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hoped that the , ult Sul „f „ """^ .""""'r i ""^ '' i«
education on the Danlf Mn/ i^*'"""^ French birth and
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educated in the dUes^here tl^ n ""'! S^"'" V" ^^^^once and
Versailles and ParTsAesTdn V '"'* ^'^""'^ '^ ^Vo^^^n-^
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prejudice in questiqn" ^''^''' the favor of the
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as causing great difficultLftn f L ^ u *^'°S considered
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ties must b; encouTaL anJ li '"'iT"' **^««^ ^^ffi^"!-
that beautiful C^Ta^^^age '^^^ ^^ *^^ ^^«^«^^' «^
^a»>{.y>< ^.<^ri.>,j.-t.,-t^,«ji.,.,^. -^A, J ,,,-'„ ,- - ^.-^^
SlOT. I
HlOT. , 11
Hbot. irr
Sbot. IV
Mkot. V
SfOT. VI,
Sbct. VII
Skot. VIII,
StCT. IX.^
SiCT. X.
Skct. XI..
Sect. XII.—
CONTENTS.
—French Alpbabot 5
. — Simple Vowelg nnd Accents q
. — OompoutuI Vowola.. (^
— Nasiil Hound* , !!!*..!.*!.*.. 10 '
—Diphthongs— Table of Diphthongs, witii their
soiinda and examples j-j
— Oombiaatioua of Consonants with Vowela! ! '. 13
I. Letters cj-,;,^ 13
11. Letters cA jg
III. Letters gn .«
IV. Lettters t7, i7/ ,'.'!'."..'.'!!!.'! 17
V. Letters ti 1. ....'.'...." 19
VI. Letters U, re, (when final). . . . . ...... '. '. 21
— Final Consonants 22
I. Class — 8ounde<^ .'....*..'.'.. 22
II. Class— not sounded .!!!... 23
—Rules for joining the final consonant of a
word with the fbllowlng vowel 27
I. When that junction Is obligatory .* . . 29
11. When that junction is subordinate to
Euphony g.
Consonants when double, in middle of words,
and other cases ' or
List of words beginning with A aspirate, and
or words beginning with A mute 37
Synoptic Table of the sixteen fundamental
•sounds of French pronunciation 45
Tlie various modes of representing the sixteen •
vowel sounds, illustrated with numerous
exercises ^
Complete tlieory of the pronunciation of e
unaccented ^„
Reading Lessons ..*.'!...!.!!!..' 72
1
'4»~
TREATISE
'AQES.
ft
6
8
10'
12
13
1.1
10
16
17
19
21
22
22
23
27
29
31
35
37
45
47
56
72
OM
FMCH PRONDNCIATION ilD BENDERS.
SECTION I.
A LI'II AUET-a6l<4fcrii.
Aa.
Bb.
Co.
Dd
Ec.
Kf.
Gg (Jf like t in pleasure) gay
Hh aah
li... . ...^ c
Jj (j like ft in pleasure) jeo
Kk kah
LI ell
Mm. einm
•/*
. cnn
>
p»y
. ku
air
csa
tay
'Sh Nn.
bay Oo.
my Pp .
day Qq .
a Rr..
eff S«. .
Tt..
Uu^iust bo hoard from
the teacher.)
Vv vay
Xx ecks
Yy '. ograik
Zz zed
The pupil must learn the French name of every letter,
and use that name every time he has to spoil or read a
Fronolr-wofd: This will give him, after a littje practice,
great facility in the correct pronunciation of Fi-ench. On
the contrary, if in spelling, for instance, the French words
amt,/able, vice, tube, he names the letters in English, he will
be in danger, through habit, t6 read aimi, faille, va\ce,
tioube, which in French is, of course, a wrong pfonun,
elation. . .^~;N..
"^
*»«^
a
FRENCH PEONUNCIATION,
SECTION 11.
SIMPLE VOWEI.S AlfD ACC|«:NTS.
.'^^'i':i^l^\^''^?^^''owo\B,a,e,i,o,u,i/. Their sound
18 modified by three marks called in French, accents, which
are placed over them, the y excepted.
These three marks or accents are short lines made in the
lollowmg way : %
(^') Called acce/ii m^M, acute accent.
O Called accent ^mygj grave accent.
( *)• Called accent circonflexe, circumflex accent.
Those accents render the vowels long, close or broad, in
the rollowmg manner : .
a— Without accent is sounded like a in the En^^lish word
mass,—\2L, ma, papa, *Qana.
i2— With the circumflex accent is long and broad, and it
IS sounded like a ih the English words ham,father]~m^i
ame, blame. , '
u^~^}^ *^° ^^^^ ^^°®°* is sounded like ay in dau v <r
♦u*^"^^r^ *^® F*^® ^^^^ ^^ *he broad sound of al in
the HiUghsh word ai>, v.g.,—p(ire, dre, apr^is.
^— With the circumflex accent is a little longer than the
preceding, v.g.,--Stre, t^te, temp<^te.
tii^^f ^'^'^' ^^ ''°*'^''' ^^®'" ^^ '^ sometimes silent, some-
, I. It is silent or very lightly heard, like u (very short) in
^ut; first,when it is the final letter of aword.v.-. — me te dL
&c.; secondly, in the middle of words before°oneconsdS
y.g , raret^, repos; thirdly, when it precedes a final* in poly-
syllabic words, y.g. am^res, modifies, pronounced amir
modell— (more explanations and the excetjtions will b^
given, Sect. XI, sixth sound). y ym qq
II. The e, though without any accent, is sounded as if
there waB one over it, say like e in the English word left:
■ J^irst, before two consonants, v.g.,.pervers, majesty, terre, pro-
oounce pairvair, tairre; secondly, when it precedes a final
SIMPLE VOWELS AND ACCENTS. 7
consonant other than », asbref,effet, pronounoo braif, effai
— (more explanations and the exceptions will be given, Sect,
XI, fourth and fifth sounds), and S6ct, IX, letters mm
and nn,
I— Is sounded like c in the English word me, v.g., midi
fini, timiditd. -
I— With the circumflex accent is a little lengthened like
two ee mbee, v.g., dpitre, ile, dime.
<>— Without accent has nearly the sound of the same let-
ter iij^e English word nor, v.g., robe, ecole, porte.
o-r-With the circumflex accent has a broad and long
sound, as in the English words ^o, note, v.g., dome, ddpot
cote. / / '
M— This vowel has no s/milar sound in English, and
must be heard from themfejfer — especially a native. There
is perhaps something of the 'French u in the sound of w in
sweet, tumulte, lune, unitd. ®
ii— With the circumflex accent is longer thah u without
accent ; m has a common length iu lunfe, uni ; but it is lone
in brftler, flfite, mfir. ^
y— This vowel is sounded like i, as type, pronounce tipe
in English teepe. '
3^— *After another vowel and between two vowels, equals
two lis, v.g., pays, payer, pronounce pai-i, pai-id, forming two
syllables. °
Every vowel with the corresponding French words given
as examples, must be pronounced by the teacher and
repeated by the pupil several times, until a correct pro-
nunciation IS acquired, as the vowel sounds may be con-
sidered as the foundation of a true pronounciation.
^ Observe—first, that the acute accent makes the edose
the grave accent makes it broad, the circumflex broad and
long; secondly, that the circumflex luxjent renders the a
and the o long and broad, but the i and the w^bnly long. ,
The following exercises, especially the first, are to be read
ftt first vertically and then horizontally. — —
■■ y ■
,.;*:
/«"
8
a as
a in
far
S, as
a in
barn
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
.EXERCISES
ON SIMPLE VOWELS AND ACCENTS.
I.
.^^6 A as 6 as cas i as o as
a in e in e in uin cin o in
fate ebb there tub mc nor
ba
bJi
h4
h^
b6
be
da
d&
d4
dK
dg
do
fa
{&
f4
ft
m
fe
la
la
U
Id
ig
le
nia
ma
m6
md
m€
me
pa
pS
P^
pd
p6
pe
ra
T&
r^
rd
r6
re
sa
8&
86
s<^
86
ze
ta
i&
: ^
td
ta
II.
ve
alarmd
4\ev6
mode
bal
bl^me
^16ve .
m^re
b^te
^ :
pole
porte
r6ti
malade
mdle
t^mdritd
re
type
te
bi
di
fi
li
mi
pi
ri
zi
vi
bo
do
fo
lo
mo
po
ro
so
vo
oas u
oin
go
bo bu
do du
fo fu
16 lu
mo mu
p6 pu
ro
zo
ru
su
to tu
fiddlit^
du
<?pitre
flftte'
style
ve
SECTION III.
COMPOUND' VOWELS.
The sound of several of the simple vowels is often
represented by two of the same vowels; for instance ai
represents the vowel i, au the vowel 5. We caU those
combmaUons, compound vowels, because there is one sound
expressed by two letters. .
ai— These two letters are pronounced like 4 with the
a cute a c c ent, a s balai, ma^, feral, pronounce b&l^, m^, fer^.
-
<t>
'^■^it^'%i''fr^».t.^i'^js
■<^*^,
COMPOUND VOWELS.
lu
mu
pu
ru
su
tu
When the compound voweV ai is followed by one of the
letters s, t, d, it assumes the open sound of the 6 with the
grave accent, as avais, avaitj laid, are pronounced av6, 16.
ei — These two letters have the same sound as 6 with
the grave accent, as reined haleine, peine, are pronounced
r6ne, baldne, pdne.
au, eau — These two compound vowels are pronounced
like the 6 with the circumflex accent, as taux, autre, mar-
teau, beau, are pronounced t5, otre, marto, b6.
eu — These letters have nearly the sound of u in the
English word us, or of i in sir. The e without accent,
when lighly heard, partakes the sound of eu ; in ne, me, le,
the sound is very short; in neu,meu, leu, the sound has a
common length. '
Remark 1. — The letters eu are pronounced like m alone
in the verb avoir, to have ; feus,feusse, eu, are pronounced
j'u, j'usse, u.
ou — These leffcers have the sound of ou in the word youj
or of the double oo in too; /ou, coupe, route, are pro-
nouncedybo, coop, root.
oi — These two letters have nearly thje same sound as
7ca in wa^h or loater, as foi, boire, reservoir ; they form a
diphthong, giving nearly the two sounds ou-a.
BemarJe 2. — The letters ai, ei, au, eu, oi, do not form a
compound vowel when there . is a diaeresis over the second
letter, or an accent over the c; then the two vowels are
pronounced separately, and form two syllables, v.g., hai,
SaHl, Maiise, obei, riussi, are pronounced ha-i, Sa-ul, Mo-ise, <
ob^i, r^-ussi.
Refmark 3. — ai and ei are also pronounced separately,
and de.not form a compound vowel when they precede two
U in the middle of words or one I final ; for instance, the
words travailla, rSveilU, travail, riveil, are pronounced
trava-i-a, r^v^i-^, trava-f, rdv^i ; the II are suppressed, and
in the two last words you make long the a and the e pre-
ceding the i, and the i final very short. (This is fiJly
explained Sect, YI., letters il, ilL
■k
10
atmai
balai
ferai
lirai
mai
ferais
dirait
lait
■-/•.•
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
EXERCISE
•ON COMPOUND VOWELS.
laid
mais
plait •
trait
baleino
reine
seine
veine
'^
aubo
ardeur
route
beau
neuf
vautOut^'
maudino
parleur
boirc
pauvrc
peuple
droito
roseau
bou e
foi
taureau
douleur
loisir
bleu
feu ^'
moule
"VOUS
poire
voiture
ExcEPTioNs.-HaV, obdS, Moisc, travaiLrdveilld.
SECTION IV.
NASAL SOUNDS.
There are four nasal vowels or sounds:—
"antt ^::z;t.:::''' " ^^ ''' ^'^"^^' ^•- ^^ '^ -^^=
In like en in the English word length, as fin, vin, dessin.
un like on m song, as salon, Inontre, ton.
Un nearly like un in sunk, as brun, tribun, un.
tioST^thlf ''' ''''"'^' is represented by several combina-
1. -4» is represented by -
Am — sample, rampe. X
^m— emporter, membre, trembler.
nn^"^'*^^ ?■ '" ^^^ "**^^'® «^ ^s when there is only
one n, as entendre, rendre, enfin. ^
in^^Jj^'^Q npuns^as in monument; 2. in adjectives, as
SiS ^ ' ^-/^ f^T^"' ^ i*» bonnement; but in the
third person plural of verbsTcn^ io silent, m ^arlent
v*>-
M
; ^^^»^^ ii^te'iWP**' SkS^s- A-"\«jfcJ« '" w
NASAL SOUNDS.
11
v*«-
they speak; ih dormcntf they sleep; arc pronounced, ils
pari, ils dorm.
Ant as aimant, parlant, partant, devant.
2. In is represented by
Jm — impie, timbre, impossible, limpidc.
Ain — main, pain, ainsi, vain, plaintiT.
Aim — faim, daim, essaim.
• Ein — frein, plein, peintre, sein, enfreindre.
En^ — when final generally preceded by i or y, as in bien,,
citoyen, moyen, Ph^nicien, bien, le tien.
Ym — nymphe, olympe, sympathie, symbole.
Yn- — syntaxe, synthase, syncope.
3. Oft is represented by ' /
Om — nom, ott^bre, combat, tombcau, trompcttc.
Eon 1
Eons >• pigeon, ^erons, prendront, fbront.
Ont }
4. Uh is represented
r, I humble, parfum, S?5<<JiQ-
Add to those four the nasal idiphthong oin, as point,
soin, besoin.
Exceptions. — The nasal sound does not take place in
two cases: — •
1. Before two nn or two mm] in the words innocent,
immortal, bonne, somme, the two nn and the two mm and
the vowel preceding them are pronounced nearly as in
English;
2. Before one nor one m when immediately followed by
a vowel or an h mute, as iii inactif, inoccup^, inhabit^,-
Smage, une ; in these words the i and the n or the m have
their proper sound, and also u in the word une.
(The nasal sounds will be fully explained and cxampli.,
fied in Section XI.)
'. ?
12 ^ FRENCH PKONUNCIATION.
SECTION V.
DIPHTHONGS ♦
*i. '^h^ <Jf nomination o^ Diphthong, which is derived from
the Greek and signifies cbubU sound, is a syUable in which
two vowel sounds are uttered with one impulse of the
voice. In the diphthong Ua we hear the two simple sounds
t and a; m the wirdjoueur, the two compound sounds ou
and eu; in Iwn, the simple vow6l i and the nasal vowel on.
^ bo that when the pupils are weU acquainted with the
distinct sound of vowels, simple, compound and naaal, they
will not have much difficulty to pronounce the diphthongs,
which are but the combination of two of those sounds.
. } deem tt, however, useful to give here a table of the
principal diphthongs, and I recommend the teacher to
make the pupils pronounce very distinctly, several times,
ca«h diphthong, the two sounds represented by it very
closely together, and the examples following the sounds.
Table of DiphtUngs, with iheir Soundt and Examples.
TWph- . Their , -
tnongs. sounds. Examples,
ai
before I
or II
ei
before I
or II
ia
ian
iai
}
<
}
is
ier
iez
ien
ten
i-a
i-an
1-4
ori-i
y
i-an
[bail, bataillon, travail, travailla.
in hail, travail, make a long, i short, drop I.
sommeil, soleil, e long, i short, drop I -
rdveilla, sommeilla.
il d^lia, se fia, diacre, diable.
viande, alliance, mendiant.
jed^fiai,jeddliai,jepriai.
je ddfiais, il pliait, tu niais.
pitie, tiddeur, officier, crilr, aviez.
(when final) rien, le mien, je tiens. . -
(when not fi nal) a udience, experi e nc e .
' t
leu I ireu adieu, curieuse, glorieux, iuieux.
1
, if- I 't «« ij»^4i
:v^.
DiPirtnoKas.
13
Dipb-
iltongs.
10
ton
oi
oin
oue
oiiai
out
ouan
oueu \
ouon
ua
uant
uai
id
or uer
ui
uin
uo
•lion
ueu
TUeir
sounds.
i-O
i-on
ou-a
ou-in
ou-i
or ou-i
ou4
or ou-i
> ou-l
ou-an
oureu
ouron
u-a
u-ant
u-i
or ui
U'i
u-6
u-i
u4n
u-6
u-on
n-eu
£xainpte«.
idiot, violon, nwSdioore, patriotc.
lion, nous r^ons, passion, nation,
moi, toilette, (etroite, avoir, voir,
soin, t^moin, pointe, moindre. ^
jouer, enroud, avoud,- nouer.
jouet, fouetter, ouest, brouette.
je jouai, je d<3nouai, je trouaL
jc jouais, je d<5nouai8, il trouait.
jouir, r^jojiissancc, onfoui, Louis,
louango, trouant, vouant, avouant.
noueux, boueujt, joueur.
louons, jouons, nouons.
il remua, salua, nuage. Z^-
nuanees, saluant, remuant.
je saluai, je remuai, je tuai.
je saluais, il remuait, il tuait.
I denuiS, nude, huer, dternuer. '
depuis, conduire, autrui, fluide.
juin, suinter, quinquag(6sime.
imp<5tuositd, monstruo8it<?.
tuonSj continuous, remuons.
majestueux, lueur, impdtueuse.
SECTION ViP.
COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS.
■ T.. . . ■/■ ■ '
Letters c, g, j, q.
C has the hard sound of k before a, p, u, cabane, corde,
cuve, and before a coisonant, clore, croire, crier,
chas the sound of s, called soft sound before e, i, J*
ceci,' cilice, cypres. . _
c is also soft before ^, .o, u, when there is a cedilla (9)
under it, as in fa9ade^ l»gon, regu. _ —
c sounds like g in second and derivative, seconder, tsv-
oondement.
14
FRENCn PBONIWCIATlOtf.
^ """u '^Ld"."LT"''' ?f '" ,""' ^"K""'' "»^'J 90 before a, 0,
KlTl^:^ "'■ ""' "'" ''"''•"° " «''»«'°»»''
? "i^v ""LTl"*"' '"'J"' *="8l«h word plea^re before
e, 1, y, as in g^mir, gtto, gymoaw.
words 2 i lon^'w""*' '"T"' """g"'"-- 1» 'h""^
to tho I R,?, »»"e8onl,togive the hard sound
to tho g But the » 18 diBtinctly sounded in the words
arguer, aiguiIle, aiguiaor, linguisto, «n.bi4 w eiiS
oo„t,guit,5, eonsanguinit^, .S? DeGui«o^„^';X'^i
tntedrrtnn^o"'' ''"'''^'' "°"^'""' "-S"*^' » -
J^ is soft before every vowel, and has the sound of , in
pleasure, as in jardin, jetor, joie, juge.
* T'! "l?-/^" '""''^' "•■"!? """^ <»?. " "'ways followed
by «, and t is pronounced like c hard, or k • then » is
generaUy silent, as in qualit<S, qit q^o .mitter nri
nounce kalit^, k<!, ke, kitter. ' 4U0, quitter, pro-
woris'rf the" tsf Zf"' "•'"'''' » =» »«' «'"■"; i" the
i 1«< List.
Equitation.
Equiangle.
Equidistant.
Equestre.
Equilateral.
Equimultiple.
Liqu^fier.
LiquiSfaction.
Qu e steu r .
2nd List.
Equateur.
Quadrup<>de.
Quadruple.
Quaterne.
Quadrag^naire.
Quadrangulaire.
Aquatique. ►
Equation.
Loquacity.
Qtti^tisme.
COMBINATIONS OP CONSONANTS WItIt VOWELS. IS)
Exercises.
1
ci
gui
qui
g»
• •
cri
gli
ca
c6 CO
gua
gu<5 guo
qua
qu(5 que
.9a
f^ gc
fja
j<5 jo
) era
crd do
gra
gl«S gro
2
oarto
c6cii6
' quatorzo
gu<5rir
gardo
g(5ndral
conjugua.
gu(5ridon
liguons
conjugud
fa9ade 4
. joujou
jamais
credit
cravatc
agr<5cr
gravitc
cycle
Exceptions :
— Aquatique, queste
*
CO
quo
guo
go
50
jo
gro
quiconquo
quotidien
gigot
juge
guide
barque
jeton
grenier
gvmijaso
cu
9u
gu
cru
gru
Concorde
cubiquc
rc^u
ma^on
gorge
Job
croyant
grosse
jujube
II.
•V
Letters ch.
These two letters are pronounced like «7t in English;
so that the combinations cha, chi, chl, cJio, chu, are pro-
nounced in French as if written in English shah, shay, shee,
sho, shu: v. g., oharit^, cheval, chimie, chose, chdte, cha-^
rade, moustache, machine. »
But ch is pronounced k in some words derived froiii
Greek, Hebrew or Latin, v. g., archange, archi^piscopal,
anachordte, cat^humdne, chaos, choeur, choriste, chorus,
^ho, eucharistie, orchcstre, Cham, Chanaan, Ghald^,
GhersQn<^, Charon, Bacchus, Nabuchodonosor, &c.
— Hj^Kmes- ch ia s ounde d ^ g A in a rchev6aue. archevfieh <^ . —
aiohi]^rarchipr@tre, j^lWon, Achille, Ez^hiel, Mich^,
Rachel, Sicheni, Zaoh^. r^.
'.*»«>4^i^ ■
N*
- -TBy^ <-^~TWf3J^ '
16
FRENCH PRONimClATTON.
Ch 18 also sounded k before a consonant, v. g., anaohro-
nwme, thrist, dirttien, ohroniquo, ohronomdtro, ohrysolide
draohme &o., m Maohiavol, Miohel-Ange, Sancho/yaoht'
Zuriih " """"^ ''^" *'^^ ^"""^^^''g *'^'»«'' Munich, Vtreoh,
Observe that there are two kinds of A; /* mute, which is
not meant at all in the pronounciation, and h a»mrate,
which IS pronounced with a very light aspiration (more
explanationsaregivenSfect. IX, letterA) ^
aoharn^
branohe
blanoheur
charity
oheroher
chdne
ohimie
ohoo
)
£XER0ISK.
ohoisis
ohoufleur
chuchoter
chyle
<$chauffer
enchants
mouohoir
manohon
prochain
richesse
enriohir
retranohdrent
tranchet
rocher
rftche
chien
[•*■
III.
