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THE 
 
 'ORTSMA!^"^ Gazetteer 
 
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 «t." 
 
 GENERAL uUIDE. 
 
 ^ ^NIMAIA BIRDS AJSD FISHES OP xVORTH AMERICA: 
 ■'AhlTS AND VAiUOUS METHODS OP CATT^URE. 
 
 COPIOUS INSTRUCTTONS 
 
 • ■;, Fr-^HTNG, TAXIDERMY, W001.K?\' 
 
 TOGETHKH WrTH 
 
 A DIRa»^ ^ -■ TO THE PRINCIPAL GAME RKSORTS OF TIIC 
 TRY; ILLUSTRATED WJTH M.\ VS. 
 
 BY ARI.es HALLOCK, 
 
 'saw.^- 
 
 AtTHOR or THE " FISHIKG TOnjIST," " GAMP 
 ■- FU»RIDA," KTC. 
 
 AftitRV 
 
 YORK: 
 
 PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 <»MrAXY, AGENTS, 
 
 

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THE 
 
 Sportsman's Gazetteer 
 
 AND 
 
 GENERAL GUIDE. 
 
 THE GAME ANIMALS, BIRDS AND FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA : 
 THEIR HABITS AND VARIOUS METHODS OF CAPTURE. 
 
 COPIOUS INSTRUCTIONS 
 IN SHOOTING, FISHING, TAXIDERMY, WOODCRAFT, ETC. 
 
 TOGETHER WJTH 
 
 A DIRECTORY TO THE PRINCIPAL GAME RESORTS OF THE 
 COUNTRY ; ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. 
 
 BY CHARLES HALLOCK, 
 
 MITOR OP "FOKKT «.,, STK.AU;" AOT-HOK OF TH. " ,l,„„„ TOTOST," « CAMF 
 
 LIFE IN FLORIDA," ETC. 
 
 NEV/ YORK: 
 
 "FOREST AND STREAM" PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY, AGENTS. 
 
 1877. 
 
J 
 
 V 
 
 cy 
 
 Copyright, 1877, by Charles Hallock and James Woodward. 
 
 Eleclrotyped by 
 SMITH & McDOUGAL. 
 
 Printed by 
 E. O. JENKINS. 
 
 
DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 If HE foVERS OF §EGITIMATE f PORT^j 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 Brother Sportsmen : 
 A S editor of a sportsman's journal for several years, and 
 -^^- weekly purveyor of information continually asked for 
 by its readers, I have long felt the need of constant refer- 
 ence to just such a compendium as the volume in hand ; 
 and hence, judging others' requirements by my own, I was 
 prompted to undertake a work which has required much 
 labor in its preparation and care in its revision. Whatever 
 may be its estimation by the Fraternity, I am satisfied that 
 the relief which ihe collocation will afford myself will prove 
 an ample compensation, even if I should receive no other. 
 The book must speak for itself. I am willing to let it stand 
 on its merits, while conscious that its extended scope ren- 
 ders it liable to defects, and the more vulnerable to criti- 
 cism. To anticipate mischances, I have indicated in its 
 proper place a list of reliable works of reference which will 
 supply whatever is lacking here. 
 
 With regard to the Guide to Game Resorts, which I 
 know some gentlemen will take me to task for publishing, 
 I wish to plead that the rapid spread of population and set- 
 tlement, the multiplication of those who look to the rod and 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 gun for sport, and the constant opening of new lines of 
 communication to all parts of the country, make it certain 
 that all accessible places will be brought to speedy notice; 
 while, as for remote and difficult localities — well, if any 
 sportsman has the pluck and energy to seek them out he 
 deserves to enjoy the fruits of his perseverance. I regard 
 concealment a virtue no longer ; although I may whisper it 
 privately that with some latent consideration of the vested 
 or pre-empted rights and prerogatives o^ old-time sports- 
 men, I have purposely refrained from indicating many 
 places where the woodcock, the snipe, the trout, and the 
 salmon, have their sequestered haunts. These shall be 
 held as sacred from intrusion as the penetralia of the 
 Vestals. 
 
 I have only to add that I have been materially assisted 
 in the preparation of this work by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, of the 
 Smithsonian, Dr. D. C. Estes, of Minnesota, Dr. G. A. 
 Stockwell, of Port Huron, Michigan, and Geo. Bird Grin- 
 nell, of the Peabody Museum at Yale College. Mr. J. H. 
 Batty prepared the chapter on Taxidermy, and Messrs. 
 Joseph Woodward and Chas. B. Reynolds have given 
 valuable service in compiling the Guide. 
 
 Fraternally yours, 
 
 Charles Hallock. 
 New York, June 151,1877. . ,, , :, .. 
 
GENERAL CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Gamk Animals of North America. 
 Game Birds of North America. 
 Game Fish of North America: 
 
 Eastern Coast Fishes. . . 
 
 Northern Inland Fishes. 
 
 Inland Fishes of the West and Northwest. 
 
 Pacific Coast Fishes. 
 
 Inland Fishes of the South and Southwest. 
 
 Southern Coast Fishes. 
 Dogs USED for SroRT : ' 
 
 Their Different Varieties; Training and Management, Dis- 
 
 eases and Remedies. 
 Forest, Field, ant Prairie: 
 
 Guns and Ammunition for Different Kmds of Game ; Hints and 
 
 Recipes for Gunners ; Decoys, Blinds, and other Devices. 
 Ocean, Lake, and River : 
 
 Art of Dressing Artificial Flies ; Instruction in Fly Fishing ; 
 Rods, Lines, and Lures ; Hints and Recipes. 
 Sporting Boats and Canoes : 
 
 Rules for Sailing Boats ; Useful Suggestions in Buying, Repair- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 y/OODCRAFT : 
 
 Expedients in Emergencies ; Hints and Recipes for Camp and 
 
 Cruise. 
 Instruction in Taxidermy. 
 Bibliography for Sportsmen. 
 Dealers' and Outfitters' List. 
 Index, 
 
 - PART II. 
 
 A Sportsmen's Directory to the Principal Resorts for Game 
 AND Fish in North America. 
 
 ^ 
 
PART I. 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 CATS. 
 
 Felii coHcolor.— Linn. Puma, Panther, Cougar, Mountain Lion. 
 
 THE Cougar is, with the exception of the Jaguar, Fe//s onca, 
 which is scarcely, or not at all, found within the limits of the 
 United States, the largest of the American cats. Its range is very 
 extensive, including temperate and tropical America from Canada 
 to Patagonia. In height it is about equal to a large dog, but the 
 body is much longer proportionally, and a large animal will weigh 
 one hundred and fifty pounds. The tail is long and tapering, and 
 this point will serve to distinguish it, even when young, from either 
 of the two species to be hereafter mentioned. The color of the 
 Cougar is a uniform pale brown above and dusky white below ; the 
 tips of the hairs are blackish brown. Young kittens of this species 
 are at first spotted on the flanks, but attain the colors of the pa- 
 rent before reaching their full size. 
 
 The Cougar preys upon deer, sheep, colts, calves and small quad- 
 rupeds generally, and when numerous it proves very troublesome to 
 the fiirmer and stock raiser. When, however, its prey is so brge 
 that it cannot all be devoured at one meal, the animal covers it 
 with leaves or buries it in the earth and leaves it for a time, return- 
 ing later to finish his repast. This habit is sometimes taken advan- 
 tage of by his human enemy, who, poisoning the hidden care asswith 
 strychnine, often manages to secure the Panther when it comes back 
 to eat again. The use of poison against carnivorous animals of all 
 kinds has become so general in the west within the past few years, 
 that they are rapidly becoming exterminated in all districts within 
 
10 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 reach of the settlements. All flesh eaters, from the skunk to the 
 huge grizzly, are taken by this means, and the vultures, ravens and 
 magpies suffer heavily by eating the remains of animals that have 
 been killed in this way. Indeed, were it not for some such means 
 of defence as this, the sheep raisers of Southern California and New 
 Mexico, and the cattle growers of Utah, Montana and Wyoming 
 would be quite powerless to protect their herds from the attacks 
 of many enemies which could only be driven off by a large force 
 of dogs and mounted men. As it is, however, each shepherd ?. .1 
 herder is provided as a matter of course with a certain amount of 
 stiychnine, and all dead carcasses are poisoned, so that before long 
 the country is freed from the depredations of animals injurious to 
 stock. The period of gestation of the Cougar, as observed in the 
 Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, is ninety-seven days. 
 It brings forth in the spring from two to four young. ' 
 
 Lynx ru/us. — Raf. Bay Lynx, Wildcat, Catamount, etc. 
 
 The Bay Lynx is another species of wide range, inhabiting the 
 whole territory of the United States and extending into the British 
 Possessions on the north, and Mexico on the south. It is a small 
 animal, measuring from the nose to the tip of the tail only about 
 thirty-five inches, of which this latter organ occupies but five. In 
 color it somewhat resembles the Cougar, but the brown is more 
 nearly a red as is indicated by the name Bay. The tail is black at 
 the tip as are the inner surfaces of the ears. The color of the un- 
 der parts is white with some black spots. 
 
 The Bay Lynx is a timid animal, preying chiefly upon grouse, 
 hare, and still smaller birds and mammals. It scarcely deserves 
 mention as a game animal. Its young, usually three in number, 
 are produced in April or May according to the latitude which the 
 animal inhabits. They are said to be from the first utterly wild 
 and untamable. Variety niaculatus, Aud. and Bach., is found in 
 Texas, and variety /a jrm/wi', Raf., in Washington Territory and the 
 extreme Northwest generally. 
 
 Lynx canadensis. — Raf. Canada Lynx, Catamount, Loup Cerver, Lucifee. 
 
 The Canada Lynx is a more northern species than either of the 
 preceding, and on the Atlantic coast scarcely enters the United 
 
CATS. - II 
 
 States. On the Mackenzie River it is found as far north as latitude 
 66° and it inhal^its the mountains of Western America ; it occurs 
 at least as far south as Fort Tejon, California, where specimens 
 have been taken. Like many other truly northern species, it is 
 found much farther south among the high mountains of the West, 
 than on the Eastern side of the continent. The Canada Lynx is 
 about forty inches in total length. The tail is very short and 
 stumpy. The animal is wholly of a pale grey color with the excep- 
 tion of the tip of the tail and the extremities of the ears, which are 
 black. The feet are enormous and are densely furred. Alto- 
 gether the animal presents a very savage appearance, but it is 
 really very timid, and will always avoid ah encounter even with a 
 small dog. In its habits it resembles closely the Bay Lynx. The 
 Canada Lynx brings forth two or three young in the spring. It 
 breeds but once a year. 
 
 The three species referred to above are not to be regarded as 
 game animals. They nowhere exist in sufficient numbers to make 
 it worth while to hunt them systematically, and almost all that are 
 taken, are secured by means of traps or poison. Occasionally, it 
 is true, the burner may happen on one when seeking for game, or 
 the angler while following a stream may start one from the brush 
 or from a tree which overhangs the brook, but in such cases they 
 are gone almost as soon as seen, and rarely give one time to shoot 
 at them. Those that are killed with firearms are generally treed by 
 dogs which are hunting bears, coons, or foxes, and are shot by 
 the hunters who are following the dogs. There is no danger in 
 any of these animals unless wounded or cornered ; an enraged cat, 
 however, is by no means a contemptible antagonist, and the hunter 
 should keep clear of its claws. Instances are on record of the 
 death of more than one man who has put himself in the way of 
 a wild cat, and of course the panther is more dangerous by as 
 much as he is larger. 
 
WOLVES. 
 
 Canis /.••/«*.— Linn. (? var.) Grey, Timber, or Buffalo Wolf. 
 Canis /atrans.—Sa.y. Prairie Wolf, Coyote 
 
 T T TE have always been taught to regard the Wolf as the type 
 V V o^ ^'^ detestable qualities, but he has also been invested 
 in romance and tradition with a courage and ferocity which is very 
 foreign to his nature. He is in fact, the most cowardly of all our 
 animals, possessing some of the intelligence of the dog, but none 
 of the higher instincts which long association with man has v/orked 
 into the being of the latter. The wolves unless pressed *' rribly by 
 hunger will never attack any animal larger than themselves, and 
 then only in packs. A cur dog, as a rule, can drive the largest 
 wolf on th€ plains. Lean, gaunt and hungry looking, they are 
 the essence of meanness, and treachery personified. The two 
 common species of the plains are the Grey or Buffalo Wolf, Cam's 
 lupus, and the ever present Coyote or Prairie Wolf, Cants lat*'ans, 
 who makes night so hideous on the plains to novices unused to 
 his unearthly serenade. The Buffalo Wolf is almost as tall as a 
 greyhound, and is proportioned about like a setter dog. It is found 
 of all colors, from jet black in Florida and red in Texas to snow 
 white in the arctic regions. In the west the color is generally grey 
 or grizzled white, sometimes brindled. The ears are erect, and the 
 tail, long and well haired, is generally carried straight out behind, 
 but when the animal is frightened is put between his legs like that 
 of the dog under similar circumstances. The Prairie Wolf js in size 
 about half way between the red fox and Grey Wolf. Its color is 
 similar to that of its larger relation of the plains, but is of a more 
 yellowish cast. 
 
 The larger of these two species was once universally distributed 
 throughout North America, but is now confined to the wildest and 
 least settled portions of the country. The Prairie Wolf is an inhab- 
 
JVOL VES. 
 
 13 
 
 itant of the plains and mountains west of the Missouri, and is found 
 from the British Possessions south into Mexico, from the inhab- 
 itants of which it has derived its common name, Coyote. In the 
 southern portion of its range it is a miserable cur scarcely larger 
 than the common fox. These two species, C. lupus and C. latrans, 
 are plenty generally throughout the west and the southwest, but 
 are most numerous in a buffalo country. They subsist on any 
 refuse they can pick up, and are always found on the outskirts 
 of settlements or forts slinking here and there, eking out what sub- 
 sistence they may by snatching any stray morsels of food that come 
 in their way. A band of wolves will follow a party of hunters, and 
 at any time half an hour after breaking camp in the morning, the 
 scavengers may be seen prowling around the still smoking fires, and 
 quarrelling over the debris of the morning meal. Very young buffalo 
 calves, and decrepid bulls or badly wounded animals are attacked 
 by these creatures in packs and torn to pieces. They will follow 
 a wounded bison for miles, waiting and watching for the animal to 
 lie down, when they will assail it from all quarters. Wolves breed 
 freely with the dog and in any Indian camp the traveller will see 
 dogs, so called, that cannot be distinguished from their wild cousins. 
 The young are brought forth in May and number from five to nine. 
 As often as the winter season sets in the hunters who make a 
 business of it start out on a wolfing expedition. The stock in trade 
 of a party engaged in " wolfing "consists in flour, bacon and strych- 
 nine, the first two articles named for their own consumption, the 
 last for the wolves. The first thing to be done is to procure a bait. 
 Generally a buffalo is used, but if it happens to be out of a buffalo 
 range, then an elk, deer, coon, or other animal is made to answer 
 the purpose. The carcass is then impregnated with the poison 
 and placed where it will do the most good. Sometimes as high as 
 fifty woives will be found of a morning scattered about at intervals 
 of a few yards from the carcass that they ate so ravenously of the 
 night before. 
 
 The " wolfers " proceed to gather up animals slain, carry them 
 to camp, fix up another bait if necessary, and then commences the 
 labor of skinning and stretching. It is no uncommon thing for a 
 party of three men to come down in the spring with four thousand 
 pelts, and as they will average about one dollar and a half apiece 
 
14 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 it is a very profitable business, if you are only successful in your 
 " catch." 
 
 Wolfers form a class by themselves and this is their regular 
 occupation during the winter season. Spring time finds them in 
 the towns where in a week's time they have gambled and drunk 
 away all their earnings ; they then disappear, not to be seen again 
 until the following spring. 
 
 Wolves are sometimes hunted on horseback with hounds, but 
 the speed they can attain when well scared is something astonish- 
 ing, and they can easily distance any ordinary dogs. The method 
 employed is to have among the pack, one or more greyhounds 
 v.'ho will bring the wolf to bay and allow the other dogs to come up. 
 
 Some day in the not very remote future, this kind of sport and 
 coursing r^ares is destined to become popular and will be a favorite 
 amusement among the sportsmen of the West, 
 
FOXES. 
 
 Vulpcs vulgaris. — var. Penmylvanicus. Coues. Common Red Fox. 
 
 Vulpes >«a<rr<j«riw.— Baird. Prairie Fox. 
 
 Vulpesvelox -Aud. and Bach. Swift Fox, Kit Fox. 
 
 yulpes !a£opus.- Rich. Arctic Fox. 
 
 Urocyon ctnereo-trgentatus.— Coues. Grey Fox, Virginia Fox. 
 
 Urocyon ltUa>alis.—Ba.ird. Little Grey Fox. 
 
 OF the species enumerated above it is necessary to speak only 
 of the Red Fox and the Grey. The others mentioned are 
 never hunted and are only taken by means of traps or poison ; they 
 do not therefore come within the scope of this work. 
 
 The Red Fox is too well known to require description. He 
 differs but very little from his celebrated English relative to whose 
 capture so much time is devoted, on the other side the water, and 
 like him he proves a terrible pest to the farmer. There are several 
 permanent colors of this species analogous to the different colors 
 in our squirrels, young of very different appearance being found in 
 the same litter. The Cross Fox and the Silver-grey are the best 
 known of these differently-colored animals. 
 
 The Grey Fox is a more southern species than the Red and is 
 rarely found north of the State of Maine. Indeed it is not common 
 anywhere in New England. In the Southern States, however, it 
 wholly replaces the Red Fox and causes quite as much annoyance 
 to the farmer as does that proverbial animal. The Grey Fox is 
 somewhat smaller than the Red and differs from him in being 
 wholly dark grey " mixed hoary and black." 
 
 The Grey Fox differs from his northern cousin in being able to 
 c/i'md trees. He is not much of a runner, and when hard pressed 
 by the dog will often ascend the trunk of a leaning tree by running 
 up it, or will even climb an erect one, grasping the trunk in his arms 
 as would a bear. Still the fox is not at home among the branches, 
 and he looks and no doubt feels very much out of place while xxy 
 this predicament. 
 
l6 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 In Ohio and in others of the Middle Slates, foxes are said to be 
 hunted as follows ; On an appointed day the whole pooulation ol 
 the neighborhood turn out and enclose as large a tract of country 
 as possible, all hands leisurely advancing toward some point near 
 the centre of the circle ; as they advance all the noise possible is 
 made that the game may be driven before them. When the circle 
 is quite small and the foxes are seen running about looking for an 
 opening by which to escape, small boys are turned in with direc- 
 tions to catch the animals, a task which is not accomplished with- 
 out a good deal of exertion and perhaps a bite or two. When a 
 fox is caught it is sold to pay the expenses of the hunt. 
 
 Fox hunting as practiced in " merrie England " was transported 
 to this country as early as the middle of the eighteenth centur)'. 
 In the mother country it has attained a most important position 
 among the national sports. A fox hunt there is one of the great- 
 est pleasures accorded to the titled gentry, and the scene is often 
 graced by the presence of some fair equestriennes who will even 
 take part in the chase. Horses are bred for the purpose and a first- 
 class hunter commands a large price. 
 
 Fox hunting first came generally in vogue in Great Britain some 
 two hundred years ago, and was introduced into Virginia perhaps 
 a hundred years later. The old custom has been sustained with 
 difficulty through many vicissitudes up to the present day. 
 
 The topography of our southern country, however, prevents the 
 use there of the orthodox English fox hound, since the heavy tim- 
 ber lands and high fences would effectually prevent keeping a pack 
 of these dogs in view. We need a slower hound, and this the F. 
 F. V.'s, fond of this branch of sport, have procured by crossbreed- 
 ing with the old English hunting stock. Fox hunting thus prac- 
 ticed has been confined almost exclusively to the South, particularly 
 Virginia. Many planters of leisure and means were accustomed, 
 avant la guerre, to keep a number of hounds for no other purpose, 
 and with the best riders of the neighboring county periodically held 
 their " meets," when with horn, whipper-in and all other accom- 
 paniments, according to true English fox hunting rules, they would 
 proceed to start Reynard and follow him to the death. Since the 
 war, however, the demoralised condition of many sections of the 
 South, and the greatly impaired fortunes of the former participants 
 
FOXES. 
 
 17 
 
 in this manly sport, have combined to render fox hunting well nigh 
 innpossible, and until horseback riding attains in both North and 
 South a more national character, there is but little hope of resus- 
 citating tnis delightful sport. The fox pursued in the South is ♦he 
 Grey Fox, Urocyon cinereo-argentaius ; he is in part replaced north 
 of Maryland by our common red fox, Vulpes vulgaris, and in the 
 west by the Swift Fox, Vulpes velox, and other species. With us of 
 the North, foxing is by some followed during the late fall and win- 
 ter, for the skins of the animal, which bring a fair price in market. 
 The hunters stand near the runways while the hounds start the 
 fox. The latter traverses the country by regular paths and some 
 one of the hunters, if careful, is generally successful in bagging 
 Reynard. 
 
 Foxes live in holes of their own making, generally in the loamy 
 soil of a side hill, and the she-fox bears four or five cubs at a litter. 
 When a fox-hole is discovered by the farmers they assemble and 
 proceed to dig out the inmates who have lately, very likely, been 
 making havoc among their hen-roosts. An amusing incident which 
 came under our immediate observation a few years ago will bear 
 relating. A farmer discovered the lair of an old dog fox by means 
 of his hound who trailed the animal to his hole. This fox had been 
 making large and nightly inroads into the poultry ranks of the 
 neighborhood, and had acquired great and unenviable notoriety on 
 that account. The farmer and two companions, armed with spades 
 and hoes, and accompanied by the faithful hound, started to " dig 
 out the varmint." The hole was situated on the sandy slope of a 
 hill, and after a laborious and continued digging of four hours, Rey- 
 nard was unearthed and he and " Bep" were soon engaged in deadly 
 strife. The excitement had waxed hot, ana dog, men and fox were 
 all struggling in a promiscuous melee. Soon a burly farmer watch- 
 ing his chance strikes wildly with his hoe-handle for Reynard's 
 head, which is scarcely distinguishable in the maze of legs and 
 bodies. The blow descends, but alas ! a sudden movement of the 
 hairy mass brings the fierce stroke upon the faithful dog, who with 
 a wild howl relaxes his grasp and rolls with bruised and bleeding 
 head, faint and powerless on the hillside. 
 
 Reynard takes advantage of the turn affairs have assumed, and 
 before the gun, which had been laid aside on the grass some hours 
 
I8 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 <tx 
 
 before, can be reached he disappears over the crest of the hill. An 
 old she-fox with young, to supply them with food, will soon deplete . 
 the hen-roost and destroy both old and great numbers of very young 
 chickens. Foxes generally travel by night. As before mentioned 
 they follow regular runs, but are exceedingly shy of any invention 
 for their capture, and the use of traps is almost futile. When occa- 
 sionally they do " put their foot in it " they will gnaw the captured 
 pedal extremity entirely through and escape, leaving this member 
 as a memento. In this respect they fully support their ancient repu- 
 tation for cunning. They will use most adroit tactics in throwing 
 dogs off their scent when hotly pursued. The western species is 
 not hunted in any manner. 
 
 Their flesh is probably as good food as dog-meat, but is not gen- 
 erally classed by epicures as among the good things of this earth. 
 Their food consists, besides chickens, of geese, ducks and young 
 turkeys, also grouse and quail when they can be procured without 
 a great outlay of labor ; but the farmyard generally furnishes a cheap 
 and staple diet to Reynard. 
 
 In closing we add a fervent hope that the " Yoicks " and " Tal- 
 ly ho " will soon again be heard throughout the South, and the 
 echoes be borne afar and taken up by the Northern sportsmen who 
 still love the exciting chase and chivalric deeds, concomitants of 
 an old-fashioned fox hunt. 
 
GRIZZLY BEAR. 
 
 Ursus horrtbilis.—OxA. 
 
 THE well-known Grizzly inhabits the Western portions of the 
 continent, from the Missouri River to the Pacific coast, but 
 is found most abundantly in the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra 
 Nevadas. It is the largest of the genus found within the limits of 
 the United States, sometimes weighing from fifteen hundred to two 
 thousand pounds, and its ferocity makes it by far the most danger- 
 ous antagonist that the hunter will meet. 
 
 A technical description of it would be about the following: — 
 Size very large ; tail shorter than ears ; hair coarse, darkest near 
 base, with light tips ; an erect mane between shoulders '. feet large, 
 fore claws double the length of the hinder ; a dark dorsal stripe 
 from occiput to tail, a lateral one on ep.ch side along the flanks, 
 nearly concealed by the light tips of the hair ; intervals between 
 the stripes lighter ; hairs on body brownish yellow, or hoary at 
 tips ; parts around ears dusky ; legs approaching black ; muzzle 
 pale. There are some which differ in color from the description 
 given, but all belong to the same species. This bear is found ex 
 tensively in California along the foothills of the Coast and Cascade 
 Ranges, wherever oaks and manzanita are found, for a great por- 
 tion of their food consists of acorns and the berries of the latter. 
 The manzanita, which is peculiar to the tlcra of the Pacific coast, 
 derives its botanical name {Arctostaphylus glaucd) from its associa- 
 tion with this animal, arktos signifying bear in Greek. To procure 
 the fruit of this shrub bruin will travel far and face many dangers. 
 The Grizzly Bear brings forth from one to three cubs about the 
 middle of January, At birth the young are said to be very small, 
 scarcely larger than puppies. They grow rapidly, however, but 
 remain with the mother all through the summer. It is even, said 
 that they associate with the dam until she is just about to bring 
 forth again. 
 
I 
 
 20 GAME ANIMALS OP NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 In Oicgon and California this Bear is said to be found as far 
 north as the parallel of forty degrees, but to be scarce or not at 
 all known beyond forty-two degrees. Its principal habitat in Ore- 
 gon is in the Klamath Basin, in which are situated the now famous 
 I lava beds. It is but little hunted, owing to the sparseness of popu- 
 
 1; lation there and the danger of the amusement. The last attempt 
 
 at a chase resulted disastrously to one of the parlies, the Grizzly 
 having overtaken and killed him with one powerful stroke. 
 
 On the Pacific Coast the hurting of the Grizzly is generally con- 
 i ducted, where the nature of the ground will permit, on horseback. 
 
 A pack of mongrel dogs trained for the purpose, are sent through 
 the jungle or thickets where the bears are supposed to be feeding. 
 They soon strike the trail and followng it, drive him into open 
 ground, when the nearest hunter gives the signal to the others of 
 the party, who soon come up, and a general fusillade is opened and 
 continued until bruin is killed or disabled. The chase is attended, 
 if the animal be the dreaded Grizzly, with considerable excitement, 
 and no little danger, for " Ephraim " is very nimble and active when 
 aroused, and it takes a mustang of some speed and a rider of skill 
 to evade his onward rushes. A horse unaccustomed to the sight 
 of a bear will become unruly, and throw a poor horseman, who is 
 then at the mercy of the monster. The Grizzly can easily overtake 
 a man on foot, but as it is, unlike the other varieties, unable to 
 climb trees, safety is often sought among the branches. Even 
 then, however, the pursuer keeps the pursued in a state of siege 
 until night, or the timely arrival of his comrades relieves him from 
 his uncomfortable and hazardous position. 
 
 Greasers, Western vernacular for Mexicans, when they can find 
 a Grizzly feeding on open ground, will sometimes capture him with 
 their riatas, one horseman holding him by the head or a fore-leg, 
 while another attends to his hind-legs. While stretched in this 
 way he can easily be bound by others of the party, and is carried in 
 triumph to the village, there to be pitted, at the ntxi fiesta, against 
 some savage young bull. The operation, however, is not always so 
 successful, and sometimes the bear gets off with half-a-dozen ropes 
 traihng behind him. 
 
 We have met several of these animals throughout the Western 
 States and Territories in a semi-domesticated state, b'lt in no place 
 
GRIZZLY BEAR, 
 
 at 
 
 did we see them so gentle as to bear too much familiarity. When 
 the male and female are caged together they are incessantly quarrel- 
 ling, especially at feeding time. Gallantry seems to be unknovvn 
 to the burly male at such times, for he will attack his companion 
 in the most vicious manner to recover even the smallest morsel of 
 food. There is a rude but significant word in the Saxon to express 
 the highest type of selfishness, namely, '* hoggishness," yet bearish- 
 ness would be more literally correct, for the Suidce are generous in 
 comparison to the monarch of this continent. 
 
 Bears are, in our estimation, contemptible creatures, not fit for 
 food. Their diet is too varied. In the spring they dig up ants' 
 nests and devour the eggs and inmates, catch frogs, and eat with 
 relish any carrion that can be picked up. The summer is devoted 
 to the untiring pursuit of mice and beetles, and a huge creature 
 weighing a thousand pounds gives his whole time and energies to 
 the capture of such game as this. When the berries and nuts are 
 ripe the bear's food is delicate enough ; but, although we have occa- 
 sionally been obliged to eat bear meat or go hungry, we would 
 vastly prefer good tough government mule. 
 
BLACK, BROWN, OR CINNAMON BEAR. 
 
 Ursus americnnus. — Pallas. {? vax.cihnamoneus). 
 
 ONLY two spe'cies u{ the genus Ursiis are found within the 
 limits of the United States. These are the Grizzly, the 
 largest and most po verful of its family, and the Black Bear, from 
 which the Cinnamon Bear of authors is by some held to be dis- 
 tinct. Old hunters however say that they have found both Brown 
 and Cinnamon cubs in the same litter with Black ones, and no 
 distinctions except color seem to have been established between 
 the Black and Cinnamon Bears. We notice an analogous occur- 
 rence among the squirrel-tribe, the grey and black having been 
 proved to be identical. The question however need not be dis- 
 cussed here ; an able authority will soon give an opinion on the 
 subject, and we await his dictum. 
 
 The Black Bear is peculiar to no particular section of North 
 America but is found from Maine to Texas, from Florida to 
 Washington Territory. It is least abundant or perhaps is not 
 found at all on the high dry plains of the far west, for it is an ani- 
 mal of the woods and swamps, while its cousin the Grizzly prefers 
 the steep mountain side with its covering of rocks and " down 
 timber," or wanders through the plains and open river valleys m 
 his search for roots, mice and beetles. Nowhere is the former 
 mOre abundant than in the dense swamps of the Southern States, 
 and it seens to know right well that among these tangled cane- 
 brakes it will find safety from pursuit as well as abundance of 
 food. The Black Bear is but little more than one-quarler the size 
 of an adult Grizzly, and, as his name implies, is throughout of a 
 shining black color. The muzzle, however, is usually tan color 
 and sometimes specimens are killed which have a white mark on 
 the throat. The so-called Cinnamon Bear varies in color from a 
 deep rich brown to a light yellow and is chiefly confined to the 
 
BLACK, BROWN, OR CINN-AMON BEAR. 
 
 23 
 
 mountain regions of the West ; a yellow hear from the Carolinas 
 is however mentioned by some authors, and may be referred to 
 this variety. 
 
 This species, like the Grizzly, is truly omnivorous and every 
 eatable thing that comes within reach is eagerly devoured. In 
 severe winters in the Southern States the Bears are sometimes quite 
 troublesome to the farmers, devouring large numbers of sheep and 
 hogs, and occasionally making off with a calf. Such depredations, 
 however, are quite unusual, and Bruin is usually well contented if 
 he can be allowed in peace to gather mast, to catch frogs in the 
 brooks, and to tear up rotten logs and prey upon the ants and 
 beetles which he may find in them. It is in fall that these animals 
 live in clover, so to speak. When the nuts and berries are ripe 
 and the bees are putting up the last of their honey, and the corn 
 is in the milk tender and delicious, and the wild fruits, grapes and 
 persimmons and pawpaws are ripe, then truly does the Black Bear 
 laugh and grow fat, so fat indeed that he can scarcely run. 
 Then, too, does the hunter collect his dogs, and summoning his 
 neighbors, a jolly party proceed to the vicinity of the swamp which 
 harbors the Bear. The dogs are sent in and their cry soon notifies 
 the horsemen of the direction which the game is taking. All 
 hands follow as fast as the nature of the ground will permit, and 
 before long the barking of the dogs conveys the information that 
 the Bear has sought safety among the branches of a tree. On the 
 arrival of the hunters the tree is either cut down so that the bear 
 and dogs may fight it out on the ground, or, as is most frequently 
 the case, a rifle ball terminates the sport as far as this particular 
 animal is concerned. 
 
 The Black Bear is shy and timid, and avoids a rencontre with 
 man if possible. When brought to bay, however, he will make a 
 show of fight, and if wounded may be dangerous. As a rule, 
 however, the chase of the Black Bear is devoid of excitement and 
 attractive danger, and it is little hunted except as mentioned above 
 in the South. The man who has killed his Grizzly has accom- 
 plished a feat of no small magnitude and may justly feel proud 
 of his prowess; but the Black Bear is very much smaller 
 
 game. 
 
 The Black Bear produces in early spring two or three cubs 
 
24 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 I 
 
 which she cares for with tl>e greatest affection, and in defence of 
 which she will sometimes even fight. 
 
 In some localities in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas 
 these animals are enormously abundant. In the berry season 
 their presence can be detected almost every where in the forests 
 by the number of berries which they have stripped off the bushes, 
 and the torn condition of the soil in many places where they have 
 been digging for roots. In the summer this animal is also a 
 frequenter of thickets where a species of buckthorn grows, as it 
 devours the fruit of this tree with great avidity, though to \}i^t genus 
 homo the fruit proves a most violent cathartic. The animal is but 
 little hunted, notwithstanding its numerical strength, owing un- 
 doubtedly to the cheapness of its fur, or else to the difficulty of 
 finding its domicil during the season of hibernation, when its 
 wardrobe is in the best condition for mercantile purposes. 
 
 In the Adirondacks and the woods of Maine, the Black Bear 
 is abundant, and we have often tracked them to their nooning 
 places and jumped them out of warm sunny spots by the side of 
 old logs where they were taking their siesta. The most agreeable 
 way of hunting this species is, however, that first mentioned, and 
 it is also by far the most successful. Black Bears are trapped in 
 large numbers for their hides and are in some localities taken with 
 set-g^ns which they discharge in their efforts to secure the bait. 
 
POLAR OR WHITE BEAR. 
 
 Ursus maritimus* — Linn. 
 
 '■"P^HE Polar Bear inhabits the extreme northern portions of 
 JL both continents. In size it almost equals the Grizzly bear, 
 attaining a weight of from one thousand to fifteen hundred pounds. 
 It differs in many respects from other bears, and some naturalists 
 have regarded these differences as of generic value, and have 
 formed for it the genus Thalassarctus. A discussion of the points 
 in which it is unlike its relatives, has however, no place in this 
 work, and we prefer to retain for it, for the present at least, its 
 Linnean name. 
 
 The head of the Polar Bear is flattened, the profile being almost 
 a straight line. The neck is twice as long and thicker than the 
 head ; the contour of the body is elongated, the paws are of huge 
 proportions, and thickly covei vz the under side with coarse 
 hair, doubtless to keep them from slipping on the ice ; and the 
 toes are armed with formidable claws. The hair all over the body 
 is of a uniform yellowish white or straw color, while the eyes, nose, 
 and claws are jet black. The mouth is somewhat small, armed 
 with large, strong teeth, which seem well calculated to catch, cut 
 and tear tough seal meat, the White Bear's natural food. 
 
 The Polar Bear has been found in the highest northern lati- 
 tudes ever reached by navigators. It exists on all Asiatic coasts 
 of the frozen ocean from the mouth of the Obi eastward, and 
 much abounds in Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen, though it has not 
 been observed on any of the islands of Behring's Strait ; yet it is 
 found in Greenland and Labrador, as well as along the coasts of 
 Baffin's and Hudson Bay. • j, . 
 
 In confinement the Polar Bear is savage and irritable, and vis- 
 itors at menageries are generally impressed by the morose and 
 unsociable temper of these animals. They never play together, 
 but are continually quarrelling and fighting, and it is but a short 
 
 2 
 
I 
 
 26 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NOK 77/ AMERICA. 
 
 time since one of a pair in the Zoological Gardens at Cologne killed 
 his mate after a savage combat which lasted for a long time. 
 
 The young of this species, generally two in number, are brought 
 forth in December while the mother is snugly ensconced in some 
 crevice in the rocks beneath a warm blanket of snow. The female 
 displays the most devoted attachment for her young, and will 
 suffer herself to be killed in their defence. In confinement, how- 
 ever, the mother usually^devours her cubs shortly after birth, so 
 that in London at the Zoological Gardens the young are removed 
 immediately after birth and are given to a bitch to rear. 
 
 The White Bear is wholly carnivorous in his diet, and preys 
 upon seals, fish, the carcasses of whales, and sometimes even upon 
 the huge walrus. As might be inferred from his habitat, he is 
 not a tree climber. In the water, however, he is at home, almost 
 as much so as the seal. White Bears have been killed on the 
 ocean forty or fifty miles from land, and that too at a time when 
 there was no floating ice upon which they could res<^ themselves. 
 The following account of the manner in which these animals 
 capture seals is given by Capt. Lynn : — 
 
 " The Bear, on seeing his intended prey, gets quietly into the 
 water, and swims to leeward of him, from whence, by frequent 
 short dives, he silently makes his approaches, and so arranges his 
 distances that at the last dive he comes to the spot where the seal 
 is lying. If the poor animal attempts to escape by rolling into the 
 water, he falls into the bear's clutches ; if, on the contrary, he lies 
 still, his destroyer makes a powerful spring, kills him on the ice, 
 and devours him at leisure." During the summer these bears 
 spend much of their time on the ice-floes, swimming from one to 
 another ; they lodge in the large crevices ; and in winter, when it 
 is always night, when the ice-floe is as stable as land, they bed 
 themselves deep in the snow, and remain in a state of torpidity 
 until the welcome sun returns to gladden the scene. 
 
 The great size and strength and the ferocity of the Polar Bear 
 have furnished themes upon which many a writer has dilated at 
 length, and all accounts of Arctic exploration contain narratives 
 bearing on the habits of this species. From a great mass of mate- 
 rial the following anecdote from the pen of Mr. Lamont, is selected. 
 
 " The bear was surprised on the shore, where the soft mud 
 
POLAR OR WHITE BEAR. 
 
 Sf 
 
 was intersected by numerous little channels and much rough ice - 
 left aground by the tide. This seemed to embarrass her very 
 much, as the cubs could not jump over the channels. The old 
 bear became very anxious and uneasy at our approach ; but she 
 showed great patience and forbearance with her cubs, always 
 waiting, after she had jumped over a channel, until they swam 
 icross, and affectionately assisting them to scramble up the steep 
 sides of the rocky places. Nevertheless, the mixture of sticky mud 
 with rough ice and half-frozen water soon reduced the unhappy 
 cubs to a pitiable state of distress, and we heard them growling 
 plaintively, as if they were upbraiding their mother for dragging 
 them through such a disagreeable place. The delay was fatal to 
 the old bear. After she was dispatched, and the cubs, which were 
 about the size of colly dogs, bound together by a cord, they began 
 a furious combat with one another, and rolled about in the mud, 
 biting, struggling, and roaring until quite exhausted. Here I am 
 sorry to have to record the most horrid case of filial ingratitude 
 that ever fell under my observation. Without doubt the mother 
 had sacrificed her life for her cubs. She could have escaped with- - 
 out difficulty if she had not so magnanimously remained to help 
 them. When, however, we proceeded to open the carcass of the 
 old bear for the purpose of skinning her, the two young demons of 
 cubs, having by this time settled their differences with each other, 
 began to devour their unfortunate and too devoted parent, and 
 actually made a hearty meal off her. When we had finished skin- 
 ning her, the cubs sat down upon the skin, and resolutely refused 
 to leave it ; so we dragged the skin, with the little animals upon 
 it, like a sledge, to the boat. After another tussle v/ith them, in 
 the course of which they severely bit and scratched some of the 
 men, we got them tied down under the thwarts of the boat, and 
 conveyed them on board the sloop." 
 
•f .. . 
 
 '( • 
 
 RACCOON. 
 
 ProcyoH lotor. — Storr. 
 
 THE Raccoon is one of the most generally known of Ameri- 
 can Mammals, and is of frequent occurrence throughout the 
 United States. Its total length is about three feet, of which the 
 tail occupies one-third. In color it is pale grey, somewhat mottled 
 with dusky cloudings. The face is lighter, but there is a black 
 patch upon the cheeks and another behind the ear. The tail has 
 five well marked black rings and a black hip, the interspaces 
 between these markings being pale yellow. 
 
 Although as an article of food there is great diversity of opin- 
 ion concerning the merits of the Raccoon, yet he is hunted consid- 
 erably for the sport alone, and some, not above it, enjoy also the 
 pleasure of a palatable coon stew. Unlike the foxes, the raccoon 
 is at home in a tree, although not possessing the agility of a 
 squirrel. In fact this is the usual refuge he seeks when danger is 
 near, and not being very swift of foot, it is well they possess this 
 climbing ability. Their abode is generally in a hoUov/ tree, oak or 
 chestnut, and when the juvenile farmer's son comes across a coon- 
 tree, he is not long in making known his discovery to friends and 
 neighbors, who forthwith assemble at the spot, and proceed to fell 
 the tree containing his coonship. At this juncture the coon loses 
 no time in scrambling out of his ruined home, but a half score or 
 more of mongrel dogs, of terrier, hound and bull extraction, soon 
 accomplish his destruction. But let it be distinctly understood he 
 does not yield up his life gracefully and without a struggle, for he 
 often puts many of his assailants hors de combat for many a day, 
 his jaws being strong and his claws sharp. The Raccoon breeds 
 in a hollow tree, and the young are generally from four to eight in 
 number, pretty little creatures at first, about as large as half-grown 
 rats. They are as playful as kittens and may be raised to be 
 
.--r- • •- -.r RACCOON. ■ > 29 
 
 docile and tame, but their nomadic proclivities are so strongly 
 inbred that they will, unless chained, wander off to the woods and 
 not return. Coons are hunted throughout New England quite ex- 
 tensively and also down south. They are ranked next in merit to 
 the opossum by the sable autocrats, who take great delight in ibl- 
 lowing the broad-footed mammal. When the late September days 
 are on us and the moon is at its fullest quarter, the yellow stalks 
 with their milky ears of corn still standing — then is the season for 
 the hunters to assemble, and with their coon dogs, from one to 
 three in number, to start for the borders of swamps skirting the 
 corn-fields, in search of this member of the ring-tailed family. He 
 is emphatically a night animal, and never travels by day ; some- 
 times being caught at morning far from his tree and being unable 
 to return thither he will spend the hours of daylight snugly coiled 
 up among the thickest foliage of some lofty tree-top. 
 
 The corn is still in the milk and in a condition most attractive 
 to the Raccoon. If he is not started in this locality, look for him 
 along the banks of the lily pond near by. He is exceedingly fond 
 of the bull frogs and catfish which here abound, and will travel 
 far for these dainties. As soon as the trail is struck, off goes 
 " Tige " or " Bose " and the only thing left for us is to sit and 
 wait for the signal. The Coon is somewhat adroit in his attempts 
 to baffle the dogs, and he will often enter a brook and travel for 
 some distance in the water, thus puzzling and delaying his pur- 
 suers not a little. Soon a distant barking reaches our ears, coming 
 from a direction quite different from where we had anticipated, 
 showing that the game has made good use of time and tactics, 
 but is at last treed. 
 
 After a tedious tramp o'er hill and dale, we arrive at the foot 
 of a gigantic pine, among the topmost branches of which our 
 quarry is concealed. The youngest and most nimble of the party 
 is appointed to swarm up the tree and shake off our victim. As 
 the climber nears the object of his pursuit, the latter retreats to 
 the extremity of a branch, and finally in desperation springs wildly 
 outward and strikes the earth, rebounding to his feet apparently 
 unharmed. Upon him then, the dogs vent their rage. 
 
 A good sized coon will weigh from fifteen to twenty pounds. 
 Raccoons are frequently caught in steel traps, and exhibit much 
 
30 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 less sly cunning than the fox in evading the gins which man pre- 
 pares for their capture. They will eat anything, being particularly 
 fond of eggs, meat and green corn, frequently holding a " swarry " 
 in the hen-house and cornfield the same evening. 
 
 Nocturnal coon-hunts frequently result disastrously to other 
 animals ; and occasionally a party of hunters will return with a 
 varied bag, without coon perhaps, but including skunk, wood- 
 chuck, cat, etc. Sometimes, too, the dogs will go off on a fox 
 trail, and in that case may not be seen again for twenty-four or 
 thirty-six hours. 
 
 \: 
 
 I.' '■-.■! 
 
 '■' ■■>, •■'! '1 ; 
 
> !■( 
 
 ' V ) 
 
 MUSK OX. 
 
 Ovibos wofcAa^wj.— Blainville. 
 
 THE Musk Ox is confined to the barren grounds of America, 
 north of the sixty-fifth parallel of latitude. In spring it wan- 
 ders over the ice as far as Melville Bay, or even Smith's Souod, where 
 a number of its bones were found by Dr. Kane. In September 
 it withdraws more to the South, and spends the coldest months 
 on the verge of the lorest region. It subsists chiefly on lichens and 
 mosses. It runs nimbly, and climbs hills and rocks with ease. 
 Its fossil remams, or those of a very similar species, have been 
 discovered in Siberia. At present it is exclusively confined to the 
 New World. In size it is about equal to a two year old cow, 
 weighing when fat from six to seven hundred pounds. The horns 
 are very broad at their origin, cover the whole crown of the head 
 and the brow, and touch each other for their whole breadth from 
 before backwards. For a short distance from the base they grow 
 directly outward, and then becoming rounded and tapering, curve 
 downward between the eyes and ears until they reach the angle of 
 the mouth, when they turn outward and upward to about the level 
 of the eye. The horn is dull white and rough on its basal half but 
 becomes smooth shining and black toward the point. The general 
 color of the hair is dark brown, but upon the neck and shoulders 
 it fades to a grizzled hue, while on the centre of the back is a patch 
 of soiled white. The muzzle, instead of being naked as in the 
 genus Bos, is covered with short white hair. The tail is but a few 
 inches in length and is completely concealed by the long shaggy 
 hair covering the hips. The legs are clothed with a coat of short 
 brownish white hair, and, owing to the great length of the coat on 
 the throat, chesc, sides and belly, seem very short in proportion 
 to the size of the animal. There is an abundance of fine short ash- 
 colored wool beneath the hair covering the body. The female 
 
32 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Musk Ox is much smaller than the male and has smaller horns 
 which do not touch at their bases. 
 
 The Musk Ox is scarcely to be rejjarded as a game animal, its 
 habitat being such as to save it from pursuit by those who hunt 
 simply for pleasure. It furnishes however much of the fresh meat 
 which is obtained by arctic explorers, and is hunted as well by the 
 Esquimaux and the Indians of the far North. Th^-se animals are 
 usually killed by stalking them and it is said that if the hunter keeps 
 himself concealed the Musk Oxen will not run but will permit him 
 to shoot until all are killed cr until they are alarmed by the sight 
 or smell of his person. The bulls are somewhat irritable, and it is 
 sakl that the Esquimaux take advantage of this disposition " for 
 an expert hunter, having provoked a bull to attack him, wheels 
 around it more quickly than it can turn, and by repeated stabs in 
 the belly, puts an end to its life." 
 
 Remains of the Musk Ox are still rare in collections, and those 
 who are fortunate enough to meet with this species in its native 
 haunts should not fail to preserve both the skin and skeleton of those 
 which they may kill, for the benefit of some of our institutions of 
 learning. Owing to its arctic habitat but little is known of its mode 
 of life, and a careful and trustworthy account of its habits and pre- 
 sent range would be a most valuable contribution to our knowl- 
 edge of North American mammals. 
 
 A'.w^ 1.. 
 
 '.' ■ I 
 
 r-. -V' . fc * 
 
 " t ^ ■ -■ — **.?.■ 1 »* 
 
 
» t 
 
 BUFFALO. 
 
 Bos Afnericanus.—GmeUa. 
 
 if. 
 
 ■x 
 
 So much has been written during late years about the Buffalo, 
 that almost every one is familiar with its history, and it is 
 well that it is so, for he will very shortly exist only in the annals of 
 the past. ' - 
 
 The American Bison is known by but one name throughout 
 the continent of America, being rarely spoken of by any other 
 appellation than that of the Buffalo. 
 
 Since the comparatively recent enormous exodus of population 
 from the eastern portions of our country, and influx of the same 
 into the formerly sacred and forbidden territories of the red man, 
 the natural history of that vast territory west of the Missouri has 
 been made more definite and clear, and its resources developed. 
 In the acquisition of our knowledge of the former, the Buffalo 
 has played the most important part. 
 
 Fossil remains of a Bison of prehistoric times have been found 
 in the same country now occupied by the present comparatively 
 diminutive species. These gigantic animals were probably six to 
 eight times the size of our present species and must have been fit 
 contemporaries of the Mastodon, and the enormous sloths which 
 in Post-Pliocene times inhabited our continent. The prehistoric 
 man, to hunt an animal of these proportions, should have been as 
 large as the fabled giants. In former times the Bison occupied 
 the major part of the North American continent ; their migrations 
 extending from Mexico on the South, far up into the present British 
 Possessions, and their eastern and western limits being the States 
 of California and Oregon, Virginia and the Carolinas respectively. 
 But our authentic history of the animal dates back only to the 
 earlier part of the past century when it had been driven west of 
 the Mississippi. The range of the Buffalo in 1830, had been . •- 
 
34 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 rowed to the following boundaries : the plains of Texas on the 
 south to beyond the British line, from the Missouri and upper 
 Mississippi on the east to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas 
 on the west. Every portion of this immense area was either the 
 fixed home of the Bison, or mij,du be expected to have each year 
 one or more visits from the migrating millions. 
 
 The latest determination of the range of the few remaining 
 Bison, 1876, fixes it mainly within the limits of the United States, 
 and confines it to Texas, Colorado, Kansas, and the Indian Terri- 
 tory on the south, and Montana and Dakota on the north. The 
 rapid and appalling diminution in their numbers and range is owing 
 entirely to their wanton and useless destruction by skin-hunters 
 and pseudo sportsmen. 
 
 The general ensemb/c of the Bison is so well known to all, 
 that a description is hardly necessary. Owing to his great size, 
 shaggy mane and hump, vicious eye, and sullen demeanor, he 
 possesses the appearance of being a formidable adversary, but in 
 truth, he is the mildest, most inoffensive, stubborn and stupid of 
 all the western mammals. If not alarmed by sight of the ene- 
 my, he will stupidly watch his companions fall one by one, until 
 the whole herd are killed or wounded. When in their migra- 
 tions, they select the most easy and available routes, and a well 
 defined bufi"alo trail will always be found the best path for the 
 horseman. In crossing streams they show little instinct and no 
 intelligence ; the foremost plunge recklessly in and, where quick- 
 sands exist, or the current is too swift, many perish, but their fate 
 does not deter those behind from attemp .ig the passage, and 
 whole herds may be annihilated in this way. Although they fol- 
 low in migrating the easiest routes, yet they by no means lack the 
 ability to travel over rough or bad ground, and can descend or 
 ascend a cliff, which for man lo attempt, on a horse or off one, 
 would be certain destruction. The habits of the Bison are almost 
 identical with those of domestic stock ; very little fighting, how- 
 ever, takes place among the bulls, even during the rutting season, 
 which occurs in July. The young are brought forth in April, and 
 the female bears one calf ; the mother seems to evince little affec- 
 tion for her offspring, and its protection devolves almost wholly 
 upon the bulls. At the least fright, she will scamper off, utterly 
 
BUFFALO. 35 
 
 unmindful of the helpless young, who would soon fall an easy prey. 
 to wolf or coyote, were it not guarded by the bulls, who fight 
 fitTcely for the safety of their offspring. 
 
 Tlie following story is related by an army officer, and bears 
 upon this point : While riding into camp alone one night, he 
 observed some six or eight Buffalo bulls on the prairie arranged 
 in a compact circle with heads facing outward ; all around, and at 
 a little distance from the ring, sat numbers of grey wolves eying 
 the Bison. At a loss to account for this singular sight, he drew 
 up to watch their movements. Soon the Buffalo SLparated, and 
 now a young calf, evidently newly born, was seen in centre of the 
 group. They trotted away some hundred yards, meanwhile pro- 
 tecting the object of their solicitude, on all sides, the wolves mov- 
 ing along with them. Soon the young one becoming fatigued, lay 
 down, when the bulls stopped again, forming the same impassable 
 barrier against their ferucious enemies. Thus they escorted their 
 ward back to the main herd. 
 
 When feeding, the cows and calves occupy the middle space, 
 the bulls forming as it were the circumference of an enclosing cir- 
 cle. When attacked, however, they lose all control of themselves 
 and dash hither and thither in every direction. If governmental 
 protection can be obtained at all for the Bisons, it should at least 
 save them from wicked and indiscriminate slaughter during the 
 spring and summer, while they are breeding and rearing their 
 young. But with regard to buffalo protection another and better 
 method for saving the few remaining herds from utter annihilation 
 may be suggested ; namely, by forming a buffalo reservation. 
 
 In the Yellowstone National Park we have the necessary ter- 
 ritory, and it is already stocked ; but the skin hunter, that ruthless 
 destroyer of game, must be kept at a distance, if we would hope 
 to save this species. This section of territory is by law forbidden 
 ground to the hunter, and could the statute be enforced, the buffalo, 
 which at present exist in considerable numbers in this region, 
 would have an opportunity to increase, and might endure there 
 long after their recent prairie range has become a region of smil- 
 ing wheat farms and well stocked cattle ranches. The bill setting 
 aside the Yellowstone Park as a Government reservation says that 
 the Secretary of the Interior shall "provide against the wanton 
 
36 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 destruction of the fish and game found within the park, and 
 against their capture or destruction for the purpose of mer- 
 chandise or profit." 
 
 Then again if the wild buffalo must become extinct, why not 
 make preparations for it. An animal which in all essential respects 
 agrees so closely with the domestic cattle must surely prove of 
 vast importance to the farmer and stock raiser, if its oomesticatioii 
 were but systematically attempted. We have at various times 
 seen in Montana, Nebraska and Kansas young buffaloes running 
 at large with the herds of domestic cattle, and in their actions 
 resembling in all respects their tame comp.inions. With the cat- 
 tle they would wander off for days or weeks to distant parts of the 
 range, returning from time to time, and being quite as gentle and 
 docile as the other individuals of the herd. When these calves 
 approach maturity, what more natural than that the males should 
 be broken to the yoke .'' The owner is not slow to avail himself 
 of their enormous strength, and teams of young bulls are by no 
 means uncommon in the vicinity of the buffalo range. Their 
 power and endurance are undoubted, though their temper is not, 
 perhaps, of the best. In fact it is said that if they desire to go in 
 any particular direction, or not to go at all, nothing that the 
 driver can say or do, will have the slightest effect in changing their 
 determination. Such little eccentric't/cs as these, however, would 
 no doubt be overcome after a gener: " - v or two of domestication, 
 or might be more immediately moaified by a cross of domestic 
 blood. The old buffalo ranges are filling up with cattle, and by 
 the importation of blooded bulls the quality of the stock is being 
 continually improved. From these plains a large portion of the 
 beef for Eastern and European consumption will ultimately be 
 derived. Before the buffalo wholly disappears some intelligent 
 effort should be made for inter-breeding on a large scale, so that 
 ere the last of the shaggy wild brutes have yielded up his life there 
 shall have been infused into our western cattle the hardy blood of 
 their obliterated relatives. 
 
 Of the modes of capture practiced in hunting the Bison the two 
 most in vogue are still hunting, confined for the most part to that 
 great exterminator, the skin hunter, and hunting on horseback, the 
 legitimate and only sportsmanlike manner of pursuit. Owing to 
 
BUFFALO. 
 
 17 
 
 the incredible decimation in the ranks of the buffalo within the past 
 few years, every cruel and cowardly device is now resorted to, to 
 accomplish their destruction. Herds are sometimes kept days from 
 water by the hunters in some sections, notably that south of the 
 ., Platte, where the precious and necessary fluid is comparatively 
 scarce, and the rivers few and far between. The animals at last, 
 from sheer desperation, rush to the water, and are met by the death- 
 dealing bullet, preferring an end in this way to the slow pangs of 
 an all torturing thirst. At night, fires are built along the streams 
 to keep them off, and the poor beasts are in one way and another 
 kept from the water and killed off until herd after herd disappear* 
 The desire to kill seems to blind many men to all other consid- 
 erations. Animals are shot down and left, with the exception of 
 the tongue perhaps, entire, to rot unskinned, merely because the 
 hunter wishes to kill as many as possible before they get off. In 
 his recent work, Colonel Dodge gives some startling computations 
 of the appalling and useless slaughter of th'^ Bison within the last 
 six years. He gives it as his opinion that one skin in market rep- 
 resents from four to six beasts killed, and we think these figures 
 not too large. Still hunting should be resorted to only when a 
 camp is in pressing need of fresh meat. Still it is always difficult 
 to curb the ardor of the young tyro, whose sole desire seems to be to 
 kill as many buffaloes as possible for no other reason than that he 
 may relate his stories to admiring friends, on his return to the settle- 
 ments. The still hunter, if he be an adept and understands the 
 habits of the game he pursues, may very soon wipe out of exist- 
 ence a moderately large herd of buffaloes. 
 
 He will take into consideration the direction of the wind, the 
 lay of the land, and other minor points ; he will use creek bottoms, 
 gulches and ravine approaches in his stalking. When within 
 shooting distance he commences to kill off the herd one by one at 
 his ease, meanwhile, keeping himself entirely concealed from view. 
 The Bison stupidly watch their comrades stagger and fall, but do 
 not offer to run. They are startled by the rifle report, but are un- 
 aware in which direction to look for an enemy. The skin hunter 
 strips the animals of their hides, and leaves the carcasses to decay 
 or become the food of wolf and jackal. The mortality of the buf- 
 falo from the slaughter of Indians, but more particularly white 
 
38 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 hunters, is simply frightful, and when it is stated by one who 
 knows that during the three years of 1872-3-4 wtx four and a half 
 millions of these beasts were slaughtered, it can be readily imagined 
 by the most uninformed that the species will soon cease to exist. 
 
 Hunting from horseback is followed in the same manner by 
 whites as practiced by the Indians. It was our good fortune a 
 few years ago to accompany the Pawnee Indians on their grand 
 annual Buffalo Hunt, and a short description of how the hunt was 
 conducted after the herd was discovered will suffice to give the 
 reader an idea of a Bison Hunt on horseback. 
 
 After the scouts had brought into camp notice of the proximity 
 of a herd, the men removed the saddles and bridles from their 
 horses, substituting for the latter a strip of rawhide around the 
 lower jaw. They also stripped off their own clothing and stood 
 forth as naked as when they came into the world, save for a breech 
 clout and a pair of moccasins apiece. Their bows and arrows 
 they held in their hands. At a given signal they started off, at 
 first on a slow trot, but gradually increasing their speed until the 
 trot became a canter, and the canter a swift gallop. 
 
 At length we reach the top of the last ridge and see the buffalo 
 lying down in the creek bottom a mile beyond. The place could 
 not have been more favorable for a surround had it been chosen 
 for the purpose. A plain two miles broad and intersected by a 
 narrow stream, is encircled by high bluffs, up which the buffalo 
 must toil slowly, but which the more nimble ponies can ascend 
 almost as fast as they can run on level ground. As we commence 
 to descend the face of the bluff, the pace is slightly accelerated. 
 The Indians at either extremity of the line press forward, and its 
 contour is now crescent like. Men and horses commence to evince 
 more excitement, but the five hundred buffaloes reposing below us 
 do not seem to notice our advance. A few wily old bulls, how- 
 ever, that occupy the tops of the lower bluffs, take the alarm and 
 commence to scud off over the hills. At last when we are within 
 half a mile of the ruminating herd a few of them rise to their feet, 
 and soon all spring up and stare at us for a few seconds ; then 
 down go their heads and in a dense mass they rush off toward the 
 bluffs. As they rise to their feet the leaders of our party give the 
 signal, and each man puts his horse to its utmost speed. The 
 
BUFFALO. 
 
 39 
 
 fastest horses are soon among the last of the buffalo, but still their 
 riders push forward to try and turn the leaders of the herd, and 
 drive them back into the plain. This they in part accomplish, 
 and soon the bottom is covered with the flying animals. They 
 dash madly along, and the trained horses keep close to the buffalo 
 without any guidance, yet watch constantly for any indication of 
 an intention to charge, and wheel off, if such intention is mani- 
 fested. The Indians discharging arrow after arrow in quick suc- 
 cession, ere long bring down the huge beast, and then turn and 
 ride off after another. 
 
 Ourself and comrades having brought down three or four 
 apiece, come together on a little hill that overlooks the valley and 
 become spectators of the scene. Soon the chase is ended, and 
 the plain is dotted with dark objects over each of which bend two 
 or three Indians busily engaged in securing the meat. Every 
 ounce of this will be saved, and what is not eaten while fresh 
 will be jerked and thus preserved for consumption during the 
 winter. How different would have been the course of a party of 
 white hunters had they the same opportunity. They would have 
 killed as many animals, but would have left all but enough for one 
 day's use to be devoured by the wolves or to rot upon the prairie. 
 
 The Mountain Bison diifers in various respects from the Bison 
 of the plain, notably in size. His legs are shorter and stronger, 
 apparently eminently fitted to his habits, which necessitate consid- 
 erable climbing. 
 
 The animals are not plenty although they are said to have been 
 so once in those happy past days, which are always the favorite 
 theme of the " old residenters," but he is still to be found in the 
 Yellowstone region in considerable numbers. They inhabit for 
 the most part, inaccessible cliffs and the dark defiles of the moun- 
 tains. They are extremely shy, and possess much more intelli- 
 gence in avoiding danger, than their lowland brother. They are 
 incredibly active in scaling or descending precipitous places, and 
 are much more agile than their bulk and clumsy appearance would 
 seem to indicate. Th^re seems to be no good reason for re- 
 garding the Mountain Bison as specifically distinct from the Buf- 
 falo of the plains. The differences seem to be only those which 
 are characteristic of an inhabitant of the woods and hills, as dis- 
 tinguished from a dweller on the plains and lowlands. 
 
THE MOUNTAIN GOAT. 
 
 Aplocerus columbianus. — Coues. 
 
 THE White Goat is confined to the loftiest peaks of the Rocky- 
 Mountains : it is not known south of Colorado, and is prob- 
 ably rare south of Washington Territory, but is found to the north- 
 ward as far as Alaska. 
 
 In size this species about equals the domestic sheep, which it 
 somewhat resembles in shape, but the long spines of the dorsal 
 vertebras give it the appearance of having a slight hump just be- 
 hind the shoulders, and it is thus not particularly graceful in form. 
 The horns are from six to eight inches long, awl shaped, ringed 
 at the base and bending slightly backward. In color they, with 
 the hoofs, are shining black like polished ebony. The hair is long 
 except on the face and lower legs, and is underlaid by a fine soft 
 wool, the whole fleece being snow-white in color. The ciiin is 
 ornamented with a beard-like tuft of long hair, as in the common 
 goat. 
 
 Notwithstanding its common name, this animal is regarded by 
 naturalists as an antelope, and not a goat at all. It is almost nevei 
 hunted, and even in those districts where it is most abundant, it is 
 one of the rarest of mammals. Besides this, it is said to be most 
 shy and vigilant, and is not to be approached unless some accident 
 favors the hunter. The true home of this species is among the 
 loftiest pinnacles of the snow-covered mountains, above timber 
 line where no vegetation is to be found save mosses, lichens and a 
 few Alpine shrubs and grasses. Here the goats live a quiet, peace- 
 ful life, undisturbed except by an occasional hunter, from whom 
 they ordinarily escape without difficulty by fleeing to the neighbor- 
 ing heights. The few that are annually killed are only secured 
 after the most toilsome pursuit. As their flesh is dry and taste- 
 less, they are rarely disturbed by the Indians, who can always 
 obtain better meat at a less expense of time and labor. 
 
THE MOUNTAIN GOAT. 
 
 41 
 
 
 Like the Musk Ox, the Mountain Goat is extremely rare in 
 collections, and their skins and skeletons are quite valuable and 
 should always be preserved. 
 
 It is reported that several years since, in Montana, five individ- 
 uals of this species were captured alive. The hunters who were 
 provided with dogs, are said to have approached as closely as pos- 
 sible to the herd, and then to have slipped their canine assistants, 
 remaining concealed themselves. Before the goats took the alarm, 
 the dogs were so nearly upon them that they took refuge on some 
 high and broken fragments of rock, where they stood at bay. 
 Here their attention was so occupied by their immediate assailants, 
 that the hunters were enabled to surround them and secure five 
 with their riatas. This account would seem to indicate that the 
 Mountain Goat is not a particularly fleet creature, and this sup- 
 position is confirmed by a study of the skeleton ; the animal seems 
 fitted more for clim!)ing than for running, and to possess great 
 endurance rather than great speed. 
 
 Various absurd stories are told by hunteis of the wonderful 
 power which these animals possess of leaping from great heights 
 and alighting in safety on their horns. That these tales have no 
 foundation in fact, any one who has examined the skull of a 
 Mountain Goat will readily comprehend. The species is also said 
 to prefer death to capture, a statement which is on a par with the 
 one just referred to. If one of these animals throws himself over 
 a precipice, it is lot because he wishes to spite the hunter, but 
 because in his fear of his pursuer he takes an unusually dangerous 
 leap, or makes an effort to pass over some path where the foothold 
 is too precarious even for such a sure-footed climber as he. 
 
 The females of this species are said to bring forth their young 
 in June, but the period of gestation is not known. It is said that 
 in winter, when the tops of the mountains are deeply covered with 
 snow, and food is inaccessible, these animals descend to the timber 
 and remain there until the heights become partly bare in spring. 
 On the whole, but little is known of the habits of this species, but 
 it IS stated, and no doubt truly, that the race is far less numerous 
 now than in former days. 
 
BIGHORN ; MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 
 
 Ovis tnontana. — Cuvier. 
 
 THE Bighorn is an inhabitant of the mountains of Western 
 America, and is found in greater or less abundance in suita- 
 ble localities from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. It is 
 said to be abundant in New Mexico and Arizona, and occurs in 
 Southern California, but is probably not found in any numbers south 
 of the United States. Its northern range extends as far as Alaska, 
 and it is reported to be more abundant north of the 49th parallel 
 than farther south. Although most numerous in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, the Sierra Nevadas and the Coast Range, this species is by 
 no means confined to the mountains. It occurs also among the 
 rugged Mauvaises Terres or Bad Lands of the White River, the 
 Little Missouri, Yellowstone and Upper Missouri, and seems to 
 delight in these grey, desolate and arid wastes. Indeed, any very 
 rough country answers all the requirements for the Bighorn, and it 
 demands only that there shall be steep and difficult heights to 
 which it may retreat when pursued. 
 
 This species has been aptly described as having the head of a 
 sheep with the body of a deer. In size, however, it exceeds the 
 largest deer, and a full-grown individual is said to weigh three 
 hundred and fifty pounds. The following measurements of an old 
 male are given by Sir John Richardson in his Fauna Boreali Ameri- 
 cana : — Length to end of tail six feet, height at shoulder three feet 
 five inches, length of tail two inches, length of horn along curve 
 two feet ten inches, circumference of horn at base one foot one 
 inch, distance from tip of one horn to tip of its fellow two feet three 
 inches. The female is somewhat less in size than the male, the 
 horns are much smaller and are nearly erect, having but a slight 
 inclination outward and backward. They somewhat resemble the 
 horns of a common goat. The general color of the Mountain 
 
BIGHORN; MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 
 
 43 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 3i 
 
 Sheep is a pale wood brown, dark in summer and lighter in win- 
 ter and spring. The posterior portions of the legs and belly, and a 
 triangular patch upon the buttocks, are white. The coat is soft to 
 the touch, though the hair resembles that of the Caribou, and in a 
 less degree that of the Pronghorn Antelope. It is short, fine and 
 flexible on its first growth in autumn, but becomes longer as the 
 season advances until in winter the hair is so thick and close-set 
 that it stands erect. As the winter advances the dark tips of the 
 hair are rubbed off, so that by spring the old males are quite white. 
 A fine wool covers the skin under the hair. 
 
 The Bighorn is very graceful in all its movements, and the light- 
 ness and agility with which it scales the steepest bluffs, runs along 
 the narrowest edge on the face of a precipice, or leaps from rock 
 to rock in its descent from some mountain-top, are excelled by no 
 animal with which we are familiar. Like all other wild ruminants, 
 they feed early in the morning, and they retire during the middle 
 of the day to points high up on the bluffs or mountains, where they 
 rest until the sun is low in the heavens, Vv^hen they proceed again to 
 their feeding grounds. Except during the rut which takes place 
 during the month of December, the old rams are found in small 
 bands by themselves, the females, lambs and young rams associat- 
 ing together in companies of from five to twenty. Occasionally 
 much larger herds are seen, but this only in a country where they 
 have not been at all disturbed by man. 
 
 The successful pursuit of this species requires the exercise on 
 the part of the hunter of the utmost patience and deliberation : no 
 animal is more shy and wary than the Bighorn, and if it receives 
 the slightest hint of the enemy's presence, it is up and away, not to 
 be seen again. No tyro in still hunting will succeed in securing 
 one of these vigilant climbers, and we have seen many a hunter of 
 experience who had yet to kill his first mountain sheep. The diffi- 
 culties which attend the capture of this species, however, only serve 
 to render its pursuit more attractive to the ardent sportsman, and 
 when in a country where it abounds, buffalo, deer, antelope and 
 even elk, are likely to be neglected for Bighorn. The flesh too is 
 most delicious, and is regarded as far superior to any meat which 
 the West affords. We know of no more delicate dish than is 
 afforded by a yearling ewe in good order, seasoned with that won- 
 
44 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 derful sauce furnished by the tree open air life of the plains and 
 mountains. The glory of " fat cow " pales, and even elk and black- 
 tailed deer meat hide their diminished heads before the rare tooth- 
 someness of a juicy saddle, or the dripping ribs of a young and 
 tender Bighorn. . ■>,«.•.. ,.i ^.» .;' . [.';.. ;' 
 
 To hunt the Mountain Sheep successfully the candidate for 
 honors should have had some experience with other large game, 
 should have the patience and endurance possessed only by the most 
 enthusiastic of sportsmen, and should be a fair shot with the rifle. 
 In the grey of the morning, before attempting to look fc ■ his game, 
 he should seek the highest ground in his vicinity, whence a wide 
 view of the surrounding country may be obtained, and from this 
 point with the good glass that is an indispensable part of a hunter's 
 outfit, he should search the little ravines and grassy meadows 
 running down from the hills. The sheep are always on the watch 
 for enemies from the lower ground, but rarely turn their glances to 
 the heights, which, if disturbed, they will seek for safety ; nor is the 
 danger of being winded nearly so great when the hunter is above 
 the game. 
 
 The chief object to be accomplished is to discover the herd 
 before it is aware of your presence ; after this the task becomes 
 only a matter of the most careful stalking. All inequalities of the 
 ground, all rocks and vegetation will be utilized by the skillful 
 stalker who would approach within shot, and especially will the 
 wind be regarded, for it is quite certain that if the baiid catch the 
 scent of the hunter, his labor will all have been in vain. .;, . , 
 
 The facility with which these animals descend the most abrupl 
 precipices, and cross canons of which the sides are apparently ver- 
 tical, has given rise to the idea, vouched for by many an imagina- 
 tive hunter, that they can throw themselves from great heights and 
 striking on their horns can rebound uninjured, and land on their 
 feet. The vast size of the horns in the male, together with the fact 
 that these are often battered and splintered, has caused many to re- 
 ceive this statement as at least possible ; but it is scarcely necessary 
 to say that even if the animal's head could stand the shock, its neck 
 would not. Besides this the story makes no arrangement for the 
 manner in which the females and young males, whose horns are but 
 little larger than those of a goat, shall descend the cliffs, yet any one 
 
BIGHORN; MOUNTAIN SHEEP, 
 
 45 
 
 who is familiar with the species, knows well that these individuals 
 are no less active and successful climbers than the rams. The 
 splintered condition of the horns of the old males is due to their 
 battles during the rutting season, and their play at all times of the 
 year. The feet of the Mountain Sheep are precisely fitted for their 
 life among the crags and precipices, and they seem to be able to 
 cling to any surface which presents the slightest inequality. They 
 can thus pass over dangerous places which would be certain death 
 to any other quadruped except perhaps the White Goat. 
 
 As has been remarked, the rutting season is in December, and 
 the young are believed to be brought forth in March, although in 
 some of the best works on Natural History the time of birth is 
 variously stated as May or June. 
 
 : f ■■",■■■:■•,■.■ •■>,.• •■■ ■ / 
 
 
ANTELOPE. 
 
 Antilocapra Americana, — Ord. 
 
 THE Antelope inhabits the plains of the western portion of 
 North America. It does not now exist east of the looth 
 meridian but occurs in suitable localities to the westward as far as 
 California. Its northern range is bom\ded by the fifty-third paral- 
 lel and it is found even south of the Rio Grande. It is essentially 
 an animal of the plains, and is never found among timber, though 
 abundant on many of the elevated plateaus which exist among the 
 Rocky Mountains, in the great Interior Basin and toward the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 The horns of the Antelope are black and rise from immediately 
 above the orbit upward and outward without any inclination forward 
 or backward. About half way up a flat triangular process rises, 
 pointing forward and outward, from which the animal has received 
 the appellation " Prong Horn." The horns within two or three 
 inches of their extremities curve sharply, either toward each other 
 almost meeting over the head, or backwards like the horn of the 
 Chamois. One specimen which has come under the notice of the 
 writer, had the point of one horn directed inward and the other 
 backward. There is no re,"- 'arity in the way in which they point, 
 but the tips are never directed either forward or outward. The 
 general color of the upper parts of the body is a clear yellowish 
 red which deepens on the dorsal line to a brownish black. The 
 face and a spot below the ear are of the latter color. The under 
 parts, with the posterior and inner surfaces of the legs, the cheeks, 
 and ower jaw, two or three patches on the fore neck, the rump 
 and tail are white. There are no false hoofs or dew-claws as 
 in the genera Cervus and Bos. The length of the animal is 
 about four and one half feet, and the height at the shoulders 
 three feet. ■ 
 
ANTELOPE. 
 
 47 
 
 On the vast plains which the Antelope inhabits, and which are 
 often level and always destitute of timber, it might be imagined 
 that this animal would be secure from the attacks of any enemy. 
 But the little ravines, by which these prairies are so often inter- 
 sected, furnish a cover for the still hunter, and in a few localities 
 the Antelope are hunted with greyhounds. Then too the senti- 
 ment of curiosity is implanted so strongly in the nature of this 
 animal, that it often leads him to reconnoitre too closely some object 
 which he cannot clearly make out, and his investigations are pur- 
 sued until the dire answer to all inquiries is given by the sharp 
 " spang " of the rifle and the answering " spat " as the ball strikes 
 the beautiful creature's flank. 
 
 The Antelope is a very wary animal, and although it will often 
 permit the hunter to advance within 500 or 600 yards without 
 manifesting any great alarm, it is a very difficult matter to approach 
 within easy range after it has once noticed his presence. As soon 
 as the first suspicion of danger crosses the mind of the game, it 
 betakes itself to the highest point of the bluffs near at hand, from 
 which coign of vantage it watches with the utmost intentness 
 the movements of its pursuer. Let not the latter vainly imagine 
 that if, by a careful flank movement, he shall succeed in putting a 
 bluff between himself and the object of his pursuit, he may still 
 approach within shooting distance. At the instant of his disap- 
 pearance, the Antelope is off again to the top of another bluff, and 
 when the hunter cautiously raises his head to shoot, the animal is 
 still as far off as before. 
 
 In hunting the Antelope, and the rule applies to all large game, 
 the hunter should endeavor to discover his game before it is aware 
 of his proximity ; if he can accomplish this, his success, if he be a 
 skillful stalker and the ground is favorable, will be assured ; if 
 however the game has been made suspicious by seeing him, the 
 chances against him are much increased. Should he discover a 
 band before it has been disturbed, he will do well to bring his 
 horse as near as possible to that spot from which he is to shoot, 
 for an Antelope, though mortally wounded, will often run off for 
 seme distance and will then conceal itself in the nearest ravine 
 with such care that the hunter will be unable to discover it. Un- 
 less the animal falls dead, the hunter should lose no time in 
 
48 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sprlnginfj on his horse and followin^r it. If the wound is a severe 
 one and the horse llect, the Antelope may generally be secured by 
 this means, though often only after a long chase. If however it be 
 but slightly wounded another herd should be sought without delay. 
 Pursuit under these circumstances will in all probability result only 
 in injury to the steed, while the game will easily escape. 
 
 The early morning, when the herds are feeding, is of course the 
 best time to hunt the Antelope, and the sportsman who starts be- 
 fore sunrise will get more shots during the first two hours hunt- 
 ing than during all the rest of the day. 
 
 The officers of posts in the Antelope country, often hunt them 
 with greyhounds, and a most noble and exhilarating sport this is. 
 To cope successfully in speed with these animals, however, dogs 
 of unusual fleetness are required. Besides this the Antelope do 
 not regard cactus at all, while a dog, in running through a thick 
 bed of these pestiferous plants, may often be absolutely crippled. 
 The dogs are brought within view, as near the quarry as possible, 
 the hunters are to follow on their horses as best they may. The 
 hounds having been slipped the chase begins. The startled herd 
 stand gazing for an instant as if to determine the character of the 
 approaching whirlwind, and then wheeling seem to float from 
 view beyond the bluff. The dogs, fresh and eager, soon narrow 
 the intervening space, but the Antelope, finding themselves so 
 hotly pursued, redouble their exertions. In their headlong flight 
 their hoofs scarce touch the ground. The hunters find difficulty 
 in keeping the chase in view, but by dint of whip and spur, those 
 best mounted are able to follow. The aspect of the " field " is 
 continually changing. Stragglers are left behind, and winded dogs 
 withdraw, till at the end of fifteen minutes the game has outstrip- 
 ped men and dogs, or the exhausted quarry is dragged to the 
 ground, and is soon dispatched by the panting, but exultant rider, 
 who is first in at the death. 
 
 During the Yellowstone expedition of 1873, General Stanley's 
 dog Gibbon is said to have captured unaided, no less than twenty- 
 four unwounded antelopes. There is probably no other dog in 
 the country that can approach this record. 
 
 Where Antelope are numerous, but the prairie is too level to 
 afford the requisite cover for the stalker, the animals may some- 
 
AN TELOPE. 
 
 49 
 
 times be brought within shooting distance by playing upon their 
 curiosity. The hunter approaches his game as closely as possible 
 without alarming it, and then lying flat on the ground elevates a 
 flag, handkerchief, arm or leg. This soon attracts the attention 
 of the animals which proceed toward him, not directly but in cir- 
 cles, and generally with many pauses and halts. Sometimes they 
 will turn and run off as if quite satisfied, but before they have gone 
 far, will circle round and advance again, approaching a little 
 nearer than before. This continues for some time, and with care, 
 the game may be brought within three or four hundred yards, but 
 rarely nearer. The task requires more patience than most hunt- 
 ers possess, and is only to be recommended to a man who is 
 very hungry, or very tired of " sow belly " and anxious for fresh 
 meat. The Antelope ruts about the ist of November, and drops 
 its young, in couplets, about the middle of May. 
 
 ';^"^':, 
 
MOOSE. 
 
 Alee Americana. — Jardine. 
 
 UNTIL within the last half centui j. the Moose was almost uni- 
 versally distributed throughout the swamps and forests of 
 North America north of the forty-third parallel of latitude. In many 
 localities throughout the British Possessions it is still abundant, but 
 in the eastern United States it has almost disappeared. It has been 
 almost wholly confined within the last quarter of a century, in its 
 southern range on the Atlantic coast, to the State of Maine, where 
 there are still a very few living in the northwestern portions of that 
 State in the vicinity of the upper waters of the St. John River, and 
 far into the almost inaccessible parts northward of Moose Lake and 
 adjacent to New Brunswick. The time is not far distant when this 
 noble animal will iiOt inhabit our country. The process of extermi- 
 nation is beinf ':arried forward with great rapidity. The Moose is 
 also found in Uie West among the Rocky Mountains as far south 
 as the northern boundary of Wyoming, and in the Sierra Nevadas 
 and Coast Range throughout Idaho, Oregon, Washington Territory 
 and Northern California. In the more thickly settled portions of 
 Canada their range is somewhat limited, but in the Province of 
 Quebec they are still met with about the Coulonge and Black Riv- 
 ers, and eastward of Quebec down as far as the Saguenay. They 
 are also more or less abundant in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 The Moose is the largest member of the deer family ; a mature 
 male standing higher than the average horse, measuring from seven- 
 teen to eighteen hands, and often weighing over .1 thousand pounds. 
 The males are considerably larger than the females. Their color is 
 quite variable, depending upon season and climate, some being of 
 an ashy grey, others of a darker grey, and a few in the autumn a 
 glossy black. The extremities of their hairs are usually brown or 
 black, and toward the centre and roots, dingy white. 
 
MOOSE. 
 
 51 
 
 I 
 
 In the wilds of Nova Scotia, Moose have been seen W\i\\ spark- 
 ling grizzly coats in September. The young are of a quakerish 
 brown color, which grows darker with age. The hair is exceed- 
 ingly coarse and strong, and somewhat brittle. That it breaks 
 when bent is not true, since the squaws color and use it in their 
 ornamental work. With the advance of winter the coats assume 
 a darker hue, and the hairs grow longer and thicker. The necks 
 ot the males are surmounted with a mane of stiff hairs, varying in 
 length from five to ten inches, which, when the animals are enraged, 
 bristle up like the mane of a lion. Two fleshy appendages —dew- 
 laps of loose skins — hang from the throat, and are covered with 
 long black hairs. The tail is very short, so short that Thoreau, in 
 an examination of a moose in the Maine woods, overlooked it al- 
 together. The most striking peculiarities of these animals are 
 enormous length of legs, head, and ears, short and thick body, 
 small eyes, immense nostrils, and an elongated, thick, ponderous, 
 and flexible upper lip. And this lip is so peculiarly and curiously 
 constructed as to warrant a full and particular description of its 
 formation and use. Some writer has described it as of a "size 
 between the lip of the horse and that of a tapir." It is square in 
 shape and furrowed in the middle, appearing divided. The varied 
 and rapid movements of this heavy protruding muscular develop- 
 ment are due to four pairs of strong muscles arising from the max- 
 illaries. The hind hoofs of the moose are perfectly formed, and 
 so well proportioned as to make a beautiful foot ; long, slender, 
 convex, and tapering. The horny points or spurs, and not the 
 hoofs, make the clattering sound when the animal is in motion. 
 The fore feet are flatter, somewhat shorter, and less tapering than 
 the hind feet. The average length of the hoof in the mature ani- 
 mal is about seven inches by four in greatest breadth, but they are 
 sometimes much larger. 
 
 The peculiar lip, long legs, and short neck have direct reference 
 to the mode of life of these animals. They live only in forests, and 
 subsist alone by browsing, since in the wild state they never graze. 
 Their long fore legs enable them, to reach far up into birch and 
 maple trees to seL"-"'j the tender and nutritious branches, and to 
 feed on the side of lieep acclivities where the moosewood and the 
 willow trees grow in great abundance. By these giraffe-like legs 
 
52 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 they are also enabled to obtain foliage out of reach by riding down 
 young trees. And the lip is used as a hand in seizing, tearing off, 
 and gathering the twigs and leaves of trees and carrying them to 
 the mouth. 
 
 The horns of the full grown Moose are most striking and im- 
 pressive, both from their size and peculiarities, and merit somewhat 
 detailed description. The young bull moose grows two knobs, of 
 from one to two inches long, the first season. These are not cast 
 in the fall of the first or second year. When a year old these 
 knobs are developed into spike horns, —rying from five to eight 
 inches in length, and remain on the head until the following April 
 or May, when they drop off, and are replaced by long cylindrical 
 or forked horns ; in the fourth year they begin to branch forward 
 and become palmated ; in the fifth and sixth years they grow in a 
 triangular form, the palmated portions ending in from five to eight 
 points or fingers, the whole resembling an expanded hand. The 
 moose produces the most perfectly developed antlers after the fifth 
 year, the horns of a mature animal often measuring from the root 
 to the extremity, following the curve, four and five feet, as much 
 across from tip to tip, and the palm on the widest surface sixteen 
 inches. They cast their horns annually, after the second year, during 
 the months of December and January, and so prodigious is the 
 growth that by the following August they are furnished with a new 
 and complete set. During the summer months these, as is the case 
 with all deer, are covered with what hunters call velvet. During the 
 velvet state the horns are so tender as to bleed freely when cut, 
 and may like vegetables be sliced with a knife. They begin to 
 harden in the month of August, and animals are sometimes seen in 
 the latter part of that month with peeled and ripe horns. Usually, 
 however, it is in the month of September that this velvet peels oft 
 and leaves the antlers hard. In August the velvet splits into nar- 
 row pieces, and oftentimes the antlers are seen draped with ribbons. 
 Only the males have horns, yet we have been told of three cows 
 killed bearing small antlers. This is not improbable, since female 
 deer (C. Virgintanns) have been known to bear horns. 
 
 These antlers sometimes attain a weight of sixty pounds. The 
 period of gestation with the moose is about nine months. They 
 bring forth aliout the middle of May one calf the first and second 
 
m 
 
 MOOSE. 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 years, and afterwards two at a birth. Very old cows become bar- 
 ren. With the mother the summer is a season of retirement. 
 She goes alone to the wildest unfrequented, moss-covered swamps 
 of the forest, and never leaves them until the month of September, 
 when she comes forth to select a companion. No doubt but that 
 she withdraws to these deep recesses near lakes to protect her 
 young from carnivorous animals, and the bull moose. The calves 
 continue to follow the mother long after she ceases to feed them. 
 It is probable that in many cases they keep with her until they are 
 two or three years old. 
 
 The Moose is much annoyed during the warm weather by the 
 attacks of flies and mosquitoes, and at this season they remain in 
 the vicinity of lakes, feeding on aquatic plants, standing much of 
 the time in water, where they will remain for hours immersed with 
 nothing but their noses above the surface. Here they feed upon 
 the roots, stalks, and leaves of the yellow lily. Their habit of 
 reaching under water, so as to feed on the roots of these plants, 
 gave rise to the Indian belief that the moose possessed the power 
 of remaining under water the whole day. That they entirely dis- 
 appear from view when thus feeding is well established, but that they 
 can live under water for any length of time is only credited by In- 
 dians. They are strong and rapid swimmers, and have been 
 known to cross a distance of two miles from one shore to 
 another. 
 
 The Moose on the ist of September, the beginning of the rut- 
 ting season, commence to " travel up," as the Indians term it, and 
 in a few days work out of the bogs and marshes and appear on the 
 higher lands of the forest. During this period — September and 
 October — the bull moose drinks and feeds but little for days at a 
 time. He stalks the forest a proud, haughty, defiant monarch, con- 
 scious of his strength and beauty, with horns stripped of the last 
 ribbon of deciduous skin, and polished by constant rubbing against 
 the hacmatack, and with immense round powerful neck, and in the 
 finest bodily vigor and condition. He goes forth to assert his de- 
 mands among his rivals. He is no longer timorous and shy, but 
 bold, defiant, and dangerous. His weapons are h's horns and 
 hoofs, and few animals can use the latter to better advantage. At 
 this time he loses in a measure his fear of man and if only 
 
54 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 wounded will not hesitate to attack the hunter with the utmost 
 
 fury. 
 
 In this season no animal could present a nobler appearance. 
 View him as he stands with glossy coat glistening- in the early 
 sun, with wide-spread antlers upward stretched like the hands of 
 some fable god, and say if you can, that there is nothing in him to 
 admire. He at times during this period becomes furious with rage, 
 tearing wildly through the thickets, pawing the earth with his feet, 
 and making dead branches crack like pistol shots. This is when, 
 as the Indians say, he is " real mad." This is in reality the bel- 
 lowing season. The bull roars, and utters his peculiar, short, gut- 
 tural sounds, and the cow pours forth a wild, prolonged call. Th', 
 latter goes forth of a still October night, with the go'- down CI 
 the sun, to some high barren ridge, surrounded with >. ^ep and 
 heavy forests, and there she bellows forth the wildest of straiub 
 until answered by the bull. We believe the call may be heard on 
 a still night three miles or more. During this season the bulls 
 fight many desperate battles. In these conflicts one or both are 
 sometimes killed. 
 
 With the close of the rutting season (November ist) the bull 
 Moose appears like another animal. He no longer trails through 
 the forest bidding defiance to his foes, but mopes along with down- 
 cast head and dragging limbs, paying little or no attention to pass- 
 ing events. His coat is now rough and dingy, and his antlers 
 seem to serve no purpose save as a heavy weight to keep his 
 head bowed down. He is cadaverous, gaunt, and exceedingly 
 stupid. Recovering not from his fall campaign, he remains poor 
 until the next spring when he again rallies. About the ist of 
 November Moose begin to look about for winter quarters. These 
 are usually selected with reference to the abundance of white 
 birch, maples (white, striped, swamp,) poplar, witch hazel, moun- 
 tain ash, and the different species of firs. 
 
 While Moose are not gregarious, several are often found feed- 
 ing together in what are called moose yards. These yards are 
 simply their feeding grounds, and are made by the animals' con- 
 stant browsing about the pasture grounds, and are not the result 
 jf plan or thought. During the time of the falling of snow they 
 go around browsing, following each other unconsciously making 
 
MOOSE, 55 
 
 paths. Of course, this process is kept up every day, so that when 
 \ the snow becomes very deep they have well-beaten roads running 
 in every direction over quite a large territory. They have a very 
 delicate way of eating, nibbling only a little at a time. It some- 
 times happens ere the snow lies very deep on the ground that they 
 change and form new yards. They never venture far, however, 
 after the first snow falls, in search of new browsing pastures, and 
 the change is never made unless there be a necessity for it in the 
 scarcity of food and imperfect shelter. The Moose cannot be 
 strictly called a migratory animal, since it never leaves its native 
 ground and forests for strange lands and woods. True, they are 
 obliged to visit and live in the different neighborhoods of their own 
 wilds in order that they may obtain sufficient food, but this can 
 hardly be called migration. The Moose is easily tamed, and can 
 be broken to the harness without much difficulty. There was one 
 some years ago, owned by an old man in Nova Scotia, which he 
 drove to town and drew wood with. The author of " Camp Life " 
 tells us of riding several miles in Maine after one of t'iese animals. 
 From Pennant we learn that they were formerly used in Sweden 
 to draw sledges, but the escape of criminals being often facilitated 
 by their speed, their use for this purpose was prohibited under 
 heavy penalties. 
 
 The Moose is hunted in a variety of ways, but whatever be the 
 method employed, great care and skill must be exercised to cap- 
 ture it. Calling, stalking, hounding and running down on snow 
 shoes are the most common means by which it is captured. The 
 first of these methods is employed on moonlight nights and only 
 during the rutting season ; and consists in luring the bull to the 
 spot where the hunter is concealed by imitating the call of the cow. 
 The Indian guides of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, if not the 
 only men that can imitate this cry, are at all events by far the most 
 successful callers, and when this description of hunting is to be 
 engaged in the services of one or more of these men are essential 
 requisites to success. The " call " which they use to produce the 
 deceptive sound is a trumpet of birch bark about eighteen inches 
 long—the small end an inch in diameter and the large end about 
 four or five. With this simple instrument, long practice enables 
 a good hunter to imitate the lowing of the cow moose so perfectly 
 
$6 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 that the finest ear can scarcely distinguish between the real and 
 simulated sound, ^7 
 
 The sportsman being concealed in the bushes, the caller ascends 'f, ^ 
 to a tree near at hand, and proceeds to sound the note of the cow 1;^ 
 which is promptly responded to by any bulls in the vicinity. The 
 oldest and strongest of these at once advance to secure the favors 
 of the supposed female, and to do battle with any rival that may 
 be on the ground. Sometimes when two old males are hastening 
 to the spot whence the call proceeds, they meet, and a furious com- 
 bat ensues. If however there is only one male near at hand, by 
 delicate manipulation of the call, the animal is sometimes drawn to 
 within a few yards of the hunter, who is usually enabled to shoot 
 it dead at the first fire. JP 
 
 Of stalking it is unnecessary to speak at length, since the same 
 directions for this mode of hunting apply to the Moose as to other 
 animals, with some minor modifications, depending on the nature 
 of the country. 
 
 Hounding is practiced during the winter when the snow covers 
 the ground. Having found the game or very fresh "sign" the 
 dogs are slipped, and the Moose is soon brought to bay, especially if 
 the snow is deep and crusted. Its attention is then so occupied 
 that the hunter has little difficulty in approaching, and giving the 
 fatal wound. 
 
 These animals are also run down during the deep snows ot 
 winter by hunters on snow-shoes. This requires great power and 
 endurance, but very little sportsmanlike skill. Although the legs 
 of the Moose are long, and it can travel with considerable ease 
 through drifts of moderate depth, it is easily overtaken when a 
 crust, hard yet not sufficiently strong to support it, covers the sur- 
 face of the snow. The poor animal breaks through at every step, 
 its legs are cut and bleeding, and its enormous powers are before 
 long exhausted. The hunter coming up, can butcher it at his lei- 
 sure. By this means in severe winters many of these noble beasts 
 are slaughtered for their hides alone. 
 
 The gradual destruction of the Moose is a matter of history. 
 Space and time are both too valuable for the discussion of such an 
 unprofitable subject. The being with the skin and clothes of a 
 white man, who in one winter butchered seventy-five of them for 
 
MOOSE. 
 
 57 
 
 their hides alone, leaving their meat to pollute the air, still flourishes 
 on the upper waters of the Passadumkeag in Maine. His memory 
 deserves to be execrated more than him who burned the celebrated 
 temple of antiquity, for destroyed temples can be rebuilt, but ex- 
 terminated species cannot be recreated. 
 
 »" 
 
 •K-n, -'.■'> > 
 
 cV y.^ t/, »". - , 
 
 I 
 
*" n 
 
 BARREN GROUND CARIBOU. 
 
 Rangifer groenlandicus. — Baird. 
 
 OF the Barren Ground Caribou but little is known beyond 
 what is contained in the very interesting account given of 
 this animal by Sir John Richardson in his Fauna Boreali Ameri- 
 cana (London, 1829, Mammalia, p. 241). Although the two Ameri- 
 can species of the genus have been separated by high authorities, 
 the distinctions between them are not well defined, and would seem 
 to be of doubtful specific value. The chief differences mentioned 
 by the various writers who have discussed this matter, are, the 
 smaller size of the northern I'orm, R. groenlandtciis, and its pro- 
 protionately larger horns. The following note by Mr. R. Morrow, 
 published in 1876, is of interest as bearing somewhat on the ques- 
 tion of their identity : — 
 
 " Our Caribou (woodland van) has a peculiar liver, rather small, 
 ovate, long diameter nine inches, short diameter six inches, (from 
 an animal supposed to be about eighteen months old,) situated on 
 the right side, long diameter nearly parallel with the back bone, 
 divided almost in the centre by a shallow sulcus, and having a 
 protuberance, or small, somewhat conical lobe, which the butcher 
 calls a button, upon the upper part of the concave side, with a 
 broad base, and another very small one like a flat teat, not inva- 
 riably present however, in the same line as the large one, one 
 and a half inches below it, in size about half an inch long, three- 
 eighths of an inch wide, and about one-eighth of an inch thick ; 
 and it has no gall bladder. It is more than probable that this 
 form of liver and absence of the gall bladder is common to the 
 deer tribe : Goldsmith says ' all the deer tribe want the gall 
 bladder.' 
 
 " I have never seen a Barren Ground Caribou, nor any descrip- 
 tion of the animal giving the peculiarity in the form of the liver of 
 
BARREN GROUND CARIBOU. 59 
 
 this species, so called ; but the structure of the Barren Ground and 
 woodland varieties of Caribou is most likely the same, and the dif- 
 ference in size and horns is probably due to climate and food, 
 while the migrations in contrary directions of the two ' varieties 
 in the barren grounds' and 'woodland districts' of Sir John 
 Richardson, may be accounted for by the fact that each is taking 
 its nearest course to the sea coast. 
 
 "Dr. Gilpin, in a paper read February ii, 1871, says, speaking 
 of the varieties, ' Reindeer, Caribou, and Woodland Caribou, are 
 their local names. In addition to this the extreme north possesses 
 a deer smaller than any of those, with much larger horns, and 
 with no gall bladder ; otherwise the same. Sir John Richardson 
 calls them a permanent variety, naming them Barren Ground 
 Caribou. The absence of the gall bladder seems a very great di- 
 vergence ; yet can any one tell me has our Caribou one } ' With 
 regard to the gall bladder I know that Dr. Gilpin has been for some 
 time aware that our Caribou does not possess one, but he has not 
 mentioned the peculiar form of the liver, nor do I think that it has 
 been previously noticed." 
 
 The Barren Ground Caribou inhabits Arctic America, and in 
 its migrations it is said never to proceed farther south than Fort 
 Churchill, which is situated near the fifty-ninth parallel of latitude. 
 It is, when compared with the Woodland variety, quite a small ani- 
 mal, a buck in fair condition weighing when dressed only about 
 one hundred pounds. Nor is it as shy and difficult of approach as 
 the preceding species, no doubt because it is not so much hunted. 
 
 At the approach of winter, this species, which has passed the 
 summer on the shores and islands of the Arctic Sea, retires south- 
 ward to the wooded districts, where it feeds on ihe mosses and 
 lichens which hang from the trees, and on the long grass of the 
 swamps. In May the females commence their advance northward 
 and are followed by the males about a month later. Except du- 
 ring the rutting season, the males and females do not associate to- 
 gether, but live in separate herds. The females give birth to their 
 young on reaching the coast, and by the time the return journey is 
 commenced, which is in September, the fawns are well grown and 
 strong. 
 
 The Barren Ground Caribou is said to constitute almost the 
 
6o 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 entire means of subsistence of the Indians who inhabit the deso- 
 late regions of the far North, and they would be utterly unable to 
 exist were it not for the immense herds of these deer. This ani- 
 mal furnishes them with food, clothing, tents, fish-spears, hooks, 
 nets, and indeed with all the implements which they use or require. 
 The Esquimaux shoot them, and also take them in traps constructed 
 of ice or snow, and the Indians capture them in pounds, and kill 
 them in large numbers while swimming the rivers. 
 
 It is remarkable that the horns of the caribou vary more than 
 those of any other s])ecies of deer, in fact no two adult stags have 
 horns precisely alike. Some very remarkable antlers have been 
 brought to our notice at various times ; one pair so lofty that when 
 reversed on the shoulders of a man five feet ten inches in height, 
 the horns touch the ground. Another pair has thirty-two points, 
 including those on the brow, one of which is palmated, while the 
 other is a mere snag. These horns, with just sufficient skull left to 
 hold them together, weigh thirty-two pounds. Others are perfectly 
 straight, and have the brow-antlers of similar form. The horns of 
 the female are probably never palmated, but are slender and 
 straight. 
 
 A careful investigation into the anaton>y of this species will, it 
 is hoped, before long be made. In this way only can its relations 
 to the Woodland variety be ascertained, and the affinities of the 
 North American Caribou with the Reindeer of Europe be deter- 
 mined. 
 
•( ■ T . •» 
 
 WOODLAND CARIBOU. 
 
 Rangi/er caribou. — Aud. and Bach. 
 
 THE Woodland Caribou is a near relative of the reindeer of 
 Northern Europe, and since this genus alone of all the deer 
 tribe has been donnesticated, we may regard it as the most useful, 
 if not the most comely of its race. The clear, dark eye of the 
 Caribou has a beautiful expression, but the animal has neither the 
 grand proportions of the wapiti, nor the grace of the roe buck, and 
 its thick, square formed body is far from being a model of elegance. 
 The front hoofs are capable of great lateral expansion, and curve 
 upwards, while the secondary ones behind, which are but slightly 
 developed in other members of the family, are considerably pro- 
 longed, a structure which, by giving the animal a broader base to 
 stand upon, prevents its sinking too deeply into the snow or morass. 
 
 The short legs and broad feet of the Caribou likewise enable 
 him to swim with great ease, a power of no small importance in a 
 country abounding in lakes and rapid rivers, and where scarcity 
 of food renders frequent migrations necessary. When the Caribou 
 moves a remarkable clattering sound may be heard some distance. 
 This is produced by the long hoofs which separate as they press 
 the ground and close when raised. 
 
 A long mane of dirty white hangs from the neck of this deer. 
 In summer the body is brown above and white beneath. In winter, 
 long haired and yellowish white. Its antlers are widely different 
 from those of the stag or wapiti, having broad, palmated summits, 
 and branching backward to the length of three or four feet ; their 
 weight is considerable, twenty or twenty-five pounds, and it is re- 
 markable that both sexes have horns, while in all other genera 
 of the deer tribe the males alone are in possession of this ornament 
 or weapon. 
 
 The female brings forth in May or June a single calf, rarely two. 
 This is small and weak, but after a few days follows its mother. 
 
62 
 
 GAME AXIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 who suckles her young hut a short time, as it is soon able to seek 
 its food. 
 
 The only food of the Caribou during the winter, is said to be 
 the moss known as Lichen rangi/en'na, and his instinct and acute- 
 ness of olfactories in discovering it is surprising. No matter how 
 deep this lichen is buried, the animal is aware of its presence the 
 moment he comes to the spot. Having first ascertained by thrust- 
 ing his muz/.le into the snow whether the moss lies below or not, 
 he begins making a hole with his fore feet, and continues working 
 until at length he uncovers the lichen. When the snow is too 
 deep, as sometimes happens, he betakes himself to the forests and 
 feeds upon another lichen which hangs on pine trees. In summer 
 their food is of a different nature. They then feed upon green 
 herbs or the leaves of trees. Judging fi jm appearances of Lichen 
 rangiferina in the hot months, when it is dry and brittle, one 
 might easily wonder that so large a quadruped as the Caribou 
 should make it his favorite food and fatten upon it ; but toward 
 the month of September it becomes soft, tender and damp, with a 
 taste like wheat bean. In this state its luxuriant and flowery 
 ramifications somewhat resemble the leaves of endive, and ar*^ as 
 white as snow. 
 
 Wherever the Caribou abound they are eagerly hunted, for 
 their flesh, when in season, is most delicious. Then, too, in dis- 
 tricts where they have been much persecuted, they become very 
 shy and watchful, so that it requires no little skill to capture them. 
 But besides the attacks of its human enemies, the Caribou is sub- 
 ject to the persecutions of two species of gad fly. The one de- 
 posits its glutinous eggs upon the animal's back. The larvae, on 
 creeping out, immediately bore into the skin, where they cause 
 swellings or boils an inch or more in diameter, with an opening 
 at the top of each, through which the larvae may be seen embed- 
 ded in the purulent fluid. Aware of the danger, the Caribou runs 
 wild and furious as soon as he hears the buzzing of this fly, and 
 seeks refuge in the nearest water. 
 
 The other species of fly lays its eggs in the nostrils of the deer, 
 and the larvae boring into the fauces and beneath the tongue of 
 the poor animal, are a great source of annoyance. 
 .,.,: In Newfoundland the Caribou are still quite abundant, though 
 
WOODLAND CARIBOU. 63 
 
 the vast number of deer paths which, hke a net work, seam the 
 surface of the interior in all directions, show that the number of 
 deer was formerly enormous. Their great enemies are the wolves, 
 which are continually chasing them from place to place, especially 
 during the winter months, when the deer leave the mountams and 
 come to the jilains below to feed on the " browse " of the birch. 
 A few settlers who are in the habit of deer stalking, go into the 
 hills in pursuit of deer about the middle of September, which is 
 just prior to the rutting season, and consequently at a time when 
 the stags are in their best condition 
 
 The migrations of the Newfoundland reindeer are as regular as 
 the seasons, between the southeastern and northwestern portions 
 of the island. The winter months are passed in the south, where 
 •' browse " is plentiful, and the snow on the lower grounds is 
 not so deep as to prevent them from reaching the lichens. In 
 March, when the sun becomes more powerful, so that the snow is 
 softened by its rays, permitting them to scrape it off and reach the 
 herbage beneath, the reindeer turn their faces toward the north- 
 west, and begin their spring migration. The whole surface of 
 the country is now alive with the deer, as herd follows herd in 
 rapid succession, each led by a noble stag as tall as a horse, and 
 all bending their course, in parallel lines, toward the hills of the 
 west and northwest. Here they arrive from the middle to the end 
 of April, and amid the rocky barrens and mountains, wheie their 
 favorite moss abounds, they remain until October. Here they 
 bring forth their young, and here they are in a measure free from 
 the persecutions of the terrible flies above referred to. 
 
 So soon, however, as the frosts of October begin to nip the 
 vegetation they turn toward the south and east, and repeat their 
 long march in the same manner, and pursuing the same paths 
 as when on their northern migration. Thus for countless r 1- 
 turies, it may be, have these innumerable herds been moving r' j 
 the same route, unless when interrupted by the Indians or the 
 irregularities of the seasons. Their movements are generally in 
 parallel lines, uidess where the narrow necks of land, separating 
 lakes, or the running waters or straits uniting them, or intervening 
 chains of hills, cause them to concentrate on one point. It was at 
 such points that the Boeothics, or indigenous Red Indians, were 
 
^4 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 accustomed to wait for the deer, and slaughter them in great num- 
 bers. Not content with this> however, they erected deer fences, 
 the remains of which can still be traced for many miles. Inland 
 from Notre Dame Bay and far to the northwest of Red Indian 
 Lake, a double line of strong fence was put up by the Indians, 
 which at its commencement diverged many miles. The southern 
 fence ran down to the lake, so that deer should thus come near 
 their own encampment ; and the northern line was to prevent their 
 escape near the shore. The northern fence ran down to the 
 river Exploits, along the bank of which another fence was raised, 
 with openings at particular places for the deer to go to the river 
 and swim across. These openings were called " passes." A 
 number of men now go within the fence, and from the wider 
 enclosure they drive them to the narrow part, or to passes of the 
 river where others were stationed, and thus killed the deer at their 
 leisure. These deer fences are actually seen to extend thirty miles 
 on the river Exploits, and how far into the interior no white man 
 can tell. They are formed by felling trees, and must have cost 
 immense labor. The tribe which constructed them originally 
 must have been numerous and powerful, though now without a 
 single living representative. 
 
 The Indians, especially the Mic-Macs, have another method 
 of capturing the deer, which if it were not well attested, would 
 seem almost incredible. Some of these Indian hunters will 
 actually run down a stag. Only when fat is the stag worth such 
 an arduous pursuit, and then only is he liable to such fatigued 
 exhaustion. The hunter will commence the chase early in the 
 day, and follow it up without intermission, and before night will 
 make the stag his prey without firing a shot. The stag at first 
 easily outstrips his pursuer, but after a run of four or fiv*. miles he 
 stops, and is by and by overtaken. He lies down fatigued but is 
 again surprised ; and thus the chase is kept up until the poor stag 
 plunges into a pool or morass to escape, where he soon meets his 
 dc >m, man at length winning the day. 
 
 How useful the tamed reindeer might become to the New- 
 foundlander, may be imagined from what we read of the Lapland 
 reindeer. It can draw a sledge over the frozen snow at the rate 
 of twenty miles an hour. To the Laplander the reindeer is every- 
 
WOODLAND CARIBOU. 65 
 
 thing; and in his cold and barren country, covered with snow and 
 ice nine months of the year, and producing few vegetables, he 
 would perish were it not for the milk and flesh of the animal. 
 
 The country of the Woodland Caribou includes Newfound- 
 land, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Labrador and Canada, and is 
 said to extend westward through a narrow strip of well wooded 
 territory about one hundred miles wide from Lake Superior to 
 Lake Athabasca. To the northward it is replaced by the Barren 
 Ground Caribou. 
 
 The only method of taking the Woodland Caribou is by stalk- 
 ing. If there be snow on the ground, the hunters follow the 
 tracks of the animals, and by great care are often enabled to come 
 within shot of them. When there is no snow and the deer cannot 
 be tracked, a tall tree is climbed and the neighboring country is 
 swept with a glass until a drove of Caribou are seen feeding in one 
 of the open treeless spots called " Caribou Barrens." The bear- 
 ings of their position are taken, and the hunters proceed to stalk 
 them. Guides, men familiar with the haunts and habits of these 
 animals, are essential to the successful pursuit of the Caribou in 
 regions where it is much hunted. The Indians and half breeds 
 are highly recommended for this work, though no doubt whites of 
 experience are quite as serviceable. 
 
ELK, WAPITI. 
 
 Cervus Canadensis . — Erxleben. 
 
 " '' I '•HE antlered monarch of the waste." How applicable is 
 J_ this term to the stately elk, the giant deer of the forest, 
 the plains and the mountains of North America. Standing as tall 
 as a horse, bearing a superb pair of antlers worthy to adorn any 
 baronial hall, with senses than which no keener can be found 
 among all our varied examples of animal life, and a form, faultless 
 in the grace and symmetry of its outlines, the Wapiti justly holds 
 the first place among the game animals of our continent. 
 
 It is in the sportsman's breast that the Elk arouses the greatest 
 enthusiasm, yet his grace and beauty might well attract the pencil 
 of the artist, and his great size and wonderful powers of endurance 
 furnish an exhaustless theme for the pen of poet and romancer. 
 No more striking and beautiful sight can be imagined than a band 
 of these animals just started from their feeding ground. Their 
 swift and swinging trot, as they move off over the rough ground or 
 through the tangled forest, is the poetry of motion. Each grand 
 bull carries his head well up and his polished antlers stretch far 
 back over his flanks. The more dainty and light-footed cows 
 press to the front and with their calves first disappear, and in a 
 moment more the last of the bulls vanishes over the top of the 
 neighboring bluff. Then perhaps, oh reader, you advance from 
 your place of concealment, and w'th feelings of indescribable pride 
 and exultation stand over your first bull elk. 
 
 In former times the Wapiti seems to have been distributed 
 throughout the whole of North America, south of the Great Lakes 
 on the eastern side of the continent, but extending northward as 
 far as the fifty-sixth or fifty-seventh parallel of latitude on the 
 plains and in the mountains. It was abundant in California, and 
 nowhere more so than on the banks of the San Joaquin, about 
 which stream all old Calilbrnians are so enthusiastic. In Northern 
 
ELK, WAPITL ^7 
 
 California it still exists, though not in such numbers as formerly. 
 East of the Missouri River there are one or two localities where 
 the Elk still linger, though in sadly diminished numbers. One of 
 these is in Michigan, in a tract of almost impenetrable forest land. 
 A few have been reported to inhabit the wildest and most unsettled 
 portions of the Alleghany Mountains in Pennsylvania, but this is 
 merely a tradition and it is doubtful whether any exist there at 
 present. The species is now almost entirely confined to the high 
 plains of the Missouri region, and the mountains which stretch 
 away to the westward toward the Pacific Ocean. Here the Elk in 
 many localities is still to be found, but the onward march of the 
 settlements, and continual ravages of the skin hunter, or as he is 
 contemptuously styled by the better class of frontiersmen, the 
 " Elk Skinner," are driving them farther and farther back, and are 
 constantly reducing their numbers. 
 
 As has been remarked the Elk stands about as tall as a horse, 
 but its proportions are those of a deer. Its horns are long and 
 branching, and are generally very symmetrical. They usually attain 
 a length of five or six feet and often weigh sixty or seventy pounds. 
 In color the Elk is, during the summer months, light reddish chest- 
 nut. At the approach of autumn the coat becomes darker and the 
 length of the hairs increases until in winter, the longer hairs be- 
 coming tipped with pale brown, a greyish cast is imparted to the 
 whole pelage. A triangular patch of pale yellow is seen on the 
 rump and includes the tail, which is very short. The bull elk, 
 e.. -'pt in summer, has a gro^"*h of long hair on the neck and 
 breast which the cow does not possess at any season. The latter 
 differs from the male in being somewhat smaller, and in lacking 
 horns. 
 
 Elk rut early in September and it is only at this season that the 
 peculiar " whistling " of the bulls is to be heard. The rut lasts 
 but a short time, and at the end of the season the bulls are much 
 run down and are very thin. They soon recuperate however and 
 by the last of November are quite fat and in good order. The 
 females bring forth their young late in May or early in June, and 
 some time before this important event takes place, withdraw from 
 the herd and remain in the thickest brush preparing for the duties 
 of maternity. At this time too, the bulls are having trouble with 
 
68 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 their horns. These huge weapons are grown in about four 
 months, and it will readily be conceived that the drain upon the 
 animal's strength is thus enormous. The bulls laie in July are 
 more thin and weak than the cows, which have for two months 
 been suckling their calves. In a mountain country the males are 
 now to be found on the highest ridges, feeding above timber line 
 and passing most of their time in the densest thickets where they 
 are in a measure protected from the flies. On the plrins, they 
 spend most of their time lying in the thick willow brush which lines 
 the borders of the streams. 
 
 The cow Elk produces usually only one calf, and no instance 
 of the birth of twins has ever come under our obseiTation. The 
 calf is a beautiful little creature, spotted like a red deer's fawn, 
 which it much resembles in general appearance. As already re- 
 marked, the " whistling " of the Elk is heard only for a few days 
 during the early part of September. It is made up of several 
 parts, and is so peculiar a cry that it can hardly be described, much 
 less imitated. The first part consists of a prolonged, shrill whis- 
 tle, which seems to come to the hearer from a long distance, even 
 though the animal uttering it be quite near at hand. This is fol- 
 lowed by a succession of short grunting brays or barks, three or 
 four in number, and the call is completed by a low, smooth bel- 
 low. Sometimes the whistle is sounded without the succeeding 
 parts. Withal, the cry is an odd one, and once heard will always 
 afterward be recognized. 
 
 The whistle is ver)' musical, and no more delightful sound can 
 come to the sportsman's ear, as in the grey dawn of the morning 
 he ascends a mountain side to obtain a good view of the undula- 
 ting slopes and park like openings, which stretch away toward the 
 valley beyond. Watch carefully brother, keep yourself well con- 
 cealed, and be sure that the wind is right. Then when you spy 
 the herd, slip cautiously down yon little ravine, and you will ere 
 long be within easy reach of as fine a bull as hunter ever bagged. 
 
 The Elk and Mule Deer differ widely in many of their habits 
 from the Virginia Deer, and in nothing more than their intense 
 fear of man, and then hatred of the " march of civilization," so- 
 called. While the White-tail, if shot at or pursued with hounds, 
 will only run far enough to escape the immediate danger, and 
 
ELK. WAPITI. 6g 
 
 will in a short lime return to his accustomed haunts, the Elk and 
 Mule Deer will almost immediately desert a country where they 
 have been much shot at, and the sound of a gun, even though at 
 a great distance, will alarm all the bands within hearing. For this 
 reason, hunters, in the mountains where the report of a gun is 
 taken up, and a thousand times repeated by the echoes, use a rifle 
 which carries but a small charge of powder, as the Smith and 
 Wesson rifle or the Winchester ; stating that the needle gun with 
 its 70 grains of powder makes too much noise, frightening^ or at 
 least rendering suspicious all the game in the neighborhood. Old 
 hunters have a saying, that a band of Elk when fairly started, will 
 not stop until they have crossed flowing water ; and a plainsman 
 of experience and reliability, in whose company we have often 
 hunted, said to us once, as a noble band of Elk disappeared over 
 the bluffs, on the north bank of the Loup Fork ; •' those fellows 
 won't stop until they have crossed the Running Water." This 
 stream, perhaps better known in the " States " as the Niobrara, 
 was forty miles distant, yet we doubt not that the Elk were able 
 to keep up their swift trot until they reached that stream. 
 
 The usual gait of the Elk, when much alarmed, is the long 
 swinging trot before referred to, which is a far more rapid gait 
 than would be imagined by one who has had no experience of the 
 rate at which these animals move. A very good horse will have 
 great difficulty in keeping up with a trotting Elk unless the coun- 
 try is exceptionally favorable. The Elk, however, cares nothing for 
 the character of the ground which it traverses, or rather seems to 
 prefer that which is worst for a horse. It apparently moves quite 
 as fast through the most rugged Bad Lands, or along the side of a 
 mountain, rough with huge rocks -and down timber, as over the 
 smoothly undulating prairies of the open country. Moreover this 
 trot does not seem to tire it at all, and it can keep up the gait for 
 an indefinite length of time. Its run, and it only runs when very 
 badly frightened, is an awkward clumsy gallop, utterly devoid of 
 grace, but somewhat swifter than its trot. Running however is 
 very exhausting to the animal, a.id an essential to success in pur- 
 suing the Elk on horseback is to get him to break his trot. If that 
 can be done and the country favors the horse, the hunter may 
 succeed in getting along side. The writer remembers on one occa- 
 
70 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sion to have followed on an unusually fast pony, a cow Elk whose 
 hind leg he had broken, for two miles before getting near enough 
 to shoot from the saddle and kill her. In this case every thing 
 favored the horse and he was put through at railroad speed. The 
 Elk was quite thin, and really seemed to run just about as fast 
 after receiving the wound as she did before. 
 
 The most successful method of capturing this royal game is by 
 stalking, though to succeed in approaching a band of Elk requires 
 no little care and skill, and is a good test of the sportsman's capa- 
 bilities as a still hunter. On the Loup Fork and its branches, in 
 years gone by, the writer has enjoyed glorious sport with this game, 
 and it is no doubt still abundant in the section beyond the settle- 
 ments. 
 
 The Loup is a miniature Platte (of which it is a tributary), in 
 very many respects, and drains with its branches much of north- 
 western Nebraska. The upper Middle Loup, where much of our 
 hunting has been done, has the same broad channel and innumer- 
 able sand-bars. Its low banks and many islands are densely 
 covered with a thick, tall growth of coarse grass, weeds, and willow 
 brush. The country lying adjacent to this river, and its main 
 branch, the Dismal, is, to say the least, very hilly, being composed 
 of ranges of bluffs lying parallel to the river, and succeeding each 
 other at intervals of one or more miles as far as the eye can reach. 
 '^1 itervening valleys are made up of sharp ridges and steep- 
 sided knolls, usually but a few yards apart. Deep canons from 
 the river, wind out into the various ranges, furnishing timber of 
 several kinds, including cedar, elm, ash, box-elder, and many brush 
 thickets. The first grows in thick dark clumps along the steep 
 sides, and is intermixed with ■ the latter varieties along the level 
 floor-like bottoms of the caiions. Such grasses as are indigenous 
 to the soil, among which is the famous buffalo or gramme grass 
 grow sparsely on the up-lands. The lowlands furnish a rank 
 growth of "blue-stem," or "blue-joint," everywhere common in 
 the West. This country has long been a favorite feeding ground 
 of the Elk, and here for centuries it has been hunted by the Sioux 
 and Pawnees. 
 
 The outfit necessary for pleasant and successful hunting in this 
 country, should be, in addition to the usual covered wagon ant' 
 
ELK, WAPITI. 71 
 
 camping utensils, an extra, steady-going saddle horse, accustomed 
 to the picket-rope, and not easily frightened by the use of fire-arms. 
 The clothing should be of heavy woolen material, and of a pale 
 yellowish- brown. The rifle used should be breech- loading, of small 
 bore, heavy charge and light express, or an explosive ball. Such 
 a rifle is found to have the main elements which make up a good 
 hunting gun. It gives a flat trajectory up to three hundred yards, 
 outside hunting range, and is deadly enough for the largest elk. 
 A powerful field glass will be found a most useful accessory. 
 
 Sportsmen who intend to bring back with them the heads of Elk 
 which they may kill, will do well to provide themselves with some 
 presen^'^tive to be applied to the skin, especiaHv about the nose, 
 lips and eyes. Dry arsenic is as good as anytliing, and is besides 
 inexpensive, and easily carried and applied. 
 
 Few sportsmen, we imagine, realize that the days of the Elk 
 as well as of the buffalo are numbered, and that this beautiful and 
 magnificent game will soon live only in the annals of the past. 
 This state of things we owe to the presence in the wilder portions 
 of the country of the skin hunter. What is true of the Elk, is also 
 true to a greater or less extent of all our game animals. 
 
 Good hunting is at present scarcely to be found east of the 
 Missouri River. West of that stream, however, there is a wide 
 extent of territory, in many parts of which large game of all de- 
 scriptions may still be found in considerable abundance by those 
 who are sufficiently acquainted with the country to know where to 
 look for it. There remain on the plains and in the mountains 
 seven species of ruminants that are sufficiently abundant to make 
 it well worth while that the different State and Territorial Govern- 
 ments should attempt, before it is too late, to protect their game 
 by severe laws. Buffalo, elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, antelope, 
 mountain sheep and moose are still to be found in considerable 
 numbers in various portions of the trans-Missouri States and Terri- 
 tories, but owing to a savage and indiscriminating warfare which 
 has been inaugurated against them within the past few years, their 
 numbers are decreasing more rapidly than ever before. 
 
 Most of us remember the good service done some years ago by 
 General Hazen, in bringing before the public the facts in regard 
 to the wanton destruction of the buffVilo along the line of the 
 
72 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Smoky Hill Road in Kansas and Colorado. The discussion at 
 that time, resulted in the adoption of some measures to protect the 
 buffalo, though it is to be hoped that ere long still more stringent 
 laws may be enacted and enforced. But we have just now to 
 speak of a country distant from the railroads, out of the way of 
 the average tourist, and far from the haunts even of the gentleman 
 sportsman ; we refer to the territory lying between the Missouri 
 River and the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, north of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad. It is in this region that the most abundant 
 supplies of wild game are to be found, and it is here that these 
 animals are slaughtered for their hides alone, by the professional 
 hunter. 
 
 Buffalo, elk, mule deer and antelope suffer most, and in the 
 order in which they are here mentioned. They are destroyed with- 
 out rgardto season ; the hides only are taken and the meat left to 
 feed the wolves, or to rot when the spring opens. We know directly 
 of thirty-four cow Elk killed out of a band of forty, about the mid- 
 dle of April, 1875, by one man. The snows were deep, and the 
 butcher followed the poor animals until all but six were slain. 
 Each of these animals, if allowed to live, would have produced a 
 calf in a little over a month after the time of its slaughter. Here 
 then were sixty-eight elk killed by one man in a day and a half. 
 It is estimated from reliable information, that in the winter of 
 1874-5, during the deep snows, over three thousand elk were killed 
 for their hides in the valley of the Yellowstone, between the mouth 
 of Trail Creek and the Hot Springs. For the territories of 
 Wyoming and Montana, the destruction must have been twenty 
 times as great. An elk skin is worth from $2.50 to ^4, and to 
 secure that pitiful sum this beautiful life is taken, and from three 
 to five hundred pounds of the most delicate meat is left on the 
 ground. 
 
 A buffalo hide is worth $1.50 in September, $2 in October, 
 and $2.50 in November, and at those prices many men can be 
 found to do the work of butchery. For, as many of us know by 
 experience, a man without any pretensions to being a skilful hunt- 
 er can slaughter a dozen or two buffalo in a day wherever they are 
 numerous. Mule deer and antelope are more difficult to kill, but 
 in these days of breech-loading rifies, a fair shot can kill several out 
 
ELK, WAPITI. 73 
 
 of a band before the rest can get out of reach. It is a melancholy 
 sight to see as we have seen in a morning's march, half a dozen 
 fresh doe antelope carcasses stripped of their skins, with the milk 
 still trickling from their udders ; and it is sad to think that in ad- 
 c'ilion two little kids must starve for each of these. « 
 
 • Mountain sheep and moose do not suffer to any considerable 
 extent from these skin hunters. They are too wary to be success- 
 fully pursued by these men, many of whom are vagabonds of the 
 most worthless description. There are some good hunters and 
 good fellows among them ; men who would gladly relinquish the 
 business could it be wholly stopped, but who think and say that 
 if the game is to be exterminated, they must make the most of it 
 while it lasts. Taken as a whole, however, they are a miserable 
 set, and many of them do not kill more than enough to keep them- 
 selves in provisions and ammunition from month to month. 
 
 This skin hunting is quite a new thing in the territory, having 
 been initiated, as has been said, only three or four years ago. In 
 1872 or '73 a firm of Fort Benton traders, who have since achieved 
 an unenviable notoriety by selling arms and ammunition to the 
 hostile Sioux, conceived the idea of fitting out parties to kill game 
 for the hides, and the result was so successful that the trade in 
 wild hides has been increasing ever since. 
 
 What now can be done to remedy this state of affiiirs } Strin- 
 gent lavv^s should be enacted, and not only enacted but enforced. 
 Game should not be killed except for food, and then only during 
 the autumn. In other words, no more game should be killed thau 
 the hunter can use, and indiscriminate hunting at any and all sea- 
 sons should be prevented. But we know that legislative bodies 
 move slowly, and that knots in red tape are as difficult to untie as 
 that of Gordius of old. In the meantime much, very much, may 
 be done by the officers of the army who are stationed on the fron- 
 tier. The skin hunters who, of course, violate the laws of all the 
 territories which have game laws, may be warned off, arrested, and 
 so annoyed that they will in future sedulously avoid the vicinity of 
 posts where they have received such treatment. Action to this end 
 at Camp Baker, by Major H. Freeman, Seventh Infantry, has quite 
 driven the skin hunters out of the country. The little exertion en- 
 tailed by this course will be amply repaid by the increase of large 
 
 4 
 
fi GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 game in any section of the country where its wanton and unneces- 
 sary disturbance is prevented. 
 
 As things stand at present, the country where game most 
 abounds is that which is now, or has lately been, infested by hos- 
 tile Indians. The red fiends know enough to preserve their game 
 from excessive and continual persecution, and it is where the white 
 man dare not go that it is found most abundant and most unsus- 
 picious. The Indians are the only real preservers of game in the 
 
 West. 
 
 Will not every officer and every Western man to whom these 
 lines come think seriously on this matter, and endeavor to do his 
 part to put down terrible butchery ? 
 
MULE DEER. 
 
 Cariacus macrotis. — Gray. 
 
 THE Mule Deer, or as it is commonly called in the West the 
 Black-tailed Deer, is found throughout the Missouri Region 
 and in the Rocky Mountains. The species is quite abundant in 
 many localities, and where it has not been too much hunted fur- 
 nishes good sport to the still hunter. 
 
 In size the Mule Deer considerably exceeds the common deer 
 of the Eastern States, the White-tail of the West, and as an article 
 of food its flesh is far superior to that of the latter species. The 
 color of the Mule Deer at certain seasons somewhat resembles that 
 of the Virginia Deer, but its horns are much larger, and do not bend 
 so far forward. Its tail is widely different, being for the greater 
 part of its length, thin and rat-like, naked below with a covering 
 of short white hair above, and a heavy brush of jet black hairs at 
 the tip. There is a triangular patch of white at the root of the tail 
 on the buttocks, which somewhat resembles the same mark on the 
 Elk and Bighorn. 
 
 The true C. macrotis is found throughout the Mountains nearly 
 or quite as far west as the main divide of the Sierra Nevadas. In 
 Southern California and Arizona, among the mountains of the Coast 
 Range, it is replaced by a recently described variety called in that 
 section, the Burro Deer, an appellation about equivalent to the name 
 of the Eastern variety, bttrro in Spanish signifying jackass. This 
 variety was described in a recent number of the American NaU 
 uralist by the Hon. J. D. Caton. It was first met with by this gen- 
 tleman near Santa Barbara, Cal. While at this place Judge Caton 
 made an excursion into the Coast Range at Gaviota Pass, and se- 
 cured three bucks. These were evidently a variety of the Mule 
 Deer, and not of the Black-tailed, having all the distinctive peculi- 
 arities of the former. The variety difters from the type in being 
 
'jd GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 smaller, of .1 more decidedly reddish shade, in havinj; a lesser pateh 
 of white on the buttocks and, most prominently, in tiie markinj^i^s 
 of the tail. The tail of C. macrotis is entirely white except a black 
 tuft at the tip ; in the variety a black to reddish-black line extends 
 along the upper side of the tail from the root to the tip. The 
 habitat is not as yet well determined, but Judge Caton thinks it 
 safe to say that this variety predominates in the Coast Range 
 south of San Francisco, which seems to be its northern limit. 
 The Sierras seem to ilefine its eastern limit, east of which it is re- 
 placed by the true Mule Deer. It ascends to higher altitudes than 
 any other American deer, being frecjuently found above timber line. 
 Those living in the high mountains are the largest. They are not 
 uncommon, and further information, it is hoped, will soon be ob- 
 tained of the distribution and |)eculiarities of this novel variety. A 
 skin and skeleton are said to have been sent to the Smithsonian 
 Institute by Judge Caton. 
 
 The Mule Deer is always found in a rough country. The white 
 blufi's of the Bad Lands, the sparsely wooded buttes that rise here 
 and there above the level of the prairies of Dakota and Montana, 
 and the rockiest timbered ridges of the mountains, are its favorite 
 haunts : in fact it may be said to be the deer of the plateaus and 
 mountains, as the Virginia Deer is of the forest and lowlands. Its 
 flesh, as has been remarked, is very palatable, and is superior to 
 that of any of its congeners except the elk. It is somewhat diffi- 
 cult of approach, as it is very vigilant and a rapid runner ; hence, 
 one must have a sure eye to kill many during a season. It is said 
 to be more al)undant in the Blue Mountains, which traverse East- 
 ern Oregon, Washington Territory and Idaho, than in any other 
 portion of the continent, as it finds there plenty of food and shel- 
 ter. 
 
 The does of the Mule Deer are found throughout the foothills 
 the whole year, but the bucks retire in the spring to the highest 
 mountains, to " grow their horns," where they remain until about 
 the tirst of October. While on the mountain tops they collect 
 generally in small bands of four or five. They are generally found 
 near timber line, in the heat of the day, but in the morning and 
 evening they leave the shade of the forest and go further up the 
 mountains to the grassy tops, to feed on the young rich growth 
 
MULE DEER. yy 
 
 which is nourished imd fed by the water from the snow banks on 
 the mountain peaks. When thus feeding, it rc(|uir('s the utmost 
 skill of the hunter to ai)proach them within shoot inj,'- distance. 
 When one deer is killed in a band and is seen to fall by the others, 
 they often run in a body a short distance from the slain buck, and 
 halt, looking back at the point of danger, standing as still as a 
 statue, with their large ears brought forward to catch the slightest 
 sound. If nothing is seen, in a few moments they wheel about 
 and gallop away to the nearest timber, wlien they are soon lost to 
 view. When shot at in the forest, they retreat at a furious rate, often 
 falling over prostrate tree trunks, and crashing through thickets, 
 making the dead sticks crack and fly in every direction. They 
 sometimes charge diiectly toward the hunter. The scent of the 
 Mule Deer is very keen, and it is useless to hunt them to " lee- 
 ward," as they will smell the approaching hunter, and bound 
 away long before he is near enough to sight them. They are re- 
 markably sharp sighted, and are constantly on the lookout for 
 danger, particularly the does when they have their young with 
 them. 
 
 When a band is resting, they lie down within a few feet of each 
 other, doubling their fore legs under the body, and in wet weather 
 they dry their coat by licking it with the tongue, in the same man- 
 ner as a dog. The bucks often return to their "beds," sleeping 
 in the same place several nights in succession. The Mule Deer 
 rut during the latter part of October, and the does bring forth 
 their young, generally two, though sometimes only one, late in May 
 or early in June. The fawns are prettily spotted with white and 
 become quite strong and active a few days after their birth. When 
 a doe tirst has her fawns, she remains in the thick woods and 
 underbrush for several weeks, until her offspring are able to keep 
 up with her when running from danger. 
 
 The Mule Deer found on the plains, that is among the Bad 
 Lands in the vicinity of large streams, are to be looked for just 
 before sunset and after sunrise Vv'hen they come down to the water's 
 edge to drink. The hunter will find these hours of the day by far 
 the best for the pursuit of this animal. 
 
BLACK TAILED DEER. 
 
 Cariacus Columbianus. 
 
 THE Black Tailed Deer is a Pacific Coast species which does 
 not, apparently, extend its range much east of the Sierr.a 
 Nevada Mountains. Its favorite haunts are among the dense 
 forests of redwoods which clothe the sides of these mountains in 
 Oregon and California. Further south it frequents the dense 
 thickets of chapparal and manzanita which cover the hillsides, and 
 through which it is quite impossible for a man to force his way. 
 To these thickets the deer betake themselves when wounded, and 
 in such cases are sure to be lost. 
 
 The Black-tail is a somewhat larger animal than the Virginia 
 Deer, but does not equal the Mule Deer in size. Its ears are pro- 
 portionally less than those of the last named species, it lacks 
 the white patch on its rump, and its tail is quite differently haired 
 and colored, resembling that of the White-tail as to its coat, and 
 being black above and white beneath. 
 
 The flesh of this animal is very poor eating, and is not to be 
 compared with that of any other member of its family inha' uig 
 North America. The animal when hunted affords some spoi . to 
 the stalker, but unless ihe hunter is a dead shot he will lose a large 
 number of wounded animals, from the habit above mentioned of 
 taking refuge in the densest thickets. This species is also hunted 
 with hounds to some extent in Oregon and Washington, the hunt- 
 ers taking stands by the runways and waiting for the deer to pass, 
 just as is done in hunting the common deer of the East. But lit- 
 tle is definitely known o'i the habits of this species and a careful 
 biography of it is much to be desired. In some localities this deer 
 i^ calk Brush Deer and in others Mountain Deer, both names 
 having reference to the character of the country it piefers. 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. 
 
 Cariacus Virgin ia ntts. — Gray. 
 
 THE Virginia Deer, in one or another of its varieties, is univer- 
 sally distributed throughout the United States and an east 
 and west belt of country including the southern portions of the 
 British Possessions, but probably not extending north of the fifty- 
 fourth parallel of latitude. It is however a lover of the forests and 
 of dense cover, and on the high plains of the Missouri region is 
 confined chiefly to the wooded river bottoms. There are tew bet- 
 ter deer ranges than the willowy banks and islands of the Platte, 
 the Running Water, the Yellowstone and the Missouri Rivers, and 
 deer started from the neighborhood of these streams take refuge 
 for a time on the wide plains above, but return to their cover as 
 soon as possible. The deer of the Rocky Mountains has been 
 dignified by the varietal name inacrourus, but it seems to us some- 
 what doubtful whether it deserves to be separated from its more 
 eastern relative the true Virginianus. There is a very wide range 
 of size among the deer of some portions of the Mountains, and it 
 is not unusual for a hunter to kill in the same localities fine bucks 
 fully equalling in size the largest eastern deer, and others appa- 
 rently just as old VN'hich weigh but half as much. 
 
 The true Virginia Deer is an inhabitant of the United Statei^ 
 as far west as the plains, and occurs in more or less abundance ii. 
 every State from Maine to Texas. In Florida and in the other 
 Gulf States these animals l>llowing well-known laws of geographi- 
 cal variation are much smaller than farther to the northward. West 
 of the plains occurs, as has been said, the variety inacrourus, said 
 to be somewhat smaller and with a proportionately longer tail, 
 denominated ip frontier parlance the White-tailed Deer, to distin- 
 guish it from its congeners the Mule Deer nd the true Black-tail 
 of Uie Sierras. In Arizona a still smaller variety is m^t with *vhich 
 
80 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 is described l)y Drs. Coues and Yarrow in their recent important 
 work on the mammals observed by Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler's Sur- 
 vey, published in the Reports of the " United States Geog-raphical 
 Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian," Vol. V., Zoolojry. 
 The largest bucks of tliis variety do not exceed seventy pounds in 
 weight, and the does are of course still smaller, falling under sixty 
 pounds. 
 
 On the Pacific Coast, and especially on Whidby Island, are 
 found deer, white or moitled, which have been designated as Cer- 
 vus albus or C. virginianus, var. variafus, but there can be little 
 doubt that these are simply cases of albinism, which is not very un- 
 common with this animal, ard that the supposed species or varie- 
 ties have no zoological stanaing whatever. 
 
 The common deer has, for so widely distributed a species, but 
 few appellations. In the cast it is generally called Red or Virginia 
 deer, in the west it is almost universally called the White-tail. 
 This species is so well known as scarcely to need any description. 
 Every one has seen it either alive or dead and many of our readers 
 have felt the proud delight of standing over their ^irst buck. In 
 summer its coat is bright red, but on the approach of autumn the 
 color deepens, becoming more grey until in October the short close 
 hair is nearly of a mouse color, and the animal is then said to be in 
 " the blue." The throat and under surface of the tail are always 
 white. The horns, which are not large but are usually very sym- 
 metrical, bend gracefully forward and the points are directed some- 
 what downward. These weapons are shed in February or March 
 according to the latitude which the wearer inhabits, " The ani- 
 mal at once retires from the herd to hide itself in the thickets and 
 unfrequented places, venturing abroad for pasture only in the 
 night. The horns are yearly shed, to be renewed in ampler devel- 
 opment. In his first year — for it is the male alone that is fur- 
 nished with horns — he has only a kind of corneous excrescence, 
 short, and covered with a thin, hairy skin ; in the second year 
 simple straight horns make their appearance. In the third they 
 have two antlers, in the fourth, three; in the fifth, four; in the 
 sixth, five ; after which the antlers do not always increase in 
 number, though they do sometimes amount to six or seven on 
 either side ; but the stag's age is then estimated rather from the 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. ,%l 
 
 size and thickness of the branch that sustains them, than from 
 their numbers." The doe is considerably smaller than the buck, 
 and may be said never to have horns. It is true that there are 
 half a dozen instances on record where a female deer has been 
 found to be provided with short horns, but this state ol things is 
 quite abnormal. 
 
 Deer i-ut in October and November and the doe brings forth 
 her young, generally two but sometimes three, in May or June, 
 earlier at the South than at the North. These animals should there- 
 fore never be shot before October first, or at the earliest Septem- 
 ber fifteenth. The fawns are not fit to eat before that season, and 
 if the does are killed before that date, the young will have a hard 
 time of it during the autumn. 
 
 The food of the Red Deer varies according to the season. In 
 autumn they crop the buds of green shrubs, leaves of small bram- 
 bles, the tender parts of brakes or ferns, etc.; in winter, when snow 
 covers the ground, they eat the leaves of laurel, and the bark and 
 moss of trees ; and in summer they find abundance of vegetation, 
 especially in the rank grass and lily pads that border the margin of 
 ponds and sloughs. 
 
 In districts where they have been much hunted, the deer feed 
 mostly at night, and during the day they retire to the hills to rest 
 and bask in the sun. In a level country they resort to thickets 
 near the water to rest during the day. The best time to still hunt 
 deer is just before sunset, when they come down from the hills to 
 drink. They always make straight for the water and quench their 
 thirst, and then commence feeding. Early in the morning you 
 will find them on the sunny side of a mountain or hill. Never 
 hunt below them — that is, at the foot of a hill — for if you do nine 
 deer out of ten will see or smell you, and bound away without your 
 knowing of their presence. Get on the top of a mountain and look 
 below for the deer. Always hunt to windward and move slowly 
 and do not try to cover too much ground, and you will be success- 
 ful if in a deer country. 
 
 The modes employed in capturing these animals are very nu- 
 merous, but those most practiced are hounding, i. e., running with 
 dogs either by a runway where the hunter stands, ^ r into the water, 
 driving, floating or jacking, and still huntinjj. Of all these methods 
 
 4* 
 
82 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the last is the most difficult, though by far the noblest and most 
 sportsmanlike. Hounding requires that the sportsman should 
 have the assistance of a guide and dogs. The former must be 
 familiar with the runways of the deer, and the hounds must have 
 good noses and considerable endurance. The hunters arc sta- 
 tioned at the various runways, and the dogs put on the track of 
 the game. The cry of the packs generally notifies the expectant 
 sportsman of the direction which the deer is taking, and if it is 
 running toward his stand he usually has time to prepare himself 
 for its coming. If the animal passes near him it requires but 
 little skill to bowl it over with his double barrel as it goes by. But 
 there are a great many right and left snap shots, and capital statu- 
 ettes on a runway wlio don't know much more of the haunts and 
 habits of their game than they do of crochet work or knitting. 
 They have an intelligent bush-beater who knows the lay of the 
 coveys, a dog with a good nose and well broken, a splendid pair 
 of barrels, and a keen eye and quick trigger. The guide leads up 
 to the hunting ground, then the dog takes the van and attends to 
 business, and when his tail gets stiff and a bird rises, the gun drops 
 him neatly, the attendant marks him down, the dog retrieves, and 
 the gunner puts him exultingly to bag. Precisely the same on a 
 runway. The guide who has previously tracked the deer or knows 
 his habitat, puts out the hound, which runs the deer to water, or 
 to cover by secluded or well known by-paths, and the sure aini ot 
 the practiced marksman brings the game to grass. Now, so far 
 as the requirements of this sportsman go, all is well ; but his edu- 
 cation is anything but complete. He has actually begun at the 
 finishing school instead of the rudiments. 
 
 By the other method of hounding practiced chiefly in the Adi- 
 rondacks, the deer is driven until it takes to the water, and when 
 so far from tlie shore that it cannot return, the hunters row after 
 it, and having approached within a few feet, one of them blows 
 out its brains. When the deer are thin they sink immediately 
 after being shot, and it is customary for the guide or one of the 
 hunters, if there be tzcjo in the boat, to hold the struggling brute by 
 the tail while the other shoots it, thus saving the carcass. Com- 
 ment is unnecessary. 
 
 Driving deer is a far different kind of sport. It is chiefly em- 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. 83 
 
 ployed in the South and Southwest, and requires not only a quick 
 hand with the shot gun, but a firni seat in the saddle. The dogs 
 having started the deer, the hunters follow them on horseback, 
 striving by their knowledge of the animal's habits, to gain as much 
 as possible on him by cutting off corners and following short cuts 
 and thus coming within shot of the fleeing animal. The weapon 
 used in this description of hunting, is the double barrel, loaded 
 with buckshot, and in the hands of an experienced hunter it is a 
 deadly weapon up to one hundred yards. 
 
 In jacking or floating the shooter sits in the bow of a canoe 
 just behind a lantern which throws a powerful light ahead, but is 
 shaded from the hunter so as not to interfere with his powers of 
 vision ; the deer raising their heads, stare at the light as it ap- 
 proaches, and when the boat is near enough the hunter shoots. 
 This method seems to us unfair and unsportsmanlike; it gives the 
 deer no chance for their lives. Besides it sometimes proves an 
 expensive pleasure, for horses and cattle are not unfrequently shot 
 instead of deer. The greatest objection to it, however, is, that as 
 it is only employed during the warm weather, does are killed which 
 have fawns too young to take care of themselves and which must 
 perish soon after the death of the mother. The advocates of this 
 mode of hunting say that in no way can more exciting sport be 
 had than by this same night hunting. Your guide must under- 
 stand paddling and the habits of the deer thoroughly, or it is use- 
 less to hunt, and it requires something more than an ordinary shot 
 to take a correct aim at a couple of shining specks twenty-five or 
 thirty yards off in the darkness. Add to this the fact, that the 
 favorite feeding grounds of deer, particularly in the Adirondacks, 
 are where the lily-pads are thickest, often making it fiext to impos- 
 sible to shoot, and to jack a deer becomes as difficult a feat as to 
 stalk one. The sensation of sailing over the dark waters of the 
 lake or river, every nerve strained to catch the faintest sound which 
 may signal the approach of the game, is delightful, and the intense 
 stillness which prevails over everything, broken now and then by 
 the sharp plunge of a muskrat, or the breaking of a twig in the 
 bush, by the step of some wild animal, or perhaps by strange 
 sounds, which even the trained ear of your guide cannot recognize, 
 all combine to make an experience as pleasant as it is novel. All 
 
84 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 of which may be very true, l)ut still we do not believe in jacking. 
 In Wisconsin deer are killed by a method somewhat similar to the 
 one last mentioned, and which is to be classed under the same 
 head. 
 
 Scaffold shooting is resorted to during the summer and fall 
 months on the Peninsula. The deer go north from Central and 
 Northern Wisconsin in the spring, and are then called "spring 
 poor." Though the game law prohibits it, they commence float- 
 ing for deer in July, and also shooting from scaffolds. Scafiblds 
 are generally built from ten to thirty feet high, with a place on top 
 for the hunter to sit. The latter generally takes advantage of 
 small trees close together, and nails slats on them to serve as lad- 
 ders. They are placed along the deer trails, which here run nearly 
 due north and south, unless there should be strCc-Mns or lakes near, 
 when they diverge to them. For the month of July they place salt 
 licks early in the spring, and shoot from scaffolds when they come 
 to the salt licks. From Escanaba to Negamm the Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad runs northwest and southeast. As these 
 deer trails are, in some places, close together, some are called main 
 trails, and some branches. They generally go back from the rail- 
 road track fifty to one hundred rods, as it is nearly all woods along 
 the line, and run a deer fence, consisting of small and medium 
 trees, lapped over in one direction, with the interstices filled with 
 small branches, etc. As this fence is built parallel with the track, 
 it cuts across several deer trails in a diagonal direction, so when 
 deer are travelling south they reach the fence and turn east to find 
 an opening. This takes the travellers over several trails, all down 
 the fence, to the lower or southeast end, where the scaffold is 
 placed. By cutting several small avenues through the brush, the 
 hunter can get a good range on the deer. They travel mostly from 
 daybreak to nine o'clock, few crossing from eleven o'clock to dark, 
 as they then stop to feed. As the road runs in the direction north- 
 east and southwest, the deer cross the track going south earlier on 
 the north end than on the south end. From Little Lake south to 
 Day's River are good hunting points. They commence crossing 
 at Little Lake about August 5th ; Helena Switch, about August 
 8th to loth ; McFarland's Hill (halfway between Helena and Cen- 
 treville.) about 15th to 18th, and so on. 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. %% 
 
 There is good deer hunting along the line between Menomonee 
 and Escanaba, in August and September. Though the law does 
 not allow it, hunting is done in these months. As the deer leave 
 the peninsula so much earlier than they go south in Lower Michi- 
 gan, it is a manifest injustice to sportsmen to be prevented by ihe 
 law from shooting them when they are in their best condition, 
 particularly as deer are abundant in this section. There is a good 
 wiiiter hunting spot eight to ten miles north of Day's River, and on 
 Red Division (twelve miles north of Escanaba) on the Smith River. 
 On Bayde Nouquet the deer congregate in a section of heavy tim- 
 ber, and winter there. Splendid hunting may be had here in the 
 months of October, November, and December. Guides may 
 be had here at about two dollars per day. Guides make their 
 headquarters here, and this, without doubt, is the best point to fit 
 out with everything necessary for the trip, with exception of arms 
 and accoutrements. 
 
