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CIHM/ICMH
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1
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6
I. — Facial Painti\(;s oi- iiii: Indians of XoK'riii-.RX
British Ccjllmhia,
By Fkan/, lioAs.
I'l.ATKS I-VI.
Tlio art of tlio Iiulians of nortliorn Hiitisli L'oliiinbia shows a peculiar
ilo\ol(ii)iiu'nt, tliat lias lor a loiiii' time attraetcd tiu- attention of iiivcsti<iat(jrs.
While amoni; most primitixe peojile we linil a teiuleney to the ilevelopment
of geometric ilesinns, the Inilians of northern IJriti: h Columbia Mse for deco-
rati\e purposes almost exclusively animal moti\es. The animal (orms are
highly conventionalizetl. and may be recoji^nized iiy a number of symbols
characteristic of tiie \arious animals tiiat ilie artists tr\' to represent. The
Indians ha\e adopted a peculiar method of adaptinti the animal form to the
decorati\e tield. There is no enileavor tc re])resent the form by means of
perspective, but the attempt is maile to ada|)t the form as nearly as possible
to the tlecorati\e lield liy means of' distortion and dissection. The more
clever an artist is in desiyiiinLT methotls of tlistortion and ilisseetion which
till the decorati\e field and brin<,f into \ie\v all the imjiortant parts ol" the
animal both', the greater is his success.' It will be seen, therefore, that the
greater the dilferenee between the form of the decorati\e tiekl and the form
o\ the animal to be represented, the greater will be the iHtlieulty ot auapta-
tion. When an animal is to be represented on a bracelet, it is shown as
though it were cut from head to tail, anil as though the a.in were |nished
through the opening, the whole animal thus surrounding the wrist. The
same method is followed in the ilecoration ol dishes, where the sides ot' the
animal are shown on the sides ot" the dish, while the opening of the dish
represents the back ol the animal, its bottom the lower side ol the ani-
mal. When the animal form is t(j be shown on llat surfaces, the bod\' is
generally represented as split in two, .and spreail in both directions, so that
it apjiears like two ]iroliles ]ilaced side b\' side.
The peculiarities of the conventionalism of these tribes app-ear most
clearl\ where the dirticulty of adaptation of the subject to the decorative
tield is greatest. I concluded, theiefire, that if I could ■obtain a series of
representations on \er\- tlilllcult surfaces, the principles of eon\ entionalism
would ajipear most cleaily. No surface seems to be more dillicult to treat,
' I h:ive explained in .mother |/l:i'e i ■ funiLinicnMl idras unJcrlyini; lliisart (Bulletin of the Ainei ic.in Museum
of Natural llistorw lS()7. pp. I23-I7()).
I '3 I
H
r.OAS, lACIAI. I'AI.NllNllS OK I'lIK INDIAN'S
and to adapt to animal forms, than tliu human face. I'^n- tliis reason I
resolved to make a colleetion of tiu'ial paintings sucii as are used hy tiie
Indians when adorninij themsi'ives for festive dane'-s
The subjects tiial are usi'd lor this purpose are lar<j;ely the crests of tiie
various families. These are iaiil on in black, red, blue, and green ; the
colors beinix mixetl with grease, and put on with the fmgers. with brushes,
or by means ol wooiKmi stamps cut out for this piupose.
The colleetion which is discussi'il in the present paper was obtained
from E'di;ns;l. a llaida chief from Masset. one of the most famous artists of
the tribe. I have arranged the material in such an order as to begin with
the most realistic, and proceed to higher and higher degrees of convention-
alism, until in the last group of paintings we find a number of pureh
geometrical tlesigns re]iresenting animal forms.
One interesting point was brought out in the beginning of m\ investi-
gation. The decorations dilVer according to the rank and wealth of the
wearer. The full and rather realistic representations of animals are consid-
ered of greater value, and as indicating higher rank, than conx entional re])re-
sentations which consist of symbols of the animals.
Before 1 begin to iliscuss the meanings of the facial paintings, it ma\- be
well to make a brief statement explaining the social organization of the
Ilaida. '1 he tribe is divided into two clans, — the Raven clan, or (.^oa'la ;
antl the Eagle ;lap, or G"it"ina', — which are exogamous. Each of these clans
is subdivided into a great number of families, many of which derive their
names from the localities at which they are believed to have originated.
Each tiimily has a number of crests. A few of these are common to all
the families of the clan. All the (i'it'ina', for instance, have the eagle, and
almost all the (^oa la have the bear .-uid the killer whale. But besides
these, each family has a number of special crests, all of which are derived
from certain traditions setting forth the adventures of an ancestor of the
family. Most of these traditions tell of his encounter with an animal or a
spirit, wiiich, from that time on, became the crest <if his family. The
llaida have maternal institutions counting descent in the female line ; that
is to say. the child belongs to its mothers clan, and inherits its maternal
uncle's rank and ]irojierty. Not all the members of the I'amilv use all its
crests. In the be,L,inning the youth seems to possess the most general crest
of the clan only. — the G'it'ina' the eagle, and the (^^oa'la the bear and the
killer whale. .\s he reaches higher social rank b\- repeated distributions
of property among the members of the opposite clan, he becomes entitled
to the privilege of using other crests ; but the use of the total number be-
longing to the family seems to be restricted to its chief.
I shall now proceed to a descrijuion of the desions represented on
Plates I-VI.'
l'"ri)ni Ilr;lwill^;s liy Mr, Kuilnlph Wi-I)ir.
OK N()RriIi;kN IIKITISII COHMIIIA 15
Fig. I, Plate 1, represents on the left side ot" the I'ae,' the killer whale ;
on the ri-rht side of the face, the ri,i,du whale. The form of the animal is
to a certain extent adapted to the form of the eyebrow. The Indian con-
siders heavy, re,<,rular eyebrows a sign of beauty. Xatiirall/ the eyebrow of
the Indian is very wide. coverin<i; part of the upper eyelid, and ascendin<r
rather hi<,di on the temples. In order to .,nve the cyebrou line the desired
shape, the Indians, particularly the w<;men, sometimes pli ck the hair from
the eyelid, so as to procure a sharp line alon,<^- the uppei rim of the orbit.
A comparison of Fif^. 2, Plate 11. and Fi-. 3,' Plate V, shows that the two
animal forms are inteniled to emjihasi/e the eyebrows of the dancer. The
designs of the killer whale and of the right whale are id -ntieal. They .ire
identified by their color, red being the color of the right whale, black that
of the killer whale. The same use of red and black for identilying right
whale and killer whale may be observed in Figs. 14 and 15. Plate III, the
rtrst of which represents the back of the right whale, while the second
represents the dorsal tin of the killer whale. Red is also used for symbol-
izing the eyes of the whale in Fig. 11. Plate I\'. The right-wh;de and
killer-whale design in Fig. i, Plate I, is supplemented by the red painting
on the lips. This painting symbolizes copper, one of the most valuable
possessions of the Ilaida. It was used by Chief Skidegatc, from whom
the village i.qa'gilt received its current name. He also wore, on festive
occasions, a single bristle cf a sea-lion, placed uprigh; in his hair, which
was tied in a knot on .he top of his head. This siigle bristle indicated
that there was no one of equal rank in the whole tribi .
