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V^^ fS^'u .-.^^' '4M>mM^M«-- >i; '"./.f^f.-' ;"/■■ ■^T*3f|ifi^j«p- APPENDIX to CAPTAIN PARRY'S JOURNAL 4i SECOND VOYAGE THE DISCOVERY OF A NORTH-WEST PASSAGE FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC, PERFORMED IN HIS MAJESTY'S SHIPS FURY AND HECLA. IN THE YEARS 1821-22-23. H ; «'■■.! |1 ' 1 J PVBLISHED UY AVTHORITY OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, PUBLISHER TO THE ADMIRALTY AND BOARD OF LONGITUDE. MDCCCXXV. ' - < i LONOON: i'KlMEU BY WILLIAM CLOWES, Nortliuiiiberland-court. w ' .,1 M CONTENTS. No. I. Account of the Chronometers 1 Longitudes by the Chronometers 33 Lunar Observations 39 Observations on the Variation of the Magnetic Needle 95 Observations for determining the Latitude of the Fury's Station . 121 Observations on the Tides 135 No. II. On the Atmospherical Refraction 163 Abstract of Experiments to determine the Velocity of Sound .... 237 Analysis of the Atmospheric Air from the Polar Regions .... 240 On the Effect of Cold upon the Gases and different Substances .... 241 Experiments to determine the Expansion of Air at Low Temperatures 245 Experiments on the Expansion of Metals at Low Temperatures .... 247 On the Contraction of Mercury 253 On the Contraction of Alcohol 255 On the Freezing point of Distilled Mercury, the Amalgams, SfC. . 261 On the Variation, Dip, 8fc 263 No. III. Account of the Quadrupeds and Birds Account of the Plants . 285 381 '¥• I. ACCOUNT •f THE CHRONOMETERS. I* /Ml, ^^A t ; , Jail! J Si* . \n 4 \'% ^lei ' ' 4 ll I I ■• .1'.' N°. I. ACCOUNT OF THE CHRONOMETERS. Thirteen chronometers were embarked on board the Fury, viz. Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsham's No. 359 M Mr. Arnold's M „ 253 *l „ 254 it „ 460 f> „ 458, an eight-day chronometer. „ 369 „ 326 „ 2109 » 14 ' pocket chronometers. „ 1897J 5'S „ 405 'S „ 281 , an eight-day chronometer. Messrs. Molyneux and Cope's Messrs. Finer and Nowland's Of these, Nos. 228, 253, 254, 369, and 2109, were supplied by government; Nos. 326, 14, and 1897, were the.property of Mr. Fisher; No. 259 belonged to Captain Parry, and the rest, vis. Nos. 460, 458, 405, and 281, were sent out on trial by their respective makers, and placed in the charge of Captain Parry. The whole of the chronometers, (with the exception of 2109 and 14), were kept, during tlie summer, in separate cots of canvas, lined with green baize, and ijuspended to the beams of the after cabin ; this method being considered the mo.^t effectual in affording to the watches an easy motion at sea, and also in preventing, in some measure, the effect to be apprehended from the frequent shocks received by the ship, when navigating among the ice. No. 2109 ft; .rir I ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMKTF.ns. (except in the instances hereafter specified, where it was worn in the pocket), was placed in a vertical position against the ship's side, for the sake of con- venient comparison to the officers in making their observations, and to prevent the necessity of taking down any of the watches except for tlie noon-comparison, an account of which was daily hung up for reference. No. 14 was worn by Mr. Fisher, and constantly used in noting the time of observations. Soon after the ships were secured in winter-quarters, the chronometers were removed from the cots, and placed on the shelves of a book-case, on each side of the cabin fire-place, in which situation, as will be seen by the register annexed to the proper table, they were subject to no such severe trial, as, from the limited supply of fuel, had been experienced on the former voyage. The winding-up and comparison of the chronometers was performed daily, at noon, throughout the voyage ; by Messrs. Fisher and Hooper in the summer, and during the winter months, (when Mr. Fisher's various avocations required his frequent absence from the ship), by Captain Parry and Mr. Hooper. The chronometers were embarked on board the Fury, at Deptford, on the 27th of April, 1821, the following errors and rates, (brought up, for the sake of con- venience to one day, the 4th of May), accompanying them from their respective makers. CHRONOMETERS. DATE. Errors on Mean Graen- wich Time. Rate. REMARKS. Makcra. Not. Parkinson & Frodsham 259 May 4, 1821 H. H. a. SI. 02.86 G 0.43 Gained 18'. 7 in 31 days. w -•> 338 » ff F. 1 19. G 4. Rate about 4*. per day. .•5 3 J 85S 854 9* tf 81. 19.76 SI. 47. G 0.03 L 2. (Gained 1*. in 37 days— fluctuatini; about ( 1-lOth of a second, fast and slow. (Lost 10'. in 5 days, having been altered ( just previous to that time. >» 3> 460 99 If Sl.O 83.5 L 1. Had been going only 8 days on trial. » » 458 » »> SI. 05.5 G 1.5 (Had been only 7 days on trial since the ( final correction. 8C9 S26 ■ > *> )> 99 SI. 9 41.4 F. 08. L 4.5 G 8. „ •.>•......••>• ,, ..*••.•...•..« 2109 14 1897 SI. 1 55 18. Sl. 03. F. 01. G 1. L S. G 1. /;;:) c't lo .?:• ..r v.i ' JJ ....••.«•«..»• Molyneux and Cope. . . . 405 » »» F. 1 56.84 G. 2.93 Frcns Mr. Taylor'sMem.ni. Observatory. Finer and Nowland .... 281 »» >9 SI. 07.3 L 2.5 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. A note from Messrs. Parkinson and Frodshamofthe 3d of May, 1821, states that " No. 254 having been taken to pieces within ten days, to make some alterations, in consequence of its losing on its rate, it had not been long enough in their possession since, to be positive that they had corrected it." By the same communication, it appeared, that No. 228 was not calculated to resist ex- treme cold so well as 253, 254, and 460; and the makers, therefore, recommended that it should not be used under circumstances where a very low temperature was to be apprehended. nv;j/i.v-» ..'.:.. r ^f i ->..• -t. ,..■•. - ..(,.11..,/...;..,.:,;..,.. r ■ •- - - ■■• • f , , ,^ t . JU V . i i * . . , ......... i. J » .... _ . - V,. , . , ». .. , , _J.. . J. .. . I, .i ^„ .1, ! ■■• A ^"m ■„ i • :i .:j/i: <.. r •■-....: •;r\; t*'.» ■" ■ I, ■ / ■ ; 'r • •" ^ ?::J i: > .- It- . » ^. -. .* - ^_. . . ; ?'r 6 ACCOUNT OP THE CllRONOMETEKS. As the general method of keeping the account of the chronometers has been nearly the same throughout the voyage, and as the accuracy of the longitudes of all the land discovered or surveyed by this Expedition, as laid down in the charts is, in great measure, dependent on this method, it will be proper here, once for all, to explain it. The more detailed account of the watches employed during each particular interval, and of the occasional correction of their rates, will follow in its proper place. To simplify, as much as possible, the operation of deducing a final result from so many chronometers, some one watch known to have a steady, and what is scarcely less convenient, a small rate, was selected as the standard one ; of which a comparison with all the rest was registered daily at noon, and from which the longitudes, for the time being, were deduced, subject, of course, to sub- sequent correction, both for its own rate, and for a reduction to the mean of the chronometers employed. By looking down the columns of a table containing these daily comparisons, it was easy to see, at one glance, any sudden irregularities, or other material altera- tion in the going of the watches ; because when such irregularities appeared in any of the columns, there was almost always the evidence of many against one, in detecting that which had erred. If, during any required interval, such irregu- larities frequently occurred, the watches in which they were noticed were omitted during that period, in the determination of the longitudes. Having thus selected the chronometers to be employed during any interval, a table (as No. I.) was made out, shewing the actual going of those watches upon each other weekly during that time. A table of this kind must always prove extremely useful in pointing out the time nearh/ at which any alteration may have taken place in the going of the watches ; and then by referring to the table of daily comparisons, the day on which it has commenced may frequently be discovered. In such cases, either a special correction has been applied for the time during whicli the alteration of rate seems to have continued ; or, if the alteration appear to have been permanent, a new rate commenced from that day. The rates of the chronometers received, from time to time, their necessary corrections, while at sea, by obtaining at certain intervals (never exceeding twelve weeks), a considerable number of lunar observations. These being collected into a table, (as Appendix No. Ill) shewing the error of the standard watch upon Mean Greenwich Time, as deduced from each observation, its mean error was found, by the rules of alligation, for a certain corresponding day, on the supposition that the value of such determination is directly as the number of observations. ACCOUNT O THE CHRONOMETERS. Hence, also, the errors of all iht; olher watches on that day ; which, as respected the rates of the chronometers, was considered as constituting the end of one interval and the commencement of another : and so on to the next series of observations. The most favourable opportunities, however, of fixing the meridian of the ships, and thence determining the errors of the chronometers on Mean Greenwich Time, occurred during the continuance of the Expedition in winter quarters, the observations being there made in greater number and variety, and under circum- stances as favourable as the rigour of the climate would admit. An opportunity was, also, thus afforded of obtaining the actual daily rates of the chronometers, for a considerable period previous to the sailing of the Expedition. When at the end of any interval, a considerable difference has appeared between the error of a watcii upon Mean Greenwich Time, thus found by observation, and that which would have resulted from the rate assigned to it at the beginning of the interval, particular regard has been had to the changes shewn in the weekly table, and pains have been taken to assign such rates as those changes appeared to require. By this means a progressive alteration of rate has usually been detected and allowed, instead of altogether rejecting the former one in favour of that last found. A partial exception to this rule occurs at the first embarkation of some of the chronometers, which evidently took up very different rates almost immediately after their being put on board. The rates of the chronometers employed being thus fixed, two corrections were applied to the longitudes originally found; viz. 1st, for the corrected rate of the standard- watch ; and 2dly, for a reduction to the mean of the chronometers with their rates also corrected. The elements of the observations, together with the longitudes thus finally corrected, are collected into tables, according to the order of time in which they were made. An account of the going of the chronometers 7iot employed in the determination of the longitudes, is given in separate tables. The rates there assigned to them are deduced, while at sea, from the Greenwich Time shewn by the means of the chronometers employed ; and, while in harbour, from observations obtained on the days therein mentioned. The temperatures noted in the tables, were obtained by a Six's thermometer, placed as near the chronometers as circumstances would permit, and registered daily at noon. :Hn„ <'f.!, ■44' '^i 8 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. On leaving England in May 1821, No. 259, was selected as the standard or comparing watch. The lunar observations obtained during that summer, for determining the errors of the chronometers on Mean Greenwich Time, will be found in Appendix No. Ill, and the following is an abstract of their results : 1821, June 20th, „ , By 27 sets, comprehending 258 distances, O east of $ , No. 259 slow of M.G.T. 08.89 July 5th and 7th, By 63 sets, comprehending 628 distances, O west of D , No. 259 slow of M.G.T. 6.16 July 20th, 21st, and 24th, By 54 sets, comprehending 551 distances, east of J , No. 259 fast of M.G.T, 53.73 Aug. 1st, 3d, and 4th, By 74 sets, comprehending 750 distances, © we^t of T> , No. 25D fast of M.G.T. I 23.20 Total 218 2187 distances. Mean error of 259 fast of Mean Greenwich Time 38.G7. Corresponding day, July 18, 1821. The errors of the other chronometers on that day, by comparison with 259, were as follows. The mean rates per lunars and those given by the makers are inserted, in order to shew at one view tlie alterations that had taken place in that interval. Error on Greenwich Time, July 18th. Mean Rate jkt Lunars*. Maker's Rate. No. 228 - h m a - Fast 3 34.07 . - + L81 - - 8 +4 253 - - Slow 2 02.83 - - - 1.37 - . . +0.03 254 - - Slow 58 59.33 - - -46.56 - . ■ -2 460 - - Slow 16 45.83 - . -13.1 - . . -1 453 . - SlowO 11.33 . - - 0.08 ■ - + 1.5 3G9 - - Slow 18 58.33 - - - 7.43 • . ■ -4.5 320 - - Fast 3 53.17 . - + 3.00 - . +8 2109 - - Slow 2 2 02.41 - - - 5.39 - ■ +1 14 - - Fast 2 45.67 - - + 2.21 - - -3 1897 - - Slow C 06.33 - - - 4.89 - ■ +1 405 . - Fast 52 20.5 • . - + 8.21 - ■ +2.93 281 - - Slow 6 09.83 • • • - 4.03 . . -2.5 ♦ Deduced simply by dividing the whole gain or loss, since the 4th of May, by 75, the number of days contained in the interval. ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. 9 The chronometers selected for the determination of the longitudes up to the 18th of July, were Nos. 259, 228, 253, 405, 326, and 2109. The following corrections were applied to their rates : No. 259 appears to have increased its rate progressively ; but as this is extremely small, the whole interval has been subdivided into three, of 25 days each, and the following rates allowed : 4th to 29th May - - 30th May to 23d June 24th June to 18th July - +6.5 - +0.6 - +0.7^ No. 228 certainly took up a much smaller gaining rate immediately after its being put on board : about the 1 Sth of May it began to gain still less, by the mean of the other five watches, by about r.3 per day. From the 29th June, it again gained more, by nearly the same quantity. The rates allowed are : 26th April till 18th May - - +2.7 19th May „ 29th of June - +1.4 30th June „ 18th July - - +2.62 No. 253 on the 23d of June, began to lose upon the other five watches at the rate of above 4'.. per day, and continued thus with tolerable regularity, to the end of the interval. There is reason to believe, therefore, that its rate changed on the 23d of June, though from what cause is not apparent ; so that the maker's rate of +0'.03 is allowed till that day, and then -4M7 to the 18th of July. No. 405 evidently gained at a rate much greater than that allowed by the makers, soon after it came on board. On the 5th of June it was accidentally let down. Allowance being made for this, its mean rate of going from the 4th of May to the 18th of July was +8'.2l per day ; but, by attending to the changes shewn in the weekly table, and also by assigning it an error on mean Greenwich time, by the otlier five watches, after it was set agoing on the 0th of June, the following rates were allowed : From 26th April to 3d of Juno - - +7*.53 (On the 4th and 5th June, it was omitted in determining the mean longitude.) 6th June to 13th - - ■ - +8.1 13th June to 18th July - - +9.65 ' II til m ■III' 10 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. No. 326 seems to have had a considerably smaller gaining rate from the time of its embarkation. About the 18th of May, it began to gain less than before upon the others, by about P. 88 per day. On the 29th of June it gains more by about 1*.5 per day. A further increase of rate also evidently took place on the 6th and again on the 18th of July. The rates, therefore, allowed are. April 27 to 18th May - • • - +4. „ 29th June - ■ . - +2.1 „ 6th July - ■ • - +3.7 „ 18th July - - . +4.6 No. 2109 had a losing rate from the time of its embarkation, and it appears to have gone with so much regularity, that one rate of — 5*.91 per day was con- sidered sufficient for it. TABLE shewing the going of the Chronometers not used in the determination of the Longitude, ujion Mean Greenwich Time, (deduced from the mean of the others) during the under- mentioned period. I82I Wfck 254. 460 458 369 1897 281 ciiiliaK Slow. Rale. Pan. Rate. Slow. Rale. Slow. Rate. Slow. Rale. Slow. Rate, M. 1. M. 8. M. H. M. S. M. 8. N. 1. Mny 11 08.SS 8. L 8.12 82.3 8. L 15.0!) 83.3 8. G 1.29 10 25.3 8. L 7.16.5 06.5 r.4.71 10.8 L 1.6 „ 18 »5.t2 lfi.45 SI 13.8 8.09 24.8 8.8 11 15.4 5.69 39.5 1.97 22. 1.31 ., 95 •i ao.fi 43.88 2 09.9 12.71 P0 08.8 0.2« 11 55.2 8.61 48.4 7. 31.4 4.5 JmiP 1 7 2S.9 53.49 3 38.9 13.41 04.1 2.16 12 55.5 9.4 1 87.4 6.49 1 08.0 l.»9 ., 8 IS 38.3 52. SS 5 12.8 I2.fi9 l9.2 r-2.54 U 01.3 8.61 2 22.8 18.33 1 16.8 8.83 ,. 15 10 1 J.C 73.19 fi 41. r, 14.01 01.4 G 1.53 15 01.6 8.47 8 49.1 6.97 I 48.6 6.0 ... 28 «8 in,9 09.11 8 19.0 27.10 12.1 L1.I9 ir. 00.9 7.01 4 37.9 8.4 8 31.9 8.9 M 29 sn 20.7 70.1 11 30.2 10.17 03.8 0.71 ir. 50.2 6. OS 4 54.7 8. SI 3 81.2 7.31 July f. MSt.t 71.37 12 41.4 10.51 SO 01. 1 0.8 17 32.4 7.51 5 10.9 8.87 4 25.4 8.51 ,. 18 5251. 73 . r, IS 55. 34.1 07. 0.8 18 85. 6.6 5 88. 6. 5 85. 8.9 .. 18 58 59. 1 Ifi 45.5 11. 18 58. 6 08. 6 00.5 Nil. 11 \n omiltoci, Imvini; bivn cnnatanlly worn in (ho pocket formnkinj; ObMjrvntions. ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. n The second opportunity of determining the errors, and correcting the rates, of the chronometers, occurred at the station in which the Expedition passed the ensuing winter. T\c longitude of this station, as determined by the mean of twelve observations of Jupiter's Satellites, and nine thousand four hundred and sixty lunar distances, is 83" 09' 49".6 west of Greenwich. The elements of these observations will be found in the Table. On the 10th October, 1821, the errors of the chronometers upon mean time at Winter Island, were found by observation. From these, and the above longi- tude, their respective errors on mean Greenwich time on that day, together with their mean rates since the 18th of July preceding, are deduced, as in the following table. Cliranoinctcri. Error on Mean Time, Winter IiUnd. Error on Mfi«n Greenwich liuu. Menn Rate since Itllli July. Rate Ust {ivcu. No. 259 Fast II. M. S. 5 36 03.02 H. N. 8. Fast 3 23.72 8. + 1.9 8. + 0.7 » 228 »» 5 39 10.4 Fast 6 31.1 + 2.1 + 2.62 » 253 i» 5 22 07.4 Slow 10 31.9 - 6.05 - 4.17 » 25* II 2 41 19.9 Slow 2 51 19.4 -80.2 -46.56 „ 460 11 4 3S 58.9 SloWO 53 40.4 -26.5 -13.1 „ 458 II 5 29 56.6 SlowO 2 42.7 - 1.8 — O.OS „ 369 11 5 06 47.4 SlowO 25 51.9 — 4.9 - 7.43 „ 326 11 5 50 24.9 Fast 17 45.6 + 9.9 + 4.6 „ 2109 11 3 02 43.9 Slow 2 29 55.4 — 19.9 - 5.91 » 14 11 5 34 59 Fast 2 19.7 - 0.3 + 2.21 „ 1S97 II 5 19 39.4 SlowO 12 59.9 - 4.9 — 4.89 „ 405 II 42 47.9 Fast 1 10 08.6 + 12.7 + 9.65 „ 281 II 5 18 40.4 SlowO 13 58.9 - 5.6 - 4.03 The " rates last given," are those deduced from the lunar observations on the 18th of July, and are inserted to shew the alteration which had taken place in the mean rates of going, since that day. The chronometers selected for the determination of the longitudes during this second interval, (viz. between the 19th of July and the 10th of October, 1821, inclusive) were Nos. 259, 228, 253, 458, 3G9, 32G, and 405. No. 259 continued to be used as tlie comparing watch. 11 ill M I C9 12 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. I If The rates applied were as follows, the changes in the mean rates, as shewn in the above table, and the alterations shewn in the weekly one, being careftilly attended to, in the manner before explained. No. 259 from July 18th to Aug. 16th - „ Aug. 17th t6< Sept. 14th - „ Sept. 15th to Oct. 5th - „ Oct. 5th to Oct. 10th - . No. 228, one rate of - No. 253, from July 18th to Aug. 15th - „ Aug. IGth to Sept. 12th „ Sept. 13th to Oct. 10th - No. 458, „ July 18th to Sept. 28th „ Sept. 29th to Oct. 10th No. 369, „ July 18th to Sept. 21st „ Sept. 22d to Oct. 10th No. 326, „ July 18th to Aug. 10th „ Aug 11th to Sept. 9th - „ Sept. 10th to Oct. 10th No. 405, „ July 18th to Aug. 12th „ Aug. 13th to Sept. 7th „ Sept. 8th to Oct. 10th - + 1.2 + 1.6 + 2.8 + 4. + 2.05 — 5. - 6. - 7.32 - 1.4 - 4.55 - 5.4 - 3.5 + 7. + 10. + 11.85 + 10.5 + 12.5 + 14.45 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. 13 • I \, TABLE shewing the going of the Chronometers not used in the determination of the Longitudes, upon Mean Greenwich Time, (deduced from the mean of the others) during the under- mentioned period. 1891. Week ending July SO .... „ 27 .... Aug. S .... „ 10 .... „ 17 .... „ 84 .... „ 81 .... Sept. 7 .... „ 14 .... J, 81 •■•••• „ 88 .... Oct. S .... „ 10 .... 251< Slow. II. N. 8. 1 01 88.3 I 10 17.5 1 19 19.1 1 88 32. 1 37 46.1 1 47 01.8 1 S6 80.8 8 OS 47.9 8 IS 80.9 8 84 58.9 8 84 89.7 2 44 45 8 Rate. a. L75.6 77.87 78.99 79.16 79.81 79.34 81.1 81.86 81.71 83.4 87.91 460 Slow. H. M. S. 16 45.5 19 56.5 81 48.1 25 31 . 38 26.1 81 83.3 34 17.2 87 30.7 40 34.4 48 47.4 47 11.1 50 49.6 58 44.4 Rate. 127.39 15.94 31.81 85.01 25.17 27.91 27.64 26.24 36.14 89.1 31.81 34.96 2109 Slow. Kate II. M. 8, 2 02 52.3 2 3 37.2 8 4 20.5 2 5 08. 2 7 05.1 8 10 05.8 8 13 15.2 8 16 27.9 3 19 81.3 3 38 16.9 3 85 09.9 3 38 09.1 3 39 59.4 1897 Slow. Kate, 8. L 6.41 6.19 6.79 16.73 35.81 87.06 27.53 34.77 85.09 84.71 85.6 33.06 If. M. 8 6 16.3 6 51.4 7 05.6 7 19.8 7 39.1 7 51.3 8 06.7 8 47.9 8 54.7 8 41.4 10 81.9 18 00.4 13 03.9 L 7.01 2.08 3.03 8.7C 1.74 8.20 5.89 0.97 G 1.47 L13.98 14.0 18.70 281 Slow. Rate, 11. M. .s. 6 86.8 7 32.4 7 57.1 8 35.8 9 19.1 10 13.3 11 05.2 11 55.4 13 39.4 13 05.9 13 33.8 18 50.6 14 03.9 s. l9. 53 3 4.10 7.61 7.74 7.41 7.17 4.86 5.21 3.84 3.63 3.46 No. 14 is omitted, having been conatontly worn in the pocket for making Observationt. No. 1807 was much used in boats during the second and third weeks in September and No. 2109 during the whole of that month, and the last half of August. ,'!iSiL m 14 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. An account of the going of the chronometers on mean time, at Winter Island, is contained in Table No. Ill ; whence the rates of the chronometers are deduced previously to going to sea. These are contained in Table No. IV. : i 1822. In the correction of the rates of the chronometers, for the season of navigation of 1822, the period is divided into two, at the expiration of each of which an opportunity offered of determining their errors on mean time, at the observatory subsequently established at the island of Igloolik No. 228 was used as the comparing watch. On the 24th July, by the mean of three observers. 228 was fast of "• "• *• mean time at the Esquimaux Tents, Igloolik 5 46 29.5 Observatory at IglooUk, (by subsequent angles), to the westward +0 50.6 228 fast of mean time at the Observatory, Igloolik, 24th July - 5 47 20.1 Difference of meridians between the Observatory at Igloolik, and that at Winter Island +0 5 42.1 Error of 228 on mean time at Observatory, Winter Island, July 24, fast 5 53 02.2 Ditto ditto ditto ditto June 29 5 51 29.6 228 gained in the interval, 25 days 1 32.6 Mean rate of 228, gaining 3».7 This interval being short, one rate is applied to each watch, and these (com- puted from the mean time at Winter Island, for the sake of convenience) with the chronometers employed, are as follows. Chrontmelcn. No. 228, - F.rrnr on Mf«n Tiuif, WiiiUr lilnnil, July 34th( lS'2'2. 11. M. S. - - 5 53 02.2 - Mean Rate* between itflh June. •Dd tt4tb July. a. - gaining 3.7 - Pntiou Ratei ■ 3.535 ,, 259, - . - 6 03 50.2 - - gaining 12.22 - . 11.52 „ 253. - - - 4 46 23.2 - - losing 1.48 - ■ 6.184 „ 458, - - - 4 39 42.2 - - losing 10.02 - ■ 11.744 „ 369, - - - 1 18 19.9 - - losing 0.26 - ■ ■ 1.659 ,,2109, - - - 1 04 41.2 - - losing 23.46 - ■ 24.459 „ 281. . - - 5 38 18.2 - - gaining 6.1 - . 4.687 ACCOUNT OP THE CUnONOMETERS. 15 For the 2d Interval, 1822. On the 25th September, by the mean of three observers, 228 was fast of mean time upon the beach on the south-side of »"• "• »• Igloolik 5 48 45.4 Observatory at Igloolik, (by subsequent angles) to the westward - +0 38. 228 fast of mean time at the Observatory, Igloolik, Sept. 25 - - 5 49 23.4 Difference of meridians of the two Observatories +0 5 42.1 Error of 228 on meantime, at Observatory, Winter Island, Sept. 25. 5 55 05.5 Ditto ditto ditto ditto July 24. 5 53 02.2 228 gained in the interval - - 2 03.3 Mean rate of 228, gaining - - P.957 As by the weekly Table, No. V, there appears to have been no material irregularity in the going of the watches upon each other, one rate has been ap- plied to each during the second interval. These (computed as in the first interval), together with the chronometers employed, are as follows : . liii Cbronometen. No. 228, Error* on Mean Time. Mean R«ti» hrtn-nen Miiitrr l.liini), Jn)v34tli, Sf}]!. 35tl) i8-n. and St-pt 35th. II. H 8. 8. - 5 55 05.5 - - - gaining 1.957 ■ Previous Rate*! S. • - 3.7 „ 259. . ■ - 6 19 12. ... gaining 9.87 - - 12.22 ,, 458, . • - 4 26 46.5 - . - losing 12.31 • . 10.02 „ 369, . - 1 18 18.8 to 4th Sept. losing 0.19 - - 0.26 „2109, - - 39 26. - - - losing 24.05 - - 23.46 „ 405, . ■ - 8 42 47. ... gaining 24.14 - - 22.38 „ 281, . • - 5 43 49.S - - - gaining 5.26 ■ - 6.1 On the 4th September, No. 369, on its being taken down to wind up at noon, was found to have stopped. Mr. Fisher, in Captain Parry's absence, opened the case, and removed a long hair from the balance, after which it was again set agoing ; but its Greenwich time was omitted in the mean, during the re- mainder of this interval. It again stopped on the 1st October, the temperature of the cabin having been from 61° to 50° during the twenty-four hours preceding. It was considered advisable not to open it, and as it could not be set agoing, it remained down from that day. m- 16 ACCOUNT OF THE CHUONOMETEHS. it H TABLE shewing the going of the Chronometers not used in the determination of the Longi- tudes, during the Season of Navigation, 1S82, upon Mean Greenwich Time, (deduced from the mean of the others.) . 1839. Week ending July 6 „ 13 , 20 . . Four Dayt. 24 . . . » 31 Aug. 7 „ 14 „ 21 » 28 Sept. 4 „ 11 „ 18 „ 25 253 Slow. Rate. 253 used in deter- inininp; the Lon- gitudes. ItsErroT and Kate before given. II. M. S. 46 21.7 46 01.7 45 14.8 41 16 43 14.6 41 49.7 40 22.3 38 46.2 37 13.1 G 2.9 6.8 8.3 8.7 12.2 12.5 13.7 IS. 3 254. Fast. II. H. 8. 3 54 25. 2 45 07, 2 35 56. 2 30 30. 2 21 14. 2 11 56. 2 02 37, 1 53 21, 1 41 03, I 34 44, 1 25 22, 1 16 08, 1 06 43. Rate. M. s. Ll 19.7 1 18.7 121.5 1 19.5 1 19.8 1 19.7 1 19.5 I 19.7 1 19.8 1 20.3 1 19.2 120.7 460 Fast. II. M. S. 3 49 46, S 45 11, 3 40 34. 3 37 43. 3 32 54. 3 27 56. 3 22 38. 3 17 11 3 11 42. 3 06 10, 3 00 33, 2 55 07, 2 49 22. Rate. 9. L39.8 39.5 42.8 41.3 42.6 45.4 46.8 46.9 47.4 48.1 46.6 49.4 326 Fait. II. M. 8. 12 11 13 18 14 17 14 54 15 55 17 13 18 18 19 30 20 55 22 47 24 28 25 48. 27 24 Rate. O 9.5 8.5 9.2 8.6 11.2 9.3 10.2 12.2 16. 14.5 n.4 13.8 405 Fast. II. M. S. 2 38 04.8 2 40 51. I 2 43 24.3 2 44 46.3 Rale. 8. 023.8 21.9 20.5 105 used ill deter- mining the Lon- gitudes. Its Error and Rate before given. The pocket Watches Nos. 14 and 1897 are omitted, as having been generally worn and constantly used on deck, for noting the times of Observations both in Summer and Winter. IT 18-21. Week onilins May H IS 25 June 1 . . • IS 22 . 29 July G 13 80 er-iuentioned period. 320 with 2289 L-iHa i.rj 228 s. G0.33 253 G4.43 LO.45 2.40 ~-^'^6 1.40 3'S7 1.5 S4 Gl.O, 0.2S L1.2,,, 0.9 •»4 0.7 29 0.0 14 0.07 3.04 Go. I 1.08 2.72 3.71 3.58 4.14 405 L4.2S 2109 G9.C8 2109 witli 259 228 5.07 7.97 1.43 2.29 Ll.25 GO.38 1.75 8.14 11.21 8.93 7.5 6.GS 5.34 7.27 9.00 7.67 4.57 7.43 S.20 6.60 7.03 S.60 9.87 3.57 11.85 4.28 3.57 11.58 11.78 L6.25 6.71 5.86 5.14 7.14 7.93 7.81 5.93 7.21 7.29 s. L9.3C 8.42 8.82 8.28 8.C4 6.93 6.92 7.14 8.14 8.0 253 Lo.Si; 105 TLMiipcralure. L13.9G 5.57 13.64 «5*0 I ,nu,„. L9.GS 7.97 6.0 14.05 7.43 7.64 7.64 5.91 7.85 6.G5 5.85 1.72 0.64 2.G5 4.2s 13.54 13.87 IG.09 16.17 14.44 15.42 15.86 15.35 8.20 6.60 7.03 8.00 9.i7 11. S5 11.58 11.78 Mini- miiin. o Gl G6 63 66 60 o 51 52,1 54 53 *;.;' M M ACCOUNT OP THE Oil TABLE, Nc ls-21. W;','A I'liilin • Mav U June 1 22 ^i) Jiih 13 SHEWING the Going of the Clironoiiieteis used in tlie determination ol" tli ao 25 9 '22S 253 Ly.ii 1.7J 2.95 3.14. Gl.O 0.89 Ll.21 0.93 0.71 0.0 s. Gl.O 1.14 Lo.U 0.79 0.71 Gl.29 0.3C 4.21 e.57 4.64 3.36 105 326 Lr.fi C.93 S.19 8.39 6.73 S.16 S.96 8.5 8.21 S.57 7.71 L3.43 1.3 1.56 3.07 G0.S4 0.9 Ll.39 3.93 4.64 4.29 4.U 210U G6.2.; 0.71 5.S6 5.14 7.14 7.93 7.81 5.93 7.21 7.89 7.64 228 259 253 s. G3.11 1.75 2.96 3.14 1.5 Ll.O 0.29 G1.21 0.93 0.71 0.0 s. G4.11 2.S5 2.82 2.38 0.79 0.2S 0.07 5.42 7.5 5.35 3.36 405 s. L4.6 5.22 5.23 J.25 5.23 9.16 9.25 7.29 .28 7.86 7.71 32G 2109 s. Lo.32 Go.4:: 1.40 0.07 2.04 Lo.l 1.08 2.7S 3.71 3.58 4.14 s. G9.36 S.42 8.82 8.28 8.64 6.93 6.98 7.14 S.I4 8.0 7.64 253 with 259 228 Ll.O 1.14 Go.14 0.79 0.71 Ll.iO 0.3C 4. SI G.:)7 4.C4 3.36 s. L4.11 2.S5 2.S2 2.3S 0.79 0.28 0.07 5.42 405 320 210! r.5 5.35 3.36 Ls,71 8.07 S.05 7.03 0.02 9.44 9.32 12.71 14.78 13.81 11.07 L4.43 Go.2i 2.40 1.43 2.29 Gl.25 Lo.38 1.75 8.U 11.21 S.93 7.5 .57 6.0 5.91 7.S; 6.C£ 6.8^ 1.7S 0.6^ 2.0i 4.8J ACCOUNT OF THE CllRQNOMETEUS. 17 TABLE, No. I. used in tlie determination of the Longitude, upon each other, during tliw under- nuutioiied period. 253 Willi 405 with 32(> witli 1 2109 Willi Tempo rat are. ) 228 405 326 2109 259 228 253 320 2109 259 228 253 405 2109 259 228 253 405 1 32G t Miixi- IIUIIII. Mini- niiiiii. Lkll s. Ls.71 L4.43 G5.25 G7.71 G4.6 GS.71 G4.2S s. G13.96 s. G3.43 9. GO.32 a. (;4.43 s. L4.2S G9.CS s. Lo.25 s. L9.3G L5.25 Ll3.9(i s. L9.6S I •2.S5 S.07 2.40 5.57 C.93 5.22 8.07 5.07 13.64 1.3 LO.45 2.40 5.67 7.97 C.71 8.48 5.57 13.04 7.97 I 2.S2 S.05 1.43 G.O 8.19 5.23 8.05 6.02 14.05 1.56 1.40 1.43 6.02 7.43 5.S6 8.82 6.0 14.05 7.43 9 2.3S 7.G3 2.29 5.91 S.39 5.25 7.03 5.34 13.54 3.07 0.07 2.29 5.34 S.20 5.14 8.28 5.91 13.54 8.20 1 0.79 6.02 Gl.2.i 7.35 6.73 5.23 6'.02 7.27 13.87 Lo.:, 1 2.04 Ll.25 7.27 6.60 7.14 8.64 7.85 13.S7 6.60 9 0.-2S 9.44 Lo.ss C.C5 S.16 9.10 9.44 9.06 16.09 0.9 Go.l GO.38 9.00 7.03 7.93 6.93 6.05 16.09 7.03 Gl 51 0.07 9.32 1.75 6.S5 8.SC 9.25 9.32 7.57 16.17 Gl.39 1.68 1.75 7.57 S.60 7.81 6.92 6.85 16.17 S.GO G6 521 1 5.48 12.71 8.14 1.72 S.5 7.29 12.71 4.57 14.44 3.93 2.72 8.14 4.57 9.87 5.93 7.14 1.72 14.44 O.iT 03 54 7 7.5 14.78 11.21 0.64 8.21 7.28 14.7S 3.57 15.42 4.C4 3.71 11.21 3.57 11.85 7.21 8.14 0.64 15.42 11.S5 i 5.35 13.21 S.93 2.05 S.57 7.86 13.21 4.SS 15.86 4.29 3.58 8.93 4.28 11.58 7.29 S.O 2.65 15.80 11.58 GO 55 S S.35 11.07 7.5 4.88 7.71 7.71 11.7 3.57 15.35 4.14 4.14 7.5 3.57 11.78 7.64 7.64 4.2S 15.35 11. 7S GO 53 18 h other, during the under-mentioned periwl. ls-2l.i 105 Willi ""'"'•I OQQ^-* ,liil\ .'It r-o.o 7.71 27 (;o.():' 111 17 ■n Sfpt,7 II ■*1 Oit. 5 i li Lo.iJ .7^ .71 o.;.!«-«'^ 1.4: :t.07 l.:«^-^^ i.or'" 0.71 0.61 (;o.o"'-0' 253 I 0. » 0..1 ,1.0 i.tn I. ft 1.4 .{.7 1 5.S7 Gll.07 11. (U W.71 H.'Ji J5.V1 I «.;»;) IS.il.'i SO.f.t il.'.»J «."J.1I 31.80 VI. 11 X7. 13 •158 .320 s. G ,{ . 5" G'J.ii) 'J . 5 1 1 . 2!» 13. '^8 13.l!» IS. 14.07 14.07 ir,.r>i 19.57 19. 3H 9i.l4 2.3; 2.38 . 22 2.4S .3;t 2.57 3.21) 4.71 5.5(1 S.fiil 3 92 3.21 36!) 326 259 228 253 15. 2U 10.73 17.2',l' 17.07 17.07 19.0 19.79 18.79 18.57 19.00 10. IS G I 1 IG4.II(>7. 5.43 5.43 5 . Sf. 5.8(i 'J. II 8.07 8.03 S.07 8.28 7. 29 7.07 K.82 8.11 11.50 8.31 o.ni 7.57 7.0 7.43 7.. 36 458 9.29 10.43 13.14 12.78 15.04 lfi..3( 17.35 17.32 7.50 17.f,4 9.13 30.17 9.79 13. .16 30.23 35.31 i;7.0 7.22 11.07 10.85 11.21 11.0 10.79 10.31 11.14 15.80 l,'..3f. 33.98 105 369 1-3.57 2.35 2.28 0.23 3.48 1.29 2.57 3.2 ^ '» OS ^ .r^'i';!!! I ..! **\ t\ i+ TABLE III. m AN ACCOUNT OP THR GOING OF THE CHRONOMETERS ON MEAN TIME, AT WINTER ISLAND, FROM OCTOBER 10. 1S81, TO JUNE 29, 1822. \n II1.S :l.^!«\,, }m^ ' tM 18 ACCOUNT OF THE CHKONOMETE TABLE, No. II. SHEWING the Going of the Chronomoters i l<:Ot{ ill the dctermiiirttioii of tlie I>Ollg fiiilc 1S31 Week 25 9 with 228 with 253 with 458 with 22S 2.53 458 405 32(5 369 259 1* 253 158 ^05 320 369 259 22S 45S 105 326 369 259 228 253 405 32(; 30!) JiiIvJl) 8. Lo.o .*<. G^..^^ ci'.o.'f 8 r.7.71 s. r, ».ii G7.78 N. r, 0.0 s. G3.30 9. GO.O 1-7.71 L4.14 s. L3.3f I.S.Sh 1,11.07 1,7.5 L 1 .93 27 (J 0.07 3.93 1.57 7.71 5.30 7.n» 0.07 3.8r. 1.5 7.78 5.43 n. G7.57 S.9;i 1 '• 3.Sf.l.2..'ii 1 11.61 9 . TJ (;3'.7i 1.57 1, 1.5 ... s. 1 i;2.36l,y.29 1. 7.0 ir,,o' Aug. 3 r.o.'i.j 1.57 l.SC 8.11 5.80 7.14 GO. 43 5.0 1.79 7.71 5.43 7.57 4.57 5.1) 3.21 12.71 10.43 2.. '.7 1.80 1.79 3.21 9,.'. 7.22 5.7i Id 0.!);) 4.0 1.93 9.3fi 9.H 7.30 0.93 4.93 2.86 8.4:; 8.21 8.29 4.0 4.9S 2.07 13.. 36 13.11 3.30 1.93 2.86 2,07 I1.2'l 11.117 5,4; 17 1.43 4.71 2.79 10.5 8.07 6.79 1.13 6.11 4.21 9.07 6.64 8.22 4.71 I1.I1 1.0,'< 15.21 12.78 2. OK 2.79 4.21 1,93 I3.2.S 10.8'i 4,0 2» 1. 3(1 0.71 2.29 10.21 8.93 6.80 1 .,36 8.07 3.61 8.86 7.57 8.22 6.71 8.07 4.13 10.93 15.61 0.11 2.29 3.t:4 4, 13 12.19 11.21 4,5 :)i 1.07 « . W 2.93 10.01 8.07 6.43 1.07 CSO 4.0 9.57 7.0 7.5 8.20 ■i..li; ,-, . 3(-, iH.ys 10.36 1,1.86 2.9.'< 4.0 5,;:6 i.-!.;7 11.0 3 , .'. S(pt.7 o.sr. 9.07 8.3 11.57 8.28 7.4.1 0.86 9.93 3., 36 10.71 7.49 8.89 9.07 !».!);: 6.57 20.61 17,35 1.64 2.5 3.. 36 6.57 14.07 10 79 4.9 II (;o.ii7 O.O.'* 3.07 12.0 7.29 7.79 L0.07 9.80 3.0 12.07 7.36 7.72 9.93 !t.8« (i.H»: 21,93 17,22 2.11 3.07 S.O 0,8f 15.07 10.. 36 4.7 u\ o.i;i 10.57 4.07 12.57 7.07 0.21 0.43 10.14 S.64 13.0 7.50 5.79 10.57 10.11 6.5 23.14 17.64 4..3t 4.07 3.(;i 6,5 \r.i;i 11.11 2.1 ■JH (i..';i ii..sa 7.04 I2..'j,"» 8.82 6,01 0.31 11.04 6.76 12. 8t 9.13 5.73 M..38 II. ni 4.29 23.86 20.17 5.2! 7.04 6.76 4,2'J 19.57 15.86 t, 1.0 O.t. 5 l.ns li.ii 7.20 I2.0a 8.11 fi.90 1.68 10.40 5.51 13.74 9.79 3.89 19.11 III. in (.86 21.11 90.92 5.13 7.2< 3.51 4.8'' 19. 2^ 15, 3< 0.'. 1. I.Kfi 13.71 I1.4."« M.t.71 n.so 5.30 1.86 11.85 0.S7 15.37 IS. .30 S.56 13.71 11.85 9.28 27.49 95.91 n.r. 11. 4J 9.51 9,9t! 95.1 22,9! fl.l NT OP THE CHKONOMF.TEH> 17.1.: i, •..:;! r,7 ,'/! ».o 5.;;() n.57 11.0 ;<..'.o lo.r.i 9.57 IS.!i;! l.S..',7 2.57 17.07 8.07 7,0 10., ft' 11.0 2.. -.7 11.5 fi. 13 7..-, ( i 1 . •*(■! ;.,•,() i:.ii: II.,-. *':> :..\\ 3.3fi «.;,7 It. (17 10 70 I.O.i 11.57 10.71 80. n 14.07 M.W'J 10.0 8,28 7.12 17.35 10.79 3.29 15.71 7.|.< 8 29 l.tM 1.93 19.0 15.71 _ S.O tj.so 15.07 lo.;it> 1.72 12.0 12.07 2i.!ta 15.07 4.71 10.79 7.20 7., If. 17.22 lo.;!i; 1.71 15.08 7 . 79 7.7.' 2. 11 1.72 19. :n 15. OS - *x it.tit 0.5 ifM;i 11.11 2.11 12.57 i:<.o 2,'<.ll Ifi.r.l 5., 50 18.70 7.07 7,50 n.f.i 11.11 5..';o 13.28 (5.21 5.79 1 . 30 2.11 IH.79 lit.-'.s w 7. O.Tfl ■1.20 1U.57 15.«0 1. 1.0 I2.5.'< 12.81 2!».8f. 19.57 .i.no 18.57 8.82 9.13 20.17 1 5 . 8f. 3.fi9 14.8f. «?.0J 5.::; 5 . 29 G 1.0 18 57 ii.m; i..'j| I.K'l r.1.28 is.ar, . '.'9 l2.o;i I.I.7J 21.11 10.28 .-< 92 10.00 8.11 0.79 20 . 22 1 5 . Sf. 3 . 92 15.07 n.ot) 5.29 5.15 . 29 19.0 15. o: u -r 7 0.57 V.98 25.11 22.03 n.oi l.i.7l 15.57 27 . 12 25.14 2.21 10. IS 11.50 i.».,ie 35.81 22.98 8.21 10.02 5.30 ,•1.51! 8.29 n.oi 19.13 Hi. 92 20 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. table! No, HI. AN ACCOUNT of the going of the Chronometers on Mean Time, I at Winter Islan N. B. The flours are omitted, as unimportant, isccpi H |jil;r\ralclic3 whos Day at Noon. 1821 Oct. 10 14 20 Dec. 1 20 30 1H22 Jan. C, 13 IVb. 1 25 28 Mar. 20 April 1 259 Fast. N. .S. 36 03 3fi 21 36 50, 33 28, 41 23, 42 01, 42 3T. 43 20, 45 27. 47 31 . 47 50. 50 21. 51 or. Daily Uale. s. G4.r,7 4.87^ 3.7.5 fi.07| 3.79; 5.07 fi.lG 5.70, 5.9 0.37 5.93 fi.9 \V\ck Ciulillg Miiy I 11 18 25 June 1 8 15 22 21 II. M. s 5 51 12..'' 51 511.3 I) 55 51.4 57 01.4 58 20.1 59 47.7 r, 01 or,. 9 3 85. H 3 41.0 228 Daily Fait. Kate. M. S. 39 10.4 s. G4.32 39 27.7 3.03 SO 45.9 2.29 41 22.3 3.85 42 35.4 2.02 43 01.6 2.01 43 15.7 3.5 43 40.2 3.10 44 48.5 2.19 45 84.4 2.2 45 41 1.58 40 22.1 4.82 40 51 253 Fast. Daily Rale. M. Si. 22 07.4 21 32.2 20 39.4 13 43.1 11 19.2 9 43.0 8 39.0 7 45.2 4 33 1 37.2 1 12.8 an lioiir Icii 57 13.0 57 02.8 0.29 8.3 9.57 I 11.20 12.47 11.31 I 11.27 11.20 n.M. s 5 48 .30.3 48 53.8 49 11.4 49 33.4 50 01.9 50 29.7 50 17.7 51 15.1 51 29.0 G2.5 2.51 3.11 4.71 3.97 3.4 S.92 2.07 II. M. S. 5 52 40.5 51 .52.3 51 03.1 50 10,0 19 88.4 48 53.7 48 07.7 47 83,8 47 00,1 L8,8 8,8 9,91 7,57 9.50 9.14 7.77 8.74 8,37 8.13 8.05 0.8 254 Fast. M. S. 41 19, 35 40 27 25 28 14 01 54, 47 45 37 63 28 09 slow 02 53. 32 38, ,37 OC. 13 21. 21 31 Daily Rate. L83,3 83.47 81.50 83.14 81.93 81.01 83.44 81.00 81.98 80.47 83.05 81.0 460 Fast. II. M. S. 38 58. 30 50, 83 35, 5 54.6 slow 8 20 18 50. 24 14 29 25 I) 40 11 I 1 02 21 01 54 25 II. 28 31 Daily R,ile. 8. L32.05 32.47 39., 55 44.98 03.01 45.47 41.49 45.72 40. 3 1 49.73! 40.84 33.08 458 Fast. Ji. s. 29 50.6 29 21 2P 52.9 20 34.3 10 57.7 15 45.4 15 00.1 U 19.2 11 OS 7 10.4 6 33.5 1 14.0 13.5 Daily "- ,.tc. s. L8.15 5.18 11.87 11.4 7.23 0.47 5.81 8.09 11.31 12.3 12.20 10.18 369 Fast. M. S. 6 47.4 6 42.2 C .30.9 •toitprd 21 17.3 25 o; 23 17.0 22 43.1 22 30.7 21 57.5 21 30.4 21 28.5 21 Ot.4 21 02.8 Daily Rate. L7.71 1 7.03) 0.01 ! 0.17 I 8.07, I 0.57] 4.91 4.71 32() Fast. s. L 1.3 1.88 0.05 4.93, 0.91 j '■"|i 1.29 1 0.03,1 0.9,'i, 0.27 II. M. .S 50 21.9 51 17.7 52 30,0 1 3 19,3 IjO 10 47.7 \\o\3 11. r D,.iiy I!,.lo. 10 25.1 |,o 19 o'i.: I'O 25 18. 29 17.1 30 ."; j 32 S9.C 31 37 s. G13.2 i;f.2 \5.rj 23.fi 17.r;i ■riM 22.2.1 17. IT 12.7.' 12.;'; S.Il l.).5T II. M. .S ) 5,< 00.3 43 20.5 .33 48.9 21 14.4 It .37.9 5 05.7 8 55 29.4 45 57.1 36 24.0 K82.83 82.51 82.07 62.30 81.74 82.3 81.71 81.79 II. M. S 10 00 28.3 I 23 9 50 10. 1 51 17.4 40 17.1 > 41 80.7 .36 85. 8 31 51.8 27 02.8 1.13.01 43.. 37 13 ll' 42 . 80 41.51 41.64 40.5 41., 30 II. M. .S. l4 51 49.3 53 32.8 i 52 01.9 ;0 50 28.4 () 49 11.4 47 47.9 '() 40 19.9 jO 45 09.8 43 58.0 8. Ml 12.01 13.5 II 11.98 18.57 10.01 11.08 II. M. S 1 19 53.3 19 ,30.3 19 1 1.1 I) 19 02.9 18 50.4 ;0 18 49.7 ^) 18 41.7 18 30.1 18 17.4 L8.80 2.27 1.01 1.70 O.I 1.14 i.or 1.81 ,38 51.7 40 0!.: 41 l.'-:.S 42 11.9 48 49.1 Ulil.iJ in.i; i.u i.i'.i 3109 Daily Rate. 1 - H.M. S- 1 Jl)M3.9 s. 1 L22.05 i'Ol 15.7 1 23.75 i \1 15.8 ... 23.35 1 13152.:! |3 25.01, JO) 12.1 25.03 1 J7 lfi.9 10 Srtrol.ofI J !1 «.2 |o 23.28 Hi n h) 21.91 ) 1 :3.9 iO 27.97 ) :; 1) in tnnr )f«i 23.45 , 5,1 U0.6 'o 23.27 i:i 11 II, V. s. 'l M Ij7.3 s. 1 1,21.09 J il il.,^ i 2 1 . 1 1 1 .il 2;). 1 21.03 il 2< 30.11 24 U )2i 11.1 28.79 '.'.■105.1 21.90 " !•) 10.7 2i.''1 ■1 17 18. 21.30 • 11 S7.r, jll. M. s. |0 .50 21.t ». GlM 51 17.; 13.2 52 3r,,n 15.2;* 1 8 10.3 23.fi 10 47.7 17. rg 013 ll.G 22. 'JS IG 25.1 n.n 19 00.7 17. IT 25 18.5 12. Tit 29 17. I 30 ■,'•; l2,'.iT 5.11 32 31). C K).5T .-. 1 !*. 38 Si. 7 C10.0 40 01.7 10.fi ■II Is. 8 1.0 12 11.11 4S 49.1 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS 21 No, III. at Winter Island, from October 10, 1S21, to June 29, 1822. Ij itf \tatclic3 wliose rates are very considerable. 2109 14 1897 405 281 Temperature. REMARKS. Daily Dally Dally D.iily Daily Haxi Mini- h:\. Fast. Fait. Fast. Fast. Jlcan Rate. Katis n^ite. ' Ualu. Rate. mum. mum. H.». .s. M. S. H. M. S. M. S. o o o J m 13.9 s. L22.05 o ^ 19 39.4 LI 1.42 42 47.9 s. G18.95 18 40.4 s. L2.8 J 111 13.7 i 1 18 53.7 44 03.7 18 29.2 23.73 12.97 18.87 3.22 6 - 17 35.9 45 56. 9 18 09.9 + + + . . * . Z .S 10 19.39 0.35 369 found slopped on the 2Ctli of November- i rt 13.8 23.35 II. M. .S. 10 35.8 59 31.3 20.78 17 55.3 G1.50 64.5 33.5 50.4 took six turns to wind up — hud stopped 34 hours. ) 31 52.2 |3 52 55.7 25.01 a, L32.G1 1 OG 06.2 15.91 '8 23.9 1 60.5 31.5 49.5 December 21st J 460 let down. ) CI) 12.1 47 29.6 25.03 ."JG.21 1 8 45. P 17.53 18 .33.9 o.SO 62.5 50 56.0 ) n ifi.o |;0 43 16.1 1 10 48.3 18 57.6 57 48.5 53 2109 lost 3"" 4' more than usual between 9t!i i.'ffroi.ofl 38.41 4* 19.44 4.7 and loth of Janiiarj — it was not used in the open J 21 13.2 1:0 38 47.2 2;!. 28 12.3,S a 1 13 04.4 19.59 10 30.5 5.23 61 45 54.4 air about that time. lU 17 !() 31 10 24.91, 10.67 a o 1 20 15.5 19.9 21 25.5 5.73 59 41 50.5 ) 4:3.U lo 20 01.0 •27.97 45.3 »- s 1 1 1 87 13.4 21.7 23 25.0 6..1 56 12.8 49.1 2109 used very frequently at a low temperature about this period. ) .1 \} ;0 17 46 ' 1 28 13.5 23 44.8 55.5 41 50.3 n boar ic«i '23. .15 S8.13 d 20.7 5.55 !5.'lllU,6 ;o 1 11. G '2 J. 27 1 1 a„ iioup [j,,. 28.27 1 ,17 16.8 22.15 20 00.1 6.0 62 36 10.5 The rate of 326 oscillating considerably al out tlie 2Glh of March. i:i 11 98 25 1 39 29.7 26 50.5 58.5 39 5 49.7 II. M. .s. M. 8. II. M. s. H. M. 8. 1 ..7 u:.:i 9. I.2I.G9 7 ,50 20.5 s. G17.21 5 30 31.3 s. G6.8I lit o 48 o 51 lU 11..', 1 ^ 29 2 1.2 8. 52 21 31 17.8 21.11 4 GD.O 17.91 6.41 61 18i 57 The error.', and mlis below t!ie double line ar..- !) .11 23.. 1 1 21.63 i 29 28.7 L2.2 54 26.. 18.74 32 02.0 6.14 63 48 30 those obtained, during; the lust nine weeks of the 1 .'« CO.U ^ ■:9 13.3 56 87.6 38 43.1) eonlinuance of the Kxpeilitioii lit Winter Isliiiul, ')r, 11.1) 24 11 a S o 1) 38 42.0 17.0 33 20. 1 5.79 r,3i 51J ,57i for the purpose of llxinj; the rati s of the chro- 23.79 fi.4 10.86 5.83 631 50 56 nometers. These, with the n'h|iertive errors on II « 05.1 27 41.2 8 00 57.7 31 07.2 Mean Greenwich Time nt sailiii;;, are given in the IJO 10.7 2t.on S 05.7 18.80 Si 41.2 4.86 62J 47} 55J following page. 2i.''1 /. 81.34 4.7 64 49 38 ' 17 IS.l 21.3(1 5 33.1 81.57 33 ll.l 4.5 fiS 50 37 MfiT.r, 8 on.i 33 45.6 i Ji • nl '"l**? 23 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. TABLE, No. IV. CSiTDnometers. No. 288 259 253 254 „ 460 458 369 326 2109 14 1897 405 281 Errors on Mean Greenwich Time, Jime89tb, I8?3. H. M. 8. Fast . . . O IS 50.3 „ 31 05.3 Slow. . . 45 39.2 Fast ... 3 03 45.3 „ 3 54 23 Slow. . . 48 46.7 „ 4 14 21.9 Fast ... 11 00. S Slow. . . 4 18 11.7 Rates not obtained, being worn Fast ... 2 35 26.8 „ 03 06.3 Kates assigned. Gaining . 3.535 11.52 Losing. . 6. 184 „ 82.167 „ 42.249 „ 11.744 „ 1.659 Gaining . 7.3 Losing. 24.459 in the pocket. Gaining . 19.027 „ 4.6S7 TABLE V. SHEWING THE GOING OF THE CHRONOMETERS VSBD IN THR DETERMINATION OF THE LONGITUDE, r 'F:.i 1822. 24 ACCOUNT OF THE CHRONOMETERS. n TABLfc, V. 1 SHEWING the going of the Chronometers used in the deterraiiiati.MiftiKLongi*"*^*' 1 — iirsBnterval. 228 259 253 ^m 458 1822. Week cndiiii; Willi with willi H with 1 259 253 458 3G9 2109:281 228 253 458 309 2109 281 228 259 458 309 2109 j,sftrv:'.i() 253 309; L G G G G L G G G G G G I, I. G L G |By I L L July C s. a 9. 7.^ s. 14.!) s. t.!» 8. 27.9 s. 1.2 S, 8 s. 15.5 s. 22.9 8. 12.9 s. 35.9 s. 6.8 s. 7.5 s. 15.5 8. 7.1 8. 2.0 20,3 K.«n.9K.9 7.4 10 ■^2.5 \3Hs.?i?.3'7.H 9.2 ••''-'.0 r,iH2.:j!.3 9.3 9.0 2:!.l (13Hl3.lr.'.l 10.2 10.4 13 20 27 8.6 8.5 0.1 3.1 2.9 13. a 12.7 13.1 •1.7 3.2 2.8 28. C 26 20.3 2 . 2, 2.9, 3.4 I 8.0 8.5 n U.722.5 13.4 11.7 11.8 37.2 31.5 35.3 5 5.0 5.6 C.l 3.4 2.9 11.7 11.9 11.9 7.8 9.3 10 ') 1.1 0.2 {).2 11.9 11.9 21.3 "2.1 1 i 1 1 secondHnterval. 228 259 458 1 3G9 1822. Week cndins with i 1 with with ■ with 2.59 458 309 ;2109 405 28] 228 458 3G9 2109 405 281 228 259 3(i9 210!) 40,'';25l »8'25!)458 210f i 1 r. G G (; J. r. i G G G G L G L L I, G I- 1. I, 1. G G July 31 s. 8.1 a. 13. n s. 3.ri 2(;.fi s. 20.1 "■ 1 3 8. ! 21.9 11.7 s. 31.9 s. 12.1 8. 5.4 8. 13.0 a. 21.9 s, 10.3 s. 13 ^ s. t. S. S. 8. ■!l ll'i.v 3,:M1.7I0.3 23. S 1 ! Aug. 7 8.1 l."!.! 2. 'J 25. i; 21.1 1 3 1 i 8.1 21.5 11 .33.7 13.2 5.1 13.1 21.5 10.5 12.2 1 i ■■'I.Mr.l 2.V11 10.5 22.1 11 8.1 13.2 2.5 25.7 22. K 3., 3 1 8.1 21.4 10.6 33.9 14.1 4.9 13.2 21.4 10.7 12.0 1 1 ;i5.oir.3 2.; in. no. 7 2S.S 1 SI 8.2 13. S 3.1 25.8 22. 1 3.1 8.2 21.7 11.3 31. 1 14.2 5.1 13.5 21.7 10.1 12.1! ■ 'cM\'.' 3,1 II. ."i 10.4 22. 1 28 8.1 13. y 2.3 25. 1 23 3.u' 8.1 22. 1 10.7 33.8 ll.fi 4.5 13.9 22 . 4 11.7 11.1 :"'..'Jii..> 2.:!10.7I1.7 23. Sept. 4 8.1 11.2 2.r, 25 2:!. 1 1.2 8. 1 22. ( 10.9 33.4 14.9 4.2 11.2 22.0 11.8 10.8 37.(:i!t.l| J 510.911.8 88. 11 .-J 15.1 •• 2li.B 22.2 2.7 O.'.i 22 33.6 15.4 4.1 15.1 22 •• 11.0 37., n.- 18 b.7 11. n •• 27.2 21.!l n.li 0.7 21.0 •• 33.9 15.1 3.7 11.9 21.0 •• 12.3 ,;0,8I7,.'' 83 7.9 1(1.1 •• 2(1.1 ii.i- 3.*; 7.9 21.4 •• 34 11.9 4.4 16.4 21.1 •• 9.0 ■i^-'-'" ACCOUNT OF THE CHRONOMETEBS. 25 TA BL Ao. V liXi'Aftbe Li 11)o determi Higilnde, upon each other, during the under-mentioned period. 1 VAL. 2o3 v.ilh 458 with 369 with 2109 with 281 witli Tempera- ture, 158 -mo 210! «'59 253 L 369 L 2109 281 228 259 253 458 2109 281 L 228 259 iV*Jt> 458 369 281 228 * 259253458369 1 2109 Maxi- iiiim. Mini- mum. G L G i.H L G L L L G G G L L L L L L G I- G G G G s. s. 7. I '.'.fl s. ■-0.3 J. Ii.9 s. 1.4 a. 10 9. 12.9 8. 16.2 8. 4.9 s. 12.9 s. 2.6 s, 10 8. 22.9 s. 6.2 8. 27.9 8. 35.9 s. 20. S 9. 12.9 s. 22.9 s. 29.1 8. 1.2 s. 6.8 s. 8.8 s. 10.2 s. 6.2 8. 29.1 6G| 50 T.8 1.1 22.5 ^sHup .'?.! 7.8 9.2 14.7 Ifi.l 4.7 13.4 1.4 9.2 23.8 n.'j 28.6 37.2 22.5 14.7 93.8 30.8 2.2 6.5 8.3 16.1 6.9 30.8 07 56 J. 3 0.2 22.fi i^.iBi?.: il.3 9.3 9.P 13.3 15.7 8.2 11.7 0.2 9.6 22.8 6.1 26 31.5 22.6 13.3 22.8 28.9 2.9 5.6 6.4 15.7 6.1 28.9 00 53 ).'-' 0.2 t ■-'.!.. 1 .'2.1 10.2 10.4 13.1 ie.5 2.8 11.8 0.2 10.4 23.5 6.2 26 i 35.3 23.4^ 13.1 23.5 29.7, 3.4 5.6 6.3 16.5 6.2 29.7 65 53 SECC mm'simwL. 458 with I 369 2109 witli 405 with 281 with Tempera- Inrc. i!)21()! *,, '1 1 458 2109 405 281 228 259 458 3fi9 405 281 228 259 458 3(i9 2109 281 228 259 458 369 2109 405 Waxi- Mini mum. mum. 1 c L h).Mv 1, G G L L L L L L L t. G G G G G G G L G G G L .3 13 11.'? s. 10.3 s. 23.3 9. 23.7 s. 8. 26.6 s. ,34.9 8. 13 8. 23.3 s. 47 9. 29. f 8. 20.4 8. 12. 1 8. 31 8. 23.7 8. 47 8. 17.4 s 3 8. 5.4 s. 16.6 8. 6.3 8. 29.6 8. 17.4 07 51 .5 12.2 :!l.s. ll'.lli.O II 10.5 22.7 24.3 5.9 25.6 33.7 12.2 J2.7 47 28.7 21.4 13.2 31.8 24.8 47 18.4 3 5.1 16.4 5.9 28.7 18.1 f,5 53 .7 12.0 :i5.j in.f 10.7 28.8 34.8 5.S 25.7 33.9 12.6 23.2 48 29 22.3 14.1 35.5 24.8 48 19 8.3 4.9 16.5 5.8 29 19 05 47 .1 12. ;i .';5.i) 'vis.i 11.3 10. -1 22.7 23.5 6.2 25.8 31.1 12.3 22.7 48.2 28.9 22.4 14.2 3.';. 9 25.5 48.2 19.3 3.1 5.1 10.6 6,2 28.9 19.3 07 52 7 11. > .■;.;.'j i.'.i^l 2..'l 10.7 11.7 23.1 25.8 0.2 25.4 1 38.8 1 1 1.4 23.1 1 48.4 29.3 23 14.0 3n.9 25.8 48.4 19.1 3.9 4.5 17.9 6.2 29.3 I'.l.l 61 50 8 10.8 S7.I' iH 10.9 11. « S2.5 25.9 6.7 25 83.4 10.8 1 22.5 48.4 29.2 23.4 H.9 37.6 25.9 48.4 19.2 4.2 4.2 18.4 6.7 29.2 19. S 61 49 II.G 37. :i T.'.'l.. ■• •• ■• •• 26.8 33.6 11. n •• 49 29.5 22.2 15.4 37. S •• 49 19.5 8.7 4.1 17,9 •• 29.5 19. S 65 50 12.3 ;!fi.8 i-^M.. •• • • •• •• 27. S 88.0 12.3 •• 49.1 30.2 21.9 15.1 30.8 •• 49.1 18.9 ' 8.7 17.9 • • 30.2 18.9 6j 50 o.r, !..».■.■ V I 1 ^1 ^^ ■• •• «♦ •• •• 26.1 84 O.fl \" 18.9 29.7 22.8 14.9 39.2 • • 48.9 10.2 3.6 4.4 20 •• 29.7 19.2 61 41 ♦ *h :H.;': T,yii.ii,..*i .ill .''1-1; -m r 26 ACCOUNT OF THE CHHONOMETERS. TABLE ^ SHEWING the going of the Chronometers on Mean Time, at Igloolik, I •'"om DAV. 228 259 253 254 460 Fast. Daily lUle. Fait. Billy Rate. Fast. Daily Rate. Fast. Daily Rate. Fast. Daily Jlate. Fa 1822. II. M. 8. II. M. a. II. M. 8. II. M. S. II. M. s. 11. M. Nov. 2 5 53 31.5 G 2.4 6 20 07.5 G 9.1 5 00 07 S. G16.6 5 43 51.5 .M. s. H 19.7 7 46 38.5 S. L49.1 1 14 .. 21 5 53 17 3.5 6 23 O0.5 10.7 5 05 21.5 12.9 5 18 37 1 19.9 7 31 05 48.7 4 9 Dec. 1 5 53 62.5 3.6 6 24 47.5 8.9 5 7 31 14.5 5 5 17.5 1 29.2 7 22 57.5 47,6 4 7 ,, 16 5 54 45.2 4.2 6 27 00.7 9.2 5 11 03.2 14.7 4 45 15.2 1 19.4 7 11 04.2 49,5 4 3 ,. 30 5 55 45.6 6 29 09.6 5 14 34.1 4 26 43.6 6 59 31.6 ti 69 )S-23. 6.5 9.5 14.8 1 19.6 42.2 Jan. 20 5 58 03 6 32 29 8.8 5 19 45.5 13.8 3 58 52.5 1 20.3 6 44 45 44.5 3 54 „ 29 5 37 39.8 6 as 48 5 21 49.8 3 43 49.r. 6 38 04.8 3 52 4.8 8.1 13.4 1 20.8 41.9 Feb. 19 5 39 20.1 10 6 36 38.6 12.2 5 2fl 32.1 18.9 3 18 355.1 1 16.2 6 22 21,6 41.2 3 47 .. 2t 5 40 10.1 7.6 6 37 47.6 11.0 5 28 06.0 14.G 3 12 11.'. 1 20 6 18 55.6 47.4 3 46 March 7 5 41 34.2 7.8 6 39 48.7 9.S 5 30 47.2 11.4 2 57 30.7 1 23.9 6 10 14.2 46.0 3 43 .. 13 5 42 21.2 6.5 6 40 47.7 9.8 5 32 1.3.9 15.3 2 49 25.2 1 19.5 6 5 34.4 51.S 3 41 April 13 5 45 41.8 6.84 6 45 52.8 9.3 5 40 07.8 15.7 2 08 20.3 1 1S.8 5 38 4S.S .36.4 3 34 May 13 5 49 06.9 6 50 32.9 5 4S 0D.4. 1 28 53.4 5 20 37,9 3 23 8.33 8.3 15,3 1 18.9 40.2 .. 20 5 50 05.2 9.33 6 51 31.2 loo 5 49 47.7 15.8 1 19 44.2 1 18.3 5 15 14,2 45.5 3 24 ,. 27 5 51 10.5 9.07 6 52 41 9.3 5 51 38,5 14 9 1 10 35 1 18.5 5 9 56 45.6 3 23 June 3 5 52 14 10.01 6 53 46 10.2 5 53 22.5 15.9 1 1 20.5 1 17.5 5 4 36,5 41.7 3 21 ,. 10 5 53 24.1 10.01 6 54 .57.6 10.1 5 55 14.1 1G.4 52 21.1 1 16.6 4 59 23.4 42.6 3 19 „ 17 5 54 34.2 8.2 1 6 50 08.2 9.4 5 57 09.2 15.9 43 28.2 1 18.7 4 54 25.2 44.8 3 18 .. 24 5 55 31.7 8.63 6 57 14.2 11. 1 5 59 00.7 17.1 34 17.2 1 17,9 4 40 11,7 43.9 3 16 July 1 5 56 32.1 8.13 6 58 32.1 10.3 6 01 00.1 18.1 85 11.6 1 16,2 4 44 04.6 4'.. 9 3 14 .. 8 5 57 29 7.81 6 59 44.5 10.1 6 03 07 18 16 18.5 1 15.8 4 39 11 43,6 3 13 .. 15 5 58 23.7 7.79 7 00 55.2 11 6 5 13.2 18.9 7 27.7 •low 1 14.6 4 34 05.7 43.1 3 11 ,, 22 5 59 18.2 7.80 7 2 02.2 10.9 fi 7 25.7 21.1 1 14.3 1 13,3 4 29 04.2 44.1 3 10 ,. 29 6 00 12.8 6.80 7 3 18.8 11 6 9 53.8 21,5 9 47.7 I 14.5 4 23 55.8 45.5 3 8 Ausf. 5 6 1 00.4 7 4 25.9 6 12 24,4 IS 29.1 4 18 37,4 3 6 849 10.14 17.41 1 16.73| 41,3 ACCOUNT OF THE CHBONOMETERt 27 No. VI. from November 8, 1822, to the 5th of August, 1823. 458 405 281 Temperature. REMARKS. Fast. DaiJy Rate. Fwt. Dally Ratv. Fait. Daily Rate. Maximum. Minimum. Murl. II. M. S. 4 U 02.5 s. II H. S. 8 53 39.5 8. H. M. 8. 5 48 35.5 s. o o The Chronometers removed Into the Bookcase on the 4tb of October. Iil4,3 G26.0 G26.2 65 37 59 4 9 31 9 01 54.5 5 44 33 14.8 28.6 6.8 55 39 47 4 7 03 9 6 40.7 5 45 41.5 15.1 27.8 7.5 62 45 54 4 3 16.7 9 13 2S.2 5 47 34.8 14.4 28.0 8.0 62 47 55 3 59 5t.6 9 19 59.6 5 49 25.6 14.6 28.9 8.6 70 48 57 3 54 47 9 30 07. 5 58 26 No. 2S8 let down by accident on the 14.6 27.4 8.2 66 58 59 23d of Janaary. Set a-going again 3 52 35.3 9 34 13.8 5 53 39.8 on the «4th. 15.1 25.9 7.5 67 44 00 3 47 18.1 9 43 3S.1 5 56 17.6 11 32.8 13.5 56 46 53 3 46 23.1 9 46 22.1 5 57 25.1 15.5 30.6 9.7 54 36 46 3 43 32.2 9 51 59.2 5 59 12.2 16 29.6 8.9 55 45 51 3 41 56.2 9 54 56.9 6 00 05.7 15.3 29.2 9.8 65 53 58 3 34 03.3 10 10 00.8 6 5 10.8 14.6 29.1 10.1 68 25 59 3 23 43.9 10 24 32.9 6 10 14.9 15.4 32.2 8.4 65 45 54 3 2* 56.2 10 28 18.2 6 11 1.3.7 14.9 30.3 9.0 64 44 54 3 23 12 10 31 50.5 6 12 16.5 15 29.1 8.4 64 43 55 3 21 27 10 35 14.5 6 13 15.5 14 30.7 9.7 64 45 55 3 19 49.1 10 38 49.6 6 14 23.1 13.6 30.5 9.7 66 50 58 The Errors and Kates below the line 3 18 14.2 10 42 23.2 6 15 31.2 are those obtained during the last 13 3 Ifi 36.7 3 14 54.1 14.1 145 10 45 48.7 10 49 16.6 29.4 29.7 6 16 32.2 6 17 37.1 8.7 9.3 68 66 58 53 59 60 weeks of the Ships' stay al Igloolik, for the purpose of fixing the Rales of the Chronometers ; these, with 13.9 30.0 9.6 68 51 61 the respective errors on Mean Green- 3 13 17 10 52 46.2 6 18 44 wich Time at sailing, are iiiven in 14.0 39.5 8.1 67 50 59 the following page. 3 11 39.2 10 56 12.7 6 19 40.7 13.5 30.4 7 i 70 52 60 3 10 04.7 10 59 45.7 6 20 29.7 13. 30 8.3 68 56 59 3 8 3S.S 11 03 15.8 6 21 27.8 ' 14.3 ao.i 7.4 1 68 50 57 3 6 5.^9 10 6 46.9 6 22 19.9 1 i 1 14.18 30 16 8.63 :'t.:'im I fe S3 ti ■I '4 * '>"llki! 28 ACCOUNT OP THE CHRONOMETERS. Ckronometeri. Errora of Chronometers on Mean Time at Igloolik, deduced from the foregoing Table. Erron of ChroDomcteri oil Greenwicli Mean Time, August Sib, 1823. Asaigue « 00 , N N ^' (N « CO Vh4 n O 91 «0 9) - i> 00 S •^ N 00 US ej CM M « »o «J 4. 1 s O o fa N ■ e4- -- us , « N o C "^ «5 tft o (N CO ■* "^ s ^^ s » N eo e> CO "^ ■" W «s eo ^i^ s 'ri o «> UJ 9 + 1 b fa 5 «i U5 eo 04 e» n ;: ^ § ^ eo m i£S • « N U5 us ^ w. o eo N (N X O 04 99 0) I-) 1 00 (N t « , IN N «5 oi US <= ■> o 91 * W »-< us u s ^O • ") N OD 00 a ^ s o CO IN = o 03 p^ 1 »o U) eo 04 u "b »i N uj to A •• N '^ n ■o 01 0) 04 US t * »o a w S to iO CM "5 CO PM •* CO = to 05 o to OQ US M 00 e< s' 0* N «i N »N ^ h 2S X CO (M XS t« to 00 N i ai "" (J» fl (M ae s N eo 5 ^ S h s P-* C p-4 pm s fa fa OJ 00 01 3 " t> j> (vC eo b 00 CB w r» nf rhroiioiiir 1 tnrft rcflprcUvcly on ( 'til^, by i-nmpnriinn.l nil lUc iHlh Otiobn } •i'iM'sKmironrireni ■) wirh McAii Tiiiif, > iliMhucil atiove ,.., \ AitunI nror of ihv \ Chiniiumrltrnifllprr r tu*lv, on (iroenwlcht Mfan rime ^ KirMmollhoriinino ■\ inriiT* renprtllve ly, ii|mn . 1 .1 1 . i ;u.H 15.0 'i\.i V3 . !» Vl.fi!) 5. 'J 7.».V 70 . K 15 ■V3.0 0..1 l.'.M 17.7 55.0 53 V VI. 1 V3.0 07 51 SK.TV lit. 71 S3. 11 13.70 ■i 1 . :t(i v;m VV . 1 7.01 ".IV . 5 7K.'J 45 . 70 VI. 4 1 V 17..3fi 08,1 5 1 . 5 V 1 , .(0 VI. 1 03 48 iK.r.i ■I'i.fit 3:). 1 Hi a V3.5 VI. It 7.30 NH.OI 7!l.1 40 VI 0.5 2.1 10.t;4 fit. 04 55.1 VV VI 08 51 ■W.7 .iN.7 3V.1.S i:..7 ■^3.1 V3.0 l!t.3.'» 1! Ml.l 77.83 45.7 vv.o G. 0.4 3.V7 10. n 01.8 55.V..< 23.1 22. A :n.i ^5.7 ,W.8« It. 07 ■i\.-i V3.57 V0..11 0.!t7 711.77 74. an 44.07 «V.H7 0.7 v., 50 15.!( 50. !t 51, 4V VI. V V2.H7 ;.!■ , I ■III,;*; f i:i nil .\l.(UtTM UK nil l,HHON( TABLE No. VI SHEWING the Goiiip; of the Chronometers upon each ot 22 8 259 253 254 U.ik with HiUl nilh witli • iKliMi: 259 253 25+ 4G0 4-58 105 281 228 253 254 4G0 458 405 281 228 259 25 1 KiO 1-58 405 281 228 259 253 460 458 405 281 228 25( is9a. L. •J. I, 15.1 G. VJ.i G. A. 51.35 G. 21 fi4 1.. 22.'J:i G. 0.21 s. 1,. H, 12 G. s. 82.5 G. r. 51.05 G. 21.91 1.. I'J.CS G. 1 , .• 1 1.-..1 1.. 12 (;, .s. 91.5 (V,.r,5 10.91 r.. 7.01 G. 8. 15.51 r.. 79.2 r,. s. 82.5 9. 91.5 L. 8. 27.85 L. 57.50 .1. 102.13 L 8. 78.99 L. s 51.35 L. s 54.0 m 2.U 17 71KSfl 55.C, 2 1 . H 2».;i 0.11 2.11 11. 8f. 8!. 5 57.71 2.1.11 22.10 2.2S 17 11.80 90.1,; 7.'.n 18 . 1 7.1 17.11 79.. 10 81.5 9fi.se 23.70 58.00 103. Ofi 79.22 55.fi 57.7 jt". 1..i'' 17. .1 7'.l.t :,j.' I'.l ^ 1 . r. 1 1 . Hi\ 15.01 Kll.7fi 51.00 20.. 'to 21.21 2 . no 17.1 15.01 01'.. 7 7'i ■iO.I 7.1 18.3 79.4 80.70 90.7 20.7 00. 1 lOt.O 78.4 52.7 54.0 V|.t, i I. 71 If..'. 7U.1 55.5 22.1 2.^.1 0.21 1.71 U.7tt 80.81 57.21 21.81 21. Sit 1.11^ 10.5 It, 70 95.0 ;. iH.i; . 1»V71 79.1 80.81 95.fi 23.fi 5T 102.2 78.89 55.5 57.2 :< i.iVi n.'j.i 75.8 5.1. fi 20 . Rf> 21. t t,. 0.5 2 . f. t 15. 2i) 78.11 5fi.21 23.5 21.7f 2.11 17. '.1,1 15.29 91,71 71.. 51 ,18,79 0.17 IT,4S 75.8 78.41 91.71 22.2 51.94 100.2 TC.3 5S.fi 50.2 li- ■J. 21 IH ,15 . .i .'12. -J 21 1 2.i.'.i o..i 2.21 1,V7'.. 57 . 5 1 55.11 2.1. .11 21.G!I l.'ll 1« 15,79 73,1 711.9 19,1 5.9 17,7 55.1 57.51 7.1. 3 2.4 31.2 79.2 55.0 52.9 55.1 ■v3 1.0 Ifi.SG (19.1 55.5 22 . nr. 23.1 G. 1 1 l->,ir 70.1 50.5 2 3.. 10 22. 1 2 lO.lii 15.10 85 . 10 71. SO 18,72 7.01 IT.Sfi 09.1 70.1 85.4fi 13.0 40.74 92. S 08 1 55.5 50.5 .111 l.fi in.it fi5.lt 55.fi 22. 5 2S.S 0.5 l.fi 11.51 Ofi.Tl 57.2 21.1 21.0 2.1 10.11 11,51 81.28 71.71 38,fil 7.10 Ifi.fil 05.11 00.71 81.28 9.51 42.04 88.04 01 04 55.fi 57.2 n,t. 7 s.r.T 17 r,i. t -, I . US 22.7 21 o.t 1.fi7 11.. 13 fiS.OT 58.5 2fi.37 10.11 1.27 17 11.11 78.1 71 XI 19 . 7 10.0 01.1 05.07 78.4 0..57 38.7 81.4 ni.8 54.83 58. S It i.^t" ifi.r, ,'.•■, . V .'.0.72 2U.5 21.57 0.7 .1.»fi 13. 3 1 S9. to 53, U8 23. 7f. 20.11 2 . 50 10.0 H 11 72.8 i;7..); 17.1 0.97 15.9 50 . 2 39.40 72.8 A. 18 35 . 7 79. 7T 30.9 50.79 5S.S( At (OlINT UK nil iHHONOMKTEKS. 31 TABLE No. VII. the Chronometers upon each other, during the undermentioned period. 1 >* 4G0 1 458 405 281 Tcmpi-ra ii with willi with with turr. iO 458 405 281 228 259 253 254 458 405 281 228 259 253 254 460 405 281 228 259 253 251- 460 458 281 228 259 253 254 460 458 405 3 7. c s ?5 L. 8. .85 57. sn s. 1U2.13 p. 78.99 L. 9 51.35 L. 8 S4.05 L. 8. 00.05 u. 8. 27.85 L. s. 29.71 8. 74.28 L, 8, 51.11 I.. s. 21.01 8. 24.91 1.. .■il!,91 G 8. 57.50 (J. 8. 29.71 a. 44.57 L, s. 2i.l;j r.. 8 22.93 G. 8. 19.03 G. 8. 7.03 G. 8, 102,13 G. 9. 74.28 G. 8. 44.57 G. 8. 23.14 L. 9. 0.21 L. 8. 3.51 S. 15.51 G. 8, 78.99 G. 8. 51.14 G. 8. 21.43 L. 9. 23.14 09 53 .7fi 58.00 103.60 79.22 55.6 57.74 72.6 23.70 34.3 79.9 55.40 21.3 23.41 .!8,3 58.00 31.3 15. 21.10 21,3 22. IG 7.2 103,06 79.9 45.0 21.11 0.14 2.28 17.14 79.22 55,40 21.16 21.44 71 10 .7 no. 4 104.0 78.4 52.7 54.00 70 20.7 S3. 7 77.3 51.7 19 20,36 •ffi,S 00.4 33.7 43.0 18 24.0 23.24 7.3 104 77.3 43.0 25.0 1 2 . 30 18.3 78,1 51,7 IH 25. <; •15 40 . n 57 102.2 78.89 55.5 57.21 72 23.0 33.4 78.0 5.-. . 29 22 . 1 23.81 .iM.C 57 ;«.! 15.2 2 1 . 89 23.1 21.. 39 . 1', 102,2 78.0 15.2 23.31 0.21 1.92 10.71 78.89 ."",.2:1 21.89 23.31 70 15 .2 51.94 100.2 7C.S 5S.fi 50.21 71. 53 22.2 ,32.71 78 51.1 211.80 23.5 18.79 54.94 ,32.74 45.20 21.30 24.4 21.70 ii.47 100.2 78 45,20 23.9 G. 0.5 2.14 17.43 70.3 51.1 21.. 30 23.9 05 52 1 31.2 70.2 55.0 52.9 55.11 70.9 2.4 31.8 76,8 53.2 21.1 23.31 ill . 1 31.2 31.8 45.0 21.4 23.9 21.69 5,9 79.2 76.8 45 .•23.0 0.3 1.91 17,7 55.0 ,53,2 21.1 23.0 r,7 51 n Hi. 71 92.5 08 1 55.5 50.5 71.80 13.0 33.14 78.9 54.5 22.30 23., 3r 18.72 40.71 S3. 14 45 7fi 21., 30 2.i.4 22 . 4 7,01 92,5 78.9 45,70 21.4 1 2 17,, 30 08.1 51.5 2I..)0 21 . I 03 48 51 42.01 88.04 04 04 55.0 57.2 71.74 9.54 SS.l 79.1 .55.1 22. '. 21.1 !H.Ol 42.01 33.1 10 22 23.5 21.9 7,, 30 88,04 79.1 40 21 0.5 2.1 10.04 64.04 55.1 22 2t 68 51 57 38.7 81.4 01.8 54. 8X 58.5 7 1 . 83 0.57 S2.13 77. 8S 55.23 22.7 SO, 37 .19.7 38.7 32 . 1 3 45.7 23.1 23.0 19.33 81,4 77.83 15.7 22.6 G. 0.4 3.27 10.6 61.8 55.23 23.1 22.6 IS :15.7 79.77 50.0 50.72 9.1.98 07.. 32 5.48 30.22 74.29 51.42 20.5 »3,7fl| 17,1 1 35.7 ,30.22 14.07 21,2 23.57 20.31 0.97 79.77 74.29 44.07 22.87 0.7 2.50 15.9 50.9 51.42 21.2 22.87 N°. II. TABLE I. This and the following table contain the observations made for determining the longitude by chronometers during the summers of the years 1821 and 1822, by which the lands surveyed by the Expedition, are laid down in the Chart ; those made at sea, while crossing the Atlantic, being omitted as unimportant. One or two of the principal bearings are attached to most of the observations ; the whole of those contained in the surveying book being much too bulky to insert in a table of this nature. The times contained in the second and seventh columns are according to the astronomical day, at the places of observation ; those by 259, in the second column, being carried on beyond twenty-four hours, when necessary. In the columns of altitudes Si and TT denote the lower and upper limbs of the sun by artificial horizon ; S, both limbs having been observed, and the altitude of the centre inserted. The double or observed angle is, in fhe latter case, always inserted. L and U signify the lower and upper limbs by the natu- ral horizon. An asterisk in the colunm of dip implies that the observation has been made by the boats employed in the examination of the coast, or during the various journeys by land or over ice. In the column of observers, either in this table or any other, the letters denote as follows : F Mr. Fisher P Capt. Parry N Lieut. Nias Re Lieut. Reid H Mr. Hooper R Mr. Ross B Mr. Bushnan C Mr. Crozier ■m I '.i[ I ii 34 LONGITUDES BV CHRONOMETERS, ' s - ; S ! f 3 «■ 5j 3t '•ii * i »l a tdJI U t U3 r- f «• i •n a« ■X ■/. li B * tt 1, i •«! "b £ J 3 2 a i ~ 1 £ <• s B •5 1 s 3 1 ■5 4 3 ^ OS N i5 5 - - s ? "! U5 (N U5 us k^ US us X ■j^ 9^ -■SIe ,« d O N W5 2 to to to (N •* ^ 0) c I* ''S H 'W ^^ « p^ eo * C IN eo us * c * M g S = 2 S S >!5 o M ^f) CI In U) us V- -1- us Cl •N 01 c^ i; 4)' -■* "5 O W o* ^ * eo us IN — p^ CO ^ T' 91 ■0 ^'M rw «f •* T* •t ■* f •+ >n "S us us .- i* i; '-S 1 °«5 •o _X_ to to te to to to ^ '•? to to to "i ts •^'~\ _r^ -^ •* j; "3 >f3 ■O «: iO ITS "5 ui 1^ us "5 US ~^ u 5 fe -W o "5 (S e> N O CI VI ■N ■* ■* to * Cl 4-« IN <*• — •t to N N '0 y) v(> .. t> •*■ i o us si si » "5 o ce eo U5 1-4 ^4 01 91 N N 50 N eo to eo in f w <* ^ ^ ■* •* •* ^ t 'f f •* •* US "0 us US us us •IS 'IS ,«« ,« 'S o US u- SQ 1 "a °ffl <0 « ;o 0 >o to IN N Ol 8 IN 01 0( us N ^^ -t ■N to to to XS •* N 8» N eo O O ■* Ol X !N 0) 2 ^ ,. t v * * 01 — ;J f »o © o «5 w Oi 9J •* f ■* * <*■ eo eo •* us (N (N ■" fm " M ^s f? V» V » <-: •o 'f ■* O 1 oS w * ■* M f f * * f «* <* f ■* •* ■* f US US us US us i-l us >• ,- * ' ;" L"? us us US « to tA (0 to to to to to to te to to to to to to to to to to -O to •o •i i a a ts to -•o c o § o CJ ul •o fl N (N c o ■o us s ^ s§ o "c" C '■■S "c" • ^ c ^ — us -* 1— 1 o o -• (N (N 4^ 0« ■" (N »0 o c "" "" c o C o <+ 441 •« ! X 44 o '0 — U i .^ N w M « O) 01 CI GO cc ce CI 0) « « eo eo c o o us us us Cl y. •t ■* « 4* * * — 01 S 9 *-" o w CO w p^ PN p-t ^ 1— < "" pM 4-4 -^ m* ^^ p^ P4N O O : ; c o o o H ^ ^"f* « ^ t«* „ M M p« M »-4 _ M _ -1- M M ,.4 •-4 -^ m ^ .a -a _ «. _ _ • " 4- n .- c; » w" as N d «5 "1 (N to >c 01 d 01 eo oi »* i O IN N 8 US oi 'IS ^ X ^ 1 r. •■S la X ■* S5 a . V it "(M w 9» O » ■* ««• ■* (M (N o eo us eo (N t IN o» o ■* ; ■» fl j^ 01 ^ Li . _« U5 tM Ol oo 9) N 01 i» "t to Ol _ — eo so 01 O *» „ N ■* » 0) "JS li : ■ •■■: s jrt to — S:^ ■ M « w * o O - O O o * f) o c (N « us eo f us o o 1 SI 'S ■* "3 S < ■ « « o o o eo a a 9* (N w •* •* -^ -14 'J' * c c c c C o "?• f c : i » (N (N (N at N W IN IN 01 01 ijt 5 01 OJ 04 c s o « ^ ^ PN "5 o ■rt to S 5 -M »-4 ■-4 , , ^ Mi * "■ •■•J c in o • "" •^ o ■" "" •^ - o « . • 4 PC -■* w w •f w ■* • f ^ >* ^ f eo eo -f »» -*• •* ' • • • i 2 l>" cu, tf tf liK n fk K ft. (^ s tf n fa Qi PQ PL, s cu tf QQ &< s » tf a - « \'' « » fa fa £ ij "3" hJ J nJ I-) on cii .J ■a" TT ■^ nJ i-J nJ J "3" ^ J on on on "Of -cT Cl "li' . : Si Sil Oil no o a X 3 2 « «5 eo 9) M o 5 0* N IN us o> IN -i. IN te s§ ^ ,M to 01 w J. -j « '1 to Ol -*• I0». f o M Ot n w O (N O eo « eo O us -• «*• •*■ c ti : « O us O is _ _) IN ;o to 01 01 (V >o to ce 01 N 00 01 « * (N »» * us N X 'f l** 7; t e a ^S to X o5 J5 91 01 '0 >0 90 o ce r*» n 5 $ US § US c 'f us ce »*? '0 CO 01 o 01 to 11 e ei CO < •t eo W « W eo to N ^ f f (N IN eo eo N IN N N to a l> !> c ■fl Li N N & " §sl . — — «5 ''S '^ "5 -< (N a> ~a" ""cT 01 — N S N ■* T « -*■ >*■ - X T" « us us en "^ r S S S fe ■•^ N W « « CO s si Ol s at si 01 -N (N (N oi IN oi oi eo eo OS CO eo wi • •» •)■ •* us us ce i-IM »>» »• (N (N (N *i IN (N eo 00 eo eo 00 eo 00 eo eo eo y^ M IC ■ ?! « so eo eo o "-•o O o O O o o o o c O o o o o C o C O o o O O c C J (• o o o O) a> e ■ « 01 ■ IT IS "to 0» •2 o S J§ 5 S 8 p^ d •0 s 1-4 eo N us eo N f 2 i i us s? ce us s « g ! ? 91 ■0 S — 01 m S _• <»» 0> Cf) .. S S to ce s IN US ^ te CO •* N 01 QB 00 _ -* 01 Cl) W 1 •f ei CO us o ■ « « »o "5 o eo > ■■ * •• * ^ " • y -3 LONGITUDES BY CHRONOMETERS. 8S %2 iVi h i/S ll ii . » 6 m t S'lJ ^n ( i 1 J!l! *1 ■^y^' ^ ^y m^ y— ,-W TI ~ t-« U5 UJ t> us US to us fw a .- ^ fc to s. to cc MM N MM C «* to X '* O c « " ^ ^" o C C US * ■* us t) •» •' * IN « . - 52 MM m f K c O 5 MM n n y « ■fl t f ^ "" f us 9» eo ^ »?s ft '1 L- I- L"? in 'fl t 1 us N to to to to to to to ■o :S - a , ^ , to , to to to to to to to te to iC ■0 '0 us us US us us ^~^~ -3r •0 us US ^ us us us •» ifi n •* - s * 3 O >0 o> us mt (O CO o> « •* to f us «-■; to eo MM N ^ to us N ^^ e N 91 te X •* - O •N i » c o " '" 't o us O US ^ « •«*• O O O US CO 9» CO CO S o C * us •N « - f r w M 50 ji :i us "5 5 5 ? 5 9» 'J' 91 § 5 ZZ - O MM o at •* us ^ § o CO g ^ § 5 5 US '■1 "i o .1 ,• «> I'. in O "5 US US US us us US US us us N N N N N to to to to te to tf» to to tn to to o -o a a i e > a « U « Ol ce >*• 2 to t» N 9> us wiM N MM to us N us •f — 94 ■•fl us O » •« - ; * V !N '-"J * 1-" "t CO "" CO ot eo * * CO O CO us o o us CO 94 eo «* 04 9J 94 o 91 't o * ■n § ^ $ 1^ 5 Ot CO 94 •* MM M- O - s 5 us N 04 g§ ^ S ? 5 5 5^ 5 94 US O "5 '•: .« ■: !) '1 »n «! «J »0 us US us us us us us "S N N N N N to to to to to to tn to to tn to to •■a » a -J ■; IS O 0 us U5 ^4 ^^ § o o § s o 94 § § § § § :2 § to o 8 X us § $ § o us ^ o "5 Ci X, t -i e> 01 91 to CO Of) us us l>S '0 'O "5 US us us — c o c : ; c o o o o o o o c o o O O o o CO CO eo 50 ?s M CO eo CO CO M »« •« . _ , „ M — »-N ^N P« pm ^M p^ •M »4 F-t MM MM MM »^ ^« MM MM ,M4 MM MM MM ^ .M p— ■— „^ ^^ MM so o -o a ,- 1 -c a * o ;0 ;0 o N ^* >!S N CO o s !0 Ol — US MM CO 94 "S MM 94 5^ N -< US X X »o o o n f ?i o ■f 'IS uj c O «*• •* 'f f o eo « Tf * us us US f US US ^ CO ■* « '•■S eo o '}' "f c : -t 't * o o o F-« to o S O o CO o 91 9» S o 91 91 CO te to to n o o _ CO O S § 5 'M fN (!» (N ©1 (N w 91 9» 9» 94 94 91 91 MM MM 8 , , , • . . . . . . -" ■* -■ • . ' . . • • ■ ' • • ' ' • ' • • • t ■* f ■ • " • • • • •* M tf X i : 1* X a b »H X PQ tf tf s Sk « 0H iXi X (6 Ui QQ X '^ Ph PL, a tf '^ (^ X » tf PC o« CI CI ;, ; : 'CI ':« Cll Oil noil oil OH OH OH OH oil bii 6ii ii6il lloli oil toH 6ii Ji *J i4 iiOll IIO IIOI O} OH IIOII OH llOil ^ * uj W •* * « ot •* us 9< f -" 9» CO us f o o o o C !0 1"! -t '1 c 01 W i»» eo t US >0 tm MM SO to us f MM CO f 'J- 'fS to N <0 « N h e 1 o N N N N M N N N N N N N N N N CO CO CO 94 91 9» N N N X to eo ■n ^ ^ -■■ X « « "5 us * f US 94 — 7) 94 (X CO 04 CO CO oi 91 9t 94 91 94 •*■ 94 « w « n ! * S5 •* n uj us W CO US 00 US e<5 ^ $ ^ ^ ^ CO eo QO CO « 00 CO CO eo CO CO ^ 91 CO 91 CO 91 eo 91 eo 5 $ 5 5 ^ 5 O C C ! c o o o o O o o O O o o o o o c o o o o o O o o o o c o o -» 1^1 ■- : « <0 M M ^ * ei « >o O CO 94 Ol (1> us O f to to 9) us MM ^ to o us N •* N •* ^ te O u) « MM (M ti tt n c •0 XJ (N 1^ « « ^M 94 o 94 94 94 91 ^* 94 fM o "" ^ o CO "■ ■.■? X X '1 t US •* •* « .«• »M« mm us us 'O to X »0 D* " ' 91 w »i ai w (N 91 94 94 91 94 9t 94 91 9) 94 "* ^ ** 94 94 91 94 (W ' 2 = •• ' •v J r »■ « ^ •> * to 5 t t s N MM t CO M M e. M •y M *y ei t lv„w 4 'H DifM !'ij' .lit 36 LONGITUDES OF CHUCNOMETERS. > V ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 1/, ^^^* 40 4 ii U e Ii 1 1-4 •/) t rj \i\ IT - J! * , t •';s - - B III X V ii u • - M M h' 's .'ji Bi ii il «^^ "C si ii lH -3 ; ^.^ J^ 1' 5^' J ' X N ^-* >o "5 1- ^ <» te 9> «* 91 IN 91 n _^ o 'i ;-' ■SSc ^ ■-• o *» o O *-« "*• •M 71 '* a o k w IPs ~ ^'5 s 00 C O IN eo "3 ? ■j> eo «; N. O to to N 9S 9> 91 91 ■M pa Mri o ;o ^9 to to to to ^ to ^ N t- ^_, N i-2 S :? ^ — — >o 10 •O >o '(5 •o US >T 1 = (M cc to >fS <;« "0 10 '0 9> 0» •^ 9> to IN 91 o — ■* * 1(5 «J o o o O o (N «5 •* t •* U3 xj U3 U5 t> "^ eo eo CO n rt to 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 — p« .- » _ 2 «« "So to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to N N N N N , «, J. C N 'J « U (j, ^ 'N C >0 ■3S~ U5 O U5 'O >fl "5 •O g •S § =S s to te to eo O g g eo eo d GC eo 5 w eo "O O IN (N (N to CO eo t3 c CO :» ; ,i ;. 4.0 4.0 - C5 fyy _^ o , eo «3 — * eo CO to eo 91 OD 91 N N N «^ N ao -N 'M '0 -J ■ " "* . . > "3 ^ »fl «5 o o o O o 91 a> 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 « » -• _ _ rT"c c t - = 5 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 3 to to N N (^ N K _ - — O " E c c 5 ' ^S§ § § § 8 >o "5 N "5 § 5 CC §3 g s U g § § § o o eo ••5 CO •0 .-: ■- o c iz; •a oo Oi Oi o> Ok to to to '0 «) 5 to „ #^ o M M M _< p-* 2 91 91 91 e; . J. CO eo eo " 5 - a o to ti s 5 a * :*3 n w w CO >* ^ •* "♦ f O ■^ ^* eo CO eo eo eo eo IN IN •N ■N S ^^ n^ ^^ ,^ ^^ ^^ ^H ^^ tarn p^ (*4 IN IN IN IN IN IN IN (N IN IN IN IN IN -M i » M" i- 0;0 CO to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to -J 'O ^ to •o U5 ■" U5 '0 eo •O 00 •+ 91 N t (^ •N H « to ^ N eo >* 0> eo '0 '0 d o> o oj CO IN N § 8 to eo _ "5 91 CO n X S ^ •*• O « o . "5 •0 "5 p^ (M o r^ ^^ IN IN •irt o •* IN ■* US •o •* «*• IN '0 f Si J 0^ « "0 CO 9> •* to N IN eo o at Ol IN IN to 91 eo 00 IN 91 91 •»• X - . r. o 01 r- < < ■* •* 'J- •* 'f ^ o o O O O O O o cc eo 91 2 91 * 'f ^ ■* U5 o IN 91 81 '0 91 O C ■ - — -< 'W •■ !N 0» (N IN 55 (N ^^ ^^ "* •^ r» V - C C ■>> ' .S-s-So ; • ■ • s § S 8 N « 4' o z^ 8 c • • o „p to O C - t ^ ^ ■^ CO ' Q o':SS ~ . . '■ • eo eo »? •t •*• ° ■* t ■* •f • • -*■ •+ -!• •+ -* ^:^ si X P3 P J^ fa Ol e6 B PQ 1^ fa s tf n tf fa fa tf fa fa fa B tf (Q fa fa s tf :s e s - 10 '0 J3 on IDII IDI l!0 lldl •4 h] hJ nJ n] ~a" Hi •-] 1-3 >4 0!l Ol oil Oil Oil *-) J ^ »4 -^ :i H lO O CO o ll ^S to "5 N '0 eo _ — c. f -t r a N s « <* "" "5 (N f IN IN (N eo (N o «3 o IN ■* eo f 'J' -N CO - f, - ■» CO * 99 1 5 . "S l>» (» 9> IM X — 9> 'i' N eo o '0 •f f (N 00 CO N •t M eo to 91 '^ f. t t r to * eo eo eo eo CO >o o eo 00 9> 91 IN mm — iO — 91 eo CO N 91 o o f c CO -* » M ri 01 CO C / tfi to oc < •o 'O "? "3 eo eo eo eo eo eo (N IN (N IN "O US ■* * ^ (N IN CO CO CO a •. CI ci 91 «§=' • * (0 N to to f '^' t f t OD eo -^ eo to IN ^ •* to to f * •+ "* S ;i ^ ^ ^ > — J « §1 g § ^1 a O wrt ^N ^m ^^ (M IN IN IN IN ■* to to to to to o o O to oo 00 CO OP X c c c c o o •* O o o o o o O O o o If o O O •* O o o 'J- o o O C g§ « 10 OJ S I j; '0 ci to ■~w 1^ -^ -^ «0 * 4 '0 — ■ ul (N OO 00 "5 ■*" 01 N .-0 ■■; - 01 * -< o m « o ^ eo (N eo U5 (N (N eo »o eo - ■* eo IN «o IN IN - C s n eo eo »o ■ f j^ a> <»» eo 9> -" 01 N te "0 UJ « 0) 0» 91 9» eo 'f f eo «o 94 00 eo IN 0* IN eo 9) eo eo 9> 9> 01 'J' 91 5 f IN S) "0 lO ■N 11 0) IM fM IN IN IN IN IN IN (N 91 IN M IN IN IN ■N IN 5 - - ' ' . »» ^ , , •> M . IN eo ■♦ •> M5 2 ' »t •. (« •* ' IN M "■ ' ' IN *• »■ *" 9» " •■ " ' -3 I. -? O! O c o •4< .4. X tf :c nJ 1^ *-m LONGITUDES BY CHHONOMETEns. "5 to N O ■ tc N N 05 "5 Ol ei OS « X ") Tf O "t * N .!: "J i" »?1 'C ^o «1 N N N I- N »• 10 o> o o o N N N •O Ol o •* O o o N M O f 'O eo O "5 "3 (O N (N as "5 "3 05 W IM CO «3 05 Oi 1/5 *0 'O to {e N ao N N •f- Ol o o o — 05 ■* O) N Ci Ol N 04 04 « J. e N S IM "t IM N 1^ •»■ o 05 « '1 O O N N N "5 o o "5 "3 -^ d o >- eo "3 ic — "5 N to eo to to c to to "5 05 N 1^ >- to 00 eo N K N N to o to o N N Of C O to N »o Ol eo •* •* to M CO eo Ol Ol Ol o> C t O "5 z S 8 M eo o ts en eo CO c o eo to 05 C o ITS eo to c o "5 eo to o c o o o c t .(5 — •O — 'J- "5 "5 o o o O "^ '^ O "3 - o eo to to to to to to o •f to o to o N o to c 0» to o c — c o — to to "3 ■* 0> 'O '<3 to to Ol "3 to c o o c '•3 to c o '0 o to i>. N eo '0 eo ?s C ^ to eo CD eo »» ■* 15 v ^ eo O to «o '0 o Ol N 'J- O O o> IM o — ■0 'O eo eo eo eo "3 — •o CO Ol c K Ol c — O •— ™ CO to ix cc O c/l O) cn S "3 "t 'O (M tf eo ■O 't tN o O CIO o o - 01 — o> Ol o — -" (M "* <♦ * 'f "O 'O — — o — — o) c 01 CD eo O Ol o OJ CO CO o (M o Ol eo X 01 01 o Ol O CO to 'O — o — o to eo O c •t -»• c o c o o c o o o c c c o c = § s •t -f -f CO -i ^ I-) >J le e - Ik M "3 lei « I"! ** In 71 n x to •N eo Q 05 »? u5 « «3 ce -" N -* eo — 0)0)0 01 0» — Ol Ol 01 o eo to J HJ J to cic »* eo "3 01 eo ■& to eo ■a" — — 01 -I 01 01 0» 01 01 IT eo eo N eo Ol eo 05 01 01 01 Ol " — U3 "uo K SS oi oi to "5" Ol lO « s I! »! eo f "* "* eo «o Ol •o o 3 IN "3 01 01 '0 0» U3 01 eo « M CO C eo •* i?3 "0 "3 Ol — •'« eo to "3 >I3 01 eo O 03 "3 "3 I- O 01 "3 IN Ol "3 2 S M ^ CO vQ « O O « on — eo Ol (M CO "^ -N Ol O! eo 01 "3 "3 Ol Ol UO "3 "3 Ol '(3 eo CO Ol 01 Ol — 'O to 01 Ol — Ol ts N Ol CO »»• •f N •* Ol 01 O Ol o •* ■»»• — « ^ TT— =- eo CO — 01 eo Ol Ol U3 01 '0 CO Ol 01 It , o> - m 'WW r Ol CO ^ < 37 ~: . r- IK e i li"1 ,,'i ^^^^" ^^^" pi i •si'l III I-- 1 .! 1 1 • J 1 -A-*' -^-^w •-^■--^^ ^^"V"*^ eo U3 eo t-t Ol O "3 >f5 '13 «3 ■n CO « g "5 CO 'f n£ *»• X Ol 03 Ol Ol « "<3 CO '0 P-« "f o * U3 o eo ^N "- Ol o •«*■ 01 Ol #>4 ■-< CO CO Ol N "3 CO Ol CO eo eo Ol "3 CO CO eo Ol N Ol C c o '0 to '0 to •-" Ol eo — c CO eo o c ;ic£;swPMP^sni=^ffitffaSSp^aHOHtfu eo us 9> n UJ *4 o Ol CO 0} o eo Vi ■* "^ On N N N t» « _, X ^ X , X , X 90 ; 00 * -?■ UJ U3 us us US US US us US us us us US US us us US us US UJ Ic U3 CO (N 00 ^ US (6 0) 0> tp 01 us us — Ol N X N ^ to N to 95 01 eo .n X ;iiS 5 " ? o %s ~9» 5? (N ■* eo us O ■* us us M O ■* CO us 01 us t 01 •* CO us UJ g 3i (N on on 90 CO o> eo •* •* ^ 0» ts to X to <* •"f 01 us o> 0» F> N ei 01 cr ^ , M pa A 60 C o u § ~eo eo •* * US •* eo CO eo eo CO us us us us o o o O Ol CO CO O '" » ; ti fx »fl O " tf i — OJ o> Ok Oi Oi Oi p-4 PN ^ ^^ ■N ,^ »< pu M 0» 01 Ol 01 01 01 i> t- w « 00 93 00 OO « X X X X X X X X X X X ac a: X t A 05 * «] us us us us us us ~u5- ~Ji' us us us us us us to us us '■'■ ^Kr t-) US A > a ^N Vl «M 00 ^ us 'f N N ■* to eo CO 0> N 00 •* eo o eo ■* CO to te N ^ c HE • 9 91 01 PQ s -•CO us 01 ■* eo us o us O 00 ■* ^ o •* eo FN eo O so ^ 01 'f '^ eo us * 8 (N on X w eo Oi <0 eo * •* 01 to to N to ^ ^ Ol us X e> o te X N s c ^L 91 01 00 0) e « ^W CO ^ •* us -^ eo eo eo eo 00 us us us us o cs o o 0» CO eo o '" 0> I7> o> e> 91 O) r* „ ^ ^ M ,_ M l-< M 0» Ol 01 Ol 01 01 Ol « eo CO eo ^ I^If « .a M ^ « «N N t- N S N « OO 00 OD « 00 X X X X X X X X X X « X « K X ] E a) as 00 X ^O "5=r us "o 6" ^< "6 o o o 8 & 8 8 "o" •c us us us o o 8 n o § O c i L'> in UJ U3 c o . *w 't I-* CO o us o o o o o o F^ P-« I-* o c o o n iMe *■*■*"*'<: ^ •o tfi m «^ CO ^ IN s s o r> o N N N N X X X X ■* rf 'f Ol M _ ^ - '^K« •<< « ^ "f '^ o •3 -o O o S o O « IM I-) ^ ^"5 US U1 us us us us us us US UJ US us us US us us us us us us us us us US us '-t ^'Hk l<< m uj us >^ H w ° Oi "" X ■* -* 't 01 (N N le UJ X H n "5 o N O CO n 1—* o us on us o» to to 2 t to o> N to X te eo N o N •t ^Hf J is ts < - :^H- >. .1 K. o e i |b eo o 8 CO 04 us eo us CO eo OI Tfl IN f to 00 UJ eo to e> us Ol us 01 01 to o o O O "5 O SS eo * O Tf ^ * t us o CO 90 ■* us us us us ^4 Ol us us U3 UJ C ' ■ 5 - - »» " ^ < B«0 eo o o o M o o O o o us us us us 9 ? o o ■* ■* •* Ot n _ M 71 • ^|f >.'! lS 10 us »H n* (N W (N (M w (M (N 01 (N 01 01 Ol FN S tf ^^ii »§ o o o o 8 § N O • • • • • • • • • • • O o ^ o o • • • • "c c to c c - 1 O B" ~W eo •* * <*. CO • • • • • • • • • • • eo f * •* • • . ■ .f * -» eo l» a: o; X Hi P4 » '^ 0H 9 tf n tf n K CQ O. 53 CQ (H 04 X Pi X p^ s tf - :- i pi5 M f ^ •J ij *-) A >A kJ Oil Oil oil HO on lion HO Oil OH Oil OH OH HOI Hi _) A h4 lion lOII IDi io fl" :iJ J J -) ► g ,S »« CO ^ or o 90 § N 1-4 us f o 2 M N us X eo «* UJ N f V^i ^ -* ^ o -o o «M f o o CO ^ "" eo o f * 1< * ■* o eo «* FH CO «*■ 01 O IM 09 il »t» •* us » M ^HV X X N. K Oeo CO W CO eo eo (O to to to to ■* eo CO eo to to to te 01 01 Ol 01 N »^ h t> 1 - _ - - - «§»3 . •* 4 ■a* M (N (N to 00 tC t ■* 0> X X X us to to te N (0 to t a N s Ci I n n 00 CO 1 pq O « € 8 » g «5 s> o> oi 0) 6 § 8 ^4 o g o § 8 o ^« PM F« »«4 us us us to to ts to to HHi a ei tn 01 S|3p US o us o uj us o o US o o o o o o o o o o o o fF o FF o o O o C I e c -♦ N o> us 'CS to 00 OS «* ») us <*> 0» N 0( K •* 01 « M to us FF» ui o t> I Jt to n W CO us 8 S f f to 9) N to N a us •* 0) O CO -* te 01 eo on o C us IM aH-> -t « CO to O* us O CO * 'J- 00 (N eo O 'J' — CO us 01 us o us Ol eo CO IW c m n 91 us *^ m to tn n 'f' N " m - » t 01 o» B^ eo 01 o o (N " (M a us N N N ^ m !S FF w »» 9) us ,. •» s r ,. » r> ,. ^ O - SI p. F F 01 CO FF J I LONGITUDES BY CHRONOMETERS. 39 t •c i n ^ i 1 i -• 1 •s 1 j' k 9 1 ^ ■9 ■7 ii i ^ e ff 2 s s «( 1 1 rt g H Jl o !i « J 3 1 k m a O 1 r th 1 o m •o N '-" US us us p- o «5 1 ^ g ot us us eo o o 5 s 9> (» o « c K us N O) X g 1 o M ^ OI us eo "* CO * ^ «* ■* •* us •* 'f ^ to /*■ =^ "T 00 ^ « oo __, « 00 _ OO ^ 00 00 X X us us us us us us us us us us UJ U) ) to W 05 — 10 X ■ N * 01 ts OS 0) »^ o so O p^ at! us OI us 00 Ot to to •* t us W 't ^ ^^ X «* u^ ce i-> " c •* 'J- "* •* «5 o o O o kfi •-< us 01 t CO '^ o o o us O ^4 O * S 01 ao 5i - ^ - CI n o CO « es o> e> N § § N to to us 'J' •* N e> — us X X 1-4 »-4 ^ „ O eo t i: - o o ^* ^^ »^ •^ '^ 01 ^ -^ f^ ^^ rM US eo us ■* Oi 01 CO CO eo eo eo «)> 1 00 »5 95 n 1 ■» n f 'P ■* <* ■* ■* -* •* <♦ •* •* us us us us US 'f •* •* * tf> ce to to te CO CO ^ < i [ JJ « CO « 08 QO 00 OS 00 « 00 00 oo 00 t« 00 30 00 00 00 00 X X X X X X X X X X "fl U) O >o us us us us us us us ui us us us (O s 01 «5 * c t '■'■ S J; (N (N ? "5 2 i: ■* ■S s § X 00 o 01 00 A to to N to eo a o to CO eo us a 1 " (N tN (N (N eo eo eo eo ^n T(" 1^ Tf us o p^ US CO o >* o P-4 o ■* O X N N c ' N SI at) (N a> N N N N N us 00 CT) to f us 00 01 00 U) N a eo to s X -« B5 "5 o o p4 "" "* ■" CO eo OI p^ f-« 1-4 us CO <* * ot Oi 01 01 OI 01 'J- 00 S 5 « 1 1) ff * « <* ■* •* * •* >* <* * •* •* * us us us us us 'Jl * ^ <4i to to to te CO to ce •* C 00 ce CO « « oo at) Ot) « 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 X X X X X X X X X X X o ^ g C 1 ' L-^ "i U5 «» o o o O O s s eo CO o N o N N ■©- to -©- g 8 8 -?r o 8 O o O to " > * •* * I* o o o O eo I-H P*ri 9> eo eo CO eo 00 us o o o o o o eo 00 05 V) - . » * * * •* ti W5 >o >* eo * eo 00 « a> N N N N N o N o o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -* -" 01 ) n M « eo n « 00 eo CO eo eo OI tM OI OI OI OI OI 01 01 01 o o eo 00 eo eo CO eo CO S U5 to o Li ( 10 U) X) «) «5 u* U5 "S WS us us us us us us uj us US US us US to to to to to to te to to to ! s a » us ^ us ^ eo Oi CO a M — eo •• ' « fl U5 Ot •0 "f o ot CO CO p>M eo -H Tf us US F^ ■* us O -H * ■* o eo us 01 01 o 10 •0 u-S — 1 - N - N o « N eo eo to o> §^ « eo to us N » c *"N N Oi to >-< s O •-4 to X CO X to w ' C -M f4 (M ^ O ot ot ot eo 'J" eo r^ ■" OI 01 eo o - Oi us O o ^^ OI CO f ^ "" -" ^ T - "i « >■■: U5 o> -J WJ «5 «J UJ »o 00 oo Ot a 91 a Ot Ot Oi us te to o o .4 .4 >M M — 00 p« rm PM *-4 ^ ■^ ■• r^ »-ri 01 01 01 01 01 01 ot ot • • . , c e o to c , , , , c o 8 8 , • • . c o o , , , , • • o . • , , , , o , , , • . , . ■ •* ■* f « « . • • • • « * •* • • • • . ■* ■* ■* • • • • • • et i:^ IB tf FN 2 m H ■a a n tk, (bi Em (^ s a tf PW tf in Oi B >*■! b CQ Oh b a PL, fa Ph PC PQ a Pi t^ X iloi lai iicii *C!C CI J J Hi" ■-T -J- Oil BO d 01 lo 1011 ton loll M d 01 Ife on OJ ibi J- i-J h] on OB on D i;oi loii nog OI 1 m '^ ^ X ( V "^ ? 5 N N PH to 00 ^ N us S 5 us 00 at to a on to •* 01 us S X pin CO N CO 8 2 fl ?l O O 0» «3 ^M P4 us eo ^ us o OI us piM f •* ^ eo eo u» o s s § 2' I N !S !0 'f 'fj s? OB K 00 eo •* s s to ^ N eo CO OI 05 N — o ^ te •* N us X us CO C f - ^ 0» •* ^ eo us 01 •* * O 01 eo us o eo O ^N us * o o t us ■M ^ « X * N K •f tfl to eo 01 eo o» eo «* 0» 0) § ^^ 5 5 ^ N a Ot s? eo * te X a O 00 e - ^ ^ f^ 0» w w eo eo eo eo eo CO OI CO •* N us u» us us UJ CO <*• 0> N N Ct M « eo Ot «s us us '* ■* us us us ■us — OI -* ■-*■■ ■* 00 Ot us us 01 — -sr oT (^ eo -" ce (0 o § § C C St a S O 01 o s o o o o o o *-4 o eo eo p-4 f>4 00 'O us us us us 00 X ^ S eo Oi :0 o» eo 01 00 01 00 01 CO OI eo — OI eo wm ** PM - ■ " « - - PM f-« - - •-ri PH ^< - ^4 PM - - - p* »4 - - - pM fpri -« P4 w^ 1-4 - - - - '^ "; o N 1 I X 10 '^™~ OD to N p* 00 — « 01 « CO -TT ^^""* 01 t» to X t» us X fm -4 a UJ S C ti IN ( C ' » ■■■! * CB 91 O to "5 fN to s •n to 0) m eo eo N ^ M * us to N ^ us a «f 5 5 ^ ce X ce X N * >(■ "J >0 o n >o o o Ot Oi OI o o o o O Oi 'i' us o us us o *" N N N r« ! S o o ■rt •ri o o ^i« tm* ^ V>4 * ■♦ us us us us us us en o ••< Oi o If" iiii r* !■ 1 ■:l :;i! *. 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X (N (N IN f 5 « s 3 >0 5 ^ N eo N ;;5 01 n »» ! -S ot ■ r,~ j6- ' j5- A 0> a> 91 91 ^i^ 9) IN IN -N Tl §) w '0 eo mm -N X eo ■N X eo I* X 5 9 ?• 9 IN 55 -N s? 04 s M IN •0 ■N * <* 5 »i >o X te >o >o a« •• "" o» 9) M >N 8 '0 IN te « ■•0 •»• « -fT 41 ;o -?r -w -;r te pM 9> t^ ■N Si 91 3 * * O « "■■! IX 0) N X — « CO * e « o c5 U 5 »5 « 06 " * 9» n »» s 9 ;; s 4 « CO « oil >», LUNAR OBSERVATIONS, ^ FOR DfiTERMlNIN(; THE ERRORS OF THE CHRONOMETERS, ■ ~ ' • ON MKAN GREENWICH TIME, MADK DURING THE SUMMER OF 1681. S^ .50 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. IM ^^\ * " 2 Cd o ie H s 0. c3 #■ ^ r- f p •• »■ » *■ •" • •• ^ OS O / 1 ■* «* 'f - (N P>4 « f^ a »^ (0 ot - «0 o c ZI "5 o «5 o> mm s us 01 us eo eo '•5 0' V >f c o o o O o C o o o c o o o c o o c o c c O o o c ;5 aj fi OQ fa 09 fa' t» u; £» i si- •* N «5 o N "5 »0 w $ ^4 o CO OB « e 01 5 01 i CO eo Ol X US N o eo 8 us ts eo to 12 *-1 111 o 5 «s? o c o N 0) (N ^ 01 "5 o e CO -f 01 CO Ol eo s et ts s X us X o to eo <*• C en PC «i (N 01 Ot 01 9« 01 0» ot 01 ot 01 w 01 s eo Ol S ^ S eo 01 eo 01 01 "f 01 eo 01 eo 01 ©1 .4 SI (S * f '» 00 U5 r» ce «>; -* 5 (3 o W5 O a; '■5 Cl p« N •J.ll •jiiiniiijai(x + r' P" - r ^ ^ »■ = r ^ s J = •• E ' = J ; E r w + •■ = : ■U|.1UIIIJ«1I c c CO # = J = »• ' = ' = I r = = ^ : = = s ' o eo = : ■ HI o o o o o mm ce o o o o 01 e> > ■* o o> o mm o p>4 mm N o o O o UJ i" 1 H tf PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC Ol On (V (^ 04 Ol fa B s B X CC S a. : s (M to ■0 U5 S S 01 o e> n •0 5 o o «0 eo MS ^ o N Ot "f 01 S X o § CI us o fS <>i - K 11 . 1 < 9 X -* O^ CO '0 « 01 If 5 "1 N N CO CO 0> 2 o et •f 01 s 5 01 c CO o CO eo o us eo 0) eo 3 eo eo us eo Ol o 5 si ! - t PC i o < w .2 N 6 '■0 c n 9* VI o (0 8 • ot o o us 3 eo s us Ok o eo to o eo o eo 01 N •0 2 ; SI 1 c 5 9! °8 s S ?, S m 9) 0) a> e> CO >0 •o »f <* ^ n eo 01 01 ^ fi 01 eo 01 i •0 '0 "i "5 O "S 0 * Ok Ui ^ n ^ ot N ts «0 e> 00 * 0> « N _ 01 n < ■= SI -S PS N 'S s§ N S N eo 01 K «» s 5? «0 N eo s »»s 01 mm pi* 5 01 c "f 9! S * » 1" ■ >0 o o 9^ S §; ^ Ol o o O) •0 Ot s '0 eo eo eo X Ol us us s to '<^ t- c : PC »s at mm 01 91 »l 94 ol 0« ot 01 ot 01 ot ot s s eo 01 eo 01 §? SI eo 01 eo Ol f Ol Ol eo 01 eo ■w t * J 5 •« M » » ; * p p • * t 5 ;? •• •> • ^ r 01 ; J : • « - N C O 2 ; ^ - c ^^ ;;i' /) fa * ■0 1 ^ OD es eo • eo ■ n ej •f- ( X * « X t .& * «t c SI m* Z! ' ;: eo e 1, t> N N + •• SI SI t 8 C mm e m i a. B fa i3 I ei to ts M 5s eo 'S SI s - - o 1 < ?: '0 X PM < c SI SI N iSI N 01 I e p* fl ei *! s - w iS "S 01 B S5 s to N » ;§ OS t. >0 g 3 s ? t U) tc « 3 K — « s 1 n z o 6 o c •fl ta o o CO S4 O - 51 5» (M ^1 <0 •0 01 c •» LI N - C '■■5 •.'. O t. *> CO + r : : ' o •* ' ; > « o o O C ( K tf S a.:j S § e> s « c (S « ST 'M > o M w^ n 8 « 'f N ^ 1 o « s « !»* c ^5 »» - « X * (T, t (M — -* c : «5 o Mi >« < Ot 91 01 91 9 N _ W « t ^ W ■* yi 9 94 o * » "5 t> •t / : « ^ 'f: c : « « S" ^ * 7) >» IX V 1 p^ »» LUNAn OBSEnVATIONS. 51 « - •» o C "i w 0 ~ o ooooooooo «} (In CO 03 CQ Hi c o ere CO o OS o eo O "5 u) (N e> 9« CO iM N CO o ~ (t4 C» o o o O O O — o CO c S o o c o * "5 OB cfl CO »( t> 0) n V) -"eO(N'fCOU5-"''5 »o •o *^ »o X « ?! eo eo n -f •* — o 'O 'O ^ O) a ■H s "5 01 N N ^ o (M •^ o O 00 O CO — «5 •eoeo OC>0)0kOOOC>C>C101Ct "J O O) o M N •«)• 1^ « >-0 O "" O "5 <0 U) >4 u) U3 >0 O) o> o> o> a X eo •o o ■* * 0» t eo a to X 0) 0* U5 -«•*•■««COO«tON» 't'^'fusojeoeocoeoeoco O -" eo ^ ■* Tf ^ ") •• ^ = £ ^ 2 »• E t •• s S t J = •• ^ •^ E S » o ^ ^ •« s = S £ ^ *> r ^ s S w ^ •« S ^ »• c >-4 O (M O o O P-4 "J o O o o s o »>4 o o o o o o o c o - o O o o - IX in » P4 p^ s X PL* a< 04 B 04 p$ b CM tf a cxi PS B tf fr« Bfi 04 b m X tf S 9 a 4 O U 0) W t 91 N >0 'O OJ w "« o »o us O «* « * «5 H) it) ,m Ot O CO « - - — Q 01 0» c) ^ CO eo at (N CO w 9t 9t ^ textototsusu)") (NO|iN(N04WW(N "5 ■* Ot 9* »f CO eo CO Ot Ot 0> Ot ot o U5 CO eo (N ot Ot CO IN of « 0» — IN (N 91 - •!■ n - - o >-o « »» O CO u) «»'J»»*Saoo>«5(N«ei«o»feoopo»o>N»0"*N OfflO^CO>0»"eOIN\?-f (N X « U5 — ^f ^ N N N m 0* N N N N N N (N IN X X X N IN ^ Tp "S U5 N> X X X X X X O — f O ^* v^ <* X (N 00 CO ^ le X a ^ ^ •* ts X U5 U5 "1 N O O a a a a a c o >o W5 US 3e)*5(NO'fato<©N«0li>»91«cooooi»eoeo«0»4»(N«Woococoeoeocoeoeoeoeo^* ctncococoeoeooooooo«o<0» N B ^ ^ ' 90 (C X su)M usoixa (0X XM le'tfooiNioeoN us^is "»aeoxcoa9(N"«aO'*'fa'Nusa-«-<^uJusususu)USoOO aaaaaaaaaaaaaooo IN to O U) o o « « us eo 09 O O (N Ot ^ m eo «S 00 X a a a a ot a M a a X 3 1 ''J ' > If. itif ii ■t|, ii4 il. 1^. ^ii ■>M 59. LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. £ IS Cd Cd PC o CO CC o ;s O _: O § g| H ;5 55 u Q se o as o H > ai Cd X QQ ac 2 Cd Z O z u z e O E 3 i.»ia(il()jlt(] '■'Is 1^ ■S3 S "i 8 f>) Id s m>ceo(Nt*'^N<0'"o>'f«>oo>!Ns«N «3 u? — • «j> o o> "" -N W W s c c c 09 (^ uC O O « -. 10 - u o - - O J5 o o — o c OOOC — OOOOCOOCO fa(»(faicnha9bE»hc»h» N ;+ O •* ei - ,-, 1^ I, •»■'■» «^ 15 « ?i o s o o o fa x lO IN -O le c « « :g I; ^ o - w l« « CB IN « I? 5 ^ o ^ o e oooooooooo N "C (3 o to o w oi ta 00 — ifl at e> O — (O CO — w ai eo c N « to c to o 8 — o» « '^ o o o o ifl to o o oi o N N O O S fe O O O N O 'O to !>» UJ to «5 O •* eo — 00 o >0 — eo ^ N o o» »l M (N (N OS iO N N N. o o o o N O N O i? 2 :^l 00 00 o OOOOOOCO— .OOCOOOOOOOOO-CaiXoiP^A*Xxo6(^!^:sai to c ,"5 'N » 5* eo O 5* -- c * — o c o 9> cn 05 N M CO * — C •* « « « O to eo O 00 •* « — ce "s « — — UJ CO N ■♦ o o CO X ■o so o* O «J Ol C C — o - - r: N Q 'C IN r. 91 -" — C C c ~9» N « e» — 00 -> c t cooooi>»to''5coi»»eoN «.-»-pcoo>cots eo o! « * — — 'NO* ,o c c c O — N N <» 00 W ^ CO ^ to <« o> eo * 't * T^ us us to U5 uj eo O us o o o o N eo O <♦ ■M •■1 u; o * >- oooeoo — --•- — oooco •* eo O X X f — us to N (i X -* ^ 'f ■* us l^ o>toi-xx"5 0»»eo — 'OOOOW — eOOO'*'us 0> — — (MeOOOujuStousf-xC TpususujusususuSUSOOO — "O — »f »»l »f O 0* O W "* 0* •* I- )' M « N t tm n§ 2 to o to o tc c to O § § s § 1 to c 2 2 § 1 ^ 1 2 2 N O m4 N O c c : "5 - to ffl Oi o - f a » "S CI 7) ^ eo n N - to CO .. ) ; (»» « 00 ' — (M — US !0 ^ o 0> us us 01 c - - - O O O O to o c 9) o O to eo f X to IM — M eo 91 W 'f Oi IN CO to us »» X — CO * « — to o eo — rfi us o o oi eo N c — - X l>» X ■3 L 9 X <^ 'IS ■' 2 w us ^^ ■-CO N O » f : : ^ r- s : ' t S •- I £ u) o < c c« S A 5 us IN (o ■I! O O "f 9 0- n - 000 o » c >» o — 0-01 M Ot IN 1-1 if N IN •0 >n >M «* - > K eo w «•< J K ^ CO N •0 * tr ?^ ■" i ■ 00 w W4> •t ♦ K : - M - o — LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 53 Vk:!; ^ JA * m^ "5 o I ^1 o c o e N w f , 13 o o 3 ? o CI t «-4 - -• - - ^ N S (- s o o o c e ^ »■< iM *■ M -. c c c" e' PM .M M ^ N di CL s Gd : >0 0> O c c| O — — r 0) «* t c '"J - Ci o o C - gft "J 5 f '■5 N * t fe N O 1. c J; ^ e m u '1 » •5 n if t n Q J O O t»(/)p-«u5^W*NeONO>(» >fl 0> il^Mwoowwo — ool'ousoww — <»»oo(^»>s--■-- _ _ . - oij ,« o O0l-*O«5"«>-«OO(>» 00'"'"«'"0'-<-"»<000 to X ;&« OQ h 1° ? s - O IN O «» 0» w 10 "S 05 "5 91 u) U) >o 00 «o ao i>» an ^ ^ 0> 1^ t* "■ W — 1 ^ « o to 0> '.'5 IS* «0 — tS N « N OB UJ "3 O "Stsoo'Mcocoocnoi ot 9t n CO CO ^ a "> o •- O O O ■-" 'f 'f 'f5 8* (N fN W CO CO CO (>» W (M !• S CD . n* uSC0>M(MfX00(>IO« coo >IS N N o o us -M » o o o o O N 'P IM — o o o o o o s C0Nus>fi(M(»|p«O uSu)usususususus us CO "" 00 N «* o o o o o 0> o> o o o O) O) O) c> o o o o 0> 91 o o Ol o> ' • ^ " •« s s; »• «> n «t ^ = ' N CO r : : I • ■ t »■ r t = r = r:ii ^ r> *k •• •■ = o = ' : e 'O o o o o oo — ooo — o o o o o o — o o o o o o o - o o t:, tf S si; tf 04 04 CtiSfaBO^tfi^OJ Oh tf a^ tf a, b Oh 111 tf cu, tf 0- Pi h O. Oh C X> IN f> •.■! O O "f ^ 91 a! fl S ft -" US CO us CO f 00 w CO us 01 us (»t CO (S CO N N 00 00 N eo N s us o CO us CO (O -" us O 00 IN »» 00 00 n o 00 eo o CO o o us 9> CO ■* ■* (!♦ >H US CO (N CO "S O X 00 »» eo us ^^ ^P ^^ ^' 00 — o> O (M eo N •* US N O CO M a* 00 IM 0* (M 9» "fi ^ ^ CO <0 « us * - iM O N CO 5 N OO us O OJ Ol us CO « CO CO O 0) O Oi O) N eo eo iM eo 01 0» us eo Q O us tP CA « Ol -« « o O 00 o us 01 9) CO eo -• o us — OS -« ^4 ^« ^M MH PM O O N CO M — US to us 00 us CO 9i us » CO US us f 1 ■ * c § o US us us 91 s s 3 US CO ^ 91 9t eo 00 •O Oi ^* o g E CO eo 00 OI us o 00 CO o CO •* us C § s is m 9( 01 IN 9i 91 •o 0( CO 01 e 01 o 91 e> (0 * - 0> 00 o § s o Oi o 91 o o Ot us N US N us us us Oi us s ^ ^ OI • N N C o N o O o o o O o o o o o o o o o ^4 o o o 2 s s 2 o 2 N 91 N 01 t fl >0 tt * ■* (S •* Oi !0 CO to 1 / ) * N o '0 CO s * us ot 00 eo 91 us 5 O) us us ■5 91 01 ^ ^ us 00 (0 us CO § o $; s OI s ^. us 9« to >0 •0 JO "3 91 o 0»l (S 91 9« 00 91 oo 01 s S CO 91 '0 as us eo us N us N UJ us Oi o IS o 13 o o 91 N ? CO •0 5 ' - - -" - 01 ■4 - - - - — - - -" — "" -■ -> -< -" - Oi o? Oi 01 Oi 0) 91 50 9i 91 CO Oi * * •l ' - " s ^ £ c c s •• = s M #■ = c * r »« s *« • i ' ^ ♦> s - U\h : -f '• , , l| ■kj\ 54. LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 9 "« 33 § O ® as & o I g (2 « I B) .5 H g ■ w g I n o th § 09 CQ O 3 u a o X a 115 aP 0» 8-s I •J»J •JI>l>IU(Ulg ^.|| t a Til a 2 O _;e>'"!Oia>ei»i«J.. I ,>jOOOOO«0-"00000'^-"000-<00«-^.. w o o o o o « o -. 09 bn o o o o 09 P^ o o 09 o -< o 1^5 5; " 0| o »« " o 9J N 90 •90 00 CO B 'M 91 (M wHf^' .}i o to « «* « CO CO o N N N 0> O) get ^ M e» (o 0) 00 0) O "* ujeo(NMQNeO(>l>4«oooooooooooooo^mO'^ocoo:| >« r! « — - o eo us o O * (M Of O >^ O W * us CO* eo • : <9 • 95 •■ = O O = *■ e o O o f4 tis OS a* Oi «oo«-"*ieoO'«eo«f-« eo us M X 91 us « 00 O s; ^X X X Ok O 9k '»( Ol (N 04 01 (N o o eo n a M « 9) us « « ^ 00 00 90 CO 00 00 Ok N 'J' to f to „ ^ Is ■ ^ 91 us 00 us ^i4 <"> a mt'o 9t 1^ us X us X 9t 00 3 S s s 00 o e 11 ■ - 1 Sk Ok 9» eo N eo $ $ ^ ^ !? J? l$$ a 9S Ck •s s , to 91 us t» »^ < .. M X ^ •• "" o> X w * to "" »« CO »» — * -" X o — MeOOk^XNusoicw f^ ^ COCO O *^^0 us 01 ,U5 CO -< us ^ us Ok -> us -« — O OkekXMN^eootoooeooktokQ ^009l9tuS9i''OOM^Mf-- 00 : « - us •* n US O ' Ok Ok Ok N N Ok Ok N S Ok Ok Ok N J> Ok Ok N N N »» S N N Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok Ok S us us us us us us us us U) L- ^ 1i o ^8 s 1i c 2 o (O f4 t •* s S to to 9) '■•. X 4 9) * X 90 9* US 3 m US US t >i M w * % c. \ii cous eo NXNxetN xoomto^ mus ujai • M n9>us«3^««oQMMOwSSeoe5nn!| .-I ^^a9)eoNx>'CONooioNOuso^^coNxi-<'■ O OOO'«'"MM9tM9)00C0O>«'"M0«>QOOO'«-'- ■ o ocooooeooooo-<" 00 X I 00 00 W 60 " w at) a cB ; I o * « - - 00 to u) •* n UJ O 10 ifl s uj >0 I US «0 '-'! >} ei n n 5l » "" * to 5 « -. - f Tf * r» *| s s t. F« (N CO X » IN M 1*2$; »*• o »» 0» «- O us 00 >~ * o » o — *p(o«ooo«o« ^uoNo>(eeo(e(eat>N-"(Mcowe>usoo^(Mto 0-«eo«i-<^*ous*»«.-oo — — — P-eo-<^ US (S US us CO « ISSo»""Oieo9iweo«p«us«^eousus^»««« us 01 00* us 00 0« N OO -< us ^ N o 0» O US « » « t-< 00 ce us t* N N N N t» S |;*00— -•'-••eoflo m«e>oo(N Ok Ok O) 00 us us (0 e> us us us us o M (0 N «* * — — 00 N ^ us iv M O ^ Ok O) Ok us o o o c o o o o o o * * o» |( N O n la >o U « « - -0 00 us ^ 80 00 us o us (M oo N 00 O 00 » " » >« o o o 00 M 00 ^ Q rm rm pmt o « eo O) us s oo o o us (M »f us N oe e> o o o «*• 00 us us GO O N •-• o « -< * X 00 X o o o> 0( (N o 5 — Oi eo eo « 4ic9toieoeoeoooooeooO(o IM coooocoooooooooo — O O O — £• — c — o o - tiXtfa4iiie4SXA4a^cLtf04h (MeaN(Mxoe>«o«oo(N ♦ U3UJO** — O«*eo»t 4 tt « e> o> « * * "' M — us IN us 5 ^ X o 0* ^ 04 '*' O - g> <»» X us MiNai(N(Nf0O009000 te(e(p9)QOi'-9QQ oomoo9m- 00 91 M N X us -o IM X 00 (N ts 00 o * C •" « O us o $? a eo g s s X eo X 00 So $0 N 00 S* S e £ (0 s ;s us us M ^ £ t (N •* (N ;s oo on 00 91 eo fO N e 0» s; s (N OO n <* us 00 us s s X ^ § IN ^ * 9 s N 00 z 00 (N 00 a IN ^ us IN SI ta a ^ 01 s ? s s s s s s 00 oo eo 00 00 00 00 eo 00 00 00 CO 00 00 00 00 00 eo eo 00 PN •5 I u> uo «r. eo X » N us 38 * 9S at us us o X o 9 s s Oi s s $ X ^ us us s Oi ^ us 00 us s J? S * 9 00 eo O u; IN •* ;§ IN US 01 US s s o s s us s s '.^ ■ s o o p4 o s s CO o s t us O s 8 fe O a o 3 -I M w * 5 9 ? 5 5 5 us « «0 us us us •0 (e (0 (O = s •» s •■ •« £ £ ill r' 'Ji i: •■ij; •.^m u a m' ili 50 I.IINAH OHSRRVATIONS. I a < ^ ■""" S X H o z 8 ' ' * " " ^ " * *" *' ' ' *■ " " •" ' S B s o eu o 1 • ^ "5 S"^ * e> (M U) W OD •* " N -■ o> et * e> N N •N ., u ^* N (N eo r» N ot US pa * 5 5 us e^ X u " '^ O 0) o (N 01 o O eo UJ * »H o Ot o US eo - ii C5 - - - ^4 — -" o - - mm "" 01 O O pa - -" - -" - - - - c : 1 ^^ i o> * * N N w us « eo eo us f fl S bP » "^ Cl ^ N us N * o >* 5 to oi us Ol 5 >* N N * us eo et •t t<« S^ " (N (N « »t O « o 01 CO US 01 •* »t eo Ot eo us "" o 01 eo eo eo eo f eo eo eo eo eo E . = ® O o O o O o o o O o mm O o o mm o o o pa O o o 2 o O c c : « (N ■* X to to oc « 01 to 01 * X to to N M 1 '8 * * (N on eo p^ o O ot * eo eo «* i1 .