 Stalking is by all odds the most difficult method of capturing 
 the deer, and is one which calls into play all the sportsman's best 
 qualities. An eminent Scotch writer and hunter, whose kindred 
 excel in deer-stalking, designates the qualities requisite for success 
 in this method of hunting, as follows : 
 
 " It may readily be supposed, that for the pursuit of deer-stalk- 
 ing a hardy frame and plenty of pluck are required. These qualities 
 are indispensably necessary ; but in the other points he may vary 
 as much as the average of men are seen to do. The model deer- 
 stalker, however, should be of good proportions, moderately tall, 
 narrow-hipped to give speed, and with powerful loins and well-de- 
 veloped chest for giving endurance and wind. No amount of fat 
 should be allowed ; indeed, the deer-stalker ought to be in as good 
 training as the race-horse and greyhound. 1 he foot should be sure, 
 and the eye keen and long-seeing, as the telescope cannot always 
 be applied to that important organ. He should be practiced in 
 running and stooping, in crawling on his belly, or on his back, by 
 means of his elbows or his heels ; and should care neither for 
 business, cold, nor wet. The nerves should be good, for the ex- 
 citement produced by this sport is such as to render unsteady the 
 hand of all but those who are of the phlegmatic temperament. 
 • Dutch courage ' is not desirable, but ' Dutch phlegm ' will here 
 
86 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 serve in good stead. The bodily powers are not the only ones 
 which should be well-developed, for the brain should be active and 
 energetic as the body itself. Great control over the feelings is ab- 
 solutely essential ; for the giving way to exultation and hope, or 
 depression produced by the fear of losing a shot, will generally 
 cause that which is most to be feared. Above all, temperance 
 must be practiced — no shaking hand or flinching eye will serve the 
 purpose of the still-hunter ; nor will the parched throat or the per- 
 spiring skin avail him when rushing up the hillside or through the 
 winding valley. In fact, strict training, in all its details, is required ; 
 and the more it is carried out, the more complete will be the suc- 
 cess of the ]:)racticer of its disagreeable duties. The dress of the 
 deer-stalker should be light and elastic, yet tolerably warm. The 
 head should be covered with a close-fitting cap or soft hat. The 
 color of all should be sober and natural ; grey or a mixture of black 
 and white, or brown being as good as any, since it accords well 
 with the rocks and ground which are so common in the haunts of 
 the deer." 
 
 The sportsman should ne/er attempt stalking the Virginia Deer 
 unless he lias nerves of steel, is strong, active, and an untiring walk- 
 er. Not only the greatest walking powers are required in stalking, 
 but it becomes a tiresome gait, as stooping and not unfrequently 
 crawling on the ground for a long distance is necessaiy in order to 
 reach a particular spot, unseen by the deer. Deer-stalking is sim- 
 ply man vs. brute ; and requires all the strength, craft and coolness 
 of the man, before he can lay low the deer, who is possessed of a 
 much keener sense of smell, immense speed, excessive nervous or- 
 ganization, and is ever on the alert to circumvent its human foe. 
 
 The deer has by no means a quick sight, but his hearing and 
 nose are of the most refined order. The garments of sportsmen 
 should assimilate as nearly as possible with the autumn foliage of 
 the forest ; the boots to be worn should be a kind of moccasin with 
 a not too thick, but llexible sole without nails of any kind as nails 
 coming in contact with stones and rocks, alarm the animal before 
 the hunter can get within range. In walking lift the feet well off 
 the ground, and let the ball of the foot touch the earth first ; step 
 high, and in fact imitate the Indian's peculiar gait. In shooting 
 never aim at the head of the deer, unless you are a dead shot, as 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. 87 
 
 the heart is as large as the brain, and if the ball misses the brain, 
 the deer continues on his way, apparently as well as ever, or even 
 if the ball has lodged in the face or muscles of the neck, you will 
 still have-great difillculty in finding your deer unless accompanied 
 by a dog. This is where the deerhound is so useful, saving the 
 sportsman an all tlay s tramp after a wounded animal. The Scotch 
 plan is to keep the dogs in leash until the deer is shot, and if only 
 wounded, to slip the dogs, and in a short time the deer will be 
 brought to bay. Many sportsmen and good ones too, take great 
 exception to still-hunting, and some are "down " on the man who 
 silently and carefully watches through the forest up wind for hours 
 and hours, ultimately coming across a deer track, following it up 
 again for hours and hours, finally creeps up to within 100 or 250 
 yards of the deer and kills it, and lastly by a short cut finds him- 
 self fifteen miles away from home or camp, with every likelihood 
 of having to sleep in the forest all night. Is not this sportsman, 
 by all the laws laid don'n, t\c\\ by the most fastidious of men, 
 entitled to his game } 
 
 It cannot be doubted that sportsmen generally, and especially 
 novices in still-hunting, make the mistake of hi0itin<^ too much. 
 Moving about through the woods has the effect to scare the game 
 away, and in consequence a ma.i may often cover a large tract of 
 good ground and see absolutely nothing. The less "hunting" 
 the more game usually. A dozen sciuirrels can be shot from the 
 same stand oftentimes, if one will only be content to remain quiet. 
 In deer stalking, too, it is not necessary for a hunter to run the 
 animal to earth as he would a fox. Let him but stand still as soon 
 as he discovers the deer and perceives that he is discovered in turn, 
 and the deer, if not much frightened, will not run far. After she 
 breaks cover she will make a few wild leaps and then stop and 
 turn to ascertain the cause and character of the alarm. She will 
 not run far if not followed, and will remain in the vicinity until her 
 curiosity is satisfied. There is a natural inquisitiveness about 
 animals. They don't become frightened as much through the 
 sense of sight as through the senses of smell or hearing — particu- 
 larly the first. 
 
 Naturalists are the most successful hunters, for in their search 
 for information it becomes necessary to lie perdu for hours, in 
 
88 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 order to pursue their investigations of the habits of the animals 
 and birds they study. That which is to be most guarded against 
 is giving the animals your scent. It is all important to hunt up 
 
 wind. 
 
 The first light snow of the season gives the hunter a great ad- 
 vantage ove»" the game, and in the case of caribou one has only to 
 dress in white clothes to approach within close range and ensure 
 his success. 
 
 When there is no snow on the ground you cannot follow the 
 deer's tracks, but have to move quietly about over ground most 
 likely to be frequented by them, keeping a sharp lookout and 
 reviewing the ground at every step, for in the thick woods you are 
 liable to come on one at any time. 
 
 When the ground is covered with soft, light snow, six or eight 
 inches deep, during the month of November, or the fore part of 
 December, is the best time for " still hunting." Then, as you enter 
 the wood.3, the first thing to be done is to find a deer's track in 
 the snow. The next thing is to ascertain the length of time the 
 track has been made. This requires much experience. If the 
 track is just made, the snow in it, where it has been moved, will 
 look new and bright, but grows dull by age. A good test, when 
 it is cold weather, is to feel of the track with your finger, and if 
 just made, it will be soft ; if not, quite hard. One of the best ways 
 to tell if it is a new track is by the manure, if the animal chrnces 
 to drop any, as it will soon freeze if cold ; at any rate, it soon 
 changes its appearance. Having found a track and ascertained 
 that it is new enough, the next thing is to follow it cautiously, 
 travelling at the same rate as the deer travels. An experienced 
 hunter can tell about how fast he has to go to overtake the deer. 
 If the deer is feeding along as he goes and stops to browse at 
 every fallen tree-top, you must move slowly, looking in every place, 
 at every step, for he is not far distant. But, then, if the deer is 
 " travelling," as it is called, one has to walk much faster and scan 
 the ground as best he can. But the chance of getting a shot is 
 less than when one moves slower and looks the ground thoroughly 
 over. To still-hunt with success, to tell in what locality to look for 
 deer in different states of weather, to know when to follow fast 
 and when slow, to know where a deer will be most likely to stop 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. 89 
 
 after he has once started, and to know how to get more than one 
 where there are two together, is only acquired by long practice 
 and judgment. But not more than one in fifty, with all the ex- 
 perience in the world will make a good still hunter. It requires 
 a special adaptation to it. It is very hard work, as it necessitates 
 much travelling. But, then, it is the rarest of sports, and is the 
 most exciting mode of hunting deer. 
 
 Minnesota has always been noted for the great numbers of 
 deer found within its limits, and during the late autumn enormous 
 numbers of these animals are killed in that State. When the 
 leaves are falling, the nights cool and the October moon is full, the 
 lordly bucks begin their nocturnal rambles over their favorite run- 
 ways and scraping grounds in search of the timid does that hide 
 away from them in the thickest " popples " and willow swamps. 
 A little later in the season the deer will be found running in pairs, 
 and then the still-hunter has but to watch the scraping grounds 
 in openings in the forest, and the "jack " oak ridges which are so 
 common in Minnesota and other States. Early in the autumn 
 the deer browse in poplar thickets on the outskirts of the prairie 
 or near the settler's clearings, and at such times they lie very 
 close, often jumping from their beds within a few rods of the 
 hunter. As the season advances and the snow falls, the cold 
 north winds drive them into the heavy timber where they browse 
 on hazel bushes and red willow, (kinnikinic,) the inner barks of 
 which the Chippewa, Sioux, Dakota, Arickaree, and other north- 
 ern Indians smoke clear, and mixed with tobacco. 
 
 When the twigs of the trees become toughened by the cold, 
 the deer browse on species of the white pines, and visit lumbering 
 camps regularly at night to feed on the twigs of the fallen trees. 
 There are several species of fungi that the " white tails " are very 
 fond of, which grow on the white birch and sugar or rock maple. 
 
 The speed of the deer is considerable, and it is often spoken 
 of as one of the swiftest of animals. Few, indeed, realize that a 
 good horse in open country can overtake it without very much 
 exertion. Its powers of leaping are enormous, however, and there 
 is one instance at least on record, where a buck cleared a board 
 fence sixteen feet in height. Deer change their feeding grounds 
 somewhat at the different seasons, but cannot be said to migrate 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 Pm 
 
 vQ 
 
 ^;. 
 
 
 >:? 
 
 >' « 
 
 A 
 
 ^^ 
 
 % 
 
 // 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 125 
 
 1^ li^ 12.2 
 40 12.0 
 
 lit 
 
 u 
 
 4. ^ 
 
 1.8 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
!■ i 
 
 I 
 
90 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 from one district to another. The changes of locality, however, 
 which are made by the different members of the deer family, 
 deserve more close attention than has yet been given them. 
 
 If we know that we have but one species of deer in North 
 America that is strictly migratory in its habit — that its members 
 entirely change their habitat with the changing seasons — we have 
 reason to believe that several, if not all of the other members of 
 this family, are more or less migratory in their habits, but to what 
 extent we may consider at present an undetermined question. We 
 think we may safely say that the Barren Ground Caribou is the 
 only American species which is strictly migratory. They occupy 
 the district of country between the Atlantic coast and the Rocky 
 Mountains north of the sixtieth parallel of latitude. They move 
 to the north in the spring, the females in advance, to the shores and 
 islands of the Arctic Ocean, where they drop their young, and in 
 the fall return south, and spend the winter in the lower latitudes, 
 individuals passing sometimes south of the sixtieth parallel. 
 
 The Woodland Caribou is undoubtedly migratory, but to a less 
 extent. Sir John Richardson informs us that contrary to the gen- 
 eral rule, they migrate north in winter to about the sixtieth degree 
 of north latitude, and south in the summer, yet we think it certain 
 that this migration is not usual as with their smaller congeners of 
 the north, for many individuals at least remain near their southern 
 limits throughout the winter. The great body of those occupying 
 the islands of Newfoundland spend their lives upon the island, 
 though they change their range at different seasons of the year, 
 while some cross the straits on the ice to Labrador. 
 
 If our moose or elk are to any considerable extent migratory, 
 the evidence to establish the fact is wanting, although it is well 
 established that the moose seek the elevated ridges in winter, 
 and the low marshy grounds and water courses in summer. We 
 lack the data which would enable us to speak with any assurance 
 of the habits of the mule and the Columbia black-tailed deer in 
 this regard. 
 
 The Virginia Deer originally occupied every portion of the 
 United States. It has been more carefully observed than any of 
 the other species. The weight of evidence is, we think, that these 
 deer are partially migratory, though their migrations are limited in 
 
VIRGINIA DEER. 
 
 91 
 
 extent and in numbers. They do not entirely desert any district 
 which they occupy at any season of the year, yet in the northern 
 portion of their range numbers seem to change their abode from 
 the north to the south in September and October, for a few hun- 
 dred miles at least. We shall not stop now to detail the evidence 
 tending to this conclusion. We have found the testimony of all 
 our Indians to be in favor of a general migration of the deer. It 
 is a subject on which little has been written by naturalists or 
 sportsmen. 
 
HARES. 
 
 Lepus timidus, var. arcttcus. — Allen. Habitat, Arctic Amer- 
 ica, southward on the Atlantic coast to Labrador and New- 
 foundland ; in the interior to Fort Churchill, the northern shores 
 of Great Slave Lake and the valley of the upper Yukon. 
 
 Leptis campestris.— Bachman. Habitat, Plains of the Sas- 
 katchewan southward to middle Kansas, and from Fort Reily 
 westward to the Coast Rang^e. 
 
 Lepus americaniis, — Erxleben : with several varieties. Habitat 
 of var. americaniis, from the Arctic Barren Grounds, southward 
 to Nova Scotia, Lake Superior and Northern Canada, and in the 
 interior throughout the wooded parts of the Hudson's Bay Terri- 
 tories, and Alaska ; of var. virginianus, Nova Scotia to Connecticut 
 on the coast, the Canadas, and northern parts of the northern tier 
 of States westward to Minnesota, and southward in the AUegha- 
 nies to Virginia ; of var. Washingtonii, west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains from the mouth of the Columbia northward into British 
 Columbia ; of var. Bairdii, the higher parts of the Rocky Mountains 
 southward to New Mexico. 
 
 Lepus sylvaticus. — Bachman, witli vars. Nuttalli znxdi Auduboni. 
 Habitat, United States at large except Northern New England 
 and the more elevated parts of the Appalachian Highlands. 
 
 Lepus Trcnvbridgei. — Baird. Habitat, West of the Sierra 
 Nevadas from northern California to Cape St. Lucas. 
 
 Lepus callotis. — Wagler. Habitat, United States between the 
 ninety-seventh meridian and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and 
 from North Kansas and the Great Salt Lake Basin southward into 
 Mexico. 
 
 Lepus calif ornicus. — Gray. Habitat, California west of the 
 Sierra Nevada range, south to Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. 
 
 Lepus palustris. — Bachman. Habitat, South Atlantic and 
 Gulf States, 
 
HARES. 93 
 
 Leffus aquatkus. — Bachman. Habitat, Gulf States south 
 through the lowlands of Mexico to Central America. 
 
 The above list of the Hares of North America found north of the 
 southern boundary of the United States, is drawn from Mr. J. A. 
 Allen's recently published study of the genus, and includes all that 
 the sportsman will be likely to meet with. 
 
 Hares are grey, or brown, but their specific distinctions are so 
 slightly marked, that it requires the eye of a practiced naturalist 
 to distinguish between two nearly allied species. For this reason 
 no detailed description is given of the different species and varie- 
 ties above mentioned. Of all those of which we have spoken, but 
 three, to |. j mentioned hereafter, turn white in winter. 
 
 Among all the numerous representatives of the Leporida, 
 which are found in every section of our country, we have no true 
 rabbit. Hares are common in all parts of the United States and 
 the British Provinces, but they all differ in essential particulars 
 from the Rabbit proper, Lepus cuniculus of Europe. Briefly, some 
 of the distinctive traits are as follows, and may be classed roughly 
 under two heads : — first, anatomical differences, secondly, differ- 
 ence in habit. Of the first, it is unnecessary to speak at length, 
 for its truth is well known to such as have examined the structural 
 features of both. In habit, there is also a wide difference. Hares 
 do not live in burrows, as is the case with the rabbit, but lie in 
 a form, in bush, or thicket, a slight depression in the . ground fre- 
 quently serving for a nest, or occasionally they select a hollow 
 stump or the under side of a detached ledge of rock as a domicile. 
 The young when they first make their appearance are covered with 
 hair, their eyes are open, and they are able almost immediately to 
 support themselves. On the other hand, the rabbit is born naked, 
 with closed eyes, and requires the constant attention of the mother 
 for some time. 
 
 The Hares are not so prolific as the Rabbits, the female bring- 
 ing forth but from three to five leverets at a litter, the Lepus cu- 
 niculus bearing from five to eight. Hares feed generally at night, 
 lying in their forms in some bush or copse, during the ^eater part 
 of the day. The Rabbit, on the contrary, generally remains en- 
 sconced in the warmest corner of the burrow during the dark hours. 
 
 Of the principal representatives of the genus in this country 
 
94 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 may be mentioned the following, Leptts sylvaticus, the ubiquitous 
 cotton tail found generally distributed throughout almost all sec- 
 tions of the United States. L. americanus, the common large 
 Hare of the east and north-east, which changes its coat in spring 
 and fall. L. timidus var. arcticus, the great northern Hare, L. 
 cafnpestris, the " Jack Rabbit " of the plains, L. callotis, the " Jack 
 Rabbit of Texas and California, and two southern swamp species, 
 L. palustris and L. aquatkus. Of these, the species which change 
 color on the approach of winter are L. americanus, L. campestris, 
 and L. timidus var. arcticus. Pending the complete change from 
 the summer brown to the snowy white coat of winter, the animal 
 presents a very singular mottled appearance. 
 
 Hares are becoming a ver)' important article of commerce, and 
 during the winter season tons of them are daily shipped to our 
 principal markets from all quarters. They are sold at cheap rates, 
 and are frequently peddled around the streets by the cart load at 
 astonishingly low figures. 
 
 The methods of pursuit and capture of these anim.als are very 
 numerous, but of the most common and successful, three may be 
 mentioned ; viz. : trailing in the snow with dogs, hounding, and 
 coursing. To trail hares in the winter, one must have dogs with 
 fair noses, and a light fall of from two to four inches of snow must 
 have been deposited the night previous to an early morning start. 
 Two or more hunters start out equipped thus with dogs and guns. 
 Thickets of elder and blackberry are sought where the game is 
 known to lie. A hunter skirts each border of a patch and the 
 dogs are sent in. As soon as the hares are started, the dogs fol- 
 low the trail and drive them from cover, and on emerging from the 
 brush they give the gunner the best of chances. We have known 
 of forty hares having been killed in following in this manner, a mile 
 of hedge. Where the ground is rocky, they will try to hide by run- 
 ning into any hole or crevice which may offer an asylum. 
 
 Hounding hares is generally carried on in much the same man- 
 ner as deer driving. The hunters are stationed at various points 
 on the paffcs, for hares, like deer and foxes, follow regular beaten 
 tracks. The hounds start the game from belts of pine, cedar or 
 hemlock. Each hunter waits for the animals to pass his station, 
 and in case he is in a lucky place the shot is lired as bunny goes 
 
HARES. 
 
 95 
 
 by at full run. He is bag-ged and the position taken again. It 
 might be added en passant that this ability to tunmble a hare at full 
 speed with the shot-gun is no mean accomplishment. Bags of 
 twenty and thirty are sometimes made in this way in the course of 
 a morning. 
 
 Of trapping and snaring there are so many methods and appli- 
 ances that it is unnecessary to attempt a detailed description of these 
 various engines of destruction. They are principally employed by 
 pot-hunters, and many make it their sole business during the win- 
 ter months. Coursing hares is carried on to some extent in the 
 West by garrison officers who are the ow ners of grey or deer- 
 hounds. The animal pursued is the "Jack Rabbit," whose dis- 
 proportionally great ear-development has earned him this title, Jack 
 being jackass in brief. The topographical lay of the land is highly 
 favorable to this sport, but the legs of the hare frequently discom- 
 fit both horse and hound. 
 
 The two Southern varieties of the hare tribe L. aquaticus and 
 L. palustris, are hunted a good deal by the darkies, but every man 
 has his way of catching the " varmint," and owing to their habits 
 they are not systematically pursued. Of the Great Arctic Hare 
 not much is known. It inhabits the white wastes and snowy soli- 
 tudes of the far North. Its companions are the snowy owl, the 
 Caribou, and the Musk Ox. Unlike the prairie marmot and bur- 
 rowing owl, however, who are fast friends, the rodent of the North 
 and the great white owl are not congenial comrades. In short the 
 bird loves the beast too fondly, and her caresses are generally car- 
 ried to such an extent that within an hour after the commencement 
 of one of their little seances, bunny finds himself in a semi-digested 
 state in the membranous stomach of Nyctea nivea. 
 
SQUIRRELS. 
 
 Sciurus vulpinus.—GmeWn. The Southern Fox Squirrel. 
 Sciurus cinereus.— Linn. The Cat Squirrel. 
 Sciurus /udovtcianus.—Cxistis. The Western Fox Squirrel. 
 Sciurus carolinensis. — Gmelin. The Grey or Elack Squirrel. 
 
 THE Southern Fox Squirrel inhabits the Southern States from 
 North Carolina to Texas. It is the largest and finest of 
 our North American Squirrels. The length of the head and body 
 is twelve inches, and that of the tail fifteen. Its color is oftenest 
 grey above and white below, but it is also found of all shades of 
 fulvous, and is sometimes a deep shining black. Its ears and nose 
 are always white. 
 
 The Cat Squirrel is found in New Jersey and Virginia, and west 
 to the Alleghanies. It is about the length of the preceding species, 
 but is more heavily built, and has a somewhat shorter tail. In 
 color too, it resembles the Southern Fox Squirrel, but its ears and 
 nose are never white. 
 
 The Western Fox Squirrel occurs in the Mississippi Valley. 
 It is about twelve inches long, with a tail of about the same length. 
 Its color is rusty grey above and bright ferruginous below. Ears 
 and nose never white. 
 
 The Grey or Black Squirrel is found throughout the wooded 
 portion of the United States east of the Missouri River. It is 
 about ten inches long to the root of the tail, which number ex- 
 ceeds by about an inch the length of the head and body. The 
 usual color is pale grey above, and white or yellowish white 
 beneath, but the individuals of the species grade from this color 
 through all the stages to jet black. 
 
 The above mentioned varieties of the Squirrel tribe are the 
 only ones which are followed for the bag or pot. The Fox and 
 Cat Squirrel are never met with in the Eastern States, but are the 
 common species of the Mississippi bottom lands, and the southern 
 
SQUIRJ^ELS. 97 
 
 sections of the country. Grey and black squirrels are often found 
 associating together. They are in every respect alike, in the anat- 
 omy of their bodies, habits, and in every detail excepting the color, 
 and by many sportsmen they are regarded as distinct species. 
 Naturalists, however, at present agree that the two are identical, 
 and that the black form is merely due to melanism, an anomaly 
 not uncommon among mammals. 
 
 Squirrels feed in the early morning just after sunrise, and dis- 
 appear soon after eight or nine o'clock, retreating to their holes 
 or nests, there to remain during the midday hours. They appear 
 again in the late afternoon to feed, and may be heard and seen 
 playing and chattering together till twilight. They are very shy 
 and are not easily approached, but one may seat himself in full 
 view, and if he remains without motion, the squirrels will reappear, 
 and take little notice of the intruder ; at the slightest movement, 
 however, they are off'. This fact is taken advantage of by the 
 sportsman, and be he at all familiar with the runways of the squirrels 
 at any particular locality, he may sit by the path and shoot a goodly 
 number. We have known of eighteen, both grey and black, hav- 
 ing been secured at the entrance to a cornfield by two individuals 
 in this way during the first hours of morning. Grey and black 
 squirrels generally breed i\V\ct during the spring and summer. 
 They have several young at a litter. The young mature in Au- 
 gust and September, and the season for shooting is fall and winter, 
 although a great many are killed during August when young and 
 very tender. 
 
 The migrations of Squirrels have never been satisfactorily ex- 
 plained. What instinct brings together such immense droves of 
 these animals from all parts of the country, and causes them to 
 move with solid phalanx to distant localities, overcoming all 
 opposing obstacles ? A few years since, there was witnessed a 
 wonderful sight by the inhabitants of Pike County, Pennsylvania. 
 An immense army of Grey Squirrels arrived at Lhe banks of the 
 Delaware River late one night, and commenced its passage by 
 swimming the following morning. The whole population turned 
 out, and boys and men, equipped with large grain sacks and clubs, 
 killed them by thousands. They kept coming in a continuous 
 stream throughout the morning, and passed on to the woods 
 
 s 
 
98 GAME ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 beyond. Nothing could deflect them from their course, and they 
 were evidently bound for a fixed point. A similar instance occurred 
 not long ago in the west, where a vast assemblage crossed the 
 Mississippi and were killed in great numbers in the back yards of 
 the village houses. Of course, the first and most obvious explana- 
 tion is, that these migrations are caused by scarcity of food, but 
 it is probable that this is not the only motive which induces them 
 to undertake such extensive journeys. 
 
 As with the pursriit of Hares, there are numberless devices 
 for accomplishing the capt' re of squirrels. Sportsmen who are 
 fond of this department of La venerie, use either rifle or shot-gun, 
 as their skill in handling one or the other may warrant, but the 
 important factor in this animal pursuit is the small cur-dog trained 
 for the purpose. He will run ahead through bush and wood, tree 
 a squirrel, and after barking sharply, wait for the master to put 
 in an appearance. A squirrel thus treed will run up the trunk a 
 short distance, and curling himself down on a limb, will watch his 
 canine pursuer, unmindful of the approach of the death dealing 
 biped. When the squirrels are quite young and inexperienced, a 
 good bag can sometimes be made without a dog. Seat yourself 
 near the point where the woods skirt the cornfield or wheat stub- 
 ble in the earliest morning— or perhaps among the beech trees, 
 where at this season the mast is tender and succulent, and the 
 animals will give you plenty of chances. Still they are not very 
 generally hunted till the later months. When treed by the hunter 
 they are very skilful in secreting themselves from view, and the 
 grey species particularly, being so near in color to the bark of 
 many of our forest trees, is exceedingly difficult to detect, and both 
 he and his black brother are always careful to keep the tree trunk 
 between themselves and the intruder. A dog's presence, how- 
 ever, seems utterly to upset all calculations of concealment, and 
 they will sit on a limb and not attempt to hide, knowing the ina- 
 bility of the cur to do them harm. The cruel method of smoking 
 out, is often made use of in squirrel hunting by the farmers' sons 
 in winter time, when the animals are snugly curled up in their 
 nests. A squirrel tree is selected which has two or three holes 
 above, and is partially hollow to the foot. An axe soon makes an 
 opening below, into which straw, leaves, and grass or green twigs 
 
SQUIRRELS. 
 
 99 
 
 are introduced. This is then fired, and the hollow trunk acting 
 as a chimney, creates a draft and the smoke is soon seen curling 
 lazily from every hole and crevice. The poor inmates, some- 
 times to the number of six or eight, endure the torture as long as 
 possible, and are finally forced, singed and smoking, to seek safety 
 in. flight from their wood-locked home. The yelling demons be- 
 Jow, armed with guns, sticks, clubs, and all manner of destructive 
 implements, soon finish the half roasted creatures, who are so 
 confused on reaching the open air, that they do little more than 
 drop to the earth. Sometimes they remain so long in the tree, 
 that their claws are burned off and being unable to hold to any 
 thing, they fall helpless to the ground, and the horde of savages 
 pounce upon the unfortunates. The charge of shot from the old 
 Queen Ann, or flintlock musket, is saved this time for the next 
 victim, who may not be quite so much cooked and helpless. 
 
OPOSSUM. 
 
 Dideiphys virgintana. Shaw. 
 
 THE Opossum is the only member of its order, the Marsu- 
 pialia, which inhabits North America. It is confined to the 
 southern portion, its range not reaching much north of the Ohio 
 River on the west or New Jersey on the east. It is probably never 
 found east of the Hudson River. Other species of the genus in- 
 habit South and Central America, and one, doubtfully distinct from 
 that of the Southern States, occurs in California and Arizona. 
 
 This animal is about twenty inches long to the root of the tail, 
 which appendage is fifteen inches in length. The color is pale 
 greyish, the hair being nearly white with brown tips. The tail is 
 nearly naked and is prehensile ; and the general aspect of the 
 creature is rat-like. 
 
 It is with a certain feeling of sadness that we chronicle the 
 dying out, one by one, Oi" old customs and habits. Each year old 
 usages give place to new, and the change certainly in very many 
 cases is not for the better. 
 
 The Opossum can hardly be classed among the game animals 
 of America, yet its pursuit in the South in old plantation days used 
 to afford the staple amusement for the dusky toilers of the cotton 
 States. It was the custom in ante-bellum times, as often as the re- 
 volving year brought round the late fall days with their ripened 
 fruit and golden grain, for the dark population of the plantation, 
 occasionally accompanied by young " massa," to have a grand 
 'Possum hunt a la mode. This custom, through desuetude and 
 change of circumstances, has been well-nigh consigned to oblivion, 
 and we cannot but regret its death. The opossum is not often 
 found north of Maryland and Virginia, but is rather abundant 
 south of these States. 
 
 Its food, upon which it becomes fat and toothsome to the dusky 
 
OPOSSUM. 
 
 lOI 
 
 palate, is persimmons and wild jjrapes, together with the various 
 berries and fruits that abound in the Southern States. After the 
 first hoar frost has whitened the hills the 'possum is most eagerly 
 sought for by Cassar, Pluto, and Mars. At night the darkies start 
 forth en masse, armed to the teeth with every available weapon, 
 and accompanied by a number of nondescript dogs, generally well 
 trained for 'Possum or Coon hunting. These dogs have some 
 hound blood in their composition, and understand the require- 
 ments of the occasion perfectly. Some ancient shade of Dis with 
 snowy hair is selected a? leader, and he controls the dogs and 
 manipulates the horn. The favorite haunts of the " varmint " are 
 familiar to the negroes, and the "meet" is generally held on the 
 borders of the swamp where persimmons abound, or, if the moon 
 shine too brightly for the game to venture far from cover, in the 
 darker vales where the luscious grapes run wild and plenty. 
 
 The dogs range far from the party, and the moment one of 
 them strikes the " trail ob an ole 'Possum " he gives the signal 
 note to the expectant party by a short yelp. This sets the sable 
 hunters wild with e .citenient ; they listen for the second sound, 
 sure to come, which will betoken that the varmint is treed. They 
 are not long kept in suspense, for faint away down in the valley 
 comes the joyful bay, and at the signal the whole party stampede, 
 spite of all "Ole Uncle Caesar's" attempts to restrain them, and 
 rush pellmell through bush and brake in the direction of the 
 sound. They arrive panting and breathless from the wild race, 
 in twos and threes, and are soon all assembled at the foot of a 
 small sapling, in the branches of which the 'Possum has taken 
 temporary refuge from his pursuers. 
 
 Soon a nimble young buck shins the tree, and the marsupial 
 is shaken off after some difficulty, for he clings with the utmost 
 tenacity to the limb, using the tail not the least in this battle for 
 freedom. The anxious dogs below await his fall, and his death is 
 compassed in less time than it takes to tell it. This is the only 
 method employed in the capture of the Opossum, and this is 
 rapidly becoming traditional. 
 
GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 WILD TURKEY. 
 
 S^ Meleagris gallopavo .—\J\aa, 
 
 THE Wild Turkey is by many regarded as the finest game bird 
 on this continent. Large, with burnished plumage, spurred 
 and bearded, he is a magnificent fowl. The flesh is tender and 
 juicy, and as gamey in flavor as a partridge. His endless variety 
 of food makes it always procurable, and in season he is never found 
 thin in flesh. To hunt him successfully in regions where he is much 
 sought after and shot at, requires the utmost skill and tact on the 
 part of the hunter, and an intimate knowledge of all the habits of 
 the bird. Exceedingly shy, with a keen eye, an acute sense of 
 hearing, a quick flight and a fleet foot, he is extremely hard to get 
 within range of. After many hours spent in calling or stalking him, 
 just at the moment you think he is safe for a " bag," a slight move- 
 ment or exposure of part of the body of the hunter, the breaking 
 of a dry twig or the cocking of your gun, is sufficient to alarm him, 
 and he is off" instantly. 
 
 In the spring when they " pair off," is perha|)s the most favora- 
 ble season for hunting them. Many are often killed in the autumn 
 before they are fully grown, when they become comparatively an 
 easy prey to the hunter, who coolly knocks them off from the trees 
 in which they will alight when frightened. They are occasionally 
 hunted by parties who, obtaining sight of a flock, watch them care- 
 fully so as not to disturb or frighten them until they go to roost, 
 and deliberately pick them off; but this hardly seems to be sport. 
 The necessary equipments for stalking are a good gun, a turkey 
 call, clothing as near the color of dead leaves as possible, and 
 some knowledge of the habits of the game. 
 
104 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Time was when this most delicious, as it is the largest, of all 
 our gallinaceous game, might have been taken in almost any State 
 east of the Rocky Mountains ; but now, the would-be Wild Turkey 
 hunter must seek his game in the Southern and Western portions 
 of our Union, In the Southern States, especially Florida, any one, 
 even the veriest pot-hunter, may secure his bird provided he has 
 money enough. The sudden appearance of a fleck of Wild Tur- 
 keys upon the banks of the St. Johns, as the steamer rounds some 
 wooded point, is not of uncommon occurrence. 
 
 Their relative abundance in any particular locality depends upon 
 the supply of their favorite mast — nuts, acorns, etc., and the seed of 
 the palmetto, wherever found. Their presence is indicated to the 
 experienced hunter by their " scratching places," and he can tell 
 by the freshness of these, and the character of the surrounding 
 forest, where to look for them. In October, the males have in a 
 great measure recovered their strength and plumpness, the females 
 their good condition, and the young are able to take care of them- 
 selves, and, withal, are tender and juicy. Then according to Au- 
 dubon, the males and females hunt in separate parties. At this 
 time the gobblers may be enticed within shot by the hunter lying 
 concealed and imitating the clucking sound of the hen. Of the 
 various methods employed, probably this is the most successful, 
 though even this may be better used in spring. Old hunters are 
 adepts in the art of calling, and their peculiar inimitable call is 
 somediing the gobbler is hardly proof against, provided the liunter 
 lies close. Sometimes, however, he will answer the call without 
 putting in an appearance, thus depriving the worthy hunter of his 
 meal. The best call, by the way, is made from the wing-bone of 
 the turkey itself; though tolerably good ones may be obtained 
 from dealers in sporting goods. 
 
 The old style of trapping the bird in pens, is of course, out of 
 the question, except to residents in a good turkey country. 
 
 Shooting by moonlight, also, is only to be indulged in by the 
 occupants of turkey-haunted sections ; though those favored be- 
 ings whose lives are cast in such places, may depopulate an entire 
 neighborhood in a short time. 
 
 Probably the most sportsman-like method of procedure would 
 be to hunt v;ith dogs, though, even then, the sport savors of pot- 
 
WILD TURKEY. 
 
 lo: 
 
 hunting, as it is rarely a wing shot can be procured, for the turkey 
 soon takes to tree, and must be sought out, Hke the ruffed grouse 
 when in similar position. Like the grouse, too, it remains per- 
 fectly immovable, and is overlooked. 
 
 It is in early spring, and early in the morning, when the gob- 
 blers are saluting each other from the different tree-tops, that a 
 good hunter may expect sport. Then his success depends upon 
 his skill in threading the tangled thicket without noise, and in 
 nearing the wary bird unperceived. If he wishes to bring that bird 
 to bay, he must move with the rapidity of a deer, when necessary, 
 and at times stand motionless as a ^tump ; for there is no more 
 suspicious bird than an old gobbler that knows that he is inform- 
 ing a whole forest of his presence. It may be unsportsmanlike ; 
 it may be pot-hunting ; but there is a deal of satisfaction in seeing 
 a plump fifteen-pounder drop from his airy perch at the report of 
 your gun — especially when you need his presence in camp. Frank 
 Forester says, " that, though he is always delighted to see a well 
 roasted turkey on the board, especially if well stuffed with truffles 
 and served up with well dressed bread sauce, he would not give 
 the least palatable mouthful of him — no, not his ungrilled gizzard 
 — to pot-hunt a thousand in such a style." But then he never 
 shot one. The weight of the hen turkey, full grown, should be 
 about ten pounds. Gobblers, from fifteen to twenty ; though in- 
 stances are related of the capture of thirty-five pounders. Though 
 a full grown bird will carry away a heavy load in the body, a 
 charge of an ounce and a half of number two shot, backed by 
 three drachms of good powder, well placed in the neck or head, 
 will always prove effective. Even number eight shot have proved 
 too much for young males, though hunters generally prefer 
 buck-shot. 
 
 When full grown, the wild turkey averages probably twenty 
 pounds in weight, and he not unfrequently is found weighing as 
 high as twenty-five or six. 
 
 The plumage is very dark, nearly black in many cases, and 
 glossy ; the usual color is a bronze deepening into greenish black. 
 The hens are duller in color than the gobblers. 
 
 A pair of turkeys raise from ten to twenty young in a season. 
 So wary and watchful are they that it is seldom an opportunity 
 
I06 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. > . 
 
 can be obtained in which to observe them when in their ucmestic 
 relations. Their habits are therefore unknown to many. Severe 
 battles often take place between the gobblers to determine which 
 shall be the happy spouse of some hen that watches without 
 seeming ir.terest the struggle going on for her sake. The vic- 
 torious hero, strutting proudly by the side of the well pleased hen, 
 becomes so much excited over his victory, that the red and white 
 of his head and neck assume a deep purple. With tail spread to 
 its utmost extent, and one wing sweeping the ground, an old gob- 
 bler presents a fine picture of self-satisfaction and pride. 
 
 A spot in the far off mountain is selected under a sheltering 
 log or jutting rock, the dried leaves and grasses of the last fall are 
 scooped out, and in the hollow thus formed the eggs are deposited. 
 These number from ten to twenty, and are most carefully guarded 
 by the mother. In leaving or approaching the nest, she always 
 makes use of a circuitous route, and the eggs when left alone are 
 always covered with dead leaves to protect then, from the prying 
 eyes of prowling opossum or crow, who would make short work 
 of the clutch if the opportunity offered. 
 
 As soon as the young are hatched, a spot easier of access is 
 sought where the young birds may obtain food more readily. 
 Both parents take great interest in the growth and progress of 
 their young family. The wild turkey is more hardy than its 
 domestic cousin, and the rains of spring and the early summer 
 months affect the health of the young brood much less than our 
 tame and domesticated varieties. A dry season is preferable for 
 their rapid development. At one month old the real trials and 
 dangers of the young family begin. At this age there is sufficient 
 good eating in the young turkey to make the chops of Reynard, 
 water with delight, and the numerous hawks are not insensible of 
 their delicious flavor. 
 
 The young birds are exposed to the greatest amount of danger 
 in the latter part of August and the first of September ; they are 
 then about the size of a common barn-yard hen, and are an easy 
 prey for the hunter. A flock of half grown turkeys startled by the 
 approach of any one, will take immediately to the nearest trees, 
 and can be shot one after another from their perches. This mode 
 of slaughtering the poor birds is poor fun and a disgrace to a true 
 
WILD TURKEY. IO7 
 
 sportsman. Five turkeys at that season will about equal one good 
 one killed during the months of November and December. The 
 two last named months are the ones in which the turkey ought to 
 be hunted. 
 
 In the morning after the snnw has covered the ground to the 
 depth of an inch or two, is the best time to start upon a hunt for 
 wild turkeys. They will then be actively searching for food, and 
 every movement and turn may then be traced in the snow. Great 
 caution is necessary in approaching them ; their sight is excellent, 
 and their hearing good. Many a fine gobbler is lost by the crack- 
 ing of a twig or the movements of the hunter. Every precaution 
 should be taken to see as far ahead as possible without being seen. 
 If provided with a turkey caller, it is well every now and then to 
 see if an answering " keouk " cannot be obtained. If the hunter 
 be fortunate enough to get within shooting distance, let him take 
 deliberate aim at the head (if provided with a rifle). But the pos- 
 sessor of a shot gun should aim to cover the whole body. After 
 being mortally wounded, a turkey will frequently run or fly for 
 half a mile, but in a straight line. And very many turkeys are 
 thought to have escaped injury, when by a careful search they 
 might have been found dead a short distance from the place where 
 they received the fatal shot. 
 
 The " call " which is used to entice the gobbler within shoot- 
 ing distance is made in a variety of different ways. The small 
 bone from the wing of the turkey makes a very good caller by put- 
 ting one end into the mouth and drawing the air through it, but 
 the best one can be obtained by sawing about two inches from 
 the end of a cow horn, then cut a piece of a shingle so as to fit 
 the small end of the piece sawed off, bore a hole in the middle of 
 the shingle, and insert a stick about the thickness of a ten penny 
 nail, allowing the end of the stick to come through the piece of 
 horn and to project a short distance beyond the open end. Put 
 the end of the stick thus projecting upon a piece of slate and the 
 sound produced thereby is the best imitation of the " keouk " of a 
 turkey known. 
 
 October is, all things considered, the best month for " calling " 
 Wild Turkeys, although some sportsmen prefer the spring. Now, 
 as all the devices which man employs to allure and ensnare the 
 
I08 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 victims he pursues are but imitations of what nature has riven 
 her creatures for specific purposes, "t becomes us to inquire and 
 understand the character of these peculiarities and learn why they 
 are bestowed ; and by our investigations to determine the periods 
 when game is in season. For instance, the call of the turkey 
 may be either the warning note of the mother to her collective 
 brood, as in the autumn, or the invitation and response of the 
 wooing as in the spring. At the latter season, all birds are full 
 grown, ^"'' the yearlings are in their prime. In October the 
 flocks have not yet scattered ; the young turkeys, though large 
 and strong of wing, are not fully grown, and the family circle re- 
 mains unbroken. In both cases, it is apparent, the birds are noble 
 and legitimate game. A turkey-call is easily imitated by using 
 the hollow of the two hands placed together ; but these devices 
 can only be learned by careful attention and practice. The early 
 morning is the best time of day for calling, as indeed it is for all 
 manner of hunting. 
 
 Beside? the ordinary method of capturing the turkey, detailed 
 above, '.ht e are others only to be -employed where the birds are 
 very abundant. In Texas and the " Nation," as the Indian Ter- 
 ritory is often called, they are shot at night from their roosts in 
 considerable numbers. They are also trapped in the following 
 way. A spot must first be found where the Turkeys are d ,':s- 
 tomed to " use." This will Uwaysbe found to be an unfrequented 
 place and near some swimpy or large forest growth, where they 
 may find high trees to resort to when alarmed by the approach of 
 huntsmen and to roost in at night. Having found such haunts and 
 feeding grounds, the baiter scatters peas, wheat, or corn about 
 in small quantities in different mar'<ed places, and occasionally 
 visits are made to the places to see if the bait has been eaten. If 
 so, and by turkeys, it is easily determined by the signs of scratch- 
 ing away of the leaves in all directions in sea, ch of more food. If 
 the bait has been eaten, re-bait at once. They will soon begin to 
 resort to such places for food. Having once gotten them to do so, 
 then make a pen of old weather-beaten fence rails, or something 
 of the sort, using nothing to make the pen of new or fresh cut 
 stuff, as they are very cautious and will not venture near it. Hav- 
 ii^g gotten the rails on the spot, dig a trench eighteen inches deep 
 
WILD TURKEY. I09 
 
 and about as wide, and four or five feet long with a slope from 
 the outer end, deepening to the middle ; then lay across it the rail. 
 Lay one rail as the width of the pen and two rails as ihe length 
 (ordinary fence rails, ten to eleven feet long), building the height 
 of eii;ht or ten rails, and covering it over with the same sort of 
 stuff, sufficiently close to prevent the turkeys from getting out 
 when once in. A few cross rails as weight to keep the top down 
 is always necessary, for when alarmed at the approach of the 
 trapper it will take a good amount of weight to keep them in 
 prison. Now, having completed your pen, take care to remove 
 and cover up every vestige of the freshness of your operation, 
 throwing in a light covering of dry leaves in the trench you have 
 made under the pen. Then scatter more of the same kind of 
 grain before baited with, under the fence and a larger quantity in 
 the pen. It may be some days before the turkeys will venture up 
 — but they will, if not often visited by the huntsmen. When they 
 have made themselves somewhat familiar with it, and get up 
 courage and get on the train of bait leading to the mouth of the 
 trench, with heads down eagerly picking up the grain, they will 
 thus go under the fence in quest of food, not raising up till inside. 
 Once inside (perhaps a half dozen), they begin to look up for a 
 way of escape, never for a mon^ent looking down for a place to 
 get out. Not seeming to know how they got in. they walk round 
 and round, and frequently walk or hop over the trench through 
 which they entered. The trapper then has them at his will and 
 may take them at his pleasure. Another mode is to get them to 
 a bait. Build a blind of old brush and cover for the hunter to sit 
 in, entirely concealed from all quarters ; making a straight line of 
 bait, and all in a circumscribed distance from the blind, so as when 
 the turkeys come to feed all will be in a line, which they will do if 
 the bait is properly laid. When they are picking up the food he 
 watches his opportunity to get as many heads together as possible 
 while down, and using No. 6 shot he may get several at a shot. 
 
 Yet another mode of hunting is in use, viz : hunting with dogs 
 — pointers or setters are best, because more easily trained. The 
 dogs find and flush the turkeys. Taking to the high trees, keeping 
 an eye on the dogs while they are running around barking at the 
 turkeys up the tree, they being so much engaged in watching the 
 
MO GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 clogs, the huntsman can come up m shooting distance and kill 
 his game. Take it whatever way they may, a good fat Wild Tur- 
 key is no mean game to take home, whether aftttr patient waiting 
 
 or a long tramp. 
 
 All of these methods, however, have so strong a fla/or of pot- 
 hunting about them, that the sport of turkey killing, unless the 
 arm employed be the rifle, or the bird be shot on the wing, would 
 probably present but few charms to many of our readers. Still, 
 old turkey hunters, and some of the best and keenest sportsmen 
 of the South and Southwest come under this head, are wonder- 
 fully enthusiastic about this sport, and declare that there is no 
 game bird equal to the Wild Turkey. 
 
 It is from the bird of the extreme Southwest, New Mexico, 
 Arizona, and Mexico, that the domestic Turkey seems to be de- 
 scended. It differs from the Eastern variety in the coloration of 
 the tips of the upper and lower tail coverts and tail feathers, these 
 being white in the former while they are fulvous or chestnut red 
 in the latter. Dr. Coues has determined the two former to be 
 merely varieties of the same species, the Eastern race having been 
 called Meleagris gallopavo var. Americana, and the Western 
 Meleagris gallopavo var. gallopavo. 
 
GROUSE. 
 
 C"^ ROUSE are beyond all question the finest game birds of 
 _y which we have any knowledge. They are large birds, of 
 delicate flavor, are swift flyers, often hard to hit, and above all 
 they give out a strong scent and usually lie well to a dog. The 
 true grouse are confined to the northern hemisphere, and attain 
 their greatest development in North America, no less than nine 
 well-marked species being natives of this country. This family 
 includes also, half a dozen species of Europe and Asia, the Cock 
 of the Woods ( Tetrao urogaUiis), the analogue of our Sage Grouse 
 {Cenirocercus urophasiaiius), the Black Cock {Tetrao tetrix), the 
 Siberian Pine Grouse {T. falcipcnnis) the Bonasa betulina of 
 Europe and Asia, an^ several species of Ptarmigan closely related 
 to those of our own country. The Grouse may be distinguished 
 from any of their relatives by the more or less dense feathering of 
 the tai-sus and the groove for the nostril, by the presence above 
 the eye of a strip of naked yellow or red skin, and by the pectinated 
 margins of the toes. In addition to these peculiarities several 
 species possess curious tufts of feathers on the side of the neck, 
 and some have under these feathers, air sacks which are capable 
 in the breeding season of great distention. 
 
 Canace canadensis. — Reich. Canada Grouse, Spruce Partridge. 
 
 The Canada Grouse is a northern species nowhere very abun- 
 dant. Its favorite haunts are the dense swamps of Canada, Northern 
 Maine and the Adirondack region, where grow the pine, spruce 
 and tamarack, on the buds and leaves of which it feeds. These 
 swamps are so wet and soft, and the mud in them is so deep that 
 it is often impossible for man to traverse them ; the Canada Grouse, 
 however, runs lightly over the green moss which carpets the ground, 
 and is here secure from the pursuit of any but winged enemies. 
 This species is therefore, scarcely or not at all hunted except during 
 the winter when the extreme cold of the regions which it inhabits 
 
112 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 has frozen the ground, and has furnished a secure footing for the 
 sportsman. The Spruce Partridge is said to be very much more 
 gentle and unsuspicious than any of its congeners, and does not 
 seem to recognize man as an enemy. 
 
 The male of this species is about sixteen inches in length. The 
 prevailing color of the plumage is black or blackish, marked below 
 with numerous white bars and streaks, and waved above with dark 
 grey ; a broad band of orange brown extends across the extremi- 
 ties of the tail feathers. The female is somewhat smaller, and her 
 plumage is waved with black, brown and buff. Variety franklini 
 of the northern Rocky Mountains, differs from the Eastern bird in 
 lacking the broad terminal orange bar on the tail, and in having 
 the upper tail coverts which are black in canadensis spotted with 
 white. It is but little known. ': 
 
 Canace odscura.— Bon. Dusky Grouse, Blue Grouse, Grey Grouse, Mountain 
 Grouse, Pino Grouse, Fool-hen. 
 
 This species is certainly one of the finest birds of its family. 
 Its flesh is almost entirely white ; as much so as the ruffed grouse 
 or the quail, and has a peculiar tenderness and flavor. The 
 breast is remarkably full, and the whole body compact and plump. 
 The feathering is close and thick, wings and tail short and square, 
 the latter a beautiful fan when spread, like that of the rufifed grouse. 
 Its food and habits are nearly the same as those of the latter bird, 
 consisting of insects and the berries and seeds of the pine cone, 
 the leaves of the pines, the buds of trees, etc. It has also the same 
 habits of budding in the trees during deep snows as 'the ruffed 
 grouse, which are so often shot while thus engaged on winter 
 moonlight nights in the orchards of New England. With the 
 blue grouse, however, this habit of remaining and feeding in the 
 trees is more decided and constant, and in winter they will fly from 
 tree to tree, and often be plenty in the pines when not a track can 
 be found in the snow. If a trail ends it is time to begin to look in 
 the trees, and look sharp, too, for it takes keen and practiced eyes 
 to find them in the thick branches of the pines. They do not squat 
 and lie closely on a limb like the quail, but stand up, perfectly still, 
 and would readily be mistaken for a knot or a broken limb. If 
 they move at all it is to take flight, and with a sudden whirr they 
 
GROUSE, 113 
 
 are away, and must be looked for in another tree top. One may 
 sometimes shoot half a dozen times with a rifle at the same bird, 
 aiming at the head to avoid tearing the flesh, but there will be no 
 sign of motion unless hit. When there are several upon the same 
 tree, if the lowest is first shot the others are not disturbed, and may 
 be picked off one by one ; but if an upper one falls past them they 
 are instantly off. In autumn, when nearly or quite grown, and the 
 pack are unbroken, if met with in open ground, they lie well before 
 a dog, and furnish excellent sport. When flushed, their flight is 
 swift and straight, and they are easily shot, but if timber is near 
 they are sure to make for it, and when in the trees a sitting shot 
 is the only sure one. Should they fly, a single glimpse through 
 the thick pine branches would probably give the only chance. 
 
 In common with the ruffed grouse, the packs have a habit of 
 scattering in winter, two or three, or even a single bird, being often 
 found with no others in the vicinity, their habit of feeding in the 
 trees tending to separate them. The size of the blue grouse is 
 nearly twice that of the ruffed grouse, a full grown bird weighing 
 from three to four pounds. Its plumage is very beautiful ; indeed, 
 that of the male in winter and spring is perfectly magnificent. The 
 feathers are very thick, and upon the neck, back, and wings a lus- 
 trous blue black, glistening like salm. Beneath the color is a dusky 
 brown, but whitish under the throat, the legs fully clad, and the 
 feathering extending into the toes. It seems fitly dressed to en- 
 dure the rigor of its habitat, which is the Rocky Mountain and 
 Sierra Nevada country only, and in the pine forests from five to 
 ten thousand feet above the level of the sea. The latter height is 
 generally about the snow line in these regions, and at this latter 
 elevation is found the ptarmigan {Lagopiis leucuriis), rarely seen 
 because his home is rarely visited. Although the weather in the 
 mountains is often mild and pleasant in winter, and especially 
 healthy and agreeable from the dryness and purity of the atmos- 
 phere, yet the cold is sometimes intense. 
 
 The nests of the Dusky Grouse are upon the ground, usually 
 well hidden in a thicket, and the broods about one-third larger 
 than those of the sage hen, generally from twelve to fifteen in 
 number. The eggs are of a creamy white color, speckled all over 
 with dots of chocolate-brown. 
 
114 GAME BIRDS OF NOHTll AMERICA, 
 
 The females with their young usually pass the night in the 
 creek-bottoms, and it is in such places that thty must be looked for 
 early in the morning and late in the afternoon. About nine or 
 ten o'clock A. M., they proceed on foot to the uplands, where they 
 remain until about two hours before sunset, when they come down 
 to the stream to drink, and remain all night. In returning from 
 the hills, they always fly. The young, when alarmed or uneasy, 
 have a fashion of erecting the ff.*athers of the sides ol the neck 
 just below the head, which, when seen at a little distance, gives 
 them a very odd appearance. The female, when the young birds 
 are nearly approached or captured, makes no attempt to draw 
 away the enemy by any of the artifices employed by Bonasa um- 
 bellus, but contents herself with wandering anxiously about at a 
 short distance, holding the tail quite erect, and clucking after the 
 manner of the domestic hen under similar circumstances. The 
 young when well grown are delicious eating. When a brood has 
 been scattered, the individuals which compose it lie well and fur- 
 nish fair shooting. Though swift fliers, they are easily killed in the 
 open. The birds will often allow one to approach within three or 
 four feet of them before rising, and they are beautiful objects as 
 they crouch, waiting for the sportsman to take one more step 
 toward them. The body flattened out on the ground, the head 
 and neck straight and pressed against the earth, the tail slightly 
 elevated, and all the while the bright brown eye watching for the 
 slightest sign that the bird's presence is discovered, together 
 make up a most attractive picture. 
 
 The Blue Grouse is more op less abundant throughout the 
 Rocky Mountains, extending northward to Alaska, and south 
 nearly to Mexico. It is perhaps nowhere more numerous than in 
 Montana, in which territory one may sometimes see twenty broods 
 in a day's travel. 
 
 The true Dusky Grouse has a broad terminal band of grey on 
 the tail, which variety Richurdsonii lacks; the two forms are, 
 however, very similar, and grade into one another in the Central 
 Rocky Mountains. The length of the male of this species is about 
 twenty inches, the female being somewhat smaller, and being 
 varied above with black and tawny. Mr. Ridgway has recently 
 described a third variety from Alaska under the name variety 
 
GROUSE. 
 
 115 
 
 fuliginosits. This form is much darker than either-of the pre- 
 ceding, but is otherwise similar. 
 
 It would be interestinj:^ to test the acclimatization of this beau- 
 tiful bird in the pine forests of the east. Though too wild and 
 shy to be domesticated, it is not more so than the ruffed grouse, 
 and if protected, there is no reason why it might not live and thrive 
 in any pine lands where the latter bird is found. Its present hab- 
 itat is so vast, and much of it so inaccessible, that its numbers are 
 not likely to be materially lessened by sportsmen, and its natural 
 winged and four footed enemies will be as much or more exposed 
 to destruction by man, so that we may look upon it as a per- 
 manency in its present home, and since the mountain passes are 
 becoming threaded with railroads, and miners, herders, anc' other 
 settlers are scattering through the country, it will be far easier 
 than it has been to secure and transport live birds or their eggs. 
 It is to be hoped the experiment will be tried. 
 
 Centrocercus urophasianus. — Swainson. Sage Grouse, Cock of the Plains. 
 
 This species is the largest of the North American Grouse, and 
 yields in size only to the giant Cock ot the Woods, or Capercailzie 
 of Europe. In the early season, that is in August and the first 
 half of September, it furnishes fine sport, for it lies well, and when 
 it rises flies so straight and steadily that it is very easily secured. 
 
 The male bird is over two and one-half feet long, and weighs 
 seven pounds or more ; indeed specimens are sometimes said to 
 attain a weight of over ten pounds. The upper parts are varie- 
 gated with black, brown and yellowish grey ; the sides of the lower 
 part of the neck are whitish and are furnished with curious stiff 
 feathers, each of which terminates in a long hair or bristle. The 
 lower part of the breast and the abdomen are black. The females 
 and young males of the first autumn are smaller and lack the stiff 
 neck-feathers of the old males. Such in brief are some of the 
 principal characteristics of this fine Grouse. 
 
 The Sage Grouse is an inhabitant of the high drj* plains of the 
 interior, which are covered with a more or less thick growth of 
 the sage brush {Artemisia iridentatd). On the leaves and buds 
 of this shrub the Grouse chiefly feed, sometimes varying their diet 
 with grasshoppers and berries or the buds of the willow and 
 
Il6 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 greasewood. This peculiar diet is said by some to affect the taste 
 of the meat, as the pine buds on which the Spruce Grouse feeds 
 do its flesh. We have never noticed the disagreeable llavor re- 
 ferred to, and it is probable that it will never be noticed if the fol- 
 lowing course be adopted with the game. Immediately after kill- 
 ing draw the bird, thoroughly removing the intestines and their 
 contents, but delaying all other dressing till camp is reached. 
 Treated in this manner it has no disagreeable taste. This is what 
 we should expect when it is recollected that in all animals, the 
 peculiarities of food pass off by secretions through the natural 
 channels. The milk and butter of a cow feeding upon wild garlic, 
 cabbage, rag-weed, etc., will be tainted with their peculiar quali- 
 ties, but the flesh is not. So when the bird is dead the operations 
 of the body cease, absorption commences and the contents of the 
 intestines begin to affect the flesh. The power of life to resist 
 absorption and decay are wonderful, A live fish in salt water con- 
 tinues fresh. The rubbing of sail upon a live hog's back would 
 hardly cure the meat, but when slaughtered it takes up the salt 
 through skin and flesh alike. But perhaps too much upon this 
 familiar principle, unless it serves to redeem this magnificent bird 
 from its unlucky reputation. The flesh is quite dark and rather 
 dry, but when the bird is about two-thirds grown, with the bitter 
 taste prevented in the manner described, it is not easy for a 
 hungry man to find fault with it, especially in camp. 
 
 During the summer and autumn, the Sage Grouse congregate 
 in packs of from ten to twenty, usually all members of the same 
 brood. At the approach of winter, however, the packs become 
 very large, several hundred being sometimes found together. At 
 this season they are very wild, and will often fly a mile at the first 
 flushing. They get up rather hurriedly, and when fairly started 
 fly with great swiftness and for a considerable distance. After 
 being put up once they prefer running or hiding to flying a second 
 time, and will lie very close. 
 
 : Ordinarily it lies well to a dog and where there is good cover 
 its conduct in that respect is better than that of the Pinnated 
 Grouse, But the peculiarities of its habitat do not give the dog a 
 fair chance to work, or to do himself or the game justice. The 
 artemisia grows only upon barren prairies from four to tep thqu- 
 
GROUSE. 
 
 i\7 
 
 sand feet above the level of the ocean, where the soil is composed 
 of dry sand, alkaline clay, granite rocks, etc., with little other vege- 
 tation but stunted shrubs, cactus, and an occasional clump of wild 
 grass ; where rains rarely occur and there is little moisture in the 
 air or upon the ground. It is a tough, sprawling, crooked ever- 
 green, or rather evergrey shrub, from six inches to six feet high, 
 partly deciduous, in appearance much like the garden sage, and 
 when thick very difficult for man, horse or dog to get through. Still 
 where the plants are low and thick, and advantage can be taken 
 of the wind, one may have cnpital sport over pointers and setters. 
 For this work, however, the setter is preferable, as he suffers less 
 from the cold and from sore feet and scratched skin. 
 
 The Sage Cock is a good skulker and runner, and not easily 
 flushed if it can hide. It gets up heavily like the Wild Turkey, 
 laboring hard with the wings until a proper height is reached and 
 speed is obtained, when it sails rapidly away, and if alarmed often 
 goes from half a rrale to a mile before dropping. As it rises it ut- 
 ters a curious cackling note. In sections where it has not been 
 much persecuted, the Sage Grouse is painfully tame and unsuspi- 
 cious. The writer has seen a brood of a dozen well-grown birds 
 walk innocently along ^^efore two men who were trj-ing to shoot their 
 heads off with rifle balls, until half their number had been killed. 
 At each report, the poor birds would stretch up their necks and 
 gaze about as if to find out whence the noise proceeded and would 
 then move on toward the hills. When, however, a ball touched one 
 of them without killing it, and it rose from the ground or fluttered, 
 the whole flock became alarmed and took to flight at once. 
 
 The broods pass the night on the uplands, coming down to the 
 water morning and evening, and retiring to the higher ground again 
 without much delay. The Sage Grouse are said to spend the night 
 upon the ground, roosting together much after the manner of the 
 common quail. 
 
 Pedicecetes phasianellus van columUcinus. — Coues. Sharp-tailed Grouse, Sprig 
 
 Tail, Pin Tail, White Belly. 
 
 The range of the Sharp-tailed Grouse is quite extended, for it is 
 found from Alaska on the north to Kansas on the south, and from 
 Michigan to the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascade Range. The 
 
Il8 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Arctic form of this species, the true P. phasianellus does not ex- 
 tend south of latitude 49 degrees, but is replaced in the United 
 States territory by the paler niore southern bird, variety colum- 
 
 biamis. .'.^..i^ :.••',■,.- ,■,,.:■. . ; ,■.,•,.-.-:,:,.,;:-..-'",. 
 
 The prevailing colors of the Sharp-tailed Grouse, are a clear 
 dusky black above, and pure white beneath ; upper parts varie- 
 gated, with transverse, rather zigzag spots of yellowish brown ; 
 wing coverts with large rounded, and outer webs of primaries 
 with smaller and more quadrate, spots of pure white ; breast thickly 
 covered with broad V shaped, and the sides with less numerous, 
 sagittate marks of uniform clear slaty or dusky ; legs densely 
 feathered ; throat thickly spotted with dusky ; the two middle 
 feathers of the tail one inch longer than the others. 
 
 In size, this species about equals the well known Prairie 
 Chicken or Pinnated Grouse, and altogether it is one of our finest 
 g^.me birds. It lies splendidly to a dog, is strong and swift on the 
 wing, and is surpassed by none of our birds in the delicacy and 
 excellence of its flesh. 
 
 In addition to its table qualities, this bird is hardy and a good 
 breeder, and we strongly advocate its introduction into localities 
 from whence the Pinnated Grouse has been exterminated. The 
 barrens and scrub oaks of Long Island, if the outrageous poaching 
 which prevails there could be stopped, would be admirably 
 adapted to the propagation of this bird ; so also would certain 
 portions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The lowest limit of its 
 habitat is at present set down as latitude 41°. The time is com- 
 ing when we shall have to breed our game as they do pheasants 
 in England, or conserve it as closely as are the grouse of the 
 British moors. The present indiscriminate netting and slaughter 
 will soon finish the Pinnated Grouse, but the Sharp-tails have as 
 yet escaped the pot-hunter, and it is to be hoped that before war 
 is declared upon them, sufficient numbers can be obtained for 
 breeding in localities where they can be protected. 
 
 In the breeding season this species is said to select some lonely 
 place, where a covey meets every morning and runs around in a 
 circle of about twenty feet in diameter, so that the ground is worn 
 quite bare. If any one approaches this circle, the birds squat 
 close to the ground, but if not alarmed by a too near approach, 
 
■ V • GROUSE. v>: ■■-^_- 119 
 
 they soon stretch out their necks to survey the intruder, and re- 
 sume their circular course, some running to the right, and others 
 to the left, meeting and crossing each other. The males ruffle up 
 their feathers and circle around each other as if about to commence 
 a furious battle, while the females make up the audience. Blood, 
 however, is rarely or never spilled, and after a week or two of this 
 sort of amusement, the covey separates to commence preparations 
 for nesting. The nest of the Sharp-tailed Grouse is placed upon 
 the ground, and consists merely of a slight hollow, lined with a 
 few blades of grass. The eggs vary in number from ten to fifteen, 
 and are greenish white in color, with some dots of dark olive. ■•.\ 
 
 An interesting fact in the history of this species, is that it seems 
 to retire before the advance of the settlements, while its p'lace is 
 taken by the Pinnated Grouse. Thus in Minnesota, where for- 
 merly the White-bellies abounded, and the Prairie Chicken was 
 unknown, the former are now becoming each year more scarce, 
 and the latter more abundant. The Pinnated Grouse seems to 
 follow the husbandman, and to be far less wild and untamable 
 than the Sharp-tailed. 
 
 It is said that in entering a wheat field, the Sharp-tailed Grouse 
 always flies, and thus cannot be trailed by a dog, but must be 
 winded, while the ^ . ...'ie Chicken always goes to feed on foot, and 
 may thus be roaded up by a dog. - ., .- ; , 
 
 Cupidonia cupido. — Baird. Pinnated Grouse. Prairie Chicken. 
 
 No member of the Grouse family is better known than the 
 Prairie Chicken of the Western States, and none is more numerous 
 or more eagerly sought for by sportsmen. This species is from 
 eighteen to twenty inches in length. Its color is blackish brown, 
 varied above and below with tawny ; the under tail coverts and 
 vent are white, and the throat buff. The sides of the neck are 
 ornamented with little wing-like tufts of feathers (whence the 
 name pinnated), and beneath these are two naked bare spaces, 
 which in the breeding season during the " tooting " of the male 
 bird, are distended until they reach the size of an orange. The 
 " tooting is the call of the male bird, and is only heard during 
 the early spring. At this season the Grouse are great fighters, 
 dashing at each other with more display than effect, and with little 
 
120 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 or no damage clone on either side. This bird is found in open 
 plains on which are few trees, but sometimes takes to the scrub 
 oak for shelter. The nest is composed of grasses and leaves, built 
 on the ground under the shelter of a bush. The eggs are brown- 
 ish white, often somewhat spotted, and from ten to fifteen in num- 
 ber. The great increase of this description of bird is in a measure 
 owing to the immense wheat fields which have been sown during 
 the last ten years in the West, where they assemble in packs, and 
 are the gleaners of the harvest. 
 
 The " prairie hen," or Pinnated Grouse, is lawful game in most 
 of the States between the middle of August and the first of Janu- 
 ary, but the season closes in reality about the first of November, 
 because the birds by that time have become so wild, that but few 
 care to hunt them. But for the sportsman who does not mind 
 working for his game, and who delights in trying his own skill 
 and the excellence of his gun on a full-grown bird at long range, 
 there are occasionally days on which the sport is splendid. You get 
 up some morning and find it clear and frosty, but you know it will 
 be warm and still for three hours during the middle of the day ; 
 so by sun up or a little later you are on some knoll on the edge of 
 the prairie watching ; you see Grouse flying everywhere, from one 
 alone to perhaps a thousand together ; they alight in the cornfields 
 mostly, though some come down on the prairie again. Look ! 
 yonder come a dozen ; they will fly right over you ; no, they swerve 
 fifty yards to one side and pass you like bullets, single out your 
 bird, hold four feet in front of him, and when he is barely oppo- 
 site, cut loose. Following the crack of the gun you hear a sharp 
 whack as the shot strike, and you have tumbled an old cock into 
 the grass. You have, of course, marked down as many of the 
 birds as possible ; let them feed an hour and then drive them up. 
 They will rise very wild and the only object in flushing them is to 
 see them down where they will take their noon-day siesta. Now 
 you may go to the house — or more likely to your wagon — rest and 
 get through with your lunch so as to be in the field by twelve 
 o'clock, sharp. You go direct to where you marked some birds 
 down in the morning. At about fifty yards ahead up spring the 
 birds with a terrible clucking and rushing of wings. Quick ! no 
 time for parley now ! cover and shoot as quickly as you can I 
 
, . GROUSE. , 121 
 
 There, you have winged one and hurt another one that will fly out 
 of sight and die. 
 
 If you use a muzzle-loader you will get no more shots there, 
 but you can load a breech-loader before the few that still stick 
 will rise. When you get these up let the dog hunt the ground for 
 a hundred yards all around where they rose, and he will probably 
 get you a half dozen shots at a thirty yards rise ; and if your gun 
 is good and you are any sort of a shot, you will get every one. 
 Now go for that pack of five hundred you saw down on yonder 
 hill-side a mile away. You get half way there when your dog, 
 which is a hundred yards in advance, flushes one. Serves you 
 right for not keeping him in ; they won't He to dogs now. You 
 go a little furtiier, when up gets one right under your feet. Hold 
 on ! you'll miss entirely or cut him to shreds if you don't give him 
 at least twenty yards. At the crack of your gun there is a cloud 
 of feathers and the bird has disappeared ; but there goes another 
 crossing you forty yaids ahead ; aim two feet ahead and you will 
 bring him. The grass seems to be literally alive with them, and 
 they get up faster than you can take them, till you have bagged 
 seven or eight. You can go on till you get within three or four 
 hundred yards of " that big pack," when they go off in a body and 
 don't give you a shot. It is now nearly two o'clock and the birds 
 are getting hungry again. However, if you are not too tired you 
 can find some more scattered ones that will add a few to your bag ; 
 but after three o'clock it is useless to pursue them ; besides you 
 have now bagged ten or twelve brace and ought to be satisfied. 
 
 Iowa is probably the best shooting ground for the Pinnated 
 Grouse, within easy reach of the East. Here this game is abun- 
 dant over most of the western half of the State. From Des Moines 
 northwest, one may stop at Grand Junction or Gowrie, north ot 
 there, or at almost any station west of Grand Junction. Going 
 west from Des Moines, stop at Stuart, and take stage line to Fon- 
 tanelle, twelve miles out, where there are excellent shooting con- 
 venience s. Twelve miles west from Stuart is Casey. Take stage 
 from there to Fontanelle, twenty-four miles. Almost ever)' foot 
 of the way abounds with " Chickens," and at almost any station 
 west of Casey good sport can be had. In most cases it will be nec- 
 essary to go from four to ten miles from the railroad, as the birds are 
 6 
 
122 GAME B/A'DS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 kept " cleaned out " near the towns, but in most places a mail route, 
 which carries passengers, extends to some country post-ofifice. On 
 the route northwest from Des Moines good sport is to be had after 
 ducks about the numerous ponds, wading in the shallow water and 
 "jumping them up." About August 20th they begin to resort to 
 the stubble fields morning and evening, and make good shooting 
 there. Sand hill and white cranes are also there, but veiy shy. 
 The other route abounds in high, rolling ground, affording splen- 
 did views, and is absolutely free from malaria, and in almost every 
 hollow clear pure water is found. No game there but Grouse — 
 and rattlesnakes. There are hundreds of other places just as good 
 as those mentioned above. The best shooting is from August 1 5th 
 to September 15th. If you have a good dog by all means bring 
 him with you. A dog that has only hunted quail and cock will 
 frequently flush chickens, as they do not lie very well. A good 
 ruffed grouse dog is just the thing if he will only range far enough, 
 Breech-loaders should bring full supplies of everything except 
 powder and shot, say 1,000 rounds for a three weeks' shoot. 
 
 Now, supposing you are snugly quartered at some farm house. 
 After an early breakfast you take thirty or forty cartridges and 
 start for a wheat stubble that is bordered by the open prairie. 
 Walk about thirty yards from the edge and keep your gun ready 
 for instant action. If the dog is not used to " Chickens " " steady " 
 him as soon as he scents the game. The probability is that a 
 number of the birds have been running in all directions through 
 the stubble, and if the dog is a novice he gets confused, and will 
 put them up. A good chicken dog always stops at the first scent 
 and waits for the gunner to come up. If the birds are somewhat 
 scattered they will frequently get up gradually, and by the rapid 
 use of a breech-loader most of the pack, from six to twenty, may 
 be bagged. If they all get up at once, try to mark them down on 
 the open prairie, and when you see them down, be sure you mark 
 the spot by some bunch of weeds or other object ; for if you do not 
 the grass is all so near alike that you can never find the spot after 
 once taking your eyes off it. If there be a slough with grass in it 
 running through the stubble, you may be almost sure of a find 
 along its sides particularly in the evening. The birds always seem 
 to prefer the low ground in a field. By ten o'clock the birds have 
 
. T \ V • < 
 
 GROUSE. 
 
 123 
 
 mostly filled their crops and gone to the grass and cornfields, 
 where they remain till three in the afternoon. During the middle 
 of the day they are hard to find, as they do not move about much. 
 At this time of day hunt in the grass along the edge of the stubble 
 not more than eighty rods from the edge, and along the hill-sides 
 and on windy days always on the leeward slope. Many may be 
 shot in the cornfields by keeping the dog well in and taking a snap 
 shot as the bird tops the tall corn. When a large number go down 
 in the grass they run off in every direction, and make fine trailing 
 for the dog. They always try to alight on some spot out of sight 
 from where they rise. They generally fly over one rise of the 
 prairie, and stop two-thirds of the way up the next, or fly round one 
 point and stop on the ner.t. After a little experience one can gen- 
 erally tell from the lay of the land where they stopped. 
 
 No one can have any idea what Grouse shooting is in North- 
 west Iowa without going there. TI\e prairie is bright and beau- 
 tiful, and the breeze bracing. Although the thermometer often 
 shows 140° in the sun, yet on the knolls you always have a de- 
 licious breeze. In the Northern and Middle States the Pinnated 
 Grouse is nearly extinct. In 1850 there were a few on Long 
 Island and in New Jersey. On Jersey plains the last were killed. 
 The pot hunter finished the sport and doomed the Grouse through 
 these regions by killing them before the law allows their being 
 killed. In Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio there 
 are a few birds left, still, it is a hard day's work for three guns to 
 bag forty head during the morning and evening, the middle of the 
 day being too warm for pleasure. In the cornfields of Iowa and Min- 
 nesota hundreds of Grouse will rise in a pack during the months of 
 November and December ; and in August, September and Octo- 
 ber, when you flush a brood they either go for a cornfield or tho 
 tall grass near the water, and commence running in every direc- 
 tion. The Grouse is only fit for the table during the latter part of 
 August, September, and October. 
 
 Old birds should not be shot if the sportsman can make a 
 choice, as they are tough and stringy, far inferior for culinary pur- 
 poses, to their juniors. As a general thing this Grouse selects a 
 dry situation, and shows no disposition to travel like the Ruffed 
 Grouse or Quail, very seldom drinking from a running stream, but 
 
 BS 
 
124 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. - 
 
 generally satisfied with a sip of the morning dew. For this reason 
 the sportsman will be forced to carry v/ater in a barrel in the wagon 
 for the dogs. This Grouse, when flushed, rises with a whirring sound. 
 Their flight is regular and swift, frequently, in October, flying sev- 
 eral miles, then dropping down in the long grass. They fly less 
 rapidly than the Ruffed Grouse, but like them, make a cluck just 
 before starting. They resort to their feeding ground about day- 
 light, and retire by the cornfields or fresh plowed fields to dust 
 themselves, and come for their evening meal about four o'clock. 
 They roost within a few feet of one another all the year, seldom 
 roosting on trees, but generally taking an open field, and some- 
 times on the fences. In the early fall their flesh is light, but 
 after a few frosts the flesi becomes dark, and loses its delicate fla- 
 vor. Unlike the Ruffed Grouse, they can be domesticated, and will 
 I)air and breed during imprisonment, and do not migrate like the 
 other varieties. The Grouse in the spring commences about April 
 to " toot," and can be heard nearly a mile. 
 
 In the Southwest and especially in Texas is found a paler and 
 somewhat smaller form of this species, which Mr. Ridgway has 
 caWtA \'^r\Q.iy palh'dzcmctus. 
 
 Bonisa umbellus.—Sieyihens. Ruffed Grouse. Partridge of the East and North. 
 Pheasan* of the South and Southwest. 
 
 The Ruffed Grouse is of all our game birds the most difficult 
 to kill, least domestic in its habits, and most particular as to the 
 haunts which it fre(juents. The range of this Grouse extends over 
 the whole breadt'i of our Continent, wherever there is wooded 
 country, northward as far as the fifty-sixth parallel, and southward 
 to Texas. Audubon says that there are portions of South Carolina 
 in which it ne^er existed, and it is doubtful if it is found in the ex- 
 treme southeast at all. Its flesh is white and very tender. It is 
 said by some that their flesh is poisonous after they have eaten the 
 leaves of the laurel (Kalmia latifoUa) ; but Audubon appears to 
 doubt this. It is the only one of the genus that produces the 
 " drumming " or thunder-like noise, in the localities where it ex- 
 ists. It is very shy, and takes wing at the slightest intrusion. 
 Should a sportsman ever be fortunate enough to see one strutting 
 and drumming, he would ever after remember the sight. It may 
 
.... GKOUSE. 125 
 
 be safely said that they arc not only the proudest, but the hand- 
 somest game bird on this Continent. 
 
 Doubtless, in point of flavor and delicacy, the Ruffed Grouse may 
 be awarded the palm above all other birds of the gallinaceous tribe, 
 but on account of its extreme wariness and the almost impenetra- 
 ble nature of the grounds it frequents, its pursuit when no other 
 game is sought is accompanied by extreme labor and fatigue, re- 
 quiring likewise a thorough knowledge of its habits before even a 
 passable bag can be made. 
 
 The wide extent of country which the Ruffed Grouse, (or, as 
 they will call it. Pheasant, in Pennsylvania, and Partridge in New 
 England), inhabits, causes it to be well known in almost every 
 section of the United States, and there are few sportsmen who 
 have not toiled and been tantalized in its pursuit. Early in April 
 the cock grouse begins his wooing, and perched upon some fallen 
 log, commences his amatory drumming, calling to his side the un- 
 fortunate mate whose family duties he will soon refuse to share. 
 Unlike the quail, who assists his partner in hatching and rearing 
 her young, the Ruffed Grouse deserts his better half after she has 
 finished her nest and completed her laying, to seek the company 
 and enjoy the society of just such other lazy and selfish fellows 
 as himself; thus he leads a life of ease until his progeny have be- 
 come almost as large as the mother, when the packs of grass wid- 
 owers are broken up, and all mingle indiscriminately with the 
 broods of grown birds. By the middle of May the eggs are usu- 
 ally all deposited. For incubation the most retired situations are 
 chosen, such as an old stump, beneath an old log, or among 
 small bushes and very frequently in the angle of the worm fence 
 between the stakes. The hen lays from ten to fifteen eggs of a 
 dark yellowish color, often dotted with minute spots of bright red- 
 dish brown ; they are about the size of a bantam's tgg. The nest 
 is oftentimes robbed by the fox and crow, and other enemies that 
 are always on the alert for a spring meal. If the eggs are de- 
 stroyed the hen again seeks the company of the cock ; they build 
 a new nest and the hen lays about the same number of eggs. If 
 the eggs of the first nest are hatched., she does not lay again until 
 the following spring. 
 
 The young birds leave their nest almost immediately, and will 
 
» » 
 
 126 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 keep with the hen during the clay, seeking food ; if startled at any 
 time they hide under the leaves, or in the grass like the young 
 quail. The mother bird, during this time, is resorting to stratagem 
 to draw the intruder away from her brood. When the brood is 
 ten days old they have sufficient strength to fly from twenty to 
 thirty yards, and as soon as they drop hide instantly among the 
 dead leaves and grass. The hen is never assisted by the cock in 
 caring for her young. The cocks club together until the latter 
 part of August, when they all again join the hen and brood. In 
 the latter part of March and all through April and May, in the gul- 
 lies where the hemlocks and pines are the most dense, the cock 
 grouse can be found standing upon an old moss-grown log, drum- 
 ming. With this peculiar music he draws the female to his side. 
 While drumming, his form is erect, and his feathers appear to 
 stand upon end, grander and more delicate than the turkey cock. 
 His head is posed over the end of his wing, within four inches of 
 his tail. The tail is spread like an open fan, making a half-circle, 
 showing the many beautiful tints. His ruff", which is on each side 
 of his neck, is raised, showing the beautiful jet it contains. The 
 delicate curve of the wing lies close to the feet, almost hiding them. 
 See him now, as he whirls right and left, and struts upon his fa- 
 vorite log. In ten or fifteen minutes he closes the whole of his 
 feathers, and of a sudden he stretches himself, beats his wing in 
 the air close to his sides, after the manner of the dunghill cock, but 
 more clearly and with lightning rapidity ; these rapid strokes pro- 
 duce a sound resembling the rumbling of thunder in the distance. 
 One may often hear it six hundred yards, and in clear weather with 
 wind favorable it can be heard at a much greater distance. The 
 cock, if not disturbed, will every morning drum upon the same log 
 during the breeding season ; the proof is the excrement and fine 
 feathers that can be found at the spot. In the mating season they 
 frequently have fierce battles. The cock has generally from two 
 to six hens under his protection. In some parts of Ohio, Penn- 
 sylvania, Kentucky and Dakota is the best ruffed grouse shooting 
 in the States ; but this bird is found in alrtnost every section of our 
 country. In many places near the banks of the Mississippi and 
 Missouri Rivers the shooting is very fair, and on the Columbia 
 River also. All through Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia Ruffed 
 
GROUSE. 
 
 127 
 
 Grouse were at one time very abundant. The Ruffed Grouse 
 derives its name from the jetty plumage upon its neck, on either 
 side a space being left destitute of feathers, but covered over 
 by an erectile ruff of elongated feathers, of which the upper are 
 silky, shining, and curved forward at the end, which is very l)road 
 and rounded. His local appellations in the different States are — 
 in the Western, pheasant ; Eastern, partridge ; Middle, pheasant ; 
 and Southern, ruffed grouse. In many States no one would 
 know of what you were speaking, and in lact we have met many 
 sportsmen that did not recognize the Ruffed Grouse by name. 
 This species flies with great ease, and never hesitates about cross- 
 ing a river or valley ; like nearly all the gallinaceous order, when 
 flushed it flies with a whirring noise, generally in a direct course 
 from one to three hundred yards. They often, however, get up 
 quite silently, and it is only when alarmed that the peculiar rush 
 and rattle of their wings is heard. Being a solitary bird naturally, 
 he is very seldom found in packs, but generally in pairs. The for- 
 est that is the most secluded and dense is his home. These birds 
 may often be seen at a very early hour — say at eight o'clock — busy- 
 ing themselves scratching and dusting in the same manner as the 
 barnyard fowls. They are xtxy fond of buckwheat, corn, beans, 
 grapes, strawberries and blackberries, and they often wander half 
 a mile from the hemlocks for these delicacies. In the winter and 
 spring they feed upon the buds of apple trees. In the severe win- 
 ters they are driven to great extremes for food, and will eat chest- 
 nuts and acorns, and sometimes laurel. In the low spruce by the 
 side of a log or stump this bird generally roosts. He invariably 
 makes a long flight and then a short one, previous to settling for 
 the night. When the snow lies upon the ground he settles in the 
 lower limbs, or else in the topmost branches, where it is so thick 
 the hunter cannot see him, and if seen the tree would be so tall 
 that No. 8 would not disturb him. Many of the small hawks de- 
 stroy the young. The mink and weasel catch the old birds, while 
 the fox kills the young. 
 
 In winter, however, it is a rare thing for Reynard to make a 
 meal off a full-grown ruffed grouse. The Grouse seems incapable 
 of burying itself in the snow, while standing upon it, and invariably 
 does so by hurling itself into it from a height, and striking it at an 
 
128 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 acute angle, so as to project itself about two feet horizontally and 
 eight or ten inches vertically from the point of entrance. 
 
 No matter how carefully one may approach their holes in the 
 snow, the Grouse will be off before he is near, even though the 
 fleecy snow gives forth no sound perceptible to human ears. In 
 the North, one of the most formidable enemies of this species is the 
 great horned owl, which, winging its way noiseless, and observant, 
 on moonlight nights or in the gloaming, snatches many a savory 
 meal from out of the trees and under the overhanging branches. 
 
 A good grouse dog is a rarity ; he should be thoroughly up to 
 his work, long accustomed to it, staunch, careful, and satisfied 
 with a point the instant he catches scent. The fast ranging, busy 
 youngster, no matter how fine he may be on other game, had bet- 
 ter be left at home, for he will certainly do more damage than good. 
 
 All experienced sportsmen know how seldom it is that we meet 
 with a i;ood snipe dog. Those only are good which have been 
 raised and broken on that game, and thus it is with dogs to be 
 worked on the Ruffed Grouse. A dog, in order to understand 
 and work properly on this game, must be broken specially for the 
 purpose, and such dogs, instead of dashing over the ground with 
 a regular beat, at a high rate of speed, as soon as they enter the 
 cover will settle down to slow, cautious work, frequently using 
 their eyes to spy out the spots where the Grouse generally lie, and 
 then getting themselves quietly to leeward, will approach very 
 cautiously with their noses to the wind, stopping the instant they 
 get the faintest scent of the game ; and then, as there is a perfect 
 miderstanding between the shooter and his dog, the former is 
 enabled to get in position to shoot in vjase the bird will not lie to 
 point, as is often the case. At the first rise, when the bird starts 
 before the sportsman can get within shot, or it is missed, its 
 course should be marked with accuracy by the shooter. In 
 the Jlast, the Ruffed Grouse are extremely wary, and it is a good 
 thing that they are so, for if they were not, they would only be 
 found in private collections and museums. It requires a great 
 deal of perseverance on the part of the sportsman to make a de- 
 cent bag. Sometimes when come upon suddenly, they squat and 
 lie close for the dog, but far more frequently they will not admit 
 of approach and make off at the first intimation of danger, run- 
 
* .' • • GROUSE, ' r. 129 
 
 ning and taking vviiij^ to some tree where they rem;iin closely con- 
 cealeil under the branches near the butt, until the sportsman has 
 passed. When the Ruffed Grouse is young, however, they lie 
 better, but at all times silence sliould be observed when the near 
 proximity of j^ame is suspected, .as it will more reailily bear the 
 approach of the dog than the sound of the human voice, or the 
 noisy footstep of the shooter. The most favorite resorts of the 
 Grouse are the side? of hills overgrown with hemlock and cedar, 
 with undergrowth of laurel. In level countries they frequent 
 swampy coverts and scrub oak patches, and if such places have a 
 briery bottom, they will lie all the better, as this impedes their 
 running. 
 
 When a Grouse is put up at the foot of a hill he will most 
 likely asc*nd it in his flight, and if not alighting on its side, can 
 generally be found directly over the summit, and will lie better 
 and give a closer shot than when first disturbed. One may usu- 
 ally have some success when he can find a swamp or thicket at 
 the base of a mountain to which the birds come in the morning 
 to feed, and posting yourself between the hill and their feeding 
 place, while a companion starts the Grouse, laay obtain fair shots 
 as they pass near. ^ •. • 
 
 Fully two-thirds of the Ruffed Grouse we see in the markets 
 are either snared, trapped or killed by professionals, who tree 
 them by the aid of small dogs trained for the purpose; and while 
 the poor bird is gazing at what he most probably takes for a fox 
 beneath him, the pot-hunter murders him as he sits. 
 
 In many localities we may now walk for hours through the 
 most attractive covers, where Grouse were once abundant, and 
 see nothing, hear nothing of the noble bird. The familiar drum- 
 ming, the sudden whirr and flash of wings as he passes swiftly 
 before us, and is lost in the leafy mazes of the glade, all gone ; 
 nothing remains to tell that this splendid game was once a denizen 
 of the forest, save the broken brush fence with its deceptive open- 
 ing. One to whom forest nature is dear, cannot but be painfully 
 affected by such scenes. It should be made a felony to capture 
 with snares any of our game birds. 
 
 The Ruffed Grouse often takes refuge from the sportsman 
 amidst the thickest cripples, deepest gullies and densest foliage, 
 6* 
 
130 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 where it is impossible to get at them, remaining perfectly still 
 until the danger is over. When the birds are scarce one must be 
 lively to bring them to bag. When started on a hill they fly for 
 its base, and then turn usually to the right or left very short, and 
 very few sportsmen understand their flight. 
 
 In the far West they lie much better in the early part of Sep- 
 tember, but in New England they lie best in December. The 
 flesh of this bird is tender and delicious, though much of its ex- 
 cellence depends upon the cooking. Of course, if the cook is not 
 scientific the delicacy is lost. You can make it tough and dry, or 
 juicy. If the nets and nooses, traps and pot-hunters were attended 
 to in the early season, this bird would be very soon abundant in 
 every State. 
 
 ' The human voice will often cause this species to rise at the 
 distance of one hundred yards. We have known a single word to 
 flush a brood. On their feeding grounds they act very like the 
 woodcock. When preparing for his flight, the bird generally 
 v/alks from six to ten feet, very erect and stately, with his tail 
 spread fan-like, and in an instant he is off with a whirr one 
 does not forget. Though generally difficult to approach, they will 
 sometimes lie very close, and then rise almost from under your 
 feet. Their flight is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred 
 and fifty yards. One v ly singular fact is, that you seldom find 
 the brood two days succc. • ely in the same neighborhood. It is 
 the most difficult of all the game birds to kill, often dropping dead 
 after an extended flight, and when wounded it is difficult to find, 
 hiding in holes and hollow tree trunks, and frequently baffling the 
 best retrievers and the patience of the most persevering sportsman. 
 None but those who have a steady nerve, quick eye, and good 
 judgment of distances, will ever be able to make a large bag. 
 This species is sometimes hunted with Cockers instead of setters, 
 and we believe with most satisfactory results. 
 
 What a pity it is that we have not distinctive popular names of 
 our native game birds. The Ruffed Grouse is called " Partridge " 
 in New England and New York, and " Pheasant " in the Middle, 
 Western and Southern States. Our choice little Bob White, who, 
 in spite of all his enemies, will remain and increase as cultivation 
 widens, for he loves the field better than the forest, is called 
 
GROUSE. • v, '3^ 
 
 " Quail " in the northeast and " Quail " and " Partridge " indis- 
 criminately in other portions of the country ; and yet each are 
 entirely different from the plieasant, partridge and quail of Europe. 
 To be understood, we are obliged to describe each with an alias, 
 and after all be incorrect, and sure to mislead a foreigner. It is 
 probably too late to remedy this confusion. 
 
 The Rocky Mountain form of the Ruffed Grouse has been dis- 
 tinguished from the Eastern bird, under the varietal name umbel- 
 hides ; it is somewhat greyer than the common form, but is other- 
 wise similar. The bird of the Pacific Coast is redder again, and is 
 called variety sahinci. The different forms, however, grade into 
 one another, and the differences are often extremely slight. 
 
 Lagopus albus. — Audubon. Ptarmigan, Willow Grouse, Partridge of 
 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 The various species of Ptarmigan are all alpine birds, and are 
 only found in the North, and o\\ the highest mountain ranges. 
 They are to be distinguished from all our other members of the 
 Grouse family, by the dense feathering of the tarsus and toes, by 
 turning white in winter, and by the possession of only fourteen 
 rectrices or tail feathers. The bill of this species is very stout ; 
 the tail is always black. In summer, the foreparts are rich chestnut 
 or orange brown, variegated with blackish, the upper parts and sides 
 are barred with black, tawny and white, other parts are mostly white. 
 Its length is about sixteen inches. This species is confined almost 
 entirely to the British Possessions, although a few are found in 
 winter in the northernmost counties of Maine, New Hampshire, 
 Vermont and New York. The Ptarmigan is quite equal as a game 
 bird to the Scotch Grouse, and indeed resembles it so closely, 
 that it is difficult to make out any specific difference between the 
 red grouse, gorcock, or moorcock of Scotland, and the ptarmigan 
 of this country. They are a most delicious article of food, whether 
 roasted, stewed, or in white soups. All visitors to Newfoundland 
 admit that the flavor qf a plump partridge, well cooked, is unsur- 
 passed in richness and delicacy. They are of respectable propor- 
 tions, a brace of them in season weighing from three pounds to 
 three pounds and a half. When the sporting season opens on the 
 first of September, they are in prime condition, after feeding on 
 
132 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the wild berries, the partridge berry and cranberry being tlieir 
 favorite food. 
 
 They are to be found in all parts of the island, but the bare 
 highlands, where they are covered with berr)'- bearing plants, are 
 their favorite localities. In clear weather they are found about the 
 skirts of the woods and in the tucking bushes, and are then very 
 wild and difficult to reach. When the weather is fogg;, , however, 
 they come out on the barrens and marshes, and are then very 
 tame, merely Hying a few yards even when shot at, before they 
 alight again. It is quite customary there to despatch a box of 
 partridges in a frozen state to friends in Scotland and England 
 about Christmas ; and a most acceptable present they prove. 
 Owing to the great number of sportsmen who go in pursuit of the 
 partridges, they are becoming every year scarcer in the neiglibor- 
 hood of St. Johns, and to get a thoroughly good day's shooting it 
 is necessary to travel many miles. 
 
 In certain localities they are very abundant, and to the sports- 
 man there can be nothing finer than a day's partridge-shooting 
 over the breezy " barrens " of Newfoundland during the fine au- 
 tumn weather. The air is then cool and exhilarating, and the 
 bright skies, the weird and charming scenery, varied by countless 
 lakes ; the low, rounded hills, covered to the summit with the 
 tapering firs ; the lakelets bright with the white and yellow water 
 lilies ; the woods assuming everywhere the golden tints of autumn, 
 the wild flowers still abundant, the bold headlands along the coast 
 through whose summits glimpses of the restless Atlantic are ob- 
 tained — all these, with the excitement of the sport, combine to fur- 
 nish to the lover of nature a day of rapturous enjoyment. It is a 
 thrilling moment to the genuine sportsman when, gun in hand and 
 dog at foot, he finds himself among the partridge coverts. His 
 faithful Rover scents the game ; every nen-e in his frame quivers 
 as step by step he thoughtfully and cautiously advances toward 
 the unseen covey : then suddenly pausing, with one fore paw bal- 
 anced lightly, and every limb and muscle rigid as iron, the beau- 
 tiful animal is at once transformed into a marble statue. Pres- 
 ently a whirr is heard, and with a loud "ca, ca, ca," a magnificent 
 old cock rises on the wing. Crack goes the gun and down tumbles 
 the great bird, the scarlet tips over his eyes glistening like rubies, 
 

 GROUSE. 133 
 
 as with a thud that gladdens the sportsman's heart, he strikes the 
 earth. Or perhaps a whole family — father, mother and children — 
 rise at once, and the double barrels bang at them right and left, 
 bringing down two or three brace. At times a late covey is started 
 the chickens of which are only two or three weeks old, just able 
 to run smartly along the ground. It is a touching sight then to 
 see the cock fearlessly exposing himself to save the lives of 
 his offspring. He tumbles along the ground a few yards in ad- 
 vance of the dogs, rolling there in order to decoy the sportsman 
 from the brood which the hen is anxiously calling into the thicket. 
 No more touching instance of paternal affection could be witnessed ; 
 no more touching proof among the lower creation of self-sacrifice, 
 prompted by love. The poor feeble bird would almost attack dogs 
 and men in his efforts to save his children. No true sportsman 
 would harm a bird under such circumstances. Only a brute would 
 fire upon it. The dogs are called off, and father and mother Ptar- 
 migan are soon rejoicing over their rescued family. 
 
 After a day's sport over the hills a supper of roast ptarmigan, 
 with wild strawberry tart as an accompaniment, is " a feast fit for 
 the gods." When the frost sets in, the brownish grey of the 
 Ptarmigan's plumage gradually disappears, as in the Alpine hare, 
 and at length when the snow falls it is. almost pure white. One 
 peculiarity, however, in the Newfoundland bird is, that the middle 
 pair of tail coverts is rarely found entirely white in winter. These 
 remarkable changes, effected as in the northern hare without loss 
 of substance, fit it admirably for its situation ; as the sportsman, 
 if he have not a dog used to the game, may also walk over the bird 
 without putting it up. It is feathered and haired down the legs 
 and between the toes, and may be distinguished at a considerable 
 distance by the red about the eye. These birds are widely diffused 
 over the island and it is no uncommon thing for a sportsman to bag 
 in a day from a dozen to twenty brace. 
 
 The food of the Ptarmigan consists chiefly of the buds and 
 tender shoots of birch, alder, black spruce, juniper, etc., but in the 
 berry season they feast on partridge berries and cranberries. They 
 almost invariably roost on the ground, but are often shot feeding 
 on the tops of birch and alder trees. 
 
 At times, in some districts, they are so tame that they can be 
 
134 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 killed with a stick, and at others so wild that they will not allow 
 you to approach within gun shot, and such is generally the case in 
 winter, when the snow is hard and crusty, and the noise made in 
 approaching them alarms them. They are shot at all times by the 
 population in the more distant districts, but a close time is now 
 fixed by law, which will have a good effect where the law can be 
 enforced. 
 
 Lagopns rupestris, — Leach. Rock Ptarmigan. Mountain Ptarmigan. 
 
 This species is still more boreal in its habitat than the preceding 
 and but little is known concerning it. In size it is somewhat less 
 than the Willow Grouse and its bill is more slender. The tail is 
 black. The male has at all seasons a black stripe running through 
 the eye. The summer plumage is irregular banded with black, 
 yellow and white. This species is never found within the limits of 
 the United States. In winter however it is found in Labrador 
 along the coast on the hills from which the wind has swept the 
 snow ; here it feeds on maples and lichens, and on the few twigs 
 and buds that are to be found. In Newfoundland it is quite rare 
 and is seldom found below the line of stunted black spruce except 
 in the depths of winter, when they descend to the low lands and 
 feed on the buds of dwari" trees, sometimes in company with the 
 Willow Grouse. The settlers here call this the " mountain par- 
 tridge." .:■ : ...^. • ^ .,:■..: 
 
 This species is said to occur in Melville Peninsula and in the 
 Barren Grounds, rarely going even in winter south of latitude 63" 
 in the interior though passing much farther to the southward along 
 the shores of Hudson's Bay. It is said to breed in the open 
 country, differing in this respect from the Willow Grouse, which 
 nests in the wooded land. ^ .-■ 'i" { • - ' '* 
 
 Lagopus ieucurus.—^\sz:xa.%QVi. White-tailed Ptarmigan. White Quail. 
 
 The White-tailed Ptarmigan may be distinguished from all 
 others of the genus by having the tail white at all seasons. It is 
 •the smallest of our Ptarmigan, and it is the only one of regular 
 occurrence within the territory of the United States. In winter 
 this species is pure white throughout, but the summer plumage is 
 curiously mottled with dark brown and tawny and white ; the eye 
 
GROUSE. 
 
 135 
 
 IS hazel, the superciliary membrane, red ; toes, feathered half their 
 length in summer, and entirely covered with hair-like feathers in 
 the winter ; claws blackish — lighter at their tips, long, broad and 
 strong, rounded above, concave beneath, arched, edges sharp, and 
 in some individuals the claws are notched on the sides. 
 
 This species is found only on the highest peaks of the Rocky 
 Mountains. During the summer months they are found in pairs 
 near the snow banks on the bare tops of the mountains. Their 
 Bests are generally placed in some little cavity among the loose 
 rocks, and are constructed of dried grasses. Their nests are small 
 and scantily built, merely a little hollow in the ground lined with a 
 few blades of grass and perhaps a feather or two from the mother's 
 breast. The eggs are probably from eight to twelve in number, 
 though about this there seems to be some doubt. In all likelihood, 
 however, this bird does not differ materially from the other mem- 
 bers of its family in the number of young which it rears. When 
 with its young, this species makes valiant fight against any enemy 
 which ventures to attack its family, flying so near as to hit one with 
 their wings, in their endeavors to protect their chickens. Both male 
 and female are equally courageous, and will defend their young. 
 In the summer they are very taine, and when approached will run 
 among the rocks or in the dwarf willoivs, a few yards from the 
 hunter, and squat and will not continue their retreat until the 
 hunter is upon them. When started they fly in a straight line for 
 seventy-five or a hundred yards, and alight on some elevated rock, 
 stretching out the neck its full length to see if they are followed, and 
 if nothing is seen to excite their suspicion, they walk off from the 
 rocks and commence to feed as usual. During deep snows in the 
 winter the Ptarmigan descend from the mountains and feed in the 
 edges of the timber and on the hill sides. 
 
 This species goes through a continued moult which lasts during 
 the summer months, and the variation in their plumage is so great 
 •that it is almost impossible to find two individuals in the same dress. 
 During the months from April to September their plumage is very 
 scant and ragged ; but when in their full winter plumage their 
 feathers are heavy and compact, which gives them a much larger 
 appearance than when seen in the summer dress, mottled with 
 blown and greyish white. They are generally known in Colorado 
 
136 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 as White and Mountain Quails by the hunters, miners and ranch- 
 men. The White-tailed Ptarmigan, though the least in size, is one 
 of the most beautiful of our grouse, but as it nowhere exists in suf- 
 ficient numbers to repay the sportsman for hunting it systematic- 
 ally, it will probably continue to be little known to any excepting 
 the naturalist. 
 
QUAIL. 
 
 THE Continent of America is amply provided with gallinaceous 
 birds, and these are found here, not only in unusual numbers 
 as regards species, genera and families, but also in the greatest 
 variety as to size, delicacy of flavor and the game qualities so 
 highly prized by the sportsman. From the Wild Turkey, weigh- 
 ing perhaps twenty-five pounds, to the little Quail which turns the 
 scale at a few ounces, is certainly a long step, and between the two 
 we have nine species of Grouse and over forty species of the 
 OdontophorincB, the sub-family to which the Quails belong. The 
 latter, it is true, are by no means all inhabitants of the United 
 States, having by far their greatest development in Mexico and in 
 Central and South America. Still, three at least of these South- 
 ern species are found to the north of the Rio Grande, and are 
 properly to be included within the limits of this chapter. Besides 
 these, there are the Mountain and the Valley Quail of California, 
 the former sometimes found at an elevatic>n of over six thousand 
 feet, and last but by far the most highly esteemed by the brother- 
 hood of sportsmen, our own little Bob White. This bird is the 
 only one of all those above mentioned which lies well to a dog. 
 The western and south-western species have not as yet been edu- 
 cated up to this point ; they all prefer to run, after having once 
 been flushed, and as they choose the most impenetrable thickets 
 of chapparal and mesquite through which to pass, it is often quite 
 impossible to start them from the ground a second time. The 
 species belonging to the sub-family Odontophortnce. which are 
 found within the limits of the United States are as follows : 
 
 Ortyxvirginianus. — Bon. Quail (of the North) ; Partridge (of the South) ; Bob 
 
 White. 
 
 Inhabits the Eastern United States to the high central plains ; 
 introduced, and doing well in Utah. Description ; feathers of the 
 
I3S GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 crown somewhat lengthened, and capable of being erected into a 
 slight crest ; forehead, a line over the eye and the throat white 
 bordered with black ; crown, neck and front of breast brownish 
 red, other under parts white marked with crescentic black bars ; 
 sides streaked with brownish red, upper parts varied with chest- 
 nut, black, grey and tawny. In the female the forehead, throat 
 and line over the eye are buff instead of white, and her colors 
 throughout are somewhat paler than those of the male ; she is 
 also a little smaller than the male. The ordinary Quail of Florida 
 is regarded by most competent authorities as a variety of the Quail 
 of the north. It is smaller and its colors arc darker, approaching 
 the Cuban form Ortyx cubajieusis. Dr. Coues has named it var. 
 Floridanus. Variety texanus, Lawrence, is about the size of Flor- 
 idaniis but is even paler and greyer than our northern bird. It is 
 the common Quail of Texas. 
 
 Oreortyx picttis.—^MxA. Mountain Quail of California. ; ' 
 
 This is a beautiful species, the largest Quail known to the 
 United States, being quite a foot long. The wings and tail and 
 the posterior half of the body above are rich olive brown, some of 
 the inner quills being edged with white on the inside. The pos- 
 terior half of the body below is purplish chestnut barred with 
 white, black and tawny ; fore part of body a rich slate blue ; chin 
 and throat purplish chestnut. A long crest, consisting of two slen- 
 der keeled feathers which rise from the crown, sometimes attains 
 a length of three or four inches in the male. This beautiful species 
 inhabits the mountain regions of Oregon and California, and is 
 never, we believe, found or. the low lands. They will usually run 
 before a dog, are only flushed with much trouble, and often take 
 to the trees after being started. ' •■•• ■ 
 
 Lophortyx cali/ornica.—^o'Ci. Valley Quail, Meadow Quail, 
 
 The Valley Quail, as its name implies, is a lowland species, and 
 is rarely found high up on the mountain sides. It is smaller than 
 the preceding, but its plumage is no less beautiful. Its head is 
 adorned with a fine crest of from six to ten keeled clubbed black 
 feathers, sometimes an inch in length, and bent forward, giving to 
 the bird a very jaunty air. Male with a small white line from bill 
 
'. ' ■ QUAIL. .'..^ , A\' • 139 
 
 to eye ; forehead whitish with black lines ; occiput smoky brown ; 
 nuchal and cervical feathers with very dull edginjjs and shaft lines, 
 and tine whitish speckling ; general color of upper parts ashy with 
 strong olive brown gloss, the edging of the inner quills brownish 
 orange ; fore breast slaty blue ; under parts tawny, deepening 
 centrally into rich golden brown or orange chestnut, all the feath- 
 ers sharply edged with jet black ; sides like the back with sharp 
 white stripes ; vent, flanks and crissum tawny with dark stripes. 
 Besides lacking the definite head markings, the female wants the 
 rich sienna color of the under parts which are whitish or tawny, 
 with black semicircles as in the male ; the breast is olive grey. In 
 size this species about equals our Bob White. 
 
 The California Quail is usually found in large flocks, sometimes 
 containing hundreds of birds. They frequent hill-sides and 
 wooded gulches or arroyos, where such are to be found, and the 
 dense masses of chapparal which affords them cover. In culti- 
 vated districts they are to be found near or in vineyards and occa- 
 sionally in wheat-fields. Unlike their Eastern brethren, who 
 appear to squat on the ground at night, they roost in the thick and 
 almost impenetrable cover of a scrub oak or thorn bush. Setting 
 aside the fact of the birds being so much more numerous, the 
 shooting, owing to the openness of the ground, is much more dif- 
 ficult than in the East. California is, comparatively speaking, 
 destitute of wood except on almost inaccessible mountain sides, 
 and cafions. The birds, in the fall of the year after the different 
 broods have packed, are found on the plains, where they feed on 
 the seeds of the alfilleria and burr clover. When driven to cover 
 and scattered they begin almost immediately to call with a whistle 
 not unlike, though more prolonged, than that of our bird. 
 
 I Loi>hortyx gambeli. — Nuttall. Gambel's Partridge, Arizona Quail. 
 
 This species, which somewhat resembles the Valley Quail just 
 referred to, is confined to a portion of our south-western territory, 
 bounded on the north by the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude, on the 
 east by the Pecos River, and on the west by the Colorado ; south- 
 ward, its ranges extend into Mexico. It is most abundant in 
 New Mexico and Arizona, and is found in equal numbers on the 
 parched deserts and the rocky mountain sides. 
 
 '■', 
 
 M 
 
140 
 
 GAME nrRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 The male lacks the white basal line of the Valley Quail : " lore- 
 head black with whitish lines ; occiput chestnut ; nuchal and cer- 
 vical feathers with dark shaft lines, but few dark edj;ing or none, 
 and no white specklings ; general color of upper parts clear ash, 
 the edging of the inner quills white ; forebreast like the back ; 
 under parts whitish, middle of belly with a large jet black patch ; 
 sides rich purplish chestnut, with sharp white stripes ; vent, flanks 
 and crissum white with dusky streaks. Besides lacking the defi- 
 nite head markings, the female wants the black abdominal area, 
 where the feathers are whitish with dark lengthwise touches." 
 
 Callipepla squafnata.—GTKy, Scaled Partridge, Blue yuail. 
 
 The Blue Quail, like all the other western and south-western 
 species with which we have to do, prefers to trust for safety to its 
 powers of running, rather than those of flight. Indeed there is no 
 difficulty whatever in getting pot shots at any of these uneducated 
 birds, the great trouble being to start them from the ground. This 
 species is about the size of our eastern quail, but differs widely 
 from it in color. It has a short full crest, is greyish blue above, 
 paler below, the sides striped with white, and the whole plumage 
 marked with semicircular black edgings of the feathers, which 
 give it a scaled appearance ; the inner edges of the inner quills, 
 and the end of the crest are white. The under tail coverts red- 
 dish brown with dark streaks. The Blue Quail is found very 
 abundantly in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and to the southward. 
 
 Cyrtonyx massena. — Gould. Massena Quail. 
 
 This most beautiful species is also by far the most gentle and 
 unsuspicious of our Quails, and will permit a very close approach 
 by man, showing little or no fear of what most animals know so 
 well to be their m deadly enemy. While feeding, the Massena 
 Quail keep close together, and constantly utter a soft clucking 
 note as though talking to one another. 
 
 This species is about the size of our Quail of the East. Its 
 head is ornamented with a beautifully full soft occipital crest. 
 The head of the male is singularly striped with black and white ; 
 the upper parts are varied with black, white and tawny, and with 
 paired black spots on the wings. The under parts are velvety 
 
QUAIL. 141 
 
 black, purplish chestnut along the middle line, and with numerous 
 circular white spots. The female is smnller, and is quite different 
 in color, but may be recoj^nized by the generic characters. The 
 tail is short and full, and the claws very large. 
 
 The following remarks apply altogether to the Common Quail, 
 the typical game bird of North America. The Quail breeds in 
 almost every State in the Union, and there is a diversity of opinion 
 among naturalists and sportsmen, whether it regularly hatches 
 two broods a year. Both sides have strong advocates, but the 
 matter is probably entirely dependent upon the character of season 
 and climate. In latitudes where spring and summer are short, 
 very likely but one is raised as a rule ; but in more southern sec- 
 tions, probably two are often reared. If the parent birds are suc- 
 cessful in the hatching period, and the nest and young have not 
 been destroyed, they remain with the brood and do not hatch a 
 second ; but on the other hand, if any mishap befalls their eggs or 
 young in early summer, undoubtedly the hen begins another nest 
 and hatches again. This may account for the great diversity in 
 the size of Quail in different coveys we so often notice in Maryland, 
 Delaware and Virginia. As late as the middle of November the 
 writer has found them too young to be killed, plainly showing that 
 they were brought forth late in the summer, and it is always to be 
 observed that a great number of half-grown coveys are seen in 
 seasons which follow wet and cold springs. 
 
 The Quail makes a simple nest on the ground, under the edge 
 of some old log, or in the thick grass on the prairie, lined with 
 soft and well dried grass and a few feathers. 
 
 The female lays from fifteen to twenty-four eggs, white as 
 hens' eggs and shaped much like them, only a little more blunt at 
 one end, and a little more peaked at the other. She sits three weeks, 
 and so far as our observation goes, hatches nearly all the eggs, 
 be they more or less than twenty. The young brood, as soon as 
 they are fairly out of the shell, leave the nest, and seem abundantly 
 strong to follow the parent, though they are no bigger than the 
 end of your thumb — covered with down. They follow as chickens 
 do, and the moment the old bird sounds an alarm, they instantly 
 scatter in all directions and hide from observation and remain hidden 
 till the voice of the parent announces the prudence of coming forth. 
 
142 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 When a do}^ approaches a young family of Quails, the note of 
 alarm is sounded, and the mother bird feigning to be wounded, 
 flutters just before the dog, but is careful to keep out of reach, but 
 she usually succeeds in taking the dog a long way from her brood, 
 when by a circuitous route she returns and gathers together the 
 scared fugitives, and proceeds to hunt for food for her growing 
 family. ■ . . . . . - , ■ - . . , •■ . ■ 
 
 They are both grain and insect eating birds, and occasionally 
 indulge in a dessert of berries. They are very much averse to be- 
 coming domesticated, yet they come around the house and out- 
 buildings in search of food. We have seen a statement that some- 
 times, when hatched out by hens, they would run with her and 
 winter with the barnyard fowls, but would invariably leave in the 
 spring, under the irrepressible instincts of their nature, implanted 
 by its Creator. 
 
 Eggs of the hen have been placed under the Quail and hatched 
 by her, and in one instance, at least, the chickens ran with the 
 Quail till they were larger than the Quail. They were then lost 
 sight of — were probably caught by hawks, or some wild animal 
 whose epicurean tastes were partial to birds. Though they raise 
 many young, the ravages of the remorseless hunters and the money- 
 loving trappers, together with hard winters and deep snows long 
 continued, thin out their ranks continually. They are a remarka- 
 bly plump bird, and their flesh furnishes delicate morsels to the 
 fastidious lover of wild game. 
 
 In the summer when his mate is sitting, and in the early fall 
 the Quail sits on the fence or a low tree, and whistles Bob White 
 for an hour at a time. They have quite a variety of notes, which 
 they utter when several of them meet, as if in social converse, are 
 pleasant and agreeable companions, and decidedly the farmers' 
 friends, for they eat quantities of those dreaded chinch bugs, whose 
 little suckers lay waste our wheat fields. No sport is more de- 
 lightful than Quail shooting, and there is only one legitimate 
 method by which this bird can be taken ; that is over dogs. It is, 
 too, one of the most healthful of all our field sports, as it can only 
 be indulged in after the heat of the summer has passed, and when 
 man needs the bracing and life-giving influence of the pure frosty 
 air for the purpose of recuperating his exhausted system. 
 
QUAIL. 143 
 
 Quail, as every sportsman is aware, are formed into coVeys, and 
 in some parts of the country, arc large enough to shoot early in 
 October, but most of the States have, by legislative enactment, 
 prohibited the shooting of them until the first of November. They 
 are to be found in almost every State of the Union, but are most 
 eagerly sought after in the Middle and Southern States, especially 
 in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, where immense num[)crs of 
 them are killed every year. 
 
 (2uail are almost everywhere protected by law at certain seasons, 
 but there is a wide difference in the dates at which the close seasons 
 begin and end in the various States of the Union. We can have 
 no better law in regard to the quail than the jiresent one of Penn- 
 sylvania, which protects them from January ist until November; 
 ' but in Kent county, Delaware, quail shooting is tolerated until Feb- 
 ruary 15th, and certainly nothing could be more damaging to the 
 increase and preservation of the bird, especially if deep snows cover 
 the ground after the first of the year, and shooting continues. All 
 persecution at this time should cease, and the quail be allowed to 
 seek what little food there is for them during such periods. In 
 Maryland October 20th is given as the opening day for the sports- 
 man, which is almost two weeks sooner than it should be. 
 
 In fair weather, the favorite feeding ground of the Ouail is on 
 the wheat stubble, especially if it be grown up with " rag weed," 
 and generally not far from a brook or slough, if there be one in the 
 field. During the middle of the day he will be found along the 
 fences of the stubble fields, if there be blackberry or other bushes 
 for cover ; also on newly cleared land that has never been cultivated. 
 In rainy weather they take to the bushes and remain there all day, 
 and if possible elude pursuit by running. Frequently the sports- 
 man has to follow a covey for a quarter of a mile before he can get 
 near enough to flush them. Also, in snowy weather they go to the 
 timber, but in a day or two after the storm come back to the fields 
 again. After there has been sunshine sufficient to melt the snow 
 from the northern banks of the brooks, if the weather turn cold and 
 clear, every covey that rises in that vicinity will be found sunning 
 themselves on the banks which are bare of snow. We recently 
 found four large coveys within as many hundred yards along a 
 small brook, when on ordinary occasions that would be considered 
 
144 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a j^ood half-day's find. When a covey has been flushed and gone 
 down, if there be thick weeds or grass, they will hide at once, and 
 are easily found by the dog. If they come down near piles of 
 brush they are almost sure to run into them, but a kick or two will 
 generally get them out. If.they fly to thick bushes they will prob- 
 ably run together, and get away as fast as they can run, and it is a 
 singular fact that a dog which had no difficulty in trailing them 
 before they were put up will be totally unable to do it now, and 
 so it is useless to follow them unless there is snow, and even then 
 it is doubtful if you get a shot, for they will travel faster through 
 the brush than you can follow. Possibly it is generally known to 
 sportsmen that quail will double unatr such circumstances like a 
 hare, but this trait ha ' een noted repeatedly. We have also 
 noticed that a dog can smell but very little whtn the weather is 
 cold and the ground covered with fine dry snow. In fact a dog is 
 at a disadvantage, if not thoroughly broken. If a covey be flushed, 
 and on coming down one of them gives a call or two, you may look 
 for them to fly again almost immediately. They occasionally do 
 this when they happen to come down where the cover does not 
 suit them. In the early part of the season one can irequently learn 
 where the scattered ones are by imitating their call, which every 
 one can do with a little practice. Later in the season this will not 
 succeed till near sundown. In Florida the quail are very fre- 
 quently found in gardens or clearings along the borders of pal- 
 metto scrub. If the garden or field be fenced, let the dog and one 
 gunner take the field, and another gunner work the outside, taking 
 the birds as they fly over into the scrub. Once in this cover they 
 are safe, for neither dog, man, nor double-plated pachydermata 
 can follow them. 
 
 The early days of the season are not so good, for shooting, as 
 a month later ; for, after being shot into a few times, the coveys 
 become shy and wild and take to che woods, where they find plenty 
 of food, such as acorns, etc., and resort to the stubble fields only 
 very early in the morning and late in the afternoon ; and during 
 the intervening part of the day, especially if the weather is warm, 
 they are generally scattered along the banks of water-courses or 
 branches of creeks which run through the woods. As the season 
 advances, towards the first and middle of December, when the 
 
QUAIL. 145 
 
 ground is frozen, and food becomes scarce in the woods, they re- 
 sort more to the open stubble fields in search of grain, and, when 
 flushed, generally scatter among the high grass, or along some old 
 ditch-bank overgrown with brier bushes, and will lie well to the 
 dogs, and, in many instances, nearly an entire covey may be picked 
 up singly by a good shot, if he has a firm, staunch dog, who is not 
 too eager, but will carefully hunt over the whole ground. When 
 a covey is first flushed, they should be carefully marked when they 
 settle, and the shooter need be in no particular hurry to follow them 
 if they are in good cover, as they have been supposed to have the 
 faculty of withholding their scent, so that the best dogs are very 
 often at fault. Dr. Lewis, in his " American Sportsman," speaks 
 of this supposed power, and publishes a letter of Dr. Samuel 
 Smith, of Baltimore, in which the Doctor says that many noble 
 dogs have been censured for carelessness, when it was manifest 
 that the fault did not lie with them, but that this power was given 
 to the birds by their Creator to preserve them from their ruthless 
 destroyers. 
 
 Even Wilson, the great ornithologist, never gave this matter 
 sufficient study, as the Doctor mentions the fact of being in his 
 company upon one occasion, when a well appointed party of gen- 
 tlemen were shooting " partridges " in a stubble field adjoining a 
 woods, where he and Wilson were gathering specimens. He 
 says : " The stubble field in which this party was shooting, had 
 small patches of briers and low bushes in several places. From 
 one of these was flushed a very large covey of partridges, which, 
 after having been vigorously fired upon, settled nearly in the centre 
 of the field, in a place slightly depressed, where the stubble was 
 unusually high, with rank clover underneath. The sportsmen pur- 
 sued with due caution, giving the proper instructions and ample 
 time to the dogs. Some of the birds were put up and killed, but 
 not near as many as had taken refuge there. After consider- 
 able search the party left the ground. Why so few birds were 
 roused puzzled me exceedingly, and I, in common with every one, 
 censured the dogs. On our return from the woods, where Mr. 
 Wilson had been watching and studying the habits of some small 
 birds, we crossed the stubble directly past the spot where the par- 
 tridges had been hunted by the sportsmen. As we approached it 
 
 7 
 
146 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a bird flew up, and soon after, another and another, until five 
 went off. I expressed my surprise to Mr. Wilson, who dismissed 
 the matter by supposing that the stronger scent from the feet of 
 so many men had transcended that of the birds, and bewildered 
 the dogs." 
 
 After starting a covey, and scattering the birds, no doubt every 
 observant sportsman has noticed the same thing, namely, how 
 difficult it has been for his dog to find the single quail, although 
 directly marked to a particular spot. This habit of the bird to lie 
 until almost trodden upon, and to seemingly baffle the nose of the 
 finest setter or pointer, has given rise to the question whether it 
 can voluntarily withhold it;, o^ent, but there is no reason for at- 
 tributing to it such powers, and it is readily to be explained. 
 After being flushed and shot at, the covey, in its flight, scatters in 
 every direction, making all haste to escape from danger, and each 
 quail pitches into whatever cover offers the best concealment — 
 crouching into the smallest possible space, with feathers pressed 
 tightly to its body, permitting little if any scent to pass off for a 
 time, or at least until they move and suppose danger has passed. 
 Thus it is not a will power on the part of the bird, but resulting 
 entirely from the body (from whence their scent issues,) being so 
 firmly pressed by the quail with its plumage in its endeavors 
 to hide. 
 
 The Quail is most unquestionably to be preferred to any other 
 bird to break our dogs on ; and when once broken to this kind of 
 shooting, they will seek after and find any other game bird, such 
 as woodcock, snipe, pheasant, or grouse, as no bird feeds more 
 widely nor leaves so long a trail of scent behind them, which, 
 when the wind is blowing strong, is carried a considerable dis- 
 tance. We have frequently seen dogs catch the scent of a covey 
 a hundred yards off, and trail them straight to their hiding place. 
 They thus learn caution and ease in approaching them, knowing 
 the punishment they will receive if they flush. How beautifully 
 Gay has described this in his " Rural Sports : " 
 
 " Against the wind he takes his prudent way, 
 I ■; While the strong gale directs him to the prey ; • , 
 
 Now the warm scent assures the covey near ; 
 He treads with caution and he points with fear. ' 
 
QUAIL. 147 
 
 Old birds are up to all manner of tricks, and are extremely 
 cautious, and very often will not lie to the dog ; they run away as 
 soon as they observe his approach, and frequently fly up before the 
 dogs get within fifty or a hundred yards of them, and take imme- 
 diately to the thick cripples, or disappear over the tops of the 
 highest trees ; and, often when they are hit hard, will carry off 
 several pellets of shot, if not struck in some vital part, and, with a 
 broken wing, will run so fast as to escape the dog and huntsman. 
 
 About the beginning of October, Quail frequently abandon the 
 high ground where they are hatched and reared, and resort in 
 large numbers to the river banks and other water courses, and 
 about the first of November return to their old haunts. This is 
 called their running season, and at this period they will not lie to 
 the dog, and to follow them is so much lost time, as it is impos- 
 sible to keep up with them. Hundreds of birds are often found in 
 these companies, and they very seldom fly, but run as fast as a 
 dog, and scatter through the brier bushes and thick undergrowth, 
 where it is impossible for the dogs to follow them. The cause of 
 these movements has never been satisfactorily explained. Some 
 attribute it to a scarcity of food, but that cannot be the cause, 
 as they return again to their old haunts after the lapse of a few 
 weeks. 
 
 In clear, frosty weather Quail will be found in stubble-fields, or 
 even in corn-fields, if they lie contiguous to a wood, and also in 
 buckwheat patches, as they are very partial to this kind of grain, 
 and prefer it to all others. They generally feed until about eleven 
 o'clock in the morning, and then resort to some quiet nook along 
 the banks of a stream, or lie under the sunny side of the trunk of 
 a fallen tree, where they scratch and preen themselves. It is 
 about as well for the sportsman, during this part of the day, to 
 rest from his labors, and refresh himself and his dogs. The time 
 so occupied will not be wasted, as, after a couple of hours of rest, 
 both himself and his dogs will be in better condition for work; 
 and even if he retraces his steps over the ground where he hunted 
 in the morning, he will often find fresh coveys of birds, and those 
 which he has shot into in the morning will have had time to col- 
 lect together, and will often be found scattered over the stubble 
 peacefully feeding. 
 
148 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Quail invariably roost in the open fields, but not on their feed- 
 ing grounds, as the treacherous trail which they leave would soon 
 be discovered, and followed up by the dogs ; but after having fed 
 until dark, they take a short flight to an adjoining field, and drop 
 suddenly down — avoid running about, and settle themselves for 
 the night. To prevent surprise, and, no doubt, for better security, 
 they roost in a circle, with their heads out, so as to present a 
 guard on every side, and, when flushed, each is thus enabled to 
 rise and fly without interfering with the other. If undisturbed, 
 they will resort to the same field several nights in succession. 
 
 Most sportsmen use for Quail shooting No. 8 shot, which we 
 regard as two sizes too large, unless the birds are very wild. One 
 ounce or one and an eighth ounces of No. 10, with threo ^f-achms 
 of powder, will, we believe, taking the season through. & \ more 
 birds, and kill them cleaner than any other arge ; this for an 
 ordinary seven or eight pound gun. 
 
 Man is not the only enemy the Quail has to fear, as there are 
 several animals that feast and prey upon these birds, such as wea- 
 sels, foxes, raccoons and serpents, but none are more destructive 
 than hawks. They keep them in a constant state of fear, as they 
 give no warning of their approach, but skim along the top of the 
 stubble or grass, and pounce upon a covey of these weak, inof- 
 fensive little creatures, and sinking their sharp talons into their 
 bodies, bear them off to their haunts in the woods, and devour 
 them at their leisure. We invariably make it a rule to kill these 
 pirates whenever and wherever we can come up with them. They 
 not only destroy the birds, but keep them in such a constant state 
 of alarm, that they will not lie to the dogs, but run and flush to 
 the least alarm, and after they are scattered, they are afraid to call 
 each other together, as the treacherous call-note would betray 
 them to their enemies. 
 
) 1 
 
 PLOVER. 
 
 THE family of plovers CharadriidcB, includes perhaps six 
 species familiar to our eastern and central sportsman, and 
 two peculiarly western varieties. We shall take them in their orni- 
 thological arrangement. The first we meet is : 
 
 Squaiarola helvetica. — Brchni. Black-bellied Plover. Bullhead. Ox-eye. 
 
 Bottlehead. 
 
 This species is not uncommon on our coast and on the plains 
 of the Western States and indeed is found all over the world. A 
 cursory description is as follows : Face and under parts black, upper 
 portions variegated with black, white and ashy, tail barred with 
 black and white. Young, below white shaded with grey, throat 
 and breast spotted with dusky, above blackish, speckled with white 
 and yellowish, the rump white with dark bars, legs dull blue. 
 Owing to the great difference in plumage at different seasons, 
 many confound the above with the familiar Golden Plover, the two 
 being often found in the same localities. They are however, to all 
 familiar with both, quite distinct and not liable to be confused. 
 
 Charadrius /ulvus^ var. virginicus. — Coues. Golden Plover. Whistling 
 Plover. Frost bird. Bull head. 
 
 North America, migratory, abundant in the United States, is a 
 smaller bird than the last but is equally prized for the table. It is 
 found in Illinois in immense flocks in the fall of the year, where it 
 feeds on the prairie and sandbars in the rivers. This is a fine-game 
 bird, confined neither to the interior nor to the coast alone. Colors 
 about as follows : Plumage speckled al)ove ; in nesting season 
 black below as in the last, many of the spots bright yellow, hence 
 the name Golden ; rump and upper tail coverts like the back, fore- 
 head and line over the eye white, tail greyish brown with imperfect 
 white or ashy bars, in the fall only similar to helvetica. No bird 
 
I50 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 on our list seems to be more generally known, for it is scattered 
 apparently over the whole face of the land — from the fur countries 
 to the gulf, and from ocean to ocean. Though not numerous in 
 the older States of the East, probably from the greater scarcity 
 of its principal fare, the grasshopper, throughout the unlimited 
 tracts of prairie, plain and pasture of the Western States as far as 
 the Rocky Mountains, it is found in countless thousands, more 
 particularly during its pilgrimages to its breeding grounds in the 
 north. 
 
 In Kansas, Nebraska, and the wide extent of plain west of the 
 Mississippi, where the grasshopper becomes a scourge to the rest- 
 less pioneer, these birds are at home. Here they can be found in 
 all their glory ; here, until the eye wearies with the monotony, their 
 well-filled battalions can be seen sweeping over the country* in 
 their journeyings, gathering in a harvest of the pests which have 
 become such a scourge to the hardy cultivators of this land of 
 promise. This locality is thus held with the same apparent te- 
 nacity by the Golden Plover as the great mast region of our heavily 
 timbered country is held by the common passenger pigeon of 
 America. 
 
 The Golden Plover breeds to the north of the United States. 
 These birds, though naturally timid, and usually very shy of the 
 approach of man, are easily reached, provided the proper precau- 
 tions are used by the hunters, who generally resort to the more 
 convenient means of a wagon, I'rom which they carry on a whole- 
 sale slaughter into their well-stocked ranks ; and from the appar- 
 ent inattention which is usually paid to their enemies thus equipped, 
 it would seem that their fear of humanity is limited to man in his 
 primitive condition only, for after volley upon volley has been poured 
 into their ranks with deadly effect, each shot leaving its score or 
 more dead and wounded, they pass along in unbroken line only to 
 receive another cross fire in their next circuit of flight, as they pass 
 over a favorite feeding place of newly plowed ground, or in a 
 grasshopper range. 
 
 In the autumn, and more particularly after a protracted drouth 
 to which the vast tracts of prairie or plain of the West is subject 
 at this season ; and when the many ponds and sloughs are dry, 
 these birds, after a day spent upon the newly plowed lands, resort 
 
.:*,,:, PLOVER, f V ^S^ 
 
 regularly to the sand bars of the nearest streams for the purpose 
 of sanding, washing, and quenching their thirst. 
 
 From the regularity of the visits of these birds in former years, 
 to the sand bars of the upper Illinois and Kankakee, they have 
 been called by the resident shooters Kankakee Bar Plover, in that 
 locality. And from the great numbers which sweep over the 
 prairies in spring and fall they have for years passed under the 
 common name of Prairie Pigeons among the grangers and those 
 not up in ornithology. 
 
 As the flock comes in sight from the direction of the north or 
 south prairies, a shrill whistle is usually the first welcome, then the 
 chorus of a hundred voices chimes in as though rejoicing at the 
 sight of the liquid element. Such is their apparent ecstasy as they 
 wheel around over their favorite bar^ and such their utter disregard 
 of the heavy booming of guns that hundreds are dropped upon the 
 water fluttering in every direction, while the column wheels into 
 line again right over the spot where its dead and wounded com- 
 panions lie, only to be thinned again and again, until finally driven 
 away. Ordinary precautions seem forgotten or abandoned by 
 these birds when approaching a favorite watering place, and when 
 met with under such circumstances it is conclusive evidence 
 that they have not been long from the breeding grounds, and 
 that most of them are young and inexperienced. The Chicago 
 markets, in spring and fall, teem with this game bird, and while 
 their flights last they furnish a cheap article of diet. 
 
 /Egialitis voci/erus. — Bon. Killdeer Plover. 
 
 The Killdeer, so called from its peculiar note, is an abundant 
 migrating species of North America, found on the plains in great 
 numbers, breeds anywhere ; color, rump tawny, tail white with 
 orange brown through part of its length with from one to three 
 transverse black bars, secondaries white, primaries with a white 
 space, forehead white, black bar across the crown, two broad 
 black bands on neck and breast, bill black, feet greyish blue. 
 These birds are found flying swiftly along the borders of streams in 
 pairs and small wisps or bunches in the East, but are seen in great 
 numbers on the plains of the west feeding around the borders of 
 sloughs and ponds associated with others of the genus. They 
 
152 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 become very fat in the fall and are generally very fair eating, but 
 often a fishy flavor is present which detracts from their table 
 merit. 
 
 Msialitis lf^i7sonius,—C9.ssm. Wilson's Plover. 
 
 This is a sea coast species common as far north as New Eng- 
 land, and sometimes further. Color : pale ash brown running into 
 fulvous on the neck, black bar in the crown, a broad belt across the 
 throat, no bright ring about the eye, legs flesh color, bill dark, large 
 and stout. These birds are seen mingUng with the numerous va- 
 rieties of bay birds found along our coasts, and as the tide recedes 
 they follow it to pick up the shells and insects stranded by the 
 falling waters. 
 
 Mgialitis semipalmatus .—^or\.. Semipalmated Plover. Ring-neck. 
 
 North America, common. This bird resembles the Killdeer 
 closely in color, but in size is about one-third as large as the 
 former. It also has the bright orange eyelid wanting in vociferus. 
 
 The " Ring-necks " abound everywhere in great numbers, and 
 are found upon sandy beaches and muddy flats, in loose straggling 
 parties of from five to six to a dozen or more, and frequently with 
 the Semipalmated and Bonaparte's Sand-pipers. They scatter 
 widely apart while searching for food, running swiftly and grace- 
 fully over the sand with head lowered. They are at such times 
 usually silent, except when disturbed, when they utter a clear mel- 
 low whistle on taking flight. They are tame, and when surprised, 
 run but a few yards, and then stand perfectly still. The young run 
 about as soon as hatched. Birds of the year may at all times be 
 distinguished from the adults by the black of the bands being re- 
 placed by dull dirty ash. 
 
 MgialUis »te/odus.— Bon. Piping Plover. Ring Plover. 
 
 Eastern and Middle States common, resembles the last, but 
 paler in color, as hypredominating, also lacking the semipalmation. 
 They are found' associated with various beach birds and sand-pip- 
 ers ; they become exceedingly fat during the latter part of the 
 summer. 
 
 I 
 
PLOVER, 
 
 »53 
 
 ■^eialUis cant tana. —CowG^. Snowy Plover. 
 This species is found west of the Rocky Mountains, and is 
 common all along the coast of California. 
 
 Eudrotniasmontanus.—\\2,x\:m^. Mountain Plover. 
 
 The Mountain Plover is common from Kansas to the Pacific 
 Coast. It feeds on grasshoppers especially, and seems to be en- 
 tirely independent of water. Here also may be mentioned the re- 
 markable Surf bird of the Pacific Coast. Aphrz^a virgata, appar- 
 ently a Plover, being a connecting link between the Plover and the 
 Oyster-catchers. 
 
 All the Plover have a singular habit when alighting on the 
 ground in the breeding time ; they drop their wings, stand with 
 their legs half bent, and tremble as if unable to support their 
 bodies. In this absurd position they will sometimes stand for 
 several minutes, uttering a curious sound, and then seem to bal- 
 ance themselves with great difficulty. This singular manoeuvre is 
 no doubt intended to induce a belief that they may be easily caught 
 ana so turn the attention of the egg-gatherer from the pursuit of 
 the eggs to themselves. Plovers' eggs are recognized all over 
 the world as a great delicacy. 
 
 As to the methods employed in securing the smaller Plover 
 the suggestions in our account of the larger shore birds are of 
 course applicable to the former, both being frequently found asso- 
 ciated while feeding. These birds are never hunted with dogs 
 owing primarily to the habits which bring them to the open sand 
 flats, and also to the fact that they have little or no scent These 
 remarks are not applicable to the Grass Snipe or Pectoral Sand- 
 piper, which in some respects resembles the Wilson's Snipe bein^ 
 often found in wet meadows and lying well to a dog. 
 
 V -V 
 
 .i^: 
 
AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 
 
 Philohela minor,— Gta.y. Rlind Snipe. Bog Sucker. Wood Snipe, 
 
 Timber Doodle. 
 
 MIGRATORY, eastern portions of North America. Colors 
 curiously varied ; above, blactc, brown, grey and russet pre- 
 dominate, below warm brown and reddish, differs from the English 
 bird in being lighter in weight, the latter weighing from nine to 
 twelve ounces, the American but from five to eight. 
 
 The Woodcock begins its yearly migration, from its southern 
 winter quarters to its more northern breeding grounds, early in the 
 spring, and makes its appearance with us about the latter part of 
 February or the first week in March, when the winter has been 
 open and mild, but in seasons that have been blustery and cold, 
 their travellings are delayed as late as the first of April. They ap- 
 pear to choose the progress of a southeasterly storm on which to 
 make their journeys, and frequently after such rains, are found in 
 great numbers scattered throughout the country. 
 
 Very soon after their arrival they begin laying, and hatch their 
 young in about the same time as the quail — three weeks being the 
 period of incubation of the latter bird — and sometimes when sec- 
 tions of the country in which they breed are visited in early spring 
 by severe freshets, thousands of the young are destroyed. 
 
 As a rule the Woodcock are in the midst of their family cares 
 about the first of May, and are thus the first of our migratory birds 
 to commence nesting. They waste no time after their arrival, and 
 by the first of April on any clear moonlight night, at all hours, the 
 male may be heard from every quarter, chanting his weird and un- 
 musical song to the object of his affection. This note so closely 
 resembles that of the night hawk as to be easily mistaken for it. 
 If one is ever so fortunate as to approach close to a pair of cock 
 unobserved during the mating season, he will witness the most re- 
 
AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 1 55 
 
 markable and grotesque actions ; the wooer struts around with 
 scraping wings and spread tail, an excellent miniature of the barn- 
 yard turkey gobbler, the female looking coy and willing the while. 
 The male now and then makes one of his remarkable perpendic- 
 ular flights twenty yards into the air, dropping immediately again to 
 her side. When the country north of New Jersey is visited in 
 backward seasons by one of the not unusual hard frosts, the eggs 
 or very young birds are destroyed in large numbers. In many in- 
 stances the old birds begin immediately to rear another brood. 
 On this account at times scarce fledged nestlings are killed in July. 
 The nest is placed on the ground, the old birds making very little 
 preparation for the reception of their eggs. The latter are four in 
 number, of a muddy white color, splashed and blotched with choco- 
 late. 
 
 That careful observer and naturalist, Mr. Geo. A. Boardman, 
 lately in Florida, states the remarkable fact that Woodcock breed in 
 that State, and we have still more recent evidence to the same effect. 
 In both instances young birds fresh from the shell were secured. 
 It has been heretofore supposed that they never bred south of 
 Virginia. The English Woodcock Scolopax rusitcola, is accidental 
 in North America, and stragglers are occasionally secured along the 
 eastern coast ; the last instance on record was in 1870, we believe. 
 
 The Woodcock is perhaps the most highly prized of all our 
 game birds. This is owing in a great measure to his gamey 
 nature and solitary habits, the difficulty of securing a good bag 
 without work, and the skill required to kill the bird when flushed. 
 
 It is with pleasure that we notice the efforts made by gentle- 
 men sportsmen of the country at large, in the direction of Wood- 
 cock protection, and the prohibition of summer shooting. These 
 efforts have been attended with success in some parts of the 
 country, but until the law becomes universal, a great deal of its« 
 usefulness is rendered «//. This subject is so trite, however, that 
 we need only touch it here in passing. 
 
 Granting that Woodcock four years out of five are in condition 
 to be shot in July, how much better, how much more sportsman- 
 like, would it be to allow them to remain unmolested until autumn, 
 when no doubt can exist of their being in full plumage, strong and 
 vigorous on the wing, and without the cares of a family ? 
 
isc 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Summer cock shooting, when the mercury stands among the 
 nineties, and in swampy thickets where moscjuitoes and Hies are 
 swarming in myriads, cannot possibly be compared to autumn 
 shooting of the same bird. In the former season, we have it 
 hardly two-thirds grown, often becoming tainted before we reach 
 home, while in the latter we find it a far more difficult object to 
 bring down, much more puzzling in its flights, and worthy of the 
 sportsman's skill. 
 
 About the middle of August, the Woodcock leave their old 
 haunts in low wet localities, apparently almost in a mass, to seek 
 higher and more mountainous sections, where they can pass un- 
 disturbed their moulting season, and to remain until early frosts 
 drive them to more sheltere " and warmer feeding grounds. It is 
 believed by many that they cake to the corn-fields to moult, but 
 we think it safe to say they are only attracted thither in wet 
 seasons for their usual food. We have shot them in such places 
 quite frequently in July and the first of August, but have always 
 noticed the ground was moist enough at the time to admit of their 
 boring in search of worms, the larvae of insects, etc. 
 
 As has been noticed, the birds retire to the uplands to moult, 
 but it is very probable that they descend at evening to their feed- 
 ing grounds where the earth is soft and can be probed with ease, 
 and there spend the night, retiring again to the hills at break of 
 day. Their migrations are performed i)y nig'it. In this connec- 
 tion, it may be mentioned that the Woodcock, during their migra- 
 tions, pursue a direct course, no obstacle seemingly being able to 
 deflect them from their line of flight. On three distinct occasions 
 have we observed them at dusk flying through the streets of New 
 York in some of the most populous districts, and others have made 
 like observations. They fly low and swiftly over the country 
 singly, or in loose twos or threes, and morning always finds them 
 in their favorite haunts. Whether they fly during the whole night 
 or not is undetermined, but it is probable that unless a sudden and 
 severe frost hastens them on beyond their wonted speed, they take 
 it leisurely, stopping and feeding on the route. 
 
 Setter dogs seem to be the favorites for woodcocking. The 
 nature of the ground where the birds are found, renders the use of 
 the pointer disagreeable to both the dog and the man, as the tan- 
 
AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 15/ 
 
 gled cat-brier and blackberry thickets, in the midst of which the 
 summer birds are often found, lacerate the ill protected body of 
 the pointer, and the dog, after one day in such cover, will return 
 home entirely used up, and may refuse thereafter to enter the 
 brush. The thick coat of the setter can easily withstand this in- 
 convenience. ' 
 
 Nineteen out of twenty sportsmen shoot Woodcock over set- 
 ters and pointers, and although (with dogs that are under perfect 
 command) they show great sport, we cannot think them fully cal- 
 culated for this work, and we are glad to see that the sporting 
 papers are now speaking favorably of the spaniel not only for cock 
 shooting, but for covert work. The little cockers, almost unknown 
 to this country, are the best dogs for this covert shooting, as they 
 are trained to hunt close, and being so small can force themselves 
 almost anywhere. 
 
 To insure success in autumn cock shooting, the sportsman 
 should select a dog that will work carefully and slowly in cover, 
 and be not too anxious to be close to the bird he is pointing, for 
 although Woodcock lie well, they differ from the quail in not being 
 quite so stubborn in their hiding. 
 
 In beating for quail in November, we should never neglect 
 working out the hill sides of second growth timber, or saplings 
 adjacent to swampy bottoms, which come in our path for Wood- 
 cock. Black alder margins of streams running through woodlands 
 should be visited, for if any flights of birds have come on we will 
 certainly find them in such places. Were all sportsmen million- 
 aires, a special gun for this particular shooting would be conve- 
 nient ; one with short twenty-six to twenty-eight inch barrels to be 
 easily and rapidly moved in the thick cover. One ounce No. 12 
 shot or possibly No. 10 for the late shooting, two and one half to 
 three drachms of C. and H. or Dupont's powder. A '''oodcockis 
 easily dropped when touched with the shot, and it . . rare for one 
 to carry away a load. 
 
 When the golden days of October are upon us with their ac- 
 companying delights of dog and gun, then is the st^sow par excel- 
 lence for cocking. Ah ! Sportsmen, think of the increased satisfac- 
 tion to be derived from woodcock-shooting if you would but forego 
 the summer pursuit of this bird. Let them grow strong and 
 
158 GAME BIKDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 swift of wing, larger in size, more palatable to the taste. Then 
 will no longer be seen the slow flip flap of the summer bird up 
 through the leafy glades, but the swift whirr of the Timber Doodle 
 from the side hill and mellow ground. A keener eye, a quicker 
 hand will then be needed behind the true and tried Scott or 
 
 Greener. 
 
 Certainly cock-shooting is fine sport where the birds abound, 
 and as it possesses peculiar charms for some sportsmen, and as 
 they are held, by epicures and the sporting fraternity in general, 
 at the head of the list of our game birds, it is well worth the while 
 of American sportsmen to see that they are not entirely exter- 
 minated. 
 
 i 
 
WILSON'S SNIPE. 
 
 GaliiMago IVilsom't : BonsLpsLTte. English Snipe. American Snipe. Jack Snipe. 
 
 Shad Spirit. 
 
 A MIGRATORY species, North America. Crown black with 
 a pale central stripe, hack variegated with black, bright bay 
 and tawny, the latter forming two lengthwise stripes on the scap- 
 ular, neck and breast spotted with brown and dusky, tail barred 
 with black, white and chestnut. 
 
 This, the most universally distributed of all our game birds, is 
 also the only one we believe, excepting some varieties of our ducks, 
 found on both sides of the Rocky Mountains. That remarkable 
 range which has separated species more effectually than either 
 ocean, has yet proved an insufficient barrier against the general 
 diffusion of this species. There has been a deal of discussion in 
 regard to the identity of this bird with one of the European repre- 
 sentatives of the genus, but our bird is now decided to be a distinct 
 variety although very similar. 
 
 The arrival of the Wilson's Snipe with us in the spring is very 
 uncertain, and depends entirely upon the state of the season. If. 
 after a cold and blustering winter, March suddenly opens warm 
 and genial, which is seldom the case, and the frost is drawn from 
 the ground by the sun's rays, we may expect the bird soon to be 
 on our meadows ; but not often does he reach us before the middle 
 of the month, and then in small numbers, uneasy in its habits, and 
 scarcely lying to the dog. By the last of March, or the first of 
 April, the great flight of birds arrives from the Southern States, 
 and, like the woodcock, the prevalence of a warm rain appears to 
 be chosen for the migration. The average appearance of the Snipe 
 from Delaware eastward may, in favorable seasons, be set down as 
 about April first, but frequently when the spring is late, and winter 
 has lingered into April, we find it passing hurriedly northward, 
 
l6o GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 scarcely visiting our meadows, and directing its flight to its breed- 
 ing grounds. We have always thought xYz Snipe, after tarrying 
 with us until May, are mated, and leave us in pairs ready to begin 
 nesting. In fact, we have on several occasions killed and found 
 in them fully formed eggs as early as the 20th of April, and for 
 this reason oppose the shooting of Snipe during their spring pas- 
 sage northward. 
 
 On their return from the North with their young, they pay us a 
 visit before moving South, reaching us in September and October, 
 the first cool weather having prompted them to seek winter quar- 
 ters. They make their autumnal migrations southward in stages 
 in advance of hard freezing, stopping and resting on the route. 
 This bird is rarely if ever found on salt meadows, confining itself 
 to the low-lying boggy fields bordering fresh water streams where 
 their favorite food, the succulent worm, is abundant. These are 
 secured by probing with their long bill after the manner of wood- 
 cock. It is very doubtful whether the sense of smell aids at all in 
 determining the presence of their food, as some have averred. The 
 bill is very sensitive, and a bird by probing can fcelihe. worm. 
 
 On the meadows of the Eastern and Middle States, a good dog, 
 thoroughly understanding his business in this particular, is invalu- 
 able ; but in some portions of the Southern and Western country 
 the bird is so numerous that a setter or pointer is of very little use 
 unless he be kept at heel and used as a retriever. 
 