Figs. 2 and .3, Plate I, represent the halibut, and require no further
remarks. The whole series fom Fig. 2 to Fig. 13 are rather realistic rejire-
sentations of whole animals or of the larger portion of animals. The
designs are not always placed in the position sh..wn m the plate. The red
sun with its black rays (Fig. S ) was worn sometiuies between the eyes,
sometimes covering the mouth and the lower part o ' the nose. It was also'
made of wootl. and worn on the forehead. In this case the rim of the red
disk -vas ::.laid with nieces of abelone shell. This was the ornament used
by the chiet of the Kits-adc's of the Stakincjoan of the Tlingit. It was
called the " house of the sun." The rainbow ( Fig. <) Plate \) was also
placed in ditiercnt positions. Sometimes it was worn extending from the
ear on one side to the posterior corner of the jaw on the other, the concave
side turned upward ; the blue line running from the ear downward to the
jaw, loilowing the lower border of the jaw. wlnie the green line formed the
upper margin. Sometimes it was placed on the forehead, the green border
following the hair line. Fig. 10 represents tho crescent of the moon. \be-
h.ne shells are glued to the cheeks. These are intended to represent the
lamt light ol the moon illuminated by the redection from the earth. Some-
i6
liOAS, lACIAI. I'AINllNCS (»!■
Ill', INDIW.-
tinu's tlio ilosi<rn is sii|-)p!i.'iiU'ntrtl by ii iri'sci-nt-sliapi'd lU'ck-riiii,' niiuli.' of
wood inlaitl with liirj^i' iiictes ot' ahi'luiu" slu-ll. In I'iys. ii, 12, aiul 1.5, largf
pdiliiiiis ol tlic d()L;-salni()n ami iialibut an' ri'|>iosc'ntr(l.
Tiu' f"()li<)\vin<; tliii'o lifijiiros ( l''ij;s. 14, 15, i(). Plate I) symbolize animals
bv means of tiieir lieails. In F')'^. 14 is seen the head ot" the woodpecker in
bh-uk and red. l"i<;'. 15 is the sea-lion. It is shown leelirrnu backward.
indicatiiii;- that tlie sea-lion is blowing. 'The chin is ilaubed with led. The
same design is loiind Irecpiently in tiu' series of facial paintings reprisenled
here; tor instance, in I'ij^s. 11 anil 12, Plate II. and I'ly. iS, Plate \', it
represents the throat of the killer whale. The teelii and the lonji snout in
Fi<,^ i() si<^nit\' the woll'.
In all the precetlin^ ti^ines the face was treated like a flat surface ; the
w iiole riiiiire, or an important part of the tii^ure. beinj,'' ]ilaced in a conven-
ient position. The onJx' cases in which a cert.iin amount ot' ada)itation to
the human lace is found, are the whales in I'ii:'. i. the ra'iibow as described
before, anil the crescent of the moon ( Vl^^. to).
In the series of desi<rns represented on Plate 11 ( I'ius. 1-5), a ditfi'rent
principle has lieen niaile use ot'. In some ol" these tiie lace itsell is iitiii/ed
;is part ol tiie con\entionali/ed desii^n. In \'\ii. 1, Plate II, we see the
bea\ er. One of the principal symbols of the bea\ er is the scaly tail, which
is indicated by hachure lines. The tail is neiierally re]iresented as bein<j;
raiseil in fiont of the beaver's bmlv . It is shown in this manner in the present
design, e.\tenilinu from the chin upward to the nose. The eyes of the person
represent at the same time the eyes of the beaver. I e\)ilained, in the paper
quoted before, that the ears of all animals are shown surmountiuL;' the eyes.
I-'or this reason the beaver's ears are here shown immediately over the eye-
brows. The beaver's hat is also painted on the lace, and represent..'d in the
usual conventional manner h\ means of three circles, which represent the
rings on tlu' hat. The paws are shown on the cheeks. Their position
intimates that they arc reiiresented as though they were raised up to the
mouth, in the same manner in which the beaver is usually represented en
the carvinms and painlinns of the Ilaida. F\ix. 2. Plate II, represents the
raven. The I'vebrovvs are iiere utilized to represent the beak cut in two.
The two proliles of the beak are shown in such a way that their tips are
placed at the inner anyles of the evebrows. The tongue is shown in red on
the upper evelids, its base being near the outer corners of the eyes. The
raven's hat rises on the forehead, ovci' the nose. It is represented by two
circles. The wing is shown in black on the right cheek, the tail on thi'
left cheek. The lower side of the bodv is symbolized by the red painting
e.xteiuling Irom nose to chin. In this case the peculiar methoil of dissecting
the bodv, and showing jiarts of it in such an arrangement as to till the
decorative field, has lieeii applied. b'ig. 3. Plate II. shows the killer whale
(IK \oi< iiii:k> liki 11-11 ('((MMni A.
17
ill prolik'. (lissccU'd so as to tit tlic liicc. Tills dcs'i,'!! is usi-d priiu'i|ialiy !)}'
vvonu'ii. 'rill- lifiul ot" the iiniiiiiil. witli its iaiijc tfotli. is shown on tlu- rij/ht
chcci< ; the tail on the left clu'cl< ; ami tiic dorsal tin on the forehead. Tlie
jjreen paint witii wliieh tlie base of tiie dorsal fin, tiie joint ol" tlie tail, and
the eve, are shown, is used exeliisiv el\ b\ the lainily Sta'stas. Sometimes,
instead ot showing;' dorsal tin. head, and tail, the dorsal tin alone is used to
s\niboli/,e the killer whale.
Ill l'"i,L;'. 4, I'late II. we lia\i' a representation ol" tlu' iloLT-lish, arran<jed
also on the |irineiple ol disseetion. In this ease, as in I'"iir. i, I'late II, part
ot' the t'aee is utilized to ri'present the animal. 'I'he eyes of the person are
the eyes ot' the iloy-tish. On the forehead, o\ er the eyes, rises its peeuliar
long snout with the two nostrils. 'I'he gills are shown by two eurxed lines
just below the outer corners ot' the eyes. Tlie tail is represented as cut in
two, one halt' extending I'roni the right nostiil dowinvarcl. the other from the
lel't nostril downward. The asymmetrical t'orni 'he tail is shown clea 'ly
ill each hall'. The dorsal ;in is placeil on the right cheek, extending from
the ear uji to the nose. S(Miietimes this painting is sup|)lenu'nted b\' black
daubs on both cheeks. 'J'lie color of the dog-lish is reil, like that of the
whale, as may be seen 'roni a comparison ol the present figure and Fig. 16,
Plate III.
