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I. — Facial Painti\(;s oi- iiii: Indians of XoK'riii-.RX 
 
 British Ccjllmhia, 
 
 By Fkan/, lioAs. 
 
 I'l.ATKS I-VI. 
 
 Tlio art of tlio Iiulians of nortliorn Hiitisli L'oliiinbia shows a peculiar 
 ilo\ol(ii)iiu'nt, tliat lias lor a loiiii' time attraetcd tiu- attention of iiivcsti<iat(jrs. 
 While amoni; most primitixe peojile we linil a teiuleney to the ilevelopment 
 of geometric ilesinns, the Inilians of northern IJriti: h Columbia Mse for deco- 
 rati\e purposes almost exclusively animal moti\es. The animal (orms are 
 highly conventionalizetl. and may be recoji^nized iiy a number of symbols 
 characteristic of tiie \arious animals tiiat ilie artists tr\' to represent. The 
 Indians ha\e adopted a peculiar method of adaptinti the animal form to the 
 decorati\e tield. There is no enileavor tc re])resent the form by means of 
 perspective, but the attempt is maile to ada|)t the form as nearly as possible 
 to the tlecorati\e lield liy means of' distortion and dissection. The more 
 clever an artist is in desiyiiinLT methotls of tlistortion and ilisseetion which 
 till the decorati\e field and brin<,f into \ie\v all the imjiortant parts ol" the 
 animal both', the greater is his success.' It will be seen, therefore, that the 
 greater the dilferenee between the form of the decorati\e tiekl and the form 
 o\ the animal to be represented, the greater will be the iHtlieulty ot auapta- 
 tion. When an animal is to be represented on a bracelet, it is shown as 
 though it were cut from head to tail, anil as though the a.in were |nished 
 through the opening, the whole animal thus surrounding the wrist. The 
 same method is followed in the ilecoration ol dishes, where the sides ot' the 
 animal are shown on the sides ot" the dish, while the opening of the dish 
 represents the back ol the animal, its bottom the lower side ol the ani- 
 mal. When the animal form is t(j be shown on llat surfaces, the bod\' is 
 generally represented as split in two, .and spreail in both directions, so that 
 it apjiears like two ]iroliles ]ilaced side b\' side. 
 
 The peculiarities of the conventionalism of these tribes app-ear most 
 clearl\ where the dirticulty of adaptation of the subject to the decorative 
 tield is greatest. I concluded, theiefire, that if I could ■obtain a series of 
 representations on \er\- tlilllcult surfaces, the principles of eon\ entionalism 
 would ajipear most cleaily. No surface seems to be more dillicult to treat, 
 
 ' I h:ive explained in .mother |/l:i'e i ■ funiLinicnMl idras unJcrlyini; lliisart (Bulletin of the Ainei ic.in Museum 
 of Natural llistorw lS()7. pp. I23-I7()). 
 
 I '3 I 
 
H 
 
 r.OAS, lACIAI. I'AI.NllNllS OK I'lIK INDIAN'S 
 
 and to adapt to animal forms, than tliu human face. I'^n- tliis reason I 
 resolved to make a colleetion of tiu'ial paintings sucii as are used hy tiie 
 Indians when adorninij themsi'ives for festive dane'-s 
 
 The subjects tiial are usi'd lor this purpose are lar<j;ely the crests of tiie 
 various families. These are iaiil on in black, red, blue, and green ; the 
 colors beinix mixetl with grease, and put on with the fmgers. with brushes, 
 or by means ol wooiKmi stamps cut out for this piupose. 
 
 The colleetion which is discussi'il in the present paper was obtained 
 from E'di;ns;l. a llaida chief from Masset. one of the most famous artists of 
 the tribe. I have arranged the material in such an order as to begin with 
 the most realistic, and proceed to higher and higher degrees of convention- 
 alism, until in the last group of paintings we find a number of pureh 
 geometrical tlesigns re]iresenting animal forms. 
 
 One interesting point was brought out in the beginning of m\ investi- 
 gation. The decorations dilVer according to the rank and wealth of the 
 wearer. The full and rather realistic representations of animals are consid- 
 ered of greater value, and as indicating higher rank, than conx entional re])re- 
 sentations which consist of symbols of the animals. 
 
 Before 1 begin to iliscuss the meanings of the facial paintings, it ma\- be 
 well to make a brief statement explaining the social organization of the 
 Ilaida. '1 he tribe is divided into two clans, — the Raven clan, or (.^oa'la ; 
 antl the Eagle ;lap, or G"it"ina', — which are exogamous. Each of these clans 
 is subdivided into a great number of families, many of which derive their 
 names from the localities at which they are believed to have originated. 
 Each tiimily has a number of crests. A few of these are common to all 
 the families of the clan. All the (i'it'ina', for instance, have the eagle, and 
 almost all the (^oa la have the bear .-uid the killer whale. But besides 
 these, each family has a number of special crests, all of which are derived 
 from certain traditions setting forth the adventures of an ancestor of the 
 family. Most of these traditions tell of his encounter with an animal or a 
 spirit, wiiich, from that time on, became the crest <if his family. The 
 llaida have maternal institutions counting descent in the female line ; that 
 is to say. the child belongs to its mothers clan, and inherits its maternal 
 uncle's rank and ]irojierty. Not all the members of the I'amilv use all its 
 crests. In the be,L,inning the youth seems to possess the most general crest 
 of the clan only. — the G'it'ina' the eagle, and the (^^oa'la the bear and the 
 killer whale. .\s he reaches higher social rank b\- repeated distributions 
 of property among the members of the opposite clan, he becomes entitled 
 to the privilege of using other crests ; but the use of the total number be- 
 longing to the family seems to be restricted to its chief. 
 
 I shall now proceed to a descrijuion of the desions represented on 
 Plates I-VI.' 
 
 l'"ri)ni Ilr;lwill^;s liy Mr, Kuilnlph Wi-I)ir. 
 
OK N()RriIi;kN IIKITISII COHMIIIA 15 
 
 Fig. I, Plate 1, represents on the left side ot" the I'ae,' the killer whale ; 
 on the ri-rht side of the face, the ri,i,du whale. The form of the animal is 
 to a certain extent adapted to the form of the eyebrow. The Indian con- 
 siders heavy, re,<,rular eyebrows a sign of beauty. Xatiirall/ the eyebrow of 
 the Indian is very wide. coverin<i; part of the upper eyelid, and ascendin<r 
 rather hi<,di on the temples. In order to .,nve the cyebrou line the desired 
 shape, the Indians, particularly the w<;men, sometimes pli ck the hair from 
 the eyelid, so as to procure a sharp line alon,<^- the uppei rim of the orbit. 
 A comparison of Fif^. 2, Plate 11. and Fi-. 3,' Plate V, shows that the two 
 animal forms are inteniled to emjihasi/e the eyebrows of the dancer. The 
 designs of the killer whale and of the right whale are id -ntieal. They .ire 
 identified by their color, red being the color of the right whale, black that 
 of the killer whale. The same use of red and black for identilying right 
 whale and killer whale may be observed in Figs. 14 and 15. Plate III, the 
 rtrst of which represents the back of the right whale, while the second 
 represents the dorsal tin of the killer whale. Red is also used for symbol- 
 izing the eyes of the whale in Fig. 11. Plate I\'. The right-wh;de and 
 killer-whale design in Fig. i, Plate I, is supplemented by the red painting 
 on the lips. This painting symbolizes copper, one of the most valuable 
 possessions of the Ilaida. It was used by Chief Skidegatc, from whom 
 the village i.qa'gilt received its current name. He also wore, on festive 
 occasions, a single bristle cf a sea-lion, placed uprigh; in his hair, which 
 was tied in a knot on .he top of his head. This siigle bristle indicated 
 that there was no one of equal rank in the whole tribi . 
 