 The Snipe lies best to the dog on warm, sunny days, when 
 gentle winds are blowing, and if feeding in high tussock meado 's 
 will not take flight until almost trodden upon. But during blus- 
 tery weather, especially if the wind is from the northeast, they are 
 very loth to allow even the most steady dog to come within thirty 
 or forty yards of them. This is more noticeable in the spring, 
 when the birds have first arrived, and are in whisps or bunches, 
 than in autumn, when they appear to have made up their minds 
 to stay for awhile previous to moving southward. 
 
 Sometimes, particularly on a dark drizzling day, which is the 
 weather they prefer for their flights, the flushing of one bird will 
 be the signal for every snipe in the field to rise with a sharp 
 " skeap " " skeap," and the air will be filled with their bleating and 
 their irregular flights. Perhaps they join in a flock and fly beyond 
 
IVILSOiY'S S.VIPE. l6l 
 
 the range of vision, or again individual birds may drop with their 
 peculiarly rapid descent until all have settled again. There is no 
 difficulty in marking down a snipe, their quick, dropping motion is 
 unmistakable. 
 
 Beating for Snipe with the wind at one's back, has been always 
 advised by experts, as the bird invariably rises against wind, 
 and flies at an angle towards you, either to the right or left, thus 
 presenting a more easy shot than when going straightaway in a zig- 
 zag course. Sometimes, however, on account of the many ditch 
 drains that interrupt us in our tramps over the meadows, we can- 
 not find it nearly as convenient to take the wind at our backs, and 
 are compelled to breast it ; but we should bear in mind that far 
 better chances are given to kill if the above advice is carried out, 
 and always endeavor to follow it. 
 
 Snipe in the spring, not unfrequently take to swampy thickets 
 of black alder, and what are known as "willow gardens," with 
 springy bottoms, for shelter and food, when, after their arrival from 
 the south, the country is visited with a snow squall and a touch of 
 the past winter. We have on two occasions found them in such 
 localities lying like stones, making capital shooting, and fully 
 as expert in twisting their way through the sprouts and alders as 
 their larger cousin, the woodcock. 
 
 Frequently when flushed, a bird will dart away, flying low at 
 first, but gradually rising will soon seem but a speck in the sky, 
 and then disappear from view, let the hunter keep for a few 
 moments his position, howeyer, and quick as flash the bird may 
 drop do,. . to within a few yards of his former resting place. This 
 is not always the case, as often the snipe may leave not to return. 
 The probable explanation of this is, that in the first case the 
 ground from which the bird was driven afforded good food and 
 cover, and the snipe was loth to desert so attractive a spot. Of 
 the common names applied to this bird, that of " shad spirit " is 
 the most peculiar. It is given them by the fishermen, who, while 
 in spring time drawing their seines for shad at night, often start the 
 snipe from the grassy meadows. Hearing the unknown bird get 
 up Defore them, and associating it naturally with their shad fishing, 
 they apply to it the sobriquet of " shad spirit." The snipe remains 
 with us frequently as late as the latter part of November. About the 
 
 ll 
 
1 62 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 breeding of the snipe, little is known, as it takes place for the most 
 part beyond the limits of the United States. He is, however, a 
 resident of Washington Territory the year through. In the fall 
 and winter he inhabits the tide lands about the delta of the Skagit, 
 and the sedgy flats at the head of Seattle Bay. But as the April 
 showers approach, and the season of mating begins, we miss the 
 long-billed gentleman. He has gone to the mountain marshes, 
 the soft, mucky meadows along the slope of Mounts Rainier and 
 St. Helens. He flits from one tussock to another, probing the 
 mud with his delicate bill for grubs and worms to feed his patient 
 spouse, who has her little nest, with four spotted eggs in it, at the 
 foot of yonder red willow. Here, in sight of eternal snow, he en- 
 joys cool weather when the valley below smokes with the glow of 
 harvest, and a cloud of dust arises from the thresher. Here he 
 struts about on fallen logs with trailing wings and ruffled neck, 
 for the admiration of his mate as she sits on her nest and figures 
 out the probabilities of the next Snipe census. And it is at this 
 season that the male practices the habit, peculiar also to the ruffed 
 grouse, called drumming in the air, by which he beats a perfect 
 reveille with his wings, as he hovers over the nest of his spouse. 
 The grouse (or as they are called here, "pheasant,") does this 
 while standing upon a log, while the Snipe plays his tune when 
 poised in the air. His drumming is not so audible at a distance 
 as that of the ruffed grouse, but it continues longer and the notes 
 are just as distinct. 
 
 In our estimation no sport is comparable to an October day with 
 the snipe, if they be tolerably plenty, and the additional requisite 
 of a brace of good dogs is not wanting. Undoubtedly the perfec- 
 tion of snipe shooting is had in Florida during the winter months. 
 Among the legions of our summer birds who here find shelter and 
 protection from the rigors of the north may be seen plentifully dis- 
 persed this, the Wilson's Snipe. In some places so thickly do they 
 rendezvous, that a dog is an impediment rather than a help, but 
 in many districts good use can be made of setter or pointer, and 
 the nleasure, we think, is greatly enhanced by one or more canine 
 companions, fully understanding you and their duties. Than the 
 Wilson's Sni[)e, no inore delicious bird can be found, and the 
 premium if divided at all should be awarded, we think, in equal 
 parts to the Snipe and Woodcock. 
 
. 
 
 BEACH BIRDS. 
 
 Order Limicol<e. The Shore Birds. 
 
 NATURE has been so lavish o us of North America in her 
 supply of shore birds or Limicolce, and they form so im- 
 portant a portion of our avi-fauna, that it may be well to preface 
 the general account of this order here given, by a short descriptive 
 scheme as follows : 
 
 Tibia more or less naked below (sometimes very slightly) ; legs, 
 and usually neck also, elongated ; hind toe free and elevated, often 
 wanting. Head globose, abruptly sloping to the base of the bill, 
 completely feathered ; gape short ; bill weak, flexible, more or less 
 soft-skinned, and therefore sensitive, blunt at tip, without hard cut- 
 ting edges — fitted for probing in the mud ; nostrils slit-like, sur- 
 rounded by soft skin, never feathered ; body never strongly com- 
 pressed or depressed ; nature precocial. Birds of medium or small 
 size, more or less aquatic ; found in most regions ; very abundant 
 in America. 
 
 Special Characteristics : I. Toes lobate ; tarsus notably 
 compressed, Phalaropodidcc, II. Toes not lobate ; tarsus not 
 specially compressed. Legs exceedingly long ; tarsus as long as 
 tail ; bill much longer than head, slender, acute, and curved up- 
 wards ; feet four-toed and palmate, or three-toed and semipalmate ; 
 Recurvirostridce, Bill usually shorter than head, pigeon-like ; the 
 broad soft base separated by a constriction from the hard tip ; head 
 subglobose, on a short neck ; tarsus reticulate ; toes three (except 
 in Squatarold) ; Charadriidce. Bill usually longer than head, 
 mostly grooved, but not constricted, softish to its tip ; tarsus 
 scutellate ; toes four in number (except in Calidris) ; Scolopa- 
 cidcp. Not as above ; bill hard, either compressed and truncate 
 or acute; feet four-toed and cleft, c: three-toed and semi- 
 palmate ; Hce)natopodid(2. 
 
164 GAATE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The Charadriidcc having been noticed in a previous chapter, 
 are not here further discussed. 
 
 Very many different species of Shore Birds may often be found 
 associated, and frequently those whose relationship to one another 
 ir- Quite distant, as for instance the Willets and Curlews. Many 
 of the smaller sandpipers so closely resemble each other tiiat one 
 is quite likely to confuse them, the distinctions being in some cases 
 very minute and trivial, dependent perhaps on the shape of a foot 
 or bill. In many species too the color varies with the season, and 
 a bird that is grey in winter may be red in summer. This 
 fact has given rise to a habit, among sportsmen and amateur nat- 
 uralists, of multiplying the species of this order to an almost in- 
 definite extent. All the species of waders found on our coast from 
 Florida to Labrador are denominated by most of those who shoot 
 them, as Bay Birds. Among these are included the Godwits, 
 Willets, Plovers, Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, Curlew and the 
 numerous tribe of Sand-pipers. Taken in ornithological order, 
 first of our Shore birdsj after the plover, comes 
 
 Hamatopus palUatiis. — Temm. Oyster-Catcher. 
 
 The name of Oyster-catcher is derived from their habit of pry- 
 ing open the shells of bivalve mollusks, but it is doubtful whether 
 an oyster proper was ever caught in this way. The bird is of a 
 sooty black or brown color above, under parts below the breast 
 white, as is also the rump and a ring around the eye ; bill red or 
 orange, in shape something compressed and knife-like, legs flesh 
 color. This bird is found on the shores of both oceans, but is no- 
 where very plenty. He is not prized for food and is rarely shot or 
 hunted by sportsmen. 
 
 Strepsilas inter^res, — lUiger, Turnstone. Brant-bird. Calico-back. Chicaric. 
 
 Chickling. Sand-runner. 
 
 Of these names, that of Turnstone is applied on account of the 
 curious habit these birds have, by dexterously inserting their bills 
 beneath stones and pebbles along the shore, of securing what in- 
 sects, or prey of any kind, may be lurking beneath. The names 
 Chicaric and Chickling have reference to their rasping notes, that 
 of Calico-back, to the curiously variegated plum-^.ge of the upper 
 
.^. :.. BEACH BIRDS, • 1 6$ 
 
 parts. In summer the adult is oddly pied above with black, white, 
 brown and chestnut-red, the latter color wanting in winter and in 
 young birds, below from the breast (which is black) white, bill 
 black, feet orange. This is a common bird on both coasts during 
 migrations. , , ,.^ ^^ ^ 
 
 Recurvirostra americana. — Gmel. American Avocet. Blue Stocking. White 
 
 Snipe. - 
 
 A common species of temperate North America, more abundant 
 m the interior than on the coast. Color white, back and wings with 
 much black, head and neck cinnamon-brown in the adult, ashy in 
 the young, bill black, legs blue, eyes red, well-known by its long 
 and slender legs and extremely slender bill which has frequently an 
 upward curve. • 
 
 Himantopus nigricollis. — Vieillot. Stilt. Long Shanks. Lawyer. 
 
 Glossy black above with forehead, sides of head and neck, rump 
 and under parts white, bill black, legs carmine. A common species 
 of the United States, found plentifully in Florida during the winter 
 months, but not very highly prized by sportsmen. 
 
 Steganopus Wilsonii. — Coues. Wilson's Phalarope. 
 
 A common North American species found most plentifully in 
 the West, around small pools and sloughs, where they breed in 
 numbers. Color of adult, ashy above, under parts white, a black 
 stripe from the eye down the side of the neck, spreading into rich 
 chestnut, which also variegates the back and throat. The bill is 
 easily distinguished from that of any of our other shore birds, be- 
 ing very slender, acute and awl-shaped. 
 
 Lobipes hyperboreus. — Cuv. Northern Phalarope. 
 
 A more northern species and less known to the gunner. The 
 color is greyish black, back varied with tawny, upper tail coverts 
 and under parts mostly white, side of head and neck with broad 
 stripe of chestnut, the young lacking the chestnut. 
 
 Phalaropus fulicarius. — Bon. Red Phalarope. 
 
 The best known of our three representatives of the family. It 
 is in color, above variegated with ashy and tawny, below purplish- 
 
l66 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 chestnut, white in the young, the bill is comparatively stout, with 
 lancet-shaped tip. It is a smallish bird noted for its beauty and 
 elegance of form, its grace and activity of movement. Their lobed 
 feet make them entirely at home on the water, and they are often 
 seen a considerable distance from land. They occur like the 
 Northern Phalarope in the United States only during their migra- 
 tions, and breed to the north. Classed under the snipes proper 
 and a very snipe-like bird, we come next to the 
 
 Macrorhamphus griseus. — Leach. Red-breasted Snipe. Grey Snipe. Brown- 
 back. Dowitcher. Driver. 
 
 The color is in summer brownish black above, variegated with 
 bay, below brownish-red, variegated with dusky, a tawny super- 
 ciliary stripe, and a darker one from the bill to the eye. In winter, 
 plain grey above and on the breast, with no trace of black and 
 bay, belly v/hite. This bird differs essentially from the true snipe 
 in habits, they flying in large compact flocks like the sandpipers, 
 and for the most part inhabiting the shores of bays and estuaries, 
 rather than the wet meadows. They are shot on the shores of 
 Long Island in August in great numbers ; they are a migratory 
 United States species. •- > •• , ..^ 
 
 Microjialama kimantopus.—'R9.\rd. Stilt Sandpiper. 
 
 Not a common bird, but is found in the United States in limited 
 numbers during their migrations. It occurs in the West India 
 Islands during the winter ; in color it much resembles the last 
 species. :;.'".•■,/.•..•,>,•.(;- "ffi ■ ^■'■.•■.': „^\;. 
 
 Breuneies pustHus. —Cassin. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Peep. Oxeye. 
 
 An exceedingly abundant little bird, too common and well 
 known to merit a description. In the later summer they throng 
 our shores, and form staple sport to the youthful and city tyros. 
 They are quickly distinguished in the hand from minutilla by the 
 semipalmation. 
 
 Tringa fm'nuit'Ua.—Vieill. The Least Sandpiper. Peep. 
 
 The smallest of the Sandpipers, in color it resembles the last, 
 but has rather more bay on the upper parts. These two species 
 are always found associated, and are often confounded. 
 
BEACH BIRDS. 1 6/ 
 
 Trtnga Bairdii. —Coues. Baird's Sandpiper. 
 
 This species is almost exactly similar in color to mi?iutilla, 
 but is larger. It is rare on the Atlantic coast, but is found in both 
 North and South America. 
 
 Tringa wa<:M/a/«.—Vieill.— Pectoral Sandpiper. Marsh Plover. Jack Snipe. 
 
 Grass Snipe. 
 
 The color is greyish, variegated with chestnut above, somewhat 
 resembling the Wilsons or English Snipe, Gallinago Wilsonii, but 
 of course instantly distinguished from the latter by the shape of 
 the bill. The species is seldom if ever seen on open sandy beaches, 
 as it prefers at all times the low muddy flats laid bare by the tide, 
 the pools and ditches which intersect them, and the salt marshes 
 by which they are bordered. They are not restricted to salt water, 
 but frequent low wet meadows and fields at a great distance from 
 any large body of water. When they rise from the grass to alight 
 again at a short distance, thoy fly slowly and evenly with the wings 
 deeply incurved. When, however, they are frightened, by being 
 repeatedly forced up by the sportsman, or when they are suddenly 
 startled, they spring up vigorously, emitting loud rapidly repeated 
 notes, and fly in a quick zigzag manner. They are then equally 
 difficult to shoot with the Wilsons Snipe. Sometimes they mount 
 with a loud cry very high into the air, and circle overhead for sev- 
 eral minutes, fly ng with great rapidity and in perfect silence. 
 When about to alight, which they often do at the very spot from 
 which they rose, they barely close their wings and dart suddenly 
 down in an almost perpendicular direction. This species is found 
 in pairs or singly, and never in flocks of any great extent. They 
 are excessively fat in the month of October and delicately flavored, 
 and afford delicious eating. They are abundant from Washington 
 to New Hampshire. Very little is known of their breeding, places. 
 
 Tringa Bona/ariet—Schleg. White-rumped Sandpiper. White-tailed Stib. 
 
 This bir."; is very similar in colo*^ and size to T. Bairdii, the 
 upper tail coverts are white however, and hence the name. This 
 bird is the Schinzes Sandpiper of Audubon. It is common to the 
 Rocky Mountains, and is abundant along the Atlantic coast. 
 
1 68 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 Tringa maritima. — Briinn. Purple Sandpiper. 
 
 This is a rather common bird on our Atlantic coast. They 
 confine tiiemseives to the rocky shores and jutting promontories, 
 and are for this reason not frequently secured by sportsmen. 
 The color of the upper parts, ashy black with purplish reflections, 
 line over the eye, and under parts white, breast like the back but 
 lighter in color ; in winter the colors are much duller, being a 
 dark slaty grey. The young are mottled with dusky below. 
 
 Tringa aipina var. americana.—Qvi'^^m.. American Dunlin. Black-bellied 
 Sandpiper. Red-backed Sandpiper, Stib. 
 
 A North American species. Color of the adult in summer, 
 above chestnut, each feather with a central black field, and most 
 of them white tipped, under parts white, belly with a broad black 
 area, breast streaked with dusky, adult in winter, pale ashy grey. 
 
 Tringa subarquata. — Temm. Curlew Sandpiper. 
 
 An extremely rare bird in this country, but stragglers have 
 been picked up along the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Tringa canutus.—Umxi. Red-breasted Sandpiper. Ash-colored Sandpiper. Red 
 breast. Grey-back. Robin-snipe. Knot. 
 
 An abundant species found along the shores of Long Island 
 and New Jersey in numbers ; colors above, brownish-black, the 
 feathers tipped with ashy-white, below brownish red, much the 
 same as in the familiar robin ; young, above clear ash with numer- 
 ous black and white semicircles, below tinged with reddish 
 speckled on the breast. In winter plain grey. , 
 
 Calidris arenaria. — lUiger. Sanderling. Ruddy Plover. Skinner. 
 
 The hind toe of most other shore birds lacking, the color of the 
 adult in summer is as follows : upper parts varied with black, ashy 
 and bright reddish, below from the breast pure white ; adult in 
 winter without the reddish tinge, the upper parts speckled and 
 marked with white and black, below white. This is an abundant 
 bird along our coasts. The name of Skinner has reference prob- 
 ably, to the fact of the bird's breast bursting open on striking the 
 
BEACH BIRDS. 1 69 
 
 ground or water when shot in the fLill. This is the result of 
 their great fatness, and the bursting is called skinning — the bird a 
 skinner. 
 
 Limosa /edoa. — Ord. Great Marbled Godwit. Marlin. Humility. 
 
 Found in the United States, and breeding to the north, although 
 a few remain with us for that purpose. They are quickly distin- 
 guished among the thousands of birds that throng the shores of 
 our Atlantic seaboard by their large size and coloration. General 
 plumage rufous or cinnamon-brown, above variegated with black, 
 brown and grey, bill from four to five inches in length, flesh-color- 
 ed, and tijjped with black. This Godwit, commonly called " Mar- 
 lin," is becoming scarcer every year. It is a very noisy bird, and 
 has an odd shrill cry that sounds like "gmtio" rapidly repeated; 
 they are very strong on the wing, and feed in bogs and marshes 
 near the sea shore, have four eggs, and are very delicious as a 
 table bird. 
 
 Limosa hudsonica. — Swaiuson. Hudsonian Godwit, White-tailed Marlin. 
 
 Humility. 
 
 Colored as follows : Tail black, largely white at the base ; under 
 parts in the breeding season intense rufous, variegated with dusky, 
 head, neck, and upper parts brownish black, variegated with grey, 
 reddish and sometimes whitish speckling, young and winter plum- 
 age of the adult, grey and pale, with less of the ruddy tinge. This 
 is a more northerly inhabitant of the continent than the last, and 
 not so abundant ; it is also smaller than the other God wits. 
 
 Totamts semipalmatus. — Temm. Willet. Semipalraated Tattler. 
 
 To gunners this is a widely known species, being found in 
 great plenty along our sea coast and in the marshes. They may 
 be called residents of the United States. Being a large bird they 
 are shot extensively, but as a table bird are not highly esteemed. 
 The bird in summer is grey above with numerous black markings, 
 below white, throat, breast and sides streaked and marked with 
 dusky. In winter these markings are lacking, and the bird is of 
 a general ashy grey color. The legs are large and strong, the 
 toes semipalmated. 
 
170 GAME BIRDS OF NOKriI AMERICA. 
 
 Totanui tnelanoleHcus.—V\Q\\\. Greater Tell-tale. Greater Yellow-shanks. Big 
 Yollow-legs. Stone Snipe. Tftttler. Large Cucu. 
 
 This is one of the most familiar of our Bay-birds, his larjje size, 
 yellow legs, peculiar cry and usual wariness making him an object 
 of eager pursuit to the city-bred sportsman. They are, nowever, 
 universally disliked by gunners on account of their watchful 
 and noisy nature. They will stand motionless and in silence; 
 carefully regarding the sportsman with watchful attention until he 
 is nearly within shooting distance, when at a single note from one 
 of the flock, all instantly take flight, emitting loud clear whistles 
 of rejoicing at his discomfiture. Later in the season, however, 
 they seem to be less wary, and numbers can be procured without 
 difficulty. Though found in all situations near the water, their 
 favorite localities are muddy flats laid bare by the ebbing tide, the 
 salt marshes adjoining them, and the pools which dot these 
 marshes. They are generally lean and little valued for the 
 table. 
 
 A description of this bird is superfluous, as he is, next to the 
 Peep, our most common shore bird among the hordes that popu- 
 late our coasts, and is unmistakable. 
 
 Toianus yiavt'/es. —VieWl. Lesser Yellow-legs. Lesser Tell-tale. 
 
 An exact miniature of the last in coloration and its habits are 
 similar, the two are found associated, sometimes both being 
 brought down by the same discharge ; what applies to one is true 
 of the other. 
 
 Tring;a solitarius. — Aud. Solitary Tattler. 
 
 A familiar species to most gunners. It is for the most part a 
 resident of the wet woods and marshes, rather than the sea shore. 
 In early fall one or two may invariably be found feeding by any se- 
 cluded pool or pond, not necessarily near salt water ; when fright- 
 ened suddenly they are silent in their flights, but at other times 
 emit a shrill and not unmusical call. The color is dark lustrous 
 olive-brown above, below white, sides of neck and head streaked 
 with dusky, the tail is beautifully marked with black and white. 
 These birds are common to North America in general. A rather 
 
•V>''-v BEACH BIRDS. ^ i' ." 171 
 
 shy species, breeding in some of the mountainous portions of the 
 United States and north. 
 
 Tringoides macularius.— Gray. Spotted Sund-plper. Tip-up. Teeter. Sand 
 
 lark. Pcetweet. 
 
 This is one of our very common and abundant shore birds, 
 ivnown to all. They are not found in compact flocks, but in loose 
 companies of from five to ten. Color of adult, aljove, olive with a 
 coppery lustre, below pure white, throat and breast thickly spotted 
 with distinct black markings, these are wanting in the young, 
 whoso breast is white with perhaps an ashy suffusion ; they be- 
 come enormously fat in the autumn, but are poor eating owing to 
 the fishy nature of their food. The nest is placed on the ground 
 often in field or orchard, hut always near some body of water, and 
 is a slight affair, merely a collection of dried grasses ; the eggs 
 are four in number, of a muddy color, blotched with blackish. 
 
 Actiturus bartramius. — Bon. Bartramian Sandpiper. Upland Plover. Field 
 
 Plover. 
 
 An abundant migratory bird throughout North America. It 
 is an esteemed game bird, and is seen in flocks, in fields, not ne- 
 cessarily near the water, their principal food being insects. In 
 color they are blackish above, variegated with tawny and whitish, 
 below pale tawny, breast and sides with bars and arrowheads of 
 blackish, bill and legs pale. This species is far more abundant 
 on the plains of the Missouri River region than on any other sec- 
 lion of our country. It is found on the high dry plains any where, 
 and when fat, as it generally is, from the abundance of its favorite 
 food, the grasshopper, is one of the most delicious morsels ima- 
 ginable. They breed everywhere throughout this country, laying 
 four spotted eggs in a rather deep hollow in the ground, the nest 
 being composed merely of a few grass blades. 
 
 . . Tryngites ru/escen: —Ca,h. Butf-breasted Sandpiper. 
 
 In color much like the Bartramian Sandpiper ; it is a smaller 
 bird however, and will not be confounded with Bartramius. They 
 do not seem to be an abundant species, but are found generally 
 distributed throughout the open country of North America. 
 
172 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Heteroscelus uica. ?/j.— Coues. Wandering Tattler. 
 
 Peculiar to the islands and coasts of the Pacific, where they are 
 known by a dozen names. The plumage is generally a uniform 
 lead grey above, below white, shaded and barred with grey. 
 
 Numenius longirostris. — Wilson. Long-billed Curlew. Sickle-bill. Sabre-bill. 
 
 A common resident, distinguishable to gunners from all other 
 birds by the great length of its bill, which measures from five to 
 nine inches. The coloration is much like that of the Marlin, the 
 general tone of the bird being rufous, thickly marked with arrow- 
 heads pnd bars of blackish. 
 
 Nutnenius hudsonicus. — Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew. 
 
 Also abundant in the United States and breeds in British 
 America. The color is like that of the last species, but a shade 
 paler. It is a much smaller bird and its bill is shorter, being but 
 three to four inches in length. 
 
 Numenius borealis. — Lath. Esquimaux Curlew. Dough Bird. 
 
 Like the former in color but still smaller, the bill measun.,g 
 Uiider three inches. 
 
 Curlew are generally very abundant and breed in high, hilly, and 
 sandy grounds. The nest is ver" sligh and usually contains four 
 eggs, placed with the small ends toge. jr. These birds have a 
 singular way of just keeping out of gun-shot, and rise with a mourn- 
 ful cry, alarming every bird within hearing, thus spoiling the sport 
 among the Willets, as at certain seasons they frequently associate 
 with one another. The best decoy is to tie a dark bandanna hand- 
 kerchief on the top of a small stick, the gunner lying concealed be- 
 hind ; ome dry drift-wood, waving the decoy and imitating their 
 cry from time to time. It is not thought highly of as a table bird, 
 but when properly cooked with a little lemon, and good cayenne, it 
 is not to be despised. 
 
 An almost endless varitiy of the Limi'colce are found on the 
 shores of Lon-j Island, these localities seemingly being esppTially 
 adi.pted to this family and furnishing to them an inexhaustible sup- 
 ply of food. » 
 
BEACH BIRDS. . "^ 
 
 There are but a few methods employed in the puisuit of these 
 birds as the habits of most of the species are identical. We have thus 
 thought best to close the chapter with a few words on this point. 
 
 The best feeding grounds are Pelican Bar, South Bay; Egg 
 Harbor, Montauk Point, Forked River near Bamegat, seveiral 
 promontories near Stonington, Conn., Currituck Inlet, N. C, 
 and Cobb's Island on the eastern shore of Virginia. At the 
 two latter named places, shooting commences eaHy in Sep- 
 tember, and at the former early in August. To one contem- 
 plating a visit to any of these resorts, with the view of enjoying 
 Bay bird shooting, we would give the following advice : If 
 possible, go out very early in the morning on a high flood tide, 
 taking care to select a long narrow sand-bar that is not covered at 
 high-water, and one that juts out from the mainland ; gather some 
 dry drift-wood and build a small blind, scooping out the sand. You 
 can then put out a few stools about twenty-five yards from the 
 blinds on the edge of high-water, and coinmence to imitate the 
 whistle of any bay bird with whose note you have become familiar ; 
 if the wind should be blowing on shore and the tide likely to be 
 very high, the sand-bars will be all covered and the birds having 
 no place to alight, fly backwards and forwards across this point 
 waiting for the tide to recede. Never pick up the wing-tipped 
 birds, as they act as decoys ; they flutter their wings, uttering shrill 
 whistles, and bring down hundreds of others to see " what is the 
 matter." As the flocks wheel around over the stools and at the 
 instant when during one of their circlings, they show their white 
 bellies, is the time to touch the trigger. You may then secure a 
 dozen biids at a single discharge. ' Wh :g down certain kinds 
 of beach birds to decoys is practised successfully by old gunners 
 who are adepts in this art. Novices had better trust to their de- 
 coys. Another plan is to sail leisurely down on the birds as they 
 are feeding on the bars ; but if there are any Curlew there, it is 
 necessary to remain perfectly still and hide yourself. The slight- 
 est oversight on the part of the sportsman to observe these laws, 
 will cause the Curlew instantly to give the alarm and your sport is 
 vil. With everytiung in your favor, tides, wind, slightly foggy 
 weather, the shooting of Curlew is generally at long range. Now 
 and then you may get a shot at them as they fly over at forty yards 
 
f 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 Li .1.. 
 
 174 C/fyl/i? B/l!DS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 or so. Your clothes should be of a marsh-grass, or sedge color. 
 Always have the barrels of your gun well " browned ; " use a ten- 
 bore, four and a half drachms of powder, and one and a quarter 
 ounces of No. 7 shot, a pair of long rubber boots and a light rub- 
 ber blanket. For the smaller bay snipe you can use No. 10 shot 
 and upwards, according to their size. For Plover, if you have a 
 fine retrieving spaniel, he will be of service. 
 
 By these methods are shot Willets, Large and Small Yellow- 
 le^s, Dowitchers, Killdeer, Robin-snipe, Turnstonri and very many 
 of the smaller Sand-pipers and Plover. The sport is much enjoyed 
 by many, and with us of the Eastern coasts it has the additional 
 advantage of being so convenient and accessible from the city, that 
 many business men can easily and at short notice reach the shoot- 
 ing ground, where circumstances prohibit a long sojourn from the 
 city. In our opinion, however, the pleasures of Bay bird shooting 
 should not be spoken of in the same sentence with cocking or snip- 
 ing. The birds after being secured are not gamey, and the man- 
 ner of securing them is tame compared with the inspiriting hunt 
 of the Quail, Woodcock, Grouse or Snipe, where the accessory of 
 a brace of good dogs is not wanting. 
 
RAIL AND REED BIRDS. 
 
 FEW of our birds are as little known to the unscientific, as 
 the species which are comprised in the family of the RallidcB. 
 Migrating altogether by night, and passing their lives among the 
 wet meadows and marshes, they are rarely disturbed, except by 
 the ornithological collector, and for perhaps a month in the au- 
 tumn by the sportsman. 
 
 Yet they are very interesting little birds, active, energetic, and 
 above all inquisitive. At high water they may often be seen in 
 considerable numbers running rapidly about over the floating 
 sedge, the head well thrown back and the short, pointed tail erect 
 and brought as far forward as possible. At such times, if the ob- 
 server will but remain perfectly motionless the nimble little feeders 
 will approach within a few feet of him, and he may note each de- 
 tail of form and coloring. At the least movement, however, all 
 the birds take the alarm and run back to the shelter of the stand- 
 ing grass or rushes whence they came. Their swiftness of foot is 
 surprising, and they splash along over the floating reeds and grass 
 in a most reckless and noisy race. 
 
 That they are not badly frightened, however, is shown by the 
 fact that if all becomes quiet once more they will emerge from 
 their hiding-place almost immediately to inspect the object which 
 alarmed them, and after having satisfied their curiosity, will re- 
 commence feeding in their former jaunty and unconcerned man- 
 ner. While thus engaged they do not confine themselves wholly 
 to satisfying their appetites ; they are not so eager for food that 
 they cannot find time to stop for a little chatter and gossip with 
 one another. Indeed they often indulge in quite protracted con- 
 versations, sometimes in the shrillest and most argumentative 
 tones, and at others in low whispered chuckles that can hardly be 
 heard at the distance of ^ few feet. Often the birds can be called 
 from their grassy hiding-p'aces by an imitation of their shrill 
 
176 (14 ME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 cries, and we have sometimes drawn a dozen birds to the edge of 
 the rushes, \vl)ere they would stand and peer about until some 
 slight movement drove them back to their cover. 
 
 Ordinarily they seem very much averse to using their wings, 
 and prefer to trust for safely to their powers of running and hid- 
 ing. If possible they will always run to the thick grass or " cat- 
 tails," which the sportsman's boat cannot penetrate. When they 
 have not time to reach such places of refuge they may usually be 
 forced to fly, though they will sometimes hide in a bunch of grass, 
 and permit the boat to be pushed directly over them. Wounded 
 birds resort to every expedient of diving, swimming under water 
 and hiding, and unless the situation is exceptionally favorable for 
 the marker, they are more often lost than secured. We have 
 known them to cling for several minutes to the grass at the bot- 
 tom, and it is believed that they sometimes drown in this way, 
 rather than expose themselves to the chance of being captuied. 
 One of their commonest modes of concealment is to sink in the 
 water near a clump of grass, leaving only the bill exposed above 
 water, and this small object partially concealed by the surrounding 
 grass is easily overlooked. 
 
 Rallus longirostris. — Bodd. Clapper Rail. Salt-water Marsh-hen. Mud-hen. 
 
 Colors above variegated with dark olive-brown and pale olive- 
 ash, which edges the feathers ; below, dull ochre-brown whitening 
 on the throat, often ashy on the breast, flanks, fuscous-grey, with 
 white bars, eyelids and short superciliary stripe whitish. Young 
 Lirds are dirty-white below. The length is about fourteen to six- 
 teen inches. It inhabits the salt marshes of our Atlantic coast, 
 as far north as Massachusetts, although comparatively rare north 
 of Connecticut. They art exceedingly averse to Hying, and prefer 
 to seek safety by their powers of concealment, which are sometimes 
 marvellously exhibited. When, however, a dog follows the scent, 
 and there are no convenient holes into which they may creep, they 
 take to llight, making a very clumsy figure on the wing, dropping 
 suddenly into the grass, and scampering off as fast as possible. 
 Their flesh is poor, and the capturing of this, as well as the two 
 following species, is a matter of chance. The Clapper Rail, how- 
 ever, is only so difficult to secure in the Middle States. P^urther 
 
RAIL AND RKB.D BIRDS. 1 7/ 
 
 south, especially in the Carolinas, they are found and shot in num- 
 bers. Audubon speaks of fifty to a hundred birds beinji^ killed 
 during a tide. 
 
 Rallus elegans, — Aud. King-Rail. Fresh-water Marsh-hen. 
 
 In markings, this bird resembles longirostris, but ihe colors 
 are mucli brighter. It is also a larger bird. It is an inhabitant 
 of the fresh w^ter marshes of the United States, although they 
 are occasionally, during migrations, found in salt or brackish- 
 water marsh-lands ; a better table bird than the last, but rarely 
 seen or shot by gunners, on account of their reluctance to fly ; they 
 are sometimes flushed by boats, when after Sora, the birds having 
 ventured too far from their impenetrable cat-tails, while feeding 
 upon the wild-oats, the special food of the genus. 
 
 Rallus VirgiHianus.—\Jm.n, Virginia Rail. Red Rail. Corn-crake. 
 
 Coloration as in elegans of which it is a perfect miniature ; 
 length eight and one-half to ten and one-half inches ; a common 
 migrating species of the United States, sometimes found beyond 
 the line. This bird is well known to Sora hunters, being shot in 
 the same situation and localities ; it is not, however, so peculiarly a 
 fresh water bird, being in early summer, and sometimes late fall, 
 found in the great salt meadows ; they are, however, more fond of 
 thick cover than the Carolina Rail, and seldom venture far from 
 such places. When the moon is at its full in Septenioer or Octo- 
 ber, and the perigee, or in " shover " parlance " Pagy," tides take 
 place, the afternoon high-water sometimes almost outtops the 
 cat-tails, and it is at these times that most of the Virginia Rail are 
 secured, for the skiff of the gunner may then be pushed through 
 these ordinarily insurmountable barriers, and the inmates, two or 
 three Virginia Rail, perhaps a Least Bittern or rarer still a Florida 
 Gallinule may be thus started. Still for every fifty Sora, not more 
 than one Virginia Rail is boated. 
 
 Porzana Carolina.— Ciys&\n. Carolina Rail. Sora. Ortolan. 
 
 Olive brown above, varied with black and numerous sharp 
 white streaks and specks, flanks barfed With black and whitish ; 
 adult, face and central line of throat black, rest of the throat, line 
 8* 
 
178 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 over the eyes, and especially breast, slaty or bluish grey. This is 
 the most common and universally known of all the Rallidcc ; later 
 in this account we shall describe the manner of its pursuit. 
 
 Porzana no7'e6oracensis. —Cass'm. Yellow-breasted Rail. Little Yellow Rail. 
 
 Above varied with blackish and ochre-brown,- thickly marked 
 with narrow white semicircles and transverse bars, betow, pale 
 yellowish-brown fading on the belly, deepest on breast, flanks dark 
 with numerous white bars, small, about six inches in length. This 
 little bird is not supposed to be a common species ; confined to 
 Eastern North America. On account of its secluded habits and 
 extreme dislike to take wing, they are very rarely secured. 
 
 We were fortunate enough a year since, during the month of 
 October, to make some observations on the habits of P. navcbora- 
 ccnsis which deserve to be briefly noticed. While working a young 
 puppy on snipe over a wet meadow, we were somewhat annoyed 
 by the dog's often making what we supposed false points. We 
 were unable to start any birds from before him, and several times 
 called him away, supposing that he was standing on the scent of 
 a bird that had recently been there. At length, however, the dog 
 was seen, after standing for a moment, to reach down and grasp 
 at something in the grass before him, and immediately afterwards 
 a small Rail rose and flew a short distance. Recognizing it as a 
 Rail, and seeing that it was very different from anything which we 
 are accustomed to see in this vicinity, we shot the specimen, and 
 when it was retrieved were surprised and pleased to find that it 
 was a Yellow-breasted Rail. 
 
 Subsequent examination of the meadows proved that the 
 species was quite common, and we did no small injury to our dog's 
 training by allowing him to hunt the birds after his own method. 
 The little creatures were astonishingly tame, and would hide 
 among the bogs on the meadow, or creep into holes in the ground, 
 from which the dog would draw them forth in his mouth. We 
 caught one in our hands, and killed another with a dog whip. A 
 third flew against the legs of one of the party, and then dropped 
 down into the grass again. In all, about a dozen specimens (of 
 which nine were preserved) were taken in an hour or two, and no 
 doubt had more time been at our command, this number might 
 
RAIL AND REED BIRDS. 1 79 
 
 have been materially increased. It was apparent that the species 
 was migrating in considerable numbers, and that its supposed 
 rarity is in a great measure due to its retiring habits and to its 
 propensity for hiding when it can instead of Hying. It is evident 
 that a collector familiar with these habits would have no difficulty 
 in securing a goodly number of specimens. 
 
 The facts just related would seem to indicate that if collectors 
 did but know where and at what time to look for them, some of 
 the migrating birds now considered rare in certain localities might 
 be found there in considerable numbers ; and that as our knowl- 
 edge of bird life and habits becomes more and more extended, the 
 so-called rare species will gradually be eliminated from our lists, 
 until finally the time will come when we shall know just where 
 and when to look for any given species. 
 
 Porzana yamaiceMst's.— Cassia, Black Rail. 
 
 Color blackish, head and under parts dark slaty, paler on 
 throat, above speckled with white, upper portion of back varied 
 with dark chestnut, flanks white-barred. A very small bird, about 
 five and a half inches in length — found in South and Central 
 America and West Indies, rare in the United States. There are 
 a few instances on record of this bird having been secured in the 
 Middle States, notably the finding of one in Massachusetts in 1869. 
 It was during the migrating season, and the bird was found on 
 the ground beneath the telegraph wires. What was said at the 
 close of our remarks on the Little Yellow Rail about their sup- 
 posed rarity, may apply equally well to this species. 
 
 Gallinula £^cUettta.~Bon. Florida Gallinule. King Rail. 
 
 Head, neck and under parts greyish black, darkest on head, 
 paler or whitening on the belly, back brownish olive, wings and 
 tail dusky, edge of wing, stripes on the flanks white, bill and 
 frontal plate red, the former tipped with yellow, length twelve to 
 fifteen inches. An inhabitant of the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 States, occurs occasionally north to Massachusetts. 
 
 Porphyrio mariim'ca.—Tcmm. Purple Gallinule, 
 
 Head, neck and under parts purplish blue, above olivaceous- 
 green, frontal shield blue, bill red with yellavv tip, legs yellowish ; 
 
i8o 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 young with head, neck and lower part of back brownish, under 
 parts whitish, length ten to twelve inches. South Atlantic and 
 Gulf States, north rarely to New England. 
 
 Fu/ica americana. —Gmelin. Coot, Sea Crow. 
 
 Color, dark slate, paler below, blackening in the head and neck, 
 tinged with olive on the back, edge of wing and tips of secondaries 
 w^hite, bill whitish marked with reddish black near the tip, feet 
 dull green, length fourteen inches. The feet of the Coot are 
 widely lobed like the Phalaropes, and they are more at home on the 
 water than on the land. They feed along the shores of fresh 
 water creeks and rivers, and numbers are yearly taken by Rail 
 hunters. 
 
 By far the most abundant of the Rail in the Middle States, 
 especially during the migrations, is the so-called Sora {Porzana 
 Carolina) ; next in abundance come the Salt water Marsh-hen 
 (Ralhis lo7igirostris), and the Virginia Rail or Corncrake (R. vir- 
 gi7iianus), the latter a bird most unwilling to use its wings, and 
 ordinarily not to be started from the ground except by the aid of a 
 dog. The Coot (Ftdica amcricana) is rather abundant in the 
 middle districts, and from its size and habits is perhaps more gen- 
 erally known than the other members of the family. The Florida 
 gallinule (GaUinula galcata) is rare, but we have occasionally 
 taken it. This family contains two or three speties which are 
 quite rare, and which are eagerly sought after by ornithological 
 collectors. The yellow-breasted rail (Porzana navcboracensis) is 
 one of these and the black rail (P. ja?naiccnsis) another, the latter 
 being regarded as one of the rarest of North American birds. The 
 European Corncrake (Crex pratensis) is only found on this conti- 
 nent as an accidental visitor. 
 
 Rail shooting is a sport enjoyed almost exclusively by Philadel- 
 phians ; certainly in no other city is it followed so regularly, and 
 with so much zest. The season occurs between times, as it were, 
 and after the two long summer months of July and August, when 
 there has been little or no shooting, it is no wonder that September 
 first is hailed with delight by the sportsman. 
 
 The numerous flats and islands in tiie Delaware River at this 
 season of the year are covered with a dense growth of wild oats, 
 
RAIL AND REED BIRDS. l8l 
 
 or reed, as it is commonly called, shooting up from the oozy bottom, 
 alternately bare and flooded with water three or four feet at each 
 succeeding rise and fall of the tide. As the reed begins to ripen 
 about the middle or latter part of August, the Rail arrive and soon 
 become very fat, the wild oats imparting to them a delicious flavor' 
 when served for the table. Countless numbers of reed or rice 
 birds dock to the same feeding ground, and although not proper 
 game, are much persecuted, more on account of the dainty dish 
 they offer than the pleasuie they afford in shooting. 
 
 Several varieties of the Rail are killed on the Delaware ; by far 
 the most common is the Por::ana Carolina, or Sora. The Ralhts 
 virginianiis, or Red Rail, a few years ago was more frequently met 
 with than latterly. The Ralliis elcgans, or King Rail is compara- 
 tively rare, but at times shot, and the Rallus longlrostris, Clapper 
 Rail, or Mud-hen, so far leaves his home of the salt meadows as to 
 sometimes fall a victim to his wanderings. The common Coot, 
 likewise of the same family oi Rallidce, or Rail, maybe considered 
 a rare bird here. 
 
 At most, rail shooting does not last longer than three hours 
 during a day, and much depends upon the extent of the tide, and 
 indeed a great deal on the wind and the moon, for it is well known 
 that a full moon, occurring during the prevalence of a northeast- 
 erly or southeasterly wind, will bring on a " high water," which is 
 most favorable for rail shooting. The more tide the most Rail, 
 always. 
 
 And now to the modus operandi of rail shooting. Fully 
 equipped, with plenty of ammunition — one hundred and fifty 
 rounds at least — (it is best to have enough, and not run short as 
 we did on one occasion, contenting ourself with " low boat " while 
 our companions were knocking the bird" right and left around 
 us.) Your pusher will row you, we will say from the landing at 
 the Lazaretto, two or three hours before high water, to the upper 
 end of Tinnicum Island, in the centre of the river, where, if the 
 tide is to be a high one, the water will allow the boat to be pushed 
 first on to a flat on the Jersey shore called "Clemmel," which is 
 the lowest on the Delaware. Standing a little forward of ann'd- 
 ships you brace yourself while your attendant on the decked end 
 of his clinker-built skiff begins his work ; and it is work, this push- 
 
l82 GAME BIRDS Of NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ing without cessation, of man and boat through masses of standing 
 reed for two or three hours. As the skiff is i)ropeiled, the rail, 
 forced to tly by the rising tide and the quicic approach of the 
 shooter, presents an easy and simple mark, the polenian aliracting 
 the sportsman's attention by a " mark right " or " mark left," as the 
 direction may be, the recovering being the most difficult, owing to 
 the great sameness of the surrounding reed. But such is the skill of 
 these pushers in marking down with their white wooden blocks, of 
 which four to six are always at hand, the birds as they fall, that, we 
 have known five birds to have been killed before one was boated, 
 and all were recovered. Seldom, if ever, is a dead Rail lost by any 
 of these men. 
 
 Shifting to grounds that allow the ingress of the boat at a later 
 state of the tide the sport is continued, and shot after shot is 
 had in quick succession, each pusher striving to outdo his fellows, 
 until the ebb drives the shooter from the flats to count his head of 
 birds, and to learn who the lucky " high boat " is, for be it known 
 a great honor is attached to the gun and to the pusher of the for- 
 tunate skiff. 
 
 Frequently one hundred Rail are killed during a tide. Some- 
 times one hundred and twenty, and never less than fifty, if there 
 is any water at all. It is common while being pushed through the 
 weeds to have shots at teal and larger ducks as they jump from 
 some ditch or pool on the flats, and it is best always to have a spare 
 gun with No. 5 or 6 shot for them. As for rail, we use Nos. 10 
 and 12. A breech-loading gun is invaluable for rail shooting, and 
 the " high boat " is generally found to be the possessor of one of 
 these improved arms. Last season Rail were unusually plenty, and 
 shooting lasted well into the latter part of October, but we had very 
 few very high tides, one hundred and seven rail being the greatest 
 number of birds shot in a single day. 
 
 Before breech-loaders were adopted it required considerable 
 care in fixing up all things necessary for the rapid loading ot muz- 
 zle-loaders, such as " rail boxes," shot cartridges, loading rods, 
 etc. But now with a breech-loader, which can be secured from a 
 friend, or hired at a gun store, and with from one hundred to one 
 hundred and fifty properly loaded shells, say with two drachms of 
 powder and three-quarters of an ounce of No. 12 shot, one is pre- 
 
RAIL AND REED BIRDS. 1 83 
 
 pared to strike out for Chester or the Lazaretto, wlicrc good, clean, 
 tight boats and the most skillful pushers may at any time be ob- 
 tained. As this kind of shooting is done altogether from a clean, 
 dry boat the shooter requires no special change of clothing. 
 
 To show in what vast numbers this bird is sometimes found on 
 these reedy flats, we will relate an experience of our own. A few 
 years ago, while we were li\ ing in Phila(U-'li)hia, we ran down to 
 Chester, secured a pusher, and started out with about twenty other 
 boats. As all shooting ceases when the tide begins to fall, the 
 boats return about the same time. By actual count, we found that 
 the number of rail killed amounted to fifty per boat, making full 
 one thousand birds killed at one tide, giving a little over three 
 hours' shooting. On that occasion we killed one hundred and 
 three birds, and one or two other boats did a trifle better. 
 
 In order to have the best show for a shoot it will be better to 
 secure a pusher beforehand, which can always be done by applica- 
 tion at the gun stores of Mr. John Krider, corner of Second and 
 Walnut streets, or Mr. Abm. Peterman, in Dock street, above 
 Walnut, Philadelphia. 
 
 There is no law in this State protecting rail. Fair shooting 
 may be obtained on the Hackensack meadows, especially in what 
 used to be known as the English Neighborhood. 
 
 Dolichonyx orizyvorus. — Swainson. Bobolink. Reed-bird. Rice-bird. Butter- 
 bird. 
 
 Colors in fall, yellowish-brown above, brownish yellow below ; 
 crown and back conspicuously streaked with black, rump and sides 
 less broadly so ; crown with a median and lateral light stripe ; wings 
 and tail blackish, pale edged ; length about seven inches. This well 
 known species is found throughout the Eastern sections of our coun- 
 try in the greatest abundance. In the spring time he is the Bobo- 
 link of the Middle and Eastern districts and then does he appear 
 in his most showy dress. He is accounted the champion song- 
 ster of the meadows. During the month of August the males lose 
 their song, begin to moult and assume the plumage of the female 
 as described above. By the first of September they have finished 
 moulting, and retire to the fields of wild oats in immense numbers 
 to feed upon the ripening seeds. At this ::eason they are known 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 L25 III 1.4 ill 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
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 v: 
 
 
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 V 
 
1 84 GAAfE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 by the name of Reed-bird. Now they are more plenty on the 
 meadows of the Delaware and Schuylkill than elsewhere, and the 
 Philadelphia markets teem with the delicious little birds. Sports- 
 men do not hunt them ; perhaps when railing a few shots may be 
 fired into their dense ranks, as they whirl by, but the markets are 
 supplied by pot-hunters exclusively. As the cooler weather drives 
 them further south they find still another name, being known as 
 Rice-birds and sometimes Ortolan. In the West Indies where 
 they winter in great numbers they are called Butter-birds. T^hey 
 can hardly be called a game bird, but are highly prized by epicures 
 the country through. 
 
SWANS. 
 
 BUT two species of Swans inhabit North America, and only 
 one of these is known to the gunners of our Eastern Coast, 
 Cygmis buccinator, being found only in the Mississippi Valley and 
 to the Westward. Swans being the largest and most beautiful of 
 our wild fowl, are highly esteemed and eagerly sought for by the 
 sportsman, but owing to their rarity and their extreme wariness, 
 but few are killed. Notwithstanding their great size, they fly with 
 wonderful swiftness, and the thick covering of feathers and down 
 with which they are protected, will turn the largest drop shot. 
 The sportsman then, who has killed his Swan, has reason to con- 
 gratulate himself, not only on his skill in bringing the bird to bag, 
 but on his good fortune in getting a shot at it. 
 
 Cygnus hucctnator. —KichaxAson. Trumpeter Swan. 
 
 As has been remarked, the Trumpeter Swan is scarcely or not 
 at all found east of the Mississippi, and it is perhaps most abun- 
 dant in California, Oregon and Washington Territory, especially 
 at the mouth of the Columbia River ; even here, however, it is not 
 common, being greatly outnumbered by the Whistling Swan. It 
 occurs somewhat sparingly during its migrations all over the Mis- 
 souri River region, and is not uncommon on the waters of the 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 The Trumpeter Swan is pure white in color, with the exception 
 of the bill and feet, which are black. The tail is composed of 
 twenty-four feathers, and this character will serve to distinguish it 
 from the Whistling Swan, which has only twenty. The bill is 
 longer than the head, and the bird measures in total length, from 
 four to five feet, and weighs usually about twenty pounds. Audu- 
 bon mentions one, however, which weighed thirty-eight pounds, 
 and had a spread of wings of ten feet. The Swan is only able to 
 
1 86 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 rise from the water against the wind, and even then is obliged to 
 flap and run along the surface for many yards, before it can gain 
 way enough to rise into the air. The expert sportsman, if he dis- 
 covers a flock feeding in a creek, narrow river, or pond, will take 
 advantage of this fact, and may often thus make a successful shot 
 at them. This species reaches the interior, from the North, just 
 before the first hard frosts. During the day, it rests in security 
 on large bodies of open water, and at night resorts to the shoals, 
 or to neighboring grassy ponds, for the purpose of feeding. Some 
 are killed while passing from one feeding ground to another, at 
 which times, if the wind is strong and against them, they fly low 
 enough to be within reach of shot. Sometimes, too, they fly 
 within range of points of land where the hunters are concealed, 
 and are killed in this way. In shooting at birds of this g^nus, the 
 sportsman will do well to aim at the head or neck of the bird that 
 he has selected, as the body is so admirably protected by its cov- 
 ering of feathers, that, unless his gun be loaded with very large 
 shot, the bird, even if hit, may fly far out of reach before falling. 
 The cygnets of this species are pale grey in color, and are much 
 smaller than the full grown birds ; they are, however, delicious 
 eating, while the white individuals are, as a rule, tough and 
 stringy, in fact quite uneatable. 
 
 About the breeding habits of this species, little or nothing is 
 known, save that the young are produced in the far North. It is 
 not improbable, however, that a few may breed in the high moun- 
 tains of Montana and Idaho, as the species has been observed 
 during the summer on the Yellowstone Lake by recent explorers. 
 
 Cygnus aw^r?Va««j.— Sharpless. American Swan. Whistling Swan. 
 
 This species is much more widely distributed than the pre- 
 ceding. It is found throughout the whole breadth of the Conti- 
 nent, as far south as the Carolinas on the eastern seaboard, and 
 beyond the southern boundaries of the United States on the 
 western. In northern New England, however, it apparently does 
 not occur, and it is probable that in its migrations it passes over 
 the land, instead of following the coast lines, as do most of our 
 wild fowl. 
 
 This species is somewhat smaller than the foregoing, but is 
 
SWANS. 187 
 
 similarly colored, except as to the bill, which is usually marked at 
 the base with a spot of bright yellow. The nostrils, too, are me- 
 dian, instead of being as in the Trumpeter, in the basal half of the 
 bill. The young are grey. 
 
 This species was found by Mr. Dall, breeding in large numbers 
 on the great marshes near the mouth of the Yukon in Alaska. 
 The eggs are generally two in number, yellowish white in color, 
 and measure from four to four and one half inches in length, and 
 from two and one half to two and three-quarters in breadth. In 
 July, when the Swans are moulting and cannot fly, the Indians of 
 Alaska destroy great numbers of them by spearing them with 
 '.heir bone tridents. The few Swans that are annually secured on 
 the Atlantic coast, are for the most part killed on the Chesapeake 
 Bay or at Currituck. They are not systematically pursued, but are 
 generally captured by carelessly flying too close to gunners who 
 are lying in wait for ducks or geese. 
 
 Except the Whiteheaded and Golden Eagles, the Swan has no 
 enemies except man, for it is so large and powerful, and so wary a 
 bird, as not to fear the attacks of any animal. 
 
WILD GEESE AND BRANT. 
 
 "AS silly as a goose," is an expression which, though entitled 
 /~\_ to very great respect on account of its antiquity, has long 
 gone out of favor with those gunners who have given much time 
 or attention to the pursuit of these birds, for they are certainly the 
 shyest and least easily imposed upon of any of our wild fowl. 
 
 Yes, Wild Geese, notwithstanding all references to their un- 
 gainly movement and doltish intellect, still maintain their exalted 
 position in the sportsman's estimation, and he, if keen of observe - 
 tion, will learn from them many things that will materially entitle 
 them to advancement in the mental grade, and prove the truth of 
 another very old adage, which specifies that you cannot judge of 
 things by their outward appearance. A goose, waddling around 
 the ^ arnyard, may not present a very graceful appearance, nor 
 seem anything above an idiotically obtuse bird mentally, yet that 
 ungainly creature, when in its natural state, has an ease of motion 
 in flight which will compare with any of the feathered tribe, and 
 evinces a knowledge of the means of defence, and of escaping the 
 attacks of its enemies that few can excel. There is probably no 
 bird more cautious, vigilant, and apprehensive of danger than this, 
 and these qualities alone should entitle it to more respect than 
 writers unacquainted with its habits have shown when speaking 
 of it, for few cirry the objection as far as the table. Around, 
 plump Wild Goose makes a delicious morceau for the palate ; and 
 all the trouble of hunting after it through marshes, morasses, or. 
 lakes is amply repaid when its succulent flesh appears upon the 
 table. 
 
 No less than eight well determined species of Geese and Brant 
 inhabit North America, including the Blue Goose Anser ca-nt- 
 lescens, long regarded as a doubtful species, and considered by 
 older writers the young of the Snow Goose, A. hyperborens. Be- 
 sides these there are four varieties, so that the list of our geese in 
 
WILD GEESE AND BRANT. 1 89 
 
 all includes about a dozen forms. In addition to the true geese, two 
 species of Dendrocygna are found occasionally near the southern 
 boundary of the United States. This genus consists of somewhat 
 duck-like tree-inhabiting geese of tropical distribution. They serve 
 to connect the Anserina: with the Anatina:. 
 
 Besides the other very obvious differences which exist between 
 them, the Geese are readily distinguishable on the one hand 
 from the Swans, by having a strip of feathered skin between the 
 eye and the bill, and on the other from the ducks, by having the 
 tarsus entirely reticulate. 
 
 Anser aibi/romvax.gamieli.—Conts. White-fronted Goose. Brant. 
 
 Speckle-belly. 
 
 The White-fronted or Laughing Goose has reddish legs and 
 bill ; feathers at the side of bill and on the forehead, white ; mar- 
 gined behind with blackish brown ; remainder of neck and head 
 greyish brown, but paler on the jugulum. The back is bluish 
 grey ; the feathers anteriorly tipped with brown ; the breast and 
 belly are greyish white, blotched with black ; the anal region, 
 flanks, under and upper tail coverts, white ; greater wing 
 coverts edged with white. Tail, sixteen feathers, and colored 
 brown, with white tips ; axillars and under surface of wings 
 ashy plumbeous. 
 
 This species is by no means abundant on our Atlantic seaboard, 
 and the few that are exposed for sale in our markets during the 
 spring and fall come, for the most part, from the Western States. 
 The bird is found in considerable numbers on the prairies of the 
 Mississippi Valley, and is there called Prairie Brant by marketmen 
 and gunners. It is on the Pacific Slope, however, that the White- 
 fronted Goose is to be found in greatest abundance. In Oregon 
 and Northern California the species is very abundant in the autumn, 
 and some remain all winter ; but the greater number go farther 
 South. At the mouth of the Columbia River, and in the valley of 
 the Willamette, it can be found in large flocks, but it seems to be 
 quite scarce along Puget Sound. It appears to prefer the grassy 
 patches along streams flowing into the ocean, or the tidewater flats 
 so abundant in several parts of Oregon and Washington Territory. 
 In this section the Speckle-bellies, as they are there called, feed in 
 
IQO GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 company with the Snow Goose, and are pursued in the same man- 
 ner as that species. The White-fronted Goose breeds in great 
 numbers in the wooded districts north of the sixty-seventh parallel. 
 It is also abundant in Alaska during the summer, breeding along 
 the Yukon River in companies. It lays from seven to ten eggs in 
 a depression in the sand, no nest being formed. 
 
 A nser kyptrboreus. — Pallas. Snow Goose. White Brant. ' 
 
 Bill and feet pink, the lamina^ of the former very prominent, so 
 that the bird looks as though it were showing its teeth ; claws dark. 
 Color pure white, except the primaries which are black-tipped, 
 specimens often show a wash of rusty on head and neck. Length 
 thirty inches, wing seventeen to nineteen inches. Variety albatus 
 is colored as above, but is somewhat smaller, measuring only 
 twenty-five inches in length. 
 
 Although this species is distributed over the whole continent, 
 it does not seem to be abundant east of the Missouri River. 
 Stragglers are occasionally taken on the Atlantic seaboard, but 
 they are rare. In the Missouri River region this species becomes 
 more numerous, and when we reach the great Interior Basin they 
 begin to appear in flocks of enormous numbers. As with the pre- 
 ceding species, however, the Pacific Slope is the favorite winter 
 home of the Snow Goose. Here it frequents the sand-bars of the 
 Columbia and Willamette Rivers in countless numbers in the au- 
 tumn, especially during the night and dry weather, the plains being 
 preferred during the cool of the day, or in rainy weather. The 
 usual mode of hunting it is to lie in ambush behind a fence on the 
 prairie, and as the waddlers approach to give them both barrels, 
 heavily laden with No, i, or buckshot ; this is sure to leave half a 
 dozen hors de combat, and very often double the number. If the 
 hunter does not show himself, he is likely to get several volleys at 
 them, as the noise frightens them only for a few moments. Should 
 their suspicion be aroused, they rise upward slowly in a dense 
 cloud of white, and sound their alarum notes ; but they may not 
 go over fifty yards ere they alight again, so that the amusement 
 may be continued without much toil or inconvenience. Another 
 mode is to mount a horse and approach them as closely as possi- 
 ble, then give them the contents of your barrels, and, if they do 
 
WILD GEESE AND BKANT. IQI 
 
 not fly, to draw still nearer, and give them smaller shot at from 
 forty to sixty yards. 
 
 Sometimes they are stalked behind trained cattle, which feed 
 gradually toward the flock, the hunter keeping himself well con- 
 cealed behind his ox. In this way great numbers are secured, for 
 the goose shooters of the West coast use demi-cannons, and load 
 them with all that they will bear. 
 
 In Oregon the sportsmen hunt on the prairies during wet or 
 lowering weather, but resort to the sand-bars of ihe rivers during 
 moonlight nights and sunny days. Some excellent sport can be 
 enjoyed by shooting the birds on the bars as they return from their 
 feeding grounds late in the evening, taking them on the wing 
 as they fly past. A favorite method for hunting them at night is 
 to light a fire on the river bank, or bar, so that its glow may 
 illumine the bewildered birds near at hand, and then to pour volley 
 after volley into them as they rise in the air to escape the unusual 
 apparition, or to study its meaning and purpose. 
 
 No matter in what way the birds are killed, there seems to be 
 no diminution in their numbers at the return of each season, as 
 they are reported abundant everywhere, from the Pacific Ocean to 
 the Missouri River. This species winters in Southern California, 
 Texas, and Arizona, reaching its grounds about the first of De- 
 cemiber, though of course many arrive at their southern home a 
 couple of months before that time. 
 
 Of the breeding habits of the Snow Goose veiy little is known, 
 beyond the fact that they nest in the far North. Their eggs are 
 of a yellowish white color, and are but little larger than those of 
 the Eider Duck. According to Mr. Dall this species does not breed 
 on the Yukon River in Alaska, and is only seen there for a few 
 days in spring on its way to more northern latitudes. 
 
 There is no doubt that were a systematic attempt made to do- 
 mesticate the Snow Goose, it would be in the highest degree suc- 
 cessful, and when we consider the excellence of its flesh, it would 
 seem that it might well repay our California sportsmen to preserve 
 their wing-tipped or only slightly wounded birds, for the purpose 
 of trying the experiment. Mr. Ridgway in the American Nat- 
 uralist has given us an interesting account of the voluntary domes- 
 tication in Illinois of a bird of this species. 
 
192 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Anser row//.— Baird. Ross' Goose. Hornea Wavy. 
 
 " Bill stutlded at the base with numerous elevated papillae." 
 Colored exactly like the Snow Goose, but much smaller ; less than 
 two feet long, the body being about the size of that of a Mallard 
 Duck. 
 
 This is a long lost species, recently rediscovered, about which 
 little is known. It is an inhabitant of Arctic America, entering 
 the United States in winter, but apparently not in very great num- 
 bers. It has been tak jn near San Francisco, California, and prob- 
 ably enters the Missouri River region in winter. Of its habits 
 nothing is known. It is perhaps more abundant in the fall in the 
 Red River country than anywhere else, and shooting Wavies on 
 the little lakes with which this region is dotted, is said to be a 
 favorite amusement of the sportsmen of that section. 
 
 A nser cesrulescens. — Vieillot. Blue Goose. Bald-headed Brant. 
 
 The Blue Goose was for a long time regarded as simply the 
 young of the Snow Goose, which species it very closely resembles 
 in all details of form and structure. At present, however, our 
 ornithological authorities have decided that it is a perfectly good 
 species. 
 
 The head, upper neck and tail-coverts and most of the under 
 parts white ; remaining plumage ashy grey varied with dark 
 brown. 
 
 The Blue Goose, or as it is called in some parts of the West, 
 the White or Bald-headed Brant, is distributed during its migra- 
 tions over the greater portion of the United States. Like its con- 
 geners, however, it is rare on the Atlantic coast, and is found in 
 greatest abundance on the Pacific Slope, where it associates with 
 the Snow Goose and the White-fronted Goose. But little is 
 known of its habits. 
 
 Philacte canagica. — Bonn. Emperor Goose. Painted Goose. 
 
 This handsome species is confined to Alaska and the North- 
 west coast, and is scarcely, or not at all, known to sportsmen. In 
 size, it about equals the White-fronted Goose. The head, hind- 
 neck and tail are white, the former often with a wash of rusty 
 
WILD GEESE AND BRANT. 
 
 193 
 
 yellow ; remaining parts wavy bluish grey, varied with pale lilac, 
 and sharply marked here and there with crescent-like black spots. 
 Throat black, speckled with white, quills black and white. This 
 bird is abundant in Alaska. 
 
 Branta leuca/sts. —Bonn. Barnacle Goose. 
 
 A European species which has, it is believed, been taken in this 
 country but three times ; Hudson's Bay, Amcrkan Naturalist, vol. 
 ii. p. 49. North Carolina, ibid. vol. v. p. 10, and Long Island, 
 Forest and Stream, vol. vii. pp. 181, 245, 277; also Nut tall Bul- 
 letin, January, 1877. This species is somewhat less in size than 
 the Canada Goose, being intermediate between that species and 
 the common Brant B. bernicla. Its length is about twenty-eight 
 inches, wing seventeen. Tail coverts, sides of rump, forehead, 
 sides of head and throat white ; back scapulars and wing coverts 
 bluish grey ; under parts greyish white, other parts black. Goose 
 shooters should be on the constant lookout for this very rare bird. 
 
 The genus Branta, under which this and the remaining species 
 of North American Geese fall, are always to be distinguished from 
 the two preceding genera by having the bill and legs black, and 
 the head and neck black with white spaces. We have but three 
 species to be placed here, with three more or less well marked 
 varieties. 
 
 Branta herntcla,—ScoT[). Brant Goose. Black Brant. 
 
 The true B. bernicla, is the common bird of the East Coast, 
 but is " rare or casual " on the Pacific, where it is replaced by var. 
 nigricans, the Black Brant, which is not found on the Atlantic. 
 The Brant is about two feet in length, and is but little larger than 
 a good-sized Mallard Duck. Its head, neck, body anteriorly, 
 quills and tail, are black. Upper tail coverts, streaks on sides 
 of neck, upper eyelid and sometimes touches on throat, white ; 
 back and under parts brownish grey, the latter fading posteriorly 
 into white, on the belly and under tail coverts. Black of neck 
 well defined against the brown of the breast. In variety nigricans 
 the black of the lower neck extends backward over most of the 
 lower parts, gradually fading out behind. The white neck 
 patches, too, are large and generally meet in front. The differen- 
 
194 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ces in size and plumage between the males and females of this 
 species are very slight. The young birds are a shade paler brown 
 than the old ones, and have the wing coverts more deeply mar- 
 gined with white. Brant are exclusive and reserved in their habits, 
 never consorting with other fowl. They hiss at one approaching 
 as other geese do, and their " ruck, ruck," and "r-r-ronk, r-ronk," 
 when trilled off by an expert, is not altogether unmusical. The 
 domestic life of the Brant, the order of the family, the food of the 
 young, their growth and development, are entirely unknown. No 
 one has at any time, we presume, studied their habits from birth 
 to maturity, and consequently that great field for studying charac- 
 ter — the home — is lost to us. 
 
 Although at many points on our coast live birds of this species 
 are kept as decoys, we believe that in no case have they shown 
 any disposition to breed when confined, in this respect differing 
 widely from the Canada Goose. While in bondage, they drink 
 fresh water, but in a normal condition, if they drink at all, it is of 
 salt water. Their food is almost wholly vegetable, consisting of 
 eel grass and other marine growths. They are said to feed also, 
 on the " sand worm," but it is doubtful if they ever partake of fish. 
 Their excrementary deposits, too, iiid'cate a diet almost ertirely 
 vegetable, and as they never dive except when wounded and pur- 
 sued, they must feed where the water is less than two feet deep. 
 Corn alone constitutes the bill of fare of the decoys. At Cape 
 Cod, in ordinary seasons. Brant begin to arrive and depart early in 
 March, and they continue coming and going till the end of April. 
 At times there are immense numbers on the feeding ground. 
 They are too wise to set out upon a long voyage in the teeth of a 
 northeasterly storm, but let the wind haul to southwest, and one 
 will see those nearest shore gobble a quantity of sand — " take in 
 ballast," as the natives say — lift up and swing round, often two or 
 three times to get the proper altitude, then strike out over the 
 beach in an E. N. E. direction, and with such precision as to pro- 
 voke the remark that each leader must carry a compass in the top 
 of his head to steer by. There is no day during the season above 
 named, when there are not more or less Brant at this point, and 
 with proper appliances and skillful management, large numbers of 
 them may be slaughtered, but no sport is more dubious than this 
 
IVILD GEESE A.VD BRANT, 195 
 
 Brant shootinjr. The tides, wind, weather, all have their influ- 
 ence, and the birds are often very freakish and do not decoy well. 
 
 The course they lay in departing is further on, somewhat de- 
 flected, so as to bring them into the Bay of Fundy, up which they 
 pass, lifting over the narrow neck of land to Northumberland 
 Straits, where again they find shoal water and good feeding 
 ground. Here, and along the shore of Prince Edward's Island, 
 they " feed and batten," till the end of May or fore part of June, 
 when they push along still further North. Between Cape Cod 
 and Prince Edward's Island, they rarely stop except when com- 
 pelled to do so by hard winds or a storm, nor have they at any 
 time ventured far inland or out to sea. Here, however, with an 
 accumulation of strength and adipose matter, they are prepared 
 for the long, tedious, and possibly somewhat dangerous journey 
 that is before them. Leaving the Gulf of St. Lawrence, they pro- 
 ceed along to westward of the Island of Anticosti, and at 65" or 
 66° west longitude, strike out boldly over the land in a north- 
 westerly direction to the Arctic Ocean. Navigators on Hudson's 
 Bay have not spoken of seeing them in such numbers as to war- 
 rant the belief that they make any considerable stop there. Their 
 line c. flight from the St. Lawrence to the Arctic is not definitelj 
 known, and yet it is certain they pass north between Boothia and 
 Victoria Land, and between Melville Island and North Devon. 
 
 That they arrive in the vicinity of Melville Island in vast num- 
 bers, and that they pass along Wellington Channel and other Arc- 
 tic waters to still more northern feeding and breeding grounds, is 
 well authenticated. Brant then, take a widely different route from, 
 and go much further north than the great mass of other migratory 
 birds. What we know, all we know, in fact, of the birds away up 
 in this inhospitable region is gathered from the fragmentary narra- 
 tion of Arctic explorers, and from the birds themselves. That they 
 do go north of seventy degrees, or even eighty-two degrees north 
 latitude, and go in large flocks, is well ascertained. Not, of course, 
 that all the Brant go north of eighty-two degrees, but that nearly 
 all that intend to reproduce their young do. Some from weakness 
 or weariness, caused by the long journey, or possibly from the pres- 
 sure of the *t^g for extrusion, or other causes, may drop out of the 
 flock and hence be seen in summer south of seventy degrees north 
 
196 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 latitude. Again, some may linger with no intention of breeding, as 
 do the other geese. Sir John Richardson says of geese (vol. i, p. 
 251:) " There are a considerable number „ho do not breed, but 
 keep in small bands and are called barren geese. Of these we saw 
 several flocks." The voice of the Brant is by no means so sono- 
 rous as that of the larger geese, and when flocks are flying over at 
 night one can readily detect this species by its vocal peculiarity. 
 Another means of distinguishing it in the air is that it does not 
 often adopt the V shape in flight, and that the flocks, in their mi- 
 grations, are much smaller in numbers than the other varieties or 
 species. 
 
 The methods o*" capturing the Brant are precisely similar to 
 those employed with its more important relative the Canada Goose, 
 and the reader is referred to the account of that species for infor- 
 mation on this point. ' " ' * " ' '• ' ■ : • 
 
 Brania canadensis. — Gray. Canada Goose. Common Wild Goose. Grey Goose. 
 
 In color greyish brown, below paler, whitish grey fading out 
 posteriorly ; head and neck black, with a broad white patch on the 
 throat extending behind the eye. Tail black with white coverts. 
 Length three feet, tail feathers eighteen. North America at large. 
 Variety leticopareia. Like the preceding, but black of neck bound- 
 ed below by a white collar ; under parts darker than in B. cana- 
 densis, and well defined against the white of the lower neck an'J 
 under tail coverts. Chiefly Northwest coast. Var. Hutchinstt, tail 
 with but sixteen feathers. Colored exactly like the Canada Goose, 
 but smaller ; only two and one-half feet long. Chiefly West and 
 North ; Pacific Coast in winter. The Canada Goose is by far the 
 most abundant and universally distributed of our North American 
 Geese, and in one or other of its varieties is found in all the States 
 and Territories of our country except perhaps Florida and the Gulf 
 States. In Ttixas, however, ii is abundant duilng the winter 
 months. Although by far the greater portion of the wild geese 
 which pass the winter with us, go north to breed, still in suitable 
 localities, young are reared all over the United States from North 
 Carolina to Canada. They nest in the wilder parts of Maine, and 
 are especially numerous in Newfoundland near the secluded pools 
 and slreams so abundant throughout that island. 
 
WILD GEESE AND BRANT. I97 
 
 There, remote from man, they breed undisturbed on the edges 
 and islands of the ponds and lakes. The geese moult soon after 
 their arrival in the spring ; and, owing to the loss of their pinion 
 feathers, are unable to fly during the summer or breeding seasons ; 
 but they can then run faster than a man on the marshes, and if 
 surprised at, or near a pond, they will plunge in and remain under 
 water with their bills only above the surface to permit of breathing 
 until the enemy has passed by. They feed on berries — preferring 
 that of the Empctrwn nigrum, and the seeds of grasses. Both 
 the old and young become enabled to fly in September ; and as 
 soon after that as the frost affects the berries, and causes the seeds 
 of the grasses on the marshes and savannas to fall to the earth, or 
 otherwise when the snow falls and covers the ground, they collect 
 in flocks, and fly off to the Southern shores of the island, and 
 from thence to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. They remain there until 
 December, and then assembled, take flight in immense flocks to 
 the southern parts of America, to return in the spring. 
 
 The Canada Goose also breeds in great numbers on the Mis- 
 souri River and its tributaries, and in this region often places its 
 nest in trees, choosing generally a cottonwood stub not more than 
 thirty feet in height. The young are said to be carried from the 
 nest to the water in the mother's bill, as are the young of the 
 Wood Duck. The writer has seen many broods of young goslings 
 apparently not more than two or three weeks old, when ascending 
 the Missouri on a steamboat in July. The eggs of this species are 
 from seven to eleven in number, and are of a yellowish white color. 
 t The Wild Goose may readily be domesticated, and in many 
 portions of our country they are bred in considerable numbers. 
 It seems to be established by recent letters printed in Forest ami 
 Stream, 1877, January to April, that, in confinement at least, the 
 young do not lay until they are three years old. They then pro- 
 duce four or five eggs, and the number is said to increase some- 
 what as the bird grows older. ; , 
 
 This Goose is extremely abundant on all high plateaus between 
 the Missouri River and the Pacific Ocean, and rears its young on 
 many of the streams which drain this country. It is exceedingly 
 al)undant throughout the West from the first of October to the 
 middle of December. On the plains of Nebraska flocks number- 
 
GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ing thousands are found along the Platte River late in the autumn, 
 and large numbers of these are killed by both sportsmen and 
 pot-hunters. The favorite method of hunting here, is to dig a hole 
 in the stubble fields frequented by the geese, cover it with straw, 
 and lie in wait until four o'clock in the afternoon, when the birds 
 return to feed, then shoot into them as they fly over, awd in this 
 way the hunter manages to return home each evening heavily 
 laden with his spoils. Wounded or dead geese are often used as 
 decoys, and prove valuable auxiliaries to the sportsman. Shoot- 
 ing them on the sand bars, as they return to their sleeping grounds, 
 is also practiced extensively, and generally with excelleat success. 
 
 When these birds return south at the commencement of winter, 
 they are generally very thin and poor, being quite worn out by 
 their long journey. They soon recuperate however, and ere long 
 become fat and very delicious eating. 
 
 The methods employed in capturing the Canada Geese are 
 very numerous and vary in different sections of the country. In 
 the west it is sometimes possible for the gunner, having carefully 
 trimmed his boat with reeds and grass, or, if it be in winter, with 
 cakes of ice, to scull on to the flock down wind so that in rising 
 they will give him a fair shot. This plan is never, we think, suc- 
 cessful here in the East, as the geese are so much persecuted that 
 they take the alarm at the sight of any large floating object, even 
 though it may have no resemblance to a boat. In Minnesota, 
 where the geese gather in enormous flocks in spring, to feed on 
 the young wheat, they may sometimes be approached on horse- 
 back so closely that the rider is enabled to charge among the flock, 
 and before the birds can rise out of reach, several may be secured 
 by knocking them down with a club. This method is also em- 
 ployed, and with much greater success owing to their greater 
 numbers, against the geese in California and further south. These 
 birds are also shot in considerable numbers as they fly to and 
 from their feeding grounds, and if they have to conti iid against a 
 strong head wind they usually fly low and give the gunner the best 
 of chances. Brant, and sometimes too, Canada Geese, are shot 
 from batteries on the South Shore of Long Island and with satis- 
 factory results. 
 
 By far the most successful mode employed for the capture of 
 
WILD GEESE AND BRANT. 
 
 199 
 
 the Wild Goose is that generally in vogue along the South Shore 
 and at Currituck, two of the best shooting grounds on our Atlan- 
 tic seaboard, viz. : over live decoys from sink boxes. Sink boxes 
 are oblong water-tight boxes about six feet in length by two and 
 one-half wide, and eighteen inches deep. These boxes sunk in the 
 sand until the tops are just flush with the surface of the ground, 
 constitute the sportsman's blind. A spot is chosen on the sand- 
 bars of the bay where the geese are wont to resort for purposes ot 
 resting or feeding. Here the boxes are sunk and the live decoys 
 are fastened to stakes in shoal water. The hunter lies upon his 
 back in the box, and watches for the approach of the flocks of 
 geese. It is customary to allow the birds to alight with the decoys 
 and to give them one barrel on the water, and the other as they 
 rise. In some parts of the country live decoys are said to be 
 used with success, on land, calling down their wild brethren 
 from on high as they pass to and from their feeding grounds. In 
 such cases a blind of corn stalks is placed near the decoys' and 
 from this place of concealment the sportsman levels his death- 
 dealing tube. 
 
 \ I 
 
l^- 1 
 
 
 SHOAL-WATER DUCKS. 
 
 ,,;: ..:■•' f ^. •» ;•■ •■■•.■ ■ - . » .•;■■■' •; ' 
 
 -]■:,■ ...,.■ •' ;■ Anatinte. . ■• ' • •■ ,,• ■• ' ■ ,■ ■-• ■, ■ ■.:• 
 
 OF all the birds which during spring and fall traverse our 
 country, probably none equal the ducks in point of size, 
 numbers and economic value. This group is confined neither to 
 the sea coast, nor to the interior, but is spread out over the whole 
 breadth of the continent, in summer extending its migrations to 
 the furthest north, and in winter only proceeding so far south as it 
 is forced to by the freezing of the waters of its northern home. 
 The great numbers of ducks with which spo* ismen are familiar, 
 may be conveniently classed under two distinct divisions or heads, 
 the classification being drawn, in the main, from their habits, but 
 at the same time agreeing with their ornithological arrangement. 
 The first class may be termed Fresh-water, River or Shoal-water 
 ducks, and includes those species which are generally found on 
 rivers, lakes and ponds, and whose food consists mostly of vegeta- 
 ble matter. Here may be placed Anas, Chaulelastmis, Dajila, 
 Qucrquedula, Spatula, Marcca and ALx. Among these are in- 
 cluded two Old World birds which are merely accidental and very 
 rare on this side of water. Some of the distinctive traits of the 
 Anatina are as follows. None of the family are extensively mari- 
 time as are the Fiiligidince ; they are, howevei, by no means con- 
 fined to the fresh water, being often found associated with the sea 
 ducks in large numbers. They feed along the shores of rivers and 
 creeks, on herbage, seeds and succulent grasses, and do not dive 
 for their food. The females are also almost always found different 
 in color from the males. Of the River ducks the first on our list 
 comes the familiar Wild Drake so well-known throughout the land. 
 
 Anas boschas.—\Jmn. Mallard. Green Head. 
 
 A bird found throughout the world and everywhere domesti- 
 cated. It is particularly abundant in the United States in its wild 
 
SHOA L- WA TER D UCKS. "■'■ ■ 201 
 
 condition. In color the Mallard resembles almost precisely the 
 barnyard drake, but the colors are purer, more marked, and the 
 orange of the feet more brilliant. Length about twenty-four 
 inches, weight two and one-half to three pounds. The female is 
 in color dull yellowish-brown streaked and spotted with dusky, 
 like the female of the domestic duck. Mallards breed in limited 
 numbers in the various swamps and sloughs of our Western coun- 
 try, but by far the greater portion continue their flights to the far 
 North. They appear again in the latter part of August, their 
 numbers multiplied enormously by the new broods, but the best 
 of the shooting does not commence until the middle of September, 
 and continues until the freezing of the waters drives the ducks still 
 further south to genial climes. Their habits vary in the different 
 localities they frequent, and a variety of methods are employed in 
 Mallard-shooting. Common places of resort are the extensive wild 
 rice marshes which abound in Wisconsin and Illinois. The seed 
 of this plant is the favorite food of the Mallard, and they, with 
 thousands of our other fresh water fowl, repair to these localities. 
 As colder weather approaches and ponds begin to skim over with 
 ice, the Mallards betake themselves to the rivers where they con- 
 gregate in vast flocks. At this time they frequently make journeys 
 morning and evening to neighboring corn-fields and the like, for 
 food. They feed principally by day ; in field shooting the usual 
 call note should never be imitated as it will merely serve to frighten 
 the birds ; if the hunter is skillful, and can at these times imitate 
 their low chattering notes he maj call some ducks to his stand. 
 Large bags are sometimes made at ice holes where the ducks come 
 to roost and drink, also at the mouths of spring-creeks, the bottoms 
 being covered with gravel, which the ducks seek to aid digestion, 
 In the spring time when the heavy timbered " bottom lands " are 
 inundated by the rising of the rivers. Mallard may be found sitting 
 in large bodies both night and day in the depths of the woods, par- 
 ticularly among the maple and willow timber, where they feed on 
 the insects, buds and vegetable matter floating on the surface of 
 the water. On being routed, instead of settling in some other 
 place of greater security, they will shortly return singly or in small 
 parties, affording most excellent sport. If the sportsman can but 
 find some cover — an old log, stump, or clump of bushes in the 
 
I 
 
 202 GAME BIKDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 proper location, it should be utilized for concealment, Mr. Long 
 in his excellent and useful book on wild fowl shooting gives an 
 exhaustive account of how to shoot the Mallard at all seasons and 
 at all hours of the day ; we cannot do better here than give a few 
 of his ideas. He divides the shooting into morning shooting among 
 the wild-rice fields, and feeding grounds, which is carried on in a 
 boat witli or without a retriever, two persons generally occupying 
 each craft, one to paddle and the bow man to attend to the shoot- 
 ing. Secondly, into midday shooting at the sloughs and ponds to 
 which the ducks resort after being driven from the feeding grounds. 
 In this shooting a retriever is invaluable, and facility in imitating 
 the call of the ducks is also essential ; perhaj^. two hunters station 
 themselves on opposite sides of the slough or pond in the midst of 
 the woods, ?nd as the ducks, scared from their feeding grounds, 
 drop into these places for rest and refuge, they instantly obey the 
 call. The hunter should leave all dead ducks to act as decoys and he 
 will do A'ell to fix them as naturally in the water as possible. This 
 is accomplished by running a stick sharpened at both ends into the 
 bottom of the pond, if shallow enough to allow it, and inserting the 
 other point into the throat of the duck, or soft part at the base of 
 the lower mandible ; this will keep the head in a natural position, 
 and if possible another -/ack with perhaps a fork in the upper side 
 may also be placed ir like manner beneath the tail ; these make de- 
 coys much superior to artihcial ones. Thirdly comes evening shoot- 
 ing which is practiced in tv\ o ways, by following the same plan as 
 in morning shooting in the rice iields, or by standing near some of 
 the passes where the ducks are !:nown to fly toward their roosting 
 and feeding grounds. Besides these methods, one quite common is 
 the shooting during the late fall, perhaps during the prevalence of 
 a snowstorm, in the corn-fields ; blinds should be built of corn- 
 stalks fixed naturally together, the hunter should dress in white or 
 some very light-colored garments and here also the dead birds 
 should be used as stools. As has been mentioned too, the shoot- 
 ing of Mallard and the various ducks with which they are found 
 associated, may be successfully practiced on the approach of winter 
 at the ice holes, which the birds keep open, and scores may some- 
 times be thus secured. The spring timber shooting is also very 
 attractive sport. 
 
SHOAL-WATER DUCKS. 203 
 
 A squawker or cluck call is thus described, and to be used when 
 one is not proficient with the means nature has provided. " Take 
 a tube of wood or metal, bamboo cane is usually the best, about 
 three-quarters of an inch in diameter inside, and four to eight 
 inches in length. A plug about three inches long is fitted to one 
 end, and after being t,plit in two, one half is grooved to within a 
 quarter of an inch of its smaller end, the groove being perhaps a 
 quarter of an inch wide, and of the same depth. The tongue is 
 simply a thin piece of steel, copper or brass, which should be ham- 
 mered to increase its elasticity; it should be about two and a half 
 inches long, and from three-eighths to a half an inch wide, at one 
 end, which should also be thinner than the other, the corners 
 should be rounded. The tongue is then placed over the grooved 
 half, the round end nearly to the extreme smaller end of the plug, 
 and the tongue completely covering the groove. The other half 
 of the plug should be shortened about an inch and a half from its 
 smaller end, and then being placed on the grooved half, thus hold- 
 ing the tongue fast, both should be pushed firmly into the tube. 
 IJy blowing in the other end of the tube the <"jli1 is produced, the 
 tone, degree of firmness, etc., of which, is regulated by the shortened 
 half of the plug, moving it in or out as a finer and sharper or 
 lower and coarser note is required." Of course experience and 
 practice are required to become skilful in the use of this instrument. 
 
 Anas abscura. — Gm^lin. Black Duck. Dusky Duck. Black Mallard. 
 
 The Black Duck is about the size of the Mallard, and resembles 
 the female of that species excepting that the general tone of the 
 coloration is much darker, being brownish black in some places, 
 and lighter below. Bill yellowish green, feet orange red, the webs 
 dusky, length twenty-four and a half inches, weight about three 
 pounds. The female resembles the male, but the colors are less 
 clear, and the bird is smaller. 
 
 The Dusky Duck seems to take the place in the East occupied 
 by the Mallard in the Western States and Territories, although a 
 few are always found associated with the Mallards, just as a few 
 Mallards are frequently met with in the east, in resorts common to 
 the Blacik Duck. The latter is, however, rare west of the Missis- 
 sippi, but has been noticed at one point west of the Rocky Moun- 
 
204 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 tains, havinj; been observed by Dr, Yarrow, at Rush Lake, Utah. 
 See Zool. of Wheeler's Survey, vol. 5, p. 473. They are peculiar 
 with respect to their partial migrations, for they have been tound 
 breeding in Texas and Labrador at the same time, and they are 
 exceedingly plentiful in New England in winter, whce they like- 
 wise breed. .... 
 
 The Black Duck is a very wary creature, exceedingly difficult 
 of approach, and stratagem is the only recourse, if we hope to be 
 successful. They are rarely found in great numbers, except when 
 congregated on salt water, five to ten being an average flock started 
 from pond and feeding ground. 
 
 During very severe winters, when every sheet of water is bound 
 in with a thick covering of ice, the Black Duck are driven to warm 
 spring holes where the water never freezes, and hunters often make 
 large bags by concealing themselves near such places. The 
 approach of evening drives the ducks from the bay or sound, where 
 they have been sitting during the day, and they seek these open inland 
 spots for food and shelter. Brush houses are also constructed of 
 sedge, cedar boughs, etc., at the mouths of fresh water rivers and 
 creeks, in places where the marsh land is low and intersected by 
 branches of the main stream. Here the ducks come to feed at night, 
 and a wholesale fusillade is opened upon them by those concealed. 
 The brush house is left standing, and the ducks soon avoid entirely 
 this locality, and feed elsewhere. This brush house building on 
 feeding grounds cannot be too severely condemned. 
 
 Still another method is pass shooting ; that is, standing, on blowy 
 blustering days of the late fall, when the wind is the southwest, 
 in belts of woods, over which the birds fly when travelling in their 
 afternoon flights to the roosting and feeding grounds ; the ducks 
 often fly low and give good chances. Black duck feed at night, 
 and are off at daybreak. They afford delicious eating in the fall, and 
 are a great market bird. They are almost universally known in 
 the west by the name of Black Mallard. The use of decoys in the 
 pursuit of the Dusky Duck is generally futile. Concealment is the 
 primary object. The hints and suggestions in our account of the 
 Mallard, will many of them apply equally well to this bird. This 
 is also true of all our shoal water ducks, for their habits are very 
 similar. 
 
SHOAL-WATER DUCK'S. 20$ 
 
 Dafila acuta.— IJma,. Pin-lail. SpriR-tail. Sharp-tail. Water Pheasant. 
 
 Color ; head and upper neck dark brown with green and purple 
 gloss, sides of neck with along white stripe ; lower neck and under- 
 parts white, dorsal line of neck black, passing into the grey of the 
 back, which, like the sides, is vermiculated with black. Tail, when 
 fully developed with the central feathers much projecting and nearly 
 equaling the wing in length, bill black, feet greyish-blue. 
 
 The Pin-tail Duck is everywhere abundant in the United States, 
 excepting in the eastern districts where their favorite food is inac- 
 cessible to them. It is a freshwater species, although occasionally 
 secured in the creeks and bayous of the coast. They move in very 
 large flocks, and seem much the most abundant in the spring season, 
 associating with the Mallard, and often seeming to travel and feed 
 with the same flock for days. They are exceedingly fond of beech- 
 mast ; but in spring generally resort to partially submerged corn- 
 fields where food of various kinds is plenty. 
 
 The flight of the Sprig-tail is much more rapid than that of the 
 Mallard, and resembles in its quick darting and wheeling motions, 
 that of the ubiquitous Old Squaw or Long-tailed duck of the 
 eastern coasts, Harelda glacialis. They are, perhaps, the most 
 graceful of the whole duck tribe. They are secured in the same 
 situations and by the same means as those employed in Mallard 
 shooting. They have a call-note, a low plaintive whistle of one 
 tone, two or three times repeated, which they will answer readily 
 upon its being well imitated ; Mallard decoys may be used, and the 
 Mallard call described heretofore. Sprig-tails are very plenty in 
 California. . 
 
 Chaulelasmus streperus. — Gray. Gadvvall. Gray Duck. 
 
 The color of the Gadvvall is black and white, or whitish, the 
 plumage being barred or half-ringed with these two colors, middle 
 wing coverts chestnut, greater coverts black, speculum white, feet 
 orange-yellow, bill bluish black, weight about two pounds. 
 
 This large duck is common in the United States, although very 
 unequally distributed. It is, perhaps, a more common resident 
 of Tennessee ^md Missouri, than any other portions of the coun- 
 try. Gadwalls are classed as a table bird, with the Mallard and 
 Redhead, and indeed in habit they much resemble the former, 
 
20O GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 although perhaps bearing a still nearer affinity to the Widgeon. 
 They stool well to Mallard decoys, and their note is very similar to 
 that of the latter. They rarely dive except when wounded, and 
 they then cling to the roots at the bottom for a long time. The 
 methods of shooting the Gadwall are identical with those 
 employed in hunting Mallard or Sprig-tails. 
 
 Mareca peni'/tf/e.—Selby . European Widgeon. 
 
 Head and neck reddish-brown, top of head creamy or brown- 
 ish-white, its sides with mere traces of green, otherwise similar 
 to the next species. This species is an accidental visitor to our 
 coasts. Gunners should always be on the lookout for such birds, 
 and when specimens are secured, should have them preserved. 
 
 Mareca americana. — Steph, American Widgeon. Bald-pate. 
 
 Head and neck greyish, dusky speckled, top of head white, its 
 sides with a broad green patch, upper parts brownish-black and 
 light brownish-red, breast brownish-red, under parts white ; weight 
 about one pound fourteen ounces. 
 
 The Widgeon is abundant throughout North America, although 
 much more common in the Western States than along our sea- 
 board. They are unusual in New England, although occasionally 
 shot along Long Island coasts. They are plenty in Chesapeake 
 Bay, where they associate with the canvas-back, and are said to 
 liave a trick of stealing from the latter the wild celery upon which 
 both feed. They rarely dive themselves, but wait for the canvas- 
 back to reappear with the succulent roots, when the Widgeon 
 makes at him and snatches away the morsel. 
 
 The call of this bird is a plaintive whistle of two tones and 
 three notes of nearly equal duration. They stool well to any 
 shoal-water duck decoys, and answer their call. The Widgeon is 
 rather more shy than the ducks with which they associate, their 
 flesh is excellent, and the modes of shooting the same as those al- 
 ready detailed. . ■ 
 
 Querquedula crecca, — StepU. English Teal. 
 
 No white crescent in front of wing, long scapulars, black ex- 
 ternally, internally creamy, otherwise like carolinensis. A Euro- 
 pean species casual on the Atlantic coast. 
 
SHOAL- WATER DUCKS. 207 
 
 Quergueditla cartlinensis. — Steph, Green-winRcd Teal. 
 
 The Green-winged Teal is colored as follows : Head and 
 upper neck, chestnut, with a broad glossy green band on each 
 side, whitish-bordered, uniting and blackening on the nape, under 
 parts whitish, the fore breast with circular black spots, upper 
 parts and flanks closely waved with white and blackish, speculum 
 rich green, hence the name, bordered in front with the buffy tips 
 of the greater coverts, behind, with the white tips of the seconda- 
 ries ; weight about ten ounces. . 
 
 The Green-winged Teal is a more hardy bird than his near rela- 
 tive the Blue-wing, the former remaining much later in the season 
 and making his appearance again earlier in the spring. The Green- 
 wings are perhaps not quite so highly prized for the table as the 
 others, but there is little choice, as their food and habits are the 
 same. ■" ■ . . • 
 
 In the spring they resort to overflowed grassy prairies and feed 
 on the seeds of grasses, and so forth, which float on the surface 
 of the water. Their call can be imitated but perhaps not described. 
 They will come to stools, and obey an imitation of the call. A breech 
 loading gun in Teal shooting is invaluable, as in firing into a dense 
 flock, many are crippled and unless shot again will escape. Teal 
 shooting is, however, not followed to any extent in the West, as 
 when Teal are plenty, the larger and more formidable Mallard, 
 Gadwall and Sprigtail claim the sportsman's attention, and the little 
 Teal go unmolested. This bird is more a maritime species than 
 the Blue-wing, the former being found in the creeks of the coast, 
 the latter rarely or never. 
 
 Querqnedula discors. — Steph. Blue-winged Teal. 
 
 Head and neck blackish-plumbeous, darkest on the crown, a 
 white crescent in front of the eye, back brownish-black glossed 
 with green, wing coverts of sky blue with metallic lustre, lower 
 parts pale reddish orange, shaded on the breast with purplish 
 red and thickly spotted with black. Length about sixteen inches ; 
 weight twelve ounces. 
 
 This Teal so much resembles the last in size, habits, and 
 other particulars as hardly to warrant a long description. They 
 
208 GAME BIRDS OF NOKTir AMERICA. 
 
 are found chiefly in reedy ponds where they are quite unsuspicious. 
 They seem everywhere abund.mt east of the Rocky Mountains, 
 and are replaced west of that great barrier by the Cinnamon or 
 Red-breasted Teal. Q. cyanoptera. 
 
 The flesh of the Blue-wing is one of the greatest delicacies 
 accorded to the sportsman or epicure. They are among' the first 
 of the ducks to make their appearance in their migrations from 
 the north, and at this season, early fall, congregate in much larger 
 flocks than in the spring. Their principal food consists of wild 
 oats, g^ass, mosses, and insects found in and along the ponds and 
 creeks. They may frequently be found at mid-day sitting beneath 
 the leaves of large aquatic plants, apparently to avoid the fierce 
 noonday sun. They rarely feed in sandy bottomed ponds, prefer- 
 ring a muddy and weedy bottoined slough. 
 
 In flight they are swift and graceful, skimming low over the 
 water, and, as they fly in closely packed masses, a number may be 
 dropped at a single shot, but the cripples are very skilful in con- 
 cealing themselves and may escape by sinking their bodies low in 
 the water and paddling rapidly away among the dense vveetls and 
 brakes. Number six or eight shot is a convenient size for Teal 
 shooting. They stool readily, and their note, which is a feeble imi- 
 tation of the Mallard's, will immediately call them down. 
 
 Querquedula cyanoptera. — Cassin. Cinnamon Teal. Red-breasted Teal. 
 
 Head, neck and underparts rich purplish chestnut, darkening 
 on crown and black on belly, rather larger than, but othenvisc 
 similar to discors. 
 
 This bird as already noted, seems to fill the same ofifice west of 
 the Rocky Mountains, that the green and blue-winged varieties 
 occupy on the eastern half of the continent. The habits of the 
 Cinnamon Teal and the methods to be employed in its pursuit arc 
 identical with those already mentioned. For an interesting account 
 of this species, see Coues' " Birds of the North-west," p. 568. 
 
 spatula clypeata. — Boie. Shoveller. Spoon-bill. ,, » .,, . 
 
 General coloring as follows : head and neck green, forebreast 
 white, belly purplish-chestnut, wing coverts blue, speculum green, 
 bordered with white and black, some scapulars blue, others green 
 
SHOAL-WATER DUCKS. 20g 
 
 white striped, bill twice as wide at the end as at ihe base, feet red. 
 
 The female in general aspect resembles the female Mallard but 
 
 may he known by its size and by the shape of the bill. The 
 
 Spoonliills are rather rare in New England, although we have 
 
 taken them in Connecticut. They are, however, abundant in the 
 
 Middle and Southern States, and are also found in large numbers 
 
 on the prairies of Illinois and Missouri, associated with the Mallard, 
 
 and generally throughout the west. 
 
 They tly thickly together, and are easily killed when hit. Like 
 
 the rest of the shoal-water ducks, they are averse to diving and seek 
 
 safety when woumled in concealment above the water. They are 
 
 never difficult to approach, and stool well. 
 If 
 
 A t'x s/oHsa. —Jiolc. Wood Duck. Summer Duck. 
 
 Crested, head iridescent green and purple, with prrallel curved 
 white superciliary and postocular stripes, and a broad forked white 
 throat patch, upjjer parts dark reddish-brown with bronze and 
 purplish reflections, breast and abdomen greyish white, sides of 
 neck and its lower part reddish purple, each feather with a white 
 tip, feet dull orange, bill bright red at base, yellowish on the sides, 
 and black above. 
 
 This beautiful and familiar bird is seen in all the fresh waters 
 of North America, but is rarely met with on the coast, although 
 occasionally taken. They are much more plenty in some sections 
 than others. They are rather exclusive in habits, not mingling 
 freely with others of the duck tribe, but found frecjuently feeding on 
 the same ground with the teal. They are peculiar in regard to their 
 mode of nesting, being the only members of the Anatina; that do 
 not build on the ground. They select as a domicile a hollow tree, 
 perhaps an old woodpecker's hole or some natural excavation, and 
 there hatch out their young, who soon after birth, are carried in the 
 bill of the parent to the nearest water. It seems marvelous at 
 times to see the old birds enter or emerge from an aperture 
 apparently scarce large enough to admit a bird of half their size. 
 Their resplendent plumage glinting in the sunlight as they dart 
 to and fro through the forest aisles, is indeed a lovely sight. It 
 seems a pity at times to murder the innocents, but, looking at it 
 from an aesthetic point, their flesh is really a bonne bouche. 
 
2IO gamp: BTRDS of north AMERICA. 
 
 They seldom dive for their food, which consists of acorns, pond 
 mosses, wild oats, insects, wheat and other grain. The most suc- 
 cessful method of hunting the Wood Duck is by "jumping " them 
 along the creeks and rivers which they frequent. The best season 
 for this sport is the latter part of August and September; they are 
 fond of sitting on old logs and rat houses in the middle of the day, 
 preening and sunning themselves. Th^'.y are not easily decoyed, 
 and when hit generally fall, but if wounded, run up the banks of 
 pond or stream and conceal themselves deftly, it being then neces- 
 sary to put a dog on the trail in order to discover their retreat. 
 The Wood Ducks are also prized for their fine plumes and feathers, 
 which form quite an article of commerce. No better trout or 
 salmon flies are made than those manufactured from these feathers. 
 The account of this species found in Audubon's " Ornithological 
 Biography," is intensely interesting, and gives excellent ideas of 
 the habits of the bird. 
 
SEA DUCKS. 
 
 THE group which we have now to consider, differs widely in 
 many points of structure and Iiabits from the one discussed 
 in the preceding chapter. Sea Ducks may ahvays be distinguished 
 from Fresh-water Ducks, by having the hind toe lobate, that is, 
 provided Vv^ith a Httle flap of skin on its lower side, instead of sim- 
 ple. The legs of the former group are also placed farther behind 
 than in the latter, and they are thus better fitted for swimming, 
 though not so well adapted for progression on land. The feather- 
 ing too of the Sea Ducks, is much the most dense, and they are all 
 provided with a large supply of thick down next to the skin, which 
 in many species is of no small commercial value. Owing to the 
 foregoing points of diversity in structure, this group is considered 
 by naturalists as a sub-family of the great family Anatidce, and is 
 called the Fuliguli^'^e. 
 
 In habits the differences between the Fresh-water and Sea 
 Ducks are no less striking. The latter dive for their food, which 
 the former never do ; they are chiefly maritime in their distribution, 
 although all, or nearly all, retire to fresh water lakes to rear their 
 young. Their food is chiefly animal, though two or three genera 
 are mixed feeders, devouring indifferently animal or vegetable 
 matter. As a rule the FiiUguhncc are not highly prized for the 
 table, owing of course to the peculiarities of their diet, but the 
 birds of the genus Fuligula v/hich includes the Canvas-back, the 
 Red -head, Broadbill, and others, are notable exceptions, being 
 among the most delicious of our game birds. The excellence of 
 *he bird's flesh depends entirely upon what it feeds upon, and the 
 Canvas-back confined to a diet of shell fish alone, would be no 
 better than a Coot. It was our intention at first to have separated 
 the Fuligidina: into two classes, mixed feeders and animal feeders, 
 but the two grade into one another so gradually that it is difficult 
 
212 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 to draw the line between them, and on the whole it seems best to 
 treat the whole group together. 
 
 FuUgula marila. — Steph. Greater Scaup Duck. Big Black-head. Broad-bill. 
 Blue-bill. Raft Duck. Flocking Fowl. 
 
 In the male, the head, neck and body anteriorly are black, the 
 former with a greenish gloss ; lower back, rump and tail blackish , 
 under parts white with fine wavings of grey or black on belly and 
 sides. Wings black, a patch on the secondaries (the speculum) 
 white ; back white finely waved with black. Bill bluish. Length 
 about twenty inches. The female is somewhat smaller, has the 
 face white, is dull brown where the male is black, and has the 
 wavings on the back indistinct or lacking. 
 
 This is one of the most common of our Sea Ducks, and during 
 its migrations enormous numbers are killed in the West, Driven 
 to the seaboard by the freezing of inland waters, it is shot all 
 through the winter and spring by gunners along the coast. It is 
 found in California in great numbers in winter, and there associates 
 with the Mallards and Canvas-backs. The Broad-bill, as it is usu- 
 ally called on the Atlantic coast, comes up well to decoys, and it is 
 by the use of these that they are killed in the greatest numbers. 
 Sometimes they fly across points and bars during their passage 
 from the roosting to the feeding grounds and back again, and if 
 the gunner should find himself at one of these points just before 
 daylight or sunset, he will be likely to have good shooting for an 
 hour or two. 
 
 Although by far the greater number of the Scaups proceed to 
 the North to breed, still there are a few which make their summer 
 home in the upper Missouri region. They are not nearly as nu- 
 merous here, however, during the summer, as is the next species. 
 
 FuUgula «^«/f.— Eyton. Lesser Scaup Duck. Little Broad-bill, etc. 
 
 Precisely similar in color to the preceding species, but smaller, 
 being only about sixteen inches long. In habits also it resembles 
 the larger Broad-bill with which it is constantly associated. 
 
 This species has been regarded as of doubtful validity, but is 
 now generally accepted as a good one. It seems to be a smaller, 
 more southern form, and in its migrations proceeds farther south 
 
S/^A DUCKS. ■--•:. 213 
 
 than does marila. It breeds in great numbers on the sloughs and 
 alkaline pools of northern Dakota and Montana. 
 
 Fuligula coi/aris.— Boa. Ring-necked Duck. Tufted Duck. 
 
 With a general resemblance to the two preceding ; an orange- 
 brown ring rouii . the neck; back blackish slightly waved with 
 whitish. The female resembles that oi martin but lacks the white 
 face of that bird, having the chin, a ring round the eye and the 
 lores whitish. In height it is about eighteen inches. This species 
 is not very common along the Atlantic coast, though a few are 
 killed now and then mingled with the great flocks of Broad-bills 
 that throng our bays. On the waters of the Western States, how- 
 ever, they are said to be more abundant and are shot in the same 
 manner as the preceding species. They breed in small numbers 
 in the marshes of northeastern Illinois, but the great body proceed 
 north to the fur countries to rear their young. 
 
 Fuligula ferina var. americana. — Coues. Red-head. Pochard. 
 
 Feathers of the head rather long, giving it a puffy appearance. 
 Bill dull blue with a black belt across the end, broad, depressed, 
 shorter than the head the nostrils within its basal half. Male with 
 head and neck chestnut red with bronzy reflections ; foreparts of 
 body, rump, wings and tail black, under parts white, speculum blu- 
 ish, back, scapulars and sides whitish waved with black, the dark 
 waved lines unbroken. Iris yellow. Length twenty inches. Fe- 
 male everywhere duller in color than the male. Always to be dis- 
 tinguished from other ducks by the shape of the bill. 
 
 The Red-head is not common along the coast of New England, 
 but is found during the winter months in considerable numbers 
 along the South Shore of Long Island. From this point so'ith it is 
 extremely abundant, and nowhere more so than in the Chesapeake 
 Bay and at Currituck, where immense numbers are killed each sea- 
 son. Its flesh is excellent, and where it is enabled to feed on the 
 well-known Vallisncria it is fully ecjual in point of flavor to that 
 of the Canvas-back. In the Western States the Red-head is an 
 ■ enormously abundant migrant, both in spring and fall. It gene- 
 rally reaches northern Illinois in its s|)nng passage about the last 
 of IViarch, remaining until the latter part of April, when it takes 
 
214 CAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 its departure for its breeding grounds in the far North. It arrives 
 on its return journey late in October, and remains on the rivers, 
 lakes and sloughs until the cold v^eather, by freezing up its feeding 
 grounds, forces it to go further south. It is altogether probable 
 that a few of these birds breed in the Rocky Mountain region 
 within the limits of the United States, though the great body pass 
 on to more boreal latitudes. 
 
 The diet of the Red-head is by preference vegetable, though in 
 default of a sufficiency of food of this nature, they will, like other 
 ducks, eat frogs, tadpoles, and various mollusks. In the West 
 they feed largely on corn and wheat which they glean from the 
 fields, and on wild oats, the seeds of the water lily, and the roots 
 and leaves of other aquatic plants. While feeding they mingle 
 freely with other ducks, but in flight they keep by themselves. 
 They are good swimmers and divers, though by no means as ex- 
 pert as the more truly maritime ducks. The Red-heads come up 
 well to decoys, and in the West they are most successfully pursued 
 by shooting from a blind near their feeding grounds. The decoys 
 are anchored on the spot where the ducks feed, and the gunner 
 from his place of concealment has nothing to do but to load and 
 fire. On our Atlantic coast this species is shot in the same man- 
 ner as the Canvas-back and Broad-bill, /. <?., from a battery, from 
 points, or by toling. These methods will be referred to more in 
 detail farther on. This species is quite abundant on the Pacific 
 coast where it is found, during winter at least, associated with the 
 flocks of Mallards, Broad-bills, Canvas-backs and other ducks so 
 abundant there at that season. 
 
 Fuligula va/^i'sneria.—Steph. Canvas-back Duck. 
 
 The Canvas-back is, without doubt, the most sought after 
 and widely known of all our ducks, and in localities where it can 
 obtain the food to which it owes the peculiarly delicate flavor for 
 which it is so famous, its reputation for excellence is well deserved. 
 When, however, it is obliged to content itself with a diet chiefly 
 of animal food, it becomes merely a veiy ordinary table bird. 
 
 The Canvas-back is colored somewhat like the Red-head, but 
 there is no reason for the confusion which exists in the minds of 
 so many people between the two species. A careful comparison 
 
SEA DUCKS. 215 
 
 of the descriptions of the two birds, will indicate well marked 
 differences in shape and color, by which they may always be dis- 
 tinguished. The male of the present species has the head and 
 neck of a deep chestnut color more or less obscured with dusky ; 
 colors of other parts like the preceding species but, on the back 
 the white predominates, and the black lines are faint and much 
 broken up. The iris is red. Bill longer than head, narrow, 
 high at base, nostrils median. Length about twenty inches. To 
 any one who compares specimens of the two birds, the differences 
 will be very apparent, and we venture to say that no one who has 
 done this will ever again mistake one species for the other. 
 
 The Canvas-back is distributed more or less abundantly 
 throughout the whole of Northern America, In the interior it is 
 found in winter as far south as New Orleans, but on the Atlantic 
 coast probably does not proceed much south of (}eorgia. On the 
 Pacific Slope it is abundant, extending its migrations in winter, 
 nearly or quite as far as the southern boundary of the United 
 States. In Southern California tliey are especially abundant on 
 small lakes and pools, seeming to confine themselves entirely to 
 fresh water, and only when disturbed and driven from such places, 
 visiting the esieros, where the water is brackish. The summer 
 home of this bird is in the far North, and it is said to breed in 
 great numbers in Alaska. 
 
 Chesapeake Bay is the most noted ground for Canvas-backs in 
 the country, and here until recently they were frightfully persecu- 
 ted by means of sink boxes and swivel guns. 
 
 A few years ago, Canvas-backs showed a marked decline in 
 numbers, and their absolute slaughter from these murderous en- 
 gines, led to the enactment of stringent laws for their protection. 
 Although they are but little used at present, a brief description of 
 the sink-boat may interest the reader. 
 
 The sink-boat or battery was a long, narrow box, about large 
 enough to contain a man and two or three guns. It was loaded 
 with old iron, so that it could be sunk nearly tlush with the water's 
 edge. From stem, stern and sides floating wings projected, which, 
 rising and falling with the waves, prevented the water from rush- 
 ing into the battery. The unwieldy machine was usually towed to 
 a place on the flats where the ducks congregated, and the shooter. 
 
2l6 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 after loading his guns and placing them in the box, with their 
 muzzles resting on the edge, lay down on his back in the bottom 
 of the concern. Numerous decoys were anchored in the water 
 around the batteiy, and some were even placed on its broad flats. 
 Here, unseen by the ducks, unless they were immediately over 
 him, and patiently gazing into the dim sky, the gunner eagerly lis- 
 tened for the rustling of wings or the splashes that denoted the 
 setding of the doomed birds. Then, barely elevating his head 
 above his prison-cell, he blazed away. 
 
 The swivel-gun, a huge blunderbuss-looking affair, secured in 
 the bow of a boat, brought down whole flocks at a single discharge, 
 and was another invention of the sportsman's enemy. Be- 
 tween this and the sink-box, ducks in the Chesapeake threatened 
 to become as rare as buffalo will soon be in Kansas ; but the good 
 effects of their partial abolition are already visible in the increasing 
 numbers of the birds. 
 
 Toling is also practiced here to a considerable extent and with 
 success. A spot is selected where the bottom slopes off some- 
 what abruptly, for the birds will not approach near to the shore 
 except by swimming, and when the water is too shoal to permit 
 them to come within forty or fifty yards, the gunner can get no 
 good chance to shoot at them. 
 
 Those who are not sportsmen are sometimes skeptical in re- 
 gard to toling ducks, and even some duck shooters scarcely put 
 credence in this device. Undoubtedly the plan of "toling ducks" 
 was derived from the Indians, who imitated the fox. " In Norway 
 and Sweden," says Mr. Lloyd, in his exhaustive work on the game 
 birds and wild fowl of these countries, " ducks collect in large 
 flocks in the neighboring lakes and rivers, the strands of which 
 are in general flat. The fowler, on observing the birds, walks as 
 near to them as he can in safety when, falling on his hands and 
 knees, he makes his further approaches slowly and cautiously. In 
 the mean time he causes his well-trained dog, who should be of a 
 reddish color, to gambol before him, which he effects by every now 
 and then throwing the animal a crumb of bread that it catches in 
 its mouth. The ducks, attracted by the antics of the dog, grad- 
 ually approach the strand, and thus the man is often enabled to get 
 sufficiently near them to fire with effect." According to all accounts 
 
SEA DUCKS. 217 
 
 it was from seeing the way in which the fox at times secures his 
 prey that men were induced to adopt the plan spoken of, for that 
 cunning animal in the autumn resorts to a similar ruse to capture 
 young ducks. He then promenades near to the water's edge, 
 sometimes vaulting high in the air, and at others crawling on his 
 belly, his brush meanwhile trailing along the ground. These ma- 
 noeuvres of his so excite the curiosity and tickle the fancy of the 
 ducklings that they gradually swim towards him, occasionally so 
 near, it is said, as actually to seize hold of his tail with their bills ; 
 but they usually pay dear for their temerity, for the wily fellow 
 seizes his opportunity, and pounces on one or other of them. " To 
 the devices of the fox," says a Swedish gentleman, "I have been 
 •an eye witness, and it was only last autumn that my bailiff shot 
 one of these animals in the very act of beguiling young ducks in 
 the manner described." On the Chesapeake these birds are also 
 shot in great numbers, from points or bars, near or over which 
 they fly. 
 
 On the Potomac, when it freezes over, Canvas-backs are shot 
 in considerable numbers on the open places in the river, spots 
 where from one cause or another, ice has not formed. The de- 
 coys are set out in the open water, and the sportsman making a 
 bed of blankets with a pillow of hay, and covering himself with a 
 white sheet, waits for the birds. The ducks do not notice him, for 
 he looks like a hummock of ice. The pillow raises the head so 
 that the gunner is not obliged to make any movement until he 
 rises to shoot. Large bags are often made in this way and the 
 sport may continue all day, as the ducks fly from one open place 
 to another almost continually. 
 
 The legitimate sportsmen upon the Potomac are much annoyed 
 by pot hunters who, with swivel guns and from batteries, slaughter 
 great numbers of ducks when they first arrive and render the sur- 
 vivors so wild that it is quite impossible to get near enough to 
 shoot at them with a shoulder gun. Since the laws in reference 
 to these engines of destruction have been so rigidly enforced on 
 the Chesapeake, many of the market hunters from there have come 
 to the Potomac, where they make great havoc among the birds. 
 
 Although the battery or sink boat has been already referred to, 
 a more detailed description may not be out of place here. The 
 10 
 
2l8 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sink boat, or more properly box, is about six feet three inches long, 
 one foot two inches deep, two feet wide at the top, one foot eight 
 inches at the bottom. To this box is fastened a platform about 
 twelve feet long and seven feet wide, and to this i)latform is fas- 
 tened a frame covered with muslin, as follows : width at head, nine 
 inches ; width at sides, two feet. This box is carried to the shoot- 
 ing grounds by placing it on a boat, and is then anchored at head 
 and foot, head towards the wind. The shooter then places his 
 decoys at both sides and strings them towards the foot, so that the 
 decoys will form a V shape, anchoring most of his decoys on the 
 left, so that the ducks will come upon that side, as this is easiest 
 shooting. After this is done, the shooter gets into the box and 
 places weights in it, so that it will be sunk even to the water. He- 
 then lies down in the box, with his face to the leeward, so that he 
 can sec every dart made, and thus have an easy shot. When 
 ducks are plenty this is a most destructive coutiivance, as the ducks 
 can see nothing until *hcy get over the decoys, and then it is too 
 late, for at this moment the shooter rises up and pours in his deadly 
 fire. After the bunch of ducks have been shot at under these cir- 
 cumstances, they fly a long distance and do not alight within sight. 
 
 Fortunately the laws in Maryland and Virginia are so stringent 
 that they are seldom violated except at a few places, and these 
 places are such that it is impossible to capture the violators, as 
 they are ever on the lookout. A severe law should be passed by 
 Congress on this subject, and that speedily. 
 
 There are plenty of ducks, and good shooting can always be 
 had at a very slight expense of time or trouble. This can be 
 accomplished by the use of blinds. The blinds are made as fol- 
 lows. Select a place from a hundred to three hundred yards from 
 shore, at a point where the water is from three to ten feet deep, 
 and at good feeding grounds, if possible, then with a heavy 
 hammer drive four posts at a distance of from four to six feet apart, 
 forming a square. At a distance of about a foot above the iiighest 
 tides, connect these posts with inch stuff, and upon this lay a floor- 
 ing ; about three feet above this flooring, fasten strips both on the 
 outside and inside of these posts, and between these openings put 
 in cedar or pine, so as to conceal completely all the vvoodwork; 
 then at the end of the blind nearest to the shore make a seat, so 
 
SEA DUCATS. 219 
 
 that when the shooter is seated his eyes will be just above the 
 cedar, and he can have a full view in every direction. It is best 
 to leave the rear end of the blind open, so that it will be easy to 
 get in and out of it from a boat. Having your blind made, and 
 wishing to shoot, your next step is to put out your decoys — a very 
 simple thing when you understand it, but unless one has seen it 
 done or had it explained to him, not so easy as it appears. It is 
 true that no matter how you put them out, you may coax up a stray 
 duck now and then, but you will soon perceive that there is some 
 defect, for it will be noticed after a little, that almost all the ducks 
 when they get within two or three hundred yards of your blind, 
 either turn aside or keep on the course, and pay no attention to 
 your decoys. Let us suppose that the wind is blowing from your 
 right ; in this case all the ducks will come up on your left or to the 
 leeward, as all ducks when they alight come up against the wind. 
 To your right, and at a distance of about thirty-five yards, and on 
 a line parallel to the front of your blind, and at a dis'ance of 
 thirty-five yards from it, place a leader (decoy,) and from ihis point 
 string your decoys on this parallel line, one each side of it towards 
 your blind so as to form a V ; when directly opposite your blind 
 taper off your decoys, so that the space occupied by them will nearly 
 resemble a diamond. It is best to have a good show directly 
 opposite your blind, and it is well to leave several spaces, so that 
 the ducks will select these points to alight in. If the decoys have 
 been placed properly, your blind properly constructed, you will get 
 a dart from every l)unch of ducks that may pass up or down the 
 river in a reasonable distance from you. Never allow the ducks 
 to alight, but shoot them when they are hovering to alight, as at 
 this time you have the best opportunity and your fire is the most 
 destructive. If the flock is very large, they may be permitted to 
 alight ; but it is the safer rule never to allow them to do so, for as 
 soon as they are in water they separate and commence to feed im- 
 mediately, and shooting under these circumstances you will shoot 
 some of your decoys, which indicates a bad sportsman. Nothing 
 looks so badly to our mind as to sec a person with his decoys filled 
 with shot ; and you can rely upon it that he seldom gets one-fourth 
 of the game that he should. Very often when we place our decoys 
 out it is a dead calm. In this case the water is as smooth as a 
 
220 GAME niKDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sheet of glass, and the decoys loom up to almost twice their usual 
 size, as in a fog, and under these circumstances the ducks will 
 readily discover the deception long before they come near to you, 
 and will either turn out of their way or will pass by beyond gun 
 shot. Under these circumstances we can easily change the pros- 
 pects and have good shooting with but littl'^ trouble. To do this, 
 select two or three of your largest and best decoys as follows : — 
 say two on the outside and one in the centre of the decoys. To a 
 loop in the breast of each decoy run a string, to one end attach a 
 piece of lead, iron or stone, weighing say two pounds, then carry 
 your strings to your blind, and as soon as you see a bunch of 
 ducks pull these strings violently, and by doing this the decoys will 
 act as if feeding ; and not only this, but they will create waves that 
 will give motion to all other decoys. By this means one may have 
 good shooting even when it is quite calm. 
 
 The blinds are built in the fall just about the time at which the 
 ducks arrive, so that the birds are accustomed to them from the 
 first. Often too, the vicinity of the blind is " baited." To " bait ' 
 a blind, place from twenty-five to forty yards in front of each blind, 
 two or three bushels of corn or grain, or screenings. Sooner or 
 later a bunch of ducks will find this out, and will communicate it 
 somehow or other to every duck for miles around. As soon as 
 they find it, you can rest assured that the ducks will remain feeding 
 on this grain until it is all gone, which will take a long time ; but 
 by once every two or three weeks putting out another bushel, you 
 will have ducks until they leave for their breeding grounds. It is 
 always best to put out corn at first, as the ducks notice this so 
 much sooner, and after this bait with rye or wheat, which is more 
 difficult for them to get. Now this shooting will be all right as 
 long as the river does not freeze, or the ice is not over an inch or 
 two thick. In this latter case you must break the ice in front of 
 the blind, so as to have a space about forty or sixty yards square, 
 and then by placing the decoys out you will have the best of shoot- 
 ing, as this will be the only water open in the vicinity, and by plac- 
 ing decoys in it you cannot fail to draw every bunch that may pass 
 up or down. But in case the ice is from four to eight inches thick, 
 and freezing all the time, you will have to resort to another method. 
 In all freezes there are air holes open at some place or other 
 
SEA DUCK'S. 221 
 
 within a mile or two of our Ijlind or of our house, and the question 
 is how to jjet our boat there with its load of decoys. It may be 
 mentioned here that in duck shooting none but a Hat boat should 
 be used, as this is the only one that can go in shallow water, be 
 hauled on shore or transported without trouble in a wagon. In 
 order conveniently to transport your boat over the ice, nail two 
 thin strips (about an inch thick) on ihc, bottom of the boat, as run- 
 ners, and then thin them from the centre to each end, so as to form 
 a sort of oval. To these runners fasten iron about an inch wide, 
 and let this iron be what is termed half oval, (which can be pro- 
 cured at any hardware store). The runners should be as long as 
 possible, and placed about three or four inches from the edge of 
 the boat, and they should not be nearer than four inches to the end 
 or point of the boat. With a boat tixed in this manner, the least 
 force exerted will make it slide rapidly over the ice. In going with 
 a boat on the ice from one place to another, never pull it with a 
 rope by walking in front of the boat. This is the way that all 
 novices will act, but it is dangerous, from the following reason, 
 viz : that no matter how thick the ice may be, there are always 
 some thin places, and these will give away as soon as one gets on 
 them with his full weight ; in such a case you will get a good 
 ducking at the best, and run the risk of a more serious disaster. 
 To avoid all these risks, you should push the boat from behind by 
 placing your hands at the stern, and have your body thrown well 
 forward ; in this case, if the ice gives way, you can easily jump into 
 the boat without risk, or at the most have only a wet foot. 
 
 It is still better to remain in the boat and to be provided with 
 a short pole armed at the end with a sharp hook, which you can 
 strike into the ice and by means of which the boat is easily moved 
 over the surface. By sitting well forward in the boat and using 
 this hook you can go along rapidly with very little exertion, and if 
 the ice should give away you are safe in the boat. In case you 
 break in, it is easy with an ice hook to pull your boat upon strong 
 ice. On arriving at the place where you wish to shoot, you can 
 either build a blind out of ice, or use the boat as a blind. In the 
 former case, pile up cakes of ice about three feet high, building a 
 semi-circular wall, and then by placing a few boards on the ice, 
 or bags of straw, you have a comfortable shooting place. If the 
 
222 GAME BIRDS OF NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 boat is lo be used as a blind, then all you have to do is to place it 
 parallel to the line of decoys and place cakes of ice on the side of 
 it n(;xt to the decoys, so as to make the boat look like a Inininiock 
 of ice. Ikit in this case, it is necessary to wear a long wliite shirt 
 and have one's hat white by usinj^ a havelock. Then by lilting in 
 the boat or on the ice, it is almost impossible for the ducks to see 
 you, provided you keep quiet. A great many persons in shooting 
 on ice whiten their gun barrels with chalk, as a black barrel is very 
 apt to be noticed, but this is scarcely necessary, provided the 
 shooter makes no sudden movement. 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to say that the shooting on the Chesa- 
 peake and adjacent waters is by no means confined entirely to 
 Canvas-backs. Water fowl exist here not only in vast numbers 
 but in the greatest variety. Swans, geese of several species, red- 
 heads, black ducks, broad-bills, widgeons, teal and many other 
 species less prized by epicures, make these waters their winter 
 home, and may be shot in cpiantitics from October to April. 
 
 In the Western States the Canvas-back makes its appearance 
 about the middle or last of October, and remains on the water of 
 these States until freezing weather comes, when they withdraw to 
 more southern localities or to the sea coast. In the interior they are 
 chiefly shot over decoys which are placed on their feeding grounds, 
 the sportsman being concealed in a blind near at hand. As the 
 birds feed to a great extent on the roots of an aquatic plant, which 
 does not grow in deep water, they often approach cjuite near to 
 the shore and give very easy shots. On rainy days these birds ap- 
 pear to be uneasy, and fly much more than in pleasant weather. 
 They come to decoys better, too, and it is on tucli days that the 
 best bags are made. The Canvas-back can only be regarded as 
 a straggler on our New England coast. 
 
 Bucephala c^an^u/u.—Coues. Golden-eye. Garrot. Whistler. 
 
 The Whistler, as it is most commonly called on our coast, is a 
 bird of very wide distribution, being a European species, and 
 found also throughout the whole of North America. Unlike 
 the majority of our ducks, this species never congregates in very 
 large flocks, and it is not much sought after by sportsmen. It is 
 u fair table bird, much superior in this respect to the majority of 
 
SEA DUCKS. 223 
 
 our sea ducks. It takes its common natne from the fact that its 
 \vinj;s when in flij^ht produce a loud whist linj; noise which can be 
 heard at a considL-rabie distance. 
 
 In the interior and i)crhaps at some points on the coast, the 
 Golden-eyes decoy readily, but this is not the case on our southern 
 New England shore, where they rarely pay the slightest attention 
 to the stools. This species is said to breed in hollow trees like 
 the Wood Duck, the mother transporting her young to the water 
 in her bill. 
 
 The male Wliistler has the head and upper neck dark glossy 
 green, a roundish spot of white just in front of the eye, not touch- 
 ing the bill ; lower neck, under parts, sides, scapulars, wing coverts 
 and secondaries white, other upper parts black or blackish. The 
 female has the head brown, breast and sides grey. The head in 
 the male is quite puffy, in the female less so. The bill is high at 
 the base, shorter than the head, and in color is black, paler at the 
 tip. Length about eighteen inches. 
 
 Bucephala ulandica.—^^vdX. Rocky Mountain GarroL Barrow's Golden-eye. 
 
 A rather doubtful species which closely resembles the forego- 
 ing, but has the loral spot triangular or crescentic touching the bill 
 for the whole length of one of its sides, white on the wing, divided 
 by a black bar. Somewhat larger than the last. This bird is 
 everywhere rare, yet it has been taken on the Atlantic coast, in the 
 Rocky Mountains, and on the Pacific. If a good species it is more 
 boreal in its haliitat than the common Golden-eye. It occurs with 
 us only in winter. 
 
 Bucephala albeohi.—)idi\xA. Uuffle-head. Dipper. HuUer-ball. Spirit Duclc. 
 Devil Diver. Salt-water Teal. 
 
 Every one is familiar with the little BufBe-head, for he is 
 common not only along the coast, but on all ponds and streams 
 throughout the country, from ocean to ocean. The male is cer- 
 tainly one of the most beautiful of our ducks. His head is ex- 
 tremely puffy, and shows on its back the most brilliant iridescence 
 of purple, green and gold. Colors like those of the Golden-eye, 
 but without the loral patch of white, and with an auricular patch 
 of that color which meets its fellow- behind. The female has the 
 
224 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 head less puffy, the auricular patch smaller, and is full black. 
 Length about fourteen inches. This species sometimes comes well 
 to decoys, but is so small that it is not much shot. Those that 
 are killed are generally secured while flying over points or bars.- 
 
 Harelda glacialis. — Leach. Long-tailed Duck. Old-wife. South-southerly. Old 
 Injun (male). Old Squaw (female). Hound. 
 
 An extremely graceful and beautiful duck ; one too, most diffi- 
 cult to shoot on account of its exceedingly rapid and irregular flight, 
 but for the table almost worthless. Tail of fourteen narrow 
 pointed feathers, the middle ones in the male veiy long, sometimes 
 equaling the wing. Male in summer with back and long narrow 
 scapulars varied with black and reddish brown ; general color 
 blackish below, from the breast white, no white on wing, sides of 
 head lead grey. In winter, the head, neck and fore parts of the 
 body are white, a dark patch on the neck below the grey cheek 
 patch, narrow scapular feathers pearl grey. Bill short, nail occu- 
 pying its whole tip. The female is a plain grey duck, white be- 
 low, and always to be recognized by the absence of white on the 
 wing, and the peculiarities of the bill. Length fifteen to twenty 
 inches, depending somewhat on the development of the tail. 
 
 Old Squaws are shot in great numbers along the New England 
 coast, not so much for food, as because from the peculiarities of 
 their flight, they are one of the most difficult ducks to hit. Under 
 certain circumstances they come well to decoys, and are easily se- 
 cured, but they are mo.\ often shot while flying over a line. 
 ■Jlucking in line, is a f: ite amusement on some parts of our 
 coast, but it is hardly probable that the reader is familiar with it 
 and it may therefore be here described. 
 
 A number of boats, perhaps twenty, each containing one man, 
 one or more guns, together with an anchor, thirty feet of rope and 
 a buoy, start for some pre-determined point of land near which 
 the birds feed. The boats range themselves off from the shore 
 about gun shot apart, forming a cordon through which the ducks 
 are expected to fly. The anchor is attached first to the buoy, and 
 this in turn is snapped to the painter. When a bird is shot down, 
 the boat can in this way quickly slip the buoy, and save the time, 
 and trouble of raising the anchor. The birds at sunrise fly into 
 
SEA DUCK'S. ■ . • ; ' , 225 
 
 the bays and estuaries for food, and in passing over the line 
 give good shots to the gunners. As many as fifty birds are some- 
 times secured in this way by an expert, in a morning's shooting. 
 
 Although the Old Squaw is one of our typical sea ducks, it is 
 not confined to the coast alone, but is found in considerable num- 
 bers on some of the larger inland waters, being common in winter 
 on Lake Michigan, and no doubt on others of the Great Lakes. 
 It occurs also in great numbers on the California coast. 
 
 This species breeds on fresh water ponds and lakes in Labra- 
 dor, and probably throughout the British Possessions, generally, 
 however, selecting for this purpose a body of water not far from 
 the sea. It reaches our middle districts in November, and is enor- 
 mously abundant from that time until April. Most of the common 
 names of the species are taken from its noisy habits, for it is 
 almost continually calling. The notes are very musical. 
 
 Camptolemus iabradorius.—Qxa.Y. Labrador Duck. Pied Duck. 
 
 Bill enlarged toward the end. The male has the body and 
 primaries black, as also :* black collar and lengthwise coronal 
 strip, rest of head neck and wing white. Female plain greyish. 
 Length two feet. This species was in the time of Wilson and Au- 
 dubon, common along our coast as far south as New York in win- 
 ter, but it is at present one of the rarest of our ducks. It is a 
 species of northern distribution, only entering the United States in 
 winter. 
 
 Histrionicus iorquatus, — Bon. Harlequin Duck. Lord (male). Lady (female). 
 
 This beautiful species is nowhere common. It is a bird of 
 Europe, and is scattered over the whole of the northern portion 
 of our country, occurring on the northwest coast in small numbers. 
 It breeds sparingly in the northern Rocky Mountains, but perhaps 
 it is as common on the coast of Newfoundland as anywhere else. 
 Here the male and female of this species are called " lords and 
 ladies," anci are beautiful birds, and perhaps the most expert of 
 divers. The sportsman is amazed to find that one of these birds 
 can escape the shot of his percussion gun by diving, though sitting 
 quietly on the water at a distance of but twenty yards. Sometimes, 
 10* 
 
226 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 too, he fires at a flock on the wing, and is delighted to see the whole 
 flock drop apparently " stone dead " into the water ; but presently 
 his astonishment is great when he sees the little harlequins all on 
 wing unhurt, and just out of the range of his second barrel. The 
 bill of the Harlequin is very small and short, and tapers rapidly to 
 tip which is wholly occupied by the nail ; the tertiaries are curly. 
 Male deep lead blue ; sides of head and of body behind chestnut ; 
 stripe on crown and tail, black ; a patch at side of bill, on occiput, 
 side of breast and tail, two transverse ones on side of neck and 
 several on wing, and a jugular collar, white. Female brown, paler 
 below, with a white patch in front of and behind eye. Length 
 about sixteen inches. Specimens of this beautiful duck are much 
 in request among ornithological collectors, and those shot should 
 always, if possible, be preserved. ' ' 
 
 Sotnatcria stellerii, — Jard. Steller's Eider Duck. . " 
 
 " Head white with a tinge of grey with a green occipital band ; 
 a black chin patch and eye ring ; collar round neck and the upper 
 parts lustrous velvety black ; the lengthened curly scapulars and 
 tertiaries silvery white on the inner webs ; the lesser and middle 
 wing coverts white, the greater coverts and secondaries white- 
 tipped, enclosing the violet speculum, under parts rich reddish 
 brown, blackening on the belly and cnssum, fading through buff 
 to white on the breast and sides where there are black spots. Fe- 
 male reddish brown, blackening below, varied with darker on the 
 head, neck and fore parts, tips of greater coverts and secondaries 
 alone white, enclosing the speculum. Length about eighteen 
 inches." {Coues.) 
 
 A bird of the Northwest coast scarcely or not at all known to 
 sportsmen. , ^ 
 
 Somateri'a JiscAert'i.^Coues. Spectacied Eider. 1; . ' i [ 
 
 " Male black or blackish, the throat, most of the neck, fore back, 
 wing coverts, scapulars, tertials, and flank patch white ; nape and 
 occiput green, a whitish space around the eye bounded by black. 
 Female said to be brown varied with darker, the chin and throat 
 whitish, the eye patch obscurely indicated." (Coues.) Male in fall 
 and winter said to be like the female. Inhabits the northwest coast. 
 
SEA DUCKS. 
 
 Somater7a mollissiina.—^on. Eider Duck. Sea Duck. 
 
 " Bill with long club-shaped frontal processes extending in a 
 line with the culmen, upon the sides of the forehead divided by a 
 broad feathered interspace. Male in breeding attire, white, creamy 
 tinted on breast and washed with green on head ; under parts from 
 breast, lower back, rump, tail, quills and large forked patch on the 
 crown black. Female with the bill less developed, general plum- 
 age an extremely variable shade of reddish-brown or ochry brown, 
 speckled, mottled and barred with darker. Male in certain stages 
 resembling the female. Length about two feet." {Coues.) 
 
 The reputation of this bird is world-wide. And it is not from 
 any peculiarity ihat it possesses, but because it ministers (unwill- 
 ingly, to be sure) to the comfort of nian. There are four species 
 of this genus in the United States, but two of which are found upon 
 the Atlantic coast. The king eider is the rarer of the two, and 
 the most northern. Plain eider duck is the one most common, and 
 the one referred to here. We naturally associate them with ice- 
 bergs and Icelanders, as they form such prominent features in 
 tales of Arctic adventure. 'Tis true vast numbers have their sum- 
 mer dwelling-place in the Polar regions, but even those who seek 
 a breeding place in Greenland, Iceland or Labrador, seek a less 
 rigorous climate as winter approaches. The range of the eider 
 duck is from the coast of New England to the Arctic regions. It 
 is only in winter, however, that we are favored with their presence, 
 and then they keep well aloof from the shore. By the first of May 
 tl>ey leave us, and seek a place to make their nest and rear their 
 young along the shores of the Bay of Fundy, Newfoundland, and 
 Labrador, though the first eggs are not laid till the last of that 
 month. 
 
 One of their most southern breeding places is upon one of the 
 outlying islands of the Grand Manan group, called " White 
 Horse," from a fancied resemblance to that beast. From the 
 rocks at the water's edge many tortuous, narrow paths lead to the 
 grassy thickets, and these paths invariably lead to a nest, some- 
 times two. Upon the ground they place a few pieces of grass 
 stalks, with other fine material, in a slight depression of which the 
 eggs are laid, from three to five. These eggs are about three 
 
228 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA 
 
 inches long by two wide, of a beautiful olive green, and very- 
 smooth. Sometimes when left by the female for a short time, 
 they are covered with a mat of dry grass, and the highly prized 
 eider down, so elastic that a whole nest full may be squeezed in 
 the fist and then regain its original bulk. This down is dark slate 
 in color, having been plucked by the female from her breast. The 
 young are beautiful little creatures, can swim like a fish and tame 
 easily. 
 
 Towards the last of October, the eiders begin to appear along 
 the Massachusetts coast, forming in large bodies off the rocky 
 capes. Good sport is had by gunners from Cape Ann in the win- 
 ter months. A good boat, with a man to sail it, can be hired at 
 Rockport or Gloucester, and if the day is pleasant, with wind to 
 westward, and a trifle rough, the sportsman may expect shooting. 
 These birds are also shot in the same manner as the various 
 Coots to be mentioned farther on, 
 
 Somateria V-ntgra .—Gray . Pacific Eider. 
 
 Precisely like the last excepting a V shaped black mark on the 
 chin. Perhaps only a variety. Arctic and North Pacific coast. 
 
 Somateria s^eciadt'lis.—Boie. King Duck. King Eider. r 
 
 "Bill with broad squarish nearly vertical frontal processes bulg- 
 ing angularly out of line with culmen. Male in breeding attire 
 black, including a forked chin patch, a frontal band and small 
 space, round eye ; the neck and fore parts of the body, part of 
 interscapulars of wing coverts and of lining of wings, and a flush- 
 patch white, creamy on the jugulum, greenish on the sides of the 
 head ; crown and nape fine bluish ash. Female resembles the 
 common Eider in plumage, but the bill is different. Size of 
 last." (Cotu's.) 
 
 A more northern species than the preceding, with which how- 
 ever it is sometimes associated. South in winter on the coast to 
 New York and occasionally inland waters west to Lake Michigan. 
 
 (Edemta atnericana. —Svf&in. Black Scoter, Copper-Nose (njale). Grej' Coot 
 
 (female). 
 
 Birds of this genus are distinguished by their peculiarly swollen 
 and brightly colored bills. The males are black with or without 
 
^-- •/, SEA DUCKS. •^ -v 229 
 
 white spaces, the females are sooty black or grey, and lack the 
 curiously turgid bills of the male. 
 
 In the Scoter the bill is scarcely encroached upon by the frontal 
 feathers, is shorter than head, swollen above at the base, and 
 orange in color in the male. Tail of sixteen feathers. Male black. 
 Female sooty brown, pale grey below. Male about two feet long. 
 Sea coast and larger inland waters of United States in winter. 
 
 CEdemiafusca.—YX^m. Velvet Scoter. White-winged Surf-Duck. White- 
 winged C30t. Bell-tongue Coot. 
 
 Bill black orange tipped, shorter than head. Male black with 
 a white wing-patch and spot under the eye. Iris white. Female 
 sooty brown, pale grey below, with the white wing-patch and 
 some white about the head. Length two feet. Distribution same 
 as last, but more abundant. . ., ,^ . , , ., 
 
 CEdemia /ers/ictUafa.—Ste[>h, Surf Duck. Sea Coot. Skunk-head. Snnff- 
 
 taker. ., , , ■.;.-. 
 
 Bill in the male much swollen at sides as well as above, orange 
 red, white on sides and with a large circular black spot on each 
 side at the base. Tail of fourteen feathers. Male black with a 
 triangular white patch on the forehead and another on the occiput. 
 Female smaller, sooty brown, paler below, white patches on sides 
 of head before and behind the eye. Size of first. Atlantic coast 
 in winter. Variety trowbrtdges, Pacific Coast. 
 
 Our Sound, protected by Long Island from the billows and 
 fierce breakers of the Atlantic, with its many quiet bays and in- 
 lets, its gently sloping, sandy shores and shallow waters, abound- 
 ing in moUusca and small shell fish, is the favorite resort of count- 
 less numbers of water-fowl, from their first arrival from the ' 
 northern breeding grounds, about the middle of September, until 
 their departure again in April and May. The first species which 
 Arrives here in the early autumn are the Surf Ducks — a beautiful 
 bird, glossy black, with a white patch on the top of the head and 
 another on the nape of the neck, from which coloring it has re- 
 ceived the name of " skunk head " from our gunners. Its mate, 
 dressed in a sober suit of brown and grey, is called the grey coot, 
 and is very generally considered an entirely different species. The 
 ducks of this species which first arrive keep far out on the Sound. 
 
 
230 QAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and are daily joined by large flocks of their companions from the 
 north. In a few days these flocks become of immense size, con- 
 sisting of thousands, which are now joined by a few Scoters. The 
 duck shooters begin to prepare for the sport. The boat ordi- 
 narily used in this duck-shooting is flat-bottomed, twelve to , 
 thirteen feet long and about thirty inches wide, decked over, and 
 with a combing around the cockpit, which is just large enough to 
 accommodate one person. The white-winged coots and loons 
 soon commence to arrive and mingle with the others, which have 
 now moved nearer to the shore. Every morning these large flocks 
 scatter, and in small numbers, from two or three to a dozen indi- 
 viduals, fly up the Sound toward the west. They continue to fly • 
 in the same direction until about ten or eleven o'clock ; all then 
 settle, and scarcely any birds are flying until two o'clock in the 
 afternoon, when all commence flying back again, the flocks being 
 larger than in the morning flight. 
 
 Imagine a party of sportsmen just formed for the first shoot of 
 the season. The boats are all collected on the shore near some 
 favorite shooting ground, ready to start out the next morning at 
 the very first streak of daylight. 
 
 The party retire to some neighboring barn and beguile the long 
 hours of the night with stories and joyous thoughts of to-morrow's 
 sport ; or, at home, roll uneasily in bed, longing for the next morn- 
 ing. No bell is needed to call them at the first signs of day. Many 
 eyes have been eagerly watching for it. The boats now start out, 
 so that all may be ready before it is light and the birds have begun ■ 
 to fly. Upon reaching the desired location, one man throws out 
 his anchor, another rows about twenty rods beyond him and an- 
 chors also, and in this way the boats are all disposed of, reaching 
 far out into the Sound in a straight line. Golden streaks are fast 
 springing up from the eastern horizon, lighting up the water, whiqh ^ 
 is mov-ing in long gentle swells, and the beautiful bluish haze, 9!lf 
 characteristic of the cool autumn morning, with enchanting reflec- 
 tions. The ducks are now beginning to fly, and the noise of their 
 wings, brought clearly over the water, sends a thrill through every 
 gunner's nerves. The shooting will soon begin. There comes a 
 pair of white-winged ducks, heading directly lor the line. They 
 must pass between some two boats, and every eye anxiously 
 
_ y.^:'y:^- SEA DUCKS. '"'■'- 231 
 
 watches to see who shall have the first shot of the season. 
 Nearer and nearer they come ; they are almost up to the line, and 
 now they notice the boats and partly stop, but it is too late for 
 them to turn out. With swiftly moving wmgs, and with wonder- 
 ful speed, one following about a foot behind the other, they attempt 
 to pass between two of the boats. A man springs to his knees, 
 the muzzle of a gun follows their swift course for an instant, a 
 flash, a report, and a few feathers float in the air as the hindmost 
 duck throws out its feet, drops its head, and with wings partly 
 closed, turning slowly over in its swift descent, heavily strikes the 
 water with a loud splash. The gunner now throws overboard the 
 buoy to which his anchor line is attached, rows to the spot where 
 the duck is lying dead on its back, lifts it up by one of its red feet, 
 places it on the deck, and rows back. This is the first duck. And 
 now the ducks are flying swiftly through different parts of the line, 
 and the report of the heavy guns is heard almost every instant. 
 Now and then some lucky fellow drops two at a shot. Many 
 which are hit come down apparently dead, dive immediately on 
 striking the water, and continue diving so vigorously that they 
 often escape, the gunner not deeming it worth while to pursue 
 them. Others which dive are never seen again. These are hard 
 hit, and as a general thing cling to the weeds and rocks at the 
 bottom with their bills and remain there till dead. If the bottom 
 offers nothing to cling to they swim off with the body completely 
 submerged, leaving nothing but the bill above the water. Some- 
 times after the warmth has all left the body of those which cling 
 to the bottom, the muscles relax their hold sufficiently to let the 
 bird float to the top of the water. Very frequently when a pass- 
 ing duck is shot at, the shot are plainly heard to hit it, but the bird 
 keeps on as though nothing was the matter. Very soon, however, 
 it moves its wings more stiffly, and inclines toward the water. This 
 is a sure sign of a hard hit, and if it alights all right it can be easi- 
 ly knocked over with the other barrel. If the duck, on reaching 
 the water, does not seem at all particular whether it alights right 
 side up or not, it will be found dead, though having flown perhaps 
 for a quarter of a mile after being hit. 
 
 As the season advances, old squaws and sheldrakes arrive. 
 . The former are often allowed to pass through the line without be- 
 
232 GAME BIRDS OF NOMTII AMERICA. 
 
 ing shot at, on account of their small size, swift flight, and extreme 
 tenacity of life, making it so hard to get them aft^r they are shot. 
 As a general thing, however, everything is " game " which passes 
 over the line, from a goose to a crow. 
 
 Erismatura rubida. — Bon. Ruddy Duck, 
 
 Male with the neck and upper parts brownish-red, the lower 
 parts silky white marbled with pale grey, chin and sides of head 
 white, crown and nape black. This is the most perfect plumage, 
 and is not often seen. Female and young males brown above, 
 dotted and waved with darker, below paler. Top of head dark, 
 brown, under tail coverts white. Bill broad and flat with an over- 
 hanging nail. Feathers of tail peculiarly stiffened and slender. 
 Length fifteen inches. North America, abundant. 
 
 Erismatura dominica. — Eyl. St. Domingo Duck. 
 
 Head in front and chin black. Hind head, neck and breast 
 deep reddish-brown ; above brownish-red blotched with black, be- 
 low paler, speculum white. Smaller than last. A tropical species 
 accidental in the United States. 
 
 Mergus merganser. — Linn. Merganser. Goosander, Fish Duck. 
 
 The Mergansers are to be distinguished from oiher Fuligtilince 
 by having the bill round instead of flattened, and strongly toothed. 
 Their food consists almostly entirely of fish which they pursue 
 " like the loons and cormorants." Their flesh is of course very 
 rank, almost uneatable in fact. These birds are not systematically 
 pursued, but are occasionally shot by the gunner while in pursuit 
 of oiher game. 
 
 The male Goosander has the head somewhat puffy, glossy 
 green, back and wings black and white, under parts salmon 
 colored. Female with a slight crest, head and neck reddish- 
 brown, upper parts ashy grey with some white. Length about 
 two feet. Whole of North America. 
 
