fied north of Manitoha Ijv hw^'v lakes, sevei'al lines of hills and a cer-
tain amount of wooded countiy. The chief lakes are Wiiniipeg, Mani-
toba and Winnipegosis. The Ited Itiver flows from the south, through
a fertile prairie countiy. A short distance helow lake Winnipeg into
which it flows, the Red river is joined hy the Assinihoine which nnis
eastward through Assinihoia and Manitoba. The city of Winnipeg is
situated at the jiuiction of the two rivers. Farther north the Saskat-
chewan tlows for thirteen hundred miles into lake Winnipeg. There
are many other smaller rivers and lakes.

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Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 145B0

(716) 873-4S03

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CANADA.

Six-'jiking rougisly, Western Canada is divided into three divisions — the
great prairie wheat belt, extending through Manitoba, Eastern Assini-
boia and Saskatchewan ; the ranching country of Southern AUierta and
part of Assinilniia; and the more diversified sections in northern AU)erta
and other localities whicli are particiularl}' well suited for mixed farming.
The Canadian wheat belt is said to produce the finest wheat in the w.)rld
and the reason for this is rather interesting. Unless the wheat is ripe,
the frost which conies occasionally in tlie late summer will damage the
grain. Hence it is important that the wheat shouhl be scj'ded an«l har-
vested early. Ploughing g«n's on all the autunni until stopj)e<l by the
frost in November or December, ami as soon as an inch or two of ground
is thawed in April, tlu* wheat is sown. " After that the lack of spring
showers, very conunon in the west, makes no did'ertmce, for the frost as
it thaws, furnishes moistiue to the rents, while the liot inland sun forces
on growth with great rapidity.'' Thus the fi(»st curiously helps tho
farmer to avoid the fi<tst. It is uiich'r these (conditions that the Mani-
toba hard wheat is grown which milleis pronounce nnich better than
that grown in warmer climates. Wheat is the nuiinstay of the West ;
but as the country dev«'lops, nuich nutre attention is paid to mixed farm-
ing — growing grain, raising cattle and dairying. The farmer who can
combine these is much sui'cr of a steady income than he who stakes
everything on even so staple a <'ommodity as wheat. Hut the majority
as yet prefer t(» take the risks with the gains and grow wheat. In
southern AUuM-ta and part of Assiniboia, rant^hing is the important in-
dustry, as both the character of the count i-y and the climate, are par-
ticularly well suited for stock raising. Into Albei'ta and Assiniboia
extends an alkali area, a continuation of the great desert of the western
states. Irrigation renders this laiul suitable for cultivation and is now
being put to extensive use in the AUwrta sections.

Coal exists \nnler larifc areas in Alberta. In manv cases the veins
are not thick enough, nor the (puility good enough, to make mining,
except for local consumptif)n, worth while. But there are extensive
collieries at several points which supply considerable (piantities of coal
for the plains. Farther north, in Athabasca, there are .saitl to be
vast petroleum fields, but as yet they have not l)een develoixjd.

It is difficult to give an idea of the extent of the western i)lains, but in
Manitoba and the three territories it is estimated that there are over
100,000,000 acres of wheat land, requirnig only to he ploughed and
seeded to yield a harvest ; and should this vast territory become thickly
populated there is still Athabasca with large areas of good land, and
beyond that the Mackenzie territory which many claim is a country of
great promise, though it is probably too far north for very successful

CANADA.

wheat growing. The other territories are valuable mainly for the fur
trade, hut there are indications in some of them of rich mineral ilejjosits
which will prove of value later on. In the Yukon district they have
alreatly done so.

All this does not mean however that every part of the country more
particularly under discussion is suitahlc for farming or ranching ; far
from it. As in every other land there ai-e good and l)ad sections, and
the settler previous to taking up land shovdd make the most careful
inquiries in order to insure getting a good farm. Discontented settlers
are had for a new countrN', and with sudi an aluuidancc of good land
available it would Inr a pity that the settler should find himself in a
district that placed serious impediments in the way of suc«!css.

Farms in the North-Wcst arc usually olttained fiom the Dominitm
government, or the Canadian Pacific; Railway. Tlic govcnuncnt will
give to any setllci- who applies foi' it and pays a small oHite fee, one
hundred and sixty acres of farm land, on condition tliat lie liv«'s on it
and does a certain amount ot woik. If at tlit- end of tliiec ycais, the
conditions have been comiilicd with, he reei'ives a clear title to the land.
In addition, where iM»ssil)lc, a wood lot is assignc<l toeaeli settler, in the
nearest woodeil section, in older tliat he may l»e able to provide himself
with fuel. The Canadian Pacific Railway sells its land for a small
amount.

When a settler came to Canada in the early days, the mere possession
of a farm was but a small step towards independenc*', for he had to face
long and hard labour in clearing tiie land of trees before it was of practi-
cal value for the raising of crops. But on tlu^ western prairies there
are neither trees nor stones to interfci'c with cultivation. Without the
need for any preliminary dressing the new land is ploughed and .seeded,
and yields a crop the first year. It is a good land for determined,
energetic men and to such yields rich rewards. But it is no place for
the shiftless or the dependent ; they slioidd go to the tiopical countries
where at least a living is assuicd, almost without labour. In the keen,
clear, northern air men must work haid and intelligently if they are to
prosper. When the country was first opened up companies were
formed to carry on farming on an extensive scale, but on the whole, the
small farmer has proved the moi-e successful. It is otherwi.se in
Alberta, however, provided there is careful, practical management, for
ranching without capital is difficult work.

