CIHM Microfiche Series ({Monographs) (CMH Collection de( microfiches i (monographles) Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroroproduCtions / Institut Canadian da microraproductiont historiquas c ^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notat tichniquai er JMbhographiquat The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. / li'lnstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur eiiemplaire qu'il lui a kik possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-4tre uniques du point de «ue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent axiger une modification dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiqu^ ci-dessous. Q D □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endomm Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurAe et/ou pellicuMe Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured pages/ , Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^ □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurtes et/ou pelliculies Q Pages discploured. stained or foxed/ Pages dteolortes, tacheties ou piquees r/ D D a D a Coloured maps/ Caites gAographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres dbcuments Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion I along interior margin/ La reliure serrie peut cauter de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure Blank leaves added during restoration may iippear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaiiles pages blanches aioutto lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, cesjtages n'ont pas ete f ilm^s. -^ \ ^ Ai^ditional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: □ Pages detached/ Pages d^techies n Showthrough/ Transparence QuaAity of print varies/ Qualite inigale de I'impression Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from: / Le titre de Ten-tCte provient: □ Title page of issue Page de titre de la ssue/- livraison I I Caption of issue/ n ,Titre de depart de la livraison Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est f ilme au taux de reduction indiqui ci0 on tha npras- I printad icha "CON- EIMO"). J at }9 to ba nod laf t to I as ta tha L'axamplaira fllm4 fut raprodUlt arid* A la g«n«roait« da: MetropbUtan Toronto Refer8Dce Library Baldwin Room Laa Imagas aulvantaa ont it* raprodultaa avac la ' plua grand aoln, cdmpta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da l'axamplaira filmi. at on conformity avac las conditions du contrat da fHmaga. Las axamplalras originaux dont la couvartura on papiar aat imprlmia sont fllm«s an commanpant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par la »*darni«ra paga qui comporta una amprainta ^.d'imprassion ou d'illustration, solt par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplalras originaux sont fllmis on commandant par la pramlira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'imprassion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. . . ■ * Un das symbolaa suivants apparattra sur to darniira Imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la cas: la symbols -^ signifia "A SUIVRE", la symboia V sigqifia "FIN". Las cartas, plancHaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra filmis A das taux da reduction diffirants. Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour Atra raproduit an un saul clichi, 11 ast filp« i partir da I'angia supiriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut on bas, an pranant la nombra d'imagas nicassaJra. Laa diagrammas suivants illustrant la mithoda. MICRQCOrV RISOUITION TBt CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) » III l£ 1 2.2 ■ 3.6 i^ l^ |||2.8 1^ f^ ^ ■Jt, \A- =^ 1653 East Main Street B (716) 288 -5989 -Fox ine A, i5?^£y:l?-?l!?i^.?ZJL^_^ BOOKS. TREATISE OH ^ / / l^^RENCll PKONUNCIATION "^AND GENDERS J. B. ANGEL VY%.AFONT, Esq., t'lftcXC-H MA8TER AT THK HAMILTOX. C. W.. ORAMMAU AM. CKJfTUAL SCHOOLS. PRiNTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHX LOVELL, AND 80LD BY BOBERT MILLER. ^ ADAM MILLER, 62 KING STREET EAST. 1864. ^ > *' Entered, accordinjr to thfi Ant ^r *i « * ' Of the Province of CaC» '" ""' '"' ""' «"«'"-•• V ; ^••1 ■ hi I V. 1 t mont, in roiir, by egistrar 1 PKEFA4 i I »u.cc„ fundaracntlT Cd" 0"'^ iti'oh 7"""'''^ "'« been treated with sDccinI -nri '"o '' r«n<;n l"nKuago have hoped that the , ult Sul „f „ """^ .""""'r i ""^ '' i« education on the Danlf Mn/ i^*'"""^ French birth and the French 1 nXlaM;^'"'^'"^^ ^•'^^^ educated in the dUes^here tl^ n ""'! S^"'" V" ^^^^once and Versailles and ParTsAesTdn V '"'* ^'^""'^ '^ ^Vo^^^n-^ in the same cities ?n7«?f ^'''^'"^ '^'^^^ fi^^^^n years advantagrof e, ;4^^^ ^W^ the further claim, at the o^Tonr^: ^\'''.t^''r ^'^ ^^^ prejudice in questiqn" ^''^''' the favor of the an^tein:^„^s;:^^-^^^^ ' as causing great difficultLftn f L ^ u *^'°S considered the Frenchfany Xrt tendinV r^"^" ''"^"'"^^'^^ *« J^«ra ties must b; encouTaL anJ li '"'iT"' **^««^ ^^ffi^"!- that beautiful C^Ta^^^age '^^^ ^^ *^^ ^^«^«^^' «^ ^a»>{.y>< ^.<^ri.>,j.-t.,-t^,«ji.,.,^. -^A, J ,,,-'„ ,- - ^.-^^ SlOT. I HlOT. , 11 Hbot. irr Sbot. IV Mkot. V SfOT. VI, Sbct. VII Skot. VIII, StCT. IX.^ SiCT. X. Skct. XI.. Sect. XII.— CONTENTS. —French Alpbabot 5 . — Simple Vowelg nnd Accents q . — OompoutuI Vowola.. (^ — Nasiil Hound* , !!!*..!.*!.*.. 10 ' —Diphthongs— Table of Diphthongs, witii their soiinda and examples j-j — Oombiaatioua of Consonants with Vowela! ! '. 13 I. Letters cj-,;,^ 13 11. Letters cA jg III. Letters gn .« IV. Lettters t7, i7/ ,'.'!'."..'.'!!!.'! 17 V. Letters ti 1. ....'.'...." 19 VI. Letters U, re, (when final). . . . . ...... '. '. 21 — Final Consonants 22 I. Class — 8ounde<^ .'....*..'.'.. 22 II. Class— not sounded .!!!... 23 —Rules for joining the final consonant of a word with the fbllowlng vowel 27 I. When that junction Is obligatory .* . . 29 11. When that junction is subordinate to Euphony g. Consonants when double, in middle of words, and other cases ' or List of words beginning with A aspirate, and or words beginning with A mute 37 Synoptic Table of the sixteen fundamental •sounds of French pronunciation 45 Tlie various modes of representing the sixteen • vowel sounds, illustrated with numerous exercises ^ Complete tlieory of the pronunciation of e unaccented ^„ Reading Lessons ..*.'!...!.!!!..' 72 1 '4»~ TREATISE 'AQES. ft 6 8 10' 12 13 1.1 10 16 17 19 21 22 22 23 27 29 31 35 37 45 47 56 72 OM FMCH PRONDNCIATION ilD BENDERS. SECTION I. A LI'II AUET-a6l<4fcrii. Aa. Bb. Co. Dd Ec. Kf. Gg (Jf like t in pleasure) gay Hh aah li... . ...^ c Jj (j like ft in pleasure) jeo Kk kah LI ell Mm. einm •/* . cnn > p»y . ku air csa tay 'Sh Nn. bay Oo. my Pp . day Qq . a Rr.. eff S«. . Tt.. Uu^iust bo hoard from the teacher.) Vv vay Xx ecks Yy '. ograik Zz zed The pupil must learn the French name of every letter, and use that name every time he has to spoil or read a Fronolr-wofd: This will give him, after a littje practice, great facility in the correct pronunciation of Fi-ench. On the contrary, if in spelling, for instance, the French words amt,/able, vice, tube, he names the letters in English, he will be in danger, through habit, t6 read aimi, faille, va\ce, tioube, which in French is, of course, a wrong pfonun, elation. . .^~;N.. "^ *»«^ a FRENCH PEONUNCIATION, SECTION 11. SIMPLE VOWEI.S AlfD ACC|«:NTS. .'^^'i':i^l^\^''^?^^''owo\B,a,e,i,o,u,i/. Their sound 18 modified by three marks called in French, accents, which are placed over them, the y excepted. These three marks or accents are short lines made in the lollowmg way : % (^') Called acce/ii m^M, acute accent. O Called accent ^mygj grave accent. ( *)• Called accent circonflexe, circumflex accent. Those accents render the vowels long, close or broad, in the rollowmg manner : . a— Without accent is sounded like a in the En^^lish word mass,—\2L, ma, papa, *Qana. i2— With the circumflex accent is long and broad, and it IS sounded like a ih the English words ham,father]~m^i ame, blame. , ' u^~^}^ *^° ^^^^ ^^°®°* is sounded like ay in dau v , v.g.,—p(ire, dre, apr^is. ^— With the circumflex accent is a little longer than the preceding, v.g.,--Stre, t^te, temp<^te. tii^^f ^'^'^' ^^ ''°*'^''' ^^®'" ^^ '^ sometimes silent, some- , I. It is silent or very lightly heard, like u (very short) in ^ut; first,when it is the final letter of aword.v.-. — me te dL &c.; secondly, in the middle of words before°oneconsdS y.g , raret^, repos; thirdly, when it precedes a final* in poly- syllabic words, y.g. am^res, modifies, pronounced amir modell— (more explanations and the excetjtions will b^ given, Sect. XI, sixth sound). y ym qq II. The e, though without any accent, is sounded as if there waB one over it, say like e in the English word left: ■ J^irst, before two consonants, v.g.,.pervers, majesty, terre, pro- oounce pairvair, tairre; secondly, when it precedes a final SIMPLE VOWELS AND ACCENTS. 7 consonant other than », asbref,effet, pronounoo braif, effai — (more explanations and the exceptions will be given, Sect, XI, fourth and fifth sounds), and S6ct, IX, letters mm and nn, I— Is sounded like c in the English word me, v.g., midi fini, timiditd. - I— With the circumflex accent is a little lengthened like two ee mbee, v.g., dpitre, ile, dime. <>— Without accent has nearly the sound of the same let- ter iij^e English word nor, v.g., robe, ecole, porte. o-r-With the circumflex accent has a broad and long sound, as in the English words ^o, note, v.g., dome, ddpot cote. / / ' M— This vowel has no s/milar sound in English, and must be heard from themfejfer — especially a native. There is perhaps something of the 'French u in the sound of w in sweet, tumulte, lune, unitd. ® ii— With the circumflex accent is longer thah u without accent ; m has a common length iu lunfe, uni ; but it is lone in brftler, flfite, mfir. ^ y— This vowel is sounded like i, as type, pronounce tipe in English teepe. ' 3^— *After another vowel and between two vowels, equals two lis, v.g., pays, payer, pronounce pai-i, pai-id, forming two syllables. ° Every vowel with the corresponding French words given as examples, must be pronounced by the teacher and repeated by the pupil several times, until a correct pro- nunciation IS acquired, as the vowel sounds may be con- sidered as the foundation of a true pronounciation. ^ Observe—first, that the acute accent makes the edose the grave accent makes it broad, the circumflex broad and long; secondly, that the circumflex luxjent renders the a and the o long and broad, but the i and the w^bnly long. , The following exercises, especially the first, are to be read ftt first vertically and then horizontally. — — ■■ y ■ ,.;*: /«" 8 a as a in far S, as a in barn FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. .EXERCISES ON SIMPLE VOWELS AND ACCENTS. I. .^^6 A as 6 as cas i as o as a in e in e in uin cin o in fate ebb there tub mc nor ba bJi h4 h^ b6 be da d& d4 dK dg do fa {& f4 ft m fe la la U Id ig le nia ma m6 md m€ me pa pS P^ pd p6 pe ra T& r^ rd r6 re sa 8& 86 s<^ 86 ze ta i& : ^ td ta II. ve alarmd 4\ev6 mode bal bl^me ^16ve . m^re b^te ^ : pole porte r6ti malade mdle t^mdritd re type te bi di fi li mi pi ri zi vi bo do fo lo mo po ro so vo oas u oin go bo bu do du fo fu 16 lu mo mu p6 pu ro zo ru su to tu fiddlit^ du '^■^it^'%i''fr^».t.