'J'he characteristic colors of the sculpin are red. blue, ami black, as may
be seen in l-'ig. 5. I'late II, and Figs. 5-S. Plate IV . Fig. 5, Plate II, must
be interiireled as an adaptation of the whole figure ot' the sculpin to the
human face. Tin.' moutii is painted red. repri'senting the mouth ot' the
scul]iin. On the upjier lip rise the two spines which are found o\er the
mouth ol the sculjiin. The round nostrils are placed on the cheeks, adjoin-
ing the outer corners ol tlu' mouth., and the contiiuunis doisal tin is indicated
by the blue triangle extemling along the b'idge of the nose. The tail is
shown in black on the loreheatl. A comparison with the representations of
the sculpin mi Plate I\' shows that in the latter case (uily :i few ot' the
s\'mbols applied here ha\ e been m.-ule use of to reiiresent the lish.
The two red bars of Fig. 6, I'late II. are the arms of the starfish.
which are shown in the form of a cross in I'ig. 7, Plate I.
In the tollowing series ol paintings the animals to be represented are
shown by means of symbols. I have arranged them in such a way as to
bring out the \ arious parts of the body that have been utilized. In I'ig. 7,
Plali' II. we lind the large mouth of tlu' sea-monster Ts'an xn'utse in red
ami black, with its enormous teeth. The cliaracteristic c<iIors of the mon-
ster are reil and black, with black tlorsal tin. 'J'he name may be translati'd
as "grisly bear of the sea." It is iilentilied with the sea-monster llaguki'ii
ol' the Tsimshian. It is represented as half bear and halt killer wh.ile. It
has two tails. — a bear's tail and a whale's tail, — ami ar. enormous ilorsal tin
:)— \ll.\l. AM. Ml ■;. NAl. MISI., Mil. II. JIM:, iSljS.
IH
liOAS, lAClAI, r.MNllNCS (ll llll; IMUANS
peiNiiatod at its liase. »\mv oltcn a human fact' is sliDwn at the basi- ot" tho tin.
'IMk- InilianN maintain that th s Uwv is iharactcristic (if the sca-monsttT ; but
it must be botiif in niiiui that in all tiu' rcpri-si'ntations ot' animals uc linii a
tinilrncv to indicate joints by means ot' eyes, which often develop into faces,
and that fms and tails an- always shown as connected to the body bv means
ol joints. b'i<f. S is the loni; piobos is ol' the mosipiito. In Vi'^x. q the
beak of the hawk is shown, characteii/i'd by the returning;- jxiint ol' tiie
beak;' the fed line inulcr tiie beak niiresents the ton<:ue of the bird. In
I'i^-. lo we see the laiL,a' tootidess mouth ot' the l>"o<,'. Sometimes tlie lips
are reddened as a syndxil of the fro^^ also symbolizinu; its toothless mouth.
It is interestiny- to note that the last-named painting; is utilized tor a variet\
of purposes. I mentioned bet'ore, in liescribinu; Fi<,'. i, Plate I, that this
paintinj,' represented co|)per. the symbol of wealth. 'Phis seems to be the
most frequent interpretation. In the present case it represents the froii, while
in other cases it seems to indicate the blood ol" the slave killeil durin<,' the
celebration of the festi\ al. and buried under a post of the house ; but it
seems that in the last-named case the painting is not conlined to the lips,
but extends slij^iitly beyond their mar<,Mns.
In the followinj^ series of fi<,rures the feet ( ' the animals are used as
symbols. In Fiy;s. ii and u we see the I'eet of the sea-lion. In Fii,^ ii
its tail is shown attached to the base of the I'oot, extending o\ er the cheek,
under the right eye. Fig. i.^ represents the tracks of the bear, anil the
bear's tail on the chin. In j"ig. 14 we have the feet of the sea-monster
Ts'an xo'utse ; in Fig. 15. the'-'A'et of the wolf; and in Fiy-. 16, the talons
ol the eagle. The last named are '■•.■>,!^s(i useil in a \:iriety of wa\s. Some-
times, instead of painting the cheeks nvTIT^^u' eagle's talons, the hair is |nit
up in ii bunch on top of the head, tieil w itlT'^.-*.:(lju-bark d\ed red in a de-
coction of alder-bark, and an eagle's talon protruding from the knot forward.
A large sipiare jiiece of an alti'lone shell is fastened to it in such a wa\-
that the eagle's talon appears to hold the shell. Still another method of
wearing the eagle's talons is as follows : A head-ring is made of twisted
cedar-bark dyed red in a decoction of alder-bark, and the eagle's talons are
lied to the sides of the ring in such a way that they extenil from the sides
towards the middle on the I'orchead. This ornament is used bv the chief of
the Vak'li'nas when celebrating the erection of a new house. On this occa-
sion sla\es are killed, ami burieil under the house-post. This ceremonv is
.s^-mboli/.ed by the retl painting of the lips, and of the skin imnu'diatcK sur-
rounding the lips. Women wear the symbol of the eagle in the form ol"
ear ornaments made of abelone shell, which are cut in the shape of eagle's
talons. Fig. i, Plate III, shows the hoofs of the mountain-iioat.
Set' Hullclin of the Ameiiian Mii'^eiini iif Natiir.il Flistmy, 1S.17, p. 1 u.
OF NdklllKKN IJklllsIl COIIMIUA.
•9
^
Iho iH-M scTK's „l p;,i,uin-s syinlK.li/e the animals In means „r tl.dr
tails. In IM-. ... Plate 111. ue sec the tail „f the laln.l..us monster VVasx
'I his monster ,s believed t., be half xv,.ir and half whale. It is eapable of
himt,nf,r on land as well as in the waters. Its favorite oame is whales : and
when returnm- from In,,./ v^ it carries one whale muler eaeh arm. one
m Its mouth, one behind each ear. one under its dorsal (in. and one held
in Its lun^r tail. For this reason the curved tail in which it holds the
whale IS one ot its symbols. Fi,. ,, is a rather realistic representation of
the woll s tail. Tne chief of the Vak'.ln'nas. instead of the pai, m,.-. wears
two wolves' tails tied to the top-knot of his hair, fastened bv meaii"^ of red
cedar-bark. W ith this he wears ;i twisted rin.o- of red ced.ar-bark.