While wheat and cattle are the chief products of the North-West,
others are every year bu'coming more valuable. In addition to wheat,
oats, potatoes and various root crops are extensively grown. In Mani-
toba, particularly, the farmers are branching out in various directions,

CANADA.

and wheat lias long ceased to he the only resource. Fat stock, hogs
and poidtry are all receiving increasing attention, while dairy farming
is developing rapidl}'. Formerly, if an early frost damaged a man's
wheat, he sold it at about iialf price and lost heavily ; now lie feeds it
to his hogs and loses very little, as in tlu^ end the return is almost as
great as it woidd iiave l)een fron« the uninjured wheat. In tliis and
many other ways the jjeople are leai-ning, through cx|H'rience, to make
the most of their op|)ortunities as well as to avert t'aihnc and h»ss.

At almost every station in tiie wheat countiy tiicre is at least one
large elevator for storing and sliipping grain. These are huge, frame
structures, with immense grain hins, and arc liuilt iK.side the railway
tracks for convenience in h)ading cars. Tlie farmer drives up to the
elevator, and in a few miinites his grain has Inien uidoadcd, elevated,
cleaned and, if necessary, l«»adcd on the (;ars. These huildiiigs are so
named l>ecause the grain is lifted hy macliineiy and stored liigh enough
above the ground to riu> easily from the hins, througli chutes or spouts,
into the cars. Tlie same pro(;ess goes on at points like Fort William,
where the grain is transferred from cars to vessels for its long trij) on
tlie lakes. The grain elevat<trs in Western Canada at the present time
can store more than twenty million hushels of grain.

Coal mining in Alberta is carried on at several points, and the in-
<lustry is growing in importance. The fisheries of the i-ivers and lakes
are extensive and valuable. In the northern and eastern parts of Mani-
toba, luml)ering is carried (m for the local markets. Mallufat•ture^■ are
as yet unimportant with the exception of milling. Tiieie are several
very large Hour mills which ship not only to all parts of the Dominion,
but also to (treat Britain, China, Japan and Australia. One mill at
Keewatin has a capacity of 3,000 barrels per da}', and another at
W^innipeg of 2,")(K> barrels.

The prairies have witnessed many a change during the last genera-
tion. Thirty years ago immense herds of butfah) roamed unliindered
save for the Indians an<l the white hunteis who killed them for their
skins and for foo<l. Thousands of them weie needlessly slaughtered,
and now the buffalo in his wild state has entirely disappeared. Only a
few sjK'cimens remain in captivity. The Indian, too, in his old, free
state, is gone ; there remain only those who are dependent on govern-
ment aid for food, and they are gradually disappeaiing. In the early
days a journey across the plains was a matter of several weeks of toil-
some aiul dangenms travel ; now one crosses in a day or two on a train
which provides every convenience and luxury the traveller could desire.
Then one saw an occasional squattei's hut uv a rickety Red River cart
drawn by oxen. Now, as the train speeds along, there are frequent

CANADA.

glimpneH of cultivated farms and comfortahle liouses. Along the lines
of railway are numerous growing villages and towns ; wliile by con-
trast and as a reminder of what has In'en, great heaps of lK)ne.s are
passed oecasionally, piled up ready for shipment to tlie refineries— the
last melaneholy reeord of the huH'alo, once lord of the prairies. The
prairies themselves are a constant source of interest to the newcomer.
The feeling of illimitahle space grows uimh) him, and as he stands in
spring-time in the midst of a hillowy sea of H<)wers, whose limit is the
hori/.on, lie is tilled with a sense of his own insigniHeance, and hecomcH
huml)le with the vision.

The majority of the jxjople in Western Canada are from the older pro-
vinces or from tlie British Isles. Hut there are conununities of other
nationalities also. Amongst tlie earliest of them were jK^rhaps the Ice-
landers, of wlioni many thousands have settled in the country. They
are most successful farmeis and make excellent citizens. Theie are also
settlements from most of tiie noitliern countries of KuroiM', notaldy
Sweden and Russia. In Manitoita tliere is a strong French element, and
of late many settlers from the United States have taken up land farther
to tiie nortSi and west. The most suc;cessful settlers are of course those
who have had piacti(;al exf)erience in farming.

Very often in a new country there is almost no law and neither life nor
projR'rty is resiiected. One of the great advantages of the Canadian
North-West is that law and order are as strictly enforced as in older
(•ountries. Life and property here are as safe as tliey are in (Jreat
Britain. Tiiis is largely owing to the cliaractei of the people wlio
have settled the country. But much of the cretlit l»elongs to the ('aiia-
dian Nortli-West Mounted Police. This splendid body of men preserves
order throughout the whole vast territory north and west of Manitoba,
prevents smuggling, supplies information regarding every part of the
country, and keeps all law less characters on the move. The men never
slirink from the most trying work, and they sliow the greatest coolness and
skill in dealing with the manifold ditliculties which they are called upon to
rectify. They liave an admirable patrol and .scouting system and cover
the whole International boundary between tlie mountains ami Manitoba
at shoit intervals. The mounted jjolice aie neither soldieis nor constal)les
but combine the best (jualities of Ixith. When sent to m. • an arrest,
no matter how dangerous the task may be, the policeman never returns
without his man, and as a result he is respected and feared liy all
law-breakei's.

Tiie customs of older sections soon follow the settler, and one now
finds in the towns and villages, churches and church societies, fraternal
and benevolent bodies, and clubs with various ends in view. The

CANADA.

farniers linve organized institutes in many places, for the disr-ussion of
questions Hflecting their work, and in most of the more thickly settled
localities tliere are scM-ieties for tlie advancement of agriculture and
stock -breeding. An exhibition of stock and farm products is held every
autumn and prizes are awarded in the various classes.