^i'^js ■<^*^, COMPOUND VOWELS. lu mu pu ru su tu When the compound voweV ai is followed by one of the letters s, t, d, it assumes the open sound of the 6 with the grave accent, as avais, avaitj laid, are pronounced av6, 16. ei — These two letters have the same sound as 6 with the grave accent, as reined haleine, peine, are pronounced r6ne, baldne, pdne. au, eau — These two compound vowels are pronounced like the 6 with the circumflex accent, as taux, autre, mar- teau, beau, are pronounced t5, otre, marto, b6. eu — These letters have nearly the sound of u in the English word us, or of i in sir. The e without accent, when lighly heard, partakes the sound of eu ; in ne, me, le, the sound is very short; in neu,meu, leu, the sound has a common length. ' Remark 1. — The letters eu are pronounced like m alone in the verb avoir, to have ; feus,feusse, eu, are pronounced j'u, j'usse, u. ou — These leffcers have the sound of ou in the word youj or of the double oo in too; /ou, coupe, route, are pro- nouncedybo, coop, root. oi — These two letters have nearly thje same sound as 7ca in wa^h or loater, as foi, boire, reservoir ; they form a diphthong, giving nearly the two sounds ou-a. BemarJe 2. — The letters ai, ei, au, eu, oi, do not form a compound vowel when there . is a diaeresis over the second letter, or an accent over the c; then the two vowels are pronounced separately, and form two syllables, v.g., hai, SaHl, Maiise, obei, riussi, are pronounced ha-i, Sa-ul, Mo-ise, < ob^i, r^-ussi. Refmark 3. — ai and ei are also pronounced separately, and de.not form a compound vowel when they precede two U in the middle of words or one I final ; for instance, the words travailla, rSveilU, travail, riveil, are pronounced trava-i-a, r^v^i-^, trava-f, rdv^i ; the II are suppressed, and in the two last words you make long the a and the e pre- ceding the i, and the i final very short. (This is fiJly explained Sect, YI., letters il, ilL ■k 10 atmai balai ferai lirai mai ferais dirait lait ■-/•.• FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. EXERCISE •ON COMPOUND VOWELS. laid mais plait • trait baleino reine seine veine '^ aubo ardeur route beau neuf vautOut^' maudino parleur boirc pauvrc peuple droito roseau bou e foi taureau douleur loisir bleu feu ^' moule "VOUS poire voiture ExcEPTioNs.-HaV, obdS, Moisc, travaiLrdveilld. SECTION IV. NASAL SOUNDS. There are four nasal vowels or sounds:— "antt ^::z;t.:::''' " ^^ ''' ^'^"^^' ^•- ^^ '^ -^^= In like en in the English word length, as fin, vin, dessin. un like on m song, as salon, Inontre, ton. Un nearly like un in sunk, as brun, tribun, un. tioST^thlf ''' ''''"'^' is represented by several combina- 1. -4» is represented by - Am — sample, rampe. X ^m— emporter, membre, trembler. nn^"^'*^^ ?■ '" ^^^ "**^^'® «^ ^s when there is only one n, as entendre, rendre, enfin. ^ in^^Jj^'^Q npuns^as in monument; 2. in adjectives, as SiS ^ ' ^-/^ f^T^"' ^ i*» bonnement; but in the third person plural of verbsTcn^ io silent, m ^arlent v*>- M ; ^^^»^^ ii^te'iWP**' SkS^s- A-"\«jfcJ« '" w NASAL SOUNDS. 11 v*«- they speak; ih dormcntf they sleep; arc pronounced, ils pari, ils dorm. Ant as aimant, parlant, partant, devant. 2. In is represented by Jm — impie, timbre, impossible, limpidc. Ain — main, pain, ainsi, vain, plaintiT. Aim — faim, daim, essaim. • Ein — frein, plein, peintre, sein, enfreindre. En^ — when final generally preceded by i or y, as in bien,, citoyen, moyen, Ph^nicien, bien, le tien. Ym — nymphe, olympe, sympathie, symbole. Yn- — syntaxe, synthase, syncope. 3. Oft is represented by ' / Om — nom, ott^bre, combat, tombcau, trompcttc. Eon 1 Eons >• pigeon, ^erons, prendront, fbront. Ont } 4. Uh is represented r, I humble, parfum, S?5< ou-l ou-an oureu ouron u-a u-ant u-i or ui U'i u-6 u-i u4n u-6 u-on n-eu £xainpte«. idiot, violon, nwSdioore, patriotc. lion, nous r^ons, passion, nation, moi, toilette, (etroite, avoir, voir, soin, t^moin, pointe, moindre. ^ jouer, enroud, avoud,- nouer. jouet, fouetter, ouest, brouette. je jouai, je d<3nouai, je trouaL jc jouais, je d<5nouai8, il trouait. jouir, r^jojiissancc, onfoui, Louis, louango, trouant, vouant, avouant. noueux, boueujt, joueur. louons, jouons, nouons. il remua, salua, nuage. Z^- nuanees, saluant, remuant. je saluai, je remuai, je tuai. je saluais, il remuait, il tuait. I denuiS, nude, huer, dternuer. ' depuis, conduire, autrui, fluide. juin, suinter, quinquag(6sime. imp<5tuositd, monstruo8itde. Quadruple. Quaterne. Quadrag^naire. Quadrangulaire. Aquatique. ► Equation. Loquacity. Qtti^tisme. COMBINATIONS OP CONSONANTS WItIt VOWELS. IS) Exercises. 1 ci gui qui g» • • cri gli ca c6 CO gua gu<5 guo qua qu(5 que .9a f^ gc fja j<5 jo ) era crd do gra gl«S gro 2 oarto c6cii6 ' quatorzo gu<5rir gardo g(5ndral conjugua. gu(5ridon liguons conjugud fa9ade 4 . joujou jamais credit cravatc agr<5cr gravitc cycle Exceptions : — Aquatique, queste * CO quo guo go 50 jo gro quiconquo quotidien gigot juge guide barque jeton grenier gvmijaso cu 9u gu cru gru Concorde cubiquc rc^u ma^on gorge Job croyant grosse jujube II. •V Letters ch. These two letters are pronounced like «7t in English; so that the combinations cha, chi, chl, cJio, chu, are pro- nounced in French as if written in English shah, shay, shee, sho, shu: v. g., oharit^, cheval, chimie, chose, chdte, cha-^ rade, moustache, machine. » But ch is pronounced k in some words derived froiii Greek, Hebrew or Latin, v. g., archange, archi^piscopal, anachordte, cat^humdne, chaos, choeur, choriste, chorus, ^ho, eucharistie, orchcstre, Cham, Chanaan, Ghald^, GhersQn<^, Charon, Bacchus, Nabuchodonosor, &c. — Hj^Kmes- ch ia s ounde d ^ g A in a rchev6aue. archevfieh <^ . — aiohi]^rarchipr@tre, j^lWon, Achille, Ez^hiel, Mich^, Rachel, Sicheni, Zaoh^. r^. '.*»«>4^i^ ■ N* - -TBy^ <-^~TWf3J^ ' 16 FRENCH PRONimClATTON. Ch 18 also sounded k before a consonant, v. g., anaohro- nwme, thrist, dirttien, ohroniquo, ohronomdtro, ohrysolide draohme &o., m Maohiavol, Miohel-Ange, Sancho/yaoht' Zuriih " """"^ ''^" *'^^ ^"""^^^''g *'^'»«'' Munich, Vtreoh, Observe that there are two kinds of A; /* mute, which is not meant at all in the pronounciation, and h a»mrate, which IS pronounced with a very light aspiration (more explanationsaregivenSfect. IX, letterA) ^ aoharn^ branohe blanoheur charity oheroher chdne ohimie ohoo ) £XER0ISK. ohoisis ohoufleur chuchoter chyle <$chauffer enchants mouohoir manohon prochain richesse enriohir retranohdrent tranchet rocher rftche chien [•*■ III. LeTTIBS ON. Tfese two letters are sounded as in the wdrdsmtano- nette, bagnio, vignette, v.g., magnanime, acoompagntf. igno- rance; gn form a syUable^wih the following vwel thus ma^narDi-me, i-gno-rance, &c. ' This sound is^called soft bv some grammarians, liquid by some oAers J it is pretty h&d to be acqu^, and must be heard frequently from the teacher. In a few words ^n has the hard sound which is given by the aaiuQ letteram ignorant pronounced in EngliSi a^ igntf, ignitioD, stagnant, Bt^aaon, inexpugnable: guide, agnus. In these words y forms a syllable with the pSeced- ing vowel, and n forms another syUable with the foUow- i n g vow el, thu g , st a g - n a nt, ig - n^, &o., and then a has the hard aonnd nf ^: "^ ' ^f »« t^w •j^ hudwmndofc. '^X I -* i <.. •■.-^Jfi- -■' COMBINATIONS OP CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS. 17 agiKOau . Allomagno compagnon • champignon oygne dignity daigna * Exceptions ; EXKBOISE. Espagnol ^agnant ignoblo ignorance ligno magnanime magnifiquo -Ign6, ignition, mignonotio ]>ci^o poignai-d seigneur signal vignetto vigneron stagnant. IV. Letters il, ill. Combinations: ail, eil, owl, ouil, ouil, &c., at the end of words. Combinations : aill, eill, ill, ouill, &o., in the middle of words. In the preceding combinations I final or U in the middle of words are in French pronounced in two ways, either of which 18 correct. In tl^e first way, I or II are sounded as in^the English words William, brilliant— See Exercise I below. They are called /wow7/<^y!fiIlMl ExoKPTiojfs. -- In tho folUwii^VorS^ 7/1, noithor of tho two noundn mTJmH t L H double list one /only is hoard^wirfTown Jm,l ? /if' -eoond list the twof/ arc hrr3":Hh t Hr:^ villo villi^ pupiUc AohJUo imb^ille 'anquillo l8t list, oodicillo campanillo sibjilo fibrille millo Gillo 2iJd list. ilMtr a long i'undra-i-yo } i Hhort « (( « i( I » long long Z' gri-y© I'anii-yc or<5-i-pB )o pan^-i-f ) i Hhort , arti-yc^ric "I ij(^g trava-i-f c-rai j yo rapid V. . 1 LlTTElW TI. 1. Combinations : tion, tic, tial, tiel, tielt, tien, tieux, &c. ' The consonant t followed by i is geuocally pronounced in French like c soft ; ti is sounded ci, thiff happens generally in the following combinations : Tian — f» is pronounced as ct, v.g., action, ablution, addi- tion, aHection, ambition, caution, cauttonrier, convictio% d^Bounoed pwi-ance. « Ej^e.!'S«.^:r'^ ««» » ^^-«». B^«en, 3W-« like d, as in captieui, ambiiieux, Ac juU^. ™»s initiii^ i.*1Stil7r:,-inutliiS: FinaUy for the pronunciation of f i in th^ «,^^. of A in FrenTfr^^i^^r°*^ 1' «*"?« '^ »»■«» ^-*,»^»ir2;i;^:;,S::^^ "WTW'^T'- "^' Ji*'" TTT^'ITSfT^y , •* , ' T ' MMS^ :'.*^-'' COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS WITH VOWELgi 21 ■-'■■:■. ■■■' '^vl' ; L£ AND BE (FINAL). Combinations: ble, bre, ole, ere, dre, fle, fre, ere. ele. pie, pre, tre, Ac. ' > > e » 6 » In the English language the terminations ble, bre, are pronounced as if the e was placed between b and I, or 6 and r, thus, table tabel, acre aArcr. By the force of habit iinglish learners are inclined to pronounce in French the same final as in English. But in French the two conso- nants are heard before the e which is itself hardly heard having something of w in but; therefore, this rule may be laid down: "Pronounce in French the consonants pre- ceding e obtuse, v. g., ble, bre, de, ore, Ac., as you would pronounce the same consonants in English attheb^innine ot words, as bl in blame, ere in credit, &c. ■■tj' - ■■' ■ ■ ble possible, do not pronounce bul but bl initials of blunt bre arbre. cle artiple, ere acre, gle angle, pie peuple, . pre propre. ■<.< u (C u It (( ainyible impossible noble ^ arbre marbre ombre article boude miracle nacre -Sucre br « ol (( or (( gl n pl « pr (( maigre ample couple simple peuple pampre propre autre centre brunt club orup 'glum . pluck prude •^ couvre ouvre fe^ iif *E^ Atfe-^i, . 22 FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. SECTION VII. FINAL CONSONANTS. .The subject of this section is as difficult as it is imDor- ^e not «!r^ T^ ^'^e! consonants aiTsL, oT« JIl^ ' ^i *''''" ^^^^'^ '^^'''^ are called silent are not ^ ^'"V; ■ •' CLAS^. I. ■ ■ CONSONANTS SOUNi/eD WHEN FINAL O final is sounded, as in sao W Ko« «^ t *h«, pic, roc; due .q^di^'Ao "' °"^""' ^' "*«' e«roo, raccroo, broc, pore ' *"*'^' "'"''' ''™' , orf hbmm, (may be sounded or not) ' '' ""t^Sif'^ ** *^' *"^ «^ ^^^^ ^Wch, aoeordine to Levuac, amount to nearly 260 as in W iSlp ^. p ^«tt I*IKAt CONSONANTS. 2d is impor' nt, others are not so b; on the with the word, as Euphony hese two )r of oon- roduce a ipleasant in two are not. letter is 5C, avec, )y », as ich) lacs !, croc, -jambe, d com- ncvous 3s, it is iog to > nerf, Before a vowel or A mute, / is sounded », which is carried ' to Ithe next vowel, neuf enfants, (nine children,) is pro- nounced neuv^enfants. ExGEPTiONS.— A final / is silent in clef, cerf, chef- d'oeuvre, and in the plural nerfs, oeufs, boBiife. In the number neuf (nine), / is silent before a consonant, neuf Kvreg (nine books), isjpMStrounced neu livre». However, / in neu/, is sounded bSfore the months, le neuf Janvier, le neuf Septcmbre, &c. L final is sounded, as in g^n^ral, bal, chcval, bel, rdel, sel, il, fil, sol, nu^ &c. EXOBPTIONS.— Z is silent in fusil, outil, sourcil, gril, baril, persil, gentil, and fils (son), pronounce Jisie or /, (both ways are correct). L is also silent in poiils, 'gentUs* hommos; pronounced pou, genti-zomm6s. R final, is sounded after a, i, o, li, as in car, par, finir, punir, or, essor, dur, obscur ; except in monneur, pro- nounced mo-n'eu. But after e^ r fina\ is silent, as it will be seen inlihe next class of consonants hereafter, and the cases are very numerous, as in donner, chapelier, oranger, &c. However, r final is sounded after e in the following, words: ' ' cher fer fier mer ver tiers hiver cuiller enfer . cancer ^thei; Belv^der Lucifer Magister pate«- gaster Jupiter hier CLASS IL ■■^ CONSONANTS NOT SOUNDED WHEN PIKAJ.. Those are d, g, p, s, t, x, z„and also r after e. I) final is not sounded, as in grand, gond, marchand, pied, nid, second, nceud, &o. Exceptions. — D final is sounded in proper names, as, Alfred, David. Gad, Obed, and: also in Cid, tahnnd, Snnd (Straits), le Slid. , -* — ^'.i^su-i"— '— ^^;i?