 Figs. 2 and .3, Plate I, represent the halibut, and require no further 
 remarks. The whole series fom Fig. 2 to Fig. 13 are rather realistic rejire- 
 sentations of whole animals or of the larger portion of animals. The 
 designs are not always placed in the position sh..wn m the plate. The red 
 sun with its black rays (Fig. S ) was worn sometiuies between the eyes, 
 sometimes covering the mouth and the lower part o ' the nose. It was also' 
 made of wootl. and worn on the forehead. In this case the rim of the red 
 disk -vas ::.laid with nieces of abelone shell. This was the ornament used 
 by the chiet of the Kits-adc's of the Stakincjoan of the Tlingit. It was 
 called the " house of the sun." The rainbow ( Fig. <) Plate \) was also 
 placed in ditiercnt positions. Sometimes it was worn extending from the 
 ear on one side to the posterior corner of the jaw on the other, the concave 
 side turned upward ; the blue line running from the ear downward to the 
 jaw, loilowing the lower border of the jaw. wlnie the green line formed the 
 upper margin. Sometimes it was placed on the forehead, the green border 
 following the hair line. Fig. 10 represents tho crescent of the moon. \be- 
 h.ne shells are glued to the cheeks. These are intended to represent the 
 lamt light ol the moon illuminated by the redection from the earth. Some- 
 
i6 
 
 liOAS, lACIAI. I'AINllNCS (»!■ 
 
 Ill', INDIW.- 
 
 tinu's tlio ilosi<rn is sii|-)p!i.'iiU'ntrtl by ii iri'sci-nt-sliapi'd lU'ck-riiii,' niiuli.' of 
 wood inlaitl with liirj^i' iiictes ot' ahi'luiu" slu-ll. In I'iys. ii, 12, aiul 1.5, largf 
 pdiliiiiis ol tlic d()L;-salni()n ami iialibut an' ri'|>iosc'ntr(l. 
 
 Tiu' f"()li<)\vin<; tliii'o lifijiiros ( l''ij;s. 14, 15, i(). Plate I) symbolize animals 
 bv means of tiieir lieails. In F')'^. 14 is seen the head ot" the woodpecker in 
 bh-uk and red. l"i<;'. 15 is the sea-lion. It is shown leelirrnu backward. 
 indicatiiii;- that tlie sea-lion is blowing. 'The chin is ilaubed with led. The 
 same design is loiind Irecpiently in tiu' series of facial paintings reprisenled 
 here; tor instance, in I'ij^s. 11 anil 12, Plate II. and I'ly. iS, Plate \', it 
 represents the throat of the killer whale. The teelii and the lonji snout in 
 Fi<,^ i() si<^nit\' the woll'. 
 
 In all the precetlin^ ti^ines the face was treated like a flat surface ; the 
 w iiole riiiiire, or an important part of the tii^ure. beinj,'' ]ilaced in a conven- 
 ient position. The onJx' cases in which a cert.iin amount ot' ada)itation to 
 the human lace is found, are the whales in I'ii:'. i. the ra'iibow as described 
 before, anil the crescent of the moon ( Vl^^. to). 
 
 In the series of desi<rns represented on Plate 11 ( I'ius. 1-5), a ditfi'rent 
 principle has lieen niaile use ot'. In some ol" these tiie lace itsell is iitiii/ed 
 ;is part ol tiie con\entionali/ed desii^n. In \'\ii. 1, Plate II, we see the 
 bea\ er. One of the principal symbols of the bea\ er is the scaly tail, which 
 is indicated by hachure lines. The tail is neiierally re]iresented as bein<j; 
 raiseil in fiont of the beaver's bmlv . It is shown in this manner in the present 
 design, e.\tenilinu from the chin upward to the nose. The eyes of the person 
 represent at the same time the eyes of the beaver. I e\)ilained, in the paper 
 quoted before, that the ears of all animals are shown surmountiuL;' the eyes. 
 I-'or this reason the beaver's ears are here shown immediately over the eye- 
 brows. The beaver's hat is also painted on the lace, and represent..'d in the 
 usual conventional manner h\ means of three circles, which represent the 
 rings on tlu' hat. The paws are shown on the cheeks. Their position 
 intimates that they arc reiiresented as though they were raised up to the 
 mouth, in the same manner in which the beaver is usually represented en 
 the carvinms and painlinns of the Ilaida. F\ix. 2. Plate II, represents the 
 raven. The I'vebrovvs are iiere utilized to represent the beak cut in two. 
 The two proliles of the beak are shown in such a way that their tips are 
 placed at the inner anyles of the evebrows. The tongue is shown in red on 
 the upper evelids, its base being near the outer corners of the eyes. The 
 raven's hat rises on the forehead, ovci' the nose. It is represented by two 
 circles. The wing is shown in black on the right cheek, the tail on thi' 
 left cheek. The lower side of the bodv is symbolized by the red painting 
 e.xteiuling Irom nose to chin. In this case the peculiar methoil of dissecting 
 the bodv, and showing jiarts of it in such an arrangement as to till the 
 decorative field, has lieeii applied. b'ig. 3. Plate II. shows the killer whale 
 
(IK \oi< iiii:k> liki 11-11 ('((MMni A. 
 
 17 
 
 ill prolik'. (lissccU'd so as to tit tlic liicc. Tills dcs'i,'!! is usi-d priiu'i|ialiy !)}' 
 vvonu'ii. 'rill- lifiul ot" the iiniiiiiil. witli its iaiijc tfotli. is shown on tlu- rij/ht 
 chcci< ; the tail on the left clu'cl< ; ami tiic dorsal tin on the forehead. Tlie 
 jjreen paint witii wliieh tlie base of tiie dorsal fin, tiie joint ol" tlie tail, and 
 the eve, are shown, is used exeliisiv el\ b\ the lainily Sta'stas. Sometimes, 
 instead ot showing;' dorsal tin. head, and tail, the dorsal tin alone is used to 
 s\niboli/,e the killer whale. 
 
 Ill l'"i,L;'. 4, I'late II. we lia\i' a representation ol" tlu' iloLT-lish, arran<jed 
 also on the |irineiple ol disseetion. In this ease, as in I'"iir. i, I'late II, part 
 ot' the t'aee is utilized to ri'present the animal. 'I'he eyes of the person are 
 the eyes ot' the iloy-tish. On the forehead, o\ er the eyes, rises its peeuliar 
 long snout with the two nostrils. 'I'he gills are shown by two eurxed lines 
 just below the outer corners ot' the eyes. Tlie tail is represented as cut in 
 two, one halt' extending I'roni the right nostiil dowinvarcl. the other from the 
 lel't nostril downward. The asymmetrical t'orni 'he tail is shown clea 'ly 
 ill each hall'. The dorsal ;in is placeil on the right cheek, extending from 
 the ear uji to the nose. S(Miietimes this painting is sup|)lenu'nted b\' black 
 daubs on both cheeks. 'J'lie color of the dog-lish is reil, like that of the 
 whale, as may be seen 'roni a comparison ol the present figure and Fig. 16, 
 Plate III. 
 