The following series of birds' tails is la.-elv eharacteri/ed bv the Inrm
ot individual feathers. The hawk's tail ( Fi.o-. 4, is shown spreadin.^ with
pomted leathers, while the tails of the woodpecker ( Fii;. ^,.and of the raven
(iM-s. 6, 7) are shown with rounded tips and parallel leathers. Since the
symbol ol the raven's tail (FiV- 5) is not dear, it is supplemented In the
additional symbol of the raven's throat, represented In red paint on the
thnmt ol the dancer. Fi.o. 7 represents the raven's tail split in two. the body
be.no- indicated by the red paint extendin- from nose to chin, and one-half of
the tail beino- shown exte.ulino; upward from each side of the mouth This
pamtino- is used bv the chief of the Yak"la'nas, and is supplemented by a
earved raven-head, which is attached to the top-knot. Three ermine skins
are placed ,n its beak. Im^-. 8 shows the win^s of the raven on forehead
and lelt cheek : a sm,i.|e leather, perhaps a tail-feather, on the riuht cheek.
lhisdcsio:„ ,s used by the Critse'es, a Tsimshian tribe. The tips of the
leathers are cut out of copper and olued to the skin, while the bases are
pamted -reen. In FU^. we rind a rather realistic representation of a raven's
winjr, supplemented by the red throat of the raven.
1-i.i,^ to is a p.aintin.o that is not used by the present Indians, but is
h.und on the mask representino- Nenk-ils,.as,.ino-ai': that means "the fut.-re
iNenk ilsi.as. Xenk ilsi.a's is the mythical name of the uncle of the Raven
111- name was later on inherited by the Raven himself, who for this reason
-s called " the luture Xenk'ilsi.a's." Acordin.o- to tradition he killed the
bird tsa gul, p„t „n its skin, and liew up to heaven, where he liberated the
sun. I he paintmo represents the feathers of the bird Ts'n'<.ul.
In Fios. ,, and 12 we Hnd the red tuft of the puthn. This is also used
in various posit.<.ns. It is s.mietimes worn on cheek and forehead, as shown
ill the present h-ures. .Sometimes it is placed on the eiiin. Fi"-. r? is the
arm ol the devil-rish, set with sucking-cups. In Fi^s. ,4. i^.'"^and' if,, we
have the backs and dors.al rins of.'., right whale, the killer whale, and the
dog-hsh. I he right whale is characteri/.ed by its red color; the killer whale
Recordedby (ieorge M. tMuson, in Ueport of th. (;e«l„,.ic.nl Survey „f Cana.Ia f„r ■.7.-7,, pp. ,4,,, „. ,T.
20
I'.OAS. 1 \(l\l I'\1N11\(.S (»|- llli: 1\1)1\.\S
by tlic bliii-k color ami a prrloration in thf luiildli.' ol' tlu' tin. I'liX. i. I'lair
1\'. rcpri'siMits tin- dorsal tin ot' tlu' W'asx (sco p. H)). It ditlVrs tiom llu-
tin ol' tiu' w half and <it" tlic shark in that its tip is turned backward. I'ii,'. 2
shows the sanio tin in a ilitliMcnt position. oofiipN int: the whole chin and
lower part of the cheeks. V\<^. ,5 sjiows the ilorsai tin ol' the sea-nionster
Ts'.ln xA'utsC. Its pi'cidi.ir characteristic is tin- black color, and its L^reat
width as coniparcil to the dorsal tin ol' the killer whale. Fi^'. 4 is the short
bear's tail ol' the same sea-monster, characteri/eil In the two colors black
and red. Fi<is. 5-8 are all svnibols of the scnipin. In all of them the lips
are iiainted reil. reiiresentini; the mouth of the lish. In b'ii;-. 5 the spines ol
the back are represented in bli. • on iijiper lip and nose. In Fiir. <> the two
spines which rise over the mouth are shown in blue, dixerijinj,' upward from
the mouth. In Fi^. 7 the \ ertebra' ol' the lish are added to the mouth.
ThcN are represented bv a series of tour blue circles extendinu- upward troiii
nose to I'orehead, each circle representing one \ ertebra. In V\'j:- ^ the pec-
toral tins are placed on each side of the UKUith.
Fit;, q is difficult to explain. It is said to symbolizi' the raven's hat ;
hut the I'orm ol' the ornament does not af^ree with the typical conventional-
ized hat desiun. which consists of a series ot' rinus. ,is in Fi^s. u and r,v
The si^nitic.ince of the paintini; is therefore doubtful. In I'^i^'. i<> we fmd
the horns of the moimtain-yoat : in Fi^. 11. the lar>;e eyes o!' the whale,
indicated by a red paintinu; all round the eyes.
Fijr. li represents another sea-monster called 'I's'icm'a's. It is symbol-
ized bv its hat and two lar<4e red ears, which are ; ited over the eyebrows,
and extend down over the upper eyelids. The tradition of the Ts'icm'a's has
evidentiv been born...ed t'rom the Tsimshian, amon^ whom the same mon-
ster is called Ts"i;m'a'ks. which means "in the water." It is said to live
in rivirs. and to he a dangerous toe to tra\ellers. The traditions rather
su^i^est th:it the 'I' 'i:m'a's is the personitied snay. This opinion is supported
by the painting shown in Fig. 10. Plate \'l, in which the Ts'i-:m'a's is repre-
sented bv a \nu'jc bar. br )adenin,y: at its lower end. Fii^'. 13 was described
originally as the mountain-goat, the cars being placed over the eyes, and
the ornament in the middle representing a single horn. It is not certain that
this interpretation is correct. At a later date I revised the collection, and
asked the Indian to repeat the names of the beings whom he intended to
represent in his sketches. His answers were in almost all cases identical
with the first descriptions ; but in the present painting he said first that it
rejiresented the Ts'iim'a's. He interpreted it as identical with Fig. 'z ; but
later on he corrected himsell', saying that the ears of the Ts'kui'A's are not
black. The interi)retation of the central ornament on the forehead as the
horn of the mountain-goat remained doubtful, however. It resembles in t\ pe
the representations of the hat ; but it is likely that the rings surrounding
(11 NoK! I!i;k.n i;khisii ( oii miua.
21
tlic horn of thi- mountain-'ioat woiikl hv reprcsi-nti-il in the same manner
as the rin<,rs of tlie hat. or tlie vertohra' of the sculpin in 7iji. 7, Plate IV'.
It s'-enis that eireiilar ornaments siirroniulin;,' a h)n^' ohji'ct, whi'n represented
on a llat surtiice. ari' tiirneil up. sn that the aetiial representation n-sembles
a row ol' eross-sectinns ot the objeet. In I''it,'- 14 \\ e iia\ e tiie feet ot a
hear, phiceil so that the iieel portion siiiMKuml^ the eyebiows. IJy tliis means
tlie lieel portion of tiie toot is maiie to ser\ i' two purrx'ses. It represents
both jiarl ol' th*.' foot am! tiu' iMrs ot" the animal.