LeTTIBS ON.
Tfese two letters are sounded as in the wdrdsmtano-
nette, bagnio, vignette, v.g., magnanime, acoompagntf. igno-
rance; gn form a syUable^wih the following vwel thus
ma^narDi-me, i-gno-rance, &c. '
This sound is^called soft bv some grammarians, liquid
by some oAers J it is pretty h&d to be acqu^, and must
be heard frequently from the teacher.
In a few words ^n has the hard sound which is given
by the aaiuQ letteram ignorant pronounced in EngliSi a^
igntf, ignitioD, stagnant, Bt^aaon, inexpugnable: guide,
agnus. In these words y forms a syllable with the pSeced-
ing vowel, and n forms another syUable with the foUow-
i n g vow el, thu g , st a g - n a nt, ig - n^, &o., and then a has the
hard aonnd nf ^: "^ ' ^f »« t^w
•j^ hudwmndofc.
'^X
I -*
i <..
•■.-^Jfi- -■'
COMBINATIONS OP CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS. 17
agiKOau .
Allomagno
compagnon •
champignon
oygne
dignity
daigna *
Exceptions ;
EXKBOISE.
Espagnol
^agnant
ignoblo
ignorance
ligno
magnanime
magnifiquo
-Ign6, ignition,
mignonotio
]>ci^o
poignai-d
seigneur
signal
vignetto
vigneron
stagnant.
IV.
Letters il, ill.
Combinations: ail, eil, owl, ouil, ouil, &c., at the end of
words.
Combinations : aill, eill, ill, ouill, &o., in the middle of
words.
In the preceding combinations I final or U in the middle
of words are in French pronounced in two ways, either of
which 18 correct. In tl^e first way, I or II are sounded as
in^the English words William, brilliant— See Exercise I
below. They are called /wow7/<<c« (liquid) from their
smooth and flowing sound. '
In the second way I final or tt in the middle of Wrds
are, we may say, suppressed ; taking, for instance, taiUeur
decompose it thus, ta-i-eur, give to those three sounds the
French pronunciation, squeezing them closely together;
travatlla, iomeilU, are pronounced travari-a, somm^i-d
sounding the t rapidly. In bail, r^eil, after dropping the
I make a and e long, and » final very short.~See Exercise
II, hereafter.
But it is very important to notice that when the-M
are foUowed by e called silent, you must sound that e
Iiehtlv after the su ppressi on of II, and replace the U by th e
lightly
sound c
TOund of y m yoti, which must be heard Wwe e : thus,
Wle, paiUe, raiUerie, are pronounced fi-ye, pa-i-ye. ra-i-ve-
ne.— See Exercise III. *: ' ^ ^ ' ^
-t
H=5
18
FRBNCII PRONUNCIATION.
tho finit in imblio, I tdvwo to adopt the aeoaJKSwi;
•t tho end of word«, for foar that thq foroiMnEKKKhT
bo in danger to pronounce for *n«'»«««,4>^y!fiIlMl
ExoKPTiojfs. -- In tho folUwii^VorS^ 7/1,
noithor of tho two noundn mTJmH t L H
double list one /only is hoard^wirfTown Jm,l ? /if'
-eoond list the twof/ arc hrr3":Hh t Hr:^
villo
villi^
pupiUc
AohJUo
imb^ille
'anquillo
l8t list,
oodicillo
campanillo
sibjilo
fibrille
millo
Gillo
2iJd list.
ilMtr<J illusion
illftnitd illigiblo
illdgal OHciUcr
illdgitime oscillation
illioito sointiller
illumind vaoiller
illnstro /
Exercise I,
In which I or II arc sounded as in WUliam.
%
baU
bataillon
bouteillo
brillant
caille
ooquill
cueillir ^,
ddpouiller
^ureuil
feuilies
V grenouillcs
grille
haillon
orgueuilleux
ij»«illima4
'iPbuilld
muraille
sillon
tourbilloh
Versailles
Exercise II,
In which I or U are suppressed in pronouncing.
bail
portail
^mail
pronounce
<(
ba-i
porta-i
tt long
i very short
yo»^ pby^one emissioa
ticava-i J of voice v
trayail
\
(f
«^^**^?iiis'/j^l«,'^
»*<•'
\-
COMBINATldWi or CONSONANTS WITH VuWKLI^ld
proQonnoo pm6-{ \ 6 long ^
i very short by
m^icmitmimQi'
the voice %
1 iffOlHt DC ~
*fiouDiIe<irti|)i()ly
paroil
iointiioil
vortnoil
bouillon '
batailloii
brouiUard
chatouilla
moillour
orcillor
u
u
((
(I
(<
«
pio^i
Honiint^i
'bou-i-on
ytai-on
broa-i-ard
ohatou-i-a,
id-i-cur
iK5-i d
?
t
BXIRCISB III,
In which II ate soundtfd m y in you^ aiid tho following
e lightly heard.
♦
canaille
fundraillcs
grillo
fumillo
orcillo
pareillo
artillcrio
truvaillerai
pronounce
oanft-i-ye/ > a long
i'undra-i-yo } i Hhort
«
((
«
i(
I » long
long
Z'
gri-y©
I'anii-yc
or<5-i-pB )o
pan^-i-f ) i Hhort ,
arti-yc^ric "I ij(^g
trava-i-f c-rai j yo rapid
V. . 1
LlTTElW TI. 1.
Combinations : tion, tic, tial, tiel, tielt, tien, tieux, &c. '
The consonant t followed by i is geuocally pronounced in
French like c soft ; ti is sounded ci, thiff happens generally
in the following combinations :
Tian — f» is pronounced as ct, v.g., action, ablution, addi-
tion, aHection, ambition, caution, cauttonrier, convictio%
d^<luotion, Amotion, munition, nation, ration, &c. * ^
ExGEPTlONB.--The exceptions take place when t is pre
ceded by « or x; then t has its natural sound, as in bastion,
combustion, congestion, digestion, mixtion, question, &c.
-■ .. i,*-
20
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
,„j f ft 18 sounded din partial, martial, partiality DM.
jVd 3 »■«'. """"f el, confidentiel, confideSem»t,X
Ke» pahenoe, pn>Bounoed pwi-ance. «
Ej^e.!'S«.^:r'^ ««» » ^^-«». B^«en,
3W-« like d, as in captieui, ambiiieux, Ac
juU^. ™»s initiii^ i.*1Stil7r:,-inutliiS:
FinaUy for the pronunciation of f i in th^ «,^^.
of A in FrenTfr^^i^^r°*^ 1' «*"?« '^ »»■«»
^-*,»^»ir2;i;^:;,S::^^
"WTW'^T'- "^' Ji*'" TTT^'ITSfT^y , •* , ' T '
MMS^
:'.*^-''
COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS WITH VOWELgi 21
■-'■■:■. ■■■' '^vl' ;
L£ AND BE (FINAL).
Combinations: ble, bre, ole, ere, dre, fle, fre, ere. ele.
pie, pre, tre, Ac. ' > > e » 6 »
In the English language the terminations ble, bre, are
pronounced as if the e was placed between b and I, or 6
and r, thus, table tabel, acre aArcr. By the force of habit
iinglish learners are inclined to pronounce in French the
same final as in English. But in French the two conso-
nants are heard before the e which is itself hardly heard
having something of w in but; therefore, this rule may be
laid down: "Pronounce in French the consonants pre-
ceding e obtuse, v. g., ble, bre, de, ore, Ac., as you would
pronounce the same consonants in English attheb^innine
ot words, as bl in blame, ere in credit, &c.
■■tj' - ■■' ■ ■
ble possible, do not pronounce bul but bl initials of blunt
bre arbre.
cle artiple,
ere acre,
gle angle,
pie peuple,
. pre propre.
■<.<
u
(C
u
It
((
ainyible
impossible
noble ^
arbre
marbre
ombre
article
boude
miracle
nacre
-Sucre
br
«
ol
((
or
((
gl
n
pl
«
pr
((
maigre
ample
couple
simple
peuple
pampre
propre
autre
centre
brunt
club
orup
'glum .
pluck
prude
•^
couvre
ouvre
fe^ iif *E^ Atfe-^i, .
22
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
SECTION VII.
FINAL CONSONANTS.
.The subject of this section is as difficult as it is imDor-
^e not «!r^ T^ ^'^e! consonants aiTsL, oT«
JIl^ ' ^i *''''" ^^^^'^ '^^'''^ are called silent are not ^
^'"V; ■ •' CLAS^. I. ■ ■
CONSONANTS SOUNi/eD WHEN FINAL
O final is sounded, as in sao W Ko« «^ t
*h«, pic, roc; due .q^di^'Ao "' °"^""' ^' "*«'
e«roo, raccroo, broc, pore ' *"*'^' "'"''' ''™'
, orf hbmm, (may be sounded or not) ' ''
""t^Sif'^ ** *^' *"^ «^ ^^^^ ^Wch, aoeordine to
Levuac, amount to nearly 260 as in W iSlp ^. p
^«tt<t«^>
I*IKAt CONSONANTS.
2d
is impor'
nt, others
are not so
b; on the
with the
word, as
Euphony
hese two
)r of oon-
roduce a
ipleasant
in two
are not.
letter is
5C, avec,
)y », as
ich) lacs
!, croc,
-jambe,
d com-
ncvous
3s, it is
iog to
> nerf,
Before a vowel or A mute, / is sounded », which is carried '
to Ithe next vowel, neuf enfants, (nine children,) is pro-
nounced neuv^enfants.
ExGEPTiONS.— A final / is silent in clef, cerf, chef-
d'oeuvre, and in the plural nerfs, oeufs, boBiife. In the
number neuf (nine), / is silent before a consonant, neuf
Kvreg (nine books), isjpMStrounced neu livre». However, /
in neu/, is sounded bSfore the months, le neuf Janvier, le
neuf Septcmbre, &c.
L final is sounded, as in g^n^ral, bal, chcval, bel, rdel, sel,
il, fil, sol, nu^ &c.
EXOBPTIONS.— Z is silent in fusil, outil, sourcil, gril,
baril, persil, gentil, and fils (son), pronounce Jisie or /,
(both ways are correct). L is also silent in poiils, 'gentUs*
hommos; pronounced pou, genti-zomm6s.
R final, is sounded after a, i, o, li, as in car, par, finir,
punir, or, essor, dur, obscur ; except in monneur, pro-
nounced mo-n'eu.
But after e^ r fina\ is silent, as it will be seen inlihe next
class of consonants hereafter, and the cases are very
numerous, as in donner, chapelier, oranger, &c.
However, r final is sounded after e in the following,
words: ' '
cher
fer
fier
mer
ver
tiers
hiver
cuiller
enfer .
cancer
^thei;
Belv^der
Lucifer
Magister
pate«-
gaster
Jupiter
hier
CLASS IL
■■^ CONSONANTS NOT SOUNDED WHEN PIKAJ..
Those are d, g, p, s, t, x, z„and also r after e.
I) final is not sounded, as in grand, gond, marchand, pied,
nid, second, nceud, &o.
Exceptions. — D final is sounded in proper names, as,
Alfred, David. Gad, Obed, and: also in Cid, tahnnd, Snnd
(Straits), le Slid. ,
-*
— ^'.i^su-i"— '— ^^;i?^
ST.* '^ --^fl^*
2i
immon vmmmoiAno^.
Exo«mol,._0 fa «,„„ded in jo„g.
tn;,'r""'' " ■" "-P' ''^P' '"P. '»«««oup, loup,
(v&r--^ "«••'''<'«''■' -P. A)ep. g.p, «ep,
^ final is sUent niter 4e vowel <■ • .nj .1.
«»» veqr numerous, t^IpTl ' '"' '"*'' "'"'"'
in&itWe,™"" "^""^ '"' <»"J"8««»» "Woh end by „in the.
" SrL """'?»'-» aim.
chanter « ^Z*'*"^
parler « °^an^
Steer > ^""T-^ ^^^^^
boulanger ' « cordoani^
^icier « boulang^
iJ. In names of trees,
as pommier pronounced
poirier
cerisier
groseiller
4w In other words,
as • ofBcier
cwnseiller
verger
S final is silent as in,
compas
aprds
refus
tapis
nous rions
pronounced
■ «
pronounced
«
pommi^
poiri^
cerisi^
groseill^
officii
conseilli^
vergd
ba.
compa
aprd
refu
tapi
nou rion
»»K>.; ?.
"■^r
-*«fci^ A-^'tjt^'' ^-*<n % *J1
J-INAL CONSOlfANTS.
25
Exceptions.—^ is Bounded in rnafe, vis, rndtis, bis
(twice), gratis, Iris, alods, C^rds, cens, atlas, blocus, en sua,
moeurs, prospectus, foetus, sens, tous (taken substantively),
Kheims (city), Mars, Rubens, Gil-Bias, Stanislas; and in
proper names from Latin or Greek, Brutus, Phoebus,
Romulus, Pfiris, Adonis, Lesbos, Minos, Dolos, pathos, &c.,
and generally in Words coming from foreign languages, dead
or living.
S is silent in Judas, Nicolas, Thomas, Paris (city).
2^ final is silent, as in,
but pronounced bu
complet a comply
court \« . conr v
d^faut " d^fau
sort « aor
ExoBPTiONS.— rfinalissoundedin the following words :
apt
exact
fat
rapt
abject
correct
fret
lest
net
suspect
est
ouest
entre le zist
et le zest '
dot
strict
zenith
verdict
brut vivat
chut tacet
indult deficit
lut (lute) introit
jf nth (in8trument)preterit
occiput
(others pure Latin)
exeat /
transeat
1. In the holy name of Christ, « and « are sounded,
but both letters are silent in Jism-ChruL ante-ChrisL pro-
nounced J ^u-chri, ante-chri.
2. In «ept and huit, t is sounded, except before plural
nouns beginning with a consonant, y.g., «cp« chevavx, huit
maitons, pronounced si eheoavac, Kui inaisons. However
t IS sounded in sept, huit, before the months, though
banning with a consonant, v.g., le sept Janvier, le huit
F^vner, &c. ■
- 3. In vingt t is silent, but it is sounded before a vowel,
V.g., w»w« en/a»to, vin^t et un. However, t is sounded
{npidlj) in vingtKieux, ving^trois, up to vingt^neuf..
inclumvely. Finally, t is silent in quatre-vingt-un, quatre^
v i ngt-denx, quatr o- vingt - trois, and so forth, up to quatre-
vmgtHiix-neuf, inclusively.
■/
26
•«MfCH WlOWOTCIATIOlf.
p.jUw.ya,ile„ti„ the conjunctions.
• Fox, StyZPoZl'^' ™'*"' ^«'^'»«. B.!«trix,Tp^^,
»nant, yg gir^Zl'^ ?* "o?"* beginning with aoon-
^ "t^. S%t"^' ■««• «'»-««-. *o., proncnnced
Alvarez, Jnar^, Sum,'4«. ' Spanish names
_ Final XBTTigg, m, », i, ,V
. P«.^.rnan.;^th?4h:frnJ^i^a -Pt '»
^ "Wste4^'5;it'ssa;L^^
^. f »«°'es,asJ«b,&b,Mjb,&„ '^''"'•■'P^-
^^^n'i^^tf^rr^n''?^',^?- » wWch it is
-^^/i^t•^zrc^!5.l:^^^^^^
ax, prix, 4ko.,
•plex, prefix,
; in proper
atrix
ix, dix'sept,
mnoed z in
'• In six,
with a con-
*i pommes,
ths, v.g., le
»«e P^vrier,
pronounced
the proper
ish names
it the Sec-
except in
in plomb
3d in pro-
lich it is
al nouns
'
, ^* '*'•"
: .y
UNION OP WORDS.
IMPORTANT REMARKS.
^
27
t. When they say that in French, the final consonant
of a wdrd is silent, they mean that it is so ; firstly, when
it precedes another word b^inning with a consonant, or h
called aspirate ; iiecondly, wh^n it precedes any sign of
punctuation. But if a consonant, termed silent, precedes a
word beginning with a vowel or h mute, without any mark
of punctuation between the two words, then that conso-
nant is no more silent in most cases, and it is generally
carried to the initial vowel of the next word, the two words
being closely connected, as will be explained in the fol-
lowing section. .
II. As for the consonants of the first class of this section
which are sounded when final, it is understood that they
are always sounded, as well before words commencing with a
consonant as before those commencing with a vowel. There
are, however, a few exceptions, which will be pointed out in
their proper place.
SECTION VIII.
RULES FOR JOINING THE FINAL CONSONANT O^ A WORD
WITH THE INITIAL VOWEL OF THE NEXT WORD.
Among the general rules of French pronuneiati^ pre*
fixed to some of the French Grammars published in
America, we read the following : " For the Junction of^e
final consonant of a word with the initial vowel of me
next word, there is no other reason than euphony.** That
assertion is erroneous in its generality, ancl only liable to
confuse the pupils. There are, in fiiQ<^, several cases in
which, (a very few words excepted,) the junction of a final
consonant with the following vowel is n^cessary^ indepen-
dently of euphony, on account of the close oonnectiou of
the two words respecting their signification t^d meauing.
Out of those oases, which we are careftiUy going to point
out, euphony, it is true, maybe taken as a genend rule;
;« «*^er words, the juuotioii then is made S' euphony is
►i^
X-
28
FRENCH PROmJNCrATlON-.
This section, as well an th^ ^ j.
were spelt m^a^i,.™ '""••«' proDoBneed lu if the.
the am vowel of amU ^ „r *^^ ,T * V"'"' "*
pronoBDoed u if snelt^w ?-'^l' f"""" «l«Wren), ig
-^«>y BoeleAt^-t"! "J?" 'T?'^ -«
P*»i bat It i, oMTied to the n^t -„,!l 'j"." " "* »«"
next V, Jiffi'S^.t^l™ : ^ • " rri^J «o tie
that <i h«i the aoand of 7jlw ?" *""•*' "« <"»«;
hMth,t«fo,^/A^^'i^'^<'>»»,j)^«<,m.-,. that;
Of ?t?Co:^^,'^^»<T-.«te at the ^,B„i^
BBt when HwhteC""'^'** *«»■**•»«.
»ot tjAe plaoe, fo?t.1iZlSl£L*''>»»*''' «»»-
y™^A<!«,. The tapir.tfo^1;^„J*?" " P"n«»««ed
" «t i. SBffieientlT^ST^ tf vo^l^ ". "^ '«l>t, and
, eoiwonant preceding h a«Lto'»r if ."*"/"""»>■»" ""e
TOwel preceding th^ h '-rdYffi^A /"" ''' »»' *»P tke
Mdein fe, de:ieZ^t,\? )': «» *»»tance, o in la
* being •iiri^'iH^'J^'' •""*«? '•"J^ TW
I'f^'ne, Phome^, inTtead jTI-i!*"^' J'" "rite
»?^A^-rt' -^ s_K !=. ( jLj.«.i*,*s '
UNION OP WORDS.
29
because A is silent ; b^t in grand Kiroi you do not sound
d, because the following h is aspirate.
The suppression of a or e final letter of a word preceding
another word oommenoing with a vowel or 4 mute, is called
elision. An apostrophe takes the place of the letter sup-
At the letter h, next section, more explanation on h mute
and h aspirate will be found; and also a list of words tho
most used, beginning with h mute, and of those beginning
with h aspirate.
I.- ■■
When the junction of the final consonant of a word with
the next word commencing with a vowel or h, mute is
obligatory.
This matrk (^^ is adopted here between the two words
when they must be joined together.
That junction must take place — ^
^I. Betweett^^e articles and the following nouns or
adjectives : ^
- Examples.
les^affaires " les afflig^s
des^engagements deT imprudents
aux^empereurs aux^ennemis
les^hommes ' un ^nge
des^historiens. r ua^homicide
aux^umains - ^
These oases are nmneipous, because in French articles
are used before nouns taken in a general sense, as well as
in a particular sense.
II. Between adjectives preceding nouns: be the ad-
jectives ; ^ V
1. Qmdificative.
beanx^oiseaux vieux amis
bon historien " ^
cher^enfant
grand^ypocrite
p e tit^agn e au — -*
petits^gtres
mauvais <}Colier
t ^-
Vo
fflon^usago •
ton^omploi
son^lidtel
8on_«rbre
oot^animal
oet^ikbit
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
2. Potiett(ve. .
son^^ritior
3. nkmonttraiive.
Mfl^oooapttioni
lour^ardeur
lour^honnour
lours^offmj
oos^instrunicns
WI. B^t^oen pronouns subjept or object of verbs :
.l^'. EXAMPLES.
n(iu8^aVbna' . ^^^^^ ^^ .
m ont ^ ' V0U8 habiterez
les^avez-vous y^^ . il^^h^orent
EXAMPLES.
:i
fort^aimable
bien^attentif
extrdmement^agr^ble
plus^obdissant
nollement^aimd
trop^heureux
trop^envieux
il n'est pas^arriv^
elle n'est point^averti
en^entrant ^
V. Between numbers and nouns:
EXAMPLES.
;°-^^H huit^arbres
deux animaux . huit heures
cinq^hommes dix huit^Indiens
"^-^"^"^^ vingt^officiera
sept.oranges
deux^et un font-trois
-i .^-^iiAkit iiH%AaS»kdf -vrJi s-Mk^ft^ ^ « ^
^ (<4J( « ^ « 't
"^1^^
.iy f" » " PJgSl"^*^
UNION OF WORbB.