•f W5 •o N N or OB « s o o» eo '»' US us g N X N X X S c 9) H P? a V ■N (M (N (N (N (N (N Oi eo eo eo eo eo eo eo eo M 01 ot 01 Tl §1 (5 o§ «0 J J •• J •- J - » J ^ * #■ m £ - s — J »• p - ^ ^ ^11 tf 1 o o O O e mm O pa o o o o -« o O o o o o o O o O C m §^ "" " ^ " "" " " " "* "' .1 « S Is a a* X Sh tf »< tf u< »m X a* S b Ol tf A. tf 04 eu Ol cu 3 5 0. < i ME E ring t O * .1 „ "5 S So « 'f 01 o> S f en o „ t «* N ■$ - -o (N * « UJ us o t eo eo * o eo eo o o 01 ^ f 3 ;5 "S 1 -s $ 5 5» « S 8 ao us eo eo 01 00 (B § us S ec 00 X 01 o 5 s ot - us >» ^ i« i 1 s oW 0 ^ CO 01 o en oo us § $; o 01 « ^ s; O" us eo S; $ eo 4) •0 1 < ."O - s O s § s 8 0» UJ 01 us 5 :; s $ us CO s s ;; X X «0 •0 « "S OO 01 CO s SI V r>« » eo « « w « eo 0) 01 01 ot 0) 91 91 01 01 ot ot X X X X « t t Q g CO ~ ^ "* "^ *" ^ ■* ^^ "" ^* "" " "■ "* "^ "* N « •o in eo te «*• eo us * '5 ^ "1 s te — « N us o s •* us s; s; S S !? us Ot :: •* 01 N US o o 01 ot 3, » - -s c o (N >*> •9 mm us us US te te N » « at S 5 pa eo « f "» ■S i p m n« 0 » 3 ^ M O $ S » s 5 s ^ * te te » s i? !$ ? 5 $ 8 S V - — 51 1 ■2 « » s s » ^ s s S s 3 s eo S 9 9 9 Ij: s 9 5! $ $ SI .^ >S o ^4 O o o o o o e o o e o e mm o o 2 e e o e 2 2 o £ (i •0 : : ^ s I » »■ »■ » »■ #^ r s s £ £ •• £ ♦ c f t f ^ 1 < 91 •* * }l IN o a ^ p-t ^, ■» o N j« N X •'1 r <• >0 o •<• •0 c c c o ., a "f « o to eo «* IP ^ Jo N N N N N N (• t- I e c c c ( :. X »< S B r * X 01 ■: - ■» O : - c c ■e -: f) ei — ■ft : "f K 'IS T«! N * »t ot lOI V a pp -• Ir r c « X I' 10 c ot : 2 s IN I. S N N |K h N S N ^i ^ i i •1 J X — i1 >o us o coo- LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. r>7 N -H "5 « j; •O « - - C •O 04 o '2 »l "5 2 2 ® = -I §5 N « 9t >l O - ei <-«'»« '•'5 c c O "5 — w 01 -" •o o o « o M u) « '0 f * >0 Q — O d N — O »» « W 95 /I (X 91 •♦• UJ 0> O — -"""•• p« OCC — -"-> — — — -. — — f- a ■+ S I- ei 91 o N N — ta N N 1^ (N O to eo w N N 10 "5 N N o c s c . ^le jcccoooooo — occooc 'N 0) N ,3 - ^^ ;4'X'M-» )1 * ^■o ;-OO«»»0>o>o « n jci •• M ■■) : ^ 1^ >ri ai (X> n It) "f n •* p h. a lyi at '1 V — '.■son He H^'MINMO'M-"^*^ — ^tMi^MM- ^O "Xl a N (• ^M* !>iais — g>'oe90te«f>ixo>)iNio>')>o •5 "f * » c Hh Natoiao-" — '>»07"»'«fuj«wNr-oi ^^ -iimiMttt'HOilMOtOIOI'H'U'Uit h. N N N Hs I. K t» h, N N t^ N f* N N N N »- r- U U '::ttsstt£t£tttti:t c 3 >^ X br "5 a 8 I 3! .£ O "a S JS I N ts JO « 0> (M 6 IS I l1 *1 ttl "!*'* TABLE II. LUNAR OBSERVATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE MERIDIAN OF THE FURY'S STATION. Ul BI\U THK WINTKR OF IHSII — iii. m i:!'f *' .Mmmi »'t'ii ^m 1911 i 4n ■■r ^ - \ H « i ^Hm*' ■f'^ WBT' rf Iff ifil'l m 60 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. o < 73 ■M I ^ S I O /; c > as as z X s2 5 5 ■J»l 'J.1|.1III(IIU|] i-il Is 1^ y E ifl iC irj lO u* IN 5 "5 01 a: <0 'f' w o w It) «5 US « o (N « O « CO OB « >0 « CO X 35 (0 si us CO o o N US N O 71 W « oo — M ?) ce 01 a -« (M _ « 05 — us »» cr us ^ CO CO « 00 o» eo = 5 eo 5 5 eo us CO (N as cc en fN IN cr 39 o SI 30 o N 5 s U5 us us us (N OS IN IN c o '■S 05 Tl 91 09 »l M X 09 UJ us US 09 "S eo 00 S 2 IN oe UJ UJ IN i i eo eo IN 01 US US "3 •o 01 r ' ^ «l C oi c c c c cccoooooooccc:; s«a.a.tfa«fi««)eoeoNio — -"0)0)": — -"'NiNeoeo»t'fUSU5>S>0 0000-"-" — — OIINO)0)'N ,0) OI W 01 O) 01 0)0)0)Oioieoo?eocoeoeooOJO«o f. n n 01 t^ us TS— =— =- N — SO 0» ^= Oi iN ui 4 « « ■^ '."< u5 u5 9i tr V 01 »l IN 0» 01 N « eo US 01 01 £ t- ffl O) "J « eo S ol S5 S 01 us us (9 IS IM 1* '0 >0 0( 01 01 IN ■M 0) W * 'I N or. e'JwcoI'oRec c o c c SB J> us us eo — c c us us 01 a 91 C u; »o » N N US us us TT- w 'O yi 01 00 eo — N N 'IS US >o to N N N US us ifl 01 N eo M «t — «j eo eo O - us us I/) us to N N N us us us us us ■U N N US «> "K IS" US us = S c * is a o> = !» C?! ,'x :z >» 01 01 01 eo ts « W" W 4 '^ -ft tft •0 CO •f o» CO OI :^ 31 s 8 ? C 0> OI 01 01 o» « 01 01 w CO eo 0» 01 01 u> S) 99 yi M 01 N J! SI Oi t « r I / e 5 *' ■» .r 0) ^ !4 u^ ■ — ■ 14 (0 ^ »5 >» S oe ts r. ■) ?~ s 33 e; 5 o •*• •f n g >i «5 71 ' «l a = a: s 1 31 ■M ■>i •1 » « « ^5 r) T "^ ■■ ~ ■t ■■i 1 t S ; s ■fl ^ :i ii ~>A r r. s £ S >* 1 ^ '■i ? n "5 •0 N >1 e> l»» n -d 1 "t f; ■N ^A ,. f)! — j; '• fe ♦ - 2 i > A — - TT i 5 3? :i I r. 91 o c / t »> »< s 5 I * LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 61 ^ ^ •• •• •■ r- i* *1 • * t: "5 •A •0 "5 •0 'h «! «3 »-0 •0 «-0 o r (M S s "5 N CO •^ « us w N „ O IN "J to IN eo 91 •f it „ S; t« X „ ^" ^ to I « K (N (M M t o o "> o o »*• -" M eo o •* o C eo "3 o IN f. •• C N iP o> 2J X (M o •f- K 0> •f X M (S 9> o ,. X _ ei „ Cl X X N 91 Cl IN X « C IN "3 « ») CO * •* U5 ««• o IM O IM "» « IN (M eo f •0 * •0 «3 *i« '•0 CO M e: m W IN « 00 w w w 0 !2 M >!J + «*• 5J * m» >0 «*• o o IM •«■ eo «0 IM •t eo (M o — 1* f ->) IN o r ^ ,r N t> §§ 0) o IM w X "5 IM o N >0 8 X «» >o O o o «0 U5 "5 "» ") IC "5 (0 (S IS fl « o •0 « »*• "" * 'f o •f eo c (M cc CO ^ 00 „ IN c c 2 t* '0 o »> « 8 IM l Cl c ts ts - - — — ^N c c c c o c o o •o •o o »c «0 "3 «3 '^ f »f »* •f f 00 «^ CO CO / / r (T X (« X X X X X X X X N N N t^ N N N N N N N »«. N N »» N 1- N .■ 'I U5 "5 o "J "5 "5 >o '0 U) >0 >0 >o "1 o •0 «0 »0 •0 U3 •o «0 U5 13 •0 •0 •O "3 '0 ■0 o , , ^ , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ , , ' ' *■ ■ ^ '' * ^ ' " * *■ ' ' ' ^ *■ •" •■ ■■ *■ ' »■ r •- ^ f » ^ : e c c - c c c o c c c o 0» O c o c c c o c c c o c C o o c o o •" "* •" ■" •" ^ ^ ^ ^" ^" p— ^ ^" '" ^^ ^" pi^ ^" ^ ^ ^« "" V * = « X cu X tf PC S b: O. tf ». S H. X &. s OS OS NH a: p. tf a. s Oi m^ a< = OS «■« — « X In Si « « u K 4 »ft « eo CO eo » > 1?! ») »• M M (N (M (M IM Ol "• "" ■" c o 'O •13 t •f eo eo 00 eo tt IN R K n « « « « « 2 ^5 « 2 CO eo eo •0 CO eo eo eo •-• 00 eo IN IM *t IM IM i»i IM Oil ■N -N J >■; ^ - •0 lO - »o i rr ei •t •t N t- c 5 IN IM ei « N N X X •» N s 91 ei 91 eo s 9t 91 g § 'O '0 * 71 WJ >1 « « »0 "5 f "■ "" *o "0 "• "" •0 i*^ IN (M c CO eo iN •* »f o • ■• If; •f «* •f •• •9 n eo eo « « IM -M IM IM «• ^ „ M «i _ •1 91 91 91 X X X X N N » M t( IX IM •^ 01 91 C- 4 v? •O •-i « C »• •ft N cr 5 ^. c « M £ •0 n o CO X »0 X s •0 s eo _i "3 Cl ■o 00 „ '0 8 "3 l> - 5» c '^ « '0 eO k'? M O o '♦• f "" o «>• V) IM u> •0 0» O * - * ?; s N ;; s « S^ i»» s g fc $ •0 IN s s s? IN IN IN •f o eo f p" IN O o ^ K O ^ r> s s N N N N f» J- N N K N N N N h. N N N N •» N N N »» N K N »■• N ") •'» "5 "? "» «-0 •0 O N X & .-» » H •% • ^ K »( IS 91 Cl « ») <- >A 91 4 »> ts "i w ts 4 « 0 •* * n w ") «/» IN IN •t' •^ o «3 "» >o '0 ->i IN I ' •• 11 ■r 12 ;( ^ s g S s 5 ;? t- S ^ s "3 o & fo >o ' z 1- N z s N IW s S i;; ;? S X a ^ $ 9 •0 "3 S; IN IN >o 12 IN S •0 IN £ s U e. ?l 9 0> "» >0 "» "» «^ •^ «o lO •0 «0 >0 •0 ■0 •/> ■O "> te te ts *a ) ■n 91 »» : : r • t t 8 t t t t t s J » s » r t t t s •■ £ : : t t ; i ; m i "ill? ?! ■!'• 'i ' *' * '; ri" ■M . >J 'Ml 02 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. ?! H X o X a. H o •• » J s t E s £ r s '- •■ = ' ; ' c I 1 < « ' £ S t r "^ •3 us UJ •o us us us us us us us us us ks Ct 1 u s § N W W (A « CO O (0 «s 9 OK ■* CO CO CO CO 5 J; CO «s et eo OS o us ft so tio CO (N US us 9 CO PN eo CO a* us « US IN 00 0« IN to f CO 09 to et us IN 00 o us IN as eo eo o M 09 to o et '*• c to o N t^ u o(0 » (S (9 «e (0 N r» N N N N N N t» N N N IN IN M eo CO p: i> - to •* to K oo « »t Ot 6« et "■ us to IN CO •♦ c § ^« on o CO >0 (A c - eo CO O $ if eo O eo et eo S c IN CO us CO ^ CO us »5 C IM 5 c 2 00 CO CO eo CO s « IN CO us M to eo CO ^m ^ te o ^ •0 c s us IN w ^ •f M 2 : 51 e i- N O N N US N "S N us N us N us us K «S US N us N us Is us N us CD US to us CO >0 "5 X o ■: ' 9 1 PC § •^ 91 Si u - •J»l •.Kiloiiliai) (, oo - ' = •» J •« s r »> t s •t *• I £ s S c J ^ •- : : — ■* ■jj|>uiai>g c o 0) »• ^ - s ^ * » s £ s •• ^ ' : r- r r ^ ; » * » ^^11 c O o O o O o o o o o o o O o c c c c c O c c C ^ • i? b: X b: a. en &< S 0L, S On s tf etf X tf A. tf 04 0. o; a. tf Ma •s i« **• u "■A ■j: fM 0* CO CO ■ ^ >^ p- iM o0 5 ^4 (N «0 CO p4 9« o (M O IN o ot o et et o eo a o eo et oo CO >0 o eo c eo o IT 00 W r. t ■* »»• «0 (0 u N CO »* IM ■N et et CO CO us ^ to 'f CO « X J-. (N (X '1 .1 S FOR D during i a. 8 s s ^ ^ o o O eo s s to us eo eo CO eo oo « •* «*• to to flj »i 5 r n .1 •< * .»; N to to to to to us "1 0* IN 01 M ~ = — - •f •f 't '»* - ■4 — i e> N N le to -" et -" 91 — * OD eo f e> "S « X O .5 «5 iS "J CO 9> ts eo US us 9» $ ^ et s US us 8 ot N Jo 5 s eo »5 N US c 05 r t? is o o o 00 O § o us to US J; 5 5 \n ^ eo N CO on o Is o '0 c C (0 us g '; S > 2Q O s: 3 "^ ?;; N '0 .'!? J§ ^ to us S 3? S to us to us to us to us to UJ et us s s us CO >0 e; te lf> K i^ •o 4 4 te — « — -< iA" uS « io u; Is N PS to N « - •< •H •M .m (»» »! N t» N o* IN n « :$ eo CO S o IN to s 1- c : .">• (W O 0> 91 IN CO s; s:; CD US CO US IN O o IN M us p« "5 ^ fc s^ eo eo 00 c : O pi* *• ■- ■■ "" •" •^ «^ -* " - tm «» 04 IN IN IN •1 N N N N N N S K — -* "" •fl Ol 4> to « K 54 n* to « ■* " to — K "a W U5 /) ae » ^» ':3 »0 IS s o s o us et U) •I CO 00 et ei M to to M US IN US ? et et § 5 ja :; 5 s 5 5 s us :? s a 9t Z t t; ts (0 cr us •0 o M ■ •o to to (0 IS « to te to te N s N N t» N N N IN IN (N »• ft n n f i4 - 3 I 8 i •> ft i t t «> s £ ^ ^ s J » £ ^ ^ • » »■ i. %■ ' s ► • • ' « 1 - » I! f '■•' ■1 « « uo » eo o - N OJ o o eo ■♦ - s « : : '■■' <1 '■t o ei — to o •* S N O '0 ; •• - ; ; ; »■ •■ : e c o c ii 35 C Ol T i f. rj e? 11 = a N X « 09 n — c« t O x o eo CO Tt N N N - hi fl i' - * - n t r T - '0 - eo CI to CO eo (X It! "5 US ♦ M - ^ '^ e c -x t I 10 es N CO — (0 '0 i 1. « •» to -no 3 S « 00 t LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. e> ■ — ^■ •* Of •■■5 ~ en in to ■r. ?• o o (S o s t^ CO fi In » |x s 111 « In n It i: O "S o '1 '0 n to IN W CO •1? o >- U) tt CB 90 us 'O so O <0 * 10 ■* "3 W ^ ^ IT «s ft e> o a — "o A te CB >- 91 04 N ei us CO N C 0» »* o — o — O 0* us us c<9 fw e0 o — •o « ■>» w eo — eo X O C 01 — h» >0 ^^ ©I IN O — a o "* liN o ^^ '^ '0 * eo us 0* •o X us f-. O O to to — us .>_•«« CO o» CO >.o eo CO «* •0 »* U)u}ususu;i/)u)0 "I /. »M "• n ^ / eo CO — — o — — us c eo 04 0) .» •■ O O IS >0 UJ 11 eo CO n j)| * - -. CO eo o 5 * ■* O O eo CO s X i) o ei o> « (0 CO eo eo CO ci CO CO •^ ^ o o «*• ■>*' o o T^ oT O — — 04iMxx>0Qe)iMteto 'fOO*'*usujeo^'*'useoeo CJQQOO — -< — ~o» 04 04 04 f- •*• »f 01 eo eo eo ■* "*• t ^ >o J* X it t N N CO eo >o "S — — — 04 UJ 'O »- 04 04 _ _ « — e> O* O) CO PS X us c « I. c •1 'I - - n — '0 - eo CO eo •o -« eo eo eo X ■ci rt •0 — — o eo X o X es •0 I* >» X eo 04 eo o •* eo « •»• — -• X X 'O »» O* 01 "• — « O X us 'O \ t r T f: X •o X •0 X X us UJ X '0 X us X us X 'O X •o eo 04 X l>» o - «a X '0 s 01 X 0 04 S X X — N UJ 04 9> 04 N — »OQ'~->'a>xQOxe'0»—< — usto 04 0Ujeo» — -"04»»usuj — -"OOuso4eS; 9e Hi i N ft 4 t: s f: ;: s; isr O — X •0 - eo t «o '0 M o - hi >! •* ^ UJ UJ X Ol ^ *f UJ UJ o O «t-«fxxo o o o o •* M M 04 68 us eo c X o eo eo •o to us COCCOOOOOOOOOOCOCCOOOOOOCO0404CC L:2Q'CCUBJSft.S(^tfSStfCutfa:a.scx,=:iv. stfStft^tfcutfSi^ eo es •»■ •*■ ci e< " ^ e» »- 04 n N N l80'>l04OO'0'0OO<---tolO'OusXXQCIN'>lN'*N»fO»O»<>l(MCC |)i8}neO«P504»IO»0»-"-" U8us«f.*«C00404UjuJ»f.^OO>Ouj55eo L,ji.k.t>^<4t«f«t)«f>r«f^^'^ncoejeo»seoeo»so404eio) 01 04 — •>>■•> eo 04 N N •o us c UJ c c ST is^O'Ococoo»Oco«to«'»ic5eoxxos»OQ — oicoQ«bw*'''xx(»>eo ■>lOO0404''»O04'>IOO"*'*«SUJ»|(»#«flus»0C0«ujO,..0uj^^04»l 04 O* CO eo 04 eo (0 es !)■ I)neseo»0«0i0«0'f*««''t'«»'»**'*'f*«*«*'**-*usu»i0'0ujw»uj«o 'lit .Mi .t. ,11 'f : J M,j ^ •H'U ll' ■'■■ (i| If 64 LUNAR OBSEBVATIONS, < O o c s c c c J ^ J t r t t s w £ ^ , - »■ " £ £ » , ; i £ £ 3 X 0. a "% < *« "? « o «o 0> tt •9 •9 UJ X eo •9 91 US ^'T '^■— »0 •O 1 § -2 N X 5 X CO o N '■9 9» IS n '9 W IS O o o S X o CO 0> us Ol 8 91 O "9 o N •9 MM o us 01 O '9 o 9» '9 01 O eo 9» '^ N ^ .-MO) , „ X o ; ■n •■■! o C ' H °3 X X 04 X m X s X s X s X s X X CO X W X eo X 50 X 0* X CO X eo X 00 X X 5) ■n t / 0! X ■« i Cl "5 1*1 M 0» N a> 91 IS o «9 »9 •9 us »>• 91 M "T "} O >9 X s .'0 0» o 91 N 91 n eo ? 91 O w — S - 94 eo o X 91 9» X •*• (S 50 o S 3 5 * - -i - 6 < ; W •!• '0 ' £ ^1 . A * X § N o o ^ X 9» J3 s? 9» •9 9» z eo 91 (0 >9 3 f o 91 •*• 91 •A t ^ r; CO ^T ' 6 o2 >fl "5 '!1 >0 o o O o o O o o o = ~ ^ o 2 = ;;j "■ ^ - 2 1 - !! Zl - ! X ts .(5 91 f •>» 9» 91 f "*• X * •*• X X IS lit IS y; t. "« / "* ' a S S . '"5 X W N •^ o X w 91 9» X X 9» 9" X 9> 8 «9 91 eo 01 90 '9 § us •0 o X eo 91 e'> I- 7 * o eo S < -SCO o 3 3 0) 5 5 3 5 '9 w ^5 S ^ Ot X w IS '9 N •9 9» US ■x '9 91 5 r. ~ •il . A •« •4* 1 MINING THE MERIDIAN Vinterof 1821 — 22, contini.ed ^ °S o o (3 '1 to «5 w CO 19 eo M U ■s 00 IS (S 50 Ol Ol 01 01 01 •41 *4> - "~* vi ?i y. '. ■•iiiini(uai|,|. oo t c t £ s. s :: s i t s t s t r ? »9 91 1 r ; ^ J ' • : : I ' ' -iJI'lUIOJHfl c ; ' I t ' X 9J r 5 ^ s : ■' : J ' t o o 91 » ' - ' ' : ■.:■.'' m o 2 o c O o o o 2 2 2 2 2 .^ o = c o 2 2 2 J^ ~ / ; C C = - < 1'- K^ ;x, tf tf fH a* q: tf a< B tu Ol X Ctf = tf Ol tf tf a« a. 5 ^ •^ = S ; ;: S - — B i t| 1)4 «*• 5 9) 9) § o o C 4 91 O •9 •9 •9 91 •0 6 X t 10 CO lO CO « N 91 c ol 'S ■4 i r • o 01 « DETER ring the ^ .s < •is ^:2 f '0 '1 '0 91 § § § CO « « « s? 9» CO 9» eo CO eo S 50 ■9 eo •1 5S s , N ?. Cl 81 « •I N N X <* ts «0 X jb' 91 9» — Ol e« 4 X N '9 ■ 9( rt4 X X N eo N" o - ! / n « 9) c 1 8 ii ;N N 55 J? 5: N I'. «9 X O o IS IS X 9» 91 9» eo ^ ^ s? s§ IS 9» •<* n l t ■'. n T. CO c ei s 1 > u •* 1 a '= ;; o o O o "" ^^ - - 9» 9» 9) 9> 9» M 9» f> N N N « X r / r t r f. T X c i 'A 11 a •0 N X X N N « N '0 w w X 9» to 9» •9 0> IS X ■9 lO eo o «9 (S 5 "9." o Ol 91 c IS 13 s Jo eo 10 IS lo S5 N -^ X CO O t 01 '9 '9 0) IS •*• r ft » ■'. T. Oi "t ..:»)« 50 ( » - n -f IS ■ - <» « ^ : 9 St 9» 9» 5 i» in uj '9 ta 91 * 91 « «.9 X fM » 4 •9 9i o> 9* »9 91 9» 91 IS IS (- Ol :^ - e " •)• i£ '9 vA S -1* 01 0» 91 N W 91 9) X '9 S s S o •9 91 •f •f 91 91 o 2 •0 f> (> ,• ; I) O !S 10 00 ■ - O 01 o 5? "12 '0 01 9( 91 j^ •0 8 8 8 - X X 91 ? X eo 9» 01 eS w to o •0 ; N C i M « O - - c - oO o o O O o ■f * u> •9 •9 '9 •9 '9 "fl '9 •o •9 «9 us us '9 us •■! ■0 -■ e i N N N <0 01 •* 4 u» •5 c>> -* 0> -* X J>- — 91 — -" — IS IS ^5 I> 1- c 1 * * .J :? <♦ ■« f 8 S 8 S •9 W 5 ^ S! '£ o s * s§ s $ S X ••• ^5 <4> z N 1 11 r} "* -• ♦ •• 51 CO UJ 1 * 1^ -8 ^ :? ;? 5 5 S5 91 S X eo 5 i? X o o N 91 '9 91 >9 8 8 N S 71 - ;^ 1 'I M 91 at * " es OS « °12 >o "» >0 "> •^ •^ o o O o O o o o — - ^ O O -> f^ - =: ■" - - ; I 21 " "* S 2 i «5 J ^ t ^ = i *■ »■ ' »> ' •■ ' ' •" •• 01 »■ * •• - * *■ • ' ' •■ * >1 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. Oj ^m '■■3 ""^^ i "5 o 5 i?? 2 ?s § '= .? 00 (A « « r» 9» ■»~:r^. o o >? c . ■» W •« ri j; - ~T^ j^ u « 5 ?3 •- J •■ t r : I : : . C /! - / : a, :: -< ■* V «« V N -N o N - 2» - -» N C fN •* - "5 11 .5 c y) n r) n r. N o "" "X n N s 91 ■>! - O ^ - 5 — — .• . — O - N W5 .I -J -J ?S I- t- i o - W ? .9 .5 (i t "» o M 19 M in o w 1/3 N O "3 o M «3 lO o - o o M (N >4 XJ CO o 9S >1 "5 O IN o eo « W 90 (N 03 (N CO U5 *^ O "3 — (N o >0 us u? — "5 to O "? o — — 00 (N 00 « « OS (A o 0 01 - o CO w 00 ;/; •■I - f o O X (N o ^ O •f O "S •M 0* IN US - W "8 »Ji o - -. »t at o "S IN -< Q (N 01 »> (N « « 03 eo CO en eo •0 o « o o •t "S •IS us 13 — CO IN IN IN IN IN (N us OOCOOOOOOOfiOWCOOOCOOO 'f ■* A 93 US o (e s •0 o :? o 00 11 '■'. n a o o - •* eo ,■: o o 00 "5 O — N IN »- O uj 00 (N «0 -- 0» 9 ■» N 0» 00 US o "5 ^S 'IS CO o eo UJ O - - "5 (« N «*• e» eo — — — — O O CO 01 Cl O «0 us IN »N uj us eo 'O eo eo us us eo eo "S us eo 00 UJ us OS X * 03 •J- N N J* N N * »*• «f «t N •s 1« ts eo KnetotetwetM sr:r>a»o>NNN s o ts ■N eo IN eo 0* us us »!■ N N If ^ 00 eo 'O IN '0 X> OS us us "5 o 5 'J3 N N oi O — — — IS N IN /J5P:N(N»3S0-" •'. ii r, n vi o o>iN *'t*'*'*'«INN /. «:n./3aO(/3«c/) ^* o oo ^* "^ 00 w IN si 0* o 'O us 10 "5 UJ CO 10 (N IN n 91 !N IS 91 »f 91 us O 9» f "* « 00 N N to 01 91 10 "3 '0 us (N 0? IS c ■* t nM_.aMMXaam_^'MMM«'MMMMMMMMMM-<9i — N )OtiN(N9>iN p >: n u3 io UJ us US UJ Ol us 91 — eo N us UJ l» IN US us 91 N O - us 5 9» eo us 'IS 4 *i "A It oo eo o e> eo us O 9» eo us "3 00 -« * — /N "J •»• o o o TT c/i O o» — 4 9» 9» * CO 00 US us OS us us s us UJ C/3 eo us o) OS «* — — 91 us eo 9) — « •* oo 'O '0 o> us IN IS ■•o 'loo - o a « eo - c ■C C N N IS t^ CO CO Ol 9* 91 91 -=— gnr — o O O SO -♦• — — -" 9» N CO l JO : « c « 9» — CO UJ IN « is ^ * 00 ?^ ^ •* 53 ^o 55" cntf39io>Q-f'9>oo>'iseo-^ — ei«)> US9I'* — WO — usO — COOOiN'is N O O 'O c c : : ■ r = •■ ^ •■ •• - »> r r s s ^ ^ •" r s •> i" r - r t r 1 t ' = : : ■ : - ^ r .■ r = J 7. r ^ = ^ ^ •■ •■ ' •• = - - = r = ' C •■ r - ; - - 2 - o c c c o o C - c c o •ii4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c - 1 m V M4 - (xi ^ S S &I S tf tf S 9m tf jl( tf », d. On tf iX. tf tf a. tf O, ;i4 OS s: a. 1 t "rT N "'•* •+ C3 ^ CO •* N N -• -■ IS IS »-'5 '(S IS "" us UJ N N X X X JO '•2 S§ §5 N N N 9» 91 "JJ N SO « '0 91 91 C CO IS 93 US N eo o - Ol us >/J >0 "3 eo — — — 9» 91 is 9 R K M 55 u5 « 5! K is R » 5 Si oo ^f <5 IS iS uT 3in-.-ip«»^alo>O)»»9»IOISCOCO«SB9l'O"S''S'OUSN00IS'N9j(MfM9ieoeeocooo«ooooeO'#''f'f"»''f*'*»f"*Oeoc :;?-i S:t-4i ..,,. I i!lf GO LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. ♦ I M ^ii as H a c u s a ?■ 1 < ' K •• ^ ' t •• s ' s 7 ^ s r f t : ' t ' s » : .• ^ »- F -^ .fl '0 "'j •^ o 'O u: ~o" ■/J «5 X •0 00 UO 4 l^ us us us Cl CO 'fe s; o §; Ol cr. 01 Ol o 01 X 91 X o Ol o Ol (S FN c uj 01 01 us Ol Ol eo f o !1 t 55 § 2 >- 1 c § 2 « "J Ol 00 00 s "0 Ol « 00 p4 IN •* X X X us s s 00 o M 0) X X a 1. 51 * g? - ^ Si- < s ^^ - - = 2 2 - ^- Ol 01 Ol 01 01 FN 01 Ol 01 FN 01 FN Ol eo eo eo eo CO eo f) :« 1 n 05 eo « w « tf (O to 'J- to X UO e> te »^ US 01 X O) ^(> IS I* 57~? -, « c tf^ te 41 2 .9 . (T 0» § § '•3 w CO s; X o to c 00 eo o Ol Ol Ol eo ts o UJ o Ol Ol §5 O 01 UJ 4.N 51 ; J («■ •» 01 * c « »• o o c c o '0 >o X « ^ N ■* 01 MO 01 us *0 •0 W3 o o s « o 01 o O N O Cl c Cl c f> N o ec "x us 2 91 IN 01 NING THE MERIDIAN sr of 1S21 — 82, continued. s « O to o w ts w to IS S5 ts eo to eo to eo to 00 to M (0 00 to eo to ts to to to to to ts •t •» N - !1 ts « • .)inouij.ii|X ■ =>- 1 r s f *• ^ •• t r s R ' s ^ •• s £ s ' r r r £ •■ - : : : : : - ' •iJIsiuojiiU § i r ' ' s ' •• »■ t * s r •• ' c S J ' t s E C t ' : : J • J • *■ ^'11 o o o o o c o o o o o o o o c O o c o 1^ o o O o - - : ; : c o o 1^ X Oi X 0. tf Pi a Qh tf cu tf X h CLi *^ a tf tM4 a: a, &i Btf - ; ; » Cn S M «r o> "i 'C ■* If' — <* * X OS to to ^* — t •*• eo eo a 0) "i o * c ; ;. t> N X ETERMl the Wint < 53 5! o o o IN IN IN o Ol N 01 ^ s o "5 X wm «s X (9 X ts FN X eo 01 N Ol us to p-« o> us to Cl us '0 Cl us us FN '0 01 '0 'O IM '0 * - 1 i: - ■* O i n Cl 91 0) c .- — X r, 0 0» o I-. AM eo o X «s 00 us X 5 eo N OS Cl 1 a X 5 ' Ol O 91 «* 5 11 eg 3 a o N O 0> o 8 •4. •* ts to s to c» 00 01 5 •-0 '0 ? 01 •*• us us US us 'S '0 (3 ? 5 1 51 ts IS X 1 o o (A Cd °2 M (0 n »1 to •0 X eo y> eo w eo fN 91 us N e> eo — '■; ■O .1 > X }l 01 c« QQ O y < w o >0 o "5 c •0 OB N •0 "5 •0 '0 I- •0 «0 •0 to to Ol X (0 X to C N 01 O 09 «0 w N "5 f 01 FN US •♦ 01 N N N N 01 eo 1- X eo "5 •*• I- c >0 N 1 1 n "f 10 FN 1 M IN 91 01 ; - 91 i»l X : j; le X « — (N f -< « * « io r. X X Cl »- Ol 6t N N "01 4 ^5 wl ; X (. N 01 ■J ^'£ ;s o o •0 '■■J •0 IN Ol '0 o> P5 to to t w 01 ? § o us to eo ts «4> c ! > ''. n eo Cl 1 51 91 91 •> -§ M C Z - IJ* M 0 « ao CO 8* o CO l/i CO CO en 0) so CO 04 CO X o 03 ? 2 o o .s .5 W CO CO N 0» CO 9» eo CO o '■J w o w CO o CO CO o c « CO — 9» •■S IS * — 00 — o o 03 CO J , g o CO S? 5 o c •- o o § § -■ o "S „ rt « eo W O U5 O N eo O O CO IN «5 0^ d ?5 (N O O -, o eo eo eo eo •o "> 2i 8 N X '■0 « (N X ..4 ^ .i. O — Q'-0(Ni-i — — <3 COO eo O O '^ '^ ^* '.^ eo eo 9t 91 N "J •O o o O O o C t- (O 3« J) « c »3 91 CO M Cl Ot 01 X X O "5 01 Tl X U3 91 X X eo eo 0( o 0» 04 91 N N O O X O 04 04 o o N <■"> N S "oi ^ '6 ii o n eo ■o >0 N O eo 'O -• 04 04 N «J 'O 00 — ^ M 9) 91 04 04 94 o O 9» eo 91 LO X X fc fc N 91 9» s to 9) (0 CO 04 >0 91 •o eo eo «0 >o eo 04 >" •" N « 9» eo •a "S <3 '0 eo c o ^ i? cs O «f * «* «f « « "0 >0 «i 91 91 91 4 ■".*•■ to O eo eo eo eo •*■ ^ f 04 04 04 OJ "3 9( 91 to "» at x' eo 04 eo 00 O o eo 04 o o eo Seo eo N eo to 10 — o 9t — ^ 9» 0» X eo 04 91 T eo eo IS to 91 N N ei eo >o to to •O UO N N o o «0 C 9( o o uj 10 o •0 "5 o o "O >4 O N O "J O eo c n "f >0 M IN 91 - 9( 0» /; IB « eo W 00 to 0> ^" 91 O eo — »» — X >-< X 9> t- eo eo « O - - o '0 eo >o 00 'O N * f N O «* »(• f * »* «f u> U5 "5 UO 04 "0 to M U5 eo 9) 04 -. 91 04 9) eo eo 04 91 eo M- X X eo eo eo ^ N -O to O 04 91 04 — O O c ••0 9) 04 U5 U5 C 91 to 04 iO>OU5>O»O»OUJ»O''>'O'Oeju0l-. N t» N 9) 91 lO "9 ". n n a o> M M Ot M M •O «0 uj UO O O 00 CO — o •-• ~ M M M - 01 01 B » W cn to eo X 04 04 o c o * o o — — * o XXX M « eo o o o o o o e o o 50 o 91 N 9» u» 91 •O o>No>'*o»eo''J»oo NOOooooeteioio •'500ooeoooeo9i9» e* us o o o 8 8 S X CO eo Q wm w^ o 91 o 91 M •• C) US "S 91 Ok •o 04 04 9t 9» "S ! : : r ; r O 9> r r t r ' = r- J ' r- f ' s = £ ' ' •« C s f r' ^ 7. p : : t ' •' J »• *■ s = : s r ' »■ ' ' - r f K s ' s T. ' - s r = X CO r ■ - £ O o o o o c O o c o o c c o o o o o o o c O o o o o o o - \'- A ■M = ci 0. ci: Oh s: = !»4 12* S tf "W tf M4 EU EC! ixi EU B Oh S On tf S Nf« A 0H sC : Z. t> 1- X CA 9» 91 U5 •0 — ji S4 CI O) "*■ *4> X X 9) 04 ■* 'f N N X ■" eo eo •* 'O us us 04 01 91 04 — CI to -o 9* 91 — eo ■>» I'S c CI — o •0 'O 'i.l: »« Ifi 68 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. u a c X eu 1 1 < ^ s » s ;: '- c : is e n r 1 •■ ' t «> r - •> t •• * » : : : s A "5 u? U1 «o •r. N us Wj •0 ""us" ei '* ijf 5 § MM > f >o s "3 «-0 0) 03 & Cl $ ^ S 5 (- U5 C "■S S2 c r. K Hi tax CO «* °!2 w o « «) 0> N O - « « 00 CO It) 9t 00 06 eo eo N 00 05 OS OS 05 00 CO N 00 "S us 01 X 05 05 X g 2 0; X 03 05 X 00 X ei OS X N 05 X OS X ce I.* T. C a >' ei N o> 05 0! X « i ^1 5 (0 o Si o w (a CB o» kO W 00 CB OS ei «o •0 ot UJ 4 v> us •0 s l-S us N oi X 4 s 'J' 05 OS 00 to OS OI N N 05 OS Cl us f' us 0> eo us '0 01 us X 01 us X us CB c "i! « « .' 9 to « BO M £3 S X CB T Ot c - 01 OS t « « « M 00 CO 00 00 eo 00 00 OS 2 00 05 OS 05 00 05 0? OS 05 «* "IT * i ** •*• •^ ' _ - u. o 1 .on CB 00 5: 5 •0 «0 U) •0 $; s OS 5 to us N us N s c 01 ifi o T » SI M 01 OS s MM p or ",) J. u ^ °::^ •^ o '0 U5 10 «0 UJ us us us us us us M US 25 US O) us 0» us 01 us Ot US c ot ot U3 UJ c ■M t ' ^ s s » s s 5 01 1 »■ t s ^ f S ' ;: #" t ' : : : : i -J.liaiunjiiii r J » s ' * s r ^ P- 0) o» •■ •■ s » »> r s •" ^ ^ : > * » ' '• ^^11 o o o o c c c C esc IS A. tf a< ►¥< S PU oe: a ts tf Oi p« tf eu a ;u a a* tf a s: a a, :i = a, tf e> Ci N N ^m mm «0 ^• ^f tc ts ^^ IW 01 01 6t 0( 03 j^ * N N U3 OS 13 s Is J3 J s =5 -*• (J* 01 c 01 to <0 Oi CB 01 OB 01 CB US CB X us X 01 ei OS 01 05 te us n ta US mm 05 05 05 05 05 05 N to n 1 ! M 1 §8 ^ ♦ OX) « S 0) .0 ta CO 05 \. "" *" N N CB an CO X mm •^ 01 o» ^^ ^< OS * ^* ^^ CO te N s •*■ * ' •■ " c » 6C i >« -« "Z. ^ M 00 >0 uj c N N •* 01 N US us us us f-4 01 0! 8 us N us N 01 01 N s 5 ; 1; « '0 S ^ "S % OB OB g o n 00 o> 00 0» 01 01 »9 0) 0) 01 0» mm us us te ^4 te «0 te N N r * / ; « a C - - » — 01 Oi as i ^ •> K ot 0* 01 l» mm "W ui to te 05 us us O) Cl 91 '•T^ • -t N us o s •s3 »fe JJ »l 0> CO w « 9t 00 OS 9 5 s 04 05 eo 00 mm 05 05 us « X us 01 5 V' ; ; 'S » 6 N "• 05 a -- •^ •*• Oi Cfi o> 01 Of S N 00 5 N S 01 te 05 05 * o» X N us us to "O "3 Z 1 >1 * : 01 US -" > ■>:3 «0 "3 us •0 "5 >0 "5 US us «0 01 us 0) us US 01 us 01 us Ot us o> us o» '(5 us Ot US M us 0» "3 l» ; 5 " " s? s? QQ O "1 ^ K t» 9) OJ s »> 01 ■■o»- I. ^ » t. S X y -w C '0 03 •*• O — 3 CB s CB US ce 9» oe 0( "0 05 us 05 05 us U3 s 10 US § S to 9t eo CO 5 5 5 2 .5 § S *■ te rm p« US o K N N N N N CB » ce OB N N N N X « « « 00 X X X X X / » » « X 01 * • 4 4* rt 01 0) t~ -" 01 ei ■«' *- te '9 us <£- X 01 - !• « a «■ 55- -"c *s M N N «o «0 01 o> 01 00 OS s te N N 0) us 91 05 00 OS OS X X '0 c <* ' 2 2 ^ N us 05 05 1* o O Sf s? s § •* 5 uJ us s OS s § £5 Ss ^ f "* us "S US '0 s s 01 c C :; : SS ^ 91 05 05 ■♦ o2 « « 2 00 00 00 00 eo OS mm 00 05 OS 0) 05 05 05 05 05 mm 05 •* f ^ •* ■t 1 ■Mm <* t t I ^ r *■ r s t i j: *■ - f » ' *■ c t t i t » ' ; ; : : ; t t ■ ■^^™ ^^^ ■^■a ^i^ ^^ LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 69 •> ■N s ; ; •■ = f : 3 ^ c C c Z 1 A t= - a :i 3 « n a M » » - « - c c - c — 3r « ao CO «f N i»l « CO IN o 99 CO M 00 — « O CO «o o « »» 00 OB ce en 2 si <9 IM O — CO n » 50 c s •0 o Of "9 CO e> •19 CO M us us us i>* us '9 US US 6 W O S !^ s § s s "S N N N N 01 O) le o o « M l» » 91 00 09 ». N N — 09 — "5 ^ — O O K — •19 "9 ^ uj 00 CO oe g g S 2 2 g 2 3 us •o KNNOOOOOOUDXCO "^5 ^ O " 3** s N t? -■ «" 9} «> O O -^ -> (N 0* us us »»i eo •9 U9 09 50 US us SO us eo 00 ru 99 O CO © o N CO — ^^~T 9» Oo' !N « •• "* '* p-« "S o -. - N N N CO 00 CO CO sr N OR l>i O 09 UJ — 'f OO IN IN M s «0 00 N 09 "9 O 01 91 IN M N N 09 CO O — 9* 93 04 OO (O O us -" <0 N 09 00 CO CO 1^ N CO CO 90 OH tS 10 •^ 1/9 o> e> eo w 9> IN o 99 e : c o o o OOOOOOOOOOOOO — "OOOOOCOCCC i.ZA*aixt»ix^oif^oi(Ao^eC»*^o^ik(6S^e6o-*aieL,xi^:6s^ait^t6 l£ 8 n' u> 99 00 09 IN IN 99 93 o e> — us f> •* us 9S 93 "S US 93 9» 93 — ^ 93 •O N SO 0» •9 — N O) (N — US ? 5 (N — •9 — CO e> oe us us us M 90 00 93 95 CO * 93 CI CO K « -9 « e c - - 9» >^9 N (N M O — IN M s; g g s — 9« (N N M M IN M M (N «f 93 ■* ^ o o N 10 to 1^ 5 te to •* * 93 93 * M 00 to * u5 IN OD O) to W 93 -" O 0* 2J g S m •fl s us - o I? •■*< * o I 4 "IS -9 c » us M 6 01 us O - C9 93 U5 UJ O « us OB OS O) a* o ♦ 93 93 CO CO us us us uj N te 93 93 i? :;? 93 93 US us •f Ol "9 M 93 O -• N 00 us us us s 00 us »9 93 N (N IN IN o o 00 00 93 9S O "O u) « .• o O 93 <« « « en 93 93 93 -:s 2 5 2 S CO (O 93 93 to s (N IN 5r 00 a> IN — — IN M IN IN US a •fS >• a M a* M IN M 30 » M M ax M M O '9 IN IN 00 (O 93 93 M •9 t 93 US it (O 00 09 93 a« M CO O 00 IN fe 2 (O 9} 00 «9 93 9S "5 US 93 !H PS — 'O CO OD 93 93 5 9 ^ 3 t> •9 «S N oe 90 « N « te N a o -■ •• M m O M M sn a a us tfs 00 o o O — — O X a a a a O — N a* us o» — oe "3 o -< o o ts 2 S 5 us N N ••MM O •• -• "^9 55" — «f> to 00 — us 93 •f .a M •f US s 00 93 ^ 3? a s M 93 "S M o - » 9> 95 95 M — M M •o 4 CO "S 93 U5 — to M m i to to M 00 O a 99 — « 93 -" — — -"(NMMMMMININ'N IN (N M 93 M I • * ^ 09 (O us ^ 00 00 |ei9teNus us CO « -•' -> «999393MM'** 1 2 -9 91 6> i* ^ sr-T-sr-cr sr usustoO-N^N* 00C0O»MO-'4 MCOaO^fteNMMOOMiN "t^O — OOMMOOUSUjui-O IN i2';>i'>to9ioaa(N l***«»«»^'*»t^«U8U3 a a CO 00 * »> O ' O — to " " — - eo ' - O "■ "■ M N K N K K N -• « « N * ■? •♦ us N N N N N N M W M M N N us O O -*-""- — X « o o 00 M to O 93 *' . » m 70 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. ^1 W ( r 7. H s M m a. = » = - ' ; = •> ' r s r = = J •- S ' •> ' •> - : : •8 || ■17" -^■■ •fl rt u% ■^ K "» K TT" "sr" "SP -JT" fi w •0 (M c $; N § "5 eo 9i "0 10 "5 s SI on If ei •0 S ? :5 o -s e «0 o S fe 5 at •o O o •0 0» W1 fc s 3 80 ^ en tn 01 01 = :? 1 "S OS « « 00 0) 00 (K) CO CO OS 00 eo 00 eo eo 5 J (H ts jb 0> a> « o •o f) 4 "> UO 'f •0 i =Si >o o IS or S 8 o s :? >0 00 cs as 3 CD ^ so '0 t ^ 5i > a: o o '0 v4 o n « 00 S 0) s N O 01 s c Z f *^ so ?• 5; 'fj "l 0© o c o O O o o c o O o c •« — — — — — - - - . M (i "* " "■ ^* ^ "* ^ ... " > > ■■*! (0 -* e> J) eo -• * 1 N •*• •* S «0 f «j 00 «5 o o LO Ol ? U5 •0 z •1 00 •* ») ao •0 ? j ? u. o 1 -;? s? 5 * i? to CO •*• CO eo Ol s 01 ») M OB o> «♦ t <■« z s S 1^ a c : BflMNG THE MERIDIAN Winter of iSSI, continued. °s 0) CO s 01 eo eo ^ eo 0) eo eo 0) eo eo § S S? S 31 eo 01 eo 3 s I ••UIOUIJ ^ ' »• r » s s »• ' ; * » ► ^ ' « ^ ' • : * ► » > «5 . o O O O o O O o o O O e - e e : J* A< « a. S (V BB S tf X (A a. tf P^ a: X eu s cu 33 06 B ei s: a. a. s f « M N I- 04 e> — "- XI 4 4/; 01 M N CO 01 •0 0( te « e .• - % y ETER ngthe < r 00 01 CO S $ ? 5 5 5 ^ •* * 5: $ 01 5 5 5 00 9 3 * - • s IC r i*- 4 - . 5 i S o H 1 8 o O *> «0 Of •0 en Ol 9» :( * ? 01 00 S •f. 00 S rs W 01 to r- 9 'X - - < J SJ eo •1 s s eo 9» •0 94 7^ eo 91 Si eo IN s s s •5 s 00 IN ■N 80 IN !1 Pj »! i (a i« ub N >ft ie K (6 b- (0 K •" K Js ^ - ft ■- 11 £ « Si S! s s 01 o 9 ^ £ aci 00 8 ^ Ol « s 5 & 01 •0 s ^ 5 5 - fc « c o ^ s; §? s s v> '0 eo « fe g g s c N •0 (> '1 ^ >0 "> .1 5 °$ 5 5 9 $ 9 9 9 $ $ # $ 5 5 ? $ ? ? f $ s S S t. w "" «M ■" "" A *i ♦ ^m H 0> « dt « « 4 * — --t; • X » li ■>o ifl s o c 3 S f ♦ s 5 $ 01 •0 S5 s s ? * IN S IN - c : o 5. g -s « $ $ s? s S •0 s s ~ ■M s ;; « 8 $; to 5 9 s s; :; :t 0* * ■♦ «* t f * ♦ M> u» u» »J^ '0 10 «> «» W) M( •/) Mt W) wi «» «» "S .1 H rt »4 4 4 4' d> afc K (A '« 4& «f V le sr -.» "sr ■ «->-v •J Is ^31 s & is s s w « £ so S g Jo IS s »< »l »o OS •0 S (N X - - .« « £ £ '"5 W ;^ ? 5 9 $ N "» Jo •0 Si £ JC 'S, 'A I s oO e 2 S o o o O o O o o mm mt M 3 = M M 2 = p« s MM' (i ^ " £ £ t » ( *' ; t t <: f t t t ; t r c r •> » ^ ' I. '* I-. ' Ili LUNAR 0BSEUVATI0N6. 71 •0 sr us o s l o 2 £ c : tf tf 0. S. 2 *i^ -ml m^ gS? « f. » I S "' " "■-S - •' N 01 V) - { "J I »« - »• • X • "" "* c t ►foot* i> W IX - : 'A '4 & S I I. - « c S 9 1/ * - o M tt n ce o s Itl "5 (X <» o 3 3? o S * C "O ...... fX M •O u> (X 8 3? ■ ■ ■ ~u5 o 35 35 35" OO IX — <» (X — o o (X — t^ « ao ffi 'O "S "5 M (N O •* s "5 CO CS CO c;; X JO i5c005co0ocowwc000co CCXv«j6xxXXXXX 00 N 9t — •5 PJ X en — « — C — (X « »» 1)1 x (X O X X "^^s -f »? = ^ ;5j 00 io ^^ 33 X «o iv" ^ iVt '6 ^ OC ^rO-t0>(X'Xp-"x"xC!OX«OO"t«f'Q'XOX>0 •fj — MncoM'o-xMnix^^^-Noi^on'x^'") — •0'* e — ONwNXM»»"t»f'OCOCi»'9U5"t'"f — — — «h. rcBflB ci'«»'^'f''*>o>oco — -"'x»i»»ix«eo*«* •■:•■■? coo ~ Di>x'x(X(xix'x>^ * X X s O "* t •)> •^• i; = — >fi r?r ■0 "5 •f ■• "t - o c : 5 5 ^ 55 « te" 8 '0 io * <♦ "f yi y X X X ^ 00 00 eo 00 :: 35 § N eo 00 5 8^ 00 00 n <• "5 'O •» »0 >0 "O '0 S 8 8 5 N N h. N '^ »M .'J - 35 5 3 :2 — N t> « ^ * ♦ «0 h. (« N N « S K M T «•*•♦■»» eo « — IX •! eo eO '0 35 S S = = - !'> X OD X X X N « (0 00 IX 01 >0 * >♦ I- X X — 01 Jl CI <0 'O »» n * S R j(; £ r r o6 00 00 "•*—<* ^w" C C eo • -O c •t •• '0 eo 05 •» 51 « « »> •» "S »< X 01 A ^ f> to S"~~~ w oi «f e c e 'i Si 'i, en X ^ > !1 - 01 04 •0 X T5 — ilT' <* * « S""^ N f :?:»3.Slo8S22S;te«S5 i, 4 * - ^ 'S ^ i '^i i t -• N N W If 0} ^ •« ^ •« ^ S no eo 00 eo 00 >* _ *t ^ if :3 13 3 2 2 -• -■ / 00 00 10 o e •• S S fi s i /i • »■ th « N K •0 eo t t K J l!'l.'•^'| 1 '! M H f ^ II 78 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. c •s 1 *■ • »■ » * » ^ t. 3, . : ! 5 , Da £ Jt 5 ? •0 te ^ -4 (0 » O) CO >0 •0 15 •■ § ii -co s S s s fe "» s 91 M f) IN "5 >0 (N o « 04 0* N UO $; "5 s •0 0* 1^ '1 / ss s s K 7t o ta N * w "i IN 3 '0 00 >o IN (N "Z N — IN -N « «* 04 "0 c c 01 S ; ^ 5 c i: it °2 ^9 2 2 CO CO eo X CO CO 1^ s eo s CO CO X eo X CO X 2 eo f. / /' N >* rt ei <»■ 4 0) j- 4 eo 4 e^ 4 •/J / C0 E ;!3 ? s? 8> ? >o (N g 5 S •* f N c s C c so '0 :? S "t 2 % J »( c >" tf 1^ ~5 $ e<5 o O CO o s N •0 M o (N S (N "5 eo '*? I* •f «* 0) :? 01 •* c 2 - « - c * ; 0) N '0 lit o« 0» » o> o O o O O o c O o C o c c -" - 2 - -N ao 44 ■* 4 a »o (N ■i ii «5 S s 5 ■ U :; « !h e 'S o N N Z IN c C C o c o te •0 0> s ^ 5 5 3 i 'i S £ ^ =5 $ ■a (»l $ S (N s 7) <0 IN s "5 ■0 IN •0 04 '0 IN •0 04 oi »0 •0 04 04 IN »i ■N ri 2 •; 5 « ■ill ^ ^ ^ *■ ^ - •■ £ *■ S •• » « » t » •> •• £ ; r s * • : 1 : : s * •jmoiojaii 0) si * S ► I •« ^ - t = •■ » : S ; » r • S t t £ »- - 5^ 10 ''''''' ^ : c i4l o o c o o o o O o c O o 04 ■N e C C e c - ; h 04 tf ei, tf S CL< a. B s CC NH at fits eu ec Ol a a* S Ol "m ai z tf * •# ii = ctf cu 1: V 3 "so oT ~>-o' ~t~ 1 w "f «f> — — — — jb K .^ ") ^ ■^ »- »» •0 •0 te te « » •0 1 « N K ^ El'ERMI i li =2 c S? S i — — •0 5 3 2 ? ? «* 5 ^ IN 5 N •N 5 eo 3 3 : :: ? 2 & « rt h. K « « (k ■Vi u l"" — — te te it 04 •O t» M *« 91 « ■*("~'»7 1 •• -0 •*. te S FOR D duri i 8 • 1 a N s % O S S i« 04 5 >0 :? s N c i 'iD •>) uS i4 Js t» Jb « •0 1- .6 *<■ ta t- l> •0 — .• ff. 1 'i - « g J ■1 51 5 •0 :» ^ ^ (; A o ^ -♦ ? .• 04 s f? s IN IN •0 ^ 01 no 01 H 11 « » 10 — '1 S - o> 18 •o c s; •0 5 '0 u? "; $ "5 $ •♦ fO fO S2 « « % S s N % « 1 N •■! IS "♦ at 1 "iJJ s ■n $ « s te fN £ « ^ s >0 s o •> S s ^ ;? 9 •0 (- •* N s 01 e te te $ S w « S 8 15 ^ f. <• 0* * «t ♦ * ♦ « «» ♦ ♦ 4 ♦ ♦ ♦ •0 "** "> >0 '0 f> •0 >fl »0 «0 rf) *. 1 <» to .0 4 « "'V "• « / j( "■ IR H ^' -w -^ » ~ -T-T 1 ^ -1 « » mJ J- 3 3 c o :« i? s .? g ^ "» s s « « s 8 5 04 $ $ 3? s >N 0» t* l« M * 8 5 8 = 0© o o o o o 2 o e o c o o o = — = = -• :: : : : : : : £ 2 2 m t t t : » t • : t • t : t t • t : r ; • '■ It e — n 'f .UNAR OBSERVATIONS. 73 e J : : . > • t 5 •• s t \. r r r r £ t ^ s s r r ^ »■ •s 1 = ^ •» •• r s 9- f * ■'", - •0 •0 •0 •o •o •'^ "5 •fl »o J5 •1^ •-i •0 "3 ^ .li »0 •t 9) — O "5 ^ ^; 8 7» et ? :3 "J d; fe >0 •0 fe « s IN Ol 2 e» 5 0) o "5 "5 5 '1 •0 5 00 -o fe S r g J J3 c s •) o us w S; us OB « - ») (N CO o ") <0 01 8 «^ N 01 IN •N s — Ol "5 — t» © © Ol •0 £ 5 2 7 52 «5 2 « ge (0 ! U5 X . ;o •T "5 ■-N •f « O

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N M »l 9> y '■f N •1 •h N •1 — Vi ii y. - > 71 .i 8 n »» % •♦ ; $ C © N Ol N 8 © .•:; o ») X- "0 S •0 s "J 8 9> ? 3 3 : 5 5 N '* li •* c J* o s >0 «0 s? .- $ •0 s; r 8 s IN S ol f $ ? 5 X X 3 « 5 5 i s s s n *» « % s^ ?. g ^ Si ;i g S Si % S % Si 01 IN ot 01 Ol 01 01 w Ol « •»t ■>! ■e 'o i.~5r- •^ «-T ~s e~ « •4 te ■'■■•* *■ '\ « d> -• •" Ik k h> •" 4 •" "iT" tt 1- Ol •^ te >4 Tx 1. 1. ; 3 8 S c S :; "^ 3( « « 8 9 s :£ 5 9 5 9 ' .i? s "> 'Ji ? •^ 8 91 O Ot e ."<5 8 1 1^ « S 2 5 5 r* ^ * w « 8 "♦ :? 5 r,- s O - >0 «l ♦ ^ Ol ot S "1 •0 ■-. '• 1 *. .1 ■1 <« * ^ >* <♦ <♦ f •0 •0 ><» •^ •^ •1 11 '0 •» «o "» w (O it "» Ol ot M a - ** "V 0 8 8 8 N "» 8 8 t -x I '* \ s s ^ « S £ 8 5 s S 8 % •0 S 8 •0 ■!1 8 $ :» in 8 3 5 2 e Mi «•■■•■ = : mm O o c o e o 2 2 o o ^ = "" •* "* " ;; - o> •t -M 01 01 « •2 « r : ' ^ » '- ^ f* r- » - ^ J : ► *■ J : ^ ^ i • - "?~i , » * •> 1 9 as M ^/^ u^ «o •fl «! "^ L-i >0 •fl >r( %\ •s § on 9t '0 « « 01 o 04 IM •0 •0 01 c %. « 01 •f 9) 9 X IM 0» 01 : ; l§o 0) •0 o n > S «5 c o ^ O o § X 0» c o> n s X CO c S 01 f-. ^ ' S!2 CO :? s «3 « a- 00 X X X eo X s eo X X 00 X eo X :0 ?! ! t 1 155 ot X CO n '4^ t- !^ O M wT X « X Cl e* 0» *» 1- to CO X N X s" a IP *^ S «0 « N J^ OJ CO '(7 "5 § to 01 •0 to C 'i s? * •0 1! 1 - » 1 * •• g IN II .9 "1 o c PS « Si i; ii3 ^ •0 •o to •0 :§ '0 •f N N 5i r. t; S X 0* "f oz: (»l M « w e? CO « « PS « w « M eo «0 eo eo f •*• f ^ •* "3" \ii "* •M «^ le — •>) (■ « •»• •^ to X « u -• X X t- «* •*• r- ^' 4 P \ =:^ •0 <» s ^- O (N c s ^ 19 X s;; c »f eo •*• X ^3 "0 01 CO CO eo 1*^ ,9 i 1 s t» . * s - o 2 S V' ^ o; IM 3? -1 9i c c s s »i 0* l» N 01 £ •0 •M '0 01 < 1 J! N 1 « » J; 01 01 s P •J a 3 01 J_ L. 3 oS IN fM 01 OJ o 01 O) O) te to c tc to w to CO 10 eo to CO ts to eo to ts eo 1 ( ■C 1 1 « « 1 C tJ eo te 1- •j.ii •miitiii t.M|f o? ; i »> f ; : ' r : J ' : ' : - - ' ' f ; = r : : : : : CO 'jaijinoii'il - • • ' ' p ' J % : - : ' r s : '■ t r r = • • » - /■ * > c C C c o O o o - »■* c c C 2 ^ _ ; : I c |S a. s A. S •»< A. kM 0. M4 a. X a< B A, X At X A< *m a. X 0. - 1 ^ M 1 "• -1 mm a* i U a. IN "4 (A J- •J- 5: J. 1- C c 01 51 r 9) X 01 -» c Cl •f I- I-* 6 S eo •0 •0 R 1 I » « 1 - ei 1 * - SI ■0 e I: is 5 ■A 13 "5 ••5 :2 ;5 :? •f "* »* •• If •f 5 eo «f CO eo ot 01 H 1 4 ' * * ••■ •* 00 i. 1. U ts U3 i> 1- ** iVi l« i» 4 4 J' y "/■ K- X X 1 » - — K. M) 1 I «:? •0 § o O S 2; Cl 01 ■r IM :? 1- $:: $; 5 f «» •5 CO is i^ !0 9» 5 n 9 ;;S 8 00 •0 s 73 •€ > '0 '.1 J? te ei Cl Cl Cl •5 e i $ 5 5 «* •fi 5 0» .5 * M 1 •-: ♦■■^ •0 N t> "W •fl M K •i>i ■■*i »J t- U »*■ to -vs- Cl ■N — * X /r ■^ ti = 71 M 5 s 5 0) $; s It 01 s "S 00 ei •0 01 s; S X '0 M "» M <* a CO s 5? •0 s > H ^"^ iT "» o ■0 en o s S 1-5 h t5- 91 •■ -«- ■JJ- •0 Ji" ~y » -rs « * « M« — £ -•1 % o c «/ « •♦ «f s s — m' IN »1 in 9* « (N •0 '0 •0 1 - 01 mm •>• ■fc b ^ '^ • ,^ 5 s s? 2; s X X p4 •1 S « ;s » •» « % *) e .x ON l< It. 1- !• N f'* s K H X • C 1 t » 9t • tt \^ e> » •6 c ts * 4 H 4 l« ■■•« -JI" T5- to <«■ Jl TT 1 • • * •4 -J f • -s s s •> o (0 «e •» •1 ^ s c c n •0 s s 5 '^ ♦ >o h. § « * « « CO X 2 E £ "5 n ^ ■- ' r »■ ' » : s c - H - B a. = ^ = ■* *> •« « r« : o •3 « ^ t ""a"" H 1 * 1 1 X > to > •1 ^5 3 i <• * 1* 1 » c — « > •» » N >i 1 J- 1 >l 1 51 > « 10 ?? "■ 1 TTT LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 75 8 1 1 M » '^ * •> ^ •^ » * ' * i ^ * *■ * c '' : £ t t " •» •• •* •» * * t •■ - ^ •^ -> ui •/» ") 5 X X s? X X T -% 4 s6 "S -* •+ ^ '•4 "'« •fl 4 ■-f -t e> ■0 -uT .!5- ■■^- X "i 01 i ♦ 91 s o o "» t C IS n •0 5 0» o 9> 91 ts O o N 0) 9t (M 9» 5 5 X 9* s 9» 5 » mt .^ - t; (;; ■X fc ?? S5 5 N •0 to o fe N C * •* "J -M '0 •M 91 n « 5 "5 s§ 9> o c O >/s '•» 91 s 1 " * •f •N IM ■N i »i 01 »t 01 ?{ S! 'M -M ■M M 04 IM m 91 9» 9t 91 9» IM 9« •> 9» S5 7) 5 9t M 9» 91 ' 4 ^ to ■*! to «- to H »J TT "(57 •f iM d) •* «4 to *< 4 51- ■4- ■4- 1 » 1 * N § "* N O o C -■ to "5 o '1 i a o •- M •0 -V '* 9* N X A ^ 9; ^ IM O S X 59 S (- X •0 5h N 04 91 n 8 ^ 7> fM * "> •» ;? S5 5 3 s s O o o 8 *• - •0 O c 91 55 n to N N it ^ !t N !? »» ^ N !; N 5 »» * X X X X ? S ? ^ : : - ; •• r ^ ^ ; •■ ^ ' : r r - ' : r ' ' s ' - J = s •• 91 1 r •• ; : ■ ' - C /■ ' r »■ ; r : ; ; r »■ ; • ; » ' s r ' r r ' S a ^ • - S3 A O *^ c o O C o O O O 2 O o o mm e o O o 2 o o o o c c e c c- = - a< s: a. cd .% 3 a* VMM S ec: 36 a, s: a. o: 24 3 S X = X X =- sc X a< k « )) » •c ui K U « » 0> o> X X te to ■i> a 4* « 0) o> « CO 9> e> k- I- X X ;: 9> A'_ c c N ^ •0 :S S s N i; N N IM M Z s »< 91 n '0 to 9» S *4i 9» 9» IM •9 91 ■0 ;; ^ •»■ K •0 ■N n •0 « « s s ^ s s s X X 9» $; S; M fc X X X eo S k » - - N U N K — -• 4 -* U «■ A (>> — — -^ to «1 «t to (• — — 4 « i> /" .•r -JT- ti; 8 § s •t « 5 O o g g •fl «) X N •» M fe O O •0 _ "5 •} -0 e t m ri f) ■t * «* •^ * M »• IM M •9 w *> mm *? •J M mm « n 2 •• n 2 n *» 2 « « !2 « 91 9) 91 •f 9> — X 91 «0 »l \^ n •9 U -6 -" H ^ K ix •9 -*-■ <1 5( ■0 s :^ 91 ? •■m « "> 91 5 •9 X 3 •9 S s 09 S «» s? n X •9 ^ $ 1^ 3? 19 V w "t •9 s g J '9 91 1 • •» X $ $ 4 X $ $ jl $ X X X <*• X X X X X X 4 s? 41 X s ^ 5 ^ T't t »■ p« -• «■ — "ir "^' ~»k' » to te « ♦k 4 ^ / Jb — 4 ** « — « te - M « to ^ g I 9 s M !M s 19 ii 8 5 M ••• 5 ;; « « le « 5: ^ t c 31 3? g s N s ;? » 91 K «3 s 35 - - X X 9» $: 3 3 5 5 X ii •» t a St >9 •9 ~tS~ 10 la t« <• 10 W le 10 «a M •9 M M 3 SI 9» 91 91 9) t t 1 f •9 r X * ! • ' * C t » I : r t t t t t t • £ t s t t ■li 'Ud. , 78 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 4 •< e. a 3 M X •5 1 » = * = ' *• ^ • » ^ r • s ' : - s (• s r : : M "5 uS •c U-, « •A «A K s •o ■A •« .0 •o H te it *.T i*^ ^ * s 2 !> 5 S Si « $$ s ;:; o 01 •f c o « c '1 o> M s or, '1 - 1 >5 O "Z S S O ^ »l s o o 01 « « •" 01 t «* s «* O N O c ^ s X °2 « <« OS OS s us s 00 00 s 00 « •0 00 2 00 00 00 eo oe N K -s K • ^S S eo 5 9 :? 00 en § •0 o o o * « Ol 0» s s O 00 «• « ^ ^ Id 1 °2J >» (M 'H <»» 0 8 » Ol ot •1 5 ? 3 |2 •O ^ o •4> 9> ? N $ tl 9 9 >0 •0 CO 01 00 s ce 04 ta M M t' / * a s X H 1 8 B ? i>l M 1 ?! <^ olj ^ •0 '0 "J ;? '^ "J •0 ^ •0 •0 9 «0 •0 •0 •0 9 •0 V >0 •^ ^ • •«ttJOtUJ't|I ox 1 * ^ *• » •■ » r s ' •' ' ' - : - s ' ' ' r" » • •• *MUUMUt|| ^ §■ * ^ : s £ : f> '. J '- •> s •' £ t t s s t S f ■ • • Ml o o o o O o o o o o o o 2 c o o O o o o 01 e 3 ; : 1* SU fM X a. tf S M« Ctf ct: 0. 3{ a. = a. M* a. a tf A = (C pM 0. X :: g- •/» "> •/» •fl 1. K U K •c «» « te a > t> -3 5- 23 .3 is •s 1 ss s S o r •J 9 2 5 5 •.I 7 •■0 5 IN 3 •0 •0 0* a* 9 M 00 5 00 01 9 •0 M 01 o •0 •0 e •0 •0 ■» 4 i « K N * <* »• « — — ^ 4 rt 00 ■4' ■•4 — •" N « e-i A c- 1 o a 3 -0 •t 1 j s e .» * <0 9 ■/I ei 5 O 9 g SI 9 9 •0 9 '0 9 8 9 V*) o 9 90 o 9 Ot o 9 9 5 »< $ 4, o s •0 •0 % «0 •h ^ 9> K 4 « 5 o 00 Si OB i M 4 00 i 01 1 5 5; Jl •1 M » s * « 91 s 8 N O o 2 •0 o c o £> :;; •0 >f> 9V ? ^; 0$ ? ;i :? :; 9 « ^ $ to 9 9 9 ta 9 9 •o 9 9 «0 9 •1 ■•; ' •I' IM X K 91 •■ 0* » 4 « •4 4 00 H * '•* <*) 00 — » r < s !• i* tt •a ^> m ;s 1^ 3? a ? 9 •0 s s, S S 'i S mm r - •' o « . •J U < s c o s % 2 « s s ;s •0 M 0* !0 » u t; 9 9 9 9 s; s M % 1! Ott (O 1- r» N \- »^ K t» 1* N N »•• N r» t« N N N s N N /. * / « '• le y> dr> 4> 4ll » J! - tm 5 •0 9 * * •0 •0 s 8 S s :; e 1 :;? 8 8 s % •« «« « » ot 01 •J n s « 00 5 9 9 9 % •0 3 c 5' o* It) « n mm « •t 10 «0 *» •0 >0 00 10 00 00 •0 OO 00 00 00 * ■* 1 \ 1 5 s • » t t t i J t t t r t t t t t t t c I t : I : 1 9 ■ — -*i n - 7) X c :'-c c ce •0 eo X K ^ r •■ " 51 ot z c » fi « sr •f "■ ^ J •♦ X $; 1: c f - = : g e L' iii •^ ^ z c :. S tf tf h V % i t 5; •* i 5 > »> "ft ' r- " ■'O" ^ - I C 1^ / t r r h. f 4 - !* ~^ "- - - e 2 m - x 01 >• 1 / / X X T - 4 4 'tl 'w. - e 01 c X - - ■> 50 s , »* ■► ^ •f • •• "■ •• ^ 'I r •% LUNAR OUSERVATIONS. 77 h o - CM ^ o •» >J »J •1 1 94 - ■M " 1 * •1 ^-J f ^ •* *f * ♦ < ' " • COS a* a. X $ S n 1 » - « « r. j> •* 8{ s s * t 2 L. !: 5 O O C 5 *» «i "=— 55—35— BT I* If R 1' ' ' C — in o c ^1 o «<3 •- IN o c « ^r W — - c IX o X ft X •O ut ■- — ■X c r r. X X l>» o o o M X X 9S c o X •O Ul O "5 N O O o — -. -. I*! o X "3 "X X O N o - X X l{J^ ■c — ••; C 91 •* eo « IS to •-" — ■ C >t 'C K c — — — — IX ■x •X N ■X — X ■x c X 9> •^ M 4 #>. — ••; X — X X "f o> X «+ c -x — — IX •f w - O - ^5 IN IX •x c XI»V3'X(a««f»»e'X<0k >* "^ •♦• * c so — — ^5 « ^5 ■X "N ■71 X X I, I, 7» — — c : c c c c c - c ^ c c- e C c c c c c £ c : 1 = a: s: S a. fiC BC a. a. *^ X 0^ = iSg a: = A X M4 s: a. tf •-* MM z* s a. X SU S oe i'. 4 •* M *i y> X X 4 4 ?« H ■c ■■c *-* •1 • "; •" 1^ !■« !■> 1- — — •♦• "» l« I- f f 00 o o •» « - X "1 — X .-: c X C •fl •-! C « ^s 'O 9V O) 91 — — Ot X c «0 c "5 5 e |jnr-is ■« '• ! 8 S !♦ f ♦ <♦ « W C -X 'X — 16 C 91 s s ^ i X ■:^ Si a" 5 IX 50 c w « /I IX « e 55 ^ •0 «o "3 •0 01 0> IW IX 01 A •~ "" ■r c *5 "5 te X X o »» & X "I on •0 "X X -x •O "> .0 '0 — — "• — — — — •» IX X • j3 0» ■0 "» M CO *5 80 lo J5 •0 '0 'O 'O '"'Villi ().'», ■ lit 1? il lit ; M.n ' "■ • 'I I'l K 78 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. o H ■Ji u H 9 O .5 w o - S -« Q ^ U. ^ O H u m OQ u a o ■e. u a a. ■g "5 3 a. •"I -lll|i>Uli.H|X J.>|.IIUOJ>|| in^ li y 9i o d "5 "5 01 - O "5 "O "O us ti >o •o — "S c 00 09 c OB « »» — »*• — -M — O •» - c - CO 00 CO 00 00 •fl «^ o 00 en :? g S 2 2 S 2 2 CO 50 W CO oD oo ;e « ■» I. ,'0 C! «5 - o IM _• 110 If) 00 •^ ~»l IM O* 0* ff» IN ,•0 O X? "J (»» (N 9* eo 01 cfi IN (N N a* iM o 00 00 o no "5 00 00 ") "5 «0 c uj •o o o "3 eo -J ft) tt» oi •» m v> o o oo eo -< i>i 00 «» § g eo w ao (A "^y 55" 5-1 Ol >«0 '0 CO eo eo « eo o IN 9» — O « IN c - if) s eo 00 us us •o eo eo CO 00 00 00 so uj to 10 us uj us uj "S us c o o § s us us ffi 00 "S UJ 0* •» o o us us <0 N * O C 8 ? o o c — fH eo 'O 'O r - W JS ■M SI •N I us eo I o o IN coo o o o o o o o o c c j:^astftf;i.^c«^tf=::^ = ^=:^tf=:tf = s:B:i.x- ■N !N I- 'O O IN "J '0 "S -«— (6 — i- o •o — CI us ^3 1^ -o C eo O '0 CI 91 n 00 us — .- » « eo 13 •0 o 00 oo 50 '0 o eo oe '0 c» eo /I eo Cl eo o eo IN — -> to "S CI eo us Si ?0 eo us 00 "5 us 01 00 Cl a CO :o - - - « «f •♦ + us — O •o . 2 S S us S o » N N IN • O us • us "5? ^ •0 w •0 W "" u) 'O •0 o N N -. IN ^f * a J) us us N o N us oi2aB«B«N<£«eieo';{ /icrOJiN — — «i C o o 11 i** •f j « r3 /J w «3 "" (^ : c 5 • / •0 Cl - « « w ^ "* ■N NS V3 5 J ii H n eo 1! ■■: •: •0 •0 — " — : r c : c c c ; -^ M 31 = • - >l V •r* :iS c w '0 %% % ? ^ t t K f. ■', - M NiM ♦ * M ■M <* I- N W t — w r. 5 1- •* w •0 » H IS .1 w l-^ '1 I- e /I l« * SI •» Ic : - - \T r t t - - ■>, \2 * ■■> w r. « M c c w ♦ * S> N tJr '• , ' *r LUNAR OUSERVATIONS. 79 • «o 1 2 r 7) a o 2 05 95 «5 r eo ;s "ST o i,^ f) 93 9) 'I 95 « i Sl 95 9: - — " Ti 5 •■I •• '■: •■) ■: 8 a, ee ^ o 0t 95 01 s 95 95 ■■: O O « 111 95 n f)i 95 ~ ?r — o o 10 •? i5~i "> 95 •♦ C — « — 95 O O 95 — « 95 95 95 /5 95 95 95 9? N O 95 95 95 J5 8 S ?,' »• o a •>» - 5 90 95 95 X 1/3 0> 95 ■» O — 95 to ei 95 — 95 ^ 00 O — c 95 X 95 "5 95 N ■/S 90 to »• 0* '>! -> "5 90 90 eo 90 95 95 r 95 95 90 95 X ■N 95 CO X 95 01 95 X >t c ^ ''. '0 S 95 •f -f 9} -f- A A *+ '^ •* ^ "5 '<0 95 95 95 9! •■5 C 95 C X 90 o c •"5 — 71 r. 90 X 95 ■»» X N 93 C 95 0* — c X X — o ••0 95 «0 — — I» K (3 95 6 "5 — o> — c § 8 m 71 o* oi i»i m eo 95 N 'J — « -f — 95 95 c N J 90 95 "f O X ; - «# ^ 91 « "5 rs 90 — '"5 95 •0 "5 X 95 X 95 '0 f •0 95 •0 o 95 X X ■>» t o O '-3 95'NO'O — •f-<"0Ol /■ -•'»»»f«'5''>95 — IXW — O 'O o o t- i>l >» "5 'O X X 95 •0 'M "5 3^ ■J '3 •S •3 s I' N N ■^ <0 'C »» o •f «y" S « 95 - c c r » 95 X eo 95 X X 95 95 ?! X X 90 95 C Q 95 to •O -^ O "5 95 00 X X to "« 95 Ot o 95 X N O* lecccooooooocooccsooccococcoooooc s.= = 0Hsa-aa;Etf=:tf3-cCtfa-a.cfii.ssa.sa. = a:a!ssaC X X 95 95 95 95 9> a 9) 95 90 95 I- O CO X ••5 95 X 9) to 95 •0 •O 9) 95 95 95 •■■5 93 •O 90 55 .^ CI o> 95 9) f! « 9) 95 95 o o X X 95 95 § 5 cn X « eo 4 -f X eo 4 95 V< X X* X « «■ 01 01 o 95 95 * X '0 '0 •t — P" O « - 0) X 71 X X 95 90 0» IN 71 "^i eo ^ — " CI e> .0 — — ""« 95 K FT 71 7» 93 95 71 7» C 71 00 eo ie In 0 '0 '0 :5 71 N to •0 o "5 eo •0 t* •o o 95 — 71 91 VS 90 71 — C» — — M -i .. .• 71 71 •f f N 'O '0 to N ts ■O I- to N to o "5 >0 7* to 7» 71 to 7» X 71 - O N to eo f 00 O '■•3 93 00 N N to 0 71 IM 7< 7( 71 71 X X •0 95 ta 7» c o to to ^iiM iiii! « i 71 M / f «f f - «0 '5 5 J I eo 9? «• I f. t -. — M "Tfli :; 7 := 71 f: 5 55 ^: = 71 5 ;? = o ^o f> 'l'5e4««'S7loo--'>|7citoto- •:- — — -■(»»7I««»090959344" -• . 10 lO 10 71 71 "3 7) 7) eo JO c o 93 95 00 10 95 fl* •a •- 7( 90 71 10 7( M »5 90 « te » M X 90 X 93 93 95 I. i > (i !■; 80 n'N\n onsr.nv \t»ons. •4 V» ■■■■" ■■""" ■*■"■ ■^^ r^w«« ^W-M m^-*"^^ ^^^^ ^"^■^ ^"~ ^~"' "-" y. •s w Id a * 3 o 3 £ ; J r s ; ; r J J r I t. » t £ r » s; J ; w X 41 O a. 3 •'' J! A »i •1 •0 •0 •0 •i: •0 N •0 9> !'■ k ••i SI CO IM «- 0> 91 - f. •* 7) o CO -f iM JO •0 M •0 •o o •t- f o 01 •0 »o ?•> •0 r. « •0 »r» J »» IN CO "M '>! O "• •- o © "5 o c Ol >, H „ ^ w « CO » ^^ « ^5 t«A « :o M ■'V C'3 CO M « CO CO CO eo 0» eo M •« • J} /I ■/) X •o to ci' /) ■3 •1 •0 ./I ft i»i ■xi •f o '0 to to u N N 01 o •J 0( (- .t 91 CO «f TH o « ri 0* O •f f '0 •I- •0 01 •o 0* 00 .-0 •*• 0» c ••! ^ i so I*! N N ■■3 lO _ O in '.») IN ■N to to l/t 91 « _ § '0 X X 71 ^ X < " — t> IN 50 eo CO CO •f •f- '0 •0 '0 •0 o o o c o — — ^ u^^ y? 1 CO 50 « >» « CO 50 ?0 CO 1/) r /( /I i; o> » o> 91 s 91 , ^ " Ul o '^ -* on IN IN » 01 01 0» 0> M H> t •* ■/I r to -N .1, '0 t.'< •■• •0 /■ /> l> 51 X .. •f 1. r ^ .-0 "S •0 •0 IN •0 f o •0 •«• O 0# — CO ■N '0 f eo ■Ji U ■» •>» "? •* e> a> IN ■N '^ to i?t r •«• • *< '•, to u f» o 01 _ M 50 -« ,. C « »5 c^ w « t "f f •f t f »f •f f •f "& I- •0 "♦ •0 1"* ■ •* ■ 1 hi "U •- w 'O to to I- •■o to 1- to 1- ■0 •0 • o •0 •0 •0 '0 •o '0 •0 »^ - - - ■j.»i . . , t r t t , . . , . . > •■ . , r . » , ~~'. o; c ' «■" c IN '••I : : ! : : : : : J •' © i t r •• : r - :, :. - : u m o o CO « - -'1 O £ o c O O 2 e o C c o <3 O o O o e O O z C •K ji o 0. s: a. tf M a. S X tf MM MM q: a, pi: a, b: CU PC MM cu X &i X a. M> ^ ■ sr •t a •—• :r ffi r J- . c C c ■n M CO CO ^^ CO so •♦ - - s: ? :> » ffi ^s 0> » rn » et 9i * o n •* "f •«• •r -t •+ •f •<• M» •f •♦ •f* »• .. 1) 8 i A. ?^ p> « w » 50 ?? 50 CO w so ^3 "* "• *" •^ "" *"" ■* "" '^ ■" "" "■ - - o o c e> -" o .1 /> X »'; •0 to to I* CO f — Ol f! r. c e C J »•. N c o ") •0 v« r r /> IN 01 <-\ 'O S N (^ CO CO IT c» t ^.■^ 01 eo K "> '0 «> mm ■■a •0 "5 N trj ■ TO ■N /I to to N t» »- CO eo '0 N •0 A r t 1 bB - » n (N •w rn •1 !N ■» X M IN ■N 01 Ol IN tt 9> Tl 01 M -» ■N IN V tl X - '0 o la >•> « > •0 "> •0 -V, t^ ■■-^r •0 4 ^5 '0 V /". c "> IV o !•> f r ■0 _ * f» M to ei N •* CO to •0 ■■a CO » 1- 01 CO 1> • O 4.-i n -" e M "" "• « so c? (»• ■n IN c IN IN •^ 01 f ■0 o c - - \\ •«< •» t- ■.-> _ _ »» «0 K f- o> a> ji •r s iji o o CO l»l t •+ to -,■1 r : -♦ •♦• »^ «4> •.■5 •■3 •0 •c •0 •0 •0 '0 o o o > •A * 3 I-. N K t. t» N N N N »» t» N a^ MM *« mm ■M wm •M ■M ^ ,M M« M M - 1 ' w W te O V9 > IN 5 M N <*> N (- •f >♦ _ IN y> f '0 to 50 0^ "♦• 0< Cl X •» n :; . r^ •M IN (N •f mm •^ O o « eo «f •f mm •f' •* ot 0» CO on c, o % r< «f* •«> IM IN K N '0 'H Oi o> *) JO ' ^ •■^ r on « «0 to tc Ol ■* m ae •«• •f •* ■T •0 ■O •0 o o o C >» '>! IN N 0» Ol « so CO CO eo CO f ' <(• o N r- t- N «- N N f» « »> X .T 50 l^^ oo eo 50 S CO CO CO eo "0 M 9t IN •M IN IN 0» IN IN 0* o» •N y 1 (N -M 80 •f 4 lO o> vT 9> »> ^r. •♦• JT) '0 X — Ol in — •t •f •■: ■: ■-) 1 >» -^ :rt (N ?? 1. ■• c c -5 5 IN •0 •0 •0 1^ •0 2 •0 o s 01 c S IN 01 ^ s IM CO eo ^ 5 /» o ■■ •* m « « n w ?s 50 « •» •* •» -f S 0> (N « Si IN 91 IN IN « 9> 0» 91 01 91 01 l ?I bi IN t V i t : c ; J ; J : J ; t- I » t i » • J ; ^ VM -» ^ J9 O .. (£ .1) 01 to •1 * ^ * , .0 I) "^ J !0 01 IN ^ « " CO / * X X "lO 'O . « 01 t ; ■» 01 N » 31 91 91 ; § 01 01 ^ !fl 50 01 ,- .1) .0 c - - - 01 .1 /) '0 "5 t c c - : r 9! a: < - •^ •♦■ 4 » ^ "f -f V"n '« « . « — X - O O 01 r » ei o> D X 01 01 " J ■ I- ~~ ; .^ ; '-2 "l ■>! 01 01 .-; ,f; .« lO - .■) lO •" ; r X ^ •• -t <♦ lO r « « CO ■• ■» 01 01 01 In' K - — O eo X ■0 10 e |^ N 0> 0» 'O ^ ^ 'O If r, 01 o> 9 III M 01 01 IN i.i'NAn onsr.nvATroNjj. HI o - ^ 5 - - - ll' J 1- - . 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MSM (7U) 173.4303 V!'% 82 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. ?*«.'^ H H X ■s 1 .« ' ; £ ' s C S K •■ •> C C = S ' S t. c ^ F ' ; : •s eo us t» 00 us us CO us eo 0) N (N A FN S5 us us FN CO CO 15 FN A 00 00 -N CO iJ c I "S eo 2 CD eo CO eo OS eo eo OD CO eo CO eo CO eo eo eo CO CO CO eo CO eo 00 CO 00 CO OO eo OD CO CO eo CO CO eo CO n « <« CO 0> 0) Q* FN us rf. to eo N 04 CO '" us FN ■o" — CQ 11 *$ ^ S CO us FN '■t w i oe « (0 <0 to (0 « to ts «* '-0 to N •* to to 0 S> ) ETERMINING the MERIDl the Winter of 1821—22, contin ■J»| 00 OM 1 r ' t r t s s »■ ^ ' R S s s »• ^ *■ s — ' S r : w J ■jaiMnong s ^ ^ = P' s s s w^ ^ ? r •• r r- J s r •■ s »" S ' : H\ piN FN *H - C c c h 04 S c« a PC s 0; s Ph cU Om tf tf Cu a (1| Ph a 04 a tf a tf S cs: -• ■* •* ^^ pN FN ^^ 4 ■* eo M IN (N *H A us us CO eo ao « CO ?5 V^— ; i 1 2 < S3 X 90 •* OO us us IN eo Nf FN eo § •F4 us N us CO eo eo 5 eo FN 9 eo CO CO CO CO CO 91 i eo A eo 51 fc (N a* (N (N (N M N N (N IN eo eo to to to CO GO us us FN FN FN m <■""" S FOR B during a ! 1 *2 eo §3 eo eo eo eo eo w eo IN "J" US eo CO UJ US »^ eo us FN eo FN - fi 01 ^ *» to k- fS « FN -^ to -9-J M ^0. 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N CO ss 93 91 CO CO A "S 8 •» ^ is -9 3 9 $ s s us US flO us CO us § s IN CO s CO CO FN 9» s ^ * s oe to « « (0 <0 (0 <0 to to N N N N N N N N t» N N N N N N h 2 £ » 1 *• ' *• t ; «^ ^ c *> .• t J •• - *■ #• - w • ' = r - ^ r p 5( N 04 W 91 9 F 91 'f FN A I eo 00 eo CO T N N UJ to FN 11 c US N !> N N N ''COO 1 oC 2h tf Mk IN 9» 9J - ■* ■" ** » i'! « „ N N -* - p« p- 9» U » ■^ •3 n n •^ ^3 e « 9» - n ■* 9* 2 m M 9) - - ■N "" •» M ■>» •M "J '0 - 9> »>■ ;; 'IS e* u- « IN 14 !0 N N N h '■f^!?"i:x' LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 83 im.. «5 0» >0 r ' r S s ' : o o o e A £ a tf M iit V •^ s ss ^ ^ 01 9) p« M J ' .■ R •■ ^ »■ •■ s £ t c R r- *■ E ^ R R R R R R v R t R K R = R w N (M "S o •fl U5 U3 01 IN N e> LO N "5 U5 1^ ^ >* (N eo M s mmt 9} (N o o> ■* A eo (N o OD »f N cn UJ ■* « N N O «) n ^ eo e CO (N O ^^ '" w * l>l o H< »t LO O US to ■* ot "5 »« f-* o eo 0 «J us CO N 0> (N 04 0> CO o CO NNNNl»Nt»N O N (N US — Tf eo us us us U5 s 04 04 N 04 CO o N 04 eo us — 04 04 IN N (N to IN IN IN 04 04 <0 CO 5 o CO us eo 4.S O us us — O us eo o o o o o o us o O) 84 o o o CO CO c o N O CO o o N '*• N (N 0» S 2 O CO — IN us CO CO Ol (N — (N CO CO to -* •* (N — O ■* us CO CO CO o> us us CO 0> O eo —I 50 «o CO 03 eo to CO CO CO o M 0) 10 US (N us us eo us s? eo us s? eo us S eo ss eo us eo us o Ol o Ol o o Ol o o 01 o 01 o 01 o Ol o Ol o 01 O Ol O Cl o Ol ; : r- R r R *k ' •» ^ R R f ^ R * .* 1 »■ R R ' ' ». .^ = .* R r ' r .JJRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.RRRRRRRRRRRRR o> 94 ^ C 2 O o O o c o o o o o o c o 2 o o o P-4 o o o o o c o o o :< a: *H tf Ph ffl Ch X An a CM PS a B$ a tf a Oh tf OS (^ (Xn (4 a Ah a a. a On a tf (N — -* 54 04 Ol o> e> Ol ^ us 4 •* ^* tm4 eo CO ■4 •4 Ol OS us us •* ^ N N a c-. -NN'NINCOaS'<««*«*usu80lO>IN840lOl(0»IN04IN-"-N"H.^-M>-« — p-<-«»N-H-.(N0 o 04 us it) ? 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I '.Q ■■\u ,.'m JiT i-fW i 84 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. *.« i lu g m PL, 1 © s = •^ £ s •* S •• c K s ' •» •^ E = #« ^ r s ^ •■ > : t «j « 01 N 0> US us UJ to us us •* -5r =g 8 ^ «5 CO o O s S us O o US 'i' X ^ (N US o FN IN US o IN .? i o i 09 1 o CO o eo X o» o « CO § eo CO eo CO US «5 US 9) eo 00 eo X X eo X g eo X CO X to o eo X us O eo X s? Oi X us us (N X us (N X W us (N X us IN X 2§ IN X 5 IN X o eo X 51 ■SI 1 V CO to (M VO •* US (N (N- <* k* X ■* ■* US s ^s§ «5 U5 o •* 00 o U5 § o in o eo us IN us o •fi § r» us (N eo us X eo US CO X X IS CO - 1 > 5 0^ 9) N CO N CO eo N (M 5 N (N •* S N N S4 C us N (N us N 91 US to us N o us N US eo us us us S to US to us X us X us o Ol ■0 c o 1 °§ O 01 o o o C O o o o s o 01 o Ol o 01 o Ol o o Ol O 01 o 01 o 01 o Ol 01 o 01 ei 0) Z ■i3| •»tiintn.iaqx °? r *• »- ' ' r. J ^ = ' ' s ^ r- ' ^ r »■ r ? r • - ; ~ THE ME 821—22, ■lapoiOJBa '' ' •■ ' ' ' ' ^ ' t r »■ ' ' ^ r ' ' »■ •■ - ' ' ' ^'11 O c - - o c C o OS o o c 1— c o O o o o o o o o o c ! S FOR DETERMINING during the Winter of 1 li tf X X tf OS 0* tf Ph tf Ph S a, p^ ffl u^ ffl tH a (C X (A PC 0H Ai i < a 1 i 0) 9> W O) CO N o> eo t CO f CO •0 2 93 o CO o CO eo eo X N eo X N eo eo eo eo eo eo 5 eo US CO (N US CO X eo X N us eo 01 to o •* Ol t 01 01 5; 11 u s « 0(5 M ^ i ,-4 0) CO eo CO to '0 o us c us (N us i (N IN CO 01 X us Ol X us (N (N to to d CO eo X '0 !0- to - ; < X « w M »^ f •t »f •* •* us ^ m* US W5 US us lO '0 to to to ^4 to a to N 1 s U3 U5 « eo « " ^ to us N (N * N N to IN 11 § d '^ — eo * 5? fc 04 o eo oo (M § s 8 § Ol X (N (N s § 01 o CO us c us CO «5 N 1 fa's 1 b O Ol 9t O o O o 1.0 o o >0 ^ s O 0) O 01 00 o Ol (N eo o 01 9» CO c 01 « O 01 eo o 01 eo % to eo to eo o 01 lo © 9> X CO o Ol 5 o 01 Ol CS o Ol IN o CI eo c 01 C ( e eo «*■ -" '" Cl "> »*• o « N to X 01 7i (N eo f us 'f- f - . ^ B , -^ s i? •0 CO »f CO eo f J§ to eo to us us (N •* 5! IN o s 3! 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CO o o i g to CO « 1 > (N 0) 01 M ) J = £ ^ ^ ^ s £ s t ^ s = = = 2 = s ' c £ s s c f s K r< £ i^ ^ lO US u> iM us ■* X US 01 us us us Ol US ^4 US US us « I^ * to i?! •>* n 01 00 52 (O s ? o '^ •* o to N a 01 CO e> «f IN >♦ 8 01 n 9 « « o ^ UJ ^ n «s FN eo us Ol CO o FN o »M eo o us o 0) ■* eo us us ^4 K "1 N CO 0» O 0) ?. to to to 01 N § •* US us ■* to N X eo ^ f>4 N X Ol >ri ei N * fH o "^ o us 'I' us * us FN FN "* FN ^4 FN FN o FN O o o O o O ^4 « n CO eo eo 95 eo 15 0» 01 Ol 0» 01 0» eo eo eo eo CO CO eo eo CO eo CO eo eo CO eo CO CO CO It go « uo uu UU w OO uo X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X « X X X X to X rn 'f> U5 0> (0 eo «s o> Ol "* i» us X eo ■* N us -ti- us 01 us X n '■'i 10 o •* OB e> X o (N eo 2 es Ol 2 to Ol e» 01 «* N ■* r> eo 01 us n te 00 IN 4^ ? « (N '* 9» Ol UJ ^ us ^m us o o o eo eo •* OS o us ■* Ol us eo o ^ ^4 * o c eo • R W4 ^ w « to to FN t-N •* ^ A X X X o o m 0) O) 01 ^ ^^ •t o: Ol Ol #M 01 ^ ^ (N M at (M Ol 01 eo eo eo eo eo eo •* * us us us us us us o o o O o o FN FN C K cn ce 00 OO 00 OS OO « X X X X X X X X X X X X e> a Ol Ol O) e> fTl Ol c% Ol H M (M (N ot S4 01 O! 01 01 Ol 01 Ol Ol Ol 01 Ol 0) •1 Ol 01 01 Ol 01 0) Ol (N Ol 01 01 tn 01 ■ W T^ J> •-> Ol 01 us ■* ^ 01 eo 01 0) 01 ■•«* Ol X * N O M ^ cn 0) ^ N to X us X FN •* Ol •>4 CO •* X to us tn tr> X «* N X N Ol o - C 91 f4 « eo 01 Ol "* •* * o Ol FN 0( 01 eo CO FN o 01 FN 00 01 01 Ol ^ us o 01 f O o _i FN eo eo to US N N o e> US MS to to Ni N FN ^* Ol 01 eo eo to ts N N Cl 01 e F^ f-N •^ FN "* FN FN FN FN FN 01 FN 01 01 01 0» 01 01 eo eo eo 00 eo eo eo eo eo eo eo n * Ol O) o> e> O) o> o> Oi FN FN o o a> FN FN e> FN o> a> FN 0) o Pi FN Ol 01 FN Ol Ol Ol FN Ol " *• *• ^ ^ ^ ^ ' " " ■ " " •* ■* * " * " •■ * " ^ ^ " •* " ^ •* •^ •" »• r f •« •* e c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o FN o o o o o o o o. o FN o «:< M !< s IXi as Oh Hi pi: S 03 !z; tf a Ol PIS a, {6 1^ X P< S !^ a An pe; X pi; X PC X 4 * s t> o» lit •* * ■* •* 01 01 X X i> s X X X X » A ■* •* o> a 01 e>i ■.*• us r r ** ^ (3) O) WS »n us us o o to to h. N o> e> FN FN X X FN FN eo eo X X Ol Ol o o fl n <* «* '^ «o us o o rm FN 01 01 01 9t eo eo eo 00 'J* * ■* ■* ^ ^ * ■* us us * * * 1^ >* us us us FN us FN US >0 FN >0 FN us FN us uo us f«4 us us UJ FN US US us FN '0 us us us us FN us FN us l> N to to t. o> 01 eo us us OJ 01 F^ •- FN FN FN FN t- N X X -N -N 00 00 X CO X Ol Ol « « _ w* ^ '^ eo eo US us Ol 01 US US FF „ M eo ^ '^ Ol Ol to to 01 Cl FN FN to N 8 0) » » o o rm eo eo o o 01 01 «t ■* eo eo ■* 'C US us eo eo tC M- us us CO CO 'f •* o N N X cr CO m «i V) Ol e> o> Ok m a> o o o o o o ,N M r^ FN FN FN o» Ol IN IN CO eo i«4 FN FN p-< PN 01 Ol 01 01 (N 01 01 Ol 01 01 01 01 01 Ol 01 Ol 01 Ol '. ^ ") N t» Cf6 eo to o> eo us N us Ol to us '-" US us X N M >n N tf> 0) o> eo >0 X 01 'f en eo »f eo IN Ol to N e> o> e> eo eo X >IS IN o ■* to us * * o O (N FN 01 FN us us eo U1 * us c o us us o 01 01 01 01 us US o FN « m M im (N IN ^ »f N to X X M O to to X X ei e» 01 01 •* * us us X X 01 Ol FN ^4 * f •0 >0 «s UJ "S us us us us us o o c o o o o o FN IM "" FN FN '^ FN 01 Ol : o (1 o o o o o o o o FN _ ^m FN M ^ FN FN •m w^ FN FN FN FN FN FN FN FN rt FN S 51 o> 0) 0) ei et o a 9> O) o> a m e> m e> o> Ol o> 0> o> 0) OJ Ol Cl Ol 01 o> Cl Cl Ol i t. 91 * •* to ^4 •* t- X FN 01 N N N us N us t> us us ^ to Ol •* ■* Ol FN Cl «*■ 0) R « N N «n >n s s >0 us X X o> o us us 01 Ol 'O us ,. „ eo eo us "S X N o f IN N S 1^ * "* o o o o at eo eo 'f * * ■* CO eo us us *■« 1^ eo ■* FN Ol CO f . _ tr f/l s s f »tl 8 8 eo eo K K us us N N « 0) •^ to X X PF4 r^ to to eft Cl FN M •♦ * * * UO us O o O o FN 01 01 Ol 01 eo eo eo eo CO CO Nf «* M IX 0) 9) w IN IM IN eo eo eo eo eo s; eo eo eo 90 eo eo eo eo eo eo eo s? eo eo eo CO CO s 1 « 01 91 (N 04 9» (N 01 01 Ol 01 Ol 01 Ol 01 Ol Ol 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 r 01 «i< '0 •0 N 0) -^ X 0) ^^ ii« oT FN k. N us to us to eo ^ m 4 1^ CO Cl to eo to c m K. s ^ ,^ N N s s r^ IN N N f f ^ N eo w us us N N s X 01 to Njl Ol * * U) s; 01 w FN CO £; N eo n s Ol Ol i :s 9) 91 0» OB $ 00 01 01 01 Si s s 9> 01 o 01 s 0) 01 0) 01 O) 01 01 0» Ot §J 01 Ol 01 ^ ^ g) ^ 01 01 Ol Ol n 91 01 Ol ■M ; t ■( * J J s r £ n •« •^ 5 *k f £ «t ' ^ s •t M s s s s t M rt £ r- M i-'it Hit if ! Lsi 1; 86 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. ! w o r- *• *• o 8 •■ »• M ^ »* * ■r ' - 90 o us ■s •o «o a N US 'O us us us M '"■ »* ^ CD CO o> o (N US e> n 8 X to ts f ^ X Of IN to »? IN CO »o X "fl ^ S2 & us 1 = i 8 ""J o eo rf> US w eo eo * o eo us t M US o eo pH o> f-4 us e> N eo eo us 8 Ok N « s§ § N -.0 «j «5 US us us o O O us o us o •* o <* us -l> O o O us US o o H IN (N n« (^• 01 (N eo eo eo IN eo (N eo w eo IN IN 04 so eo CO eo IN IN ei ss ro eo "» 09 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X m « « X V «5 N ui X us (M X US '-' us ■ us «* us to to Cfi 7) I3§ IN CO s^ -'f '«« ■* (M '*• eo 9t O (N o eo eo IM (N PM IN eo w eo If 04 IN o es O 0» > |1 '5 § fN l»» ■«< 9> o> ^M f^ eo eo N » 91 Pd •* "^ ^ ■* us us us US us us o O O O O o o P>4 r^ p^ 0< 04 p -«s ©"5 U5 >n US US US US us us US us us to to to to to to to te to to to to a e ts to « CO ot us S4 X IN o eo PN X us 04 X '-'? cn s « -'f >n (N eo eo eo CO X US •* eo us ■* IN ,^ to X o •^ Tfi US us 9k c f-. c 2 K X f" 1 w w ■* ■* eo * us '*« l-H US (N o US us 1^ us eo ^H "* 04 PN P4 « N eo ' to .« M 'P ^ us UJ X X § e> M IM ^ •f us us 13 to o> A O o p« „ M * *P4 1? s ■;2 2 „ ^ M ^4 M M 1^ "■^ W M (N (N o> (N IN IN IN IN 0* 04 IN IN IN 0» w N IN ei s IN IN 1 ^'si Oi » 0> o> 0> o> o> Ci o> a> o> t5> 0> o> O) o> 0> 0> 91 e> 0> Ok o s 91 01 •J3» oco .. #• . - »« •* »» p» . e ^ ^ » ^ r- ^ . »• .. > ► ^ . ^ ^ ^ 1-^ § 1 ' »« u X i (M 1 1 •i)}3mong •» #> S :; ^ ^ ^ j; ^ •• J •• E s ^ ^ ' ;; = ^ •» »• ' = ; : - »« t OO S 9 O o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o O c O o o o o o e n O I 04 QO Cm O *°l| l-N 1-^ ■" »-M ^ p-t " PN »-< "* "" ^t ^4 "* 1^ ^^ wm p^ " F-* *m ■a 01 cu PC Ph Oi dc; ffi Ph S Ph a ft« X PC X cC X PC 04 PC PC Ol ei Ol i:^ b S Pli B a si ^4 CO W (N eo eo X X to to eo eo ", " eo eo o> to X US 4 p^ IM » e. ei t^ to >t ^ ^ '^l* 1 1 "5 PN us US us 1^ US us I* us us us 'J" us •* us us >o us us m4 eo us eo us eo us eo us CO us eo us PS eo us 50 '0 p4 i-S ■a ■» 9» US 84 " US I pp ■ s cc oo X X X •a eo eo us us eo eo us us IN l»t wm -* Tf * >* •* to •a o ■i a 84 W Q I n H ^ft Oi 00 eo eo ** us "S t^ e> (N IN X X IN IN US us X X § § pa ,M »• « •)' eo eo ' S GO a. "Tf -*• "5 >o o o eo eo ■* •* O O eo eo '0 us o o 04 IN US "S - « ■N eo eo < ^ o ,"» "5 '0 UJ M' O us us 91 X o IN afi "5 ■ O •f >o "S us t US us US "" o IN PM »*• * IN t eo IN rm IN prt o n IP4 5; S's .•fl "O (S !0 N N o § (N (N eo eo to to S N X X •i^ r^ IN IN eo eo "i s K < .3 a w w w eo eo eo 'J' "* t •* * * ^ t f f f us US US US '0 '0 >o '* 1 UJ US < oS 0) o> o> o> 0) 1^ 0) o> m o> « a> o> Ot Ok 0> 9> 0> 0) Ok Ok 91 m m pp 91 91 10 (0 I- X us -" "* — to 0) »« X Ql w" IN k^ (0 *» to K" N ■x' ■^ * U5 CQ O sN N CO eo 0) N N X us SS N o r» X us to «*> us p^ M eo eo to s 'f i< b> IM eo s . «0 •o "5 us eo "Ji o o eo "«> us us us •■ IN m4 pa 'S S N in X e£ o o pN " 7* 91 IN (N IN eo eo eo eo eo eo eo ■^ •* * - ^ * ^ ^ oo o o o o O o o O o O O O O o O O O O O o O o o : c c -« (M o" a -uT ■■l»- i-J «2 2 >fl us >• X $ e» o an ei ^ e> 5 te N s ^ IM IN us us X X o / * eo "^l « « M eo »< IN '^ f^ p^ IN eo eo us us o O o O us us o I'! eo eo ^ >s s ;; ;: eo eo )-4 X X IN ^ CO 0) Si 9> IN n eo ^ s X CO X eo 5 5 * 5 ? !:!j § •■ 0<0 to (O to to * £ : *• ^ : ^ 7 r 3 « .A ■ Q M & j^^^ >2 M "■ * * * « CO CO « bI I* (M O CO «| 4 »i^ 3 W "* W M N J) 10 a cn "■"""^ — 1 "5 o § ) o 4 rm p4 P4 M * ■M 11 ^ ^ » ' : : * »• * - : : © O o A &4 ti Oi z, : f >* "' If « !0 N 't' ^ l»| p« - ■« N 9) M « o I- W Tjl <*. ^* * o © o : us 09 so '1 1 o uj 10 o e 5 * 5 •*■ to « <• e LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. M 8 87 r- #> : ; •» V : p ■" •o «o us "uT K US "ob •* W3 US us US UJ ■* IN & »0 10 o ^ !2 oo p^ * us « pp 0* '»• 9 00 § N w X CO 0> N O X us X PH us IN M CO l-< * us ot 00 eo eo © © © * © eo © PN * US Hf CO IN us •* r, 0) N eo to N g ^2 5S © 5 o O) © CO 01 •* 01 N pp X eo 0> CO O IN s § pp us us o O r^ UJ US us © «> UJ ^ us ')• us H< ■* US us us us ■>* hC us •* US ■* us oTST en M CO « 0) eo (N eo 0) m (N M 84 04 IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN 04 IN 04 IN 0» IN « 00 00 « « tX) OO » 00 « OO « 00 00 00 « X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ^ N t» us ©» us Oi us 0) 00 IN us IN N eo N eo us CO X e> eo ss ^ (N N 3 2 2 « s « 00 00 * us £ •* 5 * to © o> IN us 0> pf X IN us X 04 § o 01 US tC o '*< "* (N us eo © eo © pp eo O © (N eo |P4 IN us f IN "* (N IN a 01 M ^ to us oo 09 s IX Cl 00 PN fP4 eo eo to US © pp eo eo us US N N o» eo If US N X (N (N ot ot 0) us © to CO o> * "Jl to 2 o IN N eo ■* to o> to US o eo en •f N CO ■* o l-H ■* (N us eo o © us US to 10 N N 01 <2 pp »-p 2 ss :? 2 us US X w m o> n O ^ F- 1-4 p^ r^ (N a> o> 0) e> 9> O o ^4 o o © O © © pp o o © O o o © pp O o o © o © o ^ „ ^ •» t 1 ^ r- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ „ ^ ^ ^ ^ — •* " •* ^ " ** " " " •* ** '■ " " " ■■ p p p ^« "* *• •* " 6'" 0) ». " s r' »• C o o o © o © © © o o © © © 1-^ o o ^1 o o © © o o © o fH o © o FN © © © o FN B. S Pli tB S Pti tf a; tf X Ph tf P. tf CM tf CM tf Ph a Ph K a Ah Oh a tf a Of a tf a e a N N + •>. to to CO m fli s _ PH © o Cl Oi 00 oo * «* (N IN 8 o X X (N (N o © N N •N ■» (» (N ^N ^■4 © "" pp pp c o o © O o © © © US US UJ US us us •* Tf "0 JO us US us UJ us to to to pp to to to •-4 to to pp to pp (0 —4 to to pp to to US '0 UJ p^ us us us ^4 us •H US pp ■i 9 (N w •* ■* to to N N to to *l (N N t- (N IN X X to to 00 eo US US to to f/> « IM 04 to (0 on o eo eo N N § © IN IN to to t* N o> m IN 04 Tl W « « o © eo eo *^ o» (N eo CO us us pp eo •* * UJ us IN 84 CO eo US US e ffi g o n n n o M fP4 «. pp IP4 pp pp m IN IN IN IN 01 IN 84 IN '? CO eo eo eo eo ■» 71 (M IN CO CO eo eo CO (M (N »» (N (M (N (N IN IN IN 04 IN 04 IN IN IN 84 04 84 04 04 84 ;: N « 00 "S oo 00 US us t^ US t» (N (X> e> us 0> 0> CO US X IN US X C N in ^ 8 N N UJ US * to 10 UJ CO ^^ N to pp 2 0> us US o> pf N o 04 O P S « S « •* © © 1-4 UJ OJ © eo O eo IN (N ^ eo pj- us © © us © O o 04 s (s § o UJ ^ ^^ 0) 0> CO 0) «f >* us UJ N to o> o> © o pp m^ eo CO us to N N X X '■ '■1 >0 i-O © © © © 'f 1" "J" 'J- ■* 'J- pj- f •* ^ "S us us US US us UJ UJ UJ us US us . .> ^ ^ Oi ^^ 9) tM i» O) •»• <* »• p> If Tf * * ^ >* •• 'f t * »}> pf * * f ■* pf pf r Cl o e> e> 0) o o O) © © © C o © pp O o © pp o o c o © c O © pp O pp © o o P.P * "> CO C <- — 00 a> to to -f us 00 N IN FN X N to X 04 •0 eo us i< ^ IN en m eo N to »f •h ^ t US us UJ UJ eo 5 us UJ to ^ N X eo eo X 0) eo eo N N «S 10 © © ^4 eo CO © © pf '" •" eo us eo CO us © O ^^ ^^ S N f/l tr •"f <^ tri m fn en or © o IN IN pf> •*■ o> e> pp »P4 eo ;?. !S to pp pp «f »f to 2 * »t * ■* >o us 10 >0 us UJ OJ (N IN IN IN IN IN (N CO CO eo CO eo CO ^ 'J' pf pf «* <* : c c o © O © © © © © o o O O © © O O © © o c © o © o © o © © « -3r (N ■* -g^ « eo T. <» 00 o> to N -^ -■^ ~sr e« "uT US o 0) to N CO eo to N »> (N r. tt. M >f< •^ ^ CO cn in >0 0) n> ^ M pp P-4 0> Oi -. pp pp M 2 CO o> § pf •f L? Ol eo CO '■ >--> « CO «* ^ UJ K eo »s UJ us us US pp us us p^ "" eo eo o N N ri 0) *^ t to us S 01 9> 00 nr n O IN IN us us 01 o IN IN «* pf N N IN 2 •f p* to to - * 5 »*• UJ us UJ piN IN 04 IN •» (N IN IN 04 eo eo eo CO eo CO pf '<• 't pf p* S « IS to to to (0 to to to to to to to to to to to to « to to «0 to to to to to to to to • • .■ •^ »• r s c »> #• r- i •» = #■ #■ ^ s p ^ s p : M ^ E 1 1 p p " mm i i4m 11 ^jR ■M m '?■■'« m m •■HH 88 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. O B tn GO u H O S e W ". * (M ■ -s bO u Q S ei '§ o "« o CO » O < P H a o H ' S IS J* E ■aiooiujaqx 'jstsiuojig »« II 2 £"5 IS iS «2 H IN a i 5 Ol N 5 •* o» eo :g 2 O f n U5 O 'J' ' N 00 09 US 0) 00 N (N 9) te WS us us "S o uj us o eo o CO us 00 00 <» 00 w OO 00 00 (N « 00 00 us o en N us M (0 us O us O <0 us O ■* us US •* us O (S) eq (N eo X 00 CO 00 us us p-< us rt O r^ us 9) CO US O -* <0 us O us us (N CO 0) tN 00 00 X 00 0) u) >)| as* UJ e> c »l us «5 5 '■ « W J) j|| us eo eo M eo N So* N us eo us X us us F- eo ^ 01 us o» »-< o * o> o ^ ^ "" 0» W (N CO (s 04 (M o N eo X (M O us -H 0* eo eo eo us us rt — 0» us 50 «3 eo 'o eo o O O (N us Q — »» (N ^T* 'T ^T* 'T to to O (0 W 0> Q -" 5» ■* u5 >- 'J' 'f N X Tfl M" P-l •1 (O <0 ■* N ,. eo 1.0 f ij eo CO W CO :i :)■ -« eo O •* •M >• M eo .— (N ■* •* us (O U] (S W N us X 1— 91 N 9» ©» CO -" US us CO us to (O X X o> o -* « — eo N O o o - 8* (N S US o us us o o us us us O O O US e us us o o us o >o o us o U) o N 9) 9J us o eo 9» X UJ eo »* 9) 91 O us 94 to us F^ 9) 94 9» O X X cc o »1 94 « "" ■■ us O us >0 O O us o N us us us us UJ UJ »(J UJ us us us us irj UJ 'O us us us us "f O O to O to O O M ? O O O us ■: us 9} 9> — - "H us UJ ifj m to to , us us • o o •* «f X X CO eo * 91 X O) 0> to 04 04 04 (M US "S "S US UJ US e> "" -"•"9»e4eoeousMs« i-t 9J o ei 73 *»f''*»f'J>'iSususu5ujuji(5u5 049191919)91049)91940)9191919) 9) to "f 'f "t n (!\ CO CO O to O O O O 9) 0) 04 9) 01 US f us US us ,9)0>Of'3t0Xe0XNXX ^^OO94^9)9)e004«4 X 91 ■-. eo f us CO us o us us to •«* >0 eo eo X 'o X a> •*• •* "f ^ us X ^ o •* — 'S •>* nl us us o o CO o CO •* o o to o s N N X X O o o o o — O -< p« 9» (N X usususujusususujusujususujusus OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO us X X X ») j; t| O to to o ususxe>esxtex^us9) 'SSSSTtS^f^bwoBoox — i^Oous eoeoeowusus^viSoiSijoiojo^Qi,^^^^^ ..X«WiN^"ttot0009»9)-*«^XX009» ^^uSujususususOOOOOOOO — «.-• us * ■* 04 9) 0 "O "? •'I o '0 '0 "fl -11 N N N N N Nl oj "^ to to X x ^ •#! >Meoeo us x m m « iI ,-12S2i2iSJPL''"**'ei5»i«'*-*-^SNususo©®x«»N!>l 'OOOO9)9)0)(»)OOOOOO-MMMd4«'¥0 9) o o o » 00 X <9 (9 tS - S S 9) o o -- X « X X CO CO 39 ei e> 91 "■S W CO 9 s CO eo a es O o C LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 89 c* 1 *a ^ •s •• , . , 1 M s 1 •> ^ r> r> •" » u>~5 ~ lo UJ us ■• t» UJ 01 us 0> us us n" us ■eo us us ~~" ^mmm US 00 «s N » s !?i s * - ts lA N to CI eo o *f eo CD US « s ^ « us at Ol us ^ S US us FN ^ A r> IN FN If (N « M !| 1.S O ^ Tf o us ". O «» u> US n IN CO 00 (N (N us 0* 0) CO FN US 00 IN -1 o go s CO IN Ok Ok 8 ^^ US ■* (0 US us us us rf> to CO U) N us IN A A ts «5 u> -f 'C c O o o O o us 1^ ^4 ^m PN PN FN *-4 S us US US 8* (N n us W 0) " H M IM W (M iO CO CO eo eo CO w n *J •*• us yO t^- ■uj «r us ■35- us 00 us N "V ■eo" ■^f- IN w us ■^r- s? = (O ■* N .'. 1 i> o « o> eo CI 2 S M eo pri N § eo en CO N ts M us us CO FN A * FN to eo t'J UJ f '■1 91 o 01 IP4 C eo «j< o eo pN ^ O If us eo 00 us US IN us f p^ »0 f N OC w N a 13 Si T CO M «« (N IN N to *4 ^ O cs to us N (T) (N IN us US IN n't N N IN fN s ^ * IM « » n M w T^ * US US us us o o MN ^^ s US •M FN PN 04 0) 00 CO eo CO ^4 2 2 ■1 n « eo M eo » JO eo ^4 "* ■* * ^4 eo CO ^ w* •* ^ •* •H PP4 ^ 'J' ^N ■* •* FN •* FN ■* e O — IN en P-4 00 o N f to * ts ■* ts ■* CO to -*■ N ^' US IN M' * IN ao CO - s N "S w f !3 o ta ? to eo ts OO «s us CO (N IN 0} 01 § CO t to S tn eo IN N ■" o '" o •* !) Si •>4 eo !0 c o TC o (N eo ^m o ^ IN eo eo n 00 eo c P-4 IN eo N N « ot '"! »*! _ X JO US '•3 o « N N •* «* o> on us us N N «? "9 IN (N c» o> to to eo eo A A ts ts ■* « . 1 - C o o us UJ us us us us ^ y< * ^ US US us us US US ■* f ^ ^ ■* Tf CO CO CO CO S N N N N t» N N (N N N a •* •* " •■ •* " " r. " ;;? eo ? ■■ e> IN ^ .- o o o c ■ , o o c c o o o o o o o c "* ■■ '^ ^ «- ■^ ^^ " p^ ■N ■M IM ^H ^N pn FH fH F^ FM f-* m^ FN FN "" in qj Oi tf 1 - H £« ffi S cw s tf tf ia S eC a* tf PS an tf a. tf &I Ph PS a Ol A* X m Ck tf X s tf N N * * M •• p- o o 3!> cc eo eo ts ts "- p^ us us CO eo c» ■4 ■* to to •* ■* IN IN us us * Nf i 8 M y) T. J N N N 00 on wN ^^ _ MM o o us us N N CO CO t •4) s 01 N N 00 eo § g CO CO US «J «» a « « 9t "" o o us US •* • us US US us to to to to to to to to to to te to !S »^ «J IS '". >■: IS LS o us us us us us us us '•S us '# "* ■eo eo CO CO eo eo 00 00 CO 00 00 eo eo eo eo 00 S »f3 e> ei n n > N o 01 '^■■ ■-* — ^4 us us '•*■ -* "*■ f> to to (N CN oi CO IN (N eo 00 (N (N 00 00 »• «»• Tl T N N g 00 m 11 n o us UJ n o us us us "S us us «' e> en CO Ot A e> A to to 00 CO IN IN w O •A •i *^ es n *-4 p^ IN (N o o eo eo "«f> '^ ^N us US 00 CO 0> 01 00 CO 04 04 3 O n n •, • 1 a * flO IT or N N N N to ts us »o us us US us us us •* -* f f 1* <* «* ■* eo 3 00 eo t (N ft IN - - ~n" Pi4 ^4 ^ Tf> ^ 'J' •<*• ^ Tf f f ^ * * Tf ^ »*■ s o N n O !J « IM N f^' us N N ta f O us M o eo ^ •0 N ss us » * OO to A us »* IN to 00 eo ) Tf. f^ '■•5 * n } <• N M eo *4 * ^ c IN eo "* "" ■* '•-f •0 w '* us us ^ FN FN FN et 0* " ) N '0 •1 US IN IN » !0 o 1 IS 13 30 S 1 ei >n us « — OB S us ts « 00 eo <*■ IN im — IN o> « 00 to N -us •* »» 0« A 00 ob « 'O e '. •li tk : '1 w ts 8 o m to _ ^ M _ (N IN N ^ (N (N •f us on CO e> A A A 9 A eo 04 QO CO 1 IN "S >.s >* ■• ! « P4 o O O « eo o o O O IN ^ ^ CO CO ^ If r^ ^N w* ^4 ^ « US us 1 ^ o o •A a 1 _ s N IN IN n <-i •f <* o o en OO CO eo US us 0) O) IN (N at A US US 2 A 00 CO IN t N t* -* * — 00 e> te to 4 us '^ FN A ■«f us 00 eo 1 « « S> ^^ : 3t CI en IN IN e> o> «t »* ^ •* ^ ■♦ 5 ? N N 01 ot 00 CO f f ■* $ CO ^f ^ N f2 ?2 1 •* P»4 wt 1 fl « eo IN (N (N 9t US us IN M IN M us •0 PN pn »* '^ «*• FN " 04 04 1 (N N N _ . ■ S M ^S on on A ^ P>4 «* * on vt -f * $ US 5 ?!\ CO OO « 1 « ^ •f LI .1 i O o o o IN (N CO CO n 00 (N IN 04 M M IN CO 00 * * »f us « us >.o n n M « n 1 n ■* ■* •* >* If ^ * ^ •* »? >* >* ■* >* * •* '^ ■* ■* * * ■* "* * «Jt "f ■«f * '^ f ^ "* * ** ■4 PN 9^ #- p* p^ F4 FN ^ ^4 "" ^* • t* M. %; ^1 %i ,iSi 90 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. f'*) n i o B •3 1 1 1 0* •• •» ; •» ^ #- *< ^ = •• »• r ^ r r s £ S = c w r- ^ 5 J ; ; P r { « U9 — -R- us "00 us us us us N "S~ US us us « ^ -0 J5 J »k || 1 *8 ^ s on CO FN n eo FN s; $ eo FN eo FN 00 «F4 ^ ^ 00 FN ^ us US 9 s 00 us ^ 2 M N - '^ 1 '5 S Pi4 (0 o «0 FN FN eo FN § o MS FN eo us us us A US FN O A US us FN s A o -< '^ 1 og M 00 « •0 eo OD eo 00 CO 00 eo 00 eo 00 9) 00 s CO 00 eo 00 ss 0) 00 00 CO Ot CO Ot 00 s eo 00 CO « J) » « S S J! oo * * ■3r ■^r ■or T5" «s' us' us 00 00 FN ui '*• N U5 A f 1.:" ■Jl' PN 4*1 N U9 9i J o 0) • o ^4 e> us o ? FN S s CO FN 00 •* S OJ FN us CO o ot FN s 01 01 to CO eo us « 3 N IN W * rt - ec 1= «8 9 00 eo eo us Ss is s s FN FN FN to ^4 FN s? eo 01 SJ ss ot oo FN 00 i? 5 § 4* i: e "5 "3 o o "^ H oS ^4 ^ ^i4 ■* FN FN FN ■* us us *-< us FN US FN US US FN us FN us W5 ^4 U) |f4 us FN us ^4 us us FN >0 - !2 IS 2 2 ■^f" ■«" ■^" us FN (0 FN « «* ■* to ■* 01 « 9) ~" ~ O 4t 01 a> $0) 01 IS 0) o o FN ^4 CO s 0> FN FN o 9> o A fF4 m O CO ^ s 5 ^ n § >* 01 5 N - N O 51 'f -« • O ^S ss g; 0) (O eo ^ « FN IS FN eo FN CO FN 8 § 8 (O o s o us N "5 5 ? :? 3 : 51 al i of £ oS 9* 00 g n 0) eo eo eo 2? CO s; 91 00 o» CO eo ^ s 01 CO ot eo ot eo ot eo FN CO CO FN n ii 1 « « M eo i •431 •amoiojaqj. 1 = •■ •» s *• ^ s = *> r = = - :: »> s ^ o K •» s •* :; : J ^ •» " ■uiamoiVH ^. ................................... ...:i (S ■ : : ' s HI o o o o o o o o o o o o FN o o o p- ( o o o o o o o o C C 1 E £ 2 2 : C5 " s 1 —i. : BS H! Ah tf Ph tf Pn tf fu iS ffi fh PLh S 33 BS (A S » tf Oh (6 tf fL b| S3h B M d ^ is w CO 00 oo w oo 00 00 eo i eo CO 00 CO cr ei eo us us CO i S S us' ot • us 01 i 0) o 0» US •N us (S 00 s ^ s ^ s? us us FN eo O M 1 * 81 N <> * -4 JS 1 || "us °S5 CO ^ g (N CO eo eo IF* m eo CO 00 CO CO eo 0) CO us CO O) 00 US CO Ot CO 0) 00 n n ot 0» CO IS ot 00 s ^ us O) OD ot CO FN 01 CO to 0) rs (S 2 to CO '0 - o o « (N 01 01 P) W CO CO e> WS le ^4 0) w l^ 4 CO 0* n 4 01 % us us US n ! aQ F4 FN 00 n eo O o < o O U5 «» § S 01 eo Ol 00 ss 00 CO $ CO FN us us us us IS 8 s ot FN 01 FN <0 < - « » 91 01 N « eo CO CO oe> e> e> 0> o> a e> o 0) e> 0> 0) A ot e> 0> o> A O o o o P-4 o O C ( o o « ■* CO 00 •* ^ ob Ol FN FN ■* 4 ■*l ■o» '»# "^r n A CI 0) N % (N i B 4(1 10 ^ B S ^ ^ § ? 00 ce F. . 91 * «fi 01 OS X) u) eo < '■ ■•. : o § fM ■M PM P4 "5 FN § s OO ^ CO 00 eo CO OO eo oo eo 5 51 FN US FN US us us us us fe fe 0) •N (N IS S N N N 01 « 91 01 CO i r - ■ 02 U5 M5 104 «5 "5 W5 ^4 W5 us W9 P>4 US us FN us us us W5 us US FN us FN >0 FN us to to to o ts s e IS to o eo s (N § to N eo § S (N s 5S o N US 85 to FN s us iS s O IN (N 5 us us us eo 'J' s 0) O 10 ts U5 N »0 o o fe us to CO S § ^4 (N 9* O eo o o s us o X o X o O FN us o N O us us O s eo CO eo CO Se g) J) « 99 to CO eo 00 eo 00 IM 90 eo CO eo eo eo X CO X s s CO X s S? s s eo X s S X s eo X CO X S s eo X (N X s *-;r » ■" <}> N ») * to N" N UJ us us IN- t* us N to us t« TJ- •0 eo ss * N IN CO eo o 0» CO N (N CO (N ^4 Si FN us (N us N us IN (N us to S; X FN ^ 5 N US A o us us o IN CO 5 '* s to £; 0) § 5 c s o p4 o N N FH ot >o (N us (N (N CO IN CO us CO ta eo X eo Ok eo ^ 5 FN us us "0 N us N O X o FM FN FN us FN W5 X eo X eo US >0 '1 i-i a o to 4 CO w w CO CO FN CO FN eo FN eo eo 1*4 CO f4 eo FN CO CO FN eo -N eo F-4 CO eo CO n CO ^4 eo FN eo eo g g E r ' K * : - •* :: s s •^ #• t r- = r s s •« £ *• »« •» £ »> •» s •« £ £ £ #k •• •• - £ K r ;: ^ -. ; - ' •• ' :; ^ ^ r* »^ ' •> r> £ s r. £ ' £ •* ^ ^ •t = " E ^ = •* ' O o O c e ( e S C o f-4 o o o o o o o O o o o o o O o FN o o FN o o o o O FN O O o o FN o o 0H tf tf H, i;, Oi a M Oh tf s OJ as pt: B5 PJ 04 Pi fh tf Oh dl a Oi SI Ph a tf M tf a tf a tf Hi to " - e 1 s V * f •* ■* »»• e> e» Cx (N IN O) o> to to (N (N us us eo eo IN IN eo eo to to CO CO «5 lo s g S o c c o «5 'f o s o CO (N FN (N ^4 (N O (N O eo '0 eo us N (N N 0 ■o (M o to O <* 5 N O N O § at p-4 CO eo 5 f «* eo eo to eo to CO A eo A eo O 0 eo us eo eo eo CO eo eo eo eo eo s? S n 0» CO (N eo o» eo eo eo g o eo g o eo S A IN ^ (N (M N n " M «) l» «5 •o "3r us us (N -us US CO UJ us o 0) eo IN FN (N 0) o o IN § us us (N £; us FN FN O 55 s ? o us § (N us ^4 us (N a FN US O § eo us e « <3 e 2 ' o >0 o o l»l o IN o O O 8 CO UJ X u> <* US 3 IN us (N us FN US US ^ ^ »F4 ^ to eo eo CO S (N eo (N eo o IN A FN i4 10 eo eo (N IN g to to (N CO 9» CO (N eo IN eo (N eo FN eo FN CO FN eo FN eo eo FN eo eo FN eo w ft eo « FN eo FN eo p a o -■*■ F- FN «j to" -uj f^ ■* ■* eo •* 0> A FN "4 CO ■-* a ^t X * «6" ^ 10 «5 U5 N N "5 « ! X M FN to O o o eo o eo 0» o O § 01 o X •* X § § N FN N FN CO (N to (N us eo US eo to If ^ § S A US .8 « A 04 eo g 4 0) <0 2 ! 01 to N CO N CO >o "0 <*• § eo "9 eo us us s § eo o to o to o FN FN FN A FN us 04 US IN us CO ^ X eo 3 5 5 to o to o 5 4 O O O C { m m ■ o o ■4 o o o FN o o FN o FN o FN o FN o FN FN ^4 ^4 FN FN ^4 FN pH FN FN 4n4 FN FN fH ^4 FN FN FN FN FN FN FN FN FN 04 FN •4 FN r> 0) N CO 01 i n *■ >0 (N ■oT >o e> 04 CO FN (N to to N N t» A eo US (N * eo ^ > k § CO 2 c ' 91 n us fl >0 to eo eo "J .'O IN eo 8* eo >o us (N FN FN ^4 FN us (N 3 s s 5 s X us s s (N US (N MS (N 04 Si 5 FN us US S fe « M 19 9 9t ^ 0» CO CO 5 9 ? 5 CO 5 US US US us "5 w us FN o o s S »p FN oi w S ^ ^ ^ SS s FN O FN o ) to w O 18 8 » to FN CO FN <0 to to FN ts to FN to to FN ts FN N FN N FN 4*4 N N FN N FN FN 4F4 X FN X FN »« - »> »■ r - J = ? ^ ; ^ £ £ £ £ *» £ •* F •> = s £ £ ^ ^ £ s s •• s £ - F F Vll i 92 LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 11% ^^■" ■i ** ^■~ ■■■" ^^ ^^ ^^ """" s •s oa 1 F o » c #• •• »> •• * F * F n m 1 ^8 o UJ uS eo M US J ^n A P4 ^ IM 9 * N oo 5 OO f^ A '^ N 00 1" If 1 -o CO o O 9) US M f FM Oi eo us FN O t ^ s t o s F^ o S 3 S5 US A us 8 N us 1 «(N eo eo eo eo CO eo eo eo eo 04 04 (N 04 eo 01 "« « 00 00 oo oo w 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oo 00 , "5 CO eo us us 00 N "n" us 4 t* n » • 09 E 11 >>0 5 oo s OQ US g ^ ^ 'f FN o ^ 5 0) CO •* eo ^ ^p-< PM If 9 s f ^ t N N us <*• N 00 FN FN s -1 ■>♦ '*' * us US us US us O FN F4 oi: s N wm F4 FN N ■1 N N N FN N FN 00 00 FN OO OO FN CO CO •♦ (O •« 6) (S M (N X 00 •*■ to CO g jj «UJ '^ r> US us O ^ FN CO O »^ us FN eo N us 1 *-< O (N us US O o o o 0) eo FN 0» ta ^0) 0) n o e - r- •^ - - •* •■ '■ - •" " ■mainojtg eo ^ ^ P, ^ ^ ^ ^ •» ^ ^ ^ r- ^ s s 1 S HI o o O o o o O o o o O FN p * ^ •s |s « &4 « 04 m Ph 0^ a a CM a ai en X a p: k « ~6i" « » o o ■* "* ■* ■* IN 01 Bl •< >fe N N N » CO 1 •^3 eo eo eo eo eo eo ep eo eo eo eo eo eo CO CO "o* A a" -35' ■oT A- -BT -as- ■T5" "sr r>4 "«^ A 00 ^ ^fe ti eo eo $ 00 s s S s s n SI 5 O |s «» A 0) <» OO on (N 0) us us eo eo VI tn en A i ^ o o iM W (N (N 04 eo eo eo eo CO CO 0(N 0) Fi4 Ol 91 FN 04 FN FN 04 FN 04 0) 04 FN 04 FN IN FN (N FN 04 FN m eo « A N Js « « « A oo" 00" "sr ■Tr- *A t* A eo eo O o o ss s o V) ■ •r*7«U!-■ ;>< IMi. '¥ %i:-'V^^i J^i •itT,<^ T* f)!'|5< ;f!i!'''"Hi '{d : oi! *!• '1. ■■t I y,*. :yi i^K )|-il ;(>q. // .>fc.^ 4.1 •■■■* •» /I .n»rj "■..•» i.Ji ;■ :t ^-Tfwi ,„ f .fi '. 1 ■■' . .ti,[ III jjjrji^i Sii '^!. .'- |ttV|. I liili'l . !-r' •■tfH'l-iii-*; '■ !.i'ti?«fi'( > i» ,-i \m) -H I , «-'^ »iS»»a ■ (..^ -rf» H ''"' ''•r IIKfii lK/«lli^ >■•?.<.» I- III *"« ij I "e tfc «-j„ i-Mi •«t ^.n* *» * \ i: t I i 'f '..M,(l .,1 . •-<.) ^ ,, ,.• U TV j '! /; P'S fvl. ~!i .?!• <; ..1 ( ■, •• ',^ N'>. IV. OBSERVATIONS THE VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE iij -v; ;< *-. fc-i \ M. , '. It ' I *i. U--' i ,'t : ,« 4 > J I *■ i ■ '"i V ■\ S '1 i'-'."- 't ■> -! " V S 3 i ♦. i J 4- ' '■ \ •' ■<: .• ;• U % :r .'' : '1 I I y ' I ■ 1. « -f '' • ' !{ S H .:1 * '.'-' f» 1, «« 96 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. Table I.— OBSERVATIONS ] FOR THE VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE made on Shore or tipon the Ice, 1881. 1881. LaiitDde, N. Loncjtnde, Com- pua No. Oba«r- ver. Weiterly Variation. Mean Variation. REMARKS. o , , Oil* . . ;, May 19 . . fiS 48^ 3 55} 1 5 1 P R P H 37 13 SI 37 50 36 30 54 SS 37 09 35 37 33 08.5 /South Point of the entrance into (. Widewall Ilarboiir. Orkney Islands. ., »s.. S8 49 .1 001 5 5 1 R R F 36 49 ST 86 59 55 58 00 00 . 36 58 80 Ilackness Point, Lon^IIope ditto. July 4 . . . 61 IS 64 48 ■ 1 3 F F 53 08 00 52 59 00 . 52 4 « 45 Una floe of Ice I5U yards from the Ship. 2 1 1 I F P P II 53 52 00 53 40 18 53 03 50 53 85 41 » 8 . . . 61 lOi 65 tl I 3 R R 53 01 41 53 08 30 > 53 55 45 rOn a floe of Ice at a distance from \ the Ship. 3 P 58 43 06 . 2 P 53 39 34 2 3 3 3 II F F P H H 58 45 31 53 14 00 51 59 00 58 53 57 51 44 34 51 S4 S4 ' R SI 04 51 B SI 35 31 „ 18... 61 S6 66 41 B B SI 14 85 81 04 18 ' SI 99 II On a floe of Ice 800 yards from the Ship. P 51 89 08 R 80 49 86 H 38 43 49 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. m OBSERVATIONS roR the VARIATION op the MAGNETIC NEEDLE, made on Shore or upon the Ice, 1881, continued. 1821. Latitude, N. LoniUiidr, W. Com- pin No. Obicr- ver. WMlerly Vuriatiou. Mean Variation. REMARKS. ,„,,, # < S 8 S It B B 52 21 23 52 45 29 50 27 24 i i 1 I 5 R 50 57 42 V' 1 t 1 2 P 52 38 81 I 2 R 51 22 59 Jul) 2 1 62 31i 09 57 • »■■• V 2 3 F H 52 52 00 52 51 19 • 52 87 01 1 ■ On slioie near the SE. point of the larfror of tlip Upper Savage Islands. t 1 - . 2 B 52 20 SO 1 4 P 53 42 52 i 1 1 4 II F n 53 10 28 53 26 00 53 50 21 8!( .. ns 45 71 01 . 2 2 1 2 ,') 5 II F P U B V II 5» 05 49 53 50 00 51 08 50 51 47 11 51 55 .12 55 .Tl 13 55 48 ir, .51 51 57.7 These Observations wore taken at the distance of 132 yards from the Ship, upon a floe of Ice to which the Ship was attarhed, and which had a slow motion in Azimuth. They are here inserted accordini; to the order of time in which they were taken, in order to shew the re^larity of the Ships' influence upon the Needles i even at that distance according to the angle nt which it acted on them. r 5 2 2 1 F II 1' II II 56 08 00 56 14 10 53 13 45 55 29 89 55 15 11 t 1 The three last Oliservations were taken half an hour after the rest, when the motion of the floe was not noted. The true variation appears (by com- liarinic those of the 21th July and 3d August) to have been ubuul 52°. 4 F 55 It 00 li " ' ■■ ' - 1 5 n 56 09 42 '-■ 1 . 1 1 1 4 B 84 S3 48 ; \ " !• 1 B 55 ST S8 1 1 1 , 98 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 'H :f OBSERVATIONS von the VARIATION of tbe MAGNETIC NEEDLE, made on Shore or upon the Ice, 1881, continved. 1881. LttitDdr, N. Longitude, t'om- pau No. Obicr- Wcttcrly Variation. Mean Variation. REMARKS. O / o P P II / .< SI 02 S9 49 08 85 50 86 19 ' / ,1 1 R 52 45 48 ' 5 5 F B R K 49 07 GO 51 48 43 58 13 36 55 31 00 Thfso observations were taken in two diB'erent places. Those above the double line were on a piece of ice 800 .■> P 53 89 00 yards from the Fury, where it was Aug. 3 . . . 65 08 79 35. 5 5 5 P II II 54 01 50 53 09 39 55 08 84 58 11 43.6 supposed the compasses might have been affected by the ship's influence. We then removed to a piece of ice, a quarter of a mile distant from the ship, in which situation the subse- f 1 F 58 38 00 quent observations were taken. 1 1 B R 53 14 51 50 54 55 " ♦ 1 4 4 P R 51 44 00 58 2H 55 1 i i 'i ■ 4 4 B 11 53 80 54 53 51 14 1 i i ■ 4 * F R B 51 05 00 54 51 43 55 38 34 • 8 II 54 86 89 S P 53 85 48 ^ 3 R 54 10 41 S 11 53 56 80 1 ,, 5... 6S 87 81 .57 ' .1 B 84 48 39 '88 OS ,W.S On a floe of ice. >' 4 4 R H 85 le 48 56 16 89 ■1 ■ 1 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS vor the VARIATION of the ^GNETIC NEEDLE, loade on Shore or upon the Ice, 18SI, contimied. 1S21. Aug. 10 „ IS „ 15. „ 10, Lttiladc, N. 65 31 65 S4 65 80i LoBtltnde, 8S 30 < 84 18| 84 40 65 69 21 IS 57 Coin- No. Olaer- Tcr. H H II H H II H WcMcrly VtrUtioa. 54 16 19 51 97 91 56 07 41 57 98 S5 53 99 56 53 99 48 59 46 96 53 19 SI 54 35 S5 53 15 38 53 57 55 55 04 35 53 59 54 59 57 SO 55 95 00 SO 51 45 SO 10 55 49 57 16 50 56 95 51 01 51 50 95 40 50 19 54 50 16 S8 47 54 59 47 IS 11 46 41 00 Nan, AdaaU. 48 98 96 45 OS 49 50 10 55 Mean VtriMioo. } S3 49 10.9 SO 33 58.7 SO 18 36 47 S4 05 46 41 00 REMARKS. On a floe of ice. On • floe of ict [On shore, C. Weliford, Somliampton I Iitand. I On ihore, weit tide of Duke of York'i 1 Bay. On a ihoal, in Duke of York'i Bay ! J 'II m M 1KI«' •T'Ll 100 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAONBTIC NEEDLE. f?| t w m F 'k'! OBSERVATIONS tor the VARIATION of thk MAGNETIC NEEDLE, made on Shore or upon ihe Ice, 1881, continued. 1881. Aug. Si 1 27 .. „ 89 . . Sept. 'J „ 17, „ 18, Lalitude, N. 66 31 66 13i Gfi \i\ 66 87} 66 414 4v> f )»<^\uH ) „ 10.. ., «8.. 66 m 66 .18 Longitude, 86 30 iOi 8t Hi, < ,-11 II t 81 44 < 84 11 . 84 18 2». Com- No. 84 40 83 49 ObMT- »«r. R B II B R P P R II II P P II R II II II H II II II II II B P R R Wnterljr Variation. 47 17 89 48 86 03 SO 07 15 49 46 01 49 Q3 48 40 83 38 40 25 47 40 03 84 48 as SI 50 16 85 .VS 41 31 53 58 38 54 87 38 53 89 07 57 18 85 57 01 08 57 01 58 56 58 04 53 17 10 47 15 07 47 16 04 50 87 11 51 S9 43 51 00 54 56 11 84 56 88 11 54 46 88 Mean Variation. • 48 32 57.5 I. 40 19 St. 3 > 58 19 47.8 ). 57 OS 82.8 V 50 09 81.5 56 19 53. 54 46 88 REUARKS. iO.'| I On ihore at the north side of Repulse '/ Bay. These observations serve tn I shew the extreme sluggishness of the I horizontal needles at this station. I rThesi' observations were taken very ! steadily on shore; we were not a«ure of any disturbing influcnee. The rocks [ were of gneiss. J On the sea-beach at Duekptl f'ove. On shore, east side of Lyon Inlet. I ! '■'I O. '^ < . %\ On shore, at the mouth of the west , bmnch of Lyon Inlet. No disturbing ' influence that we were aware of. u On the beach at the Head of Gore Bay. Od ihore, Safely Cove. I it:yimvi Mi- TABLE II. 101 OBSERVATIONS for the VARIATION of the MAGNETIC NEEDLE, | made on Shore or upon the Ice, ISSi. 1S22. UUtade, N. Lonxitiide, Com- No. Obier- ver. WnUrly Variation. Hean Variation. REMARKS. : July r> . . . fi6 56 / 81 39 9 P o # f# 69 IT 00 / « 68 17 00 By astronomioti bearings of a cape. „ 9 . . . 67 08J 81 98 9 F 65 09 00 65 13 46 Do. do. do. 9 II 65 16 83 ■ i -' ! I 9 P 70 94 93 . „ 11 •■■ 67 II) 81 91 • 9 F 70 86 00 . 70 98 19 On shore. , 9 II 70 34 18 ; 9 F 78 S3 00 1 '.' 5 F 78 50 00 '' ' .[ •' ' 5 P 79 91 19 1 r: * 9 P 79 .38 19 • ' 1 .' . » ■ . * • 5 N 80 54 09 .' „ 19... 69 3t 80 09' 9 5 N R 78 38 19 78 32 09 •79 20 52.5 Oil a floe of ice. 9 R 78 58 59 . ^ r ^ i - ,.'■. • 5 II 79 19 IS t ■ '■?, ■ - ;i'- ^ ' ■■ 9 II 80 33 80 • r 1 • i. i i 9 P 89 96 59 .. 91... 69 33| 81 II . 9 B 82 06 47 .89 91 51 On a flof of ice. f 9 II 89 31 S4 ,. 88 . . . 69 91 81 SS 9 R 80 99 95 80 89 95 Eaiiuimaux tenia, «t Igloolik. 5 F 85 34 00 1 2 F 87 13 00 5 P 86 13 06 5 9 P P 86 87 34 86 IS 87 8 II 86 01 98 3 II 85 SO 19 Aug. S . . . 69 S3 81 »S. 9 Re 86 43 00 86 05 43 On B floe of ice ■ , 9 B 86 38 84 9 C 85 36 80 Hi 102 OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS for tbe VARIATION of the MAGNETIC NEEDLE, made on Shore or upon ^ /ce, \S22, continued. Com- 1822. Lttltudc, N. LoDgitade, pan No. ObKT- »er. Wctterly ▼urlatiOB. Mean Variaiion. REMARKS. O # o t / ti O t a Aug. 5 ... 69 38 81 28 S R 85 21 56 86 05 43 On a floe of ice. , - I /;(» 5 R 86 19 28 . "■ '--. • I S R 86 80 85 „ 6 ... 5 5 R R 85 45 80 85 52 08 " i '' ■ 1 5 5 R R 85 36 30 87 30 33 ,• i ./ ■ i ' „ 11... 69 32 81 37 5 5 R R 87 19 55 88 36 38 87 20 03 On a floe of ice near Tern Island. (On a floe of ice neat the Bouvcric ( Islands. „ 24... 69 36 81 55 88 50 46.5 , 5 R 89 OS 00 S S 2 P P N . 87 56 17 67 43 36 88 08 51 , 1 -1 * ^ Sept. 8... 3 N 87 24 OS ' On a floe of ice, in the Strait of the I Fury and Hecla. 69 48 83 39 '89 18 19.4 „ 10... J 3 F 90 48 07 3 P 90 41 43 1 1 1 2 C 91 40 50 i I 3 H 90 04 18 '■ ^^ i . . . i .. J.l- I.. I'tr I r tJ! i ,:i» -'t ,i> { ;s, 1-J 4ii ' ! •I I-; 1:1 iff :( ;j-,l(> I r t I It' " ,!. i f>> -1.= i»i I v; li 1 1 'i t •n .1 .Vii}i3'N» .ur-sVTOM/ .'5riT \i) y.-.Hrfint^/ f hi 1 I ! Liyiai I 1 TABLE III. The Observations contained in this Table were made with the azimuth com- passes, on Captain Kater's construction, placed on a stool on shore, and directed to a meridian mark. They were made at different times of the day, with the view of detecting, if" possible by this method, any diurnal change in the variation of the magnetic needle. , The compass was invariably removed, and directed and levelled afresh, be- tween each of the Observations, whose number is given in the proper column. The range of each set of Observations is inserted, for the purpose of shewing tlie degree of sluggishness, or the contrary, with which the compasses traversed. No. -2 was the most used, as being the most sensible. ' , The initials of the observers are the same as usual. - i\;i 'f ■:. 1 "( : - 1 <-t I I :■ f ' I ,. . O ] m m 104 VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. '"i OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, at Winter Island. DAY. TIME. Baro- meter. Thermo- meters In the shade. WIND. WEATHBR. ObMr- ver. No. or Obser- vation). No. or Com- pasB. Range or Ob.er- vations. Variation We.lerly. Mean variation obaerved near the aanie hovr. Hour. A.H.or P.M. 1831 Nov. 13.. H. M. 15 P.M. IN. 89. 8t + 81 S.E. Moderate Hazy P 10 8 / 1 38 5°6 4*1 SO O / « 80 45 »» J* » it II P 10 10 2 8 1 50 4 00 56 87 00 56 36 50 56 34 55 » 1 00 if J» 1» j» .. ») II 10 2 1 50 56 21 30 » 1888 ApiillS.. 15 85 4 45 it A.M. 30.17 89.77 + 8 North » South Light it Fine P H P 10 10 10 2 8 2 27 32 35 56 28 12 56 28 30 53 45 00 I 56 28 21 >» 5 00 W >» >» If »• »» R 10 8 50 53 51 80 3> 5 15 >» 9t )t >» it M P 10 8 55 53 50 42 5 80 5 45 tt tt tt »» U P 10 10 2 2 40 1 10 53 55 42 51 10 30 • 51 03 58 i> 6 00 M 99 tt M J." »i R 10 2 55 51 01 SO y» 6 15 »* -t ?J J» 1) »» P 10 2 1 18 51 31 54 >» G 30 It >' ti » 1* »» R 10 2 55 51 25 00 June 3... 6 85 P.M. 89.79 + 85 >» .. Cloudy P 10 2 1 15 53 53 00 »> 6 85 >» »» ft )» ., j» H 10 2 1 25 54 08 00 ■'' y> 6 45 99 ») tt »♦ .'» 9* P 10 2 50 53 54 00 >9 6 57 it 19 99 it ♦> 9} II 10 2 1 35 53 56 00 t* 7 10 it 9i » *t Jl a P 10 8 40 58 37 13 y» 7 80 a i* »> »» ♦1 .«» H 10 8 1 10 53 14 00 7 SO 7 40 it it 9i 99 J» 1» 9» P II 10 10 8 8 1 35 50 58 58 00 58 55 00 ' 53 37 58 n 7 50 >9 »» »» )» »» »» P 10 8 50 58 38 SO ^ % 99 8 00 ii tl )t J» )» >» Ii 10 8 1 35 53 42 00 99 8 80 tt tt J» Jl »♦ l> R 10 2 1 35 53 89 00 99 8 55 ti ti »» » n J> R 10 8 1 00 53 13 80 J« 9 80 9t a » J» M it R 10 2 I 00 58 IS 00 J» 9 45 it 9t »J )» f> »* R 10 3 30 53 08 SO » 4... 6 45 A.M. 89.78 + 8S.5 North Moderate M II 10 8 1 05 58 88 00 3t 7 00 7 15 it it P II 10 .0 3 3 1 10 1 50 58 08 00 58 S3 SO ■ 52 80 37 » 7 85 n 99 >♦ tt ■•> ft P 10 8 35 52 44 00 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 105 OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle , at Winter Island, continued. DAY. TIMG. Baro- meter. Thcrmo- meieiain tlie iliade. WIND. WEATHEB. Obier- ver. No. of Obier- valiuu. No. of Com pan. Range of Obner- valioni. Variation Westerly. Mean variation observed near the aame honr. Huar. A.M.or P.M. 1822 June 4... II. N. 40 P.M. IN. 89.80 o + 41.5 North Moderate Cloudy P 10 9 / 1 10 O . H 54 89 80 O t II £0 1 05 it f1 " 11 P 10 10 2 2 2 05 1 20 54 15 30 53 16 00 ■ SS 42 07 1 15 it it It •» •. 11 n 10 2 1 40 52 47 30 8 40 8 55 if ♦J •>i + 32 1» •> Light 19 p II 10 10 2 2 35 1 00 53 15 30 53 46 00 > 53 .30 45 ., 5... 6 45 AM. 29.72 •» N.W. Moderate It H 10 2 1 05 51 15 90 7 00 7 20 It •» •» " p 11 10 10 2 2 50 45 50 32 00 51 42 00 ■ 51 00 37 7 30 it ., ,, •» ., •> p 10 2 1 50 50 33 00 .30 P.M. 29.69 -f 32.5 Norlh .. Small Snow II 10 2 2 15 51 58 00 45 1 00 »1 •>i ft It '1 •• 11 p II 10 9 2 2 1 15 1 30 52 15 00 51 50 53 • 51 54 28 1 10 *J „ M ., *J It p 10 2 1 00 51 34 00 7 30 „ 29.66 + 26 N.W. .. ('loudy II 10 2 I 45 53 40 00 ] 7 40 J» »» ,, ■ »» »» II 10 2 1 25 53 37 30 7 55 8 05 M " •• •• •>t II II 10 10 2 2 55 45 53 50 00 53 49 00 • 53 51 50 8 15 11 „ „ M ., «» p 10 2 1 40 51 Ot 30 ^ 8 25 »» „ „ „ .. ♦» p 10 2 1 00 51 22 00 ., n... 8 40 8 .55 A.M. •J 29.70 it + 28.5 • } it riying Clouds ft p II 10 10 9 2 1 05 1 00 52 05 00 52 28 00 I 52 16 80 30 P.M. 29.71 + 30 '» I.ighi «» 11 10 2 50 51 20 00 »5 55 ii *» 'J it i> '» it II 11 10 10 2 2 1 20 1 00 54 07 00 54 13 30 .51 10 00 1 00 «i »» it it >i p 10 2 1 05 53 59 30 7 15 7 25 it 29 70 it + 26 »» North Moderate tt Cloudy •J p H 10 10 S 9 1 45 1 00 53 31 30 53 St 00 I 53 32 45 „7... 