Tiie eonventional s\ niiiol .iiipiii'ii in tlie liiilowini; fi<:iires are of siieli a
eiiaraeti'r tiiat, witliout a t'lill I'xplanation, it woiilii not be possible to dis-
eo\er what animal tlu'\ are intemied to represent, 'i'he small triaiiuU- on
tin r.ose, shown in l"'i«;. 15. is intentled to symbolize the mouth ol' the devil-
fish. In Fi;j. 16 the larj^e teeth of the sea-lion rise o\ I'r the e\ebrows,
wh.ile the ehin is painted reil, symboli/in<^ the throat of the killer whale.
In b'iii'. 1. I'late V. we see ;; larj,'e red o\.il in the middle of tlie faee. whieh
represents the bladiler ol' the sea-lion, 'i'his paintini;- is also supplemented
b\ the red chin syndu)li/inj^ the throat of tlie killer whale. 'I'he eondiina-
tion of colors is the characteristic synd)ol in Fif^s. 2 and ^]. In I'iii- 2 w'e
find the tail of the sea-nionster Ts'an xO'iitse. which is in form iilentical with
the tail of the killer whale. The latter, however, is black on both sides.
In V\iX. ,^ we have one black and one red eyebrow of the same .■ ea-monster.
In \'\ix. 4 we fuul a curious principle applied. The paintin',^ represents the
tail of the halibut |irotrudin<i from the mouth of the tlancer. This paintinj,^
is not intemied to symboli/e the halibut, but the sea-lion swallowinji' a
halibut ; that is to say, the whole face of the dancer is intended as a repre-
sentation of the sea-lion, which is characteri/.cd bv the fooil it is eatinjj;.
The chin is aj;ain painted red. inilicatiny the throat of the killer whale.
The crossinir black lines in I'iy'. 5 symbolize the ribs of the ber.r. W'e have
here rea cd a purely <ieometrical desi<jn intended to symbolize an aniiiKi.
form. — a development which has never lu'cn (imnd heretofore in the art of
the \orth Pacific tribes. The head of the ilancer sliown in Fii^. 6 is daubed
all over with red. It ie|iresents the white head of the eaiile. 'i'he color
red is used to ri']iresent the white parts of the animals. The up]ier part ol"
the head of the dancer is here identified with the upper part of the head of
the eatile. Similar to this is the symbol of the red-headed woodpecker,
which consists in a liberal application of red paint all over face and hair.
In I'ig. 7 we notice :\ narrow red line on each siile of the face. This
is intended to represent the red feathers in the vvini;s of the woodpecker.
In this case the sides of the head are identified with the sides of the ani-
mal. The painting represented in Fijj;. S has been discussed before. It is
the throat of the killcp- whale, which appears so often in combination with
other desi<j;ns. 'I'he lon^' bar. with a series of live crescents, shown in b'iy-. 9,
22
HOAS, lAClAI. PAINIINdS ()!■ IllK INDIANS
roprcsciils tlic tluoat dI' tlic moiistor 'I's'an xO'iitsO, which is cliaractcri/.L-il by a
scries of wliitc spots. In I'in'. lo \vc tiiul a broad red band sundiiiubiiu- tlic
whole lace. 'I'liis is inteiuled to represent the eaj^le's nest. In Fij^. . i we find
one side ol" the face painted black, the other side jiainteil red. 'I'his is also the
sv: 'bol of an animal, it represents the halibut, tiie left side of the face indi-
catini;- tile iijiper ilark side ot' the animal, while the riohl side of the face
represents the light lower side of the animal. 'I'his i>aintin<r is generally used
in connection with a peculiar hair-dress, tiie whole hair bcin<j tied up in a
knot on top of tiie head, and ten ermine skins being placed inside the knot,
which is fastenetl bv means ol" red cedar-bark. Fig. 12, wliich represents mos-
(juito bites, recpiires no explanation ; but in F'ig. i,? we see a principle ajiplicd
wiiich becomes evident in many carvings of totem-poles. ' .Since in many
cases the rear side ot" the object cannot be ilecorated. the subject ot the
decoration is split along its rear, and spread over the Iront of the object.
In this manner the trunk of a tree, with holes made by a woodpecker, is
utilized in this figure. We notice two vertical black bars in the middle ot"
the face, representing the outlines ol" the tree. The holes made by the wood-
pecker on both sides of these lines must be exjilained in the t'ollowing way :
The tree has been split on the rear side, and botii halves of the rear portion
ha\ e been extended in such a way as to cover both sides of the face ; so
that the fields to the left and to the right represent the rear of tiie tree.
I'igs. 14 ami 15 s\nibolize cojiiier plates, which are considered the most
valuable property by the Indians. The copper plat.-s have an almost rec-
tangular form, being about twice as high as wide. They are strengthened
bv means of a ridge running from the middle ol" one long side to the middle
of the opposite side. One of the sijuares is divided by another ridge, the
two ridges torming a T. The red bar on the faces in Figs. 14 and 15 repre-
sents the second ridge, which is considered the most valuable portion of
the copper plate. The Indians have n custom of breaking the coppers and
distributing them among the members )f the tribe. When thus broken up
the second ridge is kept until the last, and has a much higher value than
all the other portions of the copper. 'I'he ridge is sometimes extendeil o\ er
the hair, which in this case is tied up in two knots, one on each side of
the bar. 'fhe knots are tied with red cedar-bark, to which a large square
piece of abelo.ie shell is attached. In i"ig. i<> we find two pairs of parallel
black lines, which remind us of Fig. 5. Plate V. Their meaning is, how-
ever, entirely distinct from the meaning of the previous figure. They represent
a rock-slide, more particularly the trees uprooted by the filling masses of
stone. Fig. i. i'late \'I. is identical with Fig. 6. Plate \\ but it has a dif-
tcrent meauK-.g. It represents the red clouds of the evening sky. the clouds
being svmboli/eil by the red jiaint covering the top of the head. In I*"ig. 2
' Si-i- llulkliii .il tlu- AniL-lkail Mustimi of Naliir.il History, lS.)7, p. 15(1.
Ol' NORIUKKN URlll.SIl ((HI' MIUA.
23
the outlines of the laee represent the horizon ; and the red spots all round
it, tile eirrus elouds on tlie liorizon. Tiie same l<ind of cloud scattered over
the inoriiinLT or eveninsj sky is sliown in V\iX- ,h I'"',ii'- 4 represents the dark
cuimilus cloud of a thuiuler-slorni, the reil sections inilicatinii' the hlui' sky
between tin dark clouds, which are syndiolized by the black sections of the
face. Fi.LCs. 5 and (y are always used in conjunction. They also symbolize
the cumulus cloud of a tluuuler-storm ; the red line in Fi<j. 6 correspond-
ing to the red sections in I'liX- 4, anil the black liiu's to the black sections.
In Fill". 7 we obser\ e ayain two black bars resembliui;- those shown in Fins.