 Mergus serrator. — Linn. Sheldrake. Red-breasted Merganser. 
 
 With a slight crest in both sexes. General coloration like the 
 last, but the male with the lower fore-neck and breast reddish 
 
SEA DUCK'S. 233 
 
 brown streaked with black, and the sides waved with black, a 
 white, black bordered mark in front of the wing ; wing crossed by 
 two black bars ; smaller than merganser. Distribution same 
 as last. 
 
 Mergus cucullatus- — Linn. Hooded Merganser. Saw-billed Diver. 
 
 Male with a thick erect crest. Black including two crescents 
 in front of wing, and bar across speculum ; under parts, centre of 
 crest, speculum, stripes on tertials, white ; sides chestnut, black- 
 barred. Length eighteen inches. Female, head and neck brown, 
 chin whitish ; back and sides dark brown ; white on wing tip. 
 North America at large. 
 
:fi:.:. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BIRDS. 
 
 GAME in the sense in which the term is employed by sports- 
 men, strictly includes only those birds which have already 
 been discussed ; but besides these there are many other species 
 at which the gunner will have shots during his wanderings 
 in search of the true game birds. Among such may be men- 
 tioned the Wild Pigeon, the Bittern, the Sandhill and Whoop- 
 ing Cranes, and certain Loons, Grebes and Cormorants. Ex- 
 cept the last three, the birds are all eaten, though not particularly 
 delicate food. The Loons and their allies, however, are from 
 the nature of their food, which consists almost wholly of fish, utterly 
 rank and uneatable, and no more deserve a place in this work than 
 does the crow, at which the sportsman sometimes wantonly dis- 
 charges his gun. 
 
 In New England the following recipe is given for cooking one 
 of these fish-eating birds. Having dressed your Loon or Grebe, 
 place in it an iron wedge large enough almost to fill the cavity 
 from which the intestines have been removed ; then bake or boil. 
 When you can stick a fork into the wedge your bird is ready for 
 the table. 
 
 ' ■,; Ectopistes migratorius. — Swains, Wild Pigeon. Passenger Pigeon. 
 
 The Wild Pigeon is one of our most widely known birds, and 
 although not strictly to be classed among our game birds, yet it is 
 so extensively hunted and shot, and forms so marked a feature in 
 our markets at certain seasons, that we shall devote a few words 
 to the species. The color of the adult Passenger Pigeon is above, 
 dull bluish grey ; uclow, dull purplish red, whitening on the cris- 
 sum ; sides of neck golden and reddish reflections ; some of the 
 wing coverts black spotted ; middle tail feathers bluish black, the 
 others white or ashy, tail cuneate, the inner webs of the tail feath- 
 ers black at base, with a chestnut patch. Length fifteen to seven- 
 
MISCELLAXEOUS BIHDS. - ' 235 
 
 teen inches. The Passenger Pigeon is eminently a gregarious and 
 migratory species, known particularly for its great swiftness of 
 flight, and the immense size of the companies found feeding 
 together. Their favorite food seems to be beech mast, acorns and 
 other soft shelled nuts, and where these are plenty, the pigeons 
 congregate at early morning and feed during the day, retiring to 
 the pine woods to pass the night. Their roosts when discovered 
 are resorted to at night by men and boys, armed with guns and 
 clubs, and the birds who sit packed tightly together are slaughtered 
 in countless numbers, till all the hunters loaded down with their 
 grain bags full of the birds, cease their murderous onslaughts from 
 sheer fatigue. 
 
 Until disturbed the birds return nightly to the same roost as 
 long as the mast in the neighborhood is plenty. Suddenly they 
 all disappear, and are seen no more until the following fall. The 
 wild cherries are, while they last, eagerly sought by the pigeons, 
 and large bags are made by sitting beneath these trees and shoot- 
 ing at the incoming flocks. 
 
 At this season of the j'ear the Alleghany Mountains are literally 
 alive with them, and from morn to eve, nothing in the best local- 
 ities can be heard but the sharp crack of rifles and the heavier 
 sound of shot guns. Every one seems to be impressed with the 
 idea that he must make the finest bag of the season, and conse- 
 quently every one who can procure a gun, no matter of what 
 kind, sallies forth to wage an indiscriminate war upon the 
 poor pigeons that have visited the hills and valleys to feed upon 
 the acorns and wild cherries which are found in the greatest pro- 
 fusion on the top of the Alleghanies in a strip of country called the 
 Glades. These Glades are open spaces devoid of trees in the 
 midst of unbroken forests covered by tall grass and alder bushes ; 
 they extend for perhaps fifty miles on top of the mountains, and 
 are from fifteen to twenty miles in breadth. This section of the 
 country seems to be the favorite ground for pigeons in the fall of 
 the year. At early morning to sit in these glades and shoot at the 
 flocks as one by one they arrive from their nesting places affords 
 fine sport, and is altogether the most pleasant way of hunting these 
 birds. 
 
 Thousands are caught alive by means of clap-nets, and they 
 
236 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH A AT ERICA. 
 
 afford the best trap shooting, being strong and swift of wing. This 
 is the only use made of them alive, although attempts have been 
 made in domesticating and cross-breeding, but with, as we believe, 
 no success. The great mass of Passenger Pigeons breed in com- 
 panies, twenty to thirty nests being found on one tree ; when the 
 squabs are about to leave the nest they make a delicious table bird. 
 Scattered pairs are found breeding in our Eastern and Middle sec- 
 tions. Several other species of pigeons are found in the United 
 Slates, but this is the only species which is systematically pursued. 
 
 Botaurus minor. — Bon. Biltern. Indian Hen. Stake-driver, Bog-bull. 
 
 The Bittern is very nearly, if not quite, a game bird. Its flesh 
 is very fair eating, it gives out a strong scent, and often lies well 
 to a dog. Frank Forrester included it among the list of his game 
 l)irds, and what higher authority can we have than his. We have 
 shot many of these birds when traversing boggy meadows in search 
 of snipe, and have seen a very young and unbroken dog stand on 
 them with the utmost staunchness. They fly slowly and are se- 
 cured without difliculty by the most ordinary shot. Many are 
 killed during the Rail shooting, being started from their reedy 
 feeding grounds by the sportsman's boat. 
 
 The Bittern is above of a dull brown color streaked and 
 speckled with tawny buff and whitish, neck white becoming pale 
 yellow on breast and belly, each feather with a streak of brown. 
 Chin and throat line white ; a glossy black patch on each side of 
 the neck. Bill dark at tip, yellow at base, legs greenish. Length 
 about twenty-five inches. The Bittern nests on the ground and 
 not in communities as do most herons. Its eggs are four or five 
 in number, in color brownish-drab with a shade of grey. 
 
 ^ Grus amert'cana.—T&mm. White Crane. Whooping Crane. s 
 
 The Whooping Crane is a bird of the interior, being rarely 
 found on our Eastern seaboard, and never north of the Middle 
 States. It is most abundant in the Mississippi Valley and on the 
 high plains toward the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Birds of this genus have the general aspect of the herons, 
 though in fact more nearly related to the rails. Adults of our 
 two species may be distinguished from any of the birds of North 
 
MISCELLANEOUS BIRDS, 2yj 
 
 America by having the top of the head in each naked, somewhat 
 warty, haired and red in color. 
 
 The length of the White Crane is between four and five feet. 
 The bare part of the head narrows to a p(jint on the occiput, and 
 extends on each side of the head below the eyes. It is very hairy. 
 General plumage white ; primaries, their coverts and alula black ; 
 bill very powerful, greenish in color ; legs black. 
 
 This species is rarely secured with the shot-gun. It is very 
 wary, and must be stalked with the utmost care ; and shot with a 
 rifle-ball at a distance of one hundred yards or more. The White 
 Crane breeds sparingly throughout the northern portion of the 
 interior. The eggs are two in number, of a muddy white .color 
 with spots of dull brown. They are not to be certainly distin- 
 guished from those of the next species. 
 
 » 
 Grus canadeHst's.—Tcmm, Sandhill Crane. Brown Crane. 
 
 Somewhat smaller than the foregoing ; the naked patch on the 
 head forking behind to receive a feathered point, not extending 
 below to the eyes, and scarcely hairy. General color grey, prima- 
 ries, their coverts, and alula black. 
 
 This species is very abundant from the Mississippi Valley west- 
 ward, and is equally common on the plains and in the mountains. 
 Farther east it rarely occurs in any numbers, and is scarcely found 
 at all on the sea coast north of Floiida. In California it is abund- 
 ant in the fall, and is often exposed for sale in the markets. 
 
 Although scarcely less wary than its congener the Whooping 
 Crane, it is more often killed on account of its greater abundance. 
 Sometimes they are shot by grouse shooters who come upon them 
 feeding in sloughs or under cut banks, and thus get within range 
 before being discovered. But as a rule the securing of these birds 
 is purely a matter of chance. The young of this species are said 
 to be tender and well flavored. The Sandhill Crane breeds through- 
 out the mountains and plains of the West, laying two eggs usually 
 on the ground, but sometimes building on a tree, as noted by the 
 writer in the Black Hills of Dakota, in 1874. 
 
"■W' 
 
GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 EASTERN COAST FISHES. 
 
 THE PLEURONECTID^. 
 
 Flounder ; flatfish ; mud dab ; sole. — Pseudopieuronectcs americanus . — Gill. 
 
 THIS excellent panfish is the delight of the boys, and is caught 
 with clams and other baits of shell fish, from wharves. It 
 is also speared on mud flats among the eel grass at low water. It 
 often grows to several pounds in weight. Taken from early spring 
 till late in autumn. 
 
 THE GADID^. 
 
 Pollock. — Pollachius carbonarius. — Bon. 
 
 Pollock, although no more a game fish, technically, than the 
 common flounder, has been known to take a great gaudy fly of 
 scarlet and grey feathers with avidity ; and much sport is often 
 enjoyed in the Kenebeccasis River with rod and reel in this way. 
 The Kenebeccasis is an arm of the St. John River, in the Province 
 of New Brunswick. Its game qualities are really ver}' fair. Be- 
 longs to the Gadidce or Codfish family. Spawns from last of 
 October to December, and is taken from the last of April to the 
 first of June. It resembles the codfish in its prominent charac- 
 teristics. 
 
 The Haddock, axioXhtrgadus, takes the hook as freely as the cod. 
 
 . ■ ' Codfish. — Gadus tnorrhua. — Linn. 
 
 This well-known fish of commerce affords good sport when 
 taken in shoal water off the coast of Labrador. It is taken only 
 a few feet below the surface, and if one wishes to tr)' the experi- 
 
240 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ment he may be able to take individuals on a clumsy bunch of 
 grey and scarlet feathers, or red flannel, improvised as a fly. 
 Sometimes in pursuit of caplin and other small fish, they leap clear 
 of the water. Bait with caplin, lance or herring. Bank fishing in- 
 volves more hard labor than sport, yet some persons enjoy a cruise 
 with the fishermen. Codfish subsist on crabs, shell fish and other 
 fish. Spawn in November and December. The best fishing sea- 
 son is in April, May and June. 
 
 ToMCOD ; frostfish. — Microgadus tomcodus. — Gill, 
 
 This familiar fish is taken in abundance from wharves and in 
 tide water rivers, with hook and line baited with clams or crabs, a 
 light rod, and small sinker, with or without a float. In midwinter 
 it swims near the surface, ^.iid can be jigged up with an unbaited 
 hook fastened to a two-foot No. 8 wire attached to a ten-foot pole. 
 The bait-fishing season is in the fall. The tomcod is olive-brown 
 on back shading to dull yellow ; belly white. In shape and many 
 of its features it resembles the codfish. 
 
 LABRID^. 
 
 Blackfish ; \A^x^.Q%.—Tautoga om'iis.—Gth'T. 
 
 This is a fine fish for the table, broiled or for chowder. Grows 
 to the weight of twelve pounds. Much fished for in May and 
 October with hand lines and hooks, and baited with fiddlers 
 and clams, with sinker below the hooks. Taken near the bottom, 
 around reefs and old wrecks on the flood tide. Color, black on 
 back with lead colored belly. Spawn in June. 
 
 CuNNKR ; bergall ; chogset ; bluefish; blue perch. — Tautogolabrus adspersus. 
 
 Cunners are very common on blackfish (tautog) grounds, and 
 although a fine table fish and a bold biter, are not esteemed by 
 anglers, who are incessantly annoyed by it while fishing for better 
 fish. It takes fiddlers or sand crabs, clams, and cut fish bait, 
 which it will nibble from the hooks as fast as put on. They are 
 found on reefs and around old wrecks. Cienerally very small, but 
 are taken over a pound in weight. They are quite bony, and their 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 24 1 
 
 spines are very sharp, inflicting painful wounds to the hands if 
 caution is not used. Color, bluish green on back, belly whitish. 
 
 .. „ ,, r THE SCOMBRID^. 
 
 Mackerel. — Scomber seomlrtis. — Linn. 
 
 This favorite fish of commerce which is taken in such vast 
 quantities along the northern coast, from Cape Cod to Labrador, 
 affords most excellent sport to the rod and reel. Bass tackle of 
 the lightest description, with wire gimp snood is required. Caplin, 
 porgy, and clams are used for bait. No float is necessary, since, 
 when the fish are biting sharply, the bait will be taken the instant 
 it touches the water. We have knoivn mackerel to afford fine sport 
 to the large white fly or spinner, known as " Brook's silver laurel." 
 
 Fishing is done from boats or the decks of vessels. Those 
 regularly engaged in the business use a jig or hook loaded with 
 lead or block tin, and the fish when biting well, take the line with 
 equal avidity, whether baited or not. They are generally caught at 
 from five to eight feet below the surface. The mackerel business 
 commences in the latter part of March, when the mackerel first re- 
 turn to our coasts from their winter's absence in more southern 
 waters, and lasts until the end of November. In December, when the 
 fish strike Cape Cod on their way south, they take a slant out into the 
 deep ocean, and do not continue to follow the coast line ; hence 
 all efforts to take them after the period named have thus far proved 
 futile. Like all pelagic fish, which make their advent in northern 
 waters in spring, they are lean and extremely ravenous at that 
 season. They seem to reverse the peculiarities of anadromous fish, 
 which come to their fresh water and spawning grounds in fine 
 condition, and return lean and impoverished, to gather fresh food 
 and fresh strength for their next period of reproduction ; and, 
 reasoning by analogy, we may infei that these pelagi go to great 
 depths to spawn, where no food is obtainable* and the minnow and 
 sprat never go. 
 
 Mackerel generally swim in immense schools, sufficient in 
 number and quantity, if all were caught, to fill a hundred fishing 
 vessels, and biting generally the best in dull cloudy weather. 
 . ■'. II 
 
242 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 There is no species of commercial fishing which brings so much 
 sport and excitement to the fisherman, and quite likely no vacation 
 would be more enjoyed by the novice than one passed on a cruise 
 for mackerel. ' . ' - 
 
 The beauty of this fish is widely known. Its body is long and 
 slender, and its lines are like those of a yacht ; tail forked, color 
 dark greenish blue on the back ; sides steel blue, marked the whole 
 length by oblique blue-black bars, belly silveiy white. The mack- 
 erel is one of the most beautiful fish that swims, and one of those 
 most esteemed for the table. ,: ' • 
 
 BoNiTO or Skip-Jack.— .S'arrfa/^r/rtwjv*. — Cuv. i 
 
 This is one of the scombrids or mackerel family, and is often 
 taken by trolling in deep water outside the bars and inlets. It 
 spawns about June. It is not highly prized for the ta'' although 
 it is a good marketable fish. It has the t; U of t. m;. k^rel, but is 
 a much thicker fish in proportion to its le... .h, and is much more 
 brilliant in its colors, the back being a viv.-' green that merges 
 into an equally vivid blue upon the sides. Its upper part is marked 
 with five decided black longitudinal stripes. Its belly is white. 
 Average weight, one pound and a half. 
 
 Spanish Mackerel. — Cybium ntaculatum. — Cuv. 
 
 . This fish makes its appearance in northern waters along the 
 coast in June, and is taken often as late as the first of December. 
 It is taken by trolling squids in bays, sounds, and estuaries, and 
 also in the open ocean. Its weight often reaches twelve pounds. 
 It is highly esteemed for the table. Few fisji are more beautiful. 
 Its back and sides, down to its lateral line, are dark blue tinged 
 with purple and gold ; below the line it is pink and gold for a short 
 distance, shading to white on the belly. Spots of gold of the size 
 of a gold dollar are scattered over the body to the number of 
 twenty or thirty. Sometimes it is taken with hook baited with 
 shedder crabs, while angling for striped bass. The best trolling 
 squids are made either of Britannia metal, tapering, with a tail of 
 red ibis feathers, or of brightly polished metal inlaid with pearl, to 
 represent the sea shiner. 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 243 
 
 Albicore";- Horse Mackerel. The American TMnay.—Orcynus secundi- 
 
 dorsalis. — Gill. 
 
 This fish takes the hook freely, and is good for the table, sell- 
 ing at ten cents a pound from the smacks, but as he weighs from 
 five hundred to twelve hundred pounds, will not be sought by 
 anglers. . 
 
 Cero.— cerus sierra ; black spotted Spanish mackerel ; kingfish.— C;y^/«/« regale. 
 
 — Cuv. 
 
 This belongs to the family scombridcE (mackerel), and is highly 
 esteemed for the table. It is white-meated, and ranges in weight 
 from four to twelve pounds ; is a more slender fish than any of his 
 kindred, an individual three feet in length often weighing no more 
 than six or eight pounds. They are taken with common Britannia 
 metal squids while trolling for bluefish, and being at all times a 
 ravenous biter, may possibly be taken with the rod. It is com- 
 paratively a new comer on the coast from Virginia to Rhode Island. 
 
 The Cero is of dull blue or lead color on the back and sides, 
 which are plentifully spotted with black dots ; belly white. It has 
 no perceptible scales. Spawns in the spring. 
 
 ■ THE SCI^NID^. 
 
 Weakfish.— Squeteague, suckermang or squit (New England) ; yellow-fin, she- 
 cutts, checutts, or chickwick (New York) ; bluefish, (Beasley's Point, New 
 Jersey). — Cynoscion regalis. — Gill, 
 
 This fish is marked by gorgeous spots upon a ground of blue 
 and silver, and by red and yellow fins, which are characteristic of 
 the fresh water trout, and have undoubtedly given to it the name 
 of "trout "in some sections. Ordinarily it is caught by hand- 
 lines fished from a boat. These weakfish come in with the tide in 
 immense shoals, following the small fry upon which they and their 
 congeners feed, and are caught by the boat-load at half-flood 
 within a few feet of the surface. Bait with a shrimp or shedder, 
 and keep the line constantly in motion, and half the time you 
 will "jig" them in the belly, tail or side, as the finny mass 
 moves over the hook. Down at the " Narrows " of New York 
 Bay, near Fort Richmond, is a favorite place. In New Haven 
 harbor, and other harbors of the Sound, and especially in the vicin- 
 
244 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ity of Montauk Point, Long Island, they are taken in great num- 
 bers. However, no one but market-fishermen and novices take 
 weakfish in this way. Anglers prefer to fish with rods and finer 
 tackle in deeper water along the edges of channels and tide-races, 
 where the rock or shifting sands form shelves and ledges to which 
 the small fry gather for safety, and where bits of organic matter 
 are drifted by the tide and deposited. A light bluefish squid kept 
 just clear of the bottom is used. Here the weakfish run singly 
 and much larger in size — four times the weight of those "school- 
 ing " — coming along under the still water of the ledges where 
 their prey is huddled, and gulping dovvn large masses at a mouth- 
 ful. These big fellows are designated as " tide-runners." They 
 weigh about four pounds, and pull well in a five-knot current. 
 
 But there is another mode, still, of taking weakfish, of which, 
 verily, many an old fisherman wotteth not. Attention, all ! Take 
 a " cat-rigged " boat, a craft with a mainsail only and mast stepped 
 well forward, one that works quickly, for quick work is required, 
 and go to Fire Island Inlet at half ebb. At half ebb, or when the 
 tide is running out like a mill-tail, is the only time to take them. 
 Should you attempt the experiment on the flood, you would lose 
 your boat and your life. Let there be a stiff quartering breeze, and 
 now with a steady helm and a good rap full, bear right down on the 
 beach, mounting the very crest of the waves that in ten seconds 
 more will break into shivers on the sand. Keep a quick eye, a 
 steady nerve, and a ready hand. You will t^ke the edge of the 
 swift current where it pours out of the inlet. Fear not the mount- 
 ing " combers " or the breaking foam, the tide v/ill bear you back 
 and keep you off the shingle. Right here at the mouth of the 
 inlet the action of the tide is constantly washing out the sand, and 
 as it is borne down on the current, it presently sinks by its own 
 specific gravity, and gradually piles up until it forms a little ledge a 
 foot high or more, just as the driving snow in winter is borne over 
 the crest of a drift until it forms a counter-scarp, with an apron 
 hanging over the abrupt and perpendicular verge. Right under 
 the edge of this ledge the small fry congregate, and the " tide- 
 runners " forage for food. Here throw your " squid." Just now 
 is the critical instant. In two seconds you will either be pounding 
 on the beach or surging down on the impetuous current of the 
 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 245 
 
 strong ebb tide. The breeze is blowing fresh. Up mounts your 
 
 boat on the glassy billow, whose crest is foaming just two rods in 
 
 front. A false move now is ruinous. Ready about, hard down 
 
 your helm ! Naw I while she shakes, toss in your " squid " into 
 
 the deep green brine. There, you have him. Keep her away 
 
 and haul in lively. Hurrah ! a four-pounder. Lift him over the 
 
 rail easy; belay your sheet there — steady! Whish ! away we go, 
 
 with wind and tide fair, and a seven knot current, and in a jiffy 
 
 are swept many rods off from the land, and ready to repeat the 
 
 manoeuvre again. Clear away your line, come about, and charge 
 
 up to the beach once more. What can be more exciting ? Here 
 
 we have all the attractions and excitement of yachting and fishing 
 
 combined, with every sense on the alert, and every nerve tautened 
 
 to fullest tension. Who will dare turn up his nose in contempt of 
 
 weakfishing. ' r ; -*«. - ,. , r'; ^^^ : - 
 
 : . The weakfish is also taken with squid in the surf at Montauk, 
 
 Newport and elsewhere, and affords the most exciting sport — the 
 
 angler, often standing waist deep in the breakers, throwing his 
 
 squid to incredible distances by practice, and dragging the fish by 
 
 main strength to terra firma when he has struck. The best 
 
 season for angling is from the middle of June until the first of 
 
 September. , ,:- ,.;;;. , !, i;i ,v. i :<.:.; , 
 . ■ ■ ." . •-..... ,..-•.' - ^ , . ^ . "4 
 
 Lafayette ; goody (Cape May) ; chub (Norfork) ; roach ( Virginia) ; 
 Liostomus obiqluus. — Do Kay. 
 
 This i? a i<^x biter and a tolerably good fish for the table. A 
 very beautiful rish in form and markings, taken in Hudson River 
 and all along shore. (See Southern Coast Fishes.) \ . ; 
 
 KiNGFiSH ; whiting ; hake or barb (New Jersey) ; Mentkirrus nebulosus.—G'-A\. 
 
 Genio C. Scott, whom the writer has accompanied on many 
 angling excursions, says in his book entitled " Fishing in American 
 Waters": 
 
 " By many anglers this fish is regarded the best water-game of 
 the estuaries. Its small and hard mouth is bordered with a gristly 
 rim that is peculiarly adapted to holding a small hook. In the 
 waters about New York the fish are not numerous, nor are the 
 members of the limited shoals of large size, running only from a 
 
246 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 half to two pounds each off Communipaw, Kill Von Kull, and 
 Newark Bay ; but at the south end of Staten Island, in Amboy 
 Bay, and where it merges into the lower bay of New York, near 
 Freeport, and in Jamaica Bay, near Barren Island, they sometimes 
 run as heavy as five pounds. All along the South Bay and the 
 New Jersey shore and inlets this delectable fish is taken in greater 
 or less numbers in fykes, seines, pounds, and with the hand-line, 
 while they yield tithe to sportsmen with rod and reel. ■* 
 
 The meat ot the Kingfish laminates in flakes of very close 
 texture. It is a very heavy fish for its size. Though eminently a 
 breakfast fish, yet for a chowder the epicure prefers it to sea bass 
 or cod, the acknowledged chowder fishes. The color of the fish 
 is grey, with irregular marks nearly black. It is covered with fine 
 rigid scales which extend over the head. The first dorsal fin is 
 spinous, and all of the other fins are soft-rayed. The fish pos- 
 sesses great propulsive power, as indicated by its fins, so that a 
 three-pounder at the remote end of a line, with delicate bass rod, 
 generally induces the novice to believe the strength, speed, and 
 endurance of the fish under-estimated. " Gently, but firmly," 
 are the words in playing a kingfish, which some denominate 
 " barb," because a short adipose barb shoots out beneath its lower 
 jaw ; but it bears no resemblance to the barbel family. It spawns 
 in spring time, as most white-meated fishes do ; and though rather 
 solitary in its habits, it remains in our estuaries and small bays 
 along the coast from May until November. August and Septem- 
 ber are the best months to angle for it. 
 
 The rod is the common three-jointed bass rod from eight to ten 
 feet in length. Pivot, multiplying reel of german silver or brass, 
 large enough to carry from four to six hundred feet of fine linen 
 line ; a strong small hook, either the Virginia or Sproat's bend, 
 made of finely tempered cast steel, and needle-pointed ; a short 
 bend and low point is required, because the mouth is very small, 
 and a hook of large wire in proportion to the size of the bend is 
 necessary because of the great strength of the fish ; tracing sinker 
 of size graduated to the strength of the tide ; hence a combination 
 sinker is best, because its ponderosity may be increased or dimin- 
 ished without untying the line ; a brass swivel, to one end of which 
 the line is attached, and to the other the leader, which is three- 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. , 247 
 
 fourths of a yard in length, and the snell to which the hook is fas- 
 tened is looped to the leader ; both leader and snell, (or snood,) 
 are double silkworm gut. 
 
 The play of a kingfish is peculiar, though like the striped bass, 
 he takes the bait without hesitation and starts away, and when he 
 feels the prick of the hook, accelerates his speed, swimming low, 
 and making a very long and strong run. If you have never taken 
 one, you will be puzzled with his persistence in keeping down and 
 running deep, and your surprise will not be diminished when he 
 finally breaks water a hundred yards from the boat ; and you will 
 wonder, after landing a fish which has taken you nearly half an 
 hour to kill, that it weighs scarcely three pounds. 
 
 The kingfish shoals on a clean sandy bottom, feeds on crusta • 
 cea, and prefers shrimp, shedder, and soft shell crabs and lobsters. 
 
 Anchor off Barren Island to the north of the t^g^ of the chan- 
 nel, and expect sport. Anchor east of Cheesequick Creek on the 
 border of the channel between there and Freeport, and in August 
 and September you cannot fail of obtaining rapturous sport. 
 Caving Channel, a sandy bottom tideway from Communipaw to 
 Jersey City, is said to be a favorite run for small kingfish, where 
 good sport is often realized on the first of the flood. Kingfish 
 feed also at numerous places in the South Bay, and all along the 
 coast of New Jersey." 
 
 THE SPARIDyE. 
 
 Sheepshead ; Archosargys ^robatoce/>/ialus.—G'\\\, 
 
 This splendid table fish affords the angler much sport. It 
 makes its first appearance about the bays and estuaries on the 
 first of June, and remains until the middle of September. Its 
 average weight is perhaps ten pounds, though its maximum may 
 be twenty. They are taken in greatest numbers along mussel 
 shoals and beds where they go to feed, and around old wrecks. 
 In color it is dusky grey on back and sides, whitening toward the 
 belly, and is marked by several black or dark brown bands on the 
 side. The upper part of its mouth is paved with round teeth like 
 polished cobblestones, while its jaw in front is armed with eight 
 sharp incisors. This armature is most efficient for cracking clams 
 
248 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and other shell fish, while it renders the strongest kind of hooks 
 necessary for the angler. These should be Chestertovvn or Vir- 
 ginia hooks bent on a gimp-wire leader with double swivel. A 
 heavy sinker is required, which will rest on the bottom, and the 
 leader should be doubled so that one hook will be above the other 
 and both above the sinker, having free play with the tide, and sen- 
 sitive to the slightest nibble. Use a heavy nine feet rod of bamboo 
 with reel to suit. Fifty yards of line will be sufficient except when 
 the tide runs furiously, and then one can hardly have too long a 
 line or too heavy a sinker. The best tide to fish in is during high 
 and low tides, when the water is slack ; and for one hour after it 
 begins to run. Along the shores of New Jersey they are numerous 
 from May to October. : . • . 
 
 Porgy; scuppaug ; scup (Vineyard Sound); bream (Rhode Island).— 6"/^«(?^ow/«j 
 
 argyrops,~Q'\)\. 
 
 A good pan fish ; in season from May to October ; most abund- 
 ant in June. Weight, three-fourths of a pound to thrc; pounds. 
 Taken near the bottom. They are said to prefer deep clear water 
 with rocky bottom. In angling for porgies use light tackle with 
 cork float and small sinker ; fine line and an eleven feet rod. 
 Clams and shrimp are good bait, as well as squid and crabs. 
 Many fish with drop lines from an anchored boat. 
 
 The first run of porgies takes place about the beginning of 
 May, although we have seen them taken a week earlier ; and con- 
 sists of large breeding fish weighing from two to four pounds, and 
 measuring up to eighteen or more inches in length. The spawn is 
 quite well-developed at that time, though the precise time or place 
 of depositing the eggs is not known. It is probable that this oc- 
 curs early in June, since the schools are said to break up and scat- 
 ter about the middle of that month. It is thought that the spawn- 
 ing takes place in the eel grass which covers the shoal waters of 
 Narraganset Bay and Vineyard Sound. Throughout the summer 
 young fish are seen floating around in the eel grass and over the 
 sandy bottoms. Two later runs of fish occur after the first run 
 each about ten days apart, but of smaller fish. 
 
EASTERV COAST FISHES. " 249 
 
 THE SERRANID^E. 
 
 Sea Bass.— Black sea bass, (New Vork) ; black perch, (Mass.) ; blackfish, (New 
 Jersey) ; bluetish, (Newport) ; black hurry ; purmalids, (New York, De 
 Kay) ; black crill, (eastern shore of Virginia). — Centropristis atrarius.— Barn. 
 
 Color bluish black in the males, and clingy brown in the fe- 
 males. They are found inshore on reefs and mussel-beds, and are 
 usually caught in company with the blackfish, though at certain 
 seasons they are ([uite abundant on shoals and banks along our 
 northern and eastern coasts. They vary in size from three-fourths 
 of a pound to twelve, and are considered fine for boiling and for 
 chowders. 
 
 Although the sea bass is a bottom fish, yet once on an outward- 
 bound voyage to the southward of the Gulf Stream, we made fast 
 to a ship's lower mast found adrift on the surface, which was cov- 
 ered with clam barnacles and surrounded with sea bass. We 
 caught all that we wanted, and cut loose. They weighed from 
 five to twelve pounds each, and were all male fish. The mouth 
 of the sea bass is so large that in hauling them in from a depth 
 of several fathomr^ the " sport " is reduced to a minimum by the 
 time they reach the surface, the process almost drowning them. 
 They are caught as far south as Florida, where two species are 
 found, C. atrarius, and C, tri/urca. The latter is a beautiful fish 
 of a grey color, bronze head and blue and yellow fins. The fila- 
 ments of the spines are red. ' ^ :.. . . . .... - 
 
 Twenty miles off Cape May is a comparatively shallow portion 
 of the sea known as the " Fishing Banks." At all times during 
 the summer and early fall, when weather permits, schooners may be 
 seen anchored there. These fish are all taken with hook and line, 
 and average only one pound in weight. Numerous lines contain- 
 ing two or three hooks each are thrown from every boat, and the 
 occupants are generally kept busy taking off the fish and baiting 
 the hooks. They will take almost any kind of bait. 
 
 Although these fish have never been regarded as game fish, 
 and are usually angled for with hand Hnes, they nevertheless af- 
 ford good sport when rods are used. 
 
 II* 
 
250 GAAfE FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ■I 
 ■ ' THE LABRACID^. 
 
 Striped Bass.— Rock fish. — Roccus lintaius. — Gill. 
 
 Body above dusky, sides and belly a dull white ; sides marked 
 with seven or eight longitudinal lines of a coppery-brown colo' in 
 salt water, and a bluish black in fresh water. It is found all along 
 the coasts from Florida to Cape Cod. They only ascend fresh- 
 water streams in the spring to .breed, or for shelter during the 
 winter. One ichthyologist states that after heavy rains, or the 
 sudden melting of snow in great quantities, these tish are forced 
 from their abodes back again into salt water ; but when the freshet 
 subsides, they invariably reascend. We have observed this pecu- 
 liarity in the Hudson River, and this accounts for their apparently 
 capricious movements — their sudden appearance and disappear- 
 ance, which puzzles so many fishermen. They spawn in May, and 
 by August 1st, weigh a quarter of a pound. Large fish are seldom 
 taken in rivers, bays, inlets and small creeks, and we have never 
 heard of large fish beii g taken in the spawning season. They 
 are too busy with their procreative duties, and are not then " on the 
 feed." The largest fish are taken along the coast outside the surf, 
 from June until October, from Montauk Point to Cape Cod, espe- 
 cially along the islands that flank the Buzzard's Bay. For suitable 
 tackle to capture striped bass, we prefer to take that ancient bass 
 angler, Genio C. Scott, as authority. He has written : 
 
 " The rod should be about eight feet in length, mnde of two 
 bamboo joints. The guides should be stationary on each side of 
 the rod, so that when the rod gets set or bent by fishing one side 
 up, it may be turned over, and the other side used. The guides 
 should be a quarter of an inch in diameter, bO as to cast a knot in 
 the line through them if necessary. The edges of the guide should 
 be so smoothly polished or burnished as to produce no friction 
 upon the line. Bell metal is the best from which to make guides 
 and tips ; but some prefer settings of agate or other precious 
 stones for the line to play through. The best line is a linen one 
 of twelve strands, as small as the usual trout line, but six hundred 
 feet in length, made without taper like the salmon or trout lines. 
 The reel is of German silver or brass. The crank should be as 
 far as convenient from the knuckles of the angler, and not so 
 long or heavy as to produce a momentum difficult to check with 
 the thumb. Of course, the wear of thumbstalls is necessary, or a 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHKS. 2$ I 
 
 slip of leather attached to the reel at a convenient place to turn on 
 to the reel under the thumb is preferred by many ; but there should 
 be no drag or check to a bass reel, and it should be made of a 
 size sufficient to carry two hundred yards of line without being 
 perfectly full. Van Hoeff is the best reel maker in the city. He 
 caps the works, so as to protect them from salt water and conse- 
 quent rust, whde they run as regularly, and are as finely balanced 
 in their running works, as a first class Geneva watch. 
 
 " But for bass tackle, to lish thiC waters about the city of New 
 York, a reel to carry four hundred feet of fine linen bass line will 
 answer, and be preferable, except for Hell Gate trolling, to the 
 large reels used at Cuttyhunk. West Island, and Newport. And 
 while menhaden is the best bait to angle with in the ocean surf, 
 shedder crab is the best bait for still fishing from a boat on our 
 bays and estuaries, and the live squid — cuttle fish — is the best bait 
 for trolling ; and a rig for trolling includes a baiting needle and 
 sinker." . 
 
 Many baits, living and dead, natural and artificial, have been 
 tried for bass with varying success. Of natural baits the living 
 sand eel is undoubtedly seductive, but it is often difficult to obtain 
 even when most abundant. The best way of putting it on the 
 hook is to insert the latter at one corner of one eye and bring it 
 out at one corner of the other. This, if carefully done, will not 
 hurt the eye or interfere with the liveliness of the fish. Another 
 mode is to enter the hook at the mouth and bring it out through 
 the throat. If living sand eels cannot be procured but dead ones 
 be obtainable, the latter may be rendered a very good substitute 
 for the former, by inserting a thin, sharp penknife under the skin, 
 and cutting the backbone through in three places. Thus treated, 
 a dead sand eel will move in the water, if skilfully manipulated, 
 just like a living one. A dead bait is also used as a spinning lure 
 by entering the hook at the mouth and bringing it out about an 
 inch above the tail, the mouth being fastened tight by a piece of 
 thread. Soft and peeled crabs, the viscera of newly caught pil- 
 chards, fresh squid (cuttle-fish), mud worms, mussels, shrimps, 
 and "lasks" cut out of mixkerel are also used as baits for 
 bass. 
 
 A peculiar and at times a very useful 1 -t is made out of the 
 skin of the bass itself. " Bass skin baits ' .ic made by cutting a 
 long, wedge-shaped piece of skin off the stomach of the bass with 
 
252 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a sharp pair of scissors. Properly played this bait has a capital 
 motion in the water, and will often kill very well. Baits of similar 
 shape are cut out of sole-skin, parchment, gurnard skin, pork skin 
 and ray-skin. Of these the pork and ray- skin are the best. The 
 pork baits are cut from the salted pork in wedge-shaped strips 
 about four inches long. They are kept from six to ten days in salt, 
 and subsequently about four days in fresh water, and are thus 
 made to assume a clear white hue. Ray-skin baits are simply 
 wedge-shaped pieces of the skin of the ray dried upon a board. 
 Before immersion a ray-skin bait is a dull, dirty white in color ; 
 but after being a short time in the water it becomes a beautiful 
 pearly white, and whether for use with the rod, or for trolling on 
 the surface at the end of a hand line, it is a very useful lure. The 
 most clfanly, convenient and deadly baits, are Brooks's " silver 
 launce " and Captain Tom's " spinning sand eel." The silver 
 launce was introduced about four years ago by Messrs. C. & R. 
 Brooks, Plymouth, England. It is a long, narrow, bright spinner, 
 running around the gut trail immediately above a triangle of 
 hooks. It is light and spins very freely, and is well adapted for 
 use with the rod. 
 
 With a dexterity which practice can alone assume, the expe- 
 rienced anglers carefully sway the rod until the squid describes 
 its slowly moving circle around the head, and then by a quick, 
 inexplicable movement cause it to dart like an arrow straight out 
 far over the sea, and the reel whizzes and whirls until it seems to 
 flash fire, and you wait long and patiently for the cessation of the 
 hum which indicates that the squid has dropped, full one hundred 
 feet, perhaps one hundred and fifty feet away. The pleasure and 
 excitement of capture is intense, and often the struggle lasts for 
 an hour, when the fish is large. 
 
 Another exhilarating method of taking this fish is to back up a 
 small boat close to the " combers," with a good oarsman to keep 
 her clear, and then throw the squid into the surf, where the fish go 
 to feed. Striped bass have been Idken with the rod, that weighed 
 seventy-six pounds and have been known to grow to the weight 
 of one hundred and fifty pound;.. [See Striped Bass in South- 
 ern Coast Fishes.] . 
 
-:\f EASTERN COAST EfSflES. 253 
 
 *' . • 
 
 White Perch.— Morone americana, — Gill. 
 
 This salt water fish affords most excellent sport. [See South- 
 ern Coast Fishes.] . .^..^ .., •, , .: . ■ . 
 
 " - . THE POMATOMID^. '^ 
 
 BLVEFiSH.—Pomafomussa/ia^rt'jr.—GWl. 
 
 This fish is known as the bluefish in New York, New Jersey, 
 and New England, except in Rhode Island, where it is recognized 
 by the name of horse mackerel. On some parts of the New Jersey 
 coast it is also called the horse mackerel. Eorm of body oblong, 
 head rather large, snout rounded, mouth large, armed with long 
 sharp teeth ; tail deeply forked ; color brilliant steel blue and silver 
 in the young fish, and deep greenish blue in the old fish ; fins 
 yellowish. 
 
 The blue fish is a pelagic or wandering fish, passing its winters 
 in the South, and its summers in the North. In March and April 
 they are found off the Carolina coast. About the twentieth of May 
 they make their appearance off the coast of New Jersey. Barne- 
 gat is a favorite ground for them, where set nets have taken as 
 many as six thousand in a single day. Very often vast schools are 
 driven upon the beach by porpoises and other large feeders, where 
 they have been gathered up by the cartload with pitchforks, bas- 
 kets, etc. Other schools have chased the shiners, moss-bunkers, 
 sardines and anchovies upon which they principally feed, close in 
 shore, and have been jigged from tl/^ surface by the hundreds. 
 The May fish range from two to twelve pounds in weight, are poor 
 in flesh, and ravenous as sharks. In June they are found equally 
 abundant off and in Fire Island Inlet, and in a few days thereafter 
 are scattered off Montauk Point, the east end of Long Island, Shag- 
 wauna reef, and other reefs adjacent. By or near the twentieth of 
 June, depending something upon the forwardness of the season, 
 they have spread themselves over the reefs of New London and to 
 the eastward, on to Block Island, and thence through Fisher's Isl- 
 and .Sound. By the twentieth of August they are in plentiful sup- 
 ply all through, inside and outside of Vineyard Sound, Nantucket, 
 etc. They have gained flesh, and become quite palatable. The 
 
254 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 size here described is seldom found to the westward of the Con- 
 necticut River. On the main of Long Island Sound it is quite 
 interesting- to see them drive the menhaden, or moss-bunkers, in 
 shoals, causing a " sleek " on the water as they spill their oil when 
 they chop them up with their great sha.p teeth. 
 
 Early in June a size of about three pounds weight make their 
 appearance at the same points, though much fatter, and remain in 
 the vicinity of the same grounds for perhaps a month. In July 
 they spread out to the eastward, up Long Island Sound to Say- 
 brook Bar and Faulkner's Island, and westerly to Stamford, and 
 remain until October, though occasionally shifting ground for their 
 food, which, in addition to the moss-bunkers, consists of a small 
 species of "shiner " (anchovy). On some of the outer reefs they 
 remain but one or two days at a time. 
 
 About the middle of July the small creeks and rivers, from Stam- 
 ford eastward to the Connecticut River, abound in a size weighing 
 about a quarter of a pound, which, in a month grow to half a 
 pound, and these feed on a size still smaller, recently spawned, and 
 scarcely an inch and a half in length. The surface of the Housa- 
 tonic River, from the railroad bridge to the mouth of the river, is 
 annually covered from bank to bank with countless numbers of 
 this small fry, drifting with the tide as it ebbs and flows, while at 
 the same time a size larger, say about a half pound in weight, is 
 feeding upon them from beneath. About the first of September 
 the small fry are sufficiently large to venture into the Sound, and 
 then they swarm in the creeks and harbors, affording great sport 
 to lads who catch them with a float line, with shrimp for bait. By 
 the month of October both large and small fish are all well fattened. 
 
 The peculiarity of this fish is that, by about the middle . *" Oc- 
 tober the large size, that weigh from nine to fourteen pounds, are 
 generally found from Nantucket to Watch Hill, around Block Isl- 
 and and outside of Montauk Point ; while from Stamford eastward 
 to New London, on the outer reefs, they are of a uniform size of 
 about two and half pounds weight, and those in the harbors and 
 creeks are a mixture of small fish just spawned, and a size that 
 weighs from one-eighth to one and three-quarter pounds. Anoth- 
 er singular feature is, that by about the twentieth of October, or 
 the first freezing weather, these fish, of all sizes, up to two and a 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES 2$^ 
 
 half pounds, vacate the northern harbors and sounds ; and so sud- 
 den has been their departure in many seasons that a change of tide 
 has utterly emptied the waters of their teeming fish-life, with the 
 exception of an occasional pensioner who has been bitten or dis- 
 abled, and dare not run the gauntlet for southern climes. More 
 singular still, the great mass of fish, except the newly spawned, 
 take the coast within one or two miles of shore, part of them stop- 
 ping, if the weather permits, at the inlets of Fire Island, Egg Har- 
 bor, Townsend's, Canarsie Bay, Cape May, and so on along shore, 
 using up all the feed therein, and by the month of December they 
 are found in the creeks and rivers of North and South Carolina, 
 where they remain through the winter, to migrate the next season 
 to northern waters. 
 
 But what becomes of the small, newly spawned fish that dis- 
 appeared the previous fall ? Have they been eaten up by the larger 
 fish on their journey, or do they remain at the North .'' They are 
 not seen in the South, nor do the larger fish spawn there. 
 
 Four generations of bluefish make their appearance in our 
 waters at the same time. It is only about forty-five years since 
 the bluefish were first seen in our waters. They now seem to be 
 increasing year by year in size and numbers, individuals having 
 been caught at times weighing between twenty and thirty pounds, 
 whereas a twelve pound fish was regarded as something remarkable 
 twenty years ago. Large shoals were also uncommon until within 
 the past dozen years. 
 
 On the reefs they are generally trolled for, but will lake the 
 hook with live bait. In October near the close of the season, large 
 catches are made off Montauk Point, and from Watch Hill east- 
 ward through the Vineyard Sound, that weigh from ten to fourteen 
 (, junds, and are fat as seals ; so also in Canarsie Bay, in some 
 years they have been taken from twelve to eighteen pounds in 
 weight. But it is only in rarely exceptional cases that these great 
 fish are taken west of Plum Gut. 
 
 The bluefish fraternizes with the weakfish, or squeteague, on 
 inshore grounds, and are of large size, say from five to twelve 
 pounds. Both of these fine fish are taken with the squid or jig in 
 the surf at Montauk. Newport and elsewhere, and afford the 
 most exciting sport — the angler, often standing waist deep in the 
 
256 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 breakers, throwing his squid to incredible distances by practice, 
 and dragging the fish by main strength to terra firma when he 
 has struck. '■'■ "'•'• •■•* *<' ;tsJ::v/ criJ lJ-;^^;;^i3 -'ii^..:.: - , 
 
 The best trolling is done from a sail boat with a six knot breeze 
 blowing. If motion is more rapid, fewer fish will be hooked, and 
 a great number will tear out. If the boat moves slowly, the fish 
 will discover that the bait is a deception and will refuse it. It is 
 dirty work, and a suit of worn out clothing should be used for 
 the purpose — an old felt hat, brown flannel shirt, vest, thick cas- 
 simer pants, and a pair of stout brogans. To prevent the hands 
 being lacerated by the friction of the line, rubber finger stalls or 
 thick woolen mittens should be used. The first can be bought of 
 dealers in rubber goods for one dollar per dozen. A well laid 
 cotton line, which is not liable to kink, can be purchased at any 
 twine store for fifty cents per pound. 
 
 For large fish, in spring and fall, use a line seven-sixteenths of 
 an inch in circumference. For small lines choose cotton-braided 
 ones, laid, as they are less apt to tangle than small ones, and are 
 more pleasant to the fingers of the fisherman. If the fish are plenty, 
 and in a biting humor, from forty to sixty feet will be ample ; but 
 if scarce and dainty, from eighty to one hundred and thirty feet 
 will be required. Sometimes bluefish snap at the line between 
 where it comes in contact with the water and the squid, and occa- 
 sionally through the struggles of a fish to escape the lines are 
 fouled, and one of the number is apt to pass into the mouth of the 
 hooked fish. In either case the line is liable to be stranded, and 
 unless knotted, may be parted by the next fish. If an expensive 
 line is used, the fisherman will request the boatman to knot it. 
 If knotted, the ends unravel, and an attractive bait is presented, 
 which hungry fish are apt to seize. If a cheap line sustains an 
 injury, it can be cheaply replaced by a new one. -• • ■ " ■ 
 
 It is amusing to inspect the various squids purchased by the 
 uninitiated — spoons and spinners of all kinds, sizes and shapes, 
 many of them ornamented with paint or feathers, metallic fishes 
 of various forms and sizes, some with wide spreading tails to pre- 
 vent the fish from being hooked, and a large proportion cast so as ' 
 to represent scales. Bluefish will bite at a spoon or spinner, bu " '■- 
 to unhook the snappish customers is the rub ; for if fingers come :'-"i 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 257 
 
 near their mouths, one or more are apt to suffer. The best device 
 is a plain, round, white, bone squid for large fish, an'l for the hrst 
 run, when even small fish are ravenous, use a round bone squid 
 five and a half inches long-, and two and a half inches in circum- 
 ference at the thickest portion. For small or summer fish, favorite 
 squids are four and a half inches long and one and a half in cir- 
 cumference at the thickest point. Dr. Kenworthy says : 
 
 " Hooks should be strong nnd reliable. For large fish, use first 
 quality Virginia hooks, (made by Job Johnson, of Brooklyn,) meas- 
 uring in width one and three-eighth inches at point; and for small 
 or summer fish, a Chestertown hook seven-eighths wide at point. 
 
 " A difficulty to be encoun ered in using a bone squid is the 
 tendency of the hook to slip — at one time leaving the bone in con- 
 tact with the bend of the hook, and at another the shaft of the 
 hook slipping entirely out of the squid. To render the hook im- 
 movable, attach a shoulder of solder to the shaft of the hook at a 
 point where it comes in contact with end of squid. To prevent the 
 hook from being moved out of the squid, use several tight-fitting 
 white pine wedges at side of shaft of hook as well as a long and 
 tightly-fitting plug where the line passes out of the base of squid. 
 When wet the pine swells, and generally renders the hook 
 immovable. 
 
 " Another and more perfect method is to take apiece of No. 12 
 iron wire, and bend it so as to form a loop to receive the line. 
 The wire is passed through the squid and cut off three-quarters of 
 an inch beyond the end of the same ; tin the shaft of the hook as 
 well as the wire, after which place them in position, and to prevent 
 movement, bind the end of wire and shaft of hook together with 
 fine copper or brass wire. Having some melted solder in a ladle, 
 pour ii into the end of the squid so as to fill the entire cavity ; 
 then apply solder to end of wire and shaft of hook, at end of bone, 
 so as to make an angular shoulder about three-quarters of an inch 
 in length — base of angle in contact with bone. The solder is 
 dressed down by a file, and a useful and reliable squid is the result. 
 For a trifling charge any tinsmith will tinker the squids as de- 
 scribed, and the blue-fisher will find them more satisfactory than 
 the squids as usually sold." 
 
 As a general rule, bluefish merely nip at the end of the squid, 
 
258 . GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and as hooks are usually placed in relation to the end of the squid, 
 the fish are hooked in the edge of the mouth and tear out. To 
 obviate the superficial hooking and tearing out process, so ar- 
 range the hooks that the points clear the end of the squid from 
 one and a quarter to one and a half inches. This arrangement 
 generally hooks the fish deep. 
 
 Hooking bluefish requires no tact or piscatorial experience ; 
 all that is required is to allow the squid to trail behind the boat. 
 When landed the best mode is to throw the fish into the boat. 
 Through their flouncing and head-shaking the squid is generally 
 released. This failing, the fisherman seizes the squid and elevates 
 the hook and fish, and a few expert twists of the hand with the 
 struggles of the fish sometimes suffice. This procedure failing, 
 seize the fish by the back of the neck with the left hand, and if a 
 large fish, hold his body between the knees, and with the right 
 hand tightly grasping the squid, wrench the hook from the mouth. 
 
 One mistake made by novices is, in having too many fishing in 
 the same boat. Three lines, one amidships and one on each quar- 
 ter, can be successfully used, but two are preferable. Sometimes 
 five and six fish from one boat, and the result is, that a fighting 
 fish will entangle a portion of ail the lines. 
 
 For successful bluefishing an experienced and industrious boat- 
 man is a sine qua non. The expert angler who can cast a fly 
 or artificial minnov^', and handle a nine ounce rod, may enjoy ex- 
 cellent sport among the bluefish. provided he uses a long shanked 
 hook and gimp snoods. Numbers of these fish may be seen 
 " breaking water " at any time on the banks and shoals ; and by 
 using a small boat, the rod-fisher may enjoy his sport ad infinitum. 
 Within a year or so this has become a favorite method. With 
 hook and line, gimp snood as already suggested, a nine feet one 
 and three-quarter pounds striped bass casting-rod, a strong fine 
 silk line, a heavy reel, and two revolving minnows, (the whole 
 costing about $20,) the tackle is complete. The snood should be 
 loaded sufficiently to keep it beneath the surface of the water. 
 Another excellent lure is made by wrapping a dozen layers of 
 cotton cloth around the leaded snood, and covering with an eel- 
 skin. 
 
 Bluefish, we all know, must have a moving bait. Now wher- 
 
, • EASTERN COAST FISHES. 259 
 
 ever you have a swift tide, if you anchor your boat and let your 
 lines out it answers the same purpose as if you were sailing, the 
 water rushing by the line giving the same effect. 
 
 A great deal of sport is enjoyed in catching the summer blue- 
 fish, or snap mackerel, which fill all our bays and estuaries, using 
 a natural bamboo rod with common cork float, and hook baited 
 with shrimp. They are caught from bridges where the current 
 draws swiftly through, and from wharves when the tide is running 
 rapidly. 
 
 To some fishermen the surf fishing already referred to, is 
 deemed the most exciting method, and it is certainly very enjoy- 
 able in hot mid-summer weather. An ordinary pair of overalls, or 
 a bathing suit is essential to comfort and unrestrained movement. 
 When a large fish has struck the squid, already thrown well out 
 beyond the line of breakers, the fisherman heaves the line over his 
 shoulder, and walks his prize up the beach to dry land by main 
 strength, which is often taxed to the utmost. No exercise can be 
 more healthy or less wearing. 
 
 The bluefish and striped bass are the game fish, par excellence, 
 of the brine, just as the salmon and the black bass are of fresh 
 water. 
 
 THE MICROSTOMID^. 
 
 Smelts. — Osmerus niordax.—GlW. 
 
 A fish of silvery brightness, with a lateral stripe of silver run- 
 ning from shoulder to tail, much prized for the table, and when 
 fresh having the most perfect cucumber flavor. They afford much 
 sport to the angler, and are taken in tidal currents from New Jer- 
 sey to Maine, with a light rod, hook and line, baited with shrimp. 
 In the creeks of Long Island they are found in perfect condition 
 from February 20th to March 20th. In Massachusetts and Maine 
 it is forbidden to take them between the 15th of March and ist of 
 June. The yearlings are most prized, those older being tough 
 and coarse. They grow to a length of twelve inches, although 
 the average is only five or six inches. They are essentially a win- 
 ter fish, and are caught by thousands through holes cut in the ice, 
 and are then greatly prized. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence they are 
 often taken with a small scarlet fly, while fishing for sea trout. In 
 
26o GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the absence of better game, they afford very satisfactory pastime 
 to the angler, and by reason of their abundance are not as much 
 valued as they should be. 
 
 THE SALMONID^. 
 
 Atlantic Salmon. — Salmo salar. — Linnaeus. 
 
 This species is the representative salmon of Europe, the New 
 England coast, the St. Lawrence Basin, and the maritime Provinces 
 of the Dominion. Form oval, moderately elongated, with a head 
 and back nearly on the same line, inclining slightly in the middle 
 third of the body, and the greatest depth a little before the dorsal 
 fin ; head small and well proportioned, and equal to one-sixth 
 of length ; snout rather sharp ; jaws in young fish nearly equal, 
 but in old males the lower one longest and curving upward ; 
 a row of sharp teeth along both sides of each jaw, as well as 
 on the palatines, but those on the vomer confined to its ante- 
 rior extremity, and in some fish obsolete ; the eye is moderately 
 large, and is nearly circular, and is contained four times and a 
 half in the length of the side of the head, and once and a half in 
 advance of its anterior rim ; the nostrils are moderately large, and 
 situated toward the upper surface of the head, slightly nearer the 
 eye than snout. The opercle is elevated, and narrower above than 
 below. The pre-opercle on its posterior border is nearly vertical ; 
 the branchiostegals, or gill rays, usually number twelve, and occa- 
 sionally fourteen to sixteen ; dorsal, eleven ; adipose, rayless ; the 
 caudal, sixteen on each side ; anal, ten ; the ventrals ten or eleven, 
 and pectorals ten or eleven. 
 
 Ray formula — Br, 12; P, ii ; D, 11 ; o; V, 10: A, 10 ; €,30. 
 The color is slaty blue on the back, darkish on the head, duller 
 and slightly silvery on the sides, and beneath, pearly silvery white. 
 There are numerous black spots above the lateral line that pass 
 from the upper convexity of the eye to the centre of the caudal fin. 
 The dorsal pectorals are dusky, and the anal white, and the ven- 
 trals white externally and dusky internally. The gill covers are 
 rounded posteriorly, and the tail is nearly square in the adult, but 
 furcated in the young ; the scales are regular in shape, delicate, 
 and sunk into the thick and fatty skin — the last feature a wise pro- 
 
-' EASTERN COAST FISHES. 261 
 
 vision against the abrasion of scales, which usually ends fatally. 
 As viewed upon the market tables the S. salar adult size is from 
 two to three feet long, and is the delight of all who have a f)cn- 
 chatit for gastronomic luxuries in the shape of fish. Spawns in 
 November and December. 
 
 The salmon is the finest game fish in the world, without doubt, 
 and few are the anglers who will not readily yield him precedence. 
 The interest taken in him for this reason, has caused much atten- 
 tion to be paid to his propagation, and stimulated a careful study 
 of his habits, which were comparatively unknown until within the 
 present century. The opportunities which the culture of this fish 
 has afforded for investigation have now made the subject familiar 
 to everyone interested in ichthyology. The birth and stages of 
 growth of salmon, and his general habits, are perhaps as succinct- 
 ly, intelligibly, and correctly stated in Hallock's " Fishing Tour- 
 ist," as in any other publicatiort(land we copy the annotation 
 here : 
 
 " The salmon's existence, like man's, is divided into four peri- 
 ods — infancy, youth, manhood, and ripe old age, and these several 
 stages of fish-life are designated by the names of Parr, Smolt, 
 Grilse, and Salmon. One portion of this existence is passed in 
 salt water, and the remainder in fresh ; in salt water he feeds * 
 and grows fat, and in the fresh expends his strength and vital 
 forces. These conditions are the necessary precedent and natural 
 sequence of procreation. Many of the species die in the attempt 
 to reach their spawning-grounds, and many in the act of spawn- 
 ing ; these are the ordinary phenomena of reproduction throughv)ut 
 the animal creation. It is also evident that salmon must vary in 
 size and general appearance according to their ages, and that 
 adults may be as distinctly and variously marked as the kine on 
 the lea, and still belong to the self-same species. Along the 
 coast of Nova Scotia old fishermen claim to distinguish the fish 
 that belong to different rivers — it being a well known fact in the 
 natural history of the salmon that they almost invariably return to 
 their native streams to spawn. 
 
 * The food of the Salmon, previous to its quitting salt water, consists of the eggs 
 ol Echinodermata and Crusiacca^\!a\^ rich aliment giving the color and flavor 
 for which its flesh is so highly prized. This is sustained by the observations of 
 Professor Agassiz. — Rejl>. U, S. Cam. Fish and Fisheries, 1872-3, P- 224. 
 
262 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 " After they have ascended to their spawning beds it requires ten 
 or twelve days to fulfill their mission, and then they go back to the 
 sea. It takes the ova three or four months to hatch, according to 
 temperature, forty-five degrees being perhaps the most favorable. 
 In two months after the young fry leave the egg, they have grown 
 to an inch and a quarter in length ; in six months to three inches. 
 At the end of fourteen months one-half the family have completed 
 their parr* or infant stage, and go down to the sea as smolts, much 
 changed in their general appearance. The other half of the family 
 follow at the end of the second year, though a few will remain until 
 the fourth year. The smolt, in the nourishing waters of the briny 
 ocean gains a pound in weight per month, and toward the close 
 of summer returns to his birth-place in the blue and silver livery 
 of a grilse, and very like a salmon in appearance. The grilse tar- 
 ries in the upper river until the following spring, and then returns 
 again to the sea a full-grown s^Jmon — three years being the time 
 required to reach his maturity. 
 
 " The season of the year at which salmon spawn varies accord- 
 ing to geographical locaUty and temperature of water. For instance, 
 in the Port Medway River, Nova Scotia, salmon are taken with a 
 fly in February, when the ice is running, while in the lower St. 
 Lawrence they are not taken until the middle of June. The time 
 of spawning often varies in the same river, and is determined by 
 the period at which impregnation has taken place. It is a peculiar 
 fact that the salmon propagates its kind before it is adult, the males 
 only, however, attaining sexual maturity. A portion of the " run " 
 thereupon being riper than others, spawn sooner, and having ful- 
 filled their mission, return at once to the sea, while their less for- 
 tunate kindred must continue their pilgrimage, perchance to head- 
 waters. Where the rivers are short, the salmon return merely 
 emaciated and reduced in weight ; but in the Columbia, which, 
 with its tributaries extends hundreds of miles, they die by millions, 
 worn-out and exhausted by their incredible journey." 
 , The recently conceived impression is that salmon spawn but 
 
 * To an unaccustomed eye the parr resemble trout, and are often basketed by 
 anglers under the impression that they are trout, but they are readily distinguished 
 by their bright silvery scales which easily rub off when the tish is handled ; also 
 the spots on their sides are intensely carmine, and ranged in a horizontal line. 
 The body is more elongated, and there are other distinctive eharacteristics. 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 263 
 
 once in two years, which, if a fact, accounts for their periodical 
 scarcity in certain rivers. Tags that have been attached to fish 
 set loose have never been brought back the next season, although 
 several have returned on the second season ; which facts seem to 
 verify the opinion as given above. 
 
 Salmon do not eat while on their travels ; or if perchance they do 
 feed at long intervals (as setting hens do when they come off their 
 nests betimes) they digest so rapidly that nothing has been found 
 in their stomachs in quantity sufficient to determine what consti- 
 tutes their favorite bill of fare. It is only when resting in occa- 
 sional pools that they take the angler's lure. At the mouths of 
 rivers, however, on the very threshold of their departure for the 
 upper waters, they will take bait and red worms with avidity. 
 
 Fly fishing for salmon in no wise resembles fly-fishing for 
 trout. In the first j)]ace the fish bemg heavier the rod is more 
 ponderous, and the mm who is handy with an eleven feet single- 
 handed trout rod, will assuredly bungle with an eighteen feet two- 
 handed salmon rod, until practice has made him expert. Salmon 
 are caught only in those places where they halt to rest, and such 
 places, called pools, are either at the head or the tail of a rapid. 
 In long reaches of still water, often a two-miles stretch or more, 
 salmon may be seen moving slowly up stream in no particular 
 hurry, as if they enjoyed their elegant comfort for the time being ; 
 in these places is the spearsman's golden opportunity, but the fly- 
 fishermen seldom meet with encouragement. Here they are often 
 seen frolicking and turning somersaults in the air — the only bit of real 
 enjoyment they seem to have in their transitory life ; but it is of no 
 use to cast flies over them ; they will not rise. The best times to 
 fish for salmon are in the early morning and from four o'clock P. 
 M. until dark, and the best success is had after the first spring 
 freshet begins to subside. After a month of good fishing then — 
 say from the middle of June until the middle of July, the chances 
 are precarious. There is always a late run of fish in August, and 
 September, which often brings a full reward, but it is unwise to 
 trust to it. The sagacious angler goes early in the season. 
 
 In fishing for salmon our choice of flies has to be tested by ex- 
 periment for the time being. Rules go for naught. That which 
 killed in the one pool last year on the same day of the month may 
 
264 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 be inefTicacious now in the same pool, though we are free to say 
 that there are certain flies which always kill better in certain rivers 
 than other flies of equal merit. If the fish won't rise to one pat- 
 tern, try another — keep trying and be patient. Approach your 
 fish by gradually lengthening line, as the old gallant coquettes 
 with the coy maiden, leading him gently up to his work through 
 his instincts. Instinct teaches the salmon to rush after a trailing 
 fly, just as a kitten does after a moving string. He doesn t wish 
 to eat it. But the fly must be manipulated gingerly and deftly, or 
 the fish will obstinately refuse to notice it, or quietly move away. 
 If the fly is thrown nervously or violently, the salmon will run off 
 afTrighted, just as the kitten runs under the table in like circum- 
 stances. As the salmon line is heavy and takes up much water, 
 especial care should be used when lifting for a cast, to start it a 
 little first, and then withdraw it steadily, upwards, aslant, and 
 backwards. Use a one hundred yards of laid silk waterproof with 
 a nine feet gut leader. Some use a fly dressed on a double hook, 
 which is well enough when angling for large scores, as the fish is 
 more surely hooked ; but for sport, and not numbers, a single hook 
 is preferred. It is a choice between green heart and six-splil bam- 
 boo for rods. The latter, being lighter, fatigues the less ; but 
 some maintain that the green heart delivers the line better, farther 
 and straighten 
 
 The salmon is a leaper. Leaping is his favorite expedient to 
 detach the fly from his jaws, so, when he leaps, deferentially lower 
 the tip of your rod and save your fish. In gaffing, coolness and 
 dexterity are required ; never jerk your gaff violently, but lift it 
 sharply upward and inward, endeavoring to fix the point abaft the 
 shoulders. No anathemas will compensate for the loss of a fish 
 by the clumsy handling of the gafif after a persistent battle of an 
 hour's duration. 
 
 As the art of fly-fishing can scarcely be imparted ; and as the 
 conditions of battle and the strategy employed vary greatly with 
 each salmon captured, it is almost useless to attempt to instruct 
 except in a general way. Some information, however, may be 
 gathered in the art of fly-fishing by a perusal of the chapter in 
 another part of this volume which has been set apart lor this pur- 
 pose. The great point to acquire is to keep your fish well in hand, 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES, 26$ 
 
 giving him line when you cannot help it, and reeling in all you can 
 get, as occasion offers. When imperatively necessary to check a 
 fish, do it at the risk of your tackle, by giving him the but of the 
 rod so that the power of its yielding arch may be exerted to its 
 fullest. When your reel is emptied, follow your fish with your 
 body and soul, regardless of obstructions or the moisture and 
 temperature of the water. If you have a canoe available it can 
 often be put to most advantageous use, if your paddler is expert 
 and up to his work. 
 
 The natural range of Salmo salar extends from middle Labra- 
 dor to the Connecticut River. It has been widely introduced, how- 
 ever, into latitudes far south of this river. 
 
 Sea Trout.— 5«/wo immaculatus : S. canadensis. — Hallock and Scott. 
 
 Scientific authorities place this fish among the doubtful species. 
 W^hile in general appearance it resembles the salmo fontinalis, 
 which many ichthyologists claim is identical with it, its traits are 
 so different that in describing it, we are obliged to speak of it as a 
 distinct variety, to make our remarks applicable, even if we admit 
 that it is the same fish. 
 
 In the first place the sea trout, known as such, are confined to 
 Canadian waters exclusively. They are caught only in mid-sum- 
 mer, and seldom under a quarter of a pound in weight. Their 
 average of all localities may be said to reach two pounds, while 
 in the river Nouvelle, (Gaspe) which empties into the Bay Chaleur, 
 they reach six pounds, an extraordinary weight for salmo fon- 
 tinalis ; though by no means marvelous. The "strawberry run " 
 of sea trout, as it is called, occurs about the ist of July on the 
 southwestern coast of Nova Scotia, the fish moving east as the 
 season advances, until they reach the north shore of the St. Law- 
 rence about the 5th of August. Evidently an immense school 
 strikes in from the sea, detachments dropping off as it progresses, 
 into the rivers along the coast. The fishing season lasts about six 
 weeks, the fish meanwhile ascending to the headwaters of the 
 streams, and often surmounting falls of steep ascent. They are 
 taken in nets in immense quantities, and are salted and barreled 
 for commerce, the common brook trout taken with them being 
 invariably rejected by the fishermen as much inferior in quality. 
 It 
 
266 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The sea trout are distinguished instantly by their lustrous silvery 
 color, their broad shoulders, small heads, and general fullness of 
 condition. When closely examined their scales are found to be 
 much larger than those of salmo fontinalis which are scarcely 
 perceptible, and their crimson and blue spots are fainter. Their 
 flesh, too, is always pink, never adopting that white, cream color, 
 or deep red of the common trout. When taken on the hook with 
 fly, they afford much belter sport than their congeners of the 
 brook, which are invariably taken at the same time, in the same 
 places, with the same flies. 
 
 Now, as it is well known that all brook trout go into salt water 
 to feed, whenever they can get access to it, it is plausibly argued that 
 these sea trout are merely a clan or detachment of the brook trout 
 which have temporarily left their fresh water haunts for the sea, 
 and are now return'*-<y, much improved in quality, beauty of color, 
 strength and activity. But if we must accept this as a postulate, 
 we must be permitted to ask why the same peculiarities do not at- 
 tach to the trout of Maine, Cape Cod, and Long Island.'* Why do 
 we not discover here this periodical mid-summer advent and " run " 
 of six weeks' duration ; and why are only isolated individuals taken 
 in the salt water pound nets and fykes of Long Island, et cetera, 
 instead of thousands, as in Canada? Moreover, the Canadian sea 
 trout are never taken in the small streams, but only in river' of 
 considerable size, and the same trout uniformly return to the same 
 river, just as salmon do — at least, we infer so from the fact that 
 six pounders are invariably found in the Nouvelle, and varying 
 sizes elsewhere. Besides, we must e able to answer why a 
 portion only of the trout in a given stream should periodically visit 
 the sea at a specified time, while an equal or greater number elect 
 to remain behind in fresh water ; for we may suppose that, having 
 equal opportunities, all have the same instincts and desires. 
 
 On the coast of Labrador, the melting snows upon the rocky 
 islands that girt the coast form small rivulets that tumble into the 
 sea r/*er a half mile run, and we have found the sea trout plenty 
 around their mouths, but no fish life whatever in the fresh water ; 
 but on the main land where the streams were larger and spring- 
 fed, the sea trout entered. Again, in many localities, the streams 
 fall over a perpendicular rock from l. plateau above. Into these 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 267 
 
 no sea trout can enter, nor do we believe that out of them any 
 numbers of native fish migrate. There are many stre :, along 
 the whole Canadian coast in which sea trout are never 10 ..cl, but 
 there are b>g trout in them that weigh a pound apiece, big enough 
 to go to sea if they like, and as well able to do so as the trout of 
 other streams. 
 
 However, argument will convince nobody who is set in his belief, 
 and until a comparative study of the structure of the two varieties 
 is made, we shall have to remain in the dark so far as this inter- 
 esting question goes. The sea trout has been successfully prop- 
 agated artificially, and if it is the better fish, fish culturists will 
 prefer to cultivate it instead of the common trout. 
 
 The best places for taking sea trout are the sandy spits that 
 are uncovered at half tide, where one can run barefooted up and 
 down a hundred yards or more of soft yielding surface, and play 
 his fish ad libituvi with only half the usual length of line or work 
 of reel. Further up the stream they fill the pools where they 
 pause to rest on their journey, and can be seen lying on the bottom 
 in schools. The Micmac Indians, who camp on all the rivers in 
 summer, eagerly watch the coming of ihe sea trout, and the angler 
 who would enjoy the cream of the sport must wait, like them, if 
 he expects to capture one of the finest fish that swims. 
 
 CLUPEID^. 
 
 The Shad. — Alosa sapidissinta, — Gill. 
 
 Of late years shad have been included in the list of game fish, 
 and many anglers have devoted much attention to the sport 
 of catching them, especially in the Delaware, Housatonic and 
 Connecticut Rivers. Shad have also been taken with the rod in 
 the Savannah River, and in the S hn's River, Florida, at Lake 
 Monroe. They are taken either \\ith fly or with angle worms, 
 shrimp or other bait. Shad commence to take the fly as soon as 
 the water begins to grow warm, and continue to take it as long as 
 they remain in the rivers, which is some time after July first in the 
 Connecticut, the latest river, 
 
 A most excellent cast of flies is composed of the following : 
 white mille- for leatler, with red ibis, snipe and any drab fly with 
 
268 GAME FISH OF NORTH A AI ERICA. 
 
 lighter body, arranged as you please. All of these flies must be 
 quite small, as the shad bites rather delicately, so that a large fly 
 is not taken sufficiently far into the mouth, and the hook fails to 
 penetrate the hard bony substance which it meets there. Fisli 
 from a boat anchored in a current about fifty or seventy-five feet 
 above a deep eddy ; as the flies float down the stream the current 
 keeps them on top, and after they have reached the eddy the pole 
 should be swayed gently back and forth to keep them in motion. 
 
 The best time to fish for shad is early in the morning, and 
 from five until eight in the evening. As soon as it commences to 
 grow dark they may be taken in still and shallower water by 
 casting, in the same manner as for trout or bass, and may be taken 
 i'. this manner until long after dark. Only the very lightest trout 
 tackle should be used for shad, as the fish will almost always break 
 loose if the rod be strong enough to allow him any purchase 
 whatever. 
 
 Fly fishing seems to have been measurably successful only in 
 the Housatonic and Connecticut Rivers. Little success with fly has 
 been enjoyed in the Delaware and other rivers of Pennsylvania, 
 where the fish altogether prefer bait, which they take with avidity 
 at times. Mr. John P. Motley, of Warren, New Jersey, has related 
 his experience with bait through an article in the Trenton State 
 Gazette, in which he says : 
 
 "Young shad, from the time they are ha'ched until they pass 
 down into the bays or ocean, where they remain until oM enough 
 to return for spawning, feed on small insects occasionally, when 
 these insects fly near, and almost touch the surface of the water. 
 We often see them leaping above the surface when the weather is 
 favorable, and catching gnats that are within their short reach. 
 But when they get to deep water, where they remain until next 
 season, their food is infusoria — animalcules that constitute the 
 greater part of the slimy growths that cover almost all submerged 
 substances. 
 
 " The shad is not intended to leap from the water, or rush after 
 any bait, when he has attained a size beyond feeding on gnats that 
 are flitting over the shallow margins he has to travel in going down 
 the river to the sea. This much I write to account for my failure 
 altogether with flies. I prepared a bait adapted, as I thought, to 
 
EASTERN COAST EI SHE S. 269 
 
 what the fish required. I still had doubt whether the shad would 
 take it, as he was on his way up the river, not to eat, but for the 
 purpose of propagation. He had started from his ocean home fat 
 and vigorous, with accumulated force enough to carry him through, 
 with the little addition he might perhaps receive from the fresh 
 water infusoria that he might imbibe by the way. This idea was 
 strengthened by the fact that shad are fatter caught below Phil- 
 adelphia than farther up the river. They are not as firm in fibre 
 and delicately tasted as at Trenton or Easton. Exercise in fresh 
 water absorbs fat, hardens the muscle, and heightens the flavor. 
 I prepared a glutinous mass of Irish moss (Chondrus crispiis), 
 gluten from wheat Hour, oyster juice, fibrine from bullocks' blood, 
 and powdered sulphate of barytes. The last article being taste- 
 less, insoluble, and heavy, was added to give weight to the com- 
 pound. All these articles were well mixed and ground together, 
 sufficient oyster juice being added to soften and discolor the Irish 
 moss. I rolled the mass into sticks, like macaroni, dried with a 
 gentle heat, and ground up into fragments as coarse as Dupont's 
 ducking powder. My hooks — No. 6 Kirby's — were whipped on 
 brownish-green linen snoods of ten inches length ; the snoods were 
 fastened at intervals of a foot on a line of the same color. The 
 three hooks attached to the line were covered thickly nearly to 
 their points with the preparation in its moist state, and then dried 
 until the coating became hard, so that in dissolving slowly it might 
 adhere for a long time. Thus prepared, I tried my first experiment 
 in deep water below the first island down stream, from the mouth 
 of the Pohatcong, near the Belvidere Railroad. The night previ- 
 ously, as a lure, I had sifted a pint or more of the preparation into 
 the water at the head of the eddy, and anchored a coarse strainer, 
 cloth bag, containing about the same quantity at the same place. 
 Owing to the barytes, the powder thrown into the water sank down 
 and remained on the water to dissolve slowly. In the morning I 
 drifted gently down the river, and anchored my boat noiselessly 
 about twenty yards above the pool. With a small gourd for a float, 
 giving five feet for the depth of the lowest hook, I paid out line 
 until the float was about four yards below the cloth bag. I had 
 not long to wait. The float began to bob, and was soon under 
 water. I tigh^^ led the line, and found a fish of peculiar action was 
 
2;0 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 hooked. His whole effort was to sound, to run to the bottom, from 
 which the sliglitest pull would bring him back. I thought it must 
 be a very shy fish, with a tender mouth, and a small caudal fin in 
 proportion to his size, for he seemed to have but little propelling 
 force. After some careful handling I was enabled to bring the fish 
 up to the side of the boat, and land it with a net. To my great 
 satisfaction, it proved to be a four pound shad, a melter, as fine a 
 fish as one would wish to see. That morning, in less than an hour, 
 I caught six others in the same way — two melters and four roe 
 shad ; two of the last weighed five and a half pounds each. During 
 this hour's fishing the preparation had hardly all dissolved from 
 the hooks. I have been out twice since in the early morning and 
 have had equal success." 
 
 Thaddeus Norris, Esq., says, in Forest a7id Stream : — "Many 
 years ago, when I fished with a bow-line dipsy for percl^ in Au- 
 gust, I occasionally took young shad six inches long, in water from 
 fifteen to twenty feet in depth, and have since heard of their being 
 taken in the same way. These fry were undoubtedly the pro- 
 duce of shad that spawned in May or June. The smaller fry, those 
 of two inches, which are so easily taken with a small fly from the 
 Long Bridge, are from the ova of the late spawners. I have also 
 known perch-fishers on the " Hen and Chickens," a rocky shoal in 
 the Delaware, eight or nine miles above Philadelphia, when fishing 
 for perch in September, to take shad varying from twelve to fifteen 
 inches in length. They would come in schools and bite voraciously 
 at the worm bait and not far below the surface." 
 
 Mr. Theodore Lyman, of the Massachusetts Fish Commission, 
 has thrown more light on the growth of shad and their migrations 
 to and from sea, than all other writers on this subject. From in- 
 formation gained from old net-fishermen, and from his own obser- 
 vations, as shown in his various reports, he has clearly established 
 the fact that shad go to sea the autumn of the same summer they 
 are hatclied. That the females remain at sea two years. That 
 many of the males, perhaps all of them, return to their native riv- 
 ers when not over a year old, as they are then pubescent and the 
 reproductive instinct impels them to the rivers. When varying in 
 length from nine to twelve inches, they are known on the Connec- 
 ticut as " Chicken Shad." In one of the reports alluded to, men- 
 
EASTERN COAST FISHES. 271 
 
 tion is made of the great numbers of such young- shad that are 
 taken in herring seines and rated and sold as herrings, or properly 
 speaking, alewives ; for the herring proper, although called by that 
 name, do not enter fresh waters. That young shad will rise at an 
 artificial fly is natural, for flies and larvas are their natural food. 
 Mr. Lyman has detected and given the scientific names of such 
 flies taken from their stomachs. This naturalist has also discov- 
 ered that young shad have teeth, while the adults have not. The 
 male salmon, as well as the male shad, is pubescent a year earlier 
 than the female. That shad remain in the rivers two years, go to 
 sea, and the following summer return full-grown fish, is a notion 
 that is now obsolete with intelligent people who have given the 
 matter attention and thought. When female shad return from sea 
 the first time they weigh from two to two and a half pounds, are not 
 merchantable fish, and hence are not brought to market. 
 
 Gaspereau ; herring (Southern States) ; alewife (New England) ; ' gaspereau 
 (British Provinces) ; spring herring (New England) ; hyack (Nova Scotia) ; 
 kyack, bluefish, alewife, sawbelly, cat-thresher {^\.d\ne.)—Pomolobus pseudo- 
 harengns. — Gill. 
 
 Although this representative of the herring family is in no sense 
 a game fish, generally speaking, it has been known to afford the 
 keenest sport to the fly fisherman in Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick in the spring when it ascends the rivers to spawn. By the 
 Indians of Southern Nova Scotia, it is known as the " hyack," and 
 is taken by them in great numbers with dip nets, at the foot of 
 dams or natural obstructions which they attempt to surmount. 
 It was the principal food fish of the Acadians a century and a half 
 ago, and was called iht gaspereau by them. Several rivers m the 
 Maritime Provinces bear this name, and a considerable arm of the 
 Basin of Minas at the head of the Bay of Fundy, is known as Gas- 
 pereau Bay. The spring run, during which only can they be taken 
 with a rod, extends from the first of May to the middle of June. 
 Flies similar in color to those used for shad, but smaller, ar 
 requisite. The gaspereau is deep blue on the back, shading , 
 silvery white on the belly. They run from eight to ten inches in 
 length. 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 
 THE PERCID^. 
 
 Yellow Perch ; or Ring Perch. — Perca flavescens. — Cuv. 
 
 SIDES yellow ; six to eight dark vertical bands over the back ; 
 fins orange. 
 The yellow perch is one of the most widely distributed of our 
 fluviatile fishes. They are sometimes caught weighing three or 
 four pounds, and even more. Take bait freely, and are often 
 taken with a fly, preferring the red ibis. They swim deep, and 
 are usually found in company with the sunfish, and freauently with 
 the black bass. 
 
 The Black Perch. — Labrax nigricans.— He Kay, 
 
 Is a deep brownish black fish, with a yellowish tinge, found in vari- 
 ous deep fresh water ponds on Long Island, New York, and takes 
 the fly readily, affording much amusement to the angler. Weighs 
 one or two pounds, and is esteemed as food. It has the general 
 form of the yellow perch. 
 
 Pike Perch ; wall-eyed pike ; white salmon ; glass-eyed pike ; Stizostedion 
 
 atnertcana. — Girard. 
 
 This fish is known in American waters as the white salmon, 
 Ohio salmon, yellow pike, and western salmon. Color, yellowish 
 olive above the lateral line, lighter on the sides ; silvery beneath ; 
 head and gill covers mottled with green ; dorsal fin light yellowish, 
 spotted with brown ; pectoral fins yellowish olive. It is a true 
 Perch, although its form and habits suggest very naturally the 
 idea of a Pike. Its scales are hard, close and difficult to detach. 
 The mandibles are wider, and the jaws stronger than those of the 
 pike, while its teeth are shorter and closer set. It is exceedingly 
 voracious, and is highly prized as food. It is caught readily with 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 2/3 
 
 the hook, baited with minnow or crayfish. The best time for fish- 
 ing is in the dusk of the evening. The loot of rapids, or beneath 
 mill dams appear to be its favorite haunts. In the heat of summer 
 it seeks the deepest part of lakes, or the coolest part of streams 
 concealed under weeds or grass. Use regular bass rod and reel, 
 and fish with a float. Anchor your boat at the side or above a 
 rapid, and let your bait run down the rapid, for they sometimes 
 lie behind huge rocks in the rapid. They average perhaps, six or 
 seven pounds, but are often much larger, and at the Little P'alls of 
 the Mohawk River have been caught weighing as high as twenty 
 pounds. The meat is hard, and laminates in rich white flakes. 
 Spawns in April and May. (See Western Fishes.) 
 
 White Lake Bass.— Za^ra^ albidus. — De Kay. 
 
 Very common in Lake Erie, where it takes the hook readily, 
 and is esteemed as food. Color, bluish white above the lateral 
 line, with a few narrow parallel dusky streaks above and beneath 
 this line ; sides and belly white. Fins, brownish, tinged with blue. 
 
 Rock Bxss.—Centrarchus ceneus. (Cuv. and Val.) 
 
 This fish is found in Lake Champlain, and generally in the lakes 
 throughout New York State, and also in the canals and the Hud- 
 son River. It bites freely, and is pretty fair game. It is found in 
 greatest numbers around islands and in shallows near the shores 
 contiguous to the entrance of spring streams. A notorious spawn- 
 eater ; it ranges in weight from a quarter of a pound to a pound. 
 It bites at worms, grubs, grasshoppers or shiners, and may be 
 taken with a small-sized Buel or McHarg trolling spoon. The 
 general color of this fish is a dark greenish bronze ; top of head 
 and back a dark bottle green. Its sides below the lateral line are 
 covered with six or more longitudinal series of subquadrate dark 
 spots. Pupils of eye dark purple, with a narrow golden ring. 
 
 Black Bass. — Grystes nigricans; Micro/>terus nigricans,— GWX. 
 
 Among the various candidates for popular favor, for introduc- 
 tion into new waters, the Black Bass has always deservedly occu- 
 pied a very high place. The excellence of its flesh, its rapid growth, 
 its endurance and its game qualities, all contribute towards this 
 appreciation. Little by little this fish has been carried from one 
 
 12* 
 
274 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 part of the country to another, until now there is no part of the 
 United States, east of the Rocl<y Mountains, where it may not be 
 found in greater or less abundance. Its great merit in this con- 
 nection lies in the fact that it requires no care in the way of culture, 
 since a few pairs transferred bodily, will in time furnish a numerous 
 progeny. In consequence of its habit of making a nest and guard- 
 ing it against intruders, the fish is enabled to readily secure the 
 perpetuation of its race. 
 
 Much uncertainty has existed, until recently, as to the number 
 of species really entitled to be called Rlack Bass, many having been 
 described and supposed to be peculiar to particular waters. Prof. 
 Gill, of the Smithsonian Institution, has lately made a critical and 
 exhaustive investigation of this subject, and with the aid of the 
 large amount of material belonging to the Institution and that of 
 the Museum of Com.parative Zoology at Cambridge, he has come 
 to the conclusion that there are really but two distinguishable 
 forms ; the one the Micropterus sahnoides, or the small mouthed 
 bass, and the other, the M. nigricans, or the large mouthed variety. 
 
 Both of these species occur naturally over a great part of the 
 United States, with the exception of New England and the Atlan- 
 tic seaboard of the Middle States, although only one, the small 
 mouthed, seems to have been originally an inhabitant of the hy- 
 drographic basin of the Ohio. It is not to be understood, how- 
 ever, that there are no variations from the standard type to be ob- 
 served in the bass of these two groups, in different localities, and 
 it is not improbable that a careful criticism will reveal certain tri- 
 fling peculiarities, which may serve to distinguish those belonging 
 to a particular area. The differences of the two primary forms 
 are, however, perfectly appreciable, so that even the veriest tyro, 
 seeing them side by side, must admit their distinction. 
 
 These differences, as stated in the paper of Prof. Gill, are as 
 follows : 
 
 CONTRASTED DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS. 
 Scales of Trunk. 
 
 SMALL-MOUTHED. LARGE-MOUTHED. 
 
 Small ie. g, lat. line, 72-75 ; be- Moderate {e. g. lat. line ,65-70 ; 
 tween lateral line and back, it between lateral line and back, 7^ 
 rows). or 8 rows). 
 
L'l' I ,^ v^m 
 
 NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 275 
 
 Scales on nape and breast. 
 Much smaller than those of sides. Scarcely (on nape), or not much 
 
 (on breast) smaller than those of 
 sides. 
 Scales of cheeks. 
 Minute {e. g., between orbit and Moderately small {e. g. between 
 preoperculum, about 17 rows in an orbit and preoperculum, about 10 
 oblique line and about 9 in a hori- rows in an oblique line and about 
 zontal one). 5-6 in a horizontal one). 
 
 Scales of interopcrculum uniserial. 
 Covering only about half the Covering the entire width of the 
 width of the bone. bone. 
 
 Scales of preopercular limb. 
 None. Developed in an imperfect row 
 
 (e, g, , 3.5 ill number). 
 
 Scales on dorsal. 
 Developed as a deep sheath (in- Developed as a low (obsolete) 
 volving last spine) of small scales shallow sheath, and with series 
 differentiated from those on the ascending comparatively little on 
 back, and with series advancing membrane behind the rays (none 
 high up the membrane behind each behind last five or six), 
 ray (except last two or three). 
 
 Scales on anal. 
 Ascending high behind each ray. None (or very few). 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 Moderate. Large. 
 
 Supramaxillary . 
 
 Ending considerably in front of Extending considerably behind 
 
 higher margin of orbit (about under the posterior margin of orbit. 
 
 hinder border of pupil). 
 
 Rays. 
 
 Dorsal articulated, 13. Dorsal articulated, I2 (I. ll). 
 
 Anal. HI., 10, II. Anal. III., 10. 
 
 Pectoral, i, 16-1, 17. Pectoral i, 14 (i, 13). 
 
 Dorsal fin in front of soft portion. 
 Little depressed, the ninth spine Much depressed, the ninth spine 
 being only about a half shorter than being only about a fourth as long 
 the longest (3, 4, 5) and a fourth as the longest and a half as long as 
 shorter than the tenth. the tenth. 
 
2/6 CAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 We have said that there are decided variations from these two . 
 standard types, and these we are certain that Prof. Gill himself 
 readily concedes. Indeed, there is no genus of known fish that 
 exhibits such numerous and striking varieties ; just as there is no 
 family of tishes which is presented in so many forms as that to 
 which the black bass belongs — namely, the Percidie. These va- 
 riations puzzled the observant De Kay forty years ago, and are no 
 less an enigma to superficial students at the present day. They 
 are most numerous in Northern waters ; quite frequent in the 
 West ; and several at the South. The general colors we find to 
 be as follows : bluish, deep green, almost black, grass green, light 
 green, greenish white, deep olive, and light olive. Some are spot- 
 ted, others barred, and some without any lateral markings. Local- 
 ly they are termed perch, bass, chub and trout, and are severally 
 known as yellow perch, black perch, Oswego bass, strawberry 
 bass, white bass, rock bass, black bass, marsh bass, river bass, 
 spotted bass, speckled hen, green bass, slough bass, etc., etc. 
 They vary much in their proportions, some having heavy shoulders, 
 while others are slender ; they also vary in their habits of living, 
 their food, locations, temperature of water, and times of spawning, 
 characteristics sufficiently diverse to constitute distinct species, if 
 classification were not absolutely based upon anatomical structure. 
 
 In Canada there is great diversity as to weight and shape. 
 For instance : those caught in ponds and lakes in the counties of 
 Brant and Oxford, are much larger and tnicker than those found, 
 say, in Grand River. Notwithstanding, where there are long, 
 deep, still stretches of water formed by mill dams as at Gait or 
 Paris, bass are often taken averaging in weight those taken in 
 lakes. In Pine Pond, on the south edge of the township of Bland- 
 ford and Blenheim, Oxford, the bass are remarkable for their 
 thickness at the shoulders. So distinct is the figure and general 
 configuration — especially as regards this latter quality — that we 
 are inclined to believe that they are identical with the Oswego 
 bass. The Oswego bass and the bass of the Mohawk and Hudson 
 Rivers, show dusky bars on their sides after being caught. sVhen 
 hooked, the first move is into the air, and it is continued, more or 
 less, principally more, until the struggle ends in the death or es- 
 cape of the fish. The first fishing for this bass in the spring or 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 2'JJ 
 
 summer is done on the " riffs " or rapids ; from thence tney \vorl< 
 down to the foot of rough water, and later, as the weather is 
 warmer, to the eddies and pools. The Lake George bass almost 
 always when hooked go deeper, rarely appear above water until 
 they near the boat or landing net, always excepting when you 
 troll. In Lake Ontario are two varieties, one at Stony Island 
 being very thick and light colored, always sounding the minute 
 they are hooked ; another in the Black River Bay, dark colored, 
 much slimmer than the former, and almost always coming to the 
 surface the first tiling. The strawberry bass is a flat, deep fish, 
 has a nose well turned up, is thinner than the Oswego bass, and 
 has black and yellow blotches. 
 
 However, in attempting to define differences, nothing is ac- 
 complished toward identification or separation ; only confusion is 
 increased. We recognize the simple fact, m.erely, that owing to 
 local causes of food, temperature and quality of water, and per- 
 haps to these only, very apparent differences obtain in stripe, size, 
 color, superticial markings, action, and periods of spawning. 
 
 Most bass undoubtedly hybernate, and are not seen or caught 
 in winter. But Mr. A. W. Latham, Fish Commissioner of Min- 
 nesota, has stated that in some waters in that State they are occa- 
 sionally caught through the ice with hook and bait. They then 
 lie low in deep water, and seem after a fashion to hybernate. 
 Samuel Wilmot, of the Government Hatching House in Canada, 
 states that the fishermen take them with hook and line through 
 the ice in the Bay of Quinte, near Belleville. Fred. Mather, a well 
 known fish breeder of New York, says : 
 
 " I kept one nearly all winter in an aquarium, and it did not 
 eat, and seldom moved anything except its eyes. I have also tried 
 to catch them from the small but well-stocked pond of Hon. S. H. 
 Ainsworth, at West Bloomfield, without success. I have, how- 
 ever, seen those that were taken with a hook in Northern Michi- 
 gan, in March, while it is still winter in that locality." 
 
 The fish begin to spawn about the middle of May. About a 
 month previous to the spawning season they pair, and leave the 
 deep, still water where they have spent the winter, and seek out 
 some retired spot in shallow water, about eighteen inches or two 
 feet deep, but near deeper water to which they can fly when 
 
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278 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 alarmed. Here they make their nests by scouring from the peb- 
 bles on the bottom all the mud and slime. The nest is circular, 
 and about twice the length of the fish in diameter. Here the 
 female lays her eggs, which at once become glued to the pebbles, 
 where they remain for eight or ten days, when they hatch, the 
 female all the time remaining on or near the nest to keep off 
 predatory intruders. 
 
 In two or three days after hatching, the young fry scatter 
 mostly into deep water, and are not seen again until September, 
 when they come in shore, having grown about two inches in length. 
 If well supplied with food, they grow about four inches the first 
 season. When two years old they reach a pound in weight, and 
 after that grow about a pound each year, until they weigh six or 
 eight pounds. While young the fish feed on insects, worms and 
 larvae, but when larger they appear to rely mainly upon other small 
 fish. They are not very particular as to their diet, their main care 
 being to get plenty of food. They are voracious eaters, and when 
 hard pushed by hunger, do not scruple to devour the smaller and 
 weaker of their own kind, and in this fact probably exists the 
 reason why they have multiplied much more rapidly in some 
 ponds than in others which, to all appearance, are equally as well 
 adapted to them. Waters which abound in chub, minnows, suck- 
 ers, insect larvae and crayfish afford plenty of food for the bass, 
 and in them he multiplies and grows apace, but in waters where 
 these are wanting, he is reduced to the necessity of eating his own 
 kindred, and of course his increase is very limited. Black bass 
 weighing from three to six pounds each, are too large for stocking 
 open streams, they being liable to wander, while the small ones 
 are more likely to remain near where placed. These small fish 
 commence propagating in July, and continue into the month of 
 August. 
 
 Little need be said of the merits of this fish for the table. Few 
 better pan fish are known to epicures. He is thick, solid and 
 heavy, has little waste and few bones about him, is sweet, tender 
 and juicy, and when well cooked makes a dish fit for a king. 
 
 The methods of taking black bass are by trolling with minnow 
 or spoon, casting with artificial fly or live minnow, and by still-fish- 
 ing with a great variety of baits. Probably, as a rule, live bait is 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 279 
 
 the best, and from eight to twelve feet of water the best depth ; 
 but some of the finest specimens which have been coaxed from 
 ponds have beea taken with worm bait in fifty feet of water. The 
 fact is, however, that Hies are often most killing at times when 
 baits of any kind are hardly serviceable. For instance in the Del- 
 aware and Schuylkill the fish will not rise to the fly where they are 
 mostly caught with bait, for the fishing is essentially bottom fish- 
 ing in deep water (say from fifteen to twenty feet), at the foot of 
 dams or falls, or in still deep pools. In such places those most 
 successful use a weighted line, and endeavor to keep the bait 
 from two to three feet from the bottom. Now one would cast 
 with little effect with small flies, especially in such places, because 
 of the great depth of the water. The fact of the necessity of 
 special flies for particular places, from all testimony, seems quite 
 indispensable. The non-success of flies in bass fishing arises 
 more from faults in their size and color than in lack of apprecia- 
 tion in the fish ; most of the bass flies sold by the trade generally 
 have only a local reputation, not applicable to all conditions aris- 
 ing from the varied haunts of this fish ; and this fault can not be 
 corrected except by observations of the many conditions that arise. 
 The most approved patterns for northern waters are the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Page Fly. — Scarlet wings with scapulas of guinea fowl. 
 
 HoLBERTON Fly. — Orange body ribbed with gold tinsel ; head of peacock's 
 herl ; a haclcle of peacock's herl mixed with purple ; tail of wood duck feathers 
 tipped with scarlet ; under wing coverts of scarlet ibis mixed with mallard feath- 
 ers dyed yellow, outer wing coverts of wood duck feather, with two long rays of 
 peacock's herl, the latter giving the fly a very jaunty and attractive appearance 
 which even the best educated salmon could not resist. 
 
 Turkey Brown and Turkey Green.— The first-named hag turkey wings, 
 brown body ribbed with gold, red hackle and wood duck tail streaked with scar- 
 let ; the turkey green is similar except that it has a green body. 
 
 Ferguson Fly. — //^tf<>*.— Medium No. 2 Sproat, or in Limericks about No. rp. 
 Tail. — Peacock, yellow and scarlet, a portion each. Body.—'M.nde full, a bright 
 yellow tipped and ribbed with gold. Leg^.—\ green hackle, quite bushy, tied in 
 only at the head of the body under the wings. IVings. — A portion each of yellow 
 and scarlet feather with the dark brownish mottled feather from the wing of the 
 wild or tame turkey. 
 
 Patterns of bass flies are vaiious, and can be multiplied ad 
 libitum, gaudy colors being generally combined. Scarlet and 
 white used to be exclusively used. Now we have : 
 
280 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 I. Scarlet wings and coverts or scapulas of wood duck feathers. 
 
 3. Scarlet wings, white scapulas, hackle of purple and orange, and tail of yel- 
 low, white, scarlet and wood duck mixed. Body orange and green whipped with 
 silver tinsel. 
 
 3. Wings of rayed mallard feathers dyed yellow, scarlet scapulas, body yel- 
 low, hackle of peacock's herl mixed with yellow. 
 
 4. Turkey wings, hackle of scarlet and orange, tail red, yellow and black, 
 body orange whipped with green and gold tinsel. 
 
 5. Wings white, scapulas scarlet, body lavender and peacock whipped with 
 silver tinsel, deep purple hackle and tail of blue, white, scarlet and yellow, 
 mixed. 
 
 6. Parrot feather wing (green), yellow hackle, green body whipped with gold, 
 tail scarlet and white. 
 
 7. Turkey wing, body orange whipped with silver, green hackle, tail yellow 
 and scarlet. 
 
 8. Turkey wing, brown hackle, peacock body terminating in yellow, with 
 scarlet tail. 
 
 9. Brown cock feather wings, dun body whipped with orange, hackle of grey 
 rabbit's fur, tail brown. 
 
 10. Orange body and hackle, scarlet wings, scapula and tail of jungle cock 
 feathers. 
 
 II. Blue body whipped with gold, blue hackle, wings of ashes of rose color, 
 scapulas of jungle cock mixed with black, tail scarlet, black and white, and black 
 antennae. 
 
 12. Scarlet body whipped with silver, wings dyed subhyaline and terminating 
 in two bars of white and black, coverts scarlet, hackle grey and black, tail black, 
 white and red. 
 
 13. Body solferino color, wings the same, coverts grey, hackle brown, tail 
 grey, head black — a very killing fly for southern, western or northern waters. 
 
 [For soujthernand western patterns see the appropriate chapters of this book.] 
 
 The baits taken by the black bass are as diverse as the styles 
 of flies. Bass are almost omnivorous, taking red worms, crick- 
 ets, grasshoppers, fresh water mussels, frogs, shrimp, crayfish, 
 minnow and dobsons, so called at the north and known as the 
 Heigramite at the south ; the same being the full grown larvae 
 and pupae of several aquatic species in the family Sialina. Their 
 feeding ground is chiefly in sluggish rivers. They are rare in 
 mountain streams or head springs. They are both herbivorous 
 and carnivorous. Ephemeridae, small-sized beetles, and water- 
 fleas, entomostraca, are their principal food, but they have been 
 reared to maturity in aquaria on an almost exclusively vegetable 
 diet. The wings of the perfect insect are almost twice the length 
 of the body, closely reticulated with veins, semi-transparent, and 
 of a yellow ashen color. An imitation made of newly tanned 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 28 1 
 
 leather was used with wonderful success in the trout streams of 
 Western Virginia fifty years ago. 
 
 In the early season, from June to last of August, the best 
 success is had in deep pools, or under shadow of dams and falls 
 where the water is quieted a moment after its plunge, casting the 
 flies into the tumbling waters and giving the current its own way 
 with them, simply keeping them on the surface. In the later 
 season, from middle of September to end of October, the bass 
 seem to live more in rapid, deep currents well out in the stream 
 where it is less disturbed by obstructions, lying in the eddies 
 formed by boulders, etc., but if the water's surface is disturbed 
 by winds, as is usual at that season, they are taken about as read- 
 ily in mid-current, where the water is from two to three or four 
 feet deep, and running over a pebbly bottom. 
 
 In lakes, cast from a boat in-shore, or fish from the banks. 
 Where lilypads line the shore, if you have no boat or raft, wade 
 out so that you can cast just beyond the edge of the pads. 
 
 If trolling from a canoe or light craft, a two-knot breeze will 
 drive the canoe with sufficient rapidity to prevent the necessity of 
 using oars or paddles, and increasing one's chances of success in 
 raising the fish, as there is no disturbance of the water, and a 
 shorter line can be used. Ordinarily one hundred feet are required. 
 Trolling should be done along shore, and fish are most likely to be 
 raised when the spoon passes over a reef or bunch of rocks. In 
 swift running water, or in the quick currents that flow between isl- 
 ands lying close to each other, as in the St. Lawrence River^ one 
 can fish from boat or shore ; and the best method is probably to 
 anchor the boat in mid current at the head of the race, and grad- 
 ually drop it down as the ground becomes fished over. In min- 
 now fishing give the bait plenty of play, but let the running water 
 do this as much as it will, while the tip of the rod guides it to all 
 parts of the ground to be fished over. 
 
 Valued as the brook trout is for its game qualities ; widely 
 distributed as it is ; and much extolled in song as it has been ; 
 the black bass has now a wider range (at least of latitude) and be- 
 ing common to both cold and warm waters, and to northern and 
 southern climes, seems destined to become the leading game fish of 
 America, and to take the place of the wild brook trout which van- 
 
282 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ishes like the aborigines before civilization and settlements. It 
 is worthy of much attention therefore ; and during the past two 
 years its habits have been diligently studied by naturalists and fish 
 propagators, until they have become pretty well known. [Ses 
 Southern and Western Fishes.] 
 
 SuNFisH ; Pond-fish ; Pumpkin-seed ; Kiver ; Sunny ; Roach ; Bream— PomoHs 
 
 vulgaris.— De Kay. 
 
 This beautiful fish is common in all the waters of the north. 
 Its range extends to Georgia. In color it is a greenish brown on 
 the back, greenish yellow on the sides. On the posterior prolon- 
 gation of the opercle is a black spot, terminating behind in bright 
 scarlet. It is found in still waters in company with perch, swims 
 low, and takes bait with such persistence as to be an annoyance 
 to the angler when better fish are sought. He will also take the 
 fly, or any moving thing. It is an excellent pan fish when it at- 
 tains the size of a pound, as it occasionally does. It should be 
 fished for with light tackle and very small hooks. 
 
 SILURID^. 
 
 The Catfish or Cat Family comprises a dozen or more varieties, 
 most of which are not worth mentioning in their relations to the 
 angler. 
 
 The Great Lake Catfish {Pimoledus ntgrtcans) grows to a great 
 weight, often reaching eighty pounds. Its general color is olive 
 brown. It is not generally esteemed as food, although it is much 
 eaten, and hy some persons well recommended. Like most of its 
 congeners, it prefers the mud. 
 
 The Common Cat {Pimoledus catui), the Bullhead, Horn Pout, 
 Bull Pout, or Minister, has a wide range, and too great a notoriety 
 for his worth. Its color is dusky. Is caught from first of April, 
 throughout the summer, with most any kind of meat or worm bait, 
 in ponds or lakes where the bottom is muddy. Many people eat 
 them and like them. 
 
 The Channel Catfish is the best of his tribe, and is generally 
 found in clear pure streams in the Middle and Southern States. 
 He is of a clean greyish blue color, and makes some sport on the 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 283 
 
 hook. A good table fish. Night fishing with a lantern or torch 
 is the most successful for all kinds of catfish. 
 
 THE CYPRINID^. 
 
 The family of Cyprinidas is a very large one, and includes the 
 carp, sucker, dace, chub sucker, mullet sucker, and many other 
 species which are found scattered all over the country from New 
 England to Arizona ; being often the only inhabitants of waters 
 too warm or muddy for the more esteemed varieties of fishes. 
 Scarcely any of them merit attention as game fish, although some 
 are quite edible, and a few afford fair sport to the angler. 
 
 The Cyprinidae also include the shiners, minnows, killifish, and 
 other small fry that are much valued as baitfish, and readily com- 
 mand a cent a-piece in many known angling resorts. Their eco- 
 nomic value to the fisherman is therefore considerable, and it is well 
 to know that they may be caught either with gauze or mosquito 
 nets along the margins of still wat*-rs where they congregate in 
 large numbers, being often found in company with the perch, 
 roach and bass. They are also caught with minute hooks and 
 linen thread, with bread dough, and red worms as bait. 
 
 Some of the suckers of which there are many varieties, afford 
 
 much sport when snared. The snare is a running loop of fine 
 
 brass wire attached to the end of a pole, and the method employed 
 
 to capture the fish is, to beat the water with long sticks, turning 
 
 up logs and large stones, tossing stones into the holes, et cetera, 
 
 so as to drive the fish from under the banks and other hiding 
 
 places into the mid-stream, where they can be readily seen. They 
 
 will lie quietly on the bottom for awhile after being disturbed, and 
 
 then the snarer passes the wire loop cautiously over their heads, 
 
 \!and dexterously jerks them out to terra firma. Sometimes the 
 
 ■ suckers will take the baited hook, though very seldom. No less 
 
 ' than twelve varieties of suckers are enumerated as belonging to 
 
 northern waters, averaging a foot in length ; the most prominent 
 
 of which the Mullet Sucker, Catostomus aureatua, grows to a 
 
 ' length of eighteen inches. It is very common in Lake Erie, where 
 
 it is severally called the Mullet, Golden Mullet, and Red Horse. 
 
 There is also a common species in Lake Erie, very black in color, 
 
 which is called the Black Sucker and the Shoemaker. The 
 
284 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Homed Sucker {Caiosiomus tuberculatus) is common in most of 
 the fresh water streams of the Middle States and New England, 
 where it is known under the popular names of barbel, dace, and 
 horned dace. It takes a hook readily, and begins to bite in April. 
 Some suckers seem to be peculiar to certain localities, showing 
 quite distinctive characteristics as to color and size. The Oneida 
 Lake sucker is a bluish brown fish on the back ; lighter beneath ; a 
 much lighter colored fish is very abundant around Peekskill on the 
 Hudson ; and others in the Mohawk and Susquehanna Rivers 
 show like variations in color. The White Dace or Shiner {Leuciscus 
 nitidus) is quite common also. It is a large scaled fish, silvery 
 white, and is taken with hook very often in New England trout 
 streams. 
 
 The Common Carp. Cyprinus carpic.—IAvm. 
 
 The common carp was first introduced into this country from 
 France in the year 1832, by Captain Henry Robinson, owner of a 
 Havre packet. They were first placed in a pond near Newburgh, 
 on the Hudson, and afterward introduced into the Hudson, where 
 they multiplied very rapidly, and have since been introduced into 
 the Southern States, over which they have spread quite generally. 
 They have also been introduced into California from Germany, a 
 superior variety having been planted there in 1870, and propagated 
 by Mr. Poppe. They are also propagated artificially at Woodville, 
 Mississippi, and at Druid Hill Park, in Baltimore. 
 
 The German variety is much esteemed as food. Indeed, there 
 are several varieties scattered throughout the country. They are 
 taken readily with the hook when baited with bread pills. They 
 spawn twice a year, first about the middle of May, and again in 
 June (in New York State), depositing their ova in the grass along 
 the margins of ponds. 
 
 Color golden olive. Length six to twelve inches. [See South- 
 ern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 ESOCIDiE. 
 
 MusKELLUNGB ; mascalonge ; maskinong^.— ^jo^ ncbilior. — ^Thompson. Eiox 
 
 estor. — Le Sueur. 
 
 This fish is known in the laws of Canada as the " Maskinong^," 
 from the Chippewa word maskanonje, meaning long nose ; but in 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 28$ 
 
 the States it is called " mascalonge," from the French masque and 
 allonge, (elongated,) longface. The northern pike, first described 
 by Agassiz, is sometimes confounded with this fish, but may be 
 easily detected, as it has the lower jaw filled with teeth, whereas 
 the anterior half of the maskinonge is toothless. Some people 
 call it an overgrown pickerel, which is a still worse insult to his 
 nobility. As we contemplate his beautiful proportions, his peculiar 
 whitish complexion, and his massive and not greatly elongated 
 head, we wonder how anglers could ever confound him with 
 the green, alligator-headed pike. Surely those who have ever 
 compared the two together, or eaten of their flesh, could not 
 make this error. However, if there is difficulty in classifying the 
 mascalonge, there is equal confusion among the savans in naming 
 him, for Agassiz and Lesueur call him esox estor, while Thompson 
 and Gill insist that he is esox nobilior. If there be anything in a 
 name, the latter fits him best, for in beauty of form, in game quali- 
 ties, and in excellence of flesh, he stands at the head of the family; 
 besides, he is the Goliath among them all. For some reason unex- 
 plained, unless it be by reason of his nobility, he is a rare fish. In 
 the St. Lawrence, at the Thousand Islands, in the Great Lakes, 
 and in the Upper Mississippi, waters celebrated for the masca- 
 longe, one will not kill more than one of these to a hundred pick- 
 erel. Sometimes they grow to an immense size. The largest we 
 have ever heard of is vouched for by Samuel C. Clarke, who says 
 that in 1840 he saw one at the mouth of the Calumet River, Mich- 
 igan, which had just been captured in a seine, that was six feet 
 long and weighed eighty pounds. The mouth would have ad- 
 mitted a man's leg ; it showed a perfect chevaux defrise of teeth, 
 the canines at least an inch long ! It is almost black on the back, 
 greyish-yellow on the sides, and creamy white beneath, while the 
 whole body is beautiful with a wavy shading together of these 
 tints. Its weight and size are often colossal for a fresh water 
 game fish. It is long, slim, strong, and swift, and in every way 
 formed for the life it leads — that of a fierce and dauntless ma- 
 rauder. 
 
 Mr. Irving L. Beman, in Forest and Streamy gives the follow- X 
 ing sketch of the mascalonge, which is by long odds the best that we 
 ever saw published : — " It is difficult to imagine a more ferocious 
 
286 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 looking creature than a forty pound pike, (?) with his scaly, snakish 
 hide, his long, wedge-shaped head, and his nose seemingly fash- 
 ioned to be thrust into other fishes' business, his under jaw project- 
 ing and revealing a fearful equipment of teeth, making his mouth 
 as dangerous as a wolf's, his fins all a-quiver with excitement, 
 and his eyes glaring like a fiend's as he lurks in his lair among the 
 weeds to spring upon his prey. 
 
 " As a specimen of the greed of the mascalonge, was one I 
 caught weighing Dnly five pounds, but from whose maw I took 
 fourteen small fish of his own kind, some of which were still alive, 
 besides several of other species. At another time a gentleman and 
 myself were " skittering," as fishermen call it, along the banks of 
 a deep still pond noted for its pike. Skittering, one of the best 
 methods for taking mascalonge, is done with a long elastic rod, 
 reel and line to match the game, and hook of formidable size, upon 
 which is impaled a minnow of from seven to fifteen inches in 
 length. The minnow is twitched along through the water near 
 the surface with a motion suggestive of the word skittering. Upon 
 my friend's hook was a minnow eight or nine inches in length, 
 with which he struck a small pike. As he was about taking the 
 game from the water another and larger mascalonge made a rush 
 for it, and taking it in his mouth retired to deep water to gorge it. 
 After a few minutes the exciting sport of playing this second pike 
 commenced, and within half an hour my friend landed him safe 
 and sure. He proved to be a twenty-five pounder ; in his throat 
 was the smaller one, weighing three pounds, and in the throat of 
 this latter was the minnow. Rapacity incarnate ! 
 
 "But account has not yet been taken of the amazing strength 
 of the mascalonge. J have hooked and helped to haul on deck 
 sharks of various sizes, have had a hand at every variety of mack- 
 erel, have tusseled with the salmon, but in proportion to size this 
 pike far surpasses them all in ability to test the fisherman's mus- 
 cle, skill, coolness, and fertility of device. A mascalonge of six 
 pounds weight is equal in gamy qualities to a salmon of twenty. 
 He can snap a larger hook or part a stronger line and escape 
 where a salmon would be secure. He can swim faster, whirl 
 quicker, pull harder, leap higher, and show more fight and more 
 cunning. 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 28/ 
 
 " On one excursion, with a boy of fourteen to row for me, I had 
 the misfortune to run a very large mascalonge into shallow water 
 on a mud flat, and when my boat ran aground I expected to lose 
 him. But while I was desperately working my ingenuity to bag 
 him, the boy made for him by wading. He took the gaff and 
 succeeded in hooking the fish securely through the nose. And 
 then commenced the most amusing squabble between denizens of 
 land and water that I ever saw. Some of the time it was quite a 
 question which was game, boy or fish ; and had the pike run for 
 deep water he might have bagged the boy for his dinner. At 
 length, however, the struggle closed by the water becoming so 
 muddy as to suffocate the fish. Upon getting him into the boat, 
 1 was not surprised at the fight he had made, for he measured 
 five feet and two inches in length, and weighed forty pounds. 
 
 " It is not unusual for this monarch of the streams, when trj'ing 
 to free himself from a hook, to leap ten or fifteen feet above the 
 water and shake his head like a mad bull. He always dies game. 
 To illustrate his courage, I may relate the fate of the only landing 
 net I ever undertook to use in capturing mascalonge. I was troll- 
 ing along a channel where the pike resorted to waylay the small 
 fry running back and forth between two parts of a small lake, a 
 trick which this fish understands as well as the panther lying in 
 wait along a path frequented by deer. At length I hooked .. \ old 
 patriarch, and expected to show him the courtesy of my new net, 
 but he had no notion of passively surrendering. For nearly an 
 hour he tried every artifice known to his tribe, but finally became 
 exhausted, and I reeled him alongside while my man held the net. 
 But as he saw the fatal circle he sprang forward, caught the net- 
 ting in his powerful jaws, and began to jerk and shake his head in 
 such a fury that he instantly tore out his mouthful ; then he took 
 another hold and served it in the same way, until, in less time than 
 it takes to tell it, my beautiful landing net was a complete wreck. 
 In the meantime, however, I inserted my gaff in his jaw, and in a 
 moment his enraged majesty floundered in the boat. This was one 
 of the trophies of trolling, a most pleasant method of hunting the 
 mascalonge. The best trolling apparatus consists of three large 
 hooks, strung one above another about six inches apart on an ex- 
 ceedingly strong, wire-wound snell. Sixty to seventy-five feet of 
 
288 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 line is generally enough to let out, as the pike is not so chary of 
 the passing skiff as are more timid fish, and with much greater 
 length of line no fisherman can capture his game. The oarsman 
 should pull ahead at a fair rate, ready at the instant of hooking a 
 fish to double the speed, for such is the only way to get and keep 
 the advantage of a mascalonge. A large minnow is the most suc- 
 cessful trolling decoy, as the game seems to detect an ordinary 
 spoon at a glance. And when the fish is reeled in, let no flourishes 
 be made with oars or gaff handle, but be cautious, or the pike will 
 free himself and escape at the last moment. In many parts where 
 this fish abounds the spear and seine have been illegally used to 
 capture him, but not very successfully, as he is too cunning and 
 resolute to be caught thus. I saw a seine drawn five times one 
 afternoon in a wide pool below a dam, where several large pike 
 were known to lurk, but nothing was taken. Neither could the 
 failure be accounted for, as the fish did not, as frequently is the 
 case, leap over, break through, or run around the net. To solve 
 the riddle, I entered a small skiff, and tying it to one of the seine 
 floats was quietly drawn across the pool, lying with my face over 
 the gunnel in order to look into the water beneath. What was my 
 surprise to see the pike turn their noses to the seine and plow under 
 it in the sand, thus defying the effort to capture them. 
 
 ' Shooting this noble fish as he seeks the surface to sun himself 
 is a favorite sport with some, but it requires a peculiar man to suc- 
 ceed. He must be not only a good rifle shot, but a patient, cunning, 
 cat-like hunter, for his game is exceedingly wary. Such a man, if 
 he can find a convenient tree or cliff overlooking the haunts of the 
 mascalonge, may, after hours of watching, be rewarded by a shot 
 at one of the giants of the species, for it is generally only the 
 largest that roll up in the sunshine. 
 
 " One morning I filled my lunch basket, and had a man row me 
 over to a pile that stood some twelve feet above water and about 
 six rods from shore, the only one left of an ancient dock. Scram- 
 bling to the top, I drew up by a cord hammer, nails, and foiir or five 
 stiff barrel staves, with which I fashioned a support for my back, 
 as I should sit on top of the pile. Then I drew up lunch and rifle, 
 and the man left me "alone in my glory." It was a hot day in 
 June, and before noon, not having had a glimpse of game, I began 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 289 
 
 to be discouraged. But I had been bantered with the prediction 
 that I would give up at dinner time, and so for mere pluck's sake 
 I stood to, or rather sat upon, my post. At noon I ate my lunch, 
 and having some bits left cast them lazily down on the water. 
 Verj- soon, and unexpectedly, there was a break in the surface, and 
 an enormous mascalonge showed his full length near a bread crust. 
 While he was studying the looks of the crust I gave him the com- 
 pliments of my rifle. Instantly upon his beginning to flurry, there 
 appeared around him a number of others, all large, and for a mo- 
 ment they waged a fierce attack upon their wounded fellow ; but 
 when I had loaded and discharged my gun again they disappeared. 
 By this time my man in the skiff" came up, and after picking up the 
 two fish received me also, and I rested upon my honors the balance 
 of the day. The first of these two pike was the one alluded to 
 above, weighing fifty-one pounds. But though I perched on that 
 pile several times afterward, like a hawk where he once caught a 
 chicken, I never had another shot from my eyrie. 
 
 *' Still-baiting for this fish is not as successful as for the glass- 
 eyed pike and pickerel. Only the smaller ones are generally 
 caught thus, the larger requiring more action in the bait in order 
 to challenge their speed and pugnacity, and induce them to bite. 
 
 " Fishing through the ice is an interesting method of taking our 
 game. But it is like pickerel ice fishing, in which a hook baited 
 with a small minnow is cast through a hole and the other end of 
 the line tied to a twig stuck in the snow. Snch a mode would 
 avail for mascalonge about as a mouse trap for a wolf. A hole 
 two feet across is cut through the ice, and above it is erected a 
 close tent or cabin to shut out the light. The fisherman seats him- 
 self so as to conveniently look and use the gaff" through the hole, 
 and find the water clear below while he is in the dark above. Both 
 the gaff" and a silver decoy, attached to a wire three feet long, are 
 lowered into .he water. The former is held motionless in the right 
 hand, while with the other hand the decoy is moved around as if it 
 were a real minnow. When the pike discovers the decoy, he slowly 
 and threateningly glides forward to investigate. The fisherman 
 will discover him when several feet distant, and here is where the 
 excitement begins. He steals along like an Argus, now straight 
 on, now sidewise, stopping every few inches to take notes, rapacity 
 «3 
 
290 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and craftiness evinced in his appearance as clearly as in any other 
 member of the animal kingdom. At length he is within reach of 
 the gaff, and the silent and excited man of the tent, with skill and 
 muscle, snatches the fishy prowler from his native element. 
 
 " As a food fish there is nothing superior to this. He ranks with 
 ihe salmon and speckled trout, and surpasses the black and striped 
 bass. The meat is almost as white as snow, fine grained, nicely 
 laminated, and the flavor is perfect." 
 
 Besides the waters of the basin of the Great Lakes and of 
 the St. Lawrence, the interior lakes of Ontario, Canada, are abun- 
 dantly supplied with mascalonge, notably Rice Lake and the lakes 
 of the Muskoka region. Probably they are more numerous in the 
 last-named waters than in any others of America. 
 
 The Pike. — Esox lucius. — Linn. 
 
 The Northern pike is found in the St. Lawrence River, and in 
 the larger inland lakes of the Northern and Western States. It is 
 often caught in the same waters and on the same grounds as the 
 mascalonge, from which it is readily distinguished by its general 
 shape, the shape of its head, its teeth, its color, and superficial 
 markings. Its back and head are of very dark green or greenish 
 black ; its sides in some waters are of a dull olive green, shading 
 to white on the belly, and in others of the intensest vivid green 
 and gold. Fins greenish ; those below tinged with red. Its sides 
 are marked by irregular longitudinal dusky streaks. It is distin- 
 guished by its alligator head and projecting lower jaw. It grows 
 to the length of three feet and more, though never attaining to the 
 gigantic weight and size of the mascalonge, and affords excellent 
 sport to the angler. It is taken by trolling along the margins of 
 weeds that border the lakes and rivers, and often in deep water ; 
 by skittering with frog, minnow, or pork bait ; and by still-fishing. 
 It is apt to resort to the vicinity of logs and fallen trees, where it 
 is most certainly taken. Fishing with jugs and "bobbers" is a 
 rather exciting spurt, though hardly sportsmanlike. The method 
 is as follows : 
 
 • Being provided with a dozen or so of empty bottles — ch.'^'i- 
 pagne or claret the best — cork them tightly and fasten a line of 
 suitable strength to the neck of each, winding the spare line upon 
 
 •,ii'" 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 29 1 
 
 it, leaving enough free that the hook may clear the weeds and bot- 
 tom of the lake or pond where used ; cork and throw bottles and 
 bait overboard on the windward side of the proposed fishnig 
 ground. Off go the bottles, " bobbin' round," every ripple keep- 
 ing things lively. Presently a big pike or bass takes a pull at the 
 bottle, frees the line from the cork and sets things spinning. 
 Round and round whirls the bottle till the spare line is paid out ; 
 then dips, bobs, plunges, now under, now out, and always keeping 
 a taut line on the " bottle-holder " below. Of course you go for it 
 and generally the fish comes up well " tucker'd out," as the saying 
 is. With a dozen or so of these new fangled trimmers afloat, and 
 plenty of game fish about, this is a lively style of fishing ; and 
 though it lacks the nice dexterity of the light rod and fine tackle 
 that makes bass fishing so enticing, it has the merit of spreading 
 over a good deal of ground and putting the bait a great distance 
 from the boat. 
 
 Fishing through the ice is a pastime that serves to vary the mo- 
 notony of a long and dreary winter, and when the ice is smooth 
 and in good condition for skating, is really enjoyable. With a 
 large bright fire blazing on the ice near at hand, and the body 
 glowing delightfully with vigorous and not too violent exercise, it 
 is exhilarating sport to " tend " the scattered tilts and tip-ups when 
 the fish bite freely. With the blood in freest circulation, one 
 scarcely feels the cold of the freezing water on his hands, and when 
 he has unhooked his fish and tossed it toward the stiff and rigid 
 I'lle already caught, he cheerily gives his arms \ thresh to quicken 
 the warmth, and darts away to obey the signal 'hat another fish 
 has struck. When the day is calm and without wind, one can get 
 as much amusement out of this pastime as he ever can with his 
 salmon rod and reel. The simplest kind ot a tilt is a lath or nar- 
 row piece of board, with a hole bored through one end, through 
 which a round stick is run with both ends resting on the sides of 
 the hole in the ice. The line and bait are attached to the short 
 end of the tilt, and when the fish is on his weight tips up the 
 longer end and gives the signal that he is caught. There is an 
 improved tilt which consists of an upright and an arm, the line 
 passing over the end of the latter down into the water. When a 
 fish bites, the line is cast off, the arm falls, and at the same time 
 
 I 
 
292 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 automatically hoists a little signal flag on the upright. Another 
 contrivance is to plant supple saplings at the sides of the fishing 
 holes, and when the fish is on he is detected either by the motion 
 of the sapling or by its being bent low by dead weight. 
 
 Spearing pike in winter is an entertaining pastime much in 
 vogue. By inverting a sugar hogshead over a hole already cut in the 
 ice, one can see plainly the minutest pebble on the bottom twenty 
 feet below. An artificial minnow attached 10 a yard of line made 
 fast to a short stick serves as bait, and when lowered into the water 
 through the hole, and skillfully played, attracts the fish very read- 
 ily. As the fish approaches the bait, have ready a spear, and 
 strike. Practice will make one dexterous. The spear-head should 
 be made to detach itself from the handle when the fish is struck, 
 the same being held by a line to which it is fast, instead of by 
 the handle, so that the fish is played or hauled in by the line and 
 not by the handle, the latter being used merely to effect and give 
 force to the blow. The line to which the spear-head is fastened, 
 should also be fast to the handle, and should not be less than 
 twenty yards in length. The pike should not be confounded with 
 the pickerel, which is quite a different species, and hardly worth 
 the attention of the angler. It can readily be distinguished from 
 the mascalonge by its dental system, its lower jaw being filled with 
 teeth, while the anterior half of the mascalonge is toothless. 
 Spawns in spring. Best fishing is in mid-summer. 
 
 Pond Pickerel. — Doree (Canada) ; Esox reticulatus. — Lesueur. 
 
 The common pond pickerel thrives wherever he can get a foot- 
 hold, and is found in nearly all the ponds and streams of the north 
 that have not been jealously guarded against his intrusion. He 
 seldom attains the weight of a pound, and is caught very readily 
 with a red ibis fly on a light rod, affording a very fair amount of 
 sport, but he is so bony and so small that he is hardly worth cook- 
 ing when caught. His back is of a greenish grey, sides yellowish 
 green, reticulated with oblong irregular markings, fins of a deep 
 yellow or red color. Spawns in March and April. 
 
 In Lake Champlain is a pickerel that seldom exceeds seven 
 inches in length, found in schools in great numbers, and known as 
 E. fasciatus ; a very beautiful fish with back of ohve brown, 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 
 
 293 
 
 sides deepening to yellow, with vertical brown stripes on its sides ; 
 fins light yellow. 
 
 THE SALMONID^. 
 
 Common Speckled Trout, or Brook Trout. — Salmo /ontinaUs.—WA.c\i. 
 
 Symmetrical oblong body ; back broad, with dark markings on 
 horn-colored ground, with metallic bluish and greenish reflections 
 in fresh specimens ; sides lighter, merging into white on abdomen 
 which shows reddish in spawning season. Upper part of head dark 
 greenish brown, with somewhat obscure mottlings ; red vermillion 
 dots and large yellow spots in vicinity of lateral line. The pec- 
 toral or breast fins have the first ray yellow or the second black, 
 the rest orange. The caudal or tail fin is slightly forked in the 
 adult, more so in the young, is reddish with parallel dark bands. 
 
 The range of this well known and much valued fish, is 
 strictly between the parallels of latitude 50'' north and 36" south, 
 though it has been taken in abundance in Labrador, in latitude 
 54", and in the Apalachian mountain ranges as far south as the 
 northern border of Georgia and South Carolina. Its northwestern 
 limit is northern Minnesota, and it is not caught west of the Mis- 
 sissippi River except in a few of its Minnesota tributaries. Speci- 
 mens have been taken that weighed seventeen pounds. The lar- 
 gest are found in Maine and in the Nepigon River, on the north 
 shore of Lake Superior, where the specimen referred to was 
 caught. It inhabits large lakes and the smallest ponds, the tiniest 
 brooks and the largest rivers. [ Vide Nepigon, which has a length 
 of forty-five I'liles and a depth, in places, of one hundred and 
 fifty feet or more.] Although a bold biter, it is a wary fish, and 
 often requires much skill to capture it. It can be caught with ar- 
 tificial or natural flies, minnows, crickets, grasshoppers, grubs, the 
 spawn of other fishes, or even the eyes or cut pieces of other trout. 
 It spawns in the fall, and its period of spawning ranges from Sep- 
 tember to late in November. It begins to reproduce its kind when 
 it is two years old, at which age it measures some six inches in 
 length. In May and June the trout delight in rapids and swiftly 
 running water, and in the hot months of mid-summer they resort 
 to deep, cool and shaded pools. In August and September, on 
 'the approach of the spawning season, they gather around the 
 
 I 
 
294 
 
 CAME FISH OF A' OR Til AMERICA. 
 
 mouth of cool gravelly brooks, whither they resort to make their 
 beds. 
 
 Their haliits change with their age. When very young they 
 play a great deal together, usually choosing the parts of the brook 
 which have a muddy bottom, and will sometimes if startled, sud- 
 denly bury themselves in the mud. This, however, does not often 
 occur ; they usually make for the first little projection that juts out 
 over the water, and there hide until the danger is over. As they 
 grow older they seem to dissolve partnership in a great measure, 
 and every one chooses his own particular hiding place, the larger 
 trout taking, as if by reason of their superior strength, which to 
 all appearance is understood among them, the deepest holes and 
 largest projecting sods, and leaving the smaller ones for their less 
 officious kin. The older they grow the more wary they become, 
 and therefore it requires considerable skill to catch a very old 
 trout. A worm is, generally sparking, the best bait for them, 
 but in the spring, after the rains that usually prevail at that sea- 
 son, which wash a great many worms and insects into the water, 
 very few of which escape their observation, they bite better at the 
 more tempting bait of a fly. Instruction in trout fishing is not 
 easily imparted. It must be acquired chiefly by practice and ob- 
 servation. The knowledge of where to fish is moreover fully as 
 essential as the knowing how to fish. Some study of entomology 
 is requisite at the outset. Some acquaintance with the creatures 
 that live in the water, under the water, and over the water, and 
 whose habits in great part govern or control the movements of 
 the fish. We are to know that certain flies deposit their eggs on 
 the leaves of the plants that overhang the streams ; that such and 
 such ephemera launch their floating boats of eggs upon the water 
 itself ; that certain larvae are to be found among the weeds at the 
 bottom. We are to know just at what locality upon the stream 
 these are to be found, and at what month of the year they will de- 
 velop into active life, because where the food is there the fish do 
 congregate. This knowledge is important, for it enables the 
 angler to select the choice places for his casts, and prevents waste 
 of time in testing spots where success is improbable. Into this 
 study of entomology also enters all the minutiae of patterns for 
 artificial flies, and the selection of such specimens for casts as will 
 
NORTHERN- INLAND FISHES. 
 
 295 
 
 correspond in a great degree with the seasons when the natural 
 insect is abroad. 
 
 If in addition to this acquisition, we can discern the face of the 
 sky, and study the conditions of the weather, the temperature of 
 the air and water, the direction of the wind and clouds, the character 
 of the streams, etc., we can reasonably determine where to fish. 
 
 Observation has taught us that warm, sluggish and turbid wa- 
 ter is not the home of the salmonidae. We know that they are 
 less liable to be found in a limestone country than amid a granite 
 formation. We find that fish don't bite after a thunderstorm, or 
 after a flood ; that after a heavy rain which washes unlimited food 
 into the stream, trout become surfeited and indifferent to the 
 angler's lures ; that the fish are sluggish on cold, raw and bluster)' 
 days, which are usually accompanied by northerly and easterly 
 winds ; that it is no time to fish when the streams are filled with 
 snow water ; that trout are most wary when the sky is cloudless ; 
 that windy weather is unfavorable for casting ; that the fish dwell 
 chiefly in those parts of the stream where the natural current car- 
 ries the surface food ; that the biggest fish select and occupy the 
 best places. We know, moreover, that the conditions which apply 
 to streams do not apply to lakes and ponds, and the rules that 
 govern the fishing for speckled trout do not apply to salmon and 
 other varieties of the salmo family. In ponds wa must fish where 
 we find the coldest water supplied by bottom springs ; in deep 
 channels, which are frequently indicated by the growing lily pads ; 
 where cold brooks chance to empty themselves into the main body. 
 We do not fish where there are deposits of mud. The presence of 
 aquatic plants indicates mud, but if there be a space of clear water 
 it indicates gravel bottom caused by the flow of j, current which 
 has deposited the silt and vegetable matter on either hand, just as 
 bottom lands on large rivers are formed. Sometimes, too, we find 
 patches of a succulent vegetable growth on the bottom swarming 
 with lar\'£e. If we pull up a handful we find it alive with the food 
 that will attract the fish to the spot which the experienced angler 
 will instinctively resort to. Neither do the same conditions apply 
 alike to all ponds and streams ; for which reason experience can 
 only be gained by fishing over a great number of localities in as 
 many different sections of country. 
 
296 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The lesson of entomology as applied to the angler's purposes 
 has been most beautifully taught by Miss Sara J. McBride, an 
 accomplished naturalist of Mumford, New York, in an essay once 
 published in the Forest and Stream journal, which we take the 
 liberty to transfer to these pages herewith : 
 
 " There is a large order of insects that live the first stages of 
 life in water, where for weeks, months, in some instances years, 
 they hide under stones ; carve an abiding place in submerged 
 driftwood ; feed on decaying vegetation in lazy inert masses ; bur- 
 row in the earth beneath the current ; weave together bits of 
 wood, gravel, stones, and floating debris, forming retreats that 
 surround them as they swim or daintily walk ; spin of silken 
 thread individual domiciles that they rjuard from intruders with 
 the valor of soldiers, or boldly and singly dash out in the current 
 swimming with agile rapidity. These are all fish food. But it is 
 only when they assume the perfect form, when they cast aside 
 their aquatic nature, and with gossamer wings float in the air, that 
 they are of interest to the fly-fisher — as he seeks to deceive the 
 finny iribe with their imitations, made of feathers, tinsel and 
 mohair. Insects are '^nfeebled at all changes in their life, and at 
 rach successive moult when the pupa case is broken, too weak to 
 keep gvi^rd, they fluuer and rest on the water an instant before 
 flitting away. At this instant many are seized by the wary fish. 
 Insects leave the water mornings and evenings, particularly the 
 latter, rarely at midday, never during rain storms or heavy winds. 
 It is at these timos, when they are leaving the water, their imita- 
 tions are used to moiit advantage. It is that insect floating off 
 into a new element that the fish are watching and waiting to feed 
 on. At other times you may cait with success your favorite 
 ' brown hackle ' with its golden ribs and steel backbone — the 
 bland professor — the modest (:ueen of the water, or the grizzly 
 king with his grey locks and flaming sword. Things which re- 
 semble nothing in the heavens above, the earth beneath, or the 
 waters under the earth : why fish take these, whether from 
 curiosity, or by way of dessert, no one perhaps will ever know, not 
 fully understanding the nature of the fish. But there is one thing 
 we do know, that when the countless myriads of these tiny crea- 
 tures are entering a new life in untried regions, the favorite flies 
 
NORTHER N INLAND FISHES. 
 
 297 
 
 will be thrown in vain. The fish will regard with contemplative 
 incliffeience every other lure but a close imitation of that particular 
 insect. 
 
 " One evening we sat on the bank of a creek, bug net in hand, 
 watching the trout and the birds of the air feeding on a neurop- 
 terous insect that is constantly repeating the cycle of its life, 
 
 ' As yet unknown to fame. 
 And guilUess of a Latin name.' 
 
 The stream was in eddying whirls of ripples from the constant ' leap- 
 ing ' of the trout. Now and then one bolder than the rest would 
 dash out of the water its ful) length to seize its departing prey, 
 which sometimes escaped to become a precious morsel in the 
 mandibles of a watching bird. Many of these insects would float 
 on with the current, never able to unfold their soft creamy wings, 
 and become easy victims. On the opposite bank was an angler. 
 For an hour in patience he whipped the stream, now up, now down, 
 with ' red hackles,' • white hackles,' ' bhck hackles ; ' he changed 
 fly after fly in vain. At length he folded his rod and passed away 
 among the shadows of the night, without so much as a bite, with- 
 out so mvch as a chance to tell of the big fish ' hooked ' but lost. 
 " There are many aquatic insects double brooded, or under 
 favorable circumstances, of a succession of broods. Imitations 
 of such can be used throughout the summer months. There are 
 many insects that do not breed in water, yet are successful baits. 
 As a rule, insects that appear in large numbers, whether they 
 belong to land or water, are the proper ones for imitation. Soli- 
 tary specimens, although dear to the heart of an entomologist, are 
 eyed by the fish with haughty indifference. Water is a great 
 attraction for all insect tribes. The banks of streams constitute 
 the favorite hunting ground for insect collectors where they com- 
 pete with the fish, those practical entomologists, in collecting. 
 Some insects come to drink, others in search of prey, for insects 
 are cannibals, while very many are the sport of the winds. It is 
 probably the bright sheen of the water that draws the fluttering 
 moths into its depths. All nocturnal insects have a strange infat- 
 uation for glistening light. What the attraction is for some is 
 beyond the ken of mortals. A Tipulidce bibri marct, or in pisca- 
 torial language, the hawthorn fly, an insect, whose life is beneath 
 
298 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 the surface of the earth eleven months of every year, comes crawl- 
 ing, creeping out of the ground pn warm June /nornings appareled 
 in new livery. After resting awhile on low herbage, all, as if 
 guided by one impulse, fly to the nearest stream. We have kept 
 these insects fcr weeks in confinement, and they would neither eat 
 nor drink. But every morning for h >urs they congregate over 
 streams ; keeping time with the ripple of the water, they hold a 
 May dance ; darting hither and thither, occasionally touching the 
 water to go down with the current, or else down the throat of a 
 fish. When these bright creatures are holding high carnival 
 above, the trout positively refuse other enticement. The larvae of 
 moths is a favorite fish food, and consequently successful bait. 
 Hibernating larvae are drawn from their retreats in warm spring 
 days, and continue the pilgrimage they commenced the previous 
 fall. In their wild journeyings on and on before spinning the 
 pupa shroud, they fall victims in attempting to cross streams. 
 Hairy caterpillars feeding on the trees are blown off by the winds, 
 or their silken thread is broken, as they hang under the leaves in 
 shelter from the rain. Imitations of these known to the Ameri- 
 can by the familiar term of hackles, and to the accurate inhabitant 
 of the British Isles by the correct name of palmers, are to be used 
 after winds or during rain storms ; also that compromise between 
 larvae and image known as the hackle fly. Bristling with feet 
 its entire length, and graced with a pair of wings, it offers a double 
 attraction to the fish. No bait has ever been used that has given 
 the general satisfaction of this anomaly. To look at it with 
 the eye of a naturalist one doubts the wit or wisdom of the fish 
 that takes it, and concludes there are comparative degrees of sane- 
 ness beneath the ripple of the wave. It is a common remark that 
 fish will not ' bite ' before rain. Some have accounted for it by 
 bringing forward that common scapegoat for all unexplainable 
 phenomena, electricity. I can't understand why fish should dread 
 a sprinkling of rain drops. The reason probably is, that their food 
 is never offered at such times. The natural instinct of the insect 
 forbids their leaving the water or flying abroad if rain is threaten- 
 ing. The spiracles or breathing pores are situated on the outside 
 of the body near the insertion of the wings. They are soon clogged 
 and closed up by the water, and the down washed from their 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES, 
 
 299 
 
 bodies ; their wings draggle and become powerless, and they 
 suffocate flying in mid air. This is the reason winged insects on 
 touching water drown so easily. Insects do not invariably appear 
 at the same times. A cold spring will retard their development 
 for months, while an unusually warm spring or summer will hasten 
 their appearance. Insects in the water are the most afflicted by 
 changes of temperature. Any guide for a fly-fisher would be 
 almost useless unless this important point is remembered. English 
 works can never become positive authorities for our climate. In- 
 sects which appear there in vast quantities are rare here, and vice 
 versa. Some that are single-brooded there are double-brooded 
 here. Some that appear there in one month visit us at another, 
 while we have many alluring baits here that the classic waters of 
 the British Isles would regard with bewildering amazement." ► 
 
 In fishing with worm for bait, it is better to choose a still, 
 cloudy day suggesting rain, as the fish are then on the alert for 
 insects. Begin at the head of the stream, and fish down stream, 
 at all time? keeping well back from the bank. Do not in baiting 
 your hook, merely cover the point of your hook with the head of 
 the worm, but put on the whole worm running the hook through 
 him in three or four places, and then covering the point of the 
 hook with the head of the worm. It is considered much more 
 sportsman-like to fish with a fly, as it requires more tact ; but there 
 are times when fish will not bite at a fly, in which case it is some 
 sport, although less, to use a worm. As a food fish, the trout is 
 unsurpassed almost, the flesh being exceedingly firm and well- 
 flavored. 
 
 Blue-back TsovT.—'Saitno oquassa. — Girard. 
 
 This species of trout is peculiar to the Rangeley Lakes of Maine, 
 so far as is known. It was discovered by Girard in 1852. They 
 are never seen until the tenth of October, when they swarm the 
 different streams in countless myriads. They remain for twenty 
 days, and then leave, returning the following year at almost the 
 exact day, and always to the same place. The countrymen gather 
 them by bushels and barrels, smoking and salting them for home 
 use. They never vaiy in size from the uniform length of eight 
 inches. While in general appearance they resemble the Salmo 
 
300 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 fontinalis, an examination discovers their form and markings to 
 be entirely different. Their bacics are like dark blue velvet pile ; 
 sides liljerally sprinkled with vermilion spots from gills to caudal 
 fin. There is no silvery halo around the spots, as in the familiar 
 brook trout, and the shoulders are very narrow. The flesh has a 
 yellowish tinge, and is of not as fine flavor as that of the common 
 trout. The best accepted authorities declare them to be a distinct 
 species. They never take a fly, and very seldom a bait. Prof. 
 Milner describes their specific characteristics as follows : 
 
 " The type of form in -S*. oquassa is much more slender, with a 
 tendency in its different parts to prolongation not seen in brook 
 trout. Thus the length of the fish, compared with the thickness, 
 with the length of the head, the thickness of the head to the length, 
 the pectoral fin prolonged to a slender point, the two lobes of the 
 caudal extended in the same way, showing a decided furcation, and 
 the opercular bones prolonged into a more acute angle. 
 
 " On the contrary, the maxillary bone extends much less far back 
 of the position of the eye, or toward the hinder end or hinge of the 
 lower jaw in the Oquossac trout. 
 
 " The interopercular bone is much larger in S. oquassa and the 
 suboperculum is wider. 
 
 '* The tail in Sabno fontinalis is more truncated than in any 
 species it is likely to be confounded with. The drawings show a 
 comparison of the caudal fin when spread and when partially 
 closed. I think the most of these characters will be found 
 constant." 
 
 ToGUE ; gray trout ; tuladi ; lunge.— 5"a/wo Zowta.— Hamlin. 
 
 The togue abounds in the great lakes at the sources of the St, 
 Croix and St. John Rivers, deriving one of its local names from the 
 Tuladi Lake and river, where it is extremely plentiful. It is found 
 in all the larger lakes of New Brunswick and in very many of 
 those in Maine and exceptionally few of those in Nova Scotia. It 
 inhabits abundantly the Eagle lakes, at the head of Fish River, 
 the St. Francis lakes, from which flows the river of that name, 
 the Matapediac Lake at the head of that river. Lake Temiscouata, 
 Lakes Mpmphremagog and Brompton, where it is known as the 
 " lunge," the Grand lakes, and Cheputneticook lakes of the St. 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 
 
 301 
 
 Croix, Loch Lomond, near St. John, N. B., etc.. etc. It grows to a 
 great size and weight, attaining as high as forty-two pounds. It 
 is taken by troUing with a spoon, or a "gang "of hooks baited 
 with minnow, in the months of May and June, and later by deep 
 trolling at a depth of seventy to one hundred feet. In October it 
 can also be taken with a troll when it resorts to sandy or pebbly 
 bars, at the outlets of the lakes to spawn, and is then speared in 
 great numbers. Seth Green, in a carefully prepared paper ad- 
 dressed to the *' Forest and Stream," has given the follow- 
 ing minute directions for angling for these fish, which methods 
 . apply alike to other (supposed) varieties, to be enumerated here- 
 after: 
 
 " They are taken with silver and brass spoon hooks, by leading 
 the line so that the spoon runs near the bottom. But they are 
 taken sometimes at the top of the water and sometimes half way 
 down from the surface, and by trolling with three lines at one 
 time — one at the surface, one half way down and one near the 
 bottom. Another way is to anchor a buoy out in deep water and 
 cut fish in pieces, varying in size from a hickory-nut to a butter- 
 nut, and scattering the pieces around the buoy for some days ; 
 then anchor your boat to the buoy, using a piece of the same kind 
 of bait on your hook that you had been in the habit of scattering 
 around ycai buoy ; fish near the bottom and give it a little motion 
 by giving your line short jerks. The buoy should not be baited 
 the day you go fishing. 
 
 " Another way is to have a rod and reel and four or five hundred 
 feet of fine strong line, and if the water is deep put a lead sinker 
 weighing three-quarters of a pound on the end of your line, and 
 tie a single gut leader twelve feet long on the main line twelve 
 feet above your sinker. For hooks, you should use nine number 
 six Limerick hooks, tied three together, back to back, so that they 
 look like a three-pronged grappel. Tie them on a single gut lead- 
 er, about two and one-half inches apart, and you have a gang of 
 hooks five inches long. Put two very small brass swivels on your 
 leader. Use the kind of small fish for bait that the trout are 
 used to eating in your lake. Hook one of the upper hooks through 
 the under and upper jaw so that his mouth will be closed. Then 
 hook one of the lower hooks through the back near the tail in such 
 
302 GAAfE FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 a manner that it will give the fish a curve and will turn around 
 like a trollinpf-spoon when it is drawn through the water. The 
 most successful fishermen use three of this same kind of rigs in 
 one boat ; they fish one rig near the top with a light sinker, say 
 four ounces, and one about half way down with an eight ounce 
 sinker and the twelve ounce sinker near the bottom. This is the 
 most successful rig I have ever used. The boat should be rowed 
 very slow, so that you can feel the bottom with the heavy sinker 
 nearly every time you raise it up and let it down. The bait should 
 be raised up and down by a gentle motion, set the other two 
 lines, one on each side of the boat, and they will take care of 
 themselves. Live fish should be used for bait. Some do not use 
 but eight hooks, one hook for the upper to hook in the minnow's 
 mouth and one to hook through the back near the tail, and two 
 sets of three each between the two single hooks. tied about one 
 and a half inches apart. Be careful and keep your minnow look- 
 ing as natural as possible. Do not rub any more scales oflf than 
 you can help. When you let your line o'U your boat should be in 
 motion to keep your bait from twisting around the main line." 
 
 Togue are extremely voracious, and will often seize the bait 
 repeatedly after having been insecurely hooked. The young fish 
 rise freely to trout flies in rapid water, though few are taken in this 
 way that exceed three pounds in weight. 
 