9 00 9 10 AM. 29.69 it + S7 »1 W.N.W. it Li^ht Flying Clouds ti p II 10 10 2 9 45 9 9S 54 SO 30 54 17 00 . 54 23 45 20 S5 P.M. 99. e.*! + 41 11 s.w. tt "i Dull p H 10 10 9 9 80 1 45 53 43 00 58 39 SO .53 41 15 IS v»,[ m ^^ ^^1 106 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, at Winter Island, continued. DAY. TIME. Baro- meter. Thermo- ineleri In Uie ibide. WIND. WEATHER. Obier- ver. No. of Obter- vailoni. No. or ^Olll. put. lUnie of Obier- vatlous. Variation Weitcrly. Mean varialion obMrved near the tame hour. Hoar. ^M.or P.M. 1822 June 7 . . . H. M. 8 10 P.M. IN. 29.60 + 28 SW. Moderale Dull P 10 3 > 1 15 53 89 00 i 41 8 30 »» »» *» >» ff tt H 10 2 1 25 53 53 30 10 15 10 SO tt tt tt R R 10 10 2 2 45 1 05 51 23 80 54 19 30 ■ 54 06 15 10 40 >» >» >J ft tt t* R 10 5 1 80 54 22 00 10 55 » »» >* «» t* »» R 10 5 1 15 54 00 00 ,.8... 7 05 7 15 A.M. 29.52 + 22 N.N.W. Fresh Cloudy P H 10 10 2 2 50 25 53 43 00 58 42 80 I 53 42 45 10 15 19 «9.54 + 25.5 M j» >j R 10 2 1 10 58 51 00 10 30 >* >i )> " *f >* R 10 2 1 10 54 18 00 10 45 »> jj »» «» »j >i R 10 2 1 20 54 IT 30 11 00 >» >» » ?» >» Clear R 10 5 1 15 53 25 30 ■ 51 00 01 11 15 >J jj J» »» " >» R 10 5 1 00 54 01 00 U SO >J )) J» >» tt >» R 10 5 1 15 58 58 80 30 P.M. j» »» ft tt ») H 10 2 55 54 09 00 " 7 35 7 45 >» »» S9.56 J* W N.W. »1 tt Cloudy H H 10 10 2 2 40 50 58 31 00 53 48 00 > 53 39 30 »9... 6 00 A.M. 29.53 + 27 N.W. »» J» R 10 5 1 10 54 20 00 .. 6 15 >» >i >» }t *» »> R 10 5 2 10 54 27 00 )} 6 80 7 10 93 >t *> Strong^ »» >» R R 10 10 2 2 1 10 1 30 54 02 00 54 00 00 > 54 19 13 »> 7 45 » )» '* tJ )» Clear P 10 3 15 54 27 30 j» 7 55 »» i> n )» >» >» H 10 2 25 54 42 00 jf 35 P.M. S9.64 + 80 5» tt »» P 10 8 35 54 43 30 1 a 45 J> jt 99 1) tt >» H 10 1 50 55 05 30 > 54 51 30 » 8 00 >» 29.75 + 32 N.N.W. Moderate Flying Clouds H 10 2 SO 54 35 SO 1 >* 8 15 » )> « »» tt tt H 10 1 05 53 49 30 >54 12 30 .. 10. 7 30 A.M. 99.74 + 29 N.W. Fresh Clear P 10 3 45 S4 S3 30 ■ }i 7 45 »» ^» >» J» )» >t H 10 3 40 54 19 SO \ 54 26 30 l> SO P.M 99.98 + 80 >» tt Cloudy H 10 4 05 S4 11 00 » 1 OS »» » » »» tt * »i H 10 2 40 53 41 00 [ 53 55 20 » 1 SO » » n )» 11 « H 10 5 1 40 53 64 00 ■ VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 107 OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, at Winter Island, cotUinued. DAY. TIME. Biro- meter. Tliirmo- mr- nin tlif .arte. WIND. WEATHER. Obier- ver. No. of ObaiT- fatloat. No. Range of of Dom- Ubicr. ia». Talloni. Vailalion Wcilerly. lean variation obierved near tbc same honr. Hour. A.M.or y.M. 1829 June 10.. II. M. 8 40 8 50 P.M. IN 29.96 it N.W. Moderate » M Cloudy H II 10 10 9 5 / 1 80 8 55 o < « , 58 50 00 ] 53 54 00 J / // > 53 59 OU „ 11.. 7 45 7 55 A.M. II 29.81 i> + 31 t1 >» it P II 10 10 5 5 S S5 9 30 58 45 80 ' 53 59 00 .53 52 15 9 00 ty 99.80 + 34 W.N.W. *t tt R 10 5 1 20 51 98 80 9 15 »» it H »> it •» R 10 5 2 00 54 94 00 9 40 >• >* tt tt M »» R 10 2 40 54 49 00 10 00 >» •» tt « M *> R 10 2 1 05 55 06 30 10 20 a it tt »» M t. R 10 2 S5 54 39 .TO 10 45 *> It tt J> »l M R 10 2 2 10 M 18 80 11 00 11 90 tt tl »• tt »i R R 10 10 5 5 1 40. 3 15 54 34 00 54 46 00 54 81 32 11 35 it it »> »» M '1 R 10 1 2 10 54 19 00 11 50 it t* it .»> »» )» R 10 1 1 35 54 44 30 30 P.M. it J* 1* »» »i P 10 1 9 35 54 54 80 40 it it ti J» »J M H 10 5 2 40 54 04 00 SO if J» it tt tt »» P 10 9 SO 54 04 30 1 00 rt it it tt tt »» II 10 8 85 54 09 00 6 30 8 45 >t 29.71 tt + 31 s.w. Fresh B H 10 10 9 9 1 05 1 10 53 46 30 53 4» 00 I 53 45 15 „ 12.. 7 55 A.M. 29.54 + 80 North it )» II 10 9 1 15 58 33 00 53 32 00 11 30 » 29.64 + 31 » tt >» B 10 2 1 15 54 15 SO 30 P.M. » it » tt ft H 10 9 1 55 53 44 00 I 53 58 80 40 J> it ti If f> l> P 10 5 3 95 53 56 00 7 55 3 05 n 7> 89.84 » + 25 » tl Clear » P H 10 10 2 9 1 05 85 54 01 00 54 15 80 . 54 08 15 ,, 13. 7 40 7 55 A.M. » 89.83 » + 84 J) i9 it ti a Cloudy » H P 10 10 9 2 I 35 S5 58 45 80 53 5T 00 I 53 51 15 35 P.M. 89.9€ + 89 tt >» Clear P 10 9 80 53 48 30 ■ 45 1 SO n » ft ti + 86 it it tt it 11 R 10 10 8 9 1 10 1 45 ,iS 40 SO 58 05 00 > 53 48 48 8 40 » » » it J» » R 10 8 1 15 54 05 SO ■ i i li'iii Uf^ 11 ^^^ ^1 108 VARIATION or THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation cf the Magnetic Needle , at Winter Island, continued. DAY. TIMK. Biro- meler. TliciinC' raetcra iu tlie •hade. WIND. WEATHER. Obser- ver. No. of Obier- Tatiom No. of Com pa». Range or Obier- Tationa. VariaUon Wctttriy. Mean variation obierved near tbe laine hoar, Hoor. A.M.or P.M. 1828 June IS.. II. M. S 00 P.M. IN. 99.96 o + 36 North Fre»h Clear R 10 8 O 4 40 1 H 54 18 30 53 48 48 »» 7 10 ft 89.04 + 35 N.N.W. Moderate .. II 10 8 1 45 53 36 00 1 ft 7 80 *> ). t* »» .1 II II 10 2 45 5S 34 30 > »> 9 45 ♦» .. U *J ♦> II R 10 1 15 5t 18 30 10 00 1* >. n ?• »♦ .. R 10 I 30 54 81 30 10 80 10 30 >» >» '• f* - U •• 11 11 10 10 1 05 1 10 54 06 00 54 13 00 I 54 on 30 10 4i »» M ' t» •f 11 K 10 8 20 54 06 30 - II 10 • » .»» • ( 11 't R II 5 2 00 54 41 33 11 80 >I ." •» .1 .. R 10 8 1 00 54 00 SO Mid. *» f* J» 1. *t R 10 9 1 20 54 07 00 .. M.. 7 40 A.M. '. South Liglil Cloudy P 10 8 45 53 52 00 1 7 50 »» *» .1 t» >» 11 10 8 50 53 15 00 9 45 lU IS •• R R 10 10 8 8 1 80 1 20 53 41 30 53 38 80 • 53 51 45 10 SO »» .. ♦» »« M 11 10 5 1 50 54 07 30 11 00 »* .. >» .1 >» R 10 5 2 00 54 06 00 90 45 P.M. 89. 9U + 41 s.i::. • • Moderate II P II 10 10 2 2 50 55 58 84 00 SS 41 00 I 53 37 m 7 15 fl 80.85 + 87 •1 - II B 10 8 1 50 S3 44 00 7 45 !• .. .1 " I. 11 10 8 50 53 97 00 • 53 38 .W 8 00 tf .. ■■ M »l 11 10 8 ■y 85 53 89 SO „ 13.. 7 40 7 50 A.M. 1* 89.70 '• North Fresh •• II P 10 10 8 8 55 45 53 SO 00 53 57 00 i SS 53 .to 7 00 7 80 P.M. 80.60 »> •• ft II >■ B U 10 10 8 8 1 30 8 00 54 05 00 54 13 SO y 54 Otf 15 „ ii;.. 9 15 A.M. 80.54 + 40 N.W. Mghi Clear II 10 8 1 IS 5S on 30 SO »» •1 •• 11 II 10 a 1 OS SS 01 30 9 45 .. .. •• • t 1. 11 10 5 9 88 S5 03 SO 10 }fQ " » II II »i >• B 10 8 1 IS 54 SO 30 10 45 »» •■ II •• '» 1. R 10 8 1 15 54 07 00 ,51 30 S« 11 00 •• ■• C 10 8 5U 54 13 00 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 109 OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magn etic Needle, at Winter Island, cmtintied. DAY. TIHB. Bsro- nKtcr. Thermo, meler in Iheihade. WIND. WEATHER. Obtcr- ver. No. or ObMf- TUiOU. No. of Com. pan. Ranee or ObKf. valiona. Variaiion Wntcrly. Mean nriatioo obierredBear the Mme hoar. Hour. A.H.ur P.M. 1823 June 16. . II. N. 11 10 A.M. IN. 29.51 o + 40 N.W. Li);ht ('War c 10 3 # 1 10 5S 41 00 . n •» II 30 »» M fy .. •1 1* c 10 3 3 10 54 03 00 ; " as 1 10 P.M. + 43 W.N.W. Moclorati- ., 11 p 9 10 3 3 1 35 1 30 54 01 37 55 83 00 I 54 41 43 «t 7 10 »• ■. + S9 • t .» .« B 10 3 3 45 55 15 00 ' »« 7 50 8 10 't »» '♦ B C 10 10 3 3 S SO 3 00 53 59 SO 55 36 00 j ■ 54 50 28 t. 8 30 i» .. »« .» " »» C 10 3 3 00 54 SI 00 it 10 00 t* '» + 3R " »> •« R 10 3 1 10 53 59 SO .. 10 IS M ■. ,. •• •» ♦» R 10 8 SO 53 49 30 •« 10 30 10 45 '» •» t* • t .1 >» R R 10 10 3 5 3 80 8 90 53 48 SO 53 58 SO • 53 57 35 .. 11 00 «t »t '» " " ♦» R 10 5 8 OS 53 49 30 .. n 15 M •» »» " .« »» R 10 5 3 IS 54 80 00 „ 17.. 7 40 7 55 A.M. »9.70 + 39 ■■ .■ 1 .) ; >t P H 10 10 5 3 50 1 15 54 07 SO 53 SS SO I 53 50 30 . 5S 03 00 - 1 10 1 SO P.M. " + 411 •• »* »» tf It B R 10 10 3 2 1 SO 8 SO 53 08 00 53 03 t)0 . , •,(• f Me«n Variation by fiO Observations inadp in ll 831 56 38 48.7 il Vfi\ r* ( ; •• i ' Mean Variation li> nitf Obstrvalions mode in tho Spring of 1 833 5S 51 50.3 I t^ I tf r<> f> "i s " I I It : " I > i I ^ :U.B* _ -. ,1^ i .*• . I f- ii '. . i: . i i' ! f m ■*M y illtm m^ mmm m i' 110 i-;.iaa. i... TABLE IV. OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, at IglooUk, 18SS. DAV. TIMB. Baro* meter. Theimo- nwlcnla Ihcikadc. WIND. WEATHER. Obser- No. of Obuf TMloni. No. or Com- pus. Range or ObMi> nMoM. Variation WertMly. How. A.lf.or P.M. 1823 April 23. . u. u. 6 00 A.M. IN. SO. 13 Zero North Light airs with small snow. R 10 S # 1 SO 80 I's 00 M 6 IS W » »» II >» »» R 10 5 I 10 80 00 00 >• 6 SO W II fi »l )< n R 10 S 1 OS 79 59 00 ;* 7 00 II II y> >» V R 10 S 1 so 79 57 00 f* 7 80 II w it ; .J «* R 10 S 1 95 80 0'^ 00 fi No on so. 10 + 11 11 j» '1 R 10 S 1 05 81 3J 30 >» 90 P.M. »l »» ." t. •» R 10 5 1 10 81 S8 00 »» 40 ft If l» !• »» II R 10 5 45 89 01 3i) »» 1 00 f» II II )» 11 II R 10 5 I 90 88 04 00 »» 1 80 •1 w l» >» II If R 10 S 1 IC 81 59 00 » 24.. 8 40 » 89.89 + 7 N.N.W. Moderate breezes and fine. R 10 5 1 9S 81 19 SO II 4 10 II » II - »• M R 10 5 1 10 81 85 00 »* 4 SO »i H 11 •■ ♦ » M R 10 5 1 50 81 18 SO tt S 00 w 1. l» .. • » ft R 10 5 1 SO 81 87 00 it 5 30 »l M II '» .. R 10 6 1 35 81 98 00 „ 98. . 7 00 A.M. 90.00 + 11 S.S.E. Light breezo . .nd cloudy. R 10 5 8 80 88 28 SO »» 7 SS II II .f »l *i It R 10 S 1 40 83 10 00 »» 7 SO •1 M n l» )» » R 10 5 3 00 89 41 00 t» IS P.M. 29.98 + 86 South Light breezes and All'.'. R 10 S 8 SO 83 80 SO ft SO II «• •• •• M M R 10 S 3 SO 82 36 00 *> 4S »» •- •• •- >t .♦• R 10 9 8 80 82 SO 30 •• 1 00 •1 •• H l» «» *» R 10 S 1 SO 88 39 00 II 1 10 !• tl « »» » >t P 10 5 8 40 8S 04 30 »» S 40 P.M. 29.90 + 90 ■• I'reih brcezei and iqually. R 10 5 1 10 8S 15 00 t* 6 00 »» If *l " .. R 10 S 1 40 88 37 30 II 6 80 *( •• •• •• >» ♦» R 10 8 1 45 83 S7 00 II e 40 1* •• »• •• .1 *t R 10 S 1 SS 88 S9 00 >. »9.. S 9S A.M. 99.78 + 89 tt Light breciei with mow R 10 9 8 10 81 OS 00 »» 6 IS >» •» H •• » II R 10 8 8 85 81 3t SO i» 6 SO " •« •• '. tl II R 10 9 8 9S 81 98 00 1* 4S P.M 29.80 -t- 95 Nortlierly Mudcrate with (mall tnow. C 10 8 S 80 81 85 00 11 1 00 " •• » • t tl II C 10 8 S 00 80 97 00 VARIATION O? THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. Ill w> irution erterly. IS 00 00 00 59 00 S7 00 02 00 34 30 38 00 0< 3i) 04 on 19 00 )4 30 5 00 7 30 7 00 9 00 3 00 1 SO H 00 i 00 r 00 OBSERVATIONS for detemuning the Variation of the Magnetic Needle at Igloolik, I8S3, continued. DAY. TIMB. Baro- meter. Thermo, metert in Ike abtrie. WIND. WEATHER. Obier- ver. No. of Obier- rtUoiu. No. of Com- pui. Range of Obter- ralioBi. VaiiatioD Weiterly. Hoar. A.M. or P.M. 182.'» April 39.. H. M. 5 40 P.M. IN. 29.88 + 90 Northerly Light breezes and cloudy- R 10 9 O ( 4 10 * it 81 19 00 tt 6 00 iJ »j 19 »» '» ti R 10 2 4 00 81 20 30 » 6 90 )* it 18 »» •t <• R 10 5 4 45 82 23 00 J» 6 40 »♦ If 17 »j »» ♦» R 10 5 3 55 81 37 00 J» 7 00 1* n 15 »» ., R 10 5 S 05 81 51 GO „ 30.. 5 00 >» 80.08 9 N.W. Moderate and fine, squalls at times. P 10 5 3 45 82 19 00 '» 5 95 »■ .') »> '1 ?» »» P 10 5 3 10 83 27 30 May 1 ... . 6 80 A.M. 30.05 Zero West Light winds and clear. C 10 5 3 30 81 57 00 >» 6 45 >» j> *» t| •• •> C 10 5 1 30 81 40 00 ft 7 00 »J »» »» t* »» M C 10 5 1 30 81 30 00 if 15 P.M. 30.00 + 15 N.W. Light airs and cloudy. R 10 5 3 45 81 59 00 » 80 >» )» Jl J* '♦ »> R 10 5 9 10 89 09 00 .'» 50 J> *y »» .. ♦» )• R 10 5 3 30 89 01 00 >» 1 90 >» >» JJ yf " )» R 10 2 3 45 SI 59 30 J» 1 40 .> •» >» -» ♦» R 10 2 3 50 81 56 30 it 5 00 >t ♦ t + 10 Northerly liight winds and Hno. C 10 5 i 10 82 26 00 *» 5 90 »J » « »» »» »» C 10 5 S 90 89 56 00 M 5 40 l» if »> .. •t •» C 10 5 3 00 89 31 00 '» 6 80 f* 99.90 + 4 N.E. Light airi and cloudy. R 10 5 3 05 80 08 30 '» 6 50 t* M ii •• •» « n 10 3 9 80 80 04 SO ■. 7 15 J> '« •» .» M R 10 5 9 40 SO 14 00 .. 7 80 »> .»» »» .» »» » R 10 2 9 SO 80 49 00 ., 7 45 M J» •1 .. »» J» R 10 2 3 20 80 19 00 ,, 9... 80 M SO. 00 + 16 *» Mod< rate and cloudy. C 10 2 3 00 80 38 00 *% 45 )| »» *t •» ji *i C 10 S 90 81 49 00 »♦ 6 80 >t »l »» Northerly ti H C 10 4 SO 81 06 00 t| e 45 >f J» » »> »• .« C 10 4 00 81 15 00 „ 6... 4 80 f* 80.07 + S7 SE. Light, haiy and ileel. C 10 n so 8S 47 00 »t 5 00 » >» + SO »> M C 10 s on 8S 57 00 '» S IS >» » t| •» *. .* C 10 4 10 8S 36 00 *» « 10 *l l» M f» Light air* and cloudy. R 10 soo 83 40 ;)0 >t • SO tt „ + 98 ft II II R 10 S 30 83 98 30 !^i' P2 112 VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. iP» »» • R 10 3 3 55 82 33 00 7 80 fl II 84 ,. >» » R 10 8 8 80 82 85 80 7 50 »> II 88 II »» j» H 10 5 S SO 83 83 00 „ 10.. e SO l> 30.42 SI N.W. Light winds and fine. H '0 5 1 80 82 OS 00 1 9t 7 00 >» i» II II -•, »t H 10 5 1 05 82 18 30 7 80 » II 30 .. >f 'f H 10 8 1 SO 81 35 00 7 40 » w II II if •» 11 10 2 50 81 19 30 ,, IS.. 6 15 A.M. 30.09 + 20 It Liglit winds and clear. C 10 8 3 10 80 47 00 6 30 f* II II 1* .•» " C 10 8 3 10 80 43 00 7 00 )» II II II 1* .» C to 5 8 10 80 52 00 7 80 »» n II '1 „ C to 5 8 40 81 43 00 „ M.. 6 40 >» 89.95 + 17 w.s.w. Light airs and rluudy. H 10 5 SO 81 47 30 6 SO If II 17 tt •• »» H 10 5 50 81 41 30 7 10 » II 19 11 >* »i H 10 3 I 80 81 40 00 7 20 »» II 90 It »• » H 10 3 1 05 81 40 SO 11 80 »» 29.93 34 NW. Light winds and fine. C 10 3 4 80 81 58 00 11 45 ff i» It <. " '' C 10 8 8 80 88 45 00 80 P.M. II 86 Southerly ' ' »i n H 10 5 1 85 88 48 00 SO II i» It - >* n H 10 S 8 10 88 44 00 *> SO II II " t| *l 1, 11 10 3 40 81 S4 30 »» 1 00 It " II M M tl H 10 3 1 10 88 04 30 n 6 80 1* 29.85 31.5 S.E. Light airs with small snow. H 10 8 SO 81 48 00 .. 6 40 •I .. 1* >• ,• 11 10 1 05 81 44 00 " 7 00 II II l« II »> I, H 10 1 15 81 47 SO .. 7 IS It i» II tt »» t* H 10 1 83 81 46 00 .,84.. 10 00 A.M. 89 64 84 It Moderate and haiy with snow. R 10 8 45 88 88 SO *( 10 SO 11 tt t» II .fc'iUJ „ „ R 10 9 80 88 81 00 If 10 40 II II It It »t » R 10 8 48 88 84 00 11 11 10 II 11 It It ' M » R 10 9 90 88 06 00 „ 11 SO ft •• It II »» fl R 10 8 40 89 06 00 If 11 80 II 1, It II n M R 10 8 40 89 85 00 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 113 OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle, at Igloolik , 1823, continued. DAY. TIME. B*ro- meter. Tbenoo- meien in the dude. WIND. WEATHER. OlMer- ver. No. of ObKr- vilioni. No. of Com P*H. Ranee of Obaer- vitiooi. Variation Weslerl). Hour. A.M.ur P.M. 1823 May 94.. II. M. 10 00 P.M. IN. 89.89 o + 86 S.E. Moderate and hazy with snow. R 10 9 o » S 90 81 46 SO 10 20 .. )» >» •• »» R 10 8 3 30 81 95 30 10 40 »> »» ,« •• R 10 8 8 SO 81 34 30 11 05 i> »• ,. ,.' >» R 10 5 3 15 82 17 30 11 30 )> M .. .. R 10 5 8 40 81 49 3) 11 50 if / .. .. R 10 5 8 90 81 48 00 „ 86.. 6 30 A.M. 85 S.S.E. Light breeies and cloudy. II 10 5 1 85 82 06 00 6 45 »♦ >• »? >» »♦ H 10 5 I 15 89 05 00 7 00 »t 36 »» .. H 10 8 I 35 81 56 00 7 15 M .. ., »» *» H 10 8 1 85 69 01 30 8 15 P.M. 89. 8S 19 Soutli M >» II 10 8 I 45 89 59 30 8 SO *t »* »t )» H 10 8 8 00 88 49 00 8 40 >y »> ,. M J» H 10 5 1 10 83 45 80 8 50 »» M »• •• »* H 10 5 1 15 63 40 30 7 00 »» 99.87 39 Southerly >» »» H 10 5 8 C5 81 45 00 7 10 ?t J» .. »• >» II 10 5 1 oe 81 56 00 7 80 «» M •• <> H 10 8 40 81 98 00 7 80 J* »« " »t H 10 8 35 81 33 00 ,.87.. 8 40 A.M. 80.04 84 VI e« 1 j^ht airs and fine. R 10 8 3 30 79 37 30 10 00 »» »« R 10 9 3 SO 79 16 SO 10 20 »» •• M '• i» R 10 9 9 00 79 49 30 10 40 >' M »• »» »» R 10 5 9 05 81 ?0 00 11 00 >» .. .. " •» R 10 5 9 50 81 S3 00 11 30 » .. t« *> ** R 10 5 9 30 81 38 SO 10 00 P.M. 30.15 y -^ Calm PiM. n 10 5 8 30 82 17 00 10 SO *i .. ,. .. H 10 2 4 15 81 IT 30 „ «8.. 9 SO A.M. 30.04 36 Werterly Light ain and cloudy- C 10 8 3 80 88 46 00 45 »» f> ■. .. (," 10 8 3 30 89 05 00 10 00 >» SO. OS S7 >» •• ,1 C 10 9 9 SO 89 19 00 10 90 t. >» fi .. C 10 5 9 SO 81 40 00 10 40 f( >i (1 »• M t: 10 5 9 90 89 15 00 11 00 ft 40 » .. C 10 5 8 40 82 13 Ool M, ili I 114 VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS for determining the Variation of the Magnetic Needle , at Igloolik, 1S23, concluded. DAY. TIME. Baro- meter. Thermo- meters In the shade. WIND. WEATHER. Obser- ver. No. of Obser- vatloDi. No. or Com- pau. Range of Obser- vations. Variation Wederly. Hoar. A.II.or P.M. 1883 May 88 . . H. M. 9 30 P.M. IN. 30.08 + 4°G Southerly Light airs and cloudy. P JO 5 i 4 00 83 06 o'u J' 8 50 ., ... _ >» >i P 10 5 3 80 81 43 Si) J« 8 IS J' >t ... » »> P 10 5 5 40 81 II 00 June 6 . . . 4 00 89.90 27 North Lighl breezes and cloudy. B 10 5 4 50 83 35 00 ?» 4 15 J» »♦ ** )» >' B 10 5 8 00 85 20 UU ft 4 40 M »• .»» )j i» B 10 5 7 45 85 19 SO )* 5 00 i* .. 3* »« 1* B 10 5 6 IS 83 23 .Si) ... 5 15 »• *? ». »» V B 10 3 8 00 82 31 00 fi 5 30 ... .. .. Jt J* B 10 S 1 IS 82 39 00 >» 5 45 •■ J» ^« ^» B 10 3 8 30 83 35 UO July 1 ... 4 30 29.48 + 40 N.W. Moderate and cloudy. H 10 5 3 05 82 46 30 ■• 4 45 j» J* )♦ t* t* II 10 5 8 05 82 .'Jl .SO ?* 5 00 M r* >« " ?♦ H 10 5 I 55 89 30 .SO •» 5 15 •• >♦ ... .*• j» II 10 3 2 15 83 41 30 .»» 5 30 t* >f i* V »» H 10 3 50 83 51 00 »» 5 45 -" » *» J' ** II 10 2 I 15 82 45 00 ! '■ , t Mean VnriALinn hv 144 apIa nf Ohsprv ations, 82 01 04 r . I -■ V "i ■:•• *•=• |, ' U># il*M,ii fii uf :i-Ki.u\K TABLE V. ( itit. 115 ded. riatioii etierly. 06 o'u 48 SU Jl 00 S5 00 20 00 19 SO iS 30 31 00 39 00 OBSERVATIONS for the Variation of the Magnetic Needle made at Sea, on Board His Majesty's | Ship Fury, 1881, 1S28, and 1888. | DAY. Norib Litttada, Longitude. Ship's Head. ObMr- ver. Weilerly VariaHon. REMARKS 1821. May... 8 ' S3 21 3 17 E N.N.E. P / // 82 44 46 ,|W-.:w, 1 ■• .:• . ■■ .,; » 9 54 00 S 53 „ N.^W. R 25 09 50 •■ ■.:• ... , ■ ' - 11 1» 54. 54 2 10 ,1 - N.byE.JN P 85 01 40 • = , • „ 10 5C 28 1 33 „ N.N.E. R 84 80 06 t »1 *> 5fi 28 1 33 „ N.N.E.|E. P 83 16 19 ■ ' I ' ' ' ! ' ' ,y 11 57 17 1 30 „ N.N.E. P 88 38 45 . W 57 41 1 45 „ N.N.E. R 83 56 00 1 ») " 58 15 1 45 „ W.S.W. P 87 66 15 . ' . »> >» 58 15 1 45 „ w.s.w. R 86 47 30 1 „ 13 58 18 1 03 „ W.S.W. P 88 13 08 i » » 58 04 1 17 „ W.S.W. R 87 84 50 11 i» 5S 10 1 06 „ N.W.byW. R 87 19 18 ' ,1 15 57 51 1 32 W E.JN. P 84 40 04 _, 11 " 57 39 45 „ N.W.byN. R 87 13 84 11 " 57 48 1 40 „ E.JN. R 84 52 SS ! » 1, 10 58 43 1 29 „ N.E. P S3 39 30 11 >> 57 56 2 07 „ E.N.E. R 83 58 80 ' 11 »' 58 07 1 39 „ N.E. R 84 33 58 I „ 33 58 50 5 58 ,1 W.N.W. P S3 34 36 11 »» 58 49 6 35 „ W.N.W. R 34 10 IS 11 »> 58 48 6 38 „ W.N.W. H 32 .36 53 : 11 31 58 28 10 30 „ W.N.W. P 36 46 38 1 ' 11 >» 58 88 10 30 1, W.N.W. R 36 06 05 i 11 »» 58 26 10 48 „ W.N.W. H 86 89 54 J June ... 4. 57 34 87 19 „ N.W.iW. P 43 08 80 1 „ 6 57 18 82 24 „ N.W. R 44 44 88 11 8 57 31 38 58 „ N.W. P 46 87 35 11 >» 57 31 40 49 „ N.W. P 47 31 30 11 " 57 31 40 49 „ N.W. R 48 85 10 »» »» 57 31 40 44 „ N.W.iN. H 49 38 38 ,1 9 67 67 43 89 1, . N.W. R 48 86 51 „ 10 68 16 44 40 „ N.W.byN. R 48 01 00 1 ; i» >» 58 18 44 40 „ N.N.W. H 47 46 66 1 ,1 14 60 54 53 34 „ N.N.W.JW. R 61 09 24 : i „ 15 60 58 66 08 „ N.byW. R 61 80 00 i- ' 11 H 60 68 65 17 „ North. P 61 30 86 '•Ui\ 116 VARIATION OF THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. OBSERVATIONS for the Variation of the Magnetic Needle made a( Sea, on Board His Majesty's Ship Fury, 1881, 1S88, 1883, continued. DAY. North Lutitade. Longitude. Ship'iHead. Olwr Ter. Wettcrly VwlaUon. REMARKS. , 1881 , June. 1. .16 O 1 61 06 57 31 W N.W.byN. P 53 34 38 f- I* 'T'S f <^- IS 61 48 62 34 „ N.E iN. P 51 OS 00 ^ i}b u, 1 y : *> 61 48 68 36 „ N.E. H 51 81 18 , ^ J «i 61 44 62 30 „ N.E.byN. R 51 10 44 ,. >V». 1 - ■"•■ 19 61 48 68 51 „ W.^S. P 61 49 10 .. ?.;■ f •'^ „, ; ,, _ ■ jy 61 43 68 48 „ W.JN. H 68 80 38 .. '.f- t 'l T.'i i- 5 t 85 68 43 61 09 „ S.JW. P 57 48 85 ,, i.i i ^ .- 1 • »» 68 43 60 53 „ S.JW. R 57 55 50 . <.; > ;,,.:,. , . 86 68 45 60 54 „ W.jN. P 65 11 84 . 1^ t 88 68 31 60 33 „ W.byN.JN. P 65 85 87 ! ■• ■ •' ! '■ .'; '■ ; 89 68 84 60 38 „ W.S.W. F 68 83 00 = ^ I \ i< -'i' ; -. ti . . • • t • ■ .... H 63 35 15 • , mi' ( i . ) -"-O ( ' Jnly. . .8 61 81 63 58 „ W.byN.JN. R 63 35 00 ?/v.:v i ' 1, T-i ,.-, - n 3 61 33 61 19 64 05 „ 64 80 „ W.N.W. N.E. N.E.byN. • ■ • > N.N.E. • • • • N.byE. N.lOE. N.byW. N.N.W.iW. N.W.byN. N.W.8°W. N.W.byW. W.N.W. H P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F P F 61 89 09 MEAN. 1 O / ;; |45 38 44 46 13 80 49 58 10 (51 30 16 53 08 04 55 58 56.5 58 41 13? 55 18 08? 59 85 17 61 88 80 1 " '■ 46 OS 88 44 57 00 48 49 40 44 37 00 .,'•.■ It ( '■ '• 1 ... ' ^-= v^ '. .. ., t f . ..-.iv. 1 '.ft. These observations were ob- tained by swinging Ibe Ship round, so as to obtain the . amount of the deviation on each direction of her head. — True variation observed here, 58"" 44' 45" West. !>. . 50 34 80 49 88 00 58 11 38 50 89 00 53 45 48 58 31 00 57 58 53 54 05 00 53 83 86 51 59 00 55 54 05 54 SO 00 > '0 - _. ... •• Of ., ! t 80 OS 84 58 48 00 68 18 41 00 44 00 68 11 15 60 48 00 61 86 87 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. 117 OBSERVATIONS for the Variation of the Magnetic Needle made at Sea, on Board His Majesty's | Ship Fury, 1881, 1822, and 1823, continued. | DAY. . North Latilade. Longitade. Ship's Head. Obier- v«r. W«t»rly Varialiuu. REMARKS. 1S21. July.. 12 o t 61 04 65 53 W S.E.1S. P / ;/ 43 53 28 » u <> . . . • • • • S.E.^S. H 46 50 57 .1 ! „ 18 61 39 66 2S „ W.byN.JN. P 60 01 50 » »f ■ ■ • • • • ■ • • • • H 60 29 47 »» >» • . . 66 29 „ N.N.W.JW. P 54 25 20 »» " • • • • • • • • • • » H 54 23 43 i» »» ■ • ■ • • • • N.W.^N. H 56 54 48 „ S3 62 II 69 49 „ N.E.-JE. P 47 05 40 » n 62 16 69 57 „ • « • • R 50 09 01 „ 85 62 30 71 32 „ N.W.byW. H 62 42 41 »» »> ■ • • • • a • N.W.|N. F 60 54 00 1» H • • » 71 36 „ N.W.byW. R 63 35 55 » »t • • • 71 33 „ .... P 62 20 55 11 1« . . . .... E.AS. H 41 10 46 » 2a 63 01 71 58 „ N.E.byN. P 48 10 25 >» >i . . • • a • • • • ■ • R 49 29 56 >» n ■ • • a • • • N.X.E.fE. H 49 51 50 »> »> • • • • • • a N.E.byN. H 49 28 02 »» »» • • • .... N.E.byN. F 51 11 00 Aug. ... 1 64 11 77 29 „ N.N.E.p. F 52 12 00 8 65 05 79 24 „ E.byS.fS. P 39 30 50 By Kater's Compass, \o. 1— Sliip steady. »i »> • ■ a • • • a E.byS.|S. H 44 01 45 Do. „ >» n • • • • • a • E.1S. F 41 36 Do. „ 11 >« • • • • • • • E.byS.JS. R 40 38 30 Do. „ ,. 6 65 89 88 05 „ W.|S. R 73 37 85 Do. 8 »» »» • • • • • ■ • W.byS.JS. P 74 06 00 Do. M »» »» • • • • • • • .... H 74 00 38 Do. ., 1822. 65 S3 84 30 „ N.^E. P 50 55 00 North. P 57 33 N.byE. P 54 58 N.N.E. P 49 08 N.E.byN. P 44 53 • ■ ■ . ■ ' N.E. N.E.byE. P P 42 03 39 83 . -. = E.N.E. P 3S Sf> . <-i !•■■ 'i t.i ■-■- • , .. E.byN. P Z-4 83 ,!• 1 Q M 118 VARIATION OP THE MAGNETIC NEEDLE. .• 11 OBSERVATIONS for the Variation of the Magnetic Needle made at Sea, on Board His Majesty's | Ship Fury, 1621, 1823, and 1S23, concluded. 1 DAY. North Latllnde. Longitadc. Ship's Head. Obacr- ver. Wcilcrly Variation. REMARKS. 1822. / o / East. P ' // 3S 18 ; E.byS. P 39 13 1 ' ■ ._ E.SE. P 40 53 ■ > - , ■- i ' ■ S.E.byE. S.E. P P 44 38 48 53 S.E.byS. P 52 33 These observations wore obtained by swing- S.S.E. P 57 08 ing; the Ship round, by hawsers, so as to obtain the amount of the deviation, by the July. . .0 66 56 81 SOW. S.byE. South. P P 61 53 CS 23 bearing of a distant object on sliore, on ■ eacli direction of her head. The compass used was that of Walker. S.byW. P 09 53 True variation here . . 62° 17'00"W. , S.S.W. P 7 13 Dip of the Needle. . . 87° 47' 13' N. S.W.byS. P 78 58 ■ ■ - S.W. S.W.byW. P P 74 38 75 23 W.S.W. P 77 23 1 ' ^ - ■ ) W.byS. P 79 33 ( West. P 80 48 ' W^byN. P 80 OS ^ W.N.W. P 78 38 N.WbyW. P .7 08 , , ^ ■ ■ > h N.W. P 7'> OS N.W.byN. N.N.W. P P 72 03 67 23 ... ^ .- N.byW. P 63 21 -■' , J '' '-■■ \ "> Mean of the w hole. .60 23 24 „ 14 68 06 81 40 „ E.byN. F 48 48 00 West. P 101 80 50 „ 19 69 24 81 02 „. N.N.W^W. N.W.bjN. N.byW.iW. P R F 86 19 80 88 23 49 86 05 00 * * - • • » 26 69 33 80 56 „ S.by.E.p. R 71 43 00 Aug.... 3 69 35 80 54 „ N.E.|E. R 70 07 50 » 5 69 39 81 83 „ E.N.E. P 63 50 55 fe 6 . . . • • • • N.N.E.iE. R 74 41 56 ■ n 26 69 45 83 16 „ N.N.E.iE. P 83 or 45 » „ 31 • • • > • 1 • N.p. R 88 38 00 i i TABLE VI. 119 OBSERVATIONS on the Deviation on board the Fury. i^,^y 89, IS?' Direction of tiic Ship's Head. BcarineofObJecl by Coinpau No. 2. Bearing or Obiect by Compass No. 8. BearinfEof Object by Mean of bolli Compasses, True MaEinetic Belling of Object. Amonni ■^ Ueviali.ii. REMARKS. North. o / 44 38 o / 45 57 o / 45 14 O / 45 02 — 12 N.byE. 41 03 43 07 42 04 »» + 3 03 N.N.E. 37 18 38 52 38 08 » + 7 00 • N.E.byN. 34 08 35 37 34 49 jj + 10 13 N.E. 38 03 33 18 32 37 )» + 12 25 Miiiimiiit intcrpaud tKlwceii Ihc ob- ject and compaiB. N.E.bjrE. 29 27 30 57 30 18 n + 14 50 E.N.E. 25 57 27 13 26 34 i> + 18 28 E.byN. 83 58 85 48 24 47 » + 20 15 East. •23 07 33 37 83 81 )» + 21 41 E.byS. 23 03 83 18 83 07 »» + 22 55 E.S.E. 21 53 23 48 22 17 M + 28 45 S.KbyE. 28 18 81 57 88 04 >» + 32 58 S.E. 83 28 23 17 23 19 )J + 81 43 Oljtct impetfectlj seen, beius iuUr. ccplr-it by ihu Davit. S.E.bjS. 87 47 29 S2 28 34 )» + 16 28 S.S.E. 31 37 34 17 32 57 SI + 18 05 S.byE. 38 17 39 12 38 44 1) + 6 18 South. 48 02 49 27 48, 44 )» - 3 48 S.byW. 53 48 56 27 55 04 «s -10 08 S.S.W. 59 57 61 42 60 49 >» -15 47 S.W.b^S. 68 37 65 28 63 59 )> -18 57 S.W. 60 17 69 12 67 44 1) -38 48 Object ihut in with tht Mlitn.mail. S.VV.byW. 67 08 68 47 67 54 )» -88 58 W.S.W. 67 17 69 58 68 34 SI -83 38 W.byS. 66 47 68 27 67 37 »» -88 35 West. 65 32 67 27 66 29 »J -81 87 W.byN. 64 08 65 38 64 47 »» -19 45 W.N.W 63 17 64 07 63 49, >» — 18 40 N.W.byW. 59 08 60 57 59 59 •» -14 57 N.W. 56 17 59 02 57 39 »t -18 37 N.W.byN. 53 57 55 17 54 37 »» - 9 35 N.N.W. 50 37 58 27 51 32 IS — 6 80 N.byW. 46 47 Mean of 48 58 all 47 49 >» - 8 47 ..45 86 m IPS ..3 i Q8 ^t*\ ,4;! .:'"in 1 1 III i ^'iB ■i i i 1 II 1 'iW rii. 1 iitm 1 w| 1 1 1 ■;-»^ I . ;i ., "' : on ,,, - ( : 1 } -■■vt ,» ■ f 1 1 ^ i ■ t I VJ- -i tri -ih f T* I 41fi ''*:.. ti«M I fJl V <• n .<>' 1 Vf ■/, ■ v. (:<■ >' i ;/■. ^f r" ' !V''t "■*'■:"■ .•''■' ''',"i I '-^i'-i ''P; ;*i Ta N°. V. 1? € TABLE I. OBSERVATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE LATITUDE OF THE FURY'S STATION, )) 13 31 30 24 fl p 29.80 + 14 66 11 42 )» 14 30 45 34 Q p 11 + 5 60 11 50.5 »t 15 30 01 25 Q p 29.83 + 8 66 11 41 )» IG 29 IS 02 a p 30.14 + 5 66 11 20 Dec. 20 64 09 52 Ursjc Major. p 29.88 -19 66 10 53.5 # below the Pole. i> II 64 08 50 11 R 1» 11 60 10 23.5 II 11 52 51 10 TJrsic Major. P H 11 66 11 17.9 II II 52 50 50 11 R 91 .1 66 11 13.1 )i II 102 10 12 UrssD Minor. P »» 11 66 11 40 II II 108 09 50 11 R 9» 11 60 11 85.8 II 2S 92 52 52 X Arietis. P ao.oo -84 60 11 45 II II 92 53 20 11 R »» 11 60 11 36.7 II II 102 OS 52 UrstB Minor. P If »» 66 10 58 II II 102 09 40 11 R »T »» 66 11 19.7 II 29 103 51 04 a AndroniedoB. P 30.12 -28 60 12 01 II 11 103 51 20 11 R »» 11 60 11 54. S ] 1S22. Jan. 13 102 10 12 Ursoj Minor. P 89.78 —31 (iO 11 41 II tt 102 09 54 11 R 11 11 66 11 27.4 II 9t 79 57 32 Aldebaran. P »1 11 66 11 80 1/ It 70 57 50 If R 1» 11 66 11 11.8 II 17 30 57 02 Rigel. P 29.64 -34 66 10 42 II I» 30 56 15 M R 11 11 66 11 04. 7 i> f > fiO 03 82 Bellatrix. P 11 1* 66 11 06 II 9* 60 03 Hi 11 R 11 11 60 11 06 * II II 46 48 37 Orionis. P 1» 11 66 18 00.4 II »» 46 49 05 11 R n M 66 11 45 II If 62 25 Si Orionis. P »i 11 60 11 11 II >l 68 85 10 II R M 11 60 11 16.7 II 80 30 55 18 Rigel. P 30.00 -87 06 11 35 •I II 30 55 55 >l R 11 11 60 11 15.3 II II 60 03 88 BcUatrix. P 11 II 60 11 CO V OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. 123 OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Winter Island, 1821 — 22, continued. DAY. ()b«rrv€il AUiluile. Object obiervnl. Obser- ver. Barome- ter. Tlirrmo- incier. North LalitiHte. REMARKS. isaa. Jan. 29 O 1 II (iO 0-,! 10 Bellatrix. R IN. .30.00 -27 O / // 06 11 43 » >» 4G 50 02 Orionis. P 11 11 00 11 17.9 M It '16 50 10 11 R 11 11 00 11 13.0 J» 9t 43 37 02 Orionis. P 11 11 GO 11 .30.8 «) »1 43 37 04 11 R 11 11 GO n 34.9 »» >» 02 25 42 Orionis. P 11 11 GO 10 57 *1 »» 02 25 '2o t1 R 11 11 GO 11 10.4 Feb. 24 2S 17 22 ft P 29.90 -25 00 11 27 n 11 14 .50 .57 Sirius. P 30.00 -.32 00 11 04 i» 11 14 57 40 11 R 11 1» 0(5 10 39.2 )> 11 112 10 34 Castor. P 11 »f 00 11 44 >» 11 112 10 32 11 R ,. )» GO 1 1 45 i» 91 104 32 52 Pollux. P ,. »» GO 11 83 n 11 104 32 47 H R .. »* GO 11 24.2 n 25 -.12 10 42 Castor. P 30 . 00 -.30 00 11 39 M 11 112 10 25 1* R »» 11 GO 11 48.4 M »i 104 33 .37 roUux. P .. 11 GO 10 .W.5 ♦5 11 lot 32 55 •* R ** 11 GO 11 20.1 11 27 30 30 47 ii P 29 . 57 -20 00 11 20 H 11 30 30 45 a R »» 11 GO 11 28.5 11 11 112 10 32 Castor. P SO. 60 -.SO 00 11 43 M 11 112 10 17 11 R ** »1 00 11 51 .9 « 11 lot 32 24 FoUux. P »» n GO II 35 1* 11 104 38 40 H R M i» GO II 27.1 If 88 31 10 80 a P »9.ri »' 00 11 19 11 11 112 10 40 Castor. P ^9 . s:i -34 00 11 39 »l 11 118 10 42 11 R 11 11 00 11 40.8 11 11 104 33 88 Pollux. P 11 11 CO 11 08 11 11 104 38 48 11 R 11 11 00 11 80.8 March 1 38 01 38 a P 89.90 -80 00 II 22 n 11 38 01 40 Q R »i 11 00 II 10.7 ti 8 3* 30 34 5 P 80.. 30 — 17 00 11 37 11 »i S3 33 15 iX R 11 1* GO 10 .50. '« i m EM it.' 124 OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Winter Island, 1821 — 23, continued. DAV. 1 1 ObswTcl AlUliide. Object obierved. Obser- ver. Barome- icr. Thermo meter. North Lnliluile. REMARKS. March 4 O 1 1 Hi 11 Hi Castor. P IN. 29. (J7 O -29 O / // 60 11 15 " 11 112 11 1* 11 R 11 11 66 11 25.1 11 »» 104 38 55 Pollux. P 11 11 66 11 82 11 11 104 32 40 11 R 11 11 66 11 27.6 11 -3 3J 03 57 a. P 29.64 -24 60 11 37 11 11 35 04 35 a R 11 )i 66 11 21.4 11 11 112 11 27 Castor. P 29. 7C -24 66 11 17.5 11 11 118 10 45 11 R '1 11 66 11 3S.4 - ■ 11 11 104 33 17 Pollux. P 11 11 66 11 09 ■ 11 1' 104 32 47 If R 11 11 60 11 24 • c 35 50 54 a P .•JO. 03 -IS 66 11 80 *i 11 35 51 05 a. R 11 11 66 11 12.7 - \ 11 11 112 11 44 Castor. P 3D. 15 -24 66 11 10 L •1 11 112 10 55 11 R H 11 66 11 33.8 11 11 59 02 09 Procjon. P ?» 11 66 11 80 11 11 59 01 10 11 R 11 11 66 11 50.2 i> 7 37 41 12 »5 P 30.27 - 60 11 28 11 11 37 41 05 T5 R 11 11 60 11 33.3 S 3S 87 12 fy P 30.18 + 12 06 11 40 11 11 3S 27 2i <5 R ?» H 66 11 32.4 10 40 01 02 (7 P 89.74 -10 66 11 33 11 11 40 00 30 TT R 11 yt 66 11 47.6 11 40 47 42 TT P 29.95 - 8 66 11 41 11 »» 40 47 40 TT R 11 11 66 11 41.7 11 11 112 10 82 Castor. P 30.00 -88 66 11 48 11 11 112 10 10 11 R 11 11 60 11 50.5 11 11 59 01 38 Procjon. P 11 11 00 11 38 11 11 59 01 80 11 R 11 11 00 11 44.8 1. IJ 48 81 87 TJ P 89.88 + a 00 11 58 n 11 48 88 05 n R n II 09 11 87.5 • 1. 14 43 OH 48 TT P 89.47 — 6 00 11 SS i« 11 43 00 80 n R It II 00 11 88 ,1 IS 46 18 58 TT P 89.. 56 -15 oa 11 10 OBSEKVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. 125 ^tr !,. 1 OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fmy's Station, at | Winter Island, 1881 — 28, continued. 1 DAY. Obterved Altitude. Object obMrved. ObMr- ver. Barome- ter. Thermo- meter. North Latitude. RBMAHKS. 1888. March is O / // 46 IS 30 J3 R IN. 29.56 o -15 O / // 66 U 25.6 » 19 47 05 39 ^ P 89.91 -16 66 11 34 »» »> 47 05 45 T^ R »> 11 66 11 27.1 • „ 88 49 27 38 ?T P 29.82 -12 66 II 30 »» n 49 27 20 TT R >» 11 66 11 36.8 ,. 83 50 15 01 S R 89.98 — 13 66 11 13.4 ,, 84 51 01 50 ?T R 30.11 - 9 66 11 31.9 „ 85 51 49 00 T! R 30.30 -13 66 11 30.9 „ 86 51 38 IS a P 30.35 — 6 66 11 17 »1 11 51 31 35 Q. R ff »» 66 11 39.5 „ 30 54 SS 58 <2 P 29.80 + 7 66 11 30 " i» 54 38.35 H R >» 11 66 11 36.2 April 1 56 18 18 H P 29.04 - 7 66 11 17 11 11 56 18 80 a, R n n 6(1 11 II. 5 • « 56 58 12 Q. P 29.50 66 11 17 »» »» 56 58' 10 Q. R 11 11 66 11 19 * 58 89 50 Q. R 29.84 + 2 66 11 21.7 « 59 15 10 Q. R 89.90 + 6 66 11 24.8 • 60 00 20 U R 89.0. + 7 66 11 33.4 9 68 15 18 a. P 89.61 + 9 6a 11 10 . » 18 64 87 15 a P 29.90 + is 66 11 40 ,. IS 65 11 37 u P 30.09 + 5 66 11 19.5 t> »» 65 11 00 ii R ,t 11 66 11 41 „ 15 66 37 38 a P 99.88 + 6 66 H 31.5 »• i» 66 37 80 ii R 11 1» 66 11 38.1 „ 16 67 80 49 a P 99.70 + « 66 11 17 1» n 67 80 80 a R •» It 66 11 98-7 „ 17 68 08 39 n P 29.6^ + 9 66 11 39 (1 »i 68 OS 00 a. R i» 11 66 II 18.4 ,. 18 68 44 17 Q P 89.79 + 10 66 II 40 » i» 68 44 80 Q R ,« 11 06 11 89.8 ,, »» 60 95 45 a R 99.70 + 11 60 11 47.9 „ 80 70 07 05 a R ». 84 78 49 18 a. P 89.74 + 18 66 11 85 »> n 78 48 50 a. R II II 66 11 38.6 ., 89 77 05 08 TS P 89.78 + 6 66 11 83 <> t* 77 04 40 n R If 19 66 11 33.8 H SO 77 48 05 ty R 30.00 + 18 66 11 80.6 May 1 77 13 68 A P 30.10 + 14 66 11 88 ' »» »» 78 18 40 n R II »» 66 11 80.8 •• •, 77 15 88 a C II »» 66 11 81 8 78 54 04 n R 30.08 + 80 66 11 37.9 II (« 77 51 67 a C »» II 66 11 03 9 81 48 5S n B 89.70 + 88 66 11 89 „ 10 88 80 15 n R 89.80 + 88 66 11 88.8 . i» »» 88 80 00 a. C »» It 66 11 38 »» « 88 80 OS a. B »» »l 06 11 36 .. 11 83 54 30 T5 R 89.93 + 88 66 11 38.3 « II 88 51 40 a B II II 66 11 81 „ 18 83 88 08 a P 30.00 + 80 66 11 88 II II 88 81 60 a R II II 66 11 34 II II 83 81 85 a C II II 66 11 40 • i». II 83 88 80 a B II II 66 11 17 II 13 83 58 18 a P 89.95 + 80 00 11 19 II II 84 55 80 TJ R 1* 11 60 11 88 II II 83 58 00 a C 11 II 66 11 86 II II 83 58 10 a B II II 66 11 81 II 14 84 81 10 a B 89.83 + 30 60 11 88 .1 18 86 18 68 a B 89.60 + 88 66 11 06 II 80 88 07 08 TT P 89.80 + 88 66 11 30.6 II II 88 00 45 c R II •1 66 11 41.1 II II 87 04 07 & C II II 66 11 08 II II 87 04 18 a B II II 66 11 81 ,1 81 88 81 45 n R 30.05 + 86 66 11 85 ' OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. 127 OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Winter Island, 1881—88, continved. DAY. ObMnreri AlUlndc. Objc^ obMTTcd. ObMr- Baromc- icr. Thenno- DKicr. North LiUlndc. REMARKS. 1888. May 81 87 88 83 A c IN. 80.05 o + 86 O t ti 66 11 35 »» •» 87 88 55 U R ff 11 66 11 19 „ 82 88 56 00 5 R 89.95 +85 66 11 34.5 " >» 87 58 37 Q. C >i II 66 11 36 » i» 87 58 43 Q. B 1* II 66 11 88 „ 83 89 19 30 TT R 89.40 +88 66 11 84.8 „ 84 89 41 55 B R 89.40 +83 66 11 88.9 » »i 88 38 58 a. C II 11 66 11 86 " »» 88 39 18 £ B 11 II 66 11 15 ,. 85 89 01 88 Q. P 89.60 + 87 66 11 11 »' >» 90 04 00 TT R II »l 66 11 30,7 >» n 89 01 15 Q. C II f) 66 11 17 " »» 89 00 33 a. B II »f 66 11 36 ,. 86 90 85 17 75 P 89.78 + 31 66 11 87 11 »» 90 85 80 TT R ft 91 66 11 87.5 i> »» 89 88 35 fi C »» If 66 11 14 »» »» 89 88 38 Q. B *f • I 66 11 11 ., 89 90 81 45 a C 89.80 +80 66 11 19 >» »» 90 81 48 Q. B »f 11 66 11 80 ,. SO 90 39 47 Q. P 11 •1 66 11 84 »» »» 90 40 00 Q R t» ti 66 II 81.6 It 1) 90 40 04 a C l» 11 66 11 18 H >l 90 40 00 il B • 1 fi 66 11 81 „ 31 90 57 85 ii. C 89.93 + 33 66 11 83 II II 90 67 85 a B i» It 66 11 83 June I 91 14 40 a B If + 35 66 II 09 « 91 80 00 fi R 89.88 + 80 66 11 33. 3 11 II 91 80 08 fi P II ff 66 11 88 •• » 91 30 10 fl C II It 66 11 86 If II 91 80 10 a B II 11 66 11 86 A 98 18 80 a C 89 68 + 36 06 11 88 M II 98 18 10 a B «• »1 06 11 87 • 98 80 45 Q. C 89.69 + 38 66 11 18 im '. i''' R > ml 128 OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. ^:m OBSERVATIONS for determiniug the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Winter Island, 1821— 88, conc/wded. DAY. ObKrved Altitude. Object obtei'ved. Obier- ver. Barome* ler. Tbermo- meter. North IdtilDde. REMARKS. 1882. June 6 / // 98 2S 10 a. B IN. 89.69 O + 38 O / // 66 11 34 ■ i::" • >. 7 92 38 50 & B 29.68 + 38 66 11 18 '"' ' ' . . .. 8 98 49 35 SI C 29.55 + 25 66 11 38 f( ' »» »» 98 49 30 Q B ti 11 66 11 37 « 11 93 53 10 TS R )» « 66 11 21.6 .1 9 94 03 00 •s R 89.53 +28 66 11 48.7 ■■■ ? ■ -• ; ;. •: »1 » 93 00 15 a. C » II 66 11 31 ■ '•- ,. 10 93 09 .55 a C 30.00 +38 66 11 31 , : ' >> >» 93 09 45 a. B )» »? 66 11 37 . , \ .. 11 93 19 00 a R 89.80 + 36 66 11 88.9 '..■ ' ' ») )> 93 19 85 a B ?» u 66 11 13 » 18 93 27 15 a C 89.64 + 31 66 11 19 " i» 93 86 45 a B II >» 66 11 36 ,. .. 13 93 34 18 a C 30.00 + 35 66 11 31 " )» 93 34 38 a B 11 II 66 11 18 „ U 93 40 50 a C 89.90 + 40 66 11 31 )» >» 93 41 88 a B II II 66 11 10 " »» 93 40 35 a R II II 66 11 37.3 - „ 16 93 51 35 a C 89.58 + 42 66 11 85 « 17 93 55 15 a C 29.70 +36 66 11 86 »i i» 93 55 43 a B 11 II 66 11 14 Latitude of the Fury's Sta- tion. By the Mean of 818 Meridian Altitud< ;s 66 11 86.78 )bser- 1 J Difference of Latitude between the Ship and C vatory, by trigonometrical measurement.... + 10 Latitude of the O iservatory 66 11 36.78 !», by Mr. F isber's actual o bserv ations . . 66 11 34.5 . f ; ! I OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. 129 OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Igloolik, 1829 — 23. DATE. 1882. Dec. 11 „ 12 »> >i »f H ») t> I> 1> 5> » »» )» >» H » 13 » 14 „ 10 u » »> » H >1 „ 17 II <) II II II II II 18 II II II II II II II II ,, 19 II II i» II II II II «1 II 28 II II II «« I, 30 ObMrvtfd AltitDde. 81 33 41 81 33 20 73 39 20 73 40 10 24 40 00 5(; 06 35 53 47 10 36 04 35 98 14 10 36 04 25 81 32 50 36 49 25 24 39 25 53 44 15 56 06 15 81 33 00 73 38 21 83 55 50 56 07 20 81 32 00 30 03 41 105 51 21 98 13 01 i8 05 20 81 33 07 81 32 37 86 35 28 73 39 48 56 05 35 105 51 45 98 18 35 48 05 30 81 .'13 OS Ob- ject. Ob- R R R B R R B B B R R R R R R B C B B B R R R R R B B B R R R R B Baiomeler. Thermu- m'-'ter. IN. 29.03 29.70 29.80 II 29.90 29.60 29.70 29.84 II 29.84 29.70 n 30.07 II 30.05 30.08 29.60 o -44 ■ 44 -40 -36 Idlitiide North. -35 -37 — 37 II —39 -37 -36 —32 -32 -IS 89.68 ' -48 PHENOMENA AND REMARKS. 69 20 50.9 69 20 57.7 69 20 45 09 20 19.7 69 20 31.7 69 20 54.5 69 19 34.7 09 21 19.5 09 20 36.9 69 21 14 69 21 13.7 69 20 58. S 69 20 45.3 69 21 00 69 21 07.2 69 21 07.7 69 21 13.1 69 20 57.7 69 20 31.8 09 21 38.9 09 20 50 09 21 13 09 21 10.9 09 21 02.2 09 21 04.1 09 21 21.7 69 80 59.4 09 20 32.4 69 81 80 09 80 58.0 09 81 81.4 09 81 01.7 69 81 01.1 Atctunis. , I Alilcbaran. >» Rigcl. Betclgucuse. Bellatrix. a Lyrsc. Nonli. Pollux. « Lyne. Nonli. l 50 84 45 »» .. 50 23 10 «» « 53 44 05 »« »» 56 06 10 i» ,» 36 03 59 ,» 8 105 51 25 i< « 105 58 20 »» > 1 98 13 10 ft H 98 13 25 •1 «, 86 35 30 >• H 86 37 40 *i 3 56 06 10 ft 1, 24 39 25 »» II 53 44 40 ,» II 56 (M 55 ti II 36 02 30 »» 4 81 33 03 >, II 73 38 29 •1 II 24 39 29 >i II 53 44 19 »» II 56 05 44 n II 36 04 09 n 5 50 24 09 » « 50 23 39 • t II 86 35 35 (• II 86 35 55 «• II 73 38 10 11 II 86 09 35 It 11 86 35 50 Ob- ject. Ob- •crveri R B C R C R R R R B R B R B R B B B B R R R R R R R R R B R B R Barometer. IN. 29.62 29.80 29.90 II 89.91 II II II II II II 89.90 II 89.90 89.83 Therrao- meter. Ltatwle North. II II 29.79 -44 89.75 -48 tt -40 If 11 tt -39 l» —38 29.80 -48 29.84 -38 29.78 -30 II 30.00 o ■33 -40 -44 • I -45 II •I II II II II -41 -45 —45 PHBNOMKNA AND RBMARKS. II -21 69 20 55.6 69 20 42.7 69 80 57.8 69 21 19 69 20 31.9 69 21 03.9 69 81 07.3 69 81 05 69 81 18.4 69 20 44.6 69 81 07.3 69 80 59.4 69 80 58 69 19 54 69 80 51.7 69 20 41.6 69 80 40.1 69 80 43.6 69 80 82.8 69 21 01.3 69 21 11.3 69 20 M 69 80 56.9 69 81 18.4 69 81 14.5 69 21 01.8 69 80 50 69 iO 55.6 69 80 44.8 69 81 06.1 69 20 31.3 69 90 46.8 Arctiinia. Capella. North. BelUtrif. Betel^ucuae. ■ Lyrae. North Castor. Pollui. »» ' Arietis. »> Capella. North. Rigel. Bellatrix. Beteli^euae. • Lyre. North. ArctiiriM. Aldebaran. Ri^l. Bellalrii. BelelgueuK. > Lyt*. North. CapelU. North. >• a Arietis. ti Aldebaran. a Lyr«. North. • Arietis. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. ISl OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, at Igloolik, 1888—83, continued. DATS. OlMCTTCd AIUtad«. Ob- JetU Ob- wmr. Baromeler. Tberifio. meter. Lmitode North. PHENOMENA AND REMARKS. 1883. Jan. 11 O 1 u 86 35 10 » B IN. 30.00 O —81 Q 1 II 69 81 06.7 • Arietis. II II 84 39 10 II B 11 —88 69 80 48.9 Rigcl. „ 80 81 38 30 II R 89.63 -80 69 81 18.5 ArctuTus. II >i 39 80 30 II R 11 II 69 81 10 fl Persei. North. II II 84 00 45 II R II II 69 81 80.1 Libra. II It 57 18 10 11 R II II 69 80 48.7 a Pereei. North. II II 95 57 40 11 R II 11 69 81 07 • Coronre Boreahs. II II 50 83 40 II R II II 69 80 51.9 Capella. North. II 81 81 33 80 II C 89.88 -81 69 80 47.5 Arctiirus. II 28 50 83 33 11 R 89.86 —88 69 80 48.8 Capella. North. II 83 73 39 03 II C 30.80 -34 69 80 40 Aldebaran. II II II II 73 38 31 84 39 80 II 11 B B 11 11 11 11 69 81 08.6 69 80 44.8 II Rigel. :JcT«r«l Altilvdti r«4iicc4 to tlH Miridiia. II II 84 39 03 II C II II 69 80 54.4 »» II 84 73 39 10 11 C 30.34 -SO 69 80 49.3 AlAaKoMiii i Mean of Mvcral Ahiladei rt- Aldebaran. \ ^.c* unb. Me,wii.. II II 73 33 58.8 II R 11 11 69 81 00.9 AioeDaran. ^ f.*«c.< i«u»M.rM>in. II II 105 58 05 II R II II 69 SO 58.7 Castor. II 11 98 13 40 II R II 11 69 80 51.8 Pollux. „ 85 84 38 55.6 II R 30.43 —83 69 81 03.5 Rigel bjr M II 11 II II 56 06 17 36 03 18 II II R R 11 11 II 11 69 SO 68.7 69 80 55.8 BetelgueuK „ 13 a Lyra. North 8 Obornilion* r«- 4nct4 10 Mori* di». II 89 73 38 56.8 II R 89.30 -16 69 SO 49.8 Aldebaran by 14 11 II 56 06 17 11 B 89.89 -18 69 SO 54.1 Betelgueuie, II II 36 08 68 II B 11 II 69 80 53.5 « Lyr». North. II II 58 43 58 11 B 11 II 69 80 30.4 Procyon. Feb. 10 73 39 38 •1 B 30.16 -SO 69 80 33-7 Aldebaran. II II 84 38 88 II B II II 69 81 05.8 Rigel. II II 98 15 08 II B 11 11 69 80 89 Tauri. i» II 56 07 08 II B 11 II 69 80 38.9 BetclgueuM-. ' II 11 36 03 18 II B 11 II 69 80 59.6 • Lyre North. II II 105 58 15 ti R II 11 69 80 48.3 Castor. II II 98 13 85 It R 11 11 69 81 00.6 Pollux. 1 11 II 98 13 58 II B II 11 69 80 48-4 II ir 'i; lii; '!^:. 132 OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. nm IflF rdi OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's StaUon, | at Igloolik, 1822 — 23, continued. 1 DATE. Obicrvcd Altlltirte. Ob. ject. Ob- server. Barometer. Thermo- meter. Latitude North. PHENOMENA AND REMARKS.' IS23. Feb. 11 °S 04 45 * R IN. 30.16 o -30 O t It 69 SO 46.8 adygni. North. ;! ,.•","{, »» » 48 05 08 11 B »» 11 69 20 53.7 »» „ 20 18 57 49 Q. R 89.63 -29 69 20 36.7 11 »> 18 59 07 11 B II ?» 69 19 57.6 . „ 22 20 23 22 11 R 89.51 -IS 69 20 35 » >» 20 23 15 11 B II II 69 20 38.3 •' „ 24 31 50 42 II B 29.79 -25 69 20 36. S »i jy 21 50 40 11 R 11 11 69 20 35.8 „ 27 24 03 40 II R 30.00 -3J 09 20 37.5 -' >» »» 24 04 29 » C 11 11 69 20 18 >i »» 24 39 16 * C 30.08 - 42 69 20 46.3 U.S.-1. 11 » 56 06 43 11 C 1» II 69 80 47 Betelguoust'. )> » 36 08 55 II C H 11 69 20 47.7 a Lyr». North. „ 88 24 48 28 SL B 29.98 —.15 69 20 42 >» n 24 39 36 « R 89.93 — 38 69 20 33 Rigvl. »> II 84 39 SO 11 C 1* 11 69 20 36,1 »» It II 56 07 05 II C »» '.I 69 80 34.5 Bete)gu»'U9e. i> II 56 06 40 II R 11 II 69 20 48 If II II 36 03 23 II R 1» 11 69 81 04 a Lyrte. Nortli. II II 36 03 50 II C f9 II 69 21 17.8 It • Mar. 1 25 38 33 St B 89.72 -33 69 81 09.4 , II II 25 S3 30 11 R II It 69 20 40.7 1, 8 86 18 30 n R 29.70 -32 69 20 51 II II 26 19 55 II B «f 1» 69 80 07 ' , II " 24 38 54 * B 29.75 -35 69 20 50.5 Rigel. . II i» 56 07 39 >l B II — 36 69 20 15.8 Botelgucuse. ' , . ] II i» 36 08 59 >1 B II -37 69 20 53.8 « Lyne. North. II 11 36 02 10 » C •> II 69 20 28.8 i» ^ II II 105 Si, 89 »» B II -38 69 20 42.7 Castor. II II 52 41 88 >• C 11 11 69 21 46.8 Procyon. .' II 11 98 IS 84 II B 11 II 69 21 01.7 Pollux. . t, 11 II 48 04 54 II B •1 -39 69 20 56.6 a Cygni. North. ' r" , .. „ 3 27 04 32 Q. R 99. 98 -30 69 80 86.8 i : • , ,^ , ; ■ .. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. 133 OBSERVATIONS for determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, | at Igloolik, 1832- -23, continued. 1 UATE. Observed AUUude. Ob- ject. Ob- ■erver. Barometer. Thermo- meter. Latitiulc Norlh. PHENOMENA AND REMARKS. IS3>3. Mar. 3 O / II 56 07 42 * c IN. 30.00 -40 O t II 69 20.17 Betelgueusc. ?) It 36 03 05 tl R »» It 69 80 53.4 a LyrtB. North. 1) 1) 36 03 27 It C »» 11 69 21 04.8 tf 11 )» 105 58 30 tt R 1> It 69 80 44.6 Castor. 11 »» 105 52 -Ai tt C 1) 11 69 20 41.9 tt " " 98 13 30 tt R 1» i> 69 20 59.1 Pollux. If f) 98 14 07 tt C ?» It 69 20 40.8 » „ 4 27 50 23 a R 30.10 —34 69 20 38.3 It It 27 50 40 tt C 11 5- 69 80 31.1 „ 5 28 36 12 tt R 29.70 -28 69 20 37.7 ti It 28 30 26 It C 11 11 69 20 35 „ 7 30 OS 35 tt C 29.96 -21 69 20 40.6 It It 30 08 14 11 R >» J» 69 20 49.2 t, 8 30 54 59 11 R 30.14 -18 69 20 41.1 It tt 30 54 42 >1 C 11 II 69 20 50.7 „ 10 32 28 27 tt R 29.81 -18 69 20 37.1 1? 1» 32 27 57 tt C It tt 69 80 52 „ 11 33 15 13 II C 30.00 —23 69 80 43.5 „ 18 34 02 08 II R 29.96 -21 69 20 43.9 . »» ») 34 02 01 11 C ■n II 69 80 47 „ 13 34 49 12 II R 29.90 -10 69 20 40.4 i »i »» 34 48 59 It C 11 11 69 20 44.9 { ,, 14 35 36 13 It C 89.71 - 9 69 20 41.1 1 „ 15 36 23 20 It R 30.00 — 13 69 20 45.7 J I, 16 37 10 41 It R 30.50 -81 69 80 47.4 »1 »» 37 10 42 11 C 11 It 69 20 46.7 J „ IS 38 45 86 11 B 80.72 -16 69 20 41 ■ ' '. »t »» 38 44 38 II R 11 II 69 81 00.5 „ 19 39 33 28 II R 30,38 - 6 69 80 44.8 „ 81 41 07 80 tl R 30.06 - 4 69 80 30.7 t, 88 41 54 00 It R 30.00 - 8 69 80 47.3 11 i> 41 54 01 n C tl II 69 20 46. S „ 84 43 89 03 tl R 89.94 — 7 69 80 87.3 :r*i,: « .; U\^:^ :i 134 OBSERVATIONS ON THE LATITUDE. OBSERVATIONS for at determining the LATITUDE of the Fury's Station, Igloolik, 1822—83, concluded. DATE. Oburred Altilnde. Ob- ject. Ob- server. Barometer. Tliermo- meter. Latitude North. PHENOMENA AND HKMARKS. 1883. Mar. 28 O / // 46 36 28 H R IN. 30.00 o — 13 69 20 40.6 „ 29 47 22 39 »» R 29.94 -12 69 20 54.9 . „ 30 48 09 30 »I R 30.08 — 10 69 80 48 ,, 31 48 56 32 u R 30.22 - 8 69 20 30.1 JJ )» 48 56 80 •» C » II 69 20 35.8 April 1 49 42 48 j» R 30.26 - 6 69 20 31.4 >• »» 49 42 22 ij C »» 11 69 20 42.7 „ 4 52 00 65 51 R 29.61 — 1 69 20 28 » 7 54 16 34 »1 R 29.92 - 9 69 20 44 ,, 8 55 01 80 )» R 30.10 + 1 69 20 48 » 18 57 59 15 »1 R 30.20 + 4 69 20 41 « 19 68 58 07 »? R 29.94 + 2 69 20 47. 5 „ 21 64 20 33 » R 29.98 + 7 69 20 43 ■ ,, 82 65 01 04 »» R 30.20 + 13 69 20 44 „ 24 66 21 37 H C 29.90 + 5 69 20 88.5 „ 28 68 65 12 » C 30.00 + 85 69 81 07.3 n 11 68 55 50 It R »» II 69 9.0 47 May 1 70 46 55 »» C 30.00 + 15 69 81 08.4 ' ,, 13 77 26 39 ff R 30.02 + 25 69 20 36 f ■ . . ' . „ 27 83 10 03 l« R 30.05 + 25 69 20 50 » 88 83 39 05 >1 R 30.01 + 48 69 80 45 - ' June 18 87 39 05 t> R 89.88 + 40 69 20 49 „ 19 87 41 55 II B 30.18 + 30 69 20 56 • H >» 88 44 40 7S R )» II 69 20 50 „ 83 88 46 45 ff R II II 69 20 45 Mea n Latitude by 189 Meri ,. 15 ., 16 ., 17 „ IS .. 10 ., *> ., «1 II II ,. «s t« tl M II .. ** *« t* »» »» limr nf Hi(h Wmcr. II. M. 1 on A.M. 1 10 P.M. 1 15 A.M. 1 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 15 P.M. 8 40 A.M. 3 .30 P.M. •t 00 A.M. 4 00 P.M. 4 30 A.M. 4 45 P.M. 5 «0 A.M. a no P.M. Hiieof Tictr. (i 80 A.M. 7 O,') P.M. 7 50 A.M. H V.5 P.M. 85 A.M. 10 15 P.M. 10 30 A.M. 11 00 P.M. II 30 A.M. Midnight. Noon. Midnight. F«rl In. 14 3 14 3 15 1 15 8 15 14 7 14 00 l.J 7 18 H II 3 10 3 10 00 » II 9 (i 10 7 3 7 «» 7 4 S .'i 4 10 )0 Timi! of Unv Water. H. M. (i 50 P,M. 7 30 A.M. 7 30 P.M. H 10 A.M. S I."! P..M. H 30 P.M. 9 30 A.M. !» 45 P.M. 10 00 A.M. 10 15 P.M. 10 45 A.M. 11 18 P.M. II 50 a.m. Fall of Tl >i Nov. 1 „ 8 »1 11 ,. ."« 11 11 ,. 4 'I'itIM! of llikli Water. Hiicuf Tlilf. » „ 10 11 1» .. II „ 18 O l.> P.M. FrrI Ik. II (i •i 30 A.M. 8 40 P.M. 3 00 A.M 3 80 P.M. 3 4.'i A.M. S ♦.'» P.M. 4 15A.M. 4 80 P.M. 4 30 A.M. a 45 P.M. no A.M. 7 45 a.m. Tim* uf Ltiw Water. Pall of 'll)l«. II. M. .5 00 A.M. 'Km In. 10 5 10 ii 10 A.M. 80 P.M. 30 A.M. •J 45 P.M. 10 00 A.M. 00 P.M. 10 85 A.M. 10 1.5 P.M. 11 80 A.M. iVlidlligllt. O .SO P.M. 8 30 P.M. 3 15 A.M. 3 45 P.M. O 10 P.M. 45 A.M. 1 l.'iP.M. I 50 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 14 00 14 5 14 11 14 8 13 7 Phenom«na <>f Mami, Sun, anil WcMlhvr. i fk"'*" '^*'*^* 7 tioHr* »iu\ m <|ii«rt«r H 10 10 10 II H 18 3 I.J 5 13 t 4 10 4 15 A M. 4 45 P.M. 5 15 A.M. 5 40 P.M. (i 00 A.M. 10 P.M. 6 30 A.M. .>:> P.M. 7 00 A.M. 7 80 P.M. H 00 A.M. H 15 P.M. 10 4 ti 10 <) o lO 5J 8 8 8 7 7 8 II n 3 o 5 10 5 10 fi 5 I ft H 3 H 10 10 ft 11 3 18 3 18 U 13 » 13 ff 14 3 13 II 15 I 13 10 IS 4 , ApOKCi ({ tn Snutbrni Trnpir- ([ I irii Vuirx r. RRMAHKtionlheTll>RK. 1'h<> tlilv |»Im-«-iI >lMtiil Ihii limr, ihtrr i« «imt iinrrrlnlnlr «■ In thr ltni« III ihr litfftMtl «|irtltf . ttdf. >iiiB)l*«t li.|- ( Ul. im 1 S rt I -(*•• 1 l-'iral OHNrlrr III MH. lint n ,, 14 '» i» .. 15 It ff „ 16 .. 17 ,. IS ,. 19 .. 80 .. «» »• It .. ta •I II •I If I. 84 „ 85 II ti .1 M II. M. i 15 A.M. 8 45 P.M. 8 45 A.M. 3 15 P.M. 4 15 A.M. 4 45 P.M. 5 00 A.M. 5 80 P.M. 5 40 A.M. 6 10 P.M. RiKor Tide. Tinic of Low Wiier. Fan la. 18 5 18 00 18 8 11 7 10 G 8 9 6 50 a.m. 7 30 P. M 8 10 A.M. 8 .50 P.M. 9 30A.M. 9 50 P.M. 10 15A.M. 10 40 P.M. 11 00 A.M. 11 80 P.M. II SO A.M. Midnight. O ISil.M. O SOA..V. 40P.M. 1 OOA.M. I 15 PH. 6 4 6 O 6 3 6 7 7 8 7 4 7 8 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 3 9 7 10 7 10 9 10 9 10 9 H. M. 8 40 A.M. 9 00 P.M. 9 35 A.M. 10 00 P.M. 10 30 A.M. 10 45 P.M. 11 OOA.M. 11 30 P.M. 15 P.M. 1 15A.M. 1 30 P.M. 8 OOA.M. 8 30 P.M. 8 50 A.M. 3 40 P.M. 4 10 A.M. 4 30 P.M. 5 OOA.M. 5 80 P.M. 5 40 A.M. 00 P.M. fl 35 P.M. 50 A.M. 7 (H) P.M. 7 30 A.M. 7 50 P.M. Fall of Tide. Fmi In. 18 4 18 18 II 9 » 6 8 6 7 11 7 1 7 5 8 6 8 6 4 7 4 7 4 8 8 8 9 8 9 3 9 5 10 3 10 H 10 10 10 7 Phenomeni of Moon, Son, •od Weilher. (IlAMQairMr. (I iiilli»Bq (^11. nta.;, s riik •lUi l.nl ttnarlrr af M—m. C •• »p»i Nrw Mtmn, hAur auti lbi» ^ar- OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 139 OBSERVATIONS ov the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, 1921— 8«, continued. DAY. Time of l(i(h Water. ISiil. Nov. 27 II » „ 28 »> >> „ 29 »» i> „ 30 >i »» Dec. 1 II « I, 9 •I t» ., 10 ■1 11 I 45 A.M. 1 5J P.M. 2 15 A.M. 2 30 P.M. 2 45 A.M. 3 00 P.M. 3 15A.M. 3 45 P.M. 4 15A.M. 4 ,50 P.M. 5 .SOA.M. 5 40 P.M. 5 55 A.M. 6 80 P.M. 6 45 A.M. 7 40 P.M, Rlaeof Tide. "ret III. II I 10 1 11 8 15 A.M. 9 00 P.M. 9 80 A.M. 9 50 P.M. 10 SO A.M. 10 46 P.M. II 80A.M. 11 45 P.M. Nonli. I 30 A.M. 9 3 9 S 3 7 9 7 C 7 \l\ 7 8 3 8 10 9 5 9 8 Time of liOnr Water, II. M. H I.jA.M. b 45 P.M. H 30 A.M. 9 00 P.M. 9 15 A.M. 9 .30 P.M. 9 .35 A.M. 9 .J5 P.M. 10 20 A.M. 11 00 P.M. II 15 A.M. II 30 P.M. Noon. p>iii>r Tide. I'tcl In. 10 3 10 o 10 3 9 3 9 8 10 8 5 8 G 8 I C 11 10 II II 18 18 4 18 II O 30 A.M. 2 00 P.M. 2 30 A.M. 2 45 P.M. 3 10 A.M. 3 45 P.M. 4 20 A.M. 4 50 P.M. ft 15 A.M. 5 45 P.M. 6 00 A.M. 00 P.M. 7 15 p.m. Phenotnriiii of Moon, .*>uii, and U'ratlier. KEMARK.S oi> tlie TIDB-S. firralrktiiili-' '.lift. Iiii • ( IIixmI -.Atr Ni-w MiHiii. 7 8 9 9 6 9 9 II II I II 10 18 8 18 8 18 9 7 40 A.M. 18 11 ([Fini Ouarur. (i IH ttia r.4)Uinoilt«l. (t-ll^tlit. (I M NvnlMm Trofif . Fall Mmk, lakMn ■»< . Iiill f M ISnilllr.l Ii4r. Iill. , lt<«- :|il rtiti M ml flhHiwu .>lur I'iral (),i«il«r»( {ttr*al«>t ll<1«l (IIA. 1 1 in.}. I II.M4. 4 •W, ittrf ^ tl<>»4 *ft«r I i*il ^.NiM 4!i ib 1 it' f.^ M.il 140 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. m .^ ,.>ii*' OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, \iii\— 22, cotUinued. DAY. Time of Hi{b Water. Hiieof Tide. Time of Low Water. Fall of Tide. Phenoini'oa nrSan, Moon, and Weather. REMAHK.S on ike TIDES. 1821. Dec. 11 H. M. 2 00 P.M. F«t in. 18 18 H. M. 8 15 P.M. F«M In. 18 6 „ 12 2 15 A.M. 18 4 8 85 A.M. 18 ft 11 2 30 P.M 12 8 45 P.M. 11 10 . „ 13 8 45 A.M. 11 a 9 80 A.M. 11 It t> 3 30 P.M. 11 10 00 P.M. 11 1 „ 14 4 00 A.M. 11 2 10 15 A.M. 10 7 »» »» 4 80 P.M. 9 11 10 30 P.M. 9 9 „ 15 4 SO A.M. 9 11 00 A.M. 9 8 »1 »» 5 00 P.M. 8 8 11 00 P.M. 8 " ,, 18 5 30 A.M. 8 8 11 85 A.M. 7 10 ([ Lut gnsrtrr, 3 A.M. It n 6 00 P.M. 7 1 11 50 P.M. 6 11 (Lin EqvlnortiAl. » 17 6 15 A.M. 6 10 15 P.M. 6 7 " ti 6 15 P.M. 6 11 .... • .. 18 .... 40 A.M. 6 8 »i »» 7 00 A.M. 7 8 1 30 P.M. 6 11 >i »t 7 30 P.M. 6 7 .... „ 19 .... 8 00 A.M. C 4 " 11 8 00 A.M. 5 i 30 P.M. C 1 ([ ■• ^r'^'^ I Jlm^Ueti tide {Hn. |in.)« b rbb ifler » fl 8 45 P.M. 6 6 .... . .. 80 . • . . 3 00 A.M. 8 11 n 9 00 A.M. 3 15 P.M. 6 10 11 II 9 l.'i P.M. 7 .... 11 81 .... 3 85 A.M. 7 3 ♦ ' »1 10 00 A.M. 10 4 00 P.M. a 5 ♦* n 10 30 p.m. 6 5 .... 11 88 .... 4 30 A.M. 6 I « »» 10 50 A.M. 5 8 4 50 P.M. 6 6 Hmb m laiiilicrii 1'f«|iH »* fl 11 80 P.M. 7 5 .... 1. 83 & 15 A.M. 7 4 •1 II II 80A.M. 8 a 5 45 P.M. 9 8 tMllli«E»lli. „ 8 .... 30 A.M. 8 4 fl «t G 15 A.M. 8 9 45 P.M. 8 3 - »1 »» 45 P.M. 8 .... ' « 3 .... 1 10 A.M. 7 11 )» »i 7 to A.M. 8 1 1 30 P.M. 8 1 »i »' R 00 P.M. 7 11 .... . 8 45 A.M. 7 9 8 10 A.M. .3 11 P.M. 7 10 8 8 (NrtlM. ( imtWtn liJa (7n. am , ■nh ImI •» 1 Irr FirflU>«rlrr iilu Vmh^ mIt ) lit. Tin. «lfcniHr V»na ikMa i p(m|m «a4 llM la.1 Sftrinf*, t« It 9 00 P.M. 8 7 .... „ * .... 3 50 A.M. 8 4 »f »» .^OA.M. 8 8 4 30 p.m. 8 5 ([ M )l*nkM« Tropic 1* f« 10 10 P.M. 9 4 .... » fl .... 5 00 A.M. 9 5 ■ j «f fl 11 00 A.M. 9 9 5 30 PM. 10 s :, , , _ ' ,r, ^ ■ ; II *l 11 SO P.M. 10 1 .... ^ \ ;■ „ 7 a 00 A.M. 10 5 fail M«M If kaart nU tfaallarA.M fi'MB ■i 1' hSI >!i<^ kt 'i 142 OBSERTATIONS ON THE TIDES. J r OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, 1881—88, continued. DAY. Time or Hith Waler. IH22, 1 Jan . 7 i» 8 i» »> 91 9 '» »» *» 10 n »» »> 11 »» >» »» 18 » 13 »» n „ 14 " »i » 15 " 11 ,, 10 H. M. O 05 P.M. O 85 A.M. 45 P.M. 1 15 a.m. 1 45 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 30 P.M. 3 00 A.M. 3 80 P.M. 3 45 A.M. 4 00 P.M. 4 05 a.m. 4 30 P.M. 4 45 A,M. 5 00 P.M. 5 30 A.M. 00 P.M. RiKOf Tide. Feel la. 10 3 10 8 11 4 If 11 »» 17 II 1» II »1 n 18 II II II 11 II 10 II It II •1 80 tl »1 II 11 II 81 30 A.M. 6 45 P.M. 6 55 A.M. 7 80 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 30 P.M. 00 A.M. 9 SO P.M. 45 A.M. 10 30 P.M. 18 18 18 18 18 6 11 9 11 5 11 4 11 8 10 5 10 6 8 5 8 11 8 8 6 11 6 5 10 5 7 5 9 4 10 3 11 5 9 5 7 1 Time or Low Witer. 11. M. 6 80 P.M. 6 80 A.M. 6 50 P.M. 7 80 A.M. 7 50 p.m. 8 30 A.M. 9 00 P.M. 9 30 A.M. 9 45 P.M. 9 45 A.M. 10 15 P.M. 10 30 A.M. 10 40 P.M. 11 00 A.M. 11 30 P.M. Noon. Pallor Tide. 85 A.M. 30 P.M. Feel 10 11 11 18 18 18 18 18 11 11 45 a.m. 1 00 p.m. 1 45 a.m. 8 30 P.M. 8 40 A.M. 3 SO P.M. 4 00 A.M. 4 SO P. M. A 00 A.M. 10 11 11 4 10 8 8 11 8 6 8 1 7 9 6 9 5 9 6 S 8 5 B 1 4 3 5 « 6 6 5 9 Phenomena or Moon, San, and Weather. REMARKS onihe TIDES. (I in Rquiiinrliel. (I ill Lalt Quarter el >iiilnight I ■• Apojee {Grealeit lUle, and Otk ftooai after fvll Moon. (( i« Haailitni Tropte. .fe -i r ItnalleH tl4t (1*. Ilia ), nk rM Iftn I liel qnnrler of Moon. " M lir OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 143 OBSERVATIONS on THE TIDES AT WINTER ISLAND, 1881—28, continued. DAY. Time of High Water. RlKOf Tide. Time of Low Witer. Pallor Tide. Plienameim of Moon, Sun, and Wcatbcr. REMARKS on the TIDES. 1888. il. M. FMt In. H. M. Fot la. , ^, Jan. 21 11 15A.M. 5 10 5 25 P.M. 7 2 ■: i ; " « , «< l< 11 35 P.M. 7 3 .... fc V-,. : :, „ 88 .... 6 SO A.M. 8 .■;<• • >» It Noon. 8 4 7 00 P.M. 8 6 /New Moon, II liourt •nil thnoiuir. \ tan P.M. , i- ,*•■'■ ' « 83 30 a.m. 8 10 7 20 A.M. 8 11 . »i »> 50 p.m. 9 1 7 30 P.M. 9 10 'J „ 24 1 15 A.M. 9 7 7 45 A.M. 10 11 - ; -r '. » )• 1 80 P.M. 11 2 8 30 P.M. 11 2 ■ 1 ;.- • . : ; ,, „ 25 1 45 A.M. 11 8 8 30 A.M. 11 5 -1 • . ^ 1 »» »i 8 00 P M. 11 11 8 30 P.M. 11 9 !' . ' 1 ,. » ' . „ 86 2 00 A.M. 18 5 8 40 A.M. 12 ([inE^iiMCIiiL »» 't 2 30 P.M. 12 8 9 00 P.M. 13 4 rGmlrttlide (l]ft. iiu.K ftlh ebb if- I III New.Mooa. „ 87 8 45 A.M. 12 11 9 30 a.m. 12 11 .,-. , H »» 3 15 p.m. 12 3 9 45 P.M. 12 3 ; i . ... :• <■ t „ 88 3 40 A.M. 12 7 10 15 A.M. 12 S ''■.'- ti' - ■ ■ \ -.K 1 ■ ■ . ,. »i »i 4 00 P.M. 18 10 30P.M- 11 10 "l' .' . V « I „ 89 4 80 A.M. 11 8 10 40 A.M. 11 10 I i ■' 11 " 4 45 P.M. 11 00 10 55 P.M. 11 1 ' „ 30 5 10A.M. 10 11 11 15 A.M. 10 8 d Flm Oiaanor. >}v . ■1 • t> M 5 30 P.M. 9 11 11 45 p.m. 9 1 CiaPtriiec. ■: i , I „ 31 5 45 A. M 8 8 Noon. 8 10 „ 1 ... , :. 1 1 • '' . II 11 6 15 P.M. 8 8 1 , ■ ' 1 ''' '' ' Feb. 1 .... 10 A.M. 8 7 ; ■ . , ' • i •" 'i "\ II 11 35 A.M. S 5 50 P.M. 8 2 ■if*': ' - ," ' _ . II 11 7 17 P.M. 7 9 • •*••• .... 1 .'•', ^ ■ 11 8 .... 1 30 A.M. 7 7 1 1 H 11 7 30 A.M. 7 11 3 00 P.M. 7 8 diaNorthflrn TfOfHt. 11 II 00 P.M. 8 .... i *# i ♦ 1 t ■ / ■ ;\ ,1 3 30 A.M. 7 H 3 SO A.M. 3 55 P.M. 7 6 7 *'. t0 f !iai>ll. .1 ililr. |7ft. ttm. 1, Mk lad jHh • bbi ■ner FirtlQuarlfr orMoon. «f «« 10 00 P.M. 7 11 .... t ' Z^ ! ■■ • 1, 4 .... 5 00 A.M. 8 '. . ,1 .. : r ' 1 11 11 II 15A.M. 8 5 30 P.M. 9 SL M . Ftl 1 1 :i' 1 ., ;i[ T 9 '»*- iljl 144 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 'M ■i:, OBSERVATIONS on THE TIDES AT WINTER ISLAND, 1881—88, continued. DAY. Time or High Wiler. Riieof Title. Time of Low Wtter. Fall of Tide. PhcDomena of Uooa, Sun, *uil Weather. REMARKS on the TIDES. 1882. Feb. 4 H. M. 11 55 P.M. FMt In. 9 4 H. M. Feci i«. , J ., 5 .... C 80 A.M. 9 5 » >i Noon. 9 10 6 30 P.M. 10 7 r fall Mmk, 11 knn Mil Urnrour. I unPiM. „ 6 15 A.M. 11 1 7 00 A.M. 11 5 )» »' 30 p.m. 11 8 7 20 P.M. 11 ■ ,, 7 1 00 A.M. 11 7 7 40 A.M. 11 3 • f' ' , . ; »» »» 1 20 P.M. 11 7 8 10 P.M. 18 3 ,, 8 1 35 A.M. 18 4 8 SO A.M. 18 7 , (GrMunti4> (iift.;i .),Mli tkbti- \ IcrFnllMM*. It II 2 00 P.M. 18 8 8 50 P.M. 18 3 „ 9 8 85 A.M. 11 10 8 45 A.M. 12 6 ([ in E<|«inKti>l. II II 8 30 P.M 12 4 9 15 P.M. 18 1 : ,, 10 3 00 A.M. 18 3 9 30 A.M. 11 9 'I 11 II 8 45 P.M. 11 7 9 35 P.M. 10 5 ■','■•■ i ' II 11 3 15 A.M. 11 11 9 50 A.M. 11 7 ' ' »» II 3 50 P.M. 10 8 10 10 P.M. 10 9 u ?. ,1 12 4 OOA.M 10 8 10 SO A.M. 10 8 _ , ; II i» 4 00 P.M. 10 4 10 45 P.M. 10 ,1 13 4 I5A.M. 9 10 11 OOA.M. 9 4 »* It 4 50 P.M. 8 10 11 00 P.M. 8 4 (I I.UI Quirlcr, Apn.>,6lll iM4 •^ \ MI Uil Ou,i>, of Mmk. ., 17 .... I 80 A.M. 5 7 II II 7 10 A.M. 6 8 40 P.M. 4 3 ( t •''-",., i» II 8 15 P.M. 4 8 . . . • ' ■ ,1 18 .... S 10 A.M. 4 5 H = H 11 9 15 A.M. 4 8 4 00 P.M. 5 ' = «,,,,:(- II 11 10 10 P.M. S 9 .... . , 1 „ 19 .... 4 40 A.M. 6 3 . . -. . OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 145 OBSERVATIONS on thb TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, \S2\-ii, continued. DAY. 1822. Feb. 19 „ 80 » 81 »» » ,, 88 „ 23 „ 84 » ,> „ 85 n n „ 26 » 87 „ 88 »» >» Mar. 1 1{m«of Hith Water. 10 56 a.m. 11 15 P.M. 11 30 A.M. Noon. O 80 P.M. O 45 A.M. 45 P.M. 1 20 A.M. 1 45 P.M. 8 00A.M. 2 15 P.M. 8 30 A.M. 3 00 P.M. 3 80 A.M. S 45 P.M. 3 50 A.M. 4 80 P.M. 4 40 A.M. 4 45 P.M. 5 15 A.M. 5 35 P.M. RiMor Tide. Time of Low Wiicr. Fan la. 6 3 7 10 S 8 9 6 11 5 11 8 12 13 O IS 6 u n 13 10 6 00 A.M. 6 45 P.M. 7 30 A.M. 8 15 p.m. 9 00A.M. 10 00 P.M. II. M. 5 15 P.M. 13 13 IS 12 18 II 10 8 II 10 10 7 8 7 4 6 9 6 8 2 7 4 1 Fall of Tiile. Pliinomcn* orSnn, Muon, and Wealbcr. REMARKS on IheTIDES. Fmi 7 5 30 A.M. 6 00 P.M. 6 25 A.M. 7 80 A.M. 7 35 P.M. S 00 A.M. S 30 P.M. S 45a.m. 9 10 p.m. 9 15a.m. 9 40 P.M. 9 45 A.M. 10 00 P.M. 10 10 A.M. 10 40 P.M. 11 10 A.M. 11 30 P.M. Noon. 8 6 9 10 I 11 11 10 12 9 13 3 13 5 13 8 13 8 13 5 IS 4 IS I 12 7 II 8 15 a.m. O 30 P.M. I 05 a.m. I 45 p.m. 8 45 A.M. 3 SO P.M. 4 80 A.M. New Moon, i f.^l. 7 4 6 II 7 a 6 6 6 7 ([ in E<|ainiicllil. • ^ '• Apnare. {GrcalMI ti^c (IJft.llia. ,tiih lli>o4 •ntr Ncn MiHin. ll '■ Firil Qaarler, gA.M 11 lit Narlhtrn Troptc. « I .Sanllril ll4n (>ri.>,(ib>Ui>i.J7ili t—* a*rr tint yaarlrr ar Maaa. 146 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, IHil— 22, continued. DAY. Time of High Wtler. Riic of Tide. Time of Low Water. Fill of Tide. FhenomeDa of Moon, Sun, and Wealber. REMARKS on the TIDES. 1882. H. M. Feet In. II. M. Fi •! In. Mar. 5 10 30 A.M. 8 4 5 00 P.M. 8 8 ~ 1 . : ' ^ - : .':.•!: )» »» 10 45 P.M. 9 .... » 6 .... 5 45 A.M. 9 8 : >i >i 11 40JI.M. 9 6 6 30 P.M. 10 5 „ 7 15 A.M. 11 6 50 A.M. 11 3 ■■! ^ . »» »> 80 P.M. 11 7 15 P.M. 10 7 Full Mmh, 3 P M. 1 ,, 8 45 A.M. 10 8 7 15A.M. 11 11 . »» »i 1 00 P.M. 18 7 80 P.M. 11 10 (I in EqtiiaMlul - « 9 1 S5A.H. 18 8 7 40 A.M. 18 i» »> 1 40 P.M. 18 8 10 P.M. 11 10 „ 10 8 00 A.M. 11 11 8 80 A.M. 18 5 . (Oruuii tide (laft.sin.l, sill tbb •^ t ur Fall MMn. >» )» 8 10 P.M. 11 6 S 50 P.M. 11 11 » 11 8 80 A.M. 18 9 00 A.M. 11 11 t» 11 8 30 p.m. 11 9 9 15 P.M. 11 7 .. „ 12 8 50A.M 18 9 30 A.M. 10 10 ([*• Apogti. 11 >» 3 30 P.M. 10 6 9 15 P.M. 10 4 „ 13 3 35 A.M. 10 6 10 05 A.M. 9 1» H 3 30 P.M. 9 6 10 15 P.M. 9 7 .■ ' » 14 3 40 a.m. 8 9 10 85 A.M. 9 1 ' t • i» 11 4 10 p.m. 8 9 9 50 P.M. 8 7 ,1 15 4 30 A.M. 8 11 10 80 A.M. 9 1 '. ! - 11 11 4 40 P.M. 6 7 10 40 P.M. 6 6 (T Last Vv'tif fi iD Svutbirn Tropic. > . ■" •■'-■- i „ 16 4 50 A.M. 5 8 11 10 A.M. 5 3 '< ' >» i> 5 15 P.M. 4 11 Midnight. 4 9 . . „ 17 5 40 A.M. 4 3 Noon. 3 9 ' " . H 11 6 05 P.M. 3 8 .... ^ . .1 18 >» 11 7 10A.M. 3 1 08 a.m. 1 40 P.M. 3 4 3 5 ( Saallul lid (]ft. Iia.), Jlk too dtf- 1 Ur Uit Qiuiur of Mom i •l.o tht ^ •nallul (Ida oS mr aoticid. Sun ( and Moon both n»rlhiEqainocti>l. »» 11 8 15 P.M. 3 9 .... »i . •-, - , - „ 19 .... 8 00 A.M. 4 3 '" ' ■" ■■ , i . 1 , >» 11 9 00 A.M. 4 5 3 30 P.M. 5 ■ - 4 I II 11 9 35 P.M. 5 7 .... , : ... ( . < 1 II «o 4 00 A.M. 6 1 J .r ^ t ■ ... 1 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 147 OBS ERVATIONS ON the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, 1821-22, continued. DAY. Time of Uigli Wnter. Rlie of 1'ide. Time of Low Water. Pall of Tide. Phcnomenii of Moon, San, and Weallier. REMARKS on Ihe TIDES. 1S22. Mar. 80 10 20 A.M. FMt In. 6 4 II. M. 4 45 P.M. Feet la. 6 11 :,: ■ . ■ ' ■' V- Uft 1 . « 11 10 20 p.m. 7 8 .... „ 21 .... 5 15 A.M. 8 5 ■I : , )» 1» 11 15a.m. S 9 5 35 P.M. 9 4 Sun in Eqiiiiorlial. 5 I »» »» 11 30 p.m. 9 10 • * * • 11 22 .... 6 00 A.M. 10 5 ■T 11 11 10 P.M. 10 9 C 25 P.M. 11 7 (N,w Mcuii, la houra una > tx:<\f I'M. I Moon in Equinoctial. ( i « 23 O 30 A.M. 11 11 6 45 A.M. 12 3 New Moon, 1 hour anj a Italf A.M. 11 11 40 P.M. 12 7 7 10 P.M. 18 11 ■ , ,- '' 11 84 1 00 A.M. 13 7 7 30 A.M. 13 11 1 , ■ . 1 : 11 11 1 30 P.M. 13 11 7 40 P.M. 14 1 d •! Perijee. : ,1 25 1 50 A.M. 14 5 8 10 A.M. 14 8 rr;reRteitt(de (14ft etn.),6tlicbbir> ( tar New Mwm. 11 11 1 55 P.M. 14 2 8 30 p.m. 14 4 ,1 80 2 10 A.M. 14 8 30 A.M. 14 4 11 11 2 40 p.m. 13 10 8 40 P.M. 13 6 ' ■^" ■-- ■ i 11 87 3 00 A.M. 13 4 9 10 A.M. 12 11 '.; ' - • ,■ ■.. 11 11 3 15 P.M. 12 9 10 35 P.M. 11 9 , „ 28 3 30 A.M. 12 6 9 05 A.M. 10 II 11 11 4 00 P.M. 11 5 10 10 P.M. 11 dinNartkernTropie. ,1 29 4 20 A.M. 11 10 20 A.M. 10 8 . , ■ ., ^ .; I 11 11 4 50 P.M. 9 2 11 00 P.M. 9 ([ Pint Quirler. ; t ,i^ ,1 SO 5 00 A.M. 8 5 11 35 A.M. 8 8 ; »i 11 5 45 P.M. 8 6 11 50 P.M. 7 3 1, 31 6 05 A.M. 6 5 10 P.M. 5 11 »i 11 7 00 P.M. 6 . . . * - ■- ' April 1 . . . • 30 A.M. 5 9 »i «» 7 30 A.M. 5 8 1 40 P.M. 6 8 rSmallrtt tide f Aft. Bin.) sih Aood if. ( itr Firit^uirtcr of Mboii. 11 i» 7 60 P.M. 6 4 ♦ > ■■ ,1 « .... 8 30 A.M. 6 5 ■■* ' *- ': n n 8 40 A.M. 6 7 4 00 P.M. 7 r >1 n 9 SO P.M. 7 7 .... ■ - '- ■ " ' .•;■ ■« ^ .!:■..,■ . 1 , ■ . .1 3 .... 4 45 A.M. 8 4 • . ;. « >» 10 45 A.M. 8 8 5 10 P.M. 8 8 >.,-...,.„,■ , ' ': ■ ■ " r5 }' IVi i t i* *• IH^Js^lu ,m[. i '!■ 148 OBSEnVATIONS ON THE TIDES. >£i OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, 1881—88, continued. DAY. Time of Ul(h Water. Rite or Tide. Time of Low Water. Fall or Tide. Phenomena of Mix>n, Siin, awl Weather. REMARKS on the TIDES. 1888. April S II. M. 11 10 P.M. Fmi In. 9 6 H. M. Fmi In. .... • ,. * .... A 35 A.M. 9 9 ■•' ■ ;; f"" »» »» 11 30 A.M. 9 10 5 45 P.M. 10 1 ([lalhaEfalaMllal. '') " ,1 »» .Midnight. 10 1 . . * „ 5 .... 6 00 A M. 11 * : - ■ ,» »i 15 P.M. 10 11 6 80 P.M. 11 1 ^ \ „ 6 35 a.m. 11 5 6 30 A.M. 11 10 IFmII Noon, 7 hoNn mni a qaartcr I A.M. ' . \ 11 )> 40 P.M. 11 S 6 45 P.M. 10 11 •:' 1:>- , • • 1 ., 7 n „ 1 00 A.M. 1 15 P.M. 18 1 18 7 15 A.M. 7 35 p.m. 11 10 11 4 1 i ' ' - . . '! „ 8 1 30 A.M. 18 7 45 A.M. 18 ^ , r- • . ■ ,■ ' ,» », 1 45 P.M. 18 1 8 00 P.M. 11 9 ■ r f „ 8 00 A.M. 18 8 00 A.M. 11 9 » ,1 «i 8 80 P.M. 11 6 8 35 P.M. 18 4 ([•tApoKt.. rGmtott tldi 'iJft.4iii.). 6th tbb %t> \ ur Full Moon. „ 10 8 35 A.M. 18 8 9 00 A.M. 11 6 I ,» 1» 8 40 P.M. 10 11 9 15 P.M. 10 6 i" - „ 11 3 00 A.M. 10 4 9 80 A.M. 10 5 ' i= '■ ■ -:. ■ „ 18 3 SO P.M. 3 80 A.M. 9 11 9 8 9 50 P.M. 10 00 A.M. 9 3 9 ([ in Sonilwm Tnfit- ' ' • 1 ,» »» 4 00 P.M. 8 6 10 85 P.M. 8 4 * ; » IS 4 15 A.M. 8 3 10 35 A.M. 7 ' ' 1 „ ,» 4 SO P.M. 7 10 SO P.M. 6 10 T ,' , 1 -; i ' 1 „ 1* 4 50 A.M. G 8 11 lOA.M. 6 1 ; ' ; -, . . ; ^ ] « „ 5 15 P.M. 6 3 11 30 P.M. 5 10 ([ I.wiQiiarKr. „ IS 5 45 a.m. 5 1 11 45 A.M. 4 9 J ' ■ - ;. It >1 6 15 p.m. 5 1 .... ) ■ » 16 .... 30 a.m. 4 8 - ' f ,» »» 7 10 A.M. 4 6 50 P.M. 4 8 V;s'l2i.'S:,iSi.rM]^^"'^*- H 1» 7 35 P.M. 4 8 ''■ . • „ 17 .... 1 15 A.M. 4 8 ^ ■ 't ■ ■ ■ \ 1 " " '' ' ' " ' i« ,t 8 80A.M. 4 9 8 30 p.m. 5 6 J i < I, 9 00 P.M. 6 .... , . . i , , „ 18 .... 3 15 A.M. 6 9 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 149 OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at WINTER ISLAND, 1821-22, continued. DAY. Tini« of Hi,li Water. lllM Of Title. Time nf Low Water. F«uor Tl.lc. Phenomena of Moon, Sun, »ud Weather. REMARKS on the TIDES. 1 Hi2. H. M. Feci III. II. IM. rcct In. April 18 9 30 A.M. 7 1 4 00 P.M. 7 2 »> »» 9 45 P.M. 7 11 ([ in lln Equinoctial. „ 19 4 .... 4 35 A.M. 8 8 »> >> 10 10 A.M. 9 ) 5 00 P.M. 9 8 V » 10 4.". P.M. 10 5 .... „ 20 5 30 A.M. 10 9 1> >» 11 20 A.M. 11 5 ^5 P.M. 11 10 »» 1' 11 50 P.M. 12 S „ 21 .... C 00 A.M. io c If NrwMoOn, lohmirianiUhr«c-«|inr- »> If 10 P.M. 12 11 6 30 P.M. 14 1 (C'.Pcri,... „ 82 30 A.M. 14 1 6 40 a.m. 14 ) . 1' 1) 45 P.M. 13 10 7 00 P.M. 13 11 „ 23 1 00 A.M. 14 4 7 30 A.M. 14 8 rtiroatiit tide (Uft. Sill' 1 illicbliar X ttr New Moon. H 1» 1 20 P.M. 14 4 8 00 P.M. ' 'i i ■ ■ „ 24 1 45 A.M. 14 3 8 20 A.M. 3 11 . ^ » )» " ■2 10 P.M. 14 8 40 P.M. 19 7 (I Id Northern Tropic. : „ 25 2 30 A.M. 13 7 9 00 A.M. 19. 6 fl 9» 30 00 P.M. 12 II 9 20 P.M. 12 4 < „ 26 .'J 25 A.M. 12 4 9 45 A.M. U 10 i »» 11 3 40 P.M. 11 10 05 P.M. 10 8 : „ 27 4 20 A.M. 10 7 10 30 A.M. 9 7 = )» It 4 35 P.M. 9 4 11 OOP.M. 8 8 ,, 88 4 50 A.M. 8 2 i\ 30A.M. 7 11 ([ in rim Quarter, ■ » 6 45 P.M. 6 6 .... - „ 30 • • • • • • .... 1 00 A.M. C - X »i »» 7 4;. A. it. 5 9 1 80 P.M. 5 9 rSnuIloMlile (jft.9iii.).4tl>« 9 It »» 11 ."lOP.M. iO 3 .... * „ •'■' (i 10 A.M. 10 4 11 •» II .VI \.M. 10 5 f! 30 P.M. 10 4 »l M Midiii^lil. 10 (i .... (Full \lu»ii, n hour* >iiiil I tiHtrU'r . ., « .... 45 A.M. 10 7 i> >• .10 P.M. 10 10 7 00 P.M. 10 6 i >u «r"iM. ,. 7 1 0(1 A.M. 10 11 7 10 \.M. 10 8 , , 1 80 P.M. 1 .'«.•» A.M. II 11 r «0 P.M. 7 ."{5 A.M. 10 10 10 10 , (<.rrair>lli,l»«lll)lr rill kaik tllfl i >l »»* 4lh II «M .n«i rill Muon. i» >» 1 .".O P.M. 10 11 S 00 P.M. 10 5 ,, » 9 00 A.M. 10 .{ S 15 V.M. IO 3 II »i « 1 > P.M. 10 3 S 40 P.M. 10 C 1* NvnUwfn Tri.^tf „ 10 •i V.> A.M. V 10 8 50 A.M. It 10 " II It « 10 P.M. II 10 P M. !l N .1 M » .V'lA.M. S 11 .10 A.M. » 1 II 1' H 15 P.M. S 10 il 40 P.M. S 10 ,1 '8 .1 15 A.M. N « 9 50 A.M. 7 10 i» II ■i 00 P.^l. s o 10 10 P.M. 7 S ' „ 1.1 1 .10 A.M. H 10 80 A.M. 7 : II II 5 0'> P.M. 7 7 10 40 P.M. a (^laUaiQatiHr. V1I8T«A«T 1, 1* 3 .10 A.M. n << 11 80 V.M. (i 4 linn, (i,r,ialmt /'aMr. l« •* .•• 4 ■> r. M M ri . • . • • M. an lin. ..1 Miih M .K> .• .all ••.! ikaat. iaii, nil liai „ 1". U 00 A.M. .... lli.k.>l<>^>,a( tH., itn tn IJ'M L..»Mkn|iThlt, J 1 II Mw. „ U " .... ([ ■■ E^twtiM. ' ' ' TABLE II. 151 "■ "fi OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at IGLOOLIK, ISii 83. DAY. Nov. IS „ 19 »» 11 „ 80 *» n ,. 81 It *» tt >i ,, 8;J „ i.i ,. 5!l „ 8.i „ 8fi u "7 11 It ,. 8H II >l •t It „ 811 1» »* »* M ,. 3) »» 11 1. »♦ IW. I Tlmeuf Illfh Wmrr. II. m. 10 lo P.M. Fmi la. 10 10 A.M. 10 30 P.M. 10 4.J A.M. Midiiiglit. ID 30 A.M. 11 .•!(! ;{() \.M. •i 00 I'.ll. 1 .)0,\.M. 3 00 I'M. 3 30 A.M. I. 10 P.M. .1 00 A.M. :> \:< I'.M. (i 00 A.M. 4 iO P.M. HIM or liile. 3 s V I) .•J 7 3 :t 8 S lime or Low Waltr. II M. 5 00 A.M. 4 15 p.m. (I 00 A.M. .5 40 P.M. .10 A.M. .) 10 P.M. « 4.". A M. 7 10 P.M. 7 00 A.M. 7 IJP.M. 7 to A.M. H li P.M. H ('» A.M. 7 4 s 1 s t u s .1 8 ri 4 7 7 l.»A.M. « 4.'> P.M. s i'O A . M . r 4.") P.M. ') 00 A.M. ;> 4.) P.M. 10 00 A.M. 10 l.> P.M. 10 ».•. A.M. 11 30 P.M. II 4.1 A.M. 4.» A.M. kooil. Pall Mf lidi'. Plienoiiiriu n< Muoii, anil U r.illi«r. Nun, UK.MAHK.S oil iliiTIUKS. I 4.> \.M. 1 80 P.M. 8 30 A.M. 8 .'10 P.M. 8 -l.'i A.M. .1 00 P.M. 5 10 3 3 .-) 3 3 7 I ^ 3 7 3 !• .-i Id rilwMrr .1 10 7 11 3 a 6 10 3 10 J 10 i II 3 4 8 II -i I II. M. 4 0!>A.»I. J 80 P.M. 4 45 A.M. 4 50 P.M. 3 0) P.M. 3 I a I". A.M. 3 30 P. M. 4 00 A.M. i 45 P.M. I 5 00 I M. ' 5 30 P.M. .S 45 A.M. 00 P M. 7 15 A.M. 7 10 P M. 7 .10 A.M. 7 .50 P.M. S 15A.M. 8 II 4 8 5 3 8 5 II a A H It 10 .) 80 A.M. 5 00 P.M. 'i 30 A.M. 7 00 P..M. 7 45 A.M. 7 l."i P.M. S 30 A.M. S 00 P.M. 9 .JO \.M. » 30 P.M. .'lOA.M. II 10 P.M. I I 00 A.M. iO A.M. O 30 p. M . I 00 A.M. I 30 P.M. 8 OO AM. I 0«) P.M. t 00 \ M. I 45 P.M. IVrt III. 7 10 t 5 7 3 3 S r, H 3 3 ."> 7 :i I. 8 o .{ II 3 10 ti OO t' 8 3 3 5 3 3 (> (I on 3 5 t • • . I 3 I Phenomena ui' Moon, Sun, and W cutbcr. REMARKS oD ibe TIDES. (lift |jitiUii3rtcr. Cm RqiilnMlMl. Chi VwilkfrN Intftf. _J OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 153 OBSERVATION'S on thi: TIDES at IGLOOLIK, im-i—iS, conlinnnl. UAY. 1 882. Dec. 14 ,. 1.5 „ l« IH 11 »1 11 t* „ ^;> »» 11 „ •i\ i» ^* «» 11 „ 83 »■ >i ., H «l '1 II •• Tiim or High Wairr. II. M. 8 4.5 p.m. 8 .'iOA.M. 9 00 I'.M. 9 Of> A.M. 9 I. J r.M. 9 .'{0 A.M. 9 .iO P.M. !0 10 A.M. I) +1) P.M. 10 .)0 A.M. 11 00 P.M. I 1 0.) A.M. II 1.1 P.M. II ao A.M. Miiliii'ilit. 4.1 P.M. 1 10 A.M. )l «0 P.M. S 5.i \.M. •i 1. 1 P.M. .1 SO A.M. i 00 P.N. .'• 3J A.M. A I.. P.M. .5 an A.M. RiiL- or IVel III 7 I 3 8 10 S 4 « N :.' 8 a 3 j! a .•» H 1 lo .1 :i i .J 4 2 d .» .•) 8 ^ II ;.' 3 i i 4 (I I 5 .*> 10 ;j H 7 < « I Time ot Low WAier. 11. M. }i lOA.lVI. ■i :iO P.M. a 30 A.M. ■'J I.} P.M. 4 00 A.M. a .-10 P.M. 4 .•{') A.M. 4 T»0 !• M . 6 30 A.M. 4 ;np.>:. 4 .".0 V.M. :> io P.M. fj 30 A.M. (i It P.M. 7 00 A..>t. 30 A.M. H 1.1 l.M. 5 3 • P.M. S IJA.M. 9 30 P.M. 10 10 A.M. 10 3.^ P.M. 10 40 l.M. ISIullliglll. 11 .'IO A M. Fall nf riitnoini'na or Moon. Siid^ and \V fNilier. 7 4. 3 3 3 J 7 3 .) (),» •J 11 .•> 4 •J T 5 I 1 II 4 II 1 10 J S I I I 7 3 lO < 10 3 10 tf 3 n 4 U ilKMAIlKS on llie TIDES. r.rr.-.i.«i li.U i7ri.4iu.% iihtbttanfr New MuAlU (j[ in I'lnl (lit4riir. ^ l« fViniM**!)*!. t^Hu in N). tHcro Tr-'l' • 4 I'. ISlLtr. ^Mi.illr«l iia# Ji'\. iiN.^ 34tMi >ftir Mu.iii'i (ii.l Urt«rur. ' .*' .1:1 bif ,M ■i fS4 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. OBSERVATIONS o.\ the TIDES at IGLOOLIK, 18««--83, continued. DAY. Time of HiKh Water. 182*. Dec. 27 >» »i ., 89 „ 30 „ 31 1 S2.J. Jan. I II. M. 20 P.M. 50 A.M. 7 .30 P.M. 7 40 A.M. S 30 P.M. Rlwof Tide. S 45 A.M. 9 00 P.M. 9 31) A.M. 9 40 P.M. 10 00 A.M. 10 30 P.M. II 00 A.M. Mulni^lit. 1.1 P.M. 30 A.M. 1 00 P.M. 1 80 A.M. 9 00 P.M. * 10 A.M. 9 30 P.M. .'1 30 A.M. I. I.) P.M. 4 00 A.M. V t.» P.M. t 10 \ yy VtH u. 7 5 3 6 8 1 3 10 Time of Lu» WMer. I 90 A.M. 50 P.M. 8 00 A.M. I 45 P.M. 4 8 7 4 5 8 1 2 1 ( 1 a V 3 9 11 10 7 9 11 7 10 9 30 A. .M. 9 50 P.M. Fall of Tiile. Vtal 111, 6 7 5 7 5 4 II 7 10 4 II Phcnomrna or Moon, Sue, ami Wcalbci. l-'oll Moon, ]6 winiilc* A.M. 3 90 A.M. 7 10 3 00 P.M. l 11 3 .".0 A.M. 7 8 1- 10 P.M. 4 8 5 0.> V.M. 7 4 5 30 P.M. .i 4 ti 00 A.M. (i (i 5 30 P.M. 4 n 45 A.M. 5 8 7 00 P.M. 3 <) 7 10 A.M. 4 9 S 15 P.M. 9 4 8 30 A.M. 3 5 s 50 P.M. 1 10 15 a.m. 3 3 10 9) P.M. 9 4 10 00 A.M. 9 3 11 15 P.M. 3 8 I' 1"> V.M. 9 n REMARKS on '.be TIDBS. Miiii ncarvll tht- lUrth, t[ la RtmaarlKl. il HI Uti t^uincr. >Iiii ( r.mtwi lid.. Hft. ;ia.), tih uil l il I tat La.i tluarif r «l Maaw. OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. loo OBSERVATIONS o.v the TIDES at IGLOOLIK, 1828-83, ccntinu.-d. DAY. IS23. Jail. »» 10 »» n » >» »» »i It I* „ 13 t» n « 1* U II II i> II II I, 17 II II II " II Ih II II II II .. I!» II II I. «0 Time or HiKli Water. II. M. 5 15 P.M. C 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. (5 00 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 7 15 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 7 45 A..M. S 45 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 50 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 80 P.M. n 45 A.M. 10 00 P.M. 10 15 A.M. 10 SO P.M. II OOA.M, II in P.M. KUe uf Tide. Time or Low Water II 50 A.M. II 50 P.M. I« 50 P.M. Fc«l la. 4 9 1 11 5 00 2 5 4 a a 9 8 4 7 1 3 (J 2 3 9 7 10 • • • • 4 4 1 5 5 3 5 4 II 4 H 3 10 4 4 30 A.M. II SOA.BI. I 15 A.M. 1 00 P.M. si 00 A..M. I -iO P.M. i :iO A.M. 1 45 P.M. 3 15 A.M. 8 45 P.M. 3 OOA.M. 8 3') P.M. 3 00 A..M. 3 3U P.M. 4 30 A.M. 4 00 P.M. Fall »r Tide. Plienoiiieiia or Mwou, Suny aud NVi'Atliei'. ItBMARKS on the TIDES. 5 15 A..M. 5 OO P.M. 5 30 A.M. 00 P.M. n 10 A.M. (• 31) P. M . 4 1 1 S 3 7 3 () 5 S 8 10 a 5 3 H 5 6 3 (i 3 3 5 7 4 3 II (i I 4 8 5 3 3 5 3 I 4 10 4 8 4. M iMHtlttrB Tnptc. C <• Ei|iil»*cti«1. ^ tm r\ni 0«att^* [firMtrti itJ* ijfi Klin.), 4ih Auarf I vtttr New Mo'xi. m % 11 !,|it:, ^ili ('•-(^ k ,.M f.'J. I';.l Vii^i i! m m ■ :%Hi* 15G OBSEnVATlONS ON THE TIDPS. OBSERVATIONS on thk TIDES at K^I.OOMK, lsa2-S3, coniinurd. DAV. is-i.i. Jail. >\ »> >i » 82 „ 3J '1 « It ■- <■ It " „ 25 i» 11 „ 80 11 11 II 11 1. 87 1* »♦ M 1» ,1 89 »» l» ,1 »0 11 »» i» i» ,1 31 »i »» » H Feb. I H 11 »» »» 11 8 « »• Tiim- or Ili;li Hater. I I I 2 o .1 .» >> a a a 7 s <) 9 n •) 10 10 10 II II II M. 00 A.. V. •JO P.M. 1.) A.M. 80 P.M. 30 A.M. Of) P.M. J.">A.M. 00 P.M. 40 A.M. 00 P.M. .{;> A.V. 40 P.M. 00 A M. I.> P.>l. •■{0 A.M. ■)0 P.M. .SO A.M. .>0 P.M. I.'. A.M. 15 P.M. 4.) A.M. 00 P.M. 00 \.M. I'l P.M. Nmiii. iiiw or iiik'. Tiliir of Ijhv M'.ner. Fall «r lliilc. Phflioni'-iiii of Muoli. Snn, mill \\ eadin. r. O 5 3 (t '-i .-. .1 fi 4 4 f* 4 7 4 II 11. M. 7 00 A.. M. .... 4 In. 3 fi 4.> P.M. 3 7 S 00 l.M. .•{ 10 9 0;) I'.M. 3 8 9 00 A.M. .'1 9 1 1 00 P.M. 3 11 10 0:)A.M. 8 10 11 00 P.M. •> 11 l.>A.M. .•{ l.'iA.M. (i 4 .10 P.M. i b> 1 1.) A.M. 7 • i 1 I.') P.M. . ."» 1 1 .-JO AM. s •*> ■2 -H) P. M . r* ■•» -iO A.M. i I a .'JO P.M. 4 (i H JO t.M. 7 (i 4 00 P.M. .» 4 4 ;io \.M. a 3 4 4."i P.M. .1 3 .» 00 A.M. (1 1 .') SO P.M. 4 8 i 30 A.M. 4 II .'» .'10 P.M. 3 7 ^ III NurthrTH 7 rai ir. (. Ill Trficcr. I c.r. \.M. .^ iU'lllH«4. ^ImlqiLTIoilUt. \ III laM Uiart... llGMARK8onlhcTIDE.S. (Xmallfl Ii4« (lit.). Uk fli>(.J «nii I I'ir.l Uimtlrr ul* MuoN. flnmul iii.'a(slLIJaft>r lull jM..».i. \ OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 157 OBSERVATIONS on thb TIDES at IGLOOUK, 1888- -SS, contmued. DAT. HoMOf High Wtitr. RiMOf Tide. Tine of Low Waur. FaUof Tide. Plwnoncna of Moon, 8«d, ud Weather. REMARKS on (be TIDB8. 1888. Feb. 8 H. M. 11 45 P.M. rwt u. S 8 H. M. rtti h. » a .... 40 A.M. 4 5 - II II SO P.M. S 7 7 15 p.m. 8 8 11 4 45 A.M. 8 7 15A.M. 8 4 II II 8 15 p.m. S 8 7 45 P.M. 1 11 1. « II II 1 SO A.M. 8 40 P.M. 5 S 11 8 00 A.M. 9 45 P.M. 8 8 5 diaAlKIM. <[ in SeWlMn Troric. ( SaialUu lUt ori. Mil''. Stk llaol ttta I Lui Uaarur nfMiwat bNltlM7tli ( li 9lh A«*4a wen only i in. grctur. 11 6 S 00A.M. 6 8 15 A.M. 1 9 II II S 50 P.M. 4 10 00 P.M. 8 7 ,1 7 4 00 A.M. 6 10 00 A.M. 1 11 11 5 00 P.M. 4 5 11 SO P.M. 4 8 II 8 5 45 A.M. 8 3 11 00 A.M. 1 9 II II 80 P.M. 5 .... 1, » .... 1 15A.M. 4 10 II II 8 SO A.M. 8 1 SO P.M. S II II 7 00 P.M. 5 . • • . 1 ,1 10 .... 8 00 A.M. 4 7 11 11 7 SO A.M. 8 8 1 00 P.M. 3 7 11 41 7 15 P.M. 4 11 . • . . (New Mm*. ( kuiin (ui llirM.^tiw. I unl'.M. „ »l .... 8 00 A.M. 4 9 II 11 8 OOA M. S I 1 SO P.M. S 8 • ' ^ ■] II II 8 SO P.M. 7 „ l« .... 8 00 A.M. 8 II »i 9 40 A.M. 4 11 8 80 P.M. 5 8 11 11 00 P.M. 6 S .... ,1 IS S 00 A.M. 4 ([laE^iiMttltl. 11 11 9 10 A.M. 4 9 S 10 P.M. 4 10 n 11 9 15 P.M. 6 8 1. 14 • t t • S 00 A.M. 3 ■ 11 11 9 SO A.M. 5 8 S SO P.M. 5 5 11 II 9 45 P.A. « II . ■ • . .. lA .... S 45 A.M. 7 4 rihMWHjMt nft. «la.1, tik ikk aAar 11 11 10 1.^ A.M. 5 8 4 00 P.M. 4 10 n-n 158 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at IGLOOUK, 1888- 83, cmXimud. day. Ttnnor High Water. RlNOt IU«. Tim* of Low WUtf . Pallor Ttdt. Pbtaoaicu of Mooa, Sib, andWcalbar. RBMASKSoDlkeTIDIS. 1883. Feb. 15 H. M. 10 40 P.M. tmt la. 5 9 H. M. fan la. -, t. » „ 16 . . .. 4 SO A.M. 5 10 : ^.,., ..: .. . \ >• l> 10 80 A.M. 5 9 4 SO P.M. 5 3 • f \t . ■■ ••• l» »» 11 00 P.M. 4 11 .... * * ,. 17 6 00 A.M. 5 9 •> » 11 85 P.M. 4 7 .... - .- i 1; » 18 5 30 A.M. 5 11 <[iaFimg«fUr. »i »i 11 45 A.M. 5 1 6 00 P.M. 3 6 , . , *' ., 19 10 A.M. 3 1 6 SO A.M. 8 9 M l> 45 P.M. 4 8 7 80 P.M. 3 10 d ia iha NartiMn Tf arte. ,, 80 1 15 A.M. 8 7 SO A.M. 3 5 , 11 »» 8 00 P.M. 4 6 8 80 P.M. 3 10 ■ a „ 81 3 00 A.M. 1 8 8 SO A.M. 8 4 i 1 J ( SMiltki tiic [in. SinO. <(k tooJ %% \ urFimttMrttrof Mm«* i» i» 3 30 P.M. 4 8 11 00 P.M. 4 8 d ia I'mcM- * • • 1 „ 88 4 30 A.M. 1 10 10 45 A.M. 8 6 • 1 ' 11 i> 5 80 P.M. 5 8 11 45 P.M. 5 ,. 83 6 00 A.M. 8 7 Noon. S 6 , »» »i 6 15 P.M. 6 1 .... » a* .... 80 A.M. 5 10 , , It ff 6 40 A.M. 5 11 50 P.M. 6 4 V If »» 7 00 P.M. 7 1 .... CFall MMa, il kaan u4 Ikraa «aaf I Ufa r.M. „ 85 .... 1 15 A.M. 7 8 , ti II 7 30 A.M. 5 1 SO P.M. 5 1 II II 8 00 P.M. 7 5 . . . 11 86 .... 8 00 A.M. 7 7 (( ia Raaiaacual. II II 8 80 A.M. 5 9 8 15 P.M. « 3 I II II 8 30 P.M. 7 10 .... cOffMisu ti4f 7ft. imb.)i ^ „ 87 .... 8 40 A.M. 7 5 H tl i II II g 10 A.M. 4 3 00 P.M. 6 11 \ •' », : II II 9 80 P.M. 7 .... ,1 88 .... 3 15 p.m. 7 8 • * f ', II II 9 SO A.M. 6 10 S 45 A.M. 9 7 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. 159 OBSERVATIONS on thb TIDES at IGLOOLIK, 188S~8S, continued. DAY. Hi|h WMtr. 1888. Feb. 88 Mar. 1 >» ft ,. 8 »» >» »» >» ., 4 II II II I, 7 II II I, 8 II •» II 9 II »i „ 10 n '» II 11 ., M II II II " I, >8 II 11 .1 IS H. M. 10 SO P.M. ran 6 10 05 A.M. 10 80 P.M. 10 SO A.M. 10 45 P.M. 11 SO A.M. 11 45 P.M. RiMof Tide. O 15 A.M. 45 p.m. 1 15 A.M. 1 SO P.M. 1 40 A.M. S 00 P.M. S 45 A.M. 4 SO P.M. 5 00 A.M. 5 SO P.M. 7 00 A.M. 6 50 p.m. 7 00 A.M. 7 8l) P.M. 7 40 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 7 SO A.M. 8 05P.M 6 6 6 5 5 3 4 S S 8 S O S 1 4 8 4 S 6 7 6 5 7 Time of Low Wiltr. Pall of TIdt. II. M. 9 1 8 4 8 S 8 1 1 1 1 8 8 10 s 7 O 8 5 5 4 II II 00 4 00 A.M. 4 SO P.M. 4 45 A.M. 5 00 P.M. 6 15 A.M. 5 30 P.M. 6 00 P.M. 6 SO A.M. 7 00 P.M. 7 00 A.M. 7 SO P.M. 6 SO A.M. 9 15 P.M. 9 00 A.M. 10 00 P.M. 10 80 A.M. Tmi la. . . . t 6 7 6 5 10 5 8 5 9 4 7 4 8 5 S 7 8 11 8 8 30 A.M. Noon. 1 00 A.M. 15 P.M. 1 15 A.M. 1 00 P.M. 1 IftA.M. 9 00 P.M. PheaoDitiM of Moon, 8an, «Dd Weather. REMARKS OB lb* TIOU. S 7 3 7 5 8 3 9 6 6 7 9 7 8 5 8 ([laLutQMrttr. (Iiatla>lli>niTi»|.i (I la AyoiM. Niw .Mwa, III I' M (( la E^amaciiil toalbM liJi (ttl. Ma.). ;ik«»a4 •! L ur Lu«Qa«iiai«.f .Ma«.a. Iati«>l lt.l. l:H.^B.\ ililM raiff rl lllr Ulaaa*. t haa^t . lis t^. ■u : *'' m \ » k-'^ I«0 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. I'fr* OBSERVATIONS on thb TIDES at I6L00LIK, 1SS8- -83, continued. UAV. Tinic or Hi(h WMor. RiMor Tide. TlBMor Low Wucr. Fill of TIdr. Phrnumeu of Muon, Sun, ind VVuibtr. RBMARK8 on ih< TIDES. IS2S. Mar. 14 II. M. F«l U II. M. 8 30 A.M. Fcti 1.* 6 9 • -.?! " n 8 15 A.M. 8 4 8 40 P.M. 6 5 , ,' ." If »1 8 45 P.M. 7 .... ,. 15 . . . ■ 3 00 A.M. 7 8 i> 11 8 50 A.M. 7 3 00 P.M. 6 10 ■ »» » 9 15 P.M. 6 7 .... „ 16 .... 3 80 A.M. 6 11 > »i » 9 40 A.M. 7 3 45 P.M. (i 4 »i i» 10 00 P.M. 5 5 .... , ,, 17 .... 4 00 A.M. 6 8 f« It 10 15A.M. 6 10 4 03 PM. 6 1 *) ff 10 85 P.M. 4 4 „ 18 .... 4 40 A.M. 5 4 >» t» 10 SO A.M. 6 7 5 10P.M. 5 4 1* » 11 00 P.M. S S .... „ 19 .... 5 30 A.M. 3 9 I ia fcalkMn Tragic. >i »» Nooii. 5 9 6 00 P.M. 5 1 (i in Fini Uairur. ,, 80 10 A.M. 8 6 6 10 A.M. S d tn rcri«rc. ti It „ 81 30 P.M. 1 00 A.M. J 6 1 7 6 45 P.M. G SO A.M. 4 8 8 10 San in E.|HiaiKtial. rsiaitlUilliJc (lft.7ln.),lilllta.ltfMr I FirMUaoutuI'MaM. )» »t 8 10 P.M. 4 5 9 00 P.M. 3 8 ,. 88 8 45 A.M. I 9 S 30 A.M. 1 11 H »I 3 l.^P.M. 4 8 1 1 00 P M. 4 8 ,. 83 4 10 A.M. 8 5 10 00 A.M. 8 5 It » 4 30 P.M. 4 9 11 30 P.M. 5 8 „ 84 5 00 A.M. 3 6 11 10 A.M. S 8 ■ • f fl 5 40 P.M. 4 .... i „ 85 .... So A.M. 4 7 »l »» 6 15 A.M. 5 1 SO P.M. 4 11 EqaiaaclUI. It It 6 30 P.M. 6 10 .... „ as .... 1 10 A.M. 7 8 )• 1) 6 50 A.M. 6 8 1 15 P.M. 6 rallMMM, tiivantrr.M. I adMiMaA^rfallMMa •• *• 7 SO P.M. 6 8 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDE». m\ OBSERVATIONS on the TIDES at IGLOOLIK, 1828- -83, continued. day. Time uf High Waltr. KiMoC TI<1«. Timaof Low Water. Fall i>r Tld«. Plwiionwiia oi Moon, Sun, uid WcMhcr. HBMARKS m. ihr TIDKS 1S83. Mar. i7 11. M. Fill In. H. M. 1 13 A.M. Fetl U. 7 3 »» » 7 45 a.m. G 9 1 50 P.M. r, . 1 »» »» 8 00 P.M. 7 ,. 88 8 15 A.M. 6 H )» •» 8 30 A.M. 6 10 8 45 p.m. 7 f» »» 8 45 P.M. 10 .... „ 89 .... 3 10 A.M. 6 5 »» »> 9 00 A.M. 6 4 3 00 P.M. 5 6 n n 9 15 P.M. 4 6 „ 30 .... 3 30 A.M. (i >» »t 9 SO A.M. 6 11 3 35 P.M. fi 3 11 i» 10 00 P.M. 6 1 .... ,. 31 .... 3 50 A.M. 3 »» •» 10 10 A.M. a 11 4 15 P.M. fi 7 »» >i 10 SO P.M. 4 6 • • • • April 1 . . . • 4 85 A.M. 4 1 »» n 10 30 A.M. (i 4 50 p.m. 5 (T la 8sallnra Trari. »» )» 11 00 P.M. 3 4 .... ., 8 .... 5 10 A.M. 8 11 ([ la .^poffr. >i 11 11 l.'iA.M. 5 00 P.M. 3 6 11 11 11 85 pm. 8 .... » 3 .... 6 05 A.M. 8 3 » tt 30 P.M. 3 9 7 30 P.M. 3 8 9* * I 00 A.M. 8 6 SO A.M. 9 riBalltil Ilia (Wn.l, 41b II 3 00 A.M. 11 8 00 A.M. 11 11 11 3 45 P.M. 8 8 11 00 P.M. 3 7 1. 7 5 15 A.M. 8 5 10 00 A.M. 1 9 )l 1> 5 10 .'.M. 3 Midnight. 4 1. 8 6 00 A.M. 8 4 Noon. 8 1 11 »i C 05 P.M. 3 11 "li J^'lll I m 191 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIDES. OBSERVATIONS our the TIDES at IGLOO. i'>\ l %i—2^, cmeluded. DAY. 1883. April 9 »» »» It (f „ 10 »> »> •I II „ 11 II II II II II 18 i» II »i II •I IS »l H II H II 14 II II II II .1 15 II II II II >• 18 ti II II II I. 17 " II »» II II 18 II II 1. 19 TliMaf aUJtt WiMT. H. M. 6 20 A.M. 6 SO P.M. 6 40 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 7 45 A.M. 7 50 P.M. S 00 A.M. 8 15 P.M. 8 SO A.M. 8 45 P.M. 9 05 a.m. 9 25 P.M. 10 00 A.M. 10 15 P.M. 11 00 A.M. 11 SO P.M. 11 50 A.M. 15 p.m. SOP.M. 1 80 A.M. RiMOf Tide. Pmi I*. 8 4 5 6 * • • • 3 10 5 8 7 5 5 11 7 S 5 10 7 11 5 10 8 S 5 S 7 5 4 8 6 11 4 7 5 10 8 8 5 4 I 11 Tim* of LowWmw. 6 80 A.M. 40 P.M. 1 10 A.M. 1 10 P.M. 1 SOA.M. I 40 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 15 P.M. 8 80 A.M. 8 30 P.M. S 10 A.M. 3 40 p.m. 3 SOA.M. 4 30 P.M. 4 15 A.M. 5 15 P.M. 5 SOA.M. 30 P.M. 6 00 A.M. 7 SO P.M. 7 40 P.M. Fall of TM«. fMt U. 4 4 5 6 S 11 5 7 7 5 6 8 6 1 7 5 6 7 7 9 6 5 7 4 5 6 6 10 4 6 6 S 4 O 5 3 8 II 4 9 6 PheDomcM of Moon, Sua, ■ad Wttihcr. CiaBoiMcttel. Ntw Mmoi I k*tr tW a qMrMr A M. (t ■• Pinir. i m Sunbara TrafW. low zero Fahrenheit. I trust it will ap|H'ar that no exertion was wanting to attain it, and I eannot thcrefon; but consider it my duty in acknowltHlgui^ the very fjreat assistance I have constantly received from Lieutenant Reid, of \\. M. S. Furv. and also Lieutenaol Palmer of H. M. S. llecla. duruig the whoK' oi our o winters' residemu' in theao climat(>s. in their ready and constant atti^ndanee at thi> observatory, at a wmsidtTable distance from the ships, durni^ the depth of winter It hap[M>ns imfortunately that none but thosn who have felt tht; pain and diUlrulty of mukm^ astronomical observatiorm ut sucli t(>mperatures, cau in any way n[>pr(rial(^ the assistarut* thuH gratuitously given, which was nevi^r without the greatest sacrifice of |MTsonal comfort on their parts, often actuil ihIIi, ( Vavv rndeHvoiirt-d, in (he uunt cunciae nuuuutr th«l I •im Mv, lu ((ivr niich rcmiltt t,* iiniiiriliatvly |)ri'irnt thamaalvvi. 'i ^V i: f^H* i* 16<> MR. PISIIER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. II ■.,-•<. I i> The subject of Atmospherical Refraction has usually been considered under two distinct heads, viz : Astronomical Refraction, as affecting the altitudes of celestial objects; and Terrestrial Refraction, as affecting the altitudes of distant terrestrial objects nearly horizontal. I shall take the opportunity, before I give any account of the observations upon either of these subjects, to give a short description of the observatories erected, and at the same time to observe that every possible assistance that could be rendered in their construction, as well as on every other occasion, was afforded by Captain Parry. They were nearly similar at both winters' stations ; the description thoreforo of the first, at Winter Island in 18'21, will be sufficient. The base was in the form of a parallelogram, the longest sides about 23 feet in length facing the north and south, and the breadth about 12 feet; the western portion of it was separatetl from the east by a partition running up to the roof, and was lef\ unHoored for the sake of steadiness. This portion of the house was fitted up for the observatory, an I the remaining part rendered habitable by means of a stove and other conveniences. The middle of the roofing in the observatory, together with the sides, were cut through in the usual way in the direction of the meridian, the breadth of the slits being about 18 inches, and fitted with doors or tiaps, lined with fear-nought, and secured within with fastenings. Upon the ground in the observatory were fixed two large casks fiUeil witi) earth and stones, cementetl together by |MMiring in water, which freezing iinme- diatoly, rendered the whole one solid mass, and so firm as not to be alfe<:tcd by any force that could be applieement. Tlif Pendulum was comptl from the instrument, as well as the necessity of continually changing its situation as the star moved in azimuth. The m.ethod I next employed was by observing the difference of the North Polar distances of high and h)W stars as they passed the meridian, keeping the horizontal wire of the back telescope (which was clamped to the circle) in contact with the meridian mark as before ; this methcxl, although probably sufficiently ;iccurate for very low altitudes, yet was subject to two sources of inaccuracy, which were. 1st. the uncertainty of a distant terrestrial objtx't being alike refracted during the interval of the meridianal passages of the two stars, and. 2nd. the principle of repetition was lost. Both these exj)edients were ultimately rendered useless, for as the winter advanced and the temperatures bocanu* very low, I found the difficulties in the use of this instrument in the u.sual way were not real, as the atilfiiess or difficulty in the azimuth motion arose more frt)m the gradual accumulation of ice in the centre-work than from the eflect (tf the cold uiKjn the metals; Ibr by using the precaution of expelling every particle of ice from the instrum»Mit before every observation, by keeping it in a warm room, very little ditliculty of this kind was experienctxl. (that is, providoiJ the instrument was made |)erfectly clean and dry,) although ex|)ostHl for 21 hours to a temperature of — 43° Fahrenheit, and so long as it is not brought again into a warm atm(»sph«»re until it is reijuired to be cleaned; lor in this case it is immediately cxivered with a coating of ice, ami the motion of the instrument obstrucU-d. With reganl to the otlier source of inconvcnienct' which was anticipatcti, arising from the .:x)ntraction of the spirit in the principal level, causing ; jch lui elongation in the bubbh; that its extremities were not both visible at the same time, in conse(|ucn(v of their biMng hid by the brass work attached ; this wait in a great measure removed by having the bubble made as sDiall as {lossible: nb^i MR. FISIIER ON ATMOSI'UEIUCAL nEKRACTION. 1G9 by this means both extremities were rendered visible, and an observation could be made in the usual way at '25 degrees below zero, provided the level was nearly ccntrically adjusted each time. By several trials, I founu Ihat by bringing the horizontal wire of the front telescope (when clamped to tht? circle) successively in contact with two holes on the meridian mark, one above; another, that a vertical motion of one minute in the circle corresponded to twenty-two divisions upon the scale attached lo the level, and therefore each division of the level was equivalent to Ss".7, at the temperature of + :a\^ Falircnheit. Also, at — 4;">° Fahrenheit, the same vertical motion of one minute in the circle caustid a corresponding motion in tht; visible end of the bubble amounting to the seven divisions upon the scale nearest the extremity of the level, so that each division between those limits was H'.H, and the value o» the divisions at other degrees of cold, between these limits, was determined by proportion iiccording to the tem^x'rature ; it is thcr(>fore probable, even at the lowest temperatures observed, that the degree o^" sensibility in the visible end of the bubble was at least ery at IgUH)lik, was iletermined by twenty-one nicridianal observations of stars above ami below the pole, (Table VI.) The agreement between eacii of these observations is not probably that which wtmUl be ex\)ected Ix iwoen those nuulo i'l more temperate climates; but when the temperatures at which sevc^ral of them were made (which were bitween 10 and .jOdegrtvs below zero), ami tho pain and difficulty attending an oh.scrvation with a delicate instrument, (which was rarely made without the lingers being iVozen,) are considered, a better agreement could hardly be ex|X}cted, under these circumstances ; nine if them, however, ditfer very little more than one second frcui the mean of all, and a nu.an between those which differ most bctweer. themst'lves agrees vi«ry nearly with a mean of the rest. If a mean ol the observations ujxjn each star Ix: tiiken, the differenci^ between each is not ni' U! than about one He<.'(tnd, (Taitlo V.) I have been thus particular in giving liie ret ults of the itbscrvations u|K)n each of the stars in this Table, in order, piincipaily, to shew the agreement of the observations upon the star Iligel with tlu' others, am .'ao -hi differenco in this res|H!et witli regard to the Sun, ol which, however. .1 sIm" presents Hpeak more lully. It ap|K>ars, tlierefore, lr»»m a mean of i ho whole oi' the observations in Table iV., that \.\\v latitude of the observatory was iWf til' ()",(r2, which result has been used in the computation of the observations upm the low stars in determinitig the refraclnin. MR. FISiir.R ON ATMOSPHERICAL UEKRACTION. 171 As It was highly desirable that as man) observations us possible should be made upon tlie subject of refraction, not only for tlic purpose of confinning my own, but from the possibility of obtainini; many observations at low altitudes and temperatures witli more simple instruments, from wliich I was from ntK!cs8ity precluded, arising from the comparative difficulty of observing with the Repeating Circle at low temperatun^s ; it was from considerations of this kind that I proposed to Ca^itain Parry, and the other officers of the Expe- dition, the frajuent taking of the meridian altitudes of low stars with their sextants, and comparing the observed, with the true altitudes deternuried by calculation. Many trials however of this meth(xJ, made during our first winter's residence in these climates, rendered it evidiMit that the refraction at the lowest altitudes that can convenitjntly be observed by relliKtlion with an artificial horizon, (which is about sevtni or eight degrees.) did so ntiarly agree witli the tabular refniction, that the diflercnci? was far within the limits of the accuracy attainable with the sextant at low temperatures. The methcxl, therefore, which I proposal the second winter, was that of measuring the angular distance between a high and low star, n( iirly in the same vertical circle, the highest star being so near the z(nuth that the tabular refraction might be assumed tru(>. It is evident that the diff(>renr(> between the apparent and true distances, computed from thtjir North Polar distances aiul difference oi right ascension, wJll be the joint tiffect of the two refradions in distance ; and by a resolution of this efr(!ct iti zenith distance, by direct as well as approximate melh(xls, the refractions in altitude of the lowest stars wore determined. The stars generally used were Polaris, Arcturus, CajK'Hu, Sirius, and Rigel, and above three thousand observations were taken in this way by ton diflerent observers, usually witli eight-inch sextants, with every |x)ssiblc care and attention which long exjHirience in the use of this instnunent oould suggest, and tJie results are given in Tabk; I. Each srl of observations generally consiatAxl of stivt^n distances between the stars, with the tune taken with a chronometer, the error of which from tla; time and phu'o was determined either by a comparisoa at the observatory, or by obsiirvations of stars, east and W(?st of the meridian, by the officers themselves the same ev»'ning, and from which the ixirresjxmding altitudt^s of the stars were comput«>d. When the lower star was very near tlie horizoi, and rising quick, each set of observations were necessarily confined to a ft^wer lumiber of distances in each. It hapi)eniHl fortunately, as ihv North Polar distance of Anlnrus was nearly Ofjual to the latitude of the place, and also as it came to the meridian ]^»K9l I.. IT Mil. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL H FRACTION. ■'i->v^';' below the Pole at a very convenient time for observation during the winter, it could be observed very near the horizon in clear weather, when its motion in altitude was very slow ; therefore this precaution became unnecessary, and nearly two thousand of the observations were made with this, and the Pole Star. Great care is necessary in the use of the sextant at very low temperatures, where considerable accuracy is required. It was always found requisite that th(^ instrument shuull hn expos«H a considernhlo ti ne to acquire the tempera- ture of the atmosphere, hefon; uii observation could be made with it, as I have frequently found sextants to change two or three minutes in the index error, during the time they were first brought into the cold, until the time of ob.servation ; the lateral adjustment would also vary considerably in a very short time. The index errors were determined before and after the observations, oitlier by the enlightened edge of the Moon, Jupiter, or a bright fixed star, and tVoqucntly by comparing the measured with the computed distances of two high stars. Having explained the method employed with the sextants for determining the refraction of the fixed stars, and an abstract of the observations being i;iven in Table III., which is done by taking a mean of the results of the obser- vations at nearly the same altitudes, I shall now proceed to explain the methods used for dctermiiing the Solar Refraction. The liigh latitude of our winter station aflbrded means of obtaining many imridian observations of the sun, at very low altitudes and temperatures: in order, however, to increase the number as much as possible, they were not entirely confined to ineridian observations, many others were taken on both sides of the meridian by Lieutenant Palmer and myself, and the refraction determined by comparing the observed with the true altitudes computed from the horary angle, latitude and declination. The observations of Lieutenant Palmer were made witli an altitude and azimuth instrument by Carey, having a six-inch vertical circle, and an azimuth circle of the same size, with three verniers, and reading off to 20 seconds. His observations with this instrument amount to \li'), and arc made with the greatest care ; they were taken at the Hecla's winter station ; at about eight or nine feet above the level of the frozen sea. The sum of the index and coUimation error of the instrument was determined by frequent meridian observations upon high stars, the true altitudes of which were com- puted from the latitude of the ship, and the results are given in Table V., in order to show by their agreement the degree of credit due to the instrument, Mil. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. 17;J It and also the care that was taken by him to determino its error. The latitude o! the ship by which his observations were computed was 69° '20' 41 " N., determined trigonometrically from the latitude of the observatory, agreeing within two seconds with that determined by himself, by near one hundred observations, with an eight-inch sextant, by Troughton, and false horizon. A comparison of the zenith distances of different objects, with this instrument and the repeating circle, at the same time and place, assign an error to this instrument a little different, and which if applied to his observations would make them agree nearly with my own; but in order that his observations should be as in. dependent of my own as possible, his own error has been applied. The greatest part of the observations made with the sextants and the altitude instrument, were confined to altitudes not exceeding four or five degrees. And in all the observations made out of the meridian, whether made with sext&..it or repeating circle, the altitudes were also within the same limits ; those at higher altitudes were entirely confined to observation in the meridian with the repeating circle, with not less than six or eight repetitions each. There arc some circumstances which rendered the usual sources of inaccuracy attached to this method of determining the refraction by observations out of the meridian within very narrow limits, which were, first, from the high latitude of the place of observation, and from the greater part of the observations being taken near the meridian, the motion in altitude was therefore bo slow, that an error of three or four seconds in time would cause but a very small error in the computed altitude ; and secondly, the probable error in the horary angle was much within these limits, for there was not an observation registered in which the transit of either the same object or one of the fundamental fixed stars was not observed within about an hour either before or after the observation, so that the going of the chronometer was only depended upon during that short intenal. A few of Lieutenant Pahner's observations with the sun were taken at a greater distance frcan noon, but whenever this happened, great care was taken by him to measure the horary angle by four of Arnold's chronometers, the errors of which were determined by a comparison at noon with one of my own chro- nometers, by which the sun's transit was observed the same day at the observatory. With respect to the obsen-ations upon Sirius, made the same way with the repeating circle, still greater accuracy appeared to be attained, in consequence of taking always the transit of one of the principal stars, both before and after an observation, so but very little error could arise from this source, except that M^-:^^ \:mt'-' I 'I.J « 'lilrJHi' i-lf 174 MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERIC \L UEFltACTION. arising from Uic instrument not being exactly in the meridian ; but the frequent observations made for the verification of its position, assigned to a very considerable degree of accuracy, the deviation of the centre hole of the meridian mark (to which the transit was constantly referred before and after an obser- vation) from the true meridian. The observations upon Sirius with the repeating ein;le are given in Table IX. Those made on the meridian are of course the most unexceptionable, they are ten ill number, contained in Table VIII., and present the following results. At tlie apparent altitude of 4° 22' 55" the observed refraction is 13' 1".6, bar. 29.84, and the thermometer —21** Fahrenheit, by a mean of five of the observations at the highest temperature ; the refraction by the French Tables is 12' 48". 6, which is 13".0 in defect. By the Table given by Dr. Young in the Nautical Almanac, the refraction is 12 51 ".24, which is in defect 10".36; being two or three seconds nearer the truth. By a mean of five meridian observations of Sirius at the lowest temperatures, at an apparent altitude 4° 21' 20', the observed refraction is 13' 52 '.52, the bar. 29.76, and thermometer — 40°.6 Fahrenheit ; the refraction by the French Tables is 13' 29'".4, which is 23" in defect, and the refraction also by Dr. Young's Table is 13' 31 '".02, which is in defect 21".5. It appears tlierefore that at 20 degrees below zero the tables are not more than 10 or 11 seconds in defect, at an altitude of 4° 22 ; but when the tem- perature is as low as 41 degrees below zero, the errors of the Tables rapidly increase ; the correction by the Tables due to 1 degree of temperature Fahrenheit is 1".57 or y^-yth part of the whole refraction at this altitude, but by obser- vation the c(.rrection for each degree between these temperatures is 2".37, or xhrth part of the refraction. The obflervaticns of the officers with the sextants make the observed re- fractions a little greater, which should be the case as they were made at about fourteen feet above the level of the frozen sea, whereas my own were made forty feet above the sea. It appears that in the winter whenever the star Sirius was observed in the direction of S.E. irom tlie observatory, its observed refraction was always less than that of the Tables, but when observed to the S.W. it was constantly greater, which appears to arise from the quantity of open water in the former direction ; for by the action of the tides, together with the prevailing winds, which in the Artie Regions during the winter, in this part of the world, are from the N.W., there was always some portion of the surface of the sea free MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPllFRirAI. REFRACTION. 17.5 from ice in the direction of S.E. even in the depth of winter, and as the temperature of the surface of the sea was generally about + 28** at tliat time, the lower stratum of air immediately in contact with it, must have been more attenuated, and have had a greater capacity for moisture than when the sea was covered with ice, which is sufficient, I conceive, to account for this circum- stance. A space of open sea at a distance among ice is always indicated by a dense haze or cloud immediately over it, and known by the name of " sea blink." In the direction of S.W. from the observatory were sea and land, both constantly covered during the winter with ice and snow, so that the refraction was less or greater than the Table, according as the visual ray passed through a space more or less in contact with the open sea ; to render this more apparent the observations upon Sirius, both to the east and westward are arranged according to the altitudes in Table IX., from which it appears that at a temperature b( on 20 and 30 degrees below zero, and at an apparent altitude of 3° 8', the observed refraction was either less or greater than that computed from Dr. Young's Tables by about 30", according as the star was to the eastward or westward, and a mean between the refraction observed on both sides of the meridian at this altitude nearly agrees with that computed from these Tables. In the early part of the winter, before the sea was completely frozen over, the tabular refraction (for the fixed stars) was generally in excess, but this was not the case afterwards. 'M If ■«- Mm •n.i H'^ /8 mm ^ V^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) \% 1.0 I.I 1.25 II 125 2.0 lit u 140 U 11.6 -► ^ t. /: ^ Photografiiic Sciences Corporation 39 WIST MAIN STMIT WliSTH.N.Y. 14910 (7U)t71-4S09 > 4ko V ^ r4 176 ^'A* •■•» tV'.' ill' U ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE REFRACTION OF THE SUN AND THAT OF A FIXED STAR APPARENT AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES. After an absence of the sun during the winter of 1822-3 of about six weeks, every opportunity was taken when it again made its appearance to the south- ward, of obtaining very low meridian altitudes with the repeating circle whenever the weather would permit. This was done by taking two or three repetitions with one limb upon the east side of the meridian, and in the same way with the other limb after the sun's transit had been observed ; by this means an observation of each limb was obtained, and the apparent altitudes thus deduced from observation were compared with the true altitudes of the same limbs computed from the declination taken from the Nautical Almanac, and the latitude of the observatory. A progressive series of altitudes of both limbs was thus obtained in this way, until the meridian altitude of sun had so far increased that the observed refraction nearly coincided with that of the Tables ; the number of repetitions was then increased to six or eight, and con- fined to one limb each day at noon. The observations upon the star Rigel which I had previously made, at an apparent altitude of 12' 18', had led me to expect, from the very near agreement of the observed refraction of that star with that of the Table's, that the same would take place with the sun when it had acquired the same altitude, this however was not the case. From a habit of daily computing the refraction from the observations soon after they were made, a diflerence soon became perceptible, which I at first ascribed to some error in the observations ; and as it first appeared in observations upon the lower limb, it seemed probable that it arose from a habit of making too close a contact with the wire; subsequent observations, however, with both limbs, proved this way of accounting for it to be quite inadmissable ; every precaution, therefore, in the perfect adjustment of the circle was taken, as well as care to obviate any habitual source of error in the use of it that might possibly vitiate the observation, and the perpendicular position of the vertical circle continually verified, by observing the interval of the passages of the sun's limbs, one by reflection, and the other by direc vision, and comparing it with that given in the Nautical Ahnanac. The observations, however, both of the sun and Rigel were made under cir- MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. 177 cumstances so nearly similar, as to render it quite impossible to account for it by any error of this kind, independent of the care taken to obviate them. On the 27th February, the sun's lower limb had the same meridian altitude within a few minutes as the star, the thermometer at noon being 30 degrees below zero ; at which time, by an excellent observation at an apparent altitude of 12 degrees, the sun's refraction was greater than that computed from the Tables, by 18.5 seconds ; whereas, the same evening, the temperature being 43 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, the observed refraction of Rigel was less than that of the tables by 2.3 seconds, although the temperature was 13 degrees lower than at noon ; the refraction of the sun, therefore, exceeded that of the star by about 21 seconds. And it appears upon the whole, that from the four observations upon Rigel, (which agree within one or two seconds of each other) that at an apparent altitude of 12° 18' 28 ", the barometer 29.652, and thermometer —31.7 Fahrenheit, the refraction of a fixed star is 5' 0".7, taking the apparent North Polar distances of that star from the Nautical Almanac, and the latitude of the observatory as determined by the other stars on both sides the Pole, which refraction is I". 4 less than that computed from Dr. Young's Table in the Nautical Almanac ; whereas the refraction of the sun at the same altitude and temperatures is greater than that of the Tables by 16"; the solar refraction, therefore, exceeded that of a fixed star by 27 or 28 seconds at that altitude, when reduced to the same temperature. It happened fortunately that at the time of making these observations of the sun at thesea Ititudes, the weather was so fine as to enable me to obtain no less than thirty-one meridian observations of the sun with the repeating circle in thirty-nine days, in all of which (with the exception of one on the 15th March, when there was probably some error in the observation) an excess of the observed above the tabular refraction is appa- rent, gradually diminishing as the altitudes increased. . - • . If the solar declinations in the French Almanac be taken for granted, this difference indeed is not quite so much, for if reduced to the same meridian, the declinations are a little less than those given in the Nautical Ahnanac ; but by a mean of excellent observations of the sun at the time of the summer solstice, 1823, viz., three of the upper limb, and three of the lower, I make the latitude of the observatory to be 69° 20' 56".5 N., using the declinations given in the Connaissance des Tems,but by many meridian observations of the stars on both sides the Pole, I make the latitude 69° 21' 0". 62, which differ about four seconds. If the declinations bo taken from the Nautical Ahnanac, the latitude by the sun is 69° 20' 59".4, which differs one second only from the observations ih !'!t- 1 i 178 MR. FISHEH ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. of the Stars, I have therefore taken in preference the declinations from the Nautical Almanac for determining the solar refraction. In Table XII. are given the results of Lieutenant Palmer's observations with the altitude Instrument, by Carey, and they are deduced by taking means of all the observations, which do not differ from each other more than three or four minutes in altitude. As the observations with the repeating circle are so numerous as, I conceive, clearly to establish this difference between the refraction of the sun and that of a fixed star, yet it may not be superfluous, considering the importance of the subject, as connected with the determination of the obliquity of the ecliptic, to procure as much additional confirmation as possible to this fact. It has been observed, since the great improvement of instruments of late years, by many astronomers who have been in the habit of making astronomical observations at the time of the summer and winter solstices, in order to determine the obliquity of the ecliptic, that they have obtained different results from the summer and winter observations, the obliquity appearing about nine or ten seconds greater in summer than in the winter observations ; this has been ascribed to some temporary expansion which periodically affected the instrument in similar situations of the sun. It has also been suggested by M. Piazzi, and very lately by Dr. Brinkley, that it possibly may arise from some peculiar modification of the refraction of the sun's rays, which may differ from those of a fixed star. The truth of this latter suggestion of these celebrated astronomers, the obser- vations made during the late voyage to the Arctic Regions, will, I trust, fully demonstrate, and also that the solar rays are the most refrangible of the two. With respect to the observations made by the officers of both ships, during the last winter, I shall compare the observations upon the sun, made by Lieutenant Palmer with the altitude instrument, with those upon the fixed stars, by the other officers with their sextants ; since they were all made nearly at the same height above the level of the sea. With respect also to observations made with sextants at very low temperatures, I have before mentioned that they are subject to very considerable errors, therefore we can only expect any thing like an accurate result but from a multitude of observations, and, what is oi far more consequence, that they should be made by many observers with different instruments. At very low altitudes, indeed, this difference is very evident without including many observations together. For instance, the lowest altitudes at which a fixed star was observed during the voyage were taken on the 10th March, 1823, by Mr. Ross, at a temperature of 28 degrees below zero ; from which ■•'! !l MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. 179 it appears, that by a mean of seven observations at the apparent altitude of 29' 25", the observed refraction of Sirius was 3' 54".2, greater than that com- puted from the Tables. Now, there is not at this temperature an observation upon the sun at exactly the same altitude, but on the 23d January (the temperature being the same) there is one of the lower limb at an apparent altitude of 28' 22", which is a little less, and also one of the upper limb at an apparent altitude of 30' 0", which is a little greater, by which the observed refraction, by the lower limb is IT 22", and that by the upper limb 15' 46" greater than that computed from the Tables, and by a mean of the observations of both limbs, the solar refraction, therefore, exceeded that of the star at the same altitude and temperature by 12 or 13 minutes, a quantity much too great to be an error of observation. In many observations with different instruments by persons of different degrees of experience in observation, it is difficult to assign such a result from the observations, which, when every circumstance connected with them be taken into consideration, will in all probability be the most accurate. If we consider the authority due to each result to be proportional to the number of observations, without considering either the number of instruments employed, or the number of persons who made the observations, then the results of all the sextant observations are contained in Table III., and which are obtained by arranging them according to the altitude, and taking a mean of the results of the obser- vations differing not more than a few minutes from each other in altitude. This method would no doubt be correct, had the number of observations of each observer been nearly equal ; but the great differences between the results of the observations by different observers, clearly shew that they arise from some constant error produced by the cold upon the instruments. This is, I think, evident, not only from some of the observers constantly making the Tables more in defect than others, but because this defect does not appear in the observations to diminish, as the altitudes increase, which is contrary to the nature of the subject ; and which occurs in the observations of some of the most experienced observers. " '♦•^''^'^*' ' ^ i •■ A result, however, far less exceptionable may be obtained by taking a mean between the results of each observer, instead of a general mean of all the observations together ; for although this method of proceeding may appear to give a more than proper share of credit to the observations of those observers who have made but few, yet it is evident that there are other conditions to be- taken into consideration besides the number of observations; such as the !^l.; 180 mh. fisher on atmospherical refraction. number of observers, and instruments employed, and also the number of evenings in which the observations were made; for those made at different periods are to be preferred to a greater number when confined to a fewer number of times of observations, as the results clearly shew. *'{ v^ In Table II. are given the results of the observations of eaoh observer, made between the altitudes of 4 and 5 degrees, which are selected as they principally consist of observations upon Sirius when on or near the meridian, and therefore, were made under somewhat more favourable circumstances than the rest; and also for the sake of comparison with my own meridian observations upon Sirius, with the repeating circle at the same altitude. It appears upon the whole, by seven hundred and ninety-seven observations, made by eight different observers with sextants, at the height of about fourteen feet above the frozen sea, that at the apparent altitude of 4° 22' 54", thermometer -33°.2, bar. 29.87, the refraction is 13' 39".4, whereas by my own observations the refraction is 7".7 less; which is as near an agreement as could be expected, considering the great differences between the results of the sextant observations. The rapid increase in the refraction as the altitudes diminish is very remark- able; and, in consequence, the great distortions of the sun's disc when near the horizon are very great, the lower limb appearing perfectly flat, and the upper part of an elliptical shape, but of a jagged and broken appearance, having over it often a kind of tuft or crown, detached from that which would appear under usual circumstances to bo the upper limb ; but from its resemblance in ether respects to part of the disc, so much uncertainty was introduced in making the contact with the horizontal wire of the instruments, that the obser- vations made when this was the case are not registered. The law of variation in the refraction for altitudes near the horizon is about 12" for one minute change in altitude, in the Tables deduced from observations made in temperate climates ; whereas, in the Artie Regions, at temperatures 30 and 40 degrees below zero, the variation is no less than forty times as great, or about 8" for one minute in the apparent altitude. The testimony of De Veer, who wrote the particulars and who accompanied Barentz to Nova Zembla in his third voyage, where he wintered in latitude 76° N., in the year 1596'7, has been so often called in question, with respect to his account of the re-appearance of the sun, that it is but justice to state that he appears to be perfectly correct, and his observations consistent with those made during this voyage. He reports that he, in company with two others, saw the edge of the sun from the sea side, on the south side of Nova Zembla, MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. 181 Im on the 24th of January (or 3d of February, new style) at which time the sun's declination when it passed the meridian in that longitude was about 16° 48' S., and therefore the true meridian depression of the upper limb at noon was 2° 32' nearly, which ought to have been the amount of the refraction that the limb might have been visible. Now, if the observation at the least apparent altitude observed on the 23d January, 1823, at Igloolik, which was 8' 40", be reduced to the horizon, by observing the rapid law of increase in the refraction visible in the series of observations made on that day, the horizontal refraction cannot be estimated at less than 2° 30', and whichj if increased by the apparent dip, (which sometimes amounts to more than 20' in the winter time, as I have mentioned when speaking of the terrestrial refraction,) will be quite sufficient to render the upper limb visible ; and there is still less difficulty in believing that they " saw the sunne in his full roundnesse above the horizon" three days afterwards, since the daily motion in declination at that time of the year is nearly 18 minutes to the northward. ' " M. Le Monier, from the observations made on these two days, assures us that there must have been more than 4| degrees of refraction, and that he " could neither explain these observations, reject them as doubtful, nor suppose any error, as was done by most other astronometers." How this conclusion has been deduced from the facts related in the Journal does not appear, neither is there the least occasion to reject as doubtful the simple and honest account of the Dutchmen. The results of the observations made with sextants which are contained in Table I., were computed by the officers who made them, excepting those made by Mr. Fyfe, which were computed by myself The temperatures annexed to them are those shown by thermometers fixed upon poles, a few feet above the level of the frozen sea, about twenty or thirty yards from the ships. By a comparison of these thermometers with ten others, it appears that although they agreed together tolerably well at moderate temperatures, yet the temperatures re- gistered with the observations are three degrees higher than those indicated by the mean of all of them, when the temperatures were below —20° Fahrenheit. Frequent observations upon the point of congelation of pure mercury will pro- bably assign a more accurate determination of the errors of the registering thermometers, by which it appears, that taking the freezing point at —39** Fahrenheit, the temperatures attached to the observations should be two degrees lower than those given in the Tables ; I have not, however, altered them, but have given them as they were taken by the officers themselves at the time of 9 A iHir 182 MR. FISHER ON ATMOSPHERICAL REFRACTION. observation. The temperatures attacked to my own observations with the repeating circle are those determined with a thermometer freely suspended in the shade outside the observatory : the temperature in the interior was the same. The heights of the barometer annexed to the observations are those observed with a barometer on board the Fury, which agreed, very nearly, with several mountain barometers in several comparisons : that kept on board the Hecia difiered continually, and frequently very materially from the others; I have therefore substituted the observations with the barometer kept on board the Fury instead^ This will cause errors of a few seconds in the computed re- fractions at very low altitudes, in those observations where this barometer has been used, but which will be sufficiently accurate to give an idea of the diffe- rences between the observed and computed refractions. The Table of Refrac- tions alluded to in these observations, is that of Dr. Young's, given in the Nautical Almanac. "-,■ ' r n .!■ ; ■>4« I |1 i ■ f ■ t - ' ■. II . • ; - ■■':■, .' : 'i /. ,- / (•- ^..;- . ' • -i " t ■• •■ /'"^ir;^ ! if: ..-vr, ■. ..K ■■; 1 : '..11, : ;.'^ *■♦♦'. 'i ■«"! '• > ' <•-':' 's; . ■• f, - f>:;i: . i'-: ^' . ■•: '' - .- ;. luv"- 'i .. •ti>'i u\.-.i'.'i <'-.i-.tn- ,^. r''-iii\ ,'-,(i ;;:;, i ;;:->ii;,v.j . -»j ,',. ;.,u;ii -"au-^t , ;.-/:tl y AV. ,i:y.r •"i^ 1/ :>■■"' ■ hi H"'-'^' I' ■ ■ iv* -;/•' 183 m ON THE TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. ii - '» . i The refraction of objects nearly horizontal, in high latitudes, when the land is covered with snow, and the sea with floating ice, is subject to a very great degree of uncertainty ; for it seldom happens that different parts of the horizon, appear at the same elevation or depression, and the same object is often very differently refracted within a very short space of time. In Table XIII. are given the results of the observations upon this subject, made by Lieutenant Palmer and myself, together with the circumstances connected with them, to afford the data for making those conclusions which the observations themselves may appear to warrant. During the period the ships were navigating amongst the ice, the method used for determining the apparent dip was principally by comparing the observations of the apparent altitude of the sun's lower limb, taken by reflection with the artificial horizon upon the sea ice, with the altitude of the same limb above the horizon taken in the usual way with sextants, the difference between these altitudes is the elevation or depression of the visible horizon due to the altitude above the level of the sea ice, from which it was observed on ship-board. The dip sector was occasionally used, but from the navigation during the greatest part of the voyage being close in shore, as well as the circumstance I have just mentioned of the different parts of the horizon being differently refracted, it was of little use. rlt the time the ships were frozen up in their winter stations, the methods oi,i[)loyed were, by observing the zenith distance of the horizon with the repeating circle, and by comparing the mean of five or six simultaneous observations, by Lieutenant Pahncr and myself, one observing the altitude over the ice horizon when it was sufHcientiy well defined for the purpose, and the other with the artificial horizon, each alternately ; and by comparing the observed altitude of the sun's lower limb with that computed from the hour angle, declination, and latitude of the place ; and also by comparing the observed meridian altitude over the sea or ice horizon, with that deduced from the latitude of the place. The refraction of a distant terrestrial object in terms of the contained angle at the earth's centre, was determined in a way similar to that employed in 5l'^ ". f I I'liP 'i fi 2 184 MR. FISHER ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. trigonometrical survey, that is, from the observed elevation or depression of two distant objects observed from each of them. To effect this an object was set up upon a distant hill, which was a pole, having upon the top of it a large hollow sphere formed of hoops of casks, and covered over with canvass ; the distance of this object from the observatory, from which it was observed, was determined trigonometrically by two different bases measured upon the frozen sea. As I was furnished with only one instrument with which these observations could be made with any great degree of accuracy, which was the repeating circle, simultaneous observations therefore at each place (as the rigid deter- mination of the refraction requires) could not be obtained; but was done by first observing the zenith distance of the object from the observatory, near which was fixed a cask, the upper part being the same height as the centre of the circle; afler this, the instrument was removed with the greatest possible expedition to the hill where the object was fixed, and from thence the depression of the upper part of the cask was observed ; the circle was again removed to its former station at the observatory, and the zenith distance of the object again ascertained, and a mean between the two altitudes thus obtained, was taken for that which would have been observed at the same time the depression was taken. As the height of the centre of the circle when upon the hill was less than the object at the same place, the observed depression was increased by the angle subtended by the height of the object above the centre of the circle, in order to reduce it to what it would have been, had the circle been the same height as the object, and as the elevation of the object from the observa- tory was less than the depression observed from the hill, their difference subtracted from the angle at the earth's centre will be twice the refraction. As the repeating circle could not frequently be conveyed to so great a distance over a rugged country covered with snow without very considerable exertion, as well as danger to the instrument, these observations, therefore, instead of being repeated, the true altitude of the distant object above the horizontal plane, at the place of observation was also deduced from the known altitudes of each station above the level of the sea, determined by the method of continued levelling from the water's edge, and corrected for the earth's curvature ; the tri:3 altitude, determined in this way, agrees very nearly with that determined with the repeating circle. It was also further confirmed by observations made with three mountain barometers, two of which give the same determination. MR. FISHER ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. 185 By a mean, however, of the two first methods, the true altitude of the distant object above the horizontal plane at the observatory was found to be 2 i' 25''.2 ; from which and the apparent zenith distances of the object, which were observed for some days both in the morning and afternoon, the refraction in terms of the contained terrestrial arc is computed. The distance between the objects was 20,612 feet, subtending at the earth's centre an angle of 3' 23".0. As the whole detail of these operations would far exceed the present limits I have given in Table XIV. the results of them only. • ^ -. ;. , . . By a mean of ten observations made with the repeating circle, (each con- sisting of either two or three repetitions), it appears that, in April, 1823, the refraction at about 9h. A.M., was a little more than ^th, and at 5h. P.M., at little less than -^ of the contained arc, and a mean of the whole is exactly ^th, the temperature being about 0° Fahrenheit, the whole space between each station (consisting of land and the frozen sea) being covered with snow. In the following July, by two excellent observations of the zenith's distances observed from each station, it was -jS^j^th of the contained arc, the snow at that time being entirely gone from the land between the places of observations, and the temperature + 4T Fahrenheit. The ccdumn attached to the observations exhibiting the hygrometrical state of the atmosphere at the time of observation, contains the space estimated upon the scale attached to Professor Leslie's hygrometer, through which the coloured liquid falls by reason of the cold produced from the evaporation of pure alcohol applied to the bulb with a camel's-hair brush : these results require a small correction to make an exact comparison between them, as the evaporation takes place at the reduced temperature of the wetted bulb ; the temperatures, how- ever, are so nearly equal, as to render this unnecessary for the present purpose. I have before mentioned that the refraction of a low star observed during the winter appeared diminished when seen through the vapours which arise from those parts of the sea which are not covered with ice, and known by the name of " sea-blink." This appears to be the principal cause of those extraordinary observations and depressions of not only the distant horizon, but of objects of no considerable distance. By a constant comparison of altitudes of the sun taken with sextants in the usual way, with corresponding ones taken by reflection with the artificial horizon during the three summers' navigation in these seas, it soon became apparent, that as there was more or less ioe in the way, (that is, between the place of observation and that part of the horizon to which the iii;i m ^' ^\:}^ ,1!. m ■I i' ^' M 186 MR. FISHER ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. sun was referred), the observed dip was less or more accordingly ; but hardly ever exceeded the tabular dip, excepting during the winter-time ; and it may be useful to observe, for those who are in the habit of navigating the seas during the summer time, that the general state of the horizontal refraction is such, that in determining the altitude of the sun in the usual way, by means of the visible horizon,— that at the height of about fourteen or twenty feet above the level of the sea, if there is but little ice between the observer and the horizon, then the tabular dip is nearly correct ; if the sea is about one half covered with ice, then ^th of the tabular dip should be allowed, and if the ship is close beset with ice as far as it can be seen towards the sun, then no dip whatever should be allowed ; although this rule will not always hold good, yet it appears to be the general result of near one hundred observations. The effect upon the elevation or depression of the horizon, when seen through " sea-blink" was often observed by bringing the horizontal wire of a fixed instrument in contact with the horizon. Upon moving the instrument in azimuth it was found that the edge of the horizon was below or above the wire, according as there is more or less water between the observer and that part of the horizon to which the instrument is directed ; or as the visual ray passes through a portion of the atmosphere more or less in contact with the open sea. ,,.1 . .,1 -'ti. r wri ^a} ^?^ fi'-ti!:':- ■'v-k "•^f " The remarkable distortion, as well as the inverted appearance of distant objects nearly horizontal, such as ships, distant lands, <§'c., have not escaped the notice of those persons who frequent these seas in the summer season. A common appearance is that of the distant confines of the visible horizon appear- ing like a distant high wall surrounding the ship, composed of pillars of ice closely arranged together, the intervening space appearing a valley of gradual descent from the ship, rising again towards the distant horizon. It was during a singular appearance of this kind, that the observations on the 17th July, 1823, were made by Mr. Ross and myself (given in Table XIII.) the ship at the time was closely beset with ice. It appears from four observations made at the mast-head with a dip sector, at the height of 103 feet above upper edge of the ice, that the distant horizon in different directions appeared at mean elevation of nearly 5 minutes instead of a depression of 14 or 15 minutes as given in the Table. At the height of 86 feet above the ice, the apparent alti- tude of the horizon was nearly 2', the tabular dip for that height being 9', and at the height of 3 and 5 feet its altitude was 5' 30", which is the same as it had at the height of 103 feet from the ice. o m JD^jiq 'tn* ixa^M^-m ./>.-. MR. FISHER ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. 187 In the winter time very great depressions of the horizon take place, amount- ing to 15 or 20 minutes ; the height of the eye above the level of the frozen sea being 14 feet, whereas the tabular dip for height is 3' 14" only. As the refraction was diminished whenever the object was observed through a portion of the atmosphere in contact with the open sea : humidity may at first appear to be the principal cause of this ; and, in ord&t to determine this, the zenith distances given in Table XIV. were taken in the morning and afternoon, together with the state of the hygrometer at the time. These observations, however, afford rather a different result, for the zenith distances of the distant object in the morning was less than in the afternoon, when the humidity as shewn by the hygrometer was least ; it appears, therefore, to arise from the great difference of temperature between the lower stratum of air and the atmosphere above it. In the summer time, the greatest terrestrial refractions occur when the sea is entirely covered with ice in warm fine weather, and the temperature of the lower stratum of air much lower than that immediately above it. In the winter time the refraction is least when there is very little ice upon the sea, the tem- perature of the lower stratum in this case being much higher than the atmo- sphere above. It appears by an experiment that, when the sea is covered with ice in the winter, there is no sensible difference between the temperatures of the atmosphere at the surface of the ice, and at the height of 400 feet above it ; this was tried by means of a paper kite with an excellent register ther- mometer attached to it, the altitude of which was determined by two different observers at the time, at a given distance from each other, and in the same vertical plane as the kite, and from which the perpendicular height of tlie kite above the level of the ice was computed. This experiment was tried under favour- able circumstances, at the temperature of —24° Fahrenheit. The kite was sent up and caught in coming down without the thermometer being in the least disturbed, the indices of which did not shew the slightest alteration, although carefully compared before and after the experiments and the kite remained at the same height in the air for a considerable time. There is another circumstance which materially affects the refraction of a distant terrestrial object at low temperatures, this is the position of the sun with respect to the object observed, which appears most depressed when it is in the same direction as the sun. I cannot better exemplify this than by relating the first observation as it occured, by which this circumstance first became apparent. .': :w:'3 i I .■ !. 188 MR. FISHER ON TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION. On t e 23d of March 1822, at the observatory in Winter Island, the thermometer being —13° Fahrenheit, the front telescope of the repeating circle was directed towards the horizon (on the frozen sea) which appeared a well defined line of ice, and the contact made with the horizontal wire, the principal level being adjusted and clamped to the vertical circle ; the sun at the time was in the direction of the telescope, and the reading of the principal vernier was 355° 1' 0". Upon moving ttie instrument in azimuth, and at the same time keeping the level adjusted, the horizon appeared considerably elevated, both to the eastward and westward of the sun ; and the reading of the same vernier when the telescope was directed about 30 degrees from the sun, was 355° 4' 15"; the horizon being elevated more in this part of the horizon by the quantity 3' 15" than the part under the sun, and at the distance of 15 degrees from the sun by the quantity 2' 0". In order to ascertain if objects were successively depiossed in this way as the sun came in azimuth over them, thtj horizontal wire was brought in contact as before with a piece of ice situatea upon the horizon, the sun at the time being about 30" in azimuth to the lefl of the object. The instrument was kept in this position until the sun had come exactly over the object, which was found in the same way as before to be depressed below its former position 3' tiH"; at the same time, a faint but distinct and more distant horizon appeared above, and parallel to the former, and nearly as much above the horizontal wire of the instrument, as the object observed was depressed below it. As the sun moved to the right of the object, it gradually acquired its former elevation, and came again in contact with the horizontal wire, and the distant horizon disappeared. The same thing was constantly observed during the winter, both by Lieute- nant Palmer and myself, and drawings frequently made representing the dif- ferent states of the horizon under these circumstances. ' •> "' ,1.' f> ifti- «' ' >' 'il« if. .-:«,■>$■■ 1 ''.i ;i'! '■■'{'■ Ut ifi •! h'}> , II, C, R, B, F, P', R"<*, IV, F>, reipectively ; aUu the Table of Rerractioni, with which (lie obiervationi are compared, ii Dr. YoiiNo'i, given in the Nautical Almanac. UATB Huri ubwrvitd Appirenl AlUlude Thtrinr. (P«hl.) Darom. Uburved Ucrracllun 1 n TabiM in 1 URMAKKS Bxcua Dtfcci I83!i. O tf O 1 ti t H Feb. 19 Castor and Sirius 6 U 18 -S6 8U.70 10 80.0 41.7 3 F _ I'lm- rli'iir ui'HthiT 1 with uurora. „ 85 If If H U -.10 80.01 86. S 17.0 .... 7 F ('Irur wcnther. »» » If "f S 87 SO -80 80.01 81.8 1 14.6 .... 8 F ■ ) Oct. 80 m Pul. and Arcturut 8 36 18 + S 80.86 18 6.0 .... 87.8 F » »» ('a|>ellaAf«Or&on. 10 II 14 S 44.8 1.0 5 F Nov. 18 a Pul and Arcturua 6 4S 8S -84 80.40 48.4 fl P' llu/.y uhoiil a I'ol. „ IS ff j( S fl 84 -88 80.08 11 88. H S.6 S F* If l> ff II 4 48 41 11 84.4 48.8 5 Fk ft >f tl ff »i If 1) ff a SS 14 S 87 S •• ... IS 87.0 14 54.8 56.0 80.0 5 8 1" 1" .. 14 If If 8 IS 89 -18 80.08 14 84.1 1 88.1 8 1" Iluiy wt'Uthi'i. H II M fl 8 8 IS • « • 16 18.8 47.8 4 P' - ,. IS II II a 8S 88 -18 80.78 U 80.6 8.7 8 F» JFinr 1 li'iii Heiillicr, 1 liri)[ht uiirom. If fl ff II a 80 87 ■ ■ ... 8 SS.8 1 48.4 8 K» II fl II l> S 8 80 .. 40.7 1 87.8 8 1" fl ff fl If 4 48 SI ... 10 87.' U 86.4 5 1" ff II fl fl S 88 88 .. ... IS 10.4 1 40.8 8 F' »• l» II If 8 88 4t) ... IS 80.8 .... 0.7 8 F' • fl II • f »l 8 S 41 15 J9.7 88.7 8 P' ff II H M 8 8t 80 ... 17 8.1 81,0 8 P' • ., IB if fl 4 S8 SO -18 10. SO 11 H.O 80 8 8 F' m W 1 8 H 190 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS u l If Table I.— ON THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc.— continued. DATE Stars observed Apparent Altitude Thermr. (Ftrht.) Barom. Obnrved Rerraction Tablet In ^1 II s 1 o REMARKS 1 Excess Defect 1822. O f ft t tr t tt , ^ Nov. 16 s Pol. and Arctunis 4 86 57 -18 29.50 11 17.9 41.5 5 py /Fine weather, with aurora. „ 22 »> *t 3 41 10 -35 89.68 IS 9.0 8.8 5 P' J» }* »i » S 86 57 .. 16 83.6 86.1 5 Pr „ 23 j» )i 5 15 4 -86 29.84 11 88.6 .... 8.0 5 py Rather hazy about # >» M >♦ 11 4 56 82 11 50.8 18.0 .... 5 F» S* )> *» Sf 4 21 8 IS 88.4 .... 17 5 P' 1 ' , : »t J» II II 4 6 57 14 0.1 .... 4.8 5 P' r Jl )) 1* 11 3 16 47 16 17.0 85.8 .... 5 Fy .,... .•^./. >> Jl i« J» 8 3 86 17 88.8 1.7 .... 5 py i .'.■'.'«( >» >' II II 8 87 58 19 16.0 88.8 .... 5 P' ,. > . "! M.i\ »• »» »l l» 2 25 52 19 59.8 38.0 5 P' Dec. 6 Capclla and Rigel 3 40 IS -28 80.57 14 81.1 88.4 6 F Hazy, light fog. j» )» 1. 4 4 33 IS 8.8 50.1 .. . 6 F „ 7 »» »» 10 49 -84 89.60 5 43.0 8.0 18 F -J. ',V« , . .- - 1» J» J» »l «Po1. and Arcturua II t» 2 29 54 8 15 86 18 88.8 16 36.5 1 15.4 6.5 4 4 F F „ 8 ,»» »» 6 31 8 -43 89.60 10 18.0 .... 46.8 7 P Clear weatlier. )> M It II 6 8 33 10 44.8 .... 87.8 7 R >» « II »i 5 26 27 18 42.0 .... I 88.0 7 P .. j . ., » it 11 It 5 5 47 18 16.8 .... 80. i 7 R j» »» »» II 4 48 S 13 25.0 .... 1 1.9 7 P J» » i> It 4 86 SO 18 88.8 .... 81.8 7 R ■ w t» 1* I* 4 3 49 14 84.0 .... 84.8 7 P 1 »* » 11 »• 8 58 46 14 31.9 17.8 ' .... 5 Pr -1 M , M »» »» i» 3 S3 50 15 1.8 .... 17.0 7 R '• « >» M II 3 86 58 15 18.8 16.9 .... 5 P' •. '* *f »» It It M 8 8 56 17 51.5 .... 18.4 5 P' 1 ft tt »» #1 8 50 18 18 41.1 .... 8.0 S P' -. ,. 9 It II 7 17 IS -48 89.03 9 5.0 .... 82.8 7 P Ilaiy about # »• )» »» »» 6 59 51 •• 9 89.0 85.4 7 P |ai V AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 191 Table I. OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, &c. continued.. DATE SO'-- obscnreit Apparent Altltnde Thermr. (Farht.) Barom. Obierved RennctioD Tablci In REMARKS Ezccsa Dcftct 1822. O f ff / f* / tf ' n Dec. 9 • Pol. and Arcturus 6 86 44 -43 39.63 10 4.0 43.1 R Hazy about 4( » » a f* 6 19 11 10 35.0 44.8 R i )> M »» j> 5 57 81 11 9 53.1 P f » It y* » 5 40 33 11 82 38.8 P Fine and clear. >. >' >' « 5 93 1 11 46.0 30.5 R I f 1 » » j» « 5 8 18 18 87 43.8 R » » ,, 4 99 89 13 53 48.7 P t • » >■ .. „ 4 7 45 14 28 37.8 R - >1 » M » 9 4 30 80 82.5 56.5 Fy t ,, 10 »> J) 7 85 7 -45 99 61 8 58.6 33.3 P Fine clear weather. » »» » »> 7 9 S3 9 44.6 1 2.9 P »» >» J» »» 6 39 58 9 46.3 27.7 R t >» »> ^» )l 6 19 51 10 49 1 3.0 R 1 »» »» l« »» 6 4 99 11 11.1 1 3.9 P ' il >» " 5 49 99 11 35.3 1 3.6 P .. »> » *l J» 5 31 53 12 5 1 5.5 R * »l »> " 5 14 45 13 37 1 4.8 R i »> »» Capella and Rigcl 7 59 9 6 46.1 1 3.7 10 V » » M >l 8 18 44 6 30 1 IS.O .... 10 F ■ , »» »» »> l» 9 57 55 5 40.3 40.6 15 F <■' ^ )* I* «Pol. and Arcturus 3 42 17 33 5 8 45.4 5 F ' " M >l M >l 9 57 99 17 4.1 1 o.e ... 5 F M » *l » 3 13 4fl 16 46.8 10.5 5 F »l M II II I 85 98 85 30.9 1 38.0 5 F >» W II •' 9 7 46 94 18.9 1 57.3 4 F »> 1) II » 9 19 96 93 13.7 8 5.3 4 F II l» 1) II 9 90 53 91 38.6 1 10.7 4 F • .. n II •! 3 IS 59 -43 90.71 16 56.4 .... 1.3 5 P' ., i> j> M M 3 3 10 17 10.8 10.4 8 P' • .. u l» •• A 41 94 -40 90.79 10 17.7 .... 1 3.0 7 P 4 i I HI mi ;:! I Mt 2 B V lit ♦'•i 192 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS Table I.— OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc.— continued. DATE Sun obicrred Apparent Aliunde Thermr. (Farht.) Barom. Obienred Refraction Tablet in O REMARKS Exeeu Defect 1882. Dec. 13 nPol. and AictuiuB » » 6 31 9 o -40 99.79 t It 10 10.6 t M 9 W 99.2 7 P Fine clear evening. » >i „ ,1 5 88 19 ... II 44.0 57.2 R ■\ K » M 5 IS 80 19 30.0 49 R ,. \ ,, IT » 1 6 95 58 -85 89.60 10 35.6 1 8.7 R - ■;■ ', !" It if „ ' 5 16 48 19 18 8 1 8.1 P ■ I » « „ t, 1 4 50 14 19 88.6 35.4 R ,- .1 » « Capella St Regului 4 4 50 ... 14 19.6 30.6 B ., ,- .. » » « „ 5 83 • • 11 19.4 10.4 B ,. » j> .. „ 6 89 41 ... 7 55.5 1 4.9 .... B „ 18 • Pol.and Arctunis , 5 4 3S -S3 80.00 19 15.0 88. 8 P Fine clear weather. >i >i „ ; 4 48 38 ... 19 44.0 37.8 P , n 13 4 19 35 .. 1 ... 1 18 86.6 19.8 R . s- >i » ., „ 4 7 80 ... 14 1.6 18.5 R .,. ,,19 » ,, 1 S 8 85 1 -88 80.05 19 99.1 48.7 P • . » », >, », 4 ,48 44 19 59.9 42.9 1 .. P » » It ti 4 32 80 IS 88.9 45.0 P ' \. • ,* tt " w 4 8 83 • ■ • 14 99.6 88.7 R » It It It 8 53 86 •• 15 15.6 88.9 R „ It it ,1 8 87 80 16 8.6 3.0 R .1 » », Capella & Rcgulus 4 40 94 19 51.7 98.9 .... 5 B ,, 89 • Pol. and Arcturui 6 39 44 -41 89.75 11 9.8 J 45.5 P , ■ ' ■ It tt », »> 6 18 85 ... 11 1 14.8 P ft M ,, >i •, 6 8 54 11 18 1 9.8 P >l •> f, J* 5 40 89 n 89.7 49.5 R II II ») II 5 95 59 ... j 19 8.8 1 0.9 R », l» »l •! 5 11 IT 19 51.7 I 14.9 R 1 .• 1'- II It II II 4 85 20 IS 6.0 55.8 P 1 " ■ '■ ' » » II II 4 49 54 IS 47 1 11.9 P I « It II •» 4 31 49 14 27 98 P \ H » II II 4 IS 5 14 48.7 1 8.0 R \ AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 193 Table I.— OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc.^ continued. DATB Sure obierved Apparent AlUtade Thennr. (Farbl.) Barom. ObMnred Tabic* la 1 REMARKS BiecM IMkct 18S3. O • n o » H # n Dec. 29 a Pol. and Aictunis 4 3 5 -41 89.75 15 33.8 1 6.8 R Fine clear evening. jj » M » 3 49 80 16 6.1 1 1.1 R jj » » » S 49 S 16 44 1 81.6 P It » » *J 3 38 SO .. 17 84 1 80.4 P » a J) » 3 13 18 18 88 1 16.9 P 9> » J) n 8 53 19 9.1 1 7.5 R >» >» » »> 8 50 49 19 55.4 1 80.8 R i » n )J » 3 41 48 30 49.7 1 84.6 R ! J) j> »> » 3 31 18 .. i ... 31 58 1 44.0 7 P 1} 7» >! » 8 17 51 ... 88 S3 1 10.0 7 P J> M »> » 3 18 6 ... 84 8.3 3 39.8 6 P „ 30 J> >f 6 47 68 -40 29.65 10 38 3 84.4 7 P Rather hazy weather. }i >» »J » 6 88 4 ... 10 43.0 .... 1 18.5 P ji j> ») J> 6 17 50 ... 10 SO .... i 86.6 • P i> » JI >» 5 56 61 ... 10 53.9 .... i 89.6 ; R » » » » S 43 10 ... 11 S9.5 i ... 54.8 ( ( ' R ff »y » » 5 38 37 ... 1 13 16.8 ' .... 1 1 15.8 R i> If I) »» 5 8 11 13 41.0 1 .... 1 1 1.7 P » i» » »» 4 57 44 1 18 4.0 .... 1 1 4.7 P »i •* » >l 4 44 38 .. 1 ... 1 18 40 ! .... 1 11.0 P If » » n 4 88 13 14 37.4 .... 1 88.4 R »i » » » 4 16 59 15 11.8 1 .... 1 40.5 R >i » » » 4 5 88 16 8.8 1 .... 3 0.9 R 1 >f » » » 8 47 88 16 88 1 18.7 P »> i» » i» 8 85 8 16 57 1 18.1 P i> » If » 8 80 54 17 43' 1 10.6 P f» f» ft >i S 4 80 18 89.7 1 15.3 R » >> » » 3 53 38 19 41.8 1 33.8 R »» »» tt »* 8 89 56 80 34.7 1 10.6 R , » » » 11 9 85 87 88 85.0 1 57.5 P i 194 OBSfiRVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS Table I.~0F THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Sic.— continued. DATE Stars observed Appsrent Altitnde Thermr. (Firhl.) Buom. Observed Refraction Tables in Excess Defect oi £s REMARKS. 1832. Dec. 30 I Pol. and Arcturus „ 31 Capella and Rigel 1 Pol. and Arcturus 1883. Jan. 3 3 17 37 3 9 53 3 31 1 48 58 1 39 59 7 17 19 5 37 38 5 7 33 4 50 59 4 39 27 4 38 17 5 18 85 4 9 3 55 9 3 45 48 8 81 56 3 4 46 3 53 18 3 38 14 2 30 7 8 83 6 6 7 8f; 5 41 38 5 88 34 5 7 5S 4 47 8 4 31 84 4 16 14 4 4 8 3 40 59 -40 -40 89.65 89.75 -41 89.90 33 83 34 17 85 46.8 36 46.1 87 47.5 8 6.7 11 58.0 18 16 18 58.1 13 36.8 15 85.0 14 10.8 15 45 15 51.4 16 43.5 18 3.6 80 80 58.5 81 51.5 88 31 4 83 4.4 10 55.1 11 43.0 13 48.3 14 88.6 15 40.1 14 31.5 16 19.0 17 16 3 17 15.1 38. 8 5.4 8 16.1 3 43.6 8 38.8 8 89.5 51.3 37.3 45.3 55.8 3 5.5 43.5 1 51.8 1 13.1 I 38.9 1 38 8 88 8 34 5 3 18.8 8 15.6 8 13 54. 1 59.4 8 88.6 8 35.8 1 13,8 1 30.3 3 89.3 3 5.1 1 SO 7 7 7 7 7 30 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 7 7 6 7 7 4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Clear weather. Fine clear weather. AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. Tablk I.-OF the observed REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Sk.— continued. ■ DATE Stars obierved Apparent Altitude Thermr. (Farht.) Barom. Obtenred RehraeUon Tablet !■ o REMARKS Ezceu Defect 1883. Jan. 2 Capelta and Sirius 3 19 14 o -43 29.86 / ft 18 34.4 .... I 50.8 F i'Plne(le«i«»enlng. Sitliu < ihlnluii brUUwiUy, with , the priimuic colcun. » >j » j» 3 89 51 17 21 1 11.8 P I >r » »> M 8 89 6 16 .S8.4 1 2.6 F 1 ' 1 / n » >» M 8 49 18 IS 49 41.6 F ; » » )» M 3 59 67 15 4.7 41.4 F ,, 3 « Poland Arcturus 6 13 34 -44 89.84 11 34 1 37.8 H Clear weather. )> )l j» ij 5 56 49 12 26.4 2 6.5 H *> » ?) n 5 89 51 12 38.9 1 49.1 R St f» >i >» 5 27 12 IS 25.9 8 12.6 R • JJ M J» U 5 1 45 14 18.5 2 19.3 H ' it » » *» 4 42 38 15 0.7 2 24.8 H y> it 1) M 4 25 21 16 1.6 2 41.6 R • " M » » 4 20 50 -43 18 12.5 18.4 .... 10 Pr 1 n » >J W 4 11 84 -44 16 53.8 2 55.0 R *• M « « 8 48 7 •• 17 17.1 2 5.4 H tl )» J» »> 8 89 45 • • 18 1 52.5 II »t •> J» JJ 8 24 48 -48 17 12 49 10 P' >» »l » »> 8 IS 53 -44 19 88.9 8 17.1 R .■ »» » tJ *> 8 2 56 20 36.6 8 45.4 R »» « )( *» 8 44 46 •• 20 17.1 1 6.0 II ♦» W >i *♦ 8 37 83 -48 19 35 19 P' ■ •• *» » j» » S SI 85 -44 81 13.4 54.8 II 1 J» »l J) »» 3 81 59 35 18.9 4 9.2 R »> )> M »» 8 18 83 87 6.9 5 7.4 R - 1* it »> »> 8 8 87 34 3.8 1 3.6 P' „ »» » »t ♦» 1 48 86 81 3.8 6 88.4 R ■i> V ** «» n »l 1 85 87 S3 8.4 5 50 H .■iK t» tt »» » 1 87 84 •• 3< 88. 4 7 i R .li J^.S.i I' Jt " •» »> 1 28 7 $5 14.7 7 1.4 R >» w M » 1 17 86 36 9.9 6 57.8 5 R I9(i OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OP HTARS ' i" ) '1^ Tabui I.~0F the OBSURVKD REFRACIIONH OF STARS, itc.'-cotUinwd. OATK Htirii ubicrvwl Appuranl AllUiHl* Tbmnr. (PwM.) Uiroa. niimrvAil Harrartlun TiihiM III 1 o KKMAUKM K»etu Dihrl o 1 » o / /' t « t ** .Inn. 4 • Toll and Arclurui 9 1.1 91 -41 91). 75 19 89.4 I 99.0 II rini' cicnr I'vcninK- «t 1* It M II M 11 «l *l fl II II II I* 4 SO 57 4 4(1 n 4 .1« 97 5 18 41 .1 T 99 9 48 IH 9 91 41 : 11 10. 1 14 97.1 14 54.. 1 10 «n.o 90 48 91 7.5 9V VI . 1 1 ss.n 9 8.9 I 09. t 8 14.0 8 91 9 97.0 9 18. 8 II II H U U II II .,•, .. ., II *l 9 n S.t V.^ 44.4 8 48.0 U .. .. 1. 9 9 1 48 9S •• 90 S0.1 98 45 4 4.8 4 90.4 U H .. .. II II 1 38 40 90 SI 4 90.0 U II It 1. 1 .11 IS SI 15 4 81.1 U II (* 1. I 9S 7 89 17 4 47.9 U t* II t* >» 1 17 4S 11 80 4 55.9 U M » M »» 1 II SS 85 18.0 0.8 U It ») 1) n 1 S 99 87 14 « 41.7 R 1. 5 >• (* 4 40 -40 90.00 14 40 44.9 P II 1* II (1 .1 S7 7 S 87 91 IS 10 Id 80 88.1 80.1 P P It t* 1* 1* a 98 .17 17 17 1 8.7 P It ti n » 8 18 91 17 51 1 8.6 P II II II II 8 H 45 18 49 1 18.0 P II » II 11 II II 9 55 40 9 45 88 •• 10 81 90 18 1 18.8 I S.7 P P .1 lU (aiH'llavndSiTiui 4 17 5 -19 90. B7 IS lo.n SI. 7 11 K .1 1. Siriiis 4 9? 8 18 0.0 18. S V 1 lt((|H>alinKciri'l<>i)n I incridiiin. M 80 «» II a Pol. ontl Arcturui II II 1 IS SO 1 95 54 -99 90.81 81 10.4 90 50.0 8 87.4 8 48.6 • • R R II II II II 1 SS 89 •• 98 88.0 8 40.8 •• R AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TF.MPRIIATIIRKH. 197 Tablk l.-^V THE OliSERVED REFRACT10N8 OF 8TAR8, kc.—contmwul IIATK HUta aliMi««il Apparflnl Allllttdo rhtrinr. (hrkl.) II arum. ObMrvtd iUfmctloD TublM In r 1 1 HKMAUKH Rich* IMkI O » o f r* * tf Jon. uo a Pol. and Aroturiii 1 w ni -98 90.N.1 8T IT 8 86.9 T 11 Fine clear wiiiilirr. • » u •. 1 AN ai 80 4.& 8 48.9 7 It » .. |t II »• M It U iW sn 6% •• ... 81 4H.S .1H T.7 8 81.1 80.4 T T R It 1* l< It 1 1 n 80 IS.I ST. 8 T It l» *• • * tl 1 IT u 31 T.I 10.0 T It M M 1* M 1* M 1 liH 8T 1 til i 80 ST. 8 8H 44.8 .% 1.0 4 80.8 T T It It .. .* M It 1 ss in 8T 5.T .... 4 10.8 T It M t» •I tt 1 a -10 88 ns.ii O.A S 1" 1* M tl »t V H SH -88 38 aH 4 .'..4 T It tt II U 4 9t ■i in SH -10 ... 81 88.0 8H SHi T 81.4 .1 5 1" l» •' II It » Wl S8 -83 31 .1 8 40.8 7 11 >l M II II »l tl a 97 40 » 9H m -10 ... 10 0.8 10 SI 8T.T IK, 4 S n 1" l» »l " ft tl » sit 80 -38 ... 99 80.0 .... 8 IN. 4 T 11 l> •• II tl It ft •i US so 8 .in u -10 ... 18 S9 19 1 4.T 8.4 S • 1 1" V t* " tt tt 8 48 IT -99 91 IS.T .... 8 40 9 T It l» t» It II 8 SI ST 90 18.0 8 80.0 T It »l tt It M tl tt S 10 IS S 10 46 -10 ... IS 3.0 IS SO. 1 S3. A 18.9 1" 1' t* tt It tt .1 8S 4S 14 S4.I ST.fl a 1" #1 t* It 1* n a(\ 8S IS 89.1 .... 8.0 .1 Vi M »l It tt a 33 8T -10 80. HO 30 ac.s 40.3 .'. v Fine wpRllirr. (1 *• It 11 a 39 sn 80 SO 1 II. N .1 Vi tl •! tl tl 3 M SI 10 80. H .... 30.8 a 1" )• 5.4 11 47 35 42.6 35 1.0 29 38.5 88 SU8 85 57 25 56.7 83 30 Tablet in Ezccsi Defect 39 18 14 51 58 1 34.1 2 13.4 7.1 88.8 13.1 8.6 86.8 28.9 17.7 17.0 6.2 0.7 26.1 31.8 22 0.5 22.1 3.9 3 11 8 3 19.6 31.6 1 85.6 5.8 26.7 8.8 oi REMARKS rUcpeittins circle \ on Mi.'ii(lian. rUopcating circk- ) East off" f Meridian. r Repeating circle \ on Meridian. :i'f li! ■! !i :ll i! r m'\ 2 C 2 TAl ^iml 200 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS Tabu I. -OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc-^ontinued. DATE Sttri obMTTcd Apputot AlUMde Thermr. (F«hl.) Buom. Obterved lUIVacttan Tablci In ok O REMARKS Bzusi Defect 1893. ' f o / tf ; .» f H Feb. 5 Capella and Sirias 1 31 47 -10 SO. 26 93 15 I 16 5 G Clear weather. )» » n *» 1 43 18 .. 23 30 .... 3.2 5 F» it >l *t »» 1 36 99 .. 99 9.4 .... 4.3 5 P' W l» It M 1 57 19 30 47.5 1 21.3 .... S B )J >» ti » 2 6 19 - 8 21 97.8 .... 20.2 5 P' „ 3 >» » 9 19 90 • ■ 19 44.1 58.3 .... 5 C *« » >♦ » 9 19 54 ■ • 20 8 .... 7.2 5 Fr >t n n n 9 29 6 -10 18 6.5 1 8.6 > • • 5 j» j» ft j» 9 35 31.8 -13 IS 1.3 51.6 5 F f Repeating circle,* t in faint aurora. »t *> " .. 9 43 53 -10 17 11.6 55.3 5 C »» ■<» » n 3 7 44 - 8 16 19 7.8 10 Fy j> )* »> j» 3 8 94 • • 16 48.2 .... 24.9 10 P' ft n tf M 3 10 36 -10 14 45.5 1 36.5 .... 5 C i> » " M 3 16 SS -13 15 33.1 27.7 1 F Repeating circle. » M ft •> 3 95 6 -10 14 22.5 I 5.5 .... 5 B » j» »i «» 3 36 9 • • IS 31.9 1 25.4 .... 5 C » «» »» *» 3 44 48 IS 35.5 54 .... 5 U j» »j >9 »l 3 59 45 -. IS 16.5 SI. 8 5 C )> w » »» 4 10 49 - 8 13 18.5 8.1 10 P j» »» « » 4 10 56.3 -IS 13 24.3 10.3 1 F Repeating circle. » >» >» f» 4 29 50.3 •• 12 48.7 .... 2.6 I P [Ditto, * in brijfht I aurora. „ 10 » »» 1 49 95 -30 SO. 17 26 13.5 2 13 7 R »> »» >♦ » 1 58 98 -99 25 13 .... 9 22.4 6 Pr >» »» ft »» 9 9 30 -SO 24 55.9 2 19.9 R *J » J» » 3 16 13 •• 93 41 2 29 R » »» >» J» 9 90 6 -29 .... I 25.5 Fr M » >» »♦ 9 31 51 -30 21 56.8 2 2.1 R »J »> Jt M 3 44 99 • • 20 45.6 .... 1 52.9 R )» » » » 3 59 18 • • 19 43.9 1 57.7 R i> ,'* » » S 1 —99 18 24 .... 48.7 F> AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. SOI Tablr I. —OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Stc.— con/tntwd. DATE Stan obierved ilpparent Altltttdv Thcriiif (P*rht.) lliirnni. ObKfTeU Rcft'icllon Tablet lo it 1 o REMARKS EXCCM Defect ISSS. u / W o / It » ,1 f t* Feb 10 Capclla and Sirius S -S 7 -80 SO. 17 18 2.6 40.1 P' ■; JJ ?» )) ft 3 8 58 18 40 1 32.2 R » M it ji 3 18 88 18 8.6 1 31.8 R » 1? M »» 3 28 10 17 8S.8 1 88.2 R »l J» ty ») 3 88 4 16 32 1 5.7 R }» if »t ft 8 42 47 15 87.8 23.8 P' » tf f) ft 8 45 88 15 55.6 58.8 R Jl it »» » 8 51 56 15 84.8 87 R it 16 »» tt 2 85 5 -41 89.32 80 40.5 59.6 P' fi j» ») tf 2 41 85 18 84.4 44.2 .... FJ » if )» tf 3 11 80 16 48.7 12.8 .... P' y} a jt tf 3 11 41 16 57 1 Fy if j> ji tt 8 49 44 -45 15 1.8 5.5 F f Repeating circle I (rather hazy). it jj )i ft 4 19.5 14 56.5 48.2 F Ditto. it j» n tf 4 9 8.2 14 48.8 54.6 F Ditto. it it » )> 4 9 59 -41 18 51.4 11.8 Pf it fi J» it 4 19 48 -45 14 13.0 58.2 F r Repeating circle 1 (on meridian). » 18 j» it 1 56 25 -34 89.73 24 53.6 1 46.8 P' )» » » 3» 1 56 16 24 46 1 36.8 Fx tt j» ») »» 2 32 IS 80 53.8 1 6.8 V a if J* tt 2 39 S2 19 44 84.8 VI It j» »» if 3 3 45 17 80.4 13.5 P' a J.' » »* 3 8 10 .. 16 51.5 27.7 . • • • F» it jj » j» 8 19 16 -89 16 12.8 19.8 F /Rep. circle (rather \ hazy about atarr', a /> »» >» 8 41 1 15 27 10.2 F it 19 jj it 4 5 -84 14 89.8^ 37.1 P' if it jj tf 4 5 14 29 36.3 FY )» 80 J» ii 4 T 20 -89 18 58.1 4.8 F Repeating circle » J» it if 4 U< 86 13 88.8 18.2 F Ditto. f} » J» ff 4 82 54 •• 13 47.8 24 S F Ditto(onmeridian). t i':^ '^^M^ W" «r M 1'^ 1 tesSi' '3 \\i 202 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS Table I.— OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Sec. -continued. DATE Stars observed Apparent AltUudv Thenar. (F«rbt,) BarODit ObMrved lUnracUon Tables in = 1 b o REMARKS ExccM Defect 1822. ' " o . „ . .. Feb. 19 Capcllaand Sirius 1 S7 18 -35 29.79 28 49.8 42.8 P' It »» 1 5T 21 S 55 34 1 18 34.7 53 58.1 F» P' >' « »» i> S 49 18 82 55.3 py yt »' j» )» 4 7 S3 14 3. 3 15.3 10 P' >» »» Jt !>♦ 4 7 If. 18 45 7.3 .... 10 F> „ 21 1* ** S 1 13 -31 29.31 IC .18.5 3.8 P' Clear wi-ntlitT. >t » ti i» 3 1 28 17 1 7.0 Vy 1* ») >t j» 4 18 IS 1.1 9.6 .... P' J» M »t »» 4 10 29 13 13 1.8 Vy It >» Sirius. 4 83 5 -28 13 9.3 30.4 V f Ui'p. circle (ineri- l diuii ubiiecvation). J' »> Ri?el. . . . 13 18 8 29.05 4 57.3 1 6 V Ditto ditto. » 21 a Pol. and Arcturus S 41 32 18 14.7 3 6 p »l »t >» »» 3 44 17 18 20.4 57.4 p »t »» n >♦ 5 1 S3 12 31.7 .... 47.7 p M M >» J» 5 14 57 • ■ 4 31.1 18.3 V M » n n S 3 81) 17 ,30.5 31 P' l« »I It »» 3 3 1 17 II F »' »» 1' »• S 31) 7 • . 10 61. C 3.8 P 1* M » >t 5 43 S3 ■ • 10 13.0 30.3 .... P tt »» »' >» 5 57 4 9 33. 6 85 fi P »» •! •• »» S 48 3 14 47 1.8 .... 11'' »• 1* " 3 49 1) 15 43.1 40.4 H"' . *» f> »• tt 4 9 22 II o.r> IS P' Jl »» t* It 4 9 7 13 41 4 • > • . K> tt »» tt tt 4 31 S» •• 13 81.8 .... 17 W F 1 Hc|M'Aiiiiu 1 iirle (MirntllKi) / iilwrTHtiim) . Lltliltluuili I aitilcaliii «v*ther It »» tt If 4 38 17 •• 13 14.3 33.3 B> » »< ti »i 4 31 31 l.S 58.4 U 46.8 R,U »» •• Itircl. ■ . . 18 18 19 •- 5 4.0 l.S .... • • II (U»'p. circit' (iiuri- ^ (iiunohtcrvution). ,. 87 a Pol. anii Arclurui S S8 49 -10 SO. 00 10 37 .... 88. 8 5 !• AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 203 Table I. OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Sec. cmtinued. DATE Start observed Apparent Altitude Tberinr. Obierved RefricUon Tablet In ^3 1 REMARKS (F«rht.) Barom. Excels Defect I83S. o / n o If, , ,1 1 II Feb. 27 a Pol. and Arcturus •* 51 4 -40 30.00 15 53.1 ... 1 48.6 P Fine clear eveninsr. JS ti •1 )• 3 56 38 15 9.4 ... 31.1 P )» ft ,'» tt 4 8 14 14 35 33.8 P f* ♦> ti »» 4 18 11 13 41 5.3 P » J> It II 4 38 31 13 6 5 8 P f -i •» 11 4 85 23 18 80.3 31 8 P tt It ♦1 If 4 45 56 11 51 37 7 P y* >t 'J t» 4 56 16 11 0.7 1 13 4 P » »» Uif?el 18 18 37 -43 5 9.5 8 8 F (ll<|H>(ilin|i; circle \ (on meridian). >» »» SiriusandCapella 8 49 -88 18 3.3 13.4 Pf >» >t i» It S 41 54 16 54.5 1 30.3 B" It M tt II S 39 15 14 33.9 53 7 Rd. » '» tt t, tt It 4 5 88 4 33 31 14 38.8 15 31.6 8 1 33.9 P' »l «I «i It 4 33 51 IS 20.4 no. t» '» Sirius 4 33 31 14 10.7 ... 41.1 1 F f Ke|H-alin|; iircle 1 (nil nieriilinn). ,. l^H SiriunnndCapclla 3 33 88 -87 39.93 16 45 53.8 5 p •t II t» it 3 1 47 -36 18 5.9 33.3 P' >» i» It t» t* <• 3 3 IS 3 16 5 18 39 15 35. 8 ... 49 8S.fi F* D It 1* »i ti 3 46 IG 1 4 86 15 54 15 30 49.8 1 36.8 11,1. F» .. tt »t ty 1 3 51 14 5S.3 49.3 |>r .. H t. 4 18 41 13 41.8 40 8 .... B« It 11 ti t, 4 IK 37 IS 8.3 33 n» »l ft '» »» 4 3t 43 14 81.6 1 9.K ii.i. Mar. J .» »« 4 17 14 -SO 80.08 IS 40.9 10.0 P' It i» •* *i M t( 4 16 34 4 8(1 48 13 1.0 IS 37.7 SI 16.1 F' P' .. » • • (• 4 80 (t 18 53.0 89 7 F» ■?m h- %v V l'„. 204 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS m 1 Tablk I.— of the observed REFRACTIONS OF STARS. kc.-continued. DATE SUnobMnrcd Apparent Aldlnde rhermr. (Farht.) Birom. ObMTTCd RcfracaoD Tablet In OS i\ o REMARKS En«i Derecl 1893. • 1 / II 9 n P H Mar. 3 SiriuiandCapella 4 84 6 -36 30.00 IS !»3.9 . .. 31.5 t B<> ■» . i> » » » 4 98 94 ... IS 5.3 10.6 .... 6 Rd. i> >» i» » 4 91 50 14 50.4 1 SI 5 6 R* ! i» i> » » 4 91 SS 14 95 9 1 5.3 B* „ 4 » >i 4 91 49 -35 30.10 19 57 4.1 .... Fr St Ii » >j 4 98 38 IS 43.7 35. 3 P' )> » » w 4 99 59 ... 18 54 3.9 .... Ft (Feb. 88) >» » 8 90 SO -87 99.95 83 49 1 49 R » » » » 9 31 54 • 30 5.8 .... 1 O.T R 1 >» >i » » 9 40 38 19 93 .... 13 R ■ Mar. T II II 4 81 55 -87 30.11 13 4.6 1.6 .... P' if f> *i II It 4 91 38 19 50 17.8 .... F» 1 i» »i II J> 4 93 14 13 8.6 .... 4.9 P' » » » » 4 99 37 18 SO 35.3 F» »» >» » » 4 81 41 IS 9.6 .... 1.8 B-i >• 11 II M 4 80 33 -98 14 3.1 .... 48.3 R >» If " »> 4 IT 19 13 8.1 30.8 .... 10 C >• ») )I » 4 17 43 14 37.8 .... 1 8S.4 R I* )? » M 4 14 59 IS 10. 8 .... 1 48.4 R >• » f» II 4 8 59 15 34 8 .... 1 41.8 R M »» >l 11 4 3 37 IS 47.3 1 49.8 R l» »» II II 3 58 U 16 10.3 .... 8 T.4 R M ti »> M 3 49 18 14 15.7 SI. 3 .... C ft n II II 3 34 99 16 47.7 .... 1 14.8 R It n II II 3 90 96 17 6.6 .... 1 10.9 R tt » II II 3 93 45 15 18 3 50.6 .... C It tl II II 3 15 51 17 86.1 50. S R >• »t I' II 3 IS 86 15 35. 5 1 5.6 .... C 1' I* II >l 8 6 40 IT 54. S .... 48 8 R »> M II II 9 50 40 18 &-T 80 R ::il AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 205 Table I.— OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, SLC—cmttmed. DATE 1833. Mar. 7 10 » >> >> >< » •> 8Uri observed SiriusandCapella Apparent Aiatode Thermr. (Fubt.) o f » 2 47 22 2 46 27 2 S8 15 2 se 46 2 33 46 3 12 33 2 1 47 SO 1 18 5 4 82 51 4 38 87 4 23 9 4 83 4 7 58 4 7 86 5 56 26 3 59 46 3 45 38 8 S4 58 8 83 83 3 8 58 I .55 53 1 41 SO I 37 43 I 13 13 58 49 48 14 89 88 4 18 SO 4 IS as -28 Birom. 80.11 Obierred Refraction -24 -27 -24 39.95 -28 -83 1.^ S Tablet in o o ExceM SO, 00 18 0.9 19 23.7 19 48.6 20 44.4 21 41.7 23 32 25 14.2 87 32.8 31 35. S 13 34 18 20.6 IS 16.7 13 58.3 13 6.1 12 38.2 14 11.9 19 3.S 19 37.6 30 35.8 31 45.6 23 8 24 58.7 86 37.6 28 1.8 29 39 38 4 36 34.8 40 89 18 50.4 13 89.6 38 29.5 Defect o I o 5 35.7 35.8 26.7 57.7 89.4 56. S 45.7 1 19.4 1 15 1 58.2 3 31.8 S 33.3 3 34.4 16.9 54.3 53.5 1 88.1 48.6 1 3.3 1 17.8 I 36.4 I 54.1 I 47.7 1 37,^ 1 1 18.0 3 81.6 8 .54.3 REMARKS C R C R R R R R R P' Fy F BJ P' Fr RJ R R R R R R R R R R R R P' F> /Hep. circle (meri- 1 iliun observation). tlf: >".4' ')' 8 D 206 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS Table I.- -OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc.^-continued. DATE SHra observed Apparent Allitode Therinr. (Farht.) Barom. Obicrved Reftaciion Tables in OS 1 REMARKS Excess Defect I82S. o » " o . ./ f If * w -, Mar. 11 Sirius and Capella 4 5 53 -38 SO.OO 13 22.9 85.1 — R-" '- H J' it ft 4 5 35 13 35.2 18.7 .... Rd. » » n » 3 53 49 14 46.9 17 P' >» » j» » 3 53 56 13 54 39.2 .... Fy >* »» ji t> 3 S3 S3 16 32.7 I 3.1 Rd. » >y >» ;> 3 31 51 14 54.2 39.4 B-" i „ 12 ff >I 4 6 17 -SI 29.96 14 51.2 55 R j » »* ») It 4 3 23 15 40.6 1 42.5 R . i J> J» J> It 3 59 23 15 47.2 1 36.1 R ^J » 1) 11 8 89 27 17 41.2 8 80.1 R J> >» »> IJ 3 S3 57 18 9 2 12.5 R , it »> fi » 3 25 55 18 24.6 3 £.3 R *» » j» II 8 38 58 21 2.1 1 46.3 R J> if 1* »J 2 30 48 21 59.2 3 4.1 'J H f >» II J> 2 22 35 •• 23 50.2 8 18.7 R JJ )> » ,»» 1 39 28 27 43.8 3 39.7 R » Ji 11 *l 1 89 45 28 41 8 28.6 R JJ J> »i »l 1 20 7 80 53.5 3 7.1 R „ 18 f» « 4 9 3 -20 30.65 14 .30.8 SO R »» >» II » 4 4 7 14 44.9 50.3 R >l >» »» >» 8 58 49 14 58.6 49.4 R it >» 1* »* 3 53 82 IS 26.5 48.5 R >i >» ff 11 3 45 39 15 56.8 1 1.8 R »» J» II *} 8 SB 1 16 83.6 1 8 R » l> tt K S 28 56 16 51.6 1 5.6 R fi M '1 » 3 80 46 -24 17 16 S3.C K Ropfatinc circle. •» M n J» 3 20 4 80 17 19.7 1 0.8 R » »» f» « S 9 17 17 50.7 S8..S R » » » II 1) 8 7 34 -2t 17 25.7 17.4 1 F Repealing circle. » l» »i »» 3 6 24 -17 17 5 14.9 7 Pf AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 207 Table I.-OF THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, kc.^ontinued. DATE Sun obMivtd Appturent Altltnde rbermr. (Pwbt.) Barom. Obierved Refnction Tablet )■ is V 1 O REMARKS Ezcen Defect 1823. O 1 tt o 1 tt « M Mar, 18 SiriusandCapella 3 51 56 -24 80.65 18 30.3 .'1.8 F Repeating circle. « >» »j j» 3 40 IT -17 19 8 18.8 B> n »> » )> 3 40 33 • • 19 7.4 16.5 Ri" >* » j» *» 3 87 2 -80 80 31.8 1 8.4 R » M » w 8 34 41 81 49.1 1 89.7 R n » " » 3 11 38 88 34.3 56.3 R V J» " » 3 4 86 33 31.1 89.5 P' ii »j .'» .'» 1 58 19 33 38.4 54.6 R i) » »» » 1 43 36 35 39.7 I 19.7 R » )9 » •> 1 35 SO -17 86 5 1 3.9 5 HJ» \ » J> » »» 1 36 86 15 1 8.6 5 B-t » >l » »l 1 38 54 86 54 43 R - >l J> » » 1 11 33 39 49.1 1 3 R »J »f »» )» 1 84 31 II 3 80.7 P' i» ;» )» l> 68 83 83 36.5 3 85.8 R » »i W J» 56 41 85 47 3 11.5 Rd. J» » » J> 45 33 87 33 4 18.5 R if it » » 83 45 48 14 7 4.7 Rd. a »♦ M >» 30 55 48 8 5 44.4 R ,. (IS) ♦ » t» 4 18 44 -31 29.96 14 39.8 1 7.8 ■ 11 » >f »> » 4 11 19 15 38.8 1 45.3 II »» » M 1* 3 51 46 16 48.7 3 lfi.7 11 M >• M .'» 8 49 45 17 3.4 3 15.8 H » » ■) » 8 45 17 17 36.8 8 87.1 II »i n *J ,»» 8 4 38 19 81.8 8 16.3 II »i » ■> >l 9 56 44 19 42.3 1 53.9 H M >l '♦ »» 3 48 16.5 19 58.8 1 89 H )> »» t» f» 9 11 18 38 88.9 1 85.8 H » >• ' ♦> » 3 8 87 88 49.6 1 84.9 II K ft H )t 1 83 99 84 45.7 1 91.5 1 II 2 U i % J ' w 208 OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS. Table I.-ON THE OBSERVED REFRACTIONS OF STARS, Sic.— continued. DATE Stars observed Apparent Allilnde Tberinr. (Farht.) Barom. Observed Refraction Tables in o 11 1 o REMARKS • Excess Defect 1823. Mar. 19 SiriusandCapella o t » 4 18 41 -86 29.93 / It 12 41.2 40.8 # M 7 B-i . ;.. .1 ...i' j> » » )> 4 18 97 • • , 13 2.3 28.0 7 Rd. !> « » » 4 24 43 •■ ... 14 21.6 .... 1 9.8 3 Rd. '., IV TABLE II. Containing the MEANS of the OBSERVATIONS of each OBSERVER ; principally upon the Star SIRIUS, when or near the Meridian. ObMrvera No. of Ob- servations No. of Nights of Ob- servation Tbermometer Barometer Tables in Apparent Alliludes Excess Defect Captain Parry . . . Lieutenant Palmer Mr. IIoopBR .... .> Ro»i „ RiCHARDI . . . „ Bird ., FirrB „ Fl«HBR 166 177 41 136 42 S6 14T 49 11 25 4 11 5 7 16 4 -86 -27.5 -41.1 -89.6 -85.8 -32 -99 -95.4 29.95 29.88 29.80 29.72 29.97 29.98 29.86 99.81 f tf 4.3 13.4 f tt 2fi,3 1 51.8 1 99.5 99.5 5.8 8.4 o . « 4 U 46 4 14 29 4 .^7 7 4 21) 25 4 80 10 4 80 4 20 52 ' ij 34 MEAN RESULTS FROM THE OBSERVATIONS. aQ» I . TABLE III. Containing the MEAN RESULTS from the OBSERVATIONS of all the OBSERVERS when taken Collectively. Apparent AlUtade 31 22 4S 55 56 9 1 13 15 I 39 11 1 42 44 1 55 47 2 5 IS 2 14 35 2 24 32 2 34 41 2 43 52 2 55 3 4 28 3 15 44 3 25 17 3 35 57 3 45 49 3 55 7 4 6 39 4 IS 25 4 23 52 4 44 14 5 14 6 5 46 II 6 IS 54 A 41 14 7 34 89 10 19 33 Thermomeler -21.7 16.0 81.7 25.1 27.9 30.1 38.3 31.0 31 8 88.5 29.9 31.9 80.4 30.5 81.0 29.3 39.5 33.8 31.2 32.2 32.4 30.9 35.0 38.1 36,9 39.8 41.9 44,0 84.7 Barometer 30.40 30.08 80.26 30.09 80.07 80.05 30.00 29.96 30.03 29.96 29.93 30.01 89.90 29.99 29.92 89.99 30.02 29.94 30.03 89.89 39.90 29.93 89.87 89.76 39.75 89.70 89.65 89.63 89.88 Obierved Refraction 41 87. I 86 7.9 34 21.3 81 56.4 89 37.1 27 31.6 24 41.2 24 1.8 83 20.8 21 30.1 20 38.2 19 49 . 1 18 .^4.5 17 53.5 16 55.9 16 43.4 15 59.4 15 53.4 14 58.7 14 21.6 14 l.I 13 81.3 13 0.1 13 23.3 II 5.9 10 31.9 10 17.8 8 10.8 5 4S.5 Error of the Tables Table in Defect 5 38.5 3 27.3 3 21.2 „ 3 28.1 3 7.8 „ 2 52.2 „ 1 35.8 1 47.3 2 1.2 1 13.5 1 1.6 „ 51.9 1 l.S „ 35.9 „ 20.0 „ 45.6 „ 59.0 „ 49.3 „ 89.5 „ 39.3 „ 31.7 „ 11.8 84.7 „ 55,8 86.0 „ 43.9 1 2.0 Table in ExceiB 4.8 „ 14.9 No. of ObKivatious 15 16 23 100 96 104 108 110 110 130 190 117 107 354 103 186 131 154 189 856 161 374 197 166 108 89 56 61 «2 m >((• i-i t?' 31 1^ ii 210 SOLAR REFRACTIONS ■ .IU^.UU:\ ■ ' ' 1 '-■ '■' TABLE IV. j'- • ' 'ir '* i ' w' > . ■ J i CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS AT LOW ALTITUDES AND , TEMPERATURES. - _ ■ \ Note. — Those Observations, with the mark I against them, were made by Lieutenant Palmer, with the Altitude Initmment by CARBV,at the height of about 9 or 10 feet above the ice on the Frozen Sea ; and those marked RC, were made with the Repeating Circle by Troi'GHTon, at the Observatory on Iglool.k, by myself, at the height of 40 feet above the level of the Sea. Latitude 69° 2 T N. DATE Barom. Therm. Apparent Allilade Obierved Refraction O-. Limb Tables in G w E s REMARKS 1822. Time of Day Excess Defect ' / .. Nov. 10 Noon 29.74 -12 S 89 S 15 18 L 5 I Clear weather. ,, 11 •• 29.61 -27 3 14 25 17 18 8 • • Rather hazy. ,. IS 29.85 -22 8 44 35 20 G 1 44 » ., 15 29.85 -15 8 14 15 81 38 I 13 ■ ■ Clear weather. ., 16 29.50 - 9\ 2 1 45 83 41 2 87 .. »i I ,, 18 29.91 U 1 34 5 25 34 52 .. 15 » 82 29.57 86 49 55 35 58 4 10 ■ • )* ! ,, 28 29.79 S8 41 85 43 18 9 29 ■ • Jf „ 25 29.62 38 26 45 49 52 12 31 • • » „ 88 29.50 -84 36 10 50 19 18 48 • • If ,, 89 , , 89,70 -28 28 SO 57 2 19 2 , , ?J 1823. Jan. 19 •• 89.69 -10 1 3 4 31 21 2 55 •• ( Hazy— Parhelion » ou„„„ i E. and W. of r ""'*"' • « » •• ... -15 1 1 38.5 30 38.8 1 35.8 RC I Rep". ;» 11 .. -10 37 86 38 17 4 51 I „ 8 Observ"'. » » ■ • -15 35 6.4 36 15.3 3 SI RC » 1 Rep". » » P.M. ... • • 29 31. S 41 23.3 6 23 7 1 Rep". tt » • • •• •• 31 49.5 42 47.5 6 5.5 • • ., 1 Rep". )* 9t • • ... •• 38 S3 36 38 3 21 • • „ 1 Rep". „ 20 A.M. 89.70 15 18 30 51 35 IS 36 I Clear weather— Limbs jagged. » »» " ... 17 46 15 8 83 It ^i tt AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. ail i Table IV. -CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS, 8(c.-^ • • 10 82 51 17 L 11 50 '* » « »> .. 13 22 49 1 10 18 •• » » »» » .• -19 15 15 48 7 .. 9 35 RC .1 » >j j> -15 17 42 46 S3 • • 8 54 I »» »f »» j» 84 22 46 34 10 27 .'» »? j» «j 30 42 40 10 L 5 88 Clearwcatber — Liinb8welldef<>. >» j» -19 30 21 39 47 4 48 RC Rather hazy. >j yt 15 57 40 31 59 V 3 19 'I Clear. 9f »> 38 42 37 39 L 4 38 >* )» >» 1 6 80 30 18 V 1 55 »♦ »> »» 45 8 36 57 L 4 58 J* f» j« Noon 29.76 . , ) 13 28 29 1 U 1 39 .. (2 Obierv".) W »J -19 1 13 35 29 40 8 5 RC ,. (2Rep"..)..{g'17g;- >j j> -15 48 C 36 13 L 4 58 I „ (2 Obser»»».) >» i> -19 45 fi 35 8 2 50 RC .. (2 Rep".) ,, 81 A.M 29. 8S 18 48 1.4 35 57.4 U 4 83.4 •• Much haze — Q much distorted »» J» 53 86.4 31 80.4 . 3 43.4 •• " i» »> «» 1 8 7 31 81 S 2.5 •» » l» ♦» Noon 29.84 -16J 56 40.8 88 58.2 L 8 53.4 Clear— Limbs tolerably defined »' »J 1 81 58 27 47 U 1 57 •• >. » »> J> -18 57 81 32 40 L 9 43 1 '» M )» J» 1 25 IT 28 2 U 3 S •• " II ., 28 A.M. 89.78 -18 55 34,5 S3 53.9 U 3 41.6 RC Limbs tolb". def*. { q ""gi-" j> >» Noon 89.79 -17 1 7 54 89 47 L 1 89.5 •• *i »» »» 1 36 80 85 50.4 U 1 84.7 It »> » 1 9 8 30 S3 L 3 22 1 » •• *t .. 1 37 80 36 18 V 1 55 •• >» II II P.M. ... •• 48 98 35 48 L .... 4 10 *» la ' % fill \i ■■1 .i '■'S ' SJ 111 !' !■ 212 SOLAR REFRACTIONS Table IV.— CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS, «ic.— con >i ti i9 >j it )* a a >y >» it i» 2S A.M. tt tt i» it 30.11 -17 38 -99 -28 -29 -88 40 23 1 2 10 32 3 51 S3 53 39 11 2 38 50 38 40 19 30 8 40 10 40 IS 32 19 34 36 40 30 19 43 20 23 16 18.3 41 30 38 82 56 40 40 2 1 8 20 50 3 1 19 30 59 88 1 89 30 1 9 48 ObBtncd Refraction 37 35 31 89 41 38 35 9 47 56 38 36 56 41 44 49 51 18 58 54 1 21 19 1 18 83 1 3 8 59 55 49 43.5 55 39 47 82 1 5 34 59 49 53 55.8 48 50 54 88 36 53 44 33 33 40 !?9 47 30 19 36 48 88 54 34 48 Umb Tablea in Eiceu Defect 4 SI 2 37 6 37 4 5 n 9 5 14 17 S 8 6 14 21 22 39 21 32 23 51 21 24 10 41. 18 6 15 46 86 32 20 53 14 11.1 8 SG 17 28 5 37 10 6 3 31 7 31 3 36 6 3 8 35 5 38 REMARKS RC I Limba well def''.— Clear w'. Limbs much distorf) .-CI'', w' fFine clear weoO.tv — Limbs 1 much distor'ed. /Fine clear weather — Limbs I tolerably deflned. O much dig'. — Limbs well def "i Hazy w'.— Parhelion E. of (2 ObscrV".) AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 215 Table IV. —CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS, kc— continued. DATR Barora. Therm. Apparfnt Altitude Observed Refraction 0'. Uinb Tablet in d V a a a RRMARK8 ■ „„o 1 Time 1828. 1 of Day Exccu Defect o o » tf < 1, f ## » M Feb Noon 30.16 -16 3 58 27.6 14 4.0 U 13.2 RC 2 Rep"".— Rather cloudy. J» " .. 3 27 7.6 15 38 L 10.7 >> »> J> »' -10 3 59 25 li 29 U 45 I 3 Observ"". „ ,, ., • • 3 28 1 15 35 L 13 )» >» .. 5 A.M. .SO. 39 - 5 40 S 36 52 L 4 20 Clear W. — r.imbswcll dclini'd. >l J> 1 5 42 31 9 L 2 57 .■• ij J» If .. 1 49 40 24 26 U 1 38 J* jj j» jy .. I 34 12 24 39 L 14 •■ » jj >f .. 2 17 20 20 33 U 21 »• >* » » 2 11 42 20 SS L 25 -•» » jj )» 3 3 40 17 14 U 35 )i t> )» jj Noon 30.33 - 2 5 6 58 11 40 • • 35 „ 3 0bscrvn^ »» » 4 35 25 12 .35 L 30 )f J. j» 5» )» • • + 1 5 5 33.5 11 6.4 U 6.7 RC 2 Rep"".— Calm and cloudy. J> J> • • 4 31 10.9 11 53.0 L 6.8 >» .» „ 6 , , 30.06 - 9 4 SO 41 11 32.9 . , 5.8 „ Cloudy „ 10 •• SO. 12 - 9 6 38 6.2 9 12.3 U 20.0 /Fine and clear. — Limbs well I defined. — 3 Repetitions. )i » .. • . 6 6 39.9 9 33.3 L 0.4 >? •» „ IB P.M. 29.32 -43 6 16 29.6 9 31.6 L 8.8 Therm, in 21". jy JJ 5 52 18.3 10 12. .3 7.8 >• » »» >» 5 U S.4 11 43.4 14.3 Therm, in 26°. >* 9* .. ... , , 4 42 36. 1 12 SO 23.5 „ Therm, in 33°. „ n A.M. 29.40 -39 6 51 40.5 9 1.9 8.8 f Hazy.— Parhel. E. and W. of I ©.—Therm, in © 31°. >j » Noon 29.42 -38 8 24 59.5 7 39.3 19. S fBrilliant Parhelia E. and W. \ of©. — 5 Repetitions. „ 18 A.M. 29.67 -27 12 22 53 12 59 Fine clear weather. » )) 29 52 42 52 6 56 »» j> »j 51 12 35 53 4 15 - j> » I 15 22 SO 49 2 57 .'> i» » 2 16 52 22 35 1 56 »' j> « 3 23 22 16 85 1 5 '^ 2 E 2 i i\ i "It-, f r,- ■ M > I ... .1 . "i ! . .1 -nt'ttflj SI 216 OBSERVED HEFRACTIONS OP STARS m Table IV.— CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS, kc.— continued. DATE 1823. Feb. 18 ,. (IS) „ 19 Time of Day Noon A.M. Barotn. 29. 6T 29.92 29 » » .. 30 ,. 21 „ S» „ 2S .. 81 „ 25 ., 2fl .. 27 Noon 80 Thcrin. 29.fi4 29.50 29.48 29.fiT 29.79 29.83 29. 4A 29.01 o -29 -18 -40 Apparenl Allltaile -48 -40 -43 -40 -43 -40 -88i -27i -19 -13 -23 -27 -871 -19 -10 O ' " 8 45 21 22 S2 38 3 59 32 1 28 43 3 14 8 8 41 52 3 31 22 16 3 51 37 13 51 3 1 38 20 1 37 23 I 46 3 3 83 3 18 3 8 31 3 3 34 5.9 S 19 15.9 3 40 42 9 39 O.S 9 27 48 9 48 44.1 10 10 17 10 31 SO 10 53 50 II 86 96 11 38 84 ■« 92 Observed ReOaciiuD ©•. Umb 7 16.8 47 1 88 59 83 48 37 28 31 32 18 SO 16 5 59 52 40 12 47 4 88 3.S 28 8 39 32 26 24.3 21 .12 22 8.1 81 20 16 54.0 17 0.9 Tablca in Eicess Defect IG 34 U 6 58.3 u 7 29.4 I. 6 21.4 5 5fi.O 5 53.9 5 50.7 5 49.6 S 90.0 5 29,5 18.0 10 6 5 34 3 13 1 59 58 5 17 18 55 7 19 11 It 5 40 3 12 3 82 1 83.8 1 82 43.4 1 28 34.8 18.4 1 18 29.9 13.4 14. r> 6.0 7.9 19.7 22.3 9.9 18.5 RC I nc I RC Ri; I RC REMARKS 6 Rep"".— Therm, in - I9"». Fini' clear weather. Note. — Distant olijecta on the N. and SE. points of the linrizon appeared very much (listurtt'il by cefraction at noon. 5 Rep'". — l.imbt well defJ.— 'I'lirrni. in © — 2S*. 5 Hep'".— Linibi well def<*.— Therm, in -98°. 6 Uep". — Kinewealh'.— Iltio round 0. Rep"*. — Clear weather. Rep"'. — Clear weather.-^ Therm. in0 -19". Hep"'. — Fine weather.— Therm, in -IG*. Rep". — Rather hury.— Therm, in -29°. Rep".— Thick wealh'. with much drift 5inow. Halo round©.— Th. in© — I8i°. Hep"*.— Fine clear weath'.— Therm, in © -97*. {' AT LOW ALTITUDES AND TEMPERATURES. 217 Table IV. -CONTAINING THE SOLAR REFRACTIONS, kc- continued. DATE Ilarom. Therm. Apparent Altitude Observed Refraction Limb Tahlea iu g S 1 REMAUKS 1823. Time of Day Excess Defect O t M * » t ff * H Feb. 28 Noon 29.98 -35 12 22 59 S H.5 L 10.2 RC f8 Rep"".— Limhs^velldenncd.— l Therm, in © -31". Mar. 1 29. TS -36 13 18 1 5 2.1 U .... 20.6 .. f8 Repi>«.— Limbs well deflneil.— \ Tli.riii. in -32''. „ 2 29.70 -35 13 8 4 51.:. L 10.0 f8 Ropi«.— Halo round 0. I Therm, in O -31°. „ s 29.92 -33 11 S 27 4 41. S U .... 13.4 r7 Uep'". — l'"ine clear weather. — \ Therm, in 0-24'». „ 4 30,10 -37 13 53 11 4 45.1 L .... 12.5 f 8 Rep"'. — I'ine clear weather. — 1 Therm, in -24°. ., 10 •• 29.61 -21 16 12 27 3 48.1 •• .... 3.3 •• ;6 Hep"'.— lla/y, but limbs tolb'> \ ilettned.— Tlierm. in - If.". r7 Rep"".— t'lilm luie day. — O's „ 18 29.96 -28 17 82 19 S 41.9 U .... 18.9 J limbs tremulous and u'ndulat*. Therm, in © J — 8°. •■ 1-15°. „ m . 29.90 -Ifi 17 23 i 3 29.0 L 2.1 re Rep"'.— Clear weath'.— Limbs \ well def J.— Ther. in © / +3°. 1 -8°. „ 1» 29.72 -10 18 19 9 3 26.2 U 13.0 fCRepn'.—CIearwealh''.— Limbs I well di-f''.- Ther. in © +18°. „ IS 29.98 -11 18 10 16 3 15.7 r. 2.0 .... fC Hep"".- Hazy & cloudy— Lb*. I tolb'y def-".— Ther. in © - 5^. » 16 .'iO.SO -23 19 6 20 3 20.2 u 12 7 f G Rep"'. — Clear wcalh'— Limbs I well defJ.— Ther. in © - 10. « IT .SO. 77 -17 18 57 10 S 15.7 L 1.0 fr> Rep"«. llaiy- Limbs well I defJ.— Ther. in © - 1 »°. „ 18 30.72 -18 19 58 27 3 21.2 U • • • 16.5 Jo Rep". — Kinew'. — Limbs well I defi.— Th. in © very variable. „ 10 30.:i8 - 6 19 tl SI 8 1.4 L 0.4 f G Rep"".— Fine clear w'r.—Th. in I © sheltered from wind + 14*°. ,, 20 30.10 - 7 30 to SO 3 1.7 U 12.9 IffiUili".— t'ltar woiitlif.— Th(7r. 1 " I in O very vurioblo. | „ 21 , . .30.06 - 1 20 .30 58 3 39.8 L ' 1 G Rep"" —Clear weath'.— Ther. \ in© +12°. ., 22 . , .30.00 - 2 21 28 IS 8 51.3 U 18.9 ro Hep"'.-Cl'.-1„, i„p.r+ 4°. 1 weather . .^ ''• '" © i -f .18°. ., 21 . . .30.00 - B 21 12 18 8 87.7 L 0.3 f 5 Rep"*.- Clear wealh'.— Ther. I in© +10. „ 2(1 29.90 - C 23 1 .37 9 .36.1 U S.8 J Rep"".— Calm haiy w'.- Lb.i. I tolbi* def'".— Tin . in © + 1 2°. „ '*» , , 30.00 -18 28 18 9 8 86.1 U 7.9 [\ Rep"".— Fine wcath'.— Limbi I well deflned. „ 29 , . 29.91 -13 2t 13 I.S 8 81.7 8.2 /fi Rep"".- Fine wealli'.— Limbi I well deflned. „ 30 . , .30.08 -11 21 35 51 8 83.8 • • 9.8 J 5 Rep"".- Fine weath'— Limbs I well deflned. May 80 Muln>. 30.13 + 12 1 18 Utt 23 3.8 L 4.8 f3 Rep"'.- Fine cl' w'.— Limbs 1 iindulutinK but well deflned. June 2 • • 30.31 + 10 1 tl 31 88 88. S •• 13.1 f 1 Het>"'— Clear wentll^— Ther. I +13° on the sea ice. » »» SO.SS +SS 2 18 20.5 16 6.9 8.2 3 Rep"". — Fin«? clear weather. I..lt 1 ) \ '. \ [ 9 '^'1! ! !■ 218 OBSERVATIONS OF THE MERIDIAN ALTITUDES OF STARS. 4 TABLE V. Containing the OBSERVATIONS of the MERIDIAN ALTITUDES of STARS, by Lieutenant Palmeb, with the Altitude Instrument by Caiiey, made to determine the Sum of the Index and CoUimation Errors in this Instrument (by which the Refraction of the Sun at Low Altitudes was determined by him, as given in Table II.) by the Comparison of the Observed Meridian Altitude, corrected for Refraction with the true Altitude of the Star, computed from the North Polar distance and Latitude of the Station. DATE Barnm. Therm. Star Compared Alt. Obierved Alt. Error REMARKS O f f» / " ,+., 1822. Nov. 87 29.55 -27 a Pegasi . . S4 5G SO .34 46 40 9 50 Middle of horii'. wire. • 1 M *° 29.77 -30 31 46 40 9 50 >' „ «S) 29.93 -20 34 47 9 30 ti Dec. Sn 29. 7f. -38 84 50 83 84 46 50 9 48 n >y tt >i 29.78 .... Uigel . . . 12 19 49 13 9 50 9 59 .•• t' u »* 29. 7S .... « Orion IB . 28 3 S3 27 83 40 fl 53 tt „ SI 29.99 -40 » PegMi . . S4 SR 81 34 1. 10 9 51 »» ti 11 fi -41 Ri?el... 12 19 53 12 10 20 9 S.S ft ,» .»» ,» -41 • Orionii . 88 S 85 27 51 U 35 *i I93S. Jan. ^ 30.00 -18 ■ Pogaai . . 34 56 SI 84 47 9 SI Lower iwtt of wire. ,< ', 4 29.97 -40 81 46 90 10 11 Uppor do. !• >t 1* 30.45 —39 ■ Orionii . 88 S 89 97 51 19 97 53 10 9 90 10 99 Lower do. Upper do. The Mean Error hytheio OWrvation* in +0 4T, which hnnhetn appliH lo the Ohncrvrd Ahitudon tnken wiih thii ln*trumoni. OBSERVATIONS MADE WITH THE REPEATING CIRCLE. 219 TABLE VI. CoNTAiMNG the OBSERVATIONS made with the REPEATING CIRCLE to determine the Latitude of the Observatory at Igloolik by Meridian Observations of Stars above and below 1 the Pole, by which the Refraction of the Sun and Stars were determined at Low Altitudes, by a comparison of the Observed with the Computed Meridian Zenith Distances. DATE Therm. No. of Ucpetitiona Star Obicrved Latitude BEMAKKS 1823. Jan. 83 -82 4 Aldebaron O . ff 69 20 46.7 Hazy. — » tremulous. ,, 24 -30 4 69 21 10.2 Clear weather. ., 25 -22 6 69 20 51.1 It » 28 -11 3 Rigel... 69 21 1.1 n >. 80 -20 » AldebaiaD 69 20 58.9 llazy. »i » 31 -23 6 69 21 8.6 II Fob. 21 -23 4 Rigel... 69 21 0.3 Clear weather. l» >» l» -23 5 > Orionia.. 69 20 57.6 i> » 2S -33 5 69 20 58.8 .. » 2« -37 » 63 20 59.6 ti » •> » -37 i Rigel . . . 69 81 3.1 1* .. 85 -87 1 a Ononis.. 69 21 ■^.a Rnther hazy. .. 8T -IS 69 21 0.8 Clear weather. II i> II -43 A Rigel . . . 69 21 2.8 '• Mar. 1 -40 5 • Orionii . 69 21 9.5 Much wind und drift snow. )l t» *l -10 r> ■ Lynp . . . CI) 21 9.8 It " ft 1* * -48 8 69 81 0.8 Clear weather. »» " * -89 9 69 81 0.4 1. .. 10 -87 8 ProcyoD . 69 80 51.2 1* ,1 18 -21 8 69 80 51.4 i» ., 80 -88 5 Rcgului. 69 80 59.7 II ThcMcanof thowObicrvrtlonigive 6l> ai O.M N. for the I.4itilii(lc of the Oliaervatury. f.ii /H; \im tt';. sr ' ^i■ V 'I i V ^V\ : ' >' 220 ABSTRACT OF THE LATITUDES. TABLE VII. Containing an ABSTRACT of the LATITUDES of the OBSERVATORY at IGLOOLIK, by different Stars observed with the Repeating Circle. Name of Stan No. of Observationa Latitnile REMARKS Aidebaran Rigel a Orion LyrtE 4 6 !< 1 2 S UK 3 LL do. 1 41 69 30 59.1 69 21 8.1 69 91 1.5 > 69 21 0.9 • . 69 20 59.5 69 20 56.5 Above the Pole. It t> Below the Pole. Above „ Below „ Summer Sol. Declination«, per Nautical Almatiack. do. do. per French do. Rcgulus Procyon Sun < 1 do »| 1.1 fill I, .;■>! TABLE VIII. Containing the MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS with the Star Sirius with the Repeating | Circle to determine the Refract'on ; the height of the Instrument above the Level of the Frozen | Sea being 40 feet. DATE Therm. Barom. Apparent Alliliiili? Obierved Refraction Tablea In Defect REMARKS 1823. a ' * f t> « f* Jan. 19 -19 29.67 4 23 7.7 IS 0.0 18.5 Fine moderate evenf.— Star in faint Aurora. „ 81 -23 29.82 4 22 23.2 12 54.9 3.4 Clear weather. Feb. 5 -13 30.26 4 22 50.3 12 48.9 9.1 Star in bright Aurora.— Clear weather. „ 16 -45 89.39 4 19 42.5 14 13.0 53.9 Moderate evening.— Rather haiy about itar. „ 18 -39 29.73 4 18 36.3 13 38.3 IS. 9 do. »» »» -39 29.73 4 92 53.6 13 46.8 94.0 do. .. 91 -83 29.50 4 93 5.9 13 8.7 95.0 Fine weather. „ 94 -37 99.82 4 91 39.3 IS SI.S 17.4 Fine calm weather with light cloudi. ., 97 -43 30.90 4 93 30.8 14 10.9 40.6 Fine moderate weather. Mar. 10 -37 29,95 4 93 8.9 13 16.9 16.4 Cleor weathiT. OBSERVATIONS WITH THE REPEATING CIRCLE. 221 TABLE IX. Containing the OBSERVATIONS upon the Star SIRIUS, made to the Eastward and Westward of the Meridian, with the REPEATING CIRCLE ; arranged according to the Apparent | Altitudes. Apparent Altitude. Obterved Refraction. Barometer. Thermo- meter. Tablet in BBMARKS. • " / " ' .f 2 35 31.3 18 01.3 30.86 -13 Excess 51.6 Star E. of the Meridian. 3 16 35.1 15 33.1 30.86 — 13 „ 87.7 " » 3 19 16.3 16 18.3 89.73 — 39 19.8 » »i 3 81 08.8 15 40.3 89.88 -83 „ 14.6 )' >i S 41 10 15 27 89.73 -39 Defect 10.8 If If 3 49 43.8 15 01.8 89.38 — 45 „ 05.5 i» i» 4 00 19.5 14 56.5 89.38 -45 43.2 » » 4 07 80. I 13 58.1 29.73 -39 „ 04.8 II It 4 09 08.8 14 33.8 89.38 -45 „ 54.6 II i» 4 10 56.3 13 24.3 30.86 -13 „ 10.3 n »» 4 88 55.1 13 01.60 89.84 —81 10.86 Star on the Meridian (5 ob.) 4 81 80.5 13 58.58 89.70 -40.6 „ 81.50 „ „ (5obser.) 3 20 40 17 16 30.65 -24 „ 53.6 Star W. of the Meridian. 3 07 33.7 17 85.7 30.65 -24 „ 17.4 II M 8 54 56.3 18 80.3 30.65 -24 „ 84.8 II H Note. — The meridian observations of this star (Table VIII.) all give the tables in defect ; but when the same star was observed at diHercnt azimuths, the refraction of the tables was in excess or defect, according as the star was to the eastward or westward of the meridian, as is shewn by the above table. The star when observed in the direction of S.E. or thereabouts, was generally seen through a light haze or fog, arising from the exhalations from the sea, which was more or less open during the whole of the winter in that direction. Towards the S. and S.W. it was generally clear, as there was land covered with snow in those directions. tt \.. t \t.-*i I vm ';i '^ll|l' .'I'f 222 ON OBSERVED REFRACTION. TABT-KS X. AND XL Containing the DIFFERENCE between the OBSERVED REFRACTION of the Star RIGEL from the TABLES, and also that of the Sun at about the same Altitude, in order to shew the difference between the Refractions of each. Table X. ERRORS of ihe TABULAR REFRACT'ON bv the STAR RIGEL. DATE. Baro- melcr. Thermo- nicltr. Apparent AllitiKle. Tablet in REMARKS. 1823. ' /' January 29 -14 29.29 12 19 Excess 0.7 3 Repetitions. Fine Weather. February 21 -23 29.50 . . . Defect 0.2 •' >' H „ 24 -37 29.82 Excess 2 . 4 „ »» 27 -43 30.00 2.3 ,1 It Table XI. ERRORS of Ihf TAUIJLAR REFRACTION by the SIN. DATE. 'J'lierniO' meter. Baro- meter. Apparint AHiliiilc. lahles in REMARKS. 