5 and 16. Plate \'. In this case they are intended to represent dark stratus
clouds. I'i,u'. S, Plate \'l. whicii consists ol" red painting' around the eyes, is
identical with I'i^. 11. Plate I\'. which represents the larue eyes ot' the
whale. The jiresent ti<;iue signifies the after-image of the rising sun. The
person using this design wears earrings made of abelone shell, which are
cut in the form shown in I'ig. S. Plate I. .\ \ery interesting moditication
of this painting consists of a single large red circle placed on the right or
left temple, which is also intended to represent the al'ter-image of the sun.
The painting shown in Fig. i) is not used in the same class ol" cere-
monials 10 which all the preceding paintings ap)il\'. It is (.'mploxeil in a
religious ceremonial in which li\e dogs are toin anil ilexoureil. I ha\ e not
been able to discoxer any meaning in the two pairs of black bars placed
over the eyes, \vhile the painting on the chin and mouth is explained as the
blood of' the dogs. In Fig. 10 we have a representation ot the monster
Ts*i:M"a's (see p. 20). Fig. 11 is a painting used by Ci'itso'es. a tribe of the
Tsinishian. and is said to represent a tish-net.
The Indian who made the i-.eries of paintings tbi- me was not able to
give any explanation ol Figs, ij and i :;, which represent the beavei- and the
sea-otter resj)ecti\ely. He exidained that Fig. 12 was princiiialh' used dur-
ing mourning ceremonials, and that the black lines extending from the eyes
downward represented tears ; and he presumed that the ornament o\ er the
mouth represented the beaver's tail, but he was not certain in regard to that
point. I*"ig. 13 is ;i tattooing used b\' the tlimilx' Kunli'nas. He was unable
to explain why it re|)resents the sea-otter, but merely stated that it was
obtained by the lamily immediately alter the Deluge, when they landed at
NaOku'n.
The explanations given here show that whif; a considerable series ot"
lacial paintings are no more convenlionali/cd 'lian the paintings found on
other objects, the intricacy of the decorative field has led the Indians to
de\elop geometrical designs, although no othei- cases aie known in which
such designs are aiijilied by tiiese tribe;- to symbolize animal forms. It
is ot importance to note that the same decorations ma\ ssmbolize a \ariet\'
of objects. Thus the design for the whale's eye. and that for the after-image
24
nOAS, lACI.M, TAINI INC.S, KIC.
of the sun. arc identical. Tiio Lead of tiie ea-le. and the evenin- sky. are
expressed hv the same paintin--. Tiie ribs of tlie hear, tiie n.ek-slide. and
the stratus cloud, are so much alike that, without a statement on the part ()t
the Indians, it would be impossible to know what is meant. The collection
is of theoretical interest mainly because it shows that the dilliculty ol"
adapting the subject ol" decoration to the decorative lield has been a most
powerful element in substitutin.i: geometrical torms lor less conventicmal
desii,Mis. and in showin,-- a series of important transitional tortus. We fmd
here" also the fust steps in the development of color syir.n)lism, which plays
an imiM.rtant part in the arts of other tribes, while it hardly occurs at all
in the more realistic decorative motives of the Indians of the North Pacific
coast.
PLATE I.
EXFM.AXA'IION OF I'LATE I.
I'ig. I. - I.c-lt evfbniw : killer whnk- ; l)l;i(l<, Ris^'lu eyebrow : whale ; red. I.ii>s i.ainte.l
red. rcpresentint; copper. Used l.y the ^•alv".^•it•inai of i.qa gilt or Skidegaie.
(Ci'it'ina .)
Mg. 2." H.dilmi : red and black. I'scd \<\ the Sta'stas of K^iiV-fa. Ihc Nc'.las of the
Kaigani ; the Ts'ai Ifiiias of la k'o. (C.'it'ina .)
Pig. 3, — Halibut: red and black. INed bv the Stasias of K "iO st'a, the Vt-'da.s ol the
Kaigani; the 'I's'ai.lanas of lak'O. ((•'it'ina'.)
Fig. 4.-')cviinsh; red ami black. Used by the Vak"la nas of la'k'O and Nanaafi of
the riingit. {(/oii la.)
Fig. 5.— Dog-salmon : red and black Used by the Sk'a'g'nas xa'edra (dog-salimm
house people) of the Kaigani. (('■ it'ina.)
Fig. 0. Dog-salmon; red and bku k. Used by the Sk'a g'nas xaedra (dog-salmon
house peoi)le) of the Kaigani. (( 'I'lt'ina'. )
Fig 7.— Star-fish ; red. Used by the S'ali; ndas of la k'o. (C.'it'ina.)
Pig. S. — Sun; red and black. Used by the Kits'ades of the Stakuuioan of the Tlingit.
((I'il'ina .)
pij, 9. — Rainbow; upper margin green, bodv red, lower margin blue. Used by the
Stasiasiieowai of i.Sait or Gold Harbor. ((^)'oa la.)
Fig. 10. ~ Moon ; crescent on chin red; ornaments on . heeks made of abelone shell glued
on to the skin. Used by the \ak"la nas of la k'o and T <ienol.lanas of Q'u na
or Skidans. ((/oa la.)
Pig ,,.- Dog-salmon ; red and black. Used by the Sk'ag'nas .xa edia of the Kaigani.
(Ci'it'ina .)
Fig. r.'. — Halibut ; red and black. Used by the Sta'stas of K'iiVst'a, the VOdas of the
Kaigani; the Ts'lii lanas of la'k'O. (C.'it'ina.)
Pig i^ _ Halibut ; red and black. Used by the Sta slas of K'iust'a, the Vedas of the
Kaigani; the Ts'ai. lanas of lak'O. (tiit'ina .)
Fig. ,4. — Woodpecker; red an.l bla.k. Used by the lasla nas of Da'.lins. ((Vniila.)
|.ig ,5. — Onfvirehead: sea-lhm blowing; black. On < hin : throat of killer whale ; red.
Used by the Skoa l.'adas of l.Sa'it or Cold Harbor. (<,)'oa'la.)
Pig j6._ \v„|f ; red and black. Used by the (,)'adas.ie owai of T'ano or Tlo. (t^'oala.)
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. II.
Plate 1.
Fucial Paintings ol the Indians of Northern British
Coluniliiii.
1
'I
•5
■^
!t
"a
PLATE II.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IE
I'ig. I. — r ■aver ; red .nil l)la' .. Over nose: hat; iiver eyel)r()\vs : ears; on cheeks :
paws; iin rhin and .i|is : tail. I'scd by the .Stasias of K''in sta. ((i'it'ina,)
^'iR• 2- — Raven; red and hiack. Over nose : hat; over eyel)rows : beak split in two ;
on iip|)er eyelids : tongue ; on left cheek : tail ; on right ciieek : wing ; on
chin and lips : belly. Used by the (i'it'ina'.