The chief city of the North-West is Winnipeg, the capital of the
Province of Manitoba. The growth of this city has l)een very rapid
and there is now a population of over forty thousand, where in 1870
stood the little tra«ling post of Fort (Jarry. Winnipeg is the natural
distrilmting point for the North-West and seems destined to become a
very large and important city. It is already a large railway centi-e and
has also facilities for comnuuiication by Mater with many parts of tiie
(!ountry. Winnijxjg is the educational and social, as well as the political
and commercial centre of the North-West. The University of Manitoba
is the leading university west of Toi-onto. It has an arts faculty and
several theological colleges. Other important towns in Manitoba, are
Brandon, with a large export trade in wheat, and Portage la Prairie
which has extensive Hour mills. In Assiniboia are Regina, the capital
of the United Districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Atha-
baska ; Moose Jaw and Medicine Hat, a ilivisional point on the
Canadian Pacific Railway, and the centre of the cattle and sheep ranch-
ing district. The most important town in Southern Alberta is Cal-
gary, a railway junction and the headcjuarters of the ranching interests.
Other places are Lethbridge, with large coal mines, aiul Maclcod. Kd-
monton, situated on the Saskatchewan riyvr in Northern Alberta, is
connected with the Canatlian Pacific Railway by a branch line from
Calgary. It stands in the midst of an extensive agricultui'al settlement
and is one of the largest markets for raw furs in North Anuu-ica. The
chief towns of Saskatchewan are l*rince Allxjrt and Battleford.

Long l)efore Great Britain had conquered Canada, the active fur-
traders penetrated into all parts of the vast country which now forms
Manitoba and the territories. They had even pushed their adventurous
way across the Rockies and on through the mountainous country to the
Pacific. By the middle of the eighteenth century the Hudson's Bay
Company exercised a rough sovereignty over an empire stretching from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Lake Superior to the Arctic Ocean.
They built strong forts on Hudson Bay and the Pacific and held them
against jealous rivals. They established trading posts in all parts of
their vast dominions and collected immense quantities of furs which
tiu^y l)ought from the half-breeds and friendly Indians. But the settler
gradually encroached upon their boundaries and drove the beaver and
the fox, the buffalo and the bear ever northward. Then came the sale

CANADA.

of the whole territory to the Dominion fJovernment. The Hudson's
Bay Conipjuiy retnine<l its rights of trading and has still as its Held of
operations, an unsettle<l oountry larger than all the Czar's dominions in
KurojH}. The wliole of the northern and north eastern jwrts of Canada
are still given over to the trapper and tite Hudson's Hay trader. Frank-
lin territory is practically unknown save to tite Ks(|uimaux, and an
occasional exploring party. But Mackenzie, parts of Yukon, Keewatin
and Ungava, are splendid hunting grounds where fur-hearing animals
alKUind. And throughout these the great company lias still its t lading
posts. Even Atiial»asca is as yet practically unsettled save l»y an occa-
sional Hudson's Bay factor in his hincly pof-t, round wliich tiu; Indians
gather during tiie hmg winter. Travel in all this gn'at country is by
dog team and snow shoes, during the Minter which lasts from six t(»
eight months of each year. The furs and provisions are j)iled on a
toboggan or sled, the dogs are fastened to it in a long line, and the
driver on his snowshoes keeps up witli the team as tiicy travel, and
urges them on when tiiey show signs of lagging. In sununer the traders
and trappers travel in canoes along the great rivers and lakes whi<-li
are so numerous. All along Hudson Hay and tlie northeast are tribes
of Esquimaux who live in their queer ice-liouses during the winter
and wander about in the summer. Tliey are hated by tiie Indians and
until recently, did any of them venture too far south, tiiey were almost
certain of ainiiliilation. The company's servants liad sometimes mu(;h
ado to keep the Indians from making destructive raids on tiu^ little peo-
ple. Though the Hudson's Bay Company lias parted with its sovereign
rights its influence in all the north and west is very strong still. Its
trade in furs is as large as ever, and it has also be(!ome an important fac-
tor in the business of the settled west, acting as one of tiie chief agencies
for supplies of all kinds. A recent writer sfRjaks of the gi-eat company,
at the present day, as follows : " The posts of tiie company reach from
the stern coasts of Labrador to the frontiers of Alaska, and throughout
this enormous region it yet controls the tratKc with the aborigines. To-
day there are one hundred and twenty-six posts at whicli this active
trade is conducted, besides tiiose niunerous wintering stations or out-
posts, which migrate according to circumstances and mercantile condi-
tions. » « ♦ * Search all Europe and Asiu and you will tind no
parallel to the present sway of tiie compaiiN', for it feeds and clothes,
amuses and instructs as well as rules nine-tenths of its subjects, from the
Esquimaux tribes of Ungava to the Loucheaux at Fort Simpson, thou-
sands of miles away — all look to it as a father."*

*Beckl€«t WilUon, " Tht Great Comjoany."

CANADA.

Manitoba, Cai'Itai- VViNMi-Wi. I'oitlatm . in ISIH, I.V2,r>()fi ;
Estimated Pkiosknt Poi'Ilation, 22o,<)0«J. Akka, 73,956 SyiAKK
Milks.

Physical features : Surface in general (;f)nsists of a series (»f succes-
8ive levels, locally known as stepjMJs or benclies. In north and east sur-
face broken and hilly, abundantly watered, witii goo<l timber. Principal
rivers, Assiniboine, Red — botli navigal)le Knglish, Souris and Pem-
bina. The large lakes are Winnipeg, WinniiH'gosis, Manitoba and
Dauphin — great numbers of small lakes and stfams. Land: Chielly a
rolling prairie, dotted with poplar and other small tinil)er. Soil very
rich, deep, black, clay loam.

Industries : Agriculture, parti(;ularly wheat and f)ats. Mixed farni-
ing rapidly developing -(!attle, iiorses, dairying ; fishing, manufactures
rapidly increasing with growtli of population, large flcmr mills, also
furniture and (larriage factories, breweries, meat curing and packing
establishments.