 'J'he characteristic colors of the sculpin are red. blue, ami black, as may 
 be seen in l-'ig. 5. I'late II, and Figs. 5-S. Plate IV . Fig. 5, Plate II, must 
 be interiireled as an adaptation of the whole figure ot' the sculpin to the 
 human face. Tin.' moutii is painted red. repri'senting the mouth ot' the 
 scul]iin. On the upjier lip rise the two spines which are found o\er the 
 mouth ol the sculjiin. The round nostrils are placed on the cheeks, adjoin- 
 ing the outer corners ol tlu' mouth., and the contiiuunis doisal tin is indicated 
 by the blue triangle extemling along the b'idge of the nose. The tail is 
 shown in black on the loreheatl. A comparison with the representations of 
 the sculpin mi Plate I\' shows that in the latter case (uily :i few ot' the 
 s\'mbols applied here ha\ e been m.-ule use of to reiiresent the lish. 
 
 The two red bars of Fig. 6, I'late II. are the arms of the starfish. 
 which are shown in the form of a cross in I'ig. 7, Plate I. 
 
 In the tollowing series ol paintings the animals to be represented are 
 shown by means of symbols. I have arranged them in such a way as to 
 bring out the \ arious parts of the body that have been utilized. In I'ig. 7, 
 Plali' II. we lind the large mouth of tlu' sea-monster Ts'an xn'utse in red 
 ami black, with its enormous teeth. The cliaracteristic c<iIors of the mon- 
 ster are reil and black, with black tlorsal tin. 'J'he name may be translati'd 
 as "grisly bear of the sea." It is iilentilied with the sea-monster llaguki'ii 
 ol' the Tsimshian. It is represented as half bear and halt killer wh.ile. It 
 has two tails. — a bear's tail and a whale's tail, — ami ar. enormous ilorsal tin 
 
 :)— \ll.\l. AM. Ml ■;. NAl. MISI., Mil. II. JIM:, iSljS. 
 
IH 
 
 liOAS, lAClAI, r.MNllNCS (ll llll; IMUANS 
 
 peiNiiatod at its liase. »\mv oltcn a human fact' is sliDwn at the basi- ot" tho tin. 
 'IMk- InilianN maintain that th s Uwv is iharactcristic (if the sca-monsttT ; but 
 it must be botiif in niiiui that in all tiu' rcpri-si'ntations ot' animals uc linii a 
 tinilrncv to indicate joints by means ot' eyes, which often develop into faces, 
 and that fms and tails an- always shown as connected to the body bv means 
 ol joints. b'i<f. S is the loni; piobos is ol' the mosipiito. In Vi'^x. q the 
 beak of the hawk is shown, characteii/i'd by the returning;- jxiint ol' tiie 
 beak;' the fed line inulcr tiie beak niiresents the ton<:ue of the bird. In 
 I'i^-. lo we see the laiL,a' tootidess mouth ot' the l>"o<,'. Sometimes tlie lips 
 are reddened as a syndxil of the fro^^ also symbolizinu; its toothless mouth. 
 It is interestiny- to note that the last-named painting; is utilized tor a variet\ 
 of purposes. I mentioned bet'ore, in liescribinu; Fi<,'. i, Plate I, that this 
 paintinj,' represented co|)per. the symbol of wealth. 'Phis seems to be the 
 most frequent interpretation. In the present case it represents the froii, while 
 in other cases it seems to indicate the blood ol" the slave killeil durin<,' the 
 celebration of the festi\ al. and buried under a post of the house ; but it 
 seems that in the last-named case the painting is not conlined to the lips, 
 but extends slij^iitly beyond their mar<,Mns. 
 
 In the followinj^ series of fi<,rures the feet ( ' the animals are used as 
 symbols. In Fiy;s. ii and u we see the I'eet of the sea-lion. In Fii,^ ii 
 its tail is shown attached to the base of the I'oot, extending o\ er the cheek, 
 under the right eye. Fig. i.^ represents the tracks of the bear, anil the 
 bear's tail on the chin. In j"ig. 14 we have the feet of the sea-monster 
 Ts'an xo'utse ; in Fig. 15. the'-'A'et of the wolf; and in Fiy-. 16, the talons 
 ol the eagle. The last named are '■•.■>,!^s(i useil in a \:iriety of wa\s. Some- 
 times, instead of painting the cheeks nvTIT^^u' eagle's talons, the hair is |nit 
 up in ii bunch on top of the head, tieil w itlT'^.-*.:(lju-bark d\ed red in a de- 
 coction of alder-bark, and an eagle's talon protruding from the knot forward. 
 A large sipiare jiiece of an alti'lone shell is fastened to it in such a wa\- 
 that the eagle's talon appears to hold the shell. Still another method of 
 wearing the eagle's talons is as follows : A head-ring is made of twisted 
 cedar-bark dyed red in a decoction of alder-bark, and the eagle's talons are 
 lied to the sides of the ring in such a way that they extenil from the sides 
 towards the middle on the I'orchead. This ornament is used bv the chief of 
 the Vak'li'nas when celebrating the erection of a new house. On this occa- 
 sion sla\es are killed, ami burieil under the house-post. This ceremonv is 
 .s^-mboli/.ed by the retl painting of the lips, and of the skin imnu'diatcK sur- 
 rounding the lips. Women wear the symbol of the eagle in the form ol" 
 ear ornaments made of abelone shell, which are cut in the shape of eagle's 
 talons. Fig. i, Plate III, shows the hoofs of the mountain-iioat. 
 
 Set' Hullclin of the Ameiiian Mii'^eiini iif Natiir.il Flistmy, 1S.17, p. 1 u. 
 
OF NdklllKKN IJklllsIl COIIMIUA. 
 
 •9 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Iho iH-M scTK's „l p;,i,uin-s syinlK.li/e the animals In means „r tl.dr 
 tails. In IM-. ... Plate 111. ue sec the tail „f the laln.l..us monster VVasx 
 'I his monster ,s believed t., be half xv,.ir and half whale. It is eapable of 
 himt,nf,r on land as well as in the waters. Its favorite oame is whales : and 
 when returnm- from In,,./ v^ it carries one whale muler eaeh arm. one 
 m Its mouth, one behind each ear. one under its dorsal (in. and one held 
 in Its lun^r tail. For this reason the curved tail in which it holds the 
 whale IS one ot its symbols. Fi,. ,, is a rather realistic representation of 
 the woll s tail. Tne chief of the Vak'.ln'nas. instead of the pai, m,.-. wears 
 two wolves' tails tied to the top-knot of his hair, fastened bv meaii"^ of red 
 cedar-bark. W ith this he wears ;i twisted rin.o- of red ced.ar-bark. 
 