'''8- 3- — Killer whale ; black and green. On right cheek . head , on forehead : dorsal
tin ; on left cheek : tail. Used by women of the Sta stas of K"in sta.
(Q'oala.l
I'ig. 4. — Dog-fish ; red. On forehead : head with nostrils ; under eyes ; gills ; on right
cheek: fin; under nose : tail split in two. L'sed by the (Vonaii'e owai of
'l"ano' or Tlo. (Ci'it'ina .)
I'ig. 5. — Sculpin; black, blue, lips red. The lips represent tile nioiilh ; 011 upper lip: the
spines ; nostrils represented by circles on eai h side of mouth ; on nose : dorsal
fins; on forehead : tail. Used by the O'it'i ns of S^a nguai or Ninstance.
(Ci'it'ina .)
Fig. 6. — Star-fish; red. The arms placed side l)y side. Used by the S'ab: ndas of Ifl'k'o.
(t/it'ina .)
I'ig. 7. — Mouth of the sea-monster 'I's'an xo utse (sea-bear); red and black. Used by
the Yak"la nas of la k'o and the Nanaa ri of the Stakinijoan of the Tlingit.
(Q'oa'la).
Fig. 8. — Proboscis of mosipiito ; black. Tsimshian. (I.axski yek.)
Fig. 9. — beak of hawk ; black and red. Used by the Si.engala nas of la an. (Q'oa'la.)
Fig. 10. — Mouth of frog; red. Used by the (J'ona(|'e owai of (,)'u na or Skidans. /
(O'it'ina.) '/
Fig. It. — On nose and cheek : jjaw and tail of sea-lion; black. Tail under right eye. On
I'hin : throat of killer whale ; red. Used by the Skoa'i.'adas of hSait or Oold
Harbor. (Q'oa'la.)
Fig. 12. — On forehead : paw of sea-lion; black. On chin : throat of killer whale ; red.
Used by the Skoa'L'adas of i.Sa'it or (iold Harbor. (Q'oa'la.)
l''K- '3- — ''" cheeks anil forehead: tracks of be;ir ; red and black. On chin : tail of
bear ; red. Used by the Yak"la nas of la k'o and Nanaa'ri of the Stakinqoan
of the Tlingit. (Q'oa'la.)
Fig. 14. — I'aws of the sea-monster Ts'Sn xo'utse ; black. Used by the Yak"la'nas of
la k'o and by the Nanaa'ri of the Stakinijoan of the 'I'lingit. (Q'oa'la.)
Fig. 15.— I'aws of wolf; red and black. Used by the (,)'adasiie owai of T'ano' or Tlo.
(Q'oa'la.)
Fig. 16. — Talons of eagle; black. Used by theQ'onaq'e owai of T'ano' or Tlo. ((lit Ina .)
Memoirs Ain. Mus. Nt.i. Hist., Vol. II.
Pinto II.
Facial Paintings of the Ind
ians of Nortliei-n British C
olumbia.
M.ATK III.
KM'I.ANATION (H- I'l-AIK III.
I'iK. I.
I'ig. 2.
V'H- .?■
f'«. 5-
Fig. 6.-
Fig. 7.-
Fig. S.-
Fis- 9-
Fig. 10.-
Fig 11.-
Fig. ra.-
Fif,'. ..S.-
Fig. 14.-
Fig. 15- -
Fig. 16.-
F.rt „f Mu„int;.ii..g.,al ; t,l,„ k. l'>nl l.v ihr . <iOnOl.lanas of (.Ci, n,i or Skuluns
((J'dilli.l
Tail <.f tlu. m..n,tfr \V;,.x; r.<l. Usol |,v the (/i.'i ns of ,^^^,,\, „r Ski.lrgate
(d'lt'ina.)
-Tail of «„|i: rc.l an.l Ma. k, Isc-d Lv iIr. QadasciO owai of T'ano ,,r I lo
('J'oil la. I
-T.iil ot hattk ; rr.l :imi Mark. r>„.,l |,y the Siing.ilrl nas of I., ,11,. ((r„;Vla )
-Tail of »oo(l|KTkcr; ml an.l Ma. k. rscl hv the la^la na. .,f Im.lnis
((/oala.)
-On forehead : tail of raven : red aiul Ma. k. On ne. k : ih.oat of raven; red.
Used iiy ihe O'it'ina .
-Tail of r.nen; red and Mack. L'sed l>y the Vak'-la nas of In ko, an.l the
\ ei.nas\a edra of Kaigani. ((i'ii'ina .)
-Raven wings; copper lips ghied on 1.. skin, bases green paint. Ise.l by the
(i'llkanirla n (C.'itse es) of the Tsiinshian. ((Jianha da.)
-Onfa.e: raven's wing ; bla.k. On ne. k : raven's llir.iat : red. l'sed by the
(I'it'ina.
- Feathers of the bir.l Ts'.i giij ; re.l. I'ainling used by .Nenk'ilsi.asi.ingai'.
-Tuft of piifliii ; red an.l l.la. k. L'sed by the ( r.ia la of the Kaigani.
■Tuft of pntfin ; red anil bla.k. L'se.l by the (/oa la of the Kaigani.
-.Ann .,f .levil-l'ish; red an.l black. Use.l bvthe Sk'ag nas .xa e.Ira of the Kaigani
(O'it'ina.) ^
-Hack of whale; re.l. l'se.l by the (/oa la.
-I>orsal fin of killer whale; black. Used by the (Koala.
Hack and tin of d.-g-fish : red. Use.l by the Q'Ona.fO .nvai of T'ano or Tlo
((i'ifina.)
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nut, Hist., Vol. II.
Plbte III.
Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbie
PLATE IV.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
I'-ig. 1.-
Fig. 2.-
'•'ig. 3--
Fig. 4.-
Fig. S--
Fig. 6.-
l'"ig. 7.-
Fig. 8.-
Fig, 9.
Fig. lo. ■
■l)..rs.,l lln of Uasx: red. Used l.y ,he (J-itTns of ,,,|auilt or Ski.l.g.te
(Ci 11 in:i ,) t •
- Dorsal fin of Wasx; red aiuil.la.k. Fs.d l.y ,1,. (-ifinsof ,,,,a ,ih or Skidc
gale. ({■ It ina .)