Cities and towns: Winnipeg, (42,000, est.); Brandon, Portage la
Prairie, Selkirk.

Education : Schools free and non-sectarian well established through-
out the Province. University of Manitoba at Wimiipeg.

(irovernnient : Executive government administered i>y Lieutenant-
Governor, assisted by an Executive Council of five members, wlio must
l)e members of the Legislative Assembly. Province has 4 senators and
7 representatives in the Dominion Parliament.

Territories. Area: Assiniboia, (X),,340Sgi:AREMiLKs ; Saskatche-
wan, 114,000; Ai.behta, 1(M),000; Athabaska, 251, SOO; Yikon,
198,300; Mackenzie, 563,200; Uncava, 456,0(K> ; Keewatin,
756,000 ; Franklin, unknown.

Physical features : Rocky mountains along northwestern boundary ;
Reindeer or Caribou hills in Northern Athabasca, southern portion
generally level ; lands nuiinly prairie ; eastern extremely luieven, large
areas occupied by Hudson Bay. Numerous lai-ge lakes : (Jreat Bear,
(treat Slave and Atluibasca the largest. Two great river systems, one
draining into Arctic Ocean, the other into Hudson Bay, Mackenzie, the
great Arctic river ; Churchill, Nelson and Severn run into Hudson Bay.
Saskatchewan with its branches an immense inland river system ;
drains a large area, crossing country from west to east ; flows into Lake
Winnipeg.

Industries ; Agriculture in all the southern part ; immense wheat
belt, other grains and roots grow also, ranching, dairying developing.

CANADA.

«*

Tn north, rich deposits of riiiiu>i-tils, gold tieldsof Yukon most importuiit ;
i-oalin all districts, tiolds in AUterta i's|K!cially important and worked
in several plae«'s. Many other niin«-r'als sup|K)se<l to exist in large
quantities in the north and east. Iiinnense (piantitics of |M'tioleum are
known to exist in the valleys of the Peace and Macken/io rivers,

Hudson's Bay Company has posts in various parts of north and east,
and carries on still a very extensive trade in furs. The trading posts of
the company are pushed far up to the north.

Towns : Regina, Calgary, Hattleford, Kdnionton, Fort McLeod,
Dawson City.

Education : Under control of Council of Puhlic Instruction. Schools
free and established wherever there is a small settlement.

Government : Yukon is a separate territory administered hy a com-
missioner apj)ointed l»y the Dominion fJovernment. Keewatin adminis-
tered hy Lieutenant^ Governor of Manitoba. Ungava, Mackenzie and
Franklin undei' control of Canadian (Jovernment. Alberta, Assiniltoia,
Saskatchewan, and Athabasca administered by a Lieutenant-(iovernor
and an Execuitive Council, whose mend)ers have seats in the Legislative
Assenddy which is elected by the people, (.'apital, Regina.

Immense areas of fertile land are available for settlement, and maybe
obtained from (Jovernment or from railways. Every act\uil male
settler, over IH yeais of age, may obtain free from the Dominion
(Jovernment, KM) acres of good land, on application to the local agent of
Dominion lands, and on payment of an oHice fee of .^10. The home-
steader nuist secure his title to the land, by begiifing actual residence
on his homestead within six months, ludess it be Wi.ter time, when he
may wait until spring, and by cultivating a part of it. He nuist con-
tiinie to live upon and cultivate the land for at least six months out of
evei'y twelve for three years fi-om date of making the homestead entry.
He is then given a clear title to the land and may do with it what he
pleases. If he desires to secure the title befoi-e the three years ai'e up,
he may buy the land at the (Joverinnent piice which is at present .$.'{
per acre. The (Jr)vernment provides so far as possible wood lots ft)r
settlers, aiul also the right to cut enough timber for buihling and fenc-
ing. Grazing lands are leased on easy terms, and coal lands may be
purchased at a reasonable price per acre. When a settler has secured a
homestead from the Government, he may also, if the land be availal)le,
purcrhase the adjoining (quarter section at the (Jovernment price, now
$.3 per acre.

CANADA.

CHAPTER XII.

BRITISH COLUMBIA.

'N tho year 1^77 Sir Francis Drake, while on his
adventurous voyage around the worhl, sailed
northward along the Paeirie coast of North
America, almost to tlie present boundary line l)e-
iween Canada and the United States. From this
point he caught a glimpse of the snowy mountain
peaks of the country that is now named British Col-
umhia, and thus we find the first mention in history
of the western province of Canada. Between 1577 and 1790 tho country
was visited fieveral times by exphMcrs : in tlie latter year, Captain Van-
couver explored to some extent the coast of British Columbia, and his
name was given to the large island lying off' the coast. Otlier countries
cast covetous eyes towards the new territory ; l)oth France and Spain had
designs upon it, but they failed. The Russians were more successful,
and the first attempt at a jiermanent settlement was made by three Rus-
sian traders, who desu*ed to engage in the fur trade with tho natives.
Sliortly afte/'wards, Mackenzie, the famous explorer whose name is
perpetuatci'. in the great river which he discovered, reached the Pacific
by land from the east, luiving crossed the Rocky Mountains after over-
coming the greatest difficulties. For a time the Russians liad the trade
almost to themselves, then ships from Boston and New York began to
take part also. Later on, the Hudson's Bay Company established
posts and made a vigorous effort to capture the trade. So successful did
their effort prove that by 1835 the company occupied the whole country
between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific, and maintained a num-
ber of flourishing trading posts. This was the beginning of the colony.
Difficulties arose between the company and its rivals, who claimed the
territory, but these were for the time overcome. In 1849 the Hudson's
Bay Company made Victoria, on Vancouver Island, the capital of the
Western part of its territories, and appointed Richard Blanchard as
governor. It was proposed to colonize the island, and the governor had
power to organize courts and a government as soon as they should
become necessary. On the mainland, which seemed to be a sea of
mountains, no serious attempt at colonization was made, but in 1856
gold was discovered in the sands of the Fraser and Thompson rivers.

