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INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The following sketch is presented to the British and continental ship- 
 owners with the belief that it is profitable to know of coaling stations, by 
 the use of which steamers frequenting the waters of the Atlantic ocean can 
 cheaply, rapidly and conveniently obtain supplies of bunker coal. A brief 
 description of Nova Scotia is included, because, as a rising country, even 
 now contributing largely to the wealth of the world, it is exciting more and 
 more attention among shipowners, investors and speculators. The contained 
 information will be found valuable. It is recommended to all — and there 
 are very many such— who are finding out that some of the old profitable 
 channels of trade are drying up. Cape Breton, in the heart of a great 
 river, into which the entire European commerce of the continent is steadily 
 being deflected, can no longer be neglected or ignored by a nation of 
 business men like the British. Her coal-fields have a direct influence upon 
 the trade and industries of the British empire, are thoroughly Imperial in 
 their aspects, and, stretching out beyond all other portions of the continent 
 towards the old world, seem to invite the patronage and economic enterprise 
 of Europe. This short sketch is destined to hasten this, and the writer will 
 be amply repaid if, through the medium of the following columns, the 
 bunker business, as a direct case in point, more rapidly expands. 
 
 Author. 
 Halifax, March, 1894 
 
 Jl 
 
Cheap and Rapid Coaling. 
 
 Nova Scotia is a remarkable country. Around her coasts are the richest 
 deep sea fisheries of the North or South Atlantic, whence both Americans 
 — with the permission of Canada — and Canadians draw quantities of fish 
 which would astound many. Upon the shores washed by these waters- 
 rich in fish of all descriptions — are tho great and only collieries upon the 
 coast of the Atlantic Ocean from the Arctic Regions to the extreme south 
 of South America. They are close to tidal harbors, out of which increasing 
 quantities of coal are annually carried— the produce of miners, better paid 
 than almost any in America. At no distance from these collieries are the 
 forges, rolling mills and blast furnaces, whence issue the machinery which 
 in part reaps the golden harvests and turns the sod of the North- Western 
 Provinces. It was Nova Scotia that gave to North America her first railway ; 
 to the world, a man named Edison, whose son aatoiv^ds the world with his 
 marvellous inventions ; and bunkered the first Atlantic steamer, a Canadian 
 vessel called the Royal William, whose priority is jealously denied. Her 
 infinite resources, excellent railways, superb climate, regulated by the Gulf 
 Stream like that of the British Isles, and a magnificent race of men to co- 
 operate with the prudent speculator are all now attracting active notice, and 
 the Province is being seized upon both in the United States and Great 
 Britain as the latest field for the lucrative and secure investment of the 
 accumulating idle capital of the hour. A word or two more descriptive of 
 the country may then be inserted without plague to the reader. Nova Scotia 
 proper is connected with the mainland by a narrow strip of land named the 
 Isthmus of Chignecto, across which a ship railway is in course of construc- 
 tion, for the purpose of transferring loaded and light vessels from the St. 
 Lawrence to the Atlantic, via the Bay of Fundy, instead of via the long and 
 often stormy passage around the Nova Scotian coast. From the isthmus foi 
 many miles the country is flat, of inexpressible fertility, and all reclaimed 
 from the Bay of Fundy waters by large dykes, similar to those of the 
 Dutch, by the old inhabitants of the country, the Acadian or French set- 
 tlers, who were expelled by the English conquerors for repeated rebellion 
 and disloyalty. From this historic incident sprang Longfellow's immortal 
 poem upon Gabriel and Evangeline. Nova Scotia, or Acadie, as the French 
 termed it, is the Land of Evangeline, and through its glorious ecenery 
 Longfellow's tourist countrymen po ar during the summer months in ever 
 increasing numbers. From these rich Acadian marsh farms down to Yar- 
 mouth, upon the south-west end of Nova Scotia, the country is a veritable 
 garden, and the apple orchards of the valleys of Annapolis and CornwaiUs 
 