81
VI. Between most af propooiiionH and their objoot :
EXAMPLES.
aprds^avoir pour^arriver
avec^eux sans^attention
devant^ello par^ioi
ohez^un-ami sous^un^arbro
dana^an-an en^Angleterre
VII. And also in such expressions as — o'est^ik-dire,
o'est^ikjroiro, o'est^^-savoir, de temps^en temps, de mieux^
en mienx, tout^A eoup, touted Theare, tont^atitant, tout]]^
au plus, vis^^vis, de fond^en oomble, de pied;_en cap, un
pied^i terre, Ac.
II.
When the junction of the final consonant of a word with
the following word beginning with a vowel or h mute
is subordinate to euphony.
I. The meeting of the final* vowel of a word with .the
initial vowel of the next word, produces in the pronun-
ciation an unpleasant sound, oalled hiatiu, a Latin word
which means an opening, the mouth being kept open in
uttering the two voweb, as it would be in the following
words :^ la ame, la amitit The French prevent that
disagreeable and nearly ridiculous sound by difibrent ways.
1. They drop the a of fa, the e of U, de, je, me, te, ««, n«,
que, jutque, Ac. ; the i of «, when the words come before
a vowel or h mute, putting an apostrophe at. the place of
the vowel cut off : and they call that change eKeion, as it
has been already said.
r&me
ramiti^ '
Thistoire
I'indifime conduite
iignc
Tespiit
]parol« d'bonneur
EXAMPLES.
instead of
C(
tt
((
ia ame
la amiti^
la histoire
la in djgne conduite
Jnd^Df
le esprit
paitoie de honneur
iStiA
'■f-V-J'-y-.' v[- »-»
.MKrt^r"*---' -'^.'
^'^^
32
FIlENCn PROJJUNCIATION.
^6 t'aimo
ill m'appdiont
jo oroix qu'il viont
■'il vous plait
instoad of
u
a
(I
je ai
jo te aimo
lit mo appoUont
je oroix que il viont
ai il voua plait
*i, as « rontuui, instead of «^ on weui. ""P"®"'® ' *»wr
3. A final « unaooentod, which h the vowel moat Vnu
MAMPLES.
^riouao attention ^; pronounced adrieu-Mttention
femmo impradente\ " fi,^ ™;!! j
imprudente amio « iZnTPr'^f^^
4. It ia also for the aake of eephon^Sf raS^ „ .
genend rule, that "a final ooneonant of a word in v^rl'^JT *
earned to the initial.vowel of the ne^t w^^d^." ^^^^^«
11. iJnt a the pnnciple of ioinina th* a^r.1 ^
to the next vou^l y^J <^^^ {^ frl^'^""'
euphony instead of serving it tSs^S' th« !!"^^ '""^l^
except the oaaes in whic??the mtadng o?;,^",!^?'
requirea that jundum, aa it has been sZ in IZT^. ^'^*
of this Sectio-i, they do not aS^rtSeTun^o^ o^l^^^^^
oonsonant with the next vowel when ennW.5 xf""^
aflFected by it. For that SJ Aat nS^^^^^^ ^-"^^ ^
teraoted by another ^- «T/T<!r« / °*P^^ " °^'*"-
vj «uvui«v, via . u in tvo or mora wtwAa «<•
the same phrue placed «low to eaoh oth«; Z
several oonooiiaota of the eune kZ V^. • ' *1" "«
«•. too m«., dentol ».md. 4e.? a.S^n«;„J'"i
conree, the .; o r the ( '. whicj aw inju!) H. ^.T^^' °^
«<'.<.ae»<.«,«.«.i^,«. «,6^rt,.. there a«X'mr^
■..■■■■ *
■ ,%
ITNIOW OF WORDS.
38
hiMing sounds: do not pronounce the final a of aoenU •
but you oannot avoid sonndine the * in no. related'
iM^auM It IS between an adjeotm and a noun, which it
determines ; lU out apporti trmMrtnt tonneM de tucn'*
—there are too many <£> this phrase, do not sound the
final t of ont.
Observe that, besides euphony forbidding someUmes the
jimctum of a final consonant to the next vowel, there is also
the case when an ambiguous or ridiculous moaning would
result ftt)m that junction. For instance, " un honiino grand
?'♦ ^fi,"*" i^ ^^ «trong),-if you carry the d of
grand to the « of e<, you give to the hearer the i^eanini
grand effort, (great offorO, you must ^y "gran et fort "
Aote /.— In the following phrases when the final consonant
must be earned to the next vowel, or to A muto, ihiw siim
{J IS used between the two words, and when the final con-
sonant must be sUent, the cipher (0) is placed over it
Note II.— The final consonants are carried to the next
vowel more frequefiUy in public speaking than in oonver-
Note ///.—When n final is carried to the next vowel it
loses Its nasal sound, and retains its natural sound- n is
earned to the next VQwel, principally in the foU'owinc
monosyllables: man, ton, a&n, t)on, on, en..
FIRST SEBIE8.
Phrase, in which the fi^al consonant is earned to the
next word, according to eupJionjf or clearness of meaning.
dr—l. Vousdevez fkireun grand effort.
You must make a great effort.
* 2. Vous me direz quand Jl viendra.
You will tell me wheiThe comes; V
^—3. Le sang, humafn vers^ crie vengeance.
Human blood s|ied, ?ries revenge.
n—4. Mon^enfant fait mon^honnenr
— - — — My c hil d is my hofiorT —
p — 5. Cet homme est trop^envieux.
That man is too on^ions;'
i
'SikJh^'i^'^f' &Zth- i-'X'^ "v^" -
84
VKESOB PROmJNCUTION.
s—6. Nous^avoM^^W avertis.
W^ have b^ warned.
7,, ^ua^allonsenBemWe 4 la promenade.
We go together walking.
«— 8. lis ont^aim^ leurs enfans.
They have loved their children
a5~9. II parla d'une voix altdr^.
He spoke with an Skeited voice. -
• .■■.' ■ ' " ' ■*
SECOND SERIES
rf-l. n ^tait bien fait, grand et fort.
He was well made, tall and strong.
2. Ce marohand agit hdnorablement.
mat merchant acts honorably. ,
^"'^' Thir"*!? u '?!^ ^} ^^ ^*™es versus.
There will be blood and tears shed.
^ ^^«y know thexr lesson and their exewises.^
^~^" ■" » regu un coup inattendu.
He has received an unexpected blow.
*~6. Nos^agents agisscnt pour nos int6r6te.
Our agents wt for our interests.
, 7. Nous^aUon^ ensemble 4 1'assembl^.
* We ^ t^^ther to the assembly. .
*~8."Ils ont dt^ tr^ dtonnfe.
They have been very astonished.
a>— 9.' Nous avons tout oomDria et oa ^«f* *
^filial consonant indicated W *l.^ LT^- " '° which the
-.3^
e.
•e carried to
neaijing.
ises.
» gestes.
gestures.
u« num-
rhioh the
J to the
mth the
'"J]
DOUBLB CONSONANTS.
36
phrases of the second series, where the same consonant is
silent, as marked by the cipher (" ) over it. On this subject
the ear and the taste are to be consulted. But tbe best
way of forming both the ear and the taste is, undoubtedly,
to listen to a native, and to practise under his direction.
R final, preceded by c, is seldom carried to the next vowel
in conversation ; in public, affectation must be avoided.
%','
SECTION IX.
CONSONANTS WHEN DOUBLB, IN THE HIPDLE OF WORPS,
AND C^HER CASES.
;. B.— bb. ■.,•..■-■■ •
B is sounded in the middle of words, as in abdiquer
absent, abstrait, observer, obstacle, obstination, obtenir'
obstruction, subvenir, &o. ^ '
When 6 is double, one only is heard, as abb^, abbave
rabbin, sabbat, &c. » j >
C.G.— eg.
C and g repeated in the middle of words are both
sounded when preceding c or i: the first is sounded hard
second soft (being before e or i), as in suocds, succ^er
su^rer, accident, &c. '
If the letters o. g. precede a, o, u, or a consonant, one
of them only is heard with the hard sound, as in accabler
accord, eccl^siastique, occasion, succulent, aggraver,..aggl(H
m^rer, &e.j ^f has the hard sound in dnigme, segment
Enghien. '
;.-..■ D.-~dd. ■ ■ "-
D is sounded in the middle of words, as in adjectif
adverbe, adjoindre, admettife, &c. *
When d\B double the two seem to be heard, as in addition
(and derivatives), adduction (and derivatives), reddition.
■ ■■ ■ F.--ff ■
— When/is doubl e oneonly is hea r d, as in a fl iiiblir, efiusion/
ofeir, &c. M
36
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION,
H. — matcM^gpirate.
if is aspirate in the middle of compondd or derivative
words, when it is aspirate in the simple or primitive, v. g.,
h is aspirate in ddhanofa^, ddhamach^, enharmach^, s'en-
hardir, &c., because it is aspirate in hanche, hamais, hardi.
But h is mute in ddsh^riter, dishonorer, d^shonndte^ &c.,
because it is mute in h^ritier, honneur, honn^te.
As it.i8 important for a proper pronunciation, the learner
should know when h is mute and when it is aaptrate, a
pretty long list is given hereafter of words most fpequently
used beginning with h mute, and of those beginning with
h aspirate,. It will be se0n that the elision does not take
place before h aspirate, and the consonant preceding
that h is silent, as marked by a cipher over it; but that the
elision is ma^Q before h mute, and the preceding consonant
is indicated by this sign (^) to be joined with the vowel
following the A. y *
The French article being very often used in the follow-
ing lists to show better when h is mute and when it is
aspirate, I think that a table of the various forms of that
part of the speech in French, is not here out of pbice.
The French translate the English article thus :
'2e before a noun mascul. sing, beginning
with a consonant or h aspirate.
la before a noun fem. beginning with a
•\ consonant or A aspirate.
P before a noun sing, either gender, begin-
ning with a vowel or h mute. '
fe« before any nouns in thelplural.
du before a noun ihadc. sing, beginping
with a consonant or h aspirate.
<2e 2a before a noun fem. sing. Beginning
with a consonant or A aspira.te.
de I* beflRre a noun sing, either gender, with
a vowel or h mute.
des before any nouns in tho p lural (des
the by
ofihehf
means also some or any)^
J-^^tMT^ f
m^
DOUBLB OONSOMANTS.
ar
to the by
'au before a noun mascul. sing, beginning
with a consonant or h aspirate.
d la before a noun fern. sing. wiUi a con-
sonant or h aspirate.
cL V before a nouiji sing, either gender, with
a vowel or h mute.
aux \)efore any noun in the plural.
a or an
by {
un before a noun masculine.
une before a noun feminine.
a or an bv I ^'^'* before a noun masculine.
of
to a or an
Mt
'une beforiB a noun feminine.
un before a noun masculine,
line before a noun feminine.
tiist of words with A aspirate. List of words with h mute.
utt hableur
la hache
hagard,
la haie
o
f leg haillons
un bameau
de la haine
hafr
ilahalle
une hallebarde.
«3 balte
d'un bamac
, o
les banchea
un ban gar \~
banter
bapper
des harangues
barrasser
barceler
a bragger
the axe
. baggard
the hedge
the raga
a hamlet
of the hatred
to bate
to the ball
a halberd
bait
of a hammock
the bipa
a shed
to frequent
to aiiap at
baranguea
to harass
to tease
habile skilful
babilement skilfully
I'habilet^ the skilfalness^
de I'babit of the coat
des babillementaof the clothev
a'habiller
sL rhabitalion
I'babitant
babiter
I'babitude
s'babituer
I'berbe
les^H^breux
b^bralique
to clothe one's-
rseif
to the dwelling
the inhabitant
to dwell .
the habit
to become ac-
[cnstomed
herb
the Hebrews
Jewish
hebdomadaire weekly
aux_b^(at(Hnbe8to the heca-
[tombs
un^bectolitre a hectolitre
rh^mispbdre hemisphere
I'H^gire
Hegira
dea bardea
some clotha
les^h^ritiers the heira
a
88
PRHNCH PRONUNCIATION.
: hardi
o
les horeogg .
i^gueux
o
des hariiiots
. o
lea harnais
' ' une harp6
o
aaz harpied
' un harpon
hasarder
.S?i hAte >
haosae/
haut/
haulain
la nauteur
un haat-bois
h^ler
hennir
att h^raut
on hdrisson
d*an h^ron
da h^ros ' ;
heraer
benrter
o
dea biboux
bideax
la bi^rarcbie .
, O A
lea bomarda
labonte
4~1» horde
bora
o
lea HottentotB
leboablon
laboae
d^ la boaille
pae bouaae
da booiz r
' o
leaJSagaeaots
le boii
hnpfit
- bold
berringa
peeviah
aome beana
harnesses
a barp
to jthe harpiea
a harpoon
to risk
in baste
to hasten
to raise
high
- haughty
the height
j^ bantboj
tobaU
to neigh,
to the herald
a hedge hog
of a heron
of the hero
to barrow
to hart
dea^b^r^siea some heresies
aax h^r^tiqaea to the heretics
de I'hdrolne . of the heroine
b^rolqae ^ heroio
I'h^sitation the besitaUon
b^siter to hesitate -'
b^t^rogdne betero^eneoaa
hdt^roaoxe^ heterodox^
I'heore tb6 hour
beareox happy
heareusement happily
IjB^birondelles awallowa
de8_bisto|res some histories
aome owla
bideoua
the hierarchy
the lobsters
the shame
to the hord
oat of ' ■
the Hottentota
aome hopa
the hpQ,
pit-coal
borae cloth
boUy L
ibe Hagaenota
the ^ght
to a ac k i n ,
les^^bistoriens
aux bistrions
I'blyer.
an^boiocaoste
les^'bommes
Al'Commage
I'homoeopathieliomoeopatby
, bomonyme bomonyme
c'est^bonn^te it is honest
l'honnAteti6 the honesty
de I'honnear of tbia honour
c'est^ bonorabl«i it is. honorable
the historians
to the boflPoMttf,
the winter
a holocaust
the men
to the homage
I'hdpTtal
Fbospitalit^
I'borison
I'horloge
I'borrei^r
c'est horrible
rho8tilit6
un^tdtel
deatbultrea
I'buile
I'bumanit^
rbutneur '
I'hygidne
Phymen -
dea_hymne»
.tb^liospltal
'hospitality
the horizon
the clock
the horror
it is horrible
hostility
a hotel
oysters
the oil '
humanity
humor
hygiene
I^men
of the bymnii
sana^byperbole without hyper^^
■ - [bole
par^bypotbdse by hypothesis^
aox^faypocrites to the hypo-
[critia
j « m'hpnor e 1 honor myself
DOUBLE GONSONANTIJI.
89
4a happe
burler
une bare
Je me bAte
tu te h&tes
il se bftte
tbe tuft
to bowl
a beard
I make baste
tboa makest .
' [baste
be makes baste
noas noQS b&tonswe make baste
▼008 vous b&tez you make baste
ils se b&tent , tbeymakehaiite
tu t'bonores tboa boaorest
(tbyself
il s'boQore be honors
[bimself
noas noas^bono-we bonor
"[rons [ourselres
▼ous yoas^hono'yoa bonor
', " [rez [yottrself
lis s'hpnorent tbey bonor
V,
[themselres
H is aspirate in the following names of countries, Hol-
lande, Hanovre, Hongrie, Ho&tein, Hesse ; and idso in
the nfitnes of the cities, La Havane, Le H^yre, La Haye,
Hambonrg ; though A is aspirate in Hollande (Holland),
however it is mute in fromage d'Hollande (Holland cheese),
toilb d'HoUande (Holland linen). v
' .The preceding lists are intended tg, spare the pupils, the
trouhle of cfmsmting dic1;ionaries, and to offer th^m an occa-
sion of. practising iMDOut the eZision md the use of both A .
mute and aspirate. ^ _ '
■ ^ L.-41.," ' - \
The two fs are heard in the following words— and they
are not mouiUdes (liquid) — all^gorie, allusion^ aptpellatif,
belligueux, beilig^rant, collation, constdlation, Oollusioii,
.^bnlUtion, folUcule, gallican, gallicisme, hell^niste, intellec-
tuel, malleable, m^dullaire, palliatif,pellicule,vell^it^, villa,'
and ih proper names^ ApoUpn, Bellonne, Pallas, Sylla, &c.
' ' ' M.— mm. ■ 1 ■■■■.■■,■■
In the following verbs and their derivatives the « — and
the first m sound an nasal, and the second m is natural.
emmagasiner to store
emmaigrir to make tbin
emmaillotter' to swaddle
emmancber to baft
emmantieil^ .^to have on a mantle
In adverbfi formed from adjectives, e before two mm has
the tK>und of a in moMt^ and one m only iis heard, as in ar-
demment, diligemment, prademment^ T^ccmmeut, &c., and
in the word femme, pronounced ardament,,prud{iment, fame,
■•&c.--- " . ^ ■ ....
emm^nager to farnisb a boose -
emmener to take awdj
emmeno^terto bandcoff
emmidler to sweeten
emmoseler to mozzle
';
Vi^-.>
■ V-
... .^r^
\ w FRENCH PRONU?fCUTI0N. -
ExojsPTioNa.-.^ l^fo^y t^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^.^
indemm^ indemnwer, pronounoadindamni^todamnifler
^\8 silent m ilu£oiime, damner.
Ihi\?m T^ °°*', **" ^° Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Abraham
Ibrahim, Jdrusalem, Bethlfem, Cham. Seta, Nemrod
Tht ♦H^'''' T ^'"iV «°^^^ «^ ^ acceptuated J however,
w has the nasal sound in Adam. . '
■■ ■■-■ . :- ■■ N. — nn. ■' *
'- nit? Si! »wing words: ennoblir, ennui, hennir, solen
vnit^, solenniser sol^nej^e^^ the e preceding the n» is
sounded hke a in ma«, and Jrie n only is heafd,^cep^ in
ennui and derivatives as s'ennuyer, ennuyant/ennuvLx
where the first, is souhdednasalVd the Lond naS
Lt^"^ T"**'^."^^« ^" "^ in enivrer, enorSur'
^^^^ - - nasal in enl^axdir on account M
bv^^JkntT^'"**^^"" "T^^^ **»« '^^^ n«a^ followed
l^^r! i^r *' ''i ^'!i*^^ ' preceding the nn.is sounded
^with a grave accent, and one n only is heard with its nro-
per sound as if written «!n«. This c^curs ""^'^P'^
«ri7" * ! Pf^«en V°^**'**^^® "^ subjunctive of the verbs '
^rn^rc to take and compoundsi X^mr to hold, aid com-
pounds ; wenir to come, and compounds.
ils prennent
qae je prenne
que tu prennes .
they take
that I may take
that thou
[may'st take
lis entreprennent they undertake
quej'entreprenne that I may aa-
[dertake
Prendre and compounds, as
qa'il appreuie
ils reprennent
they correct
that he may
... [learn
qu'Us compren- that they may
[nent [anderstand
qae je reprenne that I may sar-
_ ... ' . Cpriee
qu'ils sorprett- that they may
[nent [surpi;i«9
V'
" Tjar'^
f"^ ^^p*^**"^ »
DtOUBLB idONSOMANTS.
41
i'i with
B stones),
^mniatie,
lutomnal,
lamniser.
er names,
Lbraham,
Nemrod,
in those
however,
ir, Bolen
te nn. is
zcept in
inuyeux
natural:
gueillir,
)f the /t
1
[bdlowed
Kmnded
iijspro-
le verbs *
id com-
» may
[learn
By may
erstand
lajsur-
ils tieonent
que je tienne
qujU contieone
ilrco^tiennent
ilfl retiennent
Tenir and compounds, as
they hold
jthati may hold
that he may
[contain
thjsy contain
they retain
que je retienne
qu'il Boutienne
lis Tiennent
que je vienne
th^y come
that I may
[come
qu'il conrienne that he may
[agree
ilB interviennent they interfere
that I inayre-
[tain
thi^t he may
[sustain
quails soutien- that they may
[nent [sustain
Venir and co|upounds, as
qu'ils prorien- that they may
[nent [prodeed
ils reviennent ' they come back
que je re vienne that I may
[come back
qn9 tu reviennea that thou
. [may'st come back
2. In the- feminine of following possessive pronouns:
Singular la mienne plural les miennes mine
" la tienne, " les tieiines . tMne " *"
" la sienne " les siennes his or Iters
3. In the feminine, singular and plural, of adjectives
ending by et^, and abverbs formed flrom those adjectives, as
ancienne ehr^tienne * Phr^gienne
anoienilefl- chr^tiennes Tynennes
' .anciennemei|t chrdtiennement AutrichienneV
4. Ill the ibllowing words : antienne, ^trennes, ennemi,
moyeimant, penne,renne (animal) Bennies (city of France),
&c. ' " ; V
The two nn are heard with proper sound in annexe, an^
nuel, annotation, anniiler/annulaire, annuity, inn^, innova'.
tion, and a few other denviatives of the preceding.
'•.•.■_ ■ /■ ./ ?•— PP« ■■■- ■ ■ " ;?■ ''■■
P is sounded in the middle of the foOowing words : adap*
ter, adbpter, aptitude, baptismal, capsule, oapter aiicLd^riva'
tiveia^ paptivit^ and ',denvatives, contempieur, corruption,
exoeptidn and deriva,tive8, exemption, iiUprdmptti, ineptie,
inspte, Neptune, nupdal, opticien, optiquC) opter and deri'
▼atLve8,'Optioisme, r^emption and derivatives, reptile; rup"
ture, septembre, septuag^sime, fK^tu^naire, septentrion,
•eptiforme, sceptique, scepticisme, impromptu, symptSme,
»7 may
urpij«9
42
FRElNCH PROmJNCUTION.