 The following series of birds' tails is la.-elv eharacteri/ed bv the Inrm 
 ot individual feathers. The hawk's tail ( Fi.o-. 4, is shown spreadin.^ with 
 pomted leathers, while the tails of the woodpecker ( Fii;. ^,.and of the raven 
 (iM-s. 6, 7) are shown with rounded tips and parallel leathers. Since the 
 symbol ol the raven's tail (FiV- 5) is not dear, it is supplemented In the 
 additional symbol of the raven's throat, represented In red paint on the 
 thnmt ol the dancer. Fi.o. 7 represents the raven's tail split in two. the body 
 be.no- indicated by the red paint extendin- from nose to chin, and one-half of 
 the tail beino- shown exte.ulino; upward from each side of the mouth This 
 pamtino- is used bv the chief of the Yak"la'nas, and is supplemented by a 
 earved raven-head, which is attached to the top-knot. Three ermine skins 
 are placed ,n its beak. Im^-. 8 shows the win^s of the raven on forehead 
 and lelt cheek : a sm,i.|e leather, perhaps a tail-feather, on the riuht cheek. 
 lhisdcsio:„ ,s used by the Critse'es, a Tsimshian tribe. The tips of the 
 leathers are cut out of copper and olued to the skin, while the bases are 
 pamted -reen. In FU^. we rind a rather realistic representation of a raven's 
 winjr, supplemented by the red throat of the raven. 
 
 1-i.i,^ to is a p.aintin.o that is not used by the present Indians, but is 
 h.und on the mask representino- Nenk-ils,.as,.ino-ai': that means "the fut.-re 
 iNenk ilsi.as. Xenk ilsi.a's is the mythical name of the uncle of the Raven 
 111- name was later on inherited by the Raven himself, who for this reason 
 -s called " the luture Xenk'ilsi.a's." Acordin.o- to tradition he killed the 
 bird tsa gul, p„t „n its skin, and liew up to heaven, where he liberated the 
 sun. I he paintmo represents the feathers of the bird Ts'n'<.ul. 
 
 In Fios. ,, and 12 we Hnd the red tuft of the puthn. This is also used 
 in various posit.<.ns. It is s.mietimes worn on cheek and forehead, as shown 
 ill the present h-ures. .Sometimes it is placed on the eiiin. Fi"-. r? is the 
 arm ol the devil-rish, set with sucking-cups. In Fi^s. ,4. i^.'"^and' if,, we 
 have the backs and dors.al rins of.'., right whale, the killer whale, and the 
 dog-hsh. I he right whale is characteri/.ed by its red color; the killer whale 
 
 Recordedby (ieorge M. tMuson, in Ueport of th. (;e«l„,.ic.nl Survey „f Cana.Ia f„r ■.7.-7,, pp. ,4,,, „. ,T. 
 
20 
 
 I'.OAS. 1 \(l\l I'\1N11\(.S (»|- llli: 1\1)1\.\S 
 
 by tlic bliii-k color ami a prrloration in thf luiildli.' ol' tlu' tin. I'liX. i. I'lair 
 1\'. rcpri'siMits tin- dorsal tin ot' tlu' W'asx (sco p. H)). It ditlVrs tiom llu- 
 tin ol' tiu' w half and <it" tlic shark in that its tip is turned backward. I'ii,'. 2 
 shows the sanio tin in a ilitliMcnt position. oofiipN int: the whole chin and 
 lower part of the cheeks. V\<^. ,5 sjiows the ilorsai tin ol' the sea-nionster 
 Ts'.ln xA'utsC. Its pi'cidi.ir characteristic is tin- black color, and its L^reat 
 width as coniparcil to the dorsal tin ol' the killer whale. Fi^'. 4 is the short 
 bear's tail ol' the same sea-monster, characteri/eil In the two colors black 
 and red. Fi<is. 5-8 are all svnibols of the scnipin. In all of them the lips 
 are iiainted reil. reiiresentini; the mouth of the lish. In b'ii;-. 5 the spines ol 
 the back are represented in bli. • on iijiper lip and nose. In Fiir. <> the two 
 spines which rise over the mouth are shown in blue, dixerijinj,' upward from 
 the mouth. In Fi^. 7 the \ ertebra' ol' the lish are added to the mouth. 
 ThcN are represented bv a series of tour blue circles extendinu- upward troiii 
 nose to I'orehead, each circle representing one \ ertebra. In V\'j:- ^ the pec- 
 toral tins are placed on each side of the UKUith. 
 
 Fit;, q is difficult to explain. It is said to symbolizi' the raven's hat ; 
 hut the I'orm ol' the ornament does not af^ree with the typical conventional- 
 ized hat desiun. which consists of a series ot' rinus. ,is in Fi^s. u and r,v 
 The si^nitic.ince of the paintini; is therefore doubtful. In I'^i^'. i<> we fmd 
 the horns of the moimtain-yoat : in Fi^. 11. the lar>;e eyes o!' the whale, 
 indicated by a red paintinu; all round the eyes. 
 
 Fijr. li represents another sea-monster called 'I's'icm'a's. It is symbol- 
 ized bv its hat and two lar<4e red ears, which are ; ited over the eyebrows, 
 and extend down over the upper eyelids. The tradition of the Ts'icm'a's has 
 evidentiv been born...ed t'rom the Tsimshian, amon^ whom the same mon- 
 ster is called Ts"i;m'a'ks. which means "in the water." It is said to live 
 in rivirs. and to he a dangerous toe to tra\ellers. The traditions rather 
 su^i^est th:it the 'I' 'i:m'a's is the personitied snay. This opinion is supported 
 by the painting shown in Fig. 10. Plate \'l, in which the Ts'i-:m'a's is repre- 
 sented bv a \nu'jc bar. br )adenin,y: at its lower end. Fii^'. 13 was described 
 originally as the mountain-goat, the cars being placed over the eyes, and 
 the ornament in the middle representing a single horn. It is not certain that 
 this interpretation is correct. At a later date I revised the collection, and 
 asked the Indian to repeat the names of the beings whom he intended to 
 represent in his sketches. His answers were in almost all cases identical 
 with the first descriptions ; but in the present painting he said first that it 
 rejiresented the Ts'iim'a's. He interpreted it as identical with Fig. 'z ; but 
 later on he corrected himsell', saying that the ears of the Ts'kui'A's are not 
 black. The interi)retation of the central ornament on the forehead as the 
 horn of the mountain-goat remained doubtful, however. It resembles in t\ pe 
 the representations of the hat ; but it is likely that the rings surrounding 
 
(11 NoK! I!i;k.n i;khisii ( oii miua. 
 
 21 
 
 tlic horn of thi- mountain-'ioat woiikl hv reprcsi-nti-il in the same manner 
 as the rin<,rs of tlie hat. or tlie vertohra' of the sculpin in 7iji. 7, Plate IV'. 
 It s'-enis that eireiilar ornaments siirroniulin;,' a h)n^' ohji'ct, whi'n represented 
 on a llat surtiice. ari' tiirneil up. sn that the aetiial representation n-sembles 
 a row ol' eross-sectinns ot the objeet. In I''it,'- 14 \\ e iia\ e tiie feet ot a 
 hear, phiceil so that the iieel portion siiiMKuml^ the eyebiows. IJy tliis means 
 tlie lieel portion of tiie toot is maiie to ser\ i' two purrx'ses. It represents 
 both jiarl ol' th*.' foot am! tiu' iMrs ot" the animal. 
 