are a source of unusual wealth to the fruit-RPowers. The cities of Nova 
 Scotia are, Halifax, the capital, one of the wealthiest and most English towns 
 in America ; New Glasgow, the scone of forges, steel works, blast-furnaces 
 and great general enterprise ; Amherst, the site of great engineering and 
 manufacturing activity ; Yarmouth,, a seaporf. from which hail some of the 
 finest of liritain's colonial steamers. From Yarmonth, too, hail craft which 
 the traveller finds in widely scatterod ports of the world The town, with 
 its wealth, elegant residences, and tine streets, equipped with electric cars, is 
 fascinating and unique. Then come the Sydneys, rupi'ily rising into prom- 
 inence as economical coaling rorts, and Louisburg. where the accumulated 
 power, wealth and science of France tittered to a fall— the key of Canada, 
 nearest port to Europe, and an ice-free coaling station— of which this piper 
 is intended to bear testimony What country is better situated than Nova 
 Scotia for trade, industry, and the commerce of the deep sea ? Surrounded 
 on all sides with water, which penetrates into the very bosom of the Province, 
 equipped with coal in quantities, which must be reckoned by the thousands 
 of millions of tons, inexhaustibly rich in ores of iron and fluxes, wealthy 
 in ores of gold, with a country behind her young, active and vigorous, 
 clamoring for her produce, and every Province in New England languishing 
 for her cheap coals, she stands prominently forth to-day the most 
 unique country attached to the British connection. Let the reader reflect a 
 moment upon the astonishing position of this Province, with her insular 
 north-westward extremity— that oft suDg " Ille Royale " of the vanquished 
 French pioneer ! In the heart of the mouth of the St. Lawrence stmds a 
 battery of collieries, entirely surrounded by water, a pivot coal-field, around 
 which the trade of the continent of America towards Europe, is silently 
 clustering. How is this 1 Witness the decline of traffic upon the American 
 Erie Canal, coincident with which is a phenominal rise of tonnage in the 
 St. Lawrence, which is the alternative outlet — three new steamship lines 
 will run into the St. Lawrence this summer — remark the capture of the trade 
 of the Orient by the Canadian Pacific Eailway, with its lower grades, 
 shorter routes, free from expensive ferries as via San Francisco overland. 
 Already the commerce of Australasia and England is circulating in the St. 
 Lawrence; every grain emporium, except Chicago, which is the head of 
 navigation for the St. Lawrence, is on the down grade, and the American 
 nation, as Benjamin Butler predicted, is now looking to the north for an 
 extended sphere of industrial, commercial and agricultural enterprise, which, 
 added to all the foregoing, is exercising an enormous influence upon Cape 
 Breton and tlie Province as a who!e. Augmenting the demand for coil for 
 consumption in the furnaces of Anglo-American ships of commerce, this 
 revolution of trade routes is also creating an increased demand for coal for 
 manufacturing purposes, and Canada should be on the eve of witnessing the 
 solving of a great problem, i. e., the export of Cape Breton coal through her 
 magnificent and strategic canals into the thousand cities of the peninsula of 
 I Ontario. Coincident with this, like tidal waves, a great revulsion of feeling 
 [in favor of Canada and appreciative of Nova Scotia, is flowing across the Bri- 
 tish Isles, and the States of the American Bepublic, and as remarked at the 
 
outset, Canada, including Nova Scotia, has at length heen selected as tlw| 
 securest field for the investment of the accumulating capital of the hour 
 All this is of importance to the British locaage owner, and is a warning to 
 him to watch the progress of Canada, for upon the ocean steamship Canada 
 absolutely depends for much that is to come. Consequently, we have chosen | 
 him as the recipient of our first met^sage in pamphlet form. •'Lesson 
 would be the more appropriate phrase, for it is an astonishing fact that the 
 superior advantages of Canada are little known to him. It is not within 
 the space limits of the pamphlet to fully corroborate this impeachment of 
 the British tonnage owner, but one subject may be chosen as bearing there- 1 
 on, viz., •♦ Bunkering " Those who study the British tonnage owner are 
 struck with the peculiar fact that his ve? sels bound east or west appear to 
 have a marked partiality for American coaling stations. In spite of the fact 
 — the geological and geographical fact— that Canadian coalfields advance in- 
 to the ocean to meet and intercept British steamships, large numbers of 
 vessels keep on and bunker at some port which is harder to reach and more 
 remote. To quote an instance— when a steamer leaves New Orleans for 
 Liverpool she turns of! her course almost at right angles to the direction of | 
 her route and steams a considerable distance into Newport for coal, instead 
 of keeping on with some slight modification of her course until she meets 
 the collieries of Cape Breton jutting out into her course. Could anything 
 be more irregular than this 1 If there is any place along the line of ocean 
 commerce where bunker coals of exceptional quality can be placed on board 
 a steamship, it is in Cape Breton, where the shafts are sunk on the coast, 
 the pits shallow, the cjal inexpensively wrought, and harbor dues insignifi- 
 cant. 
 