^ ST.* '^ --^fl^* 2i immon vmmmoiAno^. Exo«mol,._0 fa «,„„ded in jo„g. tn;,'r""'' " ■" "-P' ''^P' '"P. '»«««oup, loup, (v&r--^ "«••'''<'«''■' -P. A)ep. g.p, «ep, ^ final is sUent niter 4e vowel <■ • .nj .1. «»» veqr numerous, t^IpTl ' '"' '"*'' "'"'"' in&itWe,™"" "^""^ '"' <»"J"8««»» "Woh end by „in the. " SrL """'?»'-» aim. chanter « ^Z*'*"^ parler « °^an^ Steer > ^""T-^ ^^^^^ boulanger ' « cordoani^ ^icier « boulang^ iJ. In names of trees, as pommier pronounced poirier cerisier groseiller 4w In other words, as • ofBcier cwnseiller verger S final is silent as in, compas aprds refus tapis nous rions pronounced ■ « pronounced « pommi^ poiri^ cerisi^ groseill^ officii conseilli^ vergd ba. compa aprd refu tapi nou rion »»K>.; ?. "■^r -*«fci^ A-^'tjt^'' ^-*y BoeleAt^-t"! "J?" 'T?'^ -« P*»i bat It i, oMTied to the n^t -„,!l 'j"." " "* »«" next V, Jiffi'S^.t^l™ : ^ • " rri^J «o tie that »»,j)^«<,m.-,. that; Of ?t?Co:^^,'^^»»»*''' «»»- y™^At, and , eoiwonant preceding h a«Lto'»r if ."*"/"""»>■»" ""e TOwel preceding th^ h '-rdYffi^A /"" ''' »»' *»P tke Mdein fe, de:ieZ^t,\? )': «» *»»tance, o in la * being •iiri^'iH^'J^'' •""*«? '•"J^ TW I'f^'ne, Phome^, inTtead jTI-i!*"^' J'" "rite »?^A^-rt' -^ s_K !=. ( jLj.«.i*,*s ' UNION OP WORDS. 29 because A is silent ; b^t in grand Kiroi you do not sound d, because the following h is aspirate. The suppression of a or e final letter of a word preceding another word oommenoing with a vowel or 4 mute, is called elision. An apostrophe takes the place of the letter sup- At the letter h, next section, more explanation on h mute and h aspirate will be found; and also a list of words tho most used, beginning with h mute, and of those beginning with h aspirate. I.- ■■ When the junction of the final consonant of a word with the next word commencing with a vowel or h, mute is obligatory. This matrk (^^ is adopted here between the two words when they must be joined together. That junction must take place — ^ ^I. Betweett^^e articles and the following nouns or adjectives : ^ - Examples. les^affaires " les afflig^s des^engagements deT imprudents aux^empereurs aux^ennemis les^hommes ' un ^nge des^historiens. r ua^homicide aux^umains - ^ These oases are nmneipous, because in French articles are used before nouns taken in a general sense, as well as in a particular sense. II. Between adjectives preceding nouns: be the ad- jectives ; ^ V 1. Qmdificative. beanx^oiseaux vieux amis bon historien " ^ cher^enfant grand^ypocrite p e tit^agn e au — -* petits^gtres mauvais <}Colier t ^- Vo fflon^usago • ton^omploi son^lidtel 8on_«rbre oot^animal oet^ikbit FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 2. Potiett(ve. . son^^ritior 3. nkmonttraiive. Mfl^oooapttioni lour^ardeur lour^honnour lours^offmj oos^instrunicns WI. B^t^oen pronouns subjept or object of verbs : .l^'. EXAMPLES. n(iu8^aVbna' . ^^^^^ ^^ . m ont ^ ' V0U8 habiterez les^avez-vous y^^ . il^^h^orent EXAMPLES. :i fort^aimable bien^attentif extrdmement^agr^ble plus^obdissant nollement^aimd trop^heureux trop^envieux il n'est pas^arriv^ elle n'est point^averti en^entrant ^ V. Between numbers and nouns: EXAMPLES. ;°-^^H huit^arbres deux animaux . huit heures cinq^hommes dix huit^Indiens "^-^"^"^^ vingt^officiera sept.oranges deux^et un font-trois -i .^-^iiAkit iiH%AaS»kdf -vrJi s-Mk^ft^ ^ « ^ ^ (<4J( « ^ « 't "^1^^ .iy f" » " PJgSl"^*^ UNION OF WORbB. 81 VI. Between most af propooiiionH and their objoot : EXAMPLES. aprds^avoir pour^arriver avec^eux sans^attention devant^ello par^ioi ohez^un-ami sous^un^arbro dana^an-an en^Angleterre VII. And also in such expressions as — o'est^ik-dire, o'est^ikjroiro, o'est^^-savoir, de temps^en temps, de mieux^ en mienx, tout^A eoup, touted Theare, tont^atitant, tout]]^ au plus, vis^^vis, de fond^en oomble, de pied;_en cap, un pied^i terre, Ac. II. When the junction of the final consonant of a word with the following word beginning with a vowel or h mute is subordinate to euphony. I. The meeting of the final* vowel of a word with .the initial vowel of the next word, produces in the pronun- ciation an unpleasant sound, oalled hiatiu, a Latin word which means an opening, the mouth being kept open in uttering the two voweb, as it would be in the following words :^ la ame, la amitit The French prevent that disagreeable and nearly ridiculous sound by difibrent ways. 1. They drop the a of fa, the e of U, de, je, me, te, ««, n«, que, jutque, Ac. ; the i of «, when the words come before a vowel or h mute, putting an apostrophe at. the place of the vowel cut off : and they call that change eKeion, as it has been already said. r&me ramiti^ ' Thistoire I'indifime conduite iignc Tespiit ]parol« d'bonneur EXAMPLES. instead of C( tt (( ia ame la amiti^ la histoire la in djgne conduite Jnd^Df le esprit paitoie de honneur iStiA '■f-V-J'-y-.' v[- »-» .MKrt^r"*---' -'^.' ^'^^ 32 FIlENCn PROJJUNCIATION. ^6 t'aimo ill m'appdiont jo oroix qu'il viont ■'il vous plait instoad of u a (I je ai jo te aimo lit mo appoUont je oroix que il viont ai il voua plait *i, as « rontuui, instead of «^ on weui. ""P"®"'® ' *»wr 3. A final « unaooentod, which h the vowel moat Vnu MAMPLES. ^riouao attention ^; pronounced adrieu-Mttention femmo impradente\ " fi,^ ™;!! j imprudente amio « iZnTPr'^f^^ 4. It ia also for the aake of eephon^Sf raS^ „ . genend rule, that "a final ooneonant of a word in v^rl'^JT * earned to the initial.vowel of the ne^t w^^d^." ^^^^^« 11. iJnt a the pnnciple of ioinina th* a^r.1 ^ to the next vou^l y^J <^^^ {^ frl^'^""' euphony instead of serving it tSs^S' th« !!"^^ '""^l^ except the oaaes in whic??the mtadng o?;,^",!^?' requirea that jundum, aa it has been sZ in IZT^. ^'^* of this Sectio-i, they do not aS^rtSeTun^o^ o^l^^^^^ oonsonant with the next vowel when ennW.5 xf""^ aflFected by it. For that SJ Aat nS^^^^^^ ^-"^^ ^ teraoted by another ^- «T/T this phrase, do not sound the final t of ont. Observe that, besides euphony forbidding someUmes the jimctum of a final consonant to the next vowel, there is also the case when an ambiguous or ridiculous moaning would result ftt)m that junction. For instance, " un honiino grand ?'♦ ^fi,"*" i^ ^^ «trong),-if you carry the d of grand to the « of e<, you give to the hearer the i^eanini grand effort, (great offorO, you must ^y "gran et fort " Aote /.— In the following phrases when the final consonant must be earned to the next vowel, or to A muto, ihiw siim {J IS used between the two words, and when the final con- sonant must be sUent, the cipher (0) is placed over it Note II.— The final consonants are carried to the next vowel more frequefiUy in public speaking than in oonver- Note ///.—When n final is carried to the next vowel it loses Its nasal sound, and retains its natural sound- n is earned to the next VQwel, principally in the foU'owinc monosyllables: man, ton, a&n, t)on, on, en.. FIRST SEBIE8. Phrase, in which the fi^al consonant is earned to the next word, according to eupJionjf or clearness of meaning. dr—l. Vousdevez fkireun grand effort. You must make a great effort. * 2. Vous me direz quand Jl viendra. You will tell me wheiThe comes; V ^—3. Le sang, humafn vers^ crie vengeance. Human blood s|ied, ?ries revenge. n—4. Mon^enfant fait mon^honnenr — - — — My c hil d is my hofiorT — p — 5. Cet homme est trop^envieux. That man is too on^ions;' i 'SikJh^'i^'^f' &Zth- i-'X'^ "v^" - 84 VKESOB PROmJNCUTION. s—6. Nous^avoM^^W avertis. W^ have b^ warned. 7,, ^ua^allonsenBemWe 4 la promenade. We go together walking. «— 8. lis ont^aim^ leurs enfans. They have loved their children a5~9. II parla d'une voix altdr^. He spoke with an Skeited voice. - • .■■.' ■ ' " ' ■* SECOND SERIES rf-l. n ^tait bien fait, grand et fort. He was well made, tall and strong. 2. Ce marohand agit hdnorablement. mat merchant acts honorably. , ^"'^' Thir"*!? u '?!^ ^} ^^ ^*™es versus. There will be blood and tears shed. ^ ^^«y know thexr lesson and their exewises.^ ^~^" ■" » regu un coup inattendu. He has received an unexpected blow. *~6. Nos^agents agisscnt pour nos int6r6te. Our agents wt for our interests. , 7. Nous^aUon^ ensemble 4 1'assembl^. * We ^ t^^ther to the assembly. . *~8."Ils ont dt^ tr^ dtonnfe. They have been very astonished. a>— 9.' Nous avons tout oomDria et oa ^«f* * ^filial consonant indicated W *l.^ LT^- " '° which the -.3^ e. •e carried to neaijing. ises. » gestes. gestures. u« num- rhioh the J to the mth the '"J] DOUBLB CONSONANTS. 36 phrases of the second series, where the same consonant is silent, as marked by the cipher (" ) over it. On this subject the ear and the taste are to be consulted. But tbe best way of forming both the ear and the taste is, undoubtedly, to listen to a native, and to practise under his direction. R final, preceded by c, is seldom carried to the next vowel in conversation ; in public, affectation must be avoided. %',' SECTION IX. CONSONANTS WHEN DOUBLB, IN THE HIPDLE OF WORPS, AND C^HER CASES. ;. B.— bb. ■.,•..■-■■ • B is sounded in the middle of words, as in abdiquer absent, abstrait, observer, obstacle, obstination, obtenir' obstruction, subvenir, &o. ^ ' When 6 is double, one only is heard, as abb^, abbave rabbin, sabbat, &c. » j > C.G.— eg. C and g repeated in the middle of words are both sounded when preceding c or i: the first is sounded hard second soft (being before e or i), as in suocds, succ^er su^rer, accident, &c. ' If the letters o. g. precede a, o, u, or a consonant, one of them only is heard with the hard sound, as in accabler accord, eccl^siastique, occasion, succulent, aggraver,..aggl(H m^rer, &e.j ^f has the hard sound in dnigme, segment Enghien. ' ;.-..■ D.-~dd. ■ ■ "- D is sounded in the middle of words, as in adjectif adverbe, adjoindre, admettife, &c. * When d\B double the two seem to be heard, as in addition (and derivatives), adduction (and derivatives), reddition. ■ ■■ ■ F.