-Hack and dorsal f,n of the sea-monster Tsan xo'ulse ; Mark. Used l.v the
(Q olIaT "' ' ' "'' ''' ■^'""' " "' ""' "■"'■"'""" "'" ""^ ■'■''"«'"
-Short bear's tail of the sea-monster Ts'an xOutse : bla.k an.l red. Used l,y the
\$^^ of luko and the Nanaa ri of the S.akin.oan of the Tiiiigit:
-The lips represent the mouth of the sculpin ; red Over inouth and on nose ■
spmes ; blue. Use.l by the (Mfi ns of ,,,|a gilt or Skidegale. and of S^a n.Miai
or .Ninstance. ((J'irina.) "
-The lips represent the mouth of the Mulpin : red. Over, he monlh : spines-
kT.\ ^"'^'', 'LI'" ''■'''■" "' '■•l^«'l' or Ski.,ega,e, and of S.an.uai o;
Ninstance. (ditina.l
-■rhe li,,s represent the mouth „f the sculpin; red. On nose and forehead- verte-
-ne ol th. sculiWn ; blue. Used by the .^fi ns of i.,|a gilt or Skide.ate, and
ol SHa Mguai or Ninstance. ((I'it'ina.)
II"' 'ii« "i;";""" ii» ""'ml, ,, ...„i|,i„ : ,„i, u„-, ,i„. ,„„„,i, : Hi, ,. .
","».«:."',''„■■:';■"■'"" " '"""'■ "■ =^"*«"'-' -' '^'•'" ^
-Hat of raven; blue. Used by the (Tifina'.
-Horns of mountain-goat; black. Use.l by the i.,,enot,lanas of O'una or
.Skidans. ((J oa la.)
I'ig. o. — Kyes of whale (red). (Q'oa la.)
Fig. 12
Fig. 13--
Fig. 14.-
Fig. 15.-
Fig. ,6.-
-Over nose : mil of the sea-monster Ts'Km a s ; black. Over the evebrows • its
t-ars; red. L sed by the i.Saiolanas of u|a gilt or Skidegate. (Q'oa la.)
-Over nose : horn of mountain-goat. Over eyebrows: its ears ; black Used by
the i.i|enOl.la nas of ( Kuna or .Skidans. (( Koala.)
-Feet of bear; black and red. The part of the painting over the eyebrows
represents the eats. Used by the xoa dos of Naeku n. ((Koala.)
-Xose of devil-hsh ; red. Used by the Sk'ag'nas xaedra of Kaigani ((Tifina'.)
-Over eyebrows: teelh of sea-lion; black. On chin: throat of killer whale •
red. Lsed by the .Skoar.'adas of ..Salt or Ooid Harbor. (Q'oala.)
M
emoirs Am. Mus. Not. Hist., Vol. H.
Plnte IV.
Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbia.
PLATE V.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Fig. I. — On fiire .- Mndder of sea-lion ; red. On chin : tliroat of killer whale; red. Used
by the .Skoa'i'adas of i.Sa it or Cold Harhor. (( Voa'la.)
Fig. 2. — Tail of the sea-monster I'sMn xO'iitse ; red and black, l^ed by the Yak"la'nas
of lakoand the Nanaa ri of the Stakini|oan of the Tlingit. ((^'oala. )
fig- 3- — F.yebrows of the sea-monster Tsan x6 utse ; red and black. I'.sed by the
Yak"lanas of la k'o and the Nanaari of the Stakin.joan of the Tlingit.
(Q'oala.)
Fig- 4-— Face: sea-lion devouring a halibut. Fish-tail ; black. On chin : throat of killer
whale ; red. Used by the SkoaL'adas ot iJait or Oold Harbor. (Q'oala.)
l'''K- 5— 'itar's ribs ; black. Used by the Vak"lanas of la k'o. (Q'oala.)
Fig. 6. — Head of white-headed eagle; red. Used by the (;"it'ina'.
Fig. 7. — Red wing-feathers of the wcadpecker ; red. Used by the I'asla nas of Da dh.ns.
((J'oa la.)
Fig. 8. — Throat of the killer whale ; red. Used principally by the women of the (j'ua'la.
Fig. 9. — Throat of the sea-monster Ts'3n xo'utse ; red. U.sed by the Vak"lanas of la'k'o
and the Nanaa'ri of the Stakinqoan of the Tlingit. ((/oa la.)
F'ig. 10. — Nest of eagle ; red. Used by the (I'it'ina .
Fig. II. — Halibut; black and red. The leftside of the face represents the dark upper
side of the fish ; the right side of the face represents the light lower side of the
fish. Used by the I's'ai.lanas of la k'o. (O'it'ina.)
Fig. 12. — Moscpiito bites ; red. (U'it'ina.)
Fig. 13. — Tree with holes pecked by the woodpecker ; black and red. Used by the
Qaoi|e owai of la'k'o. (Q'o5'la.)
Fig. 14. — Vertical bar of copper; red. Used by the Sta'stas of K"inst'a. ((■."it'ina.)
Fig. I.5. — Vertical bar of copper ; red. U.sed by the Stasias of K"in'st'a. (C'it'ina.)
Fig. 16. — Trees carried down by a rock-slide; black. Used by the i.(|enoLla'nas of (Kuna
or Skidans. ((^'oa'la.)
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. II.
Plate V.
Facial Paintings of the Indians ol' Northern British Columb
la.
I(
pr.A'iK \-i.
EXPLANATION OK PLATE VI.
Fig. I. — Kvening sky ; reii. Usi-d liy thi- S'alK/ml.is of Ll k'l^, (('■•it'in:!.)
I'lg. .'. — ("irriis clouds on thi: hori/on ol tlu- ocean ; red. I'sed l>y the TaslAnas of
Da duns. (Q'oflla.)
F'K- 3- ~<^"'fr'is clouds on the n'orning or evening sky ; red. Used l)y the t.(|en<M,l.l'nas
of ( Vii na or Skidans. ((J'od la.)
t'K' 4. — <-'<"iniliis ( loiids; red and black. Used by the i,(|enoi IS nas of (/una or
Skidans. (Q'oala.)
Figs, s and 6. — Cumulus clouds ; red and l)la< k. L'sed l>y the Va dasgilinai of (.').
(d'it'ina.)
The two painthigs .supplement ea( h other, and are worn iiy two persons who
appear before the tribe together.
I'ig. 7. — Stratus cloud; black. Used by the xoados of Naekun. ((Joa la.)
Fig. 8. — After-image of the sun; red. Used by the Kits'ade's of the Stakin(|oan of the
'I'lingit.
Fig. 9. — I'ainting of the .\Ic i.i-.m dancer; red and black. The painting around the
mouth re|)resents blood.
Fig. 10. — The monster Ts'Kma s; red. Used by the Skoa i.'ad is of lM it or (iold Harbor,
and the Qo3a'ngas of i.qa gilt or .Skidegate.
Fig. II. — Fish-net; red and black. Used by the (ritse'es, a Tsim.shian tribe, ((^anha da.)
Fig. 12. — lieaver; red and black. The lines drawn from the eyes downward represent
tears. The ornament on the chin represents the beaver's tail. Used by the
Sta'stas of K"i(l'sta.
I'"'K- i3. — •'><-':i-ottcr tattooing. Used by the Kunla'nas of la'gi:n.
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nut, Hist., Vol. II.
Plate VI.
Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Colu
mbia.
M