 Writiflg of these mines, the London limes — a journal which has been, 
 up to the present time, indifferent to Nova Scotia — discusses their signifi* 
 cance as follows : — 
 
 " The full significance of these coal resources to a great maritime power 
 c%n only be fully understood when we reflect — first, upon the increasing 
 importance of the St. Lawrence as a food route, and secondly, with the 
 exception of what might be temporarily stored at Bermuda and the West 
 India stations, these are tbe only coal supplies to which British ships have 
 the national right of access in time of war, along the whole Atlantic coast 
 of America." 
 
 Although these advantages have rxisted a long time, it is only now that 
 the business of cheap and rapid coaling is being scientifically developed in 
 the island of Cape Breton. Every description of machinery is being 
 introduced, more powerful plant laid down, and large sums of money 
 expended to place the business upon a footing equal to Newport, or any of 
 the other American coaling stations up to Portland, Maine. At this moment 
 some of the staiths in Sydney harbor are lit with electricity, equipped with 
 patent tipplers, and capable of shipping 12,000 tooa of coal per twenty-four 
 hours ; other of the piers are being entirely re-modelled, and at the moment 
 of writing 300 men are actively engaged upon one of the most important 
 
Ipien. A lioe of rail, well btlaated »nd laid with heavy Engllih ateel 
 
 liectioos, is •Imost constructed into Louisbnrg, and when this Is perfected, 
 
 Iduribg the current year, the Cape Breton coal fields will be independent of 
 
 IwiDter restrictions, such as the drift ice which floats off the coast early in the 
 
 pear. Louisbarg is so situbte as to esctpe this ice. The drift ice is at times 
 
 la serious trouble off the coast of Cape Breton. With a norLh east wind 
 
 lit floats into the harboro, to such an extent that no vessel can get through 
 
 Iwitbout risk of some injury. It seldom lies long, however, in some of the 
 
 Iharbors, but both Sydney harbor and Glace Bay harbor are unfortunate in 
 
 Ithis respect. Not so Louisburg, and in oonsequence it has been selected as 
 
 ■the new station for cheap and rapid, all the year round, coaling in the North 
 
 lAtlantio. The harbor is very spacious, two and a half miles long, from 
 
 Inortb-east to south-west, very deep, well sheltered and inexpensive to the 
 
 labip owner in every sense. A rocky poiot at the entrance to the harbor is 
 
 Ithe first land sighted from the deck of ocean steamers, just 80 hours run 
 
 ■from the British Isles. The boldest and astutest French military and naval 
 
 leuj^ineers of the last century selected this place in preference to Sydney, 
 
 land under the walls of the most formidable fortress the New World has ever 
 
 Iseen, erected at a cost of 86.500,000, a respectable trade with New England, 
 
 Ithe Mf^diterranean, the Gulf of Mexico and Qaebec sprang up. To such 
 
 Ian extent did thin place flourish as a shipping point and military station, 
 
 ■that a powerful English Armada was fitted out and hurled agaiost the town. 
 