 Tiie eonventional s\ niiiol .iiipiii'ii in tlie liiilowini; fi<:iires are of siieli a 
 eiiaraeti'r tiiat, witliout a t'lill I'xplanation, it woiilii not be possible to dis- 
 eo\er what animal tlu'\ are intemied to represent, 'i'he small triaiiuU- on 
 tin r.ose, shown in l"'i«;. 15. is intentled to symbolize the mouth ol' the devil- 
 fish. In Fi;j. 16 the larj^e teeth of the sea-lion rise o\ I'r the e\ebrows, 
 wh.ile the ehin is painted reil, symboli/in<^ the throat of the killer whale. 
 In b'iii'. 1. I'late V. we see ;; larj,'e red o\.il in the middle of tlie faee. whieh 
 represents the bladiler ol' the sea-lion, 'i'his paintini;- is also supplemented 
 b\ the red chin syndu)li/inj^ the throat of tlie killer whale. 'I'he eondiina- 
 tion of colors is the characteristic synd)ol in Fif^s. 2 and ^]. In I'iii- 2 w'e 
 find the tail of the sea-nionster Ts'an xO'iitse. which is in form iilentical with 
 the tail of the killer whale. The latter, however, is black on both sides. 
 In V\iX. ,^ we have one black and one red eyebrow of the same .■ ea-monster. 
 In \'\ix. 4 we fuul a curious principle applied. The paintin',^ represents the 
 tail of the halibut |irotrudin<i from the mouth of the tlancer. This paintinj,^ 
 is not intemied to symboli/e the halibut, but the sea-lion swallowinji' a 
 halibut ; that is to say, the whole face of the dancer is intended as a repre- 
 sentation of the sea-lion, which is characteri/.cd bv the fooil it is eatinjj;. 
 The chin is aj;ain painted red. inilicatiny the throat of the killer whale. 
 The crossinir black lines in I'iy'. 5 symbolize the ribs of the ber.r. W'e have 
 here rea cd a purely <ieometrical desi<jn intended to symbolize an aniiiKi. 
 form. — a development which has never lu'cn (imnd heretofore in the art of 
 the \orth Pacific tribes. The head of the ilancer sliown in Fii^. 6 is daubed 
 all over with red. It ie|iresents the white head of the eaiile. 'i'he color 
 red is used to ri']iresent the white parts of the animals. The up]ier part ol" 
 the head of the dancer is here identified with the upper part of the head of 
 the eatile. Similar to this is the symbol of the red-headed woodpecker, 
 which consists in a liberal application of red paint all over face and hair. 
 
 In I'ig. 7 we notice :\ narrow red line on each siile of the face. This 
 is intended to represent the red feathers in the vvini;s of the woodpecker. 
 In this case the sides of the head are identified with the sides of the ani- 
 mal. The painting represented in Fijj;. S has been discussed before. It is 
 the throat of the killcp- whale, which appears so often in combination with 
 other desi<j;ns. 'I'he lon^' bar. with a series of live crescents, shown in b'iy-. 9, 
 
22 
 
 HOAS, lAClAI. PAINIINdS ()!■ IllK INDIANS 
 
 roprcsciils tlic tluoat dI' tlic moiistor 'I's'an xO'iitsO, which is cliaractcri/.L-il by a 
 scries of wliitc spots. In I'in'. lo \vc tiiul a broad red band sundiiiubiiu- tlic 
 whole lace. 'I'liis is inteiuled to represent the eaj^le's nest. In Fij^. . i we find 
 one side ol" the face painted black, the other side jiainteil red. 'I'his is also the 
 sv: 'bol of an animal, it represents the halibut, tiie left side of the face indi- 
 catini;- tile iijiper ilark side ot' the animal, while the riohl side of the face 
 represents the light lower side of the animal. 'I'his i>aintin<r is generally used 
 in connection with a peculiar hair-dress, tiie whole hair bcin<j tied up in a 
 knot on top of tiie head, and ten ermine skins being placed inside the knot, 
 which is fastenetl bv means ol" red cedar-bark. Fig. 12, wliich represents mos- 
 (juito bites, recpiires no explanation ; but in F'ig. i,? we see a principle ajiplicd 
 wiiich becomes evident in many carvings of totem-poles. ' .Since in many 
 cases the rear side ot" the object cannot be ilecorated. the subject ot the 
 decoration is split along its rear, and spread over the Iront of the object. 
 In this manner the trunk of a tree, with holes made by a woodpecker, is 
 utilized in this figure. We notice two vertical black bars in the middle ot" 
 the face, representing the outlines ol" the tree. The holes made by the wood- 
 pecker on both sides of these lines must be exjilained in the t'ollowing way : 
 The tree has been split on the rear side, and botii halves of the rear portion 
 ha\ e been extended in such a way as to cover both sides of the face ; so 
 that the fields to the left and to the right represent the rear of tiie tree. 
 
 I'igs. 14 ami 15 s\nibolize cojiiier plates, which are considered the most 
 valuable property by the Indians. The copper plat.-s have an almost rec- 
 tangular form, being about twice as high as wide. They are strengthened 
 bv means of a ridge running from the middle ol" one long side to the middle 
 of the opposite side. One of the sijuares is divided by another ridge, the 
 two ridges torming a T. The red bar on the faces in Figs. 14 and 15 repre- 
 sents the second ridge, which is considered the most valuable portion of 
 the copper plate. The Indians have n custom of breaking the coppers and 
 distributing them among the members )f the tribe. When thus broken up 
 the second ridge is kept until the last, and has a much higher value than 
 all the other portions of the copper. 'I'he ridge is sometimes extendeil o\ er 
 the hair, which in this case is tied up in two knots, one on each side of 
 the bar. 'fhe knots are tied with red cedar-bark, to which a large square 
 piece of abelo.ie shell is attached. In i"ig. i<> we find two pairs of parallel 
 black lines, which remind us of Fig. 5. Plate V. Their meaning is, how- 
 ever, entirely distinct from the meaning of the previous figure. They represent 
 a rock-slide, more particularly the trees uprooted by the filling masses of 
 stone. Fig. i. i'late \'I. is identical with Fig. 6. Plate \\ but it has a dif- 
 tcrent meauK-.g. It represents the red clouds of the evening sky. the clouds 
 being svmboli/eil by the red jiaint covering the top of the head. In I*"ig. 2 
 
 ' Si-i- llulkliii .il tlu- AniL-lkail Mustimi of Naliir.il History, lS.)7, p. 15(1. 
 
Ol' NORIUKKN URlll.SIl ((HI' MIUA. 
 
 23 
 
 the outlines of the laee represent the horizon ; and the red spots all round 
 it, tile eirrus elouds on tlie liorizon. Tiie same l<ind of cloud scattered over 
 the inoriiinLT or eveninsj sky is sliown in V\iX- ,h I'"',ii'- 4 represents the dark 
 cuimilus cloud of a thuiuler-slorni, the reil sections inilicatinii' the hlui' sky 
 between tin dark clouds, which are syndiolized by the black sections of the 
 face. Fi.LCs. 5 and (y are always used in conjunction. They also symbolize 
 the cumulus cloud of a tluuuler-storm ; the red line in Fi<j. 6 correspond- 
 ing to the red sections in I'liX- 4, anil the black liiu's to the black sections. 
 In Fill". 7 we obser\ e ayain two black bars resembliui;- those shown in Fins. 
 5 and 16. Plate \'. In this case they are intended to represent dark stratus 
 clouds. I'i,u'. S, Plate \'l. whicii consists ol" red painting' around the eyes, is 
 identical with I'i^. 11. Plate I\'. which represents the larue eyes ot' the 
 whale. The jiresent ti<;iue signifies the after-image of the rising sun. The 
 person using this design wears earrings made of abelone shell, which are 
 cut in the form shown in I'ig. S. Plate I. .\ \ery interesting moditication 
 of this painting consists of a single large red circle placed on the right or 
 left temple, which is also intended to represent the al'ter-image of the sun. 
 