--ff ■ — When/is doubl e oneonly is hea r d, as in a fl iiiblir, efiusion/ ofeir, &c. M 36 FRENCH PRONUNCIATION, H. — matcM^gpirate. if is aspirate in the middle of compondd or derivative words, when it is aspirate in the simple or primitive, v. g., h is aspirate in ddhanofa^, ddhamach^, enharmach^, s'en- hardir, &c., because it is aspirate in hanche, hamais, hardi. But h is mute in ddsh^riter, dishonorer, d^shonndte^ &c., because it is mute in h^ritier, honneur, honn^te. As it.i8 important for a proper pronunciation, the learner should know when h is mute and when it is aaptrate, a pretty long list is given hereafter of words most fpequently used beginning with h mute, and of those beginning with h aspirate,. It will be se0n that the elision does not take place before h aspirate, and the consonant preceding that h is silent, as marked by a cipher over it; but that the elision is ma^Q before h mute, and the preceding consonant is indicated by this sign (^) to be joined with the vowel following the A. y * The French article being very often used in the follow- ing lists to show better when h is mute and when it is aspirate, I think that a table of the various forms of that part of the speech in French, is not here out of pbice. The French translate the English article thus : '2e before a noun mascul. sing, beginning with a consonant or h aspirate. la before a noun fem. beginning with a •\ consonant or A aspirate. P before a noun sing, either gender, begin- ning with a vowel or h mute. ' fe« before any nouns in thelplural. du before a noun ihadc. sing, beginping with a consonant or h aspirate. <2e 2a before a noun fem. sing. Beginning with a consonant or A aspira.te. de I* beflRre a noun sing, either gender, with a vowel or h mute. des before any nouns in tho p lural (des the by ofihehf means also some or any)^ J-^^tMT^ f m^ DOUBLB OONSOMANTS. ar to the by 'au before a noun mascul. sing, beginning with a consonant or h aspirate. d la before a noun fern. sing. wiUi a con- sonant or h aspirate. cL V before a nouiji sing, either gender, with a vowel or h mute. aux \)efore any noun in the plural. a or an by { un before a noun masculine. une before a noun feminine. a or an bv I ^'^'* before a noun masculine. of to a or an Mt 'une beforiB a noun feminine. un before a noun masculine, line before a noun feminine. tiist of words with A aspirate. List of words with h mute. utt hableur la hache hagard, la haie o f leg haillons un bameau de la haine hafr ilahalle une hallebarde. «3 balte d'un bamac , o les banchea un ban gar \~ banter bapper des harangues barrasser barceler a bragger the axe . baggard the hedge the raga a hamlet of the hatred to bate to the ball a halberd bait of a hammock the bipa a shed to frequent to aiiap at baranguea to harass to tease habile skilful babilement skilfully I'habilet^ the skilfalness^ de I'babit of the coat des babillementaof the clothev a'habiller sL rhabitalion I'babitant babiter I'babitude s'babituer I'berbe les^H^breux b^bralique to clothe one's- rseif to the dwelling the inhabitant to dwell . the habit to become ac- [cnstomed herb the Hebrews Jewish hebdomadaire weekly aux_b^(at(Hnbe8to the heca- [tombs un^bectolitre a hectolitre rh^mispbdre hemisphere I'H^gire Hegira dea bardea some clotha les^h^ritiers the heira a 88 PRHNCH PRONUNCIATION. : hardi o les horeogg . i^gueux o des hariiiots . o lea harnais ' ' une harp6 o aaz harpied ' un harpon hasarder .S?i hAte > haosae/ haut/ haulain la nauteur un haat-bois h^ler hennir att h^raut on hdrisson d*an h^ron da h^ros ' ; heraer benrter o dea biboux bideax la bi^rarcbie . , O A lea bomarda labonte 4~1» horde bora o lea HottentotB leboablon laboae d^ la boaille pae bouaae da booiz r ' o leaJSagaeaots le boii hnpfit - bold berringa peeviah aome beana harnesses a barp to jthe harpiea a harpoon to risk in baste to hasten to raise high - haughty the height j^ bantboj tobaU to neigh, to the herald a hedge hog of a heron of the hero to barrow to hart dea^b^r^siea some heresies aax h^r^tiqaea to the heretics de I'hdrolne . of the heroine b^rolqae ^ heroio I'h^sitation the besitaUon b^siter to hesitate -' b^t^rogdne betero^eneoaa hdt^roaoxe^ heterodox^ I'heore tb6 hour beareox happy heareusement happily IjB^birondelles awallowa de8_bisto|res some histories aome owla bideoua the hierarchy the lobsters the shame to the hord oat of ' ■ the Hottentota aome hopa the hpQ, pit-coal borae cloth boUy L ibe Hagaenota the ^ght to a ac k i n , les^^bistoriens aux bistrions I'blyer. an^boiocaoste les^'bommes Al'Commage I'homoeopathieliomoeopatby , bomonyme bomonyme c'est^bonn^te it is honest l'honnAteti6 the honesty de I'honnear of tbia honour c'est^ bonorabl«i it is. honorable the historians to the boflPoMttf, the winter a holocaust the men to the homage I'hdpTtal Fbospitalit^ I'borison I'horloge I'borrei^r c'est horrible rho8tilit6 un^tdtel deatbultrea I'buile I'bumanit^ rbutneur ' I'hygidne Phymen - dea_hymne» .tb^liospltal 'hospitality the horizon the clock the horror it is horrible hostility a hotel oysters the oil ' humanity humor hygiene I^men of the bymnii sana^byperbole without hyper^^ ■ - [bole par^bypotbdse by hypothesis^ aox^faypocrites to the hypo- [critia j « m'hpnor e 1 honor myself DOUBLE GONSONANTIJI. 89 4a happe burler une bare Je me bAte tu te h&tes il se bftte tbe tuft to bowl a beard I make baste tboa makest . ' [baste be makes baste noas noQS b&tonswe make baste ▼008 vous b&tez you make baste ils se b&tent , tbeymakehaiite tu t'bonores tboa boaorest (tbyself il s'boQore be honors [bimself noas noas^bono-we bonor "[rons [ourselres ▼ous yoas^hono'yoa bonor ', " [rez [yottrself lis s'hpnorent tbey bonor V, [themselres H is aspirate in the following names of countries, Hol- lande, Hanovre, Hongrie, Ho&tein, Hesse ; and idso in the nfitnes of the cities, La Havane, Le H^yre, La Haye, Hambonrg ; though A is aspirate in Hollande (Holland), however it is mute in fromage d'Hollande (Holland cheese), toilb d'HoUande (Holland linen). v ' .The preceding lists are intended tg, spare the pupils, the trouhle of cfmsmting dic1;ionaries, and to offer th^m an occa- sion of. practising iMDOut the eZision md the use of both A . mute and aspirate. ^ _ ' ■ ^ L.-41.," ' - \ The two fs are heard in the following words— and they are not mouiUdes (liquid) — all^gorie, allusion^ aptpellatif, belligueux, beilig^rant, collation, constdlation, Oollusioii, .^bnlUtion, folUcule, gallican, gallicisme, hell^niste, intellec- tuel, malleable, m^dullaire, palliatif,pellicule,vell^it^, villa,' and ih proper names^ ApoUpn, Bellonne, Pallas, Sylla, &c. ' ' ' M.— mm. ■ 1 ■■■■.■■,■■ In the following verbs and their derivatives the « — and the first m sound an nasal, and the second m is natural. emmagasiner to store emmaigrir to make tbin emmaillotter' to swaddle emmancber to baft emmantieil^ .^to have on a mantle In adverbfi formed from adjectives, e before two mm has the tK>und of a in moMt^ and one m only iis heard, as in ar- demment, diligemment, prademment^ T^ccmmeut, &c., and in the word femme, pronounced ardament,,prud{iment, fame, ■•&c.--- " . ^ ■ .... emm^nager to farnisb a boose - emmener to take awdj emmeno^terto bandcoff emmidler to sweeten emmoseler to mozzle '; Vi^-.> ■ V- ... .^r^ \ w FRENCH PRONU?fCUTI0N. - ExojsPTioNa.-.^ l^fo^y t^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^.^ indemm^ indemnwer, pronounoadindamni^todamnifler ^\8 silent m ilu£oiime, damner. Ihi\?m T^ °°*', **" ^° Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Abraham Ibrahim, Jdrusalem, Bethlfem, Cham. Seta, Nemrod Tht ♦H^'''' T ^'"iV «°^^^ «^ ^ acceptuated J however, w has the nasal sound in Adam. . ' ■■ ■■-■ . :- ■■ N. — nn. ■' * '- nit? Si! »wing words: ennoblir, ennui, hennir, solen vnit^, solenniser sol^nej^e^^ the e preceding the n» is sounded hke a in ma«, and Jrie n only is heafd,^cep^ in ennui and derivatives as s'ennuyer, ennuyant/ennuvLx where the first, is souhdednasalVd the Lond naS Lt^"^ T"**'^."^^« ^" "^ in enivrer, enorSur' ^^^^ - - nasal in enl^axdir on account M bv^^JkntT^'"**^^"" "T^^^ **»« '^^^ n«a^ followed l^^r! i^r *' ''i ^'!i*^^ ' preceding the nn.is sounded ^with a grave accent, and one n only is heard with its nro- per sound as if written «!n«. This c^curs ""^'^P'^ «ri7" * ! Pf^«en V°^**'**^^® "^ subjunctive of the verbs ' ^rn^rc to take and compoundsi X^mr to hold, aid com- pounds ; wenir to come, and compounds. ils prennent qae je prenne que tu prennes . they take that I may take that thou [may'st take lis entreprennent they undertake quej'entreprenne that I may aa- [dertake Prendre and compounds, as qa'il appreuie ils reprennent they correct that he may ... [learn qu'Us compren- that they may [nent [anderstand qae je reprenne that I may sar- _ ... ' . Cpriee qu'ils sorprett- that they may [nent [surpi;i«9 V' " Tjar'^ f"^ ^^p*^**"^ » DtOUBLB idONSOMANTS. 41 i'i with B stones), ^mniatie, lutomnal, lamniser. er names, Lbraham, Nemrod, in those however, ir, Bolen te nn. is zcept in inuyeux natural: gueillir, )f the /t 1 [bdlowed Kmnded iijspro- le verbs * id com- » may [learn By may erstand lajsur- ils tieonent que je tienne qujU contieone ilrco^tiennent ilfl retiennent Tenir and compounds, as they hold jthati may hold that he may [contain thjsy contain they retain que je retienne qu'il Boutienne lis Tiennent que je vienne th^y come that I may [come qu'il conrienne that he may [agree ilB interviennent they interfere that I inayre- [tain thi^t he may [sustain quails soutien- that they may [nent [sustain Venir and co|upounds, as qu'ils prorien- that they may [nent [prodeed ils reviennent ' they come back que je re vienne that I may [come back qn9 tu reviennea that thou . [may'st come back 2. In the- feminine of following possessive pronouns: Singular la mienne plural les miennes mine " la tienne, " les tieiines . tMne " *" " la sienne " les siennes his or Iters 3. In the feminine, singular and plural, of adjectives ending by et^, and abverbs formed flrom those adjectives, as ancienne ehr^tienne * Phr^gienne anoienilefl- chr^tiennes Tynennes ' .anciennemei|t chrdtiennement AutrichienneV 4. Ill the ibllowing words : antienne, ^trennes, ennemi, moyeimant, penne,renne (animal) Bennies (city of France), &c. ' " ; V The two nn are heard with proper sound in annexe, an^ nuel, annotation, anniiler/annulaire, annuity, inn^, innova'. tion, and a few other denviatives of the preceding. '•.•.■_ ■ /■ ./ ?•— PP« ■■■- ■ ■ " ;?■ ''■■ P is sounded in the middle of the foOowing words : adap* ter, adbpter, aptitude, baptismal, capsule, oapter aiicLd^riva' tiveia^ paptivit^ and ',denvatives, contempieur, corruption, exoeptidn and deriva,tive8, exemption, iiUprdmptti, ineptie, inspte, Neptune, nupdal, opticien, optiquC) opter and deri' ▼atLve8,'Optioisme, r^emption and derivatives, reptile; rup" ture, septembre, septuag^sime, fK^tu^naire, septentrion, •eptiforme, sceptique, scepticisme, impromptu, symptSme, »7 may urpij«9 42 FRElNCH PROmJNCUTION. - . -^ ■ P is sileiit in baptSme, baptiaer, compte, compter, jJorps, exempt, proinpt, promptitude, sept, aeptidme, temjfe, a^dln je romps, tu romps, il rompt, je corromps, tu oorronips. ii oorrompt, &o. . ' * i* double is sounded like oner in apporter, appeler, ap- pliquer, application, apprendre, opposer, opposition^ suppo- ser, supplanter, &c. > fi~ _The two pp are heard in Agrippa, Hippias, hippique, Hippomdne, philippique. Ph is sounded / philosophie physique, Ac. . *^ ' .'■ R.— rr. ' ' * ■, ;■ : -^ It is admitted that two rr are generally sounded like one, probably on account of the softness of pronuncia- tion peouUar to the French, as in arriver, arrbser, barre cornger, serrer, verre, terre, pronounced ariver, aroser. bare, &c. ' Three exceptions are also generally admitted. 1. The two rr are sounded in the future and conditional of the verbs mouriry to die ; acqu^r, to acquire j courir, to run; *nd their compounds, as conqu^rir, concourir, &c., as je mourrai, je moi^rais, j'acquerrai, j'acquerrais, je oourrai. je courrais, &c. , " ' 2. The two rr are heard in yords having the negative tr prefixed to them, as irr^ncUiable, irrefragable, irr^fl^hi, irr^uher, inr^m^iablev irreparable, &o. 3. The two rr are heard in some words expressing strong and energetic feelmgs, as horreur, horrible, abhofre^ terreur, terrible, &o., and also, in erreur, errer, errata, errone, aberration. But even in these three exceptions the two rr must not be pronounced too thrilling. Some pretend that the French r is pronounced with greater force than the English, and must be uttered with that, jarring and Tolling sound heard sometimes among Insh and Scotch people. This opinion is too absolute, oon- waiy to that sweetn^s^d euphony charaoteristio of the French pronunciation; and I may add, to the constant practice of refined society. ] There is only one case where r in French receives a lit- , .,.. ^. "'■' ^-^^^w^^ l)OUBLft CONSONANTS. 