 ITbe rest is a matter of history ; the ruin and desohtioo of the place have 
 
 jbaen long since forgotten ; the wealth, population and mercantile marine of 
 
 Ithis strategic town have disappeared, and nothing but a fishing village 
 
 Iremains. At this time, however, the foundations of an important trade are 
 
 [being laid, the Canadian Pacific Kailway Co. is connecting the place with 
 
 the Pacific ocean by telegraph ; a short line of rail, anticipatory of a stream 
 
 jof passenger travel, is being surveyed to the Gut of Canso, as a connecting 
 
 point with the Intercolonial railway system, and the Dominion Coal Co. of 
 
 Boston are approaching the town with the railway alluded to, besides taking 
 
 in hand the equipment of the place with plant suitable for cheap and rapid 
 
 coaling purposes. Connected with eight collieries and coal fields, containing 
 
 some 3,000,000,000 tons of coal of high evaporative power, the merest tryo 
 
 in trade matters can see at a glance that this port must — the change of trade 
 
 routes that is now silently taking place considered — over-shadow Newport. 
 
 jSbip owners may then with confidence recognize Louisburg as a coaliug place, 
 
 lat onca economical, safe and convenient at all seasons of the year. In case 
 
 lany should doubt the accuracy of our statement that the hr.rbor is free from 
 
 lico in the winter month?, we have sought evidence on this point «ind present 
 
 ibelow 
 
 EXTRACT FROM THE TESTIMONY OF THE HARBOR MASTER. 
 
 LOUISBURO, FEB. 12th, 1894. 
 
 " It is impossible for me to name any time during the winter months 
 Iwhen it would be difficult for steamers to get into Louisburg for bunker coal. 
 b may say that during the winters of 1882 and 1883, when the Sydney & 
 
 "^'H&a 
 
 ^^i^- 
 
>m^- I 
 
 Louieburg Coal Co. was obipping coal at tbia port, we had ateamabipa h«« 
 for bunkoT coal, altbough tbeae two wintcra wpto very aevere. S*ilin« 
 vpsaela arrive and depart wvery week duriog the winter moDths, most of 
 them belong to the United States." 
 
 The praclicftl value of Louisburj^ beirg thus made clear, a few wnrdt 
 may be written about the quality of the coal which the Dominion Coil 
 Co. intend to ship. Fortunately, there are few coalfields within reaj^h oi 
 British or foreign steumphipa of which more striking testimony has been 
 collpctpd. Much of the evidence lo the contrary can generally be traced to 
 parties interested in keeping the Canadian fai-l in the background, and in 
 some instances they have bfen di«owred by the compilers, who admit thil 
 thpy prepared the tPBta from insufficient data. It must then be clear that | 
 Cape I'reton coal should be considered more fully by the owners of theevet 
 increasing number of Rteamshipa which paps up and down the American j 
 const. Ak early as I860 the Director of Naval Conatruction at Brest repott- 
 ed to the Minister of Marire '• tbah the Pteam power of Sydney coal is littl« 
 inferior to that of CardilT," and that of " hurtful sulphur there is but 1.2i 
 per c<*nt., or less than the average in 37 Welsh, 28 Lancashire and 8 Scotcli 
 
 Ctills." 
 
 The following are reports upon one of the brat coals shipped from the 
 collieries, now being developed for cheap and rapid coaling purposes : — I 
 
 I'xtract from report of Engineer, H. M. 8. Spartan. 
 
 " Very good for generating steam quickly, 3 per cent, of ash, 6 per cent. 
 of ciioker, and large quantities of light brown and black smoke." 
 
 Trial of same coal in furnaces of stnamahips plying on the Amazon! 
 Kiver. Coal when shipped for consumption by vessels engaged in trading 
 up and down the river is delivered at Para. 
 
 " Trial has taken place on board the steamers Morajo and Javary^ and,, 
 after a comparison with the others existing in our depot, it shows an economy 
 of 6 per cent, as ppr Engineer's Journal, and the advantages of keeping the 
 fires clean and producing few ashe?." 
 
 Certificate from Anglo-American Telegraph Co., dated Halifax. Isll 
 May, 1881— " *^ ' ' 
 
 , 'I This is to certify that the Anglo-American Telegrcph Company's cable 
 ropainng ship Minia has been cialed three times from the mines. I have 
 found it to be the best at'^aming coal I have use.i thia side of the Atlantic. 
 It 18 clean, very free from clinker, and easy on Furnico bars. I may state 
 I hive run thirty-six hours without cleaning fires." 
 