4«

CANADA.

«•

Tin* gold WHS pU-iitifiil and vat*y to work, and in a woiidorfully slmrt
time tlu" ni'ws of its discovi-ry hud rnulu'd almost all parts «if tiio
world. From ovory countis camo adventurous spirits in thousands
Hcokiiig rapid gains. The oxciti'mtMit in California was pretty well
over, and many of the lawless chaiatters came mirth from the dig-
gings. The district in which the gohl was fctund was called t'arilMH),
and this name soon liecome known in every land. For a time law and
order were ditHcult to maintain, hut these trouhles gradually ])assed
away. The lioundary Itetween the United States and the new territory
had never heen dcHnitely settled, though it had Itcen roughly stated
as the Columhia River, from the coast to the 4!>th parallel, and then(;e
along that line to the great lakes. The citizens of the country to
the south hegan, al)Out 1S4">, to claim the wh(»lo territory as far
north as Alaska, M'hich was then owned l>y Russia. They did not
get it, but hy the Oregon Treaty of 1H4<>, they secured all the lower
valley of the Columhia. Thus did unjust demands, loudly proclaimed,
receive a nnich richer reward than they deserved. For a time, dur-
ing the mining excitement, Vancouver Island and the mainland were
separated, and New Westminster hecame the capital of the latter.
They were reunited in 1800, and in ISTl Hiitish C'olumltia entered
Confederation. The Province niadu one important stipulation hefore
entering the Dcmiinion, namely: that within two ycais the construc-
tion of a railway should hegin, to connect British Columliia with the
rest of the Dominion, an<l that it should he completed within ten years.
The task proved too great for the time s])ecitied, liut l»y iHSti the
Canadian Pacific Railway had reached the Pacific coast, and British
Columhia felt that it was indeed a part of the Dominion.

The province of British Columbia extends from the summit of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and fiom the International
boundary line on the south to the GOth degree of north latitude. The
territory of Alaska extends a long, narrow arm southward along
the Pacific coast for nearly 300 miles. There is still a good deal of
uncertainty regarding the actual l)oundary between Alaska and the
British territory. British Columhia is the largest province in the
Dominion and contains an area of ,38.S,.S00 s«iuare miles of the most
diversified country in Canada. The province extends for alx)ut 700
miles north and south, by 400 east and west, and includes the islands
of Vancouver and the Queen Charlotte group.

The mountains form the most prominent physical feature of the
province. Along the eastern border separating it from the rest of the
Dominion, run the Rocky Mountains, a mighty range, whose peaks
tower far above the perpetual snow line, while the base occupies a

(ANAnA.

i4p«v»'iM»ften sj'voral limidrfd milrs in \vi<l(li. Two of tlu' jM-aks, Brown
hikI Hooker arc over |ti,(MM( feet in lu-i^ht, wliilf many otiicrs are only a
little leHH. The .setdiery in tlie nioiintaiuH is niagnitii-ent, l»ut cannot l»e
(leHcrihed. Travellers ])ronoiin(-c it (jtiite eipial to the Hcenery in tlie
AlpH of Swit/.eiland. Tlie Canadian I'aciHe Kailway crosses this ranj^e
by one of the passes and the traveller has an opportunity of seeing all
the varied beauties of the district. I'arallel to the K(»< kies, uni su<h
ranges as the Cascaile, Coast, (Jold, Selkirk and liliu* Mountains. Be-
tween the mountain ranges are elevated plateaus and valleys, contain-
ing niillionH of a(;res of rich land. Th(^se plateaus and valleys are <'Ut
by numerous rivers, the most important of which are the Fraser,
Columl)ia, Thompson, Kootenay, Skeena, Stikiiie, l.iard, and Peace.
During the latter pait of its course, the Columbia flows through United
States territory. The Fraser is a large river with a total length of
about 740 miles. For the last eighty miles of its course it Mows tinough
a rich plain which has been foruied chiefly from its own silt. The
Fraser is navigable fi-om it mouth, for one hundred an<l ten miles, for
river steamers, and again for smaller craft further up. Large vessels
can come up the river as far as New Westminister wlii<h is fifteen iiiles
from the mouth. The rivers of British Columbia aie closely connected
with the prosperity of the country, for on most of them are situated
numenms salnum canneries. The Fraser and the Columbia are the most
important and the number of salmon in these rivers is amazing. Dur-
ing the season of the .salmon runs, certain ])a!'ts of the liver may l)e seen
packed with wriggling masses of splendid fish making their way t<t the
spawning gnmnds. The canning of salmon has increa.sed very raj)idly
and the business is now a most valuable one. The annual salmon pack
has increased from 9,847 cases in 1876 to 5(i(),.S9.') in 1895, and yet the
numlMjr of fish does not seem to be at all diminished. To guard against
such a possibility, however, the Government has established Hsh
hatcheries. Though not extensively deveU)ped as yet, the cod, stur-
geon and halibut fisheries of the coast promise to reach \ery large
proportions.

British Columbia is so large, that its climate naturall3' varies a great
deal in difllerent parts. The mild breezes from the I'acitic modify the
climate along the coast so that it is milder than that (tf the .south of
England. The interior is dry in the south, Mith hot summers, while a
little farther to the northwest, there is a greatly increased rainfall and
the heat of summer is much less excessive. In nearly all parts of the
country, the western slopes of the mountains are moist while the eastern
slopes are dry. The air currents How eastward as a rule from the
Pacific ; as they ascend the western sides of the mountains they <leposit

( AXAI>A.

their inoiHttire uikI tlini toiiif duw n t ln' rastiiii f.i(l»s a> iliy \smi|>. In
tho extremti iiuitlicrn pait of ilif ikiimIi y tlif ilim.itr is severe, pHiticu-
Lilly (liiriiij^ tlic winter.