- . -^ ■
P is sileiit in baptSme, baptiaer, compte, compter, jJorps,
exempt, proinpt, promptitude, sept, aeptidme, temjfe, a^dln
je romps, tu romps, il rompt, je corromps, tu oorronips. ii
oorrompt, &o. . ' *
i* double is sounded like oner in apporter, appeler, ap-
pliquer, application, apprendre, opposer, opposition^ suppo-
ser, supplanter, &c. > fi~
_The two pp are heard in Agrippa, Hippias, hippique,
Hippomdne, philippique. Ph is sounded / philosophie
physique, Ac. . *^ '
.'■ R.— rr. ' ' * ■, ;■ : -^
It is admitted that two rr are generally sounded
like one, probably on account of the softness of pronuncia-
tion peouUar to the French, as in arriver, arrbser, barre
cornger, serrer, verre, terre, pronounced ariver, aroser.
bare, &c. '
Three exceptions are also generally admitted.
1. The two rr are sounded in the future and conditional
of the verbs mouriry to die ; acqu^r, to acquire j courir, to
run; *nd their compounds, as conqu^rir, concourir, &c., as
je mourrai, je moi^rais, j'acquerrai, j'acquerrais, je oourrai.
je courrais, &c. , " '
2. The two rr are heard in yords having the negative
tr prefixed to them, as irr^ncUiable, irrefragable, irr^fl^hi,
irr^uher, inr^m^iablev irreparable, &o.
3. The two rr are heard in some words expressing
strong and energetic feelmgs, as horreur, horrible, abhofre^
terreur, terrible, &o., and also, in erreur, errer, errata,
errone, aberration. But even in these three exceptions
the two rr must not be pronounced too thrilling.
Some pretend that the French r is pronounced with
greater force than the English, and must be uttered with
that, jarring and Tolling sound heard sometimes among
Insh and Scotch people. This opinion is too absolute, oon-
waiy to that sweetn^s^d euphony charaoteristio of the
French pronunciation; and I may add, to the constant
practice of refined society. ]
There is only one case where r in French receives a lit-
, .,.. ^.
"'■' ^-^^^w^^
l)OUBLft CONSONANTS.
4d
tie more access of the voice than in English, it is when r is
the last letter of a svUahle in the middje or at the end of
words, as exemplified in the following lists. In the first, r
is somewhat stronger in the French words than in the
English ; in the second, r is pronounced the same in both
IST LiStv
English.
ardor
ardeur^
army
arra^d '' ^
border
bordaro V
cardinal
cardinal ^
discord
discorde
force
force
importaat
important
murder
meurtre
p^lrdon
pardon
qaarter
quartier
turner
tourneur
P¥pu:h,
2D L
English.
French.
agreeable
agr^able
arbitrary
arbitrairement
arrogant
arrogant ' y
brare
brave
credit
credit
graclfikis
graoieux
irregularity
irregularity
irruption
irruption.
retribution
retribution
treatise
traite
to trouble
troubler
S.— 88. ■
S has two sounds, one sharp or hissing, which is heard
three times in the English word senseless, the other so/tf
being that of 2 as in the word rose.
I. The hard sound is given '
1. By two <s, in the middle of words, as accessible, ad-
missible, assurer, assumer, bassesse, d^tresse, essence, im-
possible, impression, possession, ressentiment, vassal, &o.
2. By one « preceded or followed by a consonant, as in
aspirer, aust^rit^, conspnne, convulsion, digestion, jasmin,
esoadre, prisme, i^istentile, ^c.
Exceptions.— /Sf is soft in balsamine, presbyt^re, tran-
saction, transiger, transition, transitpire, transitif, and in
proper names, Alsace, Asdrubid, Esdras, Israel, Lesbos,
Louisville, Ausbonrg, Philisbourg, &o.
3. The hard sound is heard ako by s initial, as in sable,
saor^, s^jour, serment, sottise, sublime, Sucre, suppdt, sur-
tout, &c.
XT. The soft sound that of- g is given by < between two
vowels, as in Asie, ais^, o&use, bise, dose, fusion, goeier,
prose, rose, toise, usage, &o.
^^,^£^i!eSl^^l&f
^ i ' ^«Hfe*", 1
2^jt-l
44
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION.
' ■/,
1
KxojfipfioNri.-.^* huH the Lard Bound in tlie' Ibllowing
words : ddamJtudo, ontrefiol, monosyllable, polysyllable, para-
jol, tournesol, prdHdanco, prdsupposer, resaisir, vraiaoin-
blablo, and sonic other oompound words.
•^?°"i.***° «o'n*>»nation «<i at the beginning or in the
middle of words is preceded by e, i, y, » is hardly heard,
by being absorbed by Uie sound of c, as in effervescenoe,
efflorescence, incandescence, reminiscence, miscible, rescin-
der, suciter, viscdros, transcendant, scdne, soeller, sceptique,
Bceaui science, Scythie, ascension, &o.
But when »c precede «, w, «, /, r, then « is Heard, as in
Bcapulaire, soandale, sootbut, scorpion, scolastique, scolie^
oambie, sonbe, scrutin, escadre, esoalier, esolave, eaorime^
. escorte, esoompte, esoroc, Ac.
Double « in middle of words is sounded single, as in
attacher, attaquer, atteler, attendre, attention, attestor, atti-
tude, attraction, attribut, &o.
ExoBPTiONs.— Two tt ttto heard in atticisme, atUque,
guttural, pittoresque. ^ '
77t is sounded as t alone, as in th(Jologie, th^dtre, thd,
theme, thSse, &c. '
In the combinations at, xt, the « and the t must be dis-
tinctly heard, as in combustion, hospitaller, hostie, diges-
tion mixtion, Question, Test, I'ouest, le zist-eUe-zest, lest,
toast, Brest and Pest (cities), and in Le Christ : » is silent
m tlestfheiB,, ,
- X— x;. ■
^ has four spunds.
^ 1st. C8 as in axiome pronounced ao-siome •
2d. 5r« asm exclude « eg-zorde
3d. a as in dixi^me « dizi^me
4th wasmsoixante « soissante
1st. C5I— This sound is the most frequent and might be
palled ^e natural sound of French x, «n in H tc. *
axiome.
Alexan^, doxolpgie, exp^ient, extase, ext^rieurrextra-
vagant, fizer, fluxion, lexique, luxe, oxigdne, paradoxe, rixe,
sexe, taxe, vexation, &c. . i^ ■
-^^ _' ^
^ij^ ■^ -"^i^r*!^^
THE SIXTEEN VOWEL BOUNDS,
45
2d. Ox,— In the following words beginning with «, it
Bocms that X has the Bound ot'gz rather than that of «, but
learners, must not bo troubled by this very little difference :
cxameh, exaltation, exact, exagdrer, exaHp<5ror, exaucer,
exeroioe, exbalaiiion, exiHtonco, oxil, oxhiber, exhumer^
exultation, exorde, and also in atilon (cotton plant) Xavior,
'X<5nophon, Xuntippo.
3r<l. Z, as in dcuxii>me, dixidme, sixi^me, dix-huitiiinie,
dix-neuf, dix-nouvi6me, vingt-deuxi^me, and in any num-
ber where douxi6me sixidme or dixii^me are found, pro-
nounce deuzi6nie, dizi^me, siziime : x is also sounded i
when being final it is carried to the next vowel, as beaux
cnfant8,.heureux amis, six hommes, &c., pronounced beau-
zenfants, hcureu-zamis, si-zommes.
4th. <S», in soixanto, soixanti^me, six, dix, Cadiz, Auxerre,
Bruxclles ; pronounce soissante, sisse, dissc, Gadisse, Aufr*
scrre, Brusselles. ,
■1.
^ SECTION X.
SYNOPl'IC TABI^B OF THE SIXTEEN FUNDAMENTAL SOUNDS
OF THE FRENCH PRONUNCIATION, WITH THEIR
SUBSTITUl'ES.
French.
1. a
2. .a
3. 6
English.
like a in mass
like a in father
like ay in day
4 Substitutes
er
ez
e
ai
Example*.
adage, camarade, parasol j
time, bfttijr, mftt, pl&tre, p&le J
b6n(6iice, c^Urit^, 4ler6 j
(final), parler, boulanger, offi-
cier ^
aviez, cherchez, marcherez
before a final consohant other
than t and s,
as avec, bref, miel
(final), mai, "je chantai, chan-
tetai .
Direc-
tions.
common
length.
long and
broad.
close
soundii
- 4. e
^Itkee la there
amere, achetera, procus
broad
common
length.
46
. .i-i
FRENCH PROI^lINCiATION.
r
Kronob.
Rnfllfh.
3 •obatitutea
ai
::r:c-
Kxkfflploi.
mmtim
06
d. ea
ei
9. d
10. u
like e in there
1 sabiUtuK at
llkeiiniir
1 fubttitute e
like e in me
like o in nor
like o in go
before two consonnnti, ai in
perverg, erreur, terre, je
meti, 11 perd.
In the terminatloni ait, ait.
ai«tU. '
J'aimaii, il aimait, aimaient
wid in the body of words, ai
In bailee, fraiiea, maiaun,
laiair, ration.
baleine, peine, lelgnour, reiae.
d^p^cbe, rftre, tempdte, tfite j
niaftre, trattre, parattre,pattre
Dlree.
tiorin.
fobititates.
i
an
oi,ot
Ac.
like to in sweet
w m g g — -
fleuve, pear, peuple, douceur 5
rery light lonnd at the end of
mbnoiyllablet, and before
one consonant, as in Je,
me, te,que, rcceyoir, repos.
dlTinit*, Prix, fll, hygidne 5
accord, colonel, globe, porte.
dpdtra, bientdt, pdle, rdti 5
aassi, beau haut, rautour.
(terminations) as in gros,
propos, complot, idiot,
matelot, trop.
cultore, multittrde, nul, vue.
dur '
broad
and long
l). an jlike en in encore
ant
5 substitutes
am
em
en
■I
ange, candeur, chantant \
chanV^erant, partant, enten-
dant. ■;»'*■■ \ .•;■/■ .
^mbassadedr, ehsmbre, lampe.
embl^lbe, emploi, membre,
temple,
in the body of words, engen-
/drer, essense, entendre,
pr e ndr e .
must be
learned.**'
common
length.
common
length.
long and
br^d
•-am,-
sound.
ent monament, prudent, parOute-
\ ment {eni silent in verbs.)
f
tUK 0UTKSN VOWSL SOUKpS.
47
/
Fratieh
12. in
like to in length
13. on
14. un
16. 00
16. oi
KoflUh.
7 lubstituteB •
f.
n
im
ym
tin
/aim
ein
en
like on In gong
rom
3 flnbttitutes } ona
(ont
like un in sunk
2 subBtitntes \ 12
likeouinjou
like wa in wMh
EzuaplM.
— orin, inoendie, linge, prin< (
oipe \
•ynUze, syntb^io, ajndio.
inififl, imporUnt, limpide.
lympathie, lymphonie,
01jmp«.
M in ainii, baio, main,
ai in daim, easaim.
ceinturii, feinto, ploin, toindru,
lein.
(when dnal) bien, oitojen le
lien, and in yorbs vtnir,
ttnir; riendrai, tiendrai.
—bonbon, honte, non,yiolon ^
combat, nombrt, pronom.
appelons, finiwons, saiBons
aideront, receyront, front,
(and other final oonionanta
after on.) ' .
aucun, brun, lundi. )
humble, parfum. '
A jenn.
— bonche, cou monrir trouver.
foi,loi, croire, Eloigner, yoilA.
IHrea.
tlont.
naial
Bound,
naaal
Bound.
naBal
Bound.
SECTION XI.
THE VAMOU8 MODES (W* EEPRESENTING THE glXTEEK
VOWEL SOUNDS. ELUCIDATED WITH EXPLANATIONS
AND NUMEROUS EXEBCISEJS.
,'JrV:'
FIRST SOUND.
That of a (as a in mm^
The o without accent ia called the ordinary or common
a ; it haa a common length, neither long nor short.
The English learner must be careful not to pronounce
the French a as in English.
.;>■
48
abattre
adsffe
afl^ible
agaoer
Agrdable
altraper '
FRENCH PKONUSeunON.
JSZXBOISX.
ambassadear drap
aasassin
b(|diiuige
oabui#
oaUniit^
fa(^e
basard
jardinage
lao.
obarlatanisme labial
mariage
nager
PariB
paFO
tabao
variable
SECOND SOUND.
That of ft oironmflex (as a in father.)
*i,A* J'*%*''l?.^ ""X^ ^i'? ^^^ circumflex aooent is eqaal to
i^^W.^ Sf ^°g^J»™d« /«<*«•, iam. It U long
and broad. The cases are not very numerous.
fime
ohfiteau
bfitir
ohfile
ohfitier
orftne
emplfitre
gfiter
^teau
EXEBOISI.
Iflobe
Iftohet^
mfit
pftle
pftleur
pfite
plfitre
tfiohe
thefttre
relftohe
^. The a unaccented is s6unded as having the circum-
t^ Jl^''*^? *i?TTrti^'P'"^^*^°S«>'^«° between
two words of which the difference of meaning is understood
by the difference of the sound. ^ ueraiwa
.■ EXAMPLE. \
a is long and brwd in has, low, common in has, stocking
V « las, tired, ^V li,there. ^
! « P«'«*«P " Pa8,not.
TTT rp,. . ;:f t^'J»«R " ta,thy.
**"L I '^ "."«>*« <?iwmnit«ioe in which a must be
uttered long as if the circumfl« accent was over it, though
there is not; I mean a in the middle of wordi, m^
espewidly long ones when it precedes the termination ion
as am«OBM»a«ion, Afuoo<»on, <fec "" «wi.
T hi n way of pronouncing a in tMb p r esent case is not
*-.-■
,i^
,,j^_ ",r -
sg^^^yft'-Sj .J,-. r*^(. V ^'VT^
7 '«&Wi'-'
' -p^-'-W
tHB dIZTBBH VOWBL BOUNDS.
49
generally indicated in gramman. It most be oonndered,
however, as a nioety of the French pronounciatioD, prevent-
ing the monotonous nniformity resulting from the equal
length of sounds upon each syllable of those long words,
and corresponding, in one sense, to the English accent in
the same words. I have heard in France the best speulcers
constantly observing that rule. But the a must not be
sounded too broad for fear of some affectation.
"* EXE&OIBI.
abomination ^uitatiott inauguration pr^ipitation
consolation manifestation inflammation pr^estination
delation hallucination iiisurbordination transmigraticm
THiBD SOUND.
That of ^ (as oy in day).
The cases in Which this sound is used in the French
language are very numerous.
The third sotted is given :
I. By i with the acute accent in any word where it is
found, whc^er at the banning, the middle, or the end
of words. ^
dtf t^riorer **
penetration
r^peter
s^v^rite
v^rite ^
^alite ecole benefice
ebdne egr^ne benediction
ebranler element ceierite ^
eoarte elevation ceremonie
echappe aooeierer demerite
The most numerous cases where the e is final, are :
1. The nouns ending in U from the latin termination
ta$ (3rd declension), about six hmdred in number, as :
agiUte brievete dooilite piete
MnahiKtis ceierite gravite seoorite
bcmte
divmitd propriete rWtl
'W-'
TTPf^"
50
FREJJiCH PR0inJN()IATtOir.
2. The past parHciple. 1st conjugation.
Masooline. Feniinine.
aimd
aim^s
}
loved
blames r^«^
conservd ) ,
conserves JP'^^^'^^
[sayed
>- tormentedi.;
sauvde
sauy^
tourmenti^'
iounuent^s
3. Nouns ending by ^, as pens^, id^, fum^ ; 2704n
number. "
II. By er, ending .any French words : the most n
ous cases are, . .
1 . Termination of the infinitive of verbs of the first con-
jugation, (4000)^ as :
abandonner ■ ddfi^r imaginlcr
badiner effrayer lever
conserver gagner parler
danser . hfiter, prouver,
2. Termination of words expressing a trade or occupation,
as: ;■
boulanger baker Spicier
chapter hatter menuisier
charter carman serrurier
oordonnier shoemaker tonneUer^
drapier draper vitrier
3. ^Termination of names of trees, as : *
^oder
loiner
locksmith
cooper
glacier.
amandier
oerisier
citronnier
fignier
groseillier
almond-tree
cherry-tree
lemon-tree
fig-tree
currant-tree
Olivier
Granger
poirier
pommier tpple-tree
prunier pluni-tree^
olive-tree^
orange'-tree
pear-tree
III. By es; termination of the second person plural of
nearly every personal tense of every verb:
1-
1 •7'*-™«*^»f«'*T^«-"»« '•^fir™^!
THB eOmXS VOWBL SOUNDS.
61
Msed
nnentedi
; 2T(Hn
tm
first Con-
ner "
rer,
Qupation/
Doer
ner
ksmith
}per
uier.
re-tree i
nge^tree
r-tree
lie-tree
m-tree^
you speak
yon spoke
you shitU spei^ .
yon should speak
that yon mqiy speak
Present indioatiye. vous paries
Imperfect ...•*••. yous parliez
Future . . . • • •• ••• vous parlerez
Conditional vous parleriez
Presentsubjunotive que vons parliez
Imperfect subj'ctive que yous parlassiez thatyoumiglit speak
As the termination ez is in seyen tenses of the fiye thou-
sand yerbs, that makes thirty-five ihfyiuand times.
IV. Byai termination of the first person ^gnlar of the
future of all French yerl»; of the first pofson singular of
the preterite definite of yerbs of the first conjugation, and of
some nouns.
je chanterai I shall sing
je receyrai
je ^endrai
mai, essai.
v.- By the terminations ec, «<f, e/j el.
je chantai I sane;
je finirai % shall finbh
,*•
ayeo
bee
sec
pied
with
bill
dry
foot
brelP
bel
sel
miel
I shall receiye
I shall sell
brief
fine '
salt
honey.
Tub conjunction et (and) belongs to the third sound.
'■.■"■■ ■ »
FOUB.TH SOUND.
That of d with the graye accent, (as e in left.)
Thecases of the Fourth sound are also yery numerous. It
is giyen :
I. By i with graye accent.
1. In nouns', adjectiyes, adyerbs, &c.
plural of
amSre
am^rement
barridre
bri^emens
ohdre
oh^rement
oong r te — -
d^es
bitter
bitterly ,
fence
briefiy
dear
dearly
c o ng re ss
decease
fiddle
fiddlement
fr6re
pridre
prospdre
progrds
d^ ^^
trds
faithful
faithfuUy
brother
prayer
prosperoiis
progress
fifo mof siuoe
s
very.
\
i
i
52
IfRENCH PEONUNOUTtOiri
-<■»
2. In verba beforo a oonBoiu|&t, followed with e mute
J'ttchdte
J'aofaiterai'
Uldreri
Ibay .
I shall bay
he shall raise
j^m^^ne . I lead '
Us mdneront they shall l«ad
qae je mdoe lliat I ina^^ lead
ils Idreraient they shiould raise qa'il mdne that 'he nay lead
noas Idverions We shoald ra|se
qa'ils minent that they' m&y lea4 -^
EXOEPTION. — W^en e preeedra y f<41owed bv e mutej it
takes an acute accent, MM^go, coll^, 11 idl^, ilrabr^nt.
^ II. Bj e before two oonsonanta in the body, Or at the
ends of words, and also before x and a finail t.
effeotif/
durance
dcii^tion ^
intelleotuel
mettre
jeinetfl
perceptible
perfection
ilproteste
terrestre
■ EXEBGISE.
elective
hope
election
intellectual
to put
Tput
perceptible. '
perfection
to protest
he protests
• terrejstrial
bosquet
burger
concert ,
|)erver8 '
il seri
lions servoD^
sexe . ,
exercice
disoret. ** r
muet
secret .
grove
wepherd
concert
perverse ,
he serves •.
wesferve
sex A
e^rcise/
discreet '?*
dumb
secret
£xpX7TlON8-r- e preoedbgiwo consonant either,. \
I; Has the acute accent as in d^crier ^lairer, ^lise^ .
^pronyer, r^primander, r^tracter, &o., ^d derivative.
2. Grit isn/^< as in recr^, rc^t, secret, refrain, r^
. prendre, reproduire, reprocho, representor, r^toiiCOT, retraiti,
retrancher, retrouver, reoruteor, dessous, d^BSstis, A»., and
derivatives of i^ose words.
III. By ai in the terminations aiif aitfOient, aie,ltrhich
ard to bo round :
1. In the imperfect and conditional of all- vecbs, as
,je doiimus je donnerais
tu doonais tu donnerais
ildonnaii il donnerait
;ils donntient ils donnoraient
je vendais je vendvaitf
tu vendais tu viendnuui
W".'""P!
il vendait il vendndt
ilsvendaient ils vendndent
V
■Sffftt" ", -"TT •AvT'
mutoi
l«»d
^lead
tylead
majrleM'^
mutejit '
r at the .^
*
^ ■
* -
grove
mepherd
Boncert
wryerfie .
leierves ..
»re, jferve
sex -N '
B^roise .
Jiacreet r\'
lamb
secret
■J
X
er,.
■ »> .", >
r, %Use^;.
ve.
retraitl^
^., and
as
idnticr
mdnuui
idndt
indniMit
C
THE SIXTEEN YOWBIi SptJKDS.
-■■■.,*
find at the present indicative of some verbs
. 58
je falls . jesais
tnfais tasais
ilfait 'ilsait
je ooonais je^parais
tn oonnais ta parais
iioonnmt ilparait
2. In any other part of speech, .as J • ) "
V attrait liamais^ pahis
-^ bienfait jamais v .portrait
- folds lait ^ ^.souhait
baie craie ' baie :
■V
> ■
IV. By ai in the body of words as in v*
*iC
EXXBOISB.
Lisse
tn abaisses ,
il abaissft/ .