 The painting shown in Fig. i) is not used in the same class ol" cere- 
 monials 10 which all the preceding paintings ap)il\'. It is (.'mploxeil in a 
 religious ceremonial in which li\e dogs are toin anil ilexoureil. I ha\ e not 
 been able to discoxer any meaning in the two pairs of black bars placed 
 over the eyes, \vhile the painting on the chin and mouth is explained as the 
 blood of' the dogs. In Fig. 10 we have a representation ot the monster 
 Ts*i:M"a's (see p. 20). Fig. 11 is a painting used by Ci'itso'es. a tribe of the 
 Tsinishian. and is said to represent a tish-net. 
 
 The Indian who made the i-.eries of paintings tbi- me was not able to 
 give any explanation ol Figs, ij and i :;, which represent the beavei- and the 
 sea-otter resj)ecti\ely. He exidained that Fig. 12 was princiiialh' used dur- 
 ing mourning ceremonials, and that the black lines extending from the eyes 
 downward represented tears ; and he presumed that the ornament o\ er the 
 mouth represented the beaver's tail, but he was not certain in regard to that 
 point. I*"ig. 13 is ;i tattooing used b\' the tlimilx' Kunli'nas. He was unable 
 to explain why it re|)resents the sea-otter, but merely stated that it was 
 obtained by the lamily immediately alter the Deluge, when they landed at 
 NaOku'n. 
 
 The explanations given here show that whif; a considerable series ot" 
 lacial paintings are no more convenlionali/cd 'lian the paintings found on 
 other objects, the intricacy of the decorative field has led the Indians to 
 de\elop geometrical designs, although no othei- cases aie known in which 
 such designs are aiijilied by tiiese tribe;- to symbolize animal forms. It 
 is ot importance to note that the same decorations ma\ ssmbolize a \ariet\' 
 of objects. Thus the design for the whale's eye. and that for the after-image 
 
 
24 
 
 nOAS, lACI.M, TAINI INC.S, KIC. 
 
 of the sun. arc identical. Tiio Lead of tiie ea-le. and the evenin- sky. are 
 expressed hv the same paintin--. Tiie ribs of tlie hear, tiie n.ek-slide. and 
 the stratus cloud, are so much alike that, without a statement on the part ()t 
 the Indians, it would be impossible to know what is meant. The collection 
 is of theoretical interest mainly because it shows that the dilliculty ol" 
 adapting the subject ol" decoration to the decorative lield has been a most 
 powerful element in substitutin.i: geometrical torms lor less conventicmal 
 desii,Mis. and in showin,-- a series of important transitional tortus. We fmd 
 here" also the fust steps in the development of color syir.n)lism, which plays 
 an imiM.rtant part in the arts of other tribes, while it hardly occurs at all 
 in the more realistic decorative motives of the Indians of the North Pacific 
 coast. 
 

 PLATE I. 
 
EXFM.AXA'IION OF I'LATE I. 
 
 I'ig. I. - I.c-lt evfbniw : killer whnk- ; l)l;i(l<, Ris^'lu eyebrow : whale ; red. I.ii>s i.ainte.l 
 red. rcpresentint; copper. Used l.y the ^•alv".^•it•inai of i.qa gilt or Skidegaie. 
 (Ci'it'ina .) 
 
 Mg. 2." H.dilmi : red and black. I'scd \<\ the Sta'stas of K^iiV-fa. Ihc Nc'.las of the 
 Kaigani ; the Ts'ai Ifiiias of la k'o. (C.'it'ina .) 
 
 Pig. 3, — Halibut: red and black. INed bv the Stasias of K "iO st'a, the Vt-'da.s ol the 
 Kaigani; the 'I's'ai.lanas of lak'O. ((•'it'ina'.) 
 
 Fig. 4.-')cviinsh; red ami black. Used by the Vak"la nas of la'k'O and Nanaafi of 
 the riingit. {(/oii la.) 
 
 Fig. 5.— Dog-salmon : red and black Used by the Sk'a'g'nas xa'edra (dog-salimm 
 house people) of the Kaigani. (('■ it'ina.) 
 
 Fig. 0. Dog-salmon; red and bku k. Used by the Sk'a g'nas xaedra (dog-salmon 
 house peoi)le) of the Kaigani. (( 'I'lt'ina'. ) 
 
 Fig 7.— Star-fish ; red. Used by the S'ali; ndas of la k'o. (C.'it'ina.) 
 
 Pig. S. — Sun; red and black. Used by the Kits'ades of the Stakuuioan of the Tlingit. 
 ((I'il'ina .) 
 
 pij, 9. — Rainbow; upper margin green, bodv red, lower margin blue. Used by the 
 Stasiasiieowai of i.Sait or Gold Harbor. ((^)'oa la.) 
 
 Fig. 10. ~ Moon ; crescent on chin red; ornaments on . heeks made of abelone shell glued 
 on to the skin. Used by the \ak"la nas of la k'o and T <ienol.lanas of Q'u na 
 or Skidans. ((/oa la.) 
 
 Pig ,,.- Dog-salmon ; red and black. Used by the Sk'ag'nas .xa edia of the Kaigani. 
 (Ci'it'ina .) 
 
 Fig. r.'. — Halibut ; red and black. Used by the Sta'stas of K'iiVst'a, the VOdas of the 
 Kaigani; the Ts'lii lanas of la'k'O. (C.'it'ina.) 
 
 Pig i^ _ Halibut ; red and black. Used by the Sta slas of K'iust'a, the Vedas of the 
 Kaigani; the Ts'ai. lanas of lak'O. (tiit'ina .) 
 
 Fig. ,4. — Woodpecker; red an.l bla.k. Used by the lasla nas of Da'.lins. ((Vniila.) 
 
 |.ig ,5. — Onfvirehead: sea-lhm blowing; black. On < hin : throat of killer whale ; red. 
 Used by the Skoa l.'adas of l.Sa'it or Cold Harbor. (<,)'oa'la.) 
 
 Pig j6._ \v„|f ; red and black. Used by the (,)'adas.ie owai of T'ano or Tlo. (t^'oala.) 
 
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. II. 
 
 Plate 1. 
 
 Fucial Paintings ol the Indians of Northern British 
 
 Coluniliiii. 
 
1 
 
 
 'I 
 
 •5 
 
 ■^ 
 
 !t 
 
 "a 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IE 
 
 I'ig. I. — r ■aver ; red .nil l)la' .. Over nose: hat; iiver eyel)r()\vs : ears; on cheeks : 
 paws; iin rhin and .i|is : tail. I'scd by the .Stasias of K''in sta. ((i'it'ina,) 
 
 ^'iR• 2- — Raven; red and hiack. Over nose : hat; over eyel)rows : beak split in two ; 
 on iip|)er eyelids : tongue ; on left cheek : tail ; on right ciieek : wing ; on 
 chin and lips : belly. Used by the (i'it'ina'. 
 
 '''8- 3- — Killer whale ; black and green. On right cheek . head , on forehead : dorsal 
 tin ; on left cheek : tail. Used by women of the Sta stas of K"in sta. 
 (Q'oala.l 
 
 I'ig. 4. — Dog-fish ; red. On forehead : head with nostrils ; under eyes ; gills ; on right 
 cheek: fin; under nose : tail split in two. L'sed by the (Vonaii'e owai of 
 'l"ano' or Tlo. (Ci'it'ina .) 
 