'riuMij^'h so iiniimtaiiums, Kritish ( 'iihiinliia 1ms (lidusaiiils df smiare
miles of tile liiiest a;,'! itult Ural anil lanehiii;,' laml. In a cnuntry so
varied, all kinds of land may We found, from the ri< h river liottom Hiieh
as that in the Fiaser delta, through all tlu* stages to tin- hare roek with
a little sand and moss on the mountain heights. In the valleys of the
sections where the rainfall is plentiful the land is rieh and luMvy, in
other parts it n'(|uires iirigation from tlie mountain streams to make it
productive. On the higlu-r plateaus, cattle and horses tlourisli on the

rai'liaini'tit r.uiMiirL'^. N'i'toiii. r.ritisli I'oliiiiiMa.

rich hunch gi-ass, and ranching is a protituhle occupation. All the grains
and vegetahles of a temperate climate an; grown, and in addition, fnii*
growing is hecoming important and promises to assuiu" large jiropor-
tions. The Provincial (Jovcrnmcnt grants land on easv terms to
settlers, who must take possession of their farms and actually live on
them. The l)ominion (Jovernment also owns land in Uritish Columhia,
which is availahle for settlers, on payment of a small jtriic per aire and
{letual settlement. All the laud for twentv miles on each side of the

08 CANADA.

Caiiiulian Pacific railway line belongs to the Donunion Government, and
is adniinistfred by the Department of the Interior, in much the same
way as tlte public lands of the Nt)rth-West Territories.

Immense areas of the province are heavily wooded ; as a result lum-
bering is a most important industry thougii as yet only in its infanc}'.
The finest growtli is on the coast, and in the Gohl and Selkirk ranges.
The two most important trees for lumber are the Douglas fir, and the
cedar, but there are also several kinds of pine, in addition to spruce and
other trees. The Douglas hr gi'ows to a height of two or three hundred
feet and is tlie most important tree for lumbering purposes, being
especially suitable for use in framing, bridge and ship building, and for
masts and spars. The cedar grows to a gicat size, and the amount of
(icdar cut almost equals tiiat of the Douglas fir. \'ancouver is the centre
of the lumber tiade, but New Westminster and Victoria have also
extensive saw mills.

Mining is the most important industry of British Columbia and it seems
capable of intlefinitc extension. Gold, silver, lead, copper and coal are
all worked extensively, and yet there aie inunense areas of mineral
land still to be exploied. The gold mines have always aroused most
interest, and were the means of first opening up the Province to settlers.
Tiie early mining was all placer or surface mining. This declined for
many years, but is rapidly growing again, and now the introduction of
hydraulic mining has added a new feature and made nnich more exten-
sive operations possible. By means of a powerful stream of water the
earth and gravel are loosencul, so that they may be easily shovelled into
tlie washing machines, which remove the earth and leave the gold.
Quartz mining has made great strides recently, and large towns have
sprung up as if by magic where a year or two ago there was nothing but
the lonely rocks. The (piartz in which the gold is imbedded, after
being taken out of the mines, is cruslied ))y means of expensive stamp
mills, and then reduced in order to get the gold.

There are mines in many parts of British Columbia, but the
Kootenay district is at present the most prominent, for it contains the
gohl mines of the Trail Creek region, of which Rossland is the centre,
the famous Slocan silver and lead mines, and the coal district of the
Crow's Nest Pass. Mining towns are springing up in all directions and
new mines are contiinially l)eing o^jcned, some, perhaps, to fail, but
many to become permanent producers. The coal mines of the Crow's
Nest Pass region have recently been opened up by a railway leading
from a point on the Canadian Pacific to the east of the Rockies,
through the Crow's Nest Pass into the Kootenay district. The coal is
the best of steaming coal, the seams are immensel}' thick and extensive,

CANADA.

i» I

and already largo shipments are made for the use of Paeifio steamships
and to the plains towards tlie east. At Nanaimo, on VaniMtuver Island,
are extensive coal mines witli an annual output of over a million tons.
The coal is of the liest (juality and is nuith used hy the steamers of the
Pacific. Large (juantities are sliipped to San Francisco an<l other cities
of the I'acitic coast.

Vancouver Island is tlie largest on the west coast of America. It is
about two hundred and foity miles long with an average hreadth of
fifty miles. It is separated from tiie mainland of liritish Columhia by
the Gulf of Georgia wiiich is from twenty to sixty miles in width. The
coast is nuuh broken by bays and inlets. The interior is rugged, cov-
ered with forests and has not been very tlioiougldy exph)red. There
are many lakes and small streams. On Vancouver Island is situated
Victoria, the capital of the Province. The city occupies a connnanding
position on an arm of the sea, and has a fine view over the Straits of
Juan de Fuca to the mountains of the maiidand. There are manv fine
structures, notably the new (iovernment buildings. The city has an
extensive tiade and manufactures of considerable importance, particu-
larly in iron. Victoria is the most Englisli city in Canada, and is a
favorite place for tfuuists, Nanaimo is connected by a deep channel
with a good harbour. Esiiuimault is the station of the North Pacific
Scjuadion of the IJiitish Navy. It has a large graving dock, a naval
arsenal, hospital, and stoies.