, nous abuiMonS
vons id>aiS8^ '
"^8 abaissei^t .^ '
' . fiigiille' nieedle
■ ,m6 -^ earn ■
ba%ivbr to bathe
- vfoaues strawberries
je daignerai "
tn daignerai^
ildaknera
lumf diMgncnrpiuEi'
i^us d^ignerte
Usdtagnerbni
V. By S in the b6d^ of words :
baleine whale
enseign^P sign
< neige <> snow
jepeigniii$
je paraissais
ta-punussais
Uparaissait
,nons pandssiens
voosjparaisriei.
ils pandasaient
maison house
sudgreni leanness
jTaison reasoii
iraisin gnipes
tn p(|ignais
il peignait
pl^em^Qt'fiilty^
peigne " comb r
ieine ' , queen
j*en4ei^ai ,
tvenseignas
ilenseigna.
pe\ne pain
seignenr loird
Veine vein
qne iions teignions
qne vons teigniei
qn'ils teigndnt
f-
The monosyllables, fe>, degj^meif tes^ «», cy, ce<, tti e»,
il et«, go with the fbnrth sound, bq that e receives ih« open
seund^ as if s^lt 1^, d^, m^, ^.
^■fi
.,r
/ FRENCH PaONUNOlATION^
.1
»?^ewr'''(?
54
, FIPTft SOUND.
That of i oinmniflex, (aa e iiJ there),
^ The fifth sound i$ a little longer than the fourth. It is
given: ^ • ^
, I. B;^ i with ciroumflex'apoent.
EXAlin>LES.
se d^pdcher
emblSme
ehtdt^
fitre \
extrdmement
mOme
prStre
rSve
teitipSte
tSte
arr6t
arrdter
bgte
crSte
d^pgehe
This is repeated all along the following verbs :—
apprdter . , d^p6cher prgter
arr6ter pScher rfiver
b^er "prficher and their -^
compounds. * .
11. By at when a em^umflex accent is over the t, that
takes place in a few nouns and in verbs ending by attre, at
the infinitive, every tiine the compound vowel al precedes ^
^^
mattre
maitresse
maitriser
traitre
oonnaltre
mdconnattre
reconndtre
.iii^tre
I Ex£aoisE.
renaitre
paraStre
apparattre
comparaitre
disparaitre
reparaStre
paitre
repaitre
je oohnaitrai
je connaitrais
nous {mraitrons
nous paraitiiQiis
il naitra i -
il naitrait
il connatt
ilparatt.
SIXTH SOUND.
That of eu {aai in sir) common length.
Or of c (as w in but) very jshort.
"■^ -.
p "^15^^'
THE filXTBBN VOWEL BOUNDS.
I. eu.
55
sixth sound is produced by the compound Towel eu
jeginning, middle and end of vorda/ The cases are
rigoureuz
rlveur
seigneur
semement
tilleul
tumeur
valeureux
yieux
The
at the b^]
very numerous :
i , KXXBOIBI.
abreuvoir ' • heureusement
, beurre heurter
V bonheur lieu
demeurer majeure
euphonic . mieux
fleuve ' peuple
, Europe pleuvoir
heuK^ux , populeux
The sixth sotmd is very frequent with the following ter-
minations : , *. ''
i. J^r from Latin or, as acteur from actor, or from'the
present participlei>f French verbs changing ant into ear.
Th^e are about thirteen hundred of those nouns designat-
ing men in their a<Jtionsand occupations, which are con-
sequentiy madouUne. , ;
.^\,EXEB0I8E. . ^:
aebeqx chanteur prdfecteur
amateur , directewr serviteur
V bieniaiteur observateur receveur *
There are «!venfy of the s»me termination of the femi-
nine gender, expressing abstract properties or qualities, as:
ardour ' ' ' fayera" ^ lon^eur 1
. ' Wanoheur foreur pfileur
candour " grandeur \ rongeur
douceur hau^ sayeur , \
2. JSJtts?, a feminine tennftiation, ^ntaining 2^3 nouns \
CMT adjectives, as : ; ' V • t
blinohieiseuse menteuse reveuse \
danseuse: orgueilleuse travaiHeuse
— heur^use ' ptfe as euse — trioOteuse _
tnalheureuse
p^ureuse
vigoureuse
^-
■II t'* «5 js«4*^« qp
^
M
FRBNOH PRONtTNCIATION.
3. ^ua; inoIudiDgy^ry nouns or adjectives,
envienz injnrieiiz peareuz
heurenx malhenreux ' ' V paresseiix ^
hideux ^ odieut perillenx
^•ing^nienjr . oiigfuoiMwa \ stfrieux
JCefmrkl. In the combination cM^ repieaenting also the
sixth sound o is silent; v. g., bcBuf^, amrhmat, ehmr
choir nojttrf knot, am/ egg, ceavre^ iroi^k, vkut Sister, vau
vo^ *6,, oil eye, which is pronounced >u^«.
Remark 2. i?M in the verb awtV, to have, is pronounced
hke II alone, as^'ai eu, il eut, ils eurent, que j'eusse. are
pronounced, j'ai ,u, il u, ils ui*, que j'usse, io.
Eu IS also pronounced u in the word gaaeure bet. (pro-
nounced) ^o/ure. »• y \\v ^
y y
, II. e unaccented.
The proper pronunciation t)f ^unaccented is trouWesom^
and there is about it some coiifusion in the grammars. I
deemitnece^j to ^tablish the following distinctions*
« unaccented is : 1. Sometimes lightiy heaSi : 2. Some^
tunes entirely sitent; 3. Sometimes sounded as with ifti
accent. ■,---, ' ' .
L ^unwoentedis %A%A^ the English
word Of iittciy, or « in owr. - 6«".
1, In the following monosyflables, U the, dt of. it I me
me, <e the^ ,e himsefr, ce it, ne not,'^tte thavffin.
' EXAMPLES.
Je ne to le donii^e pas. I do npt give it to thee.^ " .
II se fitohe de oe que je ne He get« angry, because I do
vienspas, notcom^.
\J^^ y'"^?*® of words between oonsonanto, for faci,
Wating a distinct sound of them: .
EXAHPLBS.
jbntenir lever reoevoir
brog^ent mener grandement
^twn proprettf tr&tement
n .«
W-f-l^Jr^n-^^^'H^'^-^
«^rs:^^-
THE SULTBBI} VOlWBL SOUNDB.
67
>t, (pro- ^
lesome, .
otionq :
Some-
nth Ai\
'ft
, In themtlwo etMs the totrnd of e pactakei of thii of eu
(Sixth Mrand), ba€ it most be nttored v^ry rapidly. I
reoommend pupils to be veiy partioular on tl^t point,
otherwise they trill haye in th^ pronunciation something
heavy j^nd sbw, as it is heardk,in Uie south of Franoe, and
called in Paris accent yaumi (accent from Qasoony), which
is essentially opposed to Umt rapid, easy, and fluent mode
(^Speaking characteristic of the French pronunciation.
II, S unaccented is entirely nlent in three cases : i
, Firtt catc^At the end >of any word (the precoding
monosyllables being excepted. The cases are exceediogty
numerous, and, as a general rule, nouns with that terminsr
tion are ofthe ftmininiB goiNter.
l^he following table gives the approximate number of
nouns of l^e vaSous terminations here indicated :
ti
ance as chaD'oe, 160 nouns,
ioo as justice, 140 "
ine as famine, 156 "
ence asr^v<Srence,133 '*
ade as &Qade, 138
i(
ie as jalousie, 700 nouns.
6e as pens^, 270 "
lure as aventure/ 360 '^
elte as trompette,276
idre as riviere, ;296
iAdd toT thofkiibont eighty otiier terminations in e mute
containing each a ibertain number of noi^is and adjectives,
the totol number i ^ a mount to about six thotuand $evm
Now, if yon bear in mind;that « final einlent is*n8ed to
form the fendnihe bf the greatest nart of acyeotives, and of
tjie past partnnple of all ,verbe, ana that the termination in
e nlent Is founok^ the three persons singular of the.pre-
sent indicalave, aii4 ^ the second^ and third persons
imperative) of verbs of the 1st conjitgation (more than four
thonsand) ; in the three persons singular of. the present
subjanotiTO of all French verbs (more than fife thinisand);
in the iofinitive of verbs of the ,4th conji^tioin (about
three himdTed attd fi%;three), Ay. ;.- y o n w ill have ai l idea'
of tlw immense number of terminations in e silent existing
in the I'lendi language. ■' ,^
J*
t-^^ww«t
P^fr~^W^5"
51
*RBNOft PBONCKCIATIOn/
*♦ ■
♦J J li?t"T metopife pnpiLi a leoond reoommenda-
tion^ Which has alao ita appU'caUon Id the two following
OMo^ VM., to^be very oareTaf to drop e silent in speaking or
reading. What renders the aooent of the south of France
BO unpleasant u beoaase they sound e mute : for insUnoe,
instead of iwonouncing the phrase " cette dame est trds-beUe?
. as if spelled cett damm at trU-htll, they pronounce it as if
jmtten cettm dameu ett tri$4i^u (that lady is very beaa<
^oon^caw.— i^unaooentedisalaonfoiKin themiddle of
words when preceded by a vowel. This takes place in a
I^rJ!S!"'' f P««?»ent payment; aboiement, barking;
tournoiement whirling, &c.; and in verbs ending at tEe
infimUve m <fer, ter, yet (one hundred and eighty in nttm-
Z^I ;f 7 ^ T*.** ' *"^^^'' ^ «^PP^y ; ituSlerto study ;
IwrUi tie; nxer to deny ; jm«r to pray i^^«. to pay, &i.
^ . EXAMPLES. V
" cr«era he ibaU oreate ta lieras , thou ih< tu
luitJSP/ ^"'u "■'**" "PP*^ Towpaieres too shall paV
je^ird"v''" Jou-houldetadjIlnetKiera hes^KlclSJ
^e mrai - i .hall tie toos eswiieret joa shall try
ExOBPTiON l.-In the verb royer to rifle, y is kept aU
; along the verb and the following e lightly heaf^ «i je m^
je rayererai, aro pronounced je rai-ye,> rai-ye-rii. "in
other verbs m ayer most of the grammarians ropkoe y bv
wJl"i"? ^A P"®» ^ ?»y J J« paierai, I shaU ^y. Thi
STw^-fi'^^"'^' . ''"^ disapproving them, k^ps still y,
Wdwnt08jepaye,jepayerai., i ^
^Kjwbptiom 2^^ it has been said, Sect. tl. (lettem
K), «, umwoented, is lightly heard when it comes aOer
liquid ^ which aro suppressed in pronouncing.
. S!!!'^ <»«.-i;; unaccented, huiilm when it precedes
a llnu s. The oases are very numerous, as they take pUwe
in the plural of nouns, adjectives, pa^t — ^?-^-i - '^^
ending with e mute at the *
a consonant^ but sounded
joined.
8 aro very numerous, as they take pUwe
ouns, adjectives, past parUcipleeL &j&.,
at the mngular ;« is also m lent before
lunded before a vowel ta wbjch it is
v^w^^* '•'■'} «
TUB 8IXTBBK VOWSL BOUNDS.
60
homnM braves
femmes pradentes
pens^ oonfViMS
grandefl misdres
femmeB aimabUMi
dl6ve(i instruita --
personnea avaroa
((
N
it
BXAMFLE8.
pronounced homm bra?
femm prudent (sound ()
pena^ confuz (sound x) «
grand miser (sound d, r)
" femme-iaiinable
tt. <$l^v-xtnirui ^ ^^ .
" personne-zavar
Exception.— In the following words, e is not silent, it
sounds 6, lea, des, mes, teS, ses, oes, tu os.
Remark 1. — J^mute; final ; 1, causes the preceding con-
sonant to be sounded ; 2, destroys the nasal sound of n pre-
ceding it ; V. g., d, 8, t, r, are aileiit in grand, oonfus,
savant, premier, but thoy are sounded in j^nde, confuse, sav-
ante, premiere; n has the nasal sound m cousin, un, impor-
tun, but it has its natural sound in cousine, une, importune.
Remark 2.— The vowel or the syllable preceding medi-
ately or immediately « fittt<«, receives a atrt»» of the voice
which has something similar to the English accent, and
that vowel or syllable may be said to be long, at least
generally; as in the words adage, airaable, importance,
pareille, oflTerte, ouverto, envie, possible, compose, chose,
esoorte, gravure, obscure, &c. This rule has its applica-
tion also before an e Mghtly heard in the middle of words,
m contenir^ entretien, parlement^ ^. . ^
Remark 3.— JS7 unaooented, is sounded as with an
accent over it : / ' , ^
Ist, When it precedes two or more consonants in the
middle or at the end of words, v.g., expert, pervers, aa
akeady explained (Fourth sound).
2na, When preoeding a final consonant other than «,
V.g., bref, pied, complet (see Fourth and Fifth sounds).
Here com^s this question: la this e pronounced operij as
having the grave accent, or close, as having the acute
accent? General answer : Before two or more consonants,
in the middle or at the end of words, the e is pronounced
open^ thus (6) ; be f o r e a final consonant (with th e exc e ption
of t as in complet), the e must be pronounced close, thus (4).
That point has been thoroughly elueidated at the Third
dod Fourth wunds, pages 49-51,
60
FRENCH PRONUOUTIOJW.
J-'
'
«•-
SXYENTH BOCITD.
Thtt of • (m in me or <w in bee,)
•mitid friondMhip|gibior game
?.^.^ :^ V^ . initiation iiiiUalion
dmnt^ divinity rainistre minifter
efligie effigy nue jrum
fli thread prix priqe
flni finiuhed ^ui 4 who
ridionle ridioulo
*)oie aaw
timidity Umidity
<ini united
vivo quick
visite viut
The 7th sound it repreeentod by y in words from the Gi4ek.
JjrdrauIIqiie hydraulic
hydre hjdra
nygWne . hygiene
gymoMe gymnaaiam
myit4re mysterj
phyaique phjaique
J hymne hjmn
bjmen hjmen
con«in.^#T?/'^ !ff*' *''°*"'^"^ *« pronounce the final
co^nant of the preceding word, •• fc. yeux, l6-.ieux.
nrlzL^ «"tt«nflex acoent is of«r C, tie s^und is a lita«
prolonged, oorresponding to e« in bee. / '
«Bie -Jithe ^nttre epistle Jle ialand
diner to dine g?te J^giog ,„ ^^
quil^wmpllttlyt he might qu'il apprit that he might
•' taccomnliah n^
faccomphsh
r oonsentit ^'^oonsent
/
tt
dormit
fintt
oflMt
" finiSh
" offer
-" entendtt
" attendtt
" rendSt
" vendft
[learu
" hiar
" waU
<< rendetr
EIGHTH SOUND..
That of o (as in nof).
aococd
Jo**» lioQt h&t
broMe brash Jftotter
oolonel
2sr"i^'*" «f »'«'~'ft««*. pii
strong
toruD
^^^'^oa^ — glob e globe
porte-.door
roc • rook
soldat soJdieB
Bort fate
vooal vooal
colporteur pedlar
*■!>■ body
.^ight
monopole monopoly
idole idol
.^'
tUI BIZIMN VOWBL 8OUHO0.
61
apdt
bientO
o&t6
dOmo
1 NIMTH lO/UHD.
,. TUi of Qiroumflox (as o in note),
iMnJlio ninth sound 6 is long and broad.
drdle funny lp6lo J^ld «^;
hOpital hospital rOti ^roast /^
imp6t tax Buppm^ instniment .
le llfitre ours |le vdtre yours gj^
II. The ninth sound is represent^ by o unaooenw:.
1. When it preoedeft.a final consonant silent, more ft<e*
queutly mot t.
EUSHOISI.
idiot idiot
matelot sailor
^ot word
pot ' pitoher
marmot mwrmdV
rab^^j^^ pland
sot^^H stupid
■; J
:'-m
broc
croo
aooroo
ttuieroc
esoroo ■
trop
orook
jrerit Y
lucky hit
swindler
toomu^dt
groi . big
noB our
propos design
▼OS .your
oomplot plot
flot wave
gigot^ leg ^
..JiXOWTioK-rO has the common sound^ as a in nor^
in^D^los, Minos, and other foreign words, and also in
French words, wW the following final oonsonant must be
iounded, as bloc, roc, soo, dot, &Cr • "v ■
' III. The ninth sound- is also represented by o unao«
eeuted in the middle of words before « j «od before < when
< precedes the tenninatioD ion. , . ii[
chose . thing
eompoMt to comjAMW
compoiition eomjkMiQonDetion
-dose . 4Q iie ' 4ose%
EZEEOISl.
(^motion emotion
motion motion poser . to pat
gosier
threat
it osera heslialiliure
notion
to dare
position position-
prop os er to propose
rose rose
foae I dare
IV. the ninth 8(mn4 is voryfirequeritly and propedy
fepresented by the eombinations au and tau.
,r.
'.^
M
]?RENCtt PROmmClATIONi
EXEBOISE.
\*
Augmentef to tncreM*
aaprds
auBsi
beau
beauts
cadeau
cbapeau
eomuz
near
also
beaatiful
beauty
gift
bat
corals
fausse fal^e
baut ' bigh
jaiine jetlow
maudire to curse
Qouveau new
peau skin . j
aauveur savioar
reau calf
animauz animals
bestiaux cattle
g^ndraux generals
troupeaux flocks
jit raut Ife is worth
11 yaudra he shall be "
il fau( it is neoessarjc
il fikudra it will be " \
ExoBPTioN.— ilu is soiinded as o in Biul^
TENTH BOUND,
' . ■ . . ■■■ ■ ■ • '','■■■
That of M (something of w in tweet)
The way the French pronoanoeji is entirely peculiar iQ
themselves. It differs from the European progi^nciatiott
according to which u is ipounded like ou in you, as well as
from the English which is not, even approximativelj, si-
mihur to tlie French.
I Tcnture to mention t|ie sound of w in twtety as havmg
perhaps something of the French *, if you protrude and
round the lips in uttering the sound. A pretty long prac-
lUce under the teacher is required.
ahus
abuse
EXSROISI.
culturo. culture
attribution attribu- dur hard
assiduity
bruit
fundbre
gnio
[tion
assiduity jus&ce justice
■^^ttu
noise
Aineral
crane
to swear
beaten
effusion effusion
multiiudemultitude|vertu
munnure murmur
nul null
6lue ekoted
tribu tribe '
turbulent turbu-
[ient
urne urn
usufruit usufruct
virtue
rue street
yue sight'
venues obme '*
When the circumflex accent is over 0, its sontid iw a Ijt ^
tie ]en|thened, as flOte, mftr, sftre. ^— — —
tBis sncmtN Towiii sotimsi
«r
EXEBOISE.
.it
^
qa'llbikt that he migbt
[dWnk
tt
«
(I
((
it
oonolttt
OOQDiii
ootirClt
Kit
prbmftt
vouliit
Mtdt
((
It
«
«
It
" conoltt^
" know .
" run
" read
" promote
" wish
'< keep 81-
[lent
noQseiimes
yoos eCLtea
nous fdmes
yous fCttes
we had!^ ^
you had •
weyrere
you were
nous re^ikmes we received .
TouB regiktM you received
nousliimes we read
V0U8 Itites you read
ELEVElS[TB SOUND.
That of on (as en in encore.)
Equal sounds : antfantfemf en, ent, . ^
The French iuMi(iowidB cause great difficulty to foreign
learners whose o^ga&s are not acoustomed to the same-
sounds in their own tongue. Therefore a kng practice
with the teaclier is neoeesary ta acquire a proper pronun-
eiation of these sounds.
They are termed nmal, because, in fact, thi^ souuding
breathy in uttering them, passes lightly through the nose.
But you must avoid cttpnllT that excessive and unpleas*
ing nasal twang whicMs heard* among some American
people. In-prenounciog the French nasal sound, some-
thing ^uy and natunu must prevul that keeps aflfectation
awa^ :_ -^ ■ :'■■ . , -
J-
an.
To pronounce that sound ^ve to a eiaotly the sound of
a vtk/ar ; then prolong a with the soi^nd of n in «(^, with<
out soundmg a at all. Enin encore^ a Fronch word adopted
in English, ^ves also th e s ound of an, if properly pro«
nounced. ~ — ♦ t
.4
'■■TTTr"^-^" \y %^^?^,1 " W^,> i^JCP^"" '
i' itr^ .
64
fRBNCH PRONUlfOUTION*
U^
anore
a^ge
antique
bande
branohe
eandear
anchor
angel
antique
band
branch
candor
£XEB0ISI.
changer to change | grand great
dans
danaer
^tang
flanc
France
in
to dance
pond
flank
France
II. ant.
langage lataguage
manteau cloak i
quantity quantity '
ranger to range
tantdt by ana by
The cases with the termination ant are yerlr numerous,
the present participle of all French verbs having that ter
mination. Some other parts of speech end also in ant.
EXEBOISIS.
chant song diamant diamond
Dependant however ^l^phant elephant
devant before JmDt glove
7
g^ant giant
glnant p;luev
habitant inhabitant
'VvamT Pabtioiplis.
aidant
aimant
ohantant
danaant
mangeant eating
helping pouissant enjoving
loving parlant speaking
singing partant starting
dancing tenant holding
aperoevantperoeiving
ayant having
voyant seeing
attendant wuting
croyant believing
riant laughing
\i>
.^>
hmhiiion ambition
ample ample
camjpagne ooantry
embtita*
cpWUir
^bltaie
tsuAmtHtBt
III. am.
EXSBOIBI*
dhambre chamber
champ field
framboise raspbwry
Iv. CTIl.
^emplir
emploi
importer
enseni]^ ,
• m emb ro
emperetl^
temp^i^r
lampe hunp
pamphlet punphlet
tambour drum
tempdte
temple
tempa
trembler
tremper
tempi$ranoe
•Tt^^JH 'I'-vi'^ff w.,«iv^-e '»\u_-} i^v'^f* t '^ •" - "i ' f!
mn BiJ&ass
VOWIL SOUNDS.