 Certificate from J. Swinburne, S. S. Pouyer Quertler. 
 
 London, January 7th, 1880. 
 
 " The coal supplied at Louisburg has given gra^t sati.-f iction. We found 
 
 It very quick to raise steam, while the clinkers from it are of no consequence 
 
 and easily removed from the bars. The collection of dirt and soot in the 
 
combufltion cbtmben [wu Dot nearly so great as tbat from Welsh coal we 
 bad prctvioaaly been using, inaemuch 48 we never once had to swee]) tubes 
 OD the paeaege from St. Pierre to London, whereaa before this had freijuontly 
 to be done. I think it equally as good aa Engliah coal." 
 TZ This coal has not been specially chosen for consideration here but merely 
 because the testa happened to be put before the writer while penning this 
 short sketch. Some of the coals drawn from the Cape Breton fields are per- 
 haps slightly inferior to this, although others aru better, all are exceedingly 
 valuable and suitable for the furnaces of the stoimships which tr«»verHo the 
 ocem routes between the aouthern U. S. A. ports and Europe. The follow- 
 ing are the rates at which bunker coals are uupplied by the coal corporation 
 ut sundry points, immediately on steamer's arrivdl, and we trust that owners 
 of tonnage will make a note of them in their diary :— Averi.g'i price of 
 bunker coal in the p-rt of Halifax, $3.10 per ton; average price ditto at 
 Sjdney, Glace Btiy, Cow Bay, $2.20 ditto. 
 
 Another feature of the coaling tititions of the Canadian srubourd of 
 extreme importance to owners of tonnage is that, at one of them, vi/. , 
 Halifux, there is the largest graving dock in America. It is ollicially 
 .stated that the United States man-of-war New York, which draws twu feot 
 more water than her deeignors intended, can only be accommodated at this 
 port. This is especially interesting, as during the winter season stuaniyhips 
 tind Halifax very convenient for coaiitig purposen, and may th»ro, i;j addition 
 to cheap and rapid coaling, obtain superior dock accommodation. 
 
 It will be noticed above that bunker quotations are not given for the 
 port of Louisburg This is because none of the coil companies are us yet 
 in a position to deliver at this time, and will not bo until about the end of 
 the present year. It is true that a narrow gauge railway connects some of 
 ! the mines now being remodelled with the harbor, but such could not bo 
 used to much advantage at this time. The only points then at wli'ch the 
 coal is shipped are the four points named. Of these Halifax is too 
 j well known to require any description, but one or two of the others are so 
 little known that a line or two descriptive may be here inserted. 
 
 Cow Bay. — This port consists of a large funnel-shaped indentation of 
 the coast of Cape Breton, at the entrance to which is Flint Island Light, 
 it is one of the most approachable harbors on the eastern seaboard, and 
 within the limits of the blulf headlands a fleet of vessels could ride at 
 anchor. The anchoring ground is said to be most secure, A long break- 
 water protects the loading pier from the force of the wash of the ocean ; 
 the draught of water at the tips is 20', and the mine is only one mile from 
 the staiths. All port and harbor dues are insigoiticant. In fact, it is a 
 matter much remarked upon, both at Cow Bay and Louisburg, by capt lins 
 jof vessels, that the port dues are exceedingly light. In a very heavy north- 
 (east wind ebipmaaters will do well to steam out into the Bay until the 
 jweather abates. 
 