Vancimver is tlic most important city on the maiidand. It is situated
on Burrard Iidct with the salt water on tliree sides and the mountains
beiiind. Vancouver is the western terminus of the Canadian Pa<ific
Railway and the starting point for the Canadian Pacific line of steamers
ruiniing to Japan and Cliina. A line of steamships runs also from Van-
couver to Australia, calling at the Sandwich Islands, on the May. All
steamers call also at Victoria. Vancouver has connection by water
witli all points of importance along the Pacific coast, to the south and
with Alaska. The shipping of tlie city is therefore very large, and
valuable. The British mails are carried by the C. P. R. steamships to
Japan and Hong Kong. New Westminstei-, on the Fraser river, has a
large trade in salmon and lumber, and is the centre of a rich agricultural
country. Nelson, Rossland and Kaslo are the largest of the numerous
mining towns.

100

CANADA.

Bkitism Comtmiua, (Jai'ital Vktoki a. Poi'ilation in 1H9I, OS, 173.

Prksknt Kstimatk, 2(M»,»KM».

Total area. .SS3,3(M> sinuiic miles ; It-ngth 7M miles ; lueadth, 400.
Vaneouver [slaiid, 1 ">,!l.'i7 s<iuare .iiiles ; l^uecii (Jhailotte Islands, 5,000
s<|iiare miles.

Physical features : Four piineipal moiiiitaiii ranges traverse the
maiidand, northwest to suiitheast. On easteiii Itorder, Rocky Moun-
tains rising to altout 1(),(MH» feet, west of Hockies, Selkirk and <!old
ranges with many elevations of IO,<)(M> feet, furtiier west Cascade and
Coast ranges with mean elevations of 6,<MM) to 7,<><MI feet, ('ountry be-
tween (iold and Cascade janges, great interior [)lateau, numerous moun-
tain lakes, long, narrow anil deep. Arrow, Kootenay, Okanagan,
Shushwap, Stuart, Tada, and Haliine. Mivers: Kiaser, Columhia,
Skeena, Slikine, Liaid, I'eace, 'riiom|)son and Kootenay. Pacitic coast
nnich hi-oken hy Itays and long narrow inlets like the fiords of Norway.
Coast lini', including indentations, {•J.OOO miles. Many islands, the
largest N'ancouver and tlii" (^>ueeii Chai'lotte group. Many tine haihours.

Industries : Mining, chief souice of wealth. Fisheries, particularly
salmon canning. Agiiculture, raiu'hing and fruit growing ; lumher.

Cities and towns: Victoria ('2.'), 0(M I, estimated), \'ancouver (30, (XK),
estimated), New Westminster, Nanaimo, Kossland, Nelson.

Kducation : Schools undenominational and free ; attendance com-
pulsory.

({overimient vested in Lieutenant-Governor, and an exec;utive council
who must he memhers of the Legislative Assembly. The Province has
in the Dominion Parliament, three senators and six representatives.

CANADA.

101

CHAPTER XIII.

THE RAILWAYS OF CANADA.

CO a countrv as large as Canada, with its wlioat tii-lds far from oithcr
oci'aii, a good system of railways is of tlie utmost importance. And
for so new- a country, ilie Dominion has l)een wonderfully fortunate.
All the oldei- parts oi Canada are a network of railways, while even in
the newer seetions the iron horse follows closely in the track of the set-
tler. Two of the roads take rank among the great railways of the world
and several otheis have a very laige mileage. Tliis v.ith one of the
most wonderful systems of inland navigation in tiie worhl— one capable
still of very great extension— assures to tl»e Dominion excellent trans-
portation facilities.

Tile first Canadian lailway was a short line opened in Lower Canada
in 1S.S6. Tile fiist line in Cpper Canada was the Northern Railway,
hegun in 1<S")1. From that time railway extension lias heen veiv rapid,
and there were in 1898 over 1(),()U() miles of railway in operation.
The Dominion has KUi railways. Tweiity-Hve of these have been
amalgamated and form the (irand Trunk railway system. The con-
solidation of twenty-three others has produced the Canadian Pacific
railway system. The remaining 118 have more or less consolidated
In 18,52 the Claud Trunk railway was begun and within a year was
completed between Portland and iMontreal. By IH'M it had been
extended to Toronto, thereby becoming the first great railway of Canada.
Inth'J meantime the Creat WY'stern railway had been built through
Western Ontario. This, with many other roads, was in course of time
amalgamated with the (irand Trunk, which went on acquiring smaller
lines and building new ones, not only througlumt Eastern Canada, but
on through the United States to the great centres of that country.
To-day the Crand Trunk has under operation over four tlumsand miles
of road, with a tine ciiuipment of rolling stock, terminal wharves and
elevators. It crosses the eastern portion of Canada— the most popu-
l<ms and imiiortaiit part of the Djniinion— from Quebec to Sarnia, on
the Detroit river. By means of the Intercolonial, it reaches the Atlan-
tic coast of the maritime Provinces and by its own line, Portland, a large
sea port in the State of Maine. From Sarnia the (Jraiid Trunk runs
through a splendid tunnel, under the Detroit river and across United
States territory to Chicago,

102

CANADA.

The Intercolonial railway was constructed V)y the Dominion fJovcrn-
ment, as part of the scheme of consolidation wliich led to the Confede-
ration of the Provinces. In 1870 tlie line was opened between Quebec
and Halifax. At present, it runs from Halifax to Montreal, while a
branch runs from Moncton to St. John, New Hrunswick. The Inter-
colonial controls l,.3r)5 miles of road, and is owned and operated by tiie
Dominion Government. Both the (Jrand Trunk and tlie Canadian
Pacific have certain ruiniing privileges over its line.