66
Msenoe
mentir
tendre
tentation
. Y. m,
j^ at the beginniiigand in the middle of worda with
only one n rq^neaenta uie eloYenth aoond.
^ ^ BZBBOISI.
^ alwwnee .d^senohanter
eadoioe engendrer
d^ndre enaeigner
. denrtoi ensemble
ddfendre entendre
ITxoiPTiONB. — Aa it faaa been already aaid, m ia pro-
Ironnoed tn, and belonga to" the twelfth aonnd; 1, at the end
of worda, aa bien,~^toyen, le mien, le tien, &o.; 2, In the
Verba venir, and (eiitr ; aa/e i^fent, il txendra^ &o.
;.;■•;■ ' VI.-e»i.. '' .■;
Ent repreaenta the elerenth tmsaii : 1, in noona, aa
in»tinmmtyfnonummt}2y m^kd^euyea, aaa6««At,j>nf(ibi>^^
3} in adverba, aa tottv<n<, paf/a<tem«n^
ExiBoms. * .
2 — adjeodyea
absent
content
indigent
opulent
».!',
1 — ^nowna
aliment
bitiment
inrtmment
monnment
tooipent :
\ 3— adverba
aimablemcit
bonnement
ourienaemen'
durement
grandement '
EzoiPTiQ|f8. — The termination en< is ailent at the 3rd
peraoqt plural of verba. , ^. .
ila aiment they loye .^ prononnoed ila^aim
ilaparlaient they spoke %' '^ ilaparlait
iladiaent they aay « iladii
qn'ila parlaasent that they mi^^t apeak " quils parlaas
Obserye, however, that in readme, < ia not alwl^ ailent ;
it may be oarried to the next vow^ aa, ^ liitnU avecoHleef
tUaaifent m hraveif prononnce ; ila lii tayec griee, ifi agir
t'ok Drayea. ^^ .
■y
\ f'
. . R* i.r tJ^^\
69
IBIVOB TlpZn^OUtlON*
equal aoand
TWKXFTB BOUirp.
That of
tn, (at m in
■-.«■.' ' ■ -
j w^09
ain
m
atm '\
>•
i" ' ' ■ _
«n (IimI)
J^
eriti hone hair Jlnjnste InjiMt raiaiii gripe
enfin finally insfci^tion inaiit'n. latin - satin
jardin garden lii^ obthing ■yhoope wigroodfte
inoendieoonflagraUonprinoe . prinoe^iyntaze eyntaz^
inoonnu unknown prindpal prindpu mithdee qrnthesifl
infiddle infidel jqainie fifteen Inagt twenty,
impaiftit
impie
impetoeoz
importanoe
Exnoira.
impoHible
v^'-^implde
olympe
dympiqae
f^ymbole
' \
ajiBpalihie
winph<?nie
timSale .
timbre -
timbier.
ainal:. thus
biiii bath
daim deer
Iwiim hi?e
UL atn, aMn.
EziBoni,
midn hand
maitoteaai^ now
mbndaitt worldly
pain bread
plainie:^ oomjplaintltrain
hantainhavgfa^lplaintif plaintiff
*
refrain reftnin
Mint iaint
■aintenubt holy
■ouyerain eoTereign
— train '>
fihdn
Tilhdn.
^1^ ■
■'*f *',; ,**f
•^-■i'..
tn (final)
88tm
flyntaz^
iBjrnthesifl
twenty,
syapadiie
lyttHphcgiie
toSale .
kunbn •
timbiw.'
'•/ •
*f
nftnin
•tint -
hoi/
•OTeieign
train *
Tillftin.
" 1 •?,
TBI sizmsr vo¥{^ domms.
•'i.'«?f
67
EllEBOIBl.
feinte feint
frein bit
peindre to paint
peintre painter
Y. en, '
sein boBom
teindre to dy^
teinturier djrer
eeintnre girdle
eniVeindre to infritigb
empreinte stamp
feindre to feign
Ab already mentioned, en represents the Twelfth sound
(in) : 1, when final, as bien, le mien, moyen ; 2, in some
tenses of the verbe tenw-, to hold, and i;«itr, to come, as
je tientf I hold, j'e vM^roi, I ^ill come, &c. ; in other casei.
en^representi the Eleventh sound. ^ -
bien good »^
canan^ cananeen
exunen .examination
Ph^nioien Pheni<nan
moyen means v "
sonti^ . support
rien . nothin
lemien
lesm^ns
^^^ Vthine
^EXEBOISI.
je tiens
tu tiens
il tient
^ I mine
ing
les tiens y
#
Ihdd
thou boldest
beholds
nous jouiiondrons
Tous retiendrei
il oontiendront
ieyiens
il Tira|
iloq^ndra
lis r^ndront ••
v. ■ *
^i''
i&marft. .^Yand m are not nolo^in the wor#, abdomen,
amen, harempptien, dutenywllen, ^pedmen; in which m
and em are pronounoed^ ^W^» ^A«f»
••^
Tfll^TEEKJ-H SOUND
Th^t of on (as on in 9on^.) '
^ Equal sound— on, om, oni,ons, eom^ &o.
The oases in which the thirteenth
s ound occur s a re v e ry
numerous ; it is found at the^ banning, the middle, and
"■* '^■'is-
PBttoK^i^s end in on;^
itJ^Qjuf «iy^ : tk«te in ^«a<i awon,
,i!l))[|^ Mr|generanyfeBu^; and those
, w Iklit^, ||^a^mare.generallT.
A,
ion candiei
,. I(i}i)!t6 .kindiuMi
^^ ebansoni ' iiotig
, concert concert
^ <:onda{te conduct
: cqnsentir oonMni,
V' I'AOOonipi^ev.'
4'-;;tX!«Bbat ' ■ -
dboal>iQaiflon .
:81. % ;
doAM' -^ gtft'v'
hontp sbame
fon^fl^on foundation
i9oa|n>tion inundation
inoE^li- watcl)
noiCi^*' ... 'no
prononc0r pronounce
roi|deur roundness
selon according-,
songe dream [ly
ton thy
riolon Tiolin
qbmpagi^e
bQnipi*endr0
nomDre .
ombfage
pironom
iompre
tomoeaa^
tr6mpeur
trompette
.U:
' ' III^^rMmt, o»M, eons. ' ' # "
These three eombiniliiainB are Ter^ numeroni in the
French language': oii<^iij||be terminatiotn (^.the 3rd person
plural fntfire of all^v^irbaV ons or eon^'of the Ist person
plural of aUWerbs malmocit every personal tense. The
same pound js also tb be found in other parts of speech.
The sound on is not i^^eted by anf final consonant, nor
by <^p)refii^, which dijl^^p|fns ^ babre p.
ilsalderontitheyshi
Usb^niront '<
iis conduirpnt *'
tls donneront "
iis feront "
iis prendront ~"^
■^1',.
nonsappe%B8 we call ^ 'f
nous HniiMibns we ik|(|shed *
notis recevrons we lAall receire
ue nous rendions that we mily ren-
. . . fder
'oQs transtgeons we transact '
ToyageoM we trarel
'.%
*- 1 T *• «S
bond bound
f)ront Aroni
long long'
THB BIXTBBN VQWBL 80Uin)8.
ExiROlBl 2.
pigeon pigeon
jngeon ^
plomb
jngeons Judge
pont bridge
profond deep
trono trunk
FOUBTBENTU SOUND.
That of un (something like un }n sunk.)
The proper pronunciation of this sound cannot be ex-
actly represented by any Englbh word ; it. must be heard
from the teacher. The cases are but few.
aacnn ' no one
bruQ brown
chactin, each one
eomman common
bumble bumble
Exi&oisi.
bumblement bumbly
emprunt loan
emprunter to borrow
emprunteur borrower
importun importune
opportun Opportune
lundl Monday
parfum perfume •
i jeun fasting
alun alum
FIFTEENTH BOUND.
That of ou (as ou in you.)
m
iW^ioutfe
%r»M»d
ft*
bonffon ', clown
% bouquet bouq(M|t
cailloa jM^Mi
courage jBonrage
courir l^rnn^
^ donlenr grief.
Exercise.
doux iweet
fon fool
fS^amjr :to Mioply
^hlbotf «owl-
nip^rir to die
^rik ;vwe„*^ ■■'
'^^ouT f«r
•/.
ponvoir
prouTer
route
^oupir
iburd
toucher
tout
tronrer
■1 tousj^'
power
to prore
rout
•igh
deaf
to touch
all
to find
In a few woiii, the fbrnuisllcq: aooent4i over «, as voMCf
. \
't 1
.-\^
H":
*, -,
>
1 1
-■•'\
i
^ 7
—
"
......' ■ * .
- :4#-
'%,
\li'
l„ '
y
:M
^^k
^m^Mi\sdm§
y-r
TO
FRHNOH PRONUKOIATIOir.
SIXTEEHTH SOUND.
That otoi iwwa in wash).
'w
Equal *mnd : tfy, eot, oie, i - |
V The eizteenth wand may be represented by toa in the
Engluh word ioa$h. This is a diphthong, beoanse thert
are two sounds, yii: ou like <m in you and a like o^i fo
AooA: thus in French oi«», uttering the two sounds with
one single emission of the voice, as /©*, pronounced /ou^.
Oi in French is said to be pronounced ou-a and it is
generaUy so; however, I think that in some words oi must
be pronounced <^, rather than oihi; fcr instance, Uid*'
woTdamoiuonndr, oiieau, poitrine are better^pronounoed
mou^soniwr, w^w^u, pou-i-trine, thgn. mou^tortner,
V!ZT'?^^' ^" ""^ opinion, the two Mowing
rules must bd laid down :^ **
I. ^' is pronounced ott-a. /
1. In monosyllable words/ as fbi, loi, moi ;
' 2. When ofb t^9 final syllable of a word, as emploi,
renvoi, hautbois; ' *! »
3. When oi precedes the obscure syllable formed by a
oonsonant and e mute «fo, rs, to, &o., as in hoiu, froide,
gUnre, itroxUmmt, or by any mute termination, e, e#. en*
as j«e^e ftotwy que tu 6ott>«», yu'tfc ftpwen*. •
II. Oi is pronounced wk-i (e being veiy open) : .
\'J^^ ^ precedes a 4>mi96n syUable as croittofU,
nuntU, iotgner, pronoonoed ^fit^t^-^^mmt, mounidii, mwO-
.2. When <^e sound repre«^ by o» is foimed with ihe
letter y, m t h e middly of lyoids, between t w o v o w els, as
eUoym mojren, noytrj, pron<mnoed ciftm^^, nwiU^en,
nou-Ul ^»«*'^«wi/twovo^eb iieqtat6twot*s5onet'
/•
• ^b'l
w
\ '-
■ •■■ft:
t
a
in
^
;;_:•■■>
>^^ T,'FT^' ^ f*
tHi Bnnnr towbl sounds. -^
n
with the preoeding vowtl forpfl t diphthong, the other i
with the Mowing towel forme enbther diphthong, thm
tnoi^ien;
3. When oi preeedee one n nasal, final or not, as huoifit
foiny joindte, moindrtt pronoono^ ftewm^; /<h*4w, J^'f'
Bat in the applioatbn of thii 8ec||>nd rule he very oare-
ftill to give to i a veij open and hroM aonnd, an^ to atoid
pronounoing e with the doae aound produoed l^the aoute
ac^nt {iYi pronounoing oueaUf voutil, ou4-9fkiUfV<m-4^ikf
instead of ou-^seao, Tou-Wn, This would he a yery im-
proper prononoiatbn of the diphthong oi.
Sxiscui.
o» sounded ou-a.
slate y
fomjer^
toh^ve
to drink ^ /
Asportation
/lory
I send
enfoi^nt they send
nageoire J^Jk^
qnoi what
▼oie way -
▼oix ' yom
sounded 0tt4;*
i^er
moiti^
noiroir
poisson
tfimoigner
moi
jvoil4
I besmn
joindre
, pitoyen
joyetix _ *-/«
royal
orsioeiit
to oovet
to remoye
half
tohl|fiken
fish
>
TheSizteenth sound Is represented: 1, by ol in po&$
" ! stofe, moiile marrow; 2. hy one in/oueT
■ * w hip; 8, b y
X
figet4).
'^lO^
■ri-
f wb /ous t e r to w L , , , ^
aqtutique, fto. (See 2itA list, ^
r«5».'viVi'»
"^T'
TS
•»f
fRINOB FBQIUNOLITIOIT.
.*♦
8K0TI0N XII.
EIADINO I.1880N8.
■ . ■ '^t
'%
%
~^^ ^5«£oigi etU Chim du Berger. "
. In thii leMon «toh one of the lizteen vowel sQunds and
of their iitwtitiites is marked by a nmnerical ilgiftB correa-
ponding and referring to the ^noptic table, Sect. X.
^unaccented, when lightly heard, belongs to the Sixth
sound ftu) ; but in readinff yoi^must give to that « hardly
one third of the common durl^ph of the Sixf '
As for tiie combinations of consonants,
embarrassed, must refer to Sect. VI and IXT.
JA ;» U nil 4 10 JB8 M 4 14 ~ lg|,
#»»ftT io^?.<«>«f»n^ A travera une'fcrfit vint prds d'un tro^
* J^^ \^^^i^^,V ^ renootttra le ohien du berger. Quo
M(tl I* .^.^?*7« " 1 « 4 78 4 *^l 4-7
T^aites-vous loi, lui demands le dernier? Quelle affiure y
• " • $ A i« « ? 8 « 1 « M 7 e u I
avea-vous? Je faisunipeUte promenade, rtfponditleloup:
6 8 1^. « 9 it 4 j2 '^9 1* 6 84 10 1*
mauvais desgwny j(^ vous le protcste sur mon
V*' • T^^ " ^ > 7 8 • 6
nonneurl sttiBment vous badinei: je ne
« e M .8 .'W « 16 1 6 1
reeevoir voire hoiineur pour gatte de Totr»«^
!>*•"* J* 1*,. . 1 8 10'l718''T 1* 7 •
I'omt de taohe & ma reputation, je vous prie:
".. " 3«« • M » 7 87 1 « 4 111
mes sentiments dTionneur sont aussi ddlioats que mes arands
4 16 18 6 8 8 11 11 e 6 16 6 4^ «
•fP*?*?. «)Bt wnomm^. Pendant que le loup fesait le
-i ill ,• M ^ 8 ^ 6 6 8 14 1 8 8 1 1 10 16
pantopique de^sontonn^tet^, un agneau s'^carta du trou-
I X x'J" ^ f " 4 471 16 I U
ptau: UtflBtation^taitffrande; tt saisit laproieet I'em^
jerai
8 f
honnenr.
kM
-.<Tpp'ir»
UAonro vteton.
n
17 1 U I i 6 U
7 11 71 1 I 107
•aimal oonniti de tonte m forae, le ohien orift apr^ lai.
II 9 Ujt IIUIO 91 9 87«eU
haut poor dkro entendu : hola, ho I monaienr lo loup'l
18 6 ll 1 9 11 4 16 8 4 11 7 11 8
Soni-oe done 14 vo8 grtnds exploita, et lee lentimeDtfl d'hon-
6 18 1869618
near donttooa yoMi de purler?
9 f 7 1 9 10 8 6 8 9 11 7 11
Oeoz qai ptrleni le plus d'honneur et de aentimenti,
li 8 7 46 11 6 7 11 19 6 1613
8ont ordinairement oeux qui en ont le moina. -.
. ■ , ■ #
LITBEAL TRANSLATION. <V'
The Wo\f and the ShephercPi Dog.
A wolf, rambling thouffh a forest, came near a (look of
sheep : he met the dog of the shepherd. " What are you
doing here?" asked the latter. <«What business have
you here ? " " I am taking a little walk," answered the wolf;
** I have nobad desi^in, I protest tou, on m;^ honor." Your
honor! surely you jest: 1 would not receive your honor
for pledge of your honesty." " No stain to mv reputation, I
beg you : my sentiments ot honor are as delicate as my
great exploits are renowned." Whilst the wolf made the
panegyric of his honesty, a lamb stoiyed ftom the flock: the
temptation was too great; he seia^^d|prey and carried if
with j^reoipitation into the ^<^'^(|mP ^9 honest animal
ran with all his might, the dog c^pJMer him loud moug^
to be heard : " Hallo, ho, master wolf 1 are these your great
exploits and the sentiments of honor of which you hate
just been raeaking?" ^ ^y ,
They who talk tiie most of honor and of sentiment ue
commonly those who have the least of them.
:■/ :!-,..■■;■;■ ■■ir^ ■ ;^'- .-'..'; '''■.:/
Le Portrait parUm^
In this Lesson the Uaiton of a final con^nant with a
▼owel is marked by this sign (^) ; a final consonant is
marked by it ciplier (o) when silent, and by («) when
■onnded.
r
m*
^',
'^1 'Sr ■'• '. '•■ jfj-T-T^'i
,|l:.
U
fRlNOR PRONUHOIATXOtf.
Un^bomme a'^Udt AUt Urer : (runotur propre aimo !«•
portndti:) U votilAit^AToir I'tvig de Mf^amif rar la den—
OO O " oo
ToiM Toofl trompw, oe n'eit pM \k Totrt portrait, dit Tan,
▼ona n'ltfli qa'^noh^; le paintn «at_iiii_igDQnHit ; U
• to • o'i"'^ o
fooi^a tlM noir et Tooa^dtea blano.-^L«. portrait tona
O O O*" • •
roprdaente laid et vieux, dit_an_«atre, et iana flatterie,
■ O O "^"iOtO
Toua^dtea jeune et bean. — Le peintre Toaa a fait lea veuz
o o o . o • •" o o
et le nea trop petita, dit^un troiaitoie; il hn% retoaober
. ,0 ■ o o
le portrait— Le peiatre a bean aontenir qu'il eat trte-bien
,0( ooo
iu4f il tkat qu'il reoommenoe. II tniTaille, (kit mieaz et
* - to
r^uaait^i aon gr^. II ae trompa encore: lea amia oondaitt-
to"*
Bdrent tout roQTrage. Eb Men, lenr dit le peintre. mes-
• o O O o
neiira, Toaa aerea oontenta : je m'engage 4 rona aatiafidie,
o ooo
on je bHUerai mon pinoeau : reyenea domain et vova Terrea.
o ooo •
Lea oonnaiaaeora ^tant ptrtia, le peintre dit 4 rbomnie :
■ o ® , • . • ^9 o
foa^aaua ne aont que dea entiqoea ignoranta; ai vooa
o • o "
Tonlea, Tona^en Torrei k prenve; j'dterai k tdte d'nn
''oo o
■emblable portrait, yooa mettrea U ydtre k la plaoe. J't
o • '^ *
oonaena ; k domain done j adiea. Le lendemain la troupe
■O ( '
de oonnaiaaenra a'aaaembla : le peintre lenr montra le por-
.0 • • • • O
trait dana^nn^endroit^obeonr et k one oertaine diatanoe.
— -Meaaieara, le portrft Tona plait^il k pr<eent f Ditea^
qa'en penaea-yona?— Oe n'^tait pM U peine de nooa bin
.• • o o r^ V^ t *
reyenir poor ne none montrer qu'one ^ftbaoober: et tt*eit
%k.
«5>
"•tflff.
« aimokt
rledei^—
;, dit Tan,
^- « •
DOrant; il
o
trait Toiui
I llAtteri«,
• o
o
retoaohtr
I o
t trd*>bi6ii
p o
mi«oz et
ntra, mfl»-
Mtiifkirt,
o o
rhoouM:
o
; ri TOW
mt d'lrn
Koe. J>
latroope
niepoi^
distance.
p Dit^
- N
.•V.
«
't»
di»t>po e . — "G e ntlemen, does t he
^rtrait please yoa tt
* (
pas li notre ami.— Votis roui trompea, mossieuiii, dit l|^
tdte derriire le tableau, o'est mol'mtoie. . . ^
N'antreprenea pas do eontalndre p^ des iralsonnements' 7
des oritiqaea^ignorans ot pr^yonus ; lis ne veulent ni en-
■o •« li
tendro ni voir la v6t\i6.
LITERAL TBANBLATfOir.
The Speaking Portrait.
A man had his likeness taken (self-love likes portraito) ;
he wished to have the advioe of his friends upon his own.
"You are mistaken, this is not vour portrait," said one;
"yon are but sketched; the painter is an ignorant man,
he has drawn you black, and you are white.*' " The por-
trait represents you ugly and old," said another, "and
without flattery, you are young and handsome." " The
painter lias made the eyes and the nose too small," said a
third ; " he must retouch the portrait" The painter tries
in vain to maintain that it is very wdU drawn ; he rnfut
bcJB^n again. He works, does better, and, succeeds to his
mind. He deceived himsoir vet ; the fHends condemned all
the work. " Well then," said the painter to them, " gen-
tlemen, yon shall be content ; I pledge myself to sausfy
yon, or I will burn my brush ; come again to-morrow and
T|)ef ^MfHatsffurt being gone, the painter said to the
maff: •*«^f our friends are but ignorant critics ; i£ you will,
you Aiall see the proof of it: I shall take out the head
horn a simikr portrait; you will put voura in its pUmm."
" I consent to it," to-morrow ; then, adieu. The foHowing
day, the company of amnauseMfs assembled ; the piunter
showed them the portrait in a dark place, and at a oertdn
tien ' •• ....
«• nrait
present? Say, whft you think of It. I have retouched
the )iead with great oara." " It was not worth the trouble
of making us eome back to show us a sketch ; this is nut
%■:
^4
'-}'■:■
J
'-*■ .
w
PRENOH FBOKUNCIATIOK.
bur fHdhd." "irotflunj mistaken, genUemon," saia the
head behind the picture^ H it if myself"
I>9 not nndertake to convince by roasoning ignorant and
prtpdMWiied critics; they are neitherwilling to nnderstfnd
nor to see the truth. ( , S
A
III.