4d tie more access of the voice than in English, it is when r is the last letter of a svUahle in the middje or at the end of words, as exemplified in the following lists. In the first, r is somewhat stronger in the French words than in the English ; in the second, r is pronounced the same in both IST LiStv English. ardor ardeur^ army arra^d '' ^ border bordaro V cardinal cardinal ^ discord discorde force force importaat important murder meurtre p^lrdon pardon qaarter quartier turner tourneur P¥pu:h, 2D L English. French. agreeable agr^able arbitrary arbitrairement arrogant arrogant ' y brare brave credit credit graclfikis graoieux irregularity irregularity irruption irruption. retribution retribution treatise traite to trouble troubler S.— 88. ■ S has two sounds, one sharp or hissing, which is heard three times in the English word senseless, the other so/tf being that of 2 as in the word rose. I. The hard sound is given ' 1. By two »nation «me, dixidme, sixi^me, dix-huitiiinie, dix-neuf, dix-nouvi6me, vingt-deuxi^me, and in any num- ber where douxi6me sixidme or dixii^me are found, pro- nounce deuzi6nie, dizi^me, siziime : x is also sounded i when being final it is carried to the next vowel, as beaux cnfant8,.heureux amis, six hommes, &c., pronounced beau- zenfants, hcureu-zamis, si-zommes. 4th. ■ 48 abattre adsffe afl^ible agaoer Agrdable altraper ' FRENCH PKONUSeunON. JSZXBOISX. ambassadear drap aasassin b(|diiuige oabui# oaUniit^ fa(^e basard jardinage lao. obarlatanisme labial mariage nager PariB paFO tabao variable SECOND SOUND. That of ft oironmflex (as a in father.) *i,A* J'*%*''l?.^ ""X^ ^i'? ^^^ circumflex aooent is eqaal to i^^W.^ Sf ^°g^J»™d« /«<*«•, iam. It U long and broad. The cases are not very numerous. fime ohfiteau bfitir ohfile ohfitier orftne emplfitre gfiter ^teau EXEBOISI. Iflobe Iftohet^ mfit pftle pftleur pfite plfitre tfiohe thefttre relftohe ^. The a unaccented is s6unded as having the circum- t^ Jl^''*^? *i?TTrti^'P'"^^*^°S«>'^«° between two words of which the difference of meaning is understood by the difference of the sound. ^ ueraiwa .■ EXAMPLE. \ a is long and brwd in has, low, common in has, stocking V « las, tired, ^V li,there. ^ ! « P«'«*«P " Pa8,not. TTT rp,. . ;:f t^'J»«R " ta,thy. **"L I '^ "."«>*« - tormentedi.; sauvde sauy^ tourmenti^' iounuent^s 3. Nouns ending by ^, as pens^, id^, fum^ ; 2704n number. " II. By er, ending .any French words : the most n ous cases are, . . 1 . Termination of the infinitive of verbs of the first con- jugation, (4000)^ as : abandonner ■ ddfi^r imaginlcr badiner effrayer lever conserver gagner parler danser . hfiter, prouver, 2. Termination of words expressing a trade or occupation, as: ;■ boulanger baker Spicier chapter hatter menuisier charter carman serrurier oordonnier shoemaker tonneUer^ drapier draper vitrier 3. ^Termination of names of trees, as : * ^oder loiner locksmith cooper glacier. amandier oerisier citronnier fignier groseillier almond-tree cherry-tree lemon-tree fig-tree currant-tree Olivier Granger poirier pommier tpple-tree prunier pluni-tree^ olive-tree^ orange'-tree pear-tree III. By es; termination of the second person plural of nearly every personal tense of every verb: 1- 1 •7'*-™«*^»f«'*T^«-"»« '•^fir™^! THB eOmXS VOWBL SOUNDS. 61 Msed nnentedi ; 2T(Hn tm first Con- ner " rer, Qupation/ Doer ner ksmith }per uier. re-tree i nge^tree r-tree lie-tree m-tree^ you speak yon spoke you shitU spei^ . yon should speak that yon mqiy speak Present indioatiye. vous paries Imperfect ...•*••. yous parliez Future . . . • • •• ••• vous parlerez Conditional vous parleriez Presentsubjunotive que vons parliez Imperfect subj'ctive que yous parlassiez thatyoumiglit speak As the termination ez is in seyen tenses of the fiye thou- sand yerbs, that makes thirty-five ihfyiuand times. IV. Byai termination of the first person ^gnlar of the future of all French yerl»; of the first pofson singular of the preterite definite of yerbs of the first conjugation, and of some nouns. je chanterai I shall sing je receyrai je ^endrai mai, essai. v.- By the terminations ec, « .", > r, %Use^;. ve. retraitl^ ^., and as idnticr mdnuui idndt indniMit C THE SIXTEEN YOWBIi SptJKDS. -■■■.,* find at the present indicative of some verbs . 58 je falls . jesais tnfais tasais ilfait 'ilsait je ooonais je^parais tn oonnais ta parais iioonnmt ilparait 2. In any other part of speech, .as J • ) " V attrait liamais^ pahis -^ bienfait jamais v .portrait - folds lait ^ ^.souhait baie craie ' baie : ■V > ■ IV. By ai in the body of words as in v* *iC EXXBOISB. Lisse tn abaisses , il abaissft/ . , nous abuiMonS vons id>aiS8^ ' "^8 abaissei^t .^ ' ' . fiigiille' nieedle ■ ,m6 -^ earn ■ ba%ivbr to bathe - vfoaues strawberries je daignerai " tn daignerai^ ildaknera lumf diMgncnrpiuEi' i^us d^ignerte Usdtagnerbni V. By S in the b6d^ of words : baleine whale enseign^P sign < neige <> snow jepeigniii$ je paraissais ta-punussais Uparaissait ,nons pandssiens voosjparaisriei. ils pandasaient maison house sudgreni leanness jTaison reasoii iraisin gnipes tn p(|ignais il peignait pl^em^Qt'fiilty^ peigne " comb r ieine ' , queen j*en4ei^ai , tvenseignas ilenseigna. pe\ne pain seignenr loird Veine vein qne iions teignions qne vons teigniei qn'ils teigndnt f- The monosyllables, fe>, degj^meif tes^ «», cy, ce<, tti e», il et«, go with the fbnrth sound, bq that e receives ih« open seund^ as if s^lt 1^, d^, m^, ^. ^■fi .,r / FRENCH PaONUNOlATION^ .1 »?^ewr'''(? 54 , FIPTft SOUND. That of i oinmniflex, (aa e iiJ there), ^ The fifth sound i$ a little longer than the fourth. It is given: ^ • ^ , I. B;^ i with ciroumflex'apoent. EXAlin>LES. se d^pdcher emblSme ehtdt^ fitre \ extrdmement mOme prStre rSve teitipSte tSte arr6t arrdter bgte crSte d^pgehe This is repeated all along the following verbs :— apprdter . , d^p6cher prgter arr6ter pScher rfiver b^er "prficher and their -^ compounds. * . 11. By at when a em^umflex accent is over the t, that takes place in a few nouns and in verbs ending by attre, at the infinitive, every tiine the compound vowel al precedes ^ ^^ mattre maitresse maitriser traitre oonnaltre mdconnattre reconndtre .iii^tre I Ex£aoisE. renaitre paraStre apparattre comparaitre disparaitre reparaStre paitre repaitre je oohnaitrai je connaitrais nous {mraitrons nous paraitiiQiis il naitra i - il naitrait il connatt ilparatt. SIXTH SOUND. That of eu {aai in sir) common length. Or of c (as w in but) very jshort. "■^ -. p "^15^^' THE filXTBBN VOWEL BOUNDS. I. eu. 55 sixth sound is produced by the compound Towel eu jeginning, middle and end of vorda/ The cases are rigoureuz rlveur seigneur semement tilleul tumeur valeureux yieux The at the b^] very numerous : i , KXXBOIBI. abreuvoir ' • heureusement , beurre heurter V bonheur lieu demeurer majeure euphonic . mieux fleuve ' peuple , Europe pleuvoir heuK^ux , populeux The sixth sotmd is very frequent with the following ter- minations : , *. '' i. J^r from Latin or, as acteur from actor, or from'the present participlei>f French verbs changing ant into ear. Th^e are about thirteen hundred of those nouns designat- ing men in their au^«. Remark 2. i?M in the verb awtV, to have, is pronounced hke II alone, as^'ai eu, il eut, ils eurent, que j'eusse. are pronounced, j'ai ,u, il u, ils ui*, que j'usse, io. Eu IS also pronounced u in the word gaaeure bet. (pro- nounced) ^o/ure. »• y \\v ^ y y , II. e unaccented. The proper pronunciation t)f ^unaccented is trouWesom^ and there is about it some coiifusion in the grammars. I deemitnece^j to ^tablish the following distinctions* « unaccented is : 1. Sometimes lightiy heaSi : 2. Some^ tunes entirely sitent; 3. Sometimes sounded as with ifti accent. ■,---, ' ' . L ^unwoentedis %A%A^ the English word Of iittciy, or « in owr. - 6«". 1, In the following monosyflables, U the, dt of. it I me me, t, (pro- ^ lesome, . otionq : Some- nth Ai\ 'ft , In themtlwo etMs the totrnd of e pactakei of thii of eu (Sixth Mrand), ba€ it most be nttored v^ry rapidly. I reoommend pupils to be veiy partioular on tl^t point, otherwise they trill haye in th^ pronunciation something heavy j^nd sbw, as it is heardk,in Uie south of Franoe, and called in Paris accent yaumi (accent from Qasoony), which is essentially opposed to Umt rapid, easy, and fluent mode (^Speaking characteristic of the French pronunciation. II, S unaccented is entirely nlent in three cases : i , Firtt catc^At the end >of any word (the precoding monosyllables being excepted. The cases are exceediogty numerous, and, as a general rule, nouns with that terminsr tion are ofthe ftmininiB goiNter. l^he following table gives the approximate number of nouns of l^e vaSous terminations here indicated : ti ance as chaD'oe, 160 nouns, ioo as justice, 140 " ine as famine, 156 " ence asr^v rai-ye-rii. "in other verbs m ayer most of the grammarians ropkoe y bv wJl"i"? ^A P"®» ^ ?»y J J« paierai, I shaU ^y. Thi STw^-fi'^^"'^' . ''"^ disapproving them, k^ps still y, Wdwnt08jepaye,jepayerai., i ^ ^Kjwbptiom 2^^ it has been said, Sect. tl. (lettem K), «, umwoented, is lightly heard when it comes aOer liquid ^ which aro suppressed in pronouncing. . S!!!'^ <»«.-i;; unaccented, huiilm when it precedes a llnu s. The oases are very numerous, as they take pUwe in the plural of nouns, adjectives, pa^t — ^?-^-i - '^^ ending with e mute at the * a consonant^ but sounded joined. 8 aro very numerous, as they take pUwe ouns, adjectives, past parUcipleeL &j&., at the mngular ;« is also m lent before lunded before a vowel ta wbjch it is v^w^^* '•'■'} « TUB 8IXTBBK VOWSL BOUNDS. 60 homnM braves femmes pradentes pens^ oonfViMS grandefl misdres femmeB aimabUMi dl6ve(i instruita -- personnea avaroa (( N it BXAMFLE8. pronounced homm bra? femm prudent (sound () pena^ confuz (sound x) « grand miser (sound d, r) " femme-iaiinable tt. <$l^v-xtnirui ^ ^^ . " personne-zavar Exception.— In the following words, e is not silent, it sounds 6, lea, des, mes, teS, ses, oes, tu os. Remark 1. — J^mute; final ; 1, causes the preceding con- sonant to be sounded ; 2, destroys the nasal sound of n pre- ceding it ; V. g., d, 8, t, r, are aileiit in grand, oonfus, savant, premier, but thoy are sounded in j^nde, confuse, sav- ante, premiere; n has the nasal sound m cousin, un, impor- tun, but it has its natural sound in cousine, une, importune. Remark 2.— The vowel or the syllable preceding medi- ately or immediately « fittt<«, receives a atrt»» of the voice which has something similar to the English accent, and that vowel or syllable may be said to be long, at least generally; as in the words adage, airaable, importance, pareille, oflTerte, ouverto, envie, possible, compose, chose, esoorte, gravure, obscure, &c. This rule has its applica- tion also before an e Mghtly heard in the middle of words, m contenir^ entretien, parlement^ ^. . ^ Remark 3.— JS7 unaooented, is sounded as with an accent over it : / ' , ^ Ist, When it precedes two or more consonants in the middle or at the end of words, v.g., expert, pervers, aa akeady explained (Fourth sound). 2na, When preoeding a final consonant other than «, V.g., bref, pied, complet (see Fourth and Fifth sounds). Here com^s this question: la this e pronounced operij as having the grave accent, or close, as having the acute accent? General answer : Before two or more consonants, in the middle or at the end of words, the e is pronounced open^ thus (6) ; be f o r e a final consonant (with th e exc e ption of t as in complet), the e must be pronounced close, thus (4). That point has been thoroughly elueidated at the Third dod Fourth wunds, pages 49-51, 60 FRENCH PRONUOUTIOJW. J-' ' «•- SXYENTH BOCITD. Thtt of • (m in me or ■ body .^ight monopole monopoly idole idol .^' tUI BIZIMN VOWBL 8OUHO0. 61 apdt bientO o&t6 dOmo 1 NIMTH lO/UHD. ,. TUi of Qiroumflox (as o in note), iMnJlio ninth sound 6 is long and broad. drdle funny lp6lo J^ld «^; hOpital hospital rOti ^roast /^ imp6t tax Buppm^ instniment . le llfitre ours |le vdtre yours gj^ II. The ninth sound is represent^ by o unaooenw:. 1. When it preoedeft.a final consonant silent, more ft i^JCP^"" ' i' itr^ . 