When British Columbia entered confederation, it stipulated that
within ten years a railway should be built across the continent ficmi
eastern Canada to the Pacific. After an extensive survey, the Domin-
ion (Jovernment began tiie construction of the road, but the woik pre-
sented unusual difficulties and was finally handed over to a strong com-
pany composed chiefly of Canadians. The engineering ditHculties, par-
ticularly in the .section through the mountains, seemed insurmountable
but the company undertook to finish th(! work Mitiiin ten years, in
return for a grant of twenty-five million dollars and twenty-five million
acres of land in western Canada. The work was l)egun in ISHl and in
1886, the railway was completed. Tlie Canadian Pacific, familiarly
known as the C. P. R., is the greatest railway .system in the world and
includes over nine thousand miles of road. The main line, running from
ocean to ocean is over three thousand miles in length. The Company
owns and operates two important lines of steamships and its own tele-
graph system. One .steamship line runs on the (Jreat Lakes between
Fort William and Owen Sound, for the transport of passengers and
grain, while the company's Pacific line runs between Vancouver and
Japan and Hong Kong. With the railway, it furnislies tlie shortest
and quickest route between the east and Britain. The C. P. R. now
carries the British mails to and from China, Japan, Corea and other
places in the far east. Running from Vancouver to Australasia and
touching at the Sandwich Islands, is a line of steamships which con-
nects with the Canadian Pacific at Vancouver.

The difficulties overcome in building the (-anadian Pacific Railway take
rank among the most remarkable engineering feats in the history of rail-
way construction. The main line runs from St. John, N. B. to Mon-
treal, and Ottawa, thence by the Ottawa valley to the north shore of
Lake Superior. At this point the difficulties l)egan for the line had to be
cut through a wild rocky country. From Port Arthur and Fort William
at the head of Lake Superior the railway runs by way of the Lake of
the Woods to Winnipeg. Between Winnipeg and the foothills of the
Rockies, construction was easy, as the line lay straight across the
prairies from east to west. But when the foothills were reached, the

CANADA.

103

real difriculties began in cariK'st. In the first place the coiuitry was
unsettled, and it was necessary to bring supplies iiundreds of miles for
an army of workmen. Then two gieat mountain langes, the Rockies
and tlie Selkirks had to he ciossed, and for over six Innidred miles, the
road led tln-ough the mountains. Upward it climhed over seemingly
im[)assahle places, crawling around the bases of great clitl's, crossing
yawning canons on bridges of trestlework tliat look in the distance like
great spiders' webs. Tlie woik was piished on through tuiniels cut in
the solid rock and along great eml)ankn\ents, twisting and tuniing,
but ever climbing upward, till tlie siuinuit of the Kicking Horse
pass was reached. Then the dithculties began again, for the road crept
slowly downward ovei- places just as haid to cross. Koi- many miles
the railway was l)uilt beside the Fiaser river, creeping along the edge
of the pi'ecipice and in some ))laces on platfoiiiis built over tlie torrent
which rages two innidred feet l)elow. All the way the greatest pre-
cautions had to be taken in ordei' to insure absolute safety, the trestle
work was made douldy strong, and miles of sheds wi-re built of suffi-
cient strength to resist tlie rush of an avahiiiclie of snow .iiid debiisfrom
the mountains. Vet tht> work was done <iuietly and (juiikly, but so
well tliat it has stood tlie test of years and the road has a splentlid
record of successful and safe o|)eration.

To British Columbia, and more particularly, to the Northwest Ter-
ritories and Manitoba such a line meant everything. It made settle-
ment possible, for it aflbrded settleis easy ac(;ess to the country, and
gave an outlet to the markets foi- the pi-oducts of their farms. The
building of the road meant the ditrerence between stagnation and pros-
perous development and the results seem to have justified the large
grant of the Dominion (jlovernment. As the prosperity of the North
West and of the Company are closely related, the latter has done
much to encourage development by building branch lines tn the various
settlements and provirling elevator facilities for the shipment of grain.

In addition to its value to Canada, the C. P. R. and its contiiniation,
the steamship line to the far east, is an im|)ortaiit link in the chain that
binds together the various pails of the IJritish Knijiiie. Mails are
carried much moie tjuickly than by any other route, between Jiritian
and the East. Troops may be traiis[)orted from Liverpool to Hong
Kong in less than thirty days, and sailors to reinforce the Pacific
squadron in twelve. This is a much shorter time than is possible by
any other route, and in addition the sea voyage is broken by a comfort-
able overland journey of five days, through Rritish territory. Along
the line at the most interesting points the company has built fine
hotels which furnish pleasant resting places for the tourist. The trip

104

CANADA.

through tin; Rockies reveals some of the finest mountain scenery in the
worhl, so tliat it is becoming ever more popular with travellers.

A Canadian tians-continental railway train is a most complete afllair
and makes travel very comfortahle. The engines are much larger than
those used in Hritain, while the coaches, known as cars, are about as large
as two English passenger carriages. The coach is not divided into com-
partments, hut down the centre runs a long ai.sle while on each side are
plush covered seats. There is a baggage car in which all heavy luggage
is cai'iicd. Tiie passenger receives a brass check or tag for his luggage,
and does not need to trouble about it further until his destination is
reached. Tiierc is a dining car where meals are served as in an hotel,
ami sleeping cars are pi-ovided — plain, comfortable ones for those who
wish to travel cheaply, and luxurious ones for those who can afford to
pay a higher piice. At points noted for their scenery, such as the
Rocky Mountains, observation cars are attached front which the
traveller may view the beauties of nature while sitting comfortably at
his ease.

Quite recently the construction of a new Canadian railway has been
begun in the west. It is known as the Canadian Nortliern, and work
is j)roceeding rapidly. At present t' ^ line is to run fnmi Port Ai'thur
to Wiimipeg, and thence in a noithwesterly direction. It is intended
later on, to extend the railw.ay westward to the Pacific and eastward to
the Atlantic. Another impoitant railway system is tlie Canada Atlantic
which runs from a point on the south eastern boundary, through Ottawa,
to Parry Sound on CJeorgian Bay. By means of a line of steamships it
is enabled to secure much of the grain from the west which is brought
to the head of Lake Superior, and it also carries a great deal of the
lumber from the Georgian Bay and upper Ottawa districts.