 When in perfect condition it bears a close resemblance to a 
 full grown salmon, though it is more chunky ; lacking its symmet- 
 rical lines. A rich pearly lustre covers the ventral regions, deep- 
 ening into russet toward the lateral line ; above which the color 
 appears of a deep mottled grey, deepening into blue or purplish 
 brown on the back. The body is covered with spots and mark- 
 ings of a lighter sienna color, circular, without being ocellate, 
 varying according to the seasons and local influences, being bright- 
 er at the spawning periods than at other times. The fins are of a 
 yellowish or orange hue below ; the dorsal of a dark grey. The 
 tail is long, broad, and deeply forked ; the flesh of a pale yellow. 
 Its form indicates great strength and swiftness, although it has the 
 reputation of being slow and sluggish. Its jaws and tongue are 
 armed with conical and inflected teeth. 
 
 It preys extensively on eels and cyprinids, and nothing that it 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 
 
 303 
 
 can swallow seems to come amiss. It is often found gorged with 
 small fish. 
 
 When boiled it is an excellent dish, though lacking in high fla- 
 vor. The points of difference between it and varieties to be named 
 subsequently, are such that best authorities are divided in opinion 
 as to whether there is one or several species. As regards Lake 
 Memphremagog and the Brompton Lakes, the problem in itself is 
 sufficiently puzzling. Here the grey trout are locally known as 
 " lunge," having been adopted from the .St. Francis Indians who 
 formerly hunted and fished around these lakes. But there is not 
 only one variety of limge, but several, and these are known as the 
 black lunge, the silver lunge and the racer lunge, all of which we have 
 seen, and are able to vouch for their striking points of difference in 
 color and habits. Mr. N. P. Leach, of Montreal, who is familiar 
 with Canadian waters, wrote us May 9th, 1876, the following note 
 in reply to ours asking him for specific information on this in- 
 teresting subject : 
 
 *' I received to-day a couple of lunge from Mr. Hubbard, of the 
 Parks House, Magog. They were caught in the lake near his 
 hotel. One was a fine specimen of the dark copper or black lunge, 
 the other was a small, five-pound silver lunge. The black lunge 
 corresponds to the minutest particular with De Kay's Salmo con- 
 finis, and the silver lunge answers well to the description of the 
 Salmo naymachiis by Richardson. It might be taken for the Sal- 
 mo adirondakus nobis, of Nprris' " American Angler's Book," but 
 that the Salmo adirondakus, if described accurately in Norris' book, 
 has no teeth on the vomer, while the specimen before me has quite 
 a number of teeth there. In regard to classifying the different 
 species or varieties of SalmonidcE that are found in the eastern 
 township waters, I know of no one that has done this, and feel 
 very diffident about attempting it myself, though I will endeavor 
 to get specimens from the various waters there, and with the as- 
 sistance of Mr. J. Whiteaves of the Natural History Society here, I 
 will prepare an article for you." 
 
 We regret to say that we have waited in vain for the light 
 which we anticipated Mr. Whiteaves would shed, and our readers 
 are by so much the losers. We can add nothing more to the above. 
 In addition to these apparent varieties, there is still another in 
 
304 CAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Lake Massivvippi, in the Province of Quebec, some forty miles dis- 
 tant, called the black salmon. We believe however, that the char- 
 acteristics of the several varieties named are less positive than 
 those that distinguish the Sal/no fontinalis from the S, immacu- 
 
 Salmon Trout j lake trout ; red trout ; lake salmon. — Salmo confinis, — De Kay. 
 
 Salmo adirondakus. — Norris. , 
 
 This trout undoubtedly possesses characteristics (specific.'*) 
 and habits very different from the togue or grey trout of Maine 
 and New Brunswick. It does not attain the immense size of the 
 togue, its average weight being scarcely more than six pounds, 
 though we have ourselves seen a specimen that weighed sixteen 
 pounds, and heard of others that would hold several pounds over 
 this. Its natural habitat is the lakes of New York State and the 
 adjoining waters of Pennsylvania and Canada, though much re- 
 stricted in the first-named ; and were not found outside thereof 
 until their comparatively very recent distribution by Fish Commis- 
 sioners throughout the clear and cold waters of nearly all the 
 Northern States. Both this fish and the Salmo tiamaycush or 
 Mackinaw trout of the Great Lakes are thus employed for propaga- 
 tion with equal success. The salmon trout is now becoming well- 
 known, and will doubtless hereafter occupy and thrive in most of 
 the waters where it has been placed and adopted. It takes the 
 troll readily in June, and is often caught with fly at the outlets of 
 the Adirondack lakes, notably at Bartlett's dam, outlet of the Lower 
 Saranac. In Hamilton County it is known as the Red Trout, which 
 latter, at a period not remote, was supposed to be a distinct variety 
 of trout, its markings being different in many respects, — its drab 
 color tinged with pink, and its spots smaller and of a deeper orange. 
 There are marked peculiarities of the lake trout in other waters of 
 New York than these ; as for instance, in Seneca Lake they will 
 not take troll or fly, but in Crooked Lake, immediately adjoining it, 
 they are constantly taken with the hook. In Lakes Winnipissiogee 
 and Monadnock, in New Hampshire, there is a trout so different 
 from other recognized species that its individuality is admitted by 
 scientists. It is known as the Salmo symmetrica. Its form is 
 slender, symmetrical ; that of the confinis is thicker and shorter. 
 
NORTHERN' INLAND FISHES. 
 
 305 
 
 There is a marked difference in the dental systems, and in the 
 colors of body and fins. The confinis, when first caught, is of a 
 bluish-black on sides and body ; white below ; sides of head and 
 body, base of first dorsal, caudal and anal fins crowded with nu- 
 merous rounded, irregular grey spots. The symmetrica is light to 
 dark brown on back and head ; sides dark grey above lateral line, 
 and light salmon below ; pectoral and ventrals grey. The whole 
 fish, including fins, is thickly sprinkled with small circular spots of 
 a drab color on sides, olive on back approaching to liglit salmon 
 below. They are caught in great abundance with the hook in 
 winter, through the ice, and are highly esteemed for the table. It 
 is hardly worth while in this work, to educe argiunents to convince 
 the skeptical ; our readers will not care much whether there is one 
 species or a dozen, if so be that they only bite well. 
 
 Landlocked Salmon ; wininnish, or ouininnish ; Sebago Trout. — Salmo sebago : 
 
 the young fish glcveri. — Girard. 
 
 Much needless speculation has been indulged in during the 
 past twenty years, and much discussion excited, as to whether this 
 fish was a true salmon, which having been to the sea, preferred 
 not to go there ; or that, being a true salmon, and debarred from 
 the sea, he chose like a sensible fellow to content himself in fresh 
 water ; or that by some mischances, he had become " degene- 
 rate ' in size, beauty, and succulency, and unworthy of his regal 
 progenitors ; or whether he was not, after all, truly a variety of 
 lake trout. So much speculation, we repeat, has been indulged in, 
 that it would be a waste of our space to review the pros and cons 
 of the argument, suffice to say that one most excellent authority. 
 Dr. A. C. Hamlin, pronounces it identical with the sea salmon, 
 and exhibiting no radical differences, except in the one peculiarity 
 that it does not go to salt water. The bony structure and its fin 
 system are precisely the same as those of salmo salar. Therefore 
 we are at liberty to call it a salmon. ; 
 
 And yet, if we examine its fin system and compare it with that 
 of the togue, we find that the two formulas vary but slightly : 
 which see : 
 
 Landlocked salmon — Br. 12; P. 15; V. 9; A. 10 ; D. 12; C. 
 19. Togue Br. 12; P. 12-13; V. 9; A. 11-12 ; D. 13; C. 19. 
 
306 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Now, as greater variations are found in lake trout which are de- 
 clared to be identical species, we are equally at liberty to call the 
 Salmo sebago a lake trout, or "sebago trout," as some name it. 
 We leave it to those who pay their money, to take their choice, 
 and herewith dismiss the subject. Either conclusion is favored by 
 the facts of its biographical history. Within two years we have 
 taken this fish in Canada where there were no obstructions to 
 its passage to the sea ; and twenty-five years ago we took the 
 same fish in Maine, where obstructions did not then exist, but now 
 do. The argument as to its involuntary restriction to fresh water 
 therefore has no weight. It would not go to the sea if it could ; 
 it will not when it can. 
 
 While its localities are strangely circumscribed, its geographi- 
 cal area or habitat is certainly not very limited. It is found in 
 Loch Lomond, New Brunswick ; in the Grand Lakes of the St. 
 Croix River, in Union River, and in Sebago Lake, in the southern 
 part of Maine ; in the Sebec Lake and Reed's Pond, near Ellsworth, 
 in Central Maine ; in the Stony Lake Chain, Peterborough County, 
 Ontario, Canada, some eighty miles north of Lake Ontario ; and in 
 Lake St. John, headwaters of the Saguenay, Province of Quebec, 
 where it is locally known as the Wininnish or Ouininnish. It will 
 thus be seen that its range extends over a territory of some three 
 hundred miles square, in which the conditions of its existence vary 
 very much. To particularize : In the Maine and New Brunswick 
 waters its passage to the salt water is obstructed by dams ; in 
 Ontario, Canada, it has indirect but free access to the sea via Lake 
 Ontario and the St. Lawrence River ; and in the Saguenay it has 
 short, easy, and direct access to salt water, without any obstruc- 
 tion whatever. ' • 
 
 As to size, the landlocked salmon vary. In most of the Maine 
 lakes they run from two to four or five pounds, sometimes, how- 
 ever, being taken weighing from ten to fifteen pounds. The 
 Sebago fish, however, is much larger, the mature fish averaging 
 perhaps six to eight pounds. In the upper Saguenay they run 
 about four pounds average, and seldom exceed seven pounds, 
 while in the Stony Lake region, in Ontario, we have seen specimens 
 as heavy as twenty pounds, a photograph of which is in our pos- 
 session. They are invariably taken in the swift current below the 
 
- NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 307 
 
 u: "\s or rapids, as soon as ever the ice breaks up in spring. We 
 have seen a Sebec specimen caught April twenty-first. The Stony 
 Lake and St. Croix fishing is best in May ; while in the Saguenay 
 it is at its prime in the middle of June. In the autumn they again 
 pass up the rivers and are taken with the fly ; remaining in the 
 clear streams until the spawning season is passed, or until Novem- 
 ber. While the landlocked salmon is as capricious as others of 
 the Salmonidae, there are some patterns of artificial flies that seem 
 to suit it best, viz. ; a deep yellow fly, both body and wings ; a fly 
 with black wings and yellow body ; a grey fly ; a red body and grey 
 hackle ; brown wings and black body ; these are the best colors, 
 the yellow and black prevailing. '•' 
 
 . : As a game fish, it is hardly equalled except by the true salmon. 
 Its strength and agility are surprising. When hooked it will fre- 
 quently make a succession of leaps, two or three feet clear of the 
 water. When the evening is calm and tranquil, after a warm day 
 or a stormy period, it is the best time to cast the fly. At this hour 
 the fish emerge from their cool places of concealment, where re- 
 pose has sharpened their appetites, and they pursue with avidity 
 the insects that sport near the surface of the stream, or the little 
 minnows which venture from their safe places on the shallows. 
 
 The differences in color between the lake and migratory salmon 
 are not great, and color is not regarded as of any importance in 
 relation to specific character. The sea salmon has a more silvery 
 lustre. Colorings depend upon f od and locality, as well as upon 
 age, season and the purity of the water. The young landlocked 
 salmon, termed salmo gloveri, have a few small reddish orange 
 dots in the middle of the black spots, which are wanting in the 
 adults. 
 
 For some time the wininnish was regarded as a distinct variety 
 of fish. Upon this point the following letter will be considered 
 conclusive : ...;>•. -> 
 
 '■ • '• Calais, Me., Sept. 8th, 1875. 
 
 Chas. Hallock, Esq : 
 
 I have compared the wininnish of the Saguenay with the land- 
 locked salmon of Maine, salmo glover i, and think them the same. 
 Some years ago, some of the Saguenay fish were sent to Cam- 
 bridge. Prof. Agassiz, Mr. Putnam and myself compared them, 
 and Agassiz thought them the same. I have no doubt that the 
 
308 'GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 salmo gloveri \'& quite common inmost of the rivers about the Bay 
 of Fundy, as well as along the State of Maine, and when taken 
 have been called the young of the sea salmon. Unless you have 
 both to compare, it is not easy to tell the difference. They have 
 been examined as to all their measurements so scientifically, their 
 markings, etc., which I have no doubt you have seen, that it is not 
 hard t(> tell the S.gliyveri from the true salmon. The number of 
 vertebrae differ — fifty-nine in the salmon to fifty-seven in ^.glmieri, 
 a double row of small teeth in the vomer of the young salmon, a 
 single row in the smolt o{\\\& gloi'eri. Some of our English fish- 
 ermen thought our fish the same as the European S. tru'fa and 
 S. cambricas. Some specimens were sent to Dr. Guenther, . . R. S., 
 of England, who pronounced them different, and nothing to do 
 with the sea salmon. I do not understand how they ever got the 
 name landlocked salmon, as they always had access to the sea, 
 and in my boy days S.glaueri was common to the tide waters, and 
 more often taken as far down as there were fish weiis. They 
 have been identified in several of our Maine rivers, also in Loch 
 Lomond and Mespeck, N. B., in Nova Scotia, in St. John's Lake, 
 Grand Lake, Salmon River, and Pockwock Lake, and I have no 
 doubt it will be found in many of the rivers of clear water coming 
 into the St. Lawrence, and when caught are called young salmon. 
 I have seen specimens of 5. glovcri caught on our rivers that 
 weighed ten to twelve pounds. The large fish seldom take fly or 
 bait, but keep in the deep water. 
 
 Geo. a. Boardman. 
 
 Grayling ; Spearing. — Thytnallus on/ariensis.—Cuv. and Val. 
 
 Specimens of this fish have been taken from waters adjacent 
 to Lake Ontario ; in a stream near Quebec, where it has the local 
 name of " spearing ; " in Vermont, near the Derby line ; and in a 
 stream at the head-waters of the Penobscot River in Maine. The 
 identity of this fish, which some have doubted, can be readily au- 
 thenticated. Its habits are the same as those of the Western 
 grayling elsewhere described. - ' .?, . ; . ' ■■*<■; 
 , ;. ■ : : ■-.•■. .--■ -■-,-.;•. 1 >:i :^.:.' ■ ■■' ■? .-■.; ' " ■' ■' 
 
 Whitefish ; Gizzard fish ; ShtiA.—Ctn-fgvftus ^adradort'cus.—Rich&Tdsoa. 
 
 This fish is taken in the St. Lawrence River, and much re- 
 sembles the C. albus. The two species are widely distributed 
 throughout Canada and the Northern States, varying considerably 
 in size and shape in different waters, and differing in quality of 
 their flesh. They are found in Lakes Ontario, Erie and Champlain, 
 in the Adirondack lakes and the interior lakes of New York ; in- 
 
• NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 309 
 
 deed, they are said to inhabit all the interior lakes of America from 
 Lake Erie to the Arctic Sea. The whitefish abounds in all the 
 Eagle Lakes, at the head of Fish River, in Maine, which is a tribu- 
 tary of the St. John ; in the St. Francis Lakes, at the stream's head ; 
 in Lake Temiscouata, in Canada (P. Q.) ; and in the Madavvaska, 
 Restigoucheand various other rivers, where it is netted and speared 
 by the Indians. It is known to the Canadian vcyageurs as the 
 " gizzard fish," its stomach much resembling the gizzard of a fowl. 
 Charles Lanman, Esq., of Georgetown, D. C, has published an 
 interesting paper on the whitefish of Maine and New Brunswick, 
 describing their habits, in which he speaks of having frequently 
 taken them with rod and line ; as has also the writer of this paper. 
 They are most abundant in July and the first part of August, and 
 are then often taken in Lake Champiain with a natural fly, locally 
 known as the shad-fly, the fish themselves being called shad by 
 many persons. They spawn in October. In Chateaugay Lake they 
 hcive been taken with the red ibis fly, and in Seneca Lake are often 
 taken on set lines. In other waters they are taken with minnow 
 in the fall on shoals where they congregate to spawn in company 
 with the lake herrings. 
 
 Otsego Bass ; Otsego Shad-Salmon. — Coregonus otsego. — De Kay. 
 
 Although called a bass, this is a true whitefish. It belongs to 
 the family salmonid^e, and not to the family percidae. Locally it 
 is known as the shad-salmon. We append the following descrip- 
 tion from De Witt Clinton : 
 
 "Body elongate, subcylindrical compressed; back arched; 
 scales very small ; lateral line distinct, straight. Mouth small, with 
 a protuberant bifid upper lip. No teeth in the niaxillaries, intermax- 
 illaries, vomer, palatines or pharyngeals. Dorsal fin with nine (,?) 
 rays, three of which are imperfect, adipose, filamentous at the tip, 
 caudal forked. Color. Dusky above the lateral line ; silvery be- 
 neath it. Dusky lateral stripes, as in the Labrnx lincatus, or 
 striped bass ; these are about six or eight in number. Pupils black ; 
 irides silvery, opercles silvery, spotted with yellow. It spawns in 
 autumn." The small moutlied black bass, (Micropterus salmoi- 
 des, Gill) does not fill this bill at all, although there is great liability 
 to confound it with the Otsego bass, from the fact that it is itself 
 
310 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 locally known as the Oswego bass, — between which two proper 
 names there is quite a similarity. While the Oswego bass, or 
 black bass, is a voracious feeder and ravenous biter at the hook, 
 the Otsego bass scarcely ever takes the hook. It appears to be pe- 
 culiar to the Otsego Lake, just as the trout of Winnipisseogee Lake 
 are peculiar to its waters. It has been taken in seines, by several 
 thousands at a time, but was rapidly decreasing in numbers until 
 the year 1871, when the Fish Commissioners began their artificial 
 propagation and the restocking of the lake. 
 
 MICROSTOMID^. 
 
 Smelts. — Osmerus mordax. — Gill. 
 
 The fresh water Smelts found in Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 wick rivers, in certain portions of Lake Champlain, and in New 
 Hampshire, Massachusetts, and possibly many other places, are 
 identical with the sea smelts, having been introduced into fresh wa- 
 ters and acclimated there. It is said that Jamaica Pond, in Massa- 
 chusetts, was stocked with them as long ago as the close of the last 
 century. They take the hook freely in February and March, and 
 afford lively play for light tackle. The smelts of the Raritan, Pas- 
 saic, and Delaware Rivers are believed to be identical with their 
 more northern congeners, while the Potomac smelts found in the 
 Washington markets are the Hybognathus regius. ■■. . . 
 
 Recent attempts have been made by the Maryland Fish Com- 
 missioners to propagate smelts artificially. ,; ., . 
 
 ■ • : CLUPEIDyE. v.- ,. 
 
 Lake Herring ; Bowl'morMxidfis]!.— A mia occiWefUit/is.—Dei K&y. 
 
 The Bowlin or Mudfish, found in the sluggish marshy streams 
 of Vermont, and identical with the dog-fish, mud-fish or lake 
 lawyer (amia ocellicauda) of Lake Huron, Lake Pepin, and other 
 Western waters. The only other known species is the amia calva 
 of De Kay, found in Lakes Erie and Ontario. It is a worthless, 
 voracious fish, and is caught in the summer and early fall with 
 frogs, minnows, alive or dead, and the trolling spoon. He often 
 attains a weight of twelve pounds. [See Western Inland Fishes.] 
 
NORTHERN INLAND FISHES. 3II 
 
 Lake Herriug.— A rgyrosomus c!u/et/brmis (Mitchell,) and^. harengus (Rich). 
 
 These fish are very numerous in the shoaler waters of Lake 
 Erie and the western lakes, and very much resemble the salt water 
 herring in size, form and color. They seldom attain a weight of 
 two pounds. They are not especially sought by the angler, although 
 we have caught them with minnows, when fishing for black bass. 
 Insects are the best bait, however. They are found in more or less 
 abundance at all seasons of the year, though they swarm in greatest 
 numbers about the middle of November, which is their spawning 
 season. They are not a favorite fish in the market, being rather 
 deficient in qualities as a fresh or salted fish ; but when slightly 
 pickled in brine, and exposed to the smoke of a hot fire for a short 
 time, make most delicious food. 
 
 Lake Sheepshead ; white perch of the lakes ; grunter ; drum.— 0>rw/«a oscula. 
 — De Kay. — Haploidonotus grunniens. — Raf. 
 
 This fish is found in Lakes Erie and Ontario, in Onondaga 
 Lake, and other interior lakes of New York. It feeds on many 
 of the fresh water shell fish, and takes the hook with freedom, but 
 is a dry and tasteless fish, and not esteemed for the table. It oc- 
 curs also in Ohio and in southwestern waters. Length a foot to 
 eighteen inches ; weight three to six pounds. Its shape is some- 
 thing like that of the salt water sheepshead, but it belongs to quite 
 a different family. Color grey on the back, and greyish white 
 below. 
 
r V.,'. 
 
 ; -1 .;■■ iL,» ' 
 
 FISHES OF THE WEST. 
 , ' PERCID^. 
 
 Black Bass. — Micropterus nigricans. Gill- 
 
 WE believe that this is the only variety of black bass in the 
 western waters, the M. salmotdes not appearing. [For 
 description see Northern Inland Fishes.] This fish is eminently 
 the game ^\s\\ par excellence of western waters, and is there angled 
 for with an ardor and a keen perception of the savoir faire not 
 recognized at the east. Not only in knowledge of his habits, in 
 skillful handling of the fish, but in the use of tackle and methods 
 of fish.iig, do the anglers of the west excel. They wade from 
 shore out upon the sand bars, fishing with fly or bait ; they troll 
 with the spoon or minnow ; they still-fish from boat and bank ; 
 and indeed use every device imaginable to lure the fish and increase 
 their sport. In the latter part of the season, wading the bars is 
 much in vogue. Dr. Estes says : " I much prefer to fish with the 
 fly from the shore or by wading the bars. I make my own flies, 
 of which I have a great variety. Bass are not as particular in their 
 selection as trout. I do not remember that I ever tried a fly that 
 bass would not take. If the waters are very clear, most any brown 
 or even very dark fly will answer. If the water is turbid, or the 
 waves very high, I then prefer a more gaudy fly. I use my trout 
 bait rod ; it is of the very best timber, light, but very springy. I 
 rig my cast precisely as for trout, except my leader is made of the 
 largest and strongest gut, always using three flies to a cast. Well 
 supplied with a good number and variety of flies, with plenty of 
 other extra tackle, and also a strong cord six or eight feet long, on 
 which to string my fish, I commence business by casting right, 
 left and ahead over the bars. Sometimes these bars are of great 
 extent, and will give one some wading before he finds his fish. 
 But the bottom is clean hard packed sand, so that the wading is 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. 313 
 
 neither difficult nor unpleasant. Sometimes you are so far out that to 
 tow ashore and land every fish, although giving good sport, would 
 consume too much time. In this case I tie the cord somewhere 
 to my body, string my fish on this as I catch them, and stand my 
 ground so long as a fish is to be taken. In this way one will clear 
 the whole school. Only once did I succeed in securing three at 
 one cast ; these weighed ten and three-quarter pounds. Many 
 times I have taken two at one time, and if the fish are plenty and 
 feeding well, this can be done in almost every case by playing well 
 the first one hooked until another bites. When the second is on I 
 try to prevent another from striking the third fly. Three black 
 bass are too much for light tackle, and something will be sure to 
 give way." 1 ' 
 
 For trolling, the necessary tackle consists of a strong hand line 
 of linen or cotton, and from twenty-five to seventy-five yards long ; 
 a medium sized swivel, and a spoon hook, or one of the multitu- 
 dinous array of spinning baits, trolling spoons, propellers, etc., 
 with the usual accompaniments of red and white feathers and 
 group of hooks so extensively advertised throughout the land. 
 The ordinary, original tin or brass spoon, with single hook soldered 
 on with a swivel, will be found to be equal to if not better than any 
 of the later inventions ; the single hook is certainly far superior to 
 the group of two or three hooks usually found on the so-called im- 
 proved trolling baits. Early in the season, before the weeds are 
 fully grown, this style of fishing is very successful. The method 
 is equally as simple. The angler sits in the stern of the boat, and 
 while the oarsman propels the boat along and over the feeding 
 grounds, the angler lets out forty or fifty yards of line, and the 
 spoon, revolving gracefully beneath the surface of the water, proves 
 an effective lure. The angler now has nothing to do but to hold 
 the line and wait, Micawber-like, for something to turn up, when 
 finally a bass " hooks himself." He is hauled in, hand over hand, 
 and the deluded victim deposited in the bottom of the boat, and so on 
 ad infinitum. Small spoons are the best in the absence of a spoon 
 hook ; the floor of the mouth of the pickerel cut into the semblance 
 of a fish, is tough, white, and glistening, and is a capital bait ; a 
 similar bait cut from the belly of the dogfish also answers a good 
 purpose. 
 
 . 14 
 
/ 
 
 314 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Still-fishing is generally clone from an anchored boat. It is a 
 very popular method, and is the one generally practiced by the 
 average angler of the Northwest. The finer and more delicate the 
 tackle employed, the greater will be the sport experienced ; but as 
 a rule still-fishers use clumsy tackle. The angler should provide 
 himself with a suitable rod and reel, and fifty yards of approved 
 line, together with hooks, swivels, sinkers, landing net and bait ; 
 the latter should be minnows or crayfish. Minnows are far the 
 best, and if shiners, are the very best bait that can be used. Chub 
 come next, and small yellow perch are also good, especially if the 
 dorsal firs are clipped off with a strong pair of scissors. If the 
 minnows are lively and strong, and there is a sufficient depth of 
 water, a float is not necessary ; but if the ground is weedy, and the 
 water rather shallow, or if crayfish are used for bait, a cork float 
 must be used. If the minnows are large, insert the hook through 
 the lower lip and out at the nostril ; if small, hook them under the 
 dorsal fin. 
 
 Our still-fisher being fully equipped proceeds to the fishing 
 ground, anchors his boat, and prepares for the fray. Having 
 baited his hook and cast his line, his thumb must be kept upon 
 the coil of line upon the reel ; as the line slackens he must reel it 
 in. When a bass takes the bait let him have it for a short time, 
 say from five to ten seconds, according to the mood of the fish, 
 whether they are on or off their feed, whether eager or shy ; and 
 by using the thumb as a drag, give him line as he needs it, but not 
 too freely, always keeping it taut enough to give a slight bend 
 to the rod, so as to be able to feel every motion of the fish. At 
 the proper time our angler must check him by pressing the thumb 
 a little harder upon the reel, and if he gives a succession of short 
 tugs or slight jerks, let him go for a few moments ; but if he seems 
 to feel the steel, or if he pulls steadily and strongly, hook him by a 
 slight " twist of the wrist " — not by jerking or " yanking " the rod, 
 for in the latter case there is a stronger probability of breaking the 
 rod, or at least of tearing oi.;t the hook, than of hooking the fish. 
 When the bass is hooked the angler must never, under any cir- 
 cumstances, give him slacl; line. If he breaks water, merely let 
 the rod straighten as he falls back ; and never, under any circum- 
 stances, must he grasp his rod above the reel — at most not more 
 
riS/IES OF THE WEST. 
 
 315 
 
 than several inches above— for by so doing he destroys the sprinj^ 
 and balance of the rod, and it is liable to become broken by any 
 sudden movement of the tish. The bass must be killed " on the 
 rod," then reeled in and taken into the landing net. 
 
 Trolling with the minnow is very popular with expert western 
 anglers, who regard the method as more en regie than still-fishing. 
 The same tackle can be used here as in the last mode described, 
 though almost without exception it will be found to be much 
 superior, many using trout fly reds. The oarsman rows the boat 
 quietly and slowly over the fishing grounds, just outside of the 
 bulrush patches, along the edges of bars and shoals, or between 
 deep and shallow water. The angler reels off from thirty to fifty 
 yards of line, and with his thumb upon the reel and rod slightly 
 bent, must be ever on the alert ; for in this style of fishing with 
 moving bait the bass bites very "wickedly," and with forty yards 
 of line out he must be kept well in hand and not given an inch 
 more than is necessaiy ; he must be reeled in at every opportunity 
 until he is within proper bounds, when the angler can take matters 
 more easily and kill him at his leisure. A heavy bnss breaking 
 water and leai)ing three feet into the air at the end of fifty yards 
 of line and a light rod, is a sensation which once experienced will 
 not be soon forgotten. And herein lies the advantage of this 
 method over still-fishing. One can get out more line, even though 
 indifferent at casting ; for as the boat moves along the line can be 
 pulled off the reel, yard by yard, with the hand, while the resist- 
 ance of the minnow in the water takes it from the rod. 
 
 Casting with the minnow is another scientific method, and a 
 grade higher in the school of piscatorial acquirements. It com- 
 bines all the best features of still-fishing and trolling with the min- 
 now, besides possessing advantages which those methods do not. 
 The very best rods, reels, and lines must be used. The angler 
 proceeds in his boat on the outside, or deep water side, of the fish- 
 ing grounds, and casts in toward the feeding grounds, the oarsman 
 .rowing along rapidly or slowly, or holding the boat stationary, as 
 circumstances demand. The boat being in deep water the fish are 
 not so apt to see it, which is a great advantage. The angler can 
 cast in any direction and to any distance, greater or lesser, within 
 the length of his line as he may desire. He can cast astern and 
 
3i6 
 
 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 proceed as in trolling', or cast to either side, or forward, and by 
 reeling in the line keep the bait in motion. It can readily be 
 imagined how expert casting has so great an advantage over any 
 other method of bass fishing, and when once acquired it will never 
 be relinquished for any other mode. This is the best method to 
 follow when fishing from the banks of a stream, where there are 
 no trees or bushes to interfere ; it is also the best method to pur- 
 sue when Wilding the stream is practiced. 
 
 In trolling or casting with the minnow, when a fish is hooked 
 let the oarsman pull out at once to deep water, so as to give the 
 fish better play and more room, and also to prevent his taking to 
 the weeds. 
 
 The angler should never be in too great a hurry to land his fish ; 
 for if he is well hooked he cannot get away, but if he is hooked in 
 a thin or weak part of the mouth, there is a greater necessity that 
 he should be gingerly played and tenderly handled, until he is com- 
 pletely "tuckered out," and turns up his belly to the sun. There 
 is never anything gained by too great a hurrj' in bass fishing. On 
 the contrary, " the more haste the less speed," is a maxim partic- 
 ularly applicable to this case. 
 
 In landing a bass the oarsman should, at the proper time, hold 
 the net just under the surface of the water, and hold it perfectly still 
 while the angler brings the fish into or immediately over the net, 
 when the oarsman should lift it quickly and with one motion. He 
 should never be suffered to follow the fish with the net, or by sud- 
 den lunges attempt to secure him ; for this only serves to frighten 
 the fish and put your tackle in jeopardy. Remember that the 
 largest bass always escapes when nearest the boat, and when 
 about to land him. 
 
 Dr. J. A. Henshcill, of Wisconsin, to whom we are indebted for 
 most of the instructions above given, has decided that the best rod 
 for bait fishing should assimilate as near as may be to the typical 
 trout fly rod in their relative qualities of " balance, weight, strength, 
 and elasticity, with that happy medium of pliancy, between a trout 
 fly rod and a trout bait rod, which can hardly be expressed in 
 words." The Doctor means to say in plain English, that the bait 
 rod (for either trout or bass) should be a little *' stififer " than the 
 f.y rod, in either case. This is quite correct ; but while the trout 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. 
 
 317 
 
 bait rod is made into a trout fly rod by tapering it throughout, the 
 bass fly rod is changed to a bass bait rod by reducing its length ; 
 the weight in each case being considerably dinunished, but by dif- 
 ferent processes. "The rod that I am now using," says the Doc- 
 tor, " is eight feet and three inches long, in three joints ; the first 
 joint or but is composed of white ash, and the second joint and 
 tip of lancewood ; it weighs just eight ounces ; it is finely balanced, 
 and has a true bend from but to tip, in the form of a segment of 
 a circle ; with it I have killed hundreds of black bass, weighing 
 from two to four pounds, and occasionally more, and pickerel from 
 /'' five to twelve pounds, with an occasional one scaling fifteen pounds. 
 I have used it three seasons, and do not see where it can be im- 
 proved ; it is as firm and elastic as when first made. 1 have sev- 
 eral times cast out my entire line of fifty yards, when casting with 
 the wind. I feel justly proud of the merits of this rod, for I made it 
 myself." " As for the bass fly rod " (the Doctor again), it " should 
 be constructed upon the model and of the same material as a single- 
 handed trout fly rod. It must, however, be longer, slightly stiffer, 
 and consequently heavier, but should approximate in its gener.il 
 features, as nearly as possible, the trout fly rod. Assuming a trout! 
 rod to be eleven feet long, and weighing from seven to nine ounces,' 
 according to the material of its construction, a black bass fly rod 
 should be from twelve to twelve feet and three inches in length, 
 and if formed of split bamboo, should weigh finm nine to eleven 
 ounces; or if made of ash and lancewood, should weigh from ten 
 to twelve ounces. Split bamboo makes the handsomest and light- 
 est rod, but a combination of ash and lancewood will prove the 
 most serviceable, and can be furnished for at least one-half the 
 price of the former. The rod should be made in three joints, the 
 but of white ash, and the tip and second joint of lancewood ; it 
 should have as true a taper and as graceful proportions as the best 
 trout fly rod ; should be very flexible and pliant, but should not be 
 so w'ithy or willowy as the lightest trout rods." 
 
 Such a rod, let us say, would be found to answer all the emer- 
 gencies of fly fishing for black bass, and would be just the im- 
 plement for the largest brook trout of Maine or the Nepigon, J. 
 C. Welles of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Charles F. Orvis of Man- 
 chester, Vermont, make such rods warranted to give satisfaction, 
 
3l8 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 at a moderate price. As for reels, the " Frankfort reel," known 
 also as the " Meek tcel," and the " Kentucky reel," are in liitfhest 
 esteem. It is made by hand from the fmest materials, and as 
 carefully and correctly in its fiitmj^s as the movement of a watch. 
 The bearinj.js and pivots are of the finest temper, and the entire 
 reel is as perfect in workmanship, and as finely adjusted as is pos 
 sible for skill to render it. Contrary to a current opinion, this re( i 
 is not more complicated than the ordinary multiplying reel, and 
 contains but the same number of wheels, viz. two ; but by a dif- 
 ferent arranjijement of the two wheels, it multiplies four times, 
 while the ordinary reel multiplies but twice ; and it runs so per- 
 fectly and smoothly that a smart stroke of the finger upon the 
 handle will cause it to make about thirty revolutions, and this 
 without a balance handle. 
 
 They are made with or without an alarm click, or a drag or 
 rubber ; and where one or both of these adjuncts are used, it does 
 not at all complicate the working of the reel, as they are operated 
 by tlat sliding buttons on the side of the reel, and are not in the 
 way in the least. The reel is, in fact, so simple and perfect in its 
 details, that it has not been improved upon since it was first in- 
 vented, twenty years ago. They are made of German silver or 
 brass, in six sizes, No. 6 being the largest — the best size for black 
 bass fishing is No. 3. 
 
 The best line for black bass fishing is a hard braided silk line, 
 the smaller sizes being large enough. A braided linen line would 
 be still better, if it could be procured of a smaller size than is at 
 j)resent manufactured, as they are more closely braided than the 
 silk lines, ;..nc( consequently do not absorb so much water ; this 
 absorption o vvater interferes somewhat with the free running of 
 tile line in casting. Sproat bend hooks, tied upon wire gimp, as 
 a protection against the ever annoying pickerel, are the best. 
 
 In casting for bass with minnow, having the rod, reel and line 
 in readiness, tie on a small swivel and the smallest size ringed 
 sinker, and a Sproat bend hook. Now select a minnow four or 
 'iwc inches in length, hook it through the lower lip and out at the 
 nostril, or as some prefer, out at the socket of the eye ; reel up the 
 line to the sinker, leaving the minnow one or two feet from the 
 tip of the rod, then grasp the rod immediately below the reel with 
 
FISf/ES OF TIIF WEST. > ' ' 3 19 
 
 I the right hand, with the thumb upon the coil of line upon the reel, 
 
 A to control the running off of the line as in striped bass fishing. 
 
 § Now make a sweeping cast to the left or right as you desire, 
 
 % keeping a gentle pressure upon the reel with the thumb, to prevent 
 
 ^ its overrunning, and stop it suddenly by a stronger pressure as 
 
 ' * the bait strikes the water. It will take some practice to regulate 
 
 \ the reel with the thumb, but with patience and perseverance any- 
 
 j. one will soon overcome all the difficulties and become an expert 
 
 "j bass fisher. This casting of course is to be accomplished entirely 
 
 'I with one hand, for this is the object of the light rod and delicate 
 
 J tackle. 
 
 I In fly fishing, flies of moderate size and subdued combinations 
 
 give best success ; brown hackles tied on No. 6 Limerick, and 
 brown and yellow flies tied on No. 6 or No. 10 hooks are always 
 successful lures in low, clear water ; for higher turbid water more 
 gaudy flies are good, made of scarlet or red body, brown tail 
 and wings, or with double wings, inner scarlet, outer brown, black 
 hackle, tied on No. 4 hook. A very killing fly is made with red 
 zephyr body, then first a pair of scarlet or red wings, then over 
 these a pair of light or dark drake wings. This gives a shade that 
 is obtained in no other way. Another splendid fly is made by put- 
 ting on firsi a pair of clear white wings, and over these a reddish 
 brown or scarlet. Green is a most desirable color in combina- 
 tions, as it is the color of the grasshopper; indeed, red, yellow, and 
 green may probably be called the ground colors upon which pat- 
 terns are fabricated. A most excellent fly is made of brilliant 
 green silk floss, reddish brown hackle, scarlet tail, wings, under 
 coverts scarlet, o/er coverts yellowisli grey. 
 
 Low water aflbrds the best season for fishing. Minnows are 
 abundant and easily obtained. 
 
 Pike Perch ; wall-eyed pike ; Ohio salmon ; white salmon ; glass-eyed pike ; 
 western salmon. — Stizostediom asnericnnittti. CJirard. 
 
 This splendid fish is found in great abundance in all the tribu- 
 taries of the Ohio River, in Lakes Pepin and Huron, in Kentucky 
 and Tennessee, and indeed throughout the western waters gen- 
 erally, as far west as the Mississippi. Tons of ihem are taken 
 through the ice in Lake I'epin in March, just about the time they 
 
320 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 are making their spawning beds. They are not often tal<en of a 
 weight exceeding ten pounds, but Dr. Bull is said to have taken 
 one in the Kentucky River which weighed fifty pounds, and Dr. D. 
 C. Estes, of Lake City, Minnesota, has the lower jaw of one which 
 he caught in Lake Pepin that weighed forty pounds. Its largest 
 teeth were about one inch in length. Dr. Estes, who has studied 
 the habits of this fish very carefully, writes : 
 
 " The habits of this fish seem to be well known to most writers, 
 but I am persuaded that with this as with some others, their habits 
 differ somewhat in different waters. All agree that they spawn in 
 April, but I have known them to spawn in this lake as early as the 
 fifteenth of March ; I think, however, this is not always the case. 
 They choose for their beds clean sanay (not gravelly) bottoms in 
 shallow water, from two to six feet deep. As soon as the lake 
 freezes over they commence looking for suitable spawoing grounds, 
 and having once selected, and " pre-empted " them, there they 
 remain until the spawning season is over. This is a singular and 
 interesting fact, and one of which I have not the least doubt. The 
 pickerel is their great enemy, and sometimes succeeds in " jump- 
 ing " their claims. The spawning grounds here are as well known 
 to me and other observers as the position in the heavens of the 
 north star. These fish are taken very late in autumn, but never 
 on the spawning grounds until the lake is frozen over. You may 
 visit these grounds one day and not discover a single fish, but 
 should the lake freeze over the same night, then the next day, if 
 the ice is sufficiently strong to hold you, you may pay these grounds 
 a visit and find plenty of pike-perch. This I have knov^n to be 
 the case time and again. And I know that they remain right here, 
 fighting off every other fish, except the pickerel, who is their enemy 
 and master, until the spawn is deposited in the spring. Hence I 
 conclude that they select their spawning grounds as early as No- 
 vember and December. This singular fact has interested me very 
 much for years. As soon as the young brood is able to take care 
 of itself, it strikes for deeper water, remaining together as a family 
 and commingling with others. For weeks they remain so closely 
 together that a half bushel would easily cover the entire brood. I 
 have seen thousands of these families so near together that many 
 would suppose them to be a regular school, yet every brood sap- 
 
.» FISHES OF THE WEST, >'-> 32 1 
 
 arate and distinct from the others. I have seen large fish dart at 
 them, when they would endeavor to fly away together, no one 
 leaving his kindred until the affectionate family is scattered. Even 
 then they will make an effort to re-unite, but no doubt some of the 
 little fellows have been forever separated from the family circle. 
 They will thus remain together the whole of the first season, unless 
 broken up by their enemies. These observations have many times 
 intensely interested me. I am aware, however, that this is a habit 
 characteristic of the young broods of some other fish, especially of 
 the Labracins, or basses. The habitat of the adult, or if you please, 
 its accustomed feeding grounds in summer, has been a more 
 difficult matter to determine. In running water I should look for 
 them exactly where I would look for trout ; but in lakes they seem 
 to remain in no one place any length of time. As long as I have 
 angled for these fish here, I can never determine beforehand 
 where I am going to find them. The same pickerel and bass 
 grounds hold good year after year, and we always know what to 
 expect when we visit these places. Not so with the pike-perch. 
 One day you will find them near shore, next in deep water, and the 
 next at the mouths of creeks or sloughs. The most are caught off 
 the ends of points in ten to twenty feet of water. Sometimes they 
 are found very near the shore rolling and sporting in the waves. In 
 this case the bottom is always gravelly and stony. They seem to 
 abhor an abrupt rocky shore. Once my friend Mr, Gibbs struck a 
 large school (they seldom are found in schools) sporting in huge 
 waves so near the shore that his cast could reach them with ease. 
 The wind was blowing (in shore) a regular gale, and the water, 
 when still, could not have been more than two feet. They seemed 
 to be holding a jubilee, but, poor fellows, destruction overtook 
 many of them, and those that were left must have mourned for 
 their brethren •' for they were not." 
 
 With the brook chub {Moxostoma oblongum,) for bait, Mr. 
 Gibbs took, in a little over an hour, so many that he was obliged 
 to get a wheelbarrow with which to take them home. The load 
 was so heavy that he was actually obliged to get help before he 
 could reach his house three-quarters of a mile distant. When I 
 have heard him mention this trip he would puff and blow as though 
 he was living the scene over again. Frequent and subsequent 
 
 14* 
 
322 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 visits under like circumstances, to the same locality, have failed to 
 find the fish. Owing to the uncertainty of their feeding grounds, 
 not a great many of these fish are usually taken in the summer 
 season. Sometimes we take them \vith the spoon trolling, but as 
 they are a bottom-feeding fish, they are more generally taken with 
 minnow or piece of fish still-fishing. I ha/e taken a number with 
 the fly ; it must be gaudy, larger than a base fly and shotted with 
 a buckshot put on as near the head of the fly as possible. As soon 
 as the lake freezes over the slaughter of these fii:h begins right on 
 the grounds selected for spawning. They are taken through the 
 ice by the thousand, and the slaughter continues until the ice is 
 gone ; by this time the breeding season is over, and what were not ' 
 taken by the hook have departed to other waters and resumed 
 their roving habits. Live bait only will answer for winter fishing. 
 [For description of pike-perch, see Northern Inland Fishes.] , 
 
 Jack Salmon or Sand Pike. — Lucioperca pejiinus. Estes. 
 
 A fine food fish weighing from one-half to three pounds. 
 Color yellowish brown, and spotted very much like the rattle- 
 snake. Resembles very much the pike perch ; in fact its specific 
 characteristics are almost identical ; so much so, that one is often 
 taken for the other by those not fully conversant with both. They 
 are free biters and are taken with minnow bait. Spawn in April 
 and May. Dr. D. C. Estes first discovered this fish in Lake Pepin 
 and because he had never seen him described or named, called 
 him, years ago, Lucioperca pepinus. He must certainly be 
 classed with the pike-perch. 
 
 Buffalo Perch or Grunting VzRcu.—Hapioidonotus grunniens. Raf. 
 
 A large stout shouldered fish of bluish grey color ; scales 
 large, fins greyish olive, with sucker mouth ; snout very thick, 
 blunt and short ; meat very coarse and hard ; not fit to be eaten, 
 but the pot-fishermen sell numbers of them to the uninitiated. 
 The grunting habit of this fish is well established. It is not, 
 however, a grunt, but rather a kind of drumming or gurgling 
 sound. Size from five to fifteen pounds. 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. ' '^ 323 
 
 This well known fish is not as abundant as in the Eastern 
 btates, though found to some extent in all those waters [See 
 Northern Inland Fishes.] . . ^^^^^'^s. [bee 
 
 Striped Bass, —Z«<5r«x/i«^«^«j. Storer. 
 Identical with Roccus Imeatus of the salt water, only much 
 smaller. Found in all western waters of any considerable size 
 It IS a splendid game-fish scarcely s.irpassed for the table. Taken 
 
 pounds ^^'^^ ^""^ '^^'' "'°"^^'" ^''^^' '"'■°"' '^° ^« ^^'^^ 
 
 STK.W Bass; Rock Bass ; CaHco Bass; Gogg,e-eye ; or Croppie.-^../.^,.v„ 
 
 rupestris. Gill. 
 
 ^m?''-?' "^ '' ' ^T' f ""'^'''' *"'' ^ '■'■''' ^''"- b"' d«'i'u<e of 
 
 fouZ' In =7,^' '".' '" ^"'"■' ^'P'" """ ■'^'- Ci-oix ; also 
 
 found ,n all the rivers and many of the inland lakes. Spawn on 
 
 gravelly bottoms, ,n April. Are taken in gre, numbers with min" 
 hLTpotdr""" "^ ^''"'- *^'^'" ^-"' °- '" '- »<> =• 
 
 SuNFiSH. —Pomotis vulgaris, De Kay. 
 
 This common sunfish is met with in all western waters, but 
 is not abundant. 
 
 Northern SuNFiSH.-/'^^,^//, ««^,V«j. Qunth. , ' 
 
 This fish is quite abundant. Color greenish brown above 
 yellowish below ; sides of head marked with blue and yellow lines 
 fins umcolor, ventral ones greenish olive, the otherl yellowish' 
 
 These two species are all that have been observed in the west 
 hough the family is very numerous, some thirteen or fourTeen 
 species being found indigenous to the Gulf States alone. 
 
 .'-;., "■'""'' CLUPIDyE, ".■''"' '■'■:'"'': ^^^- ■•'■'■ ^'■"■■;' 
 
 The Geneva Cisco.-.4^^...,«, ciuMYor^ni, stsco. Jordan. 
 This is the Cisco of Lake Ontario. It is found, according to 
 Jordan, m Lakes Nemahbin. Oconomowoc, La Belle. Troy L^ke! 
 
324 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and the waters that form the sources of the Fox River in Wiscon- 
 sin, and in Lake Tippecanoe, in Indiana. It is neither a coregonus 
 nor a lake herring (Clupea harengus) as was formerly maintained, 
 though similar in appearance to both those fishes. Nor is it like 
 them in its habits or edible qualities. The cisco is a very sym- 
 metrical fish, white in flesh, and fine in flavor ; their size remarka- 
 bly uniform, ranging from six to ten ounces in weight, and averag- 
 ing about eight. They make their appearance in June, generally 
 about the tenth, never earlier than the first, and their " run " lasts 
 only about a week. At this time they take a fly ravenously, and 
 afford fine sport to thousands of people who annually come from 
 the surrounding country to catch them. Hundreds of people tent 
 on the shore of the lake, and scores of camp-fires are seen on all 
 sides in the calm summer nights. Very light tackle is required by 
 the angler. Although it is said that they will take bait of any kind, 
 experiments go to show they can only be taken with the natural 
 May fly, myriads of which are found on the grass and bushes along 
 the shore during the cisco run. 
 
 Dogfish, Mudfish, or Lake Lawyer. — Amia ocellicauda. Rich. 
 
 Found in great numbers in western inland waters, and identical 
 with Aniia occidentalis, of Vermont. They are very abundant in 
 Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Pepin. Back greenish black ; 
 top of head, do ; gill covers, yellowish green and olive ; sides dark 
 olive, fading to yellowish white on the belly ; dorsal fin (forty-seven 
 rays, soft) and caudal (twenty rays) dark olive ; pectoral, ventral 
 and anal fins, lighter ; a jet black oval spot encircled by a narrow 
 border of golden yellow at base of upper half of dorsal ; branchi- 
 ostegous rays, eleven ; a range one-half inch wide on upper jaw of 
 smallish, slightly curved, sharp teeth ; on lower jaw a row of simi- 
 lar teeth, behind which is a band of very small ones. Grows from 
 five to twenty pounds in weight. It belongs to the order of Gan- 
 oids, and is in scales, fins, and the power of tail allied to the extinct 
 fishes of an older world, and it is curious that most of these repre- 
 sentatives of the earlier periods are found only in Western waters 
 — the garfish, the paddlefish, and the mudfish. 
 
 They take frogs, minnows, and sometimes the spoon. Their 
 habitat is deep water where they drive everything before them. 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. / 325 
 
 They are very voracious and savage. Their teeth are so sharp 
 and their jaws so strong that they have been known to bite a two 
 pound fish clean in two the very first snap. They are as tenacious 
 of Ufe as the eel. The young when about six inches long make 
 a famous bait for pickerel and pike. To use it run the hook into 
 the mouth right up through the centre of the head, through the 
 brain, cast a hundred times, catch several fish, and at the end of 
 three to six hours he will still kick like a mule. Put one huhdred 
 into a rain barrel and you can keep them all svunmer without 
 change of water. For the aquarium the young have no equal, and 
 on account of the spot in the tail are quite attractive ; but nothing 
 else but snails can live in the tank. He will kill a lizard or any 
 other living thing the instant it touches the water. 
 
 Dr. Estes says : " I have sent these young dogfish hundreds of 
 miles for the aquarium. It is only necessary to keep them in water, 
 a change scarcely being required. The adults are the great 
 "jumpers " of the lake. On certain days they are to be seen in 
 all directions jumping clean out of the water, and turning com- 
 plete somersaults before again striking. They spawn in May and 
 June among the grass and weeds of the sloughs, if they can reach 
 them in time. As soon as the spring rise comes, usually in May 
 and June, and connects the inland sloughs with the lake (Pepin) 
 they run up and over into these sloughs, deposit their eggs, and 
 remain near the beds and young just as long as they can and not 
 be shut in by the receding of the water. The eggs hatch in eight 
 and ten days, the parent remaining with the brood two or three 
 weeks if possible, but will leave them much sooner if necessary to 
 save themselves. The yo\mg will not make any effort to escape to 
 the lake until the next season, when if an opening occurs they come 
 pouring out in countless numbers. At this time we take them 
 by stretching the minnow seine across the opening and raising it 
 when full. They are now from three to six inches long, fat and 
 chubby. I come now to mention a peculiar habit of this fish, no 
 account of which I have ever seen. It is this : While the parent still 
 remains with the young, if the family become suddenly alarmed, 
 the capacious mouth of the old fish will open, and in rushes the 
 entire host of little ones ; the ugly maw is at once closed, and off" 
 she rushes to a place of security, when again the little captives 
 
326 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 are set at liberty. If others are conversant with the above facts I 
 shall be very glad, if not shall feel chagrined for not making them 
 known long ago." 
 
 Mooneye ; skip jack (Lake Pepin) ; shiner ; herring ; river herring ; toothed 
 herring. — Hyodon tergisus, Le Sueur. 
 
 This species of the herring family is rather indifferent food. It 
 is found in parts of New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, and other 
 Middle Western States. The color of its back is bluish ; sides sil- 
 very ; fins tinged with yellow ; scales large ; head small ; eyes very 
 large, and nearly filling the whole space between the angle of the 
 jaws and the upper part of the head ; conic teeth in a single row 
 above ; in several rows on the lower jaw ; tongue with several se- 
 ries of teeth, of which the outer on each side are the largest ; teeth 
 also on the vomer, and very minute ones on the palatines. Length 
 nine to twelve inches : Fin rays. D. 15 ; P. 15 ; V. 7 ; A. 29; 
 C. 19. 
 
 The Lake Mooneye {Hyodon clodalis^ is not so large a fish, 
 seldom reaching more than eight inches in length. Its mouth is 
 larger and its eye not quite so prominent. The under jaw shuts 
 within the upper. Teeth in a single series on the upper jaw ; in 
 several below. The sides and tips of the tongue are armed with 
 long acute recurved teeth. Color uniform metallic silver)' ; bluish 
 above ; fins light colored. This species is common in Lake Erie, 
 where it is called "shiner." and lake herring. Fin rays. D. 15; 
 P. 14 ; V. 7 ; A. 30 ; C. 19. 
 
 It is quite possible that there is still another variety in Lake 
 Pepin, where it is known as " skip jack," and is thus described 
 by Dr. D. C. Estes : " Its usual length is twelve inches and width 
 three inches ; caudal, crescent-shaped ; dorsal, situate far back 
 two and one-half inches from tail, and has twelve rays ; ventrals, 
 about mid-way, seven rays ; anal, extending from ventral to cau- 
 dal (two and one-half inches,) and has twenty-eight rays. The 
 eye, situated very far forward, is enormously large, hence his com- 
 mon name " Mooneye." Well defined teeth on maxillaries, vo- 
 mer, palatines and tongue. Color, pearly white to middle, thence 
 darker to back. The nose projects over the lower jaw, and the 
 mouth is small — not as large as the herring's {Clupca harengus). 
 
FISHES OF THE IVEST. / 327 
 
 Of the habits of this fish no man, as far as I know, speaketh, I 
 only know that he spawns in April, is known here from April until 
 September, when he disappears. Where he goes I know not, have 
 never seen, or heard of one being seen or taken in the winter. In 
 some seasons they seem to be quite plenty, and at others but very 
 few are seen. On the whole I have always regarded it as a rare 
 fish. They are vigorous biters, and take freely the minnow or fly, 
 and are one of the smartest of fishes. They will come up, taste 
 of a fly, let go and be gone before the angler has time to strike. 
 Therefore to be a " Mooneye " fly-fisher, one must be very sharp 
 and not read a book while casting, as I once knew a man to do." 
 The doctor speaks of this fish as being a most excellent food 
 fish, and quite devoid of troublesome bones. Its avidity for the 
 fly and minnow is a peculiarity lacking in the varieties above 
 named. There is no doubt, however, that its specific characteris- 
 tics are common to both. 
 
 Lake Herring. — Argyrosomus clupei/ormis. Agfassiz. 
 
 This fish is described elsewhere under the head of Northern 
 Inland Fishes. It is found in all the western lakes, and is often 
 taken with hook, or riy or minnow in rivers emptying into the 
 lakes. In Lake Pepin is a variety found (as elsewhere,) in vast 
 numbers. It is there called the skip jack, but it is a different fish 
 from the mooneye, which is also called the skip jack. Dr. Estes 
 thinks it is a different fish from the true lake herring, {A. clupei- 
 formis and A. karengus.) It is dark blue on the back and white 
 beneath, much resembling a shad. They are considered worth- 
 less as a food fish, though biting so readily at the hook as to cause 
 much annoyance to the angler. They spawn in May, and are 
 taken only from the first of May until September. 
 
 Gizzard Shad. — Dorosoma cepedianum. Gill. 
 
 Oliver Gibbs jr. was the first to discover this singular fish in 
 Lake Pepin, and published the description in a Rochester paper. 
 It resembles the mooneye in general appearance, but is shorter, 
 thicker and weighs from one to three pounds ; is generally eaten, 
 having a very good flavor, but quite bony. It is a poor biter and 
 but few are taken— probably not abundant. Dr. Estes says it 
 has as veritable a gizzard as the hen. 
 
328 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Prof. C. C. Abbott describes this fish in vol. iv. of the Ameri- 
 can Naturalist. 
 
 ESOCID^. 
 
 Mascalongb. — Esox nobilior. Thompson. 
 
 Common in the lakes, and in the larger tributaries of the Mis- 
 sissippi. In seasons of low water, mascalonge fishing is as good 
 in this region as in the Northeastern States. The fish are usually 
 of large size, from ten to forty pounds in weight. The manner of 
 taking them does not differ materially from that practiced in other 
 waters, except, perhaps in the fact that trolling from a boat is not 
 generally successful. For excitement no angling can compare with 
 taking mascalonge on rod and line from the shore, or by wading 
 out on the bars. To kill in this manner a thirty pounder and tow 
 him ten or thirty rods to shore requires nerve and strength, great 
 skill, and very strong tackle. Many of the very largest are fre- 
 quently lost by weak tackle and unskillful playing. 
 
 Dr. D. C. fistes, an excellent authority on Western fish, says : 
 " For years I found it very difficult to find rods that would stand 
 this kind of fishing. At last I set myself up as an amateur rod- 
 maker for my own benefit. Obtaining some of our best native 
 timber, I have made rods that have never yet failed me or my 
 friends. I always supply myself with at least half a dozen large 
 spoons of different colors and styles, metals, brass and copper, all 
 dressed with feathers of different colors. When I hook a masca- 
 longe or pickerel and lose him, I at once rest the pool for a few 
 minutes, (there is no danger of his leaving) then changing my 
 spoon to another color, I wade out and commence casting again. 
 And in nine cases out of ten I will get my fish. Often I have 
 changed my bait four or five times, and as many times had him on 
 and off, but finally succeeded in landing him. A piece of the belly 
 of a iish makes the best of all bait for the mascalonge if properly 
 cut, so that it will spin nicely. They will often take it v/hen spoons 
 are no temptation. [See Northern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 Pike. — Esox lucius estor, Le Sueur. 
 This is the only species of the Esocidce found in the upper Mis- 
 sissippi, if is very abundant and attains to twenty and twenty- 
 five pounds in weight, but never to the weight of the mascalonge. 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. 329 
 
 They are considered by many a fine food fish. [See Northern 
 
 Inland Fishes.] 
 
 STURIONID/E. 
 
 Rock Sturgbon, — Acipenser rubicundus. Le Sueur. 
 
 This is the sturgeon of the great lakes and all the larger West- 
 em waters. They are well known. They differ in some respects 
 from those of the Hudson River and other rivers of the Eastern 
 States, and do not attain to such immense size. They are a good 
 fish when properly cooked. The long projecting sucker mouth 
 situated almost under the centre of the head will sometimes suck 
 in from the bottom the angler's baited hook, in which case one 
 might as well try to snub an old log. It is possible, however, to 
 coax him to move occasionally, and then you may, and you may 
 not, succeed in bringing him to gatf. A friend once had a tussle 
 with one for over an hour, but finally conquered, concluding that 
 as a game fish, the sturgeon was not a success. 
 
 Shovel-Nosed ^■VM'Rov.on.—Scaphirhynchops platyrkynchus. Cope. 
 
 This curious fish is found only in the Mississippi and its larger 
 tributaries. It is certainly a strange looking fish. Its striking 
 characteristic is its long, horny, spade-like snout, which is from 
 eight to eighteen inches in length, and from two to three inches 
 wide, and its immense toothless mouth. In large specimens the 
 mouth is sufficiently large to admit of a man's head. The head 
 and shoulders are very large, from which the body tapers gradually 
 to the caudal fin, where it is not more than two inches in diameter. 
 The tail is forked ; wide and hetrocereal, said to be the only fresh 
 water species living possessing this paleontological characteristic. 
 In Lakes Pepin and St. Croix they swarm in countless numbers. 
 How far towards the Gulf they extend has not been ascertained. 
 They are eaten by Indians and half-breeds generally. The whites 
 sometimes corn and smoke them. When thus cured, they are 
 quite palatable. They weigh from ten to forty pounds. 
 
 SALMONID^. 
 
 Mackinaw Trout, or Great Lake 'Xxow'i.—Salmo namaycush. Pennant. 
 
 Special characteristics. Head one-quarter total lengtli ; muz- 
 zle pointed ; scales small and oval ; nostrils double ; jaws and 
 
330 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 tonpfue with a single row of teeth on each side ; vomer with one 
 row. Dorsal fin nearly equi-distant. 
 
 Color. — Dusky brownish grey ; chin and under parts light ash 
 or cream color. Back and sides speckled with numerous irregu- 
 larly shaped spots of lighter grey, brown, or soiled white. Lower 
 fins faint yellow. Resembles siskowet, but has more pointed chin 
 and snout, more deeply forked tail and larger head. 
 
 Habitat. — Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and 
 probably in all the great lakes which lie between the United States 
 and the Arctic Sea. . 
 
 Prof. Milner says that " this fish may be readily taken with the 
 hook baited with a piece of fish, but as they are ravenous feeders, 
 almost any kind of bait will serve the angler's purpose, who will 
 however, derive little sport from their capture, as they are exces- 
 sively dull and sluggish." Professional fishermen capture them 
 with lay-out lines and nets. Herbert says, " A coarse, heavy, stiff 
 rod ; a long and powerful oiled hempen or Haxen line, on a winch 
 with a heavy sinker, a cod hook baited with any kind of flesh, fish 
 or fowl, is the most successful, if not the most orthodox or scien- 
 tific mode of capturing him. His great size and immense strength 
 alone give him value as a fish of game ; but when hooked, he 
 pulls strongly and fights hard, though he is a boring, deep fighter, 
 and seldom, if ever, leaps out of the water like the true salmon 
 or the brook trout." ' .■ • • 
 
 Nevertheless, trolling for trout is a favorite pastime of the resi- 
 dents and tourists of northern Michigan. It is said that the 
 Mackinaw trout bites best when he is fullest. Large and solitary 
 specimens are frequently taken — sometimes with the gaff alone — 
 while swimming at the surface of the water. These are known as 
 " racers," and are always thin. The average weight is about five 
 pounds, but monsters weighing from sixty to one hundred are 
 heard of. The largest that ever came under the writer's observa- 
 tion, weighed fifty-three pounds seven ounces, and was caught 
 near Elk Rapids, or Traverse Bay, The spawning season begins 
 in October and ends early in November. But very little s'^ems to be 
 known of their habits at this season. Rocky bottoms are usually, 
 but not always, preferred. A clay bottom near St. Joseph, Mich., 
 is said to be frequented by trout for this purpose. 
 
fISIlES OF THE WEST. 33 1 
 
 Fishermen claim the principal food of the lake trout to be 
 vvhitet'sh, and assert tliat they are often caught in their nets while 
 robbing^ them of these fish ; however, Milner says in every i istance 
 that came under his observation, the supposed whitefish proved to 
 be ciscoes, yet he does not doubt the fact of their preying upon 
 whitefish to some extent. 
 
 SiscowET, or SiSKOWiTZ. — Salmo tiscowet . Agassiz. 
 
 Specific characteristics. — Head large, nearly one-fourth total 
 length. Snout obtuse and rounded. Two rows of teeth on the 
 tongue. Depth of body at first dorsal equal to one-fifth total 
 length. Scales small, larger on lower region of the body. Color, 
 Resembles somewhat the salmo namayensh from which it may be 
 recognized by its different opercular apparatus. Habitat, Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 The Siscowet spawns in August and September, and always in 
 deep water ; in fact, the fish is never taken in much less than forty 
 fathoms. The fattest of all known fish, it has no unpleasant or 
 oilv odor, and for the table is much valued. This fish has been 
 extensively maligned as unfit for eating in a fresh state ; that it 
 was insufferably oily and rank, though all united in its praise when 
 salted. With the concurrence of such authority as Agassiz, we 
 have no hesitancy in pronouncing it food fit for an emperor in 
 either state. There is, however, a species of white meated trout 
 of very indifferent quality, so closely resembling the siscowet, that 
 it is largely sold under that name, by which means the nobler fish 
 is undervalued, except where well known. This is known to the 
 Indians as the " bear trout," and we presume is the fish that fur- 
 nished ground for criticism to the detractors of the siscowet. The 
 siscowet weigh from five to twenty pounds. It is generally taken 
 in gill nets, but the probability is that it may also be taken by troll- 
 ing, using as bait the cottoid mentioned by Milner as forming the 
 principal part of its food. 
 
 Common Speckled Trovt.— Salmo /ontinalis. Mitch. 
 
 Taken in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, as well as in 
 the streams and rivers that empty into Lake Superior. In the 
 Nepigon River they average three or four pounds each, and an 
 
332 CAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 authenticated specimen is recorded which weighed seventeen 
 pounds. [See Northern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 1 Whitkfish. — Coregonus albus, Le Sueur. 
 
 Specific characteristics : Depth of body equals length of head, 
 which is two-ninths of total length, excluding caudal ; diameter of 
 eye less than length cf snout, which is pointed. Color. Silvery 
 white, resembling the herring. 
 
 Dr. G. A. Stockwell, of Port Huron, Michigan, gives the fol- 
 lowing most excellent description of the habits of this fish : " The 
 whitefish is among the best of lake fish, being second only to the 
 Siscowet, and by many pronounced superior to the great trout. 
 The spawning begins in November, terminating in December, and 
 is indicated by the fish leaving deep water and appearing in im- 
 mense nu ' '"s on rocky shoals. Formerly they frequented the 
 streams for this purpose, but, at the present time, there are but 
 few streams emptying into the great lakes that are free from saw 
 mills and their attendant dust, which are offensive to these fish. 
 At the first day's netting on the spawning beds the catch is wholly 
 males, apparently well stocked with milt ; on the second, a few 
 females appear, plump with spawn. The proportion of females 
 increases day by day, until after a week or ten days, when there 
 are two or three and often four times as many females as males, 
 after which they gradually disappear, until the latter preponder- 
 ate, as they are the last as well as first upon the beds. The best 
 opinion seems to be that the males precede the females only to pre- 
 pare the ground ; especially as they at that time assume an extra- 
 ordinary roughness of scales, and employ themselves constantly in 
 scraping up gravel, on which the spawn is subsequently deposited. 
 Some, however, believe that the mere inclination to milt causes 
 them to seek the proper position without reference to the presence 
 or absence of the females ; others still are of the opinion that they 
 precede only to wait for the females, and do not commence milt- 
 ing until spawning begins. This latter opinion is undoubtedly the 
 true one, for Mr. Milner has established the fact that the act of 
 spawning in the female and milting in the male, is carried on at 
 the same time, and with a slight, though decided orgasm. The 
 males have been accused of lingering for the purpose of feasting 
 
■^'^^- FISHES OF THE WEST. -' 333 
 
 on the spawn, but this is contrary to nature and undoubtedly a 
 slander. The most careful of observers assure me that the males 
 who linger on the beds are employed in covering the spawn. 
 
 " Whitefish of Lake Erie ascend the Detroit River and pass 
 through the lake into the River St. Clair for the purpose of spawn- 
 ing, but seldom, if ever, go higher than Mooretown — eight miles 
 from the outlet of Lake Huron. Again, Lake Huron fish ascend 
 the Ste. Marie River for the same purpose ; but it is a well estab- 
 lished fact that none descend these rivers from the waters above 
 for a like purpose. Lake Huron whitefish rarely enter the River 
 St. Clair, except after a heavy and continued northeast storm, 
 then they are driven into the river in large schools. 
 
 " The average whitefish is of two or three pounds weight ; a 
 large one six or seven ; rare specimens are caught, however, of 
 much greater weight, sometimes turning the scales at twenty 
 pounds. Those of Lake Superior and the Straits are larger, fatter 
 and finer in flavor than those of the lower lakes. In the rapids of 
 the Sault Ste. Marie they are taken in large quantities by the Chip- 
 pewa Indians in dip nets and are of very superior flavor. The 
 fish of Lake Huron and Upper Lake Michigan are very fair, but 
 those of Lake Erie are decidedly inferior, which is probably due to 
 the difference in temperature of these waters. Few travellers ever 
 taste whitefish in perfection except they have visited the northern 
 resorts. As eaten upon the hotel tables of Buffalo, Chicago, and 
 even Detroit, it is comparatively a tasteless fish ; as a meal for an 
 epicure it must be had fresh from the icy waters at the Straits or 
 of Lake Superior, and cooked as soon as may be after it is caught. 
 Then, to our thinking, the whitefish is one of the most toothsome 
 fishes that swim, superior even to the salmon or brook trout. 
 
 " Formerly the capture of whitefish was conducted by means of 
 seines, but the wholesale destruction on the spawning beds has 
 caused gill and pound net to supersede them. The food of this 
 fish was long a matter of conjecture, but is now believed to consist 
 mainly of the mmute crustaceans and mollusks that inhabit these 
 lakes. This is rendered probable from the fact that the mouth is 
 constructed for nibbling along the bottom, being directed nearly 
 downward. The frequent failure to find food in the stomach of 
 the whitefish, is doubtless due to their capture in pound nets, 
 
334 GAME FIS/f OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 where they would remain sufficiently long to digest the contents, 
 but those caught by gilling have generally food partially digested. 
 It is asserted that whitefish are migratory ; how true ihis is I do 
 not know, except it be for spawning purposes ; they do, however, 
 seek the deeper and cooler waters as summer advances. The 
 presence of large fishes in numbers at certain localities, of a size 
 never taken anywhere else, would suggest a local habit, with no 
 disposition for long voyages." 
 
 Whitefish do not take the hook readily, and the opinion has 
 obtained that they could not be caught in this fashion. Never- 
 theless they have afforded good sport to the angler with a fly-rod 
 baited with the May-fly, {Kphemera) ; and worms have also been 
 used with success. The whitefish of the Rocky Mountains take 
 flies as readily .^ trout, and so do some of the eastern whitefish 
 at certain seasons of the year. 
 
 Grayling. — Thymcillus tricolor. Cope. 
 
 specific characteristics. — Depth of body is contained four times 
 and two-thirds in total length without caudal. Head enters about 
 five times ; length of snout ecjuals diameter of eye ; lower jaw pro- 
 jects slightly. Origin of d(jrsal fin corresponds to the middle of 
 the distance between operculum and ventrals. Color, Purplish- 
 grey; silvery white on belly ; small bluish black irregular spots on 
 sides. Dorsal fin which is greatly developed has along its insertion 
 a black line, ne.xt one of rosy pink, then a dark one, and one of 
 rose hue just above, beginning at si.xth ray ; a row of spots of dull 
 green ; a row of very small fifty-six ray spots ; finally a broad 
 dusky area. Prof. Milner says ; " There is no species sought for 
 by anglers that surpasses the grayling in beauty. They are more 
 elegantly formed than the trout, and their great dorsal fin is a su- 
 perb mark of beauty. When the well-lids were lifted, and the sun- 
 rays admitted, lighting up the delicate olive-brown tints of the back 
 and sides, the bluish white of the abdomer, and the mingling of 
 tints of rose, pale blue, and purplish pink on the fins, it displayed 
 a combination of living colors that is equalled by no fish outside 
 of the tropics." 
 
 And Mr. Fred. Mather adds : " The grayling has all the fins of 
 a trout ; his pectorals are olive-brown, with a bluish cast at the 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. . • 335 
 
 end (I am describing him in the water as I saw him in my ponds 
 an hour ago,) the ventrals are large and beautifully striped with 
 alternate streaks of brown and pink, the anal is plain brown, the 
 caudal is very forked and plain, while the crowning glory is its 
 immense dorsal ; this fin rises forward of the middle of its back, 
 and in a fish a foot long it will be nearly three inches in length by 
 two high, having a graceful curved outline, and from eighteen to 
 twenty rays dotted with large red or bluish purple spots, which in 
 life are brilliant, and are surrounded with a splendid emerald green, 
 which fades after death ; it does not seem as if this green could be 
 represented by the painter's art ; it is that changeable shade seen 
 in the tail of the peacock, 
 
 " In shape the fish is like a trout, a trifle slimmer, perhaps, and 
 not so thick near the tail, but the 'Cm on the back of a trout looks 
 so small and scjuare, so deficient in outline and color, after behold- 
 ing the graceful curve of a grayling's dorsal. The scale is large, 
 silvery, with sometimes a copper tinge ; near the shoulders there 
 are black spots, sometimes triangular, and at others V shaped ; in 
 some fish these extend nearly to the tail near the back ; they are in 
 lines which gradually shorten towards the belly ; the mouth is small 
 (nearly square when opened), and the teeth are merely a slight 
 roughness on the lips, none on the tongue. But you want to see 
 him come in on a line, with his fins all standing, and your eje will 
 then give you a better idea than all the cold-blooded descriptions 
 could ever do." 
 
 The generic name tkymallits is derived from Thuinallos, the 
 Greek term for thyme, from the impression the Greeks had that 
 the fish possessed the odor of this herb. Hence the Thymalli 
 must have attracted attention from a very early period. 
 
 This tribe of fishes bears marked relationship in many respects 
 to the sahnonidce. They inhabit the cold streams of many portions 
 of the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. It is a game fish 
 of the first quality, takes the fly with avidity, and carries on a brave 
 and spirited contest with its captor. Its flesh is white, or faintly 
 straw color, and excellent in flavor. The artificial breeding of the 
 grayling was successfully carried on in liavaria twenty years ago 
 by Mr. Kauffer Royal, fisherman in the Garden of the Royal Vet- 
 erinary School. Fred. Mather and Seth Green, our eminent pisci- 
 
33^ GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 culturists, have both bred the grayling successfully by the artificial 
 process. . . 
 
 Its habitat is the centre of the lower peninsula of Michigan, a 
 wide, elevated plateau, a sand region, with a soil containing a 
 veiy small per cent, of organic matter, and covered with a forest 
 of pines, generally the T^orway pine. From this plateau rise sev- 
 eral large streams and rivers, flowing each way, into Lakes Huron 
 and Michigan. Among these are three rivers of note, the Muske- 
 gon, 'he Manistee, emptying into Lake Michigan, and the Ausable, 
 emptying into Lake Huron. Among the minor streams are the 
 Cheboygan, Thunder Bay, and Rifle, tributary to Lake Huron, and 
 the Jordan, emptying through Pine Lake into the Traverse Bays 
 of Lake Michigan. A few branches and streams, spring fed, are 
 formed, in which the water has a unifc degree of coldness 
 throughout the summer, seldoi' rising ujc»'e fifty -two degrees. 
 The rivers Rifle, Ausable, Jord:... Hersey, branch of the Muske- 
 gon, and the headwaters of the M.nistee, all have this character, 
 and in all of these, and only in this limited locality, is found the 
 Michigan Grayling. 
 
 The grayling is a spring spawner — spawns in April, and is in 
 best condition and fighting trim in September. His food is the 
 fresh-water shrimp, caddis, larvas, snails, and the larvae of the 
 ihironomus fly. They take the artificial fly as greedily as trout 
 do, are angled for in precisely the same spots where trout would 
 be sought. As Sir Humphrey Davy says of the English species, 
 " He rises rapidly from the bottom or middle of the water, darting 
 upwards, and having seized his fly returns to his station." He cer- 
 tainly affords as much sport as the trout, and his tender mouth re- 
 quires more careful handling. Prof. Milner says that " hooking a 
 large one, he had good evidences of his plucky qualities ; the pliant 
 rod bent as he struggled against the line, curling his body around 
 columns of water that failed to sustain his grasp, and setting his 
 great dorsal fin like an oar backing water, while we cautiously 
 worked him in, his tender mouth requiring rather more careful 
 handling than would be necessary for a trout ; making a spurt up 
 stream, he requires a yielding line, but after a time he submits to 
 be brought in, rallying for a dart under the boat, or beneath a 
 log, as an attempt is made to place the landing net under him. 
 
FISHES OF THE WEST. 
 
 337 
 
 Finally brought on board, exhausted, he is easily removed from 
 the hook." 
 
 They are free, strong biters, and cannot be considered very 
 shy, as they will rise repeatedly to a fly if a failure is made in hook- 
 ing them. Often two, and occasionally three, are landed at once. 
 Nevertheless, experience proves that it sometimes requires all the 
 ingenuity of an experienced fly-fisherman to induce an occasional 
 rise, even when grayling are seen to be plentiful in the river. 
 Very many styles of flies are used. The favorite grayling fly is 
 made with a stone wing and yellow body ; brown and grey hackles, 
 the white and lead wing coachman, the silver widow, the Jewel fly, 
 and the professor, with light yellow dyed hackle, mostly used. In 
 fact any fly tied ^n No. 6 and 8 O'Shaughnessy hooks will kill, if 
 not too gaudy. 
 
 The history of the discovery of the species is as follows : It 
 has been known for years to the people in adjacent counties, and 
 among the lumbermen, and generally called trout, distinguishing 
 it from the ordinary species by applying the local name of the 
 stream, as the " Hersey trout," or the " Jordan," or " Ausable" 
 trout. 
 
 In the winter of 1864 and 1865, Prof. Edward D. Cope, of the 
 Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, worked up a large collection of 
 fishes, sent by Mr. M. Miles, of Lansing, belonging to educational 
 institutions of the State of Michigan. Among these he found this 
 species, readily detecting its relation to the genus Thytnallus, and 
 giving it the name o{ tricolor. In the winter of 1872, Mr. D. Fitz- 
 hugh procured specimens and forwarded them to Professor Baird 
 of the Smithsonian Institution, and to Professor Agassiz, as well as 
 to prominent authorities of the hook and line profession. These 
 were the first specimens obtained by the museums, and were 
 regarded with a great deal of interest. Two obtained for the U. 
 S. Commission of Fisheries in 1871, from the Jordan River, were 
 lost in the great fire at Chicago. Mr. Fitzhugh subsequently 
 went before the legislature of his State and induced the passage of 
 a law protecting the grayling from a too rapid destruction. He 
 was also the first to communicate with reference to their habits 
 and qualities as a game fish. 
 
 »l 
 
338 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 CYPRINID^. 
 
 Red Horse or Lake Sucker. — Catostotnus cepedianum. 
 
 A large red-finned sucker weighing from one to six pounds. 
 Often eaten fresh, but much better corned ; very bony. They are 
 quite a handsome fish, like many of the family. It is taken only 
 with spear, seine and snare — the latter method the best. In very 
 hot, sultry days they swarm by the acre, playing, jumping and 
 tumbling on or so near the surface as to be plainly seen. In Lake 
 Pepin they are described as so numerous that not a foot of water 
 for acres in extent is undisturbed. They spawn early in spring. 
 The young are much valued for bait, and are well adapted for the 
 aquarium. 
 
 Buffalo. — Bubalichthys bubalus. Agassiz. 
 
 One of the largest of the suckers {catostomidcB) found in the 
 Ohio River, and in many Western waters. An excellent food fish. 
 
 SCIENID^. 
 
 Malashkganay ; sheepshead. — Corvina richardsonii. — Cuv. and Val. 
 
 This species is common in Lake Huron where it is highly 
 prized as food, and also occurs in Lake Erie. It is taken with 
 crayfish, on which it principally feeds. Length from one to tvv'o 
 feet. Color, grey with dark transverse bands above ; sides silvery ; 
 abdomen yellowish. The sheepshead of Lake Pepin is not valued 
 as food. 
 
 SILURID^. 
 
 There are but two species of catfish found in the west — the 
 Mud Cat and the Lake or Channel Cat. The former is worthless, 
 but the latter, which is common in the waters of the Upper 
 Mississippi, is universally regarded as a fine and healthy food 
 fish, and is much sought for by many. It is of a dark brown 
 color, sometimes nearly black ; attains a large size, occasionally 
 weighing as much as a hundred pounds, taken with hook and line, 
 with any kind of bait from a piece of wheat dough to any piece of 
 meat. Beef's liver is a favorite bait. On the hook they are strong and 
 most obstinate, and will often carry away the very strongest tackle. 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 FOR the abundance and variety of its edible and game fishes, 
 the Northwest far surpasses all other regions of North 
 America, not only in its Salmonidac, but in other classes or families. 
 Referring only superficially to the ichthyc fresh water fauna of 
 Alaska, which have not been thoroughly investigated by scientists, 
 we enumerate the following, irrespective of order or classification : 
 A sucker found there, v/hich is called craskee by the Russians, 
 ( Catostomus teres) is quite common, and for its Northern habitat, 
 quite large, averaging from four to seven pounds. A species of 
 the cottideE, called unduk by the Tinnehs, frequents the shallow 
 streams and ponds, and is caught in large numbers by the abo- 
 rigines who scoop them out with their hands, paddles and grass 
 baskets. The flesh is insipid but sweet, and for this flavor a few 
 tribes like it. If one were to give it an English cognomen he 
 would be apt to call it a black bullhead or sculpin. A small dace, 
 also found with this, bites readily at a baited hook. The pike 
 {Escyx estor,) is very abundant in the ponds and lakes of the almost 
 Arctic regions of Alaska. It resembles its eastern congener, is of 
 little use as an article of food or sport, and it is, therefore, let 
 severely alone, except the comparatively limited numbers caught 
 in seines for the purpose of feeding the sledge dogs. The burhot, 
 eel pout, or losh, {^Lota inaculata,) swarms in the lakes and rivers, 
 and being quite edible, and weighing from thirty to fifty pounds, 
 it forms quite an extensive article of food, for when broiled, it is 
 quite delicate, the flesh being hard and compact. The liver is 
 considered the best portion, as it is permeated by a sweet, rich oil, 
 which is often extracted for the purpose of the cuisine. The skin, 
 which is translucent when prepared, is used quite frequently for 
 window glass. The male, which is smaller than the female, often 
 carries two gall bladders, while the female has but one. The latter 
 will compare with any of her order in fecundity, for she is full of 
 
I 
 
 340 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 roe in the spawning season, from October to January. These she 
 bears in two sacs near the vent, which are connected by an open- 
 ing with the cloaca. Though slow in movement and apparently 
 dull, this species destroys large numbers of whitefish, and others 
 of less importance. The grayling, {T/iyfuahts signifer) is very 
 abundant. Of the whitefish, there are several varieties or species, 
 the larger portion being allied to the southern prototypes, the 
 greater difference being in their numbers. There are the nulato 
 — nulatoski of the Russians — a small bony and comparatively use- 
 less fish ; the morskoi, or whitefish of the Russians, a highly edible 
 variety, which weighs between two and four pounds, and has firm, 
 succulent flesh. It is readily recognized by its small head and fins. 
 The hump-backed species, the corabati of the Russians and 
 Ko-lak-ah of the Yukons, is quite abundant, but bony and insipid, 
 the coregonus »asus, or round fish — the Russian i'fug, and Yukon 
 hutnen — with its long subfusiform body and lean muzzle, is a denizen 
 of several streams, and is often caught for food ; the Coregonus 
 nntksun, or broad whitefish, the tel-ih-yuh of the Yukons, with its 
 large scales, broad body, short head and v/eight of thirty pounds, 
 is readily distinguished from the others, and as it is excellent for 
 the table, large numbers are caught at all seasons by the Indians. 
 The largest of this genus is the great whitefish, {Luciotrutta 
 leucichthys,) which excels its congeners not only in size but flavor. 
 It is very abundant in the Slikine and Yukon Rivers — and is 
 found in all the streams throughout the year. It measures between 
 two and four feet in length, and its weight ranges from twenty to 
 forty or fifty pounds. It is full of eggs from October to the first 
 of January, so is in the best of condition from May to August. It 
 has a fine outline, being slender and long ; and its color is bright 
 silvery above, somewhat darker beneath. Despite the abundance 
 of this fish and its excellent edible qualities, it is not used as an 
 article of commerce. It certainly seems plausible to suppose that 
 its size and numerical strength would render its capture and ex- 
 portation a successful enterprise if the limited fishing-grounds of 
 Lake Superior can be worked with profit. , . 
 
 The profusion of salmon and whitefish in .Alaska should make 
 that region the supply depot of the world, for they are certainly 
 abundant enough to feed the people who use fish as a portion of 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 341 
 
 their diet. All required to prosecute the business is a compara- 
 tively small capital, and whoever is first in the field has the best 
 chance, for ere long this great wealth will be utilized by those 
 whose means will be ample enough to enable them to monopolize 
 the largest share. 
 
 The species enumerated, and the brook trout, (5. steUufus), are 
 the only fishes frequenting the fresh waters of Alaska, that have 
 much interest for mankind in general. 
 
 Passing now to the more immediate and better known regions 
 of the great Northwest, in which we include all that country which 
 lies beyond the Upper Mississippi River, and especially that be- 
 yond the eastern foot hills of the Rocky Mountains, we shall 
 attempt to particularize all the recognized varieties except the sea 
 salmon, which we prefer to class among the fishes of the Pacific 
 Coast, under which head they will be found. The following list is 
 given hy D. S. Jordan and Herbert E. Copeland in their paper en- 
 titled " Check List of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North 
 America," {Bulletin of the Buffalo Academy of Natural Sciences^ 
 p. 144, December, 1876.) 
 
 Salmo iridea. — Gibbons. 
 
 ' " niasoni. — Suckley. d. s. 
 
 ' " pleuriticus, — Cope. 
 
 " vtrginalis. — Suckley. 
 
 " carinatus. — Cope. d. s. 
 
 " lewis/. — Suckley. 
 
 " stomtas. — Cope. 
 
 " spHurus. — Cope. 
 
 " brevictzuda. — Suckley. 
 
 Salmo warreni. — Suckley. d, s. 
 
 " kennerlyi. — Suckley. 
 
 " bairdii. — Suckley. 
 
 " parkii. — Suckley. 
 
 " hoodii. — Richardson. 
 
 " nen<berryi. — Girard. d. s. 
 
 " alipes. — Richardson, d. s. 
 
 " nitidus. — Richardson, d. s. 
 
 " campbclli. — Richardson, d. s 
 
 " gibbsii. — Suckley. 
 
 Of these, the names marked with " d. s." in italics may be con- 
 sidered as doubtful species requiring revision. They may prove 
 only synonyms of at present well known species. 
 
 SALMONID^. 
 
 Pacific Brook Trout.— Mountain Trout.— i'<z/w(j tVtVM. Gibbons. 
 
 Special characteristics. — Head one-fourth the total length ; di- 
 ameter of eye enters length of head five times, dorsal fin half-way 
 
342 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. v 
 
 between end of muzzle and insertion of caudal fin ; muzzle pointed. 
 Branchia;, x, xi. Color, olive-brown on back with silvery reflec- 
 tions, fins red or orange. Head and gill covers spotted profusely 
 with black ; back and sides also spotted irregularly, numerous near 
 the tail. Dorsal, adipose and caudal fins also spotted. 
 
 Suckley states it may be distinguished from S. lewisi by its 
 large head and more slender form, larger scales, more numerous 
 spots and more forked tail. From S. virginalis by its strongly 
 forked tail and spotted head. Habitat, California and Pacific 
 States. It has been taken in nearly all the waters of the Pacific, 
 notably at San Mateo Creek, Cal., San Francisco, Chico Creek, 
 Cal.. Humboldt Bay, Dallas, Oregon, Fort Steilacoom, Nisqually 
 Creek, Cape Flattery, Puget Sound, Kern River, Cal., etc. 
 
 This species may be taken with almost any kind of bait. It 
 will rise readily and greedily to the fly or the grasshopper ; raw 
 meat is good, the eye of a fish excellent ; grubs, larvae, and worms, 
 all seem to be eagerly desired. Suck'ey has taken them by troll- 
 ing with a " belly fin of a fresh killed fish." There is a peculiarity 
 of this fish and its western congeners regarding location, which is 
 worthy of mention. Unlike the eastern trout it seems rather to 
 prefer moderate currents of water, or indeed pools which are ab- 
 solutely still, and this fact should be remembered by those who 
 fish. This specimen attains a weight of from four to six pounds, 
 and is in good condition for the table from spring until near Christ- 
 mas, at which time they begin to spawn. 
 
 Mr. Henshaw, the ornithologist of the Expedition for Explora- 
 tions West of the one hundredth Meridian, who has had consider- 
 able experience, states that " in the rapids of the mountain streams 
 artificial flies can be used with excellent effect, the smaller individuals 
 striking freely. In the pools of such streams, however, they are 
 of less service, grasshoppers or the white larvae found in rotten 
 pine stumps being there the most killing bait. Dr. H. C. Yarrow 
 states that he has taken seventeen fine trout out of one pool not 
 more than three feet in diameter, in quick succession with grass- 
 hoppers. In the large mountam streams of Kern River, California, 
 where the trout reach a weight of seven pounds, a spoon bait often 
 proves very taking. Early in the season any or all baits suffice, 
 but later, when the trout get thinned out, they are very shy, and 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. . 343 
 
 clilTicult to tempt with anything-. Mice and squirrels cut into strips 
 liave succeeded where other lures have previously failed. In Lake 
 Tahoe, where S. iridea abound as well as another species, be- 
 lieved to be new, the former are said to reach a weight of thirty 
 pounds. The methods of capture are various, trolling being gen- 
 erally employed, the hook being similar to the one used in the east 
 for catching bluehsh ; but on the hook a minnow is placed as bait, 
 and the boat is slowly rowed along the line of shallow and deep 
 water which varies in depth from thirty to seventy-five feet. The 
 fishermen maintain the existence of two distinct species of trout, 
 which they call " Silver Trout," and the " Black or Salmon Trout," 
 and the difference of color is distinctly appreciable. There is also 
 H marked difference in the size of the adipose fin. 
 
 Mason's Trout. — Salmo masoni. Suckley. 
 
 This species may prove to be only a variety of the preceding. 
 Girard calls it Fario clarkit. It is found in Oregon and Washing- 
 ton Territory. As it is marked as a doubtful species, no descrip- 
 tion is here given of it. ' - - n ■■''■■■, - - 
 
 Rocky Mountain Trout ; Yellowstone Trout. — Salmo pleuriticus. Cope. 
 
 Specific characteristics. — Head rather smaller than its Western 
 congeners ; enters four times in length to notch of caudal, which 
 is well emarginated ; muzzle obtuse ; diameter of eye enters four 
 times in length of head ; depth of body four and five-tenths in 
 length to end of caudal scales ; dorsal fin midway between latter 
 and end of muzzle ; scales small ; Branchias xi. Color, Bluish 
 silvery lead on back, yellowish-white beneath ; sides with short, 
 broad, longitudinal bars of crimson ; a band of the same color 
 occupies the fissure within each ramus of the jaw and skin on the 
 median side of it. Fins crimsoned, none black bordered. This 
 species is well spotted with black, the spots being mostly above 
 the lateral line, on the caudal peduncle, dorsal and caudal fins. It 
 should be mentioned that Prof. Cope and Dr. Yarrow have de- 
 scribed four different varieties of this species in which the mark- 
 ings vary greatly from the type, for description of which the reader 
 is referred to Vol. V., Zoology of " Expedition for Explorations 
 West of one hundredth Meridian," Fishes, 1876, p. 694. 
 
344 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Habitat, Colorado to Arizona. This is by far the most abundant 
 species of the head-waters of the Green, Platte, and Yellowstone 
 Rivers, but is found in Medicine Lodge Creek, Iddho ; in Montana 
 and Nevada, near Fort Garland, Colorado ; San Juan River, Pagosa, 
 Colorado, Rio Grande River, Colorado ; Costilla, New Mexico ; Rio 
 Taos, New Mexico : Chama River, New Mexico ; and the streams 
 of the White Mountains of Arizona. This species may be consid- 
 ered one of the gamiest of its family. Great sport can be had by 
 its capture, especially in the San Juan River, near the Pagosa Hot 
 Springs of Western Colorado. It takes the fly greedily at times, 
 more especially at evening, seeming to prefer a grasshopper in the 
 morning ; but it will bite at minnows and small grubs or worms. 
 Mr. Charles E. Aiken took one evening from a pool in the San 
 Juan River just at sunset, not less than twenty-five pounds of this 
 fish with in old worn-out brown hackle fly. The tourist or sports- 
 man will find Colorado one of the best regions known for the cap- 
 ture of this fish. 
 
 Utah Trout ; Southern Rocky Mountain Trout ; Speckled Trout.— .Ja/wo 
 
 virginalis. Girard. 
 
 Special characteristics. — Head medium, much like 5". pieuri- 
 iicus. Depth of body enters length 5.75, diameter of eye enters 
 side of head 4.5 times, muzzle obtuse ; caudal fin scarcely emar- 
 ginate. Branchiae, ix, ix. 
 
 Color. — Greyish brown above, with purplish reflections, var)nng 
 much in shade and subcireular black spots ; beneath olivaceous, 
 unicolor. Spots on back frequently run into the conjunctiva of 
 the eye, a fact that has not been noticed regarding other species. 
 Habitat. — Southern Rocky Mountains, Utah, Colorado, and New 
 Mexico. 
 
 This species may be distinguished from S. iridea, which it re- 
 sembles somewhat, by its smaller head, absence of dark spots on 
 top of head, and absence of caudal forking. 
 
 These fish are taken in the Provo or Timpanagos River, near 
 Provo City, fifty miles from Salt Lake City, in Utah Lake, a mag- 
 nificent body of water near Provo, and at Pang-witch Lake, not 
 far from the town of Pang-witch, which lies in the valley of the 
 Sevier, southeast of Parowan, Utah. Any angler who should visit 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 345 
 
 Utah ought not to miss visiting one or the other of these localities. 
 The Webber River near Ogden, Utah, is also a good place to fish. 
 
 This fish is (as in fact all the western trout are), exceedingly 
 capricious regarding food. At times they will rise beautifully to 
 flies, dark ones being generally preferred, and at others will take 
 nothing but grasshoppers or minnows. In Provo River they are 
 not known to rise to a fly, but grasshoppers answer well ; in the 
 Beaver River nothing can be done with flies, and at Pang-witch 
 Lake fat pork and fishes' eyes succeed admirably. 
 
 At Utah Lake enormous numbers are taken by nets, frequently 
 five hundred pounds at a single haul, and formerly as much as 
 three thousand seven hundred pounds have been taken. As may 
 be supposed, at this place fishing will not be good much longer. 
 Two hours' ride from Salt Lake City will bring the sportsman to 
 Provo and when there he should visit Mr. Madsen's place, near 
 the Lake, if he desires good fishing. .; 
 
 Yellowstoke Trout.— S'fl/w**? carinatus. Cope. 
 
 specific characters. — Head sharp, well keeled above, 4.66 times 
 in length to notch of caudal, which is well marked ; diam- 
 eter of eye enters length of side of head five times ; dorsal fin 
 nearer muzzle than end of caudal scales, which <are large ; 33 be- 
 low the first ray of the dorsal ; spots large and distinct, far apart. 
 Color. Light rosy, marked with round black spots sparsely 
 distributed over the entire body. The dorsal and caudal fins are 
 spotted. Fins and sides of head crimson. Habitat, Rocky 
 Mountains. Prof. Cope considers this species distinct, but possibly 
 future study of specimens will show it to be identical with the pre- 
 ceding species. The bait taken by the others of its family will also 
 serve for it. . ' . ■ - 
 
 Lewis Trout j Missouri Trout. — Salmo iewisi. Suckley. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body mewhat thick ; back well arched ; 
 head rather small, entering i^oiit five times in length of fish ; 
 tail somewhat notched ; first dorsal ray nearer point of snout than 
 base of caudal. ■ •; 
 
 Color. — Above bluish grey ; lower, orange or yellow. The 
 back, peduncle, dorsal, adipose and caudal fins spotted with black. 
 
34^ GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Belly and lower fins unicolor, a deep orange hue existing along the 
 rays. This species maybe distinguished from S. virginalis by its 
 much smaller head and more deeply matched tail and larger scales ; 
 from .S". iridca by larger scales, smaller head, fewer spots and less 
 forked tail. 
 
 Habitat. — Both slopes of the Rocky Mountains north of the 
 South Pass ; head waters of the Missouri ; southern tributaries of 
 the Yellowstone ; Black Hills of Nebraska ; Clark's Fork of the 
 Columbia ; Kootenay River ; Bitter Root River, Washington 
 Territory. 
 
 Of this fish. Dr. Girard says, this is the trout alluded to in 
 " Lewis' and Clarke's Travels," who speak of it as follows : 
 
 " Being at the falls of the Missouri they caught half a dozen 
 trout, from sixteen to twenty-three inches long, precisely resem- 
 bling in form and the position of the fins, the mountain or speckled 
 trout of the United States, except that the specks of the former are 
 of a deep black, while those of the latter are of a red or golden 
 color. They have long, sharp teeth on the palate and tongue, and 
 generally a small speck of red on each side behind the front 
 ventral (pectoral) fins ; the flesh is of a pale yellowish red, or, 
 when in good order, of a rose-colored red." London edition, p. 
 192, quarto, 18 14. 
 
 Of the manner of taking this fish, Dr. Suckley in his mono- 
 graph of salmonidas, speaks with much pride of having captured 
 some with artificial flies below the Great Falls of the Missouri. 
 It is presumed they will take other baits as well as this. 
 
 Platte River T-rovt. —Salmo stomias. Cope. , 
 
 (U. S. Geol. Surv. of Wyoming, p. 433, 1872.) 
 
 specific characters. — Head large, broad, flat, not keeled, 4.25 
 times in total length of body ; muzzle obtuse ; diameter of eye 
 enters length of side of head nearly five times ; forty-two scales 
 below first dorsal ray ; dorsal fin midway between snout and cau- 
 dal, which is not notched. Scales small ; mouth large. 
 
 Color. — Indistinct brownish blotches on sides, and many black 
 spots on posterior dorsal region, the caudal peduncle and the dor- 
 sal and caudal fins ; anal unspotted ; spots few in front of dorsal. 
 Prof. Cope considers this species an ally of S, lewisi, virgir xlis, 
 and iridea, . . . ... 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 347 
 
 Habztat.-VX^ii^ River, Kansas. Will probablv f^t. 
 the baits already mentioned. ^ ^ '^^^ ^">^ «^ 
 
 Short-ta.led Trout.- <r«/,«,^^,^,V««^«. Suckley 
 
 captured in „e>s or by spearing. Lt ^nl Lke "e'fly! '""'">' 
 
 muc"" ^' '""""'"" '"' '■ ^'""""-■' "•« '"= head is 
 affluents. May be taken whh nTorZok "" """^ ^"^ "^ 
 
 or >Xt" a"riT.^r ^v:o,:^"b^r' ""n^--" 
 
 black, and sharply forked L\ il u u I' ^^ 'P°"^^ "^'^^ 
 generaUy taken^w^t wrb^f^m'^X^^^^^^^^^^ -" '^ 
 
 Warren's Trout.-.S-«/«,. ,,«,,,„,.,.. Suckley 
 
 uso™rtt°r:e:T:::^::'''°^= ^™"^ '- ^--'^ •'^- 
 
 .He™ktVhrs?i:aLteirK' '"f' ""^ ''''" ="- ™ 
 
 common W.K .. /— ^'^^^^r^ct: "s^"/ork™ c" 
 lumbia. Takes the hook readily. ^ ^''^ ^°- 
 
 Resembles 5. bairffij h.,f 1,-, i 
 
 notched tail andmanvnl . ' '■^"' ^'"^' '"^''^ ^^^^P^y 
 
 ici", ana many pale greenish spots on the back Mnh^* I 
 
 Kootenay R.ver. Rocky Mountains. Will take the hook. ' 
 
 ■'\ 
 
348 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Hood's Salmon. — Salmohoodii. Richardson. 
 
 This species properly belongs to the Atlantic cwast fauna, and 
 is found from Canada northward. A good description is given by 
 Richardson in Fauna Bor. Aincr. in., p. 17 2' 
 
 Newberry's TROVT.—Salmo newberryi, Girard. 
 
 This is a doubtful species found in Klamath River, and may be 
 the S. iridea, 
 
 Redfish. 
 
 This fish is found in Payette Lake, Idaho, and in the Wallowa 
 and Isabel Lakes, in the Wallowa Valley, eastern Oregon. Very 
 little appears to be known of it. They are common enough in 
 Alaska, where they run up the rivers from August to October, to 
 spawn. It is barely possible that they are not identical with the 
 Idaho and Oregon fish, though their habits are similar and their 
 period of spawning about the same. They evidently belong to the 
 family of Salmonidce, and we so classify them. The fullest infor- 
 mation yet published about them was furnished by the Idaho 
 World, a paper published at Silver City, from which we quote : 
 
 About a hundred miles to the northward of Idaho City is 
 " Payette Lake," as beautiful a sheet of water as can be found. 
 This lake is the largest of a cluster of four or five situated in its 
 immediate vicinity, and is about twelve miles in length by three 
 miles (average) in width. It is both fed and drained by the North 
 fork of the Payette River, which passes directly through it. Its 
 waters are said to be hundreds of feet deep, and are as clear as 
 the most finely polished mirror. The country ar und the lake is 
 mountainous, and the scenery varied, but picturesque and beauti- 
 ful. In it is found a species of fish known here by the name of 
 •' redfish," an appellation derived by their color, which is a beau- 
 tiful vermilion, with the exception of the head and fins, which are 
 of a dark earthy green color. The habits are similar to those of 
 the salmon, and like the salmon they spawn and then die. The 
 male and female are easily distinguishable, the colors of the male 
 being much brighter than those of the female. They live in the 
 deep water in the lake, and we have no account of one ever hav- 
 ing been seen in the lake only when coming up out of the water 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 349 
 
 at the mouth of the river, when goinjj up the river to spawn, 
 which they do from about the last of July until nearly the last of 
 October. When ascending the river, they travel in schools num- 
 bering from one to two or three hundred, and fishermen land 
 them in large quantities by means of drag nets and seines. When 
 fresh, or when properly cured, they are esteemed a greater deli- 
 cacy for table use than even the mountain trout ; but great skill 
 and care, and, above all, great cleanliness, is required for their 
 preservation in a manner for the table. Dried, they are preferred 
 to either herring or codfish, but the best way to preserve them is 
 in brine. Put up in this way — care being observed to have them 
 perfectly fresh and perfectly clean — they are probably not excelled 
 by any fish in the world. The writer has seen them late in the 
 fall moving down the river as if returning to the lake, but such 
 multitudes of them die along the stream that it is believed to be 
 impossible that any get back alive. In size the *' redfish " vary but 
 little, being generally about twenty inches long, and weighing 
 from three and a half to five pounds. Being unknown to both 
 British and American fishermen, they are coming to be looked 
 upon as confined solely to Idaho and Lake Payette, and the object 
 of this article is to call attention to the fact of their existence, and 
 to draw out an expression of opinion from persons capable of 
 judging as to their place among the " finny tribe." Besides, they 
 are a great delicacy, and it may yet be found practicable to stock 
 the lakes of California, Oregon, and Nevada, and perhaps of all 
 the Northern and Northwestern States and Territories, with them ; 
 the only apparent requisites necessary to their propagation being 
 depth of pure, cold water, and a gravelly stream for their spawn. 
 
 Pacific Red Spotted Salmon Trout ; the Dolly Varden.— i"a/w/o campbelli. 
 
 Suckley. 
 
 This species inhabits chiefly glacial waters ; is found in the 
 
 northern streams of California and as far north as Alaska. They 
 
 have whitish yellow spots just below the back, and red spots 
 
 above the belly. Tail forked. It takes the bait greedily and rises 
 
 readily to the tly. 
 
 Back's Grayling ; Lesser grayling. — Thymallus iigni/er.— Cuv. and VaU 
 Specific characters. — Head about one-sixth total length, ex- 
 cluding caudal. Depth of body greater than length of head, 
 
350 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 anterior ray of dorsal fin is in front of a point midway between the 
 pectorals and ventrals. Branchiae, 9 ; fin formula as follows : D. 
 24 ; A. 3-11 ; C. 8-18-7; P. 15 ; V. 10. 
 
 Color. — Ashy grey with small bluish spots. Dorsal fin spotted. 
 Habitat, British America. Dall speaks of this species as being 
 abundant in the small rapid rivers of Alaska, and states moreover 
 that it is the only Yukon fish that will take the hook ; is abundant 
 in the spring. It is thought that almost any fly resembling the 
 natural ones of the locality will answer as bait ; for a showy lure a 
 piece of grayling fin will answer. 
 
 Mountain Gnwhi^G.—Thymallusmontanus. Milner. 
 
 Specific characters. — Form stouter than preceding species. 
 Depth of body greater than length of the head ; region of dorsal 
 fin anterior to a point midway between the pectorals and the ven- 
 trals. The body is deeper than in the other American species, the 
 length of the head is greater than that of T. signifer. The fork- 
 ing of the tail is less than in T. tricolor. 
 
 Color. — Resembles somewhat preceding species, but the red 
 spots on the dorsal are semicircled by a thin border of emerald 
 green. The ventrals also show a shade of green, and the caudal 
 is plain in color. Habitat, Missouri River, Montana. 
 
 The same methods of capture as advised for preceding species 
 may be employed for this. 
 
 Williamson's Whitefish ; Mountain \itxx\x\^.—CoregonuswiUiamsoni. Girard. 
 
 Specific characters. — Head enters total length five and a half 
 times ; mouth small and herring like ; diameter of eye enters 
 length of side of head five times ; anterior margin of dorsal fin 
 nearer the posterior edge of the base of the adipose than the ex- 
 tremity of the snout. Scales well developed, somewhat larger on 
 dorsal than ventral region. Color, Bluish neutral tint above, 
 silvery white beneath. Habitat, Utah to Washington Territory. 
 Abundant in Provo and Sevier Rivers, Utah. They are taken in 
 November in great numbers with hook and line, and a certain min- 
 now for bait, (Clinostomus tcenia) called " leatherside " by the 
 Mormon settlers. They bite well and freely, affording excellent 
 sport. A few are taken in Utah Lake by net, though seldom. In 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 351 
 
 the Sevier River they have been taken in Aujjust with grass- 
 hoppers. These were very much smaller than those from 
 Provo. The largest specimen seen measured eighteen inches 
 in length. 
 
 Another species of Coregonus is the C. quadrilatcirals, from 
 the upper great lakes of British America ; and there are still two 
 others that have been recently taken, the first from Chief Mountain 
 Lake, and other waters on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, 
 called by Prof. Milner C. couesii, the other caught by Mr. Henshaw 
 at Lake Tahoe, which Prof. Gill calls C viontanus. As it did not 
 take the hook at the t.. e of Mr. Henshaw's visit, we can give no 
 information as to the bait. The Indians, however, take large 
 numbers in nets. 
 
 CouEs' Whitefish. — Rocky Mountain Whitefish.— C couesii. Milner. 
 
 This fish is very common in the Yellowstone, Montana, and 
 Little Blackfoot Rivers, on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, 
 where they exceed four pounds in weight, and afford much sport 
 to the angler. They are very often taken with the fly, while fish- 
 ing for trout. They are also taken in Chief Mountain Lake, on 
 the eastern edge of the mountains. 
 
 The most marked feature is the extensive prolongation of the 
 snout which protrudes far beyond the opening of the mouth. The 
 head narrows regulai-ly toward the anterior of the frontals, where 
 two strong angles are found narrowing the head abruptly at the 
 point where the short supraorbitals join, and the frontals and 
 nasals continue forward in a narrow blade-like extension. The 
 adipose fin is large, attached to the body almost to the posterior 
 extremity, and is ensheathed in scales for a considerable distance 
 from the dorsal line. The greatest height of body is equal to the 
 length of the snout. 
 
 CYPRINIDyE. 
 
 Suckers, — Catostomida. 
 
 These fish, although not taking the hook readily, can be se- 
 cured with nets, spears, and such net-baskets as the Indians make 
 
 use of. . . . 
 
352 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Sucker, of the Mormons. — Pnntosteus platyrhynchus. Cope. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body elongate ; head short and wide, 
 entering total length five and three-quarter times ; scales larger in 
 caudal than near head ; dorsal fin nearer muzzle than base of tau- 
 dal. Color. Blackish above, yellowish below. Habitat, Prove 
 River, Utah. Taken with bait of pork ; alh j in net. 
 
 Yarrow's Sucker. — Pantosteus jarrovii . Cope. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body not so elongate as preceding ; head 
 enters total length about five times. Dorsal fin intermediate. 
 Color. Above, light brown with narrow dusky spots and clouds ; 
 a narrow light abdominal band. Chin and fins red. Habitat. 
 Colorado, New Mexico. This specimen is the prevalent catos- 
 tomoid of the Rio Grande Basin. I do not know if it will take 
 the hook. 
 
 Utah Lake Sucker. — Catostomus /ecundus. Cope and Yarrow. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body thick ; head enters total length five 
 times ; diameter of eye enters length of side of head six times ; 
 dorsal fin nearer end of muzzle than insertia of caudal, scales 
 largest near caudal. Color. Brownish black above, yellowish 
 beneath. Habitat, Lake Utah, Utah. Is generally fished for 
 with nets but will occasionally take the hook. 
 
 Catostomus guzmantensi. Girard. 
 
 Has also been taken in Utah Lake, but it is not well known. 
 
 Horned Chub. ler\itT.—Cerattchthys biguttatus. Kirt. 
 
 Specific characters. — Head enters length four times ; depth 
 about the same. Scales large. Fin formulae : D. i, 8; A. i, 7. 
 Color. Bluish olive ; fins light orange. Bites readily at any bait. 
 This fish was discovered in 1872 by Dr. Yarrow and Mr. Hen- 
 shaw in a small creek near Harmony, Utah. It is the common 
 eastern horned chub, which is widely distributed from Pennsyl- 
 vania to Utah. It may be found elsewhere further westward. 
 
 A species of chub is found in Lake Utah of which the scien- 
 tific name is in doubt, consequent!; it is passed over with the re- 
 
FISHES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 353 
 
 mark that it bites well at grasshopper, pork and worms, and is 
 good eating. 
 
 With regard to the fishes to be had in the vicinity of Provo. 
 Utah, it may be stated that it is the only place west of the Rocky 
 Mountains where an abundance of angle worms may be had, the 
 species having been introduced by an enterprising physician 
 from the east. 
 
 Half Scaled Chub.— (7/7a seminuda. Cope and Yarrow. 
 
 Specific characters. — General appearance similar to others of 
 the genus. Head enters total length five times. Diameter of 
 eye enters length of side of head four times. Scales small and 
 subcircular. 
 
 Color. — Purplish brown above, silvery beneath. Fins yellowish 
 to pink. Habitat. — Rio Virgen River, Utah. 
 
 This species is very abundant in the river named, near Wash- 
 ington, Utah, and hundreds are taken by hook and line. Bait 
 used, grasshoppers. 
 
 MUGILID^E. 
 
 Mullet of the Mormons. — Siboma atraria. Girard. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body elongated ; head enters total length 
 a little less than four times ; mouth small ; eye enters length 
 of side of head five and a half times. Anterior margin of dorsal 
 fin nearer the insertion of caudal than end of snout. 
 
 Color. — Brownish black above ; greyish white below. Habitat. 
 — Utah, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, in short, is one of the 
 most abundant species in the Rocky Mountain Basin. Is not gen- 
 erally fished for, as the flesh is poor and insipid during the warm 
 months. Will not generally take the hook except it be baiterl 
 with grubs or larvas of which they appear to be very fond. Are 
 sometimes taken in the trout nets at Lake Utah weighing from 
 five to p«ven pounds. 
 
 Long headed Mullet. — Siboma atraria, var. longiceps. Cope. 
 
 Is a fish greatly resembling the preceding, which is found in Ne- 
 vada, Utah and New Mexico ; bites freely at grasshoppers. 
 
t. ' 
 
 PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 
 
 PERCID.^. 
 
 San Francisco T?kkch.— A mbloplites interruptus. Girard. 
 
 This is one of the most common fish on the Pacific Coast. It 
 is known as the sea perch, porgy, or surf fish. They are the same 
 fish that are known at the east as the cunner, nipper, bergall, 
 chogset, blue perch, etc. The general color is black, mixed with 
 brown, with faint transverse bars of an uncertain dusky hue. The 
 largest exhibit a light orange tint throughout the whole body, with 
 the head and gill-covers of a chocolate color, mixed with light blue, 
 and with blue fins and general bronze coloring in some lights. 
 Like all the perch tribe, on the back is a stiff fin with spines. They 
 are caught most plentifully near rocky shores ; they take almost 
 any bait. It is a tolerably good and sweet pan fish, but they 
 should be eaten as fresh as possible, as their flesh is very soft. 
 
 The perch, which inhabit chiefly the nvers, abound much also, 
 in some parts of the bays ; they are white with blotches of a dirty 
 black on their sides. The quality of their flesh is much better than 
 that of the sea perch. They are found but in small numbers on 
 the ocean coast ; they run about two pounds in weight. 
 
 ^OQ^vx^H.—Paralabrax clathratus. Girard. Dusky Rockfish. — Paralabrax 
 
 nebuli/er. Girard. 
 
 There is a numerous variety of these rockfish of several colors, 
 brown, black, and bright red, of which those mentioned are the 
 most prominent. They are taken in plenty wherever the bottom 
 is rocky. They weigh from half a pound to twenty or thirty pounds. 
 You fish as deeply as possible for them, and they are almost om- 
 nivorous in thfir appetites, taking all sorts of worms, flesh and 
 small fish. Their meat is white, and good in flavor and firm- 
 ness. 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 
 
 355 
 
 TRACHINIDyE. 
 Of this family the Hetcrostichus rostratus is very common. 
 
 SPHYR^NID^E. 
 
 The barracouta. or barracuda, {SpJiyrana argentca, Girard) is 
 very common, a voracious and very active fish, tal<en by trolling 
 just outside of the kel]). 
 
 SCORP/ENID.^. 
 
 Rock Fish J rock cod.— ,SV6;r/^«.i jf„//„/.«. Girard. 
 
 Bites best at " lobster," (so called,) or at the flesh of Halwtus 
 spiendens, the "ear-shell," 
 
 Rock Cod; red fish. -i-^3«f/«^<,jrt^^«j. Girard. 
 Is qui^te common, frequenting the vicinity of islands, and as it 
 bites read.Iy at a baited hook, furnishes excellent sport. It varies 
 from sixteen to twenty-two inches in length. The upper regions 
 and sices are of a light purplish brown, the latter being mottled a 
 shade darker. The superior surface of the head is spineless. Sev- 
 eral other varieties, or species, are found south of Astoria. Oregon 
 namely the pauczSpims^ aurictdatus, melanops, and fasciatus, 
 which differ only m minor details. 
 
 SCI^NIDvE. 
 
 Little Bass. Liostcnus Hneatu..-^y^,^. Common Kingfish. Umhrinaundu^ 
 Not abundant. '"'" ^"'^'■''• 
 
 ATHERINID^. 
 
 ^^'B.VV.—Atherhtopsiscali/orniensis. Girard. 
 
 This beautiful silvery fish, with its silver lateral line extendino- " 
 from Its shoulders to its tail, is common along the Pacific coast** 
 and are taken in great quantities from February- ist to October' 
 They average nine inches in length, and individuals have been 
 taken that weighed two pounds. A fish of the latter size affords 
 hue play for the angler. They are taken in the bays, especially in ' 
 
35^ GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 San Francisco Bay, with a cane, bamboo, or other rod from fif- 
 teen to eighteen feet in length, made either with or without joints, 
 
 - and a light but strong line, either fastened to the top of the pole, 
 or connected with a good large four-fold multiplying reel, at the 
 end of which line there is rather a heavy lead or sinker, above 
 which are tied three or four small hooks about a foot apart, baited 
 with pieces of worms, found among the mussels which attach 
 themselves to the piles of a wharf or bridge. The smelts come up 
 and return with each tide to cast their spawn or melt on those 
 shores and flats of the bay which are either sandy or muddy. In 
 the full season, which is in April, they come up from the ocean 
 
 . through the Golden Gate in enormous quantities, and bite gen- 
 erally so ravenously at the bait offered them that it often happens 
 that the angler hooks and lands three, or even four of them at one 
 time, and when three or four of them weigh each over half or three- 
 quarters of a pound, the angler has his hands full to secure them 
 all on terra finna. In the height of the " take," when there are 
 a hundred rods plying at once, the scene is a very lively and inter- 
 esting one. They are taken about three feet below the surface, 
 and the bait is kept actively in motion. A float may be used, or 
 not, at pleasure. 
 
 BATRACHID.E. 
 
 ToADFiSH ; Porous Catfish.— /'<7r/VAM^j notatus. Girard. 
 
 A good edible fish ; bites very freely at the hook, and is abund- 
 ant, but repulsive in appearance. 
 
 GADID^. 
 
 ToMCOD. Morrhua proxima. Girard. 
 
 This nice, delicate little fish for the table, even to those ot 
 epicurean tastes, is very plentiful in bays, and in some of the 
 creeks, and affords much amusement, if not great sport for anglers. 
 It frequents near the bottom for its food, and is readily caught 
 with a rather stout hand line and a tolerably heavy sinker and 
 small hooks, say two or three, and No 4 or 5 in sizes, fastened on 
 near the sinker about nine inches apart from each other. The line 
 should be about sixty to eighty feet in length, to be thrown out 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 35/ 
 
 from the wharf as far as it will go. The best baits are mussels or 
 sand worms, to be purchased near the fishing grounds, and which 
 are obtained from the piles under the wharves, or in the swamp 
 sands near the shores of some parts of the bay. Or this much 
 sought after inhabitant of Pacific waters and its bays and inlets, 
 may be angled for successfully with a common rod of a medium 
 length, furnished with a small sized line and common multiplying 
 reel, with a much lighter sinker than the one recommended for 
 hand line fishing. This can be thrown out as far as convenience 
 will admit of, and to any one used to manipulating skillfully a rod, 
 reel and line, is a mode much preferable to the hand line process, 
 and much pleasanter, because it enables you to sit at ease on the 
 wharf without having to get up every time a fish is hooked and 
 cast out again, as with the hand line, and you can wind the fish 
 quickly up by means of your reel while in a sitting posture. 
 
 The Tomcods run in the largest schools when the tide water 
 is flowing only moderately fast and rather muddy, but not too 
 much so. They bite best in those parts of the water on which the 
 sun is shining. " There is the same remarkable difference in this 
 fish's biting as in others. Generally the catch is good, but there 
 are a few days that are nearly or entirely blank. They feed 
 against the running tide, both on the ebb and flow. Their roe, 
 both hard and soft, is considered a great delicacy with some 
 persons. They spawn in early spring. 
 
 PLEURONECTID^. 
 
 Flatfish or Flounders. 
 
 The Platkhthys rugosus, or rough flatfish, is the representative 
 type of \.\\e pleuronectids, and is quite abundant at the mouth of 
 the Columbia, but especially in Puget Sound. The eyes are on the 
 left side, the inter-ocular space being of moderate width ; the right 
 is a dark yellow, and the left a reddish brown hue ; the fins are 
 olivaceous, dorsal and anal having alternate bands of black, merg- 
 ing into longitudinal on tail, the ventrals and pectorals being uni- 
 color. The scales are rugose. The length varies from seven to 
 twelve inches. It is captured in nets, but can also be speared or 
 taken with the hand after the recession of the tide, as it lies high 
 
358 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 and dry on some of the flats. The Indians slaughter large num- 
 bers along Shoalwater Bay and Gray's Harbor, vvhf*re they crowd 
 in immense throngs. When started, this fish will dive right into 
 a mud bank, stir it up, and escape under this cloak of concealment. 
 There are a number of other varieties, namely Platessa bilineatus, 
 Platkhthys ritgosus ; P. timbrosus ; Paralichthys maculosus, or 
 spotted flounders, and many others. 
 
 The Halibut, {Hi'ppoglossus vulgaris), ranges from Oregon 
 to the Aleutian Isles, and up to the ice line of Hehring Sea, and 
 westward to the Ochotsk. The specimens caught weigh from 
 one to four hundred pounds, and some are said to exceed even the 
 latter weight. The Russians paid a slight attention to this fish 
 formerly, but they do nothing with it at present, if we exclude the 
 few caught for the table. Tlie Alaska variety is deemed superior 
 to its eastern kindred in firmness and delicacy of flesh, and as will 
 be seen excels it also in ponderosity. 
 
 LABRID^. 
 
 Sea Bass. — Labrus pulcher, Ayres. 
 
 This fish is nearly as silvery as the salmon, which it much re- 
 sembles. At Fort Point, near the Golden Gate, where I sometimes 
 fish, there is a large sea wall, at the end of which the rolling waves 
 from the Pacific break with great force. In the eddy formed by 
 these billows, the bottom of which is very rocky, these fish are 
 often caught in company with the sea trout. They are also taken 
 by trolling just outside of the kelp. 
 
 SALMONID^. 
 
 Of the Salmon of the Pacific coast. Doctor Suckley has given in 
 his monograph a list of no less than twenty-two anadromous spe- 
 cies — that is, species running up from the salt water to spawn ; 
 the young remaining there for a greater or less time, then return- 
 ing to the sea, in which they abide, except during the period of 
 reproduction. Of these twenty-two, however, six feed freely in 
 fresh water, and can hardly be called marine species. The remain- 
 ing sixteen are enumerated as follows : 
 
 Salmo scoulerL Hook-nosed salmon ; fall salmon. 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 359 
 
 S. Proteus, Huiiip-backcd salmon. (Alaska). 
 
 S. cooperi. Cooper's salmon. (Columbia River.) 
 
 S, dermatlnus. Behring's Sea salmon, 
 
 S. consuetus. Yukon River. 
 
 S. cam's. Dog salmon ; spotted salmon. (Puget Sound.) 
 
 S. quinnat. (California salmon.) 
 
 S. conflucntus. 
 
 S. aurora. Red char. (Columbia River.) 
 
 S. argyrtus. 
 
 S. paucidens. Weak-toothed salmon. (Fraser River.) 
 
 S, tsuppitch. White salmon. (Columbia River.) 
 
 S. clarkii. Clark's salmon. (Columbia River.) 
 
 S.gairdneri. Gairdner's salmon. (Columbia River.) 
 
 S. richardi. Richards' salmon. (Fraser River.) 
 
 The S, quinnat of the Pacific Slope is a type of the salmon of 
 that coast, and is possessed of similar anatomical characteristics, 
 differing but slightly in form, color, and markings from the 5. sal~ 
 ar of the Atlantic Slope, and of the tributaries of the Great St. 
 Lawrence Basin. Description by Richardson, see his " Fauna 
 Boreali Americana." 
 
 " General tint of back, bluish-grey, changing after a few hours' 
 removal from the water, to mountain green ; sides, ash-grey, with 
 silvery lustre ; belly, white ; back above lateral line studded with 
 irregular rhomboidal or star like spots, some of them ocellated, re- 
 sembling an eye ; dorsal fin and gill cover slightly reddish ; tips 
 of the anal and pectorals, blackish-grey ; the dorsal and caudal 
 thickly studded with round and rhomboidal spots ; back of the 
 head sparingly marked with the same ; whole body below the lat- 
 eral line, together with the under fins, destitute of spots. 
 
 " Ray formula : Br, 20, 20 ; D, 13 ; C, 30; A, 16 ; V, 10, P, 
 14. Spe. Char. Adult — Body fusiform in profile ; compressed ; 
 head forming a little more than one-fourth of the total length from 
 snout to the end of scales on the caudal. Maxillary bone curved, 
 extending beyond the orbit ; anterior margin of the dorsal equi- 
 distant between the extremity of the snout and the insertion of 
 caudal ; dorsal region olivaceous, flecked with irregular black spots ; 
 dorsal and caudal fins similarly spotted. Region beneath the lat- 
 eral line unicclor, silvery along the middle of the flanks, and yel- 
 
360 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 lovvish on the belly ; inferior fins unicolor ; head above, bluish- 
 grey ; sides, bluish-grey." — Girard. See U. S. Fish Commis- 
 sioners' Report on Fresh Water Fishes, 1872 and 1873. Page 105, 
 et seq. 
 
 The scales are of moderate development and conspicuously 
 larger on the area constituting the flanks, and which is traversed 
 by the lateral line. They are sub-ovoid in shape, slightly narrower 
 anteriorly than posteriorly, upon which margin the concentric 
 stria, or channel-like lines are obliterated. Those of the lateral 
 line are more irregular in their outline, and proportionally much 
 larger than those on the abdominal region, where they are slightly 
 larger than on the dorsal region. 
 
 This species inhabits " the Pacific coast trom San Francisco 
 northward, probably to Behring Straits, entering the larger rivers 
 of the coast annually in vast shoals. We are told that in the Sa- 
 cramento ana San Joaquin Rivers, they are most abundant, ascend- 
 ing the latter in July and August to spawn, when they travel a 
 hundred and fifty miles through the hottest valley in California to 
 reach their breeding grounds, where the temperature of the air and 
 water reach astonishing figures — where often at noon it is rarely 
 less than 80° Fahrenheit, and where the average temperature of 
 the water at the bottom of the rivers is 79°, and at the surface 80°." 
 These facts we learn from the Report of the California Fish Com- 
 missioners, for the years of 1874 and 1875. They avei that those 
 salmon which ascend the San Joaquin appear to be of the same 
 variety as those of the Sacramento, but average smaller in size. 
 That they ascend this river when the temperature is so high, ex- 
 plodes entirely the theory fori 1 by naturalists, that salmon can 
 not live below the 43d parallel in the streams of our country. This 
 fact renders it probable, as the California Commissioners affirm, 
 that the Pacific salmon will yet be planted in all the waters of the 
 Southern States that take their rise in the mountainous regions of 
 that portion of the Union. The enterprising and intelligent Commis- 
 sioners of Fisheries of California, are exploding each year anti- 
 quated notions regarding the salmon. If the salmon of the San 
 Joaquin ascend to the sources of that river to spawn, they go be- 
 low the 37th parallel, many degrees below where naturahsts have 
 declared it to be impossible *"or them to ^xist. 
 
PACIFIC COAST 1 1 SUES. 36 1 
 
 The S. quin)iat spawns, according to the obse. ":)ns of Mr. 
 Livingston Stone, Deputy U. S. Commissioner of } 1.- ries at the 
 sources of the Sacramento, in July ; in the little Sacramento and Mc- 
 Cloud Rivers in August ; at the mouth of the McCloud in Septem- 
 ber ; and in the smaller tributaries of the main river, at and below 
 Tehama, in October and November. The flesh of the S. guinnai, in 
 its best estate, is juicy, rich, and delicious. The heaviest fish weigh 
 sixty pounds, while the average weight, according to some authori- 
 ties, is twenty-five pounds. In shape, this salmon is more stocky than 
 the Penobscot salmon. Much has been .said regarding the compar- 
 ative merits of the 5. salar, and S. quinnat, gastronomically. Both 
 salmon are full-flavored, and possess every requisite for a high eco- 
 nomical value ; and the fact of the superiority of one over the other 
 will soon be settled, as they are being cultivated together in both 
 extremes of our country, and their gastronomic qualities will soon 
 be settled by gustatory trials, and judgment rendered accordingly. 
 
 Although we have said that S. quinnat is the type of his con- 
 geners of the Pacific, it is important to know that the habits of the 
 many supposed varieties of salmon differ very greatly, especially as 
 to their periods of spawning, the times of running up into the rivers, 
 extending all through the year from first of April to first of January ; 
 January, February and March being the only months in which they 
 are either wholly out of the rivers, or in the act of descending to 
 salt water. Some spawn every year, and some (like the humpback) 
 only in alternate years. Speaking generally, without regard to dis- 
 tinction of varieties, we may quote from a private letter from Hor- 
 ace D. Dunn, of San Francisco, who is identified with the natural 
 history and culture of the salmon. The writer says : 
 
 " The first run of salmon is found in the mouths of the numerous 
 small rivers and creeks that flow 'nto the Pacific Ocean from the 
 '.oast range of mountains from C lel River, near Monterey, north 
 to the boundaries of Oregon. The grilse make their appearance 
 about the middle of October, followed in November by the adult 
 fish. These remain at tide water, waiting for the rise caused by 
 the heavy rains of December, which enables them to reach their 
 spawning beds at the heads of the streams. The coast salmon are 
 said to be a distinct variety from those spawning in the Sacramento 
 River and its tributaries, and return to the ocean in March and 
 16 
 
362 
 
 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 April. With these salmon comes a large species of trout, known 
 here as salmon trout, which have similar habits, and return to the 
 sea about the same time. This last fish is long, round, and com- 
 paratively slender, with a small head, and ranging as high as seven- 
 teen pounds in weight. One of these weighing only eight pounds, 
 caught in good condition last spring, measured thirty-two and a 
 quarter inches in length. Any salmon of the same length would 
 weigh from twenty to thirty pounds. I am thus particular, as some 
 parties here claim the fish for a variety of salmon instead of a trout. 
 " The first run of Sacramento saimon arrive in San Francisco 
 about the first of January. They remain within the influences of 
 tide water until April and May, when the waters of the river hav- 
 ing cleared, from the ending of the rains, they proceed to the Up- 
 per Sacramento and its tributaries to spawn. A second run of 
 salmon comes in from sea in May, and goes up the Sacramento 
 without remaining in the bay. These fish ascending the river are 
 found in July and August in the vicinity of Mount Shasta in pools, 
 awaiting their time to spawn, and can then be caught v/ith hook 
 and line. During the months of January, February, March, and a 
 portion of April, salmon are caught in the bay and rivers in un- 
 usual numbers, the cause of which I will explain further on. In 
 these months at least ten thousand were caught by hook and line 
 from the railroad pier at Oakland, three miles from this city. An 
 unknown number, but probably half as many more, were taken at 
 other points around the bay. These fish ranged fi' m one to fifteen 
 pounds each. The jport being a new one, and prosecuted mostly 
 by novices with insufficient tackle and from a pier fifteen feet above 
 the water, the largest fish were almost always lost after being 
 hooked. When you consider that the hooks were on single and 
 generally inferior gut, on lines attached to stiff bamboo rods without 
 reels, scores of fishermen, almost elbowing each other, with open 
 piling beneath them coated with mussels, you will readily under- 
 stand that only the smaller fish were likely to be taken. 
 
 " As before stated, the number of salmon in the bay has be- 
 come unusually large. This comes from the close season in 1873 
 (the first we ever had) from August first to November first, and the 
 putting into the McCloud River the same year of four hundred 
 thousand young salmon, artificially hatched out by United States 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 363 
 
 Fish Commissioner Livingston Stone, under an arrangement made 
 with our Ush Commissioners, Messrs. Redding, Throckmorton and 
 Farvvell. The spring run of adult salmon in the Sacramento also 
 was the largest known for many years to professional fishermen, 
 fish weighing from fifteen to twenty-five pounds, at times in the 
 city market selling from a quarter to half a dollar each." 
 
 The question whether salmon die after spawning, and before 
 returning to the sea, seems to have been satisfactorily determined 
 by the experiments of Livingston Stone, Esq., of the United States 
 Fisheries Commission, who built a dam over one of the rivers, im- 
 passable to salmon, which, he says, " settled the question finally, 
 and proved beyond a shadow of doubt, that of all the thousands of 
 Sacramento salmon that spawned in the McCloud, not one in a 
 hundred returned to the sea alive." In the Columbia and larger 
 rivers, where the fish have hundreds of miles of journey to perform 
 it is not remarkable that in their tremendous efforts to fulfill the 
 callings of nature in the way of procreation, not only that few 
 should ever survive to return to the sea, but that as many as do 
 reach the headquarters should be able to get there at all. Of 
 those that succeed a very large proportion arrive with their heads 
 battered out of shape by their persistent efforts to surmount the 
 obstructions of the ascent. 
 
 As to what salmon feed on : This mystery has also been 
 solved to satisfaction, so far as the Pacific fish are concerned. 
 While in salt water they eat, and eat ravenously, their food being 
 smelts and other small fish, with some crustaceans. After they 
 enter fresh water they lose their appetite and eat nothing, a good 
 evidence of this being found in the fact furnished by J. W. & Vin- 
 cent Cook, proprietors of the Oregon Packing Co., on the Colum- 
 bia River, who have stated that out of ninety-eight thousand 
 salmon examined by them in 1874, only three had anything in 
 their stomachs, i nd these three had the appearance of having just 
 left salt water. 
 
 It used to be denied, too, that the salmon of the Pacific coast 
 would take a tly, but the ignorance on this subject arose principally 
 frcm the fact that strangers did not try them at the proper sea- 
 sons and places, while the resident anglers, who were in the habit 
 of taking them with flies, were altogether reticent on the subject. 
 
364 GAME FISII OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 The salmon of the Sacramento, McCloud and Pitt Rivers are said 
 to take the fly pretty well either early or late in the season, but 
 about the middle of the season, or the months of June or July, 
 they take nothing well but salmon roe, and this is rather a troub- 
 lesome bait to keep on the hooks, owing chiefly to the swiftness of 
 the current, (running about ten miles an hour,) and the somewhat 
 shyness of the fish in seizing the bait, although there is no lack at 
 all in their numerous attempts to grasp it. The fish keep well in 
 shore to avoid the force of the current when ascending the streams, 
 and, as in the east, are best taken during the hours of twilight. 
 
 While in tide water, the salmon will bite freely at bait, spoon, 
 and frequently flies, a peculiarity that would give the Pacific fish 
 precedence as a game fish, over his Atlantic cousin, which seldom 
 takes bait in tide water, and never spoon, to our knowledge. 
 Absence of black flies and mosquitoes is another advantage which 
 California possesses over the East ; besides, the climate has no 
 greater severity than white frosts at night, with generally sunny 
 days. In the coast ranges in autumn, and on the Sacramento in 
 summer, fishing can be had with all of the comforts of the older 
 agricultural States. The close season for salmon extends from 
 August 1st to November ist. The Indians not being subject to 
 the prohibition of the game laws, are allowed to take game at any 
 season of the year, and they take the salmon when they are in the 
 river to spawn, at which time they come in in immense numbers. 
 The Indians take them by means of spears, with handles often 
 twenty-five feet in length, and the modus operandi is as follows : 
 
 The Sacramento near its head is very swift, and in its passage 
 across different ledges of various degrees of softness it excavates 
 large pools or holes in its bed, each having a small fall at its head 
 and a rapid beyond. The water in these holes, which are often 
 very large, is comparatively still, and they make welcome resting 
 places for the tired salmon, before they attempt the passage of 
 the rapid above ; they collect in them in great numbers, the water 
 is beautifully cold and clear, and the fish can be seen crowded to- 
 gether on the bottom. The Indians repair to one of these holes 
 to the number of twenty or more, and a fine picture they make as 
 they stand in position to strike when the word is given, nearly 
 naked, with their brown skin shining, and eyes glittering in antici- 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 365 
 
 pation of the sport. Some station themselves at the rapids above 
 and below the hole : others wade out to an isolated rock, or a log 
 projecting into the stream. All hold their spears in readiness, 
 and at a grunt from the leader they commence business. At the 
 first onslaught all generally manage to secure a fish, which is de- 
 tached from the spear and thrown on the bank, the spears, by-the- 
 way, having barbs of steel, which become detached from the stock 
 when they enter the fish, and being attached to the shaft by cords, 
 turn flat against the fish's side, and make escape impossible when 
 the salmon is pierced through. The Indians proceed silently with 
 their work, and secure a great many fish before they escape from 
 the hole. Sometimes three or four hundred are thus speared out 
 of one pool. They are very cautious about making their prepa- 
 rations so as not to frighten the fish till all are ready, and then to 
 confuse them by a sudden onslaught. The fish are split open and 
 dried in the sun on the bushes, which present a curious appear- 
 ance all hung with the bright red flesh ; they are then slightly 
 smoked and reduced to small flakes, and laid away for future use. 
 The roes also of the " mahalies," as they call the females, are 
 carefully saved and dried, and considered a great delicacy by the 
 Indians. 
 
 To give in detail the habits and specific characteristics of Dr. 
 Suckley's eighteen species of salmon, would require a considerable 
 volume in itself, which we trust some competent persor^ will pre- 
 pare at no distant day. Their range is from the Sacramento 
 northward to the boreal regions of Alaska, where the salmon have 
 been known to attain a weight, on authentic report, of ninety-five 
 pounds. The government agent at Fort Nicholas, near the head 
 of Cook's Inlet, has asserted that the average weight of sixty-three 
 salmon he had taken was fifty-two and a quarter pounds (!) which 
 quite " takes the rag off" anything known on this Continent or in 
 Europe. The best information at present attainable bearing on 
 this whole subject, is contained in Dr. Suckley's Pacific Railrc 
 Reports, as v;e have heretofore stated. 
 
 EMBIOTOCOID^. 
 
 Viviparous or Sapphire Perch are very abundant all along the 
 coast, and will bite at hook baited with anything. The E. Jack- 
 
366 
 
 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 soni (Agassiz), is perhaps best known, a fish from eight to eleven 
 inches in length. Its body is compressed, oval and covered with 
 scales of medium size, which are peculiar in being cycloid. An- 
 other peculiar, and, indeed unique feature, is that at the base of 
 the long dorsal fin are two or three rows of scales separated from 
 those of the body by a rather broad and deep scaleless furrow. 
 The anterior part of this fin can be folded back and concealed. 
 The female genital apparatus in a state of pregnancy consists of a 
 large violet bag, so transparent that one can distinguish through 
 it the shape, color and formation of the small fish with which it is 
 filled. The fish when ready to escape are miniatures of their 
 mother in shape and color, and fitted to seek their own livelihood. 
 This genital sack seems to be nothing but the widened lower end 
 of the ovary, and the pouches into which it is divided within are 
 merely a part of the ovary itself. In each of these pouches a young 
 one is wrapped up as in a sheet, and all are packed in tightly. It 
 is, therefore, a normal ovarian gestation. The external genital 
 opening is situated behind the anus. As many as nineteen young 
 have been found in one fish. The males are not quite as large as 
 the females, either in length or circumference. 
 
 There is a great variety of these fishes, differing much in size 
 and color. The following are the species generally met with : 
 
 E. webbi. Girard. 
 
 E. lincata. " 
 
 F., argyrosotna. •* 
 
 Phanerodon furcatus. " 
 
 Rhacochilus toxotes. Agassiz. 
 
 Ho Icon ot us rhodoterus. " 
 
 Ennichthys megalops. Girard. 
 
 E. heermanni. " 
 
 E. cassidii. 
 
 E. ornata. 
 
 E. perspicabilis. 
 
 Damalichthys vacca. 
 
 Abcona tto^obr'tdgii. 
 
 Hysterocarpus traskii. 
 
 A inpliisticiis ay^ciitcus. 
 
 Girard. 
 
 Gibbons. 
 Agassiz. 
 Girard. 
 
 " Amphlsticus siniilis. 
 
 The silvery perch {Damalict/iys vacca), never takes bait. It is 
 of a greyish olive color ; scales have a silvery and golden reflect ; 
 fins unicolor. The male carries the sac on the anterior third of 
 the anal. 
 
 The golden barred perch {Holconotus rhodoterus), is the most 
 abundant species of the family. It has a small mouth, sub-conical 
 head, large eyes, and the colors vary from a bluish grey above to 
 a silvery white, with three tranverse bars of golden on the belly 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 367 
 
 and sides. It arrives in immense schools as early as May, keeping 
 close to the surface, so it is caught quite readily. It bites freely 
 at a hook baited with salmon roe ; but the mode of taking it 
 adopted by the Indians is to push their canoes among a school, 
 and as it has a habit of leaping out of the water, the canoes are 
 filled in a short time, especially when the fish are crowded towards 
 the shore. It leaps to its death quite frequently, without any other 
 motive than sportive playfulness. It has rather good edible qual- 
 ities, but this does not induce fishermen to seek it. There are 
 quite a number of other varieties ; all are good pan fishes. 
 
 When scientific attention was first attracted to them, four and 
 twenty years ago, it was generally supposed that the discovery 
 was a new one, but that was a mistake. In 1769, a transit of 
 Venus was to take place on the third of June. The event was of 
 such importance that an expedition was sent from Paris to observe 
 the transit at Cape St. Lucas, at the extreme southern end of 
 Lower California. After the astronomical observations were finished 
 the party went up the coast some distance. On their return to 
 Paris, the naturalist of the expedition reported that on the coast of 
 California were found sea perch which had their young alive, and 
 when the small fish were squeezed out of the parent they would 
 swim with great celerity. 
 
 CLUPEID^. 
 
 A few of the Clupea are occasionally met with on the California 
 coast. In Alaska the family is well represented, there being some 
 four or five species, which are allied to their Atlantic congeners, 
 though different in color and minor anatomical outlines. The 
 interior salt water basins contain myriads of them in June and 
 July ; and they extend in apparently the same density from the 
 Ochotsk and Behring Seas to the southern coast of Oregon. The 
 natives fish for them by placing their canoes among a school and 
 hurling them in with paddles containing rows of nails. While the 
 season lasts it is a busy one, for great are its results. This fish 
 could be used to excellent advantage as bait in fishing for cod ; or 
 if cured, it would meet a ready sale in the markets of California. 
 Myriads can be trapped in weirs or hauled with seines ; more 
 
368 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 indeed than could receive the attention deserved to render them 
 equal to the best smoked or salted varieties of Scoich herringf. 
 
 Nearly all the marine species of the west and northwest Pacific, 
 except the salmon, will bite freely at the flesh either of the large 
 crayfish (called lobster by the natives), or at the shell fish known 
 as Haliotus splendens. 
 
 Besides the species enumerated there are many others, of more 
 or less commercial or local value. Of the Heterolepids, the best is 
 Cht'ropsts pictus, which is known as sea trout and rockfish in Cali- 
 fornia. The Indians of Fuca Straits capture another, the Oplopoma 
 pantherma, but for this there is no vernacular. The dorsal and 
 lateral region is spotted black ; beneath it is a reddish-brown, and 
 above a blackish brown. The Chiropsis nebulosus is black on the 
 upper region, olivaceous beneath, and the caudal is sub-concave 
 posteriorly. It seems to prefer the brackish mouths of rivers sub- 
 ject to tide-water. 
 
 There is another so-called sea trout of a dark greenish black 
 color, spotted on its sides with red. Its form is rather long, like 
 the trout family. They are ve^y game and lively, and are a good 
 fish for the table. The sculpins are very numerous, and bite freely 
 at a hook, but they are not used at the table, owing to the insipid 
 character of their flesh. Some of the sturgeon, known there as sea 
 bass, weigh from forty to one hundred pounds. In the spawning 
 season they run as far as the Shoshone Falls, a distance of several 
 hundred miles from the ocean. 
 
 The anchovy ( Engraulis inordax) frequents Shoalwater Bay 
 in countless myriads ; they are so dense, in fact, that they can be 
 taken with the hand in large number^ on the flats at any time dur- 
 ing the summer. This is equal to the best French sardine, and if 
 canned like it, could be worked into a prominent industry. The 
 body is subfusiform ; deep bluish brown above, silvery beneath. 
 
 Among the non-recognized fishes of California is a species taken 
 in the salt marshes in Marin county, which lives in a hole in the 
 ground, like an animal. The Academy of Sciences has a speci- 
 men. It looks like an ordinary " bull-head," and the skin is eel- 
 like. They seem to have the habits of an eel more than ordinary 
 fish, and the flavor of their flesh i.'- also similar to an eel's. The 
 holes are similar to those made by swallows, and are in such a 
 
PACIFIC COAST FISHES. 
 
 369 
 
 position that the entrance is under water about half the time The 
 u e nses here about six feet, and the mouths of the holes are about 
 
 . s t'd St " ^^YT' "*"'• ^""'^ ^" ^^-'^^"^ -^« ^he bank 
 a hor distance and then turn down, so that when the tide falls 
 
 below them they are still filled with water, althouc^h the entran e 
 may be two or three feet above the water at low tide. The Ch nes. 
 laborers gather great quantities of them at low tide, by slicinroff 
 a sect.on of the bank with shovels. Fishing with a shovel is a 
 method not laid down in the books ^ ^" ^ snovel is a 
 
 16* 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 
 
 WHEN we attempt to distribute our fishes geographically, 
 we cannot justly include Virginia and Maryland within 
 the limit of Southern States, because so many of their fishes are com- 
 mon to those of more northern waters. Indeed it is difficult to de- 
 fine boundary lines anywhere, as large numbers of the ichthyc fauna 
 of one region overlap or blend with those of the region next con- 
 tiguous. In the Southern States, strictly speaking, that is, in the 
 country lying south of a certain line of latitude (say thirty-eight 
 degrees) very few of the inland fishes afford superlative sport to 
 the angler. The waters are warm, sluggish, and muddy through- 
 out three-fourths of the entire area, and not adapted to the finer 
 grades of fish ; those that are found in them belonging principally 
 to the families of PercidcB (Perch), Cyprinidcc (suckers, chubs, 
 etc.), and Stluridce (catfish). The mountain trout, ( Salmo fon- 
 tinalis) is, however, found in the mountain streams of their ex- 
 treme northern boundary, where altitude compensates for latitude, 
 and supplies all the conditions and requisites of their natural habitat 
 in colder climes. In treating our subject, however, we shall de- 
 signate all those edible fishes which take the hook that are found 
 anywhere within the area of what are geographically known as the 
 Southern States, including both Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 From the characteristics and habitat of the fishes enumerated, 
 as well as because of the warmth and muddy condition of a large 
 proportion of the southern waters, especially in the extreme south, 
 it will be readily perceived why the gentlemen of the south are not 
 anglers. With the exception of the black bass, or trout, there is 
 really no fish beyond tide-water that offers any inducement what- 
 ever. The range of the " trout " fortunately is large, and there are 
 many clear waters where he thrives. Gentlemen are beginning to 
 learn that a new source of enjoyment is offered by his capture, and 
 are really becoming interested in the subject. Practice at home. 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 371 
 
 with their limited opportunities, will enable them to better enjoy 
 tUeir excursions to the north and east, where the field is wider 
 and the varieties of fish more Ramy, if not inore numerous. The 
 fishes of the south, however, afford a valuable contribution to the 
 larder ; and yielding'' some sport as well as food, attract the atten- 
 tion of fishermen of the poorer classes, who may be found at all 
 times angling in their priaiitive methods. Still-fishing with bait is 
 perhaps their most scientific method ; nevertheless they have con- 
 siderable knowledge of the habits of the finny tribe, and manage 
 to lure or oust them from their hiding places by all manner of 
 contrivances. 
 
 In the extreme south, and indeed, in Missouri and Tennessee, 
 as well, the low swamp lands are interspersed with lakes and tra- 
 versed by bayous which arc inhabited by innumerable fishes of 
 low degree, beavers, otters, turtles, alligators, and the like. The 
 swamps are frequently inundated during the winter and spring, be- 
 coming vast seas of water, obliterating all landmarks, and render- 
 ing it impossible to locate the lakes and bayous. When the water 
 recedes, there is left a deposit of mud which takes some time to 
 dry. The principal growth is cypress and gum, both sweet and 
 black, the other trees being killed by the deposit. As soon as the 
 swamp dries the fishing begins, and continues good as long as it 
 is in that condition. As soon as the heat of summer has tl)oroughly 
 warmed the watei^s of these lakes, and has somewhat reduced their 
 volume, the season for " muddying " begins. The appliances for 
 this sport are very few and simple. They consist of several cotton 
 hoes, gigs, a dip net or two, or, in default of that article, a bask'^t 
 attached to a light staff, and some splunges. The last-name» 
 articles are made by inserting a hoe-handle into a hole bored ii 
 the centre of a piece of pine plank, eight or ten inches long, and 
 five or six inches broad. 
 