1S23. ' *' February 24 -27 29.79 10 54 Defect 1;J.7 L.L. Rep. Fine clear weather. ,, «5 -37 29.83 11 10 15.5 L.L. „ „ „ 20 -19 89.46 11 38 „ 9.9 L.L. 7 „ „ » 87 -30 29.94 12 00 „ 18.5 L.L. 7 „ „ „ 28 -35 29.98 12 23 11 10.2 Li.L. 8 ,, If March l -30 29.73 13 8 „ 20.0 U.L. 8 „ „ 8 -35 89.70 13 08 10.0 L.L. s „ „ 3 -33 89.92 14 03 15.4 U.L 7 „ 4 -37 30.10 13 54 12.5 L.L, 8 „ „ 10 -21 29.81 10 1^ 3.3 L.L. „ It 18 -88 29.90 17 38 13.9 U.L. 7 „ SI S >: OBSERVATIONS ON SOLAR REFRACTION. 223 ■i-'.i TABLE XII. Containing the MEANS of the RESULTS of the OBSERVATIONS of Lieutenant Palmer, to determine the SOIAR REFRACTION, with the Altitude Instrument hy Carey. Appannl AUKade. Thermometer. Barometer. Obaerveri Re- rraction. Error of the Tablu. REMARKS. O / 11 10 11 o - 22 29 92 / -/ 1 5 40 Tables in defect 25 7 4 Obser. f 8 U.L. 1 2 L.L. 13 31 - 24.5 29 89 . 55 43 „ 15 39 4 » ; 2 U.L. I 2 L.L. 10 41 - 21.5 29 97 54 2.2 15 5 4 ,, f 2 U.L. I 2 L.L. 17 35 — 25.4 29 89 55 54 16 52 7 „ r 3 U.L. I 4 L.L. 22 44 — 22.6 29 94 51 24 13 49 8 „ f 3 U.L. I 5 L.L. 27 33 - 27.7 29 90 49 27 12 31 8 „ f 5 U.L. 1 3 L.L. 36 39 — 21.1 29 89 40 21 5 50 10 „ f 2 U.L. 1 8 L.L. 44 12 — 20.4 29 90 38 52 6 7 10 „ r 9 U.L. I 1 L.L. .54 42 - 25 7 ^0 00 35 19 4 3 12 „ f 5 U.L. 1 7 LL. 1 5 48 - 18.5 30 00 32 19 3 23 8 „ r 4 U.L. I 4 L.L. 1 14 49 - 24.7 30 08 30 53 2 42 8 „ f 4 U.L. I 4 L.L. 1 25 37 — 24.0 30 06 29 12 2 40 5 „ f 2 U.L. I 3 L.L. 1 .35 47 - 24.3 30 01 27 12 S3 9 „ f 4 U.L. I 5 LL. 1 47 5 — 20.4 30 36 25 36 1 47 3 „ f 2 U.L. I 1 L.L. 1 51 27 — 25.0 30 04 24 4 „ 1 9 3 „ S U.L. 8 e 17 - 18.8 29 S3 23 21 1 32 3 „ r 1 U.L. l 2 L.L. 2 15 1 - 16.7 30 04 21 24 49 7 „ f 3 U.L. I 4 L.L. 2 3a 22 - 3.1,0 29 84 20 22 ., 1 5 4 ,, f 1 U.L. I 3 L.L. 2 .57 10 - 12.0 30 03 17 54 .. 47 2 „ 2 L.L. 3 8 28 - 23.0 29 64 17 8 „ 89 8 ,, 2 L.L. 3 25 28 — 10.7 29 87 15 57 87 4 „ 4 L.L. 3 42 13 - SO. 5 89 74 10 7 ... 18 8 „ f 1 U.L. 1 1 L.L. 3 59 2.'> - 10.0 SO 16 14 29 „ 50 1 „ 1 U.L. 4 51 11 - 8.0 30 39 12 7 38 8 „ f 1 U.L. 1 1 I..L. NoTI. — Oliiorvntionn with tliii Instrument were not extrndccl to Altilnilen Kn-atpr than about flvo dfgrcrij the Ubafrvationi ot higher Alliturica were conflnetl to MrriHian Obwrvntion with the Repealing Circle. 8 P 9 ;*if 11, .i m !j^U!'i ' I! (Mjll m 224 TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS. TABLE TERRESTRIAL DATB. 1821. July 17 „ 80 lime of Day. H. 10 A.M. 11 ,, lU ,, I Themio- Binnw- I in Shade. 29.93 Noon. 29.90 + 40 + 41 Aug. 2 Noon. Noon. Noon. 89.70 29. SO 30.14 + 45 Heitht above tbf Sea. Fid. 3 86.5 103 14 Obaerred Elevalion or DepreuioD or the Horiaon. Elev. o 27 . 5 „ 5 30.8 „ 1 49.7 „ 4 46.7 „ 8 49 Tabular Dip. 1 39 2 08 8 52 9 42 3 34 Tabular Dip iu Exc". 7 00 . 5 „ 7 38.8 „ 10 41.7 „ 11 2S.7 SITUATION. In ice, Hudson's S!t'>. »> 11 „ 6 23 + 39 + 35 + 41 14 15 14 Depr. 27 „ 2 34 3 56 3 34 3 42 3 34 „ 3 7 1 8 Def. 22 •> »i »t )> '""^Mlod.SI VI W TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS. 225 SITUATION. , Hudson's S:t'- XIII. REFRACTINOS. REMARKS, &c. By four observations with circular transit ; the nit. of the N.E. part of the horizon being 5' 85", and towardi S.E., o 30." Bj four observations with the dip sector, towards N.E. and S.W. parts of horizon. Ditto Ditto Ditto Taken from the fore-top of the Fury. Ditto Ditto Ditto Fore -fop gallant-m&st Iiead. The thermometer iu at uoon this day, stood as high as 6 1° on board, but wlien suspended from a pole perfectly detached, at + 60°. The day calm and cloudless ; objects upon the horizon were much distorted by refraction, causing the ice to assume a great variety of shapes, but generally of innumerable perpendicular columns, su that the ships appeareti surrounded by a distant wall of ice, making the distant hurizon to appear at an clevuiion instead nf a de- pression, as the observations shew. From the mast-head the appearance of the ice was very singular, for besides the distant horizon having so great an elevation, yet the ice at about a mile distance from the ships, appeared considornhly depressed, causing the surface of the ice to be concave, gradually sloping down from the ships, and becoming elevated as it approached the horizon. The ships were closely beset with ice, and no water in sight. By a mean between the obsenations of Captain Parry and Mr. Bushnan, on the ice with false horizon, the apparent altitude of the 0's I..L. was 48° 46' 47' close by the ship's side; at the same time the same limb of the sun was observed by myself from the ship's gangway to be 48° 43' 58" above the visible horizon, (which was a closp and weU-dofined line of ice.) The thermometer freely suspended in the O + 74° Fahrenheit. In the same way as the above. In the same way as the above. A dark " &ca blink" upim the horizDn u;idei' the 0, and some open water between horizon and ship. The horizon was net distorted in the usual way, but was a well- defined line of ice all round. Observed with artificial horizon upon the ice by myself and Mr. Hoo|)er from tne ship's deck, appearance of extraordinary refraction. Some Utile open water in sight. No 'mm'. 226 TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS. Table XIII. TERRESTRIAL DATE. Time or Day. Barome- ter. Thermo- meter in the Shade. Height atrave the Sea. Observed Elevation or Itepresaioo of the Horizon. Talralar Dip. Tabular Dip in SITUATION. 1821. Aug. 6 1822. Mar. 22 Noon. H. 2 P.M. 29 85 — 9 83 0* 29 98 -13 n 5t f» 25 15 >i ?» »» »» 11 »» 26 9> >» >? 30 H »» )f It 11 »» 3i 29 99 Of 30 27 2i 30 29 3 30 29 4i 30 31 1 30 34 91 *17 )» 30 38 29 26 29 33 -17 - 2 + S + 7 reel. 14 Dep-. I 42 3 14 Exc*. 1 52 18 7 54.2 14 14 ,, 8 1.1 „ 8 29.0 „ 7 33.0 „ 8 39.5 „ 5 51.3 „ 16 40.0 „ 15 40.0 Elev. 2 4.0 Depr. 5 3 „ 2 53 „ 8 23 „ 1 19 „ 2 25 4 3 Deft. 3 51.2 4 3 3 34 3 34 „ 3 58.1 „ 4 55 „ 3 59 „ 5 5.5 „ 2 17.3 „ 13 6 „ 12 6 Exc". 5 38 Def. 1 29 Exc... 41 „ 1 II „ 2 15 M 1 9 OffSouthamp. Island. / At the ObKrvatory, I Winter Island. TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS, ^7 REFRACTIONS— con Ditto. Ditto. Cloudy weather. Fresh broexoH from W. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Fine clear weather ; fresh breezes from N Much oiien water i but an ice horizon under . F'resh brcewH from N and fine. Ditto. Ditto. Moderate brveieit truni N and cloudy. Ditto. Ditto Ditto. ,i *;■'■ 4;- iilJ-'i r H '< 1 •'hi ^ 9 9 232 TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS. '^ Table XIII. TERRESTRIAL | REFRAC DATE. Time of Day. Barome- ter. Thermo- meter in Shade. Heltbt above Ike Sea. ObierTed Elevation of the HoritoD. Tabular Dip. Tabular Dip in SITUATION. I t - ,■■ 1828. H- o / It / ti ' » 1 June 9 3| P.M. 89 63 + 38 17^ Dcpres. 8 89 4 Excess 1 31 Prom the Hecla'idotk. I ! A little 0] .. 10 A.M. 89 95 + 29 SO „ 8 61 8 38 Defect 19 From the hill. I Ditto »» II 10 „ • • • • • m ,,4 4 1, From (he llecla. H 1 Much wat II II Noon. 30 00 + 34 • • ,1 8 80 • • Excess 1 40 • 1 11 ■ ! Verylittl » 11 9 A.M. 89 84 + 38 80 „ 7 16 8 38 1. 1 16 From the hill. H 1 Much ope >» «> 10 „ 89 81 + 36 I7i .1 3 9 4 ,1 51 From (be Ilticla. I Ditto »» »t No(in. 89 80 + 41 •• ,1 8 89 • • ,1 1 31 " 11 ■ Very littli •» >» S P.M. 89 70 + 40 1, 1 34 • • 8 86 11 1, ■ Jio open V <. 18 9 A.M. 89 C8 + 33 80 „ 7 9 8 38 ,1 1 83 From (he hill. H 1 Much ope 11 >i H .. + 38 17j ,1 3 43 4 1, 17 From (he HecU. nitto 1) 11 Noon. 89 64 + 33 1, 8 53 1, 1 7 11 I Mu' 11 11 3 P.M. 29 70 + 30 ,1 8 38 ,1 1 88 11 11 I '•■>< 1, 13 10 A.M. 89 95 + 30 1, 8 10 1, 1 50 1, I, ^H Dill »♦ II Noon. 30 00 + 37 11 3 7 „ 53 11 1, I Diti 3 P.M. + SS ..4 8 Defect 8 From the llof la'a deek, ■ Much ope Dittn 1' II »l fl 3il ,1 . . . . 11 -w u 1, 4 11 11 II ,1 „ 1 1, 14 10 A.M. 89 9^ + 40 1, S 86 Excess 34 II n I Ditlu 11 n 3 P.M. 89 90 + 34 ,. 8 84 1, 1 36 11 11 I Much ope .. »» Noon. 89 hO 39 11 8 48 1. 1 18 II 11 H No open > y) : TERHESTRIAI HEKRACTFONS. 233 REFRACTIONS— con/«>iween water ; horizon ill-defined from loose pieces of ice. Hazy weather, light breeze from S. W No open water in sight ; an ice horizon Hazy weather, and fresh i>re „ P.M. 00 3G 10.8 84.0 30 80 + 7 tt| »» I I A.M. 00 3,5 .-JS..? 50.3 I 3.61 30 10 - 3 m tl „ P.M. 00 30 8.8 80. T.64 SO 15 m 11 15J A.M. 00 30 87.8 7.0 ^ 30 17 + 3 t«i tf „ P.M. 00 30 84.4 10.4 1 19-5 30 87 m It 14 A.M. 00 3.5 48.0 58.8 1 38* 30 SO -14 •"■ li-" 1» „ P.M. 00 30 80.4 5.4 1 3^6 30 10 — 3 m 11 ri\ A.M. 00 35 47.3 47.5 «•«? 80 80 - 5 If »1 „ P.M. 00 30 3.. 5 31.3 1 ti.411 30 00 + 5 •H »1 Hi A.M. 00 31 58.7 1 30.1 1 ■-•■11 SO 18 + 4 tc t1 „ P.M. 00 30 17.8 17.0 t 30 80 + 7 m >» J».J A.M. 00 30 3.J.0 00 30 13 + »H 11 „ P.M. 00 an 81.8 13.0 1 14.» SO 08 + 13 tt »» ^l A.M. 00 3'J 15.5 10.3 1 ion 89 08 + H ft „ PM. 00 30 13. » 80.0 . L_ 0-7 80 HO + 8 ^ tt 85 A.M. 00 30 87.0 7 8 .V 80 08 + H m »« „ P.M. . . . • • 89 80 + 8 •» Jul> 80 A.M. 00 30 10.4 84.4 1 89 00 -f47 • • 1» „ P.M. 00 30 11.4 83.4 1 . 11. fit 89 00 + 47 • • i—4 TERRESTRIAL REFRACTIONS. 23.') XIV. TERRESTRIAL REFRACTION with the REPEATING CIRCLE. REMARKS. Fine weather; very light breeze from S.W., and rather cloudy. Moderate and cloudy evening ; light breeze from S.W. Moderate and cloudy ; light breeze from W. Halo round the sun. Cloudy and overcast ; very light breeze from S.E. Moderate breeze from N.W., and cloudy weather. Fresh breeze from N.b.W., and cloudy weather. Light breeze from W., and clear weather. Light breeze from S.W., and clear weather. Ditto. N.W., Ditto. Ditto. N., Ditto. Calm, and fine weather; distant land appeared much distorted by refractiun, therm, in sun + '')° Very light breeze from N.W., and clear weather ; thormonieter exposed to sun + .•J.'J'- Moderate breeze from N., thick foggy weather with small snow occasional! v Ditto. Rather clearer than in the morning. Fresh breeze from N.b.W. and clear weather ; thermometer + 20° ex|)used to the sun Ditto. Brilliant halo and mock sunt. Fresh breeze fivm N.W., with snow ; thick cloudy weather. Fresh breeze from N.W., and clear weather. Clear weather ; light breeze from N. Ditto. Ditto. !l^ i i. ( -( ;' I N't,. m \ ii-i I ' t'SK I i, rrlft} H>'J..i i" I ;i I.I ^ I I ^^\ a ' ," ■.,..■, w. ABSTRACT OF EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE VELOCITY OP SOUND, AT LOW TEMPERATURE. These Experiments were made by observing the number of beats made by three pocket chronometers by Arnold, during the interval between the report and the flash of a six-pounder. For this purpose, base lines were determined by several actual measurements upon the Frozen Sea, at both the Winter Stations. Tlie giin had an elevation of about 10°, and was directed towards the observers, which were Captain Parry, Lieutenant Nias, and myself; and the observations denoted by the letters P, N, and F. The Experiments marked (aj were made with a chronometer making 8 beats in 3 seconds. «l »t (i>J 11 99 It 5 11 8 tt H »» CO 11 1» ft 8 19 3 19 The following Tables present the whole of the Results. 9 II iii1>i ii..; ■ ' t ,.. e^ i '\ ,'4» M" "ft .ij Ji jffl|tr I! 233 ON THE VELOCITY OF SOUND. f DATE. n>r. Tlierm. Fhrt. Wiodi. Weather. Lengib or Bate in Feet. IT 0.1 o £ A a. P. No. or Beau. N. No. or UuU. F. No. of Beau. Velocity per Kcoad in feet. REMARKS. 1821. Dt!C. 29 SO. 17 -27i W.N.W. Moderate & clear. 2880 9 8.5 fa) 7.5 960 Wind against the sound. „ SO 30.16 -so N.W.b.N. f* ♦» 2880 7 7.SS6 (a) 7.714 1007.2 II 1822. Jan. 9 29. 9S -25i N. Light 5632 5 14.9 <«) 14.65 1016.5 Feb. 9 28.96 -25 N.W. ji » 5645 15 14.817 (a) 14.9 1018.3 •1 ., 27 29.83 -31 W.N.W. Fresh breeze „ 5615 10 15.8 (a) 15.795 952.9 i. May 20 29.97 + 11 N. Li^ht ,, clear 5313 7 («) 13.821 oh■ ,. 8 29.76 -22 N.V.W. „ cloudy 7 (a) 21.757 (a) 21.95 10S3.I ^ servers. ., 11 29.99 -19 S. „ clear 7 21.429 SI. 214 (a) 21.786 1028.6 M „ 18 29.80 - 5 s. ,. cloudy 7 21.536 21.071 f«> 91-607 1039.1 „ „ 20 29.81 -22 y\\. „ clear 7 21.679 20.786 (a) 21.786 1081 .9 „ „ «s 30.21 -31 N.W. II »' 8 <») 82.063 21.250 (a) 22.019 1014.7 »l Feb. l-* 29 . 85 -15 w.s.w. Preth cloudy 7 (a) 91.321 2I.64S 1050.9 II ., 16 29.38 -15 .N.W. Moderate clear 7 22.411 <») 21.999 (a) 99.917 985.5 1* ,. 21 29. SS -SI N.N.W. f» .» 7 (a) 22.179 21.286 (a) 22.179 1009.9 tl June IT 2'J.9iJ f 3S N N.W „ cloudy 7 (a) 80.75 19.51 1085.6 » ., 18 20.91 + S.J IC.b.N. Fiesh, with snow 5 (u) 21.18 (k) 20 . 1 25 1058.8 •• The T ON THE VELOCITY OV SOUND. 239 The following are the results of the foregoing observations, arranged according to their temperatures, and also upon the supposition that the accuracy of each day's observations, is in the joi:>t ratio of the number of guns fired, and the number of observers. Tbermr, Falir. Heu Velocity per Sccood. o - 41.3 985.9 feet. - 83.3 1011.2 „ - 87.8 1009.2 „ - 21.0 1031.0 „ - 2.0 1039.8 „ + 33.3 10G9.9 By comparing the observations made at the temperature cf — 41°.3, with those at + 33°.3, it appears that, between these limits, the velocity of sound per second diminishes, a.s the temperature of the atmosphere di- minishes, at the rate of 1.126 foot, for each degree of temperature. From experiments made by Mr. Goldingham at Madras, during the summer months, it appears that at + 87° Fahrenheit, the velocity per second 1158.7 feet., by comparing this result with the observations at — 41.3, the velocity is dimi- nished at the rate of 1.35 foot, for each degree of temperature, suprjsing the change of velocity proportional to the change in the temperature. The Experiments on the 9th February, 1822, were attended with a singular circumstance, which was — the officers' word of command "fire," was several times distinctly heard both by Captain Parry and myself, about one beat of the chronometer after the report of the gun; from which it would appear, that the velocity of sound depended in some measure upon its intensity. The word " tire" was never heard during any of the other experiments; upon this oc- casion the night was calm and clear, the thermometer 25° below zero, the barometer 28.84 inches, which was lower thau it had ever been observed before at Winter Island. Upon comparing the intervals between the flash and report of a musket with the gun, upon other occasions, there appears to be no assignable difference. 8 H i •■'/; V' tj m ■I i* 1 i !• • K r^:] . , Mf 1' If' 240 ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR FROM THE POLAR REGIONS. The air, the subject of these experiments, was collected in two glass bottles closed by caps, cemented in the usual way, with brass stop-cocks ; it was analyzed by Mr. Faraday of the Royal Institution, and the following are his results: 100 of air from one bottle gave, by Doberiener's Eudiometrical process 20.3G4 of oxygen Another experiment with the same air, gave 20.42 per cent of oxygen At the same time, 100 of air from the atmosphere of the Labo- ratory, by the same process, gave 22.045 of oxygen Again 100 of air from the other bottle, gave 20.72 By another experiment » • 20.85 At the same time 100 of air from the Laboratory gave . , . 21.8S The following is a copy of the letter accompanying the foregoing analysis. RoycU Institution, \3th February, 1824. Dear Sir,— I send you an account of the air which you gave me for examination. There is a decided and constant difference between it and the air of this place, which difference cannot depend on errors in the experiments. Perhaps you wll be able to recollect the circumstances under which you collected it. If the mode by which it was obtained and preserved until it reached this place be unexceptionable, then the difference between the Polar Air and that of this climate will be established, at least to my satisfaction. — I am, Dear Sir, Your's very truly. To Rev. George Fisher. (Signed) M. Faradat. I have merely to state, in reference to this letter, that the circumstances at- tending the collecting of the air were simply as follows: the bottles in which it was preserved had been open the whole of the winter on shore, at the observa- tory at Igloolik, at the last winter's station, and were closed in the spring; they were then packed up in oakum by myself in a chest, which was opened by Mr. Jones and myself in his shop at Charing-Cross, and by him sent immedi- ately to Mr. Faraday for examination. There had not been a tire in the place in which the bottles were kept for a considerable time before they were closed ; so that I conceive the air was collected in as unexceptionable a way as could be. It appears from a mean of the experiments, that the air in the bottles con- tained 20.5885 per cent, of oxygen, and the atmosphere in Laboratory of Royal Institution at the same time, 21.9625 per cent., which exceeds therefore the (juantity of oxygen contained in the air of the Polar Regions, by 1.374 per cent. 241 ON THE EFFECT OF COLD UPON THE GASES AND DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES. The gases experimented upon, were confined in long cylindrical vessels of thin glass, hermetically sealed. Other specimens of the gases were also sent out in large glass spheres, and condensed by pressure, to render the circum- stances of the experiments, when combined with very low temperatures, more favourable ; some of these spheres were provided with stop-cocks of brass, and the others of glass, which circumstances are mentioned in the experiments; and to prevent mistakes, all the vessels had the names of the gases they con- tained, engraved upon them with a diamond. The results here given, are those occasioned by simple exposure to the atmosphere (unless stated.) The vessels before exposure, were wiped perfectly clean and dry upon the outside, and the spots and blemishes in the glass, or any particular appearance within, (if any,) were carefully written down ; so that no effect upon the gases should be registered, but what was due to the change of temperature. It may be observed here, th?.t a minute crystallization appeared in everyone of the vessels upon the exposure to low temperatures ; which may, in some, have been occasioned by some previous humidity in the vessels, although every precau- tion was taken in filling them in England to prevent it. However this may be, I have given the appearances and circumstances connected with them as well as I was able, so as to enable others to form their own judgment. SuLPHLRots Acid Gas, Upon exposure to — 2G° Fahrenheit, is condensed into a perfectly white fluid ; when exposed to — 40°, the condensation is increased, and the liquid runs in streams down the sides of the vessel. Two or three drops of a brilliant orange-coloured fluid was also formed, together with a minute scat- tered crystallization upon the upper part of the vessel. » Nitrous Acid Gas, Condensed by pressure in a glass sphere, after exposure to —26° Fahrenheit becomes colourless, and is formed into a brilliant yellow-coloured fluid at the bottom of the vessel, of the appearance and consistence of thick oil ; at — 40°, part of this fluid was frozen, and formed into brilliant yellow crystals; much . 1 ■■ " . ,,■■■' ' * 11 ! ,;-|:; ' ' 111 H'^'i,' I M 242 EFFECT OF COLD UPON OASES. |0 .•' I' crystallization also fonns upon the upper part of the vessel, without colour, which dissolves at — 20°. When the tubes containing this gas (in a gaseous state), are kept from the light at the temperature of — 46°, although the fluid is formed, yet it is not frozen until it is brought to the light. SiLiCATED Fluoric Gas Was not affected by the greatest degree of artificial cold I could produce, by means of a mixture of alcohol and snow, combined with a natural tempe- rature of 45° below zero. A few white depositions on the sides of the glass tubes took place during the voyage. Carbonic Acid Gas Was not rendered fluid when tried as above, but several detached spots of tree-shaped crystallization, upon different parts of the tubes, forms at very low temperatures, which is not the case at temperatures above zero. Ammonia. After three days exposure to •> 26" Fahrenheit, the gas contained in the glass sphere, in which it had been condensed by pressure, was found to be in a fluid state on the upper part of the sphere, in small globules; but there was no liquid formation in the glass cylinder containing this gas, nor any appear- ance of crystallization in either. Upon exposing both of them to — 40', the liquid formation in the sphere was much increased, and ran down the sides of the vessel upon moving it. There were also formed seven or eight spots of beautiful clear bluish-green drops of fluid, together with an irregular streak of crystallization upon the upper part of the vessel. In the cylinder was a slight appearance of moisture, like that caused by breathing, but no crystallization : this, therefore, appears to be the temperature nearly at which this gas assumes the liquid form, when not assisted by pressure. SuL. Hydrogen. Upon exposing this gas in the sphere to —45°, there was exhibited, at the bottom of it, a dark -coloured gaseous fluid, which disappeared immediately the finger was applied to the vessel. There was much crystallization upon the upper part of the vessel, which also disappeared upon bringing it into a temperature of about zero, without assuming a liquid shape. By exposing ,t5H ' EFFECT OF COLD UPON OASES. 243 this gas to the cold during the winter, a great many black depositions took place upon every part of the vessels. Olefiant Gas. No diflference of appearance in this gas, with the greatest degree of cold pro- duced, excepting a very minute crystallization upon the upper part of the tubes. Nitrous Oxide. After three days' exposure to a temperature of 40 and 45* below zero, a long drop of fluid was formed upou the top of the sphere, colourless, of a thick viscid appearance. A minute crystallization also ta!ces place of the ap- pearance of flies' legs, and by rubbing th, vessel with a silk handkerchief (of the same temperature), they move about w> h great rapidity from the electrical excitation produced by the friction: they disappeared at a temperature ol about zero. Nitric Oxide. After a considerable exposure to — 45°, no change took place, excepting a minute crystallization upon the top of the sphere. There were sc a .; round bluish-green spots also upon the bottom of the vessc', but as the stop-cock was of brass, it probably might have arisen from some action upon the met'^li as the same appearance was not exhibited in the cylindrical vessel containing this gas. Fluoric Gas. After exposing this gas three days in a temperature of — 26*, in a glass sphere, several white patches or depositians were formed in different parts of the vessel, and also one at the bottom c( the sphere, of a dull greasy appear- ance, like a drop of melted tallow, whi h after three days' exposure to between 40 and 45° below zero, became clear .- '' transparent, and a condensation in a liquid shape took place upon the top of the vessel like that caused by breath- ing, but not in quantity sufficient to run down the sides of the sphere. There was no appearance of any liq'!nl formation, in the glass cylinder containing this gas, nor was there the least appearance of crystallization in either. t OXYOBN. No alteration appeared in the vessels containing this gas, though exposed il I' ^9 , ^' ill r. • i \k 244 EFFECT OP COLD UPON GASES. i >■■' if: to — 47° Fahrenheit, excepting a small patch of crystallization upon the upper part of each of them. Chlorine. This gas, contained in the cylinder, became quite colourless when exposed to — 45' Fahrenheit, but no appearance of any liquid formation nor any crys - tallization. But in the sphere into which it was condensed by pressure, it w.as formed into a bright yellow liquid when exposed to — 26°, with a consi- derable quantity of crystallization upon the upper part of the vessel; on bringing it into an atmosphere at the temperature of — 20°, the yellow liquid assumed the gaseous state, and the crystallization remained; but upon applying the finger to the sphere, this rapidly diminished, and the crystals, during the time of their dissolution, were surrounded by rings of a clear colourless fluid, which also quickly disappeared. Upon exposing, however, the sphere after wards to — 20', it appears that the crystallization will not form at that tern- perature, but the gas becomes almost colourless. Muriatic Gas. After exposure to — 26°, a long drop of yellow was formed upon the top of the sphere into which this gas condensed by pressure. At — 40°, several large drops were formed upon the top of the tube. In the cylinder contain- ing this gas, no liquid formation appeared at — 45°, nor any crystallization in either of the vessels. 845 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE EXPANSION OF AIR, AT LOW TEMPERATURES. For this purpose was used a glass cylinder of 1.7 inch in diameter, and 2.G inches in length; into this was fitted a long tube or stem of ten inches in length, and nearly half an inch in diameter, graduated into 140 equal parts. The cylinHer was also fitted with a ground-glass stopper, for the purpose of filhng it readily. The relative capacity of the whole, and the several parts of the stem, viz., every ten divisions, were determined by many trials, by weighing the contained quantities of water and mercury. By inserting the extremity of the stem into mercury, (the stopper being securely fitted,) and carried from a warm atmosphere into a cold one, the mercury rises in the stem, till the force of elasticity of the contained portion of air, together with the weight of the incumbent column of mercury within the stem, is equal to the pressure exerted by the atmosphere without. The vessel was fitted to a stand, so that the end of the stem could be immersed into a basin of mercury at pleasure. When the whole, therefore, had acquired a steady temperature in a warm atmosphere, a delicate mercurial thermometer was introduced into the centre of the cylinder by means of the glass stopper, and the temperature of the air within determined ; the stopper was then slowly fitted in, so as to cause no depression of the mercury in the stem below the surface of that without. In this state, the height of the surface of the mercury was carefully read oH" upon the stem, and then gently taken into the cold; and after it had been exposed long enough to acquire the temperature of the utmospherc, the height to which the mercury in the stem had risen was als the transverse ■ > ; I ' 1., I 11 \\m\f A i 1 Si 1 . 1 248 EXPANSION OP METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES. bar, remaining in exactly the same position with respect to each other, I had a contrivance very neatly constructed by the ship's armourer ; which was, a strong bar of copper fixed in a transverse direction exactly over the heads of the screws (by which the bars were confined), but at the same time perfectly detached from them. In this transverse bar, and over the others, were made square holes, two sides of which were chamfered or sloped oflF to a fine edge and polished, as were the corresponding parts of the other bars over which it was fixed. Upon these edges were made fine marks at right angles to the bars, by means of a sharp steel point; corresponding ones also v/ere made upon the bars themselves, and by means of a sliding microscope attached to another transverse bar, the coincidence of these lines were observed before and after the rcauings of the verniers at the other end of the case were taken. They at all times, however, perfectly agreed, and coincided exactly, after the arrival of the instrument in England. The necessity of this precaution was first suggested to me by a curious circumstance which takes place in the con- traction of the metals at very low temperatures, which is this : if after a set of readings be obtained with this instrument, either of the bars be gently tapped, as with a key, tj-c, an immediate change in its length takes place, as indicated by the vernier. This at first naturally appeared to arise from the screws not confining the ends of tl^e bars firmly in their places, and from the friction arising from the supports and verniers; the observations were, therefore, rejected, and the above precaution immediately resorted to. As the free motion of the verniers, and also of the bars upon their supports, were always particularly examined, and which could easily be ascertained by the lateral motion occasioned by pressing gently upon them, this way o( accoinUing for the circumstance appears iiiadniissilile ; nor could it have arisen from any gradual change in length produced by an alteration of temperature, as the same was constantly observed after the bars hud been exposed to steady tem- peratures for two or throo days. To this rigidity or sluggishness in the powers of contraction in the metals, may be added another property they acquire at low temperatures, which is — that of extreme brittleness. This was continually cxenipliHed in the fretiuent fractures of the adjusting screws of the ditlcrent instrunu nts when very slightly handled, also of knives, the clinching of nails, together with the loud eoniplaints of thr carpenters, that their tools were cither fractured and rendered totally unserviceable, or that their edges were immediately destroyed by using them in those toniperatures. It is evident, from the construction of the instrument, that the diHerenees :i EXPANSION OP METALS AT LOW TEMPERATUUES. 249 between the readings of the verniers, at different temperatures, will give the relative variations in length of the different bars due to the change of tempe- rature (since these differences arc not affected by any variation in length of the deal case, as this is common to each) ; and if the ab.solute rate of expan- sion of either of them, or of the deal case itself, be known, then the absolute rate of expansion of the others becomes known. The deal was a well-seasoned piece of wood, and had been in the possession of IVIr. Bate, the maker of the instrument, for twelve years. The temperature of the bars was ascertained by threr thermometers, one placed at each end of the case, and the other in the middle. The instrument was fixed upon the heads of three casks, fixed firmly upon the ground, so that their upper edges shouM be in an horizontal line, and by this means was supported in six nearly cqui-distant places. To protect it from the drift snow, it had, besides its own cover of wood, a strong canvass one made for it. In this state it was left, together M'ith the thermo- meters, exposed for a ctmsiderable part of the winter, a few yards in front of the observatory, and was always ready for observation when steady tem- peratures occurred. The following observations are the means of a great many readings, taken at various times ; those made at temperatures not dif- fering from each other more than five or six degrees, are classed together, and their mean given as one result : — MICTALi* Hr«nii(i al + U*. H««illnp ■1 + 0».4. tUMav *l - IJ».lt. Hriihngl •1 - 40°. I'lntf BniNd . . . I19,S).'>.W0 iio.sross IIO.hOJiAO llfl.N3lt() Cast Uruss . . . II0.903.')0 iio.8N:iy.-> no H))i)(< IIO.b4tf«7 iluiiiiiuTtd Copper I10.9(ijo0 ll9.bS750 110.S777:> IIO.S5H!r Stetl 119.07100 il<).90o:io M9.!)OI.>n lltl.h»45b Wrought Iron . . 110.07640 IIO.OIIHH , IIO.OOMJH IIO.S'JUHI CuMt Iron , . , l«o. 00^00 llil.U3flH8 1 ! 110.03375 1 lO.iX'llO The simplirity of the instrument renders any explanation of the numbers containt'd in this table almost unnecessary; it will be huHieicnt only to say, that if the numbers in the column mider +.'>2 rrpresent the relative lengths of the bars at that It inperature, then will the numbers in the other culumns represent the relative Uiiglhs al the respt-ttive temperatures under which tluy are placed. ' >t' I:/.;!;' kl :i 250 EXPANSION or METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES. By comparing the observations with this instrument, ailer its arrival in England, with its first adjustment by tlie maker to the temperature of +66', I found the cast-iron bar somewhat in excess. Although I had not compa- risons at so high a temperature, yet by observing the law of the differences between it and the other bars, the circumstance was plain ; the others agreed very well. This adjustment, therefore, is altogether rejected, and those ob- servations only retained which have been made at very steady natural tempe- ratures. The discrepancy arose, no doubt, either from the weight of the bar acting upon the screw which held it, from the pitching of the ship in crossing the Atlantic ; or, what is more probable, from this bar being the largest, it had not acquired the same temperature as the others, in the unavoidable hurry necessary in the completion of the instrument. For the purpose of again comparing the bars, after the voyage, at steady temperatures, the instrument was kept in a large room without a fire at the Admiralty, and the comparisons made by Mr. Jones, the optician, and myself, at a mean temperature of +52 , which is higher than any other I had before an opportunity of observing it at. The ends of the bars held by the screws had not in the least started, since the precaution was taken of constantly observing them, as the lines upon them and the corresponding ones upon the detached transverse bar exactly coincided. In the following table I have given the comparisons of the |)latc brass with the other metals, as its abso- lute rate of expansion is the best known, and at the same time more conve- nient, on account of its rnU'. of ex|)ansion being greater than the rest. If the differences between the plate brass and the other metals be supposed to increase uniformly as the temperature diminishes, that is from +52° Fahr. to -40°, and if r represent the absolute rate of contraction of the plate brass in parts of the length between those li.nits ; then will the contraction of the other metals be represented by the quantities in this table. Tubli! li> -111" l-nlir Mriii r'iii|wralar> -f li" (iiitt HniNN Iliiiiiiiu'rrd ('o|i|ii(i j: — .()(»() MJi.lltf .r - .()(>!MI(>'rl(9|. X -.<)nn;)()i;i.M7 I' i EXPANSION OF METALS AT LOW TEMI'EIIATUHES. 251 By a mean of ten of the most unexceptionable authorities, it appears that the rate of expansion, or contraction, of plate brass in parts of its length, is .00001027 for V Fahr. ; if this quantity be substantiated for x, the followin,:j will be the absolute rates of expansion or contraction of the other metal», and which are also compared with those deduced from other authorities : — METALS. Contrarllniii for l*». riiiitr.'tctioiis fur 1" by uibcr Auihorlliu. AUTlloniTIE.S. Cast Brass . . . Hammered Copper Steol .000010010 .000009104 .000005951 .000010443 .000009444 .000000300 .000007039 .0000003 la I'oinm. im Wt-iir'its & Mniisnrc!i, 1821 ; & Smi-aton. Snicalon ; I'liiluiiupliicul 'I'miiMactions, 1731. f9 Aiilliorilii'H — liiit iitrri'i-iiiu' » iili Utvouaic-r and I.n- 1 pliicr; Hiol; Trailr ilc I'liys. 1 Aiillioritu'D, liui n);rcpin|; with neither. ' " » w Wroiififht Iron . . Cast Iron. . 000005970 .000005033 The great difference between these results and those obtained by absolute measurements is very apparent, and seems in a great measure to arise from a variation in the rale of contraction of plate brass and the other metals at different temperatures. If the relative variations in length of the bar.s, be- tween the temperatures of +52° and +G°.4, be compared with those between +6°.4 and —40°, it appears that the differences between the plate brass bar and the others are the greatest at the lowest temperatures, which must be owing to the plate brass, and also the cast biass, retaining their powers of contraction, at those temperatures, in a greater degree than the less ex- pansible metals. By dividing the difference of the readings of the vernier attached to the plate brass bar, at the temperatures of +52" and +G°.4, by the difference ol temperature, riar., 45.0 degrees, it appears that the contraction of the brass exceeded that oi the deal by the quantity .()017.'}51 inch for each degree ; and dividing this by 120 inches (the whole length nearly), this excess in parts of the length for 1° Fahr. is .00001440: but since this quantity is far greater than that which can be assigned fur the expansion of the brass itself, it is evident that the deal must have expanded upon the whole, and that at the rate of .000004 nearly in parts of its length for each degree. It is most probable, however, that this expansion is confined only to a tew degrees of tempe- rature, arising from the freezing of the moisture within the pores of the wood. By a similar comparison between the temperatures of +G''.4 and -40°, the excess of the deal above the plate brass bar fur i" in parts uf its length, is 'W'-F' .(>. . *n :i«i!tl ••ciiie8of the whole vessel, and the several parts of the stem, were determined by many trials, by weighing the contained portions of mercury with a delicate hydrostatic balance (made by Newman, of Lisle- street), in very small scales, or cups, of platinum. The mercury experi- mented upon, had been distilled for the purpose of chemical experiments; and by a mean of five different trials with the same instrument, its specific gravity in distilled water of the temperature of + 58° Fahrenheit, was 13.64. The experiments were confined to temperatures not lower than —30' Fahren- heit, as there is some uncertainty arising from a suddenness in the contrac- tion of the mercury near its freezing point. If, upon exposing the vessel filled with mercury to these temperatures, and after a considerable time, when it appears to have reached its lowest point in the gradu'^:ted stem, the vessel be then touched, the mercury immediately descends, and this not from any change in the curvature of its upper surface only, since it is seen to descend in every part of the stem. The same circumstance was constantly observed in the common mercui^al thermometers; the same thermometer seldom indicating the same temperature A'hen its contained mercury was frozen, which was generally from — 30° to — 38° when frozen in an horizontal position. If it is frozen at lower temperatures, as at 45° Fahrenheit, it still indicates about the same temperature, viz., 30° to 38; but if in this state it be held in a vertical position, and a slight shake be given it, the mercury immediately descends, so as to indicate nearly the same temperature of the atmosphere (as shewn by those spirit thermometers with it |)reviuusly agreed, at temperatures between 20° and 30" below zero). This circumstance does not appear to arise from any apparent separation of the mercury, either in the stem or in the bulb, at least as far as could be seen with a common magnifying glass; neither can it arise from any sudden contraction of the glass, as it would have caused a contrary effect, and, moreover, would have been apparent in the spirit thermometers, which was not the case. It appears, « K Ml; '' U 254 ON THE CONTRACTION OP MERCUHY. therefore, that though the power of mutual adhesion between the particles of mercury is considerably diminished by low temperatures, yet it still retains its power of contraction. As one end of the stem was ground, and Atted into the bulb of the vessel, so as to be taken out at pleasure, the temperature of the contained mercury could be readily ascertained by putting a mercurial thermometer into it. This thermometer, together with a spirit one (for very low temperatures), iiad been compared with many other mercurial ones, and a correction applied to each to reduce them to the mean of all; and they were kept as standard ones by which he temperatures were registered. As the experiments were made at nearly the same temperature, the means of the observations before and after exposure are taken and computed as one result. By which it appears, that a portion of mercury ecjuivalent in bulk to 20G0.G5 at + 29' Faiiienheit, will have in the glass vessel an apparent bulk equivalent to 2048.30 at —29° Fahrenheit, which is a contraction at the rate of .0001027, or ^-fVtrth part of the whole for l Fahrenheit. If the contraction of the glass vessel be allowed lor, then, according to General Roy's experiments upon the cubical expansion of glass ve;isels, the bulk of the mercury after exposure will be more accurately represented by 2046.83 instead of 2048.36 at — 29°, which is a contraction at the rate of .0001156, or ^TiVe^h part of the whole for V Fahrenheit, between these limits, or at a mean temperature of about zero. From the experiments of Sir George Schuckburgh with a similar apparatus, it appears that from the freezing to the boiling point of water, the expansion ot mercury in glass is .0000872, or -,-riyjyth part of the bulk, and correcting for the expansion of the glass .0001011, or ^V^r*^ P"""* of the whole for 1* Fahrenheit. 965 ON THE CONTRACTION OF ALCOHOL. These experiments were also made with the same apparatus. The specific gravity of the alcohol was determined by weighing it in two thin glass flasks, fitted with ground glass stoppers in the usual way, and weighed in the hydrostatic balance before-mentioned. One bottle contained 925 grains of distilled water, and the other 10r>0 grains, at + 60° Fahrenheit. The tempe- rature of the alcohol was ascertained by introducing a delicate mercurial thermometer into the necks of the flasks, before and after it was weighed, and a mean taken. By several trials at each end of the beam, with ditt'erent sets of phitina weights, the specific gravity with the 925 grain botti' was .8102 at + 01°, and with the other, .815 at + 0/; the mean between which is, .8156 for its specific gravity, at + 61 J^ Fahrenheit. The experiments were made in the same way as with the mercury, by ex- posing the alcohol to moderate, and then low temperatures ; and a mean of the readings, before and after exposure, taken, to obviate any error that might possibly have arisen from evaporation during the experiments ; which, however, was not perceptible. By a mean of several experiments made at nearly the same temperature, it appears, that a quantity of the alcohol, equi- valent in bulk to 2060.65, at -j- 49f Fahrenheit, will, at the temperature of — 36V° Fahrenheit, occupy a space equivalent to 1974.85, which is a con- traction in bulk at the rate of .()(K)484, or -. „'i^th part of the whole for 1° Fahrenheit, or at the rate of -' ^ for 1H0°. Allowing for the contraction of the glass as before, the bulk after exposure is more accurately expressed by 1972.66, instead of 1974.85. With this correction, the contraction of alcohol in bulk is at the rate of .(X)0496, or _«j^th part of the whole for 1° Fahrenheit, or -j-,^ for iHO". According to Dalton, the expansion J for 180° at higher temperatures. Tlie apparent contraction of alcohol in barometer tubes, appears to differ considerably from the ab )ve determination. The result, however, by this method is very exceptionable, compared with the above, since the capacity of the stem of the apparatus is very small compared to the bulb ; and as the « K 8 r^ ■ I I- CJ n I l,j{j-i 1 ' . If. f'^ ?"' H S It" r,i !>'Im it : M k •256 ON THE CONTRACTION OP ALCOHOL. rm tubes were of greater diameter than the stem, not so much accura« rr>\iH hv attained in observing the exact height of the contained alcohol, ti>. "se and fall of which, by the change of temperature, was determined by paper scaler pasted upon the tubes, the divisions of which, as well as the whole length of the tubes, were determined by a two-foot brass scale, divided to an hundredth of an inch. By two trials with a barometer tube, at the temperatures of + 46J° Fahren- heit, and — 40°, the space fallen through by the upper concave of the alcohol was exactly equal to J-th of the whole length of the original length of the column, or ^y^^ for 1° Fahrenheit, or at the rate of -';, for 180°, By two trials with another tube, at a different time, the space fallen through by exposure to the temperatures of + 42° and — 2G°, was ,t,\,th of Ihe length, of •j-^otl» part for 1° Fahrenheit, or at the rate of -^^ for 180°. The mean be- tween these results in the tubes, is ^V^, for 1°, or ^ for 180°. By experiments with the hydrostatic balance, the bottle which held 925 grains of distilled water at -i- G0°, contained TGG grains of the alcohol at + Gl°, and the contained alcohol at -i- 5° weighed 787.1 grains. Also the other bottle, which contained 1050 grains of distilled water at 200°, contained 855.6 grains of the alcohol at + G2°, and 873. 1 grains at + 8J°. By a mean of both, and making a small correction also for the contraction of the glass, amounting to about O.G grain in each bottle for the difference of temperature, it appears that its specific gravity was .815G at + 61 J °, and .8418 at + G°.7 Fahrenheit, which is a contraction in bulk at the rate of .000567, or fi**-ut'i part for 1° Fahrenheit, or at the rate of ^, for 180° between these tem- peratures. In the same way, spirit of wine of the specific gravity of .9270 at .f 46' Fahrenheit, was found to acquire a specific gravity of .9445 at -|- 4° Fahren- heit, which is a contraction at the rate of .000331, or ^uVo^'t part of the bulk for r Fahrenheit. The following are the comparative indications of several thermometers filled with different 6uids. The thermometers were of the same length and construction; they were freely suspended, and the comparisons made at steady natural temperatures. * m ON THE CONTRACTION OF ALCOHOL. 257 Mercury. Cubarel or 8iil|>bur. Cbloride or CarboR. 8ulp. iVihcr. (III or Sauafru. Nllric Aciun III ihr H|i;»r pari r into two portions : the upper part of it had the appearance and consistence of oil ; the lower part was a fluid of a dull white appearance, like soapy water. The oily part was very brilliant, and of great refractive power. The white substance which is funned is not very volatile, as I kept a small piece for several days between Zero and — 20 Fahrenheit, without any apparant di- minution of its bulk. It dissolves instantly in a small drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, but with some ditliculty in alcoh< lOI CnLoniDK OK Cauuon Was not in the least affected by an exposure of two or three days to — 45' Fahrenheit, nor with this degree of cold, assisted by the evaporation of alcohol and nitric ether in the receiver of an air-pump, by wrapping the bulb of the thermometer containing it in fine wool, previously soaked in these li- quids, which was kept moistened, by the wool being in contact with a portion contained in a small evaporating dish, jilaced under the thermometer upon a small glass stool. The thernjometer was cemented in the perforated brass cap of a small receiver in the usual way. Si LIMIUIIIC EniKu Is partly frozen at— 12° Fahrenheit, and more or less according to the tempe- rature, but not perfectly after two or three days exposure to— 40°. NiTuii Ivrnbii. A bottle of !his exposed as above to —46' , was not liozen, with the ex- ception of a very minute portion, like a small feather, floating about in it; but it actpures the consistence of oil. It was firmly frozen by a mixture of snow and alcohol ; but I had not the means of determining accurately the tem- perature at v/hich this took place. A thermometer filled with alcohol placed near it, stood at between — f»() and —03°. On. OF SVSSAFIIAS Is completely froz'Mi when ex|>osed to the atmosphere at — 23 , but that in a perlVet Jhermonu'ter was not completely frozen at —40". If the frozen oil he exposed to a temperature of - 10", a portion of it becomes fluid, of a brilliant yellow colour. If the oil be now separated into two parts, by pouring ott'this dis.solved part of it, the remaining part consists of large white crystals in the torni of rectangular paralLIograms, which would not dissolve, though kept at J. .;'•.■. ON THE CONTRACTION OF ALCOHOL. 9M +50° for several days The yellow part is fr07.cn into lonf? fine spiculfc, like needles, and the action of light upon it very singular, for it freezes when exposed in a shallow evaporating dish to the light at -10°, but if kept in the dark it will not freeze at— 4.')'\ I had frequent opportunities of observing this, as I kept a quantity of each for a considerable time during the winter in a box at the Observatory, where a tire was occasionly kept, by which the temperature was generally such as to ilissolve them both when frozen. Tpon afterward.s opening the box at '>H)° and 10" below Zero, (at which it had been exposed often for several days) that portion of it which forms into large M'hite crystals, was always found frozen ; but the ])art which forms into fine yellow spiculo? was fluid, l>ut not longer than two or three seconds af'icr liie box was opened, as it freezes almost immediately, scarcely giving time to observe its previous fluidity. Upon exposing the yellow part, in a fluid state, to low tem- peratures at night, during the time of a splendid Aurora Horealis, it acquires the consistence of honey, yet no regidar crystallization takes nlacc, but which was the case at twilight when then was less light. NlTKIC AtM). A thermometer filkd with this concentrated acid, did not iVeeze at— iO^ Fahrenheit, excepting a very small portion (not bigger than a ])iu's head), and which was observed at — .'J0'\ At -47° the portion of it in the stem of the ther- mometer was opa(pie and appeared frozen, but that contained in the b"lb was still clear and not frozen. It was firmly frozen a few degrees lower by means of alcohol and snow, but the freezing point could not be accurately ascer- tained ; but from the appearance of it before-mentioned, it apjiears that it is about —^H° Fahreidieit. Nitn acid of the specific gravity of I.2G0 was firmly frozen at— 20", and fluid at - l.V. The rate of contract!. )M of this acid appears to be very uniform ; the thermcmieter filled with it, agreed nearer to the standard mercurial one than any of the others, (though more sluggish; and it never difl'ered from it, more ihun about 2 ' Iruui natural temperatures of 4- (MY to ~ 30° Fahrenheit. ;r ■-; I'l ^vm )l ' ! f ' iJ lli. I i i )i! Sui.PHi'Ric Acid. A small quantity of concentrated sulp. acid exposed in a shallow eva- porating dish, was firmly frozen at —40°, and was fluid at — 35". Tl.e same acid diluted with OO per cent, of water, by meariure, was partly frozen round the sides of the dish at - 20, and firmly frozen at — 30° Fahrenheit. r . ( 900 ON THE CONTRACTION OF ALCOHOL. Chlouide OF Tin and Chloridf. ok Carbon, Were neither in the least affected by a considerable exposure to a natural temperature of - 4r>° Fahrenheit ; nor by the greatest degree o( artificial cold I could produce, combined with this low temperature. Chloride of Piiosphori's Is not in the least att'ected at - 30 Fahrenheit at - 40 it appears like thick oil, and at - 4>7 it is frozen, and ac(|uires the appearance of honey of firm con.sistence, but without any apparent crystallization. "il 261 ON THE FREEZING POINT OF DISTILLED MERCURY. THE AMALGAMS, ^c. To determine tlie freezing point of pure mercury ; a portion of it was put into a shallow glass evaporating dish, and placed u|)on a support consisting of a slender rim of copper, with three glass legs. The bulbs of two spirit thermometers were -placed upon each side of the dish, and the bulb of another in the centre of the mercury, the thormnmcfer iM'.ing attached to the stand, and in a vertical position. These thermometers had each been compared frequently with the standard mercurial one, when the temperature was not lower than -30" Fahrenheit, and their respective errors applied at lower temperatures. The great ditt'erence between spirit thermometers at very low temperatures, renders any dependancc upon them, when accuracy is required, very precarious, without a comparison with the mercurial ones, a few degrees above the freezing point of mercury. Among eighteen spirit thermometers, frequently comjiared nearly at the same time, there was a difference often amounting to twenty degrees at temperatures between 40" and 50" below Zero ; and to show how much this was the case even in those made by the same maker and of the same length and construction, the following is a comparison of ten of them. They were placed in parallel and vertical positions, upon a board fixed to two upright supports about three feet above the frozen sea, and each of them was freely suspended at the end of a nail. The temperature at the time of comparison had been very steady for a considerable time. No. 1. . . . . . - .'.«* lahr. - 50 11 - 40 •1 ' Meftn - 6*°.4 Fahr. -49 t« - 5)1 11 -40 It - 40 i« -44 11 Mean - i^.% Fahr - 44 If 10 -46 II ((■oloured). It appears from thi" comparison, that there wa- nearly ten degrccH difference bctwecu the means of the thermometers filled with the uncoloured alcohol and thuf which were coloured, and the greatest ditt'erence is sixteci? 1 L !l • ..lij' 1 ■262 ON THE FKEEKINC POINT OF DISTILLKD MERCURY, ^C. Ni M> titit ■' degrees. By a mean of several comparisons of the thermometers No. 5 and No. 10, between the temperatures of — 2G° and - 30°, No. 5 was lower by 2°.2; and No. 10 was higher by 4° than a mean of seven mercurial ones; by applying these corrections, the true temperature by No. 5 is — 49°.8, and by No. 10 it is —50° Fahrenheit; or a mean temperature of — 4<9°.9 Fahren- heit. The temperatures, as indicated by the thermometers with the unco- loured spirit, appear to be more correct than the coloured ones, in which the power of contraction of the spirit appears rapidly to diminish, and when suddenly taken from moderate to very low temperatures, most of the co- louring matter was left in the upper part of the stem ; they do not therefore seem so fit for use at very low temperatures as the others. By a great many observations made each winter, pure mercury begins to freeze at --38",5 Fahrenheit. A watch-glass full of it will be firmly frozen in about three or fuur hours when taken from a temperature of + 32° to —39°, but it remains fluid a* a steady temperature of — 38" Fahrenheit. It begins to freeze first at the bottom and in the centre of glass, and generally assumes a kind of a tree-.shaped crystallization, or somewhat like the ribs and vertebrae of fish when arranged in parallel positions close to each other; but the crystals composing the mass are so ill-defined, as to present no regular determination of figure, nor the least similarity between them. An amalgam of 200 grains of distilled mercury, and twenty grains of lead, was firmly frozen at — 3r)°.5, and fluid at — 3r.5 Fahrenheit. An amalgam of 100 grains of mercury and three grains of tin, is firmly frozen at — 35°.5, and is fluid at - 34".5 Fahrenheit. An amalgam of 200 grains ot mercury and as much silver as it would dissolve, was partly frozen after a considerable exposure to - 3G.5 Fahrenheit. An amalgam of 200 grains of mercury and twenty grains of zinc, is partly frozen after a long exposure to — 35°.5 Fahrenheit. These mixtures were exposed in small thin glass cylinders at steady and natural temperatures, and the above are the nearest limits of the freezing points of each that could be obtained by this means. Nearer limits might probably have been obtained by varying the degree of cold by artificial means, but stune uncertainty would have been introduced, arising from the ditticulty of maintaining an uniform temperature by this means. The metals were obtained perfectly pure for the purpose of experiment before leaving Hngland ; and it appears that the amalgam of mercury and lead is most easily fiozen. AN ABSTRACT OF THE VARIATION, DIP, ^c. OBSERVED ON SHORE AT THE WINTER STATION UPON WINTER ISL.4ND, NORTH COAST OF AMERICA, DLRINd THE YEARS I8i!l— j», IN LATITUDE oo°.u .35' N., AND LON(ilTt DE sx^.w \V. The first column contains the date ; the second, the times of the day when the observations were made, which were generally about nine o'clock, a.m. and three o'clock, p.m. The third column contains the variation. This was observed with an instrument made by Dolland, for the purpose ot observing the diurnal motion as well as the variation of the needle. It consisted simply of a long slender needle with a sliding weight to adjust it horizontally, and turned upon a fine steel point in an agate cup attached to the centre of tiie needle. To this instrument was also attached a telescope with cross hairs, which had a small vertical motion, and the whole having azimuth motion, the telescope could be referred to a distant well-defined object, by which the stability of the instrument could be ensured. The needle was covered with a brass frame which had a glass top, carrying with it a vernief, reading otf io minutes upon the graduated are. upon the h.ved part of the instrument. The m:xgnelic azimuth of the object to which the ! olescope was referred, was determijjed by making two fine lines drawn upon the moveable part of the instruna nt coincide with the north and south ends of the needle ; and for the better observing the coincidence, a mi- croacope with a suigle wire was attached to it for the purpose. As a line drawn through ''»e Zero (upon the fixed part of the instruntent i and the centre of the ricedle was parallel to the Ime of collimation of the telescope, the reading." ol the verruer compared with the true azimut'' of the object gives the vari.xiion. Th( true azimuth of the distant object, from the place where the in- struimmt was fixed, was determined by placing the centre of a small transit mstrutueni (^having complete motion in azimuth) exactly over the place where < 1. If ii A ;.,♦; ! ■: k : «• M •.I '4 Hill'' n '264 ON THE VAniATION, DIP, i^'C, AT WINTER ISLAND, 1821 2. m the centre of the needle was placed, and observiii., the sun's transit over the vertical wires when it had the same azimuth as the object, which was therefore completed from the known error of the chronometer with which the observation was taken from apparent time, sun's declination and latitude of the place. When the needle was first fixed at Winter Island, and before the true azimuth of the distant object was determined, the stand upon which the needle was placed was thrown down and removed from its first situation by the wolves, so that the variations between Nov. 2Gth and Dec. 13th, were not accurately determined, and they are registered therefore, only to shew the difference between the variation in the morning and afternoon. It was afterwards fixed more securely, by filling up the space between the legs of the stand, and hanking it round with snow. The precaution was ilso taken of deteraiiuiiig ilie true azimuth of the object, before the series of obser- vations a* ;.;uch station was commenced, and by repeating Ih'. operation when the oh." vv 'lions were completed. Tfie iburih column contains the ningr.ctic dip, which was observed with a new and excellent instrument made by Dolland. The observations here r\ gii.t'.»td, '.i're made with a needle which consisted of two long slender c>rne8, pat fogp.ner at their bases, forming 'jgether a needle of about eight inches in Jengih. The centre of this need! .. was perforatcil in two places, at right angles to each other, into which was iitted a moveable axis, which by this means coiilJ be placed in lour ditiennit positions with respect to the needle, luul afford a greater number of ohservi'lions than one of the common construction. There was motlier needli; also fitted to this instrument, known by the name of Meyer's needle, consisting of r long rectangular parallelogranj, with the corners of the extrcujilies rounded otf ; to the centre of it was at- tached a small stem, fixed ai right angles to the needle, and having a move- able weight attached to \i ; by moving the weight near to, or farther from, the axis of motion, the needle may be brought to deHeci more or less from its true di|)ping position of the needle at pleasure. If the dip be observed with this needle in one position, an;! again when it is inverted (estimating, in each lase, the dip fro.n the same point o Ite li )ri/on\ it is easily shown that the co- tangent of the true dip is an -irithnu ♦ical ir jan, be'weon the cotangents of the observed dips in these positiors of tl'" ueecJle, provided the centre of gravity is perpendicular to the axis of motion. This condition is not necessary in this (nor in the common neelles) if the poles be inverted, and the dip in each |)osition of the needle be observed ; but the calculation is not near so M*^f*- ON THE V.VRFATION DIP, Jfrc, AT WINTER ISLAND, lH2l — 2. 265 simple*. If the weight be so adjusted that the needle may be perpendicular, then upon turning the instrument 90 (either way) in azimuth the needle will shew the true dip without any calculation. U the instrument be moved ISO'^ in asiimuth, the needle will shew the magnetic latitude of the placi> in any part of the world, which is confirmed by experiment. By unscrewing and talcing away this perpendicular stem, and the attached weight, the needle becomes, and may be used as one of the common construction. The needles turned, or vibrated upon horizontal edges of agate, and the instrument was adjusted by means of cross levels for the purpose, in the usual way, by means of foot screws; two distant marks were fixed, one towards the magnetic north, and the other towards the south, to which the instrument was always referred at the time of each observation. The axis of motion of the needle was centrically adjusted by means of a contrivance to elevate or depress it at pleasure, so that it might be placed gently upon the agate edges at each obser- vation, by nu aiis of tinger-screws conveniently placed for the purpose ; the ends of the needle mo\ed along a graduated circle in the instrument, divided to S:0 minutes, and the divisions M'cre large enough to be subdi\idcd to 2 or .'{ minutes, by means of two lenses, fixed at the extremities of a moveable arm, concentric with the needle. The fifth eoliunn contains the time taken by the needle, to complete 100 vibrations. The whole arc deseribed in the first vibration was 80 , and the last arc not less than o . The number of vibrations between the limits were generally from about ISO to -210, aud the time of completing' 100 vibrations determined by proportion. There was a contrivance attached to the gra- duated rim of the instrument, by which either end of the needle I'ould be conhncd, and let fall through any extent of arc, at any given time, with eon- ^ 1 i ■^y .1 '. .. *■; ■: • If ihft centre of uriuily in not |)erj)ei«lioiilar U> \Uo axis (if tin' nccilli'. tint iniikf »ilh ihe vertical an tii\^\v t3, and S un*i I) bi' tli* ^uni and dii!VT«'iui' ul tlio vu-iungon!.-. of the ubsiTved di|)i>i, then n»t. true dip = ' . ,.. -^-jr If wIhmi the |H)leii are inverted, the eo-tftiintnls hhuuld be found to differ from lh<' former ones (./' and a.ssill^ tlinmKh ll:e centn>i of gravity and RiiNiHMihinii makeH the Name angle with (he magnetic axis if the needle helon- and alter the |iiilefi •re inverted. I linve not .ccn tl»> inveitligation of .M. MtM-r. but as the formula given in his Muer " demtu arvuratiori arftii inciiimloriie Magneticie," is immetliutely deduced by eleminatini; ft li|ioii this »ll|»^)o^itioll, it iipiHars lu (lc|HMid \i\m\ the same hy|)r<««- xriMng BaroDi. MtVi. , biMlua,. ' 1 1 her III. Ktlrr'i Hyir. HKMARJU). 1891. O « M * « «# Oct. IS A.M. • • 87 45 i» 9J.T7 + 8 Modi-mte brerie from N. afiH cloudy W. ,. Ifl .. ■ ■ W5.5 SO. 14 + Ditto 8. and mow at time*. ,. „ P.M. ■ • W8.7 30. IS + 1S Sjuallv wind 8.K. (but variable). „ 17 A.M. 87 40 18 !K»S.6 99.94 + 10 I.iKhl lirci'ivi frum S.W. and cloudy. Snow at tiniri. „ .. P.M. 87 Sa SO 998.4 99.76 + 8 Ditto ditto. Ditto. ,. 18 A.M. 87 55 57 KW.I 99. 4U 4 9.1 Calm and rloiiily. .Snow iM-casionally. ., W P.M. • S7 49 5 S0.0« + 1 Kim- wralhiT. MimIituIc btvi-ii- from N.b.W. „ 11 ,. 88 .1 10 ID.IV + n Modi-rair hrc'i-if from S.K. Small tnow at timri. Moilfrati' bri-i-u- froiii N.W. wiili il<«t. Aurora rrry bii;:lit •Imrll) iillfruurili from S.K.iuW., not liiKlirr tluin alMiut Nov.»fl „ 50 sn 19 • • 9 < Kiwardu lln iiMiitli. Oiii' III' kali'i'n ('iini|Niu<'i wan i oniinually •■tnniinril till midnii(hl i but it wai nut in tin- ili)(htcst dcfrvn- ttfltitnl by tiM- aurora. ,. 87 A.M. 5 A 47 lU 99.08 -18 .1.83 il'ttini aurora l»nitb. kaler** ('om|>aH ciiiiuini'd a> lM'for<>, but «>■ n<>i indueiH'fd by ilu' aurora. MiHlrratp brwic from tht- N W „ „ PM. S7 19 in 99. ao -91 8.88 Pn>»h brri'n-ii iVoin N.W. I'li'ar wcntlu'r. ON THE VARIATION, DIP, cj'C, AT WlNTKIl ISLAND, iH'il — 2. 267 DATE. VarUllon W. nip. ■niiTtrn. of lie. Kfiblni 100 \t- Barom. Thrrm. Kalci'i H,|r RBIIARR8. I8'i1. ' 1* > " Dec. a P.M. 55 1.1 18 89.88 -95 • • MfxlontF lireeio from N.W., ami tkar weather. ,» n A.M* 5A 80 m 9U.Tfl - 2 Kn-rh brcrte from S.E. •nit clouilv. „ T A.M. 50 n .•»« . 89.89 - 1 • ■ Mudprate brtvic from S.K., cloudy. ft 8 A SA 8 1 -J t ^ • • 89.81 - 8 ■ ■ Cloudy with fos. TIh- wind ju»i rhanrrd from S. to N. .. .. P.M. S3 8 81 89. T8 - • • Moilcraie brFt-it- from N.,ai>d ckar weather. ., 9 P.M. 54 90 H «9.fi'J -19 Moilcrair breeic from N., clear weather. . 10 A.M. 50 » 29.00 -20 Modrratr breew from N.W., cloudy. ,. 11 A.M. 55 XI .10 8I>.T9 -80 Modiratc lirMic from N., clear weather. ,. \l A.M. 55 91 S6 99.70 -85 Ditto, ditto. „ l.i A.M. SO 89.91 -.11 • • I.iKht brcwe from N., clear weather. „ 11 A.M. SO 50 10.09 -IS (Urilliani aurora at nii:bt from tin- F.. to the wnilh. CompcM ) triwi u> b< lure, but not ullet ted. „ IT A.M. 57 49 86 88.8.1 - 9 • • Moderate hreexc from 3.E., cloudy. .. 18 A.M. 50 SH 34 89.18 -18 !.i(Cht bree«« from N.. flw? weather. .. .. P.M. SI ST 18 89.00 -19 • • Moderate breexe from N.K.. clear weather. .. 19 A.M. SO 88 M 89. IT -80 Freih bn*ie from N.W. , flnc weather. .. .. P.M. 5S 19 48 89.45 -IT Modi-rale brrvie from .N.b.K., «««• weather. „ 30 A.M. 50 85 91 89.69 -l« ( Modrreie hreeie from N.i'.., One weaih'-r. Urilliani aurora at j ninlitfromS. to W.SM . ,. -il A.M, 50 18 99.88 - 8 Stronic bre.-ie from N.W. .and cloudy. .. S9 A.M. ST 88 .10 99.48 - 9 I.iRht breeie from W. with ileel. .. „ P.M. 59 SO 40 90.41 - • • (Thick cloudy weailier with liuhl »ow, but clMred up »horl|y 1 afterwani* w itli faint auiura in S.E. „ 94 AM SC 40 81 89.80 -10 Linht hreeietfrom N.W., and cloudy. ., ,. P.M. 54 58 80 *«.80 -10 rModemie breeie from N.N.W., cloudy. Brilliant aurora at 1 n«i?ht. I! IS Mr, i '■i. r: 1 i 1 ♦- ,iiil 1 1 H p^'' •268 ON THE VARIATION, DIP, ^C, AT WINTER ISLAND, 18£1 — 2. wt- UKTV. Varlallun W Dip. Thr Timr <>l 111- tcrihing Ino W- bratiuai. Haroni. Tknni. Katn-a HKMAHK8. I8'il. • fl » * „ IVc.21! A.M. Sfi .'Sg 29.98 - 5 Strone brccw from S.l',. and cloiv.Jv. ,. 27 A.M. 50 'i1 3<: 29.53 - 7 jl.itflil brmi'froiii N.K., tlm> wcitil.;.. r'ninl aiirom lliia mi.rii- \ iHK liofort! Ihi-ac oliMTvaliona from B. (hrouKli III*' xoniili til [ th" W. .. „ I'M. '.I SI 12 ^ 29. ST — 8 Lifflil breeze from N.K., flm- weuthur. Kninl aurora in N U „ :n A.M. ST 35 48 • • 29.80 -SO ' M(Ml<-rai)> lin'ozc from N.W., llni- weathrr. Faint aiimrii .it \ s.,s.W. early in llie morning. Jan. Si A.M. 37 in 18 • • 29.58 -21 M<>tp from Wi ., clear wMther. „ 7 A.M. ST 1 10 29.66 -96 9.15 Moderate breeie from N.W., clear weatlier. .. 9 A.M. 37 1 .in HO. 00 -1H 9.65 Ulllu, lliltll. .. .. P.M. 33 11 30 ("8 14 20 SD.Ofl -.27 /Liehi briei.. from N.b.W . Streama of aurora from S.K. intii 1. of lioriion tiiuillila the Xenilll. .. ID A.M. an It 21 hs ti 1} .W6.I 29. 6u -15 MiMlerale brceie from N.K., and cloudy. ,. ,. P.M. 31 SI 36 8*t n 55 .10 J. 1 90. IT -.3 Sironi; bree»e from !•'., and cloudy. ., 12 A.M. 35 19 21 nr, 57 40 301.6 99.85 -2l Moderate brrete from N.W., and cloudy. „ „ I'M. 51 50 U 87 10 40 300.0 99.87 -24 .Sirong brww from W.h.N., cloudy. Aurora ihortly nflir- ' warda to the K. ami W. in veriica alrcam*. Apr. in A.M. 5T 1 Ifl ST 41 45 301.1 99.79 +93 (>ilm, flm- weather. „ „ Noon. ^T 1 10 HM 9 26 .W3.S 29.70 +9C 1'n h brm-ic from W., fine weatlier. .. ., PM. 55 5 «« 87 40 11 283.1 99 68 •+22 (Fieah bneie from W., and cloudy. lUigUi uurmn 1" tlir ,S ^ from K. to \V . nearly, w ith much motion about an hour uflet Iheae oliaervntiona. „ IT A.M. 55 15 5« 87 47 53 »8«.» 29.61 + 13 9.06 Light bn-eie from N.W. Fire anow occaaionally. „ „ Noun. 55 35 4 8a 1 SO 302.2 99.69 + 94 2.09 Ditto. Ditto, ,. „ P.M. 35 Ifl 59 88 9 41 SOI.I 90.60 + 90 4.01 Mud«>iati> breeie from S.W. Thick cloudy weather. IIATR _ 1822. Apr. 18 A ,. .. No ,. 19 A. „ „ No Mail 10 A. .. ,. P. ,. IS A. ,. 11 A.: p .. 15 A. ,. 20 A.' |> .. 21 A.l .. .. P.l .. 22 A. .. ,. P. ,. 23 A.l „ .. P. » 21 A. ., „ P. ON THE VAIIIATION, DIP, ^'C, WINTEIl ISLAND, 18-21 2. 209 ,^i' DATP- Virlmloii w. Dip. riitTlmc III ilr. ■rrlblHH luovi bralluDi. narum. Therm. Ku«r-t Mjir. KKMARKM. 1883. e < » ' » f Apr.18 A.M. .in 3A 9H 88 9 IS S09.9 99.80 +80 8.08 Motlerulc brrcxp from S.W. Thick, clmnly ucntlivr. ,. „ Noon. 95 SO !(6 87 89 10 990.1 90.80 + 98 8.08 Dido. Ditto. .. „ I'M. m 99 96 87 43 13 .103.6 90.83 + 97 4.01 Ditto. DilKi. „ 19 A.M. SO 18 98 87 48 7 SOS. 7 99.78 + 17 4.01 Culm, thick, cloudy mailit-r. ,. ., Noon. nr, 11 M i 1 87 If. sr. 1 9!tfi.7 90.80 ■tssi 9.09 Dillo. ,. ., I'M M 1 in 87 41 41 .101.1 1 99.77 -f laj '.00 Ditln. May 10 A.M. S8 4 IS H7 48 3,1 997.0 90.80 +.1;. i.V,\ Mudi-nilc hriH-ir finni N.W. Fine wcathrr. .. .. I'M. S7 r,d 97 87 99 30 9U.'S.S 1 9.(.8» +S9 9.40 Ditto. piiio. ,. IS A.M. S8 S.1 .1 88 1.1 .11 1 .101.9 99.07 +97 9.9S Light hrfrir from N. Kim- wiiilln-r. „ U A.M. S7 SI 97 88 7 IS 907.9 90.87 +44 I.OS Ilaiy wialht-r. \.ig\n Urvviv from S. „ „ I'M. S7 1 1 87 48 .17 991.4 93.80 +86 1.09 Clear w(«t her. Diitn. .. IS A.M. S8 S .1 87 37 7 993.0 90. S7 +S0 8.08 Iluy with liftht snow. Modcrmtr hrrrxp fiom S.t. ,. 20 A.M. i1 5J Ih 87 SI SO 908.8 90.86 +98 9.06 Light briHir from N.N.W. Clonr weathrr. . .. I'M. .VI 21 1 ' 87 19 4S 991.8 j .10.00 +48 9.89 Ditto. Dilio. .. 91 A.M. 38 90 S.I f,H n 17 904.0 SO. 04 +981 9.fil Light brcvip from N. Ditto. „ „ I'M. 5'J W IT KT .19 II 9011.1 .10 . or. +8S1 9.88 Ditlo. Dillo. .. »» A.M. S7 91 SI 88 1 S7 SOI. 8 90.07 +40 9.99 Light hrcfif from H . I'loiuly ni linii'ii. ., „ I'M. SM 41 31 87 40 .10 900.9 80.99 +41 9.94 Ditlo, Cloudy wpaihti. .. 911 A.M. S8 l> 31 67 S7 10 901.8 90.71 +48 9.89 Modcmtp BrpMP from W. Thick, rIouHy wriither. M 11 • 'M. 37 31 IS 87 40 S4 909.9 99.64 +47 9.89 Ditto. Ditto. ., Vi A.M. 38 SO IS 87 SO 31 909.0 90.40 +48 8.55 jModrmtp hrppif from N.N. K. Cloudy. Much know the pre - 1 t'pdinic ni);lit. , .. I'M. 36 S3 SI 88 8 39 907.0 90. S7 +84 «.!« Ditlo. Ditto. Ditto. I 1 I ( I !'. W M vVU. ^^.^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ■^121 121 mm m22 £? ti& 12.0 u IL25 i 1.4 m 1.6 p1^ ? / ^>V /^ v^^ # ^ / ^^ Photographic _Scfences Corporation as WIST MAIN STRUT WItSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (n*)t7a-4S03 I ^ ^€^ \^>^ v\^ 4^ 270 ON THE VARIATION, DIP, ^C, WINTER ISLAND, 1821 — 2. DATE. Variation W. Dip. TlieTitnr of de- scribing 100 Vi- brations. Barom. Tlierm. Hater's Hygr. 1 '...vfT. ' I REMARKS. 1 . ' 1822. Off/ ' ff w May 27 A.M. 57 20 27 87 28 7 288.8 29.62 +39 8.86 Light breeze from S.W. Thick, cloudy weather. „ „ P.M. 57 59 15 87 56 37 292.4 29.60 +40 8.33 Ditto. Dark, cloudy weather. „ 28 A.M. 55 50 27 87 40 18 289.6 29.64 +28J 2.51 Fresh breeze from N.b.E. Cloudy. „ „ P.M. 58 8 27 87 44 45 286.3 29.70 +35 2.45 Moderate breeze from N. Fine weather. ,. 29 A.M. 58 37 51 87 47 30 297.7 29.77 + 365 2.38 Light breeze from N.W. Fine, clear weather. „ „ P.M. 57 27 3 88 2 45 299.0 29.80 +58 8. 34 Light breeze from W.b.N. Ditto. „ 30 A.M. 59 1 15 87 58 11 294.1 29.81 +371 2.12 Light breeze from N.b.W. Ditto. ., „ P.M. 57 26 15 88 43 1 1 295.5 29.82 +57J 2.05 Calm. Ditto. „ 31 A.M. 59 27 15 87 31 53 292.9 29.89 +48 1.90 Light breeze from N.W. Ditto, j „ ,, P.M. 59 25 8 87 54 56 298.2 29.95 +51J 1.86 Ditto. Cloudy at timea. June 1 A.M. 58 35 3 87 29 19 290.2 29.95 +41 1.96 Light breeze from S.W. Dark, cloudy weather. ,. ,, P.M. 58 SI 15 87 46 23 288.2 29.91 +44 1.96 Ditto. , , . 1 , ... Ditto. „ 8 A.M. 55 21 53 67 49 41 285.2 89.82 +41 2.93 Moderate breeze from N.W. pitto. If * „ „ P.M. lie 48 27 87 43 86 289.2 89.82 +45i 2.52 Ditto. , ,! . . Ditto. „ 4 A.M. 58 10 15 88 S 49 298.4 99.79 +4Si 8.65 Light breeze from S.W. Thick, cloudy weather. ,. „ P.M. 55 53 27 87 40 2S 292.0 29.80 +461 8.44 Ditto. ^, ^ . ^ ,, Ditlo. i , „ 5 A.M. 55 11 15 87 47 49 291.5 89.70 +37 2.69 Freth breeze from N.W. Cloudy weather. ., ..P.M. 58 37 89 87 54 11 292.3 29.66 + 84 2.53 Frenh breeze from N.b.E. Ditto. ^ , , e AM. 56 11 SI 87 44 7 891.5 29.70 + 85 2.70 Moderate brecie from N. Fine weather. ,. „ P.M. 57 46 89 87 39 19 289.7 89.70 + 85 2.38 Moderate breeze from N., hut a heavy iquall at the time of obiervation. Cloudy wcalhor. „ 7 A.M. SB T 51 87 24 87 989.0 89.64 +47J 8.53 Light brwic from N.W, Floe weather. i 1 „ ..P.M. 67 37 89 87 53 41 289.5 89.61 +87| 8.26 1 ' Ditto. «. ., 1 Ditto. ' In w. ■ 'I ■! f 271 On the variation, dip, ^c island of igloolik, n.e. coast of america, 1822—3. t r " ! e The observations were made in the same manner as those at Winter Island ; with the addition of a column containing the space fallen through by the coloured liquid in Leslie's hygrometer, from the evaporation of pure alcohol applied to one of the bulbs with a camel's-hair brush. Though Kater's hy- grometer was extremely sensible at moderate temperatures, yet when ex- posed to low ones, it often acquired a coating of ice, which obstructed its motion for several days together ; whereas Leslie's has the advantage of in- dicating similar results under the same circumstances; yet the difficulty with this instrument, is the separation of the hygrometric influence arising from the absorbing power of the atmosphere, from that occasioned by the difference of temperature of the bulbs of the instrument, one being at the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, and the other at a lower temperature arising from the cold produced from the evaporation : the effect produced by this latter circumstance is so considerable, that the instrument (although a very inge- nious one) appears to be more a thermometer than an hygrometer at low temperatures. I have endeavoured, however, to correct the indications for the difference of temperature, by a comparison with Kater's hygro- meter when the temperatures were above + 32° Fahrenheit. At different temperatures, when Kater's hygrometer indicates the same degree of hu- midity, the difference between the contemporary indications of Leslie's will be the effect due to the difference of temperature ; and by frequent compa- risons of this kind, the indications are corrected and reduced to what they would have been at the temperature of + 32° Fahrenheit, and are given in a separate column. As these corrections may be considered somewhat objectionable, forasmuch as the other hygrometer is supposed not to be affected by a change of temperature, I have also given the observations just as they were taken, that they may be corrected upon any other supposition. The alcohol used was of the specific gravity of 815 at +62° Fahrenheit. s M UHll ■if! t ■1 i m 11' t i III HI 272 OM THE VARIATION, DIP, ^C, IGLOOLIK, 1S22 — 3. a H Pi 3 el 11 ■,3!|i.i'I iCq 2 S p S p » s S » I o a o Si .a bo CO a o •a «) I bo a .2 i J = 31 a. u Sa bo ■§■■5 CO J5 P 3 £ bp 9 9 ■A .S » g + a J3 o Q If m a o o 3 a o OJ ^ bo •a bo o bo a p a 31 o a 31 .a J5 ^ a '3'' O a 31 P N . S+ 4> P - "^ 3) O g- bO-S "S 8 S J S Q a 3 . a 3> M ^ i a o 1+ 31 .S a p a I-" "O <0 ?? 2 o 9« o «■ - ^: -r to >~ 3 o e 1- s ** 30 s s ;^ s ?l < •< a. ID OD R r E » . » a ^ <" (J '» ^' Z a 2! S 2 X o 91 0) • n >r te 00 00 0* IM to « ■r ON THE VAHIATION, DIP, ^C, IGLOOLIK, 1822 — 3. 273 •V « S 00 53 S < a. *^"" • "^ ft ■"^^ i ■3 'V a (^ i i a 1 ( ft i s .A » 1 o J3 J3 ■o s i H bi (»■ a o 1 X g ft Ui 1 •o 9 _o :§ .a H bi .ri 1 » ■o 3 ?; z a s 2 a CO g M s s i u 1 to 1 1 u '.a H ^" Z a. 9 u 1 La s u Z 1 Z £ >. 1 TS &=■ z a i to ■a s u a o 1 ■ft u u a 1 ja 2 bi z ft 3 _0 "o is H U Z 3 a CO ft 1 ft Is b> bi i i a a to' 1 z 2 (5 ll . a ■§ CO •1 z 6 •5 J 1 1 1 Q § •I .a s a ■3 ft la lO 1 Q 1^ >-> u z -a 3 o O Z a .2 ii .A 1 E i M n U b. a •a 1 Q S i i Q d s Q i i 1 i 1 (fa e i « i 'o i 0) N Zi a Xi 1 b. 2 ia •*2 J i a .2 a .2 ■A i Q 4, ft ■§§ ot; 1 Si X: ja 4> 2 Q § i5 o Q a I 1 a 1 2 5 ia N I § S s 2 S . . . . . . 2 M 3 _. ■2 •* ^« •» Ot CO lO 1- oo CO ifl 04 CO CO oo 04 oc 00 1- f o 00 o ot o o oo c» 00 in CO " • • • • ' 0< 0« ^ 00 ■* ot 00 ot 00 00 «0 «0 » oo 04 04 ot ■«• 00 M> m cc •o 5C 0« N m <« h- ot •o t* « >0 w « >n »- 0) X S « ot Ot ^ (0 ^^ r» 04 CO r* X C^4 X 0> 04 00 ^^ ^^ oo ^ M 0* ot »5 ■• K ot cs 04 oo ot ot 00 ot ot 00 00 04 oo 04 04 M? •» r- et « >n 0» *0 r* ot « « r* >n rt fi W « lO 04 f .M ^. n X CM .. 50 T t* .^ >n o t* 3 g „^ •o .^ f CO o »- ■» CO S3 X "f " « « o» « 0» 0« oo ot ot 04 ■V C« -* 50 ot ot ot ot ot 00 Ot 04 10 «» t'i ^ X o 0« 1- •o •* X CO to « CO 04 CO ft X s ot s n S X CO « m •3 oo ■* ■«• ■* f oo 01 04 ot 00 oo CM 00 + + + ■t- ■*■ + + + + + + + + + i- + + -h + + + + +■ + H- + + + + + « o 00 X S a> X «D o « s 00 0» r* m ^ § CO m _ CO »o 0« o IC X CO lo CO •- o o X 1- 9> o O Ci o> o ct o ^ ■V re "^ ^" o 0» X t- r^ ■0" V § s; 04 8 s S 8 s 8 s s s » s s ^ 9. s s s S s s s Si s s a M o >»• « O ^ M 0< „ cc 0> « X w « 0» o o ot ot U) «- o 1- 1- 04 X « ^ 8 $ X X 00 S s s g 5 X 90 ot X X s *Ft« s 1* X s X oo X s s 3 X s 38 X X oo X g M M « 1 0« 0« p* ot CM e< ot Ot ot ot ot 0* ot ot ot ot 04 ^ ot 04 ot ot 04 04 -5 Vi 2 o « I" o o> n r- O mm "O X CM m o X 94 X X o ^ X 00 ^ M Ifl « o « « mm ot ■^ ■" ■^ 04 ot ot W "* ©• « ^-« 00 00 s S X X X X s $ $ s s 38 S X X s X X X 38 X X 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 ss 38 3 o o o o s 1.^ o o s s S o g o § § s ^ S3 . . s o 04 o ot s ? S h> 04 p™ ^ m M ■0 0« »o '^ ■» "^ ^ ^ M -« m .^ n « w 0« 0« M ot oo 3 s 00 ••) ot 3 115 w 00 04 04 90 CD 00 X X X X 2 X X X X X X X; X X X X X X m X X S X 9^ s SS s :i JS s :k S 35 55 s S 5? s s !S S ?i 93 s 5? s s < •< ^ «< eu < a. •<: a. < 0. < a. < a. ■«: ai •«: a. < < a. < a. < a. < a. •< a, R s * 8 R — s 0< K •» » t- K X t 9> •> e 04 s ¥» r ^ s •n t •* K r s » « K s :. c s » t C i: S s t •J t R 8 •t « s K « :: R r X «■ y r I 'T ' I., »74 ON THE VAHIATION, DIP, ^'C, lOLOOLIK, 1822 — 3. » M i trt 8 r C 1 1 1 1 1 s 1 ta » o + o .s >> ►. o •D s 1 >> la H Z J 2 1 it CO 1 Si 3 O U u w B i 1 CO M « IS • 1 Si 6 1 O z it B i J3 S .o § o g § OB 1" (» S i 1 v U la M i pi i .A •a 1 •V 3 1 1 1 >> a 2 f o a to J V N z s E Si 1 X A ,2 Xi s i S ,o S s ^ xi fl 1 } •a s .a 3 .■a ^ s o S b 1 2 s 1 > .§ J s 6 J (3 2 s 3 •1 Xi ■a 'ij 1 ■& ,2a S n S 0> ot t- s M 90 «o •* t^ 00 CO ^ ■o S 1* 04 X s CO »> o to 90 « ■f 1- 0« CO «- 00 X >o CO CO OS o OS o IO ■-« JO «o «0 90 90. 90 90 0« 90 M 90 0» 90 ot ot 0« ot " ot 90 ot 90 04 90 ot ■* ^ it eg U) w « 0« lO WJ « o w» a <0 ^^ s s o 0) 1- 00 t* iS g 0« to CO CO « >- •♦ CO 04 90 ■O 90 90 CO 90 0) " W « 90 0« 09 90 M 90 ot n 0» 90 0« 90 04 Ot Ot 04 ot Ot 14 « « XO m ot m lO •O m m IO U) qanojqi 2 X o 00 Oi o * S to t- ,M a 9t ot o Ol 00 CO Wml X 90 S X 90 r- p^ ■^ usiivasadg o» 0« M o« m 0« 90 90 >0 ot ■f 90 ■* m ■* lO •o ■* <0 oo M 1 » S 00 ^ ■O t- •-H X S „ 90 t~ § X n o X « CO t- s U) 90 3 00 r- m 04 M « 90 90 00 V ot * n »»• UO >o IO CO CO ■ 0» >0 « « 10 s ■* o s 8 o « »- ■-4 V) 04 X X X 5 »- 1-. »- « w •o UJ U9 to (O X o OS QO X X «- 1- CO CO « 00 n S S s 9> 0« S §i s 9> 0» s s 8 8 0> s S g S 8 a 04 ot 8 n s gj CI 05 Ot 8^ ►- W •0 ■«■ 90 90 «e « 0< (0 ■ V 04 ^ (N IO a <0 of »3 n m ■* •n »- (0 -f 90 ,M 90 X X ■<)■ o S3 s ot s 90 S s ^^ ^^ ft) u t 00 00 i» X X X X X X X X »- t- X •- r- 1- X X S M 0» »• « M w o« ot M 0« 0< m ot ot ot 91 ot ot ot ot Ot 91 91 ot M 01 ' 3 1- s t- - s - 2 t 2 2 ? CO IO s g 90 s 90 Ot ^ OS CO IO (0 04 10 S •0 dL > o 1- e n •f »• ^ X o «0 ^^ o X "»» ^ n WJ 04 0» OS X 9* CO CO 00 o Tf jS ^* ^^ « 0» ^- o« m ot ot o> 0« •0 ot ot • 5 s s s s s s s S s s X X s s s s s s Sg s S s s s X X X X $ g » 9 s •0 ? g o w s lO o 0« s o s § o •3 - - « - •o s n M l> > CD ■o ti t- s? r- X 90 M 90 X ^ ,.« ,^ CM »_l 90 •- CO X ot ^^ „^ o o> (W CM W « ■■ *-• o« ot 10 ^^ 10 Tf ^ > S s s X s ss •9 X s S s X X 3 3 s s s s 8S X s 3 ot X Si s S X s as 9E s :s % s ^ z z S •?. SS S s 9B 35 s S z s ^ ?. ;s J? :8 s k{ « «< a, < Bh •< e. < pL. ■ t & « ;, ^ r r ;: 5 :; •« t K s 9 K « r a « s s S ^^^, ■M^^ ___ ■^1^ ■^■■H ^^j,^ ^_^ ___ ^^^ ^«a« j^j^^ ■^ __ ____ ON THE VARIATION, DIP, ^C., IGLOOLIK, 1822 — 3. 275 s - f IS « 00 1- t- o* 0* g s o f ot - M i uo i !; < a. » 9 ; S AN ABSTRACT OF THE MAGNETICAL OBSERVATIONS. DATE. Latitade N. Long. W. VarlatloD W. Dip. Time of 100 Vibrations. REMARKS. 4 e « / o ' « tt 1831. • ■ • • 69 59 44 333.3 /Mean of observations in and near London, before \ and after the expedition. July 4 CI 13 64 43 53 45 83 58 51 • • Upon a floe of ice in Hudson's Straits. Aug. 3 65 8 T9 35 58 18 87 9 11 • • Ditto. „ 17 65 30 85 IS 47 7 87 87 58 • • Onshore. Duke of York'sBay. Southampton bland. „ 22 66 31 86 28 48 33 88 7 28 • • On shore. North side of Repulse Bay. „ 29 C6 13 84 40 58 80 1 87 SO 35 • • 1 Onshore. DuckettCove. Sept. 61 66 S8 81 11 54 ■ 1 87 51 55 Lyon's Inlet. » isj 1882. 66 11 82 54 57 84} 87 51 9 897.3 [Mean of all the observations made at the winter sta- \ tion, Winter Island. July 6 66 87 81 39 68 17 87 47 18 899.6 Upon the sea ice. 1 69 34 81 14 88 38 87 37 9 893.9 Ditto. . • if' 1 Uug. 6 69 K 81 93 86 6 i 88 . 6 86 • • Ditto. Sept, 9 69 48 83 88 89 18 88 81 81 • • Fury and Hecla's Straits. Upon Uie \m. I88B-S. 69 SI 81 ST 83 H 88 9 49 880. 7 TMean of all the observations made at the Winter Sta- I tion, Island of Igloolik. ■ •) »! ! \^m "■■•it 276 TABLE Of the MEAN RESULTS of the MAGNETICAL OBSERVATIONS at both WINTER STATIONS. I, .\T WINTER ISLAND IN 1821—8. Ut. 66»n'N. Long. 82° 54' W. DATE. No. of Times of Oliteivation. Varialion W. Dip. Time of com. pietinR 100 Vibrations. Mean Stale of Tliermoraeter. O t tt O / M ^, o 1821— Middle of October . . . 3 87 51 15 299.7 + 9 1822— Beginning of January . . . 5 • ■ • P7 56 .S8 301.9 - 21 „ Middle of April .... 12 r,G 1 6 87 51 25 298.7 + 22 „ Middle of May .... 12 58 16 20 87 52 17 296.2 + 38 „ End of May 12 57 47 16 87 51 20 293.7 + 43 ), Beginning of June 14 57 32 50 87 43 57 290.6 + 451 Means .... 57 24 23 87 51 8 297 3 II.— AT THE ISLAND OF IGLOOI Lat. CS'Sl'N. Long. 81° S JK. 1822-3. 7'W. DATE. No. of Times of Observation, Variation W. Dip. Time of com- plelinK 100 Vibrations. Mean State of Thermometer. / « O ' ft ,, o 1839— Middle of November . . . 9 87 54 55 .100.4 - 25§ 182S— Middle of April .... 18 83 9 87 56 47 285.3 + 8 „ Beginning of May . . 17 82 59 87 88 8 43 284.9 + IT „ Middle of May .... 17 83 45 23 88 18 28 283.6 + 32 „ End of May 14 83 11 88 19 45 282.2 + 86 „ Middle of July .... 9 82 3 12 88 20 17 283.6 + 60 Mbans 83 1 Si 88 9 49 286.7 . : I J I ON THE VAUIATION, DIP, ^C, K^LOOLIK, 1822 — 3. 277 In order to compare the following observations with the formula, expressing the relation between the magnetic force and the dip, viz.,/ « { 4 _ 3 • * A where/ and d represent these quantities. The time of completing 100 vibra- tions by many observations (with the needle employed for this purpose,) in and near London, in April, 1821, was 330".l; and on the return of the Expe- dition it was 336".5 ; the mean between these results is 333".3, for the time of making 100 vibrations. By many observations also, with the same instru- ment, before and after the voyage, by myself, with a great many others, (with another instrument of the same construction belonging to the Board of Longitude,) made by Professor Rigaud, Captain Home, R. N., and myself, at several places near London with seven different needles, two of which were of Meyer's construction, the dip was found to be 69° 59' 44", for January, 1 823, (which is about the middle time of the observations) which nearly agrees with Captain Sabine's determination. From this data, it appears that the com- puted time of making 100 vibrations at Winter Island is 309".5, the dip being 87" 51' 9"; whereas by a mean of all the observations made during the winter and summer at that place, the ohxerved time was 297 ".3 ; the time therefore of completing the 100 vibrations at Winter Island was less than that computed from the formula by 12"2. In the same way, at the second Winter's Station at the Island of Igloolik, the mean of all the observations gives the time of completing 100 vibrations 286".7, the dip being 88° 9' 49" ; whereas the time computed from the formula is 309".4. In this case also, the time of complet- ing the 100 vibrations was less than that computed from the formula, by the quantity 22.7. At each place, therefore, the vibrations of the needle indi- cated a greater intensity of force than that deduced from the above formula, which assigns a difference of O'.l only ^lotween the times of completing the 100 vibrations at each Winter Station ; ha by observation it was 10".5. The great difference observed in the times of making the vibrations during the winter and summer times, was very considerable at each of the Winter Stations, and therefore hinders any rigid comparison of this kind from being made. For instance, in the middle of Winter, at Winter Island, the time of completing the 100 vibrations was 304". 9, but which gradually diminished as the summer advanced, and in the following June, it was 290". 6, the difference being 14".3. Also at the second Winter Station at Igloolik, in the winter, the time of making 100 vibrations was 300".4, but in the following June it was 283".0, the difference being 17 ".4; at both places the intensity of the force ft N ^- . ' T« <'l Ml 278 ON THE VARIATION, DIP, ^C, TGLOOLIK, 1822 — 3. was considerably greater during the summer than in the depth of winter, as the abstract of the observations themselves (page 276) will shew ; and the time of making the 100 vibrations in the winter time nearly agrees with the computed time. . The great irregularity in the results of the observations for determining the variation, renders it difficult to form any idea of the quantity of its daily change, between the hours of observation in the morning and afternoon, although each result is a mean of never less than 5, and often 10 or 12 readings of the needle. The fixed telescope of the instrument was always referred to the distant object, put up for the purpose of ensuring the stability of the instrument, before the readings were taken, and the sluggish motion of the needle assisted by gently tapping upon its cover, as well as every other possible precaution taken to ensure an accurate result. At Winter Island during the months of November, December, and January, the westerly variation in the morning was greater than in the afternoon by 57', from a mean of more than 300 observations ; by a mean of all the observations at this place both winter and summer, the morning exceeded the afternoon variation by 13'.24", But at Igloolik, the second Winter Station, the variation in the morning was less than in the afternoon by 38'.54", from a mean of near 600 observations made during the spring and summer months at that place. At Winter Island the dip was 10' greater ; and at Igloolik 1' less in the morning than in the afternoon. The time of completing 100 vibrations was 1".3 greater in the morning than in the afternoon at Winter Island ; but at Igloolik, it was 2 '.3 less in the morning than in the afternoon ; so that with respect to the variation, dip, and the time of completing 100 vibrations, contrary results were obtained at the Winter Stations in the morning and aflemoon observa- tions. The number of observations for determining the dip amount to 143 made at different times, and each of these a mean of from 8 to 16 different readings of the needle, in its different positions : the observations upon the vibrations of the needle have been taken at as many different times ; most of the results are means between two sets of vibrations, and many of them (when they have differed) means of three or four sets. :\ The only agreement which appears, by comparing together the observations made at each Winter Station, is the increase in the magnetic force as the summer advances, which is very apparent ; and as the time of completing the 100 vibrations by the same needle was about six seconds greater after the return of the Expedition, than before it left England it does not seem probable y -. ON THE VARIATION, DIP, ^'C, IGLOOLIK, 1822 — 3. 279 that it arose from any change in the degree of saturation, with respect to the magnetism in the needle itself, as, in that case, the time of completing the 100 vibrations would have been diminished instead of increased. The great range in the temperatures in which the summer and winter experiments were made, (which in some of them was not less than 110° Fahrenheit, and in most of them 90°,) appears at first to suggest itself as a simple and natural cause for this variation, but if this is the case, it seems to take place chiefly at tem- peratures below Zero. OBSERVATIONS of the IMMERSIONS and EMERSIONS of JUVITER'S SATELLITES,— Observatory, Winter Island, 1821—2. DATE. 1821. December Immersion or Emcriinn. Mean Time at Observatory. Mean Time at Greenwich. \S9i. Jaoucry February 18 90 97 3 3 12 18 10 83 4 11 19 87 Em. 1st Satellite » it M J. it >» Jt *» .1 >» M yt » 3cl „ .. 2cl „ ., l»l ,, Imm. 3d ,, Em. 1st „ » >» )> .. 1st .. il. M S. 4 10 43.1 6 6 S7 8 2 38.6 9 58 39.2 4 27 20.3 6 23 13 5 27 16.5 8 30 34.5 8 19 40. S 6 23 41.5 6 40 87.9 8 87 15 9 18 6.4 8 57 87 Longilodc of Observatory in Time. 9 43 16 II 38 9 IS 34 6 13 30 5 9 39 4 11 55 5 10 58 10 15 3 16 IS 51 8 18 S3 86 18 18 13 14 8 10 14 48 40 13 38 58 REMARKS. II. M. 8. 5 31 38.9 SI 33.0 31 87.4 81 85.8 31 48.5 31 58 SO 58.5 31 11.5 al 37.5 89 44.5 81 44.1 80 S5 81 88.6 81 16 f Weather calm and cleat — good observation [Weather calm and clear — rather \ hazy Fine and clear Mb A N, Long. Obierratory, Winter Island by 1 it & 8d Satellites Rather haiy— but distinct and steady fin different obaervation— tremulouv 1 1^ from the wind I Calm and clear— good obserration /Uncertain to three or four seconds — \ very tremulous U.M. ■. 5 SI 81.5 Or88»S8'52''.5W. inspace 2 N 8 I' " . i , :■ n. t"' • 'i itt, I'- ll M 280 ON THE ECLIPSES OP JUPITER'S SATELLITES OBSERVATIONS of the IMMERSIONS and EMERSIONS of JUPITER'S SATELLITES.— Observatory, Wand 0/ /flf/w//A, 1828— 3. DATE. Iminersinn or Em«ralon. Mean Time at Obwrvalory. Mean Time at Greenwich. Longllnde of Observatory in Time. REMARKS. 1888. October fi November 16 December 9 1883. January 84 Febrtmry 28 Imm. 1 at Satellite ,. 2d » Em. Ut „ t> jt j» •t .« 5, II. M. s. 10 89 S8.6 9 SS 25 5 45 0.7 G H 29.7 8 2fi 87.5 II. M. s. 15 55 53 15 19 46 11 11 37 11 40 22 13 53 32 5 26 20.4 81 36.3 58.3 54.5 Fine and clear — good observation Rallier hazy— hut dittlnct onH steady Fine and clear MeA*'- f -f^no* OliiM^rfntnrv' II. M s, 5 86 36.9 Orbl'Sg' 13".5 W. in ipace. Longitude of Observatory at Winter 1 H. m. •. Captain Parry's longitude by j h. m. ,. Island by Jupiter's Satellites . 