 I'ig. 5. — Sculpin; black, blue, lips red. The lips represent tile nioiilh ; 011 upper lip: the 
 spines ; nostrils represented by circles on eai h side of mouth ; on nose : dorsal 
 fins; on forehead : tail. Used by the O'it'i ns of S^a nguai or Ninstance. 
 (Ci'it'ina .) 
 
 Fig. 6. — Star-fish; red. The arms placed side l)y side. Used by the S'ab: ndas of Ifl'k'o. 
 (t/it'ina .) 
 
 I'ig. 7. — Mouth of the sea-monster 'I's'an xo utse (sea-bear); red and black. Used by 
 the Yak"la nas of la k'o and the Nanaa ri of the Stakinijoan of the Tlingit. 
 (Q'oa'la). 
 
 Fig. 8. — Proboscis of mosipiito ; black. Tsimshian. (I.axski yek.) 
 
 Fig. 9. — beak of hawk ; black and red. Used by the Si.engala nas of la an. (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 10. — Mouth of frog; red. Used by the (J'ona(|'e owai of (,)'u na or Skidans. / 
 (O'it'ina.) '/ 
 
 Fig. It. — On nose and cheek : jjaw and tail of sea-lion; black. Tail under right eye. On 
 I'hin : throat of killer whale ; red. Used by the Skoa'i.'adas of hSait or Oold 
 Harbor. (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 12. — On forehead : paw of sea-lion; black. On chin : throat of killer whale ; red. 
 Used by the Skoa'L'adas of i.Sa'it or (iold Harbor. (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 l''K- '3- — ''" cheeks anil forehead: tracks of be;ir ; red and black. On chin : tail of 
 bear ; red. Used by the Yak"la nas of la k'o and Nanaa'ri of the Stakinqoan 
 of the Tlingit. (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 14. — I'aws of the sea-monster Ts'Sn xo'utse ; black. Used by the Yak"la'nas of 
 la k'o and by the Nanaa'ri of the Stakinijoan of the 'I'lingit. (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 15.— I'aws of wolf; red and black. Used by the (,)'adasiie owai of T'ano' or Tlo. 
 (Q'oa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 16. — Talons of eagle; black. Used by theQ'onaq'e owai of T'ano' or Tlo. ((lit Ina .) 
 
Memoirs Ain. Mus. Nt.i. Hist., Vol. II. 
 
 Pinto II. 
 
 Facial Paintings of the Ind 
 
 ians of Nortliei-n British C 
 
 olumbia. 
 
M.ATK III. 
 
KM'I.ANATION (H- I'l-AIK III. 
 
 I'iK. I. 
 I'ig. 2. 
 V'H- .?■ 
 
 f'«. 5- 
 Fig. 6.- 
 Fig. 7.- 
 
 Fig. S.- 
 
 Fis- 9- 
 
 Fig. 10.- 
 Fig 11.- 
 Fig. ra.- 
 Fif,'. ..S.- 
 
 Fig. 14.- 
 
 Fig. 15- - 
 Fig. 16.- 
 
 F.rt „f Mu„int;.ii..g.,al ; t,l,„ k. l'>nl l.v ihr . <iOnOl.lanas of (.Ci, n,i or Skuluns 
 ((J'dilli.l 
 
 Tail <.f tlu. m..n,tfr \V;,.x; r.<l. Usol |,v the (/i.'i ns of ,^^^,,\, „r Ski.lrgate 
 (d'lt'ina.) 
 
 -Tail of «„|i: rc.l an.l Ma. k, Isc-d Lv iIr. QadasciO owai of T'ano ,,r I lo 
 ('J'oil la. I 
 
 -T.iil ot hattk ; rr.l :imi Mark. r>„.,l |,y the Siing.ilrl nas of I., ,11,. ((r„;Vla ) 
 
 -Tail of »oo(l|KTkcr; ml an.l Ma. k. rscl hv the la^la na. .,f Im.lnis 
 ((/oala.) 
 
 -On forehead : tail of raven : red aiul Ma. k. On ne. k : ih.oat of raven; red. 
 Used iiy ihe O'it'ina . 
 
 -Tail of r.nen; red and Mack. L'sed l>y the Vak'-la nas of In ko, an.l the 
 \ ei.nas\a edra of Kaigani. ((i'ii'ina .) 
 
 -Raven wings; copper lips ghied on 1.. skin, bases green paint. Ise.l by the 
 (i'llkanirla n (C.'itse es) of the Tsiinshian. ((Jianha da.) 
 
 -Onfa.e: raven's wing ; bla.k. On ne. k : raven's llir.iat : red. l'sed by the 
 (I'it'ina. 
 
 - Feathers of the bir.l Ts'.i giij ; re.l. I'ainling used by .Nenk'ilsi.asi.ingai'. 
 
 -Tuft of piifliii ; red an.l l.la. k. L'sed by the ( r.ia la of the Kaigani. 
 
 ■Tuft of pntfin ; red anil bla.k. L'se.l by the (/oa la of the Kaigani. 
 
 -.Ann .,f .levil-l'ish; red an.l black. Use.l bvthe Sk'ag nas .xa e.Ira of the Kaigani 
 (O'it'ina.) ^ 
 
 -Hack of whale; re.l. l'se.l by the (/oa la. 
 
 -I>orsal fin of killer whale; black. Used by the (Koala. 
 
 Hack and tin of d.-g-fish : red. Use.l by the Q'Ona.fO .nvai of T'ano or Tlo 
 ((i'ifina.) 
 
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nut, Hist., Vol. II. 
 
 Plbte III. 
 
 Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbie 
 
PLATE IV. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 
 
 I'-ig. 1.- 
 Fig. 2.- 
 '•'ig. 3-- 
 
 Fig. 4.- 
 
 Fig. S-- 
 
 Fig. 6.- 
 
 l'"ig. 7.- 
 
 Fig. 8.- 
 
 Fig, 9. 
 Fig. lo. ■ 
 
 ■l)..rs.,l lln of Uasx: red. Used l.y ,he (J-itTns of ,,,|auilt or Ski.l.g.te 
 (Ci 11 in:i ,) t • 
 
 - Dorsal fin of Wasx; red aiuil.la.k. Fs.d l.y ,1,. (-ifinsof ,,,,a ,ih or Skidc 
 gale. ({■ It ina .) 
 
 -Hack and dorsal f,n of the sea-monster Tsan xo'ulse ; Mark. Used l.v the 
 
 (Q olIaT "' ' ' "'' ''' ■^'""' " "' ""' "■"'■"'""" "'" ""^ ■'■''"«'" 
 
 -Short bear's tail of the sea-monster Ts'an xOutse : bla.k an.l red. Used l,y the 
 \$^^ of luko and the Nanaa ri of the S.akin.oan of the Tiiiigit: 
 
 -The lips represent the mouth of the sculpin ; red Over inouth and on nose ■ 
 spmes ; blue. Use.l by the (Mfi ns of ,,,|a gilt or Skidegale. and of S^a n.Miai 
 or .Ninstance. ((J'irina.) " 
 
 -The lips represent the mouth of the Mulpin : red. Over, he monlh : spines- 
 
 kT.\ ^"'^'', 'LI'" ''■'''■" "' '■•l^«'l' or Ski.,ega,e, and of S.an.uai o; 
 Ninstance. (ditina.l 
 
 -■rhe li,,s represent the mouth „f the sculpin; red. On nose and forehead- verte- 
 -ne ol th. sculiWn ; blue. Used by the .^fi ns of i.,|a gilt or Skide.ate, and 
 ol SHa Mguai or Ninstance. ((I'it'ina.) 
 