Lettrtdt la Marquuedc Favrtu d Madame de Valcpur.
"-'' Qui, If idame, nous sommes d^id^ & faire un voyaga
•» BretMne, a?ant de retoumer au L|pguedoc. Le but
de cc ffSJ^ est le d^ir de voir deux peitennes aussi int^-
iMSM^tM au^itraprdinaires, M. et Mde. de Lagaraie : voici
leor hi8tbir%: / i
, Le Marquis de. Lfgaraie'passait pour Uhomme le plus
^Mireni de la Breta^e^ Ch^ii de sa femme aimable, con-
naM dans sa province pa^ son m^rite personnel, sa nais-
' ?""* ®* ■» foff^nn*, il rassemblait dans son chateau toute
k bonne compi^ie des environs. On y donn^it la com4-
die^des bals, et chaque jour amenait une fttc nouvolle.
MmC; de La|araie partageait les goi&ts de son mari, et
tons deqz broyaient avoir fizd le bonheliir, quand tout-jl-
bbu^ au milieu d'uie f)9te la mort subitc de IcQ^iUc unique
prbduisit dins le coeur du pdre infortund i^^volutidn
aussi sinenlidre qu'impr^vue# Lo dugout dtimonde le
oondnisit bientdt a la devotion la plus sublime, et en mdme
temna lui inspira un dessein qui n'a jamab eu d'ezemple.
If. et Mmb de I^agaraie pa^rtirent pour Montpellier ; ik
y rettdren^ deux ana uniquement occup^ k s'instruire de
tout oe Qui a rapport k la chirurgie ; ii% font des oours
anatomic et de cmmie, apprennent & saignbr^ & pansor les
plaiei ; et rdunissaitt pour ce genre d'dtude toute Tapplicar-
. tibii que peuvbnt Inspirer de grands motifs et un vdiitable
- en^ouaiaBme, ils font I'ttn et I'autre'des progr^ dtonnanta.
■ Pendant ce temps on travaille par leur ordre auchlteau
de Lagaiiaie, qu'on transforme en un vaste hdpital, consis-
tant en deu corps dflogis ; I'un poor les hommes, I'autre
fo^ikifemines. Ei^
e^fy le fkste
AiiS^dela
r oVt<^aient jadis les'plai-
tttdevenu le temple le plus
^9iiiiiaa|l4f.
m
-.^
M-
Bai4. the
ohint and
udentfnd
S
Valqour.
n vojags
he but
lie; void
le le plus
able, oon-
I, sa naia-
eau toate
i la Qom^
voile.
t mari, et ,
id tout-il^
ip un^ue
^volutidn
nonde le
en mdme
zemple,
iUier; ils
tniiN de
leB oonra
anaor lea
rapplica-
vdntable
»nnanta.
ipblteaa
1, jooiisia-
B, Taatre
I lea'plai-
I le ploa
I
- '-»f'^-i.
■S^^^^Wi^* 'f%iJ
■>l-^-^1'^Ti»>»
_^
RBABINO LBSBOirS.
7t
Oependant, M. et MmeMe Lagaraie partirent de Moni-
pelUflf et arriv^rent dana lear terre. M. de Laffaraie, idon
Ig^ de qiiaraiite<«in(i ana, prit la direction de fhtoital det
hommea, et depoia cux ana oonaaore aa vie et aa mrtnne 4
MTVir lea indigenta, dont sa maison eat Taidle* Mme de
Lagaraie, (liz ana plua jeune que son mari, a'impoae Ie|i,
m6mea devoira dana I'bdpital dea femmee. Belle et Jeufie
encore, elle qnitta aveo tranaport lea riobea paiwea d^ h
vanity, ponr prendre rbomble coatame de Thoapitaiidre^
nooi voolona voir. ~ Emilie et Alexandre doivent nire lior
premidre oommunion dana nx moia, et je ne poia 1^ f
n^eoz diiqiwaer qa'en* lee menant k L^uraie. B ept ai
dooz de oontempler la vertu deprdsl L'hommage qn'oii
Itti rend eat le premier paa vera elle.
A-
#
^'
^ • Portrait dc Woihington.
Wakhington ^tait ntf poor de grandea vertiii f rampiir da
vrai et le patriotiame le plua pur; aon nom «^ profimdtf-
ment grav<^4^n8 le coejir dea AmMcuna, qui le regardant
avec raiion bomme le lib^ratear et le pi&re de la patrie.
On peut dire qu'il fut auaal heareu]| qu'il ftit grand et
bon;^et ai aea actions, qui furent diot^ par la aagaaie,
n'ezoitent paa renthouaiaame dana Teaprit de oeuz qui ne
voient dana lee^granda hommea que le g^nie et lea quality
brillantea, dlea oommandent le respect et radmiraticm dans
rime de t^ lea gena de bien.
n ^tait grand et Men fait, 11 avait la figure oahne et pen-
sive mais fgr^ble, lea traita rollers, les yeux ^ le|
oheveux ^btuns, le' corps bien proportionn^ et fortifitf pai^
un exercise oontinuel. II ioignait 4 beauconp de dignity
dea manidrea graoicuaea qui attiraient le r^pect et Teatime
de toua oeux qui a'appsoobaient de lui. f t V^*^' ^^ ^oiftm
paiaioiia, il ^tait doud dea sentiments d'fionneur les plus
d6lioats, oe qui, dana aa jeonesse, lui fit ^prouver de vifii
^/'
s . r
> 1 *
^Jlr
< »
mmn mamxeuatoni.
-'*.-
mwntimeDf oontre otm <nii o(nnm«tl»ient dM injkittioet
oa It permettaient (ra^ue iiiialto; msti lei r^fleoUons
d im Age plus ftyano^ l«i ||>^rii«iit ft m commander gi bien
qtoU pouvMt OMber m^e 1m fybteMM insurables de
^MS^ iHimwne. Piwret et rdsefy^, mais acoewible A
#** W iwnde, il n'oof rait sob oomr qu'iji oeux dont il avait
«roil#taj»rtt4«M^ et la diicHtiojD. Son jugoment ^tait
■Qlide, M mneU in^rinUble. geBslblo aiut plsbirs de
14 BOoi^W, il a^nftit ft Oonyener ramiUdrement aVeo sea
amis. Stople dans sa iii»m% de Tivre, sobre, ^nome
sans ayanoe, tf avait Wn^>qi#« li dispositioB dee sommet
oonsidtfraWes, dont il m servait pour fair© dos oharit^s m
poor enoguragor I'lndustrie.
. - d ttno r^nblMiue naisHatite, if nefeonfft point le
dfisir dtt ppuvotr, nf oelui des honneure ; il^ii'eut que I'am-
bitton de faire du bien en se d6vouant corps et fime ft soil
pays. II avait lea vertus d'Aristide, le courage d'Epomi.
iiondas,.et oomme oes deux grands hommes H ne souilla
jamais ses Idvres d'un inensonge lors mdme qu'il plaisan-
' **^*- Sa pi^td, ^e ft son patriotisme, ne d^gdndra point
m bigotene, et dans sa vie priv^ comme dans sa vie poli-
tique et militaire, il remplissait toujours scrupuleusement
see devoirs de religion, mettant audeesus de la science, de
la pbiloaopbie et de tout autre copsiddration " les bienfai-
• santes lumidres de la rdvdlation."
Un^nt les talents du gdndral ft I'hftbileW de I'bwniwe
ddUt, il poursuivit ces nobles desseins ft travers les plus
gjrandes diiBcultds ; tantdt ft hi tate d'une multitude indis-
oiplinde et sans ordre, luttant avec prudence et intrdpidittf
centre des troupes aguerries et bien disciplindes ; tantdt
ttsant de doucBor et d'autoritd pour coAcilier les parties,
apaiaer let tdvoltei, faire taire ki mdoontents.
* Vers la fin d^ sa prdsidence, oA les sutfrages universels
I avaient appeld et dont il remplit les fonotions avec autant
de^i6le que d'dquitd, il demanda ft se retirer des' kffiiuree
pnbliques. Sa. conscience ne lui reprochait rien ; niais sa
modestie et la orainte d'etre tombd dans (luelquc erreur, le
portdrdi^t ft jj)rier ses compatriotes d'oublier les fftu^ quiil
aurait pj« ooinmettre. Alors, comme un p6re qui se sdpare
./-
J, i^-^i-n-lffS
- ■ *
«
f
nfnttieM,
'raeoUoQs
Br si bien
rabies de
»wible i
It il avait
lent^tait •
luisira de
aVeo 868
^Dome
1 8ommes
arit^g oil
point le
)uo ram-
noKB ii son
I'Epomi-
souUla /
plaisan*
f nj^f'fa-' ■
ffif^aap^"-
RVASIlfO LB88ON0.
T9
de see enfknto pour let livrer k enz-mlmes daoi nii monde
rempU de soini et de dangers, oet bomme y^ritablement
bon leur donna lee plus sages inltruotions poor se gonver-.
ner ; leor reoonunandKnt la bonne foi et la jnitiee, aoaroee
de (outes les vertns ; let prdvenant oontr^ les entreprisiBS
de I'ambition et de Ven¥^ qui s'efforoeront tonjoiini .de les
d^teunir poor censarer lenr Hbertd ; et Mrtont les exbor-
tant i la pratique de la religion, bate de tonte ^nne morale,
et souUent de h prosp^ritd pabliqne. Sa vie dolt nous
aj^rendre oombien I'h^rolisme calme qui braim les dangers
cfans la vtte du bieh public^ est au-dessus de oop briUuits
gdnies dontla gloire ne se mesnre que sui* des villes d6-
tntiils ou des peupm vainous.
AlTOMTMOUS.
T
■t
s ,
Dieotai-
■ • ■ ■ ' ^ " ■ ■ " J ■
r
rhcnnfne
/ X \
les plus
. . '•; S'-^--'
' . "■ ■■■ .
-■■ ■'■■■-•T'xi
[e indis-
■ - ■«'
j^pidit^
^ ' '■ ,
/N .- -■ "
; tantdt
■ -^' ' . '. ■ ■"
v'.* .'■■.*
parties,
■ ■■ ' '■ ' , i;;
•■ . °.
ii?ersels
• ■•■-,■■*
V
■ ■ . • ■ " ■ ■ ■;'
saUtant
kffiiuref
niais sa
•reur, le
..If-;'. \
.,-.-'..■."«
jeeqult
^ 1 ' .. ,
} s^par| '
" , ^-,:f- ■ ^ *.■, , \
ia ^
~.«..i^- ■ " ■'.,-- .
;-.. ■ : " /
t^l. "Z-.::/;-:^
■* ' ■ .-' .'-'-■'■'
. "Ha' \ :■ , ■ ' ■■••■- ■•{■-
■ '
L.
» . •«
■S"'
X
J
^.
:^^i^:'iy^.
■ -v>; -
„. tv-'
i: ■■■■"'.>,-,■"•'■'■■ =■•'.■'•-■ ■■» ■ ■..'''■: ■'*■•".■ '".•
. . "V
,?'■
"'...■'''•', ^''v.' " ''"''"'li'' "'■'"".■««■ ' -
"t^r
."I^K"' • ' r»
^ -.
-■•• -./^^^p
M.
«■ ^'
A"
\%<.U-
■.*■ w"
■ « 1#
:ris| .
.. ■%■■ *
' 'V ";-V--'
■A'. 'Ml
•#■,
• #*
■>*^-:.
# *
•I \'
\ , v" •''•■ /^ ' , *«
I f
•v^,
V -■:■'-*'
\
*
-
• ■
2
i
*',« '
1
/ I
*
mi
ti 1
'r-K
*'
1
, . femi
■" ' i
•
* . _ . . -f
3
1 ^. \^
.
'
.. ■ * ■* •
Jivn
■" 1 t
-■ i'
,M
1 ' ' '
■
1 ■ . • '.•' " ' - "
B
1 ' i '
<
J
- -. ■ 1.
tie^
1 .
^
'♦
. .A '. "
•od
_
,* •' '"
^
,',-,^£iy- ;:.
^."-.v-.^ T
~'-^r ^'
-?-
V
- ':-<■ v^^^^^'jC::- _-"--
* iiitel
' \
•
"
"'■*''^"'-'-.'^' ; ;-^ , 'V'- ;
' that
1 ■■■.*..."'■'". '"■■■■;.■-!-■ --^
^.
i
... : m^-t''
PRKLIMIirARY JIXI>tiNATI0N8.
.•* •
^
. Itt Bnfflish, the dbdnotion ttf gendwi ii m wmple m it
ii MturaT. Amongii the onimato b«ingii aU mal^ are of
the pMenUnegender, all femaki of the feoine j the tW
mau ol^eota belong to the oeoter gender, with Terj few ex-
omtiona. In the f wnbh laii^
Tfce imtmoli beinga afe^;ired,aa in Bq^idi, i^lj;
mModme and the feminine g,«der ; but theSmo^ o^
leeti atop belong to the miaouline or the ftoiinine, and the
dirtinetion of the gender of thile objeota ia t^ foroSa
learnera a aouroe of great trouble and diffioulty. ^
In reading French, those who know tho elooienta of
Freneh grammar are oooaaionally helped, in the diatinoaoh
of tlie^Wnder of nouns, by some other parte of speeoh: bv
tte article, the ^cotivo, the pronouna, and the plrOciiei j
ibr inatanoe in the foUowing phraaeaT i^*»«|«w »
1. Li Hvre e$t»ur la tfibk, the book fa on the tablij
tm know that hvre is mascnlioo, becauae h hMMH^SL
and table la feminine because la ia feminine • ^|J^^^
2. Ctehdtmu^ut hvetidre H eU^ mawoji a foK«r. this
e«tle la to be^^d ind that bouae to be letf that^^^
MmMonhne beoauacv ce is maaouline, akd m^^m%
ftminfae becauae eette ia feminine ; ^ ^^ -
3. VoWk dehons livrit, fiibae are good booka: that
^ Iwret to masculine because hon*. to maaeuKne :- - 4^^
iJL 'c^' T' ""^^'^^ ^"^^^ ^ roeited ; t4t
,le$ojit IS feminine, beoause r4ciUe$ UfemimTO. Ac.
But, if thoM persona Want to spn or write in Wm^A
tt •^,»^»*^3^/"»^*»*«M *l>o«t the gender of nouni
^Hdto^&J^ -^ It iil^Ung
JS^T^^^ ^^^ ^ *^ »wy ««^ for the dto-
^2 .1. iS^? «**"*?' ^ •«»«»* «^ Ae general fi»t
^ « the French nouna deriTed ttm feminine noiuH^
*,.
"«' f, <
84
PRELDflNAftT BTFLANATION0.
~~~j
Latin arc mostly femiDino, and nouns doriyod from mason-
line pr neuter nouns in Latin are generally masoalin^ in
French." Thus, nouns ending in ion in French, as aetionf
opinion, region, derived from the feminine nouns in Latin
actio, opinio, regio, tre mostly feminine; nouns in ti,
dUriU, viriti, from the feminine Latin noxaui celeritai,
veritat, are generally feminine ; nouns derived from mas*
online nouns in Latin, as Uvre from liber (book), champ
from campui (field), are masculine ; and also , nouns dc
rived from neater nouns in Latin, as spefiade from »pec-
taadum,- temple from templum, are masoulino in Freoph.
This treatise is naturallv divided in Two Parts; the
First of the moMCuline, the Second of the feminine gender.
The termination of nouns is hero the fundamental
principle of ihe distinction of g^ders. The terminations
are divided in serie*; each seriex contaimi ten terminations
With the noi^ns making cxceptiom ; the terminations
applicable to the hu;hest number fff nonnfi htma gencralty
placed the first. Each scries or pair of it-M igr a '
to be learned by pupijb. _
The number of noun* under eadi MJUtim M tt l
oatdd, at least approzimatively ; and, although, .
absolutely necessarv for the purpose, to know the ....mipiii
of nouns having the same termination, it is novertheleai
interesting and Ratifying.
Thus we have 6,686 nouns for the masculine, and 6,275
for the feminine,— making up with the nouns whoso gender
is ascertained by the Additional Rules, paga 98, a total of
more than twelve thousand nouns. The gender of nouns
not included in the series of this treatise is determined
by this general rule, vis., " if they end with a silent e,
they 9xe feminine-, if with a consonant, or any other vowel
than a silent c, they are masculine.*'
^ It is therefOTc permitted to believe that the Inooni^
nieneei mentioned by M de Fivaa in his French Gram>
Ml tk^: '*' that the treatise of genders ore extremely
inoomplete and the rules vague," are tn, last removed, as
well as the tedious and almost permanent neeMsity to
foreign learners of consulting dietionaries £k ffgftfftahklng
the gender of French noaos.
'^m-
' $;
1
m
T
m
■^"
X
■■^«»_,
■'^-
>j^ , Fjr^w
Q mawn-
oalin^ in
» action,
in Latin
IS in ti,
'^eleritai,
)m ma««^
I, champ
>an8 i^
im »pet^
reoph. ^
rt8; th^
: gendor.
lamental
linaiiona
linationa
linationa
d 5,275
) gender
total of
r nouns
Bmained
silent Cf
it vowel
tiiconi^
1 Gram*
tremelj
Dired, af
isity to
% ' -gvr-iy^ «" rfk^-'-wjr"* V^fe°"
. ^,? •■
-^„^ CONTENTS.
/■ ■■•#; . Pagi.
I. (ji«Qeral Bules.. 86
I|. Series of terminations of mascnline nouns end-
ing generally J^ a oonsoniuit . 87
«'.. Waawii ne noanMsding with a vowel... ...- 90
^ '^wim-^ JMLuaouUjp^ouns ending with a silent e, 91
W* ib riH'<f ^enan'mg^ouns 93
"ItflMiMud RaleM...»....«i^( 98
Uit of words fptM alike, having a different
■HHiig iBd|Midwr^.,4> 100
" J. i '^ - ' ■
• -W ■ ■■■ ■, . : ■
■35^ ■ -
: • t''/ '.'•..■ ■■
■,'^"
^ ^ ^Inikrs^
r ™-^ < -^^■^^^F>.
-. ri-
N
I
GENDERS OF NOUNa
"■■■,, /
OIHIRAL RULES.
, B0M I.
' 21?";jl.?^^«^y "**y *»70'»«'»' •«» generally miMc«Kne.
i^or that reaMn, tenmnationa with a conaoDant are caUed
maaooline tenmnationa. "-^u^iw
' . PaiifOIPAL BXOIPTION.
1,175 noQoa ending by ion or aiwn are genwally /wiii-
-.S?!!^!''^^?.^"'' ^ *!*^ ^^^ ^^ *» mentioned in the
•enei ortnuioiiline tenpinationa.
ItULl 11.
Noanaending with <my vourel but « n7«n< (unaccented^
are senenlly ma«ru^tn«. ' ^
The twinination With any other vowel than e aiknt U
•Iw wUed maaonline termination. ^^u^n
; ^ ^' ^BWOIPAL BXOIPTION.
600 nonna endings w!th^ (acute accent) preoeded by t
•a bwuti, are moaUy feminine. F"«w*«~ bj »,
^ The other exoeptiona to thia rule wiU be found at the
fterminationa with a, ^ », o, u, page 90.
Bulb III
Nine tenthi of the nouna ending with e tilent are/mi-
For that reaaon, terminationa with e ailent are caUed fe-
nunine tenmnationa. " .,
The exoepUona to thia rule are to be found in the ithrae
■Miea of muaottUne nouna ending, with c. ailent, page 90
♦
•f
rf
vovm.
If
PART. #
MASOULINB OENDKR.
Serim of Urminatiom of Mateuline Ifinmt mefiny Sy a
conaoiiam, with fxciptUmt/orth* I^minine Qmder,
J
^Six SeriM of tm terminations eaoh^ bat tho lait.)
fi>^
Siftiis I. ^
TvnnlB**
tlOM.
eur
ExMBple.
Nnmbor
of aoum.
ontenr
1300
BxaeptkHM.
67 following nouns, inoit>
ly abstract, are feminine :
aigrear, wnpletir, ardeoi,
bladoheur, oandenr, oha-
leur,^ obandeleiir, olamenr,
dpaeenr, (tfpaisieur, errear,
favear, dmyenr, fbnrenr,
fleor, Aratohenr, fhtyeor,
ft'oideur, Aireor, grandeur,
grossevr, hantear. hnmeur,
honretir, laideor, languenr,
laigenr, lentenr, Uaaeor,
lonpienr, loardear, Itiew,
maigrenr, moiteur, noir^
oenr, bdeor, pAlenr, peaaa?
teur, peur, primeor, pto*
fondear, paante«r, padenr,
impadear,rigaeiir,^deiir,
rondenr, rongeor, rotiaaeiir,
nuneur, savear, senteor,
mM
a^a.
t-
4
•If
^Wf
w^H
fF-
."
.^■■:
/
< •
*■
•
/- ' .
*
•
' - .. ,
>
II
_,/i ■
.>..„i;-
».
:|?'
> ■
,■
-
'
. 'i'
V
.'.■,*».".■■■"■
\
>•;♦'.',. -
, _, ,
-I''
. :■■•
'
■'./ , ■
.'*..» ,^, ■■
V •
yi u.i
^■■;*'
:;v*.- /.■;■:.::?.■
...«■
At-y
• ■■...^^iil
r*
\
./
^ j»^tej>^ 'jiM,f*t
'"
- :'■■■' ■ ■■■■
-'■■.
e
■ V . ' ■
'■.'-'■■
1 ■ V_ ".'■,-
* ' .
^"■' '
* ••
*
'.'•.
. r"^-
■ "■■■■.--fe-
Q
' "
ai
A.';---
-
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n
.