3 Lunar's S Do. atlgloolik 5 25 36.9 Do 5 27 8G Difference of Meridians by Jupiter's Satellites , .. tn. 1. I 4 54 .6 By tbe Lunars ro> k. .5 4.1 It will appear from the above comparison, that there is a very considerable difference between the longitudes of each Winter Station, as determined by the lunar observations of Captain Parry, Messrs. Hooper and Ross, (from which the charts were constructed,) and my own determination deduced from the eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites ; thus, the lunars were no less than 17'.10" to the westward at Winter Island, and at the next Winter Station at Igloolik, they were 15' (in space) more to the westward, than by the eclipses, and they make the difference of longitude a little greater. The chronometrical determination of the difference of the meridians, is probably more accurate than either, from the number of the chronometers, and the interval (between leaving Winter Island, and the time of making the first observations at Igloolik) being not more than 25 days, and upon returning to Winter Island, 26 days ; AT THE WINTER STATIONS, 1S22— 3. mi the following are the results, leaving out those chronometers whose rates, from their irregularity, were not to be depended upon. % 11 Chronometers in the Fury, taking a mean of laat fortnight's r&ies B3' the same, taking a mean of the last month/ rates By 8 Chronometers in the Hecla . . . . By 6 „ in the Fury . . . . By 3 „ in the Hecla . . . . 4 53.85 4 48.62 4 32.0 Proceeding from Win- ■ ter Island to Igloolik, interval 25 days. 5 2.4 ^ Returning interval 26 5 26.0 Sdays. By a mean of the determinations upon leaving and returning to Winter Island, the difference of longitude by the Fury's chronometer is 4"' 56'.8, and by the Hecla's chronometers, 4" 59'. The diflference between the meridians, therefore, by the chronometers, is 4" 57' very nearly, which agrees within 1'.5 of that by the eclipse of the satellites of Jupiter, which were observed with a 45 inch achromatic telescope, with a triple object glass by DoUond. The times of immersion and emersion are taken from the Connaissance des Terns, allowing 9"" 20' for the difference of the meridians of Greenwich and Paris. The only corresponding observation of the satellites I can find made upon a known meridian, is an immersion of the second satellite, which was observed at Greenwich, with a similar telescope, on the 16th of November, 1822, at 15" 21" 7'.4 mean time ; the same was observed by myself at the observatory at Igloolik, at 9" 53™ 25', which makes the longitude 5" 27'" 42'.4 W. By com- paring three observations made at Greenwich on the 8th, 22d, and 29th of October, 1822, the observed times are respectively 6, 17, and 6 .seconds less than the times as computed from the almanack ; by applying the mean of these (viz., 10 seconds) as a correction to an immersion of first satellite on the 6th of October, the time of immersion on that day at Greenwich, is IS*" 55" 43' ; the same was observed by myself at Igloolik, at 10" 29" 32'.6 mean time at place, which makes the longitude S*" 26" 10'.4. In the same way by applying a cor- rection of — 14 seconds to an emersion of the first satellite, on December 9th, 1822, the time of emersion at Greenwich on that day was 11'' 1 1" 23', and the observed time at Igloolik was 5^ 45" 0'.7, the longitude by this being 5h 26" 22'.3. The mean of the emersions of the first and second satellites gives the longitude of this place, S" 26" 56'. 4, and by the emersions of the first satellite, 5" 26" 43', and by a mean of both immersions and emersions, it is m 'i\''m "ilttiji :..<'; Ill .,ti • I i.ii-:.l:|. •ill*'' ,,.W:j \ 1 1 1 ■ , ' 1 1 ■:' ..■!Mi ■ ■! ' i[ illll'. ' 'n 1' ■ 1 < "■■«■ L \i ^ Ir^i, 1 i 1 i m- flf -f-\" 1 1 .:; gMjit^ iLAMl 282 ON THE ECLIPSES OF JUPITER'S SATELLITES AT THE WINTER STATIONS. 5^ 26" 49'.7, instead of 5" 26" 36'.9, as deduced immediately from the almanack, without applying any correction. The great difference between the results obtained from near 10,000 lunar observations, and that from the eclipses of the satellite is remarkable, for though most of the lunar observations wcie taken at tempera* res about — 30' Fahr., yet as nearly an equal number of them were made with stars both east and west of the moon, it appears from this circumstance, as well as from the experience and care of the observers, that it cannot well arise from errors of observations, at least so much as depends upon the apparent distances of the moon and stars. This difference became apparent during the first winter, (at Winter Island,) but from whatever cause it arises, it is certain that those observers, who continued their lunar observations with the sun and moon during the following spring and summer at the same place, obtained a very different result, agreeing very nearly with that which I had previously de- duced from the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. In those observations which are registered, although none of them were made after 30th of March, yet a mean of the December ones, including about 2500 observations, differ no less than 14 minutes from a mean of the last 2500 observations, made chiefly in the following March ; the December observations making the longitude 83° 16' W., and those in March, 83° 2' W. ; a mean of a great many observa- tions in the following summer by different observers, both of the Fury and Hecla, gave the longitude 82° 52', which is 10 minutes further to the eastward, and agreeing with eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, but diflFering from the De- cember lunar observations, by 24 minutes of longitude. The same circumstance occurred the following year; the lunar observations, consisting of near 3000 thousand made in the winter time, making the longi- tude 15' more to the westward than the eclipses. In consequence of this, no opportunity was lost the ensuing summer, of obtaining lunar observa- tions at the same place, by Lieutenants Reid, Palmer, and myself. The result of Lieutenant Reid's observations, is 81° 40' 13"; Lieutenant Palmer?. sr 40' 12" ; and my own, 81° 42' 12" W. ; the mean of which is 8r40' 13" W., or S"" 26" 41'; which agrees within a few seconds of the longitude determined by the eclipses. Those, however, who have corresponding observations upon a known meridian, will be best able to decide which is correct ; and also of the following occultations of the moon in the Pleiades, taken principally with a view of a comparison with corresponding observations in other latitudes, to determine the figure of the earth by Cagnoli's method. M OCCULTATIONS Of StARS 11? THE TLBIADES BY THE MOON, 1822 — 3. 283 DATE. Mean Time at Place. Star. ; '. REMARKS. ( 1822— March 26 H. M. 8. 7 19 40 X Pleid. Immersion in S. part of Moon's dark limb — distinct and in- stantaneous. Observed at the observatory, Winter Island. 182S— Jan. 21 8 17 21 Taygau. Immersion in Moon's dark limb— doubtful to 2 or 8 seconds. Observed at the observatory, Igloolik. V »» 8 20 f) Maia. Ditto — distinct and instantaneous. j> j» 8 48 49 120 Mayer. Ditto — doubtful to 2 or 8 seconds. W 9t 8 44 30 119 „ Extremity of Moon's upper Cusp exactly in contact wiili •. »» J» 9 5 7 122 „ Immersion in Moon":, dark limb — doubtful to 4 or 5 seconds. »» »» 9 12 5».5 « Pleid. Ditto— very distinct and instantaneous. » « 8 57 12 Taygata. Emersion — tolerably distinct. •» »» 9 22 52 Mala. Ditto — doubtful to 8 or 9 seconds. •» f 9 41 7 » Pleid. Ditto— doubtful to 2 or .S .•Jccond.s. Among other objects had in view during this Expedition, was the determina- tion of the position of the planet Mars, by means of a reference to fixed stars near the path of its orbit, at the time of its opposition in February, 1822, in order to determine its parallax by a comparison with other observations ; but I regret that I was not able to eflPect this, as the weather was not sufficiently clear as to render the stars visible when the wires of the micrometer werr sufficiently illuminated to make them distinct. i, -i ! 284 ON THE RATES OP THE CHRONOMETERS DURING THE VOYAGE. • PQ < ■ t 1 to a 1 09 -c 1 £ § 93 o s 1 P0 1 1 d M a H The rates of the three Pocket Chronometers by Arnold, as they were constantly employed in boat-service, as well as in making astronomical observations, and much exposed during the win- ter to very low tempera- tures, frequently lower than - 40° Fahrt., are not therefore register- ed. The range of tem- perature to which the others were exposed, (whose rates are here given) was in middle of summer, generally be- tween + 66° and +58°, and in the winter from + 60° to +40°, seldom as low as + 88". ill "is + 9.76 + 7.4 +84.2 -63.8 -46.84 -14.0 +81.8 •5 + d + + 10.14 + 8.49 +17.41 -76.7 -44.8 -14.18 +80.16 g d + d + Mean Rate daring the Winter froiD NoTeniber to April. « d d + + + 14.97 —79.6 -45.82 -14.61 +28.61 : ' d + ill 00 OD « 0» id d + + - 6.18 -82.17 -42.25 -11.74 + 19.08 + 5.56 - 1.66 •- 0« + Mean Rate daring the Winter fram OctolM-r to April. a d d + + - 8.47 -84.32 -48.74 — 9.24 + 19.58 - 2.83 - 1.75 d + o , 53 at — » -" o« 1 + — 6.05 -80.2 -86.5 - 1.8 +18.7 - 5.6 - 4.9 d + + 0.59 + 1.81 - I.ST -46.6 -18.1 - 08 + 8.81 - 4.08 - 7.48 o d + At the Orkneys eight dayi uterval. 8 - S d d + + + 0.6 -81.8 -18.8 + 3.05 + 8.8 - 1.88 - 6.78 d + -1.1 + 2.1 -0.2 -4.6 + 6.8 -0.96 -4.4 i + 0.48 + 4.0 + 0.08 -8.0 -1.0 + 1.1 +8.98 -2.5 -4.5 o d + i a 5 1 1 4 3 ■ s' i i • ' » « « c3 1 M « t k t 1, "o s 5 1 5 i < K K « t 1 ■ 3 1 1 « s t: Q Jahbs'b Expedition to t/te Rocky Mountains, pp. 841 and 351. w . ' ( : i' m stii' " ' ' '■ • i\) 11 M y' [: 1 ! > 1 'ji^i'lijil; M'U ill 'f;! 292 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, States by the epithet of ranging, and the black variety has been divided into the long-legged and short-legged kinds* ; but the vague descriptions that have been hitherto given of these varieties lead to no certain conclusions. It may be noticed that the white ring round the neck which the European species exhibits in youth, is, at least, occasionally observed in the American onef. The Cree-Indians term the black bear cuskeeteh-mmquaw, and a tawny coloured variety oosaw-wusquaw. They call a little bear muscoosees. 2. GuLo Luscus. (L.) Wolverene. Gulo luscus. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. clxzxiv. Appendix to Franklin's Journal, p. BAO, and Narrntive, p. 90. Gulo arcticus, var. A. Desmarest Fmrycliypidi^, nrrt. Mammnlngie, Nn. 867. Quickhatrh. Ellis's Voyage to Hudson's Bay, p. 40, t. 4. Kablee-arioo. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, pp. 184, 497, 618. Is termed by the Crees or Southern Indians ommeethatsees and okee-cooftawgees, (whence quickehatch) by the Copper Indians nagh-hai-ceh, by the Esquimaux kablee-aree-oo, and by the Canadian voyagers carcajou. The latter appellation having been applied to many diiferent animals, numerous mistakes have arisen. A figure and description of a living wolverene received by Sir Hans Sloane, from Hudson's Bay, were given to the world by Edwards. The figure, with slight alterations, has been copied by Pennant and Shaw, and succeeding naturalists have added little or nothing to the information derived from that source. It is proper to observe that although these figures give a tolerable idea of the general form of the animal, they err much in the shape of the head, and in some other details. Tlie head is very broad and compact, and is suddenly rounded oflF on every side to form the nose, not tapering gradually as repre- sented. The ears are rounded, and project less than in the figure. In the fprm of the head and muzzle the wolverene does not resemble the bear, with which from its plantigrade motion it £ias been sometimes classed. The specific name applied to this animal by Linnaeus originated in Sir Hans Sloane'a specimen having through accident lost an eye. Cuvier remarks that the specific di£ferences betwixt the wolverene of the new, and the glutton (Ursus gulo, L.) of the old continent, do not appear to be sufficiently determined, but that the colours of the American species are in * Wabdbn, opere citato. t Cabtwbioht» opere citrto. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 293 general paler, and Pallas and Desmarest have described them as mere varieties. Scarcely any two wolverenes are exactly alike in the distribution and intensity of their colours, some being almost black, whilst others have a dull brown for the predominating hue. A litter of four young ones, taken near Cumberland-house in latitude 54°, were of a cream colour. We are ignorant whether this is the common hue of the cubs, as it is the only instance that has come to our knowledge of their being captured at a tender age. Pennant refers to the European species, white and yellow varieties, which occur in Kamtschatka, and whose furs are much prized by the natives. To the wolverene, in common with the glutton, has been attributed the habit of destroying deer, by dropping upon their backs as they pass beneath its lurking places in trees ; but this is certainly not one of its comm(m modes of procuring subsistence. It lives chiefly upon the carcasses of animals that have been killed by accident, or left by other beasts of prey, rejecting no kind of carrion. In the summer time it digs up the marmot, and according to Indian report, proves destructive to the beaver, but the frozen walls of the winter habitations of these, animals defy its utmost eflForts. It is extremely annoying to the hunters, by devouring their stores of provision and carrying off the baits of their marten traps ; whilst its strength and cunning are such that it is rarely caught itself. It has been known to visit daily a line of traps exten- ding upwards of two miles, and to rob the whole of them of the baits, and of such animals as had been caught. In such cases, if the hunter does not succeed in destroying his enemy, it is absolutely necessary for him to move his hunting quarters beyond its range. The strength of the wolverene is well described by Hearne, and not exaggerated ; but caution seems to be its predominating character, not ferocity. It does not hibernate ; and, although its pace is slow, it wanders to a considerable distance in search of food, even in the winter time, (as we have often ascertained by tracing its path,) and when it finds a bone or other prize drags it to its retreat, a task which the shortness of its legs renders sufficiently laborious when the snow is deep. If the glutton has similar habits, it may have assisted in accumulating the bones in the caverns examined by Professor Buckland. The Esquimaux of the Welcome carry the skins of this animal to the trading post on Churchill River, and the skull of one was in the former voyage found as far north as Melville Island*. The expedition saw some of its bones in the pos- session of the natives of Melville Peninsula, and a piece of its skin brought home * Appendix to Parry's First Voyage, p. clxxxiv. 2 P M » Sammer. Winter. 22 24 inches 5i 6 H 12 13 14J The native country of the Arctic foxes, is, as their name imports, within the Arctic circle, but they migrate at uncertain intervals, and generally in very severe seasons, as far south as lat. 56°, following for the most part the line of the sea- coast in their journeys. They do not return to the north the following summer, but remain and breed in their new quarters, from which, however, they are in general extirpated in a few years by their numerous enemies. They bring forth their young in deep burrows, lined with moss. In the winter they generally retire to caverns, formed in the ice by the flux and reflux of the tide. The islands in the Arctic Sea, visited by Captain Franklin's party, were studded with stone traps, erected by the Esquimaux for the capture of these animals. The traps are described in Captain Parry's Narrative, (p. 3S7) which also informs us that the foxes were numerous in their neighbourhood, until the end of November, when they began to decrease ; that few were taken in December, and that in January, the traps, from want of success, were finally dismantled. The simplicity of the Arctic fox is noticed by most authors, who have given an account of their manners, but an anecdote told by Captain Lyon in his Private Journal, (p. 89) shews that they are not naturally stupid. The flesh of the Arctic fox is white, and when young, resembles that of the rabbit in flavour, and is equally delicate. The mean temperature of fourteen of these foxes examined immedi* iiii^l ■.. 'Si ,1; '"tr ,.j\'\ rM: |N \f' 'A W J I !■'■ m u... " I t5 ; ,[ 302 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, ately after their death by Captain Lyon and Mr. Mogg in the winter time, was 102° Fahrenheit. ' ' •"'' .*'"' •; . ;n :■,-> ,.-.\.: .. . jj . ^^.i! , ^ iia - i Further particulars respecting the Arctic fox, its varieties, and the characters by which it is distinguished from the karagan of Pallas, may be learnt from a paper by Dr. Tilesius in the Nova Acta, Phys. Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. 1823, torn, xi. second part, p. 375. (Quoted from Bulletin des Sciences, January, 1824, p. 81.) Canis Lagopus. 3. Fuliginosus. Sootij Fox. ■ - ■■ ,'.■ t, . (•»■,..■. vrr.j^ Canis fuliginosus. Shaw's Zoolojy, i. p. 331. .1. Canis fuliginosus and blue fox. Mackenzie's Travels in Iceland, p. 3ii7. Canis lagopi, varietas. Pallas, glires, f. 18. *" "" "' '* '''""' ' ' ' "'■^'- "•• • Le chien brun. Desmarest, Mammalog. p. 805, in noiis. Kemektak. FcAr, Faun. Greenland, p. SO ? , , -, Sooty fox. Penn. Hist, of Quadr. i. p. 857. A SOLITARY fox, haviug the usual form, and the quality of the fur of the Arctic species, but differing from the ordinary summer or winter states of that animal, in being almost entirely of an uniform blackish-brown colour, was obtained in Winter Island on the 16th of December, 1821. The colour is purest and deepest on the belly, approaching to brownish-black, and the fur there is longest. The face, from an admixture of short white hairs, is hoary, and there are a very few white hairs on the back, not sufficient, however, to vary the colour, unless on close inspection. The fur is long, has a considerable lustre, and when blown aside presents a bright ash-gray colour towards its roots. The size of the spe- cimen is greater than that of the Arctic foxes killed at the same place. Length from nose to insertion of tail - - - - 28 inches. ,. „ of head 6 ,,,. .,, , „ of tail to end of vertebrae ^3 ^,,^ ,„ , „ „ including fur 15 These admeasurements being of a dried skin, are like the preceding ones of the Arctic fox, liable to much uncertainty. The fur on the soles of the feet is of a grayish-white colour, and as bushy as in the winter state of the Arctic fox. " Fabricius appears to refer to this variety, when he says " Dantur r^nis lagopi duee varietates: altera coerules centi-nigricans pedibus subtus lana Jbu et vibrio- sis interdum albidis (Gnenl. Kemektak); altera tota alba naao nude nigro r 1: c BY DB. IlICHARDSON. 303 (Groenl. Kakkortak) : minimi tamen species diversse ; invicem coeunt, et utraque utriusque colores pullos habet ; quin imo cserulescentem in albain, iticiem albain in caerulescentem, cum setate transmutari posse videns sum testis." Pallas likewise in speaking of the varying hare, incidentally mentions a similar variety as occurring in Siberia. " Prseter constantem iilam metamorphosin et climatis rigidissimi patientiam cum Cane Lagopode etiam in eo convenit Lepori variabili quod (minori licet frequentia) nascatur in hac specie, varietas, tola fusca vel etiam aterrima ht/eme colorem haud mulans." (Pall, glires, p. 12.) Pennant says, that the sooty fox is a distinct species, inhabiting Iceland in great numbers, and Sir George Mackenzie gives the following account of it. " The blue fox (c. fuliginosus) varies considerably in the shades of its fur, from a light brownish or bluish-gray, to a colour nearly approaching to black. It is more gracefully formed than the white fox, has longer legs, and more pointed nose. Horrebow says, that the black foxes are sometimes brought over to Iceland on the ice." (Travels in Iceland, p. 337.) The specimen received, bears no resemblance to the American silver fox, (c. argentaius) which is sometimes quite black. The silver fox is much larger, and is clothed with a v^y different and highly valued fur. Heame states, that the common foxes of Hudson's Bay {cants fulvus, decussatus, argentatus, Dbs- M A rest), are never found on the barren grounds to the northward of the woods. " So long," says he, " as the trade has been established with the Esquimaux, to the northward of Churchill, I do not recollect that foxes of any other colour than white were ever received from them," (p. 382). This fact would lead us also to infer, that the sooty variety is very uncommon in the winter time, the only season in which the fur forms an article of commerce. The black fox noticed by Dr. Tilesius, as an inhabitant of Russia*, if found in northern and barren tracks, may be this sooty variety of the Arctic fox ; but if it frequents woody districts, it is more probably the representative of the American, c. argentatus. Arvicola, (C«».) (Le^akvs, Diet, des Sciences nat.) •• • •• The genus Arvicola of Cuvier, comprises the mures cunicularii, and some of the mures subterranei of Pallas, and the mus zibethicus of Gmelin, which agree in having their molar teeth composed of plates of enamel, forming a series of triangular prisms, arranged alternately in two lines. The sides of these grinders * Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Curios. 1883, torn. xi. Second Part, p. S75. 8 Q 8 \ m :'■■ ' ' ^ : Mi >U:j|i| 1!^ ii.i •■: ! n i| 304 ACCOUNT OP QUADRUPEDS, are very deeply impressed with perpendicular furrows, and their upper surfaces are flat, and exhibit sections of the prisms in form of spherical triangles, more or less oblique, and generally with slightly excavated areas. Cuvier has in- dicated three sub-divisions, which some other authors consider as distinct genera. The animals we are about to describe, belong to the third sub-genus, (Georychus, Illiger, Lemmus, Desmarest,) to which Cuvier has referred, not only the mures cunicularii brachyuri, but also those mures subterranei, that have not been placed in the genera spalax and bathi/ergus. The Lemmings, characterized by very short ears and tail, and feet formed for digging, are very low on their legs, and have fat fleshy bodies. The upper fore teeth terminate in an even outline, or are more or less excavated or lunated at the apex ; and the under ones are more or less circular at their summits, but are sometimes so narrow, as to appear pointed. The lemmings may be arranged in two divisions, according to the number of claws on the fore-feet. The species with five claws on the fore-feet, that is with a large thumb nail, are Mus lemmus, aspalax, talpinus of Pallas, and arvicota trimucrotiata (mihi.) Those with no thumb nail at all, or with only a minute one at the base of a callous projection are, Mus Hudsonius, lagurus and torquatus of Pallas, and mus Grcenlandicus. { Scoresby 's voyage. ) The mus aspalax has a naked tail*, but the other lemmings have a pencil of stiflF hairs, which is the only part of the tail that projects beyond the fur of the body. The mus aspalax, talpinus, and lagurus, agree also with each other in having naked pahns, which in the two former approach in strength and form to those of the mole-rat or spalax ; all the other species of the sub-genus georychus have both the palms and soles thickly clothed with coarse hairs. 6. Arvicola Gr(enlandica. Greenland Lemming. Mus GroBnIandicus. Traill, Scoresby'i Voyage to Greenland in 1822. p. 416—419. Mus Hudsonius. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, p. 52. Ow-in-yuk. Esquimaux? Mures campestres breves crassi. Andenon Nachrichten von Greenland, p. 173 1 A. {GrantandicaJ brachyura, exauriculaia, rodro acuta, palmis tetradactylis hirsuUt, unguibut apice cylindrico producto (callo niJlo subjacenti.J Dbscr. Size, rather less than the water-rat, (m. amphibius, L.) the length to the * Pallas, giires. \h'i BY DR. RICHARDSON. 305 root of the tail, being (in the stuffed specimen) about 6| inches. In the form of the body it resembles the other lemmings. Head narrower than the body, rounded. It tapers slightly from the auditory canals to the eyes, but from thence the accumination is sudden on every side, and it terminates in an acute snout. The general colour of the superior and the lateral parts of the head, is the same with that of the back. There are no external ears, but the site of the auditory opening is denoted by an obscure transverse brownish streak in the fur. The ei^es are near each other, being only half an inch apart. The fur on the cheeks is a little puffed up, has a rufous tinge, and is bounded posteriorly by an obscure blackish semicircular line, which commences at the anterior angle of the eye. The nose covered with short erect black hairs, intermixed posteriorly with some hoary ones, is rendered prominent by a depression on each side of it, anterior to the cheeks. Its apex is acute, covered with black hairs disposed round it in a circular manner, and projects slightly beyond the mouth. The nares appear to be under the pro- jection. They are covered with fur, and there is no naked space around them, not even the septum*. The upper lip is deeply divided. Teeth. Incisores exserted, chisel-shaped, having a slight yellowish tin^e; superior ones directed downwards with a slight curvature, of nearly equal breadth throughout, truncated and irregularly excavated interiorly; inferior ones narrower, nearly twice as long, not tapering, tour sided, with a slight rounding exteriorly, rounded at the points and sloping forwards and upwards. Whiskers. The vibrissas that arise from the upper lip are numerous and long, some of them black, some white, the longest, which are the exterior ones, measur- ing about sixteen lines. There are also one or two long hairs on the eyebrows. Bocb/ thick, having a smooth dense covering of long and soft fur. The colour of all the upper surface of the body is composed of black intimately intermixed with yellowish-gray so as to produce a nearly uniform tint in which the black predominates. These colours belong only to the tips of the hairs, and the black tips are longer than the others. When the fur is blown aside, it appears of a uniform deep blackish gray to the roots. A distinct black stripe runs from the nose along the back to the tail. The whole under surface of the throat, neck, and body, exclusive of some rusty marking anterior to the fore extremities, is an unmixed yellowish-gray. The fur of the belly when blown aside shews the same blackish-gray colour which that on the back does. The colours of the back and • From the specimen being dried and perhaps distorted in mounting, the form of the animal, and particularly of the parts about the mouth, could not be ascertained with absolute certainty. i; . ,,, , p, . } ! l':-*il' I 'ii !!'l * The m. torquatus is three inches long. .1 ...' " ■ ' "• '' ( 308 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, they inhabit not dissimilar, it is probable that their food is nearly the same. PaUas thus mentions the habitations and food of the m, torquatus. " Hinc in calvis Montium Uralensium per Arcticam Regionem crebri apparent horum murium cuniculi, a nido sub coespitoso tubere latente pluribus canalibus pervii, a quibus quasi semicanales coespiti muscoso insculpti, et hinc inde infra superficiem delitescentes continuantur. Lichene rangiferino et nivali etiam hi nidi repleti, attamen polygoni vivipari etiam tubera inibi reperta sunt." (Pall, glir.) 7. Arvicola Hudsonia. Hudson's Bay Lemming. Mus Hudsonius. Forsteb, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 379. Pall. glir. 208. Lin. Gmel. 137. Penn. Quadr. Third Edition, ii. p. 801. Shaw's Zoology, i. p. 94. Lemmus Hudsoniua. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. clxxxviii. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 6C1. Dictionaire des Sciences Naturelles, torn. viii. p. 566. Hair-tailed mouse. Hearnk's Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 387. A. (Hudsonia,) brachyura, exauriculata, paltnis tetradactylis, unguibus duobus intermediis maximis compressis obtusissimis bi-mucronatis (mucrone uno super alterum.) This animal was first described by Forster, from an imperfect specimen, and afterwards more fully by Pallas, who received a number of skins from Labrador, one of which he sent to Pennant. The latter author, and Shaw, have merely made extracts from Pallas' description. From its general form, it was placed by these writers in the genus in which it now stands, but it was from a skeleton preserved in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris that the place so assigned to it was first ascertained to be correct. Hearne gives some information respecting its manners, and Captain Sabine, in the appendix above quoted, describes those seen on the former voyage. The Hudson's Bay lemming has four toes on the fore-feet. The two middle ones are of equal size, and are each armed with a nail disproportionately large, compressed, deep, and very blunt at the extremity, which presents two obtuse points, one lying over the other, separated by a transverse notch. The under part of the nail has been described variously, as a callus, or as a second nail lying under the true one. It is, in fact, in the adult male, of equal length with the upper nail, externally continuous with it and of similar texture, but a shallow longitu- dinal groove on each side produces the appearance of one nail lying over the other. The nails of the two extreme toes are placed higher up, and are much smaller than the two middle ones, but are somewhat similar in form. There is merely a minute naked callus on the usual site of the thumb. The hind claws resemble those of the allied species ; the two middle ones, however, in the full ^^Ww BY DR. RICHARDSON. 309 grown individuals, shew some approach to the peculiar form of those on the fore- feet. In the females and young, the callus, or subjacent production of the nail, is less conspicuous. The singular structure of the fore-nails distinguishes this lemming from the rest of the species, but the purpose it serves in the economy of the animal has n A been explained. Like its congeners, it has hairy palms and soles. The fur is long and fine, Uke that of the a. Grcenlmdica and tri-mucronata ; in the summer time, clouded above with dark-gray and brown, and reddish on the sides ; hoary throughout, in the winter. The anterior part of the back is the last to change its colour to the winter hue. The whiskers are longer than the head, and the tail, like that of the other American lemmings, is composed of a short pencil of stiff white hairs. The form of the snout, head, ^c, have not hitherto been described from living or recent specimens. A specimen preserved in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, is said to have had a short rounded head, extremely small eyes, no exterior ears, and to have been very low on its legs. The one com- mented upon at present, was obtained from the Esquimaux, and is too imperfect to supjdy the deficiencies in this part of the description. Its nails seem to have attsdned the full size exhibited by the male, but the length of its body is only 4f inches. The largest skin measured by Pallas was 51 inches long. The one kept at Paris, and those seen by Captain Sabine at Melville Island, were under six inches. It is therefore a smaller species than the a. Grcenlandica. Hearne says that the Hudson's Bay lemmings are easily tamed, and become very familiar, and fond of being handled. They barrow in stony ridges near Churchill, but never enter the houses, differing totally in that respect from a campagnol described in the appendix to Captain FrankUn's Narrative, under the name of arvicola xanthogmtha, which shews a great propensity to domesticate itself It is probable that the lemming feeds on roots, lichens, and other vegetable matters. 8. Arvicola trimucronata, (mihi.) Five-fingered American Lemming. A. (trimucronata) brachyura, auriculis brevissimis, rostro obtusiusculo, palmis hirsutis pentadactylis, unguibus (4) excavatis ; poUicari utrinque convexo truncato tricuspidato, ' ' ' corpore super fusco badioque latere ferrugineo subter cinereo. Descr. Size a little inferior to the Hudson's Bay lemming. Length from 4| to 5 inches. « R ^ ■; rr^^ A. Mi: It'; ■ 'Hji' ; .>"(' :!lf ■I iii^iii' t ■ ! ■ I, m !i:i If f 11 i 1 "!i:l 1 ■' - s 1 II 1 M' \\ iiH ij fi '! 1 ti ■ 310 ACCOUNT OP QUADRUPEDS, Head rather flat, an inch long, covered with pretty long for, above of the same colour, with the anterior part of the back. Ears very short, and c(»icealed by the fur. Eyes small. Upper lip deeply cleft. A small naked space around the nares, not pointed nor projecting. The end of the nose is obtuse, and hairy above. The margin of the mouth is hoary. Whiskers numerous, about an inch long, black at the roots, brownish or white towards the extremities : some entirely white. Mouth. Inside of the cheeks hairy: the hairs seated on projecting glandular folds. Fore-teeth exserted. Upper ones slightly yellowish, shorter, broader, much worn away or excavated inside, and deeply lunated at their extremities. The lower ones white, narrower, chisel-shaped, and almost pointed at the extremities. A prominent conical papilla rises from the narrow palate behind the two upper incisors, and is succeeded by two transverse folds, having their edges turned backwards. The posterior of these folds is immediately anterior to the grinders, between which and the fore teeth there is a considerable space of naked gum. The grinders are equal to each other in height, have a prismatic shape, and are deeply cut with perpendicular grooves. Their grinding surfaces present the edges of plates of enamel on a level with each other, arranged so as to form a series of acute-angled spherical triangles, placed alternatoly in two rows. The areas of the triangles being composed of softer bone, are hollowed out. There are three grinders on a side in each jaw. Those in the upper jaw con- tain four triangles each, but the posterior grinder has the plates more crowded, and the triangles indistinct. The two anterior grinders in the lower jaw have five triangles,, the posterior one four. The bo(fy is broad and rather flat, and everywhere covered with a beautifully fine and soft fur, upwards of half an inch long on the back, but rather shorter on the belly. This fur at its base, and for the greater part of its length, is of a deep shining blackish-gray colour, but its tips are variously coloured on different parts of the body. There is no distinct neck. The colour of the head and anterior part of the back, is grayish from an admixture of clove-brown, yellowish-brown, and blackish-gray tips of the hairs. The posterior part of the back approaches to chestnut-brown, the sides are yellowish-brown, and the belly bluish-gray, intermixed with many yellowish- brown hairs. The tail projects three or four lines beyond the fur, and is clothed with stiff" gray hairs Th«^ fore-legs are almost buried in the fleshy body, but there are four toes, tolerably long, and armed with moderate-sized strong curved nails, which are ^; t, BY DR. RICHARDSON. 311 much excavated underneath, and have sharp edges fitted for digging. There is also a thumb placed higher up, and almost entirely composed of a strong nail which is not excavated like the others, but is compressed, having two convex surfaces nearly alike, a strap-shaped outline and three small points, or teeth, projecting from its truncated extremity. The second toe from the thumb is the longest, the first and outer one are nearly equal to one another, and shorter than the others, and the third one is of intermediate length. The palms are narrow and hairy. The ends of the toes under the roots of the nails are naked. The posterior extremities are considerably longer than the fore ones, the thighs and legs being tolerably distinct from the body. The sole is narrow, long, and somewhat oblique, having its inner edge turned a little forwards. The hairs on the upper surface of the tarsus and toes are adpressed, beneath they curve inwards to the msesial line, and form a thick rough coating to the sole. Some of the hairs project beyond the nails. The length of the sole, from the heel to the root of the nails, is half an inch. The toes are longer, and the claws as long, but more slender than those of the fore-feet, and they are merely channelled under- neath, not broadly excavated. The three middle ones are nearly of equal length, the outer toe is next to these in size, and is situated further back; the innermost arises still higher up, and is smallest of all. There are small rounded callous eminences beneath the roots of the nails, forming the extremities of the toes. The individual here described, was killed by Mr. Back, on Point Lake, in lat. 65°, on the 26th June, 1821, It showed some courage and attempted to bite its pursuers. It was a female and had six young in the womb, fully formed but destitute of hair. The snow had disappeared from the ground about twelve days before this time. Mr. Edwards procured one of these animals at Igloolik, but it was accidentally too much injured to be fit for setting up, although what remained was suflicient to identify it with this species. The sex of this individual was not ascertained. It is probable that this lemming becomes hoary in the winter, but no specimens were procured in that season. The specific name adopted refers to the shape of the thumb-nail which approaches to that of the mus Ummus, Pall, in form. In the latter, however, even when most complete, tliere are only two points, and the nails of the other toes are very much compressed and scarcely furrowed underneath, not broadly excavated as in the species just described. In otiier respects they are much 8 R 8 I ^'Hi ' ..♦»■; '.i\, > . • '^j. . . From the near resemblance in form betwixt the a. trimucronata and the m. lemmus it is probable that their modes of life are similar. The latter feed on grass, Hchens, catkins of the dwarf birch S^c. They make shallow burrows under the turf in the summer, and in the winter form galleries under the snow, along which they travel in search of food, receiving air by small spiracles which open on the surface. As the margin of a lake is a favourable place for such retreats, because the grass is abundant there, and the snow always drifted more deeply and compactly, it is possible that the long ridges of mouse-dung men- tioned by Captain Lyon in the Narrative p. 462 may have been deposited by the arvicola trimucronata. . Arctomys. Since the time when the marmots were first separated from the Linnaean genus mus, by Schreber, many allied animals have boon diacovered and ranked either in the same genus, or in new genera, or sub-genera, according to the different views of authors ; and M. F. Cuvior (Mem. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. deannee 4ecah.) has founded his new genus spermophile upon one of the marmots which has been longest known. The animal which is more particularly the subject of this article, is a spermo- phile, but as it is probable that this genus is not really distinct from some of those previously indicated by the American NaturaUsts, and that various animals hitherto referred to the genus sciurus may also be spermophiles, it has been judged proper to preserve the name arctomys in its original extended signifi- cation, until the limits of the new genera are more correctly fixed, by a compa- rison of their different species with one another, prefacing however, the descrip- tion of the Arctomys Parryii, by a brief enumeration of the species described by authors, for the purpose of more ready reference. - f m BY DR. RICHARDSON. 313 When Schreber wrote, three species were well known as inhabitants of the old continent. ;• -f^ » ■ ,• . ' A. marmotta*. A. bobacf, and A. cilillus'l- The two former, similar to each other in habits and general appearance, were the types of the genus, and still continue to be ranked as true marmots. The third has furnished to M. Cuvier, as has been just mentioned, the characters of his new genus spermophile, which, as we shall notice in enumerating the American marmots, is intimately allied to the division tamias, of the genus sdurus. The following is a tabular view of the characters, by which he distinguishes the two genera : — < . Arctomys. Grinders, presenting on a transverse section, a nearly circular outline. Exterml ear, a flat flap with the vestige of a helix merely at the anterior and posterior parts of the auditory opening. Pupil of the eye, round. Feet, bror.d and clumsy. SpERMOPHILA. Grinders, when cut transversely ap- pearing somewhat wedge-shaped, the inner margin being narrower than the outer one. Exterml ear. The auditory opening entirely surrounded by a helix (bear- ing some resemblance to the cicatrix of a human ear that has been cut ofl; Pallas,) Pupil of the ei/e, oval. Feet, slender. . . rTli.! ^:j * The arrtomijs marmotta, (Gmei..) is found on the Alps and Pyrenees, and was known to Pliny under the name of mus atpinus, (Hist. Nat. 1. viii. c. 37.) It is the mm marmotta of Linnaeus, and has given rise to the English appellation of the genus. We are indebted to Gesner, (Quadr. p. 743,) for the most complete account of its manners, and there is u good description and figure of it in I'llistnirc Naturelle dcs Mammiftfrct. It is well known to travellers on the continent, as one of the animals whi^h the Savoyard hoys exhibit, in order to procure a small pittance. t The o. bobac (Gmei-.) which is fully described by Pallas, under the name of mus nrdomys, (Olires, p, 07,J is an inhabitant of Poland and Siberia, choosing its residence in sunny exposures on hills of small elevation. . i ,? / .' 5 > ..• u « > X To Pallas we also owe very detailed accounts of the a. ritiUus, wliich is the mus noricm of AoRiooLA, and is found from Bohemia to tho distant purtM of Siberia. He has described several varieties, differing from each other in size, in the capacity of the cheek-pouches, the proportional length of their tails, and in the spotted, or waved, or clouded disposition of their colours, and which on further research may prove to be so many distinct species. ( , i*-!!-*,; 1"^! '-•■4 314 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, Arctomys. Toes, short and robust, united up to the commencement of the second pha- langes by a strong membrane. Sole, including the broad heel, en- tirely naked. The cranium flattened above, and pre- senting a nearly straight line from the occiput to the nose, with a deep bend- ing, however, at tlie root of the nose. The temporal depressions large, and nearly equal to the orbits in size. The fur spotted. Manners, &c., social, hibernate, feed upon grass in summer. Spbrmophila. Toot, long, slender, separated. Sole. The four tubercles and under surfaces of the toes naked, the rest of the sole, including the narrow heel, hairy. The cranium presenting an uniform curvature from the occiput to the extre- mity of the nose, large orbits and small temporal depressions. The fur nearly uniform in colour, (not spotted.) Manners, &c. Live solitary, and lay up a store of berries for winter food. a. In addition to the three marmots of the old world above mentioned, Dr. Evers- man has collected some new ones in the deserts of Bukhara, but not having been able to procure the narrative of his journey, we know nothing more of them than the names of two, (a.fulvus and a. mugosaricus,) imposed by M. Lich- tenstein*, nor do we know whether they are true marmots or spermophiles. Neither is the Circassian marmot of Pennant {Hist of Quad. i. p. 137,) {glis tschcrkessicus, Erxledein,) sufficiently described to enable us to arrange it. An African animal the gundi which inhabits Mount Atlas, and is ranked by Gmelin and Pennant as a marmot, has only four toes on the hind feet, is otherwise little known, and belongs most probably to another genus. The American species are more numerous, and much information respecting them, may be derived from a paper by Joseph Sabine, Esq., published in the Linnean Transactions, vol. xiii.) wherein he has cleared up many difficulties respecting the synonymy of the then known species, and figured and described three new ones. * Builtkn del Scitncu, No. S, Mart, 1684, p. 864. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 315 The American mannots enumerated by him are, a. momx*, a. empetraj^, and a. pruinosaX of Gmelin, a. Franklinii, a. RichardsonU, and a: Hoodii of Sabine $, to which may now be added a. Parri/ii, Mihi, and as nearly allied to these, and perhaps in a few instances, synonymous with some of them, or with each other, C^nom^« 5octa/w||, Rafinesque-Smaltz. C. gmcM«l, Idem. Amsonyx brachf- ura% Idem. A? rufa%., Idem, ard the division tamias of the genus sciurus, as •?. striatus**, Klein, s. tridecemlineatus-\-\, Mitchill. s. Hudsomus, Forster. s. quadrivittatus. Say. «. lateralisXX, Idem. * A, monax has been often described, and is well known in the southern districts of the United States under the appellations of wood-chuck and ground hog, Desmarest, Mammalogie, No, 585. Warden's United States, i. p. 885. t The a. empetra, or Qudjec marmot, requires correction as to references. Four specimens have been described under this name by authors, but as Mr. Sabine (Franklin's Journey, Appendix, p. 668) has justly remarked, there is so much discrepancy in the descriptions, that they cannot be all referred to the same species with any certainty. A specimen in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh, sent from Canada by the Earl of Dalhousie, although of smaller size, agrees in othei- respects with the one described in the Linnean Transactions by Mr. Sabine. Desmarest CMamm. No. 526, J mentions that three individuals of this species, had been recently sent to Paris from New York. . t The a. pruinosa is known only by Pennant's short description of a specimen in the Leverian Museum, and the characters he has given, with the exception of the fur of the abdomen being hoary, are all referrible to the a. empetra. Its long coarse hair sufficiently distinguishes it from a. Franklinii and Parryii, to which it bears some resemblance in colours. § Trans. Linn. Society, vol. xiii. p. 19, ct seq. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 068. I Cynomys socialis. Arctomys Ludoviciana, Ord., known also by the names of monax missou- riensis, vnslonwish, prairie dog, burrowing or barking squirrel, has been scientifically described only from a prepared specimen, kepc in Peale's Museum, Philadelphia, and excepting its larger size, there is no character ascribed to it by James, who has given the fullest description, but what applies equally well to the a. Richardsonii as described by Mr. Sabine. There is a good account of its manners in Pike's Travels through Louisiana, p. 807 ; and a description of it in James' Account of Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, vol. ii. p. 140, 141 and 334. See also Warden's United States, i. p. 886, and for an account of M. RAnNRsqus Shaltz's characters of the genus cynomys, Dksmarest's Mamm. p. 314, which is taken from the Amer. Month. Mag. 1817, p. 45. The genera geomys and diplostoma of the same author, aUo mentioned in p. 314 and 316 of Mammalogie, seem to approach nearer in general character to the hamsters than to the marmots. 1 Desmarest, Mamm. i. cit. ** Mamm. No. 547. tt Sciurut tridecemlinratm, Mammalogie, No. 548, seems from the description to be synonymous with the a. Hoodii of Sabine. Sohoolorapt, in his Narrative of Governor Cass' Expedition, mentions two kinds of striped ground squirrels, one of which seems to bear considerable resem.- blance to this species. tt S. quadrivittatus and s. lateralis are described in James's Account of Major Long's Expedition vol. ii. p. 834, 835, S49. (Lond. Edit.) r .■■■■''■ ■ ^''ll! N , ■ ' I . H ■ •: i ! H'v\\\\ t ( ill. ■ i 1 ■n,, t , 316 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, References to the descriptions or notices of these animals, are given at the bottom of the preceding page. ; .v.. .v> .■ , , • ^ ,v ;.; u^' ^t : - (jv^^ The a. moiutx, empetra, and pruinosa, as far as known, appear to be true marmots. The rest agree with each other in having fine fur, distichous bushy tails, much agility, and lively manners, and may be probably all referred to the genus spemiophila of F. Cuvier, or to Tamias of lUiger, (Tenotus, Rafi- nesque Smaltz.) That these genera are very clo'^ely allied, has been noticed by F. Cuvier, and the connexion seems to be rendered more apparent by a con- sideration of the intermediate habits, structure, and manners of some of the American animals just enumerated. 9. Arctomys Parrvh. Gra^ Arctic-mannot. Ground squirrel. Hearne's Journey, ■p. I4i\ and SH6. Quebec marmot. Ford. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 378 w abridgem. p. 389. Arctomys alpina. Pari-y's Narrative, Sccoiid Voyage, p. 61. A. palmis pentadaetylis, rostroobtusissimo, baccis sacculiferis, auriculis brev'.ssimis, cauda elongata apice nigra, corpore supra maculis ulbis uigrisque confluentibus maiTOorato subtus ferrugineo. CR. Size greater than the a. Franklinii and less than the a. empetra. Length, exclusive of the tail, from twelve to fourteen inches. Broad flattish body with thick short legs. Head depressed. Face moderately broad, covered with short, dark, reddish-brown hairs, inter- mixed with a few coarser black ones. The nose is very blunt, and covered with a dense coat of short brown hairs, a little paler than those of the face, but mixing insensibly with them. A small portion of the upper margin of the nostrils, and their furrowed septum, are the only naked parts. The margin of the mouth is hoary. The a/es are large, prominent, and dark-coloured. Orifice of the auditory passage large. Ears very short, consisting merely of a flat semi-ovate flap projecting about 2| lines on the superior and posterior margin of the auditory openings, and covered with short hairs. Cheeks of a brighter colour than the face. Pouches ample, opening into the mouth anteriorly to the grinders. » , Whiskers. There are some black setce on the cheeks, above and below the eyes, and beneath the cars on the posterior part of the pouches ; none of them exceeding half the length of the head. The last mentioned are the longest, and at the same time the most slender. I'eeth. Fore-teeth white, with chisel-shaped cutting -edges, wearing away and BY DR. RICHARDSON. 317 frequently channelled inside ; upper ones short and somewhat truncated : lower ones one-third longer, rather narrower, and terminating at the points by nealry a semi-circular outline: five grinders above and four below on each side, the posterior ones the largest ; (some adult individuals were observed with only four grinders on a side in the upper jaw.) The crowns of the grinders are bounded by an irregular bending plate of enamel, intersected by two transverse ridges of unequal height, and present a few obtuse points. Body thick. Back covered with a dense coat of short soft fur, consisting of a fine down, which has a dark smoke-gray colour at the roots, pale French-gray in the middle, and yellowish-gray at the summits ; and of longer but not coarse black and white hairs. The arrangement of these hairs produces a crowded assemblage of ill defined, irregular, and confluent whitish spots, margined and separated by black, and yellowish-gray. The spots are more distinct, and assume an obscure transverse arrangement on the posterior part of the back. The throat, sides of the neck, extremities, and whole under surface of the body have a colour intermediate between brownish-red and brownish-orange, which is most intense on the sides of the neck, posterior to the cheeks. The colours of the back and belly run gradually into each other on the sides ; and according to Mr. Edwards' observations, the gray colours of the back extended farthest when the animal was fat, and the fur in prime order. In old and lean individuals, the rusty brown of the belly spreads up over the flanks and sides. The hair of the belly and thighs is longer and coarser than that of the back. Tail to the end of the vertebrae about four inches, the hair projects nearly \\ inches, and its whole length may be stated at 5\ inches, or in proportion to the length of the head and body as 1 to 2|. It is flattish, and the hairs sub- distichous, very much resembling the tail of the Sdurus Hudsonius ; (Sabine, Franklin's Journey). The upper surface of the half next the body is yellowish- brown intermixed with black hairs, and the under surface uniform brownish- orange. The outer half above and below is black with a slight admixture of reddish-gray hairs. The hairs of the tail are long (IJ inch), and the animal possesses the power of expanding them like a feather. In this state, owing to the exterior hairs being black towards the tips, and brown towards their bases, the tail is brown down the centre, and tipt and margined for about two-thirds of its length with black. Legs robust, the hind and fore ones nearly of equal length. Tl\e feet are covered superiorly with short adpressed brown hairs, which at the roots of the claws bend downwards. The claws are large, blackish, compressed, arched 8 s 1 If \ I i :• 'It;.,,- #?!' ii , .» ! ;, 1!" 1 ^ '■ 1 { :i' 1 , ti i 11 ,1 f^u[ '•- '\ < . m 318 ACCOUNT OF QUADnUPEDS, above, nearly straight and grooved underneath, and tapering, but not very sharp. On the inside of the fore-feet and high up, there is a small toe or thumb, armed with a conical nail of sufficient size to be of a little use in grasping substances. Of the remaining four toes of the fore-feet, the first and third are of equal length, the middle one a little longer than these, and the outer one the shortest of all. The claws are about half an inch long. The palms are naked and furnished with some remarkable roundish callous protuberances. Three of these are placed at the roots of the toes, the thumb is inserted into the largest one ; there is a small one opposite to this at the root of the outer toe, and there is a large one at the extremity of each toe beneath the roots of the claws. On the hind feet there arc five toes, longer and more slender than those of the fore extremities, but having rather smaller claws. The inner and outer hind toes arise high up and opposite to each other. The three middle ones arise nearly together, but the centre one is rather the longest. The callosities at the roots of the nails are as large as those on the fore-feet, but there are only four on the soles, two at the roots of the extreme toes, and two lower down at the roots of the three middle toes. These animals are truly plantigrade, the soles being naked to the heel. The heel is narrow and partially covered with hairs which curve over it. Few anatomical details were preserved. Mr. Edwards has noted the caecum as being very large. The liver exactly resembles that of the Mus Citillus as described by Pallas. A female killed on the 13th of June, 1821, at Point Lake in lat. 65°, had seven young in the dilatations of a tubiform uterus. The testes of the male lie over the symphysis pubis, and are small, without any projecting or pendulous scrotum. This beautiful marmot was first noticed by Heame, under the name of the ground-squirrel, and indeed it has a most striking resemblance to the Hudson's Bay squirrels in form and voice. In page 141 of his narrative he mentions them as the favourite food of the grizzly bear, a hoary variety of U. americamis, and in page 386 there is some account of its habits. Forster in the Philosophical Transactiom describes a specimen of the A. Pairyii procured from Churchill, under the name of the Quebec marmot, at the same time expressing his doubts of its identity with that animal. The Quebec marmot is found only in the woody parts of the country, but the A. Parryii is common in the sandy, barren tracks, near Churchill. It is possible that the earless marmot mentioned in Arctic Zoology as observed at Nootka Sound by Captain Cook, may be this species. It was observed by Captain Franklin's Expedition, in the summer of 1821, to abound on BY DR. RICHARDSON. 319 the barren grounds from lat. 64° to the Arctic Sea, but it was not noticed in Mr. Sabine's paper because the specimens did not reach England. The de- scriptions then taken, however, correspond in every respect with the specimens brought home by Captain Parry, and which were obtained in Five Hawser Bay in September, 1821. The gray Arctic marmot is common in stony barren tracks, but delights chiefly in sandy hillocks amongst rocks, where it burrows, living in society. The same entrance is common to a number of individuals. It is not found in woods. A sentinel is generally observed sitting erect upon the summit of the hillock, whilst the others are feeding or sporting in the neighbourhood. Upon the approach of danger, he gives the alarm by a kind of whistle, and they instantly betake them- selves to their holes, remaining chattering, however, at the entrances, until the near advance of the enemy obliges them to retire to the bottom. When their retreat is cut oflF, they become much terrified, and seeking shelter in the first crevice that offers, they not unfrequently succeed only in hiding the head and fore part of the body, whilst the projecting tail is, as is usual with them when under the influence of terror, spread out flat on the rock. Their cry, in this season of distress, strongly resembles the loud alarm of the Hudson's Bay squirrel, and is not very unlike the sound of a watchman's rattle. The Esquimaux name of the animal seek-seek, or cheek-cheek, is an attempt to express this sound. They run with considerable rapidity, have the gait of the Hudson's Bay squirrel, and can squeeze themselves into a very narrow cleft of a rock : we never observed them attempt to leap. According to Hearne, they are easily tamed, and are very cleanly and playful in a domestic state. From the deepness of their bur- rows, and the want of proper instruments to dig them out, it was not ascertained in what manner, or with what materials, their nests are constructed. Their food appears to be entirely vegetable. In upwards of fifty individuals examined at various periods, no animal substance was detected in the pouches or stomachs. At Point Lake in lat. 65°, their pouches were observed about the middle of June to be filled with the berries of the Arbutus alpina, and Vaccinium vitis idcea, which were just then laid bare by the melting of the snowy covering, under which they had lain all the winter. In the end of July, on the shores of the Arctic Sea, their pouches contained the seeds of a 'polygonum, and in J'ive Hawser Bay in September, they were filled with the seeds of astragali. We possess no precise information as to their hybernation, but it is probably commensurate with the time the snow lies on the ground, which may be generally 2 s 8 w^ t ■>.'•»! .•'iUi*'-^ ■■.■ ' ■ . ,,.tti- '- '\\'\ M ' 1 : i it- ..^--i 'ii 320 ACCOUNT OP QUADRUPEDS, Stated to be from the middle or end of September, to the beginning of June, between the 65th and 68th parallels of latitude. The number of young they produce at a time has, in one instance, been men- tioned already. Towards the end of summer, these animals, like the bear, acquire a layer of soft fat under the skin, and then they are considered by the Indians to be delicate food, and are much sought after by the bears and wolverenes. The fur of the Arctic marmot though short, is, when in season, very beautiful and fine, and their skins might be easily procured in sufficient quantity to form an article of commerce. The skins of a spotted variety of the A. citillm, which is smaller than the Arctic marmot, are sold at a high price by the Tartars, to the Chinese. The Canadian voyagers apply the term of siffleur, not only to this animal, but also to all the other marmots, and even to the badger, (tneles labradoria.) The A. Parrii may be distinguished from the A. Franklinii by its greater size, its flatter and scarcely gibbous forehead, shorter ears, tail shorter in proportion, tipt with black, but not banded, by the colours of the fur, and lastly, by the pre- sence of a very distinct thumb nail on the fore feet. It differ? from the A. Richardsonii also in its greater size, in having an obtuse snout, shorter ears, a tail rather more than one-third the length of the body, in the greater thickness of the body, and in the dissimilarity of the colours of the body and tail. With the A. Hoodii it can never be confounded. The A Parrii has a greater affinity with the A. citillus, than any of the American marmots. Indeed Pallas has, as we have already noticed, referred so many varieties to this latter species, that it is not easy to find characters which may separate them all from the A. Parrii. One of his varieties approaches the A. alpinus in size, and is clothed with coarse fur ; another, not larger than a water rat, and inhabiting the same districts with the last, has a short and very soft fur. There are besides intermediate varieties, differing in colour, which in some is nearly uniform, in others clouded or spotted. They vary, too, in the propor- tional length of their tails, and remarkably in the size of their cheek pouches. The characters which seem to distinguish the A. Parrii from all these are, its greater size, its forehead not rounded nor gibbous, but rather depressed, ears clothed with very short, yet distinctly visible, hairs, and a tail longer than the posterior extremities. BY DR. RICHAADSON. 321 10. Lepus olacialis. Polar Hare. Lepus glaciaUs. Leach, Ross's Voyage. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, clxxxviii. Ap- pendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 664. Lepus timidus. Fabricius Fauna Granl. p. 85. Varying hare of Hudson's Bay. Hearne's Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 382. Penn. Arctic Zoology, i. p. 94. Hist, of Quadr. p. 100. Kaw-choh. Copper Indians. Ookalik, Esquimaux. Hare. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, f. 18, 94, 103, 104, 107, 137, 150, 157, 230, 309, 313, 512. The Polar hare inhabits both sides of Baffin's Bay, and is common in the barren rocky tracts, from lat. 64° on the continent of America, to its extreme northern capes, and on the North Georgian Islands in lat. 75°. It is not found in woods ; its favourite resort is to the dry acclivities of gently elevated hills, where it shelters itself under large stones and in the natural cavities of rocks, but does not dig burrows for itself. In the winter time, it scrapes a hole in a wreath of snow, generally at the foot of a precipice, and seldom wanders far from its retreat. It feeds on the bark of the betula glandulosa and of the various species of willow, and also on dry grass or hay, which it easily obtains even in winter, as the snow is speedily drifted from the acclivities to which it resorts. It is likewise fond of the berries of the arbutus alpina, and scratches them from under the snow with its fore-feet, which are armed with nails well adapted for the purpose. On the desolate shores of Melville Peninsula, the hares in the month of January, as stated in the narrative, were driven to the necessity of feeding upon the ofial thrown from the ships. — p. 149. /dthough considerable numbers of the Polar hares are found in favourable districts, it is not a gregarious animal, nor do the situations it lives in require that it should be so ; but the Americsm hares living in society, chiefly in willow thickets where the snow is deep and loose, find their association necessary to form beaten roads in the winter time, on which they may travel in search of food. This habit renders them an easy prey to the natives, who capture them by placing a noose formed of the sinews of the rein-deer in their path. The Polar hare, on the contrary, makes a devious and solitary track in the snow, and is destroyed by the bow and arrow or by fire-arms. The hunter, by a gra- dual circular approach, gets sufficiently near without alarming the animal, but its fur being of as pure a white colour as the snow itself, its presence is detected only by the dark colour of its eye. Hill fit jil If :-4 < ■»., t, 'i -riiiii 1 i 1 1 .1 i' i?"!l)'l I'M'- i^. 322 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, The winter fur of the Polar hare is very dense and fine, of a snow-white colour to the very base, and I'^nger than that of the American hare, which, even in winter, is dark-colouied towards its roots. Its length is about one inch on the back, and two and a half on the belly. During this season the animal is entirely white, with the exception of the black tips to the ears, the honey-yellow coloured irides, and part of the whiskers, which are black. In Greenland the hares con- tinue white all the year, and the same thing would appear to occur with some individuals (probably old ones) in other quarters of the Arctic regions. A white hare was seen by Captain Parry on the 17th of August, although dark-coloured ones (young?) were frequent at the same period (p. 313). A partial change of the points of the hair on the face, front of the ears, and back, to grey and greyish- brown was observed by Captain Sabine in some of the hares killed in the height of summer on Melville Island. A young one, killed on the present voyage at Repulse Bay on the 22d of August, and hence nearly three months old, had the head and back hoary, from an intimate intermixture of hairs entirely black with others black at the base and white at the tips. These hairs are longer and coarser than the dull yellowish-grey down, which becomes visible when they are blown aside. On the breast, flanks, and thighs, the long hairs have fewer white tips, and are more thinly scattered, permitting much of the down to be seen ; the down on these parts is of a bluish-grey colour. The belly, feet, and tail, both above and below, are white. The hairs on the belly are very long. The ears are coloured like the back, but have a greater proportion of black hairs ; the margins are white, and there is a small brownish-black spot at their sum- mits : they are about the same length with the head, that is 3| inches long. The length of the back and head is 17^ inches. About the end of April (in lat. 65°), the winter fur falls off with the slightest touch, a circumstance which does not occur in October when they begin to as- sume their winter dress. April is also their rutting season, and, according to Indian information, they bring forth only once a year, and from two to four young at a time. Otho Fabricius, however, from personal observation, ascer- tained that the Greenland hares produce as many as eight young at a time in the month of June. The flesh of the Polar hare is whitish, and has a good flavour, contrary to that of the varying hare, which is said to be insipid. Tiio flesh of the American hare is more brown, like that of the conmion hare. The Polar hare is also dis- tinguished from the others by the extreme thinness and tenderness of its skin in the winter time. The full-grown hares killed on Melville Peninsula, weighed I f:' I I I I I f ..IK r . ' r . >. ivSjili I ' BY DR. RICHARDSON. 323 about 71bs. ; and Captain Sabine states, that the largest killed on Melville J3land did not reach 91bs. ; none of those obtained by Captain Franklin's party in the neighbourhood of Fort Enterprise exceeded this latter weight, Hearne, however, informs us, that in his time they were frequently killed near Churchill river, weighing 14 or 151bs. Pennant, in British Zoology, notices nearly as great a variation of the weight of the common hare. The polar hare was considered by Fabricius to be the common hare, with the colour of its fur altered by climate, and by Harrington and Pennant, as the same with the varying hare of Scotland. Dr. Leach, on examining one brought from Baffin's Bay by Capt. Ross, named it as a new species, and Capt. Sabine, who had opportunities of seeing many recent specimens at Melville Island, describes their characteristic marks in the appendix above quoted. The dif- ferent species of hare, although differing in manners, resemble each other so much in form, that it is difficult to find artificial characters by which they may be readily distinguished. The colour of the fur is, in many instances, an un- certain mark, especially as the efFectss of climate upon it are not yet perfectly known ; authors have therefore generally had recourse to the relative proportions of the members, for the purpose of obtaining specific differences, and we are indebted to Pallas, Barrington, and Pennant, for measurements of this kind of the lepus ciiniculus, americanus, ogotona, variabilis, and also incidentally of the lepus glacialis under the name of variabilis. It is to be remarked, however, that the differences of length are often minute quantities, and some uncertainty occurs as to the exact part of a joint, from which former authors have measured ; hence this method is not so useful in practice, as might at first be supposed, and it is very convenient when any other character of practical application exists. Captain Sabine has therefore done a service to naturalists, by pointing out a very distinct specific difference betwixt the polar hare and the other two species, which it most resembles, the L. timidus and variabilis, in the direction of the fore teeth : those of the former being much less curved, and standing out more nearly in the planes of the jaws, into which they are implanted. We may add that the upper fore teeth of the two latter species have each a deep longi- tudinal furrow, which is continued so as to form a notch on their cutting edges ; this groove is nearly obsolete in the adult polar hare, and the cutting edges of the teeth are even ; the teeth too, in consequence of their dissimilnv inclination, wear away on the inside differently in the different species. The following table contains the dimensions of the common hare from the lowlands of Scotland, and of the varying hare from the highlands, taken care- II' ^ 1, I 'J i . I . m I i ■ I* ■ . . ■ ■ H ■ -'ji'f • '•;■•■ •ii n! !■. ( i ! '■■• " i r ■■ ■ ' 1 : ni! 1 ■i-i 324 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, fully from recent specimens of full-sized individuals, procured in the month of January for the purpose. They are contrasted with some of the dimensions of the polar hare, in the last columns, but it is to be regretted that the latter being taken from the specimen which was brought home for the purpose of setting up, is necessarily defective, and in some degree inaccurate, because the cartilages of the few bones that remained attached to it were shrivelled by dry- ing. The measurements are in inches and lines. L. ttmlda, I Common I lUre. I Old Male. Length from now to root of (ai/ (measurtMl along (he back) — — from nose to point of middle claw, hind leg stretched out of head, from occipital spiue to nose, measured over the fore- 1 bead, and pressing donn the fur j ; of head, measured with a pair of calliper compaiiea . . . . j of «ar(, including fur I ' of eari, from rictus to apex, ot from the commencement of the 1 I cartilaginous part of the auditory canal of tail to cud of vertebrc of (atj, including fur ■ of whaktri FoRB EXTRBMITIBI. Length of humertu (measured anteriorly) of utna (from olecranon to wrist) — from wrist joint to end of middle claw —^— of middle toe and claw of/ur«l«9( from anterior part of elbow joint to point of middloclaw) IIlMD EXTRBNITIB*. Length from knee joint to point of middle claw -^— of /wnur (from trochanter to knw') — — ^ of libia (measured exteriorly) from heet to root of middle toes of middle toe and claw from heel to [mint of middle claw IN. LI. 84 31 5 6 4 6 5 6 4 5 6 8 4 6 4 5 I S 1 T 7 5 10 8 S .1 5 8 3 II 9 9 r. 1 L. timidns CommoD Han. Female. IN. LI. 83 SO 6 S 4 4 5 5 3 9 3 6 S 6 3 6 3 9 9 3 I ei T 3 10 7 9 9 9 8 3 9 1 S 10 L.variabt- 111, Vary- ing Haru. Old Male. IN. LI. 92 29 6 9 4 3 4 3 I 2 3 r> 3 3 6 i II 9 9 I 6J 7 lU 6 9 91 9 8 3 8 9 9 5 10 L. (lacialU Polar Hare. IN. LI. 22 6 (•) 4 B 4 4 3 6 1 6 3 6 9 6 8 9 1 9 3 8 8 I 9 9 * A Polar hare, (termed by Pennant varying hare) meniiured at Hudson's Bay, was S4 inches long from note to tail; Sll inches from nose to the ])oint of the middle claw, stretched out, and weighed 7 lbs. oz. See Arctic Zoology, i. p. 95 ; Article, American hare. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 325 ' The following Table is extracted from Barrington's paper in the Philosophical Transactions, Yol. hXIl. > . . Rabbit Hare . L. Americanus Alpine Hare from highlanHa of Scotland (Varying Hare) Fore Leg mcasared from uppermost Jotnt lo tnd uf toe. IN. n Hind Leg from oppermoit Joint to end of toe. 61 11 lot LcBilh inclnrting tail. IN. 4 18 ill. II .<» 'f ''H u •> It will be observed from the above table, that one of the most striking dif- ferences betwixt the polar and the common, or varying, hare is in the length of the fore toes, those of the former being nearly half an inch shorter. The claws of the polar hare are similar in form to those of the common hare, but are in general a little bluntfer, perhaps from more frequent use in scratching. The claws of the varying hare are more accuminated and sharper than either, but at the same time more depressed. The head of the polar hare seems to be proportionally smaller. When the ears of the common hare are bent forwards over the crown of the head they reach to the tip of the nose, and if bent along the cheek they reach an inch beyond the nose. The ears of the varying hare treated in the same way reach, in the latter case, just to the tip of the nose, and in the former, they fall an inch short. The ears of the polar hare seem in general to be of a length intermediate between these two, although some differences seem occa- sionally to exist in this respect ; Mr. Edwards, who examined several of these hares on the present voyage, found their cars, exclusive of the fur at their tips, of the same length with the head, and this agrees with the specimen in the Edinburgh Museum, from Melville Island. Those killed at Fort Enterprise had the ears, including the fur, about one-eighth part longer than the head, and Captain Sabine states the cars of those measured by him to exceed the head, by from one-fiflh to one-seventh part. Barrington remarks that similar variations occur in rabbits, the ears of those fed in tlie house being usually longer than the head, whilst those living in warrens have the ears shorter tlian the head. 9 T mw '1 ' 1 M .ri!'"' , ii ill '>n i*M ' 3QQ ACCOUNT OP QUADRUPEDS, The American Hare (L. america7ms*J which in northern districts also changes to a pure white in the winter, may be distinguished from the polar hare by iis being of a much smaller size, by the fur at the tips of the ears being grey not black, and by the hind leg and foot, measured from the knee-joint, considerably exceeding one-half the length of the animal. The tail of the polar hare is like that of the varying hare, totally white even in summer, whilst the American hare has the upper surface of its tail black, like that of the common hare. The average weight of the American hare is about four pounds, scarcely half that of the polar hare. In the southern parts of the United States, the American hare does not change its dress in the winter time. It lives only in wooded districts, resorting chiefly to willow thickets, and was seen by Capt. Franklin's party as far north as 64° 30' at Fort Enterprise, at which place, at Churchill, and along the whole borders of the barren grounds between these places, it lives in the neighbourhood of the polar haie. We never observed them associating or visiting the same haunts, and did not learn whether there is the same antipathy betwixt them that exists between the common hare and the rabbit, or whether like th^ common and varying hares they occasionally breed with each other f. Mr. Sabine in the appendix to Captain Franklin's Narrative has stated, we suspect from some error in the information communicated to him, that the American hare retires from the northern districts of Hudson's Bay to the south- ward in winter. Wc believe that they never migrate ; but in some seasons, generally after a very wet summer, a great mortality prevails amongst them, and they become very scarce in certain districts. II. Cervus tarandus. (L.) Rein-deer. Cervus tarandus. Supplummt lo Parry's Voyage, cxc. Appendix to Franklin's Journey. Tukta (male,) PuiiKiiek (female,) Kollowak. (young) Norak. Grvunlanders. Fabr. Deer. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, p. .'>8, 84, 101, 107, 108, 814, 384, 3S«, 434, 439, .50.5, .IIS. ' This is the only species of deer found in America, to the eastward of the chain of the Rocky Mountains, and in a greater northern latitude than 64°. It is the AUckh of the Cree Indians, the etthin of the Copper Indians, and loo&too of the • This animal was first described by Kalm. — Travels in America, i. p. 105, ii. p. 45. t This faet is stated by Pullas, and has also been lately obserred in the highlands of Scotland. Professor Jameson, who received his information from a highitnd gentleman of veracity and observation. BY DR. RICHAHDSON. 327 Esquimaux. These people have, besides, names appropriated to the different ages and varieties. Thus the Copper Indians denominate a rein-deer of the smaller kind, such as frequent the barren-grounds, and migrate in the summer to the sea-coasts, and which were the only kind seen by Captain Parry, by the generic term etthin, or more exclusively bedsee-awzeh. The male is named btdsee-ehoh, the female tsootai, and if she is suckling a fawn, tatnpeh, A larger and woodland variety of rein-deer is named tatUsee-ah ♦. The rein-deer has been often described by naturalists, and there is a very full history of it in the Amaenitates Academicse, tom. 4, No. 57, from which succeeding authors have borrowed freely. It may be remarked that its horns vary exceedingly in shape and size, so that no two individuals in a herd arc alike in their antlers, and in extreme cases it is difficult to trace any resem- blance. Some have the extremities and branches of the antlers broadly palmated, others have them cylindrical, and even tapering. Many have a broad plate which runs down betwixt the eyes, and projects above the nose : in some this plate arises from the right antler, in others from the left, in a large proportion there is one from each antler, whilst in a great number it is alto- gether wanting. After paying considerable attention to the subject, we did not find ourselves warranted in ascribing these variations solely to sex or age. The rein-deer hunters, although, as might be expected, intimately acquainted with the economy of the animal, are unable to distinguish like the stag-hunters of Europe the age of the animal by the tines of its antlers. They remark m- deed that the old males have generally (but not always) larger horns than tne young males and females, and that they come to perfection sooner, and are shed earlier in the season. It has been supposed that nature has provided the female rein-deer with horns, because inhabiting more nortlierly regions than the rest of the deer species, it requires them to clear away the snow. This affords no explanation of the fact that the old males lose their horns in December, before the snow has attain- ed its greatest depth, whilst the young males and females retain theirs until March, April, or May. We know from frequent observation that the rein-deer removes the snow with its feet, but want confirmation of its over using its horns for that purpose. The horns attain their full size, and lose most of their hairy covering efore the commencement of the rutting season, at which time the males have much ^ \^\\ 1 .1 1 ( , " S ' " ' M i ,1 'H * For thf niunerutti Lapland namei applied to the reln«deer, tea Loch. Lyppon. II, p. 41. fl T S 328 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, fat deposited upon their backs. The old males come first in season, generally about the beginning of October ; their fat soon becomes red, and strong tasted, and in a fortnight they are lean and exhausted. They are succeeded in their office by the younger males, and the whole season is over before the middle of November. Although the males, as we have stated above, in general shed their horns some months earlier than the young ones. Captain Cartwright, who re- sided sixteen years in Labrador, and was much occupied in the pursuit of the rein-deer as an article of food, remarks that he otlen met with stout male deer which retained their horns in February, whilst many of the younger ones haxJ shed theirs ; that he frequently killed old stags which had not cast their horns in March, and that in May he saw a male three or four years old still carrying his antlers. He goes on to say that although they are thus irregular in shedding their horns, they all burnish in August *. The connexion that exists between the state of the genital organs of the male deer, and the increment of their horns, has been illustrated by Blumenbach and other physiologists. The immediate process by which nature produces the fall of the horns is pointed out by Mr. Brookes, of London, in his anatomical lectures. The rough coronary circle of bone at the base of the horn becomes gradually larger until it strangles the blood-vessels of the soft hairy covering of the antlers. This soon dries, shrivels and peels off, and the horns no longer deriving any nourishment also dry, and drop off like an extraneous substance. The migration of the rein-deer has been considered as a flight from the inces- sant attacks of the cestrus tarandi-f, but it is not until the herds have reached the sea-coast, or the still more remote islands which form the limits of their summer journey, that the larva; deposited in their skins and fauces J on the preceding season, become perfect insects and take wing ; and in a short period thereafter, the ova of a future brood are deposited. Hence, as the barren-ground deer do not return to the woods until November, when much snow has fallen, and the insects are put to rest for the season, it is clear that they never hear the sound of the gad-fly in the woody country. Their migrations seem to be prompted by that • Journal of sixteen year*' retidence in Labrador, by G. Cartwright, Fijlh Voyage, p. 91, 118, las. J ^ t *' H»c tnuNca notissima est rangiferia et quorum dorso prodit circa initium Julii tumque deponunt rangiferi crinest, qui omnea in dorso fer*^ erecti conspiciuntur." Flor. Lapp. Ed. Smith, p. 37S. Vide etiatn Travels through Sweedeti, Norway, ^c, by A. DiCapkll Broou, p. 41. t The larv(e deposited in the fauces are said to belong to the eetlrui nasalii. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 329 instinct which leads them to resort, at certain seasons, to districts where alone food of the proper quality is to be obtained. In the winter time they feed on the usnea, alectoriw, and other lichens which cover the lower branches of the trees in the dark forests of larch and spruce fir. About the end of April, when the partial melting of the snow has softened the cetrariee, corniculariw, and cenona/ces, which clothe the barren-grounds* Uke a carpet, they are found ultimately resorting to these their most nutritious food, and returning to the woods according to the state of the weather. In June, when the increasing power of the sun has dried up :he lichens, and rendered them quite hard and friable, the deer resort to the moist pastures which lie between the rocky ridges on the coasts and islands of the Arctic Sea, where they graze not only on the sprouting carices, but also on the hay and withered culms of the preceding year. Their spring journey is performed partly in the snow, partly after the snow has disappeared, on the ice of the rivers and lakes which have in general a northerly direction ; and their return takes place after the snow has begun to fall, but whilst the heat remaining in the earth is still sufficient to keep the lichens in a compara- tively soft state under their snowy covering. The food thus preserved for them brings them into a good condition for the rutting season, which takes place in October, when they arrive on the verge of the woods. The pregnant does precede the males a month or six weeks in the spring migrations, and bring forth their young on the sea-coast, in May and June. It is probable that they go farther northwards than the bulk of the males, and as they travel before the ground is laid bare, they are very lean on their arrival in their northern summer quarters, although on quitting the woods they are in better condition than the males. The deer seen on the coast by Captain Franklin's party were almost uniformly does and fawns, and Captain Parry remarks that they were wretchedly poor on their arrival in his neighbourhood. Captain Parry saw deer as late as the 23d of September, and the females with their fawns made their first appearance on the 22d of April. This account of the migrations of the rein-deer is to be considered as merely a general view, for stragglers are found in every part of the country at all • The Barrrn Grodndr, (" Hi licheiifi ohsiti camp! qiios Tkrram Damnatam diceret peregri- nus," (F/(>r. l^pp., p. 374,) an- an extensive tratt of toiintiy, more or less ro, lying between the eoth and (iNth degree of north latitude, and to the east- ward of the lloth degree of weRt longitude. They are, except in a few alluvial spots on the banks of the larger rivers, where a few white spruces grow, entirely ('-stitute of any shrub larger than the betula i/landulvia or dwarf-birch- 'I! j.l hill •. m P^'l! ■ I 'it'li 'I' ' .m iilli f.,,.(, 330 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, seasons ; and the remarks we have made apply exclusively to the barren-ground deer. A larger kind is said to remain the whole year in the woody parts of the country, migrating southwards in the summer season to the thickly-wooded swamps and marshes which skirt the coast of Hudson's Bay, betwixt Nelson and Severn Rivers. Hearne states that this variety has smaller horns than the barren-ground kind, although the weight of their carcasses is much greater*. They are like the others, infested by the gad-fly. In the beginning of Sep- tember, vast numbers of this kind of deer pass near York Factory, in latitude 57°, on their journey towards the north-west. When the rein-deer is in good condition, it is equal, if not superior, in flavour to the finest English venison. Almost every part of it is eaten by the Indians in one shape or another. The hunter breaks the leg bones of the recently- slaughtered animal, and whilst the marrow is still warm, greedily devours it. The legs and ieet thus deprived of their marrow, fall to the lot of the females, who eat the sinews and membranous parts also raw. Portions of the intestines, too, are occasionally eaten raw, particularly the thin folds of the third stomach, or many-plies. The summits of the antlers likewise, as long as they continue soft, are delicacies in the raw state. The remainder of the animal is eaten when cooked, nor do the contents of the paunch escape. They are eaten some- times raw, sometimes boiled along with the blood of the animal ; and it would appear that the lichens and other vegetable matters are rendered more digestible by the human stomach, after having undergone mastication, and become mixed with the salivary and gastric juices of a ruminating animal. Many of the Indians and Canadian voyagers prefer this savoury mixture after it has under- gone a degree of fermentation, or lain to season, as they term it, for a few days. The paunch and its contents are likewise esteemed to be delicate food by the Esquimaux and Greenlanders, the former of whom term it nerrooks, the latter nenokak, or nerriookak. In the spring, when the larva of the astrus which are lodged in the fauces, and about the posterior parts of the nostrils, have attained a large size, those parts of the animal are considered as choice morsels by Indian epicures. When the whole of the soft parts have been consumed, the women pound the bones betwixt two stones, and by boiling, extract the marrow for the purpose of forming the better kinds of the mixture of dried meat and * HiARNi, op. cit. p. IQS-SOO, which may be consulted with advantage by those who are deairouR of knowing more respecting the manners of this interesting animal. See also Captain Franklin's Narrative, p. 840-S45. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 381 fat, termed pemmican ; and most of the young females preserve some of the marrow in a bladder, to anoint their hair with on dress occasions. 12. Bos MoscHATus. (L.) Musk Ox. Bos moechatus. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. clxxxix. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 668. Musk Ox. Hearne's Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 135. Musk Ox and Oomingmuk. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, p. 497, 5U3, 504, 505, 518, The coincidence between the Esquimaux name of thi animal oomingmak, and the oomimak or umimakof the natives df Wolstenholm :Jound and of the Green- landers, has been pointed out by Captain Sabine, together with the singularity of the latter people having been able to preserve the name, and a general idea of the form of an animal through tradition only. Neither the Crees nor Copper Indians possess an original name for the Musk-ox, the former calling it matheh- moottoosh, or ugly bison, and the latter adgiddah-j^awzeh, or little bison. No Musk-oxen were seen by our navigators on the present voyage, but dishes or spoons formed out of their horns were observed in the hands of the Esqui- maux. They do not visit Melville Peninsula, but keep more to the westward, near the banks of some of the larger rivers, on which alone willows or spruce trees sufficient to shelter them are to be found. Their appearance on Melville Isle.nd in the month of May, as ascertained on the former voyage, is an interest- ing feature in their history. Supposing them to have travelled directly north- wards, they must have migrated at least seven degrees of latitude from their winter quarters on the continent. Their journey in the spring was performed on the ice, but as that must have been at least partially broken up when they re- turned in September, it is more than probable that there is a chain of islands by which they were conducted to the main land. The food of the Musk-ox is the same with that of the rein-deer, and the foot- marks of these two animals are so similar, that we have known hunters of some experience mistake the one for the other. The mark of the Musk-ox's hoof, however, is a little narrower. The winter coat of this animal yields a fine wool that would be a valuable acquisition to our manufacturers. It is hunted in its winter retreats by the Esquimaux only, none of the Indian tribes ever visiting the barren grounds at that season. At present, the Musk-ox is not found in a lower latitude than 66°. but formerly they came much farther to the southward. Ill' 1 :!;' ; fl •\ ■m M 1 1 4 1 " -h; m ■ ! 