64 fRBNCH PRONUlfOUTION* U^ anore a^ge antique bande branohe eandear anchor angel antique band branch candor £XEB0ISI. changer to change | grand great dans danaer ^tang flanc France in to dance pond flank France II. ant. langage lataguage manteau cloak i quantity quantity ' ranger to range tantdt by ana by The cases with the termination ant are yerlr numerous, the present participle of all French verbs having that ter mination. Some other parts of speech end also in ant. EXEBOISIS. chant song diamant diamond Dependant however ^l^phant elephant devant before JmDt glove 7 g^ant giant glnant p;luev habitant inhabitant 'VvamT Pabtioiplis. aidant aimant ohantant danaant mangeant eating helping pouissant enjoving loving parlant speaking singing partant starting dancing tenant holding aperoevantperoeiving ayant having voyant seeing attendant wuting croyant believing riant laughing \i> .^> hmhiiion ambition ample ample camjpagne ooantry embtita* cpWUir ^bltaie tsuAmtHtBt III. am. EXSBOIBI* dhambre chamber champ field framboise raspbwry Iv. CTIl. ^emplir emploi importer enseni]^ , • m emb ro emperetl^ temp^i^r lampe hunp pamphlet punphlet tambour drum tempdte temple tempa trembler tremper tempi$ranoe •Tt^^JH 'I'-vi'^ff w.,«iv^-e '»\u_-} i^v'^f* t '^ •" - "i ' f! mn BiJ&ass VOWIL SOUNDS. 66 Msenoe mentir tendre tentation . Y. m, j^ at the beginniiigand in the middle of worda with only one n rq^neaenta uie eloYenth aoond. ^ ^ BZBBOISI. ^ alwwnee .d^senohanter eadoioe engendrer d^ndre enaeigner . denrtoi ensemble ddfendre entendre ITxoiPTiONB. — Aa it faaa been already aaid, m ia pro- Ironnoed tn, and belonga to" the twelfth aonnd; 1, at the end of worda, aa bien,~^toyen, le mien, le tien, &o.; 2, In the Verba venir, and (eiitr ; aa/e i^fent, il txendra^ &o. ;.;■•;■ ' VI.-e»i.. '' .■; Ent repreaenta the elerenth tmsaii : 1, in noona, aa in»tinmmtyfnonummt}2y m^kd^euyea, aaa6««At,j>nf(ibi>^^ 3} in adverba, aa tottv• i" ' ' ■ _ «n (IimI) J^ eriti hone hair Jlnjnste InjiMt raiaiii gripe enfin finally insfci^tion inaiit'n. latin - satin jardin garden lii^ obthing ■yhoope wigroodfte inoendieoonflagraUonprinoe . prinoe^iyntaze eyntaz^ inoonnu unknown prindpal prindpu mithdee qrnthesifl infiddle infidel jqainie fifteen Inagt twenty, impaiftit impie impetoeoz importanoe Exnoira. impoHible v^'-^implde olympe dympiqae f^ymbole ' \ ajiBpalihie winph fihdn Tilhdn. ^1^ ■ ■'*f *',; ,**f •^-■i'.. tn (final) 88tm flyntaz^ iBjrnthesifl twenty, syapadiie lyttHphcgiie toSale . kunbn • timbiw.' '•/ • *f nftnin •tint - hoi/ •OTeieign train * Tillftin. " 1 •?, TBI sizmsr vo¥{^ domms. •'i.'«?f 67 EllEBOIBl. feinte feint frein bit peindre to paint peintre painter Y. en, ' sein boBom teindre to dy^ teinturier djrer eeintnre girdle eniVeindre to infritigb empreinte stamp feindre to feign Ab already mentioned, en represents the Twelfth sound (in) : 1, when final, as bien, le mien, moyen ; 2, in some tenses of the verbe tenw-, to hold, and i;«itr, to come, as je tientf I hold, j'e vM^roi, I ^ill come, &c. ; in other casei. en^representi the Eleventh sound. ^ - bien good »^ canan^ cananeen exunen .examination Ph^nioien PheniiQaiflon . :81. % ; doAM' -^ gtft'v' hontp sbame fon^fl^on foundation i9oa|n>tion inundation inoE^li- watcl) noiCi^*' ... 'no prononc0r pronounce roi|deur roundness selon according-, songe dream [ly ton thy riolon Tiolin qbmpagi^e bQnipi*endr0 nomDre . ombfage pironom iompre tomoeaa^ tr6mpeur trompette .U: ' ' III^^rMmt, o»M, eons. ' ' # " These three eombiniliiainB are Ter^ numeroni in the French language': oii<^iij||be terminatiotn (^.the 3rd person plural fntfire of all^v^irbaV ons or eon^'of the Ist person plural of aUWerbs malmocit every personal tense. The same pound js also tb be found in other parts of speech. The sound on is not i^^eted by anf final consonant, nor by <^p)refii^, which dijl^^p|fns ^ babre p. ilsalderontitheyshi Usb^niront '< iis conduirpnt *' tls donneront " iis feront " iis prendront ~"^ ■^1',. nonsappe%B8 we call ^ 'f nous HniiMibns we ik|(|shed * notis recevrons we lAall receire ue nous rendions that we mily ren- . . . fder 'oQs transtgeons we transact ' ToyageoM we trarel '.% *- 1 T *• «S bond bound f)ront Aroni long long' THB BIXTBBN VQWBL 80Uin)8. ExiROlBl 2. pigeon pigeon jngeon ^ plomb jngeons Judge pont bridge profond deep trono trunk FOUBTBENTU SOUND. That of un (something like un }n sunk.) The proper pronunciation of this sound cannot be ex- actly represented by any Englbh word ; it. must be heard from the teacher. The cases are but few. aacnn ' no one bruQ brown chactin, each one eomman common bumble bumble Exi&oisi. bumblement bumbly emprunt loan emprunter to borrow emprunteur borrower importun importune opportun Opportune lundl Monday parfum perfume • i jeun fasting alun alum FIFTEENTH BOUND. That of ou (as ou in you.) m iW^ioutfe %r»M»d ft* bonffon ', clown % bouquet bouq(M|t cailloa jM^Mi courage jBonrage courir l^rnn^ ^ donlenr grief. Exercise. doux iweet fon fool fS^amjr :to Mioply ^hlbotf «owl- nip^rir to die ^rik ;vwe„*^ ■■' '^^ouT f«r •/. ponvoir prouTer route ^oupir iburd toucher tout tronrer ■1 tousj^' power to prore rout •igh deaf to touch all to find In a few woiii, the fbrnuisllcq: aooent4i over «, as voMCf . \ 't 1 .-\^ H": *, -, > 1 1 -■•'\ i ^ 7 — " ......' ■ * . - :4#- '%, \li' l„ ' y :M ^^k ^m^Mi\sdm§ y-r TO FRHNOH PRONUKOIATIOir. SIXTEEHTH SOUND. That otoi iwwa in wash). 'w Equal *mnd : tfy, eot, oie, i - | V The eizteenth wand may be represented by toa in the Engluh word ioa$h. This is a diphthong, beoanse thert are two sounds, yii: ou like «», yu'tfc ftpwen*. • II. Oi is pronounced wk-i (e being veiy open) : . \'J^^ ^ precedes a 4>mi96n syUable as croittofU, nuntU, iotgner, pronoonoed ^fit^t^-^^mmt, mounidii, mwO- .2. When <^e sound repre«^ by o» is foimed with ihe letter y, m t h e middly of lyoids, between t w o v o w els, as eUoym mojren, noytrj, pron >^^ T,'FT^' ^ f* tHi Bnnnr towbl sounds. -^ n with the preoeding vowtl forpfl t diphthong, the other i with the Mowing towel forme enbther diphthong, thm tnoi^ien; 3. When oi preeedee one n nasal, final or not, as huoifit foiny joindte, moindrtt pronoono^ ftewm^; /nd rule he very oare- ftill to give to i a veij open and hroM aonnd, an^ to atoid pronounoing e with the doae aound produoed l^the aoute ac^nt {iYi pronounoing oueaUf voutil, ou4-9fkiUfV TheSizteenth sound Is represented: 1, by ol in po&$ " ! stofe, moiile marrow; 2. hy one in/oueT ■ * w hip; 8, b y X figet4). '^lO^ ■ri- f wb /ous t e r to w L , , , ^ aqtutique, fto. (See 2itA list, ^ r«5».'viVi'» "^T' TS •»f fRINOB FBQIUNOLITIOIT. .*♦ 8K0TI0N XII. EIADINO I.1880N8. ■ . ■ '^t '% % ~^^ ^5«£oigi etU Chim du Berger. " . In thii leMon «toh one of the lizteen vowel sQunds and of their iitwtitiites is marked by a nmnerical ilgiftB correa- ponding and referring to the ^noptic table, Sect. X. ^unaccented, when lightly heard, belongs to the Sixth sound ftu) ; but in readinff yoi^must give to that « hardly one third of the common durl^ph of the Sixf ' As for tiie combinations of consonants, embarrassed, must refer to Sect. VI and IXT. JA ;» U nil 4 10 JB8 M 4 14 ~ lg|, #»»ftT io^?.<«>«f»n^ A travera une'fcrfit vint prds d'un tro^ * J^^ \^^^i^^,V ^ renootttra le ohien du berger. Quo M(tl I* .^.^?*7« " 1 « 4 78 4 *^l 4-7 T^aites-vous loi, lui demands le dernier? Quelle affiure y • " • $ A i« « ? 8 « 1 « M 7 e u I avea-vous? Je faisunipeUte promenade, rtfponditleloup: 6 8 1^. « 9 it 4 j2 '^9 1* 6 84 10 1* mauvais desgwny j(^ vous le protcste sur mon V*' • T^^ " ^ > 7 8 • 6 nonneurl sttiBment vous badinei: je ne « e M .8 .'W « 16 1 6 1 reeevoir voire hoiineur pour gatte de Totr»«^ !>*•"* J* 1*,. . 1 8 10'l718''T 1* 7 • I'omt de taohe & ma reputation, je vous prie: ".. " 3«« • M » 7 87 1 « 4 111 mes sentiments dTionneur sont aussi ddlioats que mes arands 4 16 18 6 8 8 11 11 e 6 16 6 4^ « •fP*?*?. «)Bt wnomm^. Pendant que le loup fesait le -i ill ,• M ^ 8 ^ 6 6 8 14 1 8 8 1 1 10 16 pantopique de^sontonn^tet^, un agneau s'^carta du trou- I X x'J" ^ f " 4 471 16 I U ptau: UtflBtation^taitffrande; tt saisit laproieet I'em^ jerai 8 f honnenr. kM -. "•tflff. « aimokt rledei^— ;, dit Tan, ^- « • DOrant; il o trait Toiui I llAtteri«, • o o retoaohtr I o t trd*>bi6ii p o mi«oz et ntra, mfl»- Mtiifkirt, o o rhoouM: o ; ri TOW mt d'lrn Koe. J> latroope niepoi^ distance. p Dit^ - N .•V. « 't» di»t>po e . — "G e ntlemen, does t he ^rtrait please yoa tt * ( pas li notre ami.— Votis roui trompea, mossieuiii, dit l|^ tdte derriire le tableau, o'est mol'mtoie. . . ^ N'antreprenea pas do eontalndre p^ des iralsonnements' 7 des oritiqaea^ignorans ot pr^yonus ; lis ne veulent ni en- ■o •« li tendro ni voir la v6t\i6. LITERAL TBANBLATfOir. The Speaking Portrait. A man had his likeness taken (self-love likes portraito) ; he wished to have the advioe of his friends upon his own. "You are mistaken, this is not vour portrait," said one; "yon are but sketched; the painter is an ignorant man, he has drawn you black, and you are white.*' " The por- trait represents you ugly and old," said another, "and without flattery, you are young and handsome." " The painter lias made the eyes and the nose too small," said a third ; " he must retouch the portrait" The painter tries in vain to maintain that it is very wdU drawn ; he rnfut bcJB^n again. He works, does better, and, succeeds to his mind. He deceived himsoir vet ; the fHends condemned all the work. " Well then," said the painter to them, " gen- tlemen, yon shall be content ; I pledge myself to sausfy yon, or I will burn my brush ; come again to-morrow and T|)ef ^MfHatsffurt being gone, the painter said to the maff: •*«^f our friends are but ignorant critics ; i£ you will, you Aiall see the proof of it: I shall take out the head horn a simikr portrait; you will put voura in its pUmm." " I consent to it," to-morrow ; then, adieu. The foHowing day, the company of amnauseMfs assembled ; the piunter showed them the portrait in a dark place, and at a oertdn tien ' •• .... «• nrait present? Say, whft you think of It. I have retouched the )iead with great oara." " It was not worth the trouble of making us eome back to show us a sketch ; this is nut %■: ^4 '-}'■:■ J '-*■ . w PRENOH FBOKUNCIATIOK. bur fHdhd." "irotflunj mistaken, genUemon," saia the head behind the picture^ H it if myself" I>9 not nndertake to convince by roasoning ignorant and prtpdMWiied critics; they are neitherwilling to nnderstfnd nor to see the truth. ( , S A III. Lettrtdt la Marquuedc Favrtu d Madame de Valcpur. "-'' Qui, If idame, nous sommes d^id^ & faire un voyaga •» BretMne, a?ant de retoumer au L|pguedoc. Le but de cc ffSJ^ est le d^ir de voir deux peitennes aussi int^- iMSM^tM au^itraprdinaires, M. et Mde. de Lagaraie : voici leor hi8tbir%: / i , Le Marquis de. Lfgaraie'passait pour Uhomme le plus ^Mireni de la Breta^e^ Ch^ii de sa femme aimable, con- naM dans sa province pa^ son m^rite personnel, sa nais- ' ?""* ®* ■» foff^nn*, il rassemblait dans son chateau toute k bonne compi^ie des environs. On y donn^it la com4- die^des bals, et chaque jour amenait une fttc nouvolle. MmC; de La|araie partageait les goi&ts de son mari, et tons deqz broyaient avoir fizd le bonheliir, quand tout-jl- bbu^ au milieu d'uie f)9te la mort subitc de IcQ^iUc unique prbduisit dins le coeur du pdre infortund i^^volutidn aussi sinenlidre qu'impr^vue# Lo dugout dtimonde le oondnisit bientdt a la devotion la plus sublime, et en mdme temna lui inspira un dessein qui n'a jamab eu d'ezemple. If. et Mmb de I^agaraie pa^rtirent pour Montpellier ; ik y rettdren^ deux ana uniquement occup^ k s'instruire de tout oe Qui a rapport k la chirurgie ; ii% font des oours anatomic et de cmmie, apprennent & saignbr^ & pansor les plaiei ; et rdunissaitt pour ce genre d'dtude toute Tapplicar- . tibii que peuvbnt Inspirer de grands motifs et un vdiitable - en^ouaiaBme, ils font I'ttn et I'autre'des progr^ dtonnanta. ■ Pendant ce temps on travaille par leur ordre auchlteau de Lagaiiaie, qu'on transforme en un vaste hdpital, consis- tant en deu corps dflogis ; I'un poor les hommes, I'autre fo^ikifemines. Ei^ e^fy le fkste AiiS^dela r oVt<^aient jadis les'plai- tttdevenu le temple le plus ^9iiiiiaa|l4f. m -.