 After reaching the lake, the negroes, who do the muddying, 
 enter it with their hoes and splunges and wade along, stirring up 
 the muddy bottom as they advance. In a verj' few moments the 
 perch commence to jump out of the water, and a large and game 
 fish, styled in this section a trout, makes its appearance at the sur- 
 face. Now is the time for the gigs to come into play. Many use 
 the three-pronged gig, resembling the representations of the tri- 
 
// 
 
 .\5^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 // 
 
 y. 
 
 EMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 lA^ IM |2.5 
 
 ■ so *^~ MHB 
 
 ■^ 1^ 112.2 
 
 
 11.25 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 III 1.6 
 
 /, 
 
 '/A 
 
 />% 
 
 ^. 
 
 -*^ 
 
 Is 
 
 
372 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 dent, as seen in the pictures of Neptune in the Mythologies ; but 
 those who pride themselves on their skill, will use nothing except 
 the small, single-pronged gig, attached to a bamboo cane, eight or 
 ten feet in length. It is by no means an easy thing to gig a trout, 
 for they move with great rapidity, and even when struck, often 
 break away. As the water becomes muddier the perch cease 
 jumping, and appear at the top of the water gasping for breath. 
 The bream soon follow them, and are easily captured with the net 
 or basket, and even with the hand. The sucker is the next to ap- 
 pear, and his curiously shaped mouth is the only part of him to be 
 seen, which at a little distance can, with difficulty, be distinguished 
 from an air bubble. A well aimed blow with the gig, directed a 
 few inches below the seeming bubble, will almost certainly result 
 in his capture. And thus the work goes on until at last the most 
 sluggish of the colony are unearthed, brought to the surface and 
 captured. 
 
 Every bayou has its colony of beavers, and it is frequently 
 necessary to cut their dams, so as to let off the superfluous water, 
 and force the fish into a smaller compass, reducing their feeding 
 grounds, whereby they are more easily taken. The beaver are pre- 
 vented from repairing their dams by hanging up at the breach some 
 article of clothing, or a newspaper. They arc a great nuisance, 
 and almost worthless. A short time ago a gentleman in Missis- 
 sippi shipped to St. Louis a pack of seventy-five or a hundred 
 beaver pelts, to a firm who advertised for them. They did not 
 fetch enough to defray expenses (cost of traps and freight). They 
 keep hundreds of acres of land overflowed the entire year, and 
 when their dams are located on bayous that run through fields, 
 they cut down the corn or cotton to keep their dams in repair. The 
 alligators rank next to the beavers as nuisances, being valueless 
 except for tlieir hides and oil, though their flesh is fed to dogs. The 
 female alligator lays her eggs in July. She gathers together all the 
 bushes, sticks, trash, etc., on a spot that does not overflow in sum- 
 mer. She piles it up like a brush heap or hay rick. She then 
 crawls under and deposits her eggs on the ground. She stays 
 about the nest on guard until the young come out, when they go 
 immediately to water, and never return to the nest. They remain 
 with the mother unti' fall ; then disperse to hibernate. We have 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 373 
 
 never seen more than one old one about a nest, yet we have fre- 
 quently found from forty to eighty eggs in a nest, and believe they 
 were deposited by the one female on guard. In an extensive low 
 swamp, where high land is scarce, one sometimes finds the ground 
 occupied by several nests within a few yards of each other. These 
 nests are all taken off in the winter by the overflow. When first 
 hatched the youngster is about four inches long, and will give bat- 
 tle upon the least provocation, and die game. Alligators are never 
 known to attack a person. When they are approached on land 
 they will blow themselves up as if their lungs extended to their 
 toes, and emit a most disagreeable odor ; but if opportunity offers, 
 will retreat to the water. 
 
 The soft shell turtle is indigenous to only the waters of the 
 South. Usual weight about ten pounds, though sometimes caught 
 that will weigh twenty. It is unsurpassed by any of its congeners, 
 and is the equal of the diamond-back terrapin of Maryland. It is 
 taken with line or cut bait. 
 
 But as beavers, alligators, and turtles, are not fish, although 
 denizens of the waters, we will proceed to our enumeration : 
 
 PERCID^. • ^ . 
 
 Trout ; lake trout ; chub ; black bass ; green ^txc)\.—Micropterus salmoides. 
 
 This is the best and most common fish throughout the south, 
 and possesses all the game qualities of its cousin german, the 
 black bass proper, (M. nigricans) which is also found in many of 
 its more northern waters, and which, having been referred to ex- 
 tensively elsev/here, needs no further mention here. Grystes sal- 
 moides, or the southern chub, is the most abundant fish in mill 
 ponds, and also frequents canals and quiet stretches of water in 
 rivers. It greatly abounds in the lakes, and is called the lake trout 
 — a gross misnomer, even greater than the name of chub. It is a 
 bass and very closely allied to the black bass of the Ohio, which 
 has been introduced into the Potomac. There are some slight but 
 very distinct organic differences, which while showing that both 
 are of the same genus, they differ in species. They bite and watch 
 their young alike ; but the chub likes still water, and is not averse 
 to mud, while the black bass prefers running water and rocky 
 
374 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 bottoms. It chooses for its abode deep holes, and the shelter of 
 logs and trees that may have fallen into the water. s 
 
 Color. — Head and body dusky above, often with a greenish or 
 bronzed tint ; lower jaw and belly wiiite ; opercle with a bluish- 
 green spot at its angle. Along the flanks runs a dusky band which 
 is more or less apparent according to the age of the fish. It is most 
 remarked in the young. Fins yellowish. This fish grows to two 
 feet in length, and has been taken weighing twelve pounds. [For 
 specific characteristics, see Black Bass, in Northern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 Bass fishing is habitually practiced in the Potomac in April, 
 and from April to June, at which time the fish run up the river to 
 spawn. We are not sure but that the first of May is about the 
 very best time for bass fishing in the Potomac. Black bass is 
 essentially a summer fish. They are taken up to November on 
 Southern waters, and in Florida all through the winter. But the 
 close season, as defined by the law of Virginia, extends from the 
 15th May until ist July. The laws of different States vary a fort- 
 night or so from this date. To find the most killing bait in your 
 locality you will have to experiment. Try the artificial fly of vari- 
 ous patterns, live minnows, a troll with spoon or spinning bait. 
 If your waters are large enough, use a sail or row boat and a 
 spoon on two hundred feet of line, with eight-foot rod and reel, or 
 if small ponds throw the spoon near the weeds with a stiff rod, and 
 draw it sideways from the bow of the boat, or skitter with artificial 
 minnow. For still- fishing use the tail of crayfish, or hellgramites, 
 frogs, grasshoppers, beetles, worms, larvae, and the like. Professor 
 Williamson, of Leesburgh Academy, Virginia, has written the fol- 
 lowing interesting treatise on the habits of the bass of the Potomac. 
 
 He says : " Considerable numbers are taken near the mouths of the 
 branches flowing into Goose Creek, in the creek itself, and in the 
 Potomac River, with live bait and with the fly. The largest have 
 been caught in the river ; those of the creek are smaller as a rule, 
 but not despicable in size, while those in the branches are the 
 smallest of the three. The largest bass captured in the river 
 weighed six pounds and over. The largest in the creek about 
 four pounds ; and one of a pound in a branch would be a "big 
 fish." I have no doubt from observations of ova taken from bass 
 of different sizes and at different times, that bass here spawn 
 throughout spring and early summer, prolonging their labors ac- 
 cording to the depth of water, etc., in their several sub-districts, 
 
' SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 375 
 
 so as to give instances of spawning as early as March and as late 
 as the 15th of June. I have examined the ova of five or six (Hfier- 
 ent sizes of bass ranging from six to eighteen or twenty inches, 
 and found in November, the eggs separately discernible and 
 equally developed in all, though the sacs were of course of various 
 sizes. The ova mentioned above were about as large as blunt 
 pin points, and, I think, would be ready to flow in the last part of 
 February, certainly by the ist March. The earliest caught last 
 season were taken in May ; the latest in the latter part of No- 
 vember. Anglers stop fishing here in December, but I believe bass 
 could be taken even in that month if trial were made. The earli- 
 est taken with the fly were taken on ist of June ; the latest, by 
 that means, in November. They can be taken with the fly from 
 June 1st till December, whenever the water is clear enough for 
 the fish to see the fly, and not so clear as to make apparent the 
 angler. They retire to deep?r waters as the weather gets cool, 
 ami are often taken thence .vith live bait, hellgramites, etc. They 
 may be captured with the fly even in cool weather on the edges of 
 deep pools long after they have deserted the shallows proper. 
 Bass weighing over three pounds have been killed with the fly, 
 and bass of over six pounds with the live minnows. To sum up, 
 the bass spend the winter in the deepest waters — begin to ascend 
 the streams in early spring — spawn in spring and summer, and 
 are in their best condition in autumn. The main army have 
 finished the labor by the middle of June. The open season ought 
 to be, in this locality, from 15th June to ist December until 
 more accurate data may be gathered of their habits. Their food 
 consists of worms, larva?, flies, beetles, grasshoppers, crickets and 
 .small fish of all sorts. They are very voracious, fierce, and strong. 
 In a good pool they can leap vertically several feet. They have 
 been found above dams four or five feet high after being put in 
 below such structures. The artificial flies most taking with these 
 scaly citizens are the Academy and Ferguson flies, the latter 
 red, brown and ginger hackles, and hackles brown and black 
 together. Of the winged flies, the coachman with white wings, flies' 
 with peacock herl body, ginger hackle and yellowish white wings 
 with red streaks and red antennae have been most killing. Most 
 of the " bass flies," sent from the tackle stores are entirely too 
 large, and ordinary trout flies tied on Aberdeen and on Sproat 
 hooks of small size are much more effective than the so-called 
 bass flies of the stores. The commonest caterpillar here in No- 
 vember is black and reddish brown ; hackles like it are quite 
 taking." 
 
 For Florida waters the following has proved a most successful fly : 
 
 ^00^. — Large, No. 3-0, Limerick. 7a ;V.— Scarlet and blue feather, a portion 
 of each. ^^rt?>-.— Scarlet silic or mohair tipped and ribbed with gold twist, a scarlet 
 hackle wound in at the same time, the hackle being wound close at head to form 
 
37^ GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the legs. Jr/«^j.— Under coverts, a portion each of bright yellow and blue 
 feathers ; over coverts the yellowish grey mottled feather from the jungle cock 
 particularly, or a similar feather taken from the wild or tame turkey. 
 
 One native method of" fishing at the south is with a bob. which 
 is a bunch of gay colored feathers, v/ith two or three large hooks 
 concealed in it. This is fastened to a yard or two of strong line, 
 and this to a stout reed pole. The fisherman sits in the bow of a 
 canoe, which is paddled by one in the stern, and kept at such a 
 distance from the weedy shore that the bob may be skittered 
 along the margin. Out rushes the bass, and cannot well escape 
 being hooked ; he is either hauled in by main force, or breaks 
 away. 
 
 The trolling spoon is also very successfully used as at the north. 
 Indeed the methods of taking the bass are as numerous as many 
 of them are unscientific. Angling has never been a southern pas- 
 time, the gentlemen preferring the more manly practices of the 
 chase, leaving mere fishing to the negroes and lazy whites. Within 
 five years, however, very considerable interest has been manifested 
 in angling in its higher branches, and choice tackle is now in con- 
 stant request from the Potomac to the Rio Grande. In Texas, 
 where there are many clear streams, considerable fly fishing for 
 bass is done ; while in Florida, whose winter visitors are chiefly 
 northern people, angling in all its parts and details may be said to 
 have attained a standard of excellence not found elsewhere in 
 North America, taking into consideration the great variety of salt 
 and fresh water fish in request, and the vast scope offered for 
 study and practice. 
 
 Many writers have maintained that black bass will .in time de- 
 stroy all other fishes which may be found in the waters into which 
 they are introduced. We have never supported this theory. 
 Careful obser\'ation disproves the charge. Pro'". M. G. Ellzey, 
 one of the Fish Commissioners of Virginia, says : 
 
 " I have repeatedly fished in the upper waters of the Roanoke 
 for two years past, where bass have been plenty for many years, 
 and find the usual varieties of catfish, suckers, sunfish, chubs, 
 minnows, etc., existing in great abundance in the same pools in 
 which I have been in the habit of catching the bass. I have re- 
 cently observed the same thing with regard to Goose Creek, a 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 377 
 
 large tributary falling into the Potomac near Leesburg, in which 
 I have fished ever since I was four years old, having been born 
 upon its banks. Notwithstanding the presence of great quanti- 
 ties of bass, the white chub, sunfish, stone-roller, etc., have never 
 been more abundant in that stream than now. Notwithstanding 
 what has been said and supposed, the bass fishing on the Poto- 
 mac has never been better, nor have the smaller varieties of fish 
 appreciably diminished in that river. In almost all the streams 
 tributary to the Ohio these fish exist, along with great abundance 
 of other sorts, and here they have existed ever since the discovery 
 of that country. It is, therefore, plain that as a general thing 
 these fish are incapable of exterminating other sorts in the open 
 waters of running streams." 
 
 Moreover, small fish do not constitute the natural food of 
 the bass, capricious as they may be respecting their diet. They 
 subsist chiefly upon crustaceans, (crayfish, dobsons, and the like,) 
 devouring almost everything edible. In confined ponds where the 
 supply of food is restricted, and where there are very few rocks, 
 weeds, and other shelter affording protection to the small fry, 
 the case may be different, and probably is. The bass must sub- 
 sist, and when they have devoured everything eatable, they will 
 devour themselves. ■ ■ ''■ 
 
 : We have covered considerable ground in this volume in the 
 study of this fish, yet the half has not been said that might be. 
 While he continues to be the chief game fish of the south, no op- 
 portunity should be lost for investigating his habits, and enlight- 
 ening those who look to his active qualities for superlative sport. 
 
 Vellow Perch ; ring perch ; red-finned perch. — Perca flavescens, Cuv, 
 
 This well-known fish is common to rivers and ponds in all parts 
 of the country, except in the extreme North and the Florida Penin- 
 sula. T. e back is more or less dusky, tinted with greenish-yellow, 
 sides golden yellow, and belly of a paler tint. Six or eight dusky 
 bars on the sides. The fins are of an orange color, and often of a 
 brilliant red. Dorsal fin double. It is a spring spawner, and is in 
 best season in July and August, when it is found near the surface, 
 and can be taken with a fly. Flies that will kill the black bass are 
 also suitable for the perch. Ordinarily it swims deep and is angled 
 
378 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 for with worms, grasshoppers and other baits. Flesh white, tirm, 
 delicate, and much esteemed. It is Indifferent to temperature. 
 
 Goggle-eyed Perch ; Strawberrj' perch ; chub (South Carolina) ; croppie (St. 
 Louis) ; grass bass (Ohio) ; chinkapin perch (Louisiana) ; sac-a-lac (New 
 Orleans Creoles.) Pomoxys kexacattt/ius. — Agassiz : P. rhoniioides.—lAnn. 
 
 This fish of many names and extended habitat has a dusky 
 bluish-green back ; sides and belly silvery, and marked with irreg- 
 ular oblong greenish-black blotches that resemble " chinkapins." 
 Fins yellowish ; length twelve inches, and weighs up to three 
 pounds. Inhabits ponds and streams of running water, though 
 it prefers the former. It ranges from Lakes Huron and Erie to 
 the Southwestern States. It feeds on insects, and takes bait freely, 
 and also minnow, going at it with a rush. It is a pretty fish, and 
 much esteemed. The varieties of perch are numerous, and we 
 can but briefly designate them. The most prominent are : 
 
 The Red-Bellied Perch ; called also Red-eye and Red-Bellied 
 Bream and Red Breast, (Ichthelis rubicunda); not found in any 
 waters as far north as the Appomattox. Very common in Florida. 
 Body dusky above ; sides and belly red ; appendix to opercle very 
 long with black extremity. Takes bait freely. 
 
 Blue Bream, Bream, or Copper-nose Bream. — Ichthelis incisor. 
 This belongs to the sunfish family and is found in rivers and ponds 
 in the Southern States, from North Carolina to Louisiana. Varies 
 in color in different waters, and is sometimes marked with dusky 
 bars. It has a black spot on the lower edge of the dorsal fin. 
 Grows to eight inches in length, and takes bait freely. 
 
 Maw Mouth ; or Goggle-eye, of Louisiana, and the Southwest. 
 They stay in pairs about logs, stumps, or trees, and the angler, in 
 fishing for them, always gets both, if he takes one. They look like 
 a hybrid, or cross between the black bass and black perch, the 
 head about one-third their length, greatest weight about two 
 pounds. They are very numerous, taking any kind of bait, and 
 chasing the leaves that fall upon the water. 
 
 Silver Perch, or Speckled Perch ; called also Strawberry Bass 
 and Calico Bass. [See Northern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 Sand Perch, or Bachelor Perch ; called also '• Tin-mouth." 
 Taken from Virginia to the Mississippi. Apparently a cross 
 between the yellow belly and silver perch. It is a very broad fish, 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 3/9 
 
 almost as round as a plate, somewhat spotted, the spots even ex- 
 tending into the fins ; long tinny mouth. They are found only in 
 clear ponds in tide-water districts, in deep water and on sandy 
 bottoms, and go in schools. They are sluggish biters, make but 
 feeble resistance when hooked, show ail the colors of the rainbow 
 in the sun when first taken out of the water. They rarely exceed 
 two and one-half pounds in weight ; an excellent fish to eat, with 
 white meat. 
 
 The Black Perch, sometimes called " tobacco-box " ; found in 
 ponds. 
 
 Sun Perch, or Yellow-belly, found both in ponds and rivers, 
 and called " bream " in some localities. 
 
 The White Perch (Morone americaua) a tide-water fish de- 
 scribed elsewhere at length ; and the White Bass. 
 
 Sun-fish, — Roccus chrysops (Pomotis vulgaris). Common 
 everywhere, and known to every school-boy from Maine to Texas. 
 A very beautiful fish, olive brown back with a slight shade of 
 green, marked with irregular spots of reddish-brown ; sides and 
 belly yellow with brazen spots. Fins yellow. The opercle or gill 
 cover has a bright vermilion spot like sealing-wax on its edge. 
 Inhabits still, clear waters, regardless of temperature, spawns in 
 spring, fashions her nest in the sand or gravel, in shallow water 
 near the margin of ponds, and jealously guards it from every 
 intruder. It takes bait, and sometimes a fly or troll, though 
 seldom. It sometimes reaches a pound in weight, and is then 
 very good for the table. In Florida there is a variety of Pomotis 
 known as Ccntrarchus iri'deus, found in company with the above, 
 with same habits. Color greenish-yellow, darker on back; 
 
 Striped Bass. — Roccus lineatus. Identical with the striped bass 
 of the coast. It is found in many tributaries of the Mississippi, 
 and remains long in fresh water where it affords much sport to the 
 angler. 
 
 ESOCID^. 
 
 "PiKS-.—Esox lucius.—E. affinis. Holbrook. 
 
 Body dusky on top ; sides reticulated with yellow and olive 
 brown, belly white. It abounds in all ponds and rivers of fresh 
 water, and has the habits common to its family. Holbrook claims 
 
380 GAME FISH OF NORTH A ME NIC A. 
 
 that it is a distinct variety from the northern pike. It grows to 
 the length of two feet and more. 
 
 Pickerel. — Esox reticulatus : E. ravenelii. Holbrook. 
 
 Body above olive brown, often with a greenish tint ; belly 
 silvery ; sides pale silver grey with dusky bars more or less ob- 
 lique ; fins red. In some waters its general color is quite dark. 
 It is found in small streams of fresh water, and in canals about 
 rice fields ; seldom in larger or more rapid waters. Seldom grows 
 to the length of a foot, and is found in small streims of fresh water, 
 ponds, and in canals or about rice fields. It is a great nuisance 
 everywhere, as it is an inveterate eater of spawn and small fry. 
 This fish is everywhere confounded with the pike, which, although 
 of the same origin, is of a far nobler race. 
 
 HYODONTID.E. 
 
 River Moon-eye ; mud %\^^6..—Hyodon tergisus. Le Sueur. 
 
 Similar to the Western species. Body compressed, back very 
 slightly arched. Scales large. Head small ; eyes very large, 
 nearly filling up the whole space between the angle of the jaws 
 and the upper part of the head. Back bluish ; sides silver>^ ; fins 
 tinged with yellow. Length nine inches. It seems to be little 
 esteemed for food, being considered bony and unsavory. It is 
 frequently confounded with the Hickory Shad. 
 
 CLUPEID^. 
 
 Shad. — Alosa sapidissima. Storer. — A . prasiabilis. De Kay. 
 
 The shad season in the St. John River is from December first 
 until about the 8th of April. They appear in that and other rivers 
 on their way to the upper lakes and creeks to spawn. When they 
 come in they are fat and go mto all parts of the rivers, returning 
 poor and lean in June, keeping the channels. The shad are found 
 in the Mississippi fourteen hundred miles above its mouth, and in 
 many of its tributaries. In the Washita River, Arkansas, they 
 begin to appear about April 5th, and run until May 12th. In 
 China they are known to ascend the Yang-tse-kiang more than 
 four thousand miles. 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. ■ 38 1 
 
 » HtCKORY SHKXt.—Pomolobus mtdiocris. Gill. 
 
 Hickory shad and gizzard shad are easily distinguished from 
 the white shad, in size, Havor, and shape. The true shad's mouth 
 shuts together evenly and is white. They are thicker and broader, 
 have a dark streak on each side of the backbone after cutting open, 
 and have a different flavor from any other fish ; while the hickory 
 shad's under lip is larger than the upper. It is black and ex- 
 tremely bony, and insipid in flavor. The hickory shad makes its 
 appearance in the St. John River the first or second week in No- 
 vember. The fishing is best about the first of January. The sea- 
 son ends about the middle of April. The shad are found in great 
 abundance in the lakes of Central F'lorida, where the tTshermen 
 believe that most of them deposit their ova. 
 
 Herring ; glut herring ; branch \xQix'mQ.—PomolobuspseudokarengMs. Gill. 
 
 Color of back steel-bluish or greenish ; head above and tip of 
 lower jaw of same color ; sides and belly silvery, the former with 
 from four to six dusky lines. Length eight to ten inches. This is 
 called the " glut herring " of the Potomac River, so called from 
 the vas. schools which crowd that river during the spawning season 
 in May. It deposits its eggs on the bottom of the river, seeking 
 localities where the water is fresh, and apparently preferring the 
 hard beds where the myriophyllum grows, and no doubt the water 
 is well aerated. Some of these fish deposit* their eggs in the small 
 streams in the same region, and thence take the name of *' branch 
 herring." - 
 
 r V CYPRINID^. ; ; ,, , ;\ . 
 
 The Common Carp. ; called also whitefish, roundfish, and large-scaled sucker. — 
 
 Cyprinus carpio. Linn, • 
 
 Carp are very abundant throughout the Southern States, where 
 there are several varieties propagated from stock originally im- 
 ported from Southern Europe. In Virginia they are highly es- 
 teemed for food, and during their run in midwinter constitute for 
 m.-iny persons their entire supply of fresh fish. An intelligent 
 observer in that State speaks of their being very abundant in the 
 Mettaponi and Pamunky Rivers. They come up the rivers early 
 in January, generally after the first spell of very cold weather. 
 
382 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 They do not ascend to the extreme headwaters to spawn, but 
 leave the deeper parts of the stream whenever the humor takes 
 them, and deposit their spawn along the edges. Alter spawning, 
 most of them return toward salt water. Some are found during 
 the summer. They thrive freely in ponds, and are thought to be 
 not destructive to the spawn of other fish. They vary in length 
 from one to two feet, and weigh from one-half a pound to five 
 pounds. Shape long and flattened ; fins arranged something like 
 the fresh water mullets ; heads and mouths almost precisely like 
 the mullet's, the mouth being a sucker and extremely small. They 
 run very near the bottom, and only take food lying on the bottom. 
 They bite at hooks baited with crumbs of bread or red worms, in 
 taking which they assume a perpendicular position, standing on 
 their heads, as it were. They are vegetable feeders. 
 
 Carp are said to have been first observed in Virginia from fifty- 
 five to sixty years ago, though it is hardly probable that their in- 
 troduction antedates the year 1832, when a lot were brought over 
 from France by the captain of a Havre packet. The Virginia 
 carp are said never to go below brackish water. A gentleman in 
 Woodville, Mississippi, who is engaged in the artificial propagation 
 of carp, says that the eggs hatch in twenty-four hours after being 
 deposited, they being always attached to brush or sticks floating 
 in the pond. 
 
 Red Horse ; Pittsburgh %\xc^tt .—Moxostoma duquesnii. Jordan. 
 
 A large-scaled, red-finned sucker, with dusky olive back, cop- 
 pery sides, and whitish abdomen, attaining a weight of six pounds 
 and a length of twenty inches. 
 
 ■ ■ ■ •< '.;/ 
 
 Jack Mullet ; black sucker. — Catostomus maculosus. Le Sueur. 
 
 A reddish fish marked with irregular black blotches ; fins red- 
 dish, dashed with black ; dorsal bluish. This beautiful sucker 
 lives in stony and rocky creeks, in places where the current ripples. 
 Specimens may be seen resting motionless on flat rocks at the 
 bottom, and darting away like a flash at the approach of man. 
 The larger ones take shelter beneath rocks, with cavities under- 
 neath, where they remain except when tempted away by want of 
 food. 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. 383 
 
 Common Mud Suckkk. — C. teres. Le Sueur. 
 
 Dark green head, nearly black ; cheeks bronze and golden, 
 body purplish above, with pink and metallic tints on the sides, and 
 white beneath. Not a good fish to eat, flavor rank. Length 
 sixteen inches. 
 
 Black Mud Sucker.— C. «/^»V««*. Le Sueur. 
 
 Head large and square, black above ; reddish yellow on the 
 sides, with black blotches ; white beneath. Dorsal fin black ; the 
 others reddish. Length ten to thirteen inches. 
 
 Long-finned Chuck Sucker. Carpiodes cyprinus. Agassiz. 
 
 Scales variegated with blue, yellow and green ; all the fins are 
 grey-blue. Length twenty inches. A good edible fish. 
 
 "^- "•"''■ f" ■ Horned Sucker. — Eritnyzon oblongvs. Jordan. " 
 
 A small fish reaching nine or ten inches in length. Head dark 
 olive green ; back and sides of b' dy green ; sides tinged with 
 yellow; anal fin blackish brown, caudal lighter, and the remaining 
 
 fins light olive green. Sometimes called Mullet. 
 
 ' ''i 
 
 Goldfish ; Golden Carp. — Carassius auratus. Bleeker. 
 
 A well known species much fancied for globes and aquaria, 
 often growing to the length of a foot. Body generally brilliant red 
 or orange above and silvery beneath, although they are found 
 grey, silver)', golden, mottled with black, olive, or almost black 
 even. Their colors vary as much as those of litters of cats or dogs. 
 
 Chub Sucker. — Exoglossum maxillingua. Haldeman. 
 
 Color olivaceous ; smoky above ; a blackish band from pectoral 
 to superior extremity of gill opening. Length eight inches. Lives 
 in the rocky parts of running streams, and feeds on physalis and 
 other small fish. 
 
 Gasper-Gou ; Buffalo. 
 
 Weight from one to eight pounds ; has the general conforma- 
 tion of the perch family, with the exception of its mouth, which 
 is formed like a sucker's. Its color is a bright silvery white, with . 
 
384 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 sheen of purple. It is a fair table fish, but spoils very soon after it 
 is killed. Found in Louisiana and Mississippi. 
 
 Fall Fish ; shiner ; shining dace. Semotilus rhotheus. Leuciscus nitidus. 
 
 De Kay. 
 
 Colors very brilliant, having- as ground a very pure silvery 
 white ; back is often steel blue, and sides of head bright rose 
 color. In spring and summer the adult males have rosy shades, 
 and the dorsal and pectoral fins are crimson. Length twelve 
 inches. Specimens have been caught weighing five pounds. 
 Much esteemed as food, and affords good sport for the angler. 
 
 Another variety is the Little Fall Fish, or Corporaalen, S. cor- 
 poralis, similar in shape to the above, but distinguished by its nar- 
 rower scales, and by a dark spot at the base "^f the dorsal fin, and 
 darker colors above, cream colored below. Length twelve inches. 
 
 Stony \rlu\T>.—Cerattcthys biguttatus. Kirt. 
 
 A brownish cream colored dun, shaded with slate above the 
 lateral line, where the scales are tipped and margined with the 
 same. Length six inches. Much esteemed as food. 
 
 The Report of the Maryland Fish Commissioners for 1876, to 
 which we are indebted for descriptions of several varieties of the 
 families Cyprinidae and Percidse, describes no less than twenty-five 
 varieties of Cyprinidae found in the State of Maryland alone, 
 but they are generally small, and not in request by anglers. 
 
 SALMONID^. 
 
 Mountain Trout.— Common Speckled Trout or Brook Trout. — Salmo fontinalU. 
 
 Mitch. 
 
 The only localities in the Southern States in which this fish is 
 caught are the headwaters of streams that have their sources in 
 the Apalachian Mountain ranges, these constituting the tributaries 
 or feeders of rivers in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, '"-eorgia, and Alabama. Nearly all of them contaiu 
 trout. [See Northern Inland Fishes.] 
 
 ACIPENSERID^. 
 Sharp-nosed Sturgeon ; Jack Sturgeon. — Acifenser oxyrhynchus. Mitch. 
 
 Elongated, pentagonal body ; entire surface granulated, ex- 
 cepting that occupied by five longitudinal rows of flattened plates, 
 
SOUTHERN INLAND FISHES. S^S 
 
 of the same structure as the covering of the head, but of a lighter 
 color. The largest plates form the dorsal ridge. Head flattened ; 
 eyes small ; lips fleshy, bilobed mouth on under side of head ; be- 
 tween the snout and mouth are four barbels. Color, greyish- 
 brown above, silvery upon the inferior body of sides. Upper lobe 
 of caudal fin twice as long as the lower. Length two to eight feet. 
 Inhabits the James, Potomac, Rappahannock and Susquehanna 
 Rivers. Much esteemed as food in Virginia. 
 
 Short-nosed Sturgeon. — A brevirostris, Le Sueur. 
 
 Head broad and convex ; short snout ; four flat barbels under 
 the snout. Dorsal series of tubercles nine to twelve ; lateral series 
 twenty-three to twenty-nine ; abdominal series five to seven. Tail 
 covered with lozenge-shaped plates. Dusky above, with faint 
 traces of oblique bands : whitish beneath. Length two to five 
 feet. Inhabits Potomac River. 
 
 SILURID.E. 
 
 The family of Catfish is represented by the Channel Cat or 
 Blue Cat, the Yellow Cat, the White Cat, and the Mud Cat, all 
 described elsewhere, and the Shovel-billed Cat of Louisiana and 
 Mississippi. All the cats are much angled for by the negroes, and 
 eagerly eaten by the poorer classes, but the Channel Cat is really 
 an estimable food fish, and affords good sport for the angler. 
 
 The salt water catfish, Ariopsis inilberti, of Gill's catalogue, 
 carries its peculiar eggs and its young in its gills. The Halifax 
 River in Florida, swarms with this species in warm weather, so 
 that they become a nuisance, taking the bait intended for better 
 fish. They grow to the weight of ten pounds or more, and fight 
 vigorously when hooked, but they are seldom eaten, and are cov- 
 ered with a disgusting slime, which makes the handling of them 
 very unpleasant ; besides which the long bony rays of the pec- 
 torals are armed with a serrated bone, exactly like that of the 
 stingray's tail, which inflicts very painful wounds. 
 
 The eggs are as large as marbles, and occur in bunches re- 
 semblin" grapes in form and color. We have never been in 
 Florida at the season when these catfish carry their young in the 
 17 ■ 
 
386 
 
 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 throat and gills, but are assured by the fishermen of that coast 
 that such is their habit. ■. 
 
 • MUGILID^. 
 
 Of the mullet family there are many varieties, of which little 
 need be said, as they afford no sport to the angler. In the James 
 River, Virginia, there is a very edible and toothsome mullet, much 
 valued fc. the table. The common mullet of the inland muddy 
 rivers is a loathsome fish scarcely filling the wants of the impover- 
 ished negroes and white trash. The " stone toter," or " stone 
 roller," is a far better variety, which is found in clear running 
 streams with pebbly bottoms. Mullets are much utilized for baits 
 for other fish. . 
 
 ■',■:■■•. ['>.; '!»/>:■ i'-:!'Y-- 
 
 .■'•-. i'v;.-: 
 
FISHES OF THE SOUTHWEST 
 
 SALMONID.E. 
 
 Rio Grande Trout. — Salmo spilurus. Cope. 
 
 Specific characters. Head small, entering length of body 
 four times ; muzzle acute ; diameter of eye enters length of side of 
 head five times ; scales large, cranium not keeled above ; dorsal fin 
 nearer muzzle than end of caudal scales ; caudal scarcely emar- 
 ginate. Br. ix, ix. Color, lighter than S. pieuriticus which it re- 
 sembles ; yellowish-brown above, with small spots composed of 
 decussating lines. A red band on each side of the chin. 
 
 Habitat, Head-waters of Rio Grande, New Mexico ; Sangre 
 de Christo Pass, Colorado ; and Brazos and Chama Rivers, New 
 Mexico. This; species may eventually prove on further examina- 
 tion to be a well-marked variety of S, pieuriticus, this latter being 
 found in the same streams with it. 
 
 As a game and food fish it cannot be surpassed ; biting readily 
 at either fly, grasshopper, grub, minnow or worm, it affords ex- 
 cellent sport. The Indians of New Mexico capture them in bas- 
 kets of wicker-work, nets, and by a running noose of horse hair at 
 the end of a stick. The noose opened wide is gently passed be- 
 neath the belly of I'.he fish and gradually tightened ; a sudden jerk 
 captures the fish. By this method fish no longer than one's finger 
 are taken by Indian boys. 
 
 CYPRINID^. 
 
 Robust Chub.— G»Va robusta. Baird and Girard. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body sub-fusiform, anteriorly stout, pos- 
 teriorly tapering. Head one-fourth total length. Eye small, 
 entering length of side of head eight times. Anterior margin of 
 dorsal fin nearer extremity of caudal than end of snout. On the 
 end of the snout is a small knot or tubercle. Color, greyish brown 
 above ; yellowish beneath. Habitat, Rivers of Arizona and New 
 Mexico. 
 
388 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Will bite at anything, grasshoppers, grubs, flies, artificial and 
 natural, pork, fishes' fins or eye. Are quite gamy. 
 
 Elegant Chub.— C/Va elegans. Baird and Girard. 
 
 Specific characters. — Body slenderer than preceding, tail at- 
 tenuated ; head one-fifth total length, eye small, entering length 
 of head seven times. Margin of dorsal fin nearer snout than base 
 of caudal; scales larger than in G. robusta. Color, reddish- 
 brown above ; metallic yellow or white beneath ; fins dull olive. 
 Habitat, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Fort Bridger, Green 
 River, Wyoming. Remarks as to capture of the preceding species 
 will apply to this, in fact to all of this genus. 
 
 Chub. — Gila gracilis. Baird and Girard. 
 
 This species is intermediate between G. robusta and G. elegans 
 but the scales are smaller than in either. Color, same as preced- 
 ing. Habitat, Arizona, Green River, Wyoming. Is exceedingly 
 abundant, especially in the White River, Arizona, frequenting the 
 deep pools ; will bite at anything. The fish is firm and sweet, but 
 full of bones. Where this species resorts few, if any, other fish 
 will be found except its congeners. ; , 
 
 Graham's Chub.— C//« ^a^awj. Baird and Girard. 
 
 Specific characters: Body sub-fusiform, compressed ; head 
 enters four and one half in total length. Margin of dorsal fin 
 nearer insertion of caudal than snout. Caudal deeply forked. 
 Color. Similar to preceding. Habitat. Fort Bridger, Wyo- 
 ming, New Mexico, Arizona. 
 
 Is abundant, especially in Arizona; takes any bait. 
 
 Pescadito. — Gila pandora. Cope. 
 
 specific characters : Head one-fifth total length ; eye enters 
 Itngth of side of head six times ; dorsal fin nearer base of 
 caudal than end of muzzle. Color. Silvery above. Habitat. San 
 Juan River, Colorado, Rio Grande, and affluents. New Mexico. 
 
 This species is the most abundant in New Mexico, and is 
 readily taken with any bait. 
 
 Gila Chub. — Gilagula, Cope. 
 
 This chub resembles the preceding, but has larger head which 
 
FISHES OF THE SOUTHWEST. 389 
 
 enters length exclusive of caudal fin three and one half times. 
 First ray of dorsal midway between base of caudal and posterior 
 rim of orbit. Color, dusky olive above ; silvery white beneath, 
 axils of fins crimson. Habitat, New Mexico. A beautiful speci- 
 men and easily taken. 
 
 UlaCK CuVB.—Gi'iu Htgra. Co^tt. 
 
 specific characters, — Body fusiform ; head enters length 
 minus caudal three and one half times. Scales more numerous 
 than in G. pandora ; upper lip slightly overhanging lower. Color, 
 black above, olive beneath. Habitat, rivers and creeks of Arizona. 
 Will take any bait. 
 
 Baird's Chub.— C/7a etnorii. Baird and Girard. 
 
 specific characters. Body elongated and compressed ; head 
 enters total length five times, greatly resembles G. grahami. 
 Color, greyish silver. Habitat, Gila River, Arizona. Will take 
 any bait. 
 
 There are a number of other species of this fish commonly 
 called chub, or pescadito in the southwest, such as Ceratichthys 
 physignathus of the Arkansas River, Colorado ; C. sterletus of the 
 Rio Grande River, New Mexico ; C. squamilentus of Green River, 
 Wyoming ; and Gila seminuda, of which little is known. Those 
 indicated afford tolerable sport, and answer well for the table 
 when better cannot be had. -i > 
 
 Suckers. 
 
 Of suckers there are several varieties, including Pantosteus 
 piatyrhynchus (Cope) ; P.jarrovii (Cope) ; Catostomus fecundus 
 (Cope and Yarrow) ; and C. guzmaniensis (Girard). 
 
 There is also a species of " Red horse," Ptychostotnus con- 
 gestus (Girard), met with in the streams of Arizona and Texas. 
 
 ^ SILURID^ .^.ND ANGUILLID^. 
 
 In the Rio Grande are taken many varieties of catfish, the best 
 of which is known as the Amiurus nebiilosus (Le Sueur). It will 
 take any kind of bait. Of eels, of which there are also many va- 
 rieties, the best is the Anguilta tyrannus, which is very much 
 like the ordinary eel. 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 
 
 SOLEIDiE. 
 
 Ahbrican Solb ; calico ; hog choker ; coverlip ; spotted sole.— AcAi'rus lineatus, 
 
 (Linn.) Cuvier. 
 
 Head, body and fins greenish brown, with numerous black 
 blotches. There are two pa^^terns of markings on this fish, one 
 with zigzag bands, and the other spotted. Very abundant in the 
 lower Potomac and its tributaries. 
 
 PLEURONECTIDiE. 
 
 Flounder ; fltitfish ; sole. 
 
 Many varieties of flounders are found in Northern waters which 
 are not known south of Cape Hatteias, and vice '•<ersa. The 
 most common Southern varieties, found liom Hew Jersey to Hat- 
 teras, are the Lophopsetta maculata, called spottrj turbot, win- 
 dow-pane, and sand flounder ; length, twelve to eighteen inches. 
 Citharichthys microstomus ; the Pomatopsetta dentata, or sum- 
 mer flounder ; and Chcenopsetta ocellaris, or common flcmder, 
 length twelve to eighteen inches. From Hatteras to Florida there 
 are Chcenopsetta dentata, or southern flounder, and C. oblonga, or 
 four-spotted flounder, which grows to two feet in length. All take 
 bait at the bottom, and are excellent food fish. Color greenish 
 brown, brown, and olive brown. 
 
 LABRID^. 
 
 Black Fish ; tautog. — Tautoga £)«?V/f.— Gunther. 
 
 Color deep black, or bluish black. Length six to eighteen 
 inches. Feeds on mud crabs or fiddlers and shell fish. Found in 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 39 1 
 
 ErHIPPIIDiC. 
 
 Angel Fish. — Ej>hippus gigrs. GUI. 
 
 The form of thL fish is sub-round, the dorsal outline much 
 arched. The back is dark, tinged with green ; sides and belly of 
 clouded silver; length eighteen inches. Is taken with hook in 
 deep water in July. It feeds on small marine animals and fish. 
 Another variety (E. faber), has a body of lightest silver grey, 
 marked with six transverse bars. It is found on the coast in May 
 and June. Length nine inches. Esteemed as food. A good 
 food fish. 
 
 SCOMBRID.E. 
 
 Common Mackerel. — Scomber scombrus. Linn. 
 
 Found as far south as Cape Hatteras. 
 
 Chub Mackerel. — S. colias. Linn. 
 
 Light green on back with numerous undulating green lines 
 passing down the sides, just crossing the lateral line ; dull bluish 
 beneath, with large round or oval blotches distrouted irregularly 
 on the sides. Length one to two feet. Ranges as far south as 
 Hatteras. 
 
 BoNiTO ; skipjack. — Sarda pelamys. Cuvier. 
 
 Range extends to Florida. 
 
 Spanish Mackerel. — Cybium maculatum. Cuvier. 
 
 Body sub-cylindrical elongated ; silvery above, clouded with 
 bluish green ; sides and belly white with purple tints ; several 
 bright copper colored spots about a half inch in diameter, both 
 above and below the lateral line. Teeth long and sharp. Tail 
 bi-lobed — each lobe long, slender, and pointed ; fins yellowish. 
 It appears on the coast of the Carolinas in April and May, but is 
 rarely seen in the summer months. It feeds on a variety of small 
 fish and runs in schools. Taken often with a trolling line and a 
 bluefish rig, though it is a very capricious fish, and will frequently 
 take no notice of the lure, although there may be thousands of fish 
 in sight. 
 
 i 
 
392 GAME FISIT OF NORTH AMERICA. t 
 
 Cbro ; black spotted Spanish mackerel ; kingfish.— 0'^<«'» regale. Cuvler. 
 Range extends to Florida. . 
 
 Albicorb ; American tunny ; horse mackerel. — Orcynus secundi-dorsalts. Gill. 
 
 Range extends to Florida. 
 
 [See descriptions of all the above in Eastern Coast Fishes.] 
 
 • ' Jackfish, — Ser tola car olinensis. Holbrook. ^ 
 
 Head olive brown, body bluish slate color ; sides yellow ; belly 
 white ; a yellow band from the opercle to the tail, which is widely 
 forked ; fins bluish yellow. Length two feet four inches. Lives 
 in deep water and is taken with bait and line at ail seasons of the 
 year, but is never abundant. 
 
 Banded Mackerel.— ^ytfr/Wa zonata, Holbrook, 
 
 Body pale bluish slate color, marked by vertical dusky bands. 
 A yellow horizontal band extends from the opercle to the tail, and 
 a second band of same color, less distinct, is often found below it ; 
 fins yellowish ; tail deeply forked. It ranges from Massachusetts 
 to Florida. 
 
 Green Mackerel. — Seriola chloris. Holbroojf. 
 
 Upper half of body palest green ; lower half silvery, iridescent, 
 with purple reflections, fins yellow ; tail widely forked with a black 
 spot at the base. Seen along the coast during July and August ; 
 feeds on small fish. 
 
 :■ . CARANGID.C. 
 
 ' ' Cavalli or Crevalle. — Trachynotus caroUnns. Gill. 
 
 This fish very much resembles the pompano, belongs to the 
 same family, and is often confounded with it, even by naturalists, 
 but its habits are very different. The cavalli has a more pointed 
 head and snout, with moderately large conical and pointed teeth. 
 The mouth is larger than in the pompano, the body not as deep 
 in proportion to the length, the eye is larger, it has two dorsal 
 fins, and at the junction of the tail with the body it is smaller than 
 the pompano. The principal structural difTeret^ces are these : In 
 
■ SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 393 
 
 the pompano the first dorsal is represented by six spines, the sncuit 
 is truncated, the mouth rather small and toothless. The cavalli 
 has two dorsal fins, a sharper snout and a larger mouth, with con- 
 ical pointed teeth. In color, both are changeable, the prevailing 
 colors of the pompano being blue and silver, those of the cavalli 
 green and gold. Both are very brilliant fishes. In color it is , 
 olive green, and silvery above and yellow beneath. It goes in 
 schools, swims near the surface, and takes readily a troll, either 
 bait or red rag or fly. It is an active sporting fish, but of indif- 
 ferent quality on the table, being dry and tasteless. It is found far 
 up rivers (where the water remains brackish). It grows in Florida 
 to the weight of ten or twelve pounds. Spawns in May, in the 
 ocean, and is taken in South Carolina waters until October ; in 
 Florida all through the winter. It feeds on mollusks, and crus- 
 taceous animals. 
 
 Pampano. — Botholamus pampaaus. 
 
 The pampano has a truncated snout, rather a small mouth 
 without teeth, jaws strong and massive, eye of moderate size, 
 body much compressed and deep, about one-third the length : 
 first dorsal fin represented by six spines ; second dorsal soft, and 
 extending to the tail ; anal fin extending to the tail also. The 
 pampano is a bottom fish, and is found singly. Rarely takes the 
 hook, but when he does fights vigorously, running in circles, 
 darting in all directions, and making a great fuss generally. His 
 colors when first out of the water, are as brilliant as those of a 
 fresh salmon, — like a bar of frosted silver. After death they 
 change to dark blue above and lemon beneath. Most delicious 
 for the table. Spawns in March. Its range extends to Massa- 
 chusetts. Holbrook mentions four species of Caranx. • 
 
 ; . BERYCID^. 
 
 Squirrel Fish. — Diplectrumfasciculare, Holbrook. > 
 
 Body fawn color or bronze, marked with seven or eight lines 
 of ultramarine blue ; fins blue and yellow. Length fourteen 
 inches. Is occasionally taken on the hook, on blackfish grounds. 
 „.The Carolinas are its extreme northern limit. 
 17* 
 
394 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 •' ' " .• ' ■ .' ' I ■ * " ' ' ' ' ' ■ , ' ' ' 
 
 .■, SCI^NID^. V , 
 
 Redfish, or Channel Bass.— ^«>«o/x<»<r^//«/«j. Gill. 
 
 This is a very common and numerous species on the Florida 
 coasts, and is a fish much resembling in habits its congener, the 
 striped bass of more northern waters. It is taken with similar 
 baits, such as shrimp, crab, or a piece of mullet ; it fights long 
 and hard on the hook, and in the proper season is an excellent 
 table fish, boiled, cut in steaks, and broiled, or even fried. In the 
 fall and winter the redfish is lean and without flavor, but improves 
 in March, and in January it is the best of the coast fishes, as well 
 as the most abundant. At that season it swarms in the river 
 mouths and sounds, and can be taken with almost any bait. It is 
 also found of large size in the surf on the sea-beaches, and can be 
 readily taken by casting a baited hook with a hand line from the 
 shore. 
 
 Specimens under seven or eight pounds weight have the back 
 of a steel blue, sides golden, and belly white — the larger fish are 
 of a brilliant golden red on back and sides. All have the black 
 spot near the tail, from which the specific name is derived. Some- 
 times there are two or more spots. 
 
 It comes into the rivers with the tide, and is best taken in the 
 channels near the shore at half flood. As in sheepshead fishing, most 
 persons use the hand line, with the bait on the bottom, but better 
 sport can be had with a bass rod and reel to hold sixty or seventy 
 yards of line, using a float to keep the bait within three feet of the 
 bottom. The same hook as for striped bass ; this fish has a tough 
 but not very bony mouth, and is easily hooked. It is also taken fre- 
 quently with a fly and trolling spoon. In March and April in the 
 rivers and inlets they run from five to ten pounds weight ; later 
 in the season of larger size, say from fifteen to thirty pounds. 
 
 It makes its appearance in Carolina waters in November. It 
 spawns in August and September in the shallow bays and inlets. 
 In November and December the largest fish are caught. Its range 
 extends to New York. 
 
 Trout ; Salt water trout, or grey \xo\3X.—Cynoscion regalit. Gill. 
 
 This fish is known as the weakfish and by other names on the 
 northern coast. Ground color of body silvery. Black above the 
 
SOUTHERN COAST hi SUES. 395 
 
 lateral line, marked with numerous irregular dusky blotches. 
 Length twelve inches. Taken with rod and reel, with mullet bait, 
 fly or troll, in Florida and other southern States chiefly with bait. 
 Its range extends to Massachusetts. It belongs to the same genus 
 as the C. carolincnsis (called salmon trout, spotted sea trout, and 
 spotted silver sides), butdifiers considerably in color and markings. 
 Both fish are caught together with the same bait. It lives always 
 in salt water, never ascending fresh streams, and feeds on smaller 
 fish and shrimp. Shrimp is an excellent bait. It is most abun- 
 dant and of the largest size in the autumn months. Spawns in 
 July and August in rivers at tide water. Holbrook mentions two 
 other varieties known in South Carolina waters, one, C, thalass- 
 mtis, body dusky, with a greenish lint above. Sides and belly yel- 
 low. Known as the deep sea trout — found only in the ocean at a 
 depth of twenty fathoms and never approaching land ; the other 
 C. nothtis, or Bastard Trout. Head and body silvery white or but 
 slightly shaded above ; length twelve inches ; an uncommon va- 
 riety. [See Weakfish in Northern Coast Fishes.] 
 
 KiNGFisH ; yvhAixng.—Menticirrus nebulosus. Gill. 
 
 Body silvery, marked by several oblique dusky bars. Length 
 sixteen inches. The whiting remains all the year round. It 
 spawns in May in the ocean. In spring and summer very abun- 
 dant, and are taken near the bottom in the mouths of rivers and 
 bays with hook baited with shrimp, clam, crab, or mullet. They 
 prefer deep and running waters, and afford excellent sport to the 
 angler. This fish is peculiar to southern waters, and is a different 
 fish from the northern variety. [See Eastern Coast Fishes.] 
 
 Drum. — Pogonias chrotnis. Lacep. 
 
 The drumfish is very common all along the Atlantic coast, 
 from New Jersey to Florida, and is much esteemed. In the spawn- 
 ing season in March and April, it is taken ver}' abundantly with 
 prawns for bait, which appear at that period. Body is of a dull 
 silvery or lead color, often with a coppery tint. It lives on mollus- 
 cous and crustaceous animals, which it crushes easily with its 
 immense round teeth. In the spawning season it enters the bays 
 and salt water inlets, and is constantly heard drumming. This 
 
Z9^ GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 noise is made in the air bladder, and can be heard at long dis- 
 tances, sounding like the tap of a drum. It emits this sound only 
 in spawning season. Spawns in the bays and inlets. 
 
 Lafaybttk ; spot ; pigfish ; bezuga ; chub ; oroakcr ; goody.— LiMtomus 
 
 obliquus. Oc Kay. 
 
 This is a yellowish fish, marked by fourteen dusky bars de- 
 scending obliquely forward from the back, and always recognized 
 by a dark spot behind the gill-cover. Fins yellowish. Its range 
 extends from Florida to Rhode Island. It is taken with hook and 
 bait from April until December. It is highly esteemed. Spawns in 
 November and December in the bays and inlets. 
 
 Vkllow Tail. — Liostomus xanthurus. Lacep. 
 
 Habitat and habits same as the Lafayette, and taken with the 
 same bait. Color golden brown above ; silvery below ; tail yellow. 
 
 Black Perch. — Lobotes surinamensis, CuYier. 
 
 General appearance olive black ; yellowish fins. Is taken with 
 hook baited with clams or shrimp from June to September. Range 
 from New York to Florida. 
 
 Young Drum. — Pogonias fasciatus. Lacep. , 
 
 This variety of the drum has a silvery body with dusky vertical 
 bars, and measures two and a half feet in length. It is taken with 
 the hook at nearly all seasons of the year, but the largest are taken 
 in November and December. Its range extends from Florida to 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Surf-whiting ; shore whiting ; h?iTh.~-Mentic{rrus iUtoralh. Gill. 
 
 Scientists note specific differences between this fish and the 
 alburnus, although their general features are very similar. This 
 species is only found in shoal water where the bottom is hard or 
 sandy. Its favorite resort is the surf along shore where it finds 
 abundant food rolled in from the ocean. It is seldom taken with 
 hook. Makes its appearance in April, and remains all summer. 
 
 CROKER.—Micro/ogvn undulatus. Cuv. and Val. 
 
 A good panfish, seldom exceeding a foot in length, and taken 
 in great numbers in the bays and estuaries. It winters in Florida 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 397 
 
 and makes its appearance on the Carolina coast in M.iy, but it 
 only becomes common in shallow water in June and July, and is 
 most abundant and of largest size in October and November. It 
 is of a dusky silvery color above ; belly white ; fins yellowish. 
 
 Bullhead. — Larimus /asciatus. Holbrook. 
 
 This fish resembles the Lafayette fish at first sight. The body 
 is of a pale silver grey, the sides marked with seven vertical dusky 
 bars ; fins yellowish. Though a rare fish, it is sometimes found in 
 company with the weakfish, or sea trout, and is caught with the 
 same bait. From Hatteras to South Carolina. 
 
 SPARIDyE. 
 
 Sheepshbad. — Archosargus frobatocephalus . Gill. 
 
 This fish is of a semi-oval form, head large, body a silver grey 
 color, marked by seven transverse bluish-black bars. The old fish 
 become more dusky. They weigh as high as seventeen pounds 
 (that weight taken at Homosassa, Florida) and are found in all 
 Florida waters, and as far north as Massachusetts. It is taken in 
 Florida throughout the winter. The best fishing is usually in the 
 channels which run along the banks, upon which is a thick grove 
 of mangrove bushes ; ihe roots of these are in the water, and are 
 covered with barnacles, which attract the sheepshead. From half- 
 flood to high water they usually bite most eagerly, though here, as 
 elsewhere, there sometimes comes a day on which fish do not feed 
 — affected probably by the wind or weather. 
 
 In April they become heavy with spawn, and lose their fine 
 flavor. They spawn in May. They are often taken quite small, 
 only a few ounces in weight. Most fishermen use a hand line, with 
 two hooks resting on the bottom, but anglers find more sport in the 
 use of rod and reel. A four pound sheepshead will make a strong 
 fight, and a pair of them will try the angler's skill to save both. 
 Owing to the hard pavement of enamelled teeth in the mouth, it is 
 difficult to hook this fish, and when hooked his jaws are so strong 
 that few hooks can resist their power. The best hooks are those 
 known as the Virginia and Chestertown hooks. The barb has a 
 sharp cutting edge, which penetrates better. The baits generally 
 
398 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 used are clams (better boiled, being tougher), crabs, fiddlers, and 
 conchs. The latter bait is very tough, well resists the strong teeth 
 of the sheepshcad. Sinkers of different weights are required to 
 suit the force of the tide at different times, the sheepshead being a 
 bottom fish. Two, four, and six ounces will be found sufficient. 
 
 The sheepshead appears in the r;ighborhood of Charleston in 
 April, and continues until November. It enters shallow inlets and 
 mouths of rivers, which it ascends so far as the water remains 
 brackish. It prefers rocky bottoms or sheltered places ; old wrecks 
 are favorite resorts, because they collect barnacles and other shells. 
 They can be easily tolled to a place by sinking old logs or timbers 
 on which barnacles will collect. If these are removed, the fish at 
 once disappear. 
 
 PoRGY ; fairmaid. — Stenotomus argyrops. Gill. 
 
 A well-known *ish, of an iridescent silvery color, tinged with 
 blue, purple and green, and takes the hook freely baited with clams 
 or other shell fish. Ranges from Florida to Cape Cod. Most 
 abundant in June and July. Prefers deep waters with rocky bot- 
 toms, but is often found in waters of an altogether different 
 character. 
 
 Rhomboidal Porgy ; bream. — Lagodon rhomboides. Holbrook. 
 
 Nearly oval in shape. Head above pale brown with small 
 golden spots ; sides of head marked with several alternate pale 
 blue and golden lines ; the body above the lateral line marked with 
 similar lines of the same color, but more clouded ; slightly arched 
 and concentric. Helow the lateral line these are horizontal and 
 parallel to the belly, where the blue lines disappear, and are re- 
 placed with alternate white and golden lines ; belly white ; a dusky 
 spot above the root of the pectoral fin. Length ten inches. Feeds 
 on crustaceous animals and smaller fish. It is abundant in May 
 and June. Takes bait freely. Flesh palatable. 
 
 PRISTIPOMATID^. 
 
 Red Mouth Grunt.— //<yw/«/t»« chrysopteron. Cuvier. " ^ • 
 
 Back arched, pale umber grey ; belly silvery ; fins yellowish ; 
 length twelve inches ; taken in Carolina waters at all seasons of 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 399 
 
 the year, though never abundant ; not esteemed as food. Spawns 
 in April, in bays and inlets. , 
 
 Black Grunt. — Heemulon arcuatunt. Cuv. and Val. 
 
 Body umber brown above, paler on the sides ; head dusky, 
 marked with horizontal lines of ultramarine blue ; length ten 
 inches. Lives in deepest waters, and feeds on shell fish and 
 smaller fish. Spawns in April. 
 
 HoGFisH ; speckled red mouth; sailor's choice — Orthopriitis /ulvomaculatui. 
 
 Gill. 
 
 One of the best Southern food fishes, and is angled for from 
 boats by still baiting with shedder or soft-shell crab. It is excel- 
 lent when boiled or stuffed and baked. It should be skinned with 
 a sharp knife, as its scales are very tenacious. Body above pale 
 brown, belly silvery ; sides marked with numerous orange-colored 
 spots — those above the lateral line in oblique rows, those below it 
 in horizontal rows ; fins yellowish marked in same way ; sides of 
 the head pale blue, with yellow spots. This fish appears in April, 
 and continues until November. It is very common in Bermuda and 
 is caught as far north as Chesapeake Bay. There are four other 
 varieties of Grunts : the Hicmulon forme swn ; the H. quadrilinc- 
 atum, or striped grunt ; Aiiisotremiis virginicus ; and Lutjanus 
 cants, the yelting, or glass-eyed snapper. 
 
 SERRANID^. • 
 
 Black Fish, or Sea Bass, Black will.— 0«/r(?/r/j/^j atrarius. Barn. (Eastern 
 
 shore of Virginia.) 
 
 The males of this fish are bluish-black on the upper part of the 
 body, and lighter below ; females a dingy brown. Their fins are 
 very large. They grow to several pounds in weight. Takes bait 
 voraciously. It abounds in shallow as well as deep waters. Taken 
 from the wharves by ruu and hand line, with clams, crabs, shrimp, 
 etc. [See " Sea Bass," in Northern Coast Fishes.J 
 
 Black Grouper. — Epincphelus nigritus. Gill. 
 
 Commonly known on the Florida coast as the " grouper ; " it is 
 a perch also, and is of the very best quality on the table, being 
 
400 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 rich and well flavored. It is shaped something like the black bass 
 of fresh water, the color an olive brown, with dark mottled lines, 
 resembling tortoise shell. At Mosquito Inlet it is taken from two 
 to eight pounds in weight with mullet bait on the bottom. The 
 grouper has a stronghold under the mangrove bushes, or in a hole 
 in the bank, to which it retreats when hooked, and being a vigor- 
 ous fish often succeeds in reaching its fortress, from which it can 
 with difficulty be dislodged, and the loss of fish and tackle is the 
 result. More hooks are lost by the grouper than by any other fish, 
 but as it affords good sport and excellent food, it is a favorite ob- 
 ject of the angler's pursuit. A bass rod and reel, with a strong 
 line and Virginia hook, with lead enough to keep the bait on the 
 bottom, is the best rig for the grouper, and, after all, the prospect 
 of getting him is uncertain. He fights so hard that you have to 
 give him line, and if you give him too much he is sure to escape 
 into his hold. Spawns in May and June in bays and inlets. 
 
 Red Snapper ; red grouper.— 5'^>->'(«)»«j erythogaster .~^mV\^x, E^inephtlus 
 
 morh. Gill. 
 
 This fish seems to be called by both names in different local- 
 ities. In east Florida it goes by the name of "snapper," and is 
 known by the large canine teeth and by its rapacious habits ; when 
 put with other fish alive in a car it proceeds to devour those small- 
 er than itself. It has large scales, with spines in the dorsal fin, 
 and has been placed by Cuvier among the perches. At Mosquito 
 Inlet they are small — from one to three pounds, but in the Indian 
 River ten or twelve pounds weight, and in the Gulf of double that 
 size. The snapper seems to be a wary fish, and requires finer 
 tackle and more careful fishing than most of the coast species. A 
 rather small hook, fitie line, with mullet bait cast from a reel, 
 using a float so as to let the line run off" down the current thirty or 
 forty yards from the boat, is the most successful way to delude the 
 snapper. It bites sharply, fights hard, and is good eating, either 
 boiled or fried. Color, reddish brown on back and sides, growing 
 darker after death ; belly silvery. Spawns in May and June in bays 
 and inlets. Twelve varieties of Groupers are enumerated. 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. ^ 40 1 
 
 LABRACID^. 
 
 Striped Bass, or Rockfish. — Roccus lineatus. Gill. 
 
 Body above dusky ; sides and belly silvery white ; sides marked 
 with seven or eight longitudinal lines of a bluish color. Grow to 
 a large size, but not so large as those taken ofif the coast of Massa- 
 chusetts. Taken in both salt and fresh water, although it is 
 really a marine species. Its habits in southern waters differ some- 
 what from its habits in northern waters. It is seldom taken in 
 salt water, but is constantly seen in rivers of fresh water at great 
 distances from the ocean, even as far up the Mississippi as St. 
 Louis. It is common in White River, Arkansas, and in the rivers 
 of all the Southern States. It feeds on various small fish, and on 
 crustaceous animals, and never destroys its own kind, like the 
 bluefish. Taken with rod and reel. [See Striped Bass in North- 
 ern Coast Fishes.] 
 
 White Pbrch. —Moratte amertcana. Gill. 
 
 Back and sides pale silver grey ; belly silver white ; two dorsal 
 fins ; length twelve inches, rarely exceeding two and one-half 
 pounds in weight. Found in both salt and fresh water from Massa- 
 chusetts to South Carolina. It is really a marine species. Takes 
 minnow, the soft or " peeler " crayfish, soft or hard crab, or pieces 
 of perch. In early spring there is excellent fishing at the Little 
 Falls of the Potomac. The perch, with the herring and shad, 
 ascend the river to spawn, and remain in this locality two or three 
 weeks before returning to salt water. During the season it is a 
 very common thing to take them weighing from three-quarters of 
 a pound to a pound and a quarter each, and measuring from six 
 to twelve inches in length, and when of this size they make a de- 
 lightful pan fish. But before speaking of the habits of the perch, 
 a brief description of their favorite haunts will not be out of place. 
 Their spawning grounds extend all the way from Ead's Mill to 
 the foot of the Little Falls, a distance of about a mile. The river 
 between these points varies in width from seventy-five to one hun- 
 dred and fifty yards, and in depth trom four to fifty feet. The 
 bottom is rocky, and at low tide numerous rocks are visible above 
 the surface of the water. The shores on both sides are almost a 
 
402 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 solid mass of rock, and many fine perch are taken at high tide 
 from the eddies formed by the rapid current behind some of the 
 larger rocks. 
 
 Many persons, in fishing for perch, do so from the rocks along 
 the river bank instead of from a boat. At high tide they often 
 have good sport, but never take as many large fish as the more 
 experienced fishermen, who have their boats anchored over the 
 deep holes, and above eddies, where they take out the larger 
 ones, oftentimes as fast as they can bait their hooks. On many 
 occasions two or three of us have captured over two hundred 
 perch in less than three hours by fishing from a boat. 
 
 The tackle used for catching perch is very light, a fourteen 
 foot rod, braided linen line, and reel ; the latter is a matter of con- 
 venience. The perch is not a game fish, and therefore the reel is 
 not necessary to give him line, as in fishing for rock bass, and 
 other game fish. Perch bite rapidly and swallow the hook, but 
 offer no resistance, and are easily taken from the water. Two or 
 three small hooks (Limerick, Aberdeen, or Kirby) are attached to 
 the line above the sinker, and the best fish are caught near the 
 bottom. 
 
 After spawning the perch start down the river early in May. 
 They breed and spend the early summer months in the fresh trib- 
 utaries, but by the first of August drop down to water slightly 
 brackish where they remain in large schools until October. In 
 August it seems that the bottom is covered for acres with them. 
 The cream of the perch season is from the ist of September until 
 the middle of October, and the best time to select is those days 
 when it is high water from six to nine o'clock. Then you can get 
 the benefit of both tides in one day. In the tributaries of Chesa- 
 peake Bay, the best fishing is enjoyed. There are known resorts 
 of the fish, and an hour or two before high or low water, until the 
 same time after the turn of the tide, is the time for taking them. 
 As soon as the boat is anchored the rod is extended from sides or 
 stern ; the sinker with the baits runs the line from the reel and 
 finds the bottom. There is a pull downward by the perch, a pull 
 upward by the angler, and the tip of the rod is lowered ; then 
 another pull, and another perch hooked, and then a third in the 
 same manner, when the angler reels up and lifts his fish on board. 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 403 
 
 On a good day it is not uncommon for three or four fishers to kill 
 from i^fty to eighty dozen. 
 
 POMATOMID.E. 
 
 Bluefish or Skip-jack ; greenfish (Virginia) ; tailor (Maryland and Virginia). — 
 
 Pomatomus saltatrix. Gill. 
 
 The form of this fish is oblong, head rather large, snout 
 rounded, mouth large, armed with bony sharp teeth ; tail deeply 
 forked, rolor brilliant steel blue and silver in young fish, and deep 
 greenish ijlue in old fish ; fins yellowish. These fish are generally 
 small and not esteemed. Taken by trolling and by rod, bait and 
 float from the wharves. Shrimp are preferred for bait. At some 
 seasons they will take a light colored fly of whitish yellow hue, and 
 are often so caught on the Gulf coast of Florida. The young fish 
 are known in southern waters as whitefish and snap mackerel. 
 [See " Bluefish " in Northern Coast Fishes.] 
 
 ELACATID^. 
 
 Crab-eater ; cobia ; sergeant fish. — Elacate canadus. Gill. 
 
 This fish resembles the pickerel of fresh water in form, size, 
 and habits, particularly in the long under jaw which distinguishes 
 the pike family. Body long and narrow, sub-cylindrical, marked 
 with alternate dark and light olive horizontal stripes that extend 
 from the gills to the tail ; belly white ; tail deeply crescentic, the 
 upper lobe being the longest. It has moreover a black stripe along 
 its sides which gives rise to its local name of "sergeant fish." 
 Length three to five feet. It is common on the east coast of 
 Florida, particularly on the Indian River, though its range extends 
 to Massachusetts. It prefers clear water, and subsists on smaller 
 fish and crabs, lurking under roots and sea weed, from which it 
 darts upon its prey. Takes the hook freely. 
 
 ECHINEIDvE. 
 
 • SvcK.-visH.—Echeneis lineata. Holbrook. 
 
 The body of this fish is similar in form to the cobia, except 
 that its tail is nearly square. It is banded like the cobia too, but 
 
404 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 the stripes are clouded yellow and sulphur color. The belly is 
 white and the tail bluish margined with white. It has a large 
 broad head which is concave on top, where it is occupied by an 
 oval adhesive disk bordered by a fleshy thick movable substance, 
 and divided in *he mesial line, o« each side of which are twenty- 
 one transverse plates, their free margins divided backward and 
 serrated. By this disk it attaches itself to any object, and is found 
 adhering to the bottoms of boats, and to the bodies of large tish. 
 It is frequently taken with blackfish, (sea bass) and is attracted by 
 the same bait. 
 
 ESOCID^. 
 
 "' PiKF. — Esox luctus, or rettculatus. 
 
 In the salt waters of Chesapeake Bay is found a true pike whose 
 habitat, it has been ascertained, is confined almost exclusively to 
 salt water. Some who have been cognizant of this fish have main- 
 tained that it was a distinct variety, but there seems to be no doubt 
 of its identity with the inland pike, and we find it referred to as 
 Esox reticulatus (Le Sueur, et al,) and E. lucius (Mitchell), in the 
 Reports of the Maryland Fish Commissioners, the most valuable 
 work of the kind that has yet been issued. Our extended investi- 
 gations show that these fish spawn in the Patapsco, Magoty, 
 Chester, Sassafras, Choptank and Annapolis Roads. There are 
 few caught below the Choptank, and scarcely any above the Sas- 
 safras River. They are taken every day in the year, the largest 
 quantity in extreme cold weather, when they are brought to mar- 
 ket by wagon loads. At Norfolk they are not common. Prof. 
 Ellzey, of Bladesburg, Virginia, says that they were very numer- 
 ous six or seven years ago at West River, Marj'land, where they 
 were caught in seines in February and March, but during the past 
 few seasons only occasional specimens have been taken. He vol- 
 unteers the opinion that they might be taken with the fly. Prof. 
 
 . Beal, of the Gown Agricultural College, says he has known of 
 their being taken through the ice in winter with a hook. 
 
 " While residing at Annapolis, I had several opportunities for 
 examining this fish when fresh from the water, and should pro- 
 
 » nounce it identical with the common fresh-water pickerel (Esox 
 
SOUTHERN COAST FISHES. 403 
 
 reticulattis) of the Eastern States. The color and markings upon 
 the sides are the same, and their habits of lying in shallow water 
 near the shore and in bunches of weeds are also similar. It is pos- 
 sible that a spedalist in ichthyology might discover differences, but 
 they are not apparent to the eyes of an ordinary student of nature. 
 The water of the creeks and inlets about Chesapeake Bay are but 
 slightly salt, and but little affected by tides, and are lined about the 
 shores with patches of weeds and rushe*, forming just the sort of 
 places that the pickerel loves to inhabit. I see no reason for sup- 
 posing that the pickerel should not live in salt water if the other 
 conditions were suited to its habits, as they so evidently are here. 
 The only way that I ever knew of these salt water pike being taken 
 was by the seine and by fishing through the ice in winter, precisely 
 as is done for pickerel at the North." 
 
 Mr. S. R. Scoggins, a veteran marketman of Baltimore, claims 
 these pike are essentially a salt water fish, and will not go into 
 fresh water. He says, " I have been among them for thirty years, 
 and never knew one to be caught in fresh water unless it had 
 strayed away from the school and was in a sickly condition. 
 Possibly they go into fresh water to spawn. 
 
 A careful examination of five specimens of these fish, that av- 
 eraged some twenty-two inches in length, and a comparison of the 
 same with the fresh- water pike, discovered but very slight variations 
 as to fin- rays, color, markings, and general structure, as between 
 each other and the inland fish. We give the formula for two 
 specimens which showed the greatest variation : 
 
 Length of body twenty-two and one-half inches ; head six 
 inches. Fin system : D. 18 ; P. 14 ; V. 10 ; A. 15 ; C. 20. 
 
 Length of body twenty-one inches ; head five and one-half 
 inches. Fin system : D. 18 ; P. 12 ; V. 9 ; A. 15 : C. 20. 
 
 Color : Back, deep green ; sides, olive yellow ; belly, white ; 
 under fins and throat, deep red ; upper fins, green ; irides blue 
 with yellow rim ; numerous dark streaks on body producing a 
 reticulated appearance. 
 
 The fin-ray formula for the inland pike, as given by De Kay 
 and other authorities, is as follows : 
 
 D. 18 ; P. 16 ; V. 10 ; A. 14 ; C. 19. 
 'V 'Color and description nearly as given above. - < - ^ ■- 
 
' 406 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Skipjack ; skipper ; saury ; bone-fish ; \9iA-<j-^^.—Sco>Hberesox scutellatut. 
 
 Le Sueur. 
 
 This fish belongs to the genus scomberesocidse, and as the 
 ^ name implies, this fish combines the characterisl^s of the mack- 
 erel and the pike. He is a beautiful fish, growing to several 
 pounds in weight, is shaped like a pike, with fins similarly located, 
 large mouth well armed with teeth ; dark blue on the back, silvery 
 on the sides, and white on the belly ; fins white. He is as vora- 
 cious as either the pike or mackerel, and takes bait, spoon, or flies 
 freely. He is often hooked when not wanted while angling for 
 other better fish. Very common in southern waters, especially in 
 Florida. Tastes well enough, but is bony. Plays havoc with light 
 tackle, and affords good sport. , 
 
 MUGILID.E. ' 
 
 ' M.vvi.wr.—Mugil lineatus. N. .iCh. 
 
 There are several species of the mullet. They are found every- 
 where in the bays and sounds in immense shoals, and are taken in 
 seines and cast nets in size from half a pound to six pounds. It 
 is a very valuable fish to the inhabitants, since it takes salt better 
 than any other southern species, being equal to the mackerel in 
 that respect. It also furnishes a valuable food in its spawn, which 
 is salted and smoked. It is also used extensively as bait for most 
 other fishes. The mullet appears to subsist upon the minute 
 animals found in the mud, with which substance its stomach and 
 intestines are usually found to be filled. Eaten fresh, the mullet 
 affords a rich and savory food. Spawns in January and February 
 in strong currents on the surface. 
 
 ELOPID.E. . • ,' 
 
 . , Jackmariddle ; pounder ; big-eyed )\evr\n^,—Elops saurus. Linn. 
 
 Color pale green on upper part, and white with roseate tints 
 at the sides ; fins yellowish. Length thirty inches. Taken with 
 hook and bait from June to October. Not esteemed as food. , 
 
 Js-VFisn;ta.Tpum.—Mfg^aiopst/trisspfi/es. Giinther. f,'*..^; 
 
 An immense fish, with bony white silvery scales two inches in 
 diameter, covering the whole body, weighing often five hundred 
 
SOUTirF.R!^ COAST FISHES. 407 
 
 pounds and upwards. Will take a hook, but not a convenient fish 
 to handle. Very common in Galveston Bay and on the Florida 
 coast. 
 
 SILURID^E. 
 
 Salt Watkr Catfish.— Ario^sis fttt'/ierit. Gill. 
 Much resembles the fresh water catfish, but is a handsomei 
 fish, both in form and color. It has the barbels dependent from 
 the mouth, and strong spines in the pectoral and dorsal fins, capa- 
 ble of inflicting painful wounds upon careless hands. They are 
 numerous, and greedy biters, but are generally thrown away, or 
 left for the coons and buzzards. Size in the Indian River, Florida, 
 ten or twelve pounds. At Mosquito Inlet, from two five to pounds. 
 
 
 , ■'■•<nV.\.' ■;:(;,;.. ;.';;;i-;/ -■i:y,'''i:: ,';>.;;<, 
 
A SHORT LECTURE ON FISHES. 
 
 OF all the animals composing that great branch of the animal 
 kingdom called vertebrates, the tishes are the simplest in 
 structure and intelligence, and are the oldest in the history of the 
 globe, as shown by the remains in the rocks. Fishes being des- 
 tined to an active life under water, have all their organs adapted 
 to this purpose — gills instead of lungs, limbs shaped as fins, and so 
 forth. They differ in form, but all have the simple outline of a 
 large head, no neck, and the body tapering gradually to the end 
 of the tail. Some have no fins, but generally they are present, and 
 arranged in pairs symmetrically, or singly on the back or abdomen. 
 Behind the head are large openings leading to the gills. The 
 water entering the mouth in breathing, is driven across the gills 
 and escapes by these openings. The scales greatly vary, their 
 shape forming one of the characters by which a fish is classified. 
 They are horny plates similar to our finger-nails, containing min- 
 ute, polished plates of color, giving certain fishes a dazzling bril- 
 liancy of tinting that reminds us of gold and silver. 
 
 The skeleton of fishes is either horny or made of cartilage, 
 which is a tough, elastic substance, better known as "gristle." 
 It is composed of a head, trunk and limbs. The head is made up 
 of a large number of bones intricately put together, particularly 
 those supporting the arches of the gills and gill-covers {ppercula), 
 the tongue and neighboring parts, which has been termed the 
 hyoid apparatus. Next behind the skull comes a chain of bones 
 called vertebrcE, extending the whole length of the body. Each 
 vertebra is shaped like an hour-glass, and is armed with spines 
 and projections termed processes, some of which, by interlocking, 
 hold the vertebrse more firmly together, while others give a strong 
 attachment to muscles. This chain is the backbone or vertebral 
 column, which, by its presence in every fish, bird, reptile, and mam- 
 mal, unites them into a single group — the Vertebrata. Above the 
 
A S/ZOA'T LECTURE ON FISHES. 4O9 
 
 backbone runs the spinal cord, that is the great nerve, which is 
 a continuation backward of the brain, protected by a bony tube, 
 and underneath it the great artery from the heart that supplies the 
 body with blood. To the sides of the backbone the ribs are all 
 attached, when present, and upon the s[)iny processes which pro- 
 ject upward is carried the framework of the fins of the back and the 
 tail. The side fins arc supported upon the end of some flat bones 
 hinged to the backbone, which answer to the fore-limbs in higher 
 animals, but the ventral or belly fins are fixed more simply. The 
 skeleton in fishes like the sharks and skates is very different, not 
 being bony at all, but composed entirely of cartilage ; hence they 
 have been named cartilaginous fishes. 
 
 Most fishes swim with great rapidity, using their tail alone to 
 get ahead with, balancing a,nd steering somewhat with their fins. 
 Many possess a very peculiar organ, called the sivimming-bladder, 
 situated in the abdomen, this is a sac filled with air, and so ar- 
 ranged that the fish can increase or decrease his weight with 
 respect to the water (/. e., his specific gravity), and so sink or float 
 as he desires. 
 
 The life of a fish is occupied wholly in providing its food and 
 escaping its enemies ; its senses are dull, and it seems to be with- 
 out any remarkable instinct. Yet it has a brain, abundant nerves, 
 and all the organs of sense. Fishes are great eaters, and nearly 
 all live upon flesh. Some have no teeth, but generally there are 
 large numbers in different parts of the mouth and throat, which 
 vary widely in form, number and position. The horrid set which 
 the shark carries is regularly shed and replaced by new. The 
 blood of fishes is red and cold, but it seems to circulate slower 
 than in warm-blooded animals, and the heart is more simple. 
 Some fishes, like the electric eel, have the remarkable power of 
 producing electricity. Fishes multiply by means of eggs, some 
 species producing hundreds of thousands at a single spawning — 
 as the dropping of the ^g% is called ; yet perhaps not more than 
 one in a thousand of these eggs ever results in a full grown fish. 
 
 Certain fishes change their residence with the seasons, or ac- 
 cording to their habits, especially their habit of spawning. This 
 migration in some is from north to south ; in others from deep to 
 shallow water and back again ; and many from the sea up rivers 
 18 
 
410 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA, 
 
 and down a^ain to the sea. One of the best known examples of 
 this latter class is the salmon, and I will give you a description of 
 their habits in the words of Milne-Edwards, an eminent French 
 naturalist : • 
 
 " Each spring it enters the rivers in vast troops to ascend them, 
 even to their sources. In these migrations the salmon follow a 
 regular order, forming two long files, united in front, conducted 
 by the largest female, who precedes, while the small males form 
 the rear guard. These trooi)s swim in general with much noise 
 in the middle of rivers, and near the surface of the water if the 
 temperature be mild, but nearer the bottom if the heat be great. 
 In general, salmon advance slowly, sporting as they proceed ; but 
 if danger appears to threaten them, the rapidity of their course 
 becomes such that the eye can scarcely follow them. If a dyke or 
 cascade opposes their progress, they make the greatest efforts to 
 overcome it. Resting on some rock, and extending the body sud- 
 denly and with violence after Meing curved, they spring out of the 
 water, leaping occasionally to the height of fifteen feet in the air, 
 so as to fall beyond the obstacle which stops them. Salmon as- 
 cend rivers even to their source, and search in the small streams 
 and tranquil places a bottom of sand and gravel adapted to the 
 deposition of their eggs. The eggs are deposited in a trough dug 
 by the female in the sand ; they are afterward fecundated by the 
 male. The young salmon grow very rapidly ; and when they are 
 about a foot long they leave the rivers to repair to the sea, which 
 they quit in its turn to again enter the river * * * toward the 
 middle of the summer that follows their birth." 
 
 These periodical visits are taken advantage of by fishe* nen, 
 and it is then that all the salmon, herring, mackerel, cod, and other 
 fishes we use, are caught and cured. 
 
 I have no doubt you will be satisfied if I only mention the 
 classification, and I have little time to do more. It is a very large 
 class and contains four sub-classes — The Myzontes, the true Fish, 
 the Ganoids, and the Selachians or cartilaginous fishes. The 
 myzontes are so low and shapeless that they were at one time 
 classified with worms. Many of them live as parasites on other 
 fishes ; some holding on by means of a round sucker-mouth, like 
 the lamprey eel. The true Fish belong to two orders, separated 
 
A SI/OK T LECTURE aV FISHES. 4I I 
 
 by the shape of their scales, which in such fishes as the perch and 
 most of our fresh water species, are jagged and comb-like along 
 the posterior edge, while in the case of our friend the salmon, the 
 scales are round and smooth at the eiiges. Tli<: sub-class in- 
 cludes about two-thirds of all the fishes, and are the easiest 
 examples for you to study. 
 
 (A) Ganoid fishes are well represented by the gar-pike or bill- 
 fish of the western rivers and the common sturgeon. The main 
 part of this group, though, consists of fossil fishes, which are found 
 in the same rocks from which we get our soft coal. Many of these 
 odd fishes who perished so long ago looked very much like small 
 alligators, and others were like our bill-fishes and fikes. 
 
 To the fourth and highest sub-class belong those fishes like 
 the sharks and rays or skates, that, instead of a bony skeleton like 
 the true fishes, have one of cartilage. The sharks are noted for 
 their ferocity and their insatiable appetite. They abound especially 
 among the coral islands of the Pacific Ocean, where the people 
 spend about as much time in the water as on land. But so ac- 
 customed do they become to them and so fearless, that it is said 
 an Islander does not wait for the shark to rush upon him, but 
 attacks him instead, with only a knife or sharp stick for a weapon, 
 and generally conquers. The sharks are obliged to turn over to 
 seize anything, their mouth being a good ways back from the end 
 of the snout, which gives the swimmer an opportunity to plunge 
 in his knife. All sharks, however, are not so large. The rays or 
 skates, or their cousin the torpedo, are also flesh eaters, but not so 
 fierce as the sharks. They are easy to recognize by their nearly 
 square shape, with the head at one corner and the long tail at the 
 other. The two remaining corners are made by the very large 
 side fins. The many slender bones spreading out like rays from 
 the shoulder to the edge of this fin gives them their first name, 
 but why they are called " skates " I cannot tell. 
 
 Ernest Ingersoll. 
 
DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE DOMESTIC DOG. 
 
 THERE appears to be a wide difference of opinion among 
 naturalists as to the stock from which our dogs of the 
 present day came. Some have it the wolf, others the jackal, or 
 fox, while not a few claim that the dhole, or wild dog of India, is 
 the source from which sprang all the varieties. In our opinion it 
 canr>ot be declared with any degree of certainty what the parent 
 stock was. Certain it is that to no one animal can the paternity 
 of these useful races be credited, as they are so widely different in 
 form, color and other characteristics, and man could never have 
 developed and brought together such vast differences, opposite 
 natures and shapes as can daily be seen in domestic dogs, unless 
 the original species were in possession of the rudiments. Neither 
 could food, climate, or any contrivance whatever so completely 
 alter the nature, decrease the scenting poweni, ren '^^r the coat 
 short, long, or curly, lengthen or shorten the limbs, u ^Iess sepa- 
 rate types had furnished the material. 
 
 Ancient bas-relief and monumental delineations picture the 
 dog as distinct in its characteristics thousands of years ago as at 
 the present day, and fossil remains have been repeatedly discov- 
 ered so little resembling either the wolf, jackal, or fox, and so dif- 
 ferent in type, as to be classified with the spaniel, terrier, hound, 
 bull dog, turnspit, pointer and pug ; and as these, or a part of 
 them, we know to be made dogs, or in other words hybrids, the 
 species must have been fully as numerous then as at the present 
 time. 
 
 There are numerous species of wild dogs differing from one 
 another almost as much as our own domestic animals of to-day. 
 Granting that the spaniel, grey-hound, and terrier, sprung origin- 
 
THE NATIVE OR ENGLISH SETTER. 413 
 
 ally from the wolf as some argue, why not point out first why the 
 male dogs are so dissimilar ? and again, why the wolves of differ- 
 ent countries are unlike, and which species of wolf is the true and 
 only one ? Without wishing to conflict with the opinions of those 
 so much more learned on the subject than ourselves, we would 
 ask, would it not be much more reasonable to suppose, without 
 positive proof, that the origin of the domestic dog can be referred 
 to numerous aboriginal species, crossing with the wild varieties, 
 as we know our dogs will frequently do, including the wolf, jackal, 
 and the fox if we like ; climate assisting, and man aiding by ju- 
 dicious intermixing and breeding, until the present high standard 
 of this useful animal has been reached ? 
 
 The Indian dogs maybe traced to the prairie wolf, and in Asia 
 the native domesticated dog to the jungle dog. Whatever may 
 have been the originals of the partly tamed canines of the aborigi- 
 nrs of the different sections of the globe, it is probable that the 
 primitive dog, like other animals, was very different from any of 
 the present races. 
 
 THE NATIVE OR ENGLISH SETTER. 
 
 We do hardly more than attempt to give our readers a general 
 idea of the various kinds of dogs used by sportsmen ; not entering 
 into minute descriptions of their specific characteristics. There is 
 a wide diversity of opinions respecting the points and sporting 
 qualities of the various species of dogs, which will probably never 
 be harmonized. 
 r A proper setter dog, as judged at the show bench, should be 
 neither overgrown nor diminutive. He should stand square upon 
 his legs, which should be neither too long nor too short, but in pro- 
 portion with the size of his body, and by all means standing a shade 
 higher before than behind. Tail should come out well up, and be 
 straight or scimeter-shaped, and should be carried on a level, or 
 rather above the level of the back, and by no means too long. A 
 tail reaching to the gambrel joint, or an inch below, is about right. 
 A cut tail is not excluded from our bench shows unless so cut 
 as to disfigure the dog. The chest should be deep and somewhat 
 rounded ; loins, muscular. Feet should be rounded and somewhat 
 feathered between the toes. A short, thick neck never looks well. 
 
414 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 Ears should he long and somewhat rounded at the points, but not 
 so long as to give a spaniel look, and they should be well coated, 
 fringe hanging below the rim. A thick ear would indicate ill breed- 
 ing. Head should be broad at the top, and nearly square to the 
 eyes, and the latter should be full, bright, of gentle expression. 
 Muzzle should be well squared out, and lips slightly pendulent. 
 Coat should not be curly, but long and wavy. Many persons pre- 
 fer that the feather on the hind legs should extend below the gam- 
 brel joint, and many of the best bred dogs have it, but we do not 
 consider it either ornament.l or useful. Black nose and eyes are 
 distinguishing marks of high breeding, besides adding much to the 
 beauty of the dog. 
 
 In regard to the best colors for a dog for field purposes, a great 
 diversity of opinions prevails. In shooting over an open country — 
 the prairies, for instance — it does not matter so much about colors ; 
 but in shooting in dense coverts it is important, we think, that a 
 dog should be of such colors as can readily be seen — such as 
 orange and white, lemon and white, black and white, or black, 
 white and tan. 
 
 Setters of various strains are the preferred dogs of the country 
 for general service, their thick coat of hair protecting them from 
 brush and briars in tangled cover, and from wet and cold ; while 
 thick tufts of hair about their toes save them from injury by sharp 
 stones and close cut stubble. One objection to setters is, that they 
 cannot stand the summer heats, and another that their coat catches 
 burrs and other trash, which often put them to great inconvenience 
 and discom.fort; they in some instances refusing to work at all in 
 burrs. 
 
 With regard to the much discussed question whether a setter 
 ought to be taught to retrieve, we reply : " Certainly ; we want a 
 dog that will save us the trouble of picking up our dead birds and 
 walking long distances after them." Retrieving is one of the chief 
 characteristics of the setter. The ancestors of this animal were 
 retrieving spaniels, and it was their first propensity to fetch and 
 carry. In England most of the gentlemen who patronize field 
 trials state that the birds should not come in too close contact 
 with the dog's nose as it injures the scent. Suppose it does, which 
 we are inclined to disbelieve. To talk plainly, the majority of .our 
 
THE IRISH SETTER. 415 
 
 sportsmen do not wish to be bothered, nor have they the time, in- 
 clination or estate to keep a large kennel of dogs. What is re- 
 quired in our country for the field sportsman is a good all round 
 dog, an animal that will be staunch on ruffed grouse, woodcock, 
 quail and snipe ; not that he would be particularly grand on either 
 game, but his action, ranging and nose should be fair, and give 
 help, amusement, and a medium bag to the shooter. When gen- 
 tlemen talk of pedigree, blood, performance, grand high-headed 
 action in the field, it is a very different kind of animal to the ordi- 
 nary sportsman's dog (we should all wish to own this style of setter, 
 but how few there are). This dog on account of his rarity and great 
 value, is only to be found in the hands of the careful breeder, and 
 is usually kept wholly and solely as a stud dog or brood bitch. We 
 should advise the breeder not to handle his breeders to retrieve, 
 but when the progeny have been sold, it is the business of the field 
 sportsman to train, break, and develop his retrieving qualities. 
 The yearling of the above description should be thoroughly broken 
 in one long season's shooting. How many setters could be sold 
 to-day, however well trained and broken, if they were deficient in 
 retrieving } 
 
 Certain schedules of points have been adopted for each kind 
 of dog, by which judges are governed ; and as these are sufficiently 
 specific to afford a proper idea of what a dog should be, we are 
 content to print them here without further comment. We choose 
 to adopt the formulas, as given by the London Fancier's Gazelle, 
 in each variety. For the English Setter we quote : 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 35 
 
 Neck ] 10 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Legs ,0 
 
 Feet 10 
 
 Loins and Thighs 15 
 
 Coat to 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 —100 
 
 THE IRISH SETTER. 
 
 Of this breed of Dogs, " Idstone " says in London Field : 
 This breed has long been known to sportsmen throughout 
 Great Britain as a good one, especially in point of stamina, and a 
 class was set apart for it at Birmingham in i860, a year before the 
 
41 6 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 black and tans were similarly favored. In 1873 Dr. Stone came 
 out with his Dash, who was admitted to be almost perfect in shape, 
 and of the true type. He took every prize until age compelled his 
 retirement in favor of Mr. Hilliard's Palmerston, who may now be 
 considered the best public representative of the breed. Dash i 5 of 
 Dr. Stone's own strain, which he has kept to himself for twenty- 
 five years, in color blood-red, showing white on his head and toes, 
 and also on his neck, with great quality, and a faultless frame. 
 
 After a great deal of discussion, a separate class has been made 
 in Dublin and elsewhere for reds and white and reds, it being 
 shown that there are two distinct strains of the Irish setter of 
 these colors respectively. The white and reds stand no chance in 
 the open classes, and yet it was considered hard to debar them 
 from all prizes, especially as by some good judges they are thought 
 to possess better noses than the reds. According to my judgment 
 the rich red, or blood-red color as it is described, is made a little 
 too much of, and I should strongly object to the passing over of 
 excellence in shape because the color is too pale, a marked in- 
 stance of which happened at the Brighton show of 1876. 
 
 The old breeds of this dog most celebrated are the O'Connor 
 (generally known as La Touche), Lord Dillon's, Lord Clancarty's, 
 Lord Lismore's, Lord de Fresne's, (usually called the French 
 Park), the Mount Hedges, Lord Rossmore's, and the Marquis of 
 Waterford's. In m.odern days Dr. Stone, Major Hutchinson, 
 Capt. Cooper, Capt. French, Mr. H. B. Knox, Hon. D. Plunket, 
 Capt. W. AUaway, Mr. Hilliard, Mr. Lipscombe, Mr. C. Brien, and 
 ]\Iiss Warburton have been most successful on the show bench ; 
 but, with the exception of Plunket, none of them have proved the 
 excellence of their strains at any field trial. 
 
 In points the Irish setter only differs from the English in the 
 following : 
 
 1. The skull is somewhat longer and narrower, the eyebrows 
 being well raised, and the occipital prominence as marked in the 
 pointer. 
 
 2. The nose is a trifle longer, with good width, and square at 
 the end ; nostrils wide and open, with the nose itself of a deep 
 mahogany or very dark flesh-color, not pink or black. 
 
 3. Eyes, ears, and lips. — The eyes should be a rich brown or 
 
THE IRISH SETTER. 417 
 
 mahogany color, well set, and full of intelligence ; a pale or goose- 
 berry eye is to be avoided. Ears long enough to reach within 
 half an inch or an inch of the end of the nose, and, though more 
 tapering than in the English dog, never coming to a point ; they 
 should be set low and close, but well back, and not approaching 
 to the hound's in setting and leather. Whiskers red ; lips deep, 
 but not pendulous. 
 
 5 and 6. In frame the Irish dog is higher on the leg than ei- 
 ther the English or black and tan, but his elbows are well let down 
 nevertheless ; his shoulders are long and sloping ; brisket deep, 
 but never wide ; and his back ribs are somewhat shorter than 
 those of his English brethren. Loin good, slightly arched, and 
 well coupled to his hips, but not veiy wide ; quarters slightly slop- 
 ing, and flag set on rather low, but straight, fine in bone, and 
 beautifully carried. Breeders are, however, going for straight 
 backs like that of Palmerston, with flags set on as high as in the 
 English setter. 
 
 7. Legs very straight, with good hocks, well-bent stifles, and 
 muscular but not heavy haunches. 
 
 8. The feet are hare-like, and moderately hairy between the 
 toes. 
 
 9. The flag is clothed with a long, straight comb of hair, never 
 bushy or curly, and this is beautifully displayed on the point. 
 
 11. The coat should be somewhat coarser than that of the 
 English setter, being midway between that and the black and 
 tan, wavy but not curly, and by no means long. Both hind and 
 fore-legs are well feathered, but not profusely, and the ears are 
 furnished with feather to the same extent, with a slight wave, but 
 no curl. 
 
 12. The color should be a rich blood red, without anv trace of 
 black on the ears or along the back ; in many of the best strains, 
 however, a pale color or occasional tinge of black is shown. A 
 little white on the neck, breast, or toes is by no means objectiona- 
 ble, and there is no doubt that the preponderance of white, so as 
 to constitute what is called " white and red," is met with in some 
 good strains. 
 
 In his luork, the Irish setter is fast and enduring ; his nose is 
 quite up to the average of fast dogs in delicacy, and to those who 
 18* 
 
41 8 DOGS USED FOR SF0A'7\ 
 
 are limited to a small kennel, he is an invaluable aid to the gun. 
 His style of going is very beautiful, with head well up and feeling 
 for the body scent ; he has a free action of the shoulders, hind-legs 
 brought well under him, and a merry lashing of the flag on the 
 slightest indication of scent — often, indeed, without it. His advo- 
 cates contend that he is as steady as any other setter when once 
 broken, but, as far as my experience goes, I scarcely think this 
 position can be maintained. Neither Plunket nor any that I have 
 seen of Mr. Purcell Llewellyn's breeding, nor indeed any of those 
 which I have had out in private, have been always reliable, and I 
 fear that, like almost all other setters of such high courage, it 
 must be admitted that he requires work to keep him in a state of 
 control fit for immediate use with the gun. In this respect, and 
 indeed in delicacy of nose, both the English and Irish setter must 
 yield to the black and tan of the best strains ; but to do the same 
 amount of work, at least a double team of the last mentioned 
 must be kept. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 20 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Legs S 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loins 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 Color 10 
 
 — 100 
 
 THE BLACK AND TAN (OR GORDON) SETTER. 
 
 The general opinion is that the Gordon setter owes its origin to 
 Irish blood, which in a measure is substantiated by the fact that 
 red pups often make their appearance, even when bred from the 
 most reliable strains, and there is no doubt that setters in general 
 were originally manufactured from the spaniel; but whether the 
 color of the Gordon is derived from the black spaniel or the Scotch 
 colley, is a query that cannot now be easily answered. The curl 
 in his coat could not have resulted from his taking the water. A 
 curly coat is a great fault in the setter of any breed, and would be 
 dead against one on the show bench. Of this strain of dogs, Mr. 
 Walsh says, in London "Field" : 
 
 The black-tan setter, until the institution of shows, was com- 
 
THE BLACK A\D TAN, OR GOKDON SETTER. 4I9 
 
 monly called "Gordon," from the fact that the Dukes of Gordon 
 had long possessed a strain of setters of that color, which had ob- 
 tained a high reputation. * * * 'Qxii, in spite of successes, it 
 cannot be denied that the general opinion of good sportsmen has 
 not been in favor of the breed since the institution of field trials, 
 in which it has been brought into competition with the English 
 and Irish setter. * * * Among the numberless specimens of 
 the breed (black-tan) which I have seen at work, not one has 
 shown the solicitude to catch the eye of the shooter which is so 
 essential to the perfect correspondence of man and dog which en- 
 sures sport. The pointer or setter ought always to know where 
 his master is, and if put into high covert, such as beans, should 
 raise his head at short intervals above them to ascertain his where- 
 abouts. Now, as far as my experience goes, black-tan setters, and 
 notably the Kents, never do this, and cannot be taken off a scent, 
 without very great severity, till they have satisfied themselves of its 
 fallacy. Most of those tried in the field have been dead slow. On 
 the whole it may be said that the verdict has gone against the 
 breed in England, and as far as I know, no breeder of experience 
 in the south adheres to it, with the exception of Mr. J. H. Salter ; 
 nor is it much more approved of on the moors by the general 
 public. 
 
 The points of the black-tan setter are very nearly the same as 
 those of the English dog, the only deviations being as follows : 
 
 1. The skiM is usually a little heavier than that of the English 
 setter, but in other respects it resembles it. 
 
 2, The nose, also, is like the English setter ; but it is usually a 
 trifle wider, 
 
 9, The flag is usually a trifle shorter than that of the English 
 setter, which it otherwise resembles in shape. 
 
 11. The coat is generally harder and coarser than that of the 
 English or Irish setter, occasionally with a strong disposition to 
 curl, as in the celebrated champions, Reuben and Regent. 
 
 12. The color is much insisted on. The black should be rich, 
 without mixture with the tan, and the latter should be a deep ma- 
 hogany red without any tendency to fawn. It is admitted that the 
 original Gordons were often black, tan, and white ; but, as in all 
 our shows the classes are limited to black-tan, the long arguments, 
 
420 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 which liavc been adduced on that score are now obsolete. A little 
 white on the chest and a white toe or two are not objected to ; but 
 a decided frill is considered by most judges to be a blemish. The 
 red tan should be shown on lips, cheeks, throat, spot over the eyes, 
 fore legs nearly to the elbows, hind legs up to stifles, and on the 
 under side of the flag, but not running into its long hair. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 30 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Legs 5 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Coat 10 
 
 Shoulders i S 
 
 Back, loins and hind-quarterv 30 
 
 Stern S 
 
 Color 15 
 
 — 100 
 
 THE POINTER. 
 
 It is noticeable that we have in America far more well bred 
 setters than pointers, and greater attention seems to have been 
 paid in the last two years in procuring the former blood than the 
 latter. This arises from the fact that the setter is the greater fa- 
 vorite of the two, and justly the choice of the sportsman when he 
 desires a dog that will unflinchingly stand the rough and tumble 
 nature of our shooting. Still, we are sorry to see the balance so 
 much weighed down by the setter, for fear the staunch pointer may 
 be finally crowded out entirely. Of the two, the point of the 
 shorter haired animal is far the most marked when on game, and 
 the training once received by him is always retained, and on each 
 returning shooting season he enters the field to be depended upon 
 while the setter oftener has to be partially rebroken each year ; 
 and if not owned by a sportsman who shoots continually, becomes 
 headstrong and unreliable. 
 
 For the person whose business will not allow him to take his 
 gun in hand but two or three times in the autumn, we advise by all 
 means that his dog should be the pointer ; but for the one who takes 
 advantage of the open season for different game from its beginning 
 to its close, we recommend the setter as best able to bear con- 
 tinued work in all descriptions of cover. 
 
 The short hair of the pointer enables him to do work on the 
 
THE POINTER. 421 
 
 prairies, where water is seldom found while "chicken " shooting, 
 and he can do without that necessity for a much longer time than 
 the setter ; but the latter is frequently used with advantage for the 
 same purpose when a supply for his benefit is taken to the field. 
 In New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, and in countries where 
 the game invariably takes to briery thickets on being started, the 
 pointer is at a disadvantage, for we have seen but few that were 
 not intimidated by these thorny coverts, refusing entirely to enter. 
 Moreover, the pointer is more liable to take cold when hunting in 
 wet land than the setter is. 
 
 Far more birds are accidentally flushed by the setter than the 
 pointer, who is generally more cautious, notwithstanding he may 
 be fully as fast. Certainly we cannot condemn those that write 
 in favor of the pointer as having the best nose, for they are given 
 strong proofs of its truth. 
 
 The pointer originally is a cross of the Spanish dog with the 
 grey-hound or fox-hound, by which the delicacy of the nerves of 
 the nose, to some extent, is diminished, and the body rendered 
 more light and elegant. No dog has a higher sense of smell, or 
 shows greater intelligence or docility. The principal reason that 
 he becomes rigid, or points, by the scent of game is from the ex- 
 traordinary condition of his nervous system, acquired hundreds of 
 years ago and handed down to him in a fair unbroken line by his 
 ancestors. A thoroughly broken pair of high-bred pointers are so 
 obedient to the voice and gesture of their master and so well 
 trained to act with each other, that a wave of the hand will sep- 
 arate them, one going to the right and the other to the left, so that 
 they hunt the entire ground, crossing each other regularly in front 
 of the sportsman as he walks forward. There is one matter that 
 is generally overlooked in ranging with the pointer. If in early 
 life you have taught him to retrieve, and a case occurs in the field 
 where he has to cross a stream, as the dog returns with the bird, 
 never tell him "down charge." His coat is so thin, and as v/e 
 Said before, his organization so delicate, that he is sure to catch 
 cold ; therefore by all means allow him to run around a little, tak- 
 ing care not to disturb other game. The color, size^ etc., of the 
 pointer have so often been described, we will leave that to the dis- 
 cretion of the sportsman, and remark that they ought, if possible, 
 
422 DOCS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 to he light colored, so that the animal may be readily distinguished 
 from the grass, herbage, etc., as no doubt the dark colored dog is 
 very attractive to the eye in the house, but cannot be seen so easily 
 in the field, thereby causing much annoyance to the sportsman. 
 
 The pointer we should never teach to retrieve as a rule. 
 Pointers are, or ought to be, used for open field shooting only, as 
 their delicate organization, thin skin, slight coat, and having no 
 hair between their toes, prevents them retrieving successfully 
 through scrub oaks, thick cover, swamps and water. Nine times 
 out of ten a shooter will tell his pointer to charge after he has just 
 fetched a snipe or cock out of a heavy watery swamp, to the coit- 
 trary notwithstanding ; the dog having comparatively little cloth- 
 ing will take cold. It is true that a high-blooded pointer will gc 
 anywhere, but not without ill effects to his person, such as dr^.w- 
 ing blood and otherwise injuring his physique. We think it is 
 quite sufficient for the pointer to stand his dead bird. Pointers do 
 not make as good retrievers as setters for the reasons stated above, 
 and moreover if most of the celebrated retrieving pointers be 
 traced back one or two generations, it will very likely be fountl 
 that the grand dam or grand sire was a setter, which will account 
 for this inherent retrieving propensity. 
 
 We consider the split nose a decided objection in either setter 
 or pointer, but particularly in the latter as indicating impurity of 
 breed. It probably originated with the old Spanish breed of pointer, 
 and now crops out occasionally where there is mixed blood. If it 
 were merely a freak of nature, as some contend, it could not be 
 transmitted or reproduced as it undoubtedly is when dogs possess- 
 ing it are bred from. The word " dropper " is used to designate the 
 cross between setter and pointer only, and a very good word it is. 
 
 Points for the Show Bench, as given \ j he Fancier s Gazette 
 are: 
 
 Head should be moderately long, narrowing from the skull ; the 
 skull not too prominent above the eyes, as this gives a heavy ap- 
 pearance ; rather deep in the lip, but not any flaw, or very slight ; 
 nostrils open, with level jaw ; eyes moderately bold ; ears thin, set 
 in to the head, just where the skull begins to recede at the sides 
 of the head, hanging fiat on the cheek ; throwing the ears back so 
 as to show the insides has a bad appearance, and too often indi- 
 cates a cross ; neck medium in proportion to head, and body rather 
 
CHESAPEAKE BA Y DOG. 423 
 
 inclined to be long, but not much so, thickening from the head to 
 the set in of the shoulders ; no looseness of the throat skin ; shoul- 
 ders narrow at the meeting of the blade bones, with a great amount 
 of muscle, long in the blades, set slanting, with arm of tjie leg 
 strong and coining away straight, and elbow neither out nor in ; 
 the legs not great heavy boned, but with a great amount of mus- 
 cle ; leg pressed straight to the foot, well rounded and symmet- 
 rical, with foot well rounded, this is the fore legs and feet ; chest 
 moderately deep, not over witle, but sufficiently wide and deep to 
 give plenty of breathing room ; back level, wide in loins, deeply 
 ribbed, and with ribs carried well back; hips wide and full of 
 muscle, not straight in the hock, but moderately bent ; stifles full 
 and well developed ; the stern nearly straight, going off tapering to 
 the point, set in level with the back, carried straight, not above the 
 level of back ; symmetry and general appearance racy, and much 
 beauty of form appears to the eye of a real pointer breeder and 
 fancier. The weights we consider best for different purposes are 
 from fifty pounds to about sixty-five pounds. Coat short and 
 glossy, but a deal here depends on condition. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head aj 
 
 Neck 10 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Legs in 
 
 Feet :o 
 
 Loins 10 
 
 Stifles 5 
 
 Stern 15 
 
 — 100 
 
 Color and Coat. — The coat ought to be very short and soft, and fine, and the 
 skin thin and flexible. Most people in England prefer the leiuon-and-white to 
 liver and white, or black-and-white. 
 
 CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG. 
 
 This is the dog par excellence for ducking in those waters 
 where great courage and endurance is required ; not simply a re- 
 triever but a dog who will face the heaviest seas or surf; a dog 
 that will scramble over, or, if needs be, dive under the heaviest 
 ice. That his ancestors came from the Irish coast appears to 
 be generally conceded, yet, with the exception of color, we can 
 find no trace of any similar breed of dogs, omitting of course those 
 specimens which, being crossed at a later day, possess some 
 marked characteristics of the water spaniel. He is smooth-haired, 
 which is a great point, as the Newfoundland suffers terribly from 
 
424 DOiSS USED /^'OA' SPORT, 
 
 the freezing of his shaggy coat ; his color is either black, with 
 white breast and grey nose, or tawny yellow, the latter preferred. 
 Generally he is fierce, and the best of watch-dogs, deep-mouthed 
 and powerful. A writer in Appleton's Journal says : 
 
 " I have seen one — a mere puppy — sit for hours in the summer 
 watching the fish hawks as they pursued their craft. Whenever 
 the hawk would make his plunge, Leo would rush through the 
 "jumping water " and swim for the spot. He never brought out 
 a hawk that I know of, but never seemed to be discouraged at his 
 failures. One used to be famous for his thieving propensities. 
 He would sneak off and seize every duck he could lay his teeth on 
 and deposit it on his master's pile. Another would never touch 
 a whiffer or southerly unless ordered by his master to do so, but 
 would swim a half-mile through floating ice to secure a canvas- 
 back or red-head." 
 
 The Maryland Fanciers' Association has divided the Chesa- 
 peake Bay Dogs into three classes, as follows : First, the otter 
 dog, second, the curly-haired dog, third, the straight-haired dog. 
 The color of the first class is a tawny sedge, with very short hair. 
 The color of the second class is a red brown. The color of the 
 third class is a red brown. The bitches must show the color, and 
 approximate to the general points of the class to which they belong. 
 In the three classes a white spot on the breast is not unusual. 
 Measurements as follows : From fore toe to top of back, twenty- 
 five inches ; from tip of nose to base of head, ten inches ; breast, 
 nine inches ; around fore feet, six inches ; around fore arm below 
 shoulder, seven inches ; between eyes, two and one-fourth inches ; 
 length of ears, five inches ; from base of head to root of tail, thir- 
 ty-five inches ; tail, sixteen inches in length ; around muzzle, below 
 eyes, ten inches. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Shoulders 10 
 
 Chest 15 
 
 Size S 
 
 Loin 10 
 
 Coat ij 
 
 Tail 5 , 
 
 Feet 10 
 
 Legs 10 
 
 — 100 
 
 THE IRISH WATER SPANIEL. 
 
 Throughout Ireland the brown water spaniel is found quite 
 generally, but the best breed is somewhat scarce and is confined 
 
TIFE IK I SI f WATER SPANIEL. 425 
 
 to the kennels of a few gentlemen. This strain is readily known 
 by its marked peculiarities. The larger ♦he dog is the better it is 
 appreciated among fanciers. The body is round and strongly 
 made, the legs are rather short, the feet broad, the hind quarters 
 or stern should be short, broad and tapering to a fine string, and 
 covered with short hair like a pointer. Some have short, crisp 
 curls, and in this case there should be no straight hair or fringe. 
 
 The head should not be broad or coarse ; the nose should be 
 long and free from wave ; the ears should be long and so broad in 
 the leather that they will meet across the nose, and be covered 
 with the long ringlets which give the animal such a striking ap- 
 pearance. A moustache is consid.^red a sign of bad blood or im- 
 purity ; so this is an important point to be considered by pur- 
 chase/s or breedets. 
 
 On the forehead, between the ears, there is a long ringlet which 
 hangs down between the eyes. This is one of the most important 
 signs of the thoroughbred, and should be carefully noted, as some 
 are inclined to wear a " wig," instead, and in this case such a 
 peculiarity is most objectionable. 
 
 The legs of the pure blood are heavily feathered with ringlets, 
 while the remainder of the body is covered with short, crisp curls 
 of a rich, dark liver color, entirely free from white. A breed in 
 the North of Ireland, known as the " Lough Neagh," differs some- 
 what from this description, and though all are splendid retrievers, 
 yet they are not considered as good as the type described. They 
 are readily recognized by their " feathered " tail. 
 
 As a retriever, the Irish spaniel cannot be surpassed. The 
 perseverance and intelligence used in the retrieving of ducks from 
 the soft and miry marsh, the heaviest billows or the tall and 
 heavy rice with which many of our Western lakes abound, con- 
 vinces us that there is not the equal of this breed from which to 
 produce just such dogs as the sportsmen of this country desire for 
 duck shooting. He is an admirable diver, swift swimmer, and is 
 greatly assisted in these arts by the breadth of its paws. Much of 
 these qualities in the dog is owing to the abundant supply of nat- 
 ural oil with which his coat is supplied, and which prevents it 
 from really becoming wet. A real water spaniel gives himself a 
 
 good shake as soon as he leaves the lake, and is dry in a very 
 
 t 
 
426 DOGS USED FOK SPORT. 
 
 short time. This oil, although useful to the dog, gives forth an 
 unpleasant odor, and therefore debars him from becoming an in- 
 mate of the house ; so much the better. Some people fancy that 
 the water spaniel possesses web feet, and that his aquatic prowess 
 is due to this formation. Such is not the case. All dogs have their 
 toes connected with each other by a strong membrane, and when 
 the foot is wide, and the meml)rane rather loosely hung, as is the 
 case with the water spaniel, a large surface is presented to the 
 water. This dog is of moderate size, measuring about twenty-two 
 inches in height at the shoulders, middling stout, ears very long, 
 measuring from point to point about the animal's own height. 
 The pure bred ones are acknowl'^dgcd not excv ' in beauty or 
 intelligence by any breed. I might enumerate many instances 
 where they have seemed to evince almost the intellect of the human 
 race. 
 
 The points of the Irish Water Spaniel, as given in the Fancier's 
 Gazette, are : 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 35 
 
 Ears 10 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Legs 5 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loins 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 10 
 
 Coat I S 
 
 Stern k) 
 
 — lOO 
 
 THE FIELD SPANIEL. 
 
 The field spaniel is remarkable for the intense love which it 
 bears for huniing game, and the nervous manner in which it car- 
 ries out the wishes of its master. There are two breeds, the one 
 termed the " Springer " being used among the thick scrub oak 
 and brambles, and the other employed principally on woodcock, 
 and therefore called the "Cocker." Some of these dogs contin- 
 ually give tongue while engaged in pursuit of game, and utter di*"- 
 ferent sounds, according to the description of game which they 
 have reached, while otliers are perfectly mute. Each of these 
 qualities is useful in its way — it should not be too noisy, and the 
 
RETRIEVERS. 42/ 
 
 note should be musical. While hunting the spaniel sweeps his 
 well feathered tail from side to side, never carrying it as high as 
 the back, aiirl is a very pretty object to any one who has an eye 
 for beauty. A spaniel must possess a thick coat, as it is subject 
 to continual wetting from the drippings of the scrub oaks, etc., 
 through which he !ias to force his way ; he should weigh not less 
 than fourteen pounds, and may with advantage weigh thirty 
 pounds, as do the breed known by the name of " Clumber ; " these 
 animals work silently. The Cocker is a much smaller animal ; 
 his average weight is about fifteen pounds. He is an active and 
 lively dog, dashing about his work with an air of gay pleasure that 
 assists materially in adding to the spirits of his master, and will 
 be found the most useful animal for woodcock in the fall. 
 
 RETRIEVERS. 
 
 There are two species, the water and the land retriever. The 
 water retriever is, or ought to be, a cross between the smaller kind 
 of Newfoundland dog, sometimes called the Labrador dog, and 
 the setter. This dog is especially useful to the sportsman when 
 shooting wild fowl, through creeks, bayous, etc., and saves him an 
 infinite deal of trouble, and is by no means in the way. Many 
 sportsmen imagine that this dog will scare wild fowl, but his 
 actions leach us just the contrary, as his careful trainin::^, natural 
 instinct, and color, act as a decoy rather than otherwise. A good 
 water retriever is, however, seldom to be met with, and should be 
 taught when quite young. Nothing answers this purpose better 
 than shooting divers or any young duck, then sending the retriever 
 in the water, and, after he has got his bird, call him to j-ou, take 
 the bird gently out of his mouth, caress and pat him. In three or 
 four lessons, if the water be not too cold, you will find there will 
 be no necessity of even telling him to fetch, as instinct and his 
 natural fondness for the water will be all that is necessary to make 
 a thorough retriever of him. The great drawback, however, is 
 that he must be kept in almost constant practice, and should be 
 carefully broken from rats, which abound on the banks of rivers 
 and lakes. 
 
 The best cross for l.ind is a setter with a springer or cocker 
 
428 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 spaniel. If your setter has never been taught to retrieve, a more 
 valuable clog than the land retriever it is hardly possible to possess, 
 especially when shooting w^oodcock and English snipe in the fall 
 of the year. The head of the race of retrievers, we refer to the 
 large and handsome animal, the Newfoundland. The pure breed 
 of this animal is very scarce, and is not of that gigantic size which 
 it is generally supposed to be. 
 
 " Caractacus," in discussing in the I^ancter' s Gazette the ques- 
 tion as to whether the Newfoundland dog was indigenous to the 
 island from which he takes his name, says : 
 
 " My ovt^n opinion is that European settlers, finding dogs of 
 draught an absolute necessity, and thinking they might improve 
 on the native breeds, imported large dogs of various kinds, as, for 
 instance, the mastiff, the colley, the Alpine spaniel, arid the Matin- 
 dog of France, and that the present breed sprang from many 
 roots, and has acquired, from change of climate and other causes, 
 certain peculiarities of its own, and that by careful selection a fixed 
 variety has become established. * * * j ^^hj^k the probabili- 
 ties are that it owes its origin to several types, and that time, 
 selection, and climatic influences have at last worked it into a dis- 
 tinct variety. I have never been able to hit on any record which 
 would tend to prove that such a dog existed when the island was 
 discovered by Europeans ; and if any one can point to any that 
 will throw a light on the darkness, I shall be delighted beyond 
 measure." 
 
 THE FOX-HOUND. 
 
 The fox-hound, of all dogs used m the field, is by far the most 
 numerous. It is generally supposed that the modern fox-hound 
 derives its origin from the old English hound, and its various points 
 of perfection from judicious crosses with other breeds. There are 
 various breeds of dogs which are remarkable for the great devel- 
 opment of some peculiar faculty — such as speed in the grey-hound, 
 courage in the bull-dog, delicacy of scent in the bloodhound, saga- 
 city in the poodle, etc., so when a breed of dogs begins to fail in 
 any of these points the fault is amended by the introduction of a 
 dog belonging to the breed which exhibits the needful quality in 
 greatest perfection. The fox-hound has not only the greatest 
 
THE FOX-HOUND. A;2(^ 
 
 sagac'ty and the most refined powers of scrutiny, but is far supe- 
 rior in bottom and stoutness to any other breed of the hound race. 
 Only consider the immense distance a hound travels over during 
 the many hours that he is frequently absent from home. The 
 country he travels over is generally of the very roughest descrip- 
 tion, such as sharp rocks, scrub oak, brambles, etc., and he fre- 
 quently takes to the water. 
 
 The best breed for fox-shooting is the English fox-hound, 
 crossed with the American hound. The English-bred hound is 
 too delicate. The ground you ride over and the ground you shoot 
 over are totally different. The English dog is too finely bred to 
 suit our rocky ground ; its pace is too fast, as, unless it runs in 
 the open, it is apt to overrun the scent. A dog running at thirty 
 miles an hour cannot be expected to hold the scent as strongly as 
 one running at fifteen miles an hour. The speed which can be at- 
 tained by fox-hounds may be estimated from the well known match 
 which took place upon the Beacon course at Newmarket, England. 
 The length of the course is four miles and 352 yards, and this 
 distance was run by the winning dog, Bluecap, in eight minutes 
 and a few seconds. The famous racehorse Flying Childers, in 
 running over the same ground, was little more than half a minute 
 ahead of the hound, Now, if we compare the dimensions of the 
 horse and the hound we shall form a tolerably accurate idea of the 
 extraordinary speed to which the latter animal can attain. In the 
 match no less than sixty horses started, together with the compet- 
 itors, but of the sixty only twelve were with the dogs at the end 
 of this short run. The English hound is of the utmost import- 
 ance to our fox-shooting friends, as what they require in a hound 
 is a good nose, Rard feet, padded with a thick sole, strong pro- 
 pelling powers behind, and more endurance than excessive speed, 
 not forgetting a musical tongue, which can only be attained by the 
 cross of the American hound with the English. As there has been 
 so much breeding " in-and-in," and very little fresh stock imported, 
 the fox-hound is sadly deteriorating, as we only hear of a few in- 
 stances of fresh blood. The first fox-hounds ever brought to 
 Plorida, Vv^ere from a celebrated "pack " owned on the estate of 
 the " Marquis of Berresford," in England. Sir Reginald, (subse- 
 quently Marquis) of Berresford came to America and opened ex- 
 
430 DOGS USED FOR SFOJ^T, 
 
 tensive indigo plantations, on the bank of the St. Johns river iu 
 East Florida, at a place still known as Lake Berresford, in the be- 
 ginning of the last century. 
 
 Unfortunately for the fox-hound of England, the Marquis soon 
 discovered that the fox of Florida wouldn't run half a mile before 
 he climbed a tree, and fox-hunting was abandoned reluctantly. The 
 dog remained, however, and through neglect they rapidly mixed 
 with the cur of the country, and the blood has become extinct. In 
 the South they have some splendid new blood, which they have 
 crossed with the southern fox-hound, and have produced the per- 
 fection of a hound for their purposes. 
 
 There are at least five thousand fairly bred fox-hounds in Geor- 
 gia, and at least twenty thousand if you include Maryland as one 
 of the Southern States. A small, or rather medium size, with 
 bushy tail, and color white and red. The best dogs we have now 
 is a cross of the English fox-hound and a native dog of Maryland. 
 These Maryland dogs are a cross with the long-haired Scotch 
 hound and the old English fox dog imported into Maryland many 
 years since. They combine speed, endurance, and nose, and are 
 only found in Hancock county, Georgia. The hounds most in use 
 in the State of Georgia are a cross of the English fox-hound with 
 a small hound called the beagle, which gives nose to the English 
 dog, but takes away his speed. Excessive speed is not required ; 
 a speed of about a mile in two and three-quarter minutes, capable 
 under a hot scent of being increased for a short time to two min- 
 utes and ten seconds, is all that is wanted. A fox is killed in an 
 hour at an average speed of three and a quarter minutes to the 
 mile. A medium sized dog is much the best, is often more fleet, 
 and being of light weight his feet do not become sore after a run. 
 Feed greasy mush once a day, when the dogs are not expected to 
 run, and bread once a day. Twice a week give them meat stewed 
 with corn meal, when you do not run them. If you wish to run 
 them in the morning, give them the night before as much hard 
 bread as they will eat, and in the morning, before starting, give 
 each dog a small piece of hard bread to keep him from nausea. 
 Train the pups with the old dogs at one year old, often practicing 
 with a drag, and we find it the only method to train and break cross 
 bred fox-hounds successfully. The best breeds of fox-hounds in 
 
HARRIERS. • 431 
 
 the North are owned in Buffalo ; Guernsey county, Ohio ; Mr. 
 Taylor's Connecticut farm ; the Leatherstocking Club, of Oswego. 
 The points of a fox-hound given in the Fancier's Gazette are : 
 
 Head expressive, muscular ; ears pendent ; head a little wrin- 
 kled in chap ; face rather long, with strong jaw ; neck inclined to 
 be long, set into shoulders strongly ; the shoulders of great depth 
 and strength, sloping back well, but not so fine and close at point 
 of shoulder blades as a greyhound, as speed is not required so 
 much as in the greyhound, but rather endurance. A model of a 
 stud fox-hound should measure round behind his shoulders thirty- 
 one to thirty-two inches ; the elbows should be straight, and 
 neither bowed out nor pressed into the chest ; fore leg. to continue 
 straight to the foot, as if one bone, but of great substance, full of 
 muscle ; from the pasterns the foot must not turn out, but appear 
 straight and round like ; the back ought to be straight, wide all 
 through ; rigid-backed dogs considered not so pleasant to the eye ; 
 it should be well loined up, not short of ribs, but short in the tlank ; 
 body an average depth ; hind quarters, where set into loin, power- 
 ful ; thighs full of muscle ; stern carried well up, but not as a 
 squirrel's ; not feathered ; coat thick and smooth. There are dif- 
 ferent colors, the pie, black and tan, tan and white, and blue 
 grizzles. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head i; 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Legs lo 
 
 Feet 15 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loin 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 — IOC 
 
 HARRIERS. 
 
 The Harrier, as its name implies, is used for hunting the hare, 
 and is nothing more or less than a small fox-hound and would be 
 found a very useful animal for tracking rabbits. The American 
 rabbit is a somewhat different animal from its English cousin ; the 
 latter in a wild state live together in warrens in immense numbers. 
 The warren is a series of burrows or holes in the ground, of ex- 
 tremely irregular construction, and often communicate with each 
 other to a remarkable extent. The American rabbit, so called, on 
 the contrary live together in couples, bring forth their young on 
 
432 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 the surface, and when their offspring are able to take care of them- 
 selves they quit the parental roof and forage on their own account. 
 The scent of the American rabbit is much stronger and holds 
 to the ground as it were, for a longer time, and in this respect 
 bears a marked similarity to the English hare. The points of a 
 good harrier are similar to those of the fox-hound. There are 
 necessary points in the shape of a hound which ought always 
 be attended to by a sportsman, for if he be not of a perfect sym- 
 metry' he will neither run fast nor bear much work. Keep in mind 
 that the hound has much tedious labor to undergo, and should 
 have strength proportioned to it. Let his legs be straight as ar- 
 rows, his feet round and not too large, his shoulders well back, 
 his breast rather wide than narrow, his chest deep, his back broad, 
 his head small, his neck thin, his tail thick and bushy, and if he 
 carry it well so much the better. Many of our friends will say it is 
 impossible to procure such a dog, so perfect in all his points. 
 Get one as nearly like the description as possible, and such 
 hounds as are weak from the knees to the foot — mongrel breeds 
 of pointers and setters — shoot them at once. Attention to the 
 proper weeding out of bad stock is the only way in which good 
 staunch strains can be bred. 
 
 The following are the judging points of the Harrier, as given 
 in the Fancier's Gazette : 
 
 The harrier's head is something of the stamp of the fox- 
 hound's head, only a little lighter ; rather a long neck, deep in 
 shoulder ; chest deep ; fore-legs straight and muscular, with a cat- 
 like formation of foot ; back straight, well ribbed up, with shoj-* 
 flank, strong across the loin ; stiff and well-bent stifles ; stern car • 
 ried well up. The usual colors are blended pies, black, tan, and. 
 white and blue mottles. There are several heights admissible, 
 from eighteen inches up to the height of a fox-hound, judged by 
 the best combination of the essential characteristics. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head ij 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Legs lo 
 
 Feet lo 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loin 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 ^ Stern 5 
 
 Girth or depth of rib 5 
 
 -100 
 
BEAGLES. • 433 
 
 BEAGLES. 
 
 Imagine an ordinary fox-hound with his legs cut down about 
 half their natural length and bowed like those of a bull terrier, 
 with nose even elongated beyond that of the hound, and ears of 
 equal flaptitude, and body rounder and chunkier ; give him the 
 same tremendous power of yelping and howling — on eveiy and 
 too often on unsuitable occasions — and you have a faint idea of the 
 beagle. 
 
 The beagle is a very useful little dog for our junior friends, and 
 is generally used to track rabbits. There are two kinds, the rough 
 and the rabbit beagle ; the former is supposed to have been crossed 
 by the terrier, and his bark is rather that of the terrier than the 
 musical intonation of the beagle. The nose of this variety is fur- 
 nished with the stiff whisker-hairs which are found on the muzzle 
 of the rough terrier, and the fur isjiearly as stiff as the terrier's. 
 The dwarf or rabbit beagle, as it is 'sometimes called, is the small- 
 est of the breed, delicate in form and aspect, but of good nose, and 
 swift of foot. So small are these little creatures, that a whole 
 pack of them have been conveyed to and from the field in baskets 
 slung over the back of a horse, and on one occasion three gentle- 
 men placed thirteen of these little dogs in their shooting jackets, 
 walked to the woods, hunted all day with them, killing eight rab- 
 bits, and then returning them to their pockets, thus saving the 
 dogs the fatiguing walk to the woods and back again. These lit- 
 tle dogs are chiefly employed by the rabbit shooter, and are not 
 sufficiently swift of foot to hunt the larger rabbit or hare. 
 
 Beagles do not trust to their speed entirely for killing game, 
 but to their exquisiteness of nose, tracing it through all its wind- 
 ings with the greatest accuracy. The beagle will puzzle an hour 
 on on€ spot rather than leave the scent ; the slower he goes the 
 less likely he will be to overrun the scent, and will kill the game 
 sooner. The hare or rabbit generally describes a circle as he runs, 
 large or small, according to his strength, and the openness of the 
 countiy. Among enclosures where there is much cover and sheep- 
 stains, it is a constant puzzle to fox-hounds. Yet the beagle being 
 able to endure great fatigue, will invariably kill his game, if the day 
 be long enough. There are several good strains in this country 
 19 
 
434 DOGS USED FOR SPORT, 
 
 at Morristown, New Jersey ; Milford, Pike Co., Pa. ; and in Guern- 
 sey Co., Ohio. Some members of the Dean Richmond Club, of 
 Batavia, have the purest breeds. 
 
 • No amusement would afford our college students in the coun- 
 try a more health-giving recreation, or a pleasanter afternoon sport 
 than a little drag hunt in this lovely autumnal weather. Take, for 
 instance, the best and longest winded runner in the college or 
 school, trailing after him a rabbit skin well saturated with turpen- 
 tine or aniseed, put the beagle on the scent, and let the boys fol- 
 low. If the scent be good, and the course lie tolerably straight, 
 the endurance of the boys will be tested, and the miniature hounds 
 often come to a check at a small pool, etc., when the little beauties 
 will start off" again in an instant, uttering their flute-like bark, and 
 any one of average strength and speed can easily be in at the 
 finish. Try it, and see if it is not good fun. You ask where are 
 we to get the dogs ? A male and female will cost about twenty- 
 five dollars, and in one year's time you will have all the dogs neces- 
 sary, and be able to supply other friends and schools as they 
 require them. The cost of keeping them is very small, any farm- 
 er's son would be glad to keep them for a trifle, say twenty-five 
 cents a week per head. 
 
 Beagle points, as given by Fancier's Gazette, are : 
 
 Head intelligent, eyes most expressive and ladylike, the head 
 much finer in all proportions than that of the harrier which it 
 somewhat resembles ; sharp-nosed ; body very compact and mus- 
 cular ; short legs ; height from twelve to fifteen inches ; color 
 same as harrier's. This class is judged almost similarly to the 
 harrier, but so few come under the eyes of the judges, that the 
 breed has not been taken so much notice of as some others ; and 
 to define all the separate points required is very difficult. The 
 above will give an idea of what is really wanted for the show yard 
 in the beagle class, 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Neck S 
 
 Legs 10 
 
 Feet 10 
 
 Shoulders ao 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loins 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 — 100 
 
DA CHSH UNDS. 43 5 
 
 DACHSHUNDS. 
 
 In Germany there are two kinds of dachshunds — one with long 
 hairs and bushy tails ; these are very rare, but far the best ; the 
 other with short hairs. Of these there are only two. First, the 
 regular black with spots over the eyes and on the legs, of a brown 
 color resembling the rust of iron (white throat). Second, the 
 quite brown ones. Other colors are not correct. Of both dachs- 
 hunds — with long, and those with short hair — there are again 
 some with straight and some with bended legs. The dogs with 
 straight legs are said to be better. 
 
 Herr F. Van Ivernor's edition of Der Waidmann, Bavaria, says : 
 
 " What they call in Bavaria " dachshunds " are the most dis- 
 gusting dogs I know of. Since the first of January I have killed 
 two and wounded three, and I pay to every one of my game- 
 keepers, two thalers for the tail, which he must bring as a token 
 that he shot him. 
 
 Every peasant here has one or two of these abominable curs, 
 which follow them when plowing and driving, and which, as soon 
 as they get on the track of a roebuck, deer or hare, chase him, 
 • pif paf! pif paf!' all through the wood, and so disturbing the 
 game. These beasts ! (the noble name dog is too good for them) 
 spoil the shooting grounds so much that I, for instance, have on 
 my five different reviers (shooting grounds) not more than about 
 seven or eight coveys of partridge, and altogether I have the hunt- 
 ing on over 46,000 Prussian chatgen — deer, roebucks, and chamois 
 are abundant, nevertheless. What they call here dachshunds are 
 as far distant from a good dachshund as a donkey from a Gladi- 
 ateur, or any pretty good thoroughbred horse. They are too large 
 and high, show marks from all kinds of dogs, butcher-dogs, poodles, 
 rat-catchers, etc., with which their mothers have been in love ; do 
 not go in the burrow of a fox (the only thing for which one ought 
 to use a dachshund), have no obedience, and are only fit for dis- 
 turbing the game, and making ' pif paf! ' behind a roebuck, and 
 to hunt him until he is almost dead." 
 
 In the London Field we find a long treatise on this dog, from 
 which we quote the following : 
 
 This dog is generally considered in Germany to be a pure and 
 independent breed, for a long time confined to the mountain chain 
 and high forests of Southern and Central Europe, extending 
 through Germany and into France, where he is probably the orig- 
 inal of the basset ajambes torses. The old English turnspit some- 
 
43^ DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 what resembled him, but differed in his ears, which were more 
 terrier-like, and also in his nose, which had even less of the hound 
 character than that of the dachshund. 
 
 During the last ten or fifteen years this breed has been largely 
 imported into England for badger dogs, as well as for hare hunt- 
 ing. Opinions differ as to their merits in these capacities, some 
 declaring that they are inferior to our own beagles and terriers ; 
 while others maintain that a good one will face any badger with 
 as much pluck as our gamiest terrier. The balance of evidence in 
 my possession is, however, strongly against this last opinion, and 
 I think it may be alleged that any of our terriers will beat him in 
 going to ground to fox or badger. As to nose, I am induced to 
 believe that it is on the average better than that of our modern 
 beagles. 
 
 Dr. L. J. Fitzinger, in his book on dogs, mentions twelve vari- 
 eties of the dachshund, but it is generally believed that all but one 
 of them are cross-bred. The one pure strain is that described by 
 him as der Krummebcimgc, or crooked-legged, which is known in 
 this country as the dachshund, par excellence, and will be alluded 
 to here only. This dog, in proportion to his height and weight, 
 possesses great strength ; but his muscular power can be better 
 displayed in digging than in running, wherein his remarkably short 
 and crooked forelegs render his gait ungainly and rolling to a 
 degree amounting to the ridiculous, hence his use in Germany is 
 to mark the badger or fox to his earth, for which also his keen 
 nose is well suited, and as the entrance to the sleeping- chamber 
 of the former is kept as small as is consistent with his size, the 
 dachshund is able to dig away the earth so as to reach the exact 
 spot, which his tongue at the same time serves to show his master, 
 and thus enable him to dig down to it. The dachshund is also 
 used for driving deer to the gun ; but for this purpose the straight- 
 legged cross geradbeinige dachshund is most in demand, which 
 variety is generally also larger in size and more hound-like in 
 character. In constitution the dog is hardy, but in temper some- 
 what wild and headstrong, so that he is often difficult to get under 
 command when once on the scent. He is also snappish in kennel, 
 and inclined to fight on the slightest provocation, or often without 
 it. His tongue is loud and shrill, without the deep bell-note of the 
 old-fashioned hound. The best breeds are met with in the vicinity 
 of Scharzwald, Stuttgard, Lonberg, and Eberstein, near Baden- 
 Baden. The points of the dachshund are as follows in numerical 
 value and description : 
 
 1. The skull, value lo, is long and slightly arched, the occiput 
 being wide, and its protuberance well developed ; eyebrows raised, 
 but without any marked " stop." 
 
 2. The/rtiw, V. lo, is long and tapering gradually from the eyes ; 
 but, nevertheless, it should not be " pig-jawed " — the end, though 
 
DA cnsffUNDS. 43 7 
 
 narrow, being cut off square, with the teeth level and very 
 strong. 
 
 3. The ears, eyes and lips, v. 10.— The ears are long enough 
 to reach the tip of the nose when brought over the jaw without 
 force. They are broad, rounded at the ends, and soft in " leather" 
 and coat, hanging in graceful folds ; but when excited, brought 
 forward so as to lie close to the cheeks. Eyes rather small, pierc- 
 ing, and deeply set. In the black and tan variety they should be 
 dark brown, or almost black ; but in the red or chocolate, deep 
 hazel. Dr. Fitzinger has often observed the two eyes vary in 
 color, and even in size. The ///Jjare short, but with some little flew 
 towards the angles ; not at all approaching, however, to that of 
 the blood-hound. The skin is quite tight over the cheeks, and 
 indeed over the whole head, showing no blood-hound wrinkle. 
 
 4. Length of body, v. 15. — In taking this into consideration the 
 neck is included ; this part, however, is somewhat short, thick, 
 and rather throaty. The chest is long, round, and roomy, but not 
 so as to be unwieldy. It gradually narrows toward the back ribs, 
 which are rather short. The brisket should only be two and a 
 half to three inches from the ground, and the breast bone should 
 project considerably. The loin is elegantly arched, and the flanks 
 drawn up so as to make the waist look slim, the dog measuring 
 higher behind than before. The quarters are strong in muscle as 
 well as the shoulders, the latter being especially powerful. 
 
 5. Legs, V. 15. — T\\Qfore legs should be very short, strong in 
 bone, and well clothed with muscle. The elbows should not turn 
 out or in, the latter being a great defect. The knees should be 
 close together, never being more than two and a half inches apart, 
 causing a considerable bend from the elbows inwards, so as to 
 make the leg crooked, and then again turning outwards to the 
 foot. In order that the brisket should approach the ground as 
 above described, the fore legs must be very short. On the hind 
 legs there is often a dew claw, but this is not essential either way. 
 
 6. Thtfeet, v. 7|, should be of full size, but very strong and 
 cat-like, with hard, horny soles to the pads. The fore feet are 
 generally turned out, thus increasing the appearance of crooked- 
 ness in the legs. This formation gives assistance to the outthrow 
 of the earth in digging. 
 
 7. The stern, v. 10, is somewhat short and thick at the root, 
 tapering gradually to the point, with a slight curve upwards, and 
 clothed with hair of a moderate length on its under surface, when 
 excited, as in hunting, it is carried in a hound-like attitude over 
 the back. Its shape and carriage indicate high breeding and are 
 valued accordingly. 
 
 8. The coat, v. 5, is short and smooth, but coarse in texture, 
 and by no means silky, except on the ears, where it should be very 
 soft and shiny. 
 
438 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 "9. The color, v. 9. — The best colors are red, and black and tan, 
 which last should be deep and rich, and this variety should always 
 have a black nose. The red strain may have tlesh-colored nose, 
 and Sonne good judges in England maintain that it is indispens- 
 able, but in Germany it is not considered of any importance. In 
 the black and tans, the tan should extend to the lips, cheeks, a 
 spot over each eye, the belly and flank, underside of the tail, and 
 a spot on each side of the breast bone ; also to the lower part of 
 both fore and hind legs and feet. Thumb marks and pencilling of 
 the toes are not approved of in this country ; but they are often 
 met with in Germany. Whole chocolate dogs are often well bred, 
 but they are not liked in England, even with tan markings, which 
 are, however, an improvement. Whole blacks and whites are un- 
 known out of Germany, where they are rare. In England white 
 on toes or breast is objected to, but not in Germany. 
 
 10. Size, symmetry and quality, v. 10. — In size the dachshund 
 should be in an average specimen from thirt nine to forty-two 
 inches long, from tip to tip, and in height ten to eleven inches at 
 the shoulder ; the weight should be from eleven to eighteen pounds, 
 the bitches being considerably smaller than the dogs. 
 
 GREY-HOUNDS. 
 
 The grey-hound is the beau ideal of an animal formed for speed 
 and endurance. There are several species. The English dog has 
 long legs, with muscles like whip-cord which denote extreme length 
 of stride, and rapidity of movement. His chief use is in coursing 
 the hare, and in actual speed he far surpasses the hare ; the latter, 
 however, has the advantage of stopping short, and turning quick- 
 ly, while the grey-hound, owing to his immense stride, which gives 
 him excessive impetus, carries him far beyond his prey. Coursing, 
 as practiced in England as an amusement, is of very ancient date. 
 Two grey-hounds are sent after each hare, and matched against 
 each other, for the purpose of trying their comparative strength 
 and speed. Some hares are so crafty and agile, that they baffle 
 the best hounds and get away fairly into covers from whence the 
 grey-hound, working only by sight (he has no scent) is unable to 
 drive them. 
 
 The coursing of the Western hare, or what is called the jackass 
 rabbit, by grey-hounds, is fast becoming a favorite amusement with 
 our army officers located at frontier posts, especially in Texas, 
 ■where ground well adapted to the sport is convenient. 
 
GRE Y-IIO UNDS. 439 
 
 The Irish grey-hound is a remarkably fine animal, being four 
 feet in length and stoutly built. His hair is of a pale fawn color, 
 and much rougher than that of the smooth English grey -hound. 
 
 The Scotch grey-hound is still rougher in its coat than its Irish 
 relative, but not so large a dog in make and is chiefly used in 
 coursing the hare. There is only one breed of this animal. 
 
 The Persian grey-hound derives its origin from a source which 
 is hidden in the mists of antiquity. It is chiefly used to cope with 
 that swift and daring animal, the wild ass, the milder antelope, 
 and the more dangerous wild-boars. This dog crossed with the 
 Scotch deer-hound is used by many officers on our frontiers to run 
 down the antelope and black-tailed- deer, and where could there 
 be a more magnificent coursing country than the vast plains of 
 the West ? 
 
 The Italian grey-hound is a little creature whose merit consists 
 in its diminutive proportions, and slender limbs. It is useless for 
 all purposes of sport. 
 
 Judging points of the grey-hound, as given in the Fancier's 
 
 Gazette : 
 
 Head long and narrow ; ears pendulous, or partly so, small, 
 and fine in substance ; eyes bright and full of fire ; jaw long and 
 muscular, lean in appearance, with a set of good teeth ; neck long, 
 muscular, with a slight inclination to arch, just sufficient to be per- 
 ceptible to an observer of symmetry, which gives to the head and 
 neck that graceful appearance hardly to be described. No throat- 
 iness or loose skin to appear ; shoulders should be oblique, slanting 
 back, with elbow straight from the shoulder ; fore-arm straight 
 and full of muscle ; lower leg round and strong, with nice moder- 
 ately round foot, slightly in-arched toes ; chest deep, with a pro- 
 portionate width ; back broad, deeply ribbed ; loin wide and full 
 of muscle ; hip full of muscle, and wide where loin and hip are set 
 together, with enormous well developed stifles ; well-bent strong 
 hock ; good round muscular lower leg, with good strong round' h 
 feet ; stern nicely set on, long and tapering, free from featheri' 
 colors, many. 
 
 Head V 15 
 
 Neck 10 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Legs 10 
 
 Feet 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loins 10 
 
 Tail 5 
 
 — 100 
 
440 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 THE DEER-HOUND. 
 
 The deer-hound is a noble specimen of his race, his proportions 
 being quite as good as those of the grey-hound, in which he resem- 
 bles the rough variety of that beautiful dog. He is possessed of 
 better powers of scent than the grey-hound, and in chasing game 
 depcMids as much on his nose as on his eyes. It is curious that, ' 
 although he makes use of his nose when running, he holds his 
 head higher from the ground than the grey-hound, which only uses 
 his eyes. The purity of the breed is judged a good deal by the 
 coat, which should be very wiry, long, without being woolly. The 
 old deer-hound is becoming scarcer every year, and a cross of the 
 fox-hound with the deer-hound makes the most useful dog to hunt 
 the stag. The object is to obtain a fine nose, so as to hunt a cold 
 scent, but united with such speed that he may be able to keep the 
 deer in sight. Judging points as given in Fancier's Gazette: 
 
 Head somewhat of the grey-hound shape, only more massive 
 and muscular in all points, with a narrow, long, "tear-away" ap- 
 jK'arancc* ; ears narrow, somewhat pendent — rather rat-like — not 
 too long, and just suflicient leather in them to well cover the ori- 
 fice ; very ])rominent eye, looking sharp and far-seeing ; jaw long 
 and powerful, with a set of good teeth ; no pendulous lip ; neck 
 long and muscular, free from throatiness, but set deep into chest ; 
 shoulders slojjing, with a raci?ig a])p('arance ; chest deep, with a 
 fair and symmetrical width ; back Hat and wide, with good deep 
 ribs ; loins wide and muscular ; hips powerful where set on to the 
 loin, with very muscular stifles, well-bent hocks, and with a good 
 substance from the hock to the foot ; fore-legs must be strong, 
 straight, and full of muscle, with a nice in-arched foot, slightly 
 roundecl ; stern long, and tapered off to a point, nicely set into 
 back ; coat harsh and wiry. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 15 
 
 Neck 10 
 
 Slioulileis 15 
 
 Lc'Ks 10 
 
 Kent I J 
 
 I.oin - 10 
 
 (<()iit 10 
 
 Ilind-quarters 15 
 
 --IOO 
 
 THE BLOOD-HOUND. 
 
 Head large, slightly conical ; forehead long, inclined to be nar- 
 row ; eyes brown and surk in the head, but expressive, showing 
 
THE OTTER-HOUND. 44 1 
 
 haw very plainly, which causes it to have an appearance of red- 
 ness ; the ears very long, well spread out, and nicely turned, and 
 not puckered, fine in texture, in excitement they ought not to be 
 carried up, but to hang tolerably near to the face ; upper jaw and 
 face inclined to be narrow ; flews thin and pendulous, almost so 
 that they could meet under the chin. The neck proportionately 
 long; the skin on the throat loose, slightly wrinkly; shoulders 
 powerful, not upright, but blades slightly slanting ; what we mean 
 is, not straight from the foot to front of shoulder ; deep chest ; 
 fore-legs muscular and straight ; feet round and cat-like ; back 
 not too long, thick, powerful and well ribbed up, short in loin ; 
 hind-quarters well set on, well furnished with good muscle ; stifles 
 not too long, but plenty of substance ; stern set in level with the 
 back-bone, pliant and tapering to the point, feathering or coarse- 
 ness a great fault. Color reddish tan, darkening into black as it 
 reaches the back. Some breeds show the body white flecked, 
 which many old breeders very much admire. The coat should be 
 short, glossy, and lie as close as a thoroughbred race-horse's ; 
 patches of white on chest or eet are objectionalile ; height in 
 bitches twenty-seven inches, dogs twenty-nine inches, but two 
 inches over those heights, if proportionate, would rather be an ad- 
 vantage. Judging is not tied only to these points, as there is a 
 something in sight you cannot define, but can act on ; but, as a 
 whole, this we consider a pretty fair description of the main items 
 of a good animal. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head 33 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Shoulders 15 
 
 Legs 10 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Hack 10 
 
 Loins 15 
 
 Hind-quarters 10 
 
 Stern 5 
 
 — 100 
 
 THE OTTER-HOUND. 
 
 There is something so dignified and noble about an otter-hound, 
 that if you once see a good one you will not soon forget him. 
 They are large dogs, and very muscular, as ihey well need be, and 
 good ones are rather scarce owing to various crosses. The head 
 is very grand in shape, " something between a fox-hound and 
 
 ,9* 
 
442 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 blood-hound," but more hard. Ears long and sweeping-, but not 
 feathered down to the tips ; eyes large, deeply set, and have a 
 peculiarly thoughtful appearance, they show the " haw ; " nose 
 large and well developed ; muzzle well covered with wiry feather ; 
 nostrils expanding ; neck strong and muscular, but rather long ; 
 the flews are well developed ; dew-lap also loose and in folds ; 
 chest, deep, and not too wide ; back, strong, wide, and arched ; 
 shoulders ought to be sloping, but we seldom tind them so ; arms 
 and thighs well developed as to muscle ; stern like that of a rough 
 Welsh harrier, and moderately well coated ; coat, wiry-haired, 
 hard, long and close at the roots ; color, grey, or buff, or yellowish, 
 or black, or rufous red, mixed with black and grey. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING, 
 
 Head 3. 
 
 Neck 5 
 
 Legs 10 
 
 Feet 5 
 
 Shoulders 10 
 
 Back 10 
 
 Loin 10 
 
 Hind-quarters 15 
 
 Stern S 
 
 Coat g 
 
 — xoo 
 
 THE BOAR-HOUND. 
 