1 .1 I m ■ 332 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, and their flesh used to be brought by the natives to Fort Churchill in latitude 58°. It would appear that they are retiring to the northward, probably owing to the alarm created by the attacks made upon them by fire-arms. It is worthy of remark, that the Bos Americanus, or bison, has also retreated to the northward. Until very lately, they were never seen beyond Slave Point, in latitude 61° 30' ; but, in 1821, they are said to have visited, for the first time, the neighbourhood of Great Marten Lake, in latitude 64°. When a herd of Musk-oxen are fired upon, if the hunters keep themselves secluded from their view, they mistake the noise for thunder, and form themselves into a circular group, crowding nearer together as their companions fall around them. When they discover by the sense of smell the presence of man, the whole herd seek safety by instant flight ; but a wounded individual often turns upon its pursuer, and thus falls a more easy prey, for the hunter by frequent wheeling easily avoids the pushes of the infuriated animal, and finds an opportunity of stabbing it in some vital part. They were observed by Captain Franklin's party to rut in the end of August and beginning of September, and Heame says that they bring forth one calf at a time in the latter end of May or beginning of June. He remarks also, that very few bulls are seen in a herd, and supposes that they kill each other in their contests for the cows. When the Musk-ox is fat, its flesh is well tasted, and it is then fwreferred by the Copper Indians to the rein-deer. The flesh of bulls is high flavoured ; and both bulls and cows, when lean, smell more strongly of musk, their flesh at the same time being very dark and tough. The contents of the paunch and other intestinal parts are relished as much by the Indians as the similar parts of the rein-deer. 13. Phoca FffiTiDA. Rough Seal. Phoca foetida. Zoolog. Dan. Mfll, prodr. p. viii. Fc ^n. Greenl. 13. Phoca hispida. Gmel, Lin, i. p. 64. Shaw's Zoology, i. p. 85S. Rough Seal. Penn. Quadr. ii. p. S78 (where it is confounded with a larger species), and Arctic Zoology, i. p. 160. ■ Neith lieek, or Neitiek, (middle-iixed kairolik, young ibbeen_). Esquimaux Neitsek. Green' landers. Small seal, and Phoca hispida, and Neitiek. Parry's Narrative, Secmd Voyage, p. 178, 178, 380, 423, 484, 506, 506. This species approaches very near to the phoca vitulina, or common seal. The teeth, vibrissse, tongue, ears, tail, flippers, and claws of both are alike, and the BV DR. RICHARDSON. 333 principal differences which have been pointed out by Fabricius, are as follow : in the common seal, the head is a little depressed, the nose is of a moderate size, being one-third of the len^h of the head ; the pupil of the eye is black, with a greyish-brown iris ; the neck is lower, or has a less vertical diameter, than the head ; the body is ahnost cylindrical, the space betwixt the hind feet being nearly as great as that betwixt the fore-feet ; the fat is not oily, and the flesh is more edible than that of any other seal found in the northern seas. The rough seal, on the other hand, has a short roundish head, of which the nose forms less than one-third part ; the pupil of the eye of a dull white colour, with a pure brown iris ; a thick neck, elliptical body, oily fat, and the flesh very foetid and disagreeable, particularly that of the old males, which is nauseated by the Greenlanders themselves. They differ also in their habits, the common seal being remarkable for its caution, acuteness in perceiving danger, and its more active habits ; whilst the rough seal is easily surprised either on land or water, and is moreover a solitary and a lazy animal, being wont to lie basking in the sun in place of huntmg after its prey, and thus being often found lean from want of nourishment. The latter is also a smaller species, seldom exceeding 4i feet in length, according to Fabricius. The only character that can be perceived in the dried skins for distinguishing the species, consists in the greater quantity of entangled woolly hairs at the roots of the fur of the rough seal, which have the effect of preventing the longer hairs from lying so close as in the common species, and of giving them the sub- erect position, from whence the specific appellation of hispida. In the young of the rough seal the whole fur is woolly, and forms a thick fine coating, on which account the Esquimaux prefer their skins for clothing before those of any of the other seals they are acquainted with. The wooUiness of the fur of the common seal is much less remarkable than m the rough seal of a corresponding age. The rough seal, like the common one, varies much in colour. The very young individuals, seen by Captain Parry, were totally white, and the foetal ones had a yellowish white colour like raw silk. A specimen brought home of a young one about six weeks old, killed in the end of April at Igloolik, is entirely of a pure shining yellowish white colour without any dorsal line : another, three feet long, perhaps a year old, corresponds with the general description Fabricius gives of the young. It is without spots, and all the long hairs are white but on the head, back, and tail ; the short woolly coat at their roots has a shining greyish-black colour, and as it is partially visible, it gives a dark appearance to 8 u "m in Hi m If i t^ > t , .,.!.' L.\\ \'\ '•< •» !: ti I li 334 ACCOUNT OF QUADRUPEDS, these parts. One variety, known in Greenland by the name oi ulcalleriak, grows up of a white colour, marked merely with an obscure dark dorsal line. In general, however, the rough seals, as they grow older, exhibit more and more colour in their fur, and the arrangement of these colours is somewhat different from what takes place in the common seal. In the latter, they are generally greyish-black in distinct spots of very various and often considerable magnitude, upon a yellowish-white ground ; in the former, the ground colour is the same, but the spots are very deep reddish, or blackish, brown of smaller size, but inosculating freely with each other, so as to produce a marbled appearance. In both species the abdomens are whiter than the back, and occasionally inter- spersed with distant small spots. The specimens of the P. fcetida brought home have seven rows of whiskers. The setae are all compressed and undulated with an appearance of articulation between each undulation ; the upper rows are darker coloured and shorter, the lower ones longer and colourless ; the exterior setae of the lowest row are the longest. The rough seals were seen in great abundance, both in the summer and winter, in the course of the voyage, and many interesting particulars respecting them are interspersed through the narrative*. They form the principal subsist- ence of the Esquimaux of Melville Peninsula in the winter time, and are also the chief dependance of the Esquimaux that frequent the mouth of the Copper- mine river in the months of March, April, May, and June. The rough seal, according to Fabricius and other observers, lives under the fixed ice, in which it has a small foramen for breathing, and a larger one to ascend by when it is satiated with food. The Esquimaux informed us, that the seal makes these holes with its teeth, indeed its claws v/ould be inefficient weapons for wearing away the hard ice of the northern winters f. As two of these seals seldom use the same hole, the degree of labour to the soUtary animal must be • See particularly p. 171, 177, and 484. t The plioca viluliiia also lives under the fixed ice, in which it has a foramen, but the same foramen is common to a number. Linnaeus thus mentions the fact : " Grey seals (phor.a vitulinaj are hunted in winter. They lie upon the ice often in great numbers close to a hole they have made in it. If it should freeze over, they travel to the south-west till they can get at water, always proceeding straight-forward, even though they meet with mountains in their way ; and they return in the same direct line back again. The seals are able to penetrate through the ice from beneath, lying on their backs under water be it ever so thick, but cannot make their way into it from above." — Lachesis Lapponica, ii. p. 837. L^-..^,- ^^ i^«Milbi<^^MI i, -' f r BY DR. RICHARDSON. 335 very great when the ice is thick, for the perforation is necessarily shaped like an inverted funnel. Our navigators often saw these perforations completed in a single night. According to the Labrador Missionaries, the rough seal makes for itself several large caverns, to which it retires in the months of February and March to bring forth its young ; when disturbed in one cavern it takes shelter in a second. A slight blow on the nose with the edge of the hand is sufficient to kill this seal, but wounded elsewhere it is tenacious enough of life ; and when it receives a shot in a vital part, it generally sinks to the bottom and dies there. 14. Phoca barbata. Great Seal. i. 279. Arctic Zoology, i. i>. 163. None of this species were killed by our navigators, but a skin observed to be in the possession of the Esquimaux of Melville peninsula, by Mr. Edwards, enables us to rank them as inhabitants of those seas. 16. BaLjENa mvsticetus. (Lacepede.) Black whale. Agga wek (Yookai whale bone.) Esquimaitx. Black whale. Parry's Narrative, second voyage, August 17-88t/i, September 13-I9t/i, ls•^\, p. 301, 505, 315. Black whales were frequently seen in Hudson's Straits, in the Frozen Strait near the shores of Melville peninsula, and in page 510 of the Narrative they are said to be most abundant about Eiwillik. The Hudson's Bay Company once carried on the whale fishery in the Welcome, but not finding it profitable they have abandoned it for many years For ample details respecting this animal, so important from the vast capital and the number of seamen annually engaged in its capture, the reader is re- ferred to Martens' Voyage to Spitzbergen, and to the more recent, and ex- cellent, publications of Captain Scoresby on the subject. It may be proper to mention, however, in this place, that the latter writer, whose authority in this matter is of the greatest weight, states the figure of the nord-caper in Lacepede's work to be an exact representation of the nu/sticetus or black whale, but that there is no existing whale which agrees with the figure of the same author, er- roneously said to be that of the da/et/te/rancAe or m^«/{ce/u«. 17. MoNODON MoyocERos. (L.) Narwhal Sea-umcom. Monodon monoceros. Supplement to Parry's first voyage, cxn. Keina-lov-a. Esquimaux. Narwhal. Parry's Narrative, Second voyage, August 12-I5th, 1881. The Narwhal was frequently seen in Hudson's and Frozen Straits. The germs of two horns, or as they ought to be more properly termed fore- ■CT^.-— -T^. ,> .f-^^..— BY DR. RICHARDSON. 337 teeth, are to be found in this animal, but in general the left one only comes to perfection'*^. Some rare instances are noticed by authors in which there were two complete ones. In the thirteenth volume of the Linniean Transactions, p. 620, there is an account of a female, which had a perfect tooth in the upper jaw, similar to, though not so large, as that in the male. An account of a second species of this genus, (narwalus microcephalus, Lace- pede,) is given by Dr. Fleming in the memoirs of the Wernerian Society, i. p. 146. 13. Delphinapterks beluga. (Lacepede.) White whale. Delphinus leucas. Gmel. Lin. 838. Delphinus albicans. Fauna fjranlandic. , p. 'O. White whale. Parry's Narrative, second voyage, August 15-I6tlt, September \3-l&th, 1881, p. 308. The Hudson's Bay Company formerly carried ..n a fip).' y for the capture of these animals at the mouth of Churchill river. They wt . seen abundantly by Captain Parry in the Frozen Strait, Lyon's Inlet, the Strait of the Fury and Hecla, and in various other quarters. Marcu remarks — " '.'hen we see plenty of white fish it is the sign of a goo \ ye&c for catching whales, for if they find good food, the whales find the same also f ." For a figure, and good account, of this animal, with many important anatomi- cal details, the reader may turn to the Wernerian Transactions, iii. p. 371 . Capt. Lyon remarks that the cubs of the Beluga are uniformly of a slaty hue. {Private Journal, p. 69.) , , 19. Trichecus Rof MARUs. (L.) Walrus. Trichecus rosmanis. Supp. to Parr.i's first voyage, cxci. Favn, granl. p. 4. Arctic walrus. Pt-nn. guarfr., p. ?"" Arctic Zoology, \. Tp. I4i4i. Sea-horse, Morse or Morss. Martens' voyage to Spitzbcrgen, p. 107. Supplement, p. IS3. Ei-u-ek. Esquimau,! of Melville peninsula. Ej-ee-werk. Esquimaux of the Welcome. Walrus or Sea-horse. Parry''. Narrative, second voyage, p. 28, 178, 208, 355, 380, 415, 418, 469,505, 510. The manners of these animals have been often described by voyagers, and their various details a^ collected by Pennant form an amusing and instructive article. * Cuvier rigne animal, I. p. 881. Fauna GrarJ, p. SO. t Voyage to Greenland and Spitsbergen, Tf. MS, :ii'" ]:;ji:„i1 T , 1 J 1 ■ » . .,1 ' I I \ in 1 i ii '^■; *»"• ■ '1 ; 1 Ii ! ■ I I 338 ACCOUNT OP QUADRUPEDS, It is but just to Martens, however, to state that his account, although one of the oldest, is still one of the best, modern writers having add« d few facts of importance. Fabricius as usual gives a concise and accurate description ; and we may refer to the figure in Captain Cooks third voyage, as giving the best idea of the form of the animal. They feed, Cuvier remarks, partly on animal substances, and partly on marine algae. Martens says, — " What their food is I cannot certainly tell, they may perhaps eat both herbs and fish ; that they eat herbs, I conclude from hence, that their dung looks like horse-dung ; that they eat fish, I judge, because when we cut the fat off a whale, one of them did often take the skin with him under the water, he did also fling it up and catch it again. The Burgenmlster doth eat his dung." Fabricius acquaints us that they eat muscles, which they hook up with their tusks. Mr. Edwards sometimes observed a small intermixture of fuci with the mollusca, which their stomachs generally contained, and Captain Lyon found three pounds weight of pebbles, together with a handful of sea weed, in the stomach of a female. {Private Journal, p. 225.) Besides the hooking up of • ll Ml J ■ i« ! M BIRDS, I 1. Falco pereorinus. iL.) Peregrine. Falco peregrinus. Tcmm. p. 82. Grecni. Birds, p. 580. Peregrine falcon. British Zoolotjy^ i. p. 818, t. 80, and Lanner. British Zoology, i. p. 883, t. 83. Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 808, No. 07. Peregrine and falco peregrinus. Parry's Narrative Second Voyage, June IS. Th e specimen received was killed iu Five-Hawser bay on September 8th, 1821, and is a young male, apparently of the second year. Peregrine falcons were seen at various periods during the voyage, following the flocks of the snow-bunting, particularly on June iHth, 1821, near Cape Farewell on the coast of Greenland, and on August I2th, in the Frozen Strait on the coast of America. They seem to be summer visitors of these northern countries; but the falco palumhnrius, named by the Esquimaux oodno-ah-htcout, remains in high latitudes all the winter preying principally on the ptarmigan. Ti fe mi an asi ar an to th( Ca M; jus 2. Stkix nvctea. (h.) Snowy owl. Strix nyctea. Trmm, S8. Snj^lani'iil to Parry's Firit VtHfigr, p. cxciii. Fain . i\ivHik ( ittnl. p. 00. Forsi. Phitos. Tntns. Ixii. p. HhS. Snowy iiwi, wiiite owl. Arctic Zontiii/y, ii. p. 8;{.'J, No. 181. Ilrnme's Journey, ji. Jol. Wliiti' owl. Parry'i Narruliii', Sirond Inyaif, Auijust 2i, 1S8I. WapiiakfpthiKi, or Wiip-jKHJ-hoo. ('ret' Inditins. Ook-pi-i-guuk. Esifui nuinx ■ A iHHi) two or three years old was killed in the middle of September on liiddon Island, corresponding exactly with Fabricius's excellent description above quoted. It measures twenty-eight inches. The Snowy owl remains in high northern latitudes the whole year. It preys in the day time, and we once saw one in hit. G4° in the middle of winter, repeatedly striking at an American hare, which wns at the same time pursued by a wolverene, llearne states, that this bird lays four eggs, of which two only are in general hatched. BV DR. RICHARDSON. 343 3. CoRvus coRAx. (L.) Raven. Corvus corax. Temtn. p. 107. Supplement to Parry's First Voyaijc, cxciv. Apjipndix to Franklin's Journey, 671. Fahr. Fauna, Grant, p. 88. Raven. Antic Zvototpj, ii. p. 215, No. 134, Hearne's Journey, p. 403. Cuck-oo. Crev Indians. Toolloonk. Esuuimaux. TuoUugak. Greentanrlers. Raven. Parry's Narrative, S<'rond Voyage, Auijust 82, 1821. p. 183, 234, 238, 372. These birds are frequent in the northern tracks of America, and are of the few that do not leave them in the winter. They follow the rein-deer in their migrations, and when the wolves,'which also hang upon the skirts of the herd, are successful in the chase, come in for a share of the spoil. Their scent is astonishingly acute, for when a deer has been killed by a hunter, or driven over a precipice by the wolves, they discover it even in the intense colds of winter, and flock from all quarters to feast on the offal. They often prove troublesome to the fur hunters by robbing their traps, and are not unfrequently caught themselves; shewing much less dexterity in avoiding the snare than the Canada jny, which is equally annoying and still more familiar. They pair in March, curlier than any other birds in those quarters, except the Canada jay just mentioned. i. Alauda alpestris. (L.) Shore-lark. Aluiiila alpestris. Tvmm. p. 870. Forsler, Phil. Trans. Ixii. p 398. Shore-lork Antic ZiHitotiy, ii. p. 392, No. 278. Chee-tliup-pee-shew. free Indians. A sPEciMJ' V of this bird killed on the 10th July, 1822, near Cape Wilson, corresponds sufficiently with the descriptions of authors. 6. E.MDEnizA NIVALIS. (L.) Snow-bunling. Emberiia nivalis. Tiwm. p. 319. Orernl. Birds, p. .')31, No. 5. SuppUment to Parry's First Voyage, p. rxciv. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. «75. Faun. Uratnl. p. 1 17, No. 81. Fitrslcr, Philos. Trans. Ixii. p. 403. Snow-bunting:. Arctic ZoDlorjy, ii. p. 8.'>5, No. «««. Hearne's Jourtwy, p. 419. Shecgun-pcctliceset'8. Crec Indians. KOpeTino-icca-u. Estjuinuiujc. Snow-hunting. Parry's Narrative, .Second Voyage, June I8(A, July «4//i, August 99iid, 1821. /Ipri7 87(A, 1882, p. 814, 230, 205, 330, 332, 408. Amongst the specimens of this bird received arc two males, each measuring seven inches One killed on May 10th presents precisely the colours oHe vuiix 8X2 ""^'■^ ■■-1 t ! 'vi ;iii' -I il., .., ?l .: < .til lilts; ^H,i|! ;< V I 'I'i .: Ii »» Jin ><••.*! 344 ACCOUNT OP BIRDS, male en plumage d'hiver, Temm. and the other killed on the 27th of the same month, is in complete summer plumage, with only the pure black and white colours. These two specimens shew, in the most satisfactory manner, how the change to the summer plumage takes place, by the tips of the feathers on the parts tinged red dropping off, as mentioned by Temminck. A very few of the red points remain on the second specimen, but they drop off on the slightest touch, and the unequal and somewhat wiry appearance of the other feathers, mark the recent loss they have sustained of their coloured margins. A female killed on the 10th of June, is noted by Mr. Edwards as having the crown and nape black with white tips. Fabricius remarks correctly, that the white feathers of the back and belly when blown aside, appear black at their bases. This occurs both in the summer and winter plumage of the male bird. The snow-buntings frequent the shores of the Arctic Sea during the summer season, retiring inland in the winter to shelter themselves in wooded tracks. At Cumberland House, in the interior of the country, and in lat. 54°, they remain the greater part of the winter, absenting themselves only occasionally, during the severe storms of December and January. At Fort Enterprise, in lat. 04°, they were also seen in the winter but more rarely, and in a register kept for a series of years at Fort Churchill, in lat. 59°, on the sea-coast, they are noted as arriving from the 2nth of March to the 7th of April ; disappearing in the summer, returning again in the end of September, and remaining for about a month. It is mentioned as a rare occurrence that one was killed in December. They made their first appearance at Captain Parry's winter quarters in lat. GG°, on the 27th of April. In their winter migrations, they reach, according to Wilson {Amer. birds), as far south as the borders of Maryland. They breed on Melville peninsula, and Captain Lyon describes their nest as being placed in the crevices of rocks or amongst loose stones, and con- structed of dried grass neatly lined with white deers' hair. They lay seven eggs. [Parry H Narrative, p. 462.) Pennant remarks, that it is singular that a graminivorous bird should resort to the barren regions of the Arctic circle ; but Mr. Brown has pointed out, that the grasses which grow on the islands of the Arctic Sea, form nearly one fifth of the phxnogamous vegetation, a proportion nearly double to what occurs in any other part of the world. These grasses retain their seeds all the winter, and thus furnish nourishment for the birds which arrive upon the BY Dn. RICHARDSON. 345 melting of the snow*. The snow-bunting, moreover, feeds, as Temminck re- marks, also on insects, and Wilson found their stomachs filled with shell-fish. Fabriciusf and other writers mention that the male loudly serenades the female during incubation, but that his song ceases when the young are hatched. Sir George Mackenzie informs us that the song is pleasing, and resembles the first three or four notes of the robin J, whilst Marten, who perhaps was not musical, says, " I can tell nothing of its singing, only that it whistleth a little as birds use to do when they are hungry." Spitsb. p. 73. G. Emdehiza calcarata. (Temm.) Lapland finch. EtnlHTtza rnlcarata. Temm. p. .'1*2. Fringilla lapixnuiu. Lin. Si/i.t. Nal. i. p. 317. Faun. Croenl. p. 119. No. 88. Ford. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 403. Lapland finch. Arrlir Zouliujij, ii. p. 377, No. 250. I/rarne's Journey, p. 4S80. Teciirmashish. Crce Indmns. Kcrnee-ook-tarai-ah, or, kerniuk-tarioo. Esquimaux. Lapland fincli. Parry's Narrative, Seconit royai/e, p. 408. A male in breeding plumage was killed in the middle of June at Igloolik. of which the description is as follows : — Colour of the whole head, throat, fore-part of the neck, and upper-part of the breast, forming one mass of velvet black, except that there are a very few reddish specks on the occiput, and that a reddish-white band runs nearly from the bill, over each eye, and from thence backwards to unite with a whitish line, that bounds the black of the occiput posteriorly. Imme- diately behind this lust-inentioncd whitish line, there is a brcud transverse unspotted mark of bright chcstiiut-brbwn, which occupies the nape. The back, scap'. .')47. Afipt-ndix to Franklin's Jmirtieif, yt. 6M4. Triiign lit-lvotita. Fin-ster, Phil. Trims. Ixii. p. 4!ll. (Jruy Mniiil-|>i|Mpi|x*r, .^rcriV Zoology, ii. |). 47H, Nu. ^00. \Vaw|)iiitk-iiliri-u«lif«*Rli, (wliit*- Iteur liinl.) CVc*- Indian*. TiM>ler-flri«>i>, i>r ToMgU-e-iii-nli. Ksiiuinuiux. A tiAi.E specimen, killed on the 23rd of June, corresponds exactly with Tcmminck's descri|)tion of the breeding plumage; but a female killed on the same day has a considerable intermixtuic of while, in the parts that are black in the male. The specimens arc e(]ual in sixe, and 11^ inches long. In addition to tiie characters which Temminck gives for distinguishing this species from the golden plover, with some stales of which it has been occa- sionally confounded, the greater si/e and strength of the bill, mentioned by Wilhon. are very conspicuous, when the birds are compared. The eggs of the gray plover, collected on Melville Peninsula, are of an oil- green colour, with irregular spots of umber-brown, of ditferent degrees of intrnsity, crowded and running into each other towards the obtuse end. I/J. SrHEPsir.As toi.iARis. (Vsixwrn.) TurmUmc, 8trf|>»il«« <'ollnri». Trmm. \i. .I.'i.'l. Siifiptemint to Parry's First Voyagi', w. AjtfM'ndi.!: In Franklin's Jtwrney, p. flN4. Tringn iiitcr|M'i(. Faun. (Irtthi. y 109, No. 74. llrhricUl *nn(l-|ii|M>r. Arctic Znoloijy, ii. p. 47<, No. SH> Hrilish Zoology, ii. p H4. Ilvarni's .lnurm y, \\. Ml. Turiixtune Kaiiil-|ii|K. HS Tiklilfi^-wff-Ariiio, itr 'IVlle«'-u(io-Hi-t'u. KiMjuimau.r. Ttll«'«'-(("<>-Hli firrmlanili'rs, (Fah ) Tiiriiitoni-. I'arry'% Surrative, Secmxd Voyagt, p. »H. Whnle Hird«. Hudum's Hui/ Trailers- Thk Specimen broujjht home, is a male killed on the litb •)f June at Winter Uland. It lias the liugc black spot on the lateral tud-feathers, which is said I I t I' I BY DR. RICIIARnsON. 353 to be proper to birdH one year old, but its plumage is in other reopectR perfect, agrctiug with Temniinck's description of the old male. Fabricius did not meet with this bird in Circcniand, but from the descriptions givtn by the nativcH, he conjectured it to be an iidiabitant of that country. The similarity betwixt tlie Esquimaux and (irccidand panics, shews that his conjecture was right. H. Cms Canadknhis. (L.) Bronn crane. (Jniii ('annilcnHiK. Tnnm. OrniUi. Inhitil., \t. c. Ajtjx'iulix to I'mnklin's Jimriify, 085. Aniea IJaniulnwis. htlhnm, Indix Onulh. Siijifj. i. \t. 5J09. Syntifis. ii. p, 075. Forster, J'hilos. Tnins. Ixii. p. 409. Brown (Vaiu-. Ardir /,t>nloify,\\, ]>. 4t.'J, No. 31.0. Jlmrn»'.\ Jminirif, |», iHH. Anicn CanaiU'riNiN. I'urry's Nurralin; Snoiid Wyiiijf, \>. 44)<, 44H. Orliee-clmii. I'rti' Indians. 'ratttM-li'I'-rin'iok. Ksiiiiinuiujc. Ti'E specimen received, was obtained by Captain Lyon, near Igloolik on the 25th of June, and corres|)onds in si/e and pluma^^e with the description in Arctic Zoology. It is considerably smaller than the one described by Mr. Sabine in the appendix above-cited ; the bill is an inch shorter, and the plumage of its body has a deep rusty tinge, whilst that of the latter was ash- coloured, llcarnc says, ihat the Brown CJrane never has more than two young, and that it goes farther north than the Hooping Crane, which latter remark, as far as regards the sea-coast, would appear to be confirmed by the circumstance ol the Hooping Crane not having been seen by any of Captain Parry's people. Ca|)taMj Franklin's party observed both species in lat. 02*, but neither of them were seen higher on their line of route, which lay in th( middle of the conlnient. Both speciis ai'; edil)lc, and when in good condition, resemble the tiesh of the swan in taste. ''iktili!!! •Ml ■ , I 1 : .) !!■ ii 15. TniNfiA VARiAiiii.iN. (Meyer,) Dunlin. TririKii VRrittliilift 7Vmm. p. 0.8 SuftfiSimintUiPurry'iiFirit Vityaift, y, vc. Appi-ndu ti> FrankUn't Jnunictf, \t. OHO. TriiiKa iilpira (Inrnl ltird>, p. .'■.SI, No. 9. Dunlin (••iimntcr). Hnlixh /iki/ix/y, ii. p. (iX. Antic /.iioloi/tf, ii. p. 47il, No, 301 Purrf (wiiiUT). linluh /.ixt/itijy, ii. p. 94, t. ... .i. Antii ZuUitgif, ii. p. 474, No. 300. Si'i'ki'f-arttk-»t>t'-o«i. Fnfuimaujc. TiiMK birds breed on Melville Peninsula. Their eggs are ISJ lines long, and 1 1 1 lined at their greatest transverse diameter. They have an oil-green colour. 354 ACCOUNT OK BIRDS, with very irregular spots of different sizes and shades of liver-brown. These spots are confluent at the obtuse end, where they form a large clouded blotch. One end of the egg is very much more obtuse than the other. 16. Ti{iN(.A MARiTiMA. (Buinn.) Purplc satid-piper. Trillin maiitima. Trmm. p. 019. Grcent. Birds, p. 53«, No. 7. Supplement to I'arry's Finl I Ot/iii/i', ji. cfi. Triiijtrii Htriatii. Faun. (Iroenl. p. 107, No. 73. I'lirplo snnd-pipiT, (triiiffii nigrir, triiiKA puH'llu, (noii tamoti, Lin.) Monliujw, Supfd- Omith. Dui, cum tnlmla. A SING IK Specimen of this bird, in the autumn moult, was brought home by Mr. Kdwards. BY DH. RItilARDKON. tVh'j 18. Thing A cinekf.a. (L.) Knot. Tringa cinerea. Temm. j). . .I.sa. Supj^lrincnt to Parry's First l'i>ifii,/r. J). c<'i. Trinj^a cinerea, grisen, cnniittis, islaiidica, na>via, australis. Gtnrl Sysi. p er8. Parry's Namitire Srcotul Voyatji\ Auij. 88nd, 1881. p. 841, 435, 440, 408. Thk specimen received, is a male killed in the Duke of York's Bay, on the 17th of August, and corresponds with Temminck's description of the yearlintj before moulting, and with Wilson's figure in Amer. birds, v. 7, t. 57, f. 2. The knots were observed breeding on Melville Penir.aula, by Captain Lyon, who tells us, that they lay four eggs on a tuft of withered grass, without being at the pains of forming any nest. {Narrative, p. 4G2.) i: , J I . 19. PiiALAiioprs PLATYiiiiixcHUS. (Tcmm.) FUil-hilkd phaUtrope. PhalaropuM platyrhinchus. Trmm. p. 718. Grt'iml. Birds, No 18, |». .'•30. Supplrmeni to P.irry's First ynyni/f, ci-i. Gray pliularope, (No. 418,) I'lain-phalaropo, (No. 41.V) Aritic Zixtli^iy, ii. p. 494, 4»4. Fhalarope. Parry's f^'urrutnc, Sevond Voyaijt; J unt Xh, \S:i\. ./ioh' 1(9, 1^88. p. 408. The specimen received is a mole in full summer plumage, in which state the trivial name of red is as applicable to it as to the /*. hi/perlwrat<<, and Latham, misled by the colour, has actually described it as the female of the latter. The phalaropcs swim well and gracefully, and were seen on the |)reflent voyage upon the ser. out of sight of the land. We have often noticed them on the small lakes, in tiie interior of America, unwilling to take wing when disturbed, and preferring to swim out of the reach of danger. In thi> respect they difl'er totally from the !riiiga\ with which they were lon^ classed. They lay four eggs, upon a small tuft of grass. (Captain Icon's Narrndn, p. i02.) The eggs have an oil-green colour, and are very miu h tovered with irregular spots of dark umber-brown. Towards the obtuse end of the egg, the Ri>ots run into each other, and almost hide the ground colour. ^',1 356 AccoiTNT OF niRns, 20. Sterna amctica. (Temm.) Arctic tern. Stortia Aictica. Tcmm. p. 74i. Suppli'virnl to Parry's First Voyage, p. ccii. Appendix to Franklin's Journry, p. JHM. StiTim liiniiido. (irri'iit. Hinls, No. 17, p. 549. Black ln-nds. Ili'itrtu's Jnunioy, p. Wif ? Tern. I'liny'': Xnrratitr, Sironil Voyiitfe, yi/ii<.>8gth, \HHi, p. 1S54, «08, »HS. Di:s( R. of a mult in lull lirttding pluniagt, killed un Winter Island on the 24tli of June. Ifl2f?. Forehead, eruwn, and nape, brownish-black ; posterior part of the neck, back and wings, pearl-gray, approaching to liglit bluish-gray. Tail and tail- coverts, white, but the exterior tail-feather on eacli side has its outer vane coloured blackish-gray; there is pIso a .slight tinge of this colour on the adjoining leather. The Hag feathers are of the saute colour with the mantle, ex- cept that the rtrst has its outer narrow vane of a blackish-gray colour. The inner vanes of all the primaries are longitudinally half gray, half white. Their tips are entirely gray, approaching to blackish-gray. Most of the s<.'condarie8 are tipped with white. The throat, cheeks, and fore-part of the neck, are white. The breast, abdomen, and Hanks, are coloured like the mantle. The inner wing covertures, vent, and under surface of the tail, are white. The under surfaces, however, of the flag and exterior tail feathers, have more or less of a grayish tint. The tail is very much forked, the exterior feathers being much longer than the others, and passing the tip of the folded wing, about a quarter of an inch. The bill and feet have a scarlet colour in the recent specimen, but acquire more or less of a lake hue in drying. Length fifteen inches. Length of the upper mandible measured un the tneesial line. 10^ lines. Measured to angle of mouth, two inches. Tarse, seven lines. Middle toe with the claw, one inch. \ ftmalc, killed on the same day, differed, in having the shade of gray on the breast and abdomen a little lighter and approaching to ash-gray, in the dark gray margins extending to three of the outer tail feathers of a side, and in the upper mandible being blackish towards the tip. The length of the bill in this specimen was Hfteen lines, or when measured to the angle of the mouth, twenty-one lines. Its tarse was very nearly seven lines. Its total length was fully c(|ual to that of the male specimen, or fifteen inches. Captain Sabine describcB the .yowMg bird, of the ftth July, in the appendix above-quoted. * •fl DY DR. RICHARDSON. 357 One thirteen inches long, killed at York Factory on the 28th of Autrust, had its forehead while. Crown of the head and upper eyelid black, Hack and winerally two, very rarely three eggs. The colour of the eggs varied, even in the same nest 1 horiii'ril>eN « tt>m with a tiiil utill nhortvr thtn that of th» ; l! ^Il 358 KCCOtnit Of BIRDS, 21. Larus olaucus. (Brunn Olaucous gull. Larus glaucus. Ttmm. p. 767. G>wn/, ftVrfj, No. 19, p. 543. Supplement to Parry' t Firit Voyage, p. rciii. Faun. Grcenl, p. 100, No. (H. Burj^enneisttT. Marten's Sjnlzh. p. 84, t. L, f, e. Glaucous tfiill. Antir ZiMloi/y, ii. p. 538. Iceland ff""- Eitmomlon in Wernerian Trans, iv. part I, p. 176, 1S9. Bewick's Brttuh Birds, Snpplcmi'iil pi. Now'-idiokf. F.iquimiux. Larus glnucus. Parry'i Narrative, Seromt Viryagr, Sept. 13. TiiKRE is a young maie of this species in the collection, killed on September 2Gth, at the entrance of Lyon's Inlet. Length twenty-nine inches. Wings as long as the tail. Bill two inches Ion;; i'bove, and three to the angle of the mouth. Length of tarse thirty-two linet- U'eight 2jlbs. 22. L/iRus AHCENTATL's. {Utixwii.) lilack-wwgcd SUveri/ gull. .' 4ru» arpcntatus. 7Vm;n. p. 764. Supplement to Pamj's First Voyage, p. cc'w. Appendtt to Franklin's Journey, p. 695. 8jh-er\' ^ull, (winter.) Antii ZtMlogy, li. (■. . 33. Herring gull, (summer.) Arrlir Zoology, V-. p. 5*7, No. -IJS. British Zoology, ii. p. 191, No. r,, t. 23. No\v-yi». Fiquimavj-. Silvery giiii. Parry's Narrative, Seamd Vjyage, p. 01, .'^pt. I.S, 1881, p. 854. A aiAi.E and fema'.D, in mature breeding plumage, killed at Winter Island on June 2iJth, 1822, are in the collection. The former measures two feet, and has a tarse 2j inches long; the latter is ,wo inches shorter, and has a tar.sc 'il long. The wings, in both specimens, pass the tail about an inch; they have the usual black markings on the flag-feuiliers, and accord In all respects with Temminck's description of the breeding phunage, except that he does not notice the vviiite colour of the smallest covertures, forming a white border to the upper ;.ar^ of the wing. Of SIX i'vavidualscxaminci' by Mr lidwards. ni June, .hily, and September, the length varied from twenty- ihree to twcnty-hve inches, and the length ol the tarse from twenty-seven t'» thirty-one liiR.«, averaging twenty-nine lines. The silvery gull, {Larus argi/it'iln.s) (irccnl. Binh, No. 20, p. 54G, brought home on the former voyage, and which wants the black markings on the wings, is considered by Temminck as a variety proper to the polar countries. ^K if- I BY DR. RICHARDSON. 35» A specimen of it, in the Edinburgh Museum, was brought from Greenland by Captain Scoresby. It is probable that a further acquaintance with it will confirm Captain Sabine's opinion, of its being a distinct species. The wings are shorter than in the black-winged kind, being only c(|ual with the tail ; a close comparison detects a slight difference in the form of their bills, and :he young are said to diffier in the colours of their plumage. 23. Lakus tridactvi.us. (Lath.) KlU'mukt. Fjanis tridactylus. Tcmm. p. 77 i. Grurttl. BinU, p. .>19. Suppli-mi'nt lo Parry's First royoi/c, p. ccv. .l;i/i(';i(A'.r In Frntik/iii's Jnuriirif, p. OO.'i. Kittiwakc, (N'o. ^^^n) and Tarrock Aiclir Zmilo;/!/, ii. p. ii9, r>H3. Kutj^e-fTi'licf. Marten's l^ulih. p. 8*, t. N, a. Kiltiwaki', (lams rissa.) Panif's Nairative, Sccotul Voyiitjc, Jiiiir 7, I si I. 24. Labis Rossi I. [^\\\\i.) CimcaU-Utihd gull. Undescribed ^uU. I'arry's Narralirt; Scrond I'lit/inji; \>. i\<.K Descr. Head and tail pure white ; the neck above and below, the breast, and the inferior parts' of the body, are. in the recent bird, deeply tinged with peach-blossom red, which disappears some months after the specimen is mounted, leaving a pure white. There is a distinct collar of deep brownish black round the middle of the neck, four or five lines broad above and narrower below. The back, scapularies, and wings both upper and under surface, have a clear pearl-gray colour {cemlrc-bUuatn pur of Temm.) The o\iter web of the first primary is deep blacki.shbrown, from its base to within 1^ inch of its tip. which is of the colour of the rest of the wing, and the tips of the scapularies, and of the inner webs of some of the .secondaries, are whitish. The bill is black, slightly margined with red at the angle of the mouth. It is more slender and smaller than in its congeners. The uj)pcr mandible is slightly curved and compressed towards the point, and the lower one has a cones|)ondiiig droop at the end, but is otherwise near';, .straight. The salient angle beneath is not very evident, and the bill altogether is less strong than in other gulls. The nostrils are longitudinal slits, occnj)ying about one half of that part of the mandiMc which is uncovtred with feathers. The length of the hill measured above is nine lines, and to the angle of the mouth fifteen lines. The tarsc is thirteen liiu s long, and rather stout, and with the feet is of a vermilion colour. The middle toe, including tlic claw, is nearly ^ I H I .4:i|. (it 1 , ' ii i •^:3->„ .'UiO AIX'OUNT OK ninoH, rourtucii liiicH lotif;. The tliiiiiib Ih very diHlinet, and Ims u claw nearly us larfj[e uh tliat of the outer lore-toe. The tail is ileciiUcllv niiuale. the eenlral leatherH beiiij^ about live inelieii l(M));, and the (illiers l)(Toniiiis tlu' lon^'i-st tail leather about one inch. The len;;th lioni (lie li|» oT tlu; bill, to tin; end ol the middle tail-feather, is about fomteeu nu'hes. Of the manners of this speeies we know nothin>-e, both killed in the month of June, at Ala^uak. The lirsl killed by Mr. now Lieutenant Uoss, is here deseribed, and under a s|ieeilie name adopteil in eom|iliment to his exertions for the uilvaneement of ornilholit;;y, fre(|ucntly referred to in the Narrative. The seeond one, killed by Mr. Sheri-r, " dillered only in bavin;; th(> I'.xterior win^: covert t)f the same blackish colour, with tlu: outer web of the lirst primary *." Until finther specimens are procured, it woidd be premature to attempt to Irame a s|)eeilic character, but the distinguishing' marks of tin; one received may be thus siunmed tip: l.artis [HtissH) eapite caudatpie cunealA alius, dorso alisipie caudam superanlibus (;riseis, pectorc abdomincipie roseis, rostro (lebilit)ri ni^ro, tarso imeiali pedibusipie miuiatis. 25, Laiiiis Saiunii. (.1. Sabiiu'.) FnrkUiilni p^uH. I^uruit Saliiiiii. I'l mm liilr. cviii. Lnin. Tunis, xii. |i. .'i)!0, I. >l'j. tlrfenl. lUrdt, Nn. ^.(, |i. .'».■»!. Sdftjili'ini-nl III l'iiiri/\ l''ii\l Ihi/ik/i', p. nv. Xi-iitit Ilosxii. /.i'ik/i lit //iin'v I iii/ii Iff III Hiijfin'\ /Jill/. K^k^'^•l-yll^(^l"^•-lll•i(M•. /'.'tiyiiimiiiM. l. 7U.'<. Sii)ii,limint In I'lirnj's l''ii.\l \ kijiuji., p. icvi. A MA IK specrimen, kiUed at Igloolik on iIk; 27th of June, wiis rcueived. It measures IHJ inches in h-nglh, or whin the long tail leathers are inelndtid 'H)\ in(;hes, and corresponds with 'remmihck's tliscripliuii ol" tin: old bird, except that there ar(! only some slight traces of ilu; collar of brown spots on the breast, and that the vent leathers and under tail covertures arc; unilorm blackish-brown without spots; cheeks black. Tarse two inclus haig. The long tail feathers are twisted t(»wards tluir points, so as to havt; their vanes oblitpicly applied to cikIi other. The following particulars rcHprcting a //«»//g A/zv/of the ]>riri(lliirth-west gale of wind, which at that season is often accompanied with heavy snow. They fly chiefly in the night time, and the length of their flight would appear to be regulated, in some measure, by the distance to which the storm extends, because a fall of snow prevents them from obtaining the berries of the Empctrum nigrum, which form a chief article of their food at that season. They were observed by Captain Frankliu'ei party in 1821, on the 4th of September, in latitude GG" 30' BY DR. RICHARDSON. 367 on the barreti grounds, feeding in the day-time on the margins of small lakes, and in such numbers as to whiten the ground for miles together. Their flight to the southward lasted for two or three nights, and was immediately suc- ceeded by a severe storm, and the snow which then fell remained on the ground for the rest of the winter. On the preceding year they had passed Fort Enterprise in latitude 64° 30' on the 13th, 14th, and 15th of September. In their spring migrations through the interior, they may be stated to reach latittide 54" on the 15th of April, latitude 59° on the 25th of April, latitude 64' on the 20th of May, and their breeding stations in latitude 69°, by the beginning of June. 29. Anas hernicla. (L.) Brent-goose. Anas berniela. Tcmm. p. 82*. Grccnl. Birds, p. 5ij8, No. 45. Supplement to Parry's FirsI Voyage, ccvii. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 698. Faun. GTCcnt.,^. 07, No. 41. Brent-goose. Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 551, No. 478. Hearne's Journey, p. 440. Woetlin-may pawew. Cree Indians. Neer-gluk, or Neerlook. Esquimaux, Brent. Party's Narrative, Second yoyugc, p. 304, 435, 448, 4(iJS. (Nerdlek. Grceidanders.) Two varieties of this bird were observed by our voyageurs. The following description is taken from a female killed on the 21st June, and consequently in the height of the breeding season. It agrees sufficiently with the ordinary state of the summer plumage of the brent-goose of authors, and is introduced here principally to contrast with the variety which follows, and also to show the first appearance of moulting, &c. Head, neck, greater part of the breast, and primary and secondary wing- feathers brownish-black. The black terminates in an even line, which sur- rounds the upper part of the shoulders and breast, on a level with the more anterior part of the folded wing. The black on the ventral aspect of the neck is a little tarnished, by the very narrow margins of most of the feathers being of a grayish-black colour, and an irregular spot is formed on each side of the neck, by a few feathers tipped with white. The back, scapularies, and wing covertures, arc of a colour intermediate between light liver-brown and clove-brown, each feather being surrounded by a margin of yellowish-gray. Towards the root of the tail, however, the colour is nearly uniform, their being no gray-margins. The tail covertures, which usually form a white band across its root, have dropped out, and the tail feathers themselves have entirely lost their vanes. There is a large white patch, however, running up from the vent, on each side of the rump, which 3 A 8 i I l\\ fl lifi ' il ' Mi; Ml, m \\ ^ "1^1 1 ! )! ' 111 n •I' il ; li I 'r ' ^ ! . II It.!' ' It '-'-■I ' ■ :■!. Ill . H. , ; 368 ACCOUNT OF BIRDS, is visible from above. The feathers of the abdomen are yellowish-gray, fading at their margins into yellowish white*; on the flanks there are alternate transverse bars of bluish-gray, and tarnished white, the latter colour occupy- ing the margins of the feathers. The vent feathers are white, and the linings of the wings clove-brown. The under tail covertures have fallen out. Bill and feet black. Length of bill, measured along the ridge, 14 lines. Tarse 28 lines. Middle toe and claw 26 lines. Total length from end of the bill to the tip of the tail, 23^ inches. Captain Sabine, who observed the brent-geese breeding in great numbers on the islands of the Polar Sea, remarks, in the supplement cited above, that the colours of the male are more vivid, in the height of the season, than those of the female, but makes no mention of any other difference in the plumage, so that the bird referred to in the following description is to be considered as a variety, and not as the male in his ordinary breeding-dress, notwithstand- ing the opinion of the Esquimaux to the contrary. — (Narrative, p. 435.) Anas bernicla. Varietas, 0. Bernacle-geese. Parry's Narraliw, f, i35. Neerlook, (male.) Esquimaux. A KiDNEV-shaped white patch (like that of the A. canadenm) occupies the throat and cheeks, and extends upwards behind the eyes. The under eye-lid is whitish, but there is a narrow black line betwixt it and the white patch just mentioned. There are also a few small white feathers above, and rather before, the eye. The rest of the head and neck are velvet black. This black colour does not encroach upon the breast, and as in the female above described, but ceases about four inches from the nearest part of the folded wing, or just where the neck begins to swell out. There is no white patch on the sides of the neck. The general arrangement and tints of colour on the dorsal aspect are similar to what is mentioned in the description of the preceding specimen, but the yellowish gray colour occupies a broader por- tion of the margins of the scapularies and wing-coverts. The tips of the flag and secondary feathers are much faded, and the vanes of the latter are considerably worn. The tail feathers are not worn as in the female, and have a brownish-black colour with faded extremities. A single row of white covertures form a white band across its root ; the shoulders are coloured like * Thii agrees well with Fabricius's description in Faun. Orant., but differs frotn Temminck's. BY DR. RICHARDSON. 369 the back. The breast is yellowish-white. The abdomen and flanks have the same ''olours as the female above-mentioned, but they are a little lighter, and the white about the vent is more extended. Length 2G inches. This bird differs from the usual state of the A. bernida, in having the white patch on the throat and cheeks, in wanting the white mark on the neck, in the base of the neck being coloured superiorly like the back, and in the whole breast being whitish. The ridge of the upper mandible is a little flatter, broader, and about two lines longer, than in the female A. bemicla. The plumage bears no resemblance to that of the A. leitcopsis; there is none of the bright ash-gray, which is to be observed on the dorsal feathers of the latter, succeeded by black bands, and these again by light-coloured tips. The bill is also larger than that of the A. Imvopsit. The specimen here commented upon was killed, with several others pre- cisely similar, out of a flock on the 1 9th of June. Another was killed on the 9th of July, differing only in the colours being in general darker, and the plumage more worn. These were all males. The Esquimaux consider them as the males of the A. bemicla, which during the breeding season keep in separate flocks. The specimens brought home have the appearance of full plumaged birds, and differ much from the young of the A. bernida, as de- scribed by Temminck ; that it is not the common plumage of the male in the breeding season, we have the authority of Captain Sabine above re- ferred to. The brent-goose breeds, according to Fabricius, in the most remote islands of Greenland. Barentz found them in vast numbers on the coast of Spitzbergen, sitting on their nests. Hearne states them to visit Hudson's liay in prodigious flocks, on their route to the southward, from their breeding quarters on the Arctic Sea, and he remarks that they always follow the line of coast. They are not seen in the interior, and their route in the spring he says is unknown. Their nests were not seen on the present voyage. On August the 11th, they were seen in large flocks, and it is probable that they were preparing thus early for their migration to the southward. Hearne says that they arrive at Churchill late in August. I I' 1 i I' M ! I «! h I! i: i \'l 370 ACCOUNT OF BIRDS, 30. Anas cygnus. (L.) Wild Swan. Anas cygnus Temm. p. 828. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. ccvii. Appendix to Franklin's Journey, p. 697. Whistling swan. Arctic Zoology, f. 54il, No. 469, VVawpee-shew. Cree Indians. Kagoos, Northern Indians. Ko-guke, or Koob-yak, Esquimaux. .■ , Swan. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, p. 236, 240, 342. Swans were observed by Captain Parry to arrive in latitude 66" on the 31st of May, and were seen flying to the southward, as if migrating, on the 8th of September. A npfst containing eggs was found on the 9th of June, 1822, and is described in the Narrative, The specimen brought home is a female, and was killed at Igloolik on the 19th of June, 1823. At this season, the reddish or yellowish tinge is, as Captain Sabine observes in the Appendix above cited, not confined to the head. In the specimen at present under notice, the crown of the head, nape, and superior parts of the neck, are deeply tinged with reddish-orange, -xnd there is a very slight tint of the same colour spread over the whole abdomen. The colour is confined to the tips of the feathers, and even on the crown of the head, where it is deepest, allows much white to appear. Hearne mentions, that there are two varieties of swan known at Hudson's Bay, distinguished from each other only by size, the one weighing upwards of thirty pounds, and the other from eighteen to twenty. Mr. Lawson is quoted in Arctic Zoology, for the Carolina appellation of Trumpeter to the former, and of Hooper to the latter. v The swan becomes fat soon after its arrival in the fur countries, and is then much prized as an article of food. 31. Anas Mollissima. (L.) Eider Duck' Supplement to Parry's First Anas mollissima. Temm. p. 848. Greenl. Birds, p. 654. Voyage, p. ccviii. Fauna Greenl. p. 68, No. 48. Eider-duck. Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 653, No. 480. Dunter goose. Hearne' s Journey, p. 446. Eider-duck. Parry's Narrative, Second Voyage, Sept. 13, 1881, p. 254, 285, 283, 337. In the specimen brought home, which was killed on June 14 at Winter Island, the siskin-green colour does not extend to the cheeks, nor crown of the head, as mentioned by Temminck, but is confined to the occiput and adjoining BY DR. RICHARCSOM. 371 part of the neck, agreeing with the description given by Pennant, in British Zoology, p. 245. The tertiary wing feathers are white, and curve outwards over the prima- ries. The primaries themselves are blackish-brown, fading at the extremities into clove-brown. Their immediate covertures are brownish-black. In a specimen killed on the 5th June, Mr. Edwards remarked the white of the scapularies to be tinged with greenish- yellow. The female killed on June 2d agrees with Temminck's description, and also with Pennant's, in British Zoology, which is more minute in some parts. The white tips to the secondary wing-feathers, and larger covertures which have been described as forming two white bands across the wings, are small and not visible when the wings are closed. Eider-ducks were observed breeding in Tern Island in July, when there were most generally two, rarely three eggs in one nost, (p. 283.) They are stated by authors to lay five or six eggs ; the eggs vary in shape, some being exactly elliptical, others ovate, with a considerable disproportion in the obtuseness of the ends. Their length is three inches, and the greatest transverse diameter two. The Eider-ducks are sea-birds, being never seen in the interior. They arrive in the quarters visited by our navigators in the end of May, and were observed to be very tame, seldom taking the alarm until warned by their more suspicious companions, the long-tailed ducks. It would appear from this, that they do not migrate in winter, to countries where they are liable to be disturbed by man, but merely retire to sea in search of open water. Fabricius says, that they remain ia Greenland all the year, collecting in flocks in the winter time. They are not seen farther south in Hudson's Bay than Churchill River, in latitude 59°. I ,i ' 1! ' I 32. Anas spectabilis. (L.) King-Duck. Anas spectabilis. Temminck, p. 851. Greenl. Birds, 553. Supplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. ccvii. Faurt. Grant, p. 63, No. 39. King-duck. Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 554, No. 481. King-duck. Parry's Narrative, Second Fo^af^, p. 237, 254, 431,435, 454, 461. The male specimen received, was killed on the 2d of June, and corresponds pretty exactly with M. Temminck's description, but we are enabled to add, from the inspection of a beautiful drawing by Captain Lyon, conjoined with Ir^ili ii 372 ACCOUNT OP BIRDS, Mr. Edwards' notes, some particulars respecting the colours of parts that are apt to fade in drying. The fleshy sides of the compressed gibbosity at the base of the bill have a Dutch-orange colour. The bill itself is vermilion red, and its large nail is nearly flesh-coloured, with a horny translucency. The inferior mandible has a narrow orange-coloured margin next the feathers. The cheeks are pistachio- green, which is separated from the bright bluish-gray of the head and nape, by a white line that is continued over the eye, until it joins the black which surrounds the bill. Both eyelids are black, but this colour is broadest on the under one. The breast is cream-yellow, deepening in the old specimens into ochre-yellow. The posterior part of the back, the wings, tail, and belly, have a blackish-brown colour, which deepens on the curved tertiaries into brownish or pitch-black. The shafts of the tertiaries have a peculiar shining umber- brown colour. The patch of white on the wings is intermixed with a few brownish-black feathers, and one or two of the secondaries are tipped with white. The scapularies have a fine wiry appearance, and the legs an ochre- yellow colour. In other respects, the specimen and drawing correspond exactly with Temrninok's description of the old male. The length of a number of individuals measured by Mr. Edwards, varied from 22 to 23| inches. The /ema/e king and eider-ducks resemble each other so exactly in plumage, that one description suffices for both ; the only difference being, as Fabricius and Captain Sabine have pointed out, in the compressed base of the bill. The posterior soft plates, or prolongations of the upper mandible of the former, have nearly a vertical position, but in the latter they are more horizontal, like the depressed plates of the male of the same species. The specimen of the female king-duck received, is unusually large, being 24^ inches long, yet its bill is two lines shorter than that of an eider-duck only 22 inches long; other females, however, measured by Mr. Edwards were only 22 inches long. A young male, shot on September 8th, had the head and neck dusky yellow- ish-gray, crowded with blackish-brown spots. Back, scapularies, and wing covertures, brownish-black, each feather bordered with dark yellowish-brown. Tail, grayish-black, with slight brown tips ; one or two of the primary wing covertures have minute white tips. The primary wing feathers are uniform brov. nish-black, but the secondaries and tertiaries have some brownish margins. The breast has a general yellowish-brown colour, spotted, and inferiorly barred transversely with brownish-black. The black predominates « s BY DR. RICHARDSON. 373 on the abdomen, but it is so minutely and intimately intermixed with the yellowish-brown, that it assumes, when viewed at a little distance, an uniform dusky clove-brown colour; on the flanks and under tail covertures, the black and brown are in alternate and more distinct bars. The linings of the wings are shining pearl-gray. The posterior prolongations of the bill resemble those of the female. Length 22 inches. King-ducks were numerous in the quarters visited by Captain Parry, and upwards of 600 were killed by a party sent to Alagnak for the purpose. Like the eider, these birds obtain their livelihood entirely in the sea, and therefore do not visit the lakes of the interior ; nor are they seen farther south on the shores of Hudson's Bay, than lat. 59°. Perhaps they never migrate farther from their breeding quarters in the north, than to permanent open water. They arrived at the winter quarters of 1821 in lat. 6G°, on the 31st of May, 1822, along with the other summer birds, but at Igloolik, where the open water was perhaps more favourable, they made their appearance on the 16 th of April before the other birds. The eggs vary in form, from oval to more or less ovate. They are 30 or 32 lines long, and 21 lines at the greatest transverse diameter. Their colour is asparagus-green, with a slight tinge of yellowish gray. 33. Anas GLAciALis. {L.) Long-tailed Duck. Ana? glacialis. Temm. p. 860. Greenl. Birds, 55S. Svpplement to Parry's First Voyage, p. ccviii. Anas hyemalis. Faun. GroerU. p. 71, No. 45. Long-tailed duck. Arctic Zoology, ii. p. 566, No. 501. Hearne's Journey,^. 447. . ' ' Caccawee. Franklin's Journey, p. 383. Al-diggee-ariov. Esquimaux. Anas glacialis and long-tailed duck. Narrative, Parry's Second Voyage, Sept. 7, Oct. 4, 1821, p. 237, 254, 313, 431, 437. The long-tailed Duck is one of the most clamorous of the tribe, and is cele- brated in the songs of the Canadian voyagers, by the name of caccawee. Its arrival in spring could not be overlooked by the American poets in descrip- . tions of that season. Considerable varieties of plumage are observed amongst the males of this . species during the breeding season, probably depending on age. One killed at Winter Island on the 1st of June, had the cheek and side of . the head, from the bill to the middle of the orbit, dull ash-gray. A black band runs in the msesial line from the bill to the crown, separating the gray 8 B ! w. in "Li II.: 1^ III' I . I !'• il H M ml'. .;^ *^' ' iii ! : It may not be amiss to notice here the extreme difficulty which attends the determination of what ought, and what ought not, to be considered as good species among Arctic plants. Vegetables of our own more southern latitudes, often assume in those frigid regions an aspect quite different from what we are S'^wrS3i5raSKr^;:j«E;tiite.^ u BOTANY. 383 accustomed to see them wear ; and which, without referring to a very exten- sive series of specimens, might well be supposed to afford decided marks of specific distinction. Mr. Brown seems to be fully aware of this, and he speaks with caution of the identity of several of his new species. In more than one instance, after having drawn out a description of a supposed new individual, I have found cause to alter my opinion concerning it, and finally to consider it only as a variety of a well known kind ; nor shall I be surprised if future observations would shew that my Saxifraga plantagintfolia must be united to S. nimlin, and my Chrysanthemutn grand^orum to C. inodonun; though at first sight nothing can appear more distinct. From Captain Parry's Herbarium, I have made, at that gentleman's request, an ample collection of specimens, which is deposited in the British Museum, and another which is placed in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh. DICOTYLEDONES. I. RANUNCULACE^. 1. Ranunculus. I. Ranunculus nivalis. Br. in Parry's Ist Voyage. App. p. cclxiv. Linn. FI. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 195. t. 3. f. 2. Wahl. Lapp. p. 156. t. 8. f. 3. Hooker Icel. Tour. App. p. 327 . Grev. PI. W. C. of Greenl.* p. 430. FI. Dan. t. 1699. *. Foliis radicalibus reniformibus alte lobatis, lobo medio cuneaUMibovato baii an- gustiore. Br. R. nivalis. De Cand. Syst. Veg. v. 1. p. 273. (excl. cit. ad. Sw. in Act. Holm. p. 47. quae R. pygmseus, et syn. Mertens Spitzb. ad var. fi. pertinente ; fid. Br.) fi. Foliis radicalibus basi cuneatis vix ad medium lobatii^, lobo medio semiovato basi latiore, petalis obcordato-obovatis calyce hirsutissimo sesquilongioribus. Br. in Parry's \tt Voy. App. p. cclxiv. Wahl. Lapp. p. 157. R. tulphureus. Soland. in Phipps's Voy. p. 202. {fide Br.) De Cand. Syst. Veg. v. 1 . # "I. ' \'-< ii],. I! ii !! • 1 liif I! •^1 n a i I' :i I 'I I Ii! i lili i r * CkUlofue of PlanU collected by William Juneion, etq., lurfeon, on the West Cout of Oraenhnd, betwiit latttudei 70^ and 71°. in 1818 and 1883, drawn up by R. K. Oreville, eiq. ; published in the Meaoin of the Wemerian Society, v. iii. p. 488. set :»tt I'l't i. :1. :::.! 384 BOTANY. p. 274. «* Br. Spitzb. pi. in Scoresby's Arctic Regions*, v. 1. App. p. 75." Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 742. y. Foliis radicalibus basi subcuneatis vel transversis alte lobatis, lobo medio cuneato- obovato basi angustiore. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. cclxiv. Hab. Igluolik. 1822 and 1883. Upper Savage hland. Duke of York's Bay. Five Havger Bay. Repulse Bay. Barrow River. The three above mentioned varieties, noticed by Mr. Brown, of this beautiful species of Ranunculut, are all to be found among the numerous specimens gathered during the present expedition ; and so liable to varia- tion are they in the form of their radical leaves, that on the same individual may be seen the two configurations fvhich di8tini,'uish both and y. The variety a seems to be the rarest, and there is only one plant of it, which exactly accords with the Linneean figure in the Flora Lapponica. Mr. Brown correctly defines the styles of the ovary as " rectiusnuli." Willdenow describes the beaks or styles of the pericarps as straight, which they neither are in his figure nor in Captain Parry's specimens, but decidedly hooked. The plant is a native of Siberia. ' !•, ; 2. R. hyperboreus. " Rottb. PI. Isl. in Act. Hafn. v. 10. p. 458. t. 4. f. 16. Fl. Dan. p. 331. Hook. Icel. Tour. v. 2. p. 327. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 158. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. p. cclxiv. Found in small shallow lakes at the entrance of the strait of the Fury and Hecla, and in similar situations in the island of Igloolik. Mr. Edwards. No specimens, however, were gathered. It is found in Norway and Siberia. 3. R. affinis, foliis radicalibus pcdatomultifidis petiolatis; caulinis subsessilibus (ligitatis ; lobis omnium linearibus, caule erecto 1-2-floro cum calycibus ovariisque pubescentibus, fructibus oblongo-cylindraceis, acheniis rostro recurvo. Br. R. affinis. B. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxv. There is only one specimen of this, and that exists in Mr. Edwards's collection. It comes, as Mr. Brown observes, very near to R, auricomus; and will, probably, prove to be only a slight variety of it. Mr. Edwards informs me he found it growing on the margin of a small lake on an isle situated in about lati- tude 69°, at the entrance of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. II. PAPAVERACEiE. I 2. Papaver. 4. Papaver nudicatUc. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 725. Fl. Dan. t. 41. (an excellent figure.) Hook. Iceland Tour. App. p. 326. Br. in Ross's Voyage, ed. 2. v. 2. p. 193. Br. Spitz. PI. in Scoresby's Arctic Regions. (7 radicatum.) Grev. PI. of W. C. of Greenl. p. 430. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 740. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of West Greenl. p. 413. Br. in Parry's Ist Voyage, App. p. cclxv. * This species did not exist in the collections of plants brought by Captain Scoresby, from the East Coast iif Greenland. The individual, so named in the Appendix to the account of that voyage, p. 413, was, by mis- fake, written nivalis ; it should hpve been glacialis : a species, I may observe, not found during Captain Ross' or either of Captain Parry's voyages, unless it be that noticed by Mr. Brown in the Botanical Appendix to the first of these, " Ranunculus — sulpkureus forte, vsl glacialis ; species e fragmentis non tleterminanda." Both R. niimlit and R. glacialis are plentiful in Captain Sabine's collections from the E. Coast of West Ureenland. BOTANY. 385 Hab. Igloulik. 1838 and 1823. Ducket Cure. Repulse Baj. The Bpccimens of this plant are from seven to eight inches high, with their corolh, when fully expanded, nearly two inches in diameter, and of a br>^,ht sulphur colour : the calyx covered with brown rough hairs. My Greenland specimens, gathered by Wormskiold, differ in nothing from these, save in being smaller, with the leaves more compact and rather more hairy. They are, I presume, the P. radicatum of Rottb. the nudicaule y. of De Candolle. It is found in Siberia, in Dahuria, in Unalaschka, and on the coast of Labrador. III. CRUClFERiE. ^:% •■■'. ■' ' > ' .^-' -■• -: > ' ■■ 3. Draba. -, 5. Draba alpina. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 896. Fl. Dan. t. 56. Wahl. Lapp. p. 175. t. 11. f. 4. De Cand. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. .338. " Br. Spitzb. PI. in Scoresby's Arctic reg. v. 1. App. p. 75." Grev. PI. of W. C. of Greenl. p. 431. Hook, in Scoresby's PI. E. C. of W. Greenl. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 744. Hab. Igluulik. 1822 and 1823. Barrow River. Neerlo-Naktu. The specimens of this plant scarcely agree with those in my herbarium, gathered in Lapland by Wahlenberg, the upper part of their scape and the pedicells being hairy*. The calyx also is more hairy than in the plants found by Wahlenberg. Individuals which were sent me from Norway by the late Professor Schmidt have the pedicells and calyx perfectly smooth, in this particular according with Dr. Richardson's plant, where the pedicelU are scarcely at all hairy ; and the calyx is entirely smooth. Here the germen is slightly pubescent. In Europe this species has only-been fouml in Nonvay and Lapland. ' 6". D. paucijlora. Br. in Parry's 1st Voyage. App. cclxvii. Hab. Harrow River. Differs from D. alpina in being smaller, in having a less number of flowers upon each scape, in the petals not being much more than half the size, and much narrower. 7. D. micropetda. {nov. sp.) scapis aphyllis pedicellisque pilosis, foliis lato-lanceolatis subvenosis integerrimis pilis furcatis siinplicibusque, petalis (albis) anguste-spathnlatis calycem pilosiusculuin vix superantibus. Hab. Igloolik. I feel extremely unwilling to add unnecessarily to the number of species, iti a genus wiiich is already burthened with many whose characters depend upon very obscure marks. I cannot, however, refer the present individual to any described one, although iu most respei^ts, but its petals, it accords with either D. alpina or D. pauciflora. In D. micropetala, however, the petals arc narrower than in the latter named spmcs, and are decidedly wiiite. The heads of flowers are capitate or corymbose, and crowded, and the glabrous gennen or ovary seems to advance to maturity, without the infloresceuce being lengthened into a raceme. The leaves are, in some of the specimens, even larger than those of D. alpina, and are decidedly reticulated with veins. 8. D. hirta, scapis puberulis (vel glabris) nudis vel subdiphyllis, foliisradicalibus obiongis subintegris puberulis, siliculis obiongis pedicellisque glaberrimis vel pubesceutibus. Of this species the collection contains the undermentioned varieties (for I can consider them as nothing * In Captain Sabine's collections from East Coast of \V. Greenland, there are numerous specimens of D. alpina, gome having the scape very pubescent, others nearly glabrous. The leaves also vary much in hairineti. lk\ 386 BOTANY. more), and, as far as 1 can judge, in plants, the investigation of which is attended irith such extreme difficultj, the following synonyms may be attached to each. Var. 1. 4-5-poliicaris, foliis lato-lanceolatis subdentatis, scapo plerumque mono- diphyllo superne, una cum pedicellos calycein siliculasque, glabro. D. Mrta. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 897. Wahl. Lapp. var. a. inferalpina. p. 175. t. II. f. 1. De Cand. Syst. Veget. v. 2. p. 343. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of West Greenl. p. 413. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 744. Hab. Igloolik. 1883. This exactly corresponds with Dr. Riehardson's plant, and tolerably so with Wahlenberg's figure. The D. glabreUa of Richardson approaches very nearly to this plant. Var. 2. 3-5-pollicaris, foliis lanceolatis subdentatis vel integris, scapo plerumque mono-diphyllo, una cum pedicellos calycem siliculamque, pubescente. D. stellata. /3. hebecarpa ? De Cand. Sys. Yeg. v. 2. p. 346. D. stellata. ». De Cand. Syst. Ve^. (nisi quod silic. glabr.) D. oblongata. Br. in Ross' Voy. (absque descr.) De Cand*. Syst. Veg. v. 2. p. 342. Hab. Igloolilc and Barrow River. In this state the leaver vary in the degrees of pubescence, and in being more or less entire at the margins. Var. 3. 3^pollicaris, foliis lanceolatis subintegerrimis, scapo plerumque mono- diphyllo, una cum pedicellos calycem siliculamque, glaberrimo. D. lapponica. De Cand. Syst. Veg. ▼. 2. p. 344. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. p. cclxiii. D. androsacea. Wahl. Lapp. p. 174. t. 11. f. 5. (excl.syii.omn.) Hab. Igloolik. 1888. My third variety .igrees so well with the description, as well as the figure of D^ahlenbeig'a D. mndnumeea, and with the D. lapponica of Mr. Brown, that I think I am correct in referring to those authors for it. To me it appears to hold an exactly intermediate rank between my first and my fourth varieties, approaching the former in the generally roonophyllous scape, the latter in its smaller site, slenderer habit, and nearly entire leatea. Var. 4. 1-3-pollicaris, foliis integerrimis, scapo gracili aphyllo. D. hirta. Fl. Dan. t. 142. (excellent.) Jacq. Fl. Austr. 1 432t. D. nivalis. De Cand. Syst. Veg. v. Z. p. 344. D. hirta. Var. fi. alpicola? Wahl. Lapp. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 197. Grev. PI. of W. C. of Greenland, p. 431. D. rupestris. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed.2. v. 4. p. 91. Hab. Igloolik. Barrow River. Duckett Cove. Repulse Bay. Winter Island. Neerio-Nakto. * D. oblongata is thus defined by the latter author ; "scapis nudis pube floccoia aabhinntb, foliis cKspi- tosis oblongo-linearibus integris ciliatis velutinisque, siliculis elliptico-oblongis relutinis." Closely allied to this, according to Mr. Brown and De Candolle, is the D. corymbota, n. tp.t" of Mr. Brown in Ross' voyage, "scapis nudis hispidulis, foliis dense ctespitosis oblongis basi attenuatis ciliatis sttbhis|Hdisque, silicolis ellipticis corymbosis hispidulis." De Cand, This plant Mr. Brown speaks of, for it is not defined in Ross' voyage, as beiig extremely similar to D. oblongata and D. rupettri*. Hort Kew.ed^ ft, and DeCandoUe says of it " ajtni* D. oblongata et hirta." t Tab. 438, of the Flora Auitriaea, represents three varieties of this plant, the uppermost figure approaches nearest to my fourth variety. Indeed, so changeable in this spedn are the siae. the pubesceoee and the form of its leaves, that it would be endless to notice all the slight dlfferenoet to which it is subject. ^B mMgi i BOTANY. 387 liCaTM verj Tariablr io burineu, tometimes quite glabrouR, Bometimeg glightly hairy, especially at the marfrins, with simple lon«tfih pubescence ; at other times the hairs are intermixed with a dense stellated pubescence. The scape and pedioells are (glabrous or hairy, the gerinens gfenerally glabrous, occasionally slightly pubescent. I find the same states of this variety in Captain Sabine's E. Greenland plants. Var. 5. pollicaris sesquipollicarisque, scapo vix foliis longiore, pedicellis siliculisque corymbosis glaberrimis. Hab. Igloolik. Barrow Rirer. Neerlo-Nakto. Aug. 1882. Were this variety a little larger, and were its pedicells and fruit pubescent, I should have no hesitation in referring it to the D. eorymbota of Brown and De CandoUe. Except in the shortness of its scapes and the dense and corymbose silit-ulae, it does not differ from the preceding variety. All the states of this plant have the stem divided at the setting on of the root (multice|>s) into numerous short branches which are forked, tlie lower parts covered with the bases of former years' leaves. In thme particulars the species differs from D. ineana, which is either quite simple or sends out from the root, below the ground, several short mnners, and has numerous leaves upon the stem. 9. D. muricellay scapo nudo velutino, foliis oblongis integris pube stellata ceesio- velutinis, siliculis oblongo-Ianceolatis glabris. D. C. D. rmricella. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 178. t. 11. f.2. Decand. Syst. Veg. v. 2. p. 340. Br in Ross' Voy. App. p. 193. Grev. PI. of W. C. of Greenland, p. 431. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 744. Hab. South side of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. A species, aa far as I can diicover, differing in no respect from my 4th variety of D. hirta, but in being covered with short, dense, stellated pubescence ; and in being destitute of simple hairs or marginal cilits, De Candolle has quoted the same figure in the Flora Danica, both for the D. murieeUa and his D. nivalii (lay 4th variety of D. hirtm.) 4. COCHLEARIA. 10. Cochlearia fenettrata. Br. in Itoss' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 193. De Cand. Syst. Veg. V. 2. p. 367. Hab. Igloolik. Fern Island. E. entrance of the Frozen strait. Neerlo-Nakto. Upper Savage island. Bar- niw River. Most of the specimens are not sufficiently advanced to exhibit the fenestrate axis of the dissepiment of the pericarp : and it is thus scarcely possible to distinguish this plant from some of the states of C. an/^ica. 5. Braya. 11. Braya orc/tca {nov.sp.)i foliis lineari-spathulatis camosis integerrlmis glabris, scapo aphyllo pubescente. Hab. S. side of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. Neerlo-Nakto. RadtM fusifonnis infeme fibroso-ramosa, supeme multicaulis. Caules perbreves, foliosi. Folia vix unciamlonga, lineari-spathulata, obtusa, camosa, integerriina, basi membranaceo-dilatata, alba, junioraviridia. adulta omnino glaberrima, rel pili* raris albis versus apicem instructa, subtus non raro purpurascentia. Scapi breves, vix foliis longioies, piloai. pilis albis divaricatis simplicibus vel ramosis. PedieM bi-trilineares, succn- lenti, siccitate toiulosi. pubeacentia. C«lgx erecto-patens, foliolis late ovatis, concavis, viridibus vel purpuras- centibus. nunc glabris, nunc parce pOosis. Petala calyce duplo longiora, unguiculata, ungue purpurasrente. lamina alba, vel purpurascente, dilatata. Filamenta edentula. Oermtn oblongo-cylindraceum, int«Me< viride subpubescens. ;S'/y/iis distiuetos, brevis, cylindraceus, pallidc viridis. Stigma capitatumbilobum. Upon comparing the individiiak. only two in number of this plant, which exist, though without fruit, in § Hi •I rj i^h! 1- 'I {I it \ i ^ •ir I II !il iill ii Hii * 111 I m h ■! Ii \K 388, BOTANY. the preient collection, with «pecimen« of B. alpina which 1 had reucived from its discoverers, it appears that they evidently belong to the same genus. The form of the pistil is exactly similar, and the habit is the same. Indeed almost the only marks of specific difference which I can detect, are that the R, alpina is about thrice the size of the present individual, with leaves broader, less fleshy and distinctly toothed, and that the scape is leafy. The B. f glabrella of my friend Dr. Richardson, has its leaves linear, remotely toothed, is of a much longer and slenderer habit, with a scape frequently leafy and almost wholly glabrous. This plant differs from the Platypetalum purpurascens of Mr. Brown, as far as I can judge from his elabo- rate description, principally in the different shape of its germen. 6. EuTRBMA. 12. Eutrema Edwarddi. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxvii. Tab. A. Hab. Igloolik. Barrow River. Duke of York's Bay. Duckett Cove. Repulse Bay. Neerlo-Nakto. These specimens are similar in every respect to those represented in Mr. Bauer's admirable figure, except in the particular of their being almost twice as large, and having some of their corymbs of flowers drooping, while others are erect. One of Mr. Edwards's specimens is a foot in height, but it is in fruit. , ,' ■- ,. , 7. Parraya. , -.,, I _ a \ 13. Parraya arctica. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxviii. Tab. B. "' Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Repulse Bay. This plant also, at least the flowering specimens, is twice the size of that represented by Mr. Bauer. The seed vessels, not fully ripe however, are all nearly erect, frequently torulose and attenuated at the base, to that the whole is club-shaped. Dr. Richardson informs me that this is the same genus with Nburoloma of De CandoUe (ProJromiu Sy»t. Nat. Regn. Veg.) which he has adopted from Andrz. MSS. The character, however, given in the Prodromus, h considerably different from that uf Mr. Brown. " Calyx erectiis basi iequcilis, sepalis marginc membranaceis. Petala unguiculata ; limbo obovato. Stam. libera edentula vix calyce longiora. Siliquee lanceolatae, sessiles, compressae, valvis planis. Funicitli umbilicales supeme septo adnati. Setnina late raarginata. Cotyledonei accumbentes," etc. : — and he includes in it the Hesperis arabidiflora of his Systema (the Arabis grandiflora, Linn. Aniaen. A. v. i. t. L. t'. 20), Hesperis scapigera, Syst. Veg. and Arabis nudicaulis, Syst. Veg.: — all natives of Siberia. Mr. Brown's character of Parraya is, " Siiiqua lata linearis, valvis venosis. Semina biseriata, testse epidermide laxo, corrugato. Cotyledones accumbentes. Stigmata approximata, baiibus connatis in stylum (brevissimum) decurrcntibus. Filamenta edentula." 8. YSSICARIA. 14. Vesicaria arctica. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 743. Alyssum arcticum. Fl, Dan. 1. 1520. De Cand. Syst. Veg. v. 2. p. 324. , ; ,. . Hab. Igloolik. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Inlet. . ■,, ^ , ., ,,, .-!:,._ -.,-,.,-,^,,,. ._, 9. Arabis. ,,,^, _. , ,,,,,, .,,^,, , 15. Arabis hispida. Brown Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. 4. p. 106. Hook. Icel. Tour, p. 329. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 743. . ,. i ,,. « Ca,rda.mine hasttdata. Engl. Bot. t. 469. , ,,. i . , . . C.petrea. Lightf. Scot. p. 347. t. 15. f. 2. ,,; ,; ,1-: C. petrea. ^. De Cand. Syst. Veg. ▼. 2. p. 229. • • Hab. Igloolik. '• v (<;...- '.-i App. N yjJi"" y^ 1ft BOTANY. 389 10. Cardamine. 16. C. pratensis. Linn. /3. angustifolia, foliorum radicalium pinnis lanceolatis basi attenuatis subintegris. Hab. fgloolik. Duke of York f Bay. Southurnptun Island. Among the fire speciiii/'iB which exist iff this plant, four out of that number have their radical leaves nume- rous, and all of them are dibiinifuishpd by their lanceolate pinnae, tapering at the base into a short footstalk: which last character is totally at variance with that uf C, jiratensis. In other respects the two plants are perfectly alike. — I may add, that Dr. Richardson's specimens of C. jiratenm, from the northern parts of Ame- rica, have their leaflets or pinna: orbiculato-cordate, with a slender petiole inserted into the notch ; whereas those I have from Iceland entirely resemble plants of my var. angustifolia. 17. C. bellidifolia. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 913. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 222. t. 9. f.2. Sm. FI. Brit. p. 697. E. Bot. t. 2355. Fl. Dan. t. 20. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 179. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 199. Wahl. Helv. p. 126. Brown inScoresby's Arctic Regions, v. i. App. p. 75. Hook. Iceland Tour. v. 2. App. p. 329. Brown in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxx. Hab. Igloolik. Mr, Edwards. A single specimen of this was gathered by Mr. Edwards at Igloolik. Three other individuals of the same plant are in that gentleman's collection from Melville Island. c IV. CARYOPHYLLEiE. 11. SiLENE. 18. Silene ocaw/w. Linn. Sp. PI. 709. Fl.Dan. t. 21. Smith FI. Brit. p. 472. Hook. Ice!. Tour. App. p. 324. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. i. p. 316. Grev. PI. of W. C. of Greenl. p. 429. Br. in Ross. Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Wahl. Lapp. p. 122. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 135. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 411. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 738. Hab. Upper Savage Island. Duckett Cove. S. side of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. This plant is found on most of the European Alps, as well as on the mountains of North America. 12. Lychnis. 19. Lychnis apetda. Linn. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 150. 1. 12. f. 1. Fl. Dan. t. 305. Wahl Lapp. p. 135. t. 7. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 157. Br. in Ross Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Rich- ardson in Franklin's Journ. App. 738, Hab. Igloolik. Duckett Cove. Neerlo-Nakto. Repulse Bay. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Island. A dwarf specimen of this is in Mr. Edwards's collection, having the whole flower of a white colour. 13. Spebgcla. 20. Spergula saginoides^ Linn.Sp. PI. p. 631. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 504. Engl. Bot. t. 2105. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 141. Gmel. Sib. v. 4. 1. 157. De Cand. FI. Gall. p. 394. Wahl FI. Lapp. p. 138. Fl. Dan. t. 1577. Hook. Icel. Tour. p. 325. Two specimens of this plant are in Mr. Edwards's collection. I have received individuals from Professor Homemann, which were gathered in Greenland. In the Flora Danica, too, it is stated to be an inhabitant of Norway. 8 D i Is-! I! ill. ■ i i! I ' Mr ijii ii , :r [| I i : I ] il if >! I. r M ,i" 1 1 i i 390 DOT ANY. 14. Cerastivh. 21. Cerastium alpinum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 628. Lightf. Scot. p. 242. 1. 10. (Cerast. latif.) Smith Fl. Brit. p. .100. Engl. Bot. t. 472. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 325. Wahl. Lapp, p. 136. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 150. Hook Fl.Scot. P. 1. p. 144. Br. Spitzb. PI. in Scores- by's Arct. Reg. v. 1. App. p. 75. Br. in Ross Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl.p.413? |3. C. glabratum, foliia sublanceolatis glabratis. Fl. Dan. t. 979. C. glabratum. Hartmann. Hau. Iifloolik. Aug. 1882. Fern Island. DuckettCove. Ncerlo-Nakto. |3. Duke of York's Bay. • 15. Stellaria. , ; . 22. Stellaria /«■/«. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 738. Had. Diukott Cove. Isrioolik. Till' sptritnens of this plant lointido prooisely witli those wliicli I have received through the kindness of Ur. Ilichnrdson. It seems to hold a middle station between S. glauca and S. nitlda. 23. SteUtLi-'m Eduardsii. Ur. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxi. Richardson in Frank- lin's Journ. App. p. 738. S. nitida. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of West Greeid. App. p. 411. /3 caule foliisque glabcrrimis. St. Edwardsii ^. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. loc. cit. Hak. /3. Iifloolik. Barrow River. Neerlo-Nakto. Duke of York's Bay. Upper Savage Island. Winter Island lS)i3. I find myself miirh at a loss to distinguish some individuals of this sitecies from S. lata of Dr. Rirhardson. The relative length of the corolla and calyx appears to nic to vary in different (peeimens ; and the uppermost and younger leaves are often more atten\iatcd and more thin and glaucous and less shining than the lower ones. All the specimens of this rolleetion are glabrous, like the smaller of two under this name, which Dr. Kii'liardsiin has given me, and thus according with the var. /S. above quoted fnmi Melville Island. My learned and valued friend Mr. Itrowu has separated his .V. Kilwnnlsii from uiy iS. nilida, upon the ground that I have described the ''leaver" as "lanceolate, somewhat three-nerved when dry, the Howent siibpanicLilated, and anthers yellow ;" whereas he has characterized the "leaves" as "ovato-lanceolate, nerve- less, the peduncles one-flowered or trlfid, and the anthers purple," Tiie form of a Innecolntr leaf may he so easily undersloiKl to pass into the ovato-lanceolate, that no great stress should perhaps he laid on this character. Besides I fnid that in both Dr. Richardson's s|)ecimcnK and mine, there are some leaves linear-lanceolate, and, on the other hand, some ovato-lanceolate, and I have adopted the medium term. By the expression stuncwhat three-nerver is of irniiortame, then I fear some of the individuals in the present collection will have to be removed alttigethcr from S. niliil.i, as the atitlievs are, in many iiutances. ;t:~: T-— . nOTANY. 391 ■of K |)nle straw-colour. — Notwithstandinjf that the specific appellation, nifiila, hag the rig'ht of priority in it favour, I have great pleasure in adoptin);^ that of Edwardxii, in order that the name of a pccntleman may he thereby coninicniorated, who hag rendered most essential service to the Flora of the Arctic rciriuns, and to myself, individually, in the preparation of the present Ciitahijfue. 24. S. humifusa. " Rottb. in Act. Hafn. v. 10. p. 447. t. 4. f. 14. Retz. Prodr. Fl. Scand. n. 488." Fl. Dan. t. OTH. Grev. Pi. of W. Gieenl. p. 42!). S. crassifolia. (?. Wahl. Lapp. p. 125. Hah. Neerlo-Nakto. It is sinti^ular that AVahlenberff should have confounded this species, which hag very much indeed the habit i\f Arennria peploides, with the Stcllaria crassifolia, which is ijuitc a different plant, as is likewise the Are- naria humifusa of the same author. I have, in my herbarium, specimens from Dr. Swartz, which were Pfathercd at the rivtr \'aranaka, near tiie North (lape, and otiiors from Greenland, sent me by Professor Hornciuann. Captain Sabine has brought it from tlic E. Coast of W. Greenland. 10. Arenaria. 25. Arenaria rubella. iMsme rubella. Wahl. Lapp. p. 128. t. 0*. Arenaria quadrivalvis . Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxi. H.4B. Iglmtlik. Neerlo-Nakto. South side of the Strait of the Fury and Ifccla. As [ can find no difference between the specimens of this plant in the collection, and individuals of Alsim- rnhrlla which I have rcrcivcd fnini Professor llorncmaun, I have retained the specific name of Wahlenberff : indeed .Mr. Urown seems to consider the two species may be the same. Ft is plentiful on the K. Coast of W. (ireenland (Captain Sabine). 2(). Arenaria Rossii. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxii. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 73H. Hau. liiirrow Kiver. Duckett Cove. Duke of York's Hay. This species has the habit of \. ruhrlla, but it is admirably distiniruished by its blunt, nerveless, shorter leaves, which are like those of Sagina marilimn. Tl'.e plant affrees better with Mr. Drown's description than with Dr. Richardson's specimens. Those differences arc miticcl by the first author, lor. rit. •2t)*. A. Pumilio, glaberrima caispitosa, foliis lincari-subuiatisobtusiscarnosis enerviis flore longioribus margine ciliato, florc solitario subscssili, petalis oblongo-spathulatis calyces trincrvios obtusissimos dupio longioribus. A. Pumilio. Br. MSS. A.arctica. ««Stev. MSS.?" D. C. Prodr. v. l.p.404? Uabitus, specimimim nanoriim Silenis aruiilis. Raili.v, pro ratione plantuhe, lonj^a, dcgcendciiH, siibfiisi- forniis, vix fibrosa. Caulis pliirimi ex eadcm piiiioto, breves, unsiales, ctespitosi, subdichotomi, foiiusi. F'llin oppoaita, basi dilatata, coniiata, densissime imiiricata, caulcm olitei^entia, infrriora iiiarcehrentia, sH/wriora viridia, nunc purpureo tincta, patentia, liiieari-subiilata, )(labra, enervia, obliisisHima, ciirnosa, supra planiusciila gubliis semicylindriea, mari(inc ciliato, ciiils bricvibus albis subrecurvis. I'ttlunculi vix ulli. Floirs solitarii terminalia, foliis suhimmcrsi. Calyj! 5-parlicug, viridi-flavescens, vcl purpurasceng, foliolis ovatis, • Since thig Appendix was written, the Arenaria ruhella has been found upon the Hrendalbanc Mountains in Scotland, and a figure and description of it will appear in the next Number of the N-3W Series of Finrit Lnndinrmii. S D8 ■ii in I ['•I ,;! ^; ,111 A M 392 BOTANY. concavis. trinerviis, obtusiBsimit, carnosiusculiB, marginibua submembranaceis, albisi. Petala 5, subungfuicu- lata, angugta, oblongo-spathulata, calyce dupio lonffiora, alba. Stamina 10, Filamenla subulata, alba, germine paulo longiora. Anlhera rotundatee, flavte. Germen ovatum, BeBsile, calyce brevius. Stigmata 3, (ilifomiia, breviuBcula, pubescentia, alba. Hab. One of the hlaiidB in the Strait of the Fury and Hecla, Lieutenant Jamftn Ross. For the oppurtiinity of adding thitt intcreBting plant to the liBt, I am indebted to the kindncBB uf my friend, R. Brown, Enq., who Bcnt me a specimen fur inBpcction, marked A. Pumilio of his MSS. It will rank near A. Rossii, but is abundantly different in habit, as well as in esBential characters, and approachco Htill nearer to the A. artica of De Candolle, according to his character in the Prodromus, " Farvula ceespitoHa foliis lincaribuB obtuBig caulibus unifluriB, pedunculiB pilogo-glanduloBis, sepalig oblongis obtusis rix nervoBig, pctalis obovatiB calyce duph> longioribug : " an inhabitant of the ghoreg of the Icy Sea in Siberia, and which, that Author further rcmarkg, hag the habit of Silene acaulit. Had the cilioe upon itg IcavCB been dcBcribcd, I xhuuld hardly have entertained a doubt of their being the game ; and these, it muBt be cunfcBBed, arc minute, and only viBible under the microscope. 27. Arenaria propinqua, caespitosa glanduioso-pilosa, foliis lincari-subulatis acutis trinerviis, calyce acuto trinervi petalis vix longiori capsula breviori. Rich. A. propinqua. Richardson in Franklin's Journal. App. p. 738. A few gpecimeng, and only in Mr. Eilwardg'g collection. It perfectly accordg with Dr. Ricbardgon's degcri))- tiou and specimcng, which were gathered vn the Barren Grounds between Point Lake and the Arctic Sea. V. SAXIFRAGEiE. 