 Glace Bay About six miles to the north-west the harbor of Glace 
 
 Jay is approached through a short channel 20' deep and about Gu' wide, 
 Jrotected from the force of the weather by parallel piord. This port is well 
 
t 
 
 protected, although a little difficult of aocees in stormy weather. The n J 
 are in the immediate vicinity, and such a thing as delay in executing otden 
 is practically unknown. Fort dues are low, tugs are in attendance, and au 
 description of supplies may be obtained. 1 
 
 Sydnet.— Sydney harbor, like that of Halifax, is too well known t^ 
 require description here. It may be said, however, that Newport can 
 no conveniences which Sydney does not. As a place of resort for vessel^ 
 requiring coal, Sydney has made and is making great strides. It is of courga 
 preferable to either Glace Bay or Cow Bay, and in consequence the owned 
 of the collieries alluded to above are sparing no pains and expending aboull 
 8500,000 to equip their loading piers with yet greater conveniences and] 
 
 quicker loading appliances. J 
 
 The writer hopes that owners of vessels will instruct their captains of 
 
 all these advantages and order them to British in preference to foreign] 
 
 coaling ports whenever feasible. Through doing so their interests are! 
 
 served, and through the consequent development of Eastern Canada the! 
 
 prosperity of Great Britain's commerce and mercantile marine will be| 
 
 definitely prolonged. 
 
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 S. CUNARD & CO. 
 
 HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 Shipping, Commission & Coal (Derehants, 
 
 LINES 
 
 OF 
 
 STEAMERS 
 
 AGENTS FOR... 
 
 ALLAN 
 
 CUNARD 
 
 WHITE STAR 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 RED STAR 
 
 HILL 
 
 ATLANTIC TRANSPORT^ 
 
 Compagnie Generate 
 
 Trans-atlantiquey 
 I 
 
 ALSO 
 
 General Mining Association, Ltd. 
 
 Colliery, Sydney Mines, Cape Breton. 
 
 Messrs. PETER WRIGHT & SONS, Philadelphia & New York. 
 ROBERT BELL & CO., BIythe & Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 " SIMPSON, SPENCE & YOUNG, do. 
 
 London and New York. 
 
 ♦♦ WATTS, WARD & CO., London. 
 
 " R. GORDON & CO., London. 
 
 " J. TEMPERLEY & CO., do. & Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
 
 ♦♦ LLOYDS, London. 
 
 LIVERPOOL, GLASGOW, ^ CONSULAR 
 
 FRENCH and AUSTRIAN | ^^^^^^1 °' 
 
 UNDERWRITERS. ^ FRANCE. 
 
 -WNKERING STEAMERS AHENDED TO WITH DESPATCH. 
 
 
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 Are you interested in 
 Canada ? 
 
 If not, it will pay you to study her 
 great natural resources, more espec- 
 ially at this time, when the old . . . 
 channels of trade are drying up. 
 
 How can you do this? 
 
 By sending us $1.50, (6s) for which 
 you will receive for one year 
 
 THE GA])ADIAH GOItLIEHY QUmU, 
 
 Ct^ITIC 
 
 RflD 
 
 JOOHHflli OF THE W and STEEL TRADES. 
 
 SAMPLE COPIES FREE. 
 
 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION. 
 
 The Canadian Colliery Guardian Co., Ltd. 
 
 HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
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 I'^Pickford & Blacks 
 
 I STEAMSHIP AGENTS 
 I ...AND BROKERS, -. 
 
 I ^^^HHLII^KX, N. S. 
 
 I AGENTS FOR.... 
 
 ] PICKFORD & BLACK^S 
 I West India Steamship Lines 
 
 1 BETWEEN... Halifax and Cuba. 
 
 2 Halifax, Bermuda, Juries Island and Jamaica. 
 m Halifax and Demerara. 
 ^ Via Principal Windward and Leeward Islands. 
 
 I FOHHESS HIKE STfflWEHS, 
 
 I LONDON AND HALIFAX. 
 
 j DOHflliPSOH IilHE STEflJiEllS, 
 
 I GLASGOW AND HALIFAX. 
 
 I Siemens Bros, and others, London. 
 
 I John Holman & Son, London. 
 
 I Commercia Cable Company. 
 
 I Nederland American Steamship Co., Amsterdam. 
 
 I John Glynn & Son, Liverpool, G. B. 
 
 I Wilson Line of Steamers, Hull, G. B. 
 
 I Punch Edye & Co., New York. 
 
 I BUNKERING OF STEAMERS A SPECIALTY. 
 
 I . .QUICK DESPATCH GIVEN EITHER NIGHT OR DAY. 
 
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