 This strain of hound will be found useful in hunting wild pigs 
 in Louisiana, and is derived from a mingling of the mastiff with 
 the grey-hound, crossed afterwards with the largest sized English 
 terrier. Our friends who own and breed dogs will at once see the 
 necessity of using these three animals, in order to get at the best 
 strain to hunt the wild boar or the less ferocious wild pig. The 
 grey-hound element is required in order to give the dog sufficient 
 speed for overtaking the boar, which is a much swifter animal 
 than is generally supposed from his unwieldy piggy form. The 
 mastiff is needed to give it the requisite muscular power and di- 
 mensions of body, and the terrier is introduced for the sake of 
 obtaining a sensitive nose and a quick spirited action. To train 
 this dog properly is a matter of some difficulty, because a mistake 
 is generally fatal, and puts an end to further instruction by the 
 death of the pupil. It is comparatively easy to train a pointer or 
 setter, because if he fails through eagerness or slowness, the worst 
 consequence is that the shooter loses his next shot or two, and 
 the dog is easily corrected. But if a boar-hound rushes too ea- 
 gerly at the bristly quarry, he will in all probability be laid bleeding 
 
TERRIERS. 443 
 
 on the ground by a rapid stroke from the boar's tusks, and if he 
 should hang back he would be just as likely to be struck by the in- 
 furiated beast. The limbs are long and exceedingly powerful, and 
 the head possesses the square muzzle of the mastiff, together with 
 the sharp and somewhat pert air of the terrier. It is a very large 
 animal, measuring thirty inches to the shoulder. Wild boar hunt- 
 ing, next to lion and tiger shooting, is a dangerous sport, and the 
 most destructive to hounds that the travelled sportsman will en- 
 counter. The boar is a most tierce and savage animal, and when 
 irritated or disturbed by hounds will rush at any man or animal 
 and attack them with his tusks. In fact, a boar has been known 
 to turn with such terrific effect upon a pack containing fifty dogs, 
 that only ten escaped scatheless, and six or seven were ripped up 
 and killed on the spot. The speed of this beast is no less re- 
 markable, as when fully aroused he puts the mettle of the swiftest 
 and staunchest horse fairly to the test. Even on ground where the 
 horse would have the advantage, he frequently gets away from the 
 sportsman to regain his haunt, which is usually in a cane-brake. 
 Another cross or breed of the boar-hound which would suit our 
 southern friends (as thoroughbred mastiffs and terriers are a 
 rarity), may be derived from the mingling of the Southern hound 
 and grey-hound, which would answer every purpose for wild pig- 
 shooting in Texas and Louisiana. 
 
 TERRIERS. 
 
 The Terrier, although not used to any great extent in the field 
 as a sporting dog, is deat' n vermin, and bemg very intelligent, 
 apt at learning, delicate of nose, and quick of eye and scent, will 
 be found the best dog for raccoon hunting. There are several va- 
 rieties of the Terrier — the English, the Bull, the Fox, the Scotch, 
 the Skye, and the Dandie Diamont, so called, in honor of the char- 
 acter of that name in Walter Scott's "Guy Mannering." The 
 English terrier possesses a smooth coat, a tapering muzzle, eye 
 small and bright, and has a habitual custom of digging the ground 
 with his fore feet and dragging away the stones and other substan- 
 ces in his mouth. The Scotch terrier is a quaint-looking animal 
 broken or wire-haired, always ready for work or play, good to hunt 
 
444 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 rats, and in fact will dig a fox out of his hole when he fancies him- 
 self in safety. The color of the Scotch terrier is generally the 
 same as that of the English dog, he has so long been kept as a 
 pet that unless a pure breed is obtained from his native country, 
 he will be found valueless as a sporting dog. All these dogs 
 would be of the greatest value for successful raccoon hunting. 
 
 KANGAROO DOG. 
 
 This dog, which is much used in Australia for hunting the 
 kangaroo, is a cross of the grey-hound and blood-hound, stands 
 thirty-four inches, and from tip of nose to stern post, fifty-four 
 inches. In form he resembles the grey-hound, but in muscle 
 and power is equal to half a dozen. His limbs are symmetrical — 
 a mass of muscles — ears small and pointed ; nose long ; mouth 
 deep ; eyes large, lustrous, and soft as a woman's ; color, a de- 
 cided brindle, with bars of black across his back and loins ; weight, 
 eighty-five pounds. In body and limbs he seems all muscle, lithe, 
 wiry, and as elastic as rubber. In disposition, as affectionate as a 
 setter, playful and good natured. 
 
 They are tremendous leapers, as well as runners, and have 
 been known to clear a twelve foot fence with apparent ease at a 
 jump. They are fine deer dogs as well. A pair is worth $600. 
 
 COLLEYS. 
 
 Although the coUeys are not sporting dogs, they have sense 
 enough to be taught anything, and ought to be cultivated, espe- 
 cially with the rapid growth of sheep raising in this country, more 
 particularly in Colorado, California, and New Mexico. In Great 
 Britain regular field trials are held in which the shepherd's friend 
 and assistant displays the most wonderful intelligence in penning 
 and driving sheep, and by the publicity of their trials and the 
 prizes awarded, great encouragement is given to breeding and 
 training. An Englishman, Mr. W. Fothergill, has lately pub- 
 lished a little book of twenty pages on the management and train- 
 ing of coUeys, which gives some useful hints. The first lesson, he 
 says, is to teach the whelp to lie down at command ; then come 
 this way or that, always behind you. In a short time he will leap 
 
COLLE VS. 445 
 
 over a hedge at your bidding, stand still at command, or even walk " 
 backwards or forwards as you wish. All this may be done before 
 even it sees a sheep, and indeed many whelps have been thor- 
 oughly trained before they have been called upon to work. The 
 more general practice, however, is to take the young dog alone, 
 when quite strong enough to keep a few sheep up in the corner 
 of a field, and teach him to bring them after you short distances, 
 and so make him handy at working to the right or left. He should 
 never be allowed to run between his trainer and the sheep, for the 
 great object ought to be to throw the dog well off so hat he may 
 run wide. There is a great boldness or dash in a coUe) so taught, 
 and he does not harass the sheep nearly so much as one in the 
 habit of running at or close after them. You may teach him to 
 obey signs, or words, or a whistle, and for far distances on the 
 mountain the last is best. A dog so taught will gather miles of 
 mountain, bringing all the sheep to the shepherd's feet, and then 
 by an alteration in the note will take them right back again. It 
 should always be borne in mind that the sagacity, or sense if you 
 will, of the colley develops with his years ; and therefore, if 
 you are quiet and patient, and have plenty of work for him, he 
 will teach himself rapidly without your worrying yourself very 
 much about him. It would be hard indeed for an intelligent man 
 who has been working steadily upon the mountain with sheep 
 dogs for a whole season, and witnessed day by day their shrewd 
 cleverness, to declare that they do not reason. 
 
 In this country in the States and Territory we have mentioned, 
 the colley has another duty to perform. He is not only guide and 
 herdsman, but protector as well ; for the sneaking coyote is to be 
 kept away, and if need be, fought ; and sometimes a hungry bear 
 with a taste for mutton, as well. 
 
 The Fancier's Gazette gives the judging points of the colley 
 as follows : 
 
 The head has a great resemblance to a wolf's — being rather 
 conical, and going off gradually sharp to the nose, with a long jaw 
 — only longer, and with a more foxy and intelligent look and wider 
 and longer ears, which are a little feathered and pendent ; eyes 
 have a sort of flashing and " miss-nothing " look, always on the 
 alert ; jaw long ; nose sharp ; neck long, and well furnisheu with 
 
440 DOGS USED FOR SPOKT. 
 
 apron and ruffle ; shoulders fine and deep ; chest well let down ; 
 legs straight and full of muscle, with cat-like feet. A good broad 
 back and thick over the loins, with well-bent hocks ; stifles well 
 developed ; tail feathered, not carried over the back ; coat long 
 and straight, wiry to the touch, with a pily coat underneath the 
 " over-coat." Color various ; but that most in vogue, black-and- 
 tan, the tan to be pale, not rich. This is the present fashionable 
 show-dog. 
 
 POINTS IN JUDGING. 
 
 Head _, 
 
 Neck !.*.!!.' .".".! f 
 
 Shoulder '.'.'.','. lo 
 
 Chest !.!!*!!!!!!!!!! lo 
 
 Back .*...'.*.'...*.'.".'.' lo 
 
 Loins jQ 
 
 Coat !!!!!!!!!!!!!;!! 15 
 
 Legs 
 
 Feet 
 
 Stem I..".. 
 
 — 100 
 
THE CARE, TRAINING AND MANAGE- 
 MENT OF DOGS. 
 
 AS the taste for field sports increases, we hear from every 
 quarter the inquiry : " How shall I obtain a good dog ? " 
 This is a question that must be answered largely by the common 
 sense of the propounder. While believing that every one in need 
 of an animal should take the same pains to inform himself as to 
 the characteristics and points of the race, in the same manner as 
 he would if a horse were desired, we are aware that many have 
 not the time, or lack the inclination for such study. Such we 
 would advise to put themselves in communication with some dealer 
 of known character and reliability, with the determination to abide 
 by the result. Some men never are, and never can be satisfied ; 
 for the reason that few have the honesty to acknowledge that they 
 do not know how to break or handle a dog, and such usually ruin 
 the animals that they purchase. Hence from overweening self- 
 sufficiency and superficial information on the one hand, opposed to 
 practical knowledge on the other, arise most of the difficulties 
 between the purchaser and the dealer. We are convinced that if 
 the most skilful of breakers should sell twenty of the best dogs 
 ever whelped to the same number of purchasers, allowing them 
 the privilege of trying them and then returning if they failed to 
 suit, at least one-half the animals would be thrown back upon the 
 breaker's hands, and he himself slandered. And this difficulty 
 will continue, for the reason that almost every man who shoots 
 well believes that he must necessarily be fully competent to under- 
 take the management of dogs. To be able to shoot well is to be 
 desired ; though there is no great difficulty in acquiring the art ; 
 there are plenty of men with but a mere modicum of intellect who 
 are proficients ; but to be able to handle a dog skilfully is a very 
 rate and much to be desired accomplishment — one well worthy the 
 close attention of every sportsman, particularly if compelled to 
 
448 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 purchase clogs broken by other hands. A skilful handler has no 
 difficulty in purchasing a good animal, because he knows what to 
 expect from a strange dog, and how to work to gain his confidence ; 
 on the other hand, there are many purchasers who never give an 
 animal a chance to show his education, and saddle their own 
 ignorance upon the dog and his breaker. 
 
 While it is frequently argued that each one should break his 
 own dog, and while allowing that there is much to be said in favor 
 of so doing : it can not be denied that the number of those who 
 are capable of the complete self-government necessary to the suc- 
 cessful education of the animal is extremely limited. As proof 
 of this, look at the numbers of children, and the training they re- 
 ceive ! If we cannot successfully control them, how much less can 
 we hope to succeed with an animal to whom speech is denied, and 
 in which the power of understanding is but limited. 
 
 It is not within our province to point out the choice of breeds, 
 distinctions of color, etc. ; these being matters in which the pur- 
 chaser must please himself. But a few hints of a general char- 
 acter may not be amiss. 
 
 CHOOSING A DOG. 
 
 First satisfy yourself as to the antecedents of the animal in 
 question. Purchase no dog whose pedigree is entirely unknown, 
 at the same time avoiding all suspicious taint whether of form, 
 character, or disease. See him in the field (if broken,) and under 
 the gun ; note well his mode of ranging, and that he does not 
 rake. See that he possesses a good nose, is staunch on point and 
 charge, heels properly, is not gun shy, is a tender-mouthed re- 
 triever, and quick to respond to command. Study his trainer's 
 mode of delivering his commands, and if he be a foul-mouthed, 
 loud shouting individual, shun both him and his dogs ; for you 
 may be assured that he who uses expletives in abundance, and 
 bellows at his dogs at the top of his voice, is not possessed of the 
 temperament requisite for their proper training. Even if they 
 appear well broken, it is not seemly to purchase animals, in the 
 working of which it becomes necessary to transform yourself into 
 an animated fog-horn, alarming both the neighborhood and the 
 
CHOOSING A DOG. 449 
 
 game. Better than all is the dog who works by the silent method, 
 obeying the movements of the hand. 
 
 Not only see the dog in the field, and note the breaker's 
 method of working, but try your hand under his supervision. 
 Nothing is more detrimental than to attempt to work a dog whose 
 ways you do not know, and who likewise does not understand 
 yours ; the result is always disastrous ; you lose yourself, command 
 of the animal, and the animal his respect for you, and in sheer 
 self-defence he becomes sulky ; the crack of the whip with an 
 accompaniment of oaths does not mend the matter, but probably 
 irretrievably ruins the animal. 
 
 Having satisfied yourself as to physical attributes, and obtained 
 your dog, do not at once turn him over to another to feed and care 
 for, but let this duty devolve upon yourself alone. When a dog 
 changes masters, he will attach himself to the first person who 
 treats him kindly ; consequently it is important that you be the 
 one to whom, the affections of the animal are transferred. Take 
 full charge of him then, and feed with your own hand, until he has 
 learned to know your person, your voice, and to look with pleasure 
 for your coming. As soon as safe, let him loose from the chain, 
 take him to walk, and attempt to gain his confidence by gentle 
 coercion and kindness, showing him meantime that you are his 
 master, and that he must obey. A few days' attention, with the 
 exercise of reasonable skill and patience, will accomplish all this, 
 when he may be taken to the field. 
 
 Let it be remembered, that no dog can be so perfectly broken, 
 that when he goes into the hands of a stranger he will at once 
 work and obey him with the same readiness that he exhibited to- 
 wards his former breaker and master. Also take him out alone, 
 as no dog will or can work well in a new place and among stran- 
 gers ; to demand such, would be to ask more of the animal than 
 could be expected of yourself. Working a dog alone for a single 
 day, or even half a day, will have the effect to start him aright, and 
 save trouble and vexation afterwards. You may have to use the 
 whip, but in such a case apply it judiciously,- without anger, point- 
 ing out to the animal his fault. By no means lose your self-con- 
 trol, for the result will inevitably be disastrous both to the animal 
 and yourself. 
 
450 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 As before, if gentlemen who purchase broken dogs to shoot 
 over could be impressed with the necessity of exercising good 
 judgment in their management, there would be no difficulty in 
 purchasing good, staunch, well broken dogs. In consequence of 
 mismanagement, many breakers will not sell a dog to any one, un- 
 less they know to a certainty that the purchasers possess skill, 
 and will exercise it. One trainer utterly refuses to break dogs for 
 strangers at any price, for fear the animals will pass into the 
 hands of bunglers, and thus be condemned. 
 
 THE KENNEL. 
 
 It is important that your animal be provided with a proper 
 habitation. It is true a dog can be kept in a barn or stable, but 
 those who keep them there can best inform you whether their 
 dogs are capable of answering the purposes designated. The 
 sense of smell is acute in the dog, and as every odor that salutes 
 the nostrils owes its flavor to the mote-like particles held in sus- 
 pension in the air coming in contact with the sensitive membrane 
 with which the olfactories are lined, we cannot but suppose that 
 the stench of the effete material, decaying vegetable matter, and 
 ammoniacal gases, which constantly originate in and around 
 such buildings, are more or less detrimental to the nose of the 
 animal. 
 
 " The merciful man is merciful to his beast." Exercise that 
 mercy, and build your dog a house in the open air, away from the 
 barnyard, and so far distant from other buildings that they may 
 not interfere with either the sunlight, or circulation of pure fresh 
 air. Give him a large yard to run in, and plenty of grass under 
 foot ; above all see that quitch or dog-grass ( Triticum rdpens), is 
 planted therein, for it will not only be eagerly sought and eaten by 
 the animal, but goes far towards preserving his health. If more 
 than one dog is kept, a building of two rooms may be erected, 
 each opening into separate yards, that one may be occupied while 
 the other is cleaned, or for convenience of separating the sexes. 
 Doors and windows are essential to admit of free entrance ; and a 
 free circulation of air. The bench on which they lie should be 
 fronted that the dogs may not crawl underneath, and provided 
 with plenty of bedding in the shape of straw, shavings or beach 
 
THE KENNEL. 45 ^ 
 
 sand ; if none of these arc available, spruce cuttings may be sub- 
 stituted with advantage. An excellent plan is to have the bench 
 movable on rollers, that it may be trundled about freely, and even 
 run out doors. Let the bedding be shaken up and aired in the 
 sun each day, and at least once a week replaced by fresh material, 
 the benches and room having first undergone a thorough scrub- 
 bing. The yards also should be cleaned and raked frequently, 
 every attention being paid to neatness and cleanliness, as dogs 
 are liable to many diseases to which poverty and nastiness will 
 very much contribute. Turpentine or strong whitewash will be 
 found to aid in the prevention, or eradication of vermin. If the 
 floor be of wood, see that it is thoroughly wiped and dried after 
 cleaning, and before the dogs are allowed to enter the house, as 
 damp is prejudicial to canine health. 
 
 House your dogs every night, but turn them out on going to 
 feed them in the morning. At such times a little attention to their 
 coats will not be amiss, such as combing and brushing ; when the 
 hide is very greasy, a little chalk rubbed in before brushing is ad- 
 vantageous. Water should be supplied in abundance, that the 
 animals may drink when thirsty. If a pure stream be led through 
 the yard, all the better ; but if this be impossible, supply them 
 freely with queensware drinking pans, which must be kept in the 
 shade, and emptied and replenished twice each day, being thor- 
 oughly washed at each alternate refilling. If a piece of roll brim- 
 stone is kept in the water pan, it will aid materially in keeping the 
 dogs in condition. Iron dishes, even when porcelain lined, are not 
 to be used, the metal itself oxidizing, and its porcelain lining 
 containing lead and arsenic in dangerous quantities. 
 
 If but one animal is possessed, a small dog house will suffice ; 
 but let the roof be not only water tight, but see that it projects 
 sufficiently beyond the ends and sides to protect them from the 
 driving rain. The top may be made movable for convenience in 
 shaking up the bedding, and sunning and airing the interior. The 
 house should moreover be raised sufficiently to avoid the damp- 
 ness of the ground underneath, and provided with a door hung 
 from above in such a manner as to easily swing in or out. Avoid 
 the general fault of too small a kennel, many of them not allowing 
 sufficient room for the occupant to turn round comfortably, and 
 
452 DOGS USEn FOK SPORT. 
 
 see that no projectinjj and uncHnched nails remain which may 
 injure the eyes. 
 
 The Toronto (Canada) Hunt Club has a model kennel house, 
 a very pretty gothic lodge for the huntsmen and spacious kennels 
 for the pack. A house for cooking the canine diet, a stable for 
 one or two horses and a large rangy shed for the horses of mem- 
 bers of the club, the whole enclosed with a close eight-foot fence. 
 
 FEEDING. 
 
 In feeding, an anatomical and physiological view cannot fail to 
 be a safe index to the system to be pursued. By these aids we 
 are led to conclude that dogs are not wholly carnivorous, but are 
 so formed as to derive nutriment from either vegetable or animal 
 matter. We see them voluntarily seeking vegetable substances at 
 certain seasons, which they devour with avidity ; probably as a 
 necessary corrective of the tendency to putridity which a diet en- 
 tirely confined to animal food begets. 
 
 Carrion is to be avoided, it being universally admitted that it 
 works to the injury of the animal's sense of smell ; at all events it 
 tends to give an unhealthy and disagreeable odor to the animal. 
 Healthy animal food when properly administered, forms the most 
 nutritious of diets, and is better adapted for sustaining the sport- 
 ing powers of dogs than any other. Sprat's biscuits are for this 
 reason highly recommended ; but we would suggest they be fre- 
 quently broken up and made into broth instead of feeding them 
 continuously in a dry state. Barley and oat meals, the dross of 
 wheat flour, or any mixture of these same, with broth or skimmed 
 milk, is very proper food, varying it twice or thrice a week with 
 greaves, from which the tallow has been pressed, mixed with flour ; 
 or sheep's feet and heads, well baked, or boiled, form a very good 
 diet. Good scraps from the table undoubtedly answer as well ; 
 the greatest objecHon to their use being the natural tendency to 
 dispose of all such at once, without reference to quantity, by giving 
 to the dog, whereby he becomes over-fed. 
 
 Puppies demand more food in proportion than adult dogs ; and 
 there is also greater danger of surfeiting with certain foods. Never , 
 allow your dogs to loaf around the kitchen ; in spite of all you may 
 say or do, servants cannot, and will not, resist the beseeching and 
 
FEEDING PUPPIES. 453 
 
 wise loving looks of the animals, and will surreptitiously supply 
 them with food. 
 
 Bones are not to be withheld, except such as are so small as 
 to be swallowed ; they contain phosphate of lime which is essen- 
 tial to the proper nourishment, especially of young dogs, and like- 
 wise answer all the sanitary purposes of a tooth brush. 
 
 Feed your dogs but on e, or at most twice each day, selecting 
 the same hours for each meal, and observe punctuality so far as 
 lies in your power. Your temper is not sweetened by your meals 
 being delayed : do not ask more of your dogs than of yourself. "In 
 the hunting season, feed the evening before, giving nothing the 
 morning you take them out except it be a little milk. In the mid- 
 dle of the day when resting for your own refreshment, remember 
 him who has worked so faithfully for you. A few of Sprat's bis- 
 cuit may be carried for the purpose in your pocket ; though if at a 
 farm house, a little bread and milk will be more wholesome. 
 When the day's labor is over, a full meal of the biscuit or meal and 
 scraps may be allowed. 
 
 Avoid Indian meal, very salt food and raw meat, as tending to 
 vitiate the secretions ; not but that a little raw meat may be good ; 
 but it is to be avoided as a steady article of diet. A judicious 
 mixture of green vegetable food, boiled, and even raw potatoes 
 (where the animal will eat them) will be found advantageous to 
 the well-keeping of dogs. 
 
 FEEDING PUPPIES. 
 
 No animal can be expected to attain its full size and form 
 except it receive a full supply of wholesome food. Only those 
 breeders who have given the matter close attention can realize how 
 much a healthy growing puppy will consume, consequently very 
 many young animals are injured through want of sufficient and 
 proper nourishment. 
 
 Some bitches will supply nourishment for nine or ten puppies 
 until they are four or five weeks old. Others have but a small se- 
 cretion of milk, and can sustain no more than four or five, but for 
 a short time ; hence it is necessary to watch closely to know what 
 the bitch is doing for her progeny, and supply any deficiency ac- 
 cordingly. Even when the maternal supply is ample to keep the 
 
454 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 offspring in good condition, it is decidedly better to commence feed- 
 ing the litter with other food when they are four or five weeks old, 
 in order to avoid too sudden change of diet when they are taken 
 from the mother, A.bout the best food at such time, is good sweet 
 cow's milk with the addition of a little scalding hot water, to which 
 may be added after a few days, well-cooked corn or oat meal, the 
 latter being preferable. When seven or eight weeks of age, give 
 them beef or mutton soup with mush and milk ; substituting in turn 
 wholly or in part, scraps from the table as this age is doubled. 
 Meat, bones, bread, vegetables, gravy, etc., form an excellent diet 
 for growing puppies of this age, as well as for adult animals, when 
 given in quantities sufficient to keep them in proper condition. One 
 of the most important matters in the rearing of young animals is, 
 that they be kept in proper form, consequently they should ht fre- 
 quently fed, and receive as much food as they will eat cleanly. If 
 feeding is allowed but twice a day, they become almost famished, 
 and eat so ravenously when supplied as to become "potbellied," 
 and missha[)en, and frequently out of health ; consequently from 
 the time they are weaned until they are two or three months old, 
 they should be supplied with food at least five times per day, the 
 two extreme meals being given at corresponding early and late 
 hours of the day. After three months thrice daily will be found 
 sufficient. 
 
 In regard to the rearing of pups solely upon animal food, we may 
 say, that so far as personal experimental knowledge reveals, it is by 
 no means the proper course to pursue. Youngsters tht^s fed '11, if 
 not overtaken by disease, grow to an unreasonable and undes.. able 
 size, and having become habituated to meat only, it will be found 
 difficult to induce them to accept of sufficient vegetable food to keep 
 them in anything like proper condition for work. Besides they are 
 more apt to maul or mouth the game they retrieve. All growing 
 pups and adult hunting dogs require more or less meat with their 
 food, but in the case of the former, it is better for the animals, if it 
 be in the form of broth mixeu with their mush. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 To tell the age of a dog approximately, examine the upp?r front 
 leeth. Until eighteen months old, these are rounded on the edge ; 
 
DOCKING TAIL. 455 
 
 at the end of two years they begin to square off, and gradually wear 
 down and shorten, until, when the animal has entered the sixth 
 year they are nearly even with the gums. The lower teeth usually 
 wear out earlier. The appearance of the eye is also an indication 
 of age, and all dark-colored dogs show their years by the growth 
 of white hairs about the muzzle. 
 
 MUZZLING DOGS. 
 
 The muzzle is an instrument properly belonging to the Dark 
 Ages, and should be classed with the vise, thumbscrew, and rack. 
 It is as likely to force an attack of rabies in the wearer as to answer 
 any sanitary purpose, and incalculrtbly injures the animal, prevent- 
 ing free respiration, and denying to him the privilege of drinking 
 at that season of the year when water is most sought and needed. 
 For four years the writer has collected statistics of the cases of 
 rabies reported through the papers and medical journals, which 
 show that at least three out of every five cases that have occurred 
 during that time occurred in the months of December, January 
 and February, and not a single authenticated case has occurred in 
 the months of July and August. Two in /.ugust, first designated 
 as hydrophobia, but later proven to be hysteria, are reported. 
 September shows three cases of doubtful character, one of which 
 is traceable only to a cut, probably developing tetanus, simulating 
 hydrophobia ; of another no definite information could be obtained ; 
 and the third had been bitten fifteen months previously. With this 
 result before us, we can but consider the muzzle as a mechanical 
 contrivance desirable for vicious dogs, or useful only to prevent 
 dogs from eating or destroying articles with which they m' be 
 placed in contact, and to be used at no other time. It also p»t iS 
 to be an excellent shuttle-cock for the Solons who constitute the 
 law-givers of our cities. 
 
 DOCKING TAIL. 
 
 There is a great diversity of opinion among sportsmen and 
 breeders in regard to the docking of dr^-^s' tails. Many consider 
 it altogether wrong to alter the caudal appendage in anv respect, 
 and in England such :x<. excluded from all bench shows. Idstone 
 
456 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 suggests that those sportsmen who desire short tailed animals, 
 had best breed them from short tailed sires, and stigmatizes the act 
 of docking as a piece of cruelty. Such is undoubtedly true in part, 
 but there is nothing, in our opinion, that detracts so much from 
 the beauty of a setter or pointer as a very long crooked tail. If 
 we could not have ^good dog without such a deformity, we would, 
 of course, endure it. But there is a remedy for it, and consequently 
 we resort to it when we can, and by docking improve the appear- 
 ance of the dog ; neither need it be an act of cruelty, if skilfully 
 and properly performed. How often do we meet with pointers 
 who have the skin whipped off from their very long tails, for two 
 or three inches ! To work a dog thus is not only cruelty, but the 
 animal, being in constant iviin, does not work nearly so well as he 
 would with a good sound tail of proper dimensions. Therefore, 
 it is better to take off a small piece of the mil of most pointer 
 pups, unless the appendage appears of the proper length. If this 
 is done when the pup is but three or four weeks old, he will not 
 show a docked tail when he arrives at adult age. Some setters, 
 too, have tails entirely out of keeping in length ; and what can be 
 more currish in appearance than a veiy long tail turned up over 
 the stern, or as is sometimes the case, turned to one side or the 
 other } Most sportsmen would consider the animal improved if 
 he were tailless. 
 
 The operation is simple, consisting merely of laying the tail on 
 a block, and turning back the hair at the point where it is desired 
 to be shortened, and with a chisel cutting it off between the joints. 
 The bleeding usually ceases of itself in due time, but if not, the 
 application of a little muriate tincture of iron, or the persulphate 
 (Monsel's salt), will control it. If the operation be skilfully per- 
 formed no deformity will result, the hair falling over the end and 
 hiding the alteration. As may be surmised, it is better to wait 
 until the setter is full grown before docking, otherwise you are as 
 likely to detract as to add to his appearance. Many animals, both 
 setters a|j^ pointers, have been marred by unskilful docking, hence 
 the operation should never be attempted except by those who are 
 skilled in its performance. 
 
 A good rule to follow, to get the tail in proportion to the length 
 of the dog's back, is to stand the dog square upon his legs, take 
 
BREAKING DOGS. 457 
 
 the tail, and measure down to the hock, and remove all over and 
 above what will reach to the middle of the joint of the hock. 
 
 SPAYING. 
 
 The question is frequently propounded : " Does the operation 
 of spaying impair the usefulness of a bitch ? " 
 
 If the operation is performed at an adult age, it usually ener- 
 vates the animal, when of course their usefulness is impaired. 
 But if the animal is spayed while still in puppy-hood — the sooner 
 after it is four weeks old the better — no harm results, and such is 
 a very desirable animal to possess, except when one is required 
 for stock purposes. 
 
 The operation is performed in two ways. In both an opening 
 in the flank is made ; and in one the uterus and appendages are 
 removed entire ; in the other the ovaries alone are extirpated. 
 This should never be undertaken but by a skilful operator, one 
 well acquainted with the anatomy of the animal. It is at best an 
 uncertain operation in its results, so far as the life of the animal is 
 concerned ; though the fatality is less than would be supposed by 
 any one acquainted with the anatomical situation and relation of 
 the organs removed. 
 
 BREAKING DOGS. 
 
 All that is really necessary in the breaking of dogs, is a thor- 
 ough knowledge of what constitutes a good dog and the manner 
 in which it should work in the field, added to such judgment as 
 will enable a" man to determine between the different dispositions 
 and characters he has to encounter. Few can be handled pre- 
 cisely alike ; some are timid and need encouragement, others are 
 headstrong and demand strict, and at times, ev^n severe treatment. 
 An absolute command of temper must be observed by the in- 
 structor during his teachings so that not an unnecessary blow may 
 be given ; for work done cheerfully and with a desire to serve and 
 benefit the master, is one nundred fold better than service per- 
 formed grudgingly or only throuq^h compulsion. 
 
 A puppy should have but ot-e teacher, no matter how close 
 the methods of two trainers may agree ; he must learn your voice, 
 your manner, your very look ; therefore, if you determine to break 
 20 
 
458 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 your dog, do it entirely yourself; do not break down in the midst 
 of your labor and leave it to be finished by another ; the result will 
 never be favorable. 
 
 From the beginning attend to the feeding of your youngster 
 yourself, and if possible, let all food be taken from your hands. 
 This is advised that the puppy may the sooner attach himself to 
 you alone and look upon you as his master, for no dog, either 
 setter or pointer should ever be loaned, or hunted by others than 
 his trainer ; therefore the breaking of all field dogs is better done 
 by the sportsman himself, provided he possesses the requisite 
 patience, and can devote to it the necessary time. 
 
 The check cord will be found of far greater assistance than the 
 whip, the most unruly and headstrong animals being readily 
 brought under subjection by it, while at the same time it can be so 
 applied as not to intimidate. Always bear in mind that a dog 
 should not be corrected, except it is certain he understands the 
 fault for which he is rated. Punishment becomes absolutely ne- 
 cessary at times with some dispositions, and that too of the most 
 severe character ; but you must be satisfied that the act which de- 
 mands it was committed with full consciousness of its wrong. 
 Where you see a dog responding to command in a cringing and 
 supplicating manner, you may know that his master possesses an 
 ungovernable temper, unfitting him for training or managing any 
 animal possessing consciousness. Such a dog has been unmerci- 
 fully flogged, perhaps kicked, before he has been taught and made 
 to understand his line of duty, and fearful of a repetition of the 
 lash, for what he knows not, obeys the summons crouching and 
 creeping, an object of sympathy to the beholder, while his master 
 is viewed with disgust. 
 
 From the moment you come into possession of your puppy, 
 say at three or four months of age, lessons of obedience may be 
 given at feeding time, before you undertake the more difficult part 
 of yard or in-door breaking ; in fact, whenever you may choose to 
 offer him food, by placing it before him and not allowing it to be 
 touched until ordered, slightly tapping him when greediness or a 
 non-regard of your command is observed, persisting until you feel 
 he understands nothing can be gained by disobedience. 
 
 The first important lesson to be given is that the puppy shall 
 
BREAKING DOGS. 459 
 
 charge or drop at command, retaining this position until permitted 
 to rise by the order " hold up." Very few dogs in this country 
 are trained to absolutely go down at the report of the gun, or as 
 it is called, drop to shot ; most sportsmen are satisfied if their dogs 
 do not break shot, and rush for the game the moment it is killed, 
 and charge at the word, remaining until commanded to fetch, or 
 keep the upright position until the gun is reloaded and they are 
 ordered to move on again. 
 
 Notwithstanding so few dogs are broken to drop to shot with 
 us, it should be done in every instance, as it undoubtedly tends to 
 give steadiness in every active point, and acts as a check on any 
 desire the animal may have to break in and mouth game when 
 fallen ; for, in the excitement of the moment, the sportsman may 
 neglect to give the order to drop or charge when he has brought 
 down his bird, and the dog being left to act as he chooses, nat- 
 urally moves toward it also, which, if too often repeated, will cer- 
 tainly unsteady him ; hence the necessity of teaching to drop to 
 shot, which, with very little trouble, may be accomplished by the 
 following method : 
 
 Fasten to your dog's collar a strong cord thirty or forty feet 
 long, and take him into a yard or lot where no one will be pres- 
 ent ; secure the loose end to a short stake firmly driven in the 
 ground ; place him in a crouching position in front of you and keep 
 him there, meantime exclaiming, "down ! " or "charge ! " The 
 moment you remove your hand, he will, of course, attempt to rise, 
 but foil him immediately with a sharp jerk of the cord, and an 
 imperative "charge I " until he obeys, after which encourage and 
 caress, allowing him to rise, using the v/ords " hold up !" You 
 may now make use of the cord in a more forcible manner, as a 
 reminder that your command must be obeyed. Take the dog to 
 the stake and make him charge there, not allowing him to move 
 while you slowly walk from him. Go a few steps beyond the dis- 
 tance to which the rope will allow him to come, and tell him to 
 hokl up. He will naturally run towards you, when, just as he 
 reaches the end of his tether and receives the jerk, cry " charge." 
 This teaches quick and prompt obedience to the order. 
 
 It is time now, supposing that you have thoroughly inculcated 
 this lesson, to have the dog learn that the holding of the hand aloft 
 
4^0 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 is equivalent to the verbal order to drop, and from the start it 
 would be decidedly better to alv/ays uplift the hand when the 
 command is given, practicing him until the signal only is required 
 to cause him to charge promptly. 
 
 In the same manner can dropping to shot be taught by firing 
 off a pistol and instantly jerking the cord and saying "charge ; " 
 but it is best to commence with the cap only, advancing to very 
 small loads, and gradually increasing to full charges. The dog 
 must fully understand — to be perfectly broken in this particular — 
 that the uplifted hand means he should charge, no matter how far 
 he may be from you in the field ; and likewise that the report of 
 the gun has a similar signification. 
 
 In these lessons patience must be studied, and the dog forcibly 
 impressed with the necessity of obedience, without being cruelly 
 treated ; on the contrary, praise and caress him when he does 
 well, but then only. 
 
 BACKING. 
 
 In order the more readily to teach your pupil to back another's 
 point when in the field and hunting, he should understand that 
 " Toho " is the command to stop or halt ; this is taught him af- 
 ter he has become prompt in charging, using the check cord as in 
 the first lessons. Provide yourself with some morsels of food ; 
 take the dog when hungry (having fastened the cord to his collar 
 as before), into an apartment or yard where there is nothing to 
 distract his attention, and throw a portion of food where he can 
 see it fall. He will naturally run for it ; as he does so, and when 
 on the point of seizing it pull the cord sharply and cry out " To- 
 ho ! " He will probably drop or charge, remembering the lesson 
 you first taught him. This is what is desired, so long as he stops. 
 Continue this until the cord is no longer required, and he will halt 
 at the verbal command, at the same time keeping him perfectly 
 familiar with the down charge by signal, and dropping to shot as 
 well, if you have determined to, and have already begun to teach it. 
 
 In order to encourage a young dog to quick movement, and to 
 cultivate in him a free and speedy gait, take him with you in your 
 walks as often as possible, extending your rambles to the suburbs 
 where there are open fields and plenty of room. For a time keep 
 
BACKING. 461 
 
 the cord attached to his collar, allowing it to trail after him as he 
 moves about ; it will impede him but little, especially it" you select 
 a strong one, about the diameter of an ordinary lead pencil, and 
 point the end with thread to keep it from fraying. You will find 
 it will greatly add to the control you may have to exercise over 
 him, and have the effect of impressing him while at liberty, that 
 you are still master. During these walks, accustom the animal to 
 the sound of the whistle, summoning him from time to time that 
 he may become perfectly familiar with it. Practice him, while you 
 are out, in the same lessons you began at home, until each and 
 every one is obeyed promptly ; when at the down charge walk 
 away from him, each time extending the distance, meantime, in- 
 sisting that this posture be retained until ordered to hold up. 
 
 No doubt he will notice, and perhaps show an eagerness to hunt 
 sparrows and other small birds you may meet in your walks, and 
 his natural instinct will probably lead him to point, when he 
 scents them. This need not be checked, but rather encouraged 
 for a short time, as it will give a greater desire for the chase, 
 and when his education is sufficiently complete to work him on 
 game, and it is once shown, he will readily distinguish between 
 the two, and choose the latter. 
 
 These walks should be more frequent as the shooting season 
 approaches, when you will desire to enter the field, to confirm and 
 put to practical use the lessons taught. 
 
 On taking the field with the beginner, it is desirable for the first 
 day or two, that you have the companionship of a fellow sports- 
 man with a thoroughly broken and experienced animal. Attach 
 the cord as before to the collar of the youngster, allowing it to trail 
 after him. He will naturally watch the movements of the old dog, 
 and when the game is scented will be eager, and perhaps head- 
 strong. When the old dog draws on the birds and points, the 
 youngster may of his own accord back at once ; if he does not, 
 endeavor to be near enough to have command of the cord, and 
 check him with a sharp jerk and an emphatic " to ho ! " holding 
 him firmly. Have your companion flush the birds, and as they 
 rise at the report of the gun, check him down smartly, saying 
 charge! and see that he obeys. If the bird is killed, and the 
 youngster has previously been taught to retrieve in-doors, com- 
 
462 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 niand him to fetch, after z'nszsiinir upon his keeping the down 
 charge for a sufficient time to entail steadiness. He may not be 
 successful in fniding the bird for a time, when you may assist him, 
 repeating occasionally the word " fetch." If you are the first to 
 discover it, call him and have hiin lift it from the ground, when, 
 as you remove it from his mouth, reward him with notice and a 
 caress. By repeating this method a few times, you gradually and 
 surely impress upon the youngster the utility of that which was 
 taught him before entering the field. 
 
 During the day, you will no doubt have many opportunities of 
 confirming the puppy in the backing of another dog, using " loho" 
 always as the command to stop, punishing with the cord for diso- 
 bedience and non-observance of the order. The young animal 
 that has the example set him of ranging, is wonderfully improved 
 in speed thereby, but it must be remembered that puppies are fre- 
 quently ruined by working them too freely with old dogs. They 
 soon discover that the oldster understands fully how to find the 
 game, and instead of finding, they are content to watch and back 
 the older. Great care must be taken that your animal does not 
 fall into such a habit. As soon as a young dog begins to watch 
 the older, depending upon him to find the birds, he should be at 
 once withdrawn and worked entirely alone until habits of self- 
 reliance are fully imbued, and he depends upon his own individual 
 efforts in the search for game ; when this object has been fully 
 attained, he may again be worked in company with older and well 
 broken animals in order to confirm him in the habit of backing. 
 
 At different t»m( ; while ranging in the field move in the direc- 
 tion you wish your puppy to take, waving your hand toward it also ; 
 then suddenly taking an opposite course, wave that way also. In 
 this manner you can soon teach that he must go to whichever por- 
 tion of the field you desire, by the motion of the hand. 
 
 Quail are undoubtedly the best birds on which to break a young 
 dog, and you cannot be too particular, the first season, in demand- 
 ing absolute obedience. Allow the least infraction of the neces- 
 sary rules, and he will always be on the look-out for an opport^- 
 jiity to exercise his own will. Never allow him to flush for you, 
 even once, as the habit will grow upon him, and he will repeat it 
 with every opportunity that offers when out from under your eye. 
 
RETRIEVING. 463 
 
 RETRIEVING. 
 
 One of the most important items that demand the considera- 
 tion of those who raise and break dogs to shoot over is that they 
 are properly taught to retrieve. There is nothing more vexatious 
 while shooting than when, having made a good clear shot, you dis- 
 cover your bird has fallen across a stream, a deep muddy ditch, 
 or in some dense briery covert from whence if your dog does not 
 retrieve it, you are obliged to turn your back upon, and leave it, 
 and this must frequently happen with those who shoot over dogs 
 not broken to this accomplishment. Who would not rather miss 
 a half dozen shots than leave a dead bird ? For this reason, if 
 none other, invariably make it a point to have your dogs thor- 
 oughly broken in the art of retrieving. 
 
 A few years since, the idea was generally entertained at home, 
 as it is now abroad, that a pointer or setter broken to retrieve 
 could not be well controlled, and that through the holding of 
 birds in the mouth, immediate injury resulted, by blunting their 
 powers of scent. This doctrine is not only erroneous, but abso- 
 lutely silly, and to-day, many of the best sportsmen of Great 
 Britain and Ireland have abandoned the views which have been so 
 widely disseminated and thoroughly inculcated, and are having 
 their young dogs broken to retrieve. A friend in Scotland writes ; 
 " Having tried your Yankee plan, I am delighted with it. I find 
 the setter when perfectly broken, is as good a retriever as any in 
 the world. He is by far the most useful dog, and I now consider 
 that for him to be a retriever is a sine qua non. What we have so 
 long seen to admire in the big heavy looking dog we call a re- 
 triever, I do not know. I am satisfied that any pointer and setter, 
 who possesses industry, perseverance, courage and activity, is par- 
 ticularly suited for retrieving purposes ; in fact if he is good for 
 anything, he may be taught to retrieve not only without detriment 
 to any of his good qualities, but to their positive advantage. We 
 have not tried the Irish breed yet, but are having a puppy broken. 
 We fear for him because he is too impulsive. He is Irish all over 
 and if he had a coat, he would always be wanting some one to 
 tread on the tail of it. When game is in view he is positively 
 
464 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 irrepressible, and is inclined too to hunt by the eye rather than 
 the nose." 
 
 There are two modes of breaking a dog to retrieve, one of 
 ■which is to take a puppy of five or six months of age in a room or 
 yard where escape is impossible, and by rolling a ball or some such 
 object from him, he will soon become fond oi running after it, and 
 will pounce upon it, bringing it back when called. After he does 
 this well the wing of a bird should be attached to the ball, when 
 after a few lessons, he will as readily bring a bird when thrown for 
 him. Almost any one with a little skill and patience can in this way 
 inculcate in his puppy a fondness for retrieving. This is known as 
 " teaching a dog to retrieve in play" but by many is not considered 
 the best method, for the reason that if the animal thus broken 
 should mouth a bird, and not fetch properly, and be punished for 
 the fault, the chances are, that he would thenceforth cease to re- 
 trieve altogether. The other method is to break the animal under 
 compulsion, which is to first let him know what is required in the 
 matter, and then to make him do it. It is better perhaps, before a 
 dog is thus broken to retrieve, that he be partially or fully field 
 broken, and that he be not less than eight or ten months old when 
 taken in hand. The very first thing, if he has a propensity to rush 
 in, pounce upon, and bring in things voluntarily, is to break up all 
 such nonsense at once, giving him to understand that there is to 
 be no play in the matter, but business from the very start ; and be- 
 fore giving him the first lesson a good strong check-cord and force 
 collar should be provided, for the lesson will be a disagreeable one, 
 and much care must be exercised that the dog does not escape 
 from it : should he escape once, irretrievable harm is done, as he 
 will ever after be on the lookout for an opportunity to avoid instead 
 of heeding, your instruction. 
 
 In breaking a dog to retrieve, nothing answers the purpose 
 better than a corn cob, or a newspaper compactly wrapped with 
 twine, and he is first to be taught to sit down, hold up the head, 
 and take the object from the hand. In order to do this, his mouth 
 must be opened and the cob inserted as the bit is placed in the 
 mouth of a horse, at the same time commanding him to " take t'/." 
 If he is stubborn and refuses, twitch him with ihe check-cord, or 
 rub his gums with it until he is forced to open his mouth, and takes 
 
HE TRIE VING. 4^5 
 
 it, .md will hold until he is ordered to "ktgo." When this lesson 
 is fairly learned, compel him to walk around the room with it in his 
 mouth. The chances are that he will drop it with the first move, 
 and if so, box his ears, replace the cob, and force him to walk 
 round with it until he is ordered to " let go." There is very little 
 trouble in teaching any dog to do this, the greatest difficulty being 
 to make him pick up from the floor, which should not be attempted 
 until he is thoroughly confirmed in the above. Then the cob must 
 be held a few inches below his mouth, and he be made to take it, 
 which being done, it may be held a few inches lower, gradually 
 dropping it nearer and nearer the ground until the object is taken 
 from the hand while resting upon the ground ; when by the exer- 
 cise of a little force he will pick it up when ordered. After he has 
 been thoroughly educated, the object may be thrown to increasing 
 distances, and the animal will thus be taught to "go fetch " " come 
 in," -'sit do7vn," and "hold it," until he is ordered to " let go." 
 When proficient in all this, then, and then only may he be taken to 
 the field, where having been brought to a " down charge," his eyes 
 are covered with the hand, and the cob is thrown that he will be 
 compelled to find it with his nose, when he is ordered to "fetch it" 
 It frequently happens after a dog has been perfectly broken to re- 
 trieve a cob, ball, package, etc., that he will not at first touch a 
 bird ; but by placing it in his mouth, and compelling him to carry 
 it a short distance, he will readily be confirmed in the habit. 
 
 Much care should be taken not to confuse the dog by attempt- 
 ing to teach too much at one time ; and also that his disposition 
 be steadied, and that no more punishment is given than is abso- 
 lutely necessary. A skilful breaker will teach almost any dog, of 
 whatever age, to retrieve properly, and that too, in a short space 
 of time, finding it necessary to occupy but ten or fifteen days in 
 perfecting their instruction. But there is a " knack " in thus 
 training, which very few people possess, and fewer still ever attain. 
 In a recent publication on this subject, the aphorism is laid down, 
 " That any man may attempt to break a dog with certainty of suc- 
 cess, provided," (ah! there's the rub!) "provided he will ever 
 keep in mind the watchwords of this science : observation, patience 
 ixn^l perseverance ." To this we would add, complete self control, 
 without which all else is useless. 
 20* 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
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 1.25 
 
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 140 12.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 11= 
 
 U III 1.6 
 
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4^6 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 FLUSHING. 
 
 No dog will break shot after having been thoroughly broken, 
 ixnd ever after skilfully handled. The trouble is usually traceable 
 ll to hi3 master, who by rushing for the bird the instant it falls, sets 
 r an example which the dog very naturally follows. When you 
 have "pii'cked the beam," the " mote " may be eradicated in the 
 following manner : Hunt your dog with a short check cord, and if 
 more than usually headstrong, a force collar. When he comes to 
 a point, let your companion do the shooting, while you hold the 
 cord, and the instant he starts, bring him up with a sharp jerk, 
 forcing him to down charge until the gun is reloaded, and until he 
 is ordered to seek dead. Repeat the treatment. If this proves 
 insufficient, the whip must be resorted to ; after which, these fail- 
 ing, nothing remains but to dispose of the animal. 
 
 For those who may not understand what is meant by the word 
 / " force collar," we add that it consists merely of a strap of leather 
 on which is inserted a number of carpet tacks, sewed with the 
 heads downward to the inner side of a common collar, thus pre- 
 venting the heads from dropping out, while the points are directly 
 applied to the neck. Such should be loose enough not to irritate 
 except when the cord is used. 
 
 RAKING. 
 
 • 
 
 All young dogs are apt to rake ; that is, to hunt with their 
 noses close to the ground, following their birds by the track rather 
 than by the wind. Birds lie much better to dogs that wind them, 
 than those that follow by track. The animal that winds the scent 
 approaches the birds by degrees and without disturbing them ; 
 but they are at once alarmed when they see a dog tracing their 
 footsteps. When you perceive that your dog is committing this 
 fault, call to him in an angry tone to " hold up ; " he will then 
 grow uneasy and agitated, going first to the one side and then to 
 the other, until the wind brings him the scent of the birds. After 
 finding the game four or five times in this way, he will take the 
 wind of himself, and hunt with his nose high. If it be difficult to 
 correct this fault, it will be necessary to put \\\% puzzle, peg upon 
 him. This is of very simple construction, consisting only of a 
 
APPARENT WANT OF NOSE. 467 
 
 piece of inch board, one foot in length, and an inch and a half in 
 breadth, tapering a little to one end ; at the broader end are two 
 holes running longitudinally, through which the collar of the dog 
 is put, and the whole is buckled round his neck ; the piece of 
 wood projecting beyond his nose is then fastened with a leather 
 strap or thong to his under jaw, passing between the canine teeth 
 and the molars. By this means the peg advancing five or six 
 inches beyond his muzzle, the dog is prevented from putting his 
 nose to the ground. 
 
 APPARENT WANT OF NOSE. 
 
 J Although it sometimes happens that young dog^ lack those 
 
 olfactory powers for which they are so valuable to the sportsman, 
 they should not be condemned without a- fair trial. It often hap- 
 pens that this defect is remedied as the animal advances toward 
 adult age. With dogs that have but just recovered from distem- 
 per, this defect is frequently noticeable, but is seldom if ever per- 
 manent. During a long drought, when the herbage is in a very 
 dry state, it happens that the keenest nosed animals are frequently 
 unable to find game. In such case let a second trial be given 
 when the state of the weather and moisture of the fields will be 
 more advantageous to the animal. We are confident such will 
 prove satisfactory'. 
 
 A beautiful setter pup presented to the writer a few years 
 since, seemed to be absolutely without the faculty of scenting 
 game. Being shut in the office one night, in his "high jinks," he 
 overturned a jar of leeches, and probably nosed them, as in the 
 morning he was found bleeding profusely from the nostrils, and 
 had evidently been suffering from hemorrhage the greater part of 
 the night, as he was badly ensanguined. An examination into 
 the state of affairs showed the leech jar broken, whereupon it was 
 conjectured that some of the reptiles had found lodgment in the 
 nose or throat. The result confirmed the diagnosis, two being 
 found attached to the posterior fauces, and three were washed out 
 of the nostrils, four remaining to be accounted for, after those on 
 the floor were picked up. They were probably swallowed. The 
 animal recovered, and with the recovery his infirmity disappeared. 
 Such active treatment is not however recommended. 
 
468 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 GUN-SHYNESS. 
 
 It is sorely discouraging to the sportsman, after purchasing a 
 setter or pointer puppy, apparently well bred and of good points, 
 and successfully bringing him through the many ills the young 
 dog is heir to, to find the pupil gun-shy, when that portion of his 
 education where the gun is used, is reached. No definite cause 
 can be assigned for this weakness, and we are fain to believe it to 
 be inherent, or due to heredity. To enter upon a full discussion 
 of this subject and the various causes assigned, would demand a 
 volume. 
 
 Another not improbable cause is breeding from either broken 
 down or worn out animals, or from those whose extreme youth 
 renders it impossible for them to beget perfect offspring. Too 
 close in breeding is also objectionable for the same reasons. Many 
 fine bred puppies are, however, too high strung, having an ex- 
 tremely sensitive nerve organization, and to the carelessness with 
 which such are handled may be largely attributed their gun-shy- 
 ness. This is especially the case with setters, who are much more 
 liable to cerebral or brain affections than is generally supposed. 
 If the causes of these attacks were known, we could th-; better sug- 
 gest a cure. A friend, an army surgeon and a thorough patholo- 
 gist, desiring further light upon this subject, obtained a notoriously 
 gun-shy animal for anatomical purposes. He was unable to prose- 
 cute his researches as thoroughly as desired, but discovered suffi- 
 cient disorganization of nerve material to lead him to believe gun- 
 shyness to be but a symptom of disease. If the animal is gun-shy 
 merely as the result of alarm or some transient impression, it may 
 be corrected with care, and the exercise of patience. The treat- 
 ment must accord with the peculiar temperament of the animal, 
 and will depend largely upon the astuteness of the owner. Mod- 
 erately gun-shy animals have been cured by discharging fire-arms 
 slightly loaded, or but capped to begin with, in their presence, be- 
 fore feeding, causing the dogs to associate the report with the 
 pleasure of satisfying their hunger. This may be used to advan- 
 tage, ofttimes, even with old dogs, by bringing them to the verge of 
 starvation. But as before remarked, this is a problem the solution 
 of which, each must work out to his own satisfaction. As ** an 
 
THE WHIP; ITS USE AND ABUSE. 469 
 
 ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," so too you will find 
 that the earlier you indoctrinate your puppies with a love for the 
 gun in some such method as stated, the less frequently will 
 you have to complain of gun-shy animals in your kennel. At 
 all events, if you are so unfortunate as to have such an animal, 
 do not give it up as incurable without an earnest attempt at eradi- 
 cating the habit. Moreover, we pay some respect to the theory 
 that dogs become gun-shy after a certain age, those periods vary- 
 ing with the different species of dogs. Just as with old people, so 
 do the nerves of old dogs become weak and sensitive. Setters 
 and pointers become g^n-shy after reaching their fourth to sixth 
 '•ear. 
 
 WIDE RANGING. 
 
 To use a Hibemianism the cure is best accomplished by its 
 prevention. Break your puppy to obey the whistle, and turn at the 
 first sound of it. Some young dogs are so fleet and rash as to re- 
 quire a stout check cord/sufficiently heavy to moderate their speed 
 and tire them down. Few dogs are, however, too fast if they have 
 good noses and are staunch on game. Many persons judge of the 
 speed of their dogs before they have time to run off the wire edge ; 
 but take the field with these runaway fellows and it will be found 
 that not one of ten will keep up the gait for more than three or 
 four hours. 
 
 In general, wide ranging may be overcome entirely without 
 punishment or speaking a word to the animal. The dog which is 
 continually disappearing from sight and hearing, will continue to 
 do so as long as you indulge yourself in shouting after him. Cease 
 this, and he will soon tire of your lack of attention, particularly if 
 you make it in your way to lose him once or twice, and will there- 
 after work as well as could be wished. 
 
 THE WHIP; ITS USE AND ABUSE. 
 
 It is a great mistake to suppose that the whip is essential to 
 the government and regulation of a kennel. To castigate a puppy 
 ten minutes after he has committed a gross error, would be ab- 
 surd, as his latent natural instinct is almost lost for the time being ; 
 but if he is punished the instant the fault is committed, he at once 
 
470 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 recognizes the cause of his chastisement. On no account whip 
 him more than once a day, for if you continue to lash him for every 
 mistake committed, his dumb instinct becomes mixed, and the 
 animal remains the same as when you began his schooling, except 
 that you have cowed and injured, him. Accustom the puppy to 
 the sound of your voice ; he will soon learn to distinguish the pe- 
 culiar tones, and understand their meaning ; by this means you 
 arouse the dormant insiinct of the animal. 
 
 Every animal which possesses an average quantity of good sense 
 and temper, is so eager for his master's approbation that he will 
 exert himself to the utmost to obtain it ; and if this fact were con- 
 stantly kept in mind there would seldom arise a demand for cor- 
 poral punishment. We have no hesitancy in saying that at least 
 five out of every six dogs may be completely broken without a 
 blow of the whip, quiet, patient reasoning being all that is requi- 
 site to secure obedience and attention. We know this is quite con- 
 trary to the opinion of most breakers, who depend mainly upon the 
 whip and loud rating ; which, however, are generally but escape 
 valves to the temper, which blows off at high pressure in full force 
 upon the poor animals. The oath and the whip are inseparable ; 
 he who uses one demands the other to give the first pungency. 
 We object to the whip for this very reason ; it is too handy, and 
 in a moment of passion the puppy is so severely lashed that in- 
 stead of understanding that he has done wrong, and writhing with 
 pain, and frightened at the violent manner of his master, he seeks 
 only to escape, and once successful in so doing he is ever after 
 a confirmed runaway. Moreover it effects nothing that the check 
 cord will not do t;s well, even better, and that too without danger. 
 Many naturally fine dogs have been utterly ruined by a single in- 
 judicious thrashing ; but we have yet to note the first instance in 
 which the cord has produced ill results even in the hands of a 
 novice. 
 
 After a dog has been thoroughly broken, we grant you the whip 
 may be used to advantage in certain cases. And when you do 
 punish, flog soundly ; but only when you catch him " red handed " 
 in flagrante delictu. He cannot then mistake the cause ; but at 
 the same time watch the animal critically, never allowing castiga- 
 tion to go beyond reasonable punishment, lest you awaken an 
 
THE WHIP; ITS USE AND ABUSE. 47I 
 
 angry obstinate resistance that either induces sullenness or devel- 
 ops sly cunning with which the dog attempts to circumvent you 
 the moment he is at liberty. Before allowing him to go, talk to 
 him, but with more of warning than reproof, and tinaliy send him 
 off with a gravely spoken caution ; when it becomes evident that 
 an attempt is being made to atone for the fault with good work, 
 encourage him with pleasant cheerful words, which materially as- 
 sist in a natural and sympathetic understanding. 
 
 Never enter the field without the whip, for circumstances may 
 arise where its use is absolutely necessary ; yet with the exercise 
 of proper vigilance its use may be avoided, ofttimes throughout 
 the entire season. By this we mean watching the animal at all 
 times ; never removing your eye from him when it can be avoided, 
 that you may know the moment he strikes a trail, when, if he 
 appear in the slightest degree careless or excited, you may check 
 and thus prevent the commission of a graver fault which would 
 demand the lash. This gives the most perfect control since the 
 dog learns that he is constantly under ycur eye, and that the 
 slightest fault will be detected ; nor is such supervision difficult, as 
 by practice it will become so habitual as to be involuntary, and 
 besides the advantage in handling the dog, it keeps you constantly 
 on the alert, and prevents your being surprised by birds rising wild 
 and unexpectedly, and thus escaping unshot. 
 
 You will be amply repaid by treating your dogs as reasoning 
 and reasonable beings. We are constantly surprised at the depth 
 of their perception and their appreciative faculties.* With many 
 
 • Dr. E. D. Rogers, U. S. Army, is the owner of a brace of setters which pos- 
 sess a depth of understanding and degree of intelligence rarely witnessed. Al- 
 most any command given.in an ordinary tone of voice seems to be comprehended, 
 even when the face of the speaker is turned from them, or he is in another apart- 
 ment. When reading or writing the Doctor will sing in a low tone of voice, and 
 without looking up, " one of you dogs shut that door," when both rush to 
 perform his bidding ; but if he specifies either by name, the other does not 
 move. 
 
 •* Flora, bring me my gloves," era " glove," the animal distinguishing between 
 the singular and the plural ; " Jack, find my gauntlets ; " " bring me the shears ; " 
 
 •' carry in that stool ; " " Take this note to ; " " Jack bring Flora here " and 
 
 vice vena ; these are a few of the commands given and obeyed by these dogs. 
 Calling up either he introduces by saying " Jack," or " Flora," as the case may be, 
 
 " this is Mr. ," and the dogs seem ever after to recognize the person by 
 
 name. If either one is told that they are to work for another during the day, he 
 
472 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 animals an appeal to them by exhibitions of feeling is far more 
 effectual than seventy ; hence, you cannot study your dogs too 
 closely ; always believe them to be endowed with a fair amount 
 of reason and allow them full opportunity to exercise it. Never 
 punish a dog for a mere blunder ; he is no more infallible than 
 yourself ; do not thevi, demand more of him than of his master. 
 The best of dogs will commit mistakes ; but he will recognize his 
 error as quickly as his master, when a simple reproof or warning 
 given quietly and gravely, as you would speak to a person, will be 
 all sufficient, causing him to go off with an air of mortification 
 which is not lost until the fault is fully atoned for ; now give him 
 that look of approval, and the word of commendation which he so 
 manifestly expects and desires ; for the dog is a physiognomist in 
 his way, and responds to the expressions of his master's counte- 
 nance, showing thereby a mental condition working more effectu- 
 ally in your interest than if stimulated by the application of the 
 lash. 
 
 BREEDING. 
 
 The following principles should be observed for the proper 
 breeding and rearing of the canine race : 
 
 1. A perfect development, and sound vigorous health constitu- 
 tionally, especially in the generative organs, are conditions of 
 fertility. 
 
 2. In the maintenance and improvement of a breed the truth 
 that " sitnilia similibus generantur," — that the reproductive germ 
 will stamp upon the animal developed from it the characters of the 
 parent organism, is the backbone of success. 
 
 3. We can, in a great degree, at will, produce variations and 
 improvements in breeds, as by care, a mild and salubrious climate, 
 moderate use, education, stimulation, or selection of desirable 
 qualities ; by disuse or rejection of undesirable characters and 
 properties ; by soliciting the weight of imagination in our favor, — 
 as Jacob piously swindled his too confiding father-in-law ; by allow- 
 ing the breeding animals to mix only with those of the stamp de- 
 
 or she, as the case may be, takes position at the heels of the person indicated and 
 works properly and conscientiously until dismissed. 
 
 Dr. Rogers uses no bluster, no whip, no signs. He addresses his dogs aa intel- 
 ligent beings, and in the same manner as he would a servant. 
 
BREEDING. ^Jl 
 
 sired ; by crossing less improved breeds systematically with males 
 of a better race ; and by crossing animals faulty or deficient in some 
 particular point with others in which this pjoint is developed in excess. 
 
 4. The kenneling of pregnant high-class animals with low bred 
 ones, and the resulting attachments between the two races, are to 
 be especially avoided, as occasionally affecting the progeny injuri- 
 ously ; ♦ strong impressions from a new or unusual condition of 
 surrounding objects are to be equally guarded against. 
 
 5. If a valuable bitch be allowed to breed to an inferior male, 
 she cannot be relied upon to produce pure bred animals, for several 
 succeeding pregnancies, at least. Through a strong and retained 
 impression ; through the absorption into the system of living par- 
 ticles (germinal matter) from the foetus ; or through some influence 
 during pregnancy on the ova, then being most actively developed, 
 the good or bad features of the first sire are perpetuated in the 
 progeny of succeeding ones. 
 
 6. All breeds have a tendency to " throw back," that is, to pro- 
 duce offspring bearing the marks of their less improved and com- 
 paratively valueless ancestors ; hence individuals of this kind must 
 be rejected from the best breeds, if we would maintain their ex- 
 cellence. 
 
 7. Certain bloods and individuals have their characters more 
 fixed, and will transmit and perpetuate them in greater proportion 
 than others with which they may be crossed. If their qualities are 
 desirable, they prove highly valuable in raising other stock of 
 greater excellence ; if undesirable, they will depreciate the value 
 of any stock crossed for many generations. That fixedness of type, 
 however, is above all, a characteristic of those bloods which have 
 been carefully selected and bred up to a certain standard for many 
 generations, so that in the best, longest established, and most es- 
 teemed breeds we have a most valuable legacy left us by the suc- 
 cessful breeders of the past, with which we may mould our inferior 
 bloods at will. 
 
 * The following will serve as an example : A youngr setter bitch belonging to 
 the writer conceived a violent attachment for an emasculated bull dog with which 
 she was constantly associated. The first time she was served it was by a male of 
 her own species, and was thereafter carefully secured, all possibility of an illicit 
 liaison being prevented. At birth four out of five of the puppies littered were 
 marked like the bull, even partaking in many respects of his features. 
 
474 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 8. While breeding continuously from the nearest relations tends 
 to a weakened constitution, the aggravation of any taint in the 
 blood, and to sterility, these may be avoided by infusing at inter- 
 vals fresh blood of the same family, but which has been bred apart 
 from this branch for several generations. Moreover the highest 
 excellence is sometimes attainable only by breeding very closely 
 for a time. 
 
 9. Diseased or mutilated animals are generally to be discarded 
 from breeding. Mutilations resulting from disease, disease exist- 
 ing during pregnancy, ind disease with a constitutional morbid 
 taint, are above all, to be dreaded as transmissible. 
 
 10. There is some foundation for the opinion that the dog tends 
 to contribute more to the locomotion and external organs, nerve 
 and vigor, and the bitch to the size and internal organs, so that if 
 we cannot obtain the greatest excellence in both, we should at 
 least seek to have each unexceptionable in the parts and qualities 
 attributed to it. 
 
 11. Judicious breeding in-and-in, improves the animal in the 
 points desired, only when possessed by both male and female ; but 
 the mixing of two utterly distinct races, with the view of uniting 
 the valuable properties of both, is to be condemned. 
 
 12. While early maturity may be attained, animals that grow 
 rapidly are less firm in tissue, and break down sooner than those 
 of slow growth ; hence, while the breeder may be benefited by 
 pursuing the forcing process, the purchasers, especially of those 
 animals intended for active field work, will be more or less the 
 sufferers. The terms cultivation and improvement, as used by 
 breeders, too frequently are but imposing synonyms for the arti- 
 ficial induction of disease, premature development, and systematic 
 degeneration. 
 
 SHOULD DOGS BE ALLOWED TO BREED AT PUBERTY } 
 
 The process of reproduction is the most characteristic, and in 
 many respects the most interesting of all the phenomena presented 
 by organized bodies. It includes the whole history of the changes 
 taking place in the organs and functions of the individual at suc- 
 cessive periods of life, as well as the production, growth, and 
 
DOGS BREEDING AT PUBERTY. 475 
 
 development of the new genus which make their appearance by 
 generation. 
 
 Life is but a continuation of that development which began 
 with the impregnation of the ov" within the maternal body pass- 
 ing through progressive stages, until a certain period or acme is 
 reached, where it is marked by a corresponding retrocession, end- 
 ing eventually in decay and death. 
 
 During the early life of the young dog, the skeleton is incom- 
 plete, the nervous system imperfect, and the muscular and ali- 
 mentary organization lacking in many of the attributes necessary 
 to 71 perfect animal. At the age of puberty, these have to a great 
 extent assumed the outlines, but lack the necessary development, 
 which is assured only at adult age. Ossification is never complete 
 in the canine race until after the twentieth month, and seldom 
 before the twenty-fourth. The relative development according to 
 sex is tv/enty-four months in the female, and thirty-four in the male. 
 
 The signs of puberty in the bitch are not an indication that she 
 is prepared to undergo the pangs of maternity, or that she is im- 
 bued whh the necessary qualities for the successful propagation 
 of her species. It is merely proof that the organs of reproduction 
 have entered upon the preparatory stage which is to result in per- 
 fect development. It indicates that the period of infancy has 
 expired and adolescence supervened. 
 
 Under the forcing system so prevalent with the mania for im- 
 ported dogs, the constant demand for blood is fulfilled to the 
 sacrifice — in a great extent — of the physical attributes so essential 
 to perfect animals. Many puppies are found to have reached 
 puberty at the age of ten or twelve months when the period 
 should not develop itself, at the very earliest calculation, before the 
 sixty-fourth week. This may be attributed in part to improper, 
 perhaps, to put it fairly, aver care. Confinement in illy ven- 
 tilated kennels, hot stifling atmosphere, constant inhalation of the 
 heated and noxious vapors of the stable, association with young 
 animals who have already reached or just past the climactic period, 
 high feeding or highly seasoned food, and nursing the parent when 
 again in heat, as sometimes happens ; all these have more or less 
 influence in forcing the oestrum upon the young bitch prematurely.* 
 
 * We are aware that the argument will be used, that dogs in /era naturm 
 
47^ DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 Nutritive changes are constantly taking place in the young 
 animal, and correspond in rapidity with the activity of other vital 
 phenomena. Up to the age of two years then, the demand is fully 
 equal, even in excess of the supply, nothing being in reserve, as the 
 osseous, muscular, circulatory and other systems are undergoing 
 a process of development, and are withal so interwoven with each 
 other, that nothing may be taken from one without detracting from 
 the whole, and consequently rendering that which is now incomplete 
 still more imperfect, taking away a balance which cannot be re- 
 stored. Hence, to breed a young animal while undergoing the 
 process of development is not only to withdraw a portion of the 
 vital force necessary to its existence, but induces a strain which 
 cannot be borne without detriment, and forces into action organs 
 which are as yet insufficiently matured for the proper performance 
 of the functions for which they are intended. Worst of all is the 
 strain upon the circulatory and nervous systems ; the mainspring 
 and compensation-balance, so to speak, of existence. 
 
 The vital forces having been thus injured, weakened, it can 
 but be expected that the impress will be stamped upon the off- 
 spring ; and this is more particularly the case in physical and 
 mental attributes. The father's impress being psychological rather 
 than real, hence the age of the paternal parent cannot be expected 
 to make up for the lack of development possessed by the mother. 
 Then, to demand perfect offspring we must needs have perfect 
 parents, and this we do not have when the parents are yet adoles- 
 cent. Lack of mental attributes in parents entails a correspond- 
 ing lack in the offspring, and hence we find gun-shyness, timidity 
 and idiocy. Mating adolescent dogs is like marrying adolescent 
 children. 
 
 With regard to the use of the male, we can but add that it is 
 likewise detrimental for reasons physiological. It would afford us 
 pleasure to go into the physiology and aetiology of the subject, but 
 
 have no supervision in the matter of the exercise of their sexual appetites. While 
 this is true, it mus!*: be remembered that the education of the wild animal, and its 
 treatment in early life, has stamped it as an entirely different animal from the 
 more delicate and carefully nurtured dogs of which we are writing, and to a great 
 extent, an artificial production. Most wild animals mature earlier than domestic 
 ones, but reach adolescence later. There are few true canidee in the wild state, 
 that breed much before two years of age. 
 
DOGS BREEDING AT PUBERTY. 477 
 
 it is beyond the limits of this work. To breeders we would say ; 
 if you desire full and comprehensible information on the subject of 
 reproduction, purchase a work known as " Acton on the Repro- 
 ductive Organs," published by Lindsay and Blackiston, of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The argument that gun-shy and otherwise nervous and defec- 
 tive animals are produced by adult parents does not militate against 
 our statement. It must be remembered likewise, that any animal 
 in excess of six years of age is unfit for breeding purposes, having 
 passed the prime of life, and is consequently in the descending 
 scale where there is no provision of nature for other acts than that 
 of nourishment ; waste now even exceeding repair. Bitches are 
 better constituted to bear young at six years of age than males are 
 to procreate. Consequently a dog is truly valuable for stock pur- 
 poses for two and one-half or three years ; or more correctly, five 
 seasons, allowing the bitches to be in heat twice each year. The 
 bitch on the contrary is capable of giving full impress of the parent 
 for four years or more ; approximately, nine heats. The reason 
 of this difference is solely due to the reflex action upon the nervous 
 syst' ,n, which takes place in the male in consequence of sexual 
 indulgence. This becomes more marked in stock dogs, which line 
 several bitches in a season. But the female does not meet with 
 the same proportionate shock through sexual congress, hence the 
 disorganization of nerve material is less rapid than in the opposite 
 sex. 
 
 Like all good rules the above may have exceptions, yet the fact 
 remains the same. Therefore the safe rules to be observed are : 
 
 First* Use no bitches for breeding purposes except between 
 the ages of two and six and one-half years if the fullest and best 
 features of the stock are to be transmitted. 
 
 Second. Use no dog for stock purposes who is under the age 
 of three years, or over five and one-half with expectation that the 
 best qualities — particularly the intellectual — of the animal will be 
 reproduced in his offspring. 
 
 * It has been argued that young mothers, as among Jersey cattle, raise the 
 best offspring. Dogs and cattle do not admit of like comparison, as their anatomi- 
 cal, and more particularly their physiological peculiarities are widely different. 
 However, bitches between two and three years of age do malce the best mothers; 
 but not younger. 
 
478 noGs USED for sport. 
 
 Third. It is desirable that all bitches, to be successful breeders 
 and parents, be impregnated previous to reaching the age of three 
 years. The reason for this is, that the '•^productive organs are at 
 their best during that season ; whereas, at or during the third 
 year, certain anatomical and physiological changes are liable to 
 take place, owing to non-use of the organs, which render the last 
 stage of gestation, parturition, extremely difficult. 
 
 BREEDING FOR KIND. 
 
 Periodically some French enthusiast announces a plan for re- 
 ducing that great process of nature, reproduction, to a level where 
 it maybe goveu.ed by scientifically applied rules. And, as fre- 
 quently the German physiologist steps to the front, and with pro- 
 found and thoroughly inductive logic, backed by the most careful 
 experimentation and thorough physiological researches, proves its 
 falsity. While the physiologists of both countries have long at- 
 tempted the solution of the problem, one is continually jumping at 
 conclusions, while the other toils patiently for the goal, conning 
 carefully as he goes the facts, and proving each new deduction 
 pro and con. The great Virchow, the most celebrated as well as 
 the greatest physiologist and pathologist of the age, has decided 
 that the production of the sex at will is an utter impossibility, ex- 
 cept so far as may be regulated by the psychical condition of the 
 parents at the time of the sexual act. 
 
 PLURALITY OF SIRES. 
 
 The admission of a bitch when in heat to the embraces of two 
 different males, even when of the same breed, is highly reprehen- 
 sible and prejudicial to good offspring, and more likely to perpetu- 
 ate the bad qualities of both, than the good of either. Even when 
 the lining of the bitch by each takes place at intervals so widely 
 apart as to induce superfoetation, the result is liable to be the 
 same. The effect is much the same as when two dogs are 
 matched for their widely different attributes, as when a bitch who 
 is imperfect in her hind-quarters is lined by a dog who is imperfecf 
 in the slioulders ; the result being a worthless animal, as imper- 
 fections are much more easily transmitted than perfections. 
 
 / V;. 
 
DISEASES OF DOGS—lVOh'MS. ^79 
 
 Where imperfection does not appear either mentally or other- 
 wise as the result of a plurality of sires, it must be looked upon as 
 the result of an accident, which will not readily bear repetition. 
 
 Is more than one copulation necessary to successful impregna- 
 tion? — More than one sexual congress is not necessary to impreg- 
 nation, though it is sometimes advisable for the following reasons. 
 
 Young bitches, when desiring the male, eject a viscous fluid 
 from the glands of the vagina, the mouth of uterus, and the neigh- 
 boring parts. In some respects it appears to be the analogue of 
 the periodical discharges of those of the same sex among animals 
 that assume the erect posture. These discharges are always proof 
 that the female has arrrived at the age of puberty ; that her ovary 
 is now performing its office, and that she is disposed to propagate 
 her kind. Whatever be the cause of this orgasmus, it is often so 
 strong as to counteract the natural effects of the seminal fluid, and 
 prevent impregnation. For this reason vcidiny young and lascivious 
 bitches do not conceive immediately upon the first coition. It is 
 sometimes a practice to beat the female, plunge her in water, weary 
 her with running, and to use other means after copulation to pre- 
 vent the return of sexual desire, and its resultant secretions. 
 
 : ;■ DISEASES OF DOGS.~WORMS. -^ 
 
 Of the number of ills canine flesh is heir to, intestinal parasites 
 is one of the most common. Of these there are three varieties, 
 viz., the ascarus mystax, or round worm — the analogue of a. lum- 
 bricoides in man, oxyuris vermicularis, or thread worm, and three 
 species of tcenia, or tape worm. Besides these a fourth variety 
 known as tricocephalus dispar, is said to be sometimes met with. 
 The fasciola hepatica inhabits the liver. These last two, how- 
 ever, we have nothing to do with, as too rare to merit notice. 
 
 The first, a. mystax, or round worm, is the animal most com 
 monly met with, and the one that usually demands the interfer 
 cnce of medicine, and serves to amuse the man who delights ii 
 prescribing for his animals, and upon whose backs all ills are 
 placed, which should ofttimes be borne by the master of the ani- 
 mal whose interior is inhabited. It is much smaller than the cor- 
 responding parasite in the human race, attaining a length of but 
 
480 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 six centimetres* in the male against twelve in the female, and is 
 distinguished by two wing-like appendages, which extend from 
 the head on each side for a distance from two to fourmillimetres.t 
 The eggs develop in about four weeks, and have great power to 
 resist external influences ; their development not being arrested in 
 strong spirits of wine, chromic acid, or turpentine. 
 
 The method of transmission is up to the present time, (1877) 
 unknown. Leuckhart found young round worms in the stomachs 
 of dogs which resembled embryos, both in size and shape. Be- 
 sides these, he found in the stomach and small intestine, worms 
 in every stage between this and the full matured ascarns mystax.\ 
 He failed, however, to produce such forms by feeding animals on 
 eggs containing embryos, as they either passed through the ani- 
 mals unchanged, or were thoroughly digested. The proper habi- 
 tation of this worm is the small intestine, and from a clinical 
 standpoint is distinguished by its great activity, it frequently mak- 
 ing its way into the stomach. One may often see dogs get rid of 
 whole coils of them by vomiting. '" 
 
 Although the cause of these parasites is unknown, it would 
 seem that climate and habits had much to do with their incep- 
 tion. A damp climate, or damp kennel, with corresponding un- 
 cleanHness, and unhealthy diet, seem to be predisposing causes. 
 
 The primary symptoms of invermination are griping pains — 
 which may be noted by the inflection of the voice ; the presence of 
 worms eliminated with or without faeces ; acrid eructations ; shiny 
 Ctools ; and inflammation of the bowels. 
 
 The secondary symptoms are, occasional sickness and vomit- 
 ing, variable and voracious appetite, wasting away of the body, a 
 short hacking cough, heat and itching about the anus, and a vast 
 number of sympathetic affections, such as dizziness, disturbed 
 dreams, grinding of the teeth when napping, or champing of the 
 jaws, etc. ; and also the formation of a regular disease, as vermin- 
 ous colic, convulsions, chorea Sancti Viti, pneumonia, and even 
 hemorrhage. 
 
 The treatment of verminous symptoms and disease, consists 
 of getting rid of the worms by destroying them, or driving them 
 
 • A centimetre Is .39371 in. t A millimetre .03937. 
 
 % Leuckhart, Vol. II. p. 358. 
 
DISEASES OF DOGS— WORMS. 48 1 
 
 from the body, and by strengthening the system generally, par- 
 ticularly the alvine canal. In every case the bowels should be 
 kept freely open, or the vermifuges will not act successfully. 
 
 The list of vermifuges is almost interminable. They may be 
 conveniently divided into two classes : 
 
 1. Those that dislodge and drive away intestinal worms by 
 some mechanical or other external action ; as all drastic purges, 
 all oleaginous vermifuges as oil of beech nuts, castor, sulphur, pe- 
 troleum, sea salt, tin filings, powdered glass, pomegranate root, 
 kamela, areca nut, koosso, and the down of the pods of cowhage. 
 The last four more particularly act by setting up an inflammatory 
 condition of the bowek, which are remedies the effects of which 
 are frequently more to be deplored than the disease. 
 
 2. Those that destroy them by killing before they are expelled ; 
 as the male fern, hellebore, fetid hellebore, cevadilla, Chabert's oil 
 (obsolete), tansy, savine, rue, dittany, tobacco, wormseed and its 
 active principle santonine, oil of turpentine, the bark of the bulge- 
 water tree and of the cabbage tree, the spigelias, and Indian scab- 
 iosa. Many of these are hardly worth noticing ; while others are 
 most effectual in the elimination of tape worms ; savine, rue, tansy 
 and tobacco must be avoided in pregnant animals, and at best are 
 very uncertain in action. Of the prescriptions at the end of the 
 section, i represents the best of the first ; and 2 and 3 of the second. 
 
 Thread Worm. — This a small, white round worm, which is 
 tapered off at both ends. They vary in length from three to twelve 
 millimetres *. The embryos are hatched in the rectum, and ap- 
 pear to betake themselves almost immediately to the upper por- 
 tion of the small intestine, where they rapidly increase in size, 
 obtaining their nourishment from the chyme and the intestinal 
 mucus. As soon as they attain a certain size, some of the young 
 worms have sexual intercourse while here residing ; others how- 
 ever, descend into the cascum for this purpose. In favorable cases 
 one finds large numbers of females in every stage of development, 
 in the small intestine, and in the caecum, with a like number of 
 males. The young fructified females gradually collect in the cae- 
 cum, and live there for considerable time, — until they are full- 
 
 * I use the French measurement as the English is not sufficiently fine for the 
 purpose. 
 
 21 
 
482 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 ■grown, and filled to bursting with eggs. They then commence 
 slowly to descend the large intestine, and finally deposit the chief 
 part of their eggs in the rectum ; they occasionally even leave the 
 latter and creep about on the moist skin around the anus. By this 
 it wil' be seen that the generally prevalent idea, and that which is 
 upheld in all the books, that the oxyuris inhabits the rectum, is en- 
 tirely false. The untenability of this view should have long since 
 been deduced from the fact that it is impossible to get rid of the 
 worms by most thorough local treatment applied to the rectum. 
 
 The symptoms of the presence of these worms are rather vague, - 
 except where they descend to the rectum to lay their eggs, and 
 cause, by their active boring movements, and unbearable tickling 
 and painful itching just within and in the folds of the anus, which 
 frequently become so unbearable as to cause the poor dog to en- 
 deavor by every change of posture, by dragging his rump upon the 
 ground, by biting, and by walking about, to ruuse the troublesome 
 sensations to cease. As a rule, however, they Tast for considerable 
 time, and only go away, sooner or later to again appear. Some- 
 times emptying the rectum brings ease by removing mechanically 
 the worms that were buried there. 
 
 Bitches are further inconvenienced by worms that have escaped 
 from the rectum, creeping into the vulva and vagina, and there giv- 
 ing rise, from their serpentine and boring movements, to very great 
 irritation of the sexual organs. 
 
 Except as local irritants, these parasites exercise no prejudicial 
 effect upon the animal. The diagnosis of the disorder is usually 
 easy, as if very many worms are present, we can usually find one 
 or two on the skin in the neighborhood of the anus, especially 
 directly after the fseces have been voided, which also usually 
 contain them. 
 
 So long as the rectum was looked upon as the chief seat of 
 these worms, there could be no hope of thoroughly getting rid of / 
 them. Since this worm inhabits the cascum, all internal medicines 
 which are absorbed in the small intestine are without effect. We 
 are forced to re-echo the complaints of Bremser, who says : " Their 
 number is legion, and if, after we have slaughtered thousands, we 
 lay our weapons aside for a moment, imagining ourselves safe from 
 a fresh attack, new cohorts again advance with increased reinforce- 
 
^ TAPE WORM. ^ 483 
 
 ments. The fasces and intestinal mucus contained in the large 
 intestine, behind which they hide themselves, serve them for a 
 breastwork and a parapet. If one attacks them from in front with 
 vermifuges, these become so weakened by the long march through 
 the small intest: ° that the worms only laugh at them. If we 
 attack them in the rear with heavy artillery, the foreposts stationed 
 in the rectum must certainly succumb ; but the heaviest bombard- 
 ment cannot reach those encamped in the caecum ; and so long as 
 ever so few remain behind, in some hiding place, they, from the 
 amazing rapidity with which they are reproduced, soon again 
 become a large army." 
 
 For the temporary relief of the animal, we make use of an 
 injection as per prescription No. 4. This will also effect a cure if 
 used repeatedly, and the injection be carried high up by means of 
 a gutta-percha rectum tube ; but this should be left to the experi- 
 enced practitioner. Also physic should be given occasionally, 
 especially aloes, which increases the fetid secretions peculiar to the 
 rectum of the dog, and thereby becomes in a measure fatal to the 
 worms that have found lodgment in that portion of the alimentary 
 tract. 
 
 > - ^ ^ • ' ■ TAPE WORM. 
 
 TcEtiia elltpttca : This is a delicate tape worm common to the 
 canine race, and is said to be propagated by meails of the dog 
 louse, (Trichodectes canis) which the embryo inhabits. It meas- 
 ures from one hundred to three hundred millimeters in length, and 
 the head is furnished with a rostellum, which the animal has the 
 power of projecting forwards, on which are placed about sixty 
 hooks, arranged irregularly in three or four rows. The anterior 
 portion of the body is like a thread, and the segments are very 
 short ; more posteriorly they become somewhat longer. As they 
 become ripe, the divisions between the segments become more and 
 more marked, so that the worm presents a chain-like appearance. 
 -The ripest segments have a reddish white color, and very readily 
 become detached. They creep about actively in the intestine, and 
 A, are either expelled with the fasces or escape of themselves. In 
 ^ each segment there is a double set of sexual organs, and there is 
 . a genital pore situated on the margin of the segment. This 
 
 Tt! 
 
484 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 worm inhabits the small intestine, and is frequently fo'ind therein 
 in considerable numbers. 
 
 Bothriocephalus cordatus: This tape worm is found only in 
 dogs which inhabit arctic countries, hence does not demand our 
 consideration. .^_ 
 
 Bothriocephalus latus : This species will be found in only im- 
 ported animals, and is by far the most serious parasite we have 
 to deal with, besides being the largest. It attains a length of 
 froiii iive to eight metres, sixteen to twenty-four feet, and is neces- 
 sarily oftentimes repeatedly doubled upon itself. The head is 
 almond shaped, and about two millimetres long, and one broad. 
 The flat surfaces of the head correspond to those of the body. 
 Along each side of the head runs a fissure-like pit in which its 
 suction apparatus is placed. When fresh the worm has a dull 
 bluish grey color. 
 
 The mode of development is unknown. It is supposed that B. 
 latus exists during its immediate stage of development in some 
 aquatic animal, which acts as its temporary host. This is but a 
 merv; deduction drawn from the experiments of Abildgard, who 
 proved that a kindred species, B. solidus, which occurs in the ab- 
 domen of fishes, only becomes developed into a tape worm after 
 its host has been devoured by some animal, in the intestines ot 
 which it becomes developed. Tcsnta solum and T. saginata so 
 common to the human race, are unknown to canines, except as 
 artificially propagated i.\ them for the purpose of experiment. 
 > No anatomical change has ever been found that could be said 
 to be caused by tapeworm, except that T. elliptica (cucumertna) 
 lies in tunnel-like spaces in the intestine, formed by the flattening 
 out and adhesion of the villi. Dogs are frequently inhabited for 
 years by tape worm v^^ithout their ever giving rise to the slightest 
 unpleasant feeling ; and we sometimes have our attention acci- 
 dentally drawn to their presence in animals which are thriving 
 most satisfactorily, by the expulsion of segments of the worm. 
 
 In general, however, the animal that plays the host to one of 
 these parasites, presents symptoms of more or less disturbance of 
 digestion and nutrition ; and even abnormal phenomena in the 
 nervous system, occur without our being in the least able to local- 
 ize the trouble. The sufferer gives evidence of various unpleasant 
 
TAPE WORM. .;'A 485 
 
 sensations in the lower part of the abdomen, which take on all the 
 appearance of colic ; these sensations are most marked when the 
 animal has tor some time been deprived of food, or after the use 
 of particular articles of diet, while, on the other hand, they are miti- 
 gated by eating, and especially by the use of certain articles of 
 food, as mush and milk, oatmeal, etc. Ravenous hunger is of 
 frequent occuirence, and when we see a well fed dog eating vora- 
 ciously throughout his meal, and simulating a half starved animal, 
 it behooves us to suspect, and to be on the look out for, these in- 
 testinal parasites, particularly if he suffers from distension of the 
 abdomen, disturbance of the digestive canal, especially diarrhoea 
 alternating with constipation. Cramps, blindness, deafness, chorea, 
 salivation without appreciable cause, vomiting, and marked unre- 
 liability of the olfactory organs are likewise symptomatic. 
 
 Unless the diagnosis is certain, it is scarcely allowable to make 
 such an attack on the economy of the intestinal canal as a tape- 
 worm cure always must be. And the diagnosis can only be cer- 
 tain when it is known that segments of a worm have been expelled. 
 
 The cure can only be said to be complete if the head is found, or 
 if several worms are present, a head for each. There is no such 
 thing as a partia cure. It is judicious, before commencing the 
 actual cure, to gi/e the dog some preparatory treatment, by which 
 we empty the intestinal tract, so that the worm when detached 
 may pass more quickly, and the cure therefore be sooner ended. 
 With this object, however, only the very mildest purgatives should 
 be given. For strong purgatives readily cause parts of the worm 
 to be torn off and expelled, and as a consequence our efforts to 
 dislodge the part that remains may fail. Of the many medicines 
 that are more or less effectual, koosso and male fern are most 
 to be recommended. Where the former is used, two hours after 
 it is swallowed, the animal should be given a dose of castor oil. 
 See prescriptions 5, 6, 7, and 8. The last may be used as prepar- 
 atory. 
 
 Once the cure is over, we must take compassion on the diges- 
 tive tract that has suffered such rough usage, and the animal should 
 therefore get some mucilaginous soup, or an emulsion with, in some 
 cases, a few drops of laudanum. (No. 9.) Bark of pomegranate 
 root has been recommended, but it is too powerful for canine con- 
 
 • 
 
486 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. , ' 
 
 stitutions, causing violent pains in the abdomen, nausea and vom- 
 iting of severe character, and a number of other troublesome and 
 indirect effects. 
 
 To prevent tapeworm in the dog, it is essential that care be 
 taken m his diet, that he be not allowed to feed on carrion or ex- 
 crementitious matters, and that the meal with which he is fed 
 is thoroughly cooked. We may say, as a general rule, that no 
 meat should be used which still retains a red color, still less such 
 that contains blood ; and no reddish, still less red, fluid should 
 escape. The use of raw meat, or of swine flesh in any form, 
 should be entirely condemned. I will here say too, not only in 
 behalf of the canine, but the human race, that the presence of a . 
 tapeworm is not only a source of danger to the health of the indi- ; 
 vidual, but to every one else in the same house with him, and to 
 every domestic animal attached thereto ; and a persort afflicted 
 with these parasites is more to be shunned than one suffering from 
 small pox or the itch ; the ways by which the parasite may be con- 
 veyed being both numerous and insidious. It is hardly necessary 
 to say that a tapeworm that has been expelled should not be 
 thrown aside. It should first be rendered harmless, which is best 
 done by pouring boiling water over it. 
 
 ENTERITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. IN- 
 TESTINAL CATARRH. 
 
 In order to understand the frequency of intestinal inflamma- 
 tions, it is necessary to recall some of the anatomical peculiarities 
 of the mucous membrane of the intestines. Those who are famil- 
 iar with anatomy will remember that the network of minute blood- 
 vessels in the villi of the small intestine is situated immediately 
 under the epithelium,* and for this reason the vessels are directly 
 exposed to the influence of irritating substances. Furthermore the 
 venous twigs in the mucous membrane of the large intestine are 
 exactly the same as in the corresponding membrane of the stomach 
 (they form a capillary network, each twig of which returns upon 
 itself in a loop at the extremity of the projection, communicating 
 freely with the adjacent vessels, forming a close plexus around the 
 
 * Epithelium. — Mucous membrane. 
 
ENTERITIS. 487 
 
 areolar tissue which binds together the small glandular epithelium 
 cells,) so that the return of blood from the capillaries meets with a 
 certain degree of resistance. A similar effect is produced, also by 
 another anatomical peculiarity of the intestinal circulation, viz., that 
 while the arteries in their passage through \\\c muscularis * of the 
 intestine are surrounded by quite a strong sheath of connective tis- 
 sue, the venous twigs, on the contrary, pierce the muscular coat in 
 an exposed condition, so that every muscular contraction produces 
 more or less interference with the rettirn flow of blood. Finally, 
 from the fact that during the process of digestion the chyle f-ves- 
 sels of the mesentery' always contain red blood-corpuscles, it may 
 probably be inferred that the intestinal mucous membrane is one 
 of the regions of the body where the passage of blood cells through 
 the walls of the vessels takes place with special facility. It is not 
 surprising, therefore, that the intestinal mucous membrane should 
 be particularly liable to inflammation, and that even slight irrita- 
 tions may suffice to excite the same. 
 
 The exciting causes of enteritis are therefore extremely numer- 
 ous, as the following enumeration will abundantly show. 
 
 Not to speak of the inflammations which are produced by the 
 extension to the intestinal mucous membrane of an inflammation 
 in a neighboring organ, the occurrence of such always presupposes 
 one of two causes : either the irritations are of abnormal character, 
 the mucous membrane being normal, or for some cause, the 
 intestinal mucous membrane has lost its normal character, so 
 that even normal irritations are sufficient to excite an inflam- 
 mation. 
 
 Under the first of these classes of causes are included all articles 
 of food which produce severe mechanical or chemical irritation, as 
 indigestible or fermenting food, foreigti bodies, poisons and power- 
 ful purgative medicines. Intestinal inflammation is sometimes 
 produced also by a massive accumulation of worms. Anotlier not 
 unfrequent cause is the presence of intestinal concretions, or in- 
 durated fasces, especially above places where the intestine has been 
 narrowed by a bend of the bowels, adhesions, etc. The latter of 
 these causes — faecal impaction — not merely acts mechanically upon 
 
 * MusculariR. Belonging to the muscles. 
 
 t Chyle. The milk-like substance from which blood is formed. 
 
 \ 
 
488 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 the intestinal mucous membrane, but also chemically by means of 
 the putrefactive changes which take place in the retained faeces. 
 
 Another very common cause of intestinal inflammation is the 
 influence of cold, which probably acts by driving the suddenly 
 cooled blood upon the surface of the body into the intestines 
 where the irritation excites increased peristaltis * and inflamma- 
 tion. Finally abdominal injuries may produce enteritis even of a , 
 chronic character. 
 
 In the second category of causes, are included all abnormal 
 conditions which induce a morbid hyperaemiaf of the intestinal 
 mucous membrane. Chief among these are the passive conges- 
 tions in the portal circulation J produced by affections of the liver, 
 or of the portal vein itself, or by tumors compressing the mesen- i 
 teric veins ; also the general congestions which occur in connection 
 with the diseases of the circulating system and of the air passages. 
 
 According as the exciting cause of enteritis is of temporary, 
 frequently recurring, or permanent character, the affection runs an 
 acute Qx di chronic co\xx%^. >'r b:f. !•;,. '::','-'''■• ? .-■.:-viJi:rg 
 
 The disease is a very frequent one, and spares no age. Young 
 animals are particularly apt to be attacked, chiefly on account of 
 the sensitiveness of the intestinal mucous membrane in puppy- 
 hood, and the facility with which their food becomes decomposed. 
 Meteorological conditions are well known to influence the fre- 
 quency of the disease. Thehottest months are regarded as having 
 especial influence, particularly when there is a rapid alteration of 
 day and night temperatures. 
 
 The symptoms of this disorder are usually not very character-" 
 istic, at least they vary considerably in their degrees of develop- 
 ment in different cases, and are very irregular in their occurrence. 
 Furthermore, the differences in the anatomical structure and the 
 functions of the various divisions of the intestine must modify the 
 symptoms to such a degree, according as the inflammation is differ- i 
 ently situated, that it will be impossible to give a general descrip- 
 tion which is applicable to all cases of enteritis. I will therefore 
 
 * The vermicular or worm-like motion of the intestines. 
 t The name given to congestion of blood in a part, from whatever cause. 
 X The circulation of venous blood derived from the abdominal organs through 
 the liver. 
 
ENTEKITIS. 489 
 
 point out only the most common forms of this disease and give 
 their distinctive characteristics and general treatment. 
 
 Mucous enteritis is attended with a diffuse soreness over the 
 whole abdomen, rather than with pain. This is sometimes in- 
 creased on pressure, but never to the extent that prevails in serous 
 enteritis. There is no considerable tension in ihe belly. The 
 pulse is quick, with thirst, languor, the tongue whitish and pap- 
 pillated, and considerable febrile oppression, the temperature of 
 the body being 80° to 84", rarely 90''. Vomiting is frequently 
 noticed, with loss of appetite, indigestion, and irregularity in the 
 alvine evacuations. Diarrhoea is almost uniformly present, often 
 attended with straining and perhaps tinged with blood. This is 
 the only diarrhoea of canines worthy of especial attention, and must 
 not be treated as a diarrhoea. Remove the cause and the diarrha-a 
 will take care of itself. This disease is not itself fatal, but may 
 give rise to peritoneal inflammation ; it may advance to ulceration 
 of the mucous coat with softening and perforation. Gentle pur- 
 gatives, as sweet oil and aloine only, are admissible. (No. 8). 
 Demulcents and anodynes are afterwards used to allay the irrita- 
 tion of the bowels, (No. 9) and tonics may be used when this has 
 been accomplished. Blue moss and extract of hyoscyamus con- 
 stitute a very serviceable medicine in allaying irritation, but must 
 be used with caution. Aconite is also serviceable particularly 
 when the disease remains unnoticed until it has assumed its 
 severer forms. The diet must be milk and soups, and change of 
 air with gentle exercise are necessary. 
 
 Sec. No. 8. 9. 10. and 1 1. Particular symptoms as vomiting and 
 tenesimus,* must be met as occasion demands. Sec. 12. 13. 14. 
 
 The second form of inflammation of the bowels, in which the 
 serous and muscular coats of the intestine are involved, is known 
 as peritonitis. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease are much like the former, but 
 are more intensified. The eyes are dull, and there is a general 
 appearance of languor ; loss of appetite ; the animal lying on the 
 belly with outstretched legs ; high temperature, reaching 100*' and 
 over ; tongue dry and rough ; nose dry and hot ; ears and legs 
 cold ; pulse small, hard and wiry, about 45, marked thirst ; respi- 
 
 • Frequent straining accompanied by a desire to void laecal matter, etc. 
 21* 
 
490 DOGS US^D FOR SPORT. 
 
 ration difficult or long dru.vvn ; and general symptoms of uneasi- 
 ness and inquietude. 
 
 The bowels are usually constipated, and the urine very high 
 colored and scanty. The animal is constanty licking or attempt- 
 ing to swallow stones and other cold articles, and during the first 
 stages scratches his bed up into a heap, and presses the belly upon 
 it, and darkness is preferable to light. The tail is also drawn firmly 
 downwards, and in many cases, not always, the pupil is dilated. 
 
 When vomiting is absent, the disease is generally more trouble- 
 some. As the trouble progresses, the symptoms are more aggra- 
 vated, and in the second stage the flanks are drawn in, the mus- 
 cles of the abdomen hard and tense, the dog continually giving 
 expression to low moans with occasional sharp cries of pain. Con- 
 stipation is frequently present from first to last, though diarrhoea 
 often supervenes in the last stage enhancing the prostration, already 
 excessive, of the poor animal. 
 
 Great care must be taken at the outset not to confound this 
 disease with colic. The moment that peritonitis i.i diagnosed 
 beyond doubt, remove the animal to cool dry quarters, and ad- 
 minister at once a full dose of calomel and opium (No. 15). You 
 will doubtless be told that the bowels are already inflamed and 
 demand rest, and they should not move. Pay no attention to such 
 advice. Nine times in ten the impaction of faecal matter is aggra- 
 vating the inflammation, and safety demands its removal. If this 
 does not operate, follow with a saline cathartic as Rochelle salts, 
 which will not only remove the difficulty, but prove very grateful 
 to the patient. Except the first dose, do not again give opium in 
 full dose. The cathartic having operated the pulse will be found 
 to have diminished. Now administer one drop of tincture of 
 aconite with three grains of bromide of potash (No. 11) every 
 two hours, watching the pulse carefully, resorting to opium in the 
 form of tincture of wine in case the bromide is not sufficiently 
 sedative ; as six drops of tincture repeated every half hour will be 
 sufficient, and answer the purpose better than larger doses given 
 less frequently. Should the stomach be too irritable to retain the 
 medicine,* pursue just the same, giving with each dose three grains 
 
 * Should vomiting occur witliin six hours after calomel is given, pay no atten- 
 tion to it. It will pass off of itself with the action of the medicine. 
 
COLJIC ILLEUS. 491 
 
 of Squibb's sub carbonate of bismuth, (14) or one grain of the oxa- 
 late of cerium. If the opium does not control the pulse, resort to 
 the aconite again after the stomach is quieted. Six or eight hours 
 subsequent to the operation of the cathartic, the animal will be 
 entirely relieved if your medicines have taken effect ; but by no 
 means consider him out of danger. If the pulse 1ms become as it 
 should be by this time, soft and full, suspend the aconite, continu- 
 ing the bromide, but give one-quarter grain of quinine, and one- 
 quarter grain of leptandrin every two hours, (No. 17) alternating 
 with the bromide, and continue the treatment for several days, 
 giving a moderate dose of opium at night, or a pill of hyoscyamus 
 (solid extract) one-quarter grain. The animal may be nourished 
 meantime by beef tea, bland soups, arrow root, etc. Bread and 
 meat to be avoided. -Every care must be taken of the animal foi 
 at least a month thereafter, and it will be advantageous to continue 
 the quinine and leptandrin for two or three weeks at meal times, 
 it answering all the purposes of other tonic. 
 
 DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY. 
 
 Both of these disorders are dependent upon, and usu-'dly the 
 sequela of other diseases. The free use of opium as severally 
 recommended and astringents is to be deplored. Nature, already 
 poisoned, is attempting to rid herself of the cause, and hence we 
 have diarrhoea and dysentery. Astringents only are demanded 
 when the discharge is so free as to endanger the life of the animal 
 by the drainage of the fluids of the body. Opium is used only to 
 relieve pain and tenesimus, and may be administered both by the 
 mouth and as an enema. When given by the mouth it may be 
 given with leptandrin, quinine and tannin. By the rectum with 
 starch. (See 20.) The combination of tannic acid and quinine is 
 particularly happy, it forming the tannate of quinine which in these 
 disorders is often invaluable. 
 
 Besides the foregoing, general tonics will be found of value, as 
 the mineral acids, etc. (See Tonics.) 
 
 COLIC ILLEUS. 
 
 This complaint is largely confounded with both forms of 
 enteritis. The distinction is best made by watching the animal. 
 
492 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 If he appear perfectly well just previous and subsequent to the 
 spasm, with cool and moist nose, in fact no more symptoms than 
 constipation, and the frequently recurring attacks of pain, we may 
 fairly conclude that he is suffering with colic. In such case ad- 
 minister 12 and 13, with the addition of five grains of bromide of 
 potassium, every half hour until relief is obtained. You may with 
 advantage use No 21 either alone or in combination with the 
 above prescription. As soon as comfort is obtained, give full dose 
 of 22. 
 
 AFFECTIONS OF THE EYE." ' ' 
 
 Simple Inflammation or Irritation. — When the eyes of a dog 
 are inflamed from contact with minute particles of dust, grass seeds, 
 pollen, etc. ; or have received some slight superficial injury, the 
 organ should be gently sponged with tepid rain water, until all 
 extraneous matters are removed. Now bathe the eye with eye 
 water, as per prescription No 23 or 24. For external bruises or 
 cuts, apply 25 or 26. .;• : ' • : ' • . 
 
 This is all sufficient for minor troubles, though if the cornea or 
 iris be scratched, or cut, No 24 must be used in preference to 23, 
 as the deposit of lead will make a white opaque scar. See Scars 
 No 27. 
 
 Ophthalmitis. — Miscalled ophthalmia. This is a term applied 
 to an inflammation of the membranes of the eye, or of the whole 
 bulb of the eye. The form of disease that is common to young 
 puppies may be relieved by cleanliness, and the free use of No 23 
 or 24. Ophthalmitis conjunctivce is sometimes met with in the 
 immature animal, though it is commonly a disease of adult age, 
 and is produced by cold wind, dust, or other external irritation. 
 It generally begins with the appearance of a net work of blood- 
 vessels on some part of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane 
 covering the exposed surface of the eyeball and lining the internal 
 surface of the lid, of the eyeball or eyelids. The eyelids become 
 swollen and tender, and the redness soon covers the whole con- 
 junction ; there is an increased discharge of tears, and intolerance 
 of light. A glutinous matter is now secreted, which frequently 
 causes the eyelids to stick very firmly together. It is no unusual 
 thing for the disease to commence in one eye, and in a day or two 
 
DISEASES OF THE S/CIN. 493 
 
 seize the other. Mild cases of conjunctival ophthalmitis are re- 
 moved by some mild astrinj^ent application. The eye should be 
 well cleansed from the glutinous matter with warm milk and water, 
 when the eyelids may be eveited and gently touched upon their 
 inner surface with a crayon of alum or sulphate of copper. The 
 crayons are made by whittling out a pencil from a lump of crude 
 alum or blue vitriol — the former is best — which must be afterwards 
 carefully smoothed and rounded. Nitrate of silver or lunar caus- 
 tic had best be avoided, as it is seldom necessary to resort to 
 its use, and is moreover a dangerous remedy in the hands of un- 
 professionals. 
 
 There is an acute form of this disorder which demands active 
 constitutional treatment. It as well as the other diseases of the 
 visual organ should be treated only by professional gentlemen. 
 
 Cataract, — Prescription No. 29 is used in Europe to promote the 
 absorption of cataract. It may be used without fear, and in a lim- 
 ited percentage answers all the purposes of an operation ; but it 
 cannot be applied with absolute certainty of success, and is more- 
 over utterly useless in cataracts of long standing. These must be 
 operated upon by a skillful oculist ; and be certain that he is 
 
 skillful. 
 
 .'I 
 
 . ,. , DISEASES OF THE SKIN. • "• 
 
 " ■ ■ Alopecia. Falling out of the Hair. — The causes for the falling 
 of the hair are defective development of, and defective circulation 
 in the formative organs. The remote causes are, hereditary pe- 
 culiarity, age, termination of acute diseases, excess of venery in 
 the dog, ill nourishment, and certain diseases of the skin. 
 
 Except in the latter case, or where senility is the cause, we may 
 remedy by giving proper nourishment, and the application of 20 or 
 31, as directed. ' . • -^ 
 
 Mange. — This is a term applied promiscuously to all diseases 
 which affect the integument of the dog. It is, however, properly 
 used only when applied to the first of the following. 
 
 Scabies Canina, Scab Mange, Canine Itch. — This, like the 
 " old Scotch fiddle " that affects the human race, is dependent upon 
 a minute insect, which finds its way beneath the surface of the 
 cuticle and there breeds and disseminates itself to the other parts. 
 
494 i^OGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 For reasons obvious, the back is most seriously affected ; the dis- 
 ease being milder and less marked toward the extremities. The 
 canine acarus is not identical with the human parasite, and cannot 
 live in the integuments frequented by the latter. 
 
 The treatment as usually laid down, is as nauseous to the owner 
 of the animal as the disease itself. There is no reason for this 
 whatever. Wash your dog thoroughly with warm water, and Cas- 
 welly Hazard and Co.'s" Juniper Tar Soap" ; none other, and 
 administer an occasional cathartic. Saponaceous compounds as 
 32, 33 may be used to advantage, the animal being easily cleaned 
 thereafter, and possess the advantage of not soiling the habiliments 
 of the person who applies them. 
 
 If the above fail, 34 thoroughly rubbed in and allowed to dry 
 will prove infallible. r : : ■ ■,.;; ' ^.,..,11 
 
 This disease is readily diagnosed from the fact that while the 
 skin is partially denuded of hair, that which remains is coarse and 
 unnatural to the touch, and looks all awry and unthrifty. The 
 skin too, if not absolutely red and inflamed, is dry and scaly. 
 
 Trichoses Furficracea Canina. Ring Worm of Dogs. — This 
 too, is known as mange. I give it the above title as most applica- 
 ble, it most resembling Trichoses furfuracea as exhibited in the 
 human subject, and apparently depending upon the same causes. 
 
 My attention was first called to the similarity some years since 
 when a medical student, by the late Prof. Howard Townsend, of 
 Albany, New York. 
 
 The hair partially falls off, and the disorder is well marked by 
 bare patches of small dimensions appearing upon the most promi- 
 nent angles of the body, so as to lead one to suppose that they 
 were the result of chafing. And so they are, but there is a cause 
 for the rubbing. 
 
 In the early stages of the attack, the only appearance of dis- 
 order that can be detected is a thin layer of scurf, either in sepa- 
 rate scales around single hairs, or in patches, including several, or 
 a more considerable number. This formation is accompanied by 
 a slight degree of itching, which is relieved as soon as the scurf is 
 torn away by rubbing against some convenient post. At a later 
 period the skin upon which the furfuraceous scales are dusted ap- 
 pears reddish and slightly raised ; the papillae next make their ap- 
 
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 49$ 
 
 pearance on the slightly reddened patches, and subsequently the 
 peculiar alteration of the hair. 
 
 The hairs in the neighborhood of this disease are remarkable 
 for their bent and twisted shape, and resemble the fibres of hemp 
 in appearance as well as texture ; they are irregular in thickness, 
 and are broken off at variable and various distances from the in- 
 tegument, giving rise to the moth-eaten appearance so character- 
 istic of the disease. 
 
 The crusts which form the morbid patches when the disease is 
 neglected, are composed of furfuraceous scales and diseased hairs 
 agglutinated together by the moisture which rises from the skin ; 
 they are greyish in color, and when of large size are apt to break 
 up, in consequence of the movements of the integument, into sec- 
 tions. On the surface of the crust, which is dry and harsh, the 
 tow-like fibres of the diseased hairs may generahy be per- 
 ceived. 
 
 In the early part of its course, this disease is unattended with 
 discharge of any kind, and often the absence of secretion is con- 
 spicuous throughout its entire existence. At other times, and 
 especially when negle':ted, the crusts give rise to considerable itch- 
 ing, and the attempts made to relieve the annoyance aggravate the 
 inflammation of the skin, and occasion discharges of ichor and pus. 
 Occasionally too, as a complication of disease dependent upon in- 
 creased inflammation, pus forms around the apertures of the fol- 
 licles and a small crop of pustules is the result. These pustules, 
 when they exist, are observed in the most active part of the 
 patches, namely, along the edge, and in this situation 1 have some- 
 times seen them forming a double or triple row. 
 
 This is a disease of deranged nutrition, the cause being debility 
 of the organization, originating probably in defective innervation ; 
 this must be attributed in turn to ill care, and general lack of at- 
 tention to cleanliness. It is a disorder to which poverty and filth 
 greatly contributes. '- ' ; ; • »■ 
 
 It is not contas'ious. "'::-.i:' --i^i. ""^n-x,.! - -. ■ 
 
 The indications in the treatment are : 
 ''" First. — To restore the defective power of the constitution. 
 Second. — To restore the local power of the skin. 
 These objects are to be fulfilled by similar means ; the first in- 
 
 4 
 
49^ DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 dication calling for improved hygienic conditions, and toiiic-alter- 
 ative medicifies ; the second requiring stimulating applications. 
 
 The important hygienic principles as air, exercise, and cleanli- 
 ness, cannot be too strongly urged in this disorder. Cases may 
 sometimes be cured by placing the kennel in an airy place, where 
 sunshine is abundant throughout the day, seconded by a better 
 assorted diet, and by a local application of the simplest kind. 
 Washing with 'Juniper Tar Soap answers the latter purpose <o 
 which we may add a good strong diet of animal food. Many cases 
 may be traced directly to a too exclusive vegetable and milk diet ; 
 as for instance, this disease was caused in a young dog of my own 
 by an exclusive diet of corn meal. Raw or cooked potato diet, the 
 use of apples of which many animals are fond, will be found valu- 
 able adjuncts of animal food in the eradication of this disease. 
 
 The medicines which are best adapted to this disease are, the 
 Liquor Arsenicalis et Hydrargii lodii, as being both tonic and 
 alterative (35), the citrate acetate, or hydrochlorate of iron ; iodide 
 of iron ; iron with quinine ; nitro-muriatic acid (made with equal 
 parts of each acid) either alone or with the tincture of cinchona or 
 gentian. (See Tonics.) . . . .^ . . - 
 
 The general functions of the body are to be regulated in the 
 usual way ; but aperients and purgatives are to be used sparingly, 
 and with care. As a laxative, there is none better than the confec- 
 tion of senna with sulphur and cream tartar. (36.) 
 
 If there be any swelling of the glands of the neck, as is often 
 the case, use the iodinized cod-liver oil of Caswell & Co., or of 
 Fougera ; and in animals that lack in solidity of bone, lime water. 
 
 When the disease is severe, the crusts should be pencilled 
 with glacial acetic acid, and then anointed with No, 26. With 
 milder cases the black wash No. 37 and Juniper Tar Soap will 
 be found sufficient. From an ointment of sulphate of zinc, or the 
 comp. sulpt. oint., good results are often obtained. It must be re- 
 membered, however, that the eradication of this disorder is slow 
 and perseverance and patience are essential to its proper treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Osmidrosis ; alteration of secretions {Mange?) — This is a 
 disease of the perspiratory glands. Those who believe that dogs 
 perspire only through the tongue or mouth, may as well abandon 
 
DISEASES OF THE SAVJV. 49/ 
 
 the idea first as last ; for the skin of the animal is provided with 
 true glands of this character. 
 
 .;^T;-This disorder, which is also miscalled mange, may be at once 
 known by the enormously thickened hide of the animal, largely 
 devoid of sensation, and the odor which exhales from his body ; the 
 latter is peculiarly acid and rank. The animal passes the entire 
 day in apathy, showing activity at meal time alone or when licking, 
 biting or scratching his body. The hair is more or less removed 
 from the back, and the thickest portion of the skin is just above 
 the neck, or just before the tail. ' . . :r m .'..•: v /t.ra ■ 
 
 This is in a great measure the direct opposite of the preceding 
 disorder, being caused by too exclusive an animal diet, and attacks 
 only very fat and over-fed animals ; uncleanliness contributes 
 much to the disorder also. 
 
 Undoubtedly the best remedy is that said to be practiced by 
 dog fanciers upon the disgustingly obese and ill-tempered animals 
 that enjoy the life peculiar to lap-dogs, viz. : the brute is tied to a 
 crow bar or post in the middle of a yard, kicked that he may wail, 
 and left to exhaust himself with cries, and starved until he looks 
 upon the most dirty and thoroughly picked bone as an especial 
 dainty. This is followed by starvation diet for a few weeks. The 
 treatment is undoubtedly effective, particularly for the class of 
 dogs indicated. '-;• -ir; j ■ :' ..• :'^.> . :);r-'.i::A ,i :;»:> v::/..' OiJa 
 
 Low vegetable diet is to be given. If the animal refuse it, let 
 it be at once removed, and not offered again until the following 
 day. If he choose to starve for a week, all the better. Wash the 
 animal with juniper tar soap once every day in the morning \i 
 possible, and at night, sponge with a weak solution of chloride of 
 lime. An emetic of ipecac or tartarized antimony may be given at 
 the outset followed by a laxative, (36.) Each day the animal to be 
 exercised thoroughly, and when he begins to accept the food 
 offered he should be given the liquor arsenicalis et hydrargii iodidii, 
 increasing the dose as per prescription 35. Now apply to the back 
 No. 26, 25, or 37. 
 
 Purpura canina, {Mange f) — This is usually either a disorder 
 of senility or puppyhood, dependent upon imperfect nutrition. It 
 is much the same as scurvy in the human subject, and makes its 
 appearance in an efflorescence of purple and livid spots on the 
 
49^ ^.i.':^-yy.':DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 skin, interspersed here and there with pustules. The hair falls 
 off; young animals more especially, being frequently rendered 
 almost void of covering. 
 
 With puppies, the cause must be looked for in the milk which 
 the parent provides for their nourishment, and the food of the 
 bitch must be carefully looked to, and an entire vegetable diet sub- 
 stituted. We must also restore power, and remove the cause, 
 which is sometimes difficult to determine. 
 
 The cause must be locked for either in the food or in the sur- 
 roundings of the animals themselves. If there is defective ventila- 
 tion, or the kennel is placed in a damp situation, exposed to noxious 
 malarious vapors, or noisome odors from the sewers or stables, we 
 may with tolerable safety assign these as the cause. Insufficient 
 food is another, as is neglect of exercise and habits of cleanliness ; 
 or, again, it may be the consequence of some organic disease, of 
 local weakening of the tissues, as in dropsy, or of general and local 
 weakening, as in old age. _ :, 
 
 The treatment opens with saline laxatives as Rochelle salts (i6 
 or 36), or a cathartic and alterative dose of calomel may be advis- 
 able, to remove any irritant matters or secretions that may be 
 present in the alimentary canal, or in the ducts of the liver and 
 kidneys ; sometimes we may conjoin a tonic, with an aperient as 
 the citrate of potash in solution with quinine, from which after 
 sufficient action has been obtained, we change to the citrate of iron 
 and quinine. Iodide of potassium for nursing bitches, combined 
 with columba (38) will probably be the most serviceable, alternat- 
 ing with quinine and queveenes iron, (39) avoiding acids ; but in 
 other cases great benefit will be found from elixir of vitriol and 
 tincture or fluid extract of cinchona, (40) or nitro-muriatic acid and 
 fluid extract of gentian or cinchona (41). Puppies when nursing 
 need little or no medicine, that which is administered to the parent 
 being all sufficient. 
 
 For external applications, the muriate of ammonia pomade 
 (No. 30) or a moderate solution of borax (47) applied to the skin 
 will be all sufficient. 
 
 Having used vegetable diet for a few days, beef or mutton 
 soup strained, may be mixed with thence — rice and potatoes being 
 the best diet. 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGAN'S. 499 
 
 This disorder may be prevented, by providing your dogs with 
 plenty of quitch grass. A fluid extract made from this grass, 
 {Triticum repens 48), will be all the medicine puppies will need. 
 
 f '.' 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 
 Pneumonia ; Simple Inflammation of the Lttngs ; Lung Fe- 
 ver. — With the canines, pneumonia and pleuro-pneumonia are 
 each more strongly marked than in the human race. Of the for- 
 mer, nothing need be said, the treatment, etc., as laid down in the 
 succeeding subject being ample. ■ '•''•;•■...■, >'■ .. ■■■■■; 
 
 Distemper Proper. — True canine distemper is of extremely 
 rare occurrence, if indeed it ever makes its appearance in the U. S. 
 and Canadas. As laid down by that eminent pathologist, Kolli- 
 ger, it is a disease attended by a catarrh, consisting essentially in 
 an irritation of the brain and spinal marrow, and characterized by 
 frequent convulsions tetanic in character ; its fatality being en- 
 hanced by the Supervention of inflammation of the lungs. 
 
 The disease is wondrously fatal, only about ten per cent 
 making recoveries. 
 
 The (X\'s,Q.z.'?>^, generally known throughout the world as distem- 
 per, is commonly pleuro-pneumonia, though many other disor- 
 ders are ofttimes included under the same title. 
 
 Distemper ; Pleuro-pneumonia ; Lung Fever. — There appears 
 to be two forms of plet/ro-pneumoftia to which the dog is sub- 
 jected : one of which seems to be somewhat epizootic in charac- 
 ter. This is then, perhaps, entitled to be called distemper. 
 
 It may be that pleuro-pneumonia as exhibited in the dog only 
 takes this form. Or it may be that it assumes two forms : the 
 one due to irritation and inflammation resultant upon the use of 
 a morbific poison ; and the other, from more natural causes. At 
 all events, the disease, though not contagious, would seem to be 
 infectious in one of its forms ; this may, however, be due to the 
 fact, that gangrene of the lung is commonly attendant upon the 
 disorder, though not usually virulent in character. I am drawn 
 to this belief, not only from the deductions of pathologists, but 
 from the results of personal observation, verified by an autopsy of 
 an animal which died from an unusually severe attack of so-called 
 
500 , ' tvviM DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ' ' 
 
 distemper but a few days previous to the writing of this article. 
 The result of the examination will be found farther on. 
 
 It is very difficult to point out the diagnostic symptoms of pneu- 
 monia to the non-professional observer, as we ascertain its extent, 
 its situation, and every step of its progress, by means of the ear. 
 All the symptoms that give us the most sure information respect- 
 ing the nature of the disease, the event to which it tends, and the 
 remedial treatment which it requires, spring out of the actual 
 changes wrought in the pulmonary substance itself; and these 
 changes are disclosed to us by the method of auscultation. It is 
 necessary, therefore, in order to treat this disease understandingly 
 and properly, you should know first of all, what those changes are 
 which are produced by inflammation of cl:e substance of the lungs : 
 that you should know the morbid anatomy of pneumonia, as an 
 indispensable gioundwork for the knowledge of its pathology. 
 For this reason, if none other, the account of the autopsy given 
 would be valuable in order to grasp more fully the rationale of 
 treatment. 
 
 The majority of cases of simple pneumonia in dogs, is allowed 
 usually to run its course unnoticed, no symptoms being observed 
 other than a slight cough, or comparative dull condition of the 
 animal ; or it passes for a very slight attack of distemper, and runs 
 its usual course terminating favorably, thanks to the constitution 
 of the animal, and not the so-called distemper remedies. But if 
 the simple imflammation of the lungs involves the surrounding 
 tissues, as may be the case from the outset, or as a result of pneu- 
 monia proper, it becomes an entirely different affair. The pleura, 
 (the serous membrane that lines the interior of the thorax,) is 
 most likely to be involved, and the disease becomes pleitro-pneu- 
 monia. •( w-.v/ .v-'/l//:, :t.\:M ■'Lq^'^t>i»: 
 
 Autopsy of a Newfoundland bitch, aged thirteen months. 
 Examination six hours after death : 
 
 The internal changes were confined almost entirely to the 
 chest. On opening this, the animal being placed on the back, we 
 found layers of yellowish, friable, false membrane, varying in tena- 
 city, stretched across and around the sack containing the heart. 
 Adhesions of this character existed on both sides of the chest, and 
 were bathed in a yellowish grumous fluid or serum, which proved 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 501 
 
 to be highly albuminous, and charged with shreds of solid deposit. 
 Both lungs were found adhering firmly to the pleura, and in at- 
 tempting to pass the hands round the large posterior lobes, we 
 found it extremely difficult to detach the diseased portions from 
 the ribs. 
 
 The false membranes were found adhering closely to the pleura 
 covering the lung, and to the pulmonary substance itself; and the 
 former — the pleura — mottled in color, with more or less marked 
 papillary or warty looking eminences. ^ ^ 
 
 si . This development showed that the disease had been one of 
 unusual virulence. 
 
 There was considerable fluid around the lungs, the quantity of 
 * which we could not estimate, as it was found impossible to. sepa- 
 rate it from the shreds of lymph and false membrane in which it 
 was held. Examination revealed a large quantity of pus cells, 
 and a portion of the fluid placed in a tumbler partially gelatinized 
 on prolonged exposure to the air. The lower portion of the right 
 lung was gangrenous and abscesses were found therein, which 
 gave out a highly offensive odor on opening. The left lung had a 
 small gangrenous spot upon the inner posterior portion of the apex. 
 
 On removing the lungs, both were found to present a badly 
 diseased appearance, the right being the worst. The collapsed 
 portions with the normal pink color, denoting healthy tissue, were 
 extremely small, showing the animal possessed more than ordinary 
 vitality to have existed with so little means of aeration of blood, as 
 long as circumstances indicated she did. On cutting into the hard 
 and mottled diseased portions, a very peculiar marbled appearance 
 was presented : the substance of the lobules being solid and of a 
 darkened color, while the tissue between the lobes was yellowish, 
 more or less dotted with red points. The gradation from healthy 
 to diseased tissue was very marked, showing first, lobules slightly 
 infiltrated with semi-liquid serum, followed by those more thick- 
 ened, and of a lighter red color showing the more recent deposits, 
 and lastly the thoroughly consolidated portions. Now we find 
 the lung substance entirely broken down, the more solid portions 
 detached and imbedded in the cavities of the diseased tissue, acting 
 as foreign bodies, and hastening gangrene. The adimssion of air 
 ' through the air passages into the cavities by dissolution of lung 
 
502 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 tissue, accounts for the cavernous sounds that may be sometimes 
 detected in these diseases, and also for the intolerable fetor of the 
 breath so often present, and for the discharges from the nose, 
 matter being forced by coughing into the posterior portions of the 
 throat, and there lodged, finding its way out through the nostrils 
 by the attempts of the animal to expel it ; besides the nasal passa- 
 ges become diseased through sympathy, and contact with the 
 morbific matter thrown off during exhalation. 
 
 The air passages were found coated with patches of false mem- 
 brane, and bathed in purulent matter throughout their entire 
 length. ..• - f ': 
 
 The heart was contracted and pale, containing a little very 
 dark semifluid blood in both the left auricle and ventricle. The 
 pericardium (heart's sack) was slightly thickened by deposits 
 around it, and contained a slight excess of serum. 
 
 The brain presented no abnormal characteristics. There was 
 marked and diffused redness of the stomach, and the large intes- 
 tine contained a little dark fetid, slightly blood-stained excrement. 
 No other pathological changes were found in the digestive appa- 
 ratus. The tissues generally were bloodless. 
 
 I know not whether I have made this intelligible to the general 
 reader or not : at all events it may be of some value to my profes- 
 sional brethren, no small number of whom are ardent sportsmen. 
 
 Although difficult to instruct the uninitiated in the manner of 
 making a diagnosis, it must be attempted. We first inquire 
 what signals of its existence inflammation holds out ; and how far 
 we, not having the power of seeing what is going on within the 
 cavity of the chest, may nevertheless ascertain the import^t pro- 
 cesses which are there transacted. 
 
 If the ear be applied to the chest, and the portion of lung adja- 
 cent to that surface happen to be in the first stage of inflammation, 
 you hear a peculiar crackling sound ; the smallest and finest pos- 
 sible kind of crepitation, which has been happily illustrated by 
 saying that it resembles the multitudinous little crackling explosions 
 made by salt when it is scattered over red hot coals ; another re- 
 semblance is, like the rumpling of a very fine piece of parchment, 
 or like the sound produced by rubbing a lock of your hair between 
 your thumb and finger close to the ear. This is the crepitation or 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 503 
 
 crackling of pneumonia, and maybe heard only in a very limited 
 spot in the beginning. We cannot too highly value this simple 
 symptom, as it gives the earliest and surest intimation that the 
 disease has begun. 
 
 When you catch the inflammation in its earliest stage the mi- 
 nute crepitation which announces the commencing engorgement of 
 the part is heard mingled with the ordinary sounds of respiration. 
 This obscures the material sound, though it does not yet entirely 
 cover it — but as the inflammation advances, the crackling becomes 
 more pronounced, until at length it totally supersedes it. So long 
 as the natural sounds of respiration prevail over the crackling, we 
 may conclude the inflammation is slight. But the crackling does not 
 remain long in any part. As the case proceeds, the sound is less 
 and less hard, and at length not heard at all in that spot ; and it 
 may be succeeded by one of two very different sounds. Its place 
 may be taken by the respiratory murmur again, in which case it 
 denotes the termination of the inflammation. But the crackling 
 may cease, and either no sound at all be heard in its stead, or a 
 new morbid sound which I will presently describe ; and this teaches 
 us with absolute certainty, that the disease is growing more severe 
 and serious ; that the lung is becoming or has become hcpatised, 
 that is, solidified, liver-like. ' :•'••'.;•' 
 
 The new sound is audible as a whiffing, like air blown through 
 a quill. Little gusts of air are puffed in and out ; often most dis- 
 tinct at the termination of a slight cough. The hepatized lung 
 allows the air to pass in the larger bronchial tubes, but has closed 
 up the smaller ones and the lung vesicles, wherefore the whiffing, 
 blowing, gusty sound of the breath as it enters and departs from 
 the large bronchi, which still remain open, and bronchial respi- 
 ration, as the new sound is called, is heard. By means of these 
 three sounds, and a knowledge of the position of the lungs, you 
 may easily master their condition by the sounds heard as you 
 apply your ear to different portions of the chest. 
 
 In the majority of cases, the commencement of inflammation of 
 the lungs is marked by the animal's shivering, or having a chill, 
 followed by an increase of temperature of the body, and increased 
 frequency of pulse. A little later difficulty of breathing is appa- 
 rent, and the animal begins coughing. At first the cough may be 
 
504 '^^^'^'^"^ DOGS USED FOR SPORT. *-''''^'^ 
 
 dry. but it is attended with a very characteristic expectoration. 
 The difficulty of breathing is sometimes slight in the outset; some- 
 times severe. 
 
 Apart therefore, from the physical signs, we may say that the 
 usual symptoms of this disease are pain, more or less severe, dif- 
 ficulty of breathing ; cough ; a peculiar expectoration ; loss of 
 appetite ; and fever, alternated with shivcrings ; though the latter 
 are usually nervous in character, rather than the result of cold. 
 
 As the disorder progresses we have discharges of thick tena- 
 cious mucus, which becomes encrusted upon the lips and nose ; 
 the eyes become rheumy and blood-shot, the lids being frequently 
 agglutinated, especially in the morning ; and the animal seeks re- 
 pose, and is disinclined to move. Farther on we find the cough 
 becomes less frequent, or it may cease entirely. It has no particular 
 character at any time, and affords little information, though it is 
 usually dry at the outset ; but in a few hours is accompanied by 
 expectoration of a yellowish frothy mucus which, later, becomes 
 streaked with tawny rust-colored spots, which evidently constitute 
 the greater portion of the expectoration. The discharge from the 
 nostrils undergoes the same changes. Ulcers appear upon the lips 
 in this stage, and the animal utters cries of pain, particularly after 
 pressure upon the chest. Emaciation supervenes, the sufferer 
 grows thinner and weaker, until, no longer able to rise, it remains 
 lying upon the side. The breath now has a highly offensive odor, 
 which might have been remarked in a less degree at an earlier 
 stage of the disease ; diarrhoea supervenes, and the faecal dischar- 
 ges have the peculiar fetid s"iell before noticed, in speaking of 
 post-mortem appearances, 'ihis is the last stage, which closes • 
 with death. 
 
 Having thus given a crude outline, I will explain some of the 
 points further : •' '.' . 
 
 At the outset, the expectoration and nasal discharges consist 
 of clear mucus, or else there is no secretion ; but the second or 
 third day generally, they assume the characteristic appearance : 
 i. e., they come to be composed of mucus intimately united and 
 combined with blood, though it may be streaked with blood at 
 first, it generally is blood and mucus at the outset, and is always 
 at the expiration of twenty-four hours. Even when this trans- 
 
DISEASES OF THE HESriKATORV ORGANS. ^0$ 
 
 parent mucus is yellcnu, the color is clue to blood, and the dis- 
 charges are not as the vets, claim, from the stomach, but the lungs. 
 If to water rendered viscid by dissolving a certain quantity of 
 gum in it, sufficient to give it the consistency of mucus, you add 
 blood, drop by drop, you will obtain, in succession, all the shades 
 of color that are presented in the discharges from the mouth and 
 nasal passages in this disease : first a yellow tinge ; then a t.awny 
 yellow which loses itself in red, and comes to represent the color 
 of the rust of iron, and lastly intensely red. A part of the dis- 
 charges from the nose, however, the clearest portions, may come 
 • from the mucous membrane of the nostrils and fauces, induced by 
 the irritation of the lung matter. If a little of this discharge be 
 taken up on a stick, and it runs readily, or even slowly, we may 
 hope that the disease has not passed the first stage. But if it be 
 thick, viscid, or jelly like, and hard to get rid of when so taken, 
 we may fear that the second stage is reached. 
 
 Although these rust or orange-colored discharges are com- 
 monly present during the more active period of this disease, you 
 ought to be aware that they do not constantly accompany it. 
 Sometimes they are like those of a catarrh ; and sometimes there 
 is scarcely any at all. 
 
 Having given you an idea of the symptoms individually, I must 
 now hastily glance over them collectively, as they must be studied 
 together ; and some will be found to confirm or correct the indi- 
 cations that might be drawn from others. 
 
 The first symptom is usually a slight difficulty in breathing, the 
 animal moving gingerly, as with pain, or humoring onfe side more 
 than another in lying down. Make a movement as though to grasp 
 his sides, and he will likely follow the motion of your hand, with 
 his muzzle close to it, fearing he may be hurt ; the eye also shows 
 suffering : this may, or may not have been preceded by shivering, — 
 rigors ; and he coughs slightly, but without expectorating. At this 
 period the ear applied to his chest and back may generally detect 
 the slight crepitating sound before mentioned, and some fever will 
 be noticed withal. The second or third day new symptoms appear. 
 The expectoration and nasal discharge, heretofore absent, or ca- 
 tarrhal in character become characteristic ; being at first moderately 
 viscid, and having a degree of color proportionate to the variable 
 2a 
 
506 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 K . 
 
 quantity of blood it contains. The minute crepitation increases 
 and drowns or supersedes the respiratory murmur, and less symp- 
 toms of pain are noticed, but he prefers to lie flat on his belly to 
 his side, or lies upon one side only, resisting all attempts at being 
 turned over and made to lie on the other. 
 
 In this condition of pneumonia, though the disease may be 
 severe, the inflammation is yet in its primary stage. It often re- 
 mains stationary for a while, then recedes, and terminates by 
 resolution. 
 
 As soon as this stage is diagnosed, administer a full dose o( 
 calomel, and eight or ten grains, with half as much quinine, and 
 five grains of jalap. See that this operates thoroughly, following 
 with sweet oil (8a) if necessary. Also administer one or two drops 
 of Norwood's tincture of veratrum viride, one-half drachm to a 
 drachm of nitre, and four or five gr.'iiiis of muriate of amnjunia at 
 a dose (49a) in water ; let this be given everj' hour, watching the 
 pulse and the fever. As soon as the pulse becomes steady even if 
 it be not quite normal, and the fever is allayed, give the doses only 
 once in four hours. This carefully followed, the animal being kept 
 in a moderately warm, dry, and airy room, will usually cut the dis- 
 ease short at once. If it does not, begin the use of carbonate of 
 ammonia in six grain doses, (50) with enemas containing small 
 doses of spirits, >l\ grains every four hours ; use on chest liniment 
 as per prescripts- No. 52. 
 
 Second Stage. — If the inflammatory engorgement does not cease 
 by resolution, and the symptoms that announce it are exasperated, 
 we must expect the second stage to be established. And we may 
 be certain that it exists when we observe the following phenomena : 
 the breathing becomes more and more constrained, short, acceler- 
 ated ; if the animal cries out with pain, he does it in a short, pant- 
 ing manner, in a series of short, quick yaps between the inspira- 
 tions. The discharges acquire such a degree of viscidity that they 
 can no longer be detached from the stick, even by shaking it vio- 
 lently; the sound aflbrded by tapping the diseased side with the 
 fingers is decidedly dull, — no resonance as in health ; at first we 
 hear a little of the minute crepitation, without the admixture of the 
 natural sounds of respiration ; then that little crepitation ceases, and 
 either no sound at all is perceived by the ear, or in the part where 
 
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. %oy 
 
 there is dullness on tapping with the finger, bronchial respiration 
 is heard. The animal continues to lie on the belly or support him- 
 self with his fore-legs. In this degree of the disease the prognosis 
 is always uncertain. The animal often sinks rapidly and dies of 
 asphyxia. We now begin a still more stimulant treatment, using 
 the veratrum as before but in larger doses and adding tincture of 
 aconite root, one drop to each dose (49/^). Enemas of brandy, 
 and beef tea must be given, as well as by the mouth, in order to 
 sustain the sufferer. We also give the turpentine and ^gg mixture 
 by the mouth (54), and bark tea and the fresh solution of acetate 
 of ammonia (No. 55), quinine, leptandrin and powdered iron too, 
 in large doses with sub-carbonate of bismuth if there is vomiting. 
 Small doses of quinine do not answer the purpose, exerting an in- 
 fluence upon the heart that we do not desire. A blister too will be 
 of value applied over the affected side, though the liniment will per- 
 haps do. If there is delirium, look out for trouble, for the animal 
 will not only be diPT.cult to manage, but the disease may be looked 
 upon as fatal. Now no opium must be given, but full doses of 
 hyoscyamus, cannabis indica, and similar sedatives may be used 
 instead. 
 
 When resolution begins to take place, we hear afresh the small 
 crepitation, at first alone, then m.ixed with the natural respiratory 
 murmur, which in its turn becomes alone audible. The discharges 
 return to their catarrhal character. In the meantime the dysp- 
 noea and fever diminish, and then cease entirely. 
 
 It would doubtless be very interesting to determine, in a given 
 case, whether the lung of the sufferer was in the second or third 
 stage of inflammation. But there are no certain means for mak- 
 ing this distinction. We may guess that such is the fact when the 
 discharges assume a prune juice color. The appearance of diar- 
 rhoea is not to be depended on, as it appears frequently, with the 
 inception of the second stage. However, the discharges will not 
 help us much ; for sometimes the lung may be in a state of suppura- 
 tion on the fifth day ; and again it may be found in a state of red 
 hepitization as late as the twentieth or twenty-second day. 
 
 When pneumonia passes into gangrene, which is much oft- 
 ener the case with dogs than is supposed, the discharges become 
 of a greenish, or reddish, or dirty grey color, and exhale a pecu- 
 
ioS •^^'•^'^ DOGS USED FOR SPOUT. iV^\Cv 
 
 liar fetid smell. We can little hope to save the life of the animal 
 in case this becomes marked. 
 
 Before leaving this subject, let me apologize for its length. 
 But the disease has never before been properly written up. so far as 
 known to me, or its pathological characters noticed. I have made 
 this brief, too brief considering the subject. The popular writers 
 on diseases of canines are, unfortunately, all in the dark, which is 
 to be regretted. Mayhew, who is perhaps as much read by sports- 
 men as any author, gives no rationale of the disease, but deals in 
 generalities, which show he was entirely at sea, and that he knew 
 nothing of its pathology ; or indeed of hardly ^ny other disease he 
 attempts to treat of. The symptoms he gives, however, will be 
 noticed as almost identical with those of pleuro-pneumonia. 
 
 Splenic Fever. — This is another disease which in its various 
 stages is either called distemper, or mistaken for inflammation of 
 the bowels. There is the same characteristic discharge from the 
 nose, and diarrhoea is often present. The mucous membranes of 
 the mouth are pallid, the flanks drawn in, the animal nervous, 
 and finally paralysis of the hind quarters supervenes. 
 
 I can give nothing of value concerning the pathology of the 
 disease, except that the spleen and kidneys are enormously en- 
 larged, and the grey matter of the upper portions of the spinal 
 cord takes on ulceration and suppuration. I am indebied to two 
 medical gentlemen of the U. S. Army for the little knowledge I 
 possess on this subject, and that little cannot well be given here. 
 The disease is called splenic fever, because that organ shows 
 greater changes than any other. From the symptoms as given me, 
 I should think this might be the true distemper. Thus far cases 
 have been noticed only in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. 
 
 The indications would seem to be a tonic treatment. Opium 
 aggravates the disease, it inevitably proving fatal where this drug 
 is administered. The pathology of these two diseases proves that 
 vaccination is useless as a preventive. 
 
 ik DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 Epilepsy ; Convulsions. — Epilepsy, Convulsions, or Fits may 
 arise from a variety of causes, the most common of which are 
 intestinal worms.rage habit, defective nutrition ; under which may 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 509 
 
 be classed bad food and under feeding, or over feeding and conse- 
 quent want of assimilation ; rickets, obstructions of the bowels, 
 malformation of one side of the head, improper treatment of skin 
 diseases, prolonged retention of urine, disease of the brain or 
 spinal column, as the result of mechanical injury, or as a sequel to 
 splenic fever, excess of venery, heredity, etc., etc. 
 
 With this array of causes, to which much might be added, it 
 would appear as though all attempts to treat this disease would 
 necessarily be futile. '■' nif.-r ^Lii • r- ^' ■:::! .r^ ,;-■;-- vr^i ?,- -ts'rr 
 
 The leading symptoms of this disease are, a temporary suspen- 
 sion of consciousness, with clonic spasms, recurring at intervals. 
 
 The dog, in apparent enjoyment of perfect health, may some- 
 times give notice of an attack by a peculiar short yelp, when he 
 falls ii.stantly to the ground, senseless and convulsed ; again the 
 seizure is only known by finding the animal prostrate, he having 
 fallen suddenly, dropping in his tracks as though fatally shot. He 
 strains and struggles violently, his breathing is embarrassed or 
 suspended ; he foams at the mouth ; a choking sound is heard in 
 his windpipe; and he appears to be at the point of death from 
 asphyxia — and indeed so dies sometimes. But presently, and by 
 degrees these alarming phenomena diminish, and at length cease ; 
 the animal is left exhausted, heavy, stupid and comatose: but his 
 life is no longer threatened. And in a short time, he is once more 
 to all appearances perfectly well. The same train of morbid phe- 
 nomena recur, however, again and again, at different, and mostly 
 at irregular intervals. This is a brief description of the most ordi- 
 nary forms of epilepsy. 
 
 The suddenness of the attack is remarkable : in an instant, 
 when least expected by the animal or his master, in the midst of a 
 point, or a movement perhaps, the change takes place ; and the 
 poor animal is stretched foaming, struggling, and insensible upon 
 the earth. The muscular convulsions are strong, irregular, and 
 often universal ; and one side of the body is usually more agitated 
 than the other. The integument of the forehead above the eyes is 
 usually puckered into folds ; the eyes sometimes quiver and roll 
 about, sometimes are fixed and staring, sometimes are turned up 
 beneath the lids, so that the whites alone are visible ; the tongue 
 is thrust through the sides of the jaws, perhaps bitten, often 
 
5IO .V DOGS USED FOR SPOUT. ^-^'^- 
 
 severely ; and the foam which issues from the mouth is reddened 
 by blood. It often happens too, that the urine and excrement are 
 expelled during the violence of the spasm. '^' '■''''^'' '''I'Hw' :.';v j..->;ft 
 When the convulsive paroxysm is over, the animal appears 
 buried in deep sleep, and it might be supposed that this was the 
 result of exhaustion ; but there is something more than this ; the 
 animal passes into a state of incomplete coma, or rather the insen- 
 sibility continues. When he wakes, he appears dizzy and con- 
 fused ; by degrees, however, he resumes his ordinary appearance 
 and condition. ■ j'» ' - - ^ ^ •- ^' ' ' ■• - .:■;''.;-: 
 
 As may be supposed, so much irregular contraction of the 
 muscles of voluntary motion is not likely to occur without some 
 derangement or modification of the functions of the circulation. 
 The breathing is irregular, gasping, or arrested. The heart pal- 
 pitates violently ; the pulse becomes frequent and feeble ; and 
 sometimes ceases to be tangible during the height of the fit, and 
 is to be felt again as the spasms subside. The inside of the Hps 
 becomes blue and pallid, and the eyes blood-shot, the veins being 
 visibly distended. 
 
 This is one form, the most severe and the most common, as 
 well as the best marked, in which an epileptic attack occurs. 
 
 But there is a large class of cases in which the symptoms are 
 much more mild. There is very slight and transient, or even no 
 convulsion at all ; no signs of turgescence about the organs of the 
 face ; no foaming at the mouth ; no quivering of the eyes ; but a 
 sudden suspension of consciousness, a short period of insensibility, 
 a fixed gaze, a totter perhaps, a look of confusion or wonderment, 
 but the animal does not fall. This is momentary ; consciousness 
 quickly returns ; the dog resumes the action in which he has been 
 previously engaged, and is ofttimes not aware that he has been 
 interrupted. This constitutes the mildest form of the disease. 
 
 Between the two extremes there are many links of gradation ; 
 but they are all epilepsy. 
 
 On discovering this disease in your animal, no matter how 
 slight the attack, if not at home take him there ; and at once cast 
 about for the cause. If you are convinced it arises from any of 
 the ordinary diseases, treat them. Whatever you do, at once 
 evacuate the bowels, and keep them slightly lax, and begin a bland 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 51I 
 
 and nutritious diet. If no cause can be assigned, the best treat- 
 ment consists of tonics, as iron, the barks, quinine, mineral acids, 
 etc. ; with these may be combined small doses of musk, assafoetida, 
 camphor, or other anti-spasmodics. Muriate of ammonia, oft- 
 times seems to be a specific, as does the fluid extract of the Aus- 
 tralian fever-tree — Eucalyptus. No definite treatment can be as- 
 signed ; you must work out the problem for yourself. See 41, 
 
 42,43.56,59- 
 
 Opium, bleeding, etc., are not to be thought of under any con- 
 sideration. Do not put stones in the ear of the sufferer with ex- 
 pectation of a cure ; it not unfrequently happens that some foreign 
 body in the ear is the cause of the attack. Where the disease is 
 the result of softening of the spinal cord or brain, it becomes 
 hopeless ; but it is more commonly the result of reflex irritation. 
 
 All forms of so-called fits, as they occur in dogs, may be re- 
 ferred to this disorder. I may remark, too, that tape worm is the 
 most frequent cause of the disease. 
 
 Chorea Sancti Viti. — Another disease of :; spasmodic kind, 
 and essentially belonging to the nervous system, is Chorea — St, 
 Vitus' dance. This is far less serious in some respects than the 
 disease we have just had under consideration ; but it is very un- 
 pleasant to possess an animal suffering from this disorder. 
 
 The pathology of this disease is obscure. None of the ana- 
 tomical researches hitherto made upon the subject, nor any study 
 of its symptoms, give us any positive information as to the real 
 point whence the morbid irritation of the motor nerves proceeds. 
 The result of the somewhat rare autopsies which have been either 
 negative, or else so discordant than any lesion discovered in the 
 central organs of the nervous system could not be referred to the 
 chorea, but rather to some accidental complication, or to the dis- 
 ease of which the patient died. The general implication of nearly 
 all the cerebro-spinal motor nerves altogether contradicts the sup- 
 position that the origin of the disease lies in the peripheral nerves, 
 as has been claimed. The complete integrity of the other cere- 
 bral functions makes it improbable that the movements of the 
 chorea originate in the brain. On the other hand, certain paus.^s 
 in the muscular restlessness which occur, particularly during 
 sleep, would imply that the motor influence is derived from the 
 
512 U'iW DQQs USED FOR SPORT. ^"'^ 
 
 brain rather than the spinal marrow. There is no good ground 
 for the hypothesis that chorea is dependent upon a disproportion 
 in size between the spinal canal and the spinal marrow, or upon 
 inflammation of the vertebrae, or upon spinal irritation, for we do 
 not even know that the seat of the malady really lies in the spinal 
 marrow. , , 
 .3 The prominent symptom of this disorder is, an irregular and 
 involuntary clonic contraction of some of the voluntary muscles, 
 which, however, are not wholly or constantly withdrawn from the 
 government of the will. In epilepsy with convulsive spasm, we 
 tind suspension of mental functions ; a temporary interruption of 
 consciousness, and therefore of volition. But in chorea there is 
 no loss of consciousness ; no defect of volition. The ordinary 
 movements of the body can be performed in some degree, under 
 the direction of the will ; but it would seem as if some other power 
 wantonly interfered to excite them where they are not needed, to 
 render them unsteady and imperfect, and to arrest natural action. 
 The symptoms then, are involuntary movements and twitching of 
 the muscles, which may vary more or less according to circum- 
 stances. I "^^ ■ ; ^ ....-,.. .,: ,.. ,A 
 
 The cause of the disease being unknown, we are largely in the 
 dark as to treatment. As it so frequently results as a sequel to 
 distemper ( ?) and inflammation of the bowels, we may look upon 
 it as due in part to defective nutrition ; we therefore prescribe 
 tonics and nervines. Of those drugs which combine both prop- 
 erties, the following are the best ; valerianate of quinine, of iron 
 and zinc ; erythroxylon coca ; iodoform, bromide of ammonium, etc. 
 These may each be tried as occasion demands. The happiest 
 results are frequently had from the use of Hubbel's elixir of valeri- 
 anate of ammonia, and the mineral acids, combined with the tonic 
 barks. 
 