17. SAXIKRAnX. 28. Saxifraga oppositifolia. Linn. Sp. PI- p. 515. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 450. Engl. Bot. t. 19. Fl. Dant. t. 34. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 323. Br. in Ross's Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Br. Spitzb. PI. in Scoresby's Arctic Reg. v. 1. App. p. 75. Pursh. Fl. N. Amer. V. 1. p. 316. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 428. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 129. Hook, in Scoresby's PI. of E. C. of W. Greenl. p. 411. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxiii. Don. in Linn. Soc. Trans, p. 400. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Haii. Iglo4ilik. 1H88. Repulse Bay. Winter Island. Upper Savage Island. Hudsim's Strait. hi Mr. Edwardg'g collection arc gome specimens of this with a pure white flower, such as are found occii- KJonnily in the Ilifi^hlands of Scotland. 29. S. Ilirculus. Linn. Sp. PI. p. ,576. Richardson in Franklin's Journal. App. p. 737. p. petalis obovatis, ungue nudo, caule unifloro- Br. in Parry's 1st Voyage. App. p. cclxxiii. S. propinqua. Br. in Ross's Voyage, ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Hirculus propinquus. Haw. Sax. Enum. p. 41. Had. /}. Igloolik. 1888 and 1883. Necrlo-Nakto. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Island.— Island, 1888. Burrow River. In all the gpecimcns the Btem is single-flowered, and the claw of the petal is naked ; but the petal of many can scarcely be called obovate. They accord with Dr. Richardson's plants and others gathered in England. it abounds on the E. Coast of W. Greenland *. * It is worthy of remark, that the curiims S.flagellaris, so common in Melville Island and on the E. ('ouni of W. Greenland, and found likewise on the N. W Coast uf America, should nut have been met with in this voyage, nor by Dr. Richardson. BOTANV. 393 Suuth side of the strait of the Fury 118. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 454. 30. S. aizoides, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 576. Fl. Dan. t. 72. (S. autumnalis). Smitli FI. Brit. p. 452. Eng. Bot. t. 39. Wahl. Lapp. p. 115. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 323. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 129. Pursh FI. N. Am. v. 2. p. 312. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Hab. IgIlik. 1883. . 3i. S. tricuspidata. " Riittb. in Act. Hafn. v. 10. p. 446. t. 6. n. 21." Fl. Dan. t. 976. Sternb. SaxitV. p. 54. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 312. Br. in Ross" Voy. e«I. 2. V. 2. p. 192. Hook Icel. Tour. App. p. 323. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxiv. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Had. I^loulik. 1829. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Tsland. and He( la. Repulse Bay. 32. S. rivularis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 577. FI. Dan. t. Eng. Bot. t. 2275. Wahl. Lapp. p. 1 17. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 170. Hook. FI. Scot. P. L p. 130. Icel. Tour, App. p. 323. S. hyperboreal Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxiv. Hab, Ijfloolik. 1888 and 1823. Eastern entrance of the Frozen Strait. Upper Sava^re Island. Diirkett Cove. S. side of the strait of the Fury and Hccla. The various specimens perfectly accord with my individuals of rivularis from Scotland and Norway, nnd what 1 have seen of the Melville Island plants, which I presume to be S, hyperhorea, appear t4) be not different. 33. S. ceespitosa. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 578. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 131. Var. Surculis nullis, foliis plerirmque trifidis subciliatiH.raulc )ini-trifloro, ralycc nigro-pubcsccnte glanduloso. S. uniflora? Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxiv. Hab. I)rhHilik. 1888 and 1883. Five Hawser Bay. Neerlo-Nakto Bay. Barrow River. Fern Island. Ounncr'ii figure of S. campitoiin, t. 7. f. 4, is an excellent representation of this plant, as far as rcfranls the inflorescence ; l)ut tlie leaves are more frequently qninquetid than tritid. This state of the plant is exactly limilar to what Captain Sabine has brou(.f'it from the E. ('oast of Vf. Greenland. The more common varieties of this plant arc to be found upon most of the northern mountains uf Europe. ,34. S. foliotosa, foliis radicalibus cuneatis subdcntatis, (scapis divisis) ramis apice unifloris infra tectis foliolis nanis fasciculatis, calycibus infcris ubovatis, petaloruni laminis cordato-lanceolatis. Br. S. foliolosa. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxv. S. stellaris. y. Linn. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 144. t. 2. f. 3. S. stellaris. /3. como»». Willd. Sp. PI. v. 2. p. 644. Thn>c specimens ! n 1^ 'i 1 i 'ii !( ; ♦jiH ( j t ' ■ 394 BOTANY. t. 440. Wahl. Lapp. p. 113. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 323. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 129. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 411. Pursh. FI. N. Am. v. 1, p. 310. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxv. Hab. lu'loulik. 1822 and 1823. Barrow River. South side of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. Repulse Hay. DuckettCove. Neerlo-Nakto. One of the individuals of this species, from Duckett Cove, has the scape branched at the top, and, instead of riowers, it bears clusters of small leaflets, exactly similar to those of S./o/iofo«o. 30. S. planiaginifolia ; (nov. sp.) pubescens, foliis elliptico-rhotnboideis nervosis grosse dentatis in petiolum decurrentibus, scapo nudoj panicula interruptespicatafoliacea, petalis ligulatis calyce brevioribus. Had. Igloolik. 1823. NeerhvNakto. Radix crassa, fibrosa. Caulh nulliis. Folia pauca, in orbem disposita bi-triuncialia, elliptico-rhomboidea, viridia vel ad marsineni purpura.«centia, pubescentia, ad marginem praecipue, superne grosse serrato-dentatis, infemc integerrimis in petioluni decurrentibus, pctiolo pubescente ciliato. Scapus uncialis ad spithamieani, nudiis, teres, pubescens. Panicula in spieam oblongam intcrriiptam, b'.acteatara. Bractea oblongae, foliacew, dentatse, superiores niinorcs, purpurese. Pedicelli perbrevea, fere nulli. Calyx atro-sanguineus, semi-inferus, ijuinquefidus, segnientis patentibus, obtusiusculis. Petala parva, ligulcta, purpurea, uninervia, segnientis I'alycinis breviura. Stamina decern. Antherai intense croceee. Capsula semisupern, birostrata, A species in appearance more nearly allied to S. pennsylvanica than to the common state of S. nivalis, espci'inlly resembling the former in its leaves, which have their central rib very conspicuous, and are also furnished with two lateral nerves, which are more or less evident. A striking character of tliis plant may be found in its generally interrupted leafy spike, which is almost entirely of a deep purple colour, and which is, as it were, speckled, with the orange-red coloured anthers. • 37. S. cemua. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 577. Fl. Dan. t. 390. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 453. Engl. Hot. t. 664. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 163. Wahl. Lapp. p. 116. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 323. FI. Scot. P. !. p. 130. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. 192. Br. Spitz. PI. in Scoresby's Arctic Reg. v. 1. App. p. 75. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 428. Hook in Scoresby's E. C. of VV. Greenland. App. p. 411. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxv. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Had. Igloolik. 1822 and 1823. Fern Island. DuckettCove. Five Hawser Bay. 18. Chrysosplknium. 38. Chrysosplenium alternifolium. Linn. Sp. PI. p. .069. Fl. Dan. t. 366. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 447. Eng. Bot. t. 54. Gmel. Siber. v. 3. p. 29. Wahl. Lapp. p. 111. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 128. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxv. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Hab. Iglwlik. 1S83. BOTANV. VI. ROSACELE. 395 19. Dryas. 39. Dryas integrifolia. " Vahl. in Act. Hafn. v. 4. P. II. p. 172." Fl. Dan. t. 1216. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 193. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclKxvi. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 740. Goldie, PI. of Canad. in Edin. Phil. Journ. v. 6. p. 32S. D. tenella. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 350. Hab. Igluulik. 1S82 and 1823. Barrow Hiver. Duke of York's Bay. Repulse Bay. South side of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. Duckett Cove. Neerlo-Nakto. This elegant little plant has been found as far south as the White Hills of N. Hampshire, N. America. I fear, however, that it is not suSiciently distinct from D. octopetala. 20. PoTENTILLA. 40. Potentilla ptdchella. Br. in Ross' Voy. App. p. cclxxvii. P. sericea f Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 430. Hab. Igloolik. 182^ and 1823. Flowers small ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, of a pale and dingy yellow colour. 41. P. nivea. Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 715. Fl. Dan. t. 1035. Wahl. Lapp. p. 146. Gmel. Siber. v. 3. p. 183. t. 36. f. 1. Nestl. Potent, p. 73. Lehmann Potent, p. 184. Pursh. Fl. C, N. Am. V. 1. p. 353. Richardson in Franlilin's Journ. App. p. 740. a. foliis super villosiusculis viridibus subter nivco-tomentosis. Br. ^. foliis utrinque villosiusculis paginisconcoloribus. Br. P. nivea. ^. Wahl. Lapp. p. 147. P. grcerdandica. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 193. F.frigida ? Grev. Pi. of W. Greenl. p. 430. {Jide Br.) F. J amesoniana? Grev. \oc.cit. P. hirsula. (Vahl niss.) Fl. Dan. t. 1390. P. vahliana. Lehm. Potent, p. 172. P. verna. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 413. (Jide Br.*) Had. a. Repulse Bay. Barrow River. Soullishore oftlic strait of the Fury and Hecla. /;. Repulse Bay, AVintcr Island. Five Hawser Bay. South side of tlic strait of the Fury and Hecla. Flowers large, handsome, deep yellow. Plentiful on the E. Coast of W. Greenland. (Captain Sabine.) VII. LEGUMINOS^. 21. Astragalus. 42. Astragalus alpinus. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1070. Fl. Lapp. p. 21H. I. 9. f. 1. Fl. Dan. t. 51. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 45. Wahl. Lapp. p. 190. t. 12. f. 5. (fruit.) Wahl. Fl. Helv.p. 131. Wahl. Fl. Caipat. p. 228. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 2. p. 472. • Unfortunately, I possess no 8i)ecinion8 to verify tlio observation of Mr. Brown, that tlie P. terna of my nrrouiit of Scoresby's plants is tho s;uiie as /'. nitea. I certainly outfht to liiivc known P. teni'i, and to have b'?en able to have distinguished /'. niveu from it. 1 !!: ■I » . ' 1! 1 I' 1" ^\ !i ! j I 396 BOTANY. Phaca astragalina. De Cand. Astrag. p. 52. Richardson in Franklin's Joum. App. p. 745. A single specimen in Mr. Edwards's collection. 22. OXYTROPIS. 43. Oxytropis campestris. De Cand. Astrag. p. 74. Richardson in Franklin's Journal, App. p. 745. k%iTa.^\m campestris. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1072. Smith Engl. Bot. t. 2532. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 216. A. Mro/ewis. Fl. Dan. t. 1041 ? ' m, , , . Hab. Repulse Bay. Duke of York's Bay. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. In most of the specimens the calyx is clothed with shaggy black hairs, and the teeth are black. 44. Oxytropis uralensis. De Cand. Astrag. p. 69. Richardson in Franklin's Journal. App. p. 746. Astragalus uralensis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1071. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 780. Eng. Bot. t. 466. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. L p. 216. Hab. Repulse Bay. 45. Oxytropis arctica. Subacaulis sericea, stipulis petiolaribus, foliolis oppositis alternisque ovali-oblongis, capitulo subumbellato paucifloro, leguminibuserectisoblongis acuminatis calycibusque nigro-pubescentibus. Br. a. subumbellata, major, floribus plerumque quaternis. O. arctica. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxviii. ^. t^nt/Zora, minor, floribus plerumque solitariis. Hab. a. a. Barrow River. Two specimens in Mr. Edwards's collection, both in fruit, of tior. a. This variety (/5.) is noticed by Mr. Brown at the end of his valuable Remarks on the Flora of Melville Island, as discovered by the gentlemen of the present expedition ; and he says of it, " Varietas notabilis, \-ix enim dtstincta videtur species, statura minore, scapo ssepe unifloro passiroque umbella biflora, dentibus calycis respectu tubi paulo longioribus, foliolis saepe 7, quandoque 9, villis persistentibus utrinque argenteo-sericeis." Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. ccuix. To these remarks I may add, that the plants are not above half the size of a. the stems less woolly, the leaflets fewer, denser, and covered Mrith short, very white, silky hairs. The peduncle scarcely rises above the leaves, and rarely bears more than one flower, occasionally two ; and each subtended by a small bractea. The corolla is of a most beautiful deep purplish blue : the calyx and legume black, from the quantity of black hairs ; but these are mixed with several longer white ones. The contrast between the deep blue of the ciroUa and the dense, white, and silvery leaves renders this a most lovely little plant. VIU. ONAGRARIiE. 23. EPILOBIUM. 46. Epilobium latifolium. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 494. Gmel. Siber. v. 3. p. 164. Oed. Fl. Dan. t. 565. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. l.p. '259. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 736. Hook, in Scoresby's PI. of the E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 410. ChamsBnerium halamifolium. Salisb. Hook, in Icel. Tour. App. p. 320. Hab. Lyon-inlct. 9^h September, in fruit. Duckett Cove. Tive Hawser Bay. BOTANY. 397 IX. COMPOSITiE. 24. Leontodon. 47. leontodon palustre. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 823. Engl.Bot.t. 553. Fl. Dan. t. 1708. Richardson in Franklin's Journal. App. p. 746. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App.p. cclxxviil. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 227. - L. lividus. Waldstein and Kitaibel PI. Rar. Hungar. v. 2. t. 1 15. L. Taraxacum? Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v, 2. p. 194. Hab. Duckett Cove. 25. Chepis. 48. Crepis nana, glaberrima, foliis oratis integerrimis, pappo sessili. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 746. (App. Tab. I.) Hab. Repulse Bay. Five Hawser Ba}'. Lyon Inlet. There are but few specimens of this singular plant, of which an excellent description is given by Dr.Richard- son, in the page above quoted. The only station assigned for it by that gentleman is the Copper^mine River. 26. CiNERASIA. 49. Cineraria congesta, capitulo lanato, foliis lineari-lingulatis undulatis, caule sim- plicissimo. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxix. Hab. Igloolik. IS82, 182.3. Neerlo-Nakto. This plant varies from three to seven inches in height. The leaves are sometimes merely undulated ; at other times furnished with long, spreading, sharp, unequal, tooth-like processes. Generally the flowers are col- lected into a remarkably compact head ; but in two of the specimens several of its flower-stalks spring singly from the axils of the leaves up the whole length of the stem ; they are mostly single-flowered in that case, bracteated, and leafy ; but always clothed, as well as the involucre, with a beautiful long and dense silky wool, by which character this species appears to be principally distinguished firom C. palmtris. Whether or not this be really a species, specimens exactly according with the individuals in this collection were gathered by Dr. Richardson in Bathurst Inlet, on the shore of the Arctic Sea, on the S5th July *. 27. Antennaria. 50. Antennaria dpina. Br. in Linn. Trans, v. 12. p. 123. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxx. Gnaphalium alpinum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1199. Fl. Dan.t. 1512. Richardson in Frank- lin's Journ. p. 743. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 202. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 431. Hook, in Scoresby's Journ. of E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 413. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 331. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 2. p. 520. # Mr. Edwards is of opinion that those specimens of this plant, in Captain Parry's collection, which have elongateinosum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 499. Smitli Fl. Brit. p. 415. Engl. Bot. t. 581. FI.Dan. t. 2)1. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 118. Waid, Lapp. p. 9«i. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 428. Hook. led. Tour, App. p. 321. Richardson in Franklin's .lourn. App. MSS. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 288. , ; < V. puhoscms. Fl. Dan. t. 15K). Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Grpenl. App. p. 410. Hab. Five llawHer liar. Repulie Bay. Siiuth aide of the atnut of the Fury and Hecln. .^^i. .n > Xni. ERICINEiE. • 33. Rhododendron. C}H. Rhododendron lapponicum. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 104. Grev PI. of W. Greenl. p. 427. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. ■ . .; r< Azalea /apponica. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 214. Fl. Lapp. t. 6. f. 1. Pall. Ross. p. 52. t. 7. f. 1. A. I). Fl. Dan. t. 90t). IIaii. Fivo HawKor Bay. Lyon Inlet Found, hy Mr. BiMitt, on the Hummit of Wliite Mountain!), N. America. I I I I i j[> I I t I ^! 34. Ledum. .09. Ledum palmtre. Linn. Sp. PI. p. .Of.l. Fl. Dan. t. 1031. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 300. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Hab. Five HawKcr Bay. Duckctt Cove. ,., ,\<('ordiiii( to Dr. Richardson, this plant ir noticed in Heame'R expedition, under the name of Wiahia- Kiipiicra, and is found to be a better aubititute for tea than L. latifolium. J5. Azalea. •• ~> *" ' 60. Azalea procumbms. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 215. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 231. Engl. Bot. t. 805. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 13G. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 317. Wahl. Lap. p. 62. SE2 I'l III \ 400 BOTANY. Fl. Dan. t. 9. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 73. Pureh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 154. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 733. .^ Hab. Upper Savage Island. It has been found on the N. W. Coast of America by Mr. Menzies, and on the Enmmit of the White Moun- tains by Mr. Boott. - • 36. Arbutvs. 61. Arbutus alpim. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 566. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 442. Fl. Dan. t. 73. Eng. Bot. t. 2030. Lightf. Scot. v. 1. p. 215. t. 11. f. a. b. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 126. Iceland Tour, App. p. 322. Pall. Siber. v. 3. p. 24, 27, 33. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 283. Wahl. Lapp. p. 109. Wahl. Helv. p. 75. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Hab. Five Hawser Bay. There is only one specimen of this plant in Captain Parry's collection, and it bears but a single fuUy-formed fruit. Another specimen is in Mr. Edwards's collection. 62. A. Uva Ursi. Li.n. Sp. p. 566. Lightf. Scot. p. 216. t. 11. Linn. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. V. 2. p. 129. t. 6. f. 3. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 443. Eng. Bot. t. 714. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I p. 126. Wahl. Lapp. p. 109. Hook. Icel. Tour, v. II. App. p. 322. Wahl. Helv. p. 75. Wahl. Carpat. p. 115. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. One specimen in Mr. Edwards's collection. The N. American Indians are accustomed to smoke this y}ax\i ; and because it is carried in the smoking-bags of the trading clerks. Dr. Richardson tells us it has tfot the name of xac h Commis. In Lapland, the leaves are used for tanning and dyeing, as they are in Iceland : ?.nd LinDKUs, in his interesting Lachesis Lapponica, says, that many barrels of them were annually sent for sale to Stockholm. 37. Andromeda. 63. Andromeda tetragona. Linn. Sp. Fl. p. 563. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 135. t. 1. f. 4. Fl. Dan. t. 1030. " Pall. Ross. v. 2. p. 56. t. 73. f. 4. (haud in Sibi •; a." Wahl.) Wahl. Lapp. p. 107. Pursh Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 290. " Brown Spitz. Pi. in Scoresby's Arctic Reg. V. 1. App. p. 75." Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. 192. Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 428. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 410. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxi. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 737. Hab. Barrow River. Duke of York's Bay. Repulse Bay. 38. Empetrum. 64. Empetrum nigrum. Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 526. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 1072. Eng. Bot. t. 526. Fl. Dan. t. 975. Lightf. Scot. p. 612. Pall. Siber. v. 3. p. 33 and 286. Wahl. Lapp, p. 274. Pursh Fl. N. Am. p. 93. Bieberst. Tauric. Caucas. v. 2. p. 415. Wahl. Carp, p. 320. Wahl. Helv. p. 186. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 287. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. V. 2. p. 194. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 335. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 413. Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 432. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 753. Hab. Barrow River. Duckett Cove. ' BOTANY. m^ Wahlenbef|r observes tbat the berries of this plant are of a very diminutive size when prodiirr (lun the Swiss Alps, in Laphnd, they attain a lar^r growth upon the mountains than in the w(mm1s, -'* .ir« by no means despised by the Laplanders. Dr. Richardson assures us that in high northern latitudr his fruit, after the first frost, becomes very juicy and pleasant, and that it is hoarded up by the differem (pecies of Marmots, and funns the autumnal food of the Anas hyperhorea. It is found on the summit uf the Wbite Mountains, N. America. XIV. BORAGINEiE. 39. LiTHOSPERMUM. 65. Lithospcrmum maritimum. Lehm. Asperif. p. 291. Hook. Fl. Scot. PI. I. p. 68. Pulmonaria maritima. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 195. Lightf. FI. Scot. v. 1. p. 134. t. 7. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 218. Eng. Hot t. 368. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 316. Fl. Dan. t. 25. Gunner Fl. Norveg. p. 17. Wahl. Lapp. p. 57. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 733. P. parviflora. Pursb Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 131. Hab. Eastern entrance of the Frozen Strait. The specimens of this plant are very small ; not exceeding three or four inches in length. XV. SCROPHULARINiE. 40. Pedicularis. 66. Pedicularis flammea. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 846. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 210. t. 4. f. 2. Fl. Dan. t. 30. Gmel. Siber. v. 3. p. 212. Hook. Icel. Tour, v. 2. App. p. 318. Pursh, Fl. N. Am.T. 2. p. 426. Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 430. (excl. syn. Hall.) Richardson in Franklin's Voy. App. p. 742. Hab. Five Hawser Bay. " Corolla flavissima, galea san|;uinea." (Rich. MSS.J 'I1ie Swiss P. flammea oTDe Candolle, Wahlenberg considers to be a distinct species. 67. Pedicularis sudetica. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. p. 209? Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 742. Hab. Duke of York's Bay, "Radix fibrosa. Canlis plerunique solitarius, spithamaeus et ultra, ssepe tortus, infcme glaberrimus. Folia radicalia circumscriptione lineari-lanceolata, acuta, profunde pinnatifida, elongato-petiolata, pinnis altemis oppositisve, lineari-lanceolatis, regularitcr serratis, serraturis fuscis. Folia caulina iuterdum petiulata, interdum sessilia, juniora pubescentia. Spica pilis intricatis nitentibus ubvuluta, bracteata. Calyx florens, sessilis, villosissimas, segnicntis quinque linearibus, serratis, ncutis. Corolla erccta, roseo-rubra: fauee aperta, sub vent ricusa, purpureo-raaculata ; tvbo calycem eequanti ; galea coluiubino-rubra, obtusissiiuii, brevissime rostrata, rostro deciso, leviter eroso, crenata ct dcntibus duobus subulatis deorsum directio munitn ; labio inferiuri profundius trilobato, lobis repandis erosis, dentatisve. Stylus exsertus." Rich. MSS. The three specimens of this plant which exist in the collection, accord perfectly with the above description by Dr. Richardson of P. tudetica. That gentleman expresses a doubt, in his manuscript notes, if it be really the P. Mudetica of >Villdenuv. Mr. Brown's observation upon it is *' P. sudetica, Richardson in Franklin's Journal, p. 742. 4 sudetica rera vix diversa est nisi corollce labio superiore breviore, denticulo longiore caule subuuifulio, nee species distincta videtur.'' The same author remarks that the true P. sudetica comes very near 1 1 !*' [ % I ill IS iBi' 'ill .1 1:) ;iil .1 1 f 402 BOTANY. to his P. aretica •, being however of larg'er stature, having^ the stems glabrous, the loltes of the leaves linear inciso-pinnatifid ; those of the stem not dilated in the petiole, and the lower lip of the corolla manifestly toothed. 68. P. hirsuta. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 847. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 211. t. 4. f. 3. •• Pall. Sib. V. 3. p. 34." Fl. Dan. t. 1105. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. 192. Br. in Spitz. PI. (fide Grev.) Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 431. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. p. 413. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 742. Hab. Ig-loolik, 1822, 1823. Five Hawser Bay. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. Neerlo- Nakto. Repulse Bay. Savage Island. Hudson's Strait. Barrow River. " Corolla tota rosea." Rich. MSS. 69. Pedicularis Nelsonii, subpubescens, caule brevi subaphyllo, foliis pinnatifidis pin- nis ovatis incisis, floribus (2-4) capitatis corolla calyce quadruple longiore, galea obtusa, pistillo breviore. (App. Tab. L) P. Nelsonii. Br. MSS. in Herb. Banks. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 743. P. verticillata. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. 2. p. 426 (fide Rich.) P. capitata. Fischer, MSS. in Herb. Hook. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Igloolik. Duckett Cove. Radix parva, subfusiforrois, parum fibrosa. Caulis solitarius, nunc duo ex eadem radice, erectus, digita- lis ad palinarem, vel " 8pithamae.im," {Rich. MSS.), fere semper aphyllus, nunc unifoliatus, pubescens, viridis vol purpureus. Folia fere omnino radicalia, ad basin squamis ovatis, fuscis, imbricatis circumdata, plerumque hina, nunc tcma vel quaterna ad singulura c.tulem, una cum petiolum longiusculum, bi-triuncialia, circum- scriptiune lanceohita, profunde pinnatifida, pinnis ovatis, dentatis incisis, nunc iterum subpinnatifidis, pubes- centil)U8 prascipue sul)tug margineque. Bractea foliaceee, floribus breviores. Calyx quinquelobus, obo superiore breviore, omnibus ovato-lanceolatis, crenatis, pubesccntibus. Corolla calyce quudruplo longiore, curvata, " primulaceo-flava, edentula" (Rich. MSS.), labio superiore, seu galea, fornicato, obtusissimo, pistillo breviore, marginibus clausis, labio inferiore dilutissime carneo-rubro, trilobato, tricarinato, superiore mul- tuni breviore. The specimens of this plant coincide precisely with those of P. Nelsonii, which I have received from Dr. Richardson, and also with individuals which Dr. Fischer had sent me from Unalascka under the name of P. capitata. The latter appellation, however, as far as I can discover, has never been published. To the P. verticillata of Wildenow and Jacquin (Fl. Austr. t. 806), with which Pursh appears to have confounded this species, it seems to bear little or no resemblance. Its nearest affinity, especially when we consider the large size of its flowers and their situation, is with P. Sceptrum Carolinum, That plant, how- ever, is three or four times the size of the present individual, has the leaves far less deeply pinnatifid, the lower lip of the corolla longer, the style included, and the whole plant is glabrous . XVL PRIMULACEiE. 41. DiAPENSIA. 70. Diapensia /appomca, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 202. Fl. Lapp. p. 57. t. 1. Fl. 1. Fl. Dan. t. 47. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 58. t. 9 (fruct.) " Rottb. PI. Greenl. in Act. Hafn. v. 10." Svensk. Fl. t. 517. * P. aretica ; caule simplici lanato, foliis pinnatifidis, lobis subovatis dentato-incisis : adultis glabris ,' cau- linis petiolo dilatato ; calycibus quinquefidis lanatis, galea obtusa truncata bidentata, filamentis longioribus hirsutis." Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxx. BOTANY. 403 D. obtusifolia. Pursh. FI. N. Am. v. 2. p. 147. Hab, Upper Saviige Island. This plant seems to be of rare occurrence, as it hag not been noticed by any of our recent Arctic Voyagers, and a-s only one individual of it exists in the present collection. It occurs on the summit of the White Mountains, N. America, where it has been gathered by Mr. Boott. II I I XVII. PLUMBAGINE-ffi. • I 42. Statice. 71. Statice Armeria, Linn. Sp. PI. p. 394. Lightf. Scot. p. 173. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 340. Engl. Hot. t. 226. Pall. Sib. v. 3. p. 33. Wahl. Lapp. p. 76. Hook. Icel. Tour, v. 2. p. 319. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 97. Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 427. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. V. 212. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 735. Hab. Repulse Bay. Duckett Cove. Five Hawser Bay. XVm. POLYGONEiE. •: 43. OxYRiA. 72. Oxyria renifaiTnis. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 11 1. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. p. 735. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxii. Rumex digynus. Linn; Sp. PI. p. 480. Lightf. Scot. v. i. p. 190. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 395. Engl. Bot. t. 910. Fl. Dan. t. 14. '« Pall. Sib. v. 3. p. 33. Mart. Spitzb. Phipps Pol." Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 320, Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. V. 1. p. 248. Rheum digynum. Wahl. Lapp. p. 101. t. 9. f. 2. (fruit). Wahl. Helv. p. 74. Fl. Carp, p. 114. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 427. Hab. Igloolik. Duckett Cove. Eastern entrance of the Frozen Strait. South side of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. This grows on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, N. America, at an elevi.tion of 10,000 feet, according to Dr. Tocrey, in the Anoals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York. 44. PoLYOONCM. 73. Polygonum viviparum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 516. Lightf. Scot. p. 206. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 428. Engl. Bot. t. 669. Fl. Dan. 1. 13. Fl. Kamtsch. in Arct. Zool. p. 195. Mart. Spitzb. PI. Cap. b. t. 1. f. a. Gmel. Siber. v. 3. p. 44. t. 7. f. 2. Wahl. Lapp. p. 99. Hook, in Fl. Lond. cum fig. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 120. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 321. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. 1. p. 271. Bieb. Fl. Tauric. Cauc. v. 1. p. 301. Wahl. Helv. p. 73. Wahl. Carpath. p. 114. Grev. in PI. of W. C. of Greenl. p. 427. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. p. 410. Sven^. Bot. p. 33Q. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxi. Richardson in Franklin's Jouru. App. p. 737. Hab. Duckett Cove. ^ . Mr. Boott has found it on the summit of the White Mountains. ill! I«i; 404 #..• BOTANV. XIX. AMENTACEiE. 45. Salix. 74. Salix reticulata. Linn. Sp. Pi. p. 1446. FI. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 296. t. 8. f. 1. t. 7. f. 1,2. Fl. Dan. t. 212. Lightf. Scot. p. 601 . Sm. PI. Brit. t. 1057. Engl. Bot. t. 1968. Wahl. Lapp. p. 262. Wahl. Helv. p. 184. Wahl. Carpath. p. 313. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. 335. Hoolc. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 283. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. 2. p. 610. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 752. Hab. Diichctt Cove. Only one sperimen, and probably a rare plant. The present individual is a variety, with the leaves small, almost orbicular, thick, ri^id, and deeply reticulated. 75. Salix arctica. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. 194. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxii. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 752. Salix, No. 37. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 414 (descr. sine nom.) Salix, Grev. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 432. (fide Br.) Hab. Iffloolik. Banow River. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Heola. Upper Savage Island. Hudson's Strait. This is the only species of AViilow noticed in Mr. Brown's List of the Plants of Melville Island. Dr. Rich- iirdson, in a MS. note to his Appendix, observes that Professor Horncmann i* said to have referred s ome specimens of Willow, collected in Captain Parry's 1st Voyage, to the S. versifolia of Wahlenl)erf!;, from which it appears that this plant is the one intended. The S. vprsifolia of Flora Lapponica differs not only in its nnich narrower leaves (folia oblon§;a oblique accuminata), but also in the very >tniall and lanceolate scales of the catkin, which are represented as shorter than the pedicel of the germen. S. an-tica is however an extremely variable plant : one specimen in Mr. Edwards's coUci^tion hag the underside of its leaves thickly covered with a white silky pubescence, like that of S. armaria, 76. S. htrbacea. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1445. Fl. Lapp. ed. Sm. p. 294. t. 8.f. 2. t. 7. f. 3, 4. Lightf. Scot, p. 600. Fl. Dan. t. 117. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 1066. Engl. Bot. t. 1907. "Pall. Sib. V. 3. p. 33. Pall. Fl. Ross. v. 2. p. 85. Wahl. Lapp. p. 260. Wahl. Carpat. p. 315. Wahl. Helv. p. 184. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. 2. p. 617. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 334. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 283. Grov. Pi. of W. Greenl. p, 432. Hab. Duckett Cove. MONOCOTYLEDONES. XX. JuNCEiE. 46. JuNcus. 77. Juncus biglumis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 467. Lightf. Scot. p. 1100. Smith Fl. Brit, p. .382. Engl. Bot. t. 898. Fl. Dan. t. 120. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxxii. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 319. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 106. One ipecimen in Mr. Edwards's collection. I I t I BOTANV. 47. LuZULA. 405 78. Luzula hyperborea, spicis inultiiloris subumbellatis pedunculatia sessilibusquc (nunc omnibus sessilibus), bractea utnbellae foliacea; partialibus omnibus iimbriatis, capsulis obtusis perianthia acuta subaequantibus. caruncula basilari seminis obsoleta, foliis planis. Br. a. majoTf foliis angustioribus, bracties partialibus insigniter albo-fimbriatis. L. hyperborea Br. in Parry's IstVoy. App. p. cclxxxlii. L, campestris, Br. Spitzb. PI. in Scoresby's Arct. Reg. 1. App. p. 75. Juncus arcuatus. Hook, in Scoresby's Greenl, App. p. 410 (fide Br.) J. campestris. Soland. in Phipps' Voy. (fide Br.) ^. minor, foliis latioribus, bracteis partialibus vix flmbriatis. Hab. «. Duke of York's Bay, Soiithainpton Inlet. Duckett Cove— /3. Igloolik. S. shore of tlie Strait of the Fury and Hcrla. Neerlo-Nakto. Duke of York's Bay. It is very easy, with tlie numerous specimens which I have seen both in Captain Parry's and Mr. Edwards's rollections, to separate the individuals which I have indicated above as constituting: the varieties a and /3 uf this species ; and it is possible, when the perfect fruit of the latter shall be discovered, that it may furnish more important characters than any I have yet detected, and enable us to make of it a new species. Tlic broad-leaved variety, indeed, appears more distinct from a, than the latter does from the Luzula arcunta of Flora Londinensis (Juncus arcuatus of Wahlcnberg), In their deeply fimbriated partial bracteas the two plants aicree ; and the L. hyperborea, from the single head or spike which it bears, often throws out two, more or less pedunculated spikclets ; but then, however lonjf these peduncles may be, I have never seen them in an arcuate state, nnr bearing so small a numlrr of flowers as docs L. arcuata. It must be confessed that the difficulty of distinguishing these, as well as the L. sudctica of Willdenow and the L. congesta of Flora Danira, from />. campestris, is very great ; and perhaps all of them might, without much impropriety, be united together under the same head *. XXI. CYPERACEiE. 18. Carex. • Spicis divisis. 79. Carex scirpoidea. Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. v. 2. p. 171. Pursh. Fl. N. Am. v. i. p. 34. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 750. C. Wormkioldiana. Fl. Dan. t. 1528. Hab. Duke of York's Day. Southampton Inlet. Five Hawier Bay. Lyon Inlet. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. • Since the above w»» written, I find in Captain Sabine's collection from the E. Coast of \V. Oreenlaiid some spcciuM-ns of Luxula hyperborea with the pedicels curved, and "n no respect differing from the true huxulaarcuala but in having a greater number of flowers in each spikrlet ; thus very nearly indeed nifreein^ with the " Juncus campestris, varr of Fl. Dan. t. 1380, found in alpine moors in Norway. 3 F !i 'i i 1 ■> I ! !:( !! u I I ' '.1 40G BOTANY. * * Spicis androgynis pedunculatis. 80. Carex atrata. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1386. Lightf. Scot. p. 555. Fl. Dan. t. 158. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 987. Engl. Bot. t. 2044. De Cand. Fi. Gall. Syn. p. 141. Wahl. Helv. p. 174. Wahl. Carpath. p. 302. Hook. Icel. Tour. App. p. 333. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 266. Hab. South shore of tlie Strait of the Fury and Hccla. There is but one imperfect specimen of what I consider to be this species ; but its fructification is in too young a state for me to feel certain on the point. 81. Carex fuliginosa. Sternb. and Hopp. in Act. Bot. Soc. Ratisb. v. i. p. 159. t. 3. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 750. C. misandra ? Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxii. /3. squamis. Capsulisque pallide fuscis. Had, Duke of York's Bay. Soutliampton Island. — li. Five Hawser Bay. Duckett Cove. « «« Spicis plurimis, seam distincto. ;, + Mascula solitaria. 82. Carex ustulata. Will. Sp. Pi. v. 4. p. 293. Smith Engl. Bot. t.2404. Hook.Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 266. C. atro-fusca. Schkuhr. Caric. p. 106. t. Y. n. 82. Had. Repulse Bay. 83. Carex caspitosa. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1388. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 1000. Engl. Bot. t. 1507. Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 560. De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 141. Wahl. Helv. p. 175. Wahl. Carpath. p. 304. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 268. /3. foliis latioribus, bracteis foliaceis, spicis cylindraceis, culmo IsBvi. C. coticolor? Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxiii. et p. cccix. Hab. Iirlooliii. 'I'his species is found on the suiiiniit of the White Mountains, N. Amc Iia, by Mr. Boott. 84. Carex membranacca, spica mascula subsolitaria, femineis magis minusve pedicel- latis, obiongo-cylindraceis erectis obtusis (atro-fusis nitidis), fructu leevi rotundato inflato broviter acuminate bitido pedicellato, vaginis perbrevibus. Had. Duke of York's Bay. Caulis 0-10 polliraris ercctua, obtuse triqueter, superne quandoque, non semper, foliaeeus, scaber. Folia loniritiidinc caulis, lineari-aruminata, duas velctiani trcBlincas Intn, pinna, licvin, vol ad iiiiirKiiiem niiniitJKHime Kcabra, siccitatc niarginc subineurvo ; vaii^inia lonjfis ((labcrrimis, ore intoirerrimo. Ilrartra inferior folinccn, HpiraH ii'quans, basi brcvitcr vaginata rxaurirulatn ; supcriorcg multoties minorcs fern subulatH*, basi subauri- culata', suprenia squama; ovnttP, fu»rr ; aiiriculie bn'vcs, fuscip. Silica mant'iila terminales, soiitariiu vcl biniF, clavato-«'ylindrareic ; squamix obovatig obtusis intense pur- pureo-riiscis, marfi^ino versus apirem trnuissime liynlinis, nervo pallidiore. Spira frminea 8 vel 3, oblongo-cylindraceir, uuclnm ad duas unrias Innj^ir. 4 linens latie, obtusH', cminino purpureo-fiiHcie, nitidnt ; inferior plerumque sublonifc pedunrulnta ; rcliqute fere vel omnino sessiles ; squnmir iihovnlo-iibloufrii', loniritudine frurtus, atro-sanc|iiinen', nitidir, trnerriiniR, roncolorcs. Frurtus nituudatiis, inflatus, JHivi*, (sirritnte ruffoius) nitidus, intense purpurco-fiiscu), basi goluuuniMlo pallidiore, viridi, apice in if 1 "1 BOTANY. 407 acumen breve, bifidum, i:i ncolorum productus, basi pedicellatus. Stigmata 3, pubesrentia. Acheniiim cir- ciimscriptiune late ovatuiu vel fere obovatum, triangulare, pallida flavu-fuscuin, seaijilei cupula dimidiu brevius, apice 8tylo duro persistente terminatuin. I knuw of no gpecies of Carex which, for peculiarity of fructification, can be compared to the present one. Its most striking character consists in the deep purple brown colour and the shining surface of Its spikes. Both the scales and fruit, or at least the covering of the fruit, (cupula or urceolus), are singularly membranaceous and thin ; not retaining their form when dry, but becoming shrivelled. The achenlum is small when ripe, not occupying above half of the urceolus, and the urceolus itself is placed upon a most decided, though short, footstalk. In this peculiarity the C. meinbranacea approaches the C. podocarpa of Br4iwn, in the Appendix til Franklin's Journal, (a species very closely allied to C. rariflora of English Botany), but It resembles It in no other respects. I may add, that in C, podocarpa the fruit tapers down gradually into the footstalk j whereas here the base of the fruit Is almost truncated, and is set upon the decided peduncle. ii iiiii' f 3 I :'■!■ I I 49. Eriopuorum. 85. Eriophorum capitatum. Host Gram. Aust. t. 38. Schrad. Fl. Germ. v. i. p. 152. Smith Engl. Bot. t. 2387. VVahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 18. Fl. Dan. t. 1502. De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 145. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxiv. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 313. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. 20. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of West Greenl. App. p. 410. Wahl. Helv. p. 11. E. Schetichzeri. Roth, in Sims' and Koen. Ann. of Bot. v. 1. p. 149. In Mr. Edwards's collection is one specimen of this plant. 86. E. gracile. Roth, in Sims' and Keen. Ann. of Bot. v. 1. p. 150. Smith Engl. Bot. t. 2402. Wahl. F. Lapp. p. 19. Dc Caml. Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 145. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 20. E. triquetrum. Hoppe Taschenbuch for 1800, p. 106 ; 1801, p. 133 ; 1802, p. 02 (fid. Wahl.) Fl. Dan.t. 1441. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Inlet. 87. E. angustifolium. Hoil'm. Fl. Germ. ed. 1. v. i. p. 19. Smith Engl. Bot. t. 564. Pursh. Fl. N An., v. i. p. 58. Fl. Dan. t. 1442. De Cane! Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 145. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxxiv. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. I. p. 22. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 731. E. polystachion. Curt. Fl. Lond. cd. 1. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 1^. Wahl. Carpath. p. 15. Wahl. Helv. p. II. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 426. Hab. Dukf •>!' York's Bay. Southampton Inlet. Igloollk. Diickett Cove. Repulse Bay. XXII. GRAMINEiE. 50. Alopecurus. 88. Alopecurus alpinus. Smith Engl. Bot. t. 1 r26. Fl. Brit. p. 13^6. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 1. p. "22. Br. in Ross. Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 91 . Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxxiv. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 731. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 427. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. App. p. 410. 3 ¥ * ,,,, ' I I 1't '(; 11 i! m is 11 408 BOTANY, A. ovatus. Fl. Dan. t. 1565. A. antarcticus. Gieseke Greenl. in Brewster's Edin. Encycl. (fid. Brown. Had. Igloolik. Duckett Cove. Barrow River. Duko of York's Bay. Southampton Inlet. It is most abundant on the E. Coast of \V. Greenland. (Capt. Sabine.) 51. COLPODIUM. 89. Colpodium latifolium, panicula coarctata lanceolata, foliis planis lato-linearibus, Br. (App. Tab. II.) C. latifolium, Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxvi. et p. cccix. Agrustis paradoxa. Br. in Ross' Voy. App. ed. 2. v. 2. p. 192. Hab. I^loolik. Duke of York's Bay. 52. PoA. 90. Poa angustata, panicula simplici coarctata lineari-lanceolata, locustis 4-5 iloris, gluma inferiore dimidio minore, perianthiis apice erosis : valvula inferiore basi elanata lateribus glabriusculis, foliis angusto-linearibus. Br. P. angustala. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxvii. et p. cccix. Hab. Igloolik: and two specimens in Mr. Edwards's collection, mixed with Poa arctica. This is plentiful in Captain Sabine's collection from the £. Coast of W. Greenland. 91. P . abbrevinta ; panicula simplirissima coarctata subovata, locustis 4-5 iloris, giumx valvulis subfcqiialibns acutissimis perianthia basi lanata lateribus pubescentia aequan- tibus, foliis involuto-setaceis. Br. P. abbreviata. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxvii. et p. cccix. Hab. Iffloolik. A few specimens in Mr. Edwards's collection. 92. P. arctica; panicula elTusa: ramis paucifloris capillaribus lievibus locustisque coloratis ovatis 3-4 floris, glumis suba?qualibus, pcrianthii valvula inferiore basi lanata carina linecquesubmarginali sericeis: interstitiis pubescentibus, foliis lincaribus: ligula Bubquadrata erosa. Br. P. arctica. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxviii. Has. Igloolik. Repulse Baj. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Inlet, plentiful. Found on the E. (!oatt of W. Greenland, by Captain Sabine. 53. Festuca. 93. Festuca brevifolia, raceme subsimplici erecto, flosculis teretibus supra scabrius- culis arista dupio longioribus, foliis setaceis vaginisque laevibua: culmeo supremo mul- toties brcviore vagina sua laxiuscula. Br. F. brevifolid. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cclxxxix. et cccix. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Duckett Cove. Ijj^loolik. BOTANY. 54*. Pleuropogon. 409 94. Pleuropogon Sabinii. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cclxxxix. Tab. d. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Inlet. 55. Elymus. 95. Elymus arenarius. Linn. Sp. PI. p 122. Smith Fl. Brit. p. 152. Eng. Bot. t. 1672. Pallas Itin. Sib. v. 3. p. 316. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 45. Fl. Dan. t. 847. De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 137. Hook. led. Tour. App. p. 315. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. L p. 46. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Five Hawser Bay. The whole plant is not above six or cig-ht inches liig'h, 56 f. DUPONTIA. 96. Dupontia Fisheri. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. ccxci. There arc but two specimens of this frrass ; which art in Mr. Edwards's collection. 57. Deschamfsia. 97. Deschampsia iret'i/b/m ; panicula coarctata lanceolata : pedicellis lajvibus, locustis l)i-trii1oris, arista stricta valvulum subacquante, foliis involutls : caulinis abbreviatis. Br. D. brevifolia. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. ccxci. In Mr. Edwards's collection, 58. Trisetum. 98. Trisetum subspicatum Palisot Agrostogr. p. 88. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. ccxcii. T. airoidvs. Rocm. ct. Schult. 5yst. Veg. v. 2. p. 666. Aira spicata. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 95. Fl. Dan. t. 228. Walil. Fl. Lapp. p. 33. Hook, in Scoresby's E. C. of W. Greenl. p. 410. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 731. A. subspicata. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 1. p. 377. Wahl. Helv. p. 15. Hook. Icel. Tour, App. p. 314. Avena airoides. De Cand. Fl. Gall. Syn. p. 147. Hab. Duckett Cove. ♦ Mr. Brown's character of /•/ptiro/jog'on is as follows; Char. Orn. iorH.«<«no*M»! ,• "peristomio externo et interno dentibus 8, vel 16 per paria approximatis, theca exserta, calyptra et vaginula pilosis." Nees ab Esenb. in Sturm Fl. Germ. No. 17. Funck Deutsch. Moose, p. 34. t. 23. f. 4. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. 7.57. Hook. Fl. Scot. ed. 2. (ined.) M . Fine specimens in Mr. Edwards's cullectiun. In almost all the sperimens, the rapsule is raised upon a fiiotstalk, which is considerably long'er than the leaves ; in which respect this muss appears chiefly to differ from the O. rupincola uf Funck. The plants are two and three inches lon^, and of tliat rich brown colour which is so common to the tropical Orthotrichoid species. The O. speeiotum, fibred by Sturm, seems entirely to agree with this ; as do the specimens which bear the same name in the Appendix to Franklin's Journal. In Germany, however, this moss inhabits trees, as it pro- bably does in the situation where Dr. Ricliardson found it, since it was discovered in the woody country. The eight teeth, when recurred, divide into sixteen. ■; I 67. DiDYMODON. Hooker and Tayl. Muse Brit. p. 65. t. 20. Hook. Ft. L32. Didyraodon pM.7?i/reMm Scot. P. n. p. 13.5. Dicranum purpureum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 30. Eng. Bot. t. 2262. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 3:39. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 341. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p, 755. Mnium purpureum. Linn. Dicranum strirt.um. Eng. Bot. t. 2294. Bryum bipartitum. Eng. Bot. t. 2357. Trichostomum j3a/>t//o*um. Eng. Bot. 2533. Had. Repulse Bay. 133. Didymodon capiUaceum. Schrad. Spic. p. 64. Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 28. Lapp. p. 314. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 67. t. 20. Hook. Fl. Scot. P, Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App Swartzia capttfac«i. Hedw. St. Cr. V. 2. p. 26. •. • . ^ Cynontodium capiV/acpum. Hedw. Sp. Muse. ' " Trichostomum rapttfacpion. Engl. Bot. t. 1152. ' /3. Staturn hurniliori, foliU strictioribv^ et brevioribus. Br. ■ Didymodon siiAti/aft/m. Schkuhr Deutsch. Moos. p. 65. t. 28. Hab. Igloolik. Neerlo-Nakto. N. E. Coast of America, lat. 67} north. The variety P>., unqoestionably the Didymodon suhulatum of Schkuhr, is the more common of the two kinds in this collection ; at the same time, there are intermediate states of it, which prove that Mr. Brown is correct in consideriig the two as but different appearances of the same species. The variety fi. h also common in Switzerland, and I have latelv found it upon the Breadalbane Mountains of Scotland. 308 Wahl. Fl. n. p. 136. p. ccxcvii. Uiil Hi : 1: 1 ill 416 BOTANY. 68. Trichostomum. 134. Trichostomum lanugtnosum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1348. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 00. t, 19. Hook.FI. Scot. P. II. p. 134. Richardson inFranklin's Journ. App. p. 755. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p.ccxcvii. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 329. Bryum hypnoides. «. Linn. Sp. PI. •...= .> Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Island : no fructification. 135. T. ellipticum. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 63. t. 19. Hook. Fl. Scot. ed. 2. {ined.) Dicranum ellipticum. Turner Muse. Hib. p. 76. t. 6. Eng. Bot. t. 1901. Schwaegr. Suppl. V. 1. 1.47. Hab. South shore of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. The specimens are without fruit, yet I have no doubt that they are plants of Trichostunmni ellipticum. ■ 69. Dicranum. 136. Dicranum virens. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. p. 32. Engl. Bot. t. 1462. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit, p, .'54. t. 17. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 132. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 338. Hab. Repulse Bay. Upper Savage Island. 137. D. strumiferum. Eng. Bot. t. 2410. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 54. t. 17. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 132. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. Fissidens strumifer. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 32. Wahl. Lapp. p. 335. Bryum inclinans. Dicks. Hab. South shore of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. 138. DicT^nnm flavescens? Eng. Bot. t. 2263. D. gracilescem. Web. et Mohr. Schwaegr. Supp. v. 1. 1. 46. D. rupestre. Wahl. Lapp. p. 339. t. 21. Bryum flavescens. Dicks. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Island. The specimens are barren, on which account I am rather uncertain of the species. 139. Dicranum scoparium. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 172. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit, p. 58. t. 18. a. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 133. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 339. Richard- son in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755.. Bryum scoparium. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1582 Hab. Barrow River. Very imperfect and barren specimens. 140. Dicranum /«5C(?sce7w. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 60. Eng. Hot. t. 1597. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. D. cong-esiJ/OT. Schwaegr. Suppl. V. l.t. 42. ^ . . Eng. Bot. t. 1490. I t BOTANY. 417 D. snoparium. ^. fuscescens. Hooker and Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 58. t. 18. Hook. V\. Scot. P. II. p. 133. In Mr. Edwards's collection. 141. Dicranum elongatum. Schleich. PI. Helv. Crypt. Enutn. Cat. III. p. 27. Schwaegr. Siipp. p. 171. t.43. D. sphagni. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 75.5. Wahl. Fl. Lapp p. 337. Hab. Duke of York's B»y. Southampton Inland. • , ' •■■.-'. 70. Pterogonium. 142. Pterogonium filiforme. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4. p. 7. Eng. Bot. t. 2297. Hooker and Tayl. Muse. Brit, p- 41. t. 14. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. H. p. 129. Wahl. Lapp. p. 319. Gnmmm filiformis. Web. et Mohr. Crypt. Germ. p. 1.50. Had. With Trichostomum eUipticum in Captain Parry's collection. 71. Weissia. 143. Weissia crispula. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 12. f. 1—6. Hooker and Tayl. Muse. Brit, p. 46. t. 15. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 131. Grimmia crispula. Turn. Muse. Hib. Eng. Bot. t. 2203. Hab. Soutli shore of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. Neerlo-Nakto. A large quantity of this moss fn Mr. Edwards's collection. 144. Weissia curvirostra. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. 1. 7. Wahl. Lapp. p. 321. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 130. W. recurvirostra. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 46. 1. 14. Grimmia recurvirostra. Turn. Muse. Hib. p. 29. Eng. Bot. t. 1438. Hab. Duke of York's Bay. Southampton Island. Mixed with Urya. - 72. Encalypta. 145. Encalypta affinis. Hed. fil. in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. v. 1. p. 121. t. 4. Schwaegr. Supp. p. 58. t. 16. E. alpina. Eng. Bot. t. 1419. Wahl. Lapp. p. 312. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 329. E. ciliata. fi. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 35. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 128. Fl. Dan. t. 1425. Hab. South shore of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. Igloolik. So constant does this plant appear to its characters, not only in the specimens of the present collection, but also in several individuals which I lately gathered in the Breadalbanc Mountains, of Scotland ; that I feel anxious to restore to it the old name of q^njs. i', .; . ' i' ;• 73. TORTULA. 146. Tortula rwra/w. Ehrh. — Sw. Muse. Suec. — Engl. Bot. t. 2070. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brii. p. 31. t. 12. Hook. Fl. Scot. F. II. p. 127. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. ■i I ! I < i '' !' ' I M 41S BOTANY. Barbula ruralis. Heilw. Spec. p. 112. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. Sl'^. Syntrichia i-uralis. Web. et Molir. p. 21.0. Br. in Farry's Ist Voy. App. p. icxcviii. Hook. Tour in led. App. p. 339. Hab. Nccrlo-Nakto. Tlii8 plant throws frrqiiniitly in alpine situatiuns in Ilritain, as utII as npon the rotirs of lionses near the K.A roast. Upiiu tlic Mont Conis, I linvo seen it just on llie limits uf perpetual snow. 147. Tortvila mucnmifolia. Schwaog. Suppl. v. 1. p. 13(). t. 3.'}. Wahl. Lapp. p. 3 1. Syntrichia mucronifuUa. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. Apj). p. ccxcviii. In Mr. Edwards's colltction, abundant. 74. PoLYTRicnrM. 148. PolytrichuinyM«?;)m/m/«. Hcdw. Sp. Muse. t. 18. Engl. Bot. t. 1200. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. 0. f. 4. Hoolier etTayl. Muse. Brit. p. 25. t. 10. Wahl. Fl. Lapp, p. 344. Hook. Fi. Seot. P. H. p. 12(). P. Junipm folium. HofTni. Mohr. p. stn'clum. Men/.ics in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. 7. f. 1. P. alpcstre. Hoppo. — Schwaeg. Suppl. t. 97. Mr. Edwards's collection. I4'.>. P. srptfitlriomili: Sw. Muse. Snec. t. 9. f. 18. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t. 7. f. r>. Hook.'r et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 25. t. 10. Hook. FI. Scot. P. H. p. 120. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 347. P. xfxivijs^ulan'. Hoppe. — Engl. Bot. t. 1900. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. .'i40. P. norri'gicum. Hi-dw. Sp. Muse. t. 22. P. cramsrtum. De Cand. Fl. Fr. Hah. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Herla. The s|H'rinieuM in Captain I'nrry's collection are all Imrrcn. in which state it is mostly found in Scotland. Antony Mr. Kdwanls's plants, are a few in fructitication. l.W. V. nipiriion. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1593. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. p. 83. Engl. Bot. t. 1905. Hooker et Tayl. Muse. Brit. p. 27. t. 1 1. Hook. Tour, in Icel. App. p. MO. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 340. Hooker Fl. Scot. P. H. p. 120. P. si/lvaticum. Menzies in Linn. Trans, v. 4. t.7. f. )>. P. arclicvm. Swartz. Muse. Suec. t. 8. f. 17. Ill .Mr. Kdwanli's vollectlik. • Mr. Brown's cliamrtor t>f the |fenu« Aploihin stands runs .— " Pfrutomium siniplei^ drntibim 10, ntqui- distantiluis, indivisis, retlexilihui. Captula n|>ophyi«ta, erecta. {'alj/ptrn laivit. Floret t«rminalei: matruli ditcuidco-rapitulifunuei." yh IJOT\NY. 119 H- " Folia anutiu^cula." Br. Hab. Repulse Hay. IffliMilik. N. K. cimut of Ainerii-ii, lilt. «7j north. Thin iiioiiji varies in the rolour of ifH ciipsiiles, wiiicli ari- of a |>aler or ileeper hrowii, ah well aM in the form nf its leaves. The eoluniella, when perfect, Ih ninth protnided anil . S. ftnitifriiitum. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 3. p. 2. Eng. Hot. l^i'i. S. Bn-wt-rianum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 3M. Dill. Muse. t. 44. f. 5. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 7.35. IIaii. Iifloojik. 'I'lir leaves arc here more concave, than ihey arc in my Kritiith and Knropean specimens of lliix moss : and those of 8. urcrulatumixn less ho,; thus, as it were, nnitinf; the twit species. 15.3. Splachnuin urccolalum. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 13. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. Hooker Tour in Icel. App. p. 338. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. (^.) ^. paUitluin. Haii. South siionMtf the strait of the Fury and IIocIu, llvpuUe Hay. iKluuiik, Necrlii-Nakto, N. D. coaiit of America, \■^^.^i^\ north. It ^rou H in Lapland, Cln^enland, and Iceland ; but not in Scotland, as it has lH>en said to do. A reinarkalilc \aricty exists in Mr. Kdwards'seollectioii, with the citpsiilcs of the same pale colour as those of 8. h'rtr.Urhiainnu, and freipiently of the very same Hhape. Others of the capsules, aifnin, in the same tuf^s, are similar to thosi' of N. urvolulinn and S. mniniitvs, it.- their form ; so that I am induced to refer it to the pri'sent s|iecies. In all these Sjilachna, althou);li the suture of the operculum, (or thii mark where it it set u|hiii the capsule) is very iiulislinct, yet the opercultun is n-adily removed entire ; and I ran detect aiiionif them no specimens accordiiiof with the curious Splaehnum i>arnihjiiin of llrown. 154. Splaehnum r(tv(Wo,«//«. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. p. 15. Hooker et Toyl. Muse. Brit. p.2l. Suppl. t. I. Hook. Fl. Scot. F. II. p. 125. Riclianlson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 755. H[i 11 XXVIII. FUNGI. 81. Cantharbllus. 165. Cantharellus muscigenus. Fries. Syst. MycoJ. v. 1. p. 323. Merulius nigrescens. Bull. Champ, t. 288. Helvella dimidiata. Bull. Champ, t. 498. f. 2. Hab. If loolik. 82. Lycopbrdon. 166. Lycoperdon ^owJsfa. Pers. Syn. Fung. p. 141. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. U. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. .026. Hab. Upper Sarage Island. Hudson's Bay Straits. XXIX. LICHENES. 83. Lecidba. 167. Lecidea conjfuem. Ach. Syn. p. 16. Hooker Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 37. Richardson ii Franklin's Journ. App. p. 757. Lichen conjfuens. Enpfl. Bot. t. 19f.4. Hab. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. 168. Lecidea sabuletornm. Ach. Syn. p. 20. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 470. Hook. Fl. Scot. ed. 2. MSS. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 757. Lichen muscorum. Engl. Bot. t. 626. Hab. Itrhtniik. 169. hevidea fusco-lutea. Ach. Syn. p. 42. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 39. Lichen fmco4Hlnus. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. Engl. Bot. t. 1007. Hab. With Ihifnurra ramulota, l^loolik. 84. Gyropuora. 170. Gyrophora trsselata. Ach. Syn. p. 64. Hab. lf;liM>iik. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Herla. Repulse Ray. 171. G. irom. Ach. Syn. p. 69. Engl. Bot. t. 2066. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. .343. Br. In Scoresby's Arctic Regions {^fidr Grev.) Hook. Fl. Scot P. II. p. 42. Gyromium erosum. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 482. Hab. Up|>rr Suvnite Inland. Hudson's Day Strnits. 172. Gyrophora deusta. Ach. Syn. p. i)5. Hooker, Tour in Icel. App. p. 343. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 42. Lichen .//()rn//o.n/«. WulfeD in Jacq. Coll. Bot. ▼. 3. p. 99, t. L f, 2. la Mr. txlwardss rulleftiun. •■ I It n ' ; I ■ I 493 BOTANY. 173. Gyrophora vetlea. Ach. Syn. p. 68. Fl. Dan. 1. 1354. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 759. -' i . Gyromiu m t76//^m. ^ ^ahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 484. ■ ,i • . Pruin Mr. Edwards'i collection. 85. Lbcanora. 174. Lecanora Epibryan. Ach. Syn. p. 155. Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. Bot. v. 4. t. 7. f. 2. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 76(). Lichen Epibryon. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 408. Hab. Upon 11108868, I^loolik. 17:1. Lecanora ventosa. Ach. Syn. p. 159. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 46. Richanlson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 7()0. Lichen ventosus. Engl. Bot. t. 906. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 406. Hab. South aliore of th.- Strait of ihr Fury and Hrcla. 176. L. iUimata. Ach. Syn. p. 148. L. iUimatus. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 413. Mr. RilwanU's rollectiun. 177. L. tartarea. Ach, Syn. p. 172. Gr»v. in PI. of W. Greenl. p. 432. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 49. Richanlson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 760. Parmelia tartarea. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. .344. Lichen /ar^ar^uj. Eng. Bot. t. 156. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 403. , . a. gonntodes. Ach. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 403. ImAium gonatodes. Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 137. I know of no lichen wborted it from ('orsirn, and by whom it is used as cudbear. 178. Lecanora elegant. Ach. Syn. p. 182. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 760. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccv. Lichen elegans. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 417. Has. Iifloolik. Barrow Rirer. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. Fern Island. Inhabits the E. Coast of W. Greenland. Cmptain Sabine. 86. Parmklia. 179. Parmelia om;;Af the Fury and Hecla. \ t 87. Cetraria. 183. Cptraria nivalix. Ach. Syn. p. 228. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 345. Br. in Scoresby's Arctic Reg. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 57. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 761. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvi. Lichen nivalis. Engl. Bot. t. 1994. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 433. Hab. I^hxilik. Upper Savn^e Island. Hudson's Bay. Winter Island. Barren Rpccimrns. 184. C. cucullata. Ach. Syn. p. 228. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 761. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvi. lAcYien cucuUatus. Smith in Linn. Trans, v. I. p. 84. t. 4. f. 7. Wahl. Fl. Lapp, p. 438. Hab. Iijloolik. 185. C. islandicn. Ach. Syn. p. 2:29. Hooker Tour in Icel. App. p. 345. Grev. PI. of W. Greonl. p. 43. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 58. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 708. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvi. Lichen iHandicus. Wahl. Fl. La|)p. p. 434. Engl. Bot. t. 1330. Var. Thnllo opaco, ramulis numfromsimis. Hab. I)fliiiilik. 18r». C. jiimpcrina. Ach. Syn. p. 226. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 57. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 761. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccv. Lichen junipninus. Engl. Bot. t. 21 11. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 432. Hab. I)fl(»ilik. All the ii|M'ciiiirns of Ihix lirlicn prove tn he the same variety whirh Mr. Brown Tiat noticed amonf the Melville Island plants, having the margin of itH Ihallus neither rriN|)ed nor pulverulent. ! I 111 ii! 88. Prltidra. 187. Peltrdea aphthosn. Ach. Syn. p. 238. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. 34.'). Br. in Scoresby's Arct. Reg. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 57. Richardson in Franklin's Jouru. aF8 :i 424 BOTANY. App. p. 761. Engl. Bot. t. 1119. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvi. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 446. . Har. BprruHT River. , ' 89. DUFOURRA. 188. Dufourea arcfiVa. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. D. rugosa. Br. in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. cccvi. i Hab. Duckett Cove. Barrow River. Igluolik. This fine lichen, which Dr. RirhnrdRun found in fructification rather abundantly, exigtg both in Capt. Parry's and Mr. EMwards's collections, but quite in a barren state. I'he n. riigosa of Brown in Ross' Voyage, appears tu be a small aud somewhat lacunosR variety of this plant. 189. D. ramvlosa : thallo fuscescente fistuloso tereti compresso vix lacunoso valde ramoso, ramis tuberculato-ramulosis obtusiusculis. Hab. IgloMik. Planla singulari^, ctespites lasos diametro bipoUicares elFormans. Thallits erectus, uncialis, fistulogug, iiifeme nudiusculus, flavo-fuscescens (sicritate glaucescens), gupeme valde raniosug, olivaceo-fugcus, tereti- rompressiis, sublacunosus, ramis subdichotomis ramulig parvig vel tuberculig obtugig ingtructis. Subttantia t4>nera, submcmbranaiea, siccitate frngilis. Fvuctificatio ignota. In habit this plant comes nearest to D. madreporiformU of the Swiss Alps ; but is of a very different colour, much more branched, beset with small ramuli, or tubercles, and internally quite fistulose, like the thalhig uf Dufourea aretica : in which latter peculiarity, according to the character given by Achariug, this plant differg from the genus Dufourea. There is no appearanee of fructification ; and the species appears to be rare, ai Captain Parry's collection contains but three individuals of it, and these were all found at Igloolik. ' * • ' . - ' \ 90. Cenohycb. 190. Cenomyce alcicomis. Ach. Syn. p. 251. Hook, FI. Scot. P. II. p. 62. Lichen alcicomis. Eng. Bot. t. 1392. Mr Ed wards'g collection. 191. Cenomyce pyxidata. Ach. Syn. p. 252. Hook. FI. Scot. P. II. p. 62. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvil. Lichen pyxidatus. Eng. Bot. t. 1393. Baeomyces pyridatus. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 453. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 345. Hab. Igloolik. Smith shore of the strait of the Fury and Hecla. Island offCapr Wilson. 192. Cenomyce gracilis. Hook. FI. Scot. P. II. p. 63. C. ecmocyna. ». gracilis. Ach. Syn. p. 261. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762, Lichen grar?7j«. Eng. Bot. t. 1264. Ba;oinyces gracilis. Wahl. FI. Lapp. t. 455. Mr. Kdwanls'g collection. 193. Cenomyce rangiferinus. Ach. Syn. p. 177. Grev. in PI. of W Greenl. p. 433. Hooker FI. Scot. P. II. p. 65. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Lichen rangiferinus. Eng. Bot. t. 173. * BOTANY. 435 Baeomyces rangiferinus. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 458. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 346. Hab. Upper Savage Island. Hudson's Bay. 194. Cenomyce vermicularis. Ach. Syn- p. 278. Hook. FI. Scot. P. II. p. Richardson in Franklin''s Journ. App. p. 762. lAchen vermiadar is. Engl. Bot. t. 229. ' i. ; Cerania vermicularis. Br. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvii. Baeomyces vermicularis. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 458. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 346. Hab. Barrow River. '-' ' ' I ' 91. ISIDIUM. ' ,. 195. Isidium oculatum. Ach. Lichen. Univ. p. 570. Lecanora oc»/ata. Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 148. Hook. Fl. Scot. P II. p. 47. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 760. Lichen oc«/a7iiv. Dicks. Crypt, fasc. 2. p. 17. t. 6. f. 5. Lichen rfaciy/i/tTuw. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 414. Hab. Ig^loolik. 92. Stereocaolon. 196. Stereocaulon paschale. Ach. Syn. p. 284. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 348. Grev. PI. of W. Greenl. p. 433. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 66. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Bf. in Parry's 1st Voy. App. p. cccvii. < Lichen paschaiis. Eng. Bot. t. 282. Bgsomy ves paschalis. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 450. Hab. IglouUk. Winter Island. 93. Sph«rophobon. 197. Sphserophoron Jragile. Ach. Syn. p. 287. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 67 Lichen fragilis. Eng. Bot. t. '2479. Wahl. Fl. Upp. p. 448. Hab- IgltMilik. ' ' ' 94. Alectoria. 198. Alectoria ./ufcato. ^. chalybeiformis. Ach. Syn. p. 291. Br. in Scoresby's Arct. Reg. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 67. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Lichen chalybeiformis. Linn. Fl. Suec. p. 1127. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 437. Mr. Edwards's collection. . 95. COPNICCLABIA. ^ , 199. Cornicularia aculeata. Ach. Syn. p. "299. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 69. • ' • Lichen aculeatus. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 4.39. /3. spadicea. Ach. Br. in Scoresby's Arc. Reg. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 68. Lichen hispidus. Eng. Bot. t. 452. , S. muricata. I I .1 •I 496 BOTANV. Lichen muricatus. Ach. in Nov. Act. Holm. v. 22. p. 544. t. 4. f. 5. Hab. Igloolik. 200. Cornicularia ochrdeuca. Ach. Syn. p. 301. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 69. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cccvi. Lichen ochrolcucun. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 438. Engl. Bot. t. 2374. Parmelia ochroleuca. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 345. /3. nigricans. Ach. Hab. Itr|lik. Upper Savage Iglaiid. South shore of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla. (fi. with a.) 201. Cornicuiaria divergens. Ach. Syn. p. 300. Meth. p. 305. t. 6. f. 1. (male.) Rich, in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. Lirhen divergens. Wahl. Lapp. p. 439. Fl. Dan. t. 262. In Mr. Edwards's roUection. 202. Cornicularia bicolor. Ach. Syn. p. 301. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 69. Lichen Aico/or. Eng. Bot. t. 1M3. ..( r In Mr. Edwards'8 collection. 203. Cornicularia lanata. Ach. Syn. p. 302. Hook. Tour in Icel. App. p. 345. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 69. Br. in Parry's Ist Voy. App. p. cccvi. Lichen lanatus. Engl. Bot. t. 3846. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 440. Hab. Igloolik. 204. Cornicularia/7M6/'A'c Hook. Fl. Scot. P. If. p. 69. Richardson in Franklin's Journ. App. p. 762. VAchen pubescens. Engl. Bot. t. 2318. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 441. i Has. Ii;loulik. i • , " 96. Ulva.. ' 205. Ulva compressa. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1632. Engl. Bot. t. 1739. Wahl. Lapp. p. 508. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II p. 91. Keccived by Mr. Or'^ille from Honir irentlcnian of the Expedition; but without any station being assigned to it. It was, proh~.'iily, piuked up in Hudson's Strait, as no Marine Alga appears to have been found further to the westward by this Expedition ; and the only species gathered by Dr. Richardson on the shores of the Arctic Sea were Fucus ceranoides, a Conferva, u . the 'raftnent of a Floridea of Lanian. XXX. ALGiE. 97. Fiicos. 206. Fucus ves'3ulosm. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1626. Eng Bot. t. 1066. Wahl. Fl. liipp. p. 490. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 94.— Tour in Icel. p. 346 Turner Hist. Fuc. t. 88. Syn. Fuc. n. 24. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. p. 3. Hab. Floating in the Sea about the middle of Hudson's Straits: also found in the Esquimaux Chdocs. Ifpper Savage Island. 98. Odonthalia. 207. Odonthalia dentata. Lyngh. Hydroph. Dan. p. 9. t. 3. Sphasrococcus dentaius. Agardh. Syn. p. 22. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 11. p. 103. BOTANY. 4d7 Delesaeria dentata. Lam. Thai. p. 36. , » ^^ : Fncus dentatus. Linn, Mant. p. 135. Fl. Norv. v. 2. p. 91. Turn. Syn. Fuc. p 149. Hist. Fuc. t. 13. Hook. Tour in io^I. App. p. 347. ¥. pinnatifidus. Fl. Dan. t. 354. Plctatin^ on the Sea about the middle of Hud«on'g Strait : in fructificatiou in July. 99. SPHiEROCOCCUS. 208. Sphaerococcus laciniattis. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 104. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. p. 12. t. 4. Fucus /anwzattw. Lightf. Scot. p. 947. Turn. Syst. Fuc n. 161. Hist. Fuc. t. 69. Engl. Bot. t. 1068. F. miniatm. Fl. Dan. t. 769. Hab. Floating on the Sea about the middle of Hudson's Strait. 100. Laminaria. 209. Laminaria Saccharina. Lam. Thai. p. 22. Agardh. Syn. p. 17. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 98. Fucus saccharinus. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1630. Lightf. Scot. p. 940. Engl. Bot. t. 1331. Fl. Norv. t 52. Turn. Syn. Fuc. n. 37.— Hist. Fuc. t. 163. Hooker Tour in Iceland, App. p. 347. Hab. Floating on the Sea about the middle of Hudson 's Strait. 210. Laminaria ijgarum. Lam. Thai. p. 22. Agardh. Syn. Alg. 17. Fucus Agarum. Gmel. Hist. Fuc. p. 210. t. 32. Fl. Dan. t. 1542. Turner Hist. Fuc. t. 75. F. CloUkrus. Esper Hist. Fuc. 128. Hab. Found on the surface of the Sea, about the middle of Hudson's Strait. This remarkable Alf^a was likewise detected by Dr. Richardson, at the mouth of Hayes River, Hudson's Bay. 101. Dbshia. 21 1. Desmia aeuleata. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. p- 34. t. 44. Sporochnus acutcatus. Agard. Syn. p. 10 Hook. Fl. Scot. P. II. p. 96. Fucus aculeatus. Lightf. Scot. p. 924. Turn. Syst. Fuc. n. 48.— Hist. Fuc. t. 187. Fl. Dan. t. 355. F. muscoides. Hook. Tour in Irel. App. p. 347. Desmarestia aeuleata. Lam. Thai. 25. Hab. Found in the Esquimaux Canoet, Lower Savage Island. Hudson's Strait. 102. Ptilota. 212. Ptilota fdumosa. Agardh. Syn. 39. Hook. Fl. Scot. P. 11. p. 106. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. p. 38. t. 9. Facus plumosus. Lightf. Scot. p. 955. Fl. Dan. t. 350. Fl. Norv. v. 2, p.91. Turn. Syn. Fuc. p- 296 Hist. Fuc. t. 60. Hooker Tour in Icel. App. p. 347. I ' il ! I I I I i M 438 BOTANY. F. pectinatiu. Fl. Norv. v. 2. p. 122. t. 2. f. 8. t; .vj .tjj,ii ..hj F.ptilotua. Fl. Norv. V. 2. p. 135. t. 2. f. 15. 'i.! ..| > ;/ Plocamium ;)/umo«um. Lam. Thai. p. 50. .' ' ; , T Floatiag on the aea about the middle of Hudson's Strait. . t\ ., . , '♦;-if. 103. GlOARTtNA. 213. Gigariina confervoides. Lam. Thai. p. 48. Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. p. 43. Fuciis confervoides. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1G29. Fl. Norv. v. 2. p. 92. Engl. Bot. 1. 1688. Turn. Syn. Fuc. p. 328.— Hist. Fuc. t. 84. Hook. Tour in Iceland, App. p. 347. F. etongatus. Fl. Norv. v. 2. p. 143. Floating on the sea about tlie middle of Hudson's Strait. i 104. Pai.mblla. Lyngbye. Massa gelatinosa, subhyalina, granulis 8olitariis globosis farcta. Lyngb. 214. Palmella nivalis, massa tenuis, superficie sporulis sphsericis partis, sed magni- tudine insequalibus, numerosis, intense rubris granulata. Uredo nivalis. Bauer in Brande's Quarterly Journ. of Sciences and the Arts. v. 7. t. 222. t. 7. Algarum species, Brown in Ross' Voy. ed. 2. v. 2. App. p. 195. , n Hab. Igloolik, &c. On snow ; and also attached to stones and covering' mosses with a thin gelatinous crust. After the admirable history and fici'ures of this cuiious substance (so well known to our Arrlic navigators by the iiatiie of Red Snow), that are sriven by Mr. Bauer, both in the Qu.-irterly .liiumal of Science, and in the Philosophical Transaotions for IS'M, p. I(i5, t. 17, scarcely anything is left fur me to say upon the subject of ItH structure and mode of jrrowth. Mr. Baiirr has satitifactiirily proved ike red snow to be a vegetable, and if other naturalists had, like myself, possessed the advantage of seeing it covering stones and mositrs, like many other Cryptogaiiiic vegetables, there would have been no cause for discussion relative to the kingdom of Nature to which this subject should belong. I'hat a plant should vegetate, in and upon snow, and that it should do so, too, to such an extent as to cover a tr.ict iil'eight miles in length, and frequently to a depth through the snow often or twelve feet, must, indeed, excite our astonishnirut. Growing upon stones and turf, it assumes an appriirance very similar tothatof some of our own vegetables : and there is one plant particularly, familiar to the Crytogamir Bi*tanist of this country, to which this individual, in its general structure, may well be compared, which is the TremeUa eruenla of English Itohtiiif (un<|urstioniibly a true I'tilmella.) Its similarity to this did not escape my acute friend. Mr. Brown, who, in a note in the Appendix to Ross' Voyage, expresses his opinion that it b nearly allied to it. Mr. Bauer is tlisposcd to agree with Mr. Brown, although unacquainted with the plant in question, upon the grouml that (according to the description given by the author of Kng. Hot.) the f. rrurnta is formed of a ''congeries of extremely minute, pellucid, globular granulations, all equal in size;" whence Mr. Bauer infers, that the plant is an Vrrilo, I'he true nature of the T. cruenta is not, in English Rotant/, correctly delined ; it forms, iu reality, a thin gelatinous stratum, or mass, in which (entirely immersed and imbedded) •re nuuicrous extremely minute, spherical granules, all equal in size, and of a dull purplish red colour. From these circumstances we may perceive, that our present plant differs in nothing from T, eruentm, except in its f ranu.es being vJcUrnal, and in their size and colour. BOTANY. 4-i9 • If a fully fonue.1 ^paridiuia be put into water, it bursts iiftor a little time, anJ the numeruug Bporules, w hirli have been coiuidered lo form the entire plant, will float about in preat nuiuliers upon the table t»f the microsctipc. t' Professor Asanih. ><( Lund. hai. since the above account was written, described the Red Snow as a new fenu«, under the nane >•( Roloroccus niviUis. 81 1 In retard to its ri?hi to a plare in the irenus Uretlo, where the able Mr. Bauer has placed it, unipi*-!^* tionably, in looking at tlie fisrure above quoted of his V. nivalis, ff. I — 8, U. Graminis, 9 — 10, and U.firtiila. f. II, these would all appear t«> belong to one and the same genus. I do not possess, at this time, any s|>eci- mens of U.falida, but I presume that it denotes the Stinking; or liladiler Brand of the Norfolk fanner. the U. Caries vt De CandolU, of Hooker's Fl. Scotica, and Greville's Fl. Edinemis ; the U.sifnphila of Ditmar in Sturm t FuHgi of Germany, tab. 34. If this be the case, then, setting aside the different places of cn^Wth, which I rauM yet alKiw to be of some consequence in these minute vegetables, there is the remarkable distinction that the extremely minute sporiiles are theiiiselveH enclosed in a sporidium or kind of capsule, which Ik not the rase with u-.ir plant. The Credo Seirftum I take to be that of Pcrsoon, and most authon< ; and, to qui>te li«iires. the Rrticularia He^etum of Bulliard'a Champignons, t. 472, the UslHago Segetnm of Link, in Sturm's Fungi of Germany, t. 33, what is commonly called the Smutur Pepper Urtind by nirricul- turintR. I am aware that mort authors, and amongst them I myself in the Flora Scotica, have described this species as hating its spurules fonning a copious black dust, linked, attached within the fruit or glume of grasses ; in other wunl!>, drstitutr nf xporidium ; and, on again looking casually at my specimens, I find siuii to be the case in a errat many instanies ; but, on a more strict investigation, I clearly discover a munber of sporidia, which have uot yet shed their dust* ; so far according with the character of U. Curies or fietidii), but differing in tlie uiape of their sporidia. Mr. Bauer has, perhaps, only observed the spuridi:i before tliey were burst, and I am the mure inclined to this supposition from the circumstance of his having i^'iven tbaf tuberculated appearanre to his plants (f. 9.), which indicate their containing sporules. Nothing of this kind is observable in the Arctic plants. Upon a ronsiileratioo of all these circumstances, E cannot but think that the Rvd Snow, altlumgli not decidedly a Palmella, since the granules arc not immersed, yet approaches much nearcrto it than to Cndti* : and, perhaps. Lyngbye's renerie character might, without iiu^onveiiience, be modified so as to inclmie it. On a subject, bw«.eTer, of »uch minuteness, and which has excited so much attention, I was not willing to re^l satisfied with the result uf my own unaided investigations. Mr. Greville, who has examined the plant, quite agrees intheaboie Feuiarki>; and Captain Carmichael, to whom I comnuinicatrd specimens, was kind enough to write to me as fuUuvt respecting it: — " I was anxious to sec the Red Snow, having read a great deal of discordant opinion fe»pertiu^ its nature ; I have examined it with some care, and from all I know of I'rnln, it does not appear to liaie tlie slightest atiinity with that genus. The Urrdos are all parasitical, and tiie sporidia are attached by m-ireiir lest of a pedicel to the matrix. But there cannot be parasites upon snow, any more than on water; and, a^ vwu have rem irked, the sporules of this plant arc merely imbedded in gelatine, without any kind of attachment . A Palmrlla it iiia; be, acconling to the present loose con.>-f ruction of that genus, but surelv ver}' far removed froui P. cruenta. In the latter, the sporules arc all of the same size, and buried in the ifelatine : wherea* in this plant, thev are of twenty dilferent sizes, and the larger of them are twenty time^. the size of thiwe of P. crueula. They are, besides, protruded in such a manner as to render the whole surface granular. Of all the plants I am acquainted with, it comes the nearest, in general habit, to /'. Itotryoidfs ; but its internal structure i* widely different. On the whole, 1 should think, as you have asked me to give m\ opinion, that vou niav safely arrange the Red Snow among the PtdmeUm. It has, at least, a better title to rank there than P. botryoidrt. The great diversity in the size of the sporules, peculiar, I believe, to the Arctic plant, cannot lie cttnsideretl an a generic objection, though it will form a good specific distinction. " I 1 ' It |l I I I I 430 Fio. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fio. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. . .y^> Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. Fig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. REFERENCE TO THE BOTANICAL PLATES. APR TAB. I. ' " , "^ "" ' . Pbdiculabib Nelsonii. p. 402. ^ ^ « ,v Plant, natural size. ' Calyx and bractea, magnified. Corolla, magnified. . - Anther, magnified. , ' . Pistil, magnified. CbEPIS NANA, p. 397. Plant, natural size. Single ilower, magnified. Floret, magnified. Involucre, with the ripe fruit, »iog7i(/itfrf. Pericarp, magnified. Hair of the pappus, magnified. Involucre and receptacle, as seen after the falling away of the seeds, magnified. APP. TAB. II. COLPODIUM LATIFOLIUH, p. 408. Plant, natural size. Spikelet, magnified. , ,^ . Spikelet, before the expansion of the flower, mag7it/{«(/. Superior valve of the Corolla, magnified. HiK&OCHLOR PAUCIFLORA, p. 410. Plant, natural site. Spikelet, shewing the florets, magnified. Inferior valve of a lateral floret, magnified. Superior floret, magnified: from which are removed and represented at The two stamens, the pistil, and the hypogynous scales or lodiculae, magnified. r ' of the vesicle is unittnl with the mouth of the cell ; but the line of separation is distinct, in consequence of the cell and branch with which it is connected, being of a denser substance. In the younger branches, the coininunication between the central tube of the stem and the cavity of tho vesicle is free ; in the older portions, however, this connexion censes. At the external base of the vesicle, from one to three tubulnr radicles take their rise, and descend along the supporting stem and others which are inferior to it, closely odhering to their surface. These tubes are, like the •temi and branches, destitute of joints. 43-2 I.IsT OK ZOOniYTKs. Kuril coll In sliorl, st-iirroly tlii> (liiiiiiclorof (lit* hIciii which supports it, with ii horizontnl or NliKhtly olili«|iu> mouth, ami «lcKtiliitt> of lnt<>rnl or inferior proccHscN. In all the coIIm, I ohscrvcd portioim of u thin iiicnihraMc, coiintvtcti or continuous with the iiiiiri^in, nnd more or Ichh cup-sha|MHl, which np|>«*itnHi to he the remiiiuH of veHiclcH, Himilnr to thime which jrive rise 1(» the hnmrlies. Their nature wiis likewise pointed out by the remiiins of the tnhular ra«licle8, Htill in cniniexion with some of the largest portions. To some of thecells cylindrical iMNlies were attachetl, which, after maceration, appeared of the con- sistence of the ixMly of the |M>lypi of Hcvera! serlularue; liul instead of terniinaliiif; in a tentacular head, hivame contracted, and gave rim^ to branches hearing; cells. In some cases, two contio^nouH crils Kup|iorted each a vesicle hearing a Inanch. The preceding dcHcriplion will sutHce to show that this coralline diU'ers from all those described by KIlis, among his vcsunlated corallines : by Lamarck, in his \romi»l*luniii/iiriri ; or by Lamonroux, in his genus Afilaojihritia. Hut the nmtilatetl c«)iidilion of the speci- men leaves nun-h l«» be ilcsiretl in the characters of the s^M•cieH. I have «ihHorved in other vesiculaled corallines (Kilinburgh IMiilosophicai .lournal, vol ii. p HCt) a capability, when placed in circumstances onl'a\ourabl(> for ordinary growth, of converting the polypi, ill the cells, into branches lK*aring ceils. The anomalous ap|H'arancos of this specicH Heeni to indicate that it had recently b(>en placed in a condition where the exertion of similar energies was reipiisile, in converting polypi and ovaria into branches; thus exhibiting a curi«>us example of viviparous repnxluction or extension. 't. Mii.i.KPi>RA puinii-osii. (Sol.) EHis' Cor. p. 7.'». No. 7. Tab. xxx. lig. »l, 1). A small mass adhering to Ollaria loricnlata. 10. M. luhulom. (Sol.) Kilt 'aQtr. |>. 74. No. ».. Tab. xxvil. lig.e. R. .\ small portion only adhering to the OnoNTiiALiA tlmlnta. I obs«'rved, resting on the same plant, a micr(»scopic shell agn^'ing with the NA^rlLc.^ iiiiihiliinlus of Montagu's Testacea llritannica Supp. p. ^M. Tab. xxiii. f. I. 11. MpoNoiA infjihlihulifonnr^. of Kinna'ii>« A single, young, blea«'hed, worn and • 'amagetl specimen. \\\ comparing its skeleton, under the microscope, with n porti«)n of the same species from Orkney, I con Id not discover any delinit<> distinguishing ch.iracter. The latter, being in a inon* |M-rfect stale, exhibited the spicuhc hehl in closer connexion by the gelatine. \'i. S. futnisilirtt, of Moiilngn : •• Memoirs of the Wernerian Society of K^linburgh, Vol. ii. p. 114. No. M. .A small maceralisl portion of this sponge adh<-red to the OnoN- riiAi.i A (/e/)/(f/(/. I'nder the niicroxco|)e the skeleton corres|M)nded with the s|M>cies to which we have referre«l. • THK KNI) !«■•»• fMalii ky W. i'tvwkt, NutthuuibrilUKl.lutirl, Hlriml,