^ M- Bai4. the ohint and udentfnd S Valqour. n vojags he but lie; void le le plus able, oon- I, sa naia- eau toate i la Qom^ voile. t mari, et , id tout-il^ ip un^ue ^volutidn nonde le en mdme zemple, iUier; ils tniiN de leB oonra anaor lea rapplica- vdntable »nnanta. ipblteaa 1, jooiisia- B, Taatre I lea'plai- I le ploa I - '-»f'^-i. ■S^^^^Wi^* 'f%iJ ■>l-^-^1'^Ti»>» _^ RBABINO LBSBOirS. 7t Oependant, M. et MmeMe Lagaraie partirent de Moni- pelUflf et arriv^rent dana lear terre. M. de Laffaraie, idon Ig^ de qiiaraiite<«in(i ana, prit la direction de fhtoital det hommea, et depoia cux ana oonaaore aa vie et aa mrtnne 4 MTVir lea indigenta, dont sa maison eat Taidle* Mme de Lagaraie, (liz ana plua jeune que son mari, a'impoae Ie|i, m6mea devoira dana I'bdpital dea femmee. Belle et Jeufie encore, elle qnitta aveo tranaport lea riobea paiwea d^ h vanity, ponr prendre rbomble coatame de Thoapitaiidre^ nooi voolona voir. ~ Emilie et Alexandre doivent nire lior premidre oommunion dana nx moia, et je ne poia 1^ f n^eoz diiqiwaer qa'en* lee menant k L^uraie. B ept ai dooz de oontempler la vertu deprdsl L'hommage qn'oii Itti rend eat le premier paa vera elle. A- # ^' ^ • Portrait dc Woihington. Wakhington ^tait ntf poor de grandea vertiii f rampiir da vrai et le patriotiame le plua pur; aon nom «^ profimdtf- ment grav<^4^n8 le coejir dea AmMcuna, qui le regardant avec raiion bomme le lib^ratear et le pi&re de la patrie. On peut dire qu'il fut auaal heareu]| qu'il ftit grand et bon;^et ai aea actions, qui furent diot^ par la aagaaie, n'ezoitent paa renthouaiaame dana Teaprit de oeuz qui ne voient dana lee^granda hommea que le g^nie et lea quality brillantea, dlea oommandent le respect et radmiraticm dans rime de t^ lea gena de bien. n ^tait grand et Men fait, 11 avait la figure oahne et pen- sive mais fgr^ble, lea traita rollers, les yeux ^ le| oheveux ^btuns, le' corps bien proportionn^ et fortifitf pai^ un exercise oontinuel. II ioignait 4 beauconp de dignity dea manidrea graoicuaea qui attiraient le r^pect et Teatime de toua oeux qui a'appsoobaient de lui. f t V^*^' ^^ ^oiftm paiaioiia, il ^tait doud dea sentiments d'fionneur les plus d6lioats, oe qui, dana aa jeonesse, lui fit ^prouver de vifii ^/' s . r > 1 * ^Jlr < » mmn mamxeuatoni. -'*.- mwntimeDf oontre otm ^rii«iit ft m commander gi bien qtoU pouvMt OMber m^e 1m fybteMM insurables de ^MS^ iHimwne. Piwret et rdsefy^, mais acoewible A #** W iwnde, il n'oof rait sob oomr qu'iji oeux dont il avait «roil#taj»rtt4«M^ et la diicHtiojD. Son jugoment ^tait ■Qlide, M mneU in^rinUble. geBslblo aiut plsbirs de 14 BOoi^W, il a^nftit ft Oonyener ramiUdrement aVeo sea amis. Stople dans sa iii»m% de Tivre, sobre, ^nome sans ayanoe, tf avait Wn^>qi#« li dispositioB dee sommet oonsidtfraWes, dont il m servait pour fair© dos oharit^s m poor enoguragor I'lndustrie. . - d ttno r^nblMiue naisHatite, if nefeonfft point le dfisir dtt ppuvotr, nf oelui des honneure ; il^ii'eut que I'am- bitton de faire du bien en se d6vouant corps et fime ft soil pays. II avait lea vertus d'Aristide, le courage d'Epomi. iiondas,.et oomme oes deux grands hommes H ne souilla jamais ses Idvres d'un inensonge lors mdme qu'il plaisan- ' **^*- Sa pi^td, ^e ft son patriotisme, ne d^gdndra point m bigotene, et dans sa vie priv^ comme dans sa vie poli- tique et militaire, il remplissait toujours scrupuleusement see devoirs de religion, mettant audeesus de la science, de la pbiloaopbie et de tout autre copsiddration " les bienfai- • santes lumidres de la rdvdlation." Un^nt les talents du gdndral ft I'hftbileW de I'bwniwe ddUt, il poursuivit ces nobles desseins ft travers les plus gjrandes diiBcultds ; tantdt ft hi tate d'une multitude indis- oiplinde et sans ordre, luttant avec prudence et intrdpidittf centre des troupes aguerries et bien disciplindes ; tantdt ttsant de doucBor et d'autoritd pour coAcilier les parties, apaiaer let tdvoltei, faire taire ki mdoontents. * Vers la fin d^ sa prdsidence, oA les sutfrages universels I avaient appeld et dont il remplit les fonotions avec autant de^i6le que d'dquitd, il demanda ft se retirer des' kffiiuree pnbliques. Sa. conscience ne lui reprochait rien ; niais sa modestie et la orainte d'etre tombd dans (luelquc erreur, le portdrdi^t ft jj)rier ses compatriotes d'oublier les fftu^ quiil aurait pj« ooinmettre. Alors, comme un p6re qui se sdpare ./- J, i^-^i-n-lffS - ■ * « f nfnttieM, 'raeoUoQs Br si bien rabies de »wible i It il avait lent^tait • luisira de aVeo 868 ^Dome 1 8ommes arit^g oil point le )uo ram- noKB ii son I'Epomi- souUla / plaisan* f nj^f'fa-' ■ ffif^aap^"- RVASIlfO LB88ON0. T9 de see enfknto pour let livrer k enz-mlmes daoi nii monde rempU de soini et de dangers, oet bomme y^ritablement bon leur donna lee plus sages inltruotions poor se gonver-. ner ; leor reoonunandKnt la bonne foi et la jnitiee, aoaroee de (outes les vertns ; let prdvenant oontr^ les entreprisiBS de I'ambition et de Ven¥^ qui s'efforoeront tonjoiini .de les d^teunir poor censarer lenr Hbertd ; et Mrtont les exbor- tant i la pratique de la religion, bate de tonte ^nne morale, et souUent de h prosp^ritd pabliqne. Sa vie dolt nous aj^rendre oombien I'h^rolisme calme qui braim les dangers cfans la vtte du bieh public^ est au-dessus de oop briUuits gdnies dontla gloire ne se mesnre que sui* des villes d6- tntiils ou des peupm vainous. AlTOMTMOUS. T ■t s , Dieotai- ■ • ■ ■ ' ^ " ■ ■ " J ■ r rhcnnfne / X \ les plus . . '•; S'-^--' ' . "■ ■■■ . -■■ ■'■■■-•T'xi [e indis- ■ - ■«' j^pidit^ ^ ' '■ , /N .- -■ " ; tantdt ■ -^' ' . '. ■ ■" v'.* .'■■.* parties, ■ ■■ ' '■ ' , i;; •■ . °. ii?ersels • ■•■-,■■* V ■ ■ . • ■ " ■ ■ ■;' saUtant kffiiuref niais sa •reur, le ..If-;'. \ .,-.-'..■."« jeeqult ^ 1 ' .. , } s^par| ' " , ^-,:f- ■ ^ *.■, , \ ia ^ ~.«..i^- ■ " ■'.,-- . ;-.. ■ : " / t^l. "Z-.::/;-:^ ■* ' ■ .-' .'-'-■'■' . "Ha' \ :■ , ■ ' ■■••■- ■•{■- ■ ' L. » . •« ■S"' X J ^. :^^i^:'iy^. ■ -v>; - „. tv-' i: ■■■■"'.>,-,■"•'■'■■ =■•'.■'•-■ ■■» ■ ■..'''■: ■'*■•".■ '".• . . "V ,?'■ "'...■'''•', ^''v.' " ''"''"'li'' "'■'"".■««■ ' - "t^r ."I^K"' • ' r» ^ -. -■•• -./^^^p M. «■ ^' A" \%<.U- ■.*■ w" ■ « 1# :ris| . .. ■%■■ * ' 'V ";-V--' ■A'. 'Ml •#■, • #* ■>*^-:. # * •I \' \ , v" •''•■ /^ ' , *« I f •v^, V -■:■'-*' \ * - • ■ 2 i *',« ' 1 / I * mi ti 1 'r-K *' 1 , . femi ■" ' i • * . _ . . -f 3 1 ^. \^ . ' .. ■ * ■* • Jivn ■" 1 t -■ i' ,M 1 ' ' ' ■ 1 ■ . • '.•' " ' - " B 1 ' i ' < J - -. ■ 1. tie^ 1 . ^ '♦ . .A '. " •od _ ,* •' '" ^ ,',-,^£iy- ;:. ^."-.v-.^ T ~'-^r ^' -?- V - ':-<■ v^^^^^'jC::- _-"-- * iiitel ' \ • " "'■*''^"'-'-.'^' ; ;-^ , 'V'- ; ' that 1 ■■■.*..."'■'". '"■■■■;.■-!-■ --^ ^. i ... : m^-t'' PRKLIMIirARY JIXI>tiNATI0N8. .•* • ^ . Itt Bnfflish, the dbdnotion ttf gendwi ii m wmple m it ii MturaT. Amongii the onimato b«ingii aU mal^ are of the pMenUnegender, all femaki of the feoine j the tW mau ol^eota belong to the oeoter gender, with Terj few ex- omtiona. In the f wnbh laii^ Tfce imtmoli beinga afe^;ired,aa in Bq^idi, i^lj; mModme and the feminine g,«der ; but theSmo^ o^ leeti atop belong to the miaouline or the ftoiinine, and the dirtinetion of the gender of thile objeota ia t^ foroSa learnera a aouroe of great trouble and diffioulty. ^ In reading French, those who know tho elooienta of Freneh grammar are oooaaionally helped, in the diatinoaoh of tlie^Wnder of nouns, by some other parte of speeoh: bv tte article, the ^cotivo, the pronouna, and the plrOciiei j ibr inatanoe in the foUowing phraaeaT i^*»«|«w » 1. Li Hvre e$t»ur la tfibk, the book fa on the tablij tm know that hvre is mascnlioo, becauae h hMMH^SL and table la feminine because la ia feminine • ^|J^^^ 2. Ctehdtmu^ut hvetidre H eU^ mawoji a foK«r. this e«tle la to be^^d ind that bouae to be letf that^^^ MmMonhne beoauacv ce is maaouline, akd m^^m% ftminfae becauae eette ia feminine ; ^ ^^ - 3. VoWk dehons livrit, fiibae are good booka: that ^ Iwret to masculine because hon*. to maaeuKne :- - 4^^ iJL 'c^' T' ""^^'^^ ^"^^^ ^ roeited ; t4t ,le$ojit IS feminine, beoause r4ciUe$ UfemimTO. Ac. But, if thoM persona Want to spn or write in Wm^A tt •^,»^»*^3^/"»^*»*«M *l>o«t the gender of nouni ^Hdto^&J^ -^ It iil^Ung JS^T^^^ ^^^ ^ *^ »wy ««^ for the dto- ^2 .1. iS^? «**"*?' ^ •«»«»* «^ Ae general fi»t ^ « the French nouna deriTed ttm feminine noiuH^ *,. "«' f, < 84 PRELDflNAftT BTFLANATION0. ~~~j Latin arc mostly femiDino, and nouns doriyod from mason- line pr neuter nouns in Latin are generally masoalin^ in French." Thus, nouns ending in ion in French, as aetionf opinion, region, derived from the feminine nouns in Latin actio, opinio, regio, tre mostly feminine; nouns in ti, dUriU, viriti, from the feminine Latin noxaui celeritai, veritat, are generally feminine ; nouns derived from mas* online nouns in Latin, as Uvre from liber (book), champ from campui (field), are masculine ; and also , nouns dc rived from neater nouns in Latin, as spefiade from »pec- taadum,- temple from templum, are masoulino in Freoph. This treatise is naturallv divided in Two Parts; the First of the moMCuline, the Second of the feminine gender. The termination of nouns is hero the fundamental principle of ihe distinction of g^ders. The terminations are divided in serie*; each seriex contaimi ten terminations With the noi^ns making cxceptiom ; the terminations applicable to the hu;hest number fff nonnfi htma gencralty placed the first. Each scries or pair of it-M igr a ' to be learned by pupijb. _ The number of noun* under eadi MJUtim M tt l oatdd, at least approzimatively ; and, although, . absolutely necessarv for the purpose, to know the ....mipiii of nouns having the same termination, it is novertheleai interesting and Ratifying. Thus we have 6,686 nouns for the masculine, and 6,275 for the feminine,— making up with the nouns whoso gender is ascertained by the Additional Rules, paga 98, a total of more than twelve thousand nouns. The gender of nouns not included in the series of this treatise is determined by this general rule, vis., " if they end with a silent e, they 9xe feminine-, if with a consonant, or any other vowel than a silent c, they are masculine.*' ^ It is therefOTc permitted to believe that the Inooni^ nieneei mentioned by M de Fivaa in his French Gram> Ml tk^: '*' that the treatise of genders ore extremely inoomplete and the rules vague," are tn, last removed, as well as the tedious and almost permanent neeMsity to foreign learners of consulting dietionaries £k ffgftfftahklng the gender of French noaos. '^m- ' $; 1 m T m ■^" X ■■^«»_, ■'^- >j^ , Fjr^w Q mawn- oalin^ in » action, in Latin IS in ti, '^eleritai, )m ma««^ I, champ >an8 i^ im »pet^ reoph. ^ rt8; th^ : gendor. lamental linaiiona linationa linationa d 5,275 ) gender total of r nouns Bmained silent Cf it vowel tiiconi^ 1 Gram* tremelj Dired, af isity to % ' -gvr-iy^ «" rfk^-'-wjr"* V^fe°" . ^,? •■ -^„^ CONTENTS. /■ ■■•#; . Pagi. I. (ji«Qeral Bules.. 86 I|. Series of terminations of mascnline nouns end- ing generally J^ a oonsoniuit . 87 «'.. Waawii ne noanMsding with a vowel... ...- 90 ^ '^wim-^ JMLuaouUjp^ouns ending with a silent e, 91 W* ib riH' 100 " J. i '^ - ' ■ • -W ■ ■■■ ■, . : ■ ■35^ ■ - : • t''/ '.'•..■ ■■ ■,'^" ^ ^ ^Inikrs^ r ™-^ < -^^■^^^F>. -. ri- N I GENDERS OF NOUNa "■■■,, / OIHIRAL RULES. , B0M I. ' 21?";jl.?^^«^y "**y *»70'»«'»' •«» generally miMc«Kne. i^or that reaMn, tenmnationa with a conaoDant are caUed maaooline tenmnationa. "-^u^iw ' . PaiifOIPAL BXOIPTION. 