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•
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MIC|OCOPV RESOIUTION TBT QjAWt
(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2)
|4J
!£■
U
US
«ii u
BiUu
14.0
u
1^
1.8
1.6
^ ^<PPLIED <IVMGE
ino
1653 Cast Moin Street
Rochester. New York ~ 14609
(716> 482 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 288 -5989 -Fax
USA
h
88
GENDERS OP NOUNS.
Tormi na-
tions.
2
3
Example.
Number
of nouns.
Excoptione.
erit
er
on
instrument
chandelier
poisson
720
642
642
5
6
7
, 8
9
10
6
in
au
at
ant
ot
caf^
vin
chateau
combat
instant
com plot
Series II.
soDur, splendour, sueur, tc-
ueur, terreur, tiddeur, tor-
pour, tumour, valeur, non-
va|eurj vapeur, yerdeur,
vigueur, moeurs, .(plur).
— dent, gent, jument.
— cuiller, mer.
— 22 following .are femi-
nine: boisson, chanson,
cloison, cuisson, dondon,
fa9on, (and derivatives,)
foison, garnison, gudrison,
laideron, le§on, maison,
moisson,.-, poison, pamoi-
son, prison, rangon, salis-
son, souillon, toison, tatil-
lon, lirahison.
— amitid, inimiti6, moitid,
— fin, catin. [pitid.
— eau, peau.
_. ■ «^. _
u
— .dot, (marriage portion^ .
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4^
IS
oir
an
ard
en
al
as
ain
il
treillis
pouvoir
ocdan-
hasar^
bien
hopital
bas
grain \
pdril
123
143
— .brebis, fleur-de-lis, sou-
ris,chauve-souris, vis,
Irisy-ff hdmis.
cuneux
82
7S
68
65
64
53
— m^an.
— liiain.
«
cc
It
(I
II
((
' •*•
sueur, tc-
ideur, tor-
leur, non-
yerdeur,
.(plur).
ment.
are feini-
chanson,
dondon,
ivatives,)
gudrison,
mai^on,
pamoi-
on, salis-
lon, tatil-
&, moitid,
[pitid.
sortion).
■lis, sou-
iris, vis,
GENDERS OP NOUNS.
Series lit.
89
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
art
ail
out
aud
ac
ut
ort
ois
ol
air
ir
eil
oin
ttit
and
aut
OS
ora
-or
Termina-
tious.
Example.
Number
of nouns.
Exceptions.
. .»
1
if
natif
48
2
el
miel
44
3
it
esprit
43
"'----
4
ou
bijou
41
° a
5
us
refus
33
'^'■A
6
cu
feu
30
---,
7
our
_ ur
jour
29
— la cour, la tour.
8
ct -
secret
24
— lafor6t.
ot
^
9
ais
dais
:, 24
u
10
oi
convoi
23
— foi, loi, paroi.
Series IV.
ddpart
travail
goiit
maraud
sac ,
but
port
bois
vol
dclair
■s
'23
^3
23
22
1^22
21
21
19
18
— hart, part and com-
pounds plupart, quotepart.
«
ti
((
It
— la mort.
— une fois.
((
la chair.
Series V.
pl^isir
orgueil
soin
bruit
gourmand
saut
repos
bord
irdsoF
18
17
16
15
14
14
,13
12
^2-
— la nuit
(C
-<w..
10
ours
concours
11
((
c
90
GENDERS OP NOUNS.
Seeies VI.
V
,
Tormina-
tiong.
»--.t:
Example.
'Nttw.bor
Ol' noultai
Exceptions.
1
•
IX
prix
11
— pcrdrix.'
2
ond
furibond
11
3
eul
tilleul »
10
(i \
4
ic
public
9
" " " 'X
5
oit
exploit
9
" ■ ■ \
6
em
frein
8
" ■ . \
7
ouz
courroux ,
•8
\
■;
IMPORTANT REMARK.
Nouns ending with a consonant aiid bein^of termina-
tions diflferent from those given in the preceding Sefies, are
-' masculine. .^^. . '
Thp only exdB^s for the teminina are : la faim, la
paix, la clef, la'^jPHc, la soif, la"voix, la noix, les moeurs;
and all the Saints Days, as la Toussaint, la Saint Jean, la
Saint Michel, &c. Z '
«*■
Masculine Nouns, ending with either of the vowels q/i, o, u.
Vowel.
^xample.
Number
of nouns.
a
•
1
u
opdra
parti
^cho '
dcu
5
143
40
45
Exceptione.
sepia, vinula, (oater-pillar).
fourmi, merci, apr6s-midi.
virago, (rough womai».)
bru, glu, tribu, vertu.
For those ending with «<, seeJ^erics 1, No, 5, page 88
and Series 1, No. 3, page 93
■* i
"7i^— ~
termiDa-
lefies, are
faim, la
I mocurs ;
Jean, la
t?, I, Of u.
pillar),
-midi.
tr..)
1.
page 88
:\.
GENDERS OP NOUNS. OX
Masculine Nouns, eiiding with c silent , making exceptions
to the third gcncrat rule, page SG.
' (Three Series of nine torminationa each,)
Tormina-
tiontt.
Example.
4i
age
aire
isinc
iste
ido
8tre
apho
«
ome
ogue
courage
solitaire
sophisnie,
Ddistc
homicide
hetrc
cdnotaphe
Rome
dogue
ile
2 able
3 dire
aeile
drable
plsttre
Series I.
Number
of nuun.s.
375
305
180
150
39
37
30
■ (*
28
27
[ Kxooptionii.
—cage, image, nage, page,
plage, rage, ambagcB(plur.)
— aflFaire, aire,chaire,glaire,
grammaire, hairo j ugulaire,
paire, statuaire, circulaire,
and twelve nanies of plants,
as la Bcrpentaire, I'dclairo,
" « [&0.
—batiste, (fine linen) mo-
diste, liste, piste, (scent of
a beast).
— bride, cantharido, dgide,
hdinorroide, pyramidc, cy-
lindroide, ridf.
— ^guCtro, fenCtre.
— dpigraphe, dpitaphe, or-
thographe.
« «
—drogue, dglogue, pirogue,
synagogue, vogue.
Series II.
27
22
21
—bile, file, hutle, tie, pile,
tiiile, vigile
— dtable, fable, table.
— mar&tre(8tep mother.)
artre
6 — chartre, dartre, martre,
"fs-
92
GENDERS OF KOUNS.
Torinina-
tlODS.
4
ire
5
are
6
itre
'7
ave
8
ore
9
acle
Example.
empire
phare
litre
esclave
matamore
miracle
Number
of nouns
21
20
19
19
18
18
Exceptions.
— circ, hdgire, ire, mire,
satyro, lyre, tire-lire, tour- ,
nevire.
— cithare, fanfare, guittare,
tiare, tare.
— dpitre, huitre, mitre,
vitre.
bave, cave, entrave, dpave,
octave, rave.
, — aurore, amphore, mdta-
phore, pdcore.
— ddbScle, ■ macle, (stony
substance).
Se^iies III.
1
ge
2
omme
3
oine
*
4
abe
5
6
7
dge
uge
ombre
8
ivre
10
ompte
omte
oire
11
ide
prodige
homme
patrimoine
arabe
sidge
juge
nombre
cuivre
compte
comte
territoire
e x ercice
}
16
14
13
12
11
11
9
8
20
99
— tige.
— gomme, pomme, somme.
— except names of plants
and stones, and 2tntimoine
(metal).
Syllable, souabe.
— allege (small boat).
a
-Ombre (shade),
-livre (pound).
1 5 ^noms f(^minins, as ov
moire,bassinoire,baignoire,
bouuloire, dcritoire, dcu-
mc^r^, foire, gloire, histojre,
mdmoire, machoiref^a-
geoire, passoire, poire, vrc-
toire.
14 nouns are feminine as
JHstic c , malic e , avai j ice, v^-
rice. &c.
. rt^ENDi;RS ,0F ROUNDS.
03
ire, mire,
■lire, tour- ,
3,guittare,
e, mitre,
Lve, dpave,
ore, mdta-
le, (stony
le, somme.
of plants
2tntimoine
>oat).
ns, as SLT"
baignoire,
)ire, ^cu-
e,liistgire,
oire^na-
poire, vic-
minine as
^ai J ice, v^-
/" SECOND PART.
FEMININE GENDER.
Six Scries of ^f;i terminations each, with exceptions for
Masculine Gender. ^
Terminli.
" tioiis.
ion
ic
t(?
urc
ierc
OttC/
Series I.
Kxaniplo.
action
ruvenc
bonto
/
yvcnture
riviuro
tiompctte
Number
of nouns.
1,'1T5
Ejccoptions.
71G
GOO
360
296
275
—are masculine: arddlion,
bastion , brinbor ion , cam ion ,
croupion, gabion, lampion,
pion, scion, scorpion, sep-
tcntrion, talion, million,
billion, trillion, and a few
other designating male sex.
— g^nie, incendie, para-
pluie, pdrijxJtie, Le Messie.
— arrets?, traitd, comity,
cot^, 6t6, pat<<, thd, h6n6'
dicitd, veloutd, and a few
names of men derived from
past participle, ^as d^putd,
rdvoltd, &c.
— augure, rourmure, par*
jure, mercure.
— cim<Sti^re, derriere. .
— amulette, squelette, and
some words compound with
a verb/as porte-mouchette.
casse-noisettes.
m
-94
GENDERS OP SOUNDS.
1.
Termina-
tions.
do
Example.
10
8 euse
9f anco
ine
pensdo
trompeusc
chance
famine
ence
elle
ique
rdvdrence
hlrondelle
clique
4
5
6
7
8
adc
Hie
esse
aille
6re
fagade
grille
richesse
canaille
colore
9
10
ole
ane
V .■■
idole
cabane
Nuinbpr
of nouiiti.
Exceptions
270 — Athdc, mausoldc, musde,
trophdc, and a few others
from Greek, as apogde, co-
i:yphdc, hymdnde, scarabde,
pjgmdo, lycdc, colisde, &c.
262 '' "
1 GO — Ic rancc (scntir le ranee).
156 — Ic platlne.
Series II.
133
122
115
«
(t
138
102
92
80
72
— libclle, vcrmicelle, vio'^
loncelle.
are masculine: 26 designat-
ing men,' as laique, eccld-
siastique, &c., and cantique,
distique, dmdtique, narco-
tiquc, ^ portique, topique,
tropiquc, viatique, pique
(at cards).
— ^^rade, stade.
— codicille, mille,quadrille,
spadillc, trille, vaudeville.
70
50
7, designations of men and
the following : adulti^re,
caract(ire, cautere, cratere,
ministtSre, monastere, mys-
t^re, presbyt^re, ulcere,
visc^res.
— cap! tole, mole, monopole,
pole, pi'otocole, role, sym-
bole.
ane, arcane, crane^ fili^
grane,organe, plane, manes
(plur).
RENDERS OP SOUNDS*
Series III.
95
(5c, mus<5e,
cw others
pogde, co-
, scarabde,
jViaC'Oy &c.
le ranee).
. /
iclle, vio-
I designat-
ue, eecl^-
cantique,
le, narco-
topique,
e, pique
|uadrille,
udcville.
men and
adulti^re,
, cratere,
ere, mys-
ulcere,
lonopole,
51e, sjin-
ine, fili"
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tfcrmlna-
tions.
a{e-alle
t^nte
ite
asise
aino
ude
eclie
otd
ue
ande
Example.
J sandale
( ballc
ainarante
gu(!ritc
cuirassc .
fredaine
exactitude
beche
matelote
rue
guirlande
Number
of nuuiiri.
50)
12 I
49
48
48
47
4G
46
45
45
3i|.
Exceptions.
intervallo, ovale, p^^le,
scandalc.
13 names Sf Xuienjja, syco- ,
phantc, &c.
— merite, ddm^ritc, gtte,'
rite, site, satellite, and some
names of men, as ardopo-
gitc, &c.
— parnasse, paillasse,
— capitaine. [(clown).
— prdude
-antidote, vote.
(( ((
-multiplioande.
Series IV.
cravate.
— tire-bottes, (boot-jack).
— ptSricardCj (around the
heart).
— automate, stigmate, Eu-
phrate, and nouns of men,
as autoorate, aristocrate,&o.
— le trente, (the 30th day
of the month).
names of men, as proph^te,
&c., and a few compound
words, as casse-tfite, &c.
e, manes
^
V
96
Oi^NDEllS OP NOUNS.
>
Termina*
tiona.
Example.
6
aoho„
7
ochc
8
ace
9
line
10
ase
hachc
poclic
glace
cime
phrase
Nnmbor
of nouns.
.31
30
28
26
24
Exccp^ioni.
— panache, rcldcho, gama-
ches (gaiters), and a few
names of men, as brava-
chc (bullip).
— coche, pc^rchc, prochc, re-
proohe. f ,
— espaco ■Ji'\
— centime, crime.
— cautase, gypinase, P(5-
gase, vase.
Series V.
1
oue
2
une
3
aise
1
onde
ape
(>
ogne
7
anche
8
ice
9
oule
10
oupe
houe
rancune
foumaise
onde
soupape
cigogne
branche
justice
boule
coupe
24
22
16
16
14
14
14
14
13
13
<(
<(
it n
— bien-aisc, ^al-aise.
— mondfi.
— Pape, Satrape.
— ivrogne, le Bourgogiie,
(wine).
— dimanche, m anche (haii-
die),
(See page 92, No. 11.)
— mbule (mould)
— groupe.
11.
cho, gama-
and a fow
as brava-
procbc,re-
e.
inase, P«5-
u
aisc.
ourgogiie,
nche (lian-
). 11.)
OENDBRfl OP NOUNS.
• Series VI.
Vf
Tohnina-
^■mplo.
6
6
7
8
9
10
11
tulipo
honto
tcrro
ipo
onto
erre
6vo
osso boBse
erge aubcrgo
argo charge
ontre | montre
orce
oce
f ule
|ullo
force
noce
I virguk
Numhvr
of UUUIIH.
12
12
12
12
12
11
8
8
7
6
Kxcoptiont.
■\
-*-purticipo, pTincipc.
— con to (talc, history).
— ciujctcrro, paratonorro,
tonncrro, parterre, verro.
— rOvo, 6\iiyo (applicable
to a male).
— carosse, coloBse.
— oiorge.
— Ic large (the oflfing).
— le pour ot le centre.
— divorce.
— ndgoce, sacerdoce.
nouns in ule or ulle are fe-
minine, except the follow-
ing: adminicule, animal*
oule, conciliabule, conven-
tioule, corpusoule, ordp«&-
cule, dm ule, fumnanbule,
globule, monticule, p<5di-
cule, prdambule, ridicule,
scrupule, vdhicule, ventari-
cule, vestibule.
ft
98 iJENDKUS OF NOUNS.
ADDITIONAL HULKS
FOR TIIK l>18TIN(;rjON OF liKNDKKS,
MASCULINE.'^
I
■I:
I.
1. Names of HoasonM : lo pifintornps, Hprinj^, &c.
2. Of montlis: on janvior«crnior, liwt January, Ac,.
3. The (lays of tlio week : lo lundi, Ic dimancho ; on Mon-
days, on Sundays, &.G.
1. Names of Cardinal points : lo uord, le sud; north,
south, &c.
2. Of metals : le fcr, Ic cuivro ; iron, copper, &o/
3. Of colors : le vert, le rouge ; green, red, &c.
Ill,
1. Names of countries when not ending with a silent e:
Ic Portugal, lo Chili, &e.
Exceptions.— Le Bengale, le Hanovre, lo Mcxique, le
Pelopondse are masculine though ending with a silent e.
§ 2. Name? of mountains when not endingwith a silent e:
Le Cenis, le Jura, le St. Bernard, &o.
3. Names of rivers when not ending with a silent ^ : lo
Rliin,, le Mississipi, &c.
Exceptions.— Le Danube, le Rhone, le Tibre, &c.
^ IV. ■
1. Names of trees, ghrubs, &e.: leceriaier, cherry tree;
le figuier, fig-tree i le chene, oak, &c.
^ (*»■
IR"
,.**-
(JKNDEUB OF NOUNR.
Di)
:k8.
I
y, &c, .
;on Mon-
d; north,
0.
silent e :
jxique, le
lent e.
silent e ;
ent ^: le
, &c.
rry tree;
A ft.
ExrKPTlONS. — I/mi<5bpino, hnwfliorn ; lajMinnliiino,
bljiik nhhir; IVnino, thorn ; I'liiCblc,(lwurl-i'l(h^r ; hi roiieu,
Mor ; I'yeuHC, ilex.
V.
1. Nnmcfl of InnjiuopoH : lo frnn(;nis, h» niHflo, ko,
2. The ItittcrH of the alphnbct : uii </, un A, &c.
3:>Xhe following; pnrtH of speech : J|fc nrtieh>, uiv nnm,
un adjeetif, un prononi, un V(!ihe,un panlciple, un adverliy;
tjjo other parlH oV speet^i are feuiiiiino: uite [»roj)08ition,
uno conjonction, uiio interjoetiou.
VI. ^ ^
Any part of speech taken Hubfltnntivcly:
1. Adjeetivos: k vrtti seul est ainiahle, what m true
only IH amiable.
2. PronouuH : h man et Ic tini (5taicnt inoonimtt aux
prcnjiers chreticns, mine and thine were unknown to pri-
mitive Christians. • "^
3. Verbs : Ic hohe ct h mavger flont nj^cessairen jV la
vie, eating and drinking are neccHsary to life,
4. AdverbH : faitefl pour Ic rni^ipr,, do the be^t you can.
5. Prepositions: dineutez le pour et le row/rf, dineusa
pro and amtrd,.
VII.
Compound nouns : un passe-partout, a master key ; un
porte-feuille, a pocket-book, &c.
Exceptions. — 1 , Une garde robe, a wardrobe; une perce-
neige, ^prilTgcroeus ; 2, when the compound noun is formed
with a feminine noun and an adjective; une porte-cochere,
une basse-cour, &e.
VIIX.
Numbers cardinal, ordinal, fractionnl: le trois, le dix, le
vingtieme, une douBaine, &c:
^>s.^
.,»•■*■
100 GENDERS OF NOUNS.
' PBMININB.
1. Names of Ti^tues^ la foi, faithj la charitd, charity la
temperance, &o.
Exception.— Le courage, le mdrite.
2. Names of vices: la cruautd, la luxure, la paresso-
cruelty,, luxury, idleness.
Exception.— Oigueii, pride.
. ■ ,• 11. ;.
_ 1. Names^of countries when ending with a silent e; la
France-, la Russie, la Belgique.
'^ Exceptions.- (See the third of the preceding rules
tor the mascuhne.)
2. Names of mountains when ending with a silent c, fol-
lowed hy « signr of the plural; les Alpes, lesPyrdn^es. les
Cayennes, les Cordili^res, &o.
3. Names of rivers when ending with a silent e; laSeine.
la Loise, la Garonne, &c.
ExcEPTiONS.^(See the third of preceding rules for the
masculine.
List of nouns the most used which are masculine in me
sigmjication and feminine in another.
Masculine.'
a — aide . helper
aigle eagle
aune alder (tree)
c^— le champagne wine
crSpe crape
critique. a critic
d— d^lice (sing.) delight
e— enseigne an oSScer
exemple an example
f— faux a falsehood
'■V »"Sr- ■-.■-. -
Feminir^. ^
*iide . help
aigle- ' standard
aune : ell (measure)
la champagne province
crSpe pancake
critique criticism
d^lices (plus) delights
enseigne flag or sign
cxemple writing copy
une faux a scythe
■ ^"> "'"■'■- .,'
■X
y-
Lenders op nouns.
101
ftrityj la
paresso ;
ite; la
g rules
t c, fol-
^es, les
i Seine,
for the
in one
are)
opy
for&t gimlet
un foudre « a wine butt
foudre de a great war-
gwerre, d6- rior
loqdence a great ora-
g— un garde a guardsman
fordt
la foudre
la foudre
de Dieu
i
a forest
thunderbolt
the wrath
of God
le greffe
un guide
h-^un jMlbne
m -un, manche
roll or regis-
[trar
a guide
a classical ch
[ant
a handle
un manoeuvre mason labor-
un m^moire a bill
mere! • *j^ ^nmks
^ood
a dead man
a mould
, a ship bojr
a novice
a literary w'k
mode
un mort
un moule
un mousse
n — ^un novice
o— un deuvre
o— un orgue(8ing.)organ
P— page attendant
paillasse clown
pendule pendulum
paralLple comparison
p^riode height
per8onneCprbn)no body
plane
poSie
poste
un pupille
<— splde
somme
Bouris
un monosyllable >
un polysyllable J
t— un t6te-d-tdte
un tour a trick
V — le vague empty space
un vase a vase
plane tree)
stove
station, ofiSce
male pupil 5
payment
a sleep
a smile
la garde
une garde
la greffe
une guide
une hymn^
la manchQ
la Mancfa^
la manoeuvre
la m^moire -
merci
mode
la mort
une moule
mousse '
line novice
une oeuvre ' ' .,^ ..
les orgue8(plur)prgans
page page of a book
paillasse straw mattrass
pendule clock
parallele aline
p^riode epoch, phase
pepBonne(noun)a person
military guard
a defence
graft
a rein
Christian hymn
t be sleeve
strait of dower
manoeuvre
memory
pity, mercy
fashion
death
a slell-fish
moss (plant)
a nun-expectant
an action
plane
poSle
poste
une pupille
la pupille
un voile
a veil
solde
une Somme '
une souris
une syllable
la tgte
une tour
une vague
la vase
une voile
TIJE END.
carpenter's tool
frying pan
post office
female pupil
apple of the eye
pay of a soldier
a sum of money
a mouse
a syllable
the head
a tower
a wave
slime, mud in
water
a sail or sailing
vessel.
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