 II"' 'ii« "i;";""" ii» ""'ml, ,, ...„i|,i„ : ,„i, u„-, ,i„. ,„„„,i, : Hi, ,. . 
 
 ","».«:."',''„■■:';■"■'"" " '"""'■ "■ =^"*«"'-' -' '^'•'" ^ 
 
 -Hat of raven; blue. Used by the (Tifina'. 
 
 -Horns of mountain-goat; black. Use.l by the i.,,enot,lanas of O'una or 
 .Skidans. ((J oa la.) 
 
 I'ig. o. — Kyes of whale (red). (Q'oa la.) 
 Fig. 12 
 
 Fig. 13-- 
 Fig. 14.- 
 
 Fig. 15.- 
 Fig. ,6.- 
 
 -Over nose : mil of the sea-monster Ts'Km a s ; black. Over the evebrows • its 
 t-ars; red. L sed by the i.Saiolanas of u|a gilt or Skidegate. (Q'oa la.) 
 
 -Over nose : horn of mountain-goat. Over eyebrows: its ears ; black Used by 
 the i.i|enOl.la nas of ( Kuna or .Skidans. (( Koala.) 
 
 -Feet of bear; black and red. The part of the painting over the eyebrows 
 represents the eats. Used by the xoa dos of Naeku n. ((Koala.) 
 
 -Xose of devil-hsh ; red. Used by the Sk'ag'nas xaedra of Kaigani ((Tifina'.) 
 
 -Over eyebrows: teelh of sea-lion; black. On chin: throat of killer whale • 
 red. Lsed by the .Skoar.'adas of ..Salt or Ooid Harbor. (Q'oala.) 
 
M 
 
 emoirs Am. Mus. Not. Hist., Vol. H. 
 
 Plnte IV. 
 
 Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Columbia. 
 
PLATE V. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 
 
 Fig. I. — On fiire .- Mndder of sea-lion ; red. On chin : tliroat of killer whale; red. Used 
 by the .Skoa'i'adas of i.Sa it or Cold Harhor. (( Voa'la.) 
 
 Fig. 2. — Tail of the sea-monster I'sMn xO'iitse ; red and black, l^ed by the Yak"la'nas 
 of lakoand the Nanaa ri of the Stakini|oan of the Tlingit. ((^'oala. ) 
 
 fig- 3- — F.yebrows of the sea-monster Tsan x6 utse ; red and black. I'.sed by the 
 Yak"lanas of la k'o and the Nanaari of the Stakin.joan of the Tlingit. 
 (Q'oala.) 
 
 Fig- 4-— Face: sea-lion devouring a halibut. Fish-tail ; black. On chin : throat of killer 
 whale ; red. Used by the SkoaL'adas ot iJait or Oold Harbor. (Q'oala.) 
 
 l'''K- 5— 'itar's ribs ; black. Used by the Vak"lanas of la k'o. (Q'oala.) 
 
 Fig. 6. — Head of white-headed eagle; red. Used by the (;"it'ina'. 
 
 Fig. 7. — Red wing-feathers of the wcadpecker ; red. Used by the I'asla nas of Da dh.ns. 
 ((J'oa la.) 
 
 Fig. 8. — Throat of the killer whale ; red. Used principally by the women of the (j'ua'la. 
 
 Fig. 9. — Throat of the sea-monster Ts'3n xo'utse ; red. U.sed by the Vak"lanas of la'k'o 
 and the Nanaa'ri of the Stakinqoan of the Tlingit. ((/oa la.) 
 
 F'ig. 10. — Nest of eagle ; red. Used by the (I'it'ina . 
 
 Fig. II. — Halibut; black and red. The leftside of the face represents the dark upper 
 side of the fish ; the right side of the face represents the light lower side of the 
 fish. Used by the I's'ai.lanas of la k'o. (O'it'ina.) 
 
 Fig. 12. — Moscpiito bites ; red. (U'it'ina.) 
 
 Fig. 13. — Tree with holes pecked by the woodpecker ; black and red. Used by the 
 Qaoi|e owai of la'k'o. (Q'o5'la.) 
 
 Fig. 14. — Vertical bar of copper; red. Used by the Sta'stas of K"inst'a. ((■."it'ina.) 
 
 Fig. I.5. — Vertical bar of copper ; red. U.sed by the Stasias of K"in'st'a. (C'it'ina.) 
 
 Fig. 16. — Trees carried down by a rock-slide; black. Used by the i.(|enoLla'nas of (Kuna 
 or Skidans. ((^'oa'la.) 
 
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. II. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Facial Paintings of the Indians ol' Northern British Columb 
 
 la. 
 
I( 
 
pr.A'iK \-i. 
 
EXPLANATION OK PLATE VI. 
 
 Fig. I. — Kvening sky ; reii. Usi-d liy thi- S'alK/ml.is of Ll k'l^, (('■•it'in:!.) 
 
 I'lg. .'. — ("irriis clouds on thi: hori/on ol tlu- ocean ; red. I'sed l>y the TaslAnas of 
 Da duns. (Q'oflla.) 
 
 F'K- 3- ~<^"'fr'is clouds on the n'orning or evening sky ; red. Used l)y the t.(|en<M,l.l'nas 
 of ( Vii na or Skidans. ((J'od la.) 
 
 t'K' 4. — <-'<"iniliis ( loiids; red and black. Used by the i,(|enoi IS nas of (/una or 
 Skidans. (Q'oala.) 
 
 Figs, s and 6. — Cumulus clouds ; red and l)la< k. L'sed l>y the Va dasgilinai of (.'). 
 (d'it'ina.) 
 
 The two painthigs .supplement ea( h other, and are worn iiy two persons who 
 appear before the tribe together. 
 
 I'ig. 7. — Stratus cloud; black. Used by the xoados of Naekun. ((Joa la.) 
 
 Fig. 8. — After-image of the sun; red. Used by the Kits'ade's of the Stakin(|oan of the 
 'I'lingit. 
 
 Fig. 9. — I'ainting of the .\Ic i.i-.m dancer; red and black. The painting around the 
 mouth re|)resents blood. 
 
 Fig. 10. — The monster Ts'Kma s; red. Used by the Skoa i.'ad is of lM it or (iold Harbor, 
 and the Qo3a'ngas of i.qa gilt or .Skidegate. 
 
 Fig. II. — Fish-net; red and black. Used by the (ritse'es, a Tsim.shian tribe, ((^anha da.) 
 
 Fig. 12. — lieaver; red and black. The lines drawn from the eyes downward represent 
 tears. The ornament on the chin represents the beaver's tail. Used by the 
 Sta'stas of K"i(l'sta. 
 
 I'"'K- i3. — •'><-':i-ottcr tattooing. Used by the Kunla'nas of la'gi:n. 
 
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nut, Hist., Vol. II. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Facial Paintings of the Indians of Northern British Colu 
 
 mbia. 
 
M