1,175 noQoa ending by ion or aiwn are genwally /wiii- -.S?!!^!''^^?.^"'' ^ *!*^ ^^^ ^^ *» mentioned in the •enei ortnuioiiline tenpinationa. ItULl 11. Noanaending with ^ Siftiis I. ^ TvnnlB** tlOM. eur ExMBple. Nnmbor of aoum. ontenr 1300 BxaeptkHM. 67 following nouns, inoit> ly abstract, are feminine : aigrear, wnpletir, ardeoi, bladoheur, oandenr, oha- leur,^ obandeleiir, olamenr, dpaeenr, (tfpaisieur, errear, favear, dmyenr, fbnrenr, fleor, Aratohenr, fhtyeor, ft'oideur, Aireor, grandeur, grossevr, hantear. hnmeur, honretir, laideor, languenr, laigenr, lentenr, Uaaeor, lonpienr, loardear, Itiew, maigrenr, moiteur, noir^ oenr, bdeor, pAlenr, peaaa? teur, peur, primeor, pto* fondear, paante«r, padenr, impadear,rigaeiir,^deiir, rondenr, rongeor, rotiaaeiir, nuneur, savear, senteor, mM a^a. t- 4 •If ^Wf w^H fF- ." .^■■: / < • *■ • /- ' . * • ' - .. , > II _,/i ■ .>..„i;- ». :|?' > ■ ,■ - ' . 'i' V .'.■,*».".■■■"■ \ >•;♦'.',. - , _, , -I'' . :■■• ' ■'./ , ■ .'*..» ,^, ■■ V • yi u.i ^■■;*' :;v*.- /.■;■:.::?.■ ...«■ At-y • ■■...^^iil r* \ ./ ^ j»^tej>^ 'jiM,f*t '" - :'■■■' ■ ■■■■ -'■■. e ■ V . ' ■ '■.'-'■■ 1 ■ V_ ".'■,- * ' . ^"■' ' * •• * '.'•. . r"^- ■ "■■■■.--fe- Q ' " ai A.';--- - ' n . • "-"^';"->"- • ■ :;-,'■.. MIC|OCOPV RESOIUTION TBT QjAWt (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) |4J !£■ U US «ii u BiUu 14.0 u 1^ 1.8 1.6 ^ ^ 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 -5989 -Fax USA h 88 GENDERS OP NOUNS. Tormi na- tions. 2 3 Example. Number of nouns. Excoptione. erit er on instrument chandelier poisson 720 642 642 5 6 7 , 8 9 10 6 in au at ant ot caf^ vin chateau combat instant com plot Series II. soDur, splendour, sueur, tc- ueur, terreur, tiddeur, tor- pour, tumour, valeur, non- va|eurj vapeur, yerdeur, vigueur, moeurs, .(plur). — dent, gent, jument. — cuiller, mer. — 22 following .are femi- nine: boisson, chanson, cloison, cuisson, dondon, fa9on, (and derivatives,) foison, garnison, gudrison, laideron, le§on, maison, moisson,.-, poison, pamoi- son, prison, rangon, salis- son, souillon, toison, tatil- lon, lirahison. — amitid, inimiti6, moitid, — fin, catin. [pitid. — eau, peau. _. ■ «^. _ u — .dot, (marriage portion^ . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4^ IS oir an ard en al as ain il treillis pouvoir ocdan- hasar^ bien hopital bas grain \ pdril 123 143 — .brebis, fleur-de-lis, sou- ris,chauve-souris, vis, Irisy-ff hdmis. cuneux 82 7S 68 65 64 53 — m^an. — liiain. « cc It (I II (( ' •*• sueur, tc- ideur, tor- leur, non- yerdeur, .(plur). ment. are feini- chanson, dondon, ivatives,) gudrison, mai^on, pamoi- on, salis- lon, tatil- &, moitid, [pitid. sortion). ■lis, sou- iris, vis, GENDERS OP NOUNS. Series lit. 89 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 art ail out aud ac ut ort ois ol air ir eil oin ttit and aut OS ora -or Termina- tious. Example. Number of nouns. Exceptions. . .» 1 if natif 48 2 el miel 44 3 it esprit 43 "'---- 4 ou bijou 41 ° a 5 us refus 33 '^'■A 6 cu feu 30 ---, 7 our _ ur jour 29 — la cour, la tour. 8 ct - secret 24 — lafor6t. ot ^ 9 ais dais :, 24 u 10 oi convoi 23 — foi, loi, paroi. Series IV. ddpart travail goiit maraud sac , but port bois vol dclair ■s '23 ^3 23 22 1^22 21 21 19 18 — hart, part and com- pounds plupart, quotepart. « ti (( It — la mort. — une fois. (( la chair. Series V. pl^isir orgueil soin bruit gourmand saut repos bord irdsoF 18 17 16 15 14 14 ,13 12 ^2- — la nuit (C -oat). ns, as SLT" baignoire, )ire, ^cu- e,liistgire, oire^na- poire, vic- minine as ^ai J ice, v^- /" SECOND PART. FEMININE GENDER. Six Scries of ^f;i terminations each, with exceptions for Masculine Gender. ^ Terminli. " tioiis. ion ic t(? urc ierc OttC/ Series I. Kxaniplo. action ruvenc bonto / yvcnture riviuro tiompctte Number of nouns. 1,'1T5 Ejccoptions. 71G GOO 360 296 275 —are masculine: arddlion, bastion , brinbor ion , cam ion , croupion, gabion, lampion, pion, scion, scorpion, sep- tcntrion, talion, million, billion, trillion, and a few other designating male sex. — g^nie, incendie, para- pluie, pdrijxJtie, Le Messie. — arrets?, traitd, comity, cot^, 6t6, pat<<, thd, h6n6' dicitd, veloutd, and a few names of men derived from past participle, ^as d^putd, rdvoltd, &c. — augure, rourmure, par* jure, mercure. — cim Termina* tiona. Example. 6 aoho„ 7 ochc 8 ace 9 line 10 ase hachc poclic glace cime phrase Nnmbor of nouns. .31 30 28 26 24 Exccp^ioni. — panache, rcldcho, gama- ches (gaiters), and a few names of men, as brava- chc (bullip). — coche, pc^rchc, prochc, re- proohe. f , — espaco ■Ji'\ — centime, crime. — cautase, gypinase, P(5- gase, vase. Series V. 1 oue 2 une 3 aise 1 onde ape (> ogne 7 anche 8 ice 9 oule 10 oupe houe rancune foumaise onde soupape cigogne branche justice boule coupe 24 22 16 16 14 14 14 14 13 13 <( <( it n — bien-aisc, ^al-aise. — mondfi. — Pape, Satrape. — ivrogne, le Bourgogiie, (wine). — dimanche, m anche (haii- die), (See page 92, No. 11.) — mbule (mould) — groupe. 11. cho, gama- and a fow as brava- procbc,re- e. inase, P«5- u aisc. ourgogiie, nche (lian- ). 11.) OENDBRfl OP NOUNS. • Series VI. Vf Tohnina- ^■mplo. 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 tulipo honto tcrro ipo onto erre 6vo osso boBse erge aubcrgo argo charge ontre | montre orce oce f ule |ullo force noce I virguk Numhvr of UUUIIH. 12 12 12 12 12 11 8 8 7 6 Kxcoptiont. ■\ -*-purticipo, pTincipc. — con to (talc, history). — ciujctcrro, paratonorro, tonncrro, parterre, verro. — rOvo, 6\iiyo (applicable to a male). — carosse, coloBse. — oiorge. — Ic large (the oflfing). — le pour ot le centre. — divorce. — ndgoce, sacerdoce. nouns in ule or ulle are fe- minine, except the follow- ing: adminicule, animal* oule, conciliabule, conven- tioule, corpusoule, ordp«&- cule, dm ule, fumnanbule, globule, monticule, p<5di- cule, prdambule, ridicule, scrupule, vdhicule, ventari- cule, vestibule. ft 98 iJENDKUS OF NOUNS. ADDITIONAL HULKS FOR TIIK l>18TIN(;rjON OF liKNDKKS, MASCULINE.'^ I ■I: I. 1. Names of HoasonM : lo pifintornps, Hprinj^, &c. 2. Of montlis: on janvior«crnior, liwt January, Ac,. 3. The (lays of tlio week : lo lundi, Ic dimancho ; on Mon- days, on Sundays, &.G. 1. Names of Cardinal points : lo uord, le sud; north, south, &c. 2. Of metals : le fcr, Ic cuivro ; iron, copper, &o/ 3. Of colors : le vert, le rouge ; green, red, &c. Ill, 1. Names of countries when not ending with a silent e: Ic Portugal, lo Chili, &e. Exceptions.— Le Bengale, le Hanovre, lo Mcxique, le Pelopondse are masculine though ending with a silent e. § 2. Name? of mountains when not endingwith a silent e: Le Cenis, le Jura, le St. Bernard, &o. 3. Names of rivers when not ending with a silent ^ : lo Rliin,, le Mississipi, &c. Exceptions.— Le Danube, le Rhone, le Tibre, &c. ^ IV. ■ 1. Names of trees, ghrubs, &e.: leceriaier, cherry tree; le figuier, fig-tree i le chene, oak, &c. ^ (*»■ IR" ,.**- (JKNDEUB OF NOUNR. Di) :k8. I y, &c, . ;on Mon- d; north, 0. silent e : jxique, le lent e. silent e ; ent ^: le , &c. rry tree; A ft. ExrKPTlONS. — I/mi<5bpino, hnwfliorn ; lajMinnliiino, bljiik nhhir; IVnino, thorn ; I'liiCblc,(lwurl-i'l(h^r ; hi roiieu, Mor ; I'yeuHC, ilex. V. 1. Nnmcfl of InnjiuopoH : lo frnn(;nis, h» niHflo, ko, 2. The ItittcrH of the alphnbct : uii Xhe following; pnrtH of speech : J|fc nrtieh>, uiv nnm, un adjeetif, un prononi, un V(!ihe,un panlciple, un adverliy; tjjo other parlH oV speet^i are feuiiiiino: uite [»roj)08ition, uno conjonction, uiio interjoetiou. VI. ^ ^ Any part of speech taken Hubfltnntivcly: 1. Adjeetivos: k vrtti seul est ainiahle, what m true only IH amiable. 2. PronouuH : h man et Ic tini (5taicnt inoonimtt aux prcnjiers chreticns, mine and thine were unknown to pri- mitive Christians. • "^ 3. Verbs : Ic hohe ct h mavger flont nj^cessairen jV la vie, eating and drinking are neccHsary to life, 4. AdverbH : faitefl pour Ic rni^ipr,, do the be^t you can. 5. Prepositions: dineutez le pour et le row/rf, dineusa pro and amtrd,. VII. Compound nouns : un passe-partout, a master key ; un porte-feuille, a pocket-book, &c. Exceptions. — 1 , Une garde robe, a wardrobe; une perce- neige, ^prilTgcroeus ; 2, when the compound noun is formed with a feminine noun and an adjective; une porte-cochere, une basse-cour, &e. VIIX. Numbers cardinal, ordinal, fractionnl: le trois, le dix, le vingtieme, une douBaine, &c: ^>s.^ .,»•■*■ 100 GENDERS OF NOUNS. ' PBMININB. 1. Names of Ti^tues^ la foi, faithj la charitd, charity la temperance, &o. Exception.— Le courage, le mdrite. 2. Names of vices: la cruautd, la luxure, la paresso- cruelty,, luxury, idleness. Exception.— Oigueii, pride. . ■ ,• 11. ;. _ 1. Names^of countries when ending with a silent e; la France-, la Russie, la Belgique. '^ Exceptions.- (See the third of the preceding rules tor the mascuhne.) 2. Names of mountains when ending with a silent c, fol- lowed hy « signr of the plural; les Alpes, lesPyrdn^es. les Cayennes, les Cordili^res, &o. 3. Names of rivers when ending with a silent e; laSeine. la Loise, la Garonne, &c. ExcEPTiONS.^(See the third of preceding rules for the masculine. List of nouns the most used which are masculine in me sigmjication and feminine in another. Masculine.' a — aide . helper aigle eagle aune alder (tree) c^— le champagne wine crSpe crape critique. a critic d— d^lice (sing.) delight e— enseigne an oSScer exemple an example f— faux a falsehood '■V »"Sr- ■-.■-. - Feminir^. ^ *iide . help aigle- ' standard aune : ell (measure) la champagne province crSpe pancake critique criticism d^lices (plus) delights enseigne flag or sign cxemple writing copy une faux a scythe ■ ^"> "'"■'■- .,' ■X y- Lenders op nouns. 101 ftrityj la paresso ; ite; la g rules t c, fol- ^es, les i Seine, for the in one are) opy for&t gimlet un foudre « a wine butt foudre de a great war- gwerre, d6- rior loqdence a great ora- g— un garde a guardsman fordt la foudre la foudre de Dieu i a forest thunderbolt the wrath of God le greffe un guide h-^un jMlbne m -un, manche roll or regis- [trar a guide a classical ch [ant a handle un manoeuvre mason labor- un m^moire a bill mere! • *j^ ^nmks ^ood a dead man a mould , a ship bojr a novice a literary w'k mode un mort un moule un mousse n — ^un novice o— un deuvre o— un orgue(8ing.)organ P— page attendant paillasse clown pendule pendulum paralLple comparison p^riode height per8onneCprbn)no body plane poSie poste un pupille <— splde somme Bouris un monosyllable > un polysyllable J t— un t6te-d-tdte un tour a trick V — le vague empty space un vase a vase plane tree) stove station, ofiSce male pupil 5 payment a sleep a smile la garde une garde la greffe une guide une hymn^ la manchQ la Mancfa^ la manoeuvre la m^moire - merci mode la mort une moule mousse ' line novice une oeuvre ' ' .,^ .. les orgue8(plur)prgans page page of a book paillasse straw mattrass pendule clock parallele aline p^riode epoch, phase pepBonne(noun)a person military guard a defence graft a rein Christian hymn t be sleeve strait of dower manoeuvre memory pity, mercy fashion death a slell-fish moss (plant) a nun-expectant an action plane poSle poste une pupille la pupille un voile a veil solde une Somme ' une souris une syllable la tgte une tour une vague la vase une voile TIJE END. carpenter's tool frying pan post office female pupil apple of the eye pay of a soldier a sum of money a mouse a syllable the head a tower a wave slime, mud in water a sail or sailing vessel. / '1!^ /. • '1 \ t ». t \ ■ . ■ • ■- . " «. * \ ' / . ■ ■ . \ ' . ■ ■ . \ „• . ■^ , • • -h ■ k - 'V '■ • ,■■'■;■•■■■■■"■' ^ ^ \ ^ f j^^^^^^l -.a?^ ~"-^^^^^m ■^ C!s^? S,SjSt,.fiH *•/ ^^^ •■^:- ^^r- ^^"* '.-.J^. "^~*--. ■.'..-.■"■:". "TT « r-h :■ ..h ';+■■• .-"^■■■N / I 1 ■ ** /■ »" /' / %" *-N ■•ci;« ,'i' «^ ^ W I