 .J;:ifi j,j_ B_ Both chorea and epilepsy may be frequently traced to 
 the breeding of the parent or parents at an immature age. 
 
 Rabies Cam'na ; Lyssa ; Hydrophobia, — It is much to be re- 
 gretted that dogs suspected of rabies are usually quickly destroyed. 
 When a person has been bitten by a dog or any other animal sus- 
 pected to be rabid, the beast ought by no means to be killed, but 
 to be secured, and kept under surveillance, and suffered, if it shall 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 5I3 
 
 so happen, to die of the disease. If he does not die, in other 
 words, if he is not rabid, that will soon appear ; and the mind of 
 the person bitten will then be relieved from a very painful state of 
 suspense and uncertainty, which might otherwise have haunted 
 him for months or years. Again, it would reduce the number of 
 deaths from hydrophobia, though not rabies, as fewer persons 
 would die of fear, brought on by no contagion, and no disease, 
 except as caused by their own overwrought fancies. If the dog 
 dies mad, the injured person will be no worse off than if the ani- 
 mal had been killed in the first instance. '' Give a dog a bad 
 name," says the proverb, " and hang him ; " and it is literally so 
 with the imputation of madness. A poor wretch of a dog is per- 
 haps ill, or weary, or cross, or he may have been worried already 
 by mischievous boys ; the cry of mad dog is raised ; and then he 
 can expect no mercy. There are gross errors prevalent with re- 
 gard to the signs of rabies in the dog. If a dog be seen in a fit in 
 the street, some person charitably offers a conjecture that perhaps 
 he may be mad ; the next person has no doubt of it ; and then 
 woe to that dog ! Now a rabid animal never has convulsions : 
 the existence of epilepsy is a clear proof that there is no rabies. 
 Again, it is a very common belief, that a rabid dog, like a hydro- 
 phobic man, will shun water ; and if he takes to a river, it is thought 
 to be conclusive evidence that he is not mad. But the truth is, 
 that the disease, in the quadruped, cannot be called hydropJiobia : 
 there is no dread of water, but an unquenchable thirst ; no spasm 
 attending the effort to swallow, but sometimes an inability to per- 
 form the act from paralysis of the muscles about the jaws and 
 throat. They will stand lapping, without getting any of the liquid 
 
 down. ;. ^- y . ,,,_,.,■ . ^^ /'..::-": 
 
 There is another superstitious opinion not at all uncommon, viz., 
 that healthy dogs recognize one that is mad, and fear him, and run 
 away from his presence, in consequence of some mysterious and 
 wonderful instinct, warning them of danger. This is quite un- 
 founded. Equally mistaken are the notions that the mad dog 
 exhales a peculiar and offensive smell, and that he may be known 
 by his running with his tail between his legs ; except as Mr. Youatt 
 says, when weary and exhausted, he is seeking his home. 
 
 " The earliest symptoms of rabies in the dog, are sullenness, 
 22* 
 
514 •>''^' DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ^z'- 
 
 fidgetiness, continual shifting of the posture, a steadfast gaze ex- 
 pressive of suspicion, an earnest licking of some part on which a 
 scar may generally be found. If the ear be the affected part, the 
 animal is incessantly and violently scratching it. If it be the foot 
 he gnaws it till the integuments are destroyed. ." ' ' ' ' • '"' V^ 
 
 " Occasional vomiting and a deepened appetite are very early 
 noticeable. The dog will pick up and swallow most anything that 
 comes in his way, even his own excrement. Then the animal be- 
 comes irascible ; flies fiercely at strangers ; is impatient of correc- 
 tion ; seizes the whip or stick ; quarrels with his own companions ; 
 demolishes his bed ; and if chained up, makes violent efforts to 
 escape, tearing his kennel to pieces with his teeth. If he be at 
 large, he usually attacks only those dogs that come in his way ; 
 but if he be naturally ferocious, he will diligently and persever- 
 ingly seek his enemy." 
 
 According to Mr. Youatt. the disease is principall}' propagated 
 by the fighting dogs in towns ; and by the curs in the country ; by 
 those dogs, therefore, which minister to the vices of the lower classes 
 in town and country respectively. He maintains that if a well 
 enforced quarantine could be established, and every dog in the 
 kingdom confined separately for seven months, the disease might 
 be extirpated in Great Britain. This opinion is founded of course 
 on the belief that rabies never originates, any more than small- 
 pox does, spontaneously, but is always propagated by the specific 
 virus. As corroborative of this, authors have cited the statements 
 that rabies and hydrophobia are unknown in some countries. The 
 most common statements so urged are that South America is, or 
 was a. stranger to this disease. That it was imported into Jamaica 
 after that island had enjoyed an immunity from the disease for at 
 least fifty years previously ; that the most wretched curs abound in 
 the island of Madeira, that are afflicted with alm.ost every disease, 
 tormented by flies, and heat, and thirst, and famine, yet no rabid 
 dogs had ever been seen there ; and that, on the contrary, the loss 
 of human life from hydrophobia in Prussia, between the years 
 1826 and '36, reached the number of 1666. With regard to the 
 geographical limits of this disease, I shall have occasion to speak 
 further on. 
 
 Very early in the disease, the expression of the animal's coun- 
 
DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S YSTEM. 5 1 5 
 
 tenance is remarkably changed ; the eyes glisten, there is slight 
 strabismus,* and twitchings of the face come on. About the 
 second day a considerable discharge of saliva commences ; but this 
 does not continue more than ten or twelve hours, and is succeeded 
 by insatiable thirst ; the dog is incessantly drinking, or attempting 
 to drink, plunging his muzzle into the water. When the flow of 
 saliva has ceased, he appears to be annoyed by some viscid matter 
 in his fauces ; and in the most eager and extraordinary manner he 
 works with his paws at the corners of his mouth, to get rid of it ; and 
 while thus employed he frequently loses his balance and rolls over. 
 
 A loss of power over the voluntary muscles is next observed. 
 It begins with the lower jaw, which hangs down, and the mouth is 
 partially open ; but by a sudden effort the dog can sometimes close 
 it, though occasionally the paralysis is complete. The tongue is 
 affected in a less degree. The dog is able to raise it in the act of 
 lapping ; but the mouth is not sufficiently closed to retain the 
 water. Therefore, while he hangs over the fluid, eagerly lapping 
 for several minutes, it is very little or not at all diminished. The 
 paralysis often attacks the loins and extremities also. The animal 
 staggers about, and frequently falls. Previously to this he is in 
 almost incessant action. Mr. Youatt fancies that the dog is sub- 
 ject to what we call spectral illusions. He says " he starts up and 
 gazes eagerly at some real or imaginary object. He appears to be 
 tracing the path of something floating around him, or he fixes his 
 eye intently upon some spot in the wall, and suddenly plunges at 
 it; then his eyea close, and his head droops," 
 
 Frequently, with his head erect, the dog utters a short and very 
 peculiar howl ; or if he barks, it is a hoarse, inward sound, alto- 
 gether dissimilar from his usual tone, and generally terminating ' 
 with this characteristic howl. Respiration is always affected ; often 
 the breathing is very laborious ; and the inspiration is attended 
 with a very singular grating, choking noise. On the fourth, fifth, 
 or sixth day of the disease, usually, he dies : occasionally in slight 
 convulsions, but oftener without a struggle. 
 
 "i Mr. Youatt gives a detailed account of the appearances met 
 with after deach in the carcasses of rabid dogs. They are not 
 very constant or distinctive. The most curious and uniform con- 
 
 • Strabismus— cross-eyed, ^ 
 
5l6 DOGS USED I- OR SPORT. >' • 
 
 sist in the presence of unnatural ingesta in the stomach : straw, 
 hay, hair, horse-dung, earth. Sometimes the stomach is perfectly 
 distended with these substances ; and when it contains none of 
 them, there is a fluid of the deepest chocolate color mixed with 
 olive ; or still darker, like coffee ; and when neither the unnatural 
 ingesta nor the dark fluid appear, it will be found, says Mr. Y., 
 upon careful inquiry. 
 
 I believe that Mr. Youatt's opinion, already mentioned, of the 
 cause of rabies in dogs, and in all creatures — viz., that it always 
 results from the introduction of a specific virus into the system — ■ 
 I believe this opinion is not commonly entertained. Most people 
 think that the disease is generated de novo, in the dog at least ; 
 and causes have been assigned for it which certainly are not the 
 true nor the sole causes. Thus hydrophobia in the dog has been 
 ascribed to extreme heat of the weather. It is thought by many 
 to be particularly likely to occur in the dog-days ; and to be as 
 Mr. Mayo observes, " a sort of dog-lunacy having the same rela- 
 tion to Sirius that insanity has to the moon ; which, mdeed, in an- 
 other sense is probably true." Many cautions are annually put 
 forth, about that period, for muzzling dogs, and so on ; very good 
 and proper advice, but if those who have noted the statistics of 
 the disease may be depended upon, it would seem as appropriate 
 at one period of the year as at another. Rabies occurs as often, if 
 not oftener, in the spring, in the autumn, and even in the winter, 
 as it does in summer. M. Trolliet, who wrote an interesting essay 
 on rabies, states that in January, which is the coldest, and August, 
 which is the hottest month in the year, are the veiy months which 
 furnish tlie fewest examples of the disease. The disorder has often 
 been ascribed to want of water in hot weather, and sometimes to 
 want of food. But MM. Dupuytren, Breschet and Magcndie, 
 have causv-d both dogs and cats to perish with hunger and thirst, 
 without producing the smallest approach to a state of rabies.* At 
 the Veterinary School at Alfort, three dogs were subjected to some 
 very cruel but decisive experiments. It was during the heat of 
 
 * Attempts to produce hydrophobia artificially by starving dogs have been in- 
 effectually made by Radi, Bourgelat, and Menecier also. Pillnax observed during 
 one of the severer epizootics in Vienna, that the greater number of afiected dogs 
 belonged to owners in good circumstances in life, enjoying therefore, for the most 
 part, good care and food. 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, $^7 
 
 summer, and they were all chained in the full blaze of the sun. To 
 one salted meat was given ; to the second, water only ; and to the 
 third neither food nor drink. They all died ; but none of them 
 became rabid. Nor does the supposition that the disorder has 
 some connection with the period of sexual heat in these animals 
 appear to have any better foundation. For, the island of Sark in 
 the English Channel has never had a case of hydrophobia, although 
 it has a large canine population, which is entirely made up of the 
 masculine gender : the opposite sex are forbidden by law. .,,. 
 
 My own opinion on this matter is, that Mr. Youatt's doctrine is 
 by far the most probable one ; that rabies never occurs except from 
 inoculation of the specific virus. It has never been proved, and 
 indeed it would scarcely be susceptible of proof, that the disease 
 ever breaks out spontaneously ; for in nineteen cases out of twenty, 
 perhaps, we trace the bite or the fray in which the inoculation has 
 been effected. , . ; ^^j 
 
 With regard to the geographical distribution of the disease, no 
 land or climate is free from hydrophobia. The malady prevails 
 just the same in countries where dogs live in perfect freedom, for 
 instance in the East, in Algiers, Central Africa, China, Cochin 
 China, South America, and the Arctic Regions — as in every part 
 of Europe and America, where dogs, being domesticated, are de- 
 prived more or less of their freedom. In Europe hydrophobia is 
 said to prevail most extensively in Germany, France, Holland, the 
 north of Italy, and in England. 
 
 On the other hand, as must appear evident, the greatest discre- 
 tion should be exercised in crediting any report of the occurrence 
 of hydrophobia in uncivilized and imperfectly known lands. ■ : .- 
 
 Virchow has stated, with a certain degree of reserve, it is true, 
 that among the countries reported to be least frequently visited are 
 Kamtschatka, Greenland, portions of Sweden and Denmark, the 
 southern coast of the Mediterranean, the whole of Airica, and the 
 southern portions of Asia and America. Boudin appears to con- 
 firm the view that hydrophobia, although of such frequent occur- 
 rence in Europe, is much more rare in the tropics and the polar 
 regions. i,.,:: -.■,. -Tr,....T 
 
 As opp(5sed to these, may be given a few more recent obsen'a- 
 tions. * 
 
5l8 'V*' • DOGS USED FOK SPORT. '-'• 
 
 In February, i860, hydrophobia broke out as an epizootic in 
 Upernavik, the northernmost settlement in Greenland (72*" N. lati- 
 tude). The thermometer stood then for some time at 25** F. be- 
 low zero, and the favorable condition of the sledge roads con- 
 tributed greatly to the spread of the disorder. In like manner, ir. 
 1863, hydrophobia prevailed in epizootic form in the northern por- 
 tions of Greenland, completely destroying all the dogs in certain 
 districts. 
 
 In Missouri and Ohio, hydrophobia prevailed so extensively in 
 i860, that cattle owners solicited reimbursement from the national 
 treasury on account of their great loss in cattle. 
 
 In Constantinople, hydrophobia rages in some years — e.g. 
 1839, 1868 — very widely, and is not unfrequent, though statements 
 have been promulgated to the contrary. In Athens it prevailed 
 in epizootic form in 1866. The occurrence of hydrophobia in Asia 
 Minoi and Crete has been recounted by Caslius Aurelianus; and 
 the disease was well known to the ancient Hebrews. Notwith 
 standing former reports, it is now known that hydrophobia fre- 
 quently occurs in Algiers, and its appearance in Egypt has been 
 repeatedly verified. 
 
 The disease is found moreover in Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, 
 British Guiana, Cape of Good Hope, Japan, and in the East and 
 West Indies. 
 
 It will be seen that the study of the geographical distribution 
 of the disease leads us to deny in toto the theory of its spontane- 
 ous origin. 
 
 A great deal of nonsensical trash, purporting to emanate from 
 authority, has appeared in the non-medical press of late years. 
 Perhaps among the most notable, is one purporting to describe 
 two forms of " madness " which are designated as " hydrophobia " 
 and "distemper " madness, "which closely resemble each other." 
 The fallacy of the article will be noticed from the fact that the dog 
 when suffering from rabies is stated to be " violently insane only 
 on the approximation of water," and that post-mortem reveals 
 *' intense inflammation of the brain extending to the throat and 
 lungs." The whole article is drawn from an old work of the i8th 
 century entitled " A Sportsman's Dictionary,"* and is taken 
 
 * This work treats entirely of hounds and horses. 
 
DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S YS TEM. 5 1 9 
 
 from an article entitled " The Seven kinds op Madness." 
 This same article recommends the inoculation with the " matter 
 of the cow pock to prevent distemper and distemper madness." 
 As the date of publication of the work is 1769, it will be ob- 
 served that the virus was thought of in this connection lo>ijr 
 before the days of Jenner, and vaccination as a prophylactic of 
 small-pox. ; ■ i-vj r ,-..^ •'; •■ .:■ 
 
 The latest researches on hydrophobia in the human subject, 
 are given by the eminent pathologist, Dr. Felix von Niemeyer, as 
 follows : 
 
 " Most cases of lyssa that have been well observed and described 
 closely resemble each other. As it is universally assumed that 
 morbid processes due to the action of a specific poison run their 
 course with symptoms which only vary through personal idiosyn- 
 crasy and the variable intensity with which the poison has acted, 
 those reports of lyssa humana difFering from our description, in 
 which the characteristic symptoms and their peculiar sequence are 
 not mentioned or really did not occur, must arouse the suspicion 
 that they were badly observed, or that there was an error of diag- 
 nosis. ' • '.' >:;: ' 
 
 " Opinions differ as to the length of the period of incubation. 
 The statement that hydrophobia has made its appearance twenty 
 or thirty years after the bite of a rabid animal, as well as those 
 according to which the disease has broken out as early as the 
 second or third day, are probably dependent upon imperfect ob- 
 servation. The shortest term of incubation appears to be about 
 eight or ten days ; the longest twelve or thirteen months. In the 
 majority of instances, the malady breaks out in about forty day- 
 after the reception of the bite. The reasons for this inequality of 
 period are obscure. There are numerous instances in which, 
 towards the end of the stage of incubation, and a day or two before 
 the onset of the malady, peculiar alterations have been observed 
 in the wound or its scar, for the wound has generally healed by 
 this time. The bite assumes a livid color, grows painful, and dis- 
 charges a yellow ichor. The scar which has generally soon formed 
 without remarkable symptoms, grows bluish red, swells, and some- 
 times breaks out afresh. The patient also complains of painful 
 sensations, shooting centripetally from the wound or scar, or of a 
 
520 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ... 
 
 sense of numbness in the bitten iTi'jmber. These disturbances at 
 the point of entry of the virus are very often wanting". 
 
 " The first or prodromic str.ge of the disease is marked by a 
 peculiar depression of the patient's spirits, amounting" to an acute 
 melancholy. The patient seeks solitude, is timid and apprehensive, 
 and either sits motionless and plunged in deep abstraction, or else 
 is unable to rest at all. Some complain of an indefinite feeling 
 of dread and oppression, and sigh repeatedly without any reason 
 for so doing. Some are preoccupied with sad forebodings, or, if 
 aware of their perilous condition, are incessantly tormented by 
 dread of the onset of the malady. Sleep is restless and broken by 
 frightful dreai :s. The precursory signs of the spasmodic disturb- 
 ance ot respijcuion, afterwards to attain so terrible an intensity, 
 soon supervene. The patient complains of pressure in the peri- 
 cardium, — before the heart, fore part of the region of the thorax — 
 draws profound, sighing inspirations, the diaphragm is depressed, 
 the epigastrium bulges, and the shoulders are drawn upward. 
 This spasmodic breathing is the first token of the tonic spasm of 
 the muscles of inspiration which cause '^uch frightful torments in 
 the second stage of the disease. 
 
 "The prodromic term having lasted two or three days, the 
 second or furious stage begins. Its onset is marked by a fit of 
 choking, suddenly induced by an attempt to drink, which renders 
 the patient incapable of swallowing a drop. 
 
 " The moment the fluid enters the mouth and the motion of 
 swallowing is made, spasmodic inspiratory motions begin ; the 
 thorax rises interruptedly, and remains in the position of deepest 
 inspiration for ten or twenty seconds. During this time the fea- 
 tures betray anxiety and terror, the eyes protrude, head and shoul- 
 ders are thrown back, then comes an expiration, with which the 
 attack passes off. I have satisfied myself that the inspiratory 
 muscles, as well as those of the pharynx, are implicated in these 
 seizures. This combination of spasmodic contractions in both of 
 these sets of muscles, is a frequent symptom ; it always appears 
 in the straining preceding vomiting, as well as in the retching fol- 
 lowing irritation of the pharynx by the finger, etc. Retching is 
 always accompanied by a feeling of suffocation, from the contrac- 
 tion of the inspiratory muscles complicating the spasm of the 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. $21 
 
 pharynx ; and we are justified in giving the name of retching-fits 
 to these spasms, wiiich form the pathognomonic — characteristic — 
 symptom of lyssa, and are given in every well-recorded case. 
 
 " The dread of water is entirely due to the dreadful experience 
 of the patient on trying to drink. Reports of cases where hydro- 
 phobia is given as a primary symptom are worthy of no credence. 
 It is a curious fact that, at first, the act of swallowing solid food is 
 not attended by spasms. Even a draught of air on the skin, or 
 touching anything cold, sudden irritation of the eye by dazzling, 
 even sudden mental excitement or surprises, may induce attacks. 
 According to my observation, the pharyngeal muscles do not par- 
 ticipate in the reflex spasms induced by irritating other parts, as 
 the mouth or palate. At the height of the disease, it appears as 
 if attacks occurred from time to time without cause ; but I think 
 that these apparently spontaneous attacks must be regarded as 
 reflex spasms, and be referred to the collections of tough mucus 
 in the pharynx, or to the trickling into it of saliva. This supposi- 
 tion is based on the haste, and abandon with which the patient 
 ejects saliva and mucus, and the attempts to introduce the 
 finger far into the throat, for the purpose of removing mucus and 
 sputa. 
 
 " Various authors name tetanic or epileptiform spasms among 
 the symptoms of lyssa ; but on careful examination, I have not 
 been able to discover a case where the detailed description of the 
 spasms fully convinced me that they were tetanic or eclamptic. 
 It is nowhere stated that the muscles of the back were tense, ex- 
 cept (luring the attacks, or that consciousness was lost during the 
 general convulsions. In one of my patients there was opisthot- 
 onos * — he threw his hands and feet about, and pitched around, 
 so that he frequently fell on the floor. But these symptoms re- 
 minded one far more of hysterical spasms, or of the actions of a 
 tortured, despairing man. 
 
 " The above symptoms are soon accompanied by attacks of 
 boundless rage, in which the patients are hard to manage, destroy 
 all that comes in their way, strike, kick, scratch, and bite, if held 
 fast, and not unfrequently kill themselves, if they are carelessly 
 watched.;- ' ■- ' ,,. y, ^.^,,,, 
 
 ♦ Opisthotonos ; bending of the body backwards. 
 
522 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 " The biting, inarticulate howling, and barking sounds are not 
 made more frequently by a hydrophobic patient than by another 
 madman in the maniacal. stage of chronic cerebral disease,* The 
 patient often warns his attendants between the fits, which seldom 
 last longer than a quarter or half an hour, and begs pardon for his 
 misbehavior towards them, and sets his worldly affairs in order, in 
 perfect consciousness of the near approach of his end. The 
 paroxysms of madness and convulsions, having steadily grown more 
 frequent for two or three days, now begin to diminish in violence 
 as the patient loses strength. Rarely, it happens that death occurs 
 at the height of the malady, during a severe and long continued 
 choking fit. TL^ exhaustion and collapse usually augment from 
 hour to hour ; the voice grows hoarse and feeble, the respiration 
 shallow, the pulse small, irregular, and very frequent, and death 
 ensues with the signs of a general paralysis, which is sometimes 
 preceded by a deceptive amelioration of the symptoms. ' " 
 
 "It might be supposed that the attacks of madness occurring 
 in lyssa were simply a result of the despair that would aftect even 
 a person not having this disease, if he suffered from retching at 
 short intervals for a day or two. I once attended a patient suffer- 
 ing from severe pharyngitis, who, when I asked him to try and 
 drink, hurled the glass from him, and acted like a madman, 
 
 " We find something like this too, in patients with croup or 
 oedema glottidjs. The fact, also, that sometimes patients of very 
 temperate and resigned natures do not become maniacal would 
 also favor this view. But there are some objections to it, es- 
 pecially the fact ihat, even in persons the most resigned, the 
 absence of mania is one of the rarest exceptions, as well as the 
 excessive height that the madness usually reaches in lyssa patients. 
 It is certainly more probable that the madness in lyssa is not due 
 to moral grounds, but is caused by a propagation of the exces- 
 sively increased morbid excitability of the motor-central apparatus 
 of the pharyngeal and respiratory nerves to the central organs 
 of the psychical functions. The symptoms of the mania have 
 
 * Romberg says, that a great inclination to bite, along with the absence of" char- 
 acteristic reflex spasms, in one of the diagnostic points between true lyssa and 
 those hypochondriacal and maniacal conditions that the fear of the disease uot un- 
 frequently develops in persons that have been bitten . This state might be termed 
 lyssaphobia. 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. $23 
 
 many analogies to reflex spasms. Trifling mental excitement 
 causes severe outbreaks, violent motions, and excited actions in 
 maniacal patients, just as slight irritation of the skin causes reflex 
 spasms in patients with tetanus. 
 
 " No lesions characteristic of the disease are found in the bod • 
 ies of those who have died of hydrophobia. The most commo: . 
 conditions consist in intense rigor mortis,* extensive post-mortem 
 hypostasis,* early putrefaction, intense staining of the endo-cardium' 
 and walls of the vessels, hyperasmia'* and serous exudation in 
 the brain and its membranes, in the spinal marrow, in some of 
 the sympathetic ganglia and nerves ; hyperasmia and swelling of 
 the mouth and fauces, both of which contain a collection of tena- 
 cious mucus ; hypostasis^ and oedema^ of the posterior part of the 
 lungs ; engorgement of the walls of the stomach, and great abdom- 
 inal glands. All these lesions, especially the injection of the 
 nervous centres and nerves, upon which at times great stress has 
 been laid as explanatory of the nature of the disease, are not con- 
 stant, and, for the most part, seem to arise just prior to dissolu- 
 tion, in consequence of the disturbance suffered by the functions 
 of respiration and circulation during the attacks described. In 
 the cases which I have seen, autopsy'' showed a decided swelling 
 of the tonsils and follicular glands at the root of the tongue and 
 the posterior wall of the pharynx, exactly corresponding with 
 Virchows observations." 
 
 I know not what I can say of the treatment of this terrible 
 disease. There is no well authenticated case on record, that I am 
 aware of, in which a hydrophobic person has recovered. As it 
 has been, so it is still, " larpaq larai davarog." The physician that 
 heals is death. There can be no ground, therefore, for the re- 
 
 • Rig^or Mortis :—T\\Q muscular rigidity which takes place a few hours after 
 death. 
 
 2 Hypostasis .—Sediment. In this connection means a sediment or deposit in 
 the urine occurring after death. 
 
 • Endo-cardium /—The serous membrane lining the interior of the heart. 
 
 • Hyperccmia : — Congestion of blood in a part. 
 
 • Hypostasis : — In this connection has reference to the sediment deposited 
 from the serous fluid in the lungs. ■,,■■ . • . ...«• .-,•.-.- 
 
 • (Edema : — A minor degree of dropsical swelling. 
 
 . ' Autopsy: — Post-mortem: or as is generally applied, a thorough examination 
 of a body after death. Post-mortem is oftener applied to a partial examination. 
 
524 ¥v:'-t: dogs used for sport. 
 
 .' vCv 
 
 commendation of any especial drug, or form of medicine, nor even 
 for any general plan of treatment, after the peculiar symptoms 
 of the disease have once set in. 
 
 Of course those powerful remedial agencies that are in com- 
 mon use among medical men, have been fairly tried ; copious 
 blood letting, mercury, opium, arsenic, sugar of lead, oil of turpen- 
 tine, the cold affusion even ; and not only those, but the stronger 
 poisons, as belladonna, stramonium, prussic acid, white hellebore, 
 strychnia, cantharides, chloroform, ether, and nitrous oxide gas ; 
 and a no less end of less gigantic remedies ; such as alkalies, es- 
 pecially ammonia, preparations of lead, zinc, copper and iron ; 
 electricity and galvanism, tobacco juice, lobelia, guaco, the mineral 
 acids, violent exercise ; and if we take into account the substances 
 administered to the brute also, we may in'iii e the list by the 
 alisma plantago, sentellaria, box nd rue, all of which at one 
 time or another, have been vauntec is successful remedies, vera- 
 trum, sabadilla, vicunas and rattlesnake poison. 
 
 The difficulty of swallowing fluids, and ofttimes of swallowing 
 at all, is a serious obstacle to the use of internal remedies. The 
 injection of medicines into the rectum, under the skin, and in the 
 veins has been tried. Magendie hoped that he had discovered a 
 cure, in first largely bleeding the patient, and then injecting his 
 patient with a corresponding quantity of warm water; but it has 
 always happened with this, and with other promising experiments, 
 that just as the patient seemed about to recover, he has died. 
 The nervous irritability has in rare cases been relieved by the hy- 
 podermic injection of morphia ; curare has also been tried with 
 more favorable results, and would seem to indicate that it pos- 
 sesses the greatest power of any drug over this disease. If I 
 were the patient, I should urge large injections of curare, as noth- 
 ing can be lost by it, even if this poison be given far more boldly 
 than it has ever been. '■ '■ :^' !->" , \ ■> . - ■" yu 005 1 ci 
 
 Tracheotomy has been recommended by Mr. Mayo, and nu- 
 merous other physicians. But I should not expect the smallest 
 advantage from the operation. Leaving out the question of spasm 
 of tfie glottis, the patients do not die of suffocation, but debility. 
 
 As almost every drug that has ever been included in any phar- 
 macopoeia has been administered with the hope of checking the 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 52$ 
 
 disease, so a great number of medicines and measures have been 
 praised as preventives. People have had great faith in sea bath- 
 ing, and went to the sea coast to be ducked and half drowned 
 every day for six weeks. Some of the specifics, as you may sup- 
 pose, are secrets ; and they who possess them, whether they be- 
 lieve in them or not is another matter, sell them at no cheap rate 
 to those who, having been bitten by the dog, are weak enough to 
 be bitten again by the quack. The composition of several of them 
 has transpired ; and they are found to consist either of ingredients 
 the most insignificant or worthless, or of poisons of which the in- 
 efficacy has already been ascertained. Among those of the early 
 days of medicine were burnt crabs, hyena's skin, liver of the 
 rabid animal, tin and mithridate, the latter being the same as the 
 confectis damocratis, which includes some eighty ingredients, 
 among others, the bellies of lizards. The celebrated piilvis anti' 
 lyssus which was introduced by Dr. Mead into the London phar- 
 macopoeia was a mixture of ash colored liverwort and black pep- 
 per ; it was the brilliant discovery of one Dampier. Next came 
 the famous " East India medicine," consisting of equal portions 
 of native and factitious c' mabar made into a powder with musk, to 
 be dissolved in arrack : this was also known as the " Tonguin 
 Remedy.'' Another celebrated remedy was " Palmariuss Pow- 
 der," composed of the leaves of rue, vervain, sage, poly pody, worm- 
 wood, mint, mugwort, balm, betony, St. John's-wort and lesser 
 centaury : each herb to be gathered only in its prime, and dried 
 separately in the shade and powdered. There was the " Ormskirk 
 medicine," long famous, and even now scarcely obsolete in some 
 parts of Great Britain : it was made up of bole armeniac, alum, 
 chalk, elecampane, and oil of anise seed. Then there were the 
 "Tanjore Pills," whose ingredients were mercury and arsenic ; "Sir 
 George Cobb's Remedy ; " " My Lady Bountiful's Infallible Remedy." 
 In 1806 the New York Legislature bought a " preventative " for 
 hydrophobia which was given to the public. It was as follows : 
 
 Once ounce of jaw bone of a dog burnt and pulverized. The 
 false tongue of a newly foaled colt dried and pulverized ; and one 
 scruple of verdigris raised from the surface of a copper of George 
 I, or George II, by laying it in moist earth. These to be mixed, 
 dose a teaspoonful. The filings of half a copper of the above 
 
526 'v.V DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ^'' ' 
 
 kind to be taken in water, increase the quantity if any other copper 
 is used. If symptoms have already appeared, take three drachms 
 of the verdigris v^ith half an ounce of calomel followed by four 
 grains opium. - •. ' «,;. •. 
 
 -.= The false tongue of the colt is borrowed directly from the black 
 art and forms the ingredient of many an incantation and charm. 
 The burnt jaw bone of a dog, if the jaw bone of the dog that bit, 
 is introduced on the homeopathic principle of *' like curing like." 
 The copper, verdigris, calomel, opium, belong to the " heroic treat- 
 ment." In France they put the bitten person in the river Seine 
 with his back to the sea, and many cures are recorded. *' A re- 
 turned missionary" advocates a kind of " vaccination " against it, 
 by producing artificial madness by large doses of stramonium. 
 Another recipe by a French family is as follows : 
 
 One handful of rue ; one handful of inner bark of eglantine ; 
 one handful of powdered daisies (whole plant) ; ten cloves of gar- 
 lic; ten white droppings of hens ; ten white. onions. Bruise in a 
 stone mortar, add two ounces of white wine vinegar, bottle tight ; 
 — dose a teaspoonful. The patient is to run about ' for a while 
 directly after taking it until he induces perspiration. 
 
 Soon after these the " Cherry Valley Cure " came in for its share 
 of public patronage, followed by Dr. Spaulding's wonderful discov- 
 ery (in 1826) of a specific in sentellaria laterifolia. The next 
 humbug of any note originated in Michigan, and was, perhaps, a 
 clearer case of fraud than any of the foregoing. The remedy was 
 tincture of castoreum, and the wonderful case of hydrophobia 
 cured proved to have no origin but in the brain of the Doctor. 
 
 A Russian physician, Marochetti by name, pretended to find 
 pustulas under the tongue which were the seat of the disease. 
 His cure consisted in evacuating these, and administering to the 
 patient a decoction of broom tops. Th'S was in 1813; and now 
 another Muscovite fraud, known as Dr. Grzymala, has brought 
 himself into notice, by declaring the Xajithium sptnosum an in- 
 fallible remedy, and preventative of hydrophobia. Like other 
 wonderful discoveries, it has proved a thorough and complete 
 failure. 
 
 The treatment followed by the Chinese when bitten by a dog, 
 is to catch the animal, take some of its hair, mix it with lime, and 
 
DISS A SES OF THE NER VO US S YS TEM. S-7 
 
 apply it to the affected part. Among other methods an empty 
 walnut shell is to be filled with human fasces, placed on the wound 
 and the moxa applied ; then for several days a compound of vari- 
 ous herbs with saliva is applied. A mixture of cantharides, yellow 
 earth, etc., is administered internally until micturation becomes 
 painful. On the top of the head a red hair will be found, which is 
 to be extracted ; all believe in this. They all believe too, that a 
 man bitten by a rabid dog has three chances of dying, lO one of 
 living, and insist on perfect quiet during the progress of the disease. 
 , , Prevention is the most important part in practice. Where dogs 
 are kept, every new animal should be quarantined for at least 
 thirty days, that there may be no chance for infection. 
 
 When a person is bitten, the early and complete excision of the 
 bitten part is the only measure in which we can put any confidence ; 
 and even here we are met with a source of fallacy. In the major- 
 ity of cases no hydrophobia would ensue, only about seven per 
 cent, of those bitten by rabid dogs are afflicted by the disease,* 
 though nothing at all were done to the wound. How can we know 
 then thai the disease is ever prevented by excision .'' No doubt 
 many persons go through the pain of the operation needlessly. 
 But in no given case can we be sure of this. They get at any rate 
 relief from the most harassing suspense, with which they would 
 probably have been tortured for months. Some put their trust in 
 caustic, but I would advise you to trust nothing but the knife, to 
 which you may supplement fuming nitric acid, actual cautery, etc. 
 If the injury be so deep or extensive, or so situated that you can- 
 not remove the whole surface of the wound, cut away what you 
 can ; then wash the wound thoroughly, and for some hours 
 together, by means of a stream of warm water, and place an ex- 
 hausted cupping glass from time to time over the exposed wound ; 
 and finally apply to every part of it some liquid escharotic ; fum- 
 ing nitric acid, acid nitrate of mercury, a strong solution of chromic 
 acid, for example ; the chromic acid is preferable on some accounts ; 
 it penetrates deeper, and gives little or no pain. 
 
 With regard to the proper way of cutting out, the directions 
 
 * Brai.hwaite. Proceedings of Academy of Medicine, Paris. Statistics of the 
 Society for the Promulgation of Science, St. Petersburs. American Journal 
 of Medical Science, etc. ':■":: -,-.■:.' .ijr;.»-.u;, * , ■.., .^..jji 
 
528 \-:--;' DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ,^.*^ 
 
 laid clown by Mr. Abernethy seem applicable. "The cell," he 
 says, " into which a penetrating tooth has gone, must be cut out. 
 Let a skewer be shaped, as nearly as may be into the form of the 
 tooth ; and next let the skewer and the whole cell containing it, 
 be removed by an elliptical incision. We may examine the re- 
 moved cell, to see if every portion with which the tooth might have 
 come in contact has been taken away ; the cell may even be filled 
 with quicksilver, to see if a globule will escape. The efficient per- 
 formance of the excision does not depend upon the extent, but 
 upon the accuracy of the operation." To this Mr. A. used to add, 
 that as bleeding had been much extolled, had he hydrophobia he 
 would allow a surgeon to bleed him, even to death. Like Seneca, 
 he would be willing to have his veins opened, though his disease 
 might not permit him to indulge at the same time, like Seneca, in 
 the luxury of a warm bath. 
 
 It has been recommended, in all suspicious cases, if excision 
 has been omitted in the first instance, to cut out the wound, or 
 cicatrix, within the first two months, or at any time before the 
 symptoms of recrudescence have appeared. One would do it, 
 though with less hope, as soon as possible after they had ap- 
 peared ; but we can hardly expect that excision will be successful 
 then, in stopping the disease. Dr. Bright has recorded a case in 
 which the arm wps amputated upon the supervention of tingling, 
 and other symptoms, in the hand, in which the patient had been 
 bitten some time before ; but the amputation did not save him. 
 
 Although in excision, local anaesthesia may be applied, it is 
 perhaps better that the operation be performed without it. The 
 acid should be applied for two days in succession, and supple- 
 mented by the use of fermenting poultices to encourage the 
 throwing off of the slough. 
 
 Dr. Yarrow, U. S. army, followed this treatment with his own 
 son, who was bitten in six or eight places, with excellent results. 
 
 Lunar caustic, or nitrate of silver, decomposes too rapidly in 
 contact with animal tissue to be certain or thorough in its action. 
 
 Before closing this article, I desire to call the attention of 
 sportsmen and medical men to the following, from the pen of the 
 eminent Prof. Bollinger, of Munich, regarding false rabies in the 
 dog. 
 
 r 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 529 
 
 " Symptoms resemblinjr those of rabies are observed in para- 
 sitic enteritis, caused by tapeworms ; \w gastro-enteritis, produced 
 by poison, (arsenic, corrosive sublimate, benzoic acid,) or by the 
 presence of foreign bodies in the intestine (bones and pieces of 
 coin that have been swallowed) ; in intestinal obstructions (in- 
 vagination), caused by the collection of indigestible substances in 
 the intestine (fragments of bone) ; in the case q{ foreign bodies in 
 the car, (heads of wheat, for instance, with the beard attached,) 
 in the case oi parasites in the nasal cavity, (pentastoma), in the 
 kidneys, (large palisade worm), or skin, (mange) ; in urcemia in- 
 duced by long-continued unnatural alitnentation, (starving, feed- 
 ing with substances containing no salt). In poisoning by means 
 of metallic preparations, (the salts of copper and zinc,) there 
 are likewise produced appearances similar to those of rabies: 
 — constrictions of the pharynx, vomiting, and acute gastro-ente- 
 ritis. " '• ' '- • 
 
 " Symptoms similar to those of hydrophobia may furthermore 
 be occasioned by severe pain, (toothache), by severe mental dis- 
 turbance, (deprivation of their young, extreme stimulation and 
 non-gratification of the sexual appetite) ; also by \dir'\ons functional 
 and anatomical changes of the central nervous system. '''^' 
 
 " In this connection should be mentioned numerous cases of 
 meningitis, encephalitis, hydrochephalus, blood poisoning (pyasmia, 
 secpticasmla) ; furthermore, the whole class of mental diseases in 
 dogs, which have hitherto been completely overlooked, their exist- 
 ence not having even been suspected by most observers. The dog, 
 which as an intellectual and sensual being stands so high in the 
 scale, and whose domesticated in-door life, as the companion of 
 man, is in certain respects directly contrary to his nature as a wild 
 animal, possesses a highly excitable nervous system, and is ex- 
 tremely liable to contract nervous diseases. This fact is shown by 
 the frequent occurrence of the disorders falling under that head 
 (for instance, epilepsy, chorea, epileptiform spasms, and spasms of 
 reflex origin), and equally certain is the prevalence among dogs of 
 pure psychosis, such as mania and melancholia, unaccompanied by 
 any material post-mortem changes that can be detected ; and these 
 very forms of illness — having in part also a reflex origin through 
 the causes above mentioned — are frequently confounded with hy- 
 
530 V» V^ DOGS USED FOR SPORT. ^'-'''^' 
 
 drophobia, and quoted in support of the theory of the spontaneous 
 origin of the disease, although they are in no respect infectious. 
 
 + « « ♦ ' " -'•:'"'■ '■"" " jii'' ' '^''•' 
 
 " In view of the unfavorable prognosis in hydrophobia, and the 
 complete inefficacy of all the therapeutic agents when the disease 
 is once established, it naturally follows that in all rational efforts to 
 control the malady prophylactic measures must always form our 
 chief weapons of offense. • 
 
 " Of chief importance in this connection are the general pro- 
 phylactic measures to be enforced by the State against hydropho- 
 bia in animals, and we will therefore endeavor to indicate what 
 sanitary regulations are best adapted to confine the spread of this 
 malady within the narrowest possible limits. 
 
 " The first important point to be insisted upon is the reduction 
 of the number of do^s. The comparative danger to be apprehended 
 from hydrophobia diminishes as the total num' ^^r of dogs becomes 
 reduced, and the most effective method of reducing the number of 
 dogs consists in laying the highest possible tax upon them. This 
 tax should be the same for all dogs, without regard to sex, and any 
 remission of the same should be strictly limited to such dogs as are 
 positively necessary for the performance of certain kinds of work. 
 
 " The State should also provide for a general registration of all 
 dogs. Every dog should be provided with some distinguishing 
 mark ; all stray dogs should be pursued by the police and destroyed. 
 
 "When cases of hydrophobia occur, directions should be issued 
 to cause all dogs to be muzzled for a considerable length of time ; 
 they should either be led by means of a cord, or else kept penned 
 up. The failure to notify the authorities of the existence of a case 
 of hydrophobia should be made a punishable offense. The regula- 
 tions just mentioned ought always to be applicable to as large a 
 district as possible. ,-.> -^ ^ . ,> ' - '," 
 
 " Rabid dogs should be destroyed, and likewise dogs that havfe 
 been bitten by them, although no human being may have been 
 bitten. If human beings have l)een bitten by rabid or suspected 
 dogs, these should be destroyed as soon as the existence of rabies 
 in them has been determined. 
 
 ;u^ri," Dogs suspected of being rabid, and also the dogs bitten by 
 them, should be carefully confined at the owner's expense, and in 
 
DISEA SES OF THE NER VO US S YSTEM. 5 3 1 
 
 consideration of the long period of incubation, they should be kept 
 secured for at least six months. The ordinary term of confine- 
 ment from six weeks to three months is manifestly too short. 
 
 '* The obligatory muzzling of dogs at times when hydrophobia 
 prevails as an epidemic has always in all localities been attended 
 , by favorable results. On the other hand, it is pretended by some 
 especially those who favor the theory of the spontaneous origin of 
 hydrophobia, that the wearing of muzzles favors the development 
 of the disease, an assertion which is unsupported by proof, and 
 which is also completely refuted by what is known respecting the 
 mode of origin of rabies and by various observations. In Berlirj, 
 dogs were required for a period of nine years to wear muzzles, 
 during which time no instance of hydrophobia occurred. It is 
 moreover, fallaciously urged by the opponents of the muzzle, that 
 in localities where dogs roam about in large numbers perfectly 
 unrestrained, and subject to no inspection, hydrophobia is an un- 
 known evil.* 
 
 " It may be mentioned as a matter of curiosity, that the artificial 
 blunting of the front teeth of all dogs has been recommended by 
 some, as a prophylactic measure against the malady, and it has 
 even been suggested that small flattened metallic caps be fastened 
 by a screw to the corner teeth for the purpose of rendering the bite 
 innocuous." 
 
 Canker. — Under this head we have all the diseases to which 
 the external and internal ears of the dog are subject. The mean- 
 ing of the word canker is simply cancer : which I need not remark, 
 is an extremely rare disease in dogs. 
 
 The so called external canker, is usually a simple ulcer result- 
 ing from a wound or scratch, which by neglect, uncleanliness, etc., 
 has taken on unhealthy action. In such case, cleanse with castile 
 soap and warm water, then touch it lightly with caustic. When 
 the silver has formed a white film over the raw edges, brush the 
 ulcer thoroughly with a moderately strong solution of carbolic, or 
 salicylic acid, or thymol. Dry the outer edges and draw together, 
 
 * In the description of the geographical distribution of hydrophobia, I have 
 already demonstrated how unfounded this notion is, and have taken pains to show 
 that in such localities (Constantinople, Egypt, Algiers, Asia Minor, etc.,) hydro- 
 phobia does occur. Author, jrj iv, i "■ i:;i;v,:. jl,C,-i. ,..» « a,.li,Sj.iVr. .,V»WU7. 
 
533 . DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 covering with a thin piece of lint soaked in the cari)olic solution, 
 over which place a second and dry piece. Confine all to the ear 
 by means of collodion, sealing it to the ear around the edges. 
 Remove at the end of twenty-four hours ; when, if the ulcer have 
 a healthy appearance, wash well with carbolic acid solution, and 
 apply lint as before ; but let the collodion cover the whole of the 
 material as well as the edges, so as to shut out all air ; let remain 
 for four or five days, when it may be redressed in the same man- 
 ner. - ■• - 
 
 If this proves inefficient, the ulcer remaining unhealthy and 
 spreading, the ear also becoming hard and indurated for some dis- 
 tance around the ulcer, we may fear that the trouble is malignant. 
 Apply a solution of chromic acid, ten grains to the ounce of water 
 daily until the fo ^1 portions of the ulcer are eaten away, and it has 
 a healthy appearance, when bring the edges as closely together as 
 possible, and dress as before. Strong glacial acetic acid will an- 
 swer the purpose where the chromic cannot be obtained. Where 
 the swelling is great, a hypodermic syringe should be used, and five 
 drops of common acetic acid injected into the hardened substance 
 upon one, two, or three occasions as may be required to thoroughly 
 permeate the tumor. This shtjuld only be used when it is certain 
 the disease is malignant. Such treatment, if properly carried on, 
 will usually dispose of malignant growths. 
 
 A cap should be worn by the dog, to confine the ears, and to 
 avoid dressings being displaced while under treatment. 
 
 For troubles of the inner ear, let it be carefully washed out with 
 tepid water and castile soap by means of a small syringe. Now 
 look carefully for any foreign substance, as insects, dirt, stones, 
 beards of wheat, or bits of grasses, that may be causing the trouble. 
 If you can procure a silvered ear speculum, and learn to use it, all 
 the better. If you find no cause, you may very properly conclude 
 that it is a case of simple abscess, when you may pour a few drops 
 of glycerine, in which a little sulphate of zinc and morphine have 
 been dissolved, into the ear, afterwards plugging the orifice with 
 cotton. Change the dressing every twenty- four hours, washing 
 out the ear with warm water and castile soap. Be careful not to 
 force too powerful a stream of water into the ear, or you may do 
 injury. During these washings you may be surprised by a sudden 
 
DISEASES OF TlfE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 533 
 
 gush of thick, grumous matter ; if so all the better, and the animal 
 speedily recovers. • ' " • • ' '.'" " ' ' *"' >■ "•' ' • •? "■ 
 
 Let the animal wear the cap constantly while under treatment. 
 Foreign substances in the car may be removed with a loop of fine 
 silver wire, or a noose of horse-hair. If you cannot succeed take 
 your dog to a surgeon. 
 
 Coui(/is, — Vor a cough without appreciable cause, any antispas- 
 modic remedy may be used ; as the compound syrup of squills. 
 Dover's powder, 43, will answer well with the addition of a little 
 powdered licorice. Also 58 and 61. 
 
 Hernia. — Umbilical hernia occurs usually in young puppies 
 alone. As it is very didficult to adjust a bandage and compress so 
 as to restrain the hernia, we can only look to an operation for a 
 radical cure. Any good surgeon can do this without serious 
 danger. The operation consists in cutting down upon the sac, re- 
 ducing the hernia, removing the sac of peritoneum, and closing the 
 wound and opening by means of silver wire sutures. The sooner 
 the operation is performed after the discovery of the hernia, the 
 better ; all things being etjual. The knife should be used under 
 carbolic spray where it is possible. 
 
 Tumors and JVar/s. — Whether in the mouth or externally, all 
 warts may be removed when not of too great size, by the applica- 
 tion of a solution of chromic acid dissolved to saturation in water: 
 equal parts by weight will do (59). Apply a little sweet oil to the 
 parts around the wart to prevent the acid injuring them. A few 
 applications will be all sufficient. Galacial acetic acid will ofttimes 
 answer even better than chromic for warts in the mouth. If warts 
 are too large to remove in this way, they must be dissected out. 
 
 Tumors. — Tumors in the region of the neck and lower jaw are 
 best let alone until a surgeon has passed his opinion on them ; par- 
 ticularly if they seem to throb and b t. If they fluctuate they may 
 be lanced, which is best done with ..istniment known as a /ena- 
 tome. This should be thrust in as per the cut, carried in the direc- 
 tion of the dotted line and drawn out ; it should all be done with 
 one movement, and as quick as a flash. When lanced in this way 
 moderate abscesses heal much kindlier than when butchered with 
 a scalpel, thumb lancet, or bistoury. 
 
 Fatty tumors must be dissected out entire. Tumors containing 
 
534 " - DOGS USED FOR SPORT, w- - 
 
 clear fluid may be injected with iodine to destroy tiie sac. The 
 insertion of a seton, which is moved every day, is better. 
 
 Dress these wounds with 26 spread on a soft cloth. - < . 
 
 Bronchocele. — This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, 
 and is usually of but little moment in old animals. With puppies 
 it demands attention, or it will be likely to interfere with the res- 
 piratory apparatus. 
 
 Use Donivan's solution, No. 35 as directed. 
 
 Apply externally night and morning No. 60. 
 
 Vermin, — Vermin are easily eradicated by the use of the 
 
 Use of tenatome in lancing an abscess. A, blade of knife entered into the tu- 
 mor. BB, the dotted line shows the sweep that should be made in withdrawing it. 
 
 " Persian " and other insect powders when fresh. Those that are_ 
 valuable owe their efficacy to the Pyrethrum roseuni, or flowering 
 pyrethrum, which they contain. 
 
 You may also use soft soap with the addition of a few drops 
 of liquefied thymol. Be sure all parts are touched. 
 
 Tender feet. — Bathe with any mild astringent lotion. Look 
 out for thorns and for sinuses in the claws. See 62 or 63. 
 Brine will also answer .he purpose. .y 
 
 Gnawing the Feet.- -\x\o\n\. the toes with No. 25 or 2^, tar 
 ointment, or a mixture of tar and zinc ointment. If he still per- 
 sists, and the whip will not cure him of the habit, put him in 
 boots and muzzle. 
 
 *■ Emetics. — Both salt and ipecac are excellent emetics for dogs. 
 When y iu desire a speedy action, as in a case of poisoning, ad- 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 53$ 
 
 minister three grains of tlie yellow sulphuret of mercury, (Turpeth 
 mineral) ; if it does not act in five minutes, give a second dose. 
 Its action is both speedy, and certain, as well as safe; the vom- 
 itmg, moreover, is easy, and not attended with retching. 
 
 Disinfectants. — Solution of permanganate of potash, carbolic 
 or salycilic acid, etc., etc. See 64, 65, 66. Most of the disinfec- 
 tant powders are but carbolic acid mixed with some of the earths. 
 
 Chloride of liine in solution is very good about a kennel. 
 Brome chloralum is of no value. s 
 
 PRESCRIPTIONS AND FORMULA. 
 
 DOSES FOR ADULT DOGS. 
 (^See scale of doses at end of section Ant/ielmintics.) 
 
 No. I. 9. Areca Nut powdered, sixty grains. 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, six grains. 
 
 Mix. Divide into tliree powders. A powder to be talten three times a day on 
 three alternated days ; the morning of the day no i)owders are given, the dog is to 
 have a dose Sa or 8^. It is well to use a dose of tlie same previous to giving thd 
 powders. 
 
 No. 3. I^. Santonine, fifteen to twenty grains, 
 
 Quinine .Sulphate, si,\ grains, 
 Aloin (active principle of Aloes) one grain. 
 Powder and mix intimately, divide into three powders and administer In the 
 •ame manner as No. one. 
 
 No. 3. Q. Wormseed powdered, thirty grains, ''^ 
 
 'I'anacetum seed powdered, thirty grains, 
 
 Jalap powdered, six ijrains, 
 
 Sugar powcered, forty grains. 
 Make three powders. tJse as above. 
 
 No. 4. IJ. White Castile Soap powdered, thirty grains, 
 
 Tepid rain water, one quart. 
 Use as directed. 
 
 No. 5. ^. Koosin (active principle of Koosso), ten to twenty grains, 
 
 (Jive after a light meal ; follow with No. seven. 
 
 No. 6. 9. I, Bark of pomegranate root, one drachm, 
 
 3, Pumpkin seeds, eight grains, 
 
 3, Etherial ext. male fern, fifteen grains, . . 
 
 4, Powdered Ergot, eiglit grains, 
 
 5, Croton oil, one drop. 
 
 Boil I, 3, and 4 in water fifteen minutes and strain. Let it cool. Take two 
 drachms of powdered Gum Arabic and rub up the Croton oil with it and the malo 
 fern, form an emulsion with the decoction. Give at one dose. The worm will bs 
 expelled in the course of two or three hours. Follow with a dose of 9. 
 
 No. 6. IJ. Piconitrate of potassa. seven grains. 
 
 Jalap powdered, one drachm. 
 Extract of licorice sufficient to make thirty pills. Dos« i, three timet a 4»y. 
 A dose of No. 8« to be taken previously. ' .■ ^- • ■ 
 
536 
 
 DOGS USED FOA' SPORT. 
 
 No. 7. Laxativea, 
 
 3. Castor oil, two ounceo, . i--'. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, one drachm, ■.-.. 
 
 "■''•%-. Glycerine, four drachms, • ,-m|. •,,(; ,■.••.;!.■":'' 
 
 Syrup of oil of orange, two ounces. i;:, '.-t i ; 
 
 Mix. Shake well before using. Dose one to two tablespoonsful. • .j •"• 
 
 No. 8<t. 9. Best salad oil, two ounces, .v ■'',;:.■ 
 
 (3il of turpentine, two drachms, -'i 
 
 Oil of cinnamon, five drops. 
 
 Dose three-quarters to one and one-half tablespoonsful. 
 
 No. 8^. Q. Aloin, one grain, 
 
 Leptandrin, two grains, 
 Podophyllin, one and one-eighth grains. 
 Grain musk, one grain. 
 Mix. Take at one dose. An excellent laxative or condition powder. When 
 used for the latter purpose, add quinine one grain. Prortotes healthy action of 
 liver and digestion. 
 
 No. 9. Demulcents. 
 
 9. Mucilage gum acacia, two ounces. 
 Laudanum, one drachm. 
 Mix. Dose, one tablespoonful or less. Arrow root gruel, barley water, rice 
 gruel and elm tea all are excellent demulcents. 
 
 No. 10. Alteratives. 
 
 Q. Blue mass, ten grains, 
 
 Ext. of hyoscyamus, one-quarter grain. 
 Quinine, two grains. 
 Mix. Make one pill. "iso. is \^ a.n alterath'e sedative. 
 The following may be substituted with advantage for the above. 
 
 Calomel, six grains, 
 This to be mixed ( Rhubarb, six grains, 
 before added to the \ Powdered castile soap, two grains, 
 
 powder. ( Leptandrin, one grain. • • 
 
 ( Cubebs, one grain. 
 •■■.■:■. Podophyllin, one-quarter grain. • ' 
 
 "'* ~ " Powdered Jamaica ginger, hve to ten grains. 
 
 Mix. Take at one dose, follow with No. 8. This alone is an excellent con- 
 dition powder. 
 
 No. II. Sedative Sudorific Diuretic. 
 
 '^,, Tr. aconite root, eight to ten drops, 
 Bromide of potassa, twenty grains, 
 Sgittbbs' sweet spirits nitre, one-half ounce. 
 Water sufficient to make four ounces. Dose, tablespoonful. Where muriate 
 of ammonia is desired, substitute three-fourth drachm of it foi the bromide. 
 
 No. 12. Anti-Emetic Mixture and Sedative 
 
 1^. Fluid extract of valerian, 
 
 Hoffman's anodyne, each one dram, 
 Squii)bs' sweet spirits of nitre, eight drachms. 
 Acetate of morphme, one and one-half grains, , ..•; 
 
 Spirits de mendereris (ft esh) four drachms, " ' 
 
 Paregoric, one-half drachm, ' •• " * '.',,■ 
 
 Mix. Dose, one to two teaspoonsful. "^.•'".• 
 
 ■^'' - ■ •.. ■ ■■■" 
 No. 13. Sedative Enema. 
 
 9> Thin starch, mucilage or gruel, two ounces, '' '•^^'-' 
 
 Tincture of opium, ten to fifteen drops. 
 Mix. Use as injection as demanded, making fresh each time and using while 
 lukewarm. 
 
PKESC/ilPTWNS AND FORMULA,. 537 
 
 No. 14. Antl-Etnetic. 
 
 ^. Squibbs' sub-carbonat<; of bismuth, two to five grains. 
 
 Take at one dose. Two grains of musk or one-<iuarter grain of soapnia may be 
 added with advantage. N. 15. Bismuth should not be used when calomel has 
 been given, until it has operated thoroughly or exhaustively, except in severe 
 pneumonia. The effect then will do no harm, but be rather beneficial than 
 otherwise. 
 
 No. 15. Sedative Alterative. 
 
 '^. Calomel, six grains, 
 
 Powdered opium, one-half grain. 
 Mix. At a dose. 
 No. 16. Saline Aperient, 
 
 Rochelle salts, twenty grains, 
 Water, one ounce. 
 Essence lennn, two drops. 
 Mix. At a dose. Sugar may be added if desired. The essence of lemon cor- 
 rects the tendency to vomit the salts that occurs more frequently in dogs than 
 men. 
 
 No. 17. Alterative Tonic, 
 
 9. Quinine, one to two grains, 
 
 Leptandrin, one to two grains. 
 Mix, a single powder and dose. 
 
 17a. Sedative Alterative Astringent, 
 
 IJ. Oi)ium powdereil, five grains, 
 Leptandrin, ten grains. 
 Quinine, fifteen to twenty grains, 
 Tannic ac\d, thirty grains. 
 Mix. Divide into ten powders. Dose, one every 3, 4 or 6 hours as required. 
 17/'. Same as i-ja only substituting five to eight grains of sugar of lead for 
 Tannin, 
 
 No. 18. Alterative Antl-Diarrhoia and Dysenteric, 
 
 Bael or Bela. (Bengal Quince.) 
 When pure this will control the most severe form of dysentery. It will also 
 overcome constipation. Use in infusion, or as marmalade. If Kluid Extract is 
 used, the dose must be in accordance with that given by the manufacturer, reduced 
 one-quarter for the dog. This is the most satisfactory remedy in Materia Medica, 
 when properly prepared, and is harmless. 
 
 No. 19. Chronic Dysentery ; or Dysentery arising from 
 
 Ulceration of the Sowels. 
 
 ^. Iodine, one grain, 
 
 Tannic acid, ten grains. 
 Water, four ounces. 
 Mucilage acacia, one ounce. 
 Mi's. Dose, one-half to three-quarters teaspoonful every three or four hours. 
 
 Severe Diarrhcea of young puppies tvhen teething or suffering 
 
 from indigestion, 
 
 9« Calomel, thirty-six grains, 
 
 Ipecac, thirty-six grains, , . . 
 
 Prepared chalk, six drachms. 
 Sugar lead, one and one-half drachms. 
 Mix. Make powder. Dose, two grains to animal of ten months and under. 
 
 No. 30. Same as 13. - ' ■' •■ 
 
 No. 21. Anti-Colic. 
 
 ^. Fluid extract of wild vam. , 
 
 Dose, five to fifteen drops in thin syrup. ■ '■' 
 
 No. 33. Alterative Cathartic. '■'■ 
 
 9, Calomel six grains, ,: 
 
 {alap, uve grains, , vvJ>v" 
 
 .eptandrin, two grains, 
 Musk grained or powdered, three grains, 
 Jamaica ginger, ten grains. " " 
 
 .'*. i' 
 
53« 
 
 DOGS USED FOR bPORT. 
 
 No. 23. Eye Water. - '-^ 
 
 IJ. Sugar of lead, five to ten grains. '■ 
 
 Solve in rose or distilled water, one and one-half ounce 
 
 Wine of opium, one drachm. 
 Filter until clear. 
 No. 34. Same as 33. Substituting ten to fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc. 
 
 No. 35. Cmnjihor Ointment. 
 
 ^ J • .- ^. Camphor, powdered, ., 
 
 Sjiermaceti, ' ' ' ' ,, , 
 
 White wax, ' ' • . '. 
 
 Salad oil, of each equal parts. 
 Mix by aid of gentle heat ; the camphor to be first dissolved in oil. 
 
 No. 36. Simple cerate, two ounces, 
 
 Mercurial chalk, one drachm, , 
 
 Powdered (/ry white lead, twenty grains, 
 Powdered willow charcoal, twenty grains. 
 
 Mix on a slab, and thoroughly incorporate. In warm weather add sufficient 
 white wax to cerate to make it hard enough to spread on cloth. 
 
 No. 35 may be used instead of simple cerate if desired. 
 
 No. 37. To remove opacity of Cornea frotn the deposit 
 
 of salts of lead. 
 
 Use a weak solution of acetate of soda, when from salts of silver. 
 Use solution of hyposulphite of soda. 
 
 No. 38. Metallic Particles in the JEye. 
 
 Remove with a knife (scalpel) if possible. If so impacted as to be impossible 
 use the following colyria. 
 
 Iodine, one grain, 
 ..-; I - ■. Iodide potassa, ten grains, ,, : 
 
 Rose water, three ounces. Mix. 
 
 No. 39. Phosiihuretted Colyritim for ctire of Cataract, 
 
 Gradually restores transiJarency of crystalline lens. 
 IJ. Phosphorus, ten centigrammes. 
 
 Oil of sweet almonds, thirty grammes. 
 Dissolve in water bath at eighty degrees Centaur in a closed and full vessel. 
 Four grammes to be instilled between the eyelids three or four times a day. 
 Takes a month or six weeks to cure. 
 
 No. 30. To Itestore Orowth of Hair, 
 
 ^. Powdered muriate of ammonia, ten grains, 
 Camphor powdered, two grains. 
 Whipped lard perfumed to suit, one ounce. Mix. 
 
 Another 9. Bi-sulphide of mercury, one grain, 
 
 Cocoa butter, ten grains, . - 
 
 Whipped lard, thirty grains, 
 Mix. Perfume to suit. , ., . 
 
 No. 31. 1^. Muriate of ammonia. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate, each one grain, 
 
 Water, five hundred grains. Mix. ,,^,; .,-. ,. ■;l 
 
 Depnytrcus Pomade, - * 
 
 Another "^i. Powdered cantharides, one drachm, • '"'"■'* 
 
 Alcohol, one ounce. 
 Let digest for twelve days, shaking well and often ; then filter and add ten 
 parts of this to ninety of whipped lard. 
 
 Another 1}.. Tincture cantharides, one ounce, »..-v.- .. 
 
 Distilled vinegar, one and one-half ounce, i), •-> •'-■'''- 
 '"' Glycerine, one and one-half ounce, 
 
 ■^ ■' Spirits rosemary, one and one-half ounce, 
 
 ' ■ Rose water, eight ounces. Mix, 
 
 To be well sponged in twice each day. . ,»iiuCr 
 
PJiESCHJPTIONS AND FORMULA. 539 
 
 No. 3 J. 8h,in Diaeaaea. 
 
 Q. Sub-carbonate of potasiia, two drachms, » 
 
 Water, one ounce, . , • . 
 
 Olive oil. one-half ounce, 
 Camphor gum, two drachms, 
 
 Sublimed sulphur, Sve ounces. ■.; 
 
 Mix. Rub in well. 
 
 No. 33. WJtite Soap or Diluted Soft Soap, 
 
 Sublimed sulphur, equal parts. If white soap is used it should be melted and 
 the sulphur stirred in v.iiile hot. 
 
 Another ^. Sulph ■•et of lime, one-half drachm, , -. 
 
 Sweet < 1, two ounces. Mix. . >. . : -, ; - ■ '•■';!'. 
 
 No. 34. ( When ill others fail, use 
 
 Sulphuret of potassa, two ounces, 
 
 Water, one pint. Make solution. 
 
 9> Muriatic acid, two ounces, 
 Water, one pint. 
 
 Mix when ready to apply. :: ' 
 
 Mix equal parts of Nos. i and 3, and sponge the animal thoroughly. ' ^' 
 
 No. 35. ^, Donovan's solution, one and one-half drachms, ■"'' 
 
 Syrup (simple), one-half ounce, 
 Water to make four ounces. 
 
 Color pink, and mark jxjison. Dose, a teaspoonful three times a day for three 
 days; then a teaspoonful and one- fourth (fifteen drops) for three days. Increase 
 every ihird day one-fourth teaspoonful until four teaspoonsful (a large tablespoon- 
 ful) is taken three times per day. If the animal loses appetite, vomits, or shows 
 marked congestion of the eyes, reduce the dose and increase again slowly. If the 
 medicine has to be given any length of time, omit it for every tifth or sixth week, 
 commencing the new series of weeks with the second or third dose of the previous 
 series. Given in this way it acts beautifully as both tonic and alterative. N. B. 
 Do not ^ive at any time on an empty stomach. 
 
 No. 36. I^axative, Aperient Alterative, ." 
 
 9, Confection of senna, - 
 
 Confection of sulphur, equal parts. 
 Dose, teaspoonful or two as desired. 
 
 37. Black Wash. 
 
 ^. Calomel, one-half drachm, ■ J 
 
 Fluid ext. conium, two and one -half drachms, 
 Glycerine, one drachm, 
 Powdered gum Arabic, cne drachm. 
 Mix together in a mcrtar, and stir in one-half pint of lime water. Shake well 
 before using. Apply with soft sponge. 
 
 No. 38. Alterative. . ' 
 
 3- Iodide of potasisum, twenty-four grains, ... 
 
 Tincture coluniba, two ounces, ' ['[ 
 
 Fluid extract tanaxicun, one-half ounce, '■'•■ 
 
 Water and syrup to make four ounces. 
 Dose, a tablespoonful three or four times a day. 
 
 No. 39. Tonics, . ■ .. 
 
 1^. Sulphate of quinine, twenty grains, 
 .•:t»; i>^r: '.y.r, if, Queveenes iron, twenty to thirty grains, \ 1 
 
 Leptandrin, ten to twenty grains. ■" ,,-,%,.; 
 
 Mix. Make ten powders. One three or four times a day. 
 
 No. 40. 5. Aromatic sulphuric acid, one and one-half drachms, ' 
 Fluid ext. cinchona (red) Squibbs', onij-half ounce, 
 : Syrup one-half ounce, 
 
 Water sufficient to make four ounces, ■ :j 
 
 Dose, one-half table or a dessert spoonful three or fawr times a day. ,.^ , 
 
540 DOGS USED FOR SPORT. 
 
 No. 41. Muriatic acid dilute, forty minims, ; ' 
 
 Nitric acid dilute, forty minims, .., 
 
 Fluid extract of gonitan, three drachms, 
 Water to make four ounces. 
 
 Dose, tablespoonful three or lour times a day. 
 
 No. 43. Warner's pills, 
 
 lodoforn and iron, one hundred and ninety-two each. 
 Dose, one pill three times a day. 
 
 No. 43. Nervines. Auti-Spaantodle. 
 
 !9. Valerianate of iron, twenty grains, 
 
 Monobromate of camphor, ten grains, 
 
 Grained musk, fifteen grains. 
 Mix. Divide into ten powders. Dose, one four tintes a day. 
 
 No. 44. Valerianate of quinine, five grains, 
 
 Monobromate of camphor, ten grains, 
 
 Phosphide of zinc, five grains. 
 Mix. Divide into five powders, and give as 43. ■ 
 
 No. 45. Valerianate of zinc, ten to twenty grains. 
 
 Quinine, five^grains. 
 Make ten powders. Use as before. 
 
 No. 46. Hubbel's elixir of valerianate of ammonia. Dose, one-half to a tea- 
 spoonful as required. 
 
 No. 47. Lotion, 
 
 Powdered borax, one drachm, 
 
 Glycerine, four drachms, 
 
 Chloroform, one drachm. 
 
 Rose water, eight ounces. 
 Mix. Apply frequently with soft sponge. Rub in well. 
 
 No. 48. Alterative Tonic. 
 
 Fluid extract triticum repens. 
 Dose, fifteen drops to drachm for adult ; for puppies see scale of doses. 
 
 No. 49a. Sedative, Febrifuge Alterative, 
 
 ij. Norwood's tincture veratrum viride, ten to fifteen drops. 
 Muriate of amn.onia, one and one-half drachms, 
 Sweet spirits of nitre (Squibb,) one ounce, 
 Water to make two ounces. 
 No. 49^. Same as 49a, adding fifteen drops tr. aconite root. 
 
 No. 50. ^. Muriate of ammonia, ten gr.Tins, 
 
 (or sesqui-carbonate, eight grains), 
 
 Musk, four grains, 
 . ■■ (or Dover's powders, six grains), 
 
 Aloin, one-half grain. 
 Make one powder. Use every 3, 3, 4 or 6 hours as demanded. 
 
 No. 51. I^. Brandy or whisky, one ounce, 
 
 Sugar sufficient quantity. 
 
 Warm water, two ounces. ,, . 
 Mix. Use as enema. . * v 1 
 
 No. 53. Jjiniment, t^, . 
 
 Turpentine oil, two drachms, ,^ ... • ;. ! ' 
 
 Croton oil, two drachms, 
 
 Sweet oil, one ounce. 
 Rub in well over chest. Will cause an eruption which may be dressed with 
 Nos. 35 or 36. Keep clear of your hands as much as possible. 
 No. 53. 9. Camphor liniment, two ounces, 
 
 Chloroform, two ounces. •;'■' ,>,<. ■ , ' 
 
 Mix. Use as No. 53. -^ ■ 
 
 No. 54. Turpentine, thirty dropp, wi- .,o«; l- »^^t 
 
 Whipped egg, one dron, 
 
 Sujfar, one-half teaspronful. . » 
 
 Whip together. May be used in dost .« 01 half teaspoonful by mouth or diluted 
 with water by the rectum. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS FORMULA, 54 1 
 
 No, 55. Barh Tea. . "' • '^ 
 
 ^. Red Peruvian bark bruised, one ounce, 
 Senega bruised, one-half ounce. 
 Steep in one pint of water down to one-lialf pint, add one ounce of Squibb's 
 sweet spirits of nitre and two ounces oi fresh spirits of meiidereris (with an ex- 
 cess of ammonia). Dose, one-half to tablcspoonful every two to four hours. 
 
 No. 56. Alterative. ■•' ' , . ^. 
 
 ^. Muriate of ammonia, one drachm, 
 
 Fluid extract conium, ten minims, 
 
 Fluid extract eucalyptus, one and one-half drachms. 
 
 Syrup, one-half ounce, 
 
 Water to make one ounce. 
 Dose, teaspoonful three or four times a day or oftener. 
 
 No. 57. For Bar. 
 
 '^, Sulphate of zinc, twenty grains, ^. 
 
 Acetate of morphine, live grains, , ^ 
 
 Water, one-half ounce. 
 Dissolve thoroughly and filter ; then add glycerine one-half ounce. 
 
 No. 58. Cough Mixtures. 
 
 I. ]^. Paregoric, 
 
 Comp. syrup of squills, - . , ■ 
 
 Wine of ipecac, each equal parts. 
 Dose, one-half teaspoonful to teaspoonful. 
 
 a. 'S^. Fluid extract licorice, one ounce, 
 
 Fluid extract cubebs, twenty drops, 
 Muriate of ammonia, forty grains, 
 Syrup acacia to make two ounces. 
 Dose, tablcspoonful. 
 
 No. 61. 3.5. Nitro murintic acid diluted, twenty-five minims, 
 
 Fluid extract hyoscyamus, thirty minims, 
 
 Syrup ipecac, two drachms, 
 
 Tr. musk, two drachms. 
 
 Water to make two ounces. 
 Dose, tablcspoonful. 
 No. 59. Warts. 
 
 Chromic acid, ten grains. 
 
 Distilled water, ten to twenty grains. 
 
 No. 60. For Tumors. 
 
 5. Iodide of cadmium, one-half drachm, 
 Simple cerate, two ounces. 
 Mix. Apply once or twice each daj' to the bronchocele, rubbing in thoroughly. 
 
 No. 63. Solution of alum, one drachm to the pint. 
 
 No. 63. Solution of salt with the addition of a few drops (five or ten to 
 
 the pint) of oil of vitriol (commercial sulphuric acid). 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FORMULA. 
 
 Ijiniinent for Sprains, Uruises, etc. 
 
 Oil of origanum (pure) two to four drachms, 
 Oil of camphor, two drachms, 
 Liquor ammonia, one ounce, 
 vrr:- ■>■■■'*■*. Salad oil, two ounces. Mix. ■* 
 
 ■ Xiiniment for Colic and Obstinate Constipation. - "■ 
 
 9. Soap liniment, one ounce, *' 
 
 ; Tincture of aloes, one-half ounce. 
 
 - Apply with friction over abdomen. Half an hour later apply tincture of 
 digitalis. 
 
 So-called Canker of the Far dependent upon diseased bone. 
 
 No. I. Acetic acid, one hundred parts, ,, 
 
 Blue vitriol, ten parts, 
 
1 . 
 1 
 
 542 
 
 DoaS USED FOR SJ'OKT. 
 
 Sulphate of zinc, ten parts, 
 Sugar of lead, five parts. 
 Dilute one-half with water. M. NelatoH. 
 
 No. 3. Liquor of sub-acetate of lead, two parts, 
 
 Sulphate of zinc, one part, 
 
 Sulphate of copper, one part, 
 
 White wine vinegar, thirteen parts. 
 Lftt nothing be substituted for the vinegar. Druggists are in the habit of using 
 
 f)yroligneous acid in which the solution becomes a powerful caustic ; then the so- 
 ution when settled has a blue color. It should be green. 
 
 Khentnatic Uniment, 
 
 Chloral, 
 
 Camphor, each one drachm, 
 Tincture aconite root, one ounce, 
 Cajeput oil, three drachms. 
 Alcohol to make four ounces. 
 Apply with camel's hair pencil over seat of pain. > 
 
 Spnstnodic Asthtnain Dogs, ■ . J 
 
 Chloral hydrate, five drachms, 
 -I Bromide of potassa. two and one-half drachms, ',.■,,...♦'■ 
 
 Syrup of orange flowers, 
 
 Distilled water, each one ounce. ■: '' 
 
 Dose, one-half teaspoonful in two ounces of water every two hours. 
 
 Fleas, ' 
 
 A plentiful use of powder containing musk will usually eradicate fleas. " " 
 
 Scale of Dones for Dogs. Setters dnd Pointers. ■'-■-' 
 
 3 years of age full dose, , ' ^ 
 
 two-thirds, 
 
 one-half, V 
 
 one-third, 
 
 one-fourth, ■''■ 
 
 one-eighth, 
 
 one-twelfth. 
 
 A full dose will average two-thirds of the dose for human beings. Of some 
 drugs, as opium, calomel, aloes, jalap, etc., the dog will bear larger doses than 
 the human subject. Of emetics such as tartarized antimony, the dose must be 
 but half of that used for man. " Bollingkr." 
 
 Sweet Spirits of Nitre. 
 We wish to call attention to the giving of sweet spirits of nitre. The drug 
 usually sold under that name will certainly promote the action of the kidneys, but 
 is after all not only unfit to give to dogs, much less human beings, being strongly 
 acid, and farther, not being sweet spirits of nitre at all. We know of but one make 
 worthy of i)hysician's use, whether for man or beast. This is manufactured by Dr. 
 E. R. Squibb, of Brooklyn, New York. If you will procure a sample of this and 
 one of any other American manufacture and simply taste, you will be convinced. 
 You will find this preparation of a pale straw color, and furthermore is put up in 
 brown glass bottles. Any army or navy surgeon will tell you the same, as will any 
 educated pharmacist, unless he have pecuniary reason for otherwise stating. 
 
 Disinfectant for Kennels. 
 
 -, , ^. Tincture of camphor, three ounces, „•,... 
 
 '''- • Tincture of myrrh, three ounces, •'■ ' 
 
 . j , .■ ^. Soap liniment, two ounces, ....;\ 
 
 Galacial acetic acid, one hundred and sixty minims, 
 
 Oil of tar, one ounce. 
 Mix, adding in the above order and agitate thoroughly. Two tablespoonsful 
 agitated with a bucket of warm water and sprinkled aoout kennel or stable will 
 not only disinfect but assist in the extermination of vermin ; a teaspoonful added 
 to a pint of warm water, forms an excellent tar water, as well as deodorant, and 
 if such is used as an enema in a sick room — that of a typhoid fever patieut for in- 
 stance—will completely deodorize stools previous to their extra intestinal exist- 
 ence. This dilution will be found particularly valuable as an enema for dogs suf» 
 fering with diarrhoea or dysentery. As a general disinfectant it is unsurpassed. 
 
 i8 
 
 months 
 
 13 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 I 
 
* <* y. 
 
 . .t 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 GUNS AND AMMUNITION ; AND THEIR USES. 
 
 IN laying down specific instructions for the selection of guns 
 and rifles, with their appropriate charges and various kinds of 
 ammunition adapted to different localities, seasons, and varieties 
 of game, we do so with the positive conviction that our views and 
 opinions will be controverted at the outset by hundreds who may 
 differ with us and with each other ; just as they would be, if we 
 took a position diametrically opposite from that which we now take. 
 With this special plea, we will proceed ; simply premising that 
 what we print here h«is received the sanction of gentlemen of ven- 
 erable experience in the use of old time and modern implements 
 in all parts of America, on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, and 
 who are recognized by the sporting fraternity as reliable and 
 sufficient authority. 
 
 THE RIFLE. 
 
 All rifles divide themselves into two great classes, long range 
 and short range. Long range rifles are used as military weapons 
 for arming infantry, and as sporting weapons for hunting cariboo, 
 deer, antelopes, and other such timid game as will not allow of 
 near approach. Short range rifles are used as military weapons 
 for arming cavalry, and for general sporting purposes. The divis- 
 ion between the two may be taken at two hundred yards. Rifles 
 for match shooting may be used at both ranges ; but, from the 
 natural desire of all of us to accomplish the most difficult feats, 
 they are generally held to mean long range weapons. 
 
 The first rule we shall lay down is this : It is necessary to de- 
 cide whether you want a rifle for long or for short range. You can 
 select either, or both, but not both in the same rifle. One will not 
 
544 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 do the work of the other. A knowledge of this will save much 
 annoyance and some money. The first requisite of a short ran£,'e 
 rifle is, that you shall be able to hit any mark small enough to be 
 seen over what are technically called " hunting sights," with an 
 off-hand shot from the shoulder. Greater accuracy than this is not 
 needed. Such a rifle ought to shoot close enough to place a major- 
 ity of any number of shots within the following sized targets : 2- 
 inch ring up to fifty yards distance ; 4 in. do. 100 yards ; 6 inch 
 do. 1 50 yards, and 8 inch do. 200 yards. A good oflf-hand shot 
 can do this and fire very quickly, and his gun ought to be able to 
 shoot as close as he can hold it. Major H. W. Merrill, a grey old 
 army officer who has passed half his life in Florida and Texas, in 
 and out of the saddle, has laid down the following rules : 
 
 1st. To avoid shooting' over, a finer sight is always required at and about two- 
 thirds of the range, than at any other point of the range, (say within fifty to 
 eighty yards). 
 
 ad. The same uniform sight throughout the whole range will give no greater 
 error than the greatest standing error of the rifle. 
 
 3d. Hence knowing this, the same uniform sight throughout may always be 
 used, unless one requires a different sight in order to ^complish his purpose. 
 
 4th. In hunting, use the same fine or standard sight, within about the first 
 fifty and the last twenty-five yards of this range. And why ? because the standing 
 error of the rifle is so small within these limits, that it may be disregarded en- 
 tirely. At the greatest, it is only about one inch, and from thence to nothing at 
 the two point blanks. So much for sighting within the range. 
 
 5th. But, for different distances beyond the range, as 125, 150, etc., yards, use 
 a sight " coarser " and coarser, " the further off your game is." 
 
 To summarize, the fjormula for sighting seems to stand thus : 
 Coarse stxy near the piece, with a less coarse to fine at twenty yards, 
 (centre, p. b.,) thence finer to extra fine at sixty-six yards (there- 
 abouts and greatest error), thence less fine to fine at one hundred 
 yards (centre p. b.), thence coarser and coarser (beyond the range). 
 Of course different rifles, and the same rifle with different charges, 
 etc., produce different curves, or errors. Hence in general, learn 
 well by practice and study the deviations of your rifle along the 
 whole distance, and then (for close shooting) seek to so aim as to 
 correct them. .r 
 
 Good shooting, however, cannot be done without good ammu- 
 nition. Mr. E. A. Palmer recites in Forest and Stream : " My 
 method of loading cartridges is to fill the shell, leaving only space 
 enough to put in a thin cut wad of paste board, and not over Qne- 
 
THE RIFLE. 545 
 
 eighth of an inch in which to seat the bullet ; that leaves nearly 
 the whole length of the bullet in the rifling of the barrel when the 
 cartridge is in the chamber ; and if the bullet is the right size and 
 'properly patched, the patch will not be torn in putting the cartridge 
 into the chamber (or in the passage of the bullet from the shell into 
 the barrel when fired), if the gun is properly made and clean ; and 
 it will also straighten the bullet in the shell if it is a little loose, 
 owing to the short distance it goes into the shell. 
 
 " The pasteboard wad over the powder has its advantages and 
 its disadvantages. If the bullets fit the shells loosely, it prevents 
 the powder spilling out in carrying, if the bullet comes out, and it 
 also serves in a measure as a gas check and prevent^ in a measure 
 fire cut. But if the bullet is concaved much in the base, the wad 
 is liable to be forced into the hollow base of the bullet and go with 
 it. I have found the pasteboard wad, lubricator, and part of the 
 patch at eight hundred yards from the firing place, lying beside or 
 sticking to the bullet, and in one instance, part of a dry pasteboard 
 wad, when no lubricator was used, was found sticking to the bul- 
 let ; the bullet was shot into snow at five hundred yards. I never 
 use lubricator of any kind when I want to do fine shooting, but use 
 a dry paper patch and wipe the gun clean and dry after every shot. 
 
 " Another very important item is the composition of the bullet, 
 which must be of a hardness in proportion to the amount and 
 strength of the powder used. A bullet that would be hard enough 
 to use with seventy grains of powder and shoot well, would be good 
 for nothing to use with a charge of one hundred or one hundred 
 and ten grains. It would be upset so it would take the rifling be- 
 yond the patch, unless the bullet was patched the whole length. 
 Fix upon some particular brand of powder that you can always 
 get, and the quantity to be used for your charge, then make some 
 bullets, weighing the lead and tin (if tin is used to harden),* mak- 
 
 * Hardened Balls. — The composition generally used to make a hard ball, is one- 
 half tin to four of lead, Some authorities state that a fractional portion of anti- 
 mony is useful, but we should think, that any projectile similar in composition to 
 type metal would be too brittle. Quite a leading writer on this subject states 
 that balls will harden by dropping them while hot in fat, buffalo-tallow being 
 preferred, but we regard this as empirical, and resting on no sound chemical or 
 physical basis. Some English elephant-hunters have used projectiles of lead 
 with a steel poiat, but these have fallen into disuse from the want of accuracy in 
 their flight. .','..- -^'. . ; " / ■ i" ..' : . ::i . ., .»' r:';^" ' -i 
 
546 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 ing a note of the proportions ; load some shells with your standard 
 charge of powder ; patch the bullets carefully, wetting the patch 
 
 The use of hardened balls and the advantages to be derived from them, Is a 
 much more complex subject than would seem apparent at fir t siffht. A promi- 
 nent English writer statts, " that a hardfMit^d hall in striking a bone, when prop- 
 erly made, should tlalten against the bone (of the animal) without boring through 
 it, while at the same time it must retain enough of its round form to obviate any 
 chance of the increasing distance offered to the larger surface stopping its way, 
 and therefore preventing its penetrating far enough." Here then are two difficul- 
 ties, which apparently militate against one another, the ball must crush the bone, 
 and still have i)owef sufficient to seek a vital point further on. We think this 
 most intelligent writer overlooks somewhat the important subjects of range and 
 velocity, which we think are vital to the subject. If it be smashing of the bones 
 which is required, we should suppose that a hardened ball, shot at close range, 
 with its high velocity, would least accomplish the purpose desired, for it is at a 
 close range only that elephants, lions and tigers are shot. The advantage to be 
 derived from a hard ball in breaking Irenes, or stunning the animals which it 
 strikes, would then we suppose be best effected at a slow velocity. 
 
 A curious question entering here, is that of the vitality of animals, or the 
 lasting powers they possess to resist when seriously wounded. The Cervi readily 
 succumb, while the difficulty of killing a member of the feline race has passed 
 into a proverb. This distinction of the staying power may even be found in 
 man, for it is a well known fact that an Anglo-Saxon is twice as hard to kill as a 
 Chinese. Hard balls are usuful in the two extreme cases, where the bony portion 
 of the animal is in large proportion to the fleshy case of the animal, as in th** 
 moose and eastern buffalo, and of course, where the bones are covered with a huge 
 mass of flesh, as in the elephant. For lions and tigers, hardened bullets are not 
 as useful as the ordinary ball. 
 
 Certainly the great object in using any projectile is to have the animal struck 
 by it to die as quickly as possible. Perhaps the most unsatisfactory thing we 
 know of, is to shoot a moose, and certain that he is wounded mortally, to be 
 forced to follow him a whole day before finding him dead. In shooting lions and 
 tigers, of course the preset vation of the hunter's own life is to be thought of. 
 
 Explosive Shells. — The question of hard balls is likely to be silenced shortly 
 and forever by the use of explosive shells, an instrument first introduced by 
 Colonel Jacob, of the East India service, thirty years ago. To-day, sportsmen in 
 the East are using them against the large game, and with notable success. We 
 should think our friends in California might use explosive shells most advanta- 
 geously in their combats with the grizzly bear. This explosive bullet, which is a 
 combination of a rim-fire metallic cartridge, with a hollow bullet, was invented 
 independently by General M. C. Meigs, U. S. A., and L. H. Mead, jr., U. S. A., 
 now deceased. L. H. Mead says: 
 
 " We carried the shells in Colorado, California, and Central America, and 
 finding them a sure thing for ordinary game, had them manufactured by the 
 Union Metallic Cartridge Company, at Bridgeport. Lieutenant Carpenter, of 
 the Hayden exploring expedition, while in Sierra Madre, fired a .50 calibre, sev- 
 enty grain United States Government cartridge at a thousand pound grizzly, in a 
 Remington rifle, at one hundred and forty yards range. The four hundred and 
 fifty grain bullet containing a .22 calibre long pistol cartridge with seven grains 
 
•i 'V. h '. ' THE RIFLE - -^ ^••- ' 54/ 
 
 quite w^t in the mouth, and draw it on as tight as you can without 
 tearing, and stici< the edge down with mucilagf, using as little gum 
 as possible. Do not attempt to seat the bullets until they are per- 
 fectly dry, then shoot them into a snmv bank ; they (V'ill penetrate 
 it from three to six feet, according to its density, when they can be 
 readily dug out, and if they do not hit anything harder than snow, 
 they will be found as perfect as when they left the gun. If they 
 are upset so as to show the groove one-half or five-eighths of an 
 inch they are about the right temper ; but if they are upset more 
 they are too soft, and if n^ as much they are too hard, and more 
 or less tin should be used ; when casting bullets stir the metal 
 often. 
 
 " Then the size of the bullet is another point to be attended to. 
 If it is too large it is apt to bind in the grooves of the gun in in- 
 serting the cartridge, and tear the patch ; and if too small and is 
 loose in the shell, it is liable to slide a little toward the muzzle if 
 the gun is held muzzle downward, and also to be driven forward 
 a little by the blaivof the firing-bolt upon the cap before the charge 
 is ignited. All these little things make a difference in the shoot- 
 ing and help to produce unaccountable misses. The same care 
 and nicety should be observed in loading each and every cartridge 
 as would be required in loading the most elaborate muzzle loader." 
 
 Another important requisite to successful shooting, as may be 
 gathered from what has been already said, is that the ball should 
 have sufficient impinging surface to give a severe shock to and stun 
 the game fired at. This requires a large calibre for small game. 
 
 of powder, exploded in the brain and tore off the top of the skull, killing him 
 Instantly." They can be carried in the pockets with safety. We would not 
 advise their use in a Winchester rifle. 
 
 Point Blank.—'" The point blank is the point at which the line of sight inter- 
 sects the trajectory. Strictly speaking, the line of sight intersects the trajectory 
 at two points ; but in practice the second intersection is only considered. This 
 distance is called the point blank distance. The natural point blank corresponds 
 to the natural line of sight ; all other point blanks are called artificial point 
 blanks. In speaking of the point blank of a piece, the natural line of sight is sup- 
 posed to be horizontal. In the British service the point blank distance is the dis- 
 tance at which the projectile strikes the level ground on which the carriage 
 stands, the axle of the piece being horizontal." 
 
 Thus we see that the natural point blank is at a distance which is constant and 
 fixed for any piece of ordnance, the charge remaining the same, and is a measure 
 of the power of the piece. i?.'j ^x-^ =' ■■'. • ■ .i ■- ;.':-.:t';i 'ro- .a- '-i. <.:'-if -.''<:> 
 
548 FOREST, FIELD, AA'D PRAIRIE. 
 
 The sportsman will have no difficulty in finding- a number of 
 different rifles in the market, which will answer the requisite of 
 accuracy within the conditions above laid down. To get a rifle that 
 does not require the use of an elevating back sight above one hun- 
 dred and fifty, or even one hundred yards, we shall not find easy. 
 The reason of this is, that military ''ifles, which are long range, are 
 so fashionable that makers of so-called sporting rifles follow the 
 proportions of powder and projectile, and the rate of twist best 
 suited for long range, but quite unsuitable for short range. For 
 long range we want as small a bore dl? possible, as long a projec- 
 tile as possible, and a very quick twist, to give enough velocity of 
 rotation to keep the elongated projectile end foremost, and as much 
 powder as the small bore will burn. The result is a moderate ini- 
 tial velocity ; but owing to the small surface exposed to the resist- 
 ance of '^^he air, the momentum of the heavy projectile, a very long 
 range. 
 
 Now, for a short range rifle we require the very opposite of all 
 this. We want as large a calibre as possible, so as to make a big 
 hole in our game ; as large a charge of powder as possible, to give 
 a high velocity, wiuhout which we cannot have a low trajectory. 
 This also requires a short projectile, to diminish the friction on the 
 grooves, and a short projectile requires a slow twist. The length 
 of the rifle barrel must be shorter, which also diminishes friction. 
 To reduce these proportions to practice, we find that the Creed- 
 moor long range rifle and its ammunition have the following pro- 
 portions : Weight of rifle, lo pounds; weight of projectile, 550 
 grains (ratio 1-6), we ht of powder, 90 grains ; twist, i in 20 
 inches; calibre, 44-100, length of ball, 1.6-10 inches, length of 
 barrel, 30 inches. A short range rifle, suited for deer, bears, 
 buffalo, etc., should have the following : Weight of rifle, 9 pounds ; 
 weight of projectile, 320 grains (ratio \) ; weight of powder, 80 ; 
 twist, I in 48 inches; calibre, 55-100; length of projectile, f inch; 
 length of barrel, 24 inches. For smaller game, such as turkeys, a 
 calibre of 35-100 will answer, and the length or weight of ball, 
 charge of powder, etc., will be reduced in proportion. 
 
 The difference in the practical operation of the two rifles will be 
 this : With the long range weapon, if you have your range within 
 A very few yards, ani elevate your back sight accordingly, you can 
 
THE RIFLE. 549 
 
 make accurate shooting at all ranges. But if yo >,'sjudge your 
 distance at all, or even if you know it and have n(,>. je to elevate 
 your back sight to its proper height, you will certainly either shoot 
 over or under your game. With a short range rifle proportioned 
 as we have described, the drop of the ball, owing to its great veloci- 
 ty, is so little, there is absolutely no judging of distance required. 
 Whether you are at twenty-five, fifty, seventy-five or one hundred 
 yards, all you have to do is to draw a little coarser bead the farther 
 off your game is. Practice will soon show you how much. Your 
 ball should not deviate more than a couple of inches above or be- 
 low, and this does not exceed the limit of accuracy heretofore laid 
 down. 
 
 The faults of modern American breech-loading rifles intended 
 for sporting use are : i — not large or heavy enough projectile to 
 make a disabling wound on an animal as large as an old buck deer. 
 2 — not enough velocity of ball, owing to too little powder being 
 used, and too great friction resulting from an unnecessarily quick 
 twist. The muzzle-loading hunting rifles that were made twenty 
 or thirty years since avoided the second of these faults. Their 
 calibre was smaller than we should now use ; but the reason was, 
 that in those days a hunter had to prepare his own ammunition, 
 and he liked tr make it go as far as possible. There is one other 
 point that deserves mention. Shall we choose a single loading 
 rifle, or a repeater, that carries a magazine of cartridges ? Now, 
 it is very clear that there are many advantages in a repeater, like 
 the Winchester or the new Evans rifle, and the only question is, 
 whether there are any disadvantages, due to the greater compli- 
 cation of the weapon, sufficient to counterbalance the admitted 
 advantages. 
 
 Mr. Omohundro, of Virginia better known as " Texas Jack," 
 nas strongly recommended th^ 3t edition of the Winchester 
 rifle. The earlier ones were very apt to get out of order at criti- 
 cal moments, their pet vice being the tilting of the ball just as it 
 entered the breech, whence arose jammings and rammings. Apart 
 from this, they were most pleasant and ha' dy tools. The ease 
 with which this arm is loaded and fired, almost takes it out of the 
 category of " arms of precision," and reduces it to that of the slug- 
 carrying " --ratter gun." It is a very good deer gun, but for griz- 
 
 \ 
 
550 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 zlies and animals that kill hard, the charge of powder is very small, 
 and consequently the driving power not very great. Like the 
 " feather weight " of the prize ring, it puts in its " taps " rapidly 
 and often ; but we think the animal has the least chance with the 
 ponderous bone smasher, with its heavy charge of powder and ball, 
 whose first blow tells. An old expert says : 
 
 In hunting on the plains and in the Rocky Mountain country — 
 and the best big game hunting for the rifle, is west of the Missouri, 
 and not east of the Alleghanies- I have found that one hundred 
 yards v/as a short range compared to most of the distances at 
 which game is killed. I have hunted deer from the Wind River 
 Mountains in northwestern Wyoming Territory to the extreme 
 southwestern part of New Mexico, and my experience has been, that 
 most of the deer I have shot myself, or seen shot by others, were 
 killed over one hundred yards, and many over two hundred yards 
 (measured, for always when I can, I pace off the distance). I re- 
 fer more particularly to black-tail deer, as the white-tail deer keep 
 more in the timber, or in the thickets along the stream bottoms, 
 and are therefore shot generally at shorter distances. I mean the 
 black-tail of the hunters in the Rocky Mountain country {Cervis 
 Macrovis) called by naturalists the mule deer, and not Cervis 
 Columbiantis, the black-tail of the naturalists, which is found 
 farther west than the Rocky Mountains. (By the way, what im- 
 pertinence and presumption on the part of eastern naturalists to 
 try and dictate to us about the names of these deer, and to call the 
 black-tail the mule deer, and the Columbia River deer the only 
 true black-tail.) One of my rifles, which I used for hunting in 
 the Far West, a Springfield, fifty calibre resighted, restocked, etc., 
 by a western gunsmith, is so sighted that its point blank range is 
 over one hundred and fifty yards, as most of the game at which I 
 used it, especially antelope, were shot from one hundred and fifty 
 to three hundred yards. The farthest 1 ever killed an elk dead, 
 was four hundred yards (which I paced). I have seen many 
 hunters on the plains have their rifles so sighted as to have a point 
 blank of nearly two hundred yards, thus making a very good rifle 
 for antelope or elk. Elevating sights are an abomination and a 
 delusion, on a hunting rifle. 
 
 Guns to carry Ball. — In the timber, where game is shot at 
 
SHOT GUNS. 
 
 551 
 
 short distances, a strong double gun is a formidable arm when 
 loaded with one ball and one buck shot cartridge. The ball may 
 be relied upon for ten rods, and at a still longer range with slight 
 elevation, and for snap shots at running game, will do fatal work 
 about as often as a rifle. The round ball is considered as more 
 immediately destructive than any other. The blow is very power- 
 ful, and the " shock " to the animal consequently great, while the 
 flesh and skin will hardly close over the wound to retard bleeding. 
 It is claimed that large game will succumb more rapidly to the 
 ragged crush of such a large ball, and save many a mile of trailing 
 or the loss of game. There are many long arduous tramps taken 
 after large game, when every ounce is to be well considered in 
 arranging packs, and when but one gun can be carried, the use of 
 ball in double guns may enable a hunter to decide upon taking a 
 gun that will bring ducks, spruce grouse, etc., to the larder. Round 
 ball cartridges may be prepared in the same way as shot cartridges, 
 with a wad over the powder, but none on the ball, simply creasing 
 the shell deeply over it, to keep it firm. 
 
 Shot Guns. — While the muzzle-loading rifle may be said to still 
 hold its own with the breech-loader, as proved by the long range 
 tests at Creedmoor and elsewhere, as well as in the field, the muz- 
 zle-loading shot gun has had to defer to the breech-loader. The 
 advantages are so much with the latter, especially in wing shoot- 
 ing, that we shall confine our few remarks to it exclusively. There 
 are so many makers of excellent guns both English and American, 
 (which are chiefly in use in this country,) that in attempting a 
 selection of the best, comparisons as to their merits become invid- 
 ious and fruitless of satisfactory conclusions. 
 
 By the way, we may remark, in passing, that those who are 
 endeavoring to fix a date from facts, for the period of perfection in 
 the use of firearms for sporting purposes, will be greatly assisted 
 by a small Italian work, entitled " Eccellcnza della Caocia de 
 Cesare Solatto Romana," printed at Rome, in 1669. The author 
 states, that at the time he wrote, the art of shooting on the wing 
 had been known in Rome about eighty years, so that it may be 
 taken for granted that in Italy sportsmen began to shoot on the 
 wing about 1589. It is therefore natural to suppose that about the 
 same period ♦' at practice became tolerably general on the conti- 
 
552 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 nent of Europe. It is a remarkable fact, which can be verified by 
 reference to the collection of arms in the Tower of London, that 
 the periods of excellence in the manufacture of arms have been in- 
 termittent, and that modern superiority seems to have been merely 
 the revival in great part, of what at sundry previous times would 
 appear to have been almost a lost art. 
 
 In the purchase of guns sportsmen must be governed by their 
 pecuniary resources ; and as all cannot afford to purchase the 
 highest priced English guns which cost at least two hundred and 
 fifty dollars in our markets, including their fixtures, they naturally 
 inquire if an American gun equally good cannot be bought at a 
 price much less. Undoubtedly, we have as competent gunsmiths 
 here as any abroad, and inasmuch as most of the materials used 
 by them are of foreign production, imported in a crude state, it is 
 reasonable to suppose that they can be and are perfected and em- 
 bodied in the completed gun at a much less expense than the 
 imported gun would cost. Such a gun, when obtained, is a treas- 
 ure. But it happens that a great many inferior low priced guns 
 are placed upon the market under the pretentious titles of " Stub- 
 twist," " laminated steel," " Damascus," and the like,* retailing 
 at from thirty to seventy dollars ; so that one is liable to be de- 
 ceived unless he is a good judge. The only safety in purchasing, 
 therefore, is to obtain reliable counsel, and to deal with honest and 
 responsible parties. 
 
 Inasmuch as good muzzle loaders can be bought at very low 
 prices, there is a prevalent disposition to have them altered to 
 breech-loaders, for the sake of convenience and safety ; but we 
 would not advise this change except in special cases, as the expense 
 of altering will nearly equal the additional cost of a new breech- 
 loader. Choice of guns depends upon the habits and quests of the 
 shooter. For a man who shoots but little, and seldom on the wing 
 a muzzle-loader is as good as need be required. For a man who 
 wants a general service gun, for field, cover and trap shooting, 
 a breech-loading gun of eight and a half pounds weight, thirty 
 inch barrels, and ten gauge is the proper tool. It will answer 
 
 * In the twist barrel the lines run with perfect regularity ; the laminated bar- 
 rel being hammered, the surface presents- an irregular appearance. In a stub 
 twist barrel the material is rolled as in Damascus or laminated, but less twisted 
 The common twist is made of inferior metal and scraps, but is also twisted. 
 
 
GUA'S. 
 
 553 
 
 for snipe, grouse, hares, turkeys and clucks, and for deer, when 
 loaded with buck-shot. However, a No. 12 gauge is serviceable 
 enough, the odds against it being merely that it will not stand so 
 heavy a charge as a ten gauge, and of course will not bag the 
 game shot at, as often or as easily as the other. For wild fowl 
 shooting, use a gun from nine and a half to ten pounds weight, 
 thirty-two inch barrels, and ten gauge. For " point shooting," on 
 the Chesapeake Bay and similar places, a fourteen pound, five to 
 eight bore, single gun, is the most effective. 
 
 Guns for natural history specimens should be sixteen bore, and 
 twentv-six inch barrel ; load with mustard shot and a half drachm 
 of powder. No gun will do itself justice or give proper execution 
 unless it is properly loaded. Correct loading used to be acquired by 
 careful observation and practice ; but now we have a table of pro- 
 portionate charges for different gauges, which has been prepared 
 by Major H. W. Merrill, United States Army, to whom all inexpe- 
 rienced sportsmen owe a large debt of obligation. The table, 
 which is herewith given, is based upon the rule that " The propor- 
 tionate charges of shot guns of different bores are to each other in 
 the ratio of the area of their bores." 
 
 TABLE OF PROPORTIONATE CHARGES OF SHOT-GUNS OF DIFFERENT 
 GAUGES FROM NO. 4 TO 16 INCLUSIVE. 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 >3 
 
 ^r 
 
 i^ 
 
 Loads 
 shot nea 
 
 
 
 
 2"^ 
 
 ~r.o8 
 
 ^ 
 
 3.45 
 
 7 1 -3d 
 
 ^\ 
 
 9*^ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9137 
 
 2 7-16 oz. 
 
 534 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 •99 
 
 7693 
 
 3.06 
 
 6 i-5d 
 
 3 1-16 oz. 
 
 449 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 •93 
 
 6783 
 
 1.83 
 
 53^d 
 
 t% oz. 
 
 397 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 .89 
 
 6277 
 
 i.b7 
 
 5d 
 
 1 13-16 oz. 
 
 364 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 .85 
 
 5053 
 
 I-5I 
 
 \^^ 
 
 iX oz- 
 
 329 
 
 
 * 
 
 9 
 
 .83 
 
 5375 
 
 1.4' 
 
 43^d 
 
 I 7-16 oz. 
 
 307 
 
 
 
 :o 
 
 •79 
 
 4398 
 
 1-3' 
 
 4d 
 
 I 5-16 oz. 
 
 386 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 .76 
 
 4S3I 
 
 1. 31 
 
 3 2 -3d 
 
 I 3- 1 6 oz. 
 
 364 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 •73 
 
 4176 
 
 1. 13 
 
 3 «-3d 
 
 i>i oz. 
 
 344 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 .7« 
 
 3956 
 
 1.06 
 
 3 i-sd 
 
 I 1-16 oz. 
 
 331 
 
 
 Unit of 
 
 14 
 
 .69 
 
 3736 
 
 I. 
 
 3d 
 
 I oz. 
 
 318 
 
 T? .'s 
 
 measure. 
 
 '5 
 
 .67 
 
 3516 
 
 0.94 
 
 3 4-5d 
 
 .15-16 oz. 
 
 303 
 
 s, ....-d 
 
 3 4-5 drs. 
 
 16 
 
 .65 
 
 3328 
 
 0.86 
 
 3 3-5d 
 
 .14-16 oz. 
 
 iSS 
 
 shot No. 6. 
 
 Note. — The unit of measure is three drachms of powder and one ounce of shot 
 for a No. 14 gun. 
 
 The charges given are not too light for small game within forty- 
 five or fifty yards ; for young boys they are too heavy, and may be 
 reduced one-fourth. The Major advises that beyond fifty yards, 
 24 
 
554 FOREST, FIELD, AND PR A IK IE. 
 
 for large game, ducks, turkeys, geese, deer, etc., the charges be in- 
 creased according to the powers of the gun and the ends to be ac- 
 complished. Some persons will say, and quite truly, that all guns 
 of the same bore do not call for the same amount of ammunition. 
 They are exceptions to the general rule ; load them to suit their 
 peculiarities. Very light guns, with large bores, may not shoot 
 pleasantly, from too much recoil ; load them less, but at the ex- 
 pense of penetration and wounded game. Cheap guns with rough 
 barrels, and rusty or dirty guns, may kick too much with these 
 loads. These, with all other nondescript and unduly proportioned 
 guns, are excepted from the general rule. This presupposes fair 
 guns only. Very diverse results with good guns may be brought 
 about by having the powder disproportionate to the shot and con- 
 versely ; using very coarse and very fine powder, also very coarse 
 and very fine shot ; by employing more or less wads varying in di- 
 ameter and thickness, and setting them home upon the charge with 
 different pressure or ramming; by holding the; gun, when dis- 
 charged, firmly to the shoulder or otherwise, etc. Now, if all these 
 items control the shooting, does it not follow thai to load a gun ac- 
 curately for all purposes requires many experiments, good judg- 
 ment, and even great skill } 
 
 Choke-Boring. — There have been many crucial tests of choke- 
 bored guns against smooth-bores, both in this country and England, 
 but the advocates of one and the other do not seem wholly satis- 
 fied with the exhibit as deciding their respective merits. The ad- 
 vantages of choke-boring under certain conditions of field shooting 
 are certainly conceded. The effect of choke-boring is to increase 
 the iTectiveness of the gun at long range. If we did a/l of our 
 shooting at very long range, we. would be induced to use a choke- 
 bored gun, or at all events, to have the barrel choke-bored ; but 
 for our own customary service we prefer a gun not choked, for the 
 reason that we have found that the Kay concentrating cartridges 
 produce the effect that is claimed for the choke-bores. Thus we 
 have the choice, at all times, between the straight and the choke, 
 which gives us an advantage in shooting which we should not have 
 if restricted to the one or the other. Mr. A. G. Dole, a veteran 
 sportsman of fifty years' practice, says very truly, in a letter to the 
 "Rod and Gun" ']ox!irr\aX\ . 
 
GUNS. 
 
 555 
 
 " There are but very few choice guns made in this age, either 
 in this or foreign countries, which may not be called choke-bores, 
 for the calibers of the barrels are smaller at the muzzle than they 
 are at the breech. If any person doubts this statement, let him 
 apply the calipers to the Parker, Remington, Schaefer, Tonks, Scott, 
 Greener and other guns. I am inclinea to think that there are many 
 persons who have guns of recent make and good shooters, and who 
 call their guns straight-bores, would find them to be, on close in- 
 spection, choke-bores. The true principle of choking, I think, is to 
 have the taper as long, as gradual and in as perfect a circle as pos- 
 sible, and terminating some half-inch from the extreme end of the 
 barrels, being careful to avoid all abruptness in the beginning and 
 end of the choke, and leaving a perfect surface. I regard 1-16 of 
 an inch as the extreme choke for any gun ; I prefer 1-32 of an inch. 
 As I almost uniformly discharge the right barrel first, I have this 
 barrel choked a trifle less than the left." 
 
 The Use of Firearms. — We enjoin upon all sportsmen a care- 
 ful observance of the following rules in handling guns, which are 
 given by a prominent member of the New York State Sportsmen's 
 Association : 
 
 1st — Never in excitement nor in fun point it towards any human being. 
 
 ad— Never carry it so that if accidentally discharged it would endanger the life 
 of a dog even. 
 
 3d — Always think, when walking, which way your gun is pointed, and if a com- 
 panion is in the field with you, no matter how near and how temptingly the game 
 appears, do not shoot until you know just where he is, and that a stray shot may 
 not possibly strike him, for one little pellet is sufficient to destroy an eye forever. 
 
 4th — Never get into a wagon without taking the cartridges from the gun. 
 
 5th — Never get over a fence without either taking the cartridges out, or placing 
 the gun through the fence on the ground, so that if you fall or the fence breaks it 
 cannot be discharged'. 
 
 6th — Always carry the gun at half-cock. 
 
 7th — Never let the hammers rest on the " plungers," or pieces which strike the 
 cap. 
 
 8th — Never try to close it when the hammers are down. 
 
 gth — Never get in front of it yourself. If you see you are about to fall, drop the 
 gun so the muzzle will bt from you. Occasionally a cartridge will stick after it has 
 been fired. A stout thin blade of knife will generally extract it, if not remo7<c the 
 other cartridge, and then cut a straight stick and poke it out from the muzzle, but 
 even then don't place your body in front of it, but content yourself with using the 
 hand. 
 
 loth — After firing one barrel, take the cartridge from the other and examine tlie 
 wad over the shot to t>ee that it is not loosened by the concussion as it very fre- 
 
556 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 quently is, which would produce a heavy recoil, and if it gets up the barrel, will 
 burst the gun and likely take a hand off besides, 
 
 I ith — Never take hoUl of the muzzle to draw it toward you, nor set it up, when, 
 if falling its muzzle would be toward you. 
 
 Finally, follow all these suggestions and be self-possessed, and the fields will 
 afford you sport without danger, and 1 hope without temptation. 
 
 HINTS FOR SOUTHERN SHOOTING. 
 
 For all but boat shooting, guns to be used under the hot sun 
 that, even in winter, falls on the Southern fields with a fierce heat, 
 should be light, and of not too large bore, to economize weight of 
 ammunition. 
 
 A rifle should be short, and one chosen that will in opening be 
 free from long levers that may catch in bridle reins, will avoid an- 
 noyance. For alligators and panthers, the Mead explosive ball is 
 unequalled, and its use increases very materially the chances of so 
 shocking and stunning those tenacious animals as to recover them 
 at once. All the talk of a ball glancing harmlessly from their scales 
 may have been true years ago, but the modern rifle carries its mis- 
 sile through the scales and skull, and penetrates any part of the 
 animal, even at long range. 
 
 For all but the " gator," the shot gun is the convenient arm. 
 Deer are usually "jumped " and shot bounding through the large 
 leaves of low palmetto, and at all times one load of fine shot is 
 needed for quail, snipe and plumage birds, that ar^ constantly flut- 
 tering up. For this reason, on account of the miscellaneous char- 
 acter of the game, where one is liable at any time to meet deer, 
 quail, panthers, snipe, bears, ducks, or wild cattle, which are more 
 dangerous than any other animal, as they are likely to charge a 
 foot-man at sight (a horseman is safe), we have aKvays been per- 
 sistent in recommending the Baker three-barrel gun, notwith- 
 standing the prejudice against combination arms. It is very light 
 and handy, and always prepared for the exigencies of the chase. 
 The rifle barrel occupies the place taken up by a ramrod in the 
 ordinary muzzle-loader. The gun has two shot barrels 12-gauge, 
 and one rifle barrel 44 calibre. Central fire, one extractor with- 
 drawing all three shells. Weight of gun eight and three-quarter 
 pounds. The rifle is apt to shoe, truer than the ordinary sporting 
 rifle, because it lies under the shot barrels, the tendency of all rifle- 
 
HINTS FOR SOUTHERN SHOOTING. 55/ 
 
 men bcinj^ to overshoot. Wild turkeys are hard to kill, but often 
 an expert caller will bring them so near that missing them is 
 needless, and the use of a wire cartridge of large shot in one barrel 
 will do all that can be to insure success in getting this superb bird, 
 which is a far finer trophy, and more difiicult to obtain than any 
 that tempts the sportsman from his camp while the day has not 
 dawned. 
 
 In following a wounded deer on the trail, remember that as a 
 general rule all wounded animals will travel the easiest paths and 
 those requiring the least exertion. Always let a wounded deer lie 
 down and " get sick " before following in the trail. The time con- 
 sumed will not be wasted. The quality of the blood, whether it be 
 bright red or dark, and the way it lies upon the trail, will indicate 
 whether the animal is hit in a vital part. The tracks will also help 
 often in this, and should inform you whether the animal is fat or in 
 poor order. If following a wounded bear and you have reason to 
 know where he is, do not approach on the trail, for he is watchful 
 that way, but circle and approach from another direction, and if 
 possible against the wind. 
 
 In still hunting or trail following, remember that you can not 
 go too watchfully, carefully or slow. Go slow, sit down often, 
 don't shoot if by yourself until you get a dead shot ; don't be 
 afraid to let a deer run away without shooting at him. Never 
 shoot at the bulk of anything ; always shoot at sonie particular 
 place on a deer, the smaller the better, so it be not his head ; but 
 even the head is better than to just get a sight full, and pull with- 
 out knowing where you are going to hit him. Of course, some- 
 times you will have to shoot quick, but don't mistake " quick " for 
 a " hurry and flurry." These last two words in hunting and rifle 
 shooting mean nearly the same thing. When you kill game so big 
 that you can't take it to camp and have to return for it, always 
 mark it down by some prominent object so as to find it easily. 
 
 In Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which are much inter- 
 sected and traversed by bayous and water courses, for short trips 
 from the settlements, nothing will be more convenient, and render 
 the sportsman more independent, than a flat-bottomed boat, with 
 small sail, centre board, and a water tight end with tight trap to 
 carry dry clothing, tea, sugar, etc., to protect from the frequent 
 
 ^ 
 
558 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 showers. Floating quietly with the current or tide, a patient 
 hunter may surprise almost all the game birds and animals, and he 
 will see more of interest in the little streams than in miles of the 
 frequented channels. For exploration and travel a boat eighteen 
 to twenty-two feet long, four and a half or five feet beam, with the 
 full width carried to the stern, built with a flat keel, and broad 
 bearings to insure light draft, fitted with centre board and sail, the 
 latter on sliding topmast for compactness, will be found the best. 
 When anchored the bow will point to the wind. A tent open aft 
 rnay be hung under the boom, spread with stretchers, and furled 
 sail ; and with light boards a bed for three or four may be arranged, 
 and cooking by spirit lamp be done at the wide stern. With such 
 a boat, and two good negroes, boatmen, (cooks they generally are,) 
 more interesting trips can be made than with a yacht, and more 
 unfrequented points be reached. If cruising in the wide waters is 
 intended, some considerable shear to the bow lines will make a 
 drier and safer boat, and a canvas bow deck will do good service, 
 Air cushions will be found very comfortable, and in mishaps they 
 are invaluable as life preservers. 
 
 Often for miles no hard ground is to be found, and some heat- 
 ing apparatus is indispensal)le. No one should brave the night air 
 of the everglades without warm and stimulating food and drinks, 
 and a little quinine will do no harm. Light wines are of great ser- 
 vice, and the water flowing from the swamps will not be harmed 
 by a " wee drop," and for the rattlesnake or moccasin bite that 
 never comes, the same is needful. Prudent ones usually do not 
 wait for a bite, but show unbounded confidence in preventive 
 measures. [For additional instructions see chapter on Woodcraft, 
 hereafter.] 
 
 Hints on Prairie Shooting. — The 1 5th of August is the opening 
 day of the season for pinnated grouse — or " chickens," as thev are 
 usually called out west, and during the remainder of that month 
 and the first two weeks of September, much larger bags can be 
 made than later in the season ; but to us there is very little pleas- 
 ure in shooting a large number of this splendid game when the 
 weather is so extremely warm, using up both the hunter and his 
 dogs, and when it is almost impossible to prevent the game from 
 spoiling on our hands. Moreover, in making the trip thus early in 
 
HINTS FOR SOUTHERy SHOOTING. 559 
 
 the season, the only kind of game to he found is the pinnated 
 grouse, but by deferring the time until the latter part of September, 
 we can have, say, a week's shooting for grouse, and at the end of 
 that time the snipe and ducks will begin to visit the lakes and 
 marshes which abound in the west and northwest, and atTord most 
 excellent sport. In order to have the best sport, it is important 
 that each shooter should take with him at least one good, steady, 
 well-broken dog, and in condition to work day after day, and by 
 all means one that is a good retriever. If a dog is a strong, well- 
 formed fellow, and in proper condition for work, is properly fed 
 and has a comfortable place to sleep after his day's work is over, 
 he will do all the work required of him on such a trip ; yet it is far 
 better to have one or a brace of extra dogs along, in case of lame- 
 ness or some other casualty. There are, no doubt, many places 
 in Illinois where fair grouse shooting could be found, but during 
 the past seven or eight years we have considered it best to cross 
 the Mississippi River into Iowa or Missouri, or to shoot in Wiscon- 
 sin. In making such shooting trips we have frequently availed 
 ourselves of trustworthy information from the different conductors 
 of the trains over the prairies as to the best places to stop. Many 
 of these gentlemen are sportsmen, and we have found all to be 
 courteous and anxious to give strangers valuable information as to 
 where comfortable quarters and game may be found. In such 
 shooting, it is absolutely necessary to have a team and driver, as 
 the game is too heavy to carry any length of time ; but a good 
 team and careful driver can always be found at moderate rates. 
 
 Early in the season, use No. 8 shot ; later, No. 6. 
 
 How to Load for Game. — A ten-bore will chamber about five 
 buckshot ; put in about four layers and four drachms of powder. 
 Pinnated grouse, three and a half drachms powder and one and 
 one-eighth ounces No. 8 shot. Ruffed grouse (partridge) three 
 and a half drachms powder and one and one-fourth ounces No. 8 
 shot. Woodcock and snipe, three drachms powder and one and 
 one-eighth ounces No. lo shot. Powder, No. 6 Laflin & Rand's. 
 Some years ago tine grain powder was generally used ; the coarse 
 grain gives better penetration and less recoil. Either the brown 
 or blue shells can be loaded again, provided they are intact and 
 not injured anywhere. 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 7 
 
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 id. 
 
 V] 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 1.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 ■ 30 ■'^™ Ml 
 
 ^ 1^ III 2.2 
 2.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 /a 
 
 v/ 
 
 /. ''^/ 
 
 /A 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V 
 ^ 
 
560 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 BLINDS; DECOYS; CALLS; AND OTHER DEVICES. 
 
 Blinds for Wild Fowl. — If the blind is built of small branches 
 or bushes, they should be stuck up in the ground close together, 
 smaller twigs entwined among them, and bunches of grass, weeds, 
 rice, or flags scattered judiciously over and amongst them, to close 
 all open or thin places. If very large bushy branches are used, 
 they may be laid down crossing each other, with the tops turned 
 outwards. The blind should never be built higher than the shoul- 
 ders of the shooter when in an erect position. 
 
 In blue-bill shooting upon the edges of ploughed prairies and 
 cornfitlds, a good blind may be made by turning your boat upon 
 its edge, and bracing it in that position by a stake or oar. 
 
 In the winter when the ground is covered with snow, a blind 
 made of bleached cotton cloth fastened to stakes stuck in the 
 ground, affords a good concealment, and cannot be easily distin- 
 guished from the surrounding snow. A white covering should 
 be worn over the cap or hat. 
 
 The Sneak Box. — The box in which the shooter lies should be 
 made of pine, sides and bottom one inch, and ends two inches thick, 
 and of proportions adapted to the size of the person to occupy it, 
 six feet long, two feet wide, and thirteen inches deep, being proper 
 for an ordinary sized man. Along each side and across the ends, 
 one inch below the top edge of the box, two-by-four-inch pine 
 timbers are fastened, framed together at equal heights, and extend- 
 ing on all sides, two and a half feet from the box. This frame 
 should be slanted off on top fully an inch towards the ends to give 
 a pitch to the deck, and on the under side should also be reduced 
 in the same manner to make it as light as possible for handling. 
 The frame is next covered with a pine platform a half inch thick, 
 which is further strengthened by the addition of a brace reaching 
 from the centre of the box on each side. This platform is bounded 
 on three sides by hinged wings of cotton cloth, which are two feet 
 ■wide, fastened to a pine frame work, and so constructed as to ad- 
 mit of being folded back upon the platform when not in use ; at 
 the fourth side or head of the sneak, the wing, instead of being 
 made of cloth, is partly composed of two half-inch pine boards, 
 eight inches wide, hinged together and extending the width of the 
 
BLINDS AND OTHER DEVICES, $6 1 
 
 platform, to which the inner board is fastened by strong hinges ; 
 the rest of the wing, which is equal in width to the others, is of 
 cloth, and all the wings are joined together by angle-pieces of the 
 same material. A border of sheet lead three inches in height is 
 to be tacked completely around the outside edge of the box, and 
 inclined outwards like the flare of a boat, to throw off any little 
 ripple that might otherwise wash in the box. Across the head, 
 and about half way around the sides, where the tendency of the 
 waves to wash in is always the greatest, a second circular rim of 
 lead, four inches high, as a double precaution, should also be fast- 
 ened and flared like the other. This outside rim should be placed 
 about fifteen inches from the end of the box. Short pieces of rope 
 about six feet in length are fastened at each end about three feet 
 apart, to the cross timbers at the head of the box, to the middle 
 of which rope the anchor line is attached. A second anchor is 
 also sometimes used, which should be fastened to the foot of the 
 platform. This, however, except in very shallow water, is needless. 
 The whole is now to be painted as near the color of the water as 
 possible. From the position of the shooter in the box, it is evident 
 he can shoot only within very limited directions. The decoys must 
 be so arranged that ducks coming to them will approach in such a 
 manner as shall be most favorable for shooting. Not less than 
 one hundred decoys should be used, placed square to the right 
 fifteen yards, and to the left twenty-five yards, from this line nar- 
 rowing gradually to a point about ten yards to the left of a direct 
 line leeward, and at a distance of thirty-five yards from the sink ; 
 from this point three or four tolers ten to fifteen yards apart to 
 leeward, and inclined towards the direction the ducks mainly 
 approach from or pass by. Near the centre of this triangle, which 
 is the figure the flock now represents, the decoys should be scat- 
 tered a trifle more than at other places, and the ducks will en- 
 deavor to alight there. A few ducks should be fastened to the 
 platform of the sink. This manner of placing the decoys is the one 
 most favorable for sneak-box shooting. No matter on which side 
 ducks may be when they observe the decoys, they almost invari- 
 ably approach to alight against the wind. More decoys are set to 
 the left of the sneak, because it is much easier for the shooter to 
 swing his gun on that side. The shooter should be careful not to 
 
562 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 « 
 
 rise up too soon when ducks are approaching. Wait until they are 
 over the " tail " decoys, and if there is a large flock and they choose 
 to alight, let them do so, and when they bunch rise and fire quickly. 
 
 Decoys. — Never use any but wood decoys — as all others are 
 open to many objections. White cedar and soft pine are the best 
 on account of their extreme lightness and ease in cutting. Pine is 
 better for heads, being less easily broken, while cedar is the most 
 durable. The timber should be well seasoned and free from knots 
 and sap. For ducks two by six inches is the proper size. The 
 timber being planed and sawed to proper lengths, is next cut 
 around on its edge according to a pattern representing a horizon- 
 tal section of the decoy. Two pieces are needed for each decoy, 
 which must be hollowed out to the proper thickness. The head 
 after being shaped is fitted to 4he top part by a screw underneath, 
 and the two parts being roughly carved into shape as desired, 
 must be nicely fitted together, glued or cemented firmly, and the 
 decoy rounded and finished smooth. After being thoroughly 
 sand-papered, it should be dampened rJl over so as to raise the 
 grain of the wood, and when dry should be again sand-papered. 
 Give the decoy a thin coat of shellac varnish, and it will prevent 
 the absorption of water. After this, a heavy coat of some neutral 
 tint, which should be mixed with raw oil without any drier. This 
 must be allowed to dry thoroughly before the colors are put on. 
 Artists tube colors should be used, being more lively and durable 
 than common paint. A small brass wire staple or piece of leather 
 should be fastened to the lower part of the breast, to attach the 
 line to ; a piece of lead about four ounces in weight should be se- 
 cured on the bottom lengthwise, like a keel, and the decoy is 
 finished. Each decoy should have a separate line and anchor, a 
 piece of lead is best for the last. 
 
 Dead Ducks as Decoys. — Having killed the duck and secured 
 him, take a stick, a reed or the stalk of a strong weed that is stout 
 and strong, sharpen one end to a point, which insert under the 
 skin of the duck's breast and along up the neck just beneath the 
 skin, into the head. Do this so that the head will hold a natural 
 position to the body and the neck is not awry. Then wade out 
 and plant the other end of the stick in the mud over which there 
 is a foot of water or a little more. The body of the duck must 
 
BLINDS AND 'OTHEk DEVICES. 563 
 
 then rest on the water as that of a Hve duck does, and after hav- 
 ing smoothed the feathers nicely. It is best to keep on setting 
 these decoys until you have seven or eight, and if you increase 
 the number it will be all the better. 
 
 Stools for Snipe, etc. — Stools are made of wood in imitation of 
 the birds to be decoyed ; or dead birds may be used as above. 
 They should be placed at a proper shooting distance from the 
 blind where the shooter is concealed. 
 
 Live Geese Decoys. — In bar shooting they should not be staked 
 out, for the following reasons : Very few Canada geese or brant 
 used for- decoys become properly reconciled to their captivity. 
 They remain more or less wild, and when fettered, are apt to lose 
 their footing, on . ocount of sudden frights, etc., and fall forwards 
 all in a sprawl. There they remain prone, tagging and straining 
 for hours until relieved. If wild geese are in the vicinity where 
 this occurs, good-bye to the game ; it will not be deceived. More- 
 over, the gunner should retain control of his decoys, in order to be 
 able to get them away, when necessary, from the spot towards 
 which the wild birds are headingr. No one wishes to shoot his 
 own birds, and many a time have I seen my decoy brant completely 
 surrounded by the wild ones. In such emergencies, a strong line 
 running into the box or blind is the only means of extncating the 
 decoys from the line of fire, and with me it was always successful. 
 To prevent twisting up and other entanglements, put a strong 
 swivel at the junction of the two leather fetters. To the other end 
 of the swivel attach a piece of cord, say six feet long. Fasten 
 your geese in pairs to a third swivel, to which attach your decoy 
 line, which must be large and strong in proportion to the size of 
 the decoys. In bar shooting always locate your sunken box, the 
 only admissible kind of ambush, within easy range of some tongue 
 or spit of sand extending into the water, and forming a natural 
 landing-place for the fowl to get their footing. Then give your 
 decoys just scope enough to keep them well short of the spot where 
 you are morally certain the quarries will land. If two pairs are 
 worked, which are quite enough, place one pair to the right and 
 the other to the left, when practicable, and keep them there. The 
 fettered geese, as a rule, prefer to stand just at the edge of the 
 water, and get as far away from the shooter's position as the line 
 
564 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 will allow them to go. They soon learn not to throw themselves 
 down by vain struggles, and when this by chance occurs a little 
 slacking up of the coy line enables them to recover their feet. 
 Where two pairs of geese are to be placed out in the same direc- 
 tion, keep one materially shorter than the other, to avoid tan- 
 gling. The decoy geese may be advantageously accustomed to 
 the restraint of the fetters at home weeks before using on 
 the bar. 
 
 Squawker for Duck Shooting. — Take^a tube of bamboo cane, 
 about three-fourths of an inch inside diameter and from four to 
 eight inches long ; a plug about three inches long is fitted to one 
 end, and after being split in two, one-half is grooved to within a 
 quarter of an inch of its smaller end, the groove being perhaps a 
 quarter of an inch wide and of the same depth. The tongue is a 
 very thin piece of sheet brass, which should be hammered to in- 
 crease its elasticity ; it should be about two and a half inches long 
 and from three-eighths to half an inch wide. At one end, which 
 should be thinner than the other, the corners should be rounded. 
 The tongue is then placed over the grooved half, the round end 
 nearly to the extreme smaller end of the plug, and the tongue 
 completely covering the groove. The other half of the plug 
 should be shortened about an inch and a half from its smaller end 
 and then being placed on the grooved part, thus holding the tongue 
 fast, both should be pushed firmly in the tube. By blowing in the 
 other end of the tube the call is produced ; some little practice 
 and experience is necessary to use correctly. You should pay par- 
 ticular attention to the different notes of wild fowl as well as the 
 occasions of them being made, whether as a call, a note of welcome 
 or a note of suspicion. 
 
 Turkey Calls, — Make a little box of Spanish cedar two and one- 
 half inches long ; three-fourths to seven-eightns deep, and one 
 inch wide. Cut a piece of smooth slate so that it will lie nicely in 
 the bottom of the box ; have the top smooth and even, and no 
 rosin will be needed. Make the box of the same material through- 
 out, and put together with brass pins. Brads or glue spoil the 
 sound, not giving sufficient vibration. If made from pieces of 
 cigar box, be sure that no paper remains on the box, and use the 
 thinnest portions. Another call consists of a short piece of Span- 
 
ADDITIONAL H'NTS, 565 
 
 ish cedar, with a good sized nail driven half through it ; draw a 
 piece of slate across the head of the nail. 
 
 To operate either of these calls, hold the slate between the 
 thumb and middle finger of the right hand, while the call is held 
 by the thumb and middle finger of the left. Above all things, do 
 not, make crver five strokes for a single call — oftener four. If you 
 exceed this number you will get no turkey, for a turkey can count. 
 
 Still another call is made in this wise : Take a piece of dry 
 cedar two inches long and one and a half inches wide and a quarter 
 inch thick, and with a narrow chisel hollow this out so that the 
 sides are about as thin as a piece of tin or it may be a little thicker, 
 so that it is not too delicate. It should be hollowed out within a 
 quarter of an inch of the bottom and end, and your call is complete. 
 Take both ends between your thumb and fingers and rub it cross- 
 wise against the but plate of your gun, or rub it on your gun bar- 
 rels. You require no rosin or anything else ; simply the naked 
 wood as made. In one hour's practice you can perfectly imitate a 
 gobbler or a hen at your pleasure. One beauty about this is, you 
 never make a mis-call or screech ; it is perfect everj' time. Many 
 hunters, however, prefer the old-time hollow bone of the turkey's 
 wing. 
 
 Whistle for calling Bay Snipe. — Carefully dry the leg of a 
 curlew, push out the marrow with a red hot knitting needle, plug 
 up one end and then practice. 
 
 A Plffver Whistle. — Take a round miniature tin box three- 
 quarters of an inch in diameter and a quarter of an inch thick, or 
 less, and a small hole exactly through the centre. If it does not 
 answer fully on trial, ream out the hole a trifle. We have seen 
 these whistles on sale at toy stores. A little practice will enable 
 you to call any whistling bird. 
 
 ADDITIONAL HINTS, RECIPES, TABLES AND 
 
 MEASURES. 
 
 Gunpowder. — The following table shows the composition of 
 the different gunpowders : 
 
 Mills. Nitre. Charcoal. Sulphur. 
 
 Royal Waltham Abbey ....75.00 15.00 10.00 
 
 France, National Mills 75.00 ia.50 12.50 
 
 French Spor^g 78.00 la.oo 10.00 
 
566 
 
 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 Charcoal. 
 
 Sulphi 
 
 li-oo 
 
 ao.oo 
 
 13.50 
 
 13.50 
 
 «3-5o 
 
 11.50 
 
 13-50 
 
 13.63 
 
 17.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 10.78 
 
 13.75 
 
 15.00 
 
 9.00 
 
 14.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 14.40 
 
 9.90 
 
 13.33 
 
 11.77 
 
 Mills. Nitre. 
 
 French Mining 65 .00 
 
 United States of America 75.00 
 
 Prussia 75.oo 
 
 Russia 73. 7S 
 
 Austria (musket) 73.00 
 
 Spain 76.47 
 
 Sweden 76.00 
 
 Switzerland (Round Powder) 76.00 
 
 Chinese 75.oo 
 
 Theoretical proporfions as above. 75.00 
 
 Powder Measure. — The following is a table showing the dif- 
 ference in drachms : 
 
 I lb. avoirdupois weight i.s 7,000 grains. 
 
 1 lb. apothecary " 5,760 grains. 
 
 lib. Irojr " 5,760 grains. 
 
 I oz. avoirdupois " 437>fi^ grains. 
 
 I oz. apothecary " 480 grains. 
 
 I oz. Troy " 480 grains. 
 
 I drachm avoirdupois is 1-16 of 437^ grains, a little less than 37^ grains. 
 
 1 drachm apothecary is % of 480 grains, or 60 grains. 
 
 37X grains of powder in a drachm and 480 grains of lead in an ounce. 
 
 Number of Shot in a Charge. — Sportsmen will find the fol- 
 lowing table useful when trying new guns at a target, as it will 
 show the number of shots a charge contains against the number 
 the gun puts in the target — /'. e., presuming that no one fires 
 more than one and one-half ounces of shot in a charge : 
 
 NUMBER OF PELLETS BACH SIZE IN 1 OZ. 
 
 Leroy, Edgar 
 &Co. 
 No. lo... 
 
 9... 
 8... 
 7... 
 6... 
 
 4... 
 3... 
 a... 
 I... 
 B.. 
 BB. 
 
 Sa3 
 560 
 
 375 
 378 
 309 
 149 
 
 131 
 98 
 83 
 69 
 
 58 
 49 
 
 Tatham & 
 Bros. 
 848 
 568 
 
 399 
 391 
 318 
 168 
 
 133 
 106 
 
 86 
 
 71 
 
 59 
 
 56 
 
 Chicago Shot 
 Tower Co. 
 
 No. 10 854 
 
 .596 
 •434 
 •333 
 .316 
 .173 
 .146 
 .iiS 
 
 • 93 
 
 • 75 
 . 63 
 
 • 53 
 
 9... 
 8... 
 7... 
 6... 
 
 5.-. 
 4... 
 
 3.-- 
 3... 
 1... 
 
 B.. 
 BB. 
 
 English 
 
 Shot. 
 
 1,700 
 
 1,000 
 
 606 
 
 350 
 
 370 
 
 330 
 180 
 130 
 1 10 
 80 
 
 To find the proportion in one and a quarter or one and a half 
 ounces, of course it is only necessary to add the proper pro- 
 portion. 
 
 The Dittmar Wood Powder, — As this powder has come into 
 considerable use, the following published directions for using it 
 are important to print here : 
 
 '* This powder has to be used in about the same manner as black powder ; care 
 only has to be taken not to press it into too small a space, as it is more clastic 
 than the black. The new powder makes very little smoke, causes no recoil, does 
 
ADDITIONAL HINTS. 
 
 567 
 
 not soil the gun, does not heat the barrel, sends a ball further than the old 
 powder, keeps shot well together, can be kept wet for any length of time, and be 
 transported or stowed in that state without danger from fire. It is three times 
 stronger than black sporting powder, and three times as bulky. There are two 
 distinct and different kinds of shot gun powder, marked — 
 
 S. A., coarse grain. 
 S. B., medium grain. 
 S. C, fine grain, 
 ff., very fine grain. 
 
 All alike in strength. 
 
 The shot gun powder may be used in all the larger bores, from No. 6 to No. 
 14. For bores above 14 the rifle powder should be used, as this variety does not 
 give good results unless well confined, as it is much slower than shotgun powder. 
 At present three sizes of rifle powder are made. 
 
 R. A., coarse. 
 R. B., medium. 
 B.C., fine. 
 
 All the same strength. 
 
 When using rifle powder fill the cartridge shell to the top, g^ive it a few taps on 
 the table so that the powder may settle down even, and load the bullet as usual. 
 Do not press powder into a shell with a stick. There is no need of using a wad 
 and lubricating material on top, as the powder does not foul the gun like black 
 powder. For muzzle loading rifles press the powder down with the bullet, as you 
 would when using black powder, till you feel the bullet is on the powder. Use a 
 good fitting bullet. If you use the powder in pistols or revolvers, without shells, 
 do not ram or force the bullet with a lever into the chamber, as in this case you 
 will confine the powder too closely. Simply use force enough to permit the bullet 
 to rest upon the powder, having top of bullet level with top of chamber. The 
 rifle powder is the proper kind for small arms." 
 
 Directions for Loading Shot Guns. — Use about the same 
 measured quantity as you would of black powder. If this does 
 not give satisfaction use a little more, up to half a drachm meas- 
 ure. This will give you the same bulk as black powder after the 
 wad is pressed down. Give a few taps to the charge to settle 
 the powder evenly, and you will always have the same weight 
 (that is, about one-third) as you would have by using an equal du//: 
 of black powder. In brass or metal snells use a wad two sizes 
 larger than bore, and in paper shells use one size larger. 
 
 By carefully following the above detailed directions for shot 
 guns and rifles, effectiveness and safety are secured. 
 
 If the powder becomes wet, spread it on paper and it will dry 
 quickly without injury to its power. If desirable to store it in an 
 exposed situation, it can be kept wet in a cask and afterwards 
 dried in the air or in a room. The most delicate tests thus far 
 made have not exhibited the slightest trace of injury to the finest 
 barrels by the products of combustion. 
 
568 FOKEST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 Concentrators and Wire Cartridges.— ZonctXiXxviXox^ are S'*c- 
 tions of cartridges or shells inserted in the shell to produce close 
 shooting. Wire cartridges are woven wire receptacles in vvhich 
 shot are mixed with bone dust, the object being to cause the shot 
 to hold together or " ball " for a certain distance, thus carrying 
 closer and farther. 
 
 Flannel Shot Cartridges. —A cheap long range shot cartridge 
 is made of small bags of flannel or cheviot cloth about two inches 
 long, filled with, say one and one-eighth ounce No. 5 shot, loaded 
 into brass shells containing three i id one-half drachms Hazard 
 ducking powder. They are good for seventy-five yards. 
 
 To Load Paper Shells. — Use one card wad and two Ely's pink 
 edge, or one card wad and one Ely's thick felt on powder and one 
 Baldwin wad on shot. All wads should be the size of the gun, 
 although many persons use a size larger. 
 
 When loading, first see that the caps or primers are pressed 
 well in their places, and do not project above the heads of the 
 shells ; then place the shell on a block with a hole under the cap, 
 so deep that a stray shot or other small article will not give some- 
 thing for the cap to rest on. There will be no danger of an acci- 
 dental discharge with any reasonable usage in loading or ramming 
 home the charge. 
 
 To Load a Choke Bore. — Charge with three and a quarter 
 drachms of C. & H. No 6, and one and an eighth ounces of No. 6 
 shot, and use over the powder a thick, soft felt Ely's wad, and over 
 the shot half of a similar wad, cut even and level with a sharp knife. 
 The paper shell should not be turned down more than will suffice 
 to just hold the wad in place. Buckshot can be used in a choke- 
 bored gun, provided they chamber in the muzzle. 
 
 A Shell Holder. — Take a dry pine board two inches thick, eight 
 inches wide and long enough to hold the required number of shells. 
 Mark it in one and a quarter inch squares for ten-gauge shells, or 
 a little less for twelve-gauge. Bore a hole of the right size for the 
 shell to fit snugly through the centre of each square. Fit a thinner 
 board on one side of this, and hinge it there so it can be thrown 
 back to put the shells through. Bore half inch holes through this 
 just opposite those in the thick board. Now supposing the shells 
 are empty, with, the old caps on, throw back the light board or lid. 
 
 •^ 
 
ADDITIONAL HINTS. $69 
 
 <» 
 put the shells through from that side, close it, lay it lid side down 
 on the table, and each shell stands ready to have the cap punched 
 out. Turn it, open the lid and re-cap. Close the lid and turn 
 again and they stand muzzles up ready to be charged. Of course 
 this contrivance is not intended to be carried while in the field, but 
 it is a great convenience in loading, and is just the thing for 
 carrying Them in a wagon. If desired a neat box can be made to 
 inclose the whole. 
 
 To Clean Brass Shells. — i. Vinegar, or a weak solution of ox- 
 alic acid will brighten the shells : but for cleaning the inside of the 
 shells, use Ronall's metal shell cleaner. 
 
 2. Rub the shells with a mixture of two parts sulphuric acid, 
 two parts water, and one part pulverized bi-chromate potash, and 
 then wash them in hot water. This will render a green and cor- 
 roded shell as bright as new without injuring it in the least ; but 
 this recipe is of no use to those who like a verde antique appear- 
 ance inside and out of their shells. 
 
 3. One ounce cyanuret potassum, one pint of soft water, 
 " dissolve ; " put this into a quart preserve jar with a glass cover. 
 Set it do'i^'n by the fire where it will get warm, put the shells into 
 it, as many as it will hold, for twenty minutes or half an hour ; 
 take out with a stick and souse with warm water two or three times ; 
 then dry the shells before a hot fire ; they will come out perfectly 
 clean. Set this mixture away for future use and mark it " poison." 
 
 Fulminate for Caps and Cartridges. — Dissolve by a gentle 
 heat 100 parts, by weight, of mercury in 100 parts, by weight, 
 of nitric acid of a specific gravity 1.4, and when the solution has 
 acquired a temperature of 130" F., slowly pour it through a glass 
 funnel tube into 830 parts, weight, of alcohol, of the specific grav- 
 ity of .830. When effervescence is over, and white fumes cease to 
 rise, filter through paper wet with cold water, dry (the residue) by 
 steam heat not exceeding 212". 
 
 The percussion composition used by the United States Govern- 
 ment consists of fulminate of mercury, 35 parts ; pulverized chlo- 
 rate of potash, 16 ; glass dust (sifted between 40 and 140 meshes 
 per inch), 45 ; gum arable solution 2 ; gum tragacanth solution, 2 ; 
 total 100. Mixed and pressed moist into a shell or cap and al- 
 lowed to dry before loading. See Ordnance Mem.. No. VIII. 
 
570 FOREST, FIELD, AND PRAIRIE. 
 
 To Rrcnvn Gun Barrels, — Tinct. of muriate of Iron ; one ounce, 
 nitric ether, one ounce ; sulphate of copper, four scruples, rain 
 water, one pint. First, securely plug up both ends of barrels, 
 leaving one plug in each end of sufficient length to be used as 
 handles ; then thoroughly clean with soap and water, after which 
 cover with a thick coat of lime, slacked in water, and when 
 that has become dry remove it with an iron wire scratch brush ; 
 this is to remove all dirt and grease from the barrels. Then apply 
 a coat of the fluid with a rag, and let it stand for twenty-four hours, 
 when a slight rust will have appeared ; then take barrels and im- 
 merse them in a trough containing boiling hot water, after which 
 scratch them well with the scratch brush. Repeat this until the 
 color suits, which will be after three or four applications. When 
 completed, let the barrels remain in lime water a short time to 
 neutralize any acid which may have penetrated. Take great care 
 not to handle the barrels during the operation, for the least particle 
 .of grease will make bad spots. 
 
 To Darken Gun Stocks. — Get a few crystals of permanganate 
 of potash, dissolve them in water and rub the stuff well into the 
 wood. It will cause the stock to assume a rich brown hue, and 
 can be oiled over with raw linseed. This is a verygood black 
 walnut stain for any hard wood. 
 
 Cleaning Guns. — Cotton waste is the handiest material for 
 cleaning either muzzle or breech loading guns, and can be bought 
 for about twenty-five cents per pound anywhere, a little bit going a 
 great way. The best cheap pocket cleaner for breech loading 
 guns is a piece of copper wire, about No. 17, with a loop twisted 
 in both ends, through one of which a piece of waste can be pushed. 
 This can be rolled up in a small coil and carried in any pocket 
 without inconvenience, 
 
 Rust in Gun Barrels. — Use Riggs' Belmontyle oil. Also a 
 thin coating of shellac dissolved in alcohol is excellent ; also a 
 coating of best copal varnish, first heating the barrels to the tem- 
 perature of boiling water, not any hotter, or they may be injured ; 
 let them remain hot for half an hour, and then rub them with a soft 
 rag. The barrels will show no sign of the varnish. Common tal- 
 low is also very serviceable ; rub it on with a piece of flannel, and 
 wipe the inside of the barrels with it also. Blue ointment is the 
 
ADDITIONAL HINTS. 57 1 
 
 best preventive of rust, and is cheap and easily applied by mixing 
 it in sperm oil, and passing it through the barrels a few times with 
 a rag. Sperm oil is best for gun locks ; wipe it on with a scrap of 
 chamois. The rust which is sometimes found on the bright part 
 of locks is easily removed with a slip of oilstone, and the gummed 
 oil and dirt with an old tooth brush dipped in benzine or naphtha 
 which evaporates and cannot hurt the metal. 
 
 To Preset-ve Iron and Steel from Rust. — Take rosin 1 20 parts ; 
 sandarac, 180 parts ; gum lac 50 parts. Heat gradually, and add 
 120 parts of turpentine. Heat again and add 180 parts of alcohol. 
 Filter and cork tightly. 
 
 To Soften a Leather Gun Case, — Soak it in water until it is 
 wetted through, hang it up mouth downwards for two or three 
 hours ; then by stretching it over a " hay fork handle or round, 
 straight stick," whip it into shape ; next pour into the case as much 
 castor oil as is necessary to thoroughly cover or grease the inside 
 of the case, and apply the oil to the outside as often and as long 
 as the leather will absorb it ; dry in the sun, or a warm room, oc- 
 casionally rubbing and beuJing the case with the hands. After 
 this treatment it will be more soft and pliable than when first 
 made. 
 
 Lacquer for Guns. — To prevent guns rusting in sea air, lac- 
 quer them on the outside with a very thin varnish of shellac and 
 alcohol. This should be laid on quickly with a brush, and will be 
 almost imperceptible. A dose of the same will not hurt the 
 mountings, but will effectually prevent their rusting, even if the gun 
 is dipped in salt water ; and remember that no matter how care- 
 fully you clean the inside of the barrels after a day's shooting on 
 the coast, you will do well tb watch your gun for a day or two 
 and remove the rust which is found to form, which, if neglected 
 will eat in and leave an ugly mark. 
 
 Fad for Target. — The best substitute for a Pettit pad (not 
 made in this country), is stiff hardware paper; of this thirty sheets 
 would be good penetration, and have them large enough to admit 
 of a thirty-inch circle being drawn from the centre. 
 
OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 
 
 Rods, Reels, Lines and Lures. — While verbal instruction is 
 useful to a certain extent, the art of angling cannot be wholly 
 imparted to the student ; it m^st be acquired by assiduous practice, 
 and a careful study not only of the implements of the craft and 
 their use, but of the structure and habits of the fish and the local- 
 ities which they inhabit. In a word, the complete angler must be 
 a naturalist, just as a physician must be acquainted with the origin, 
 nature, and properties of the drugs he administers. 
 
 As to implements, we maintain that there are strictly but two 
 distinct classes of fishing rods, the long, slender, tapering, tough, 
 and elastic fly rod, and the shorter and stiffer tro.Uing rod, just as 
 there are but two classes of guns, the rifled and the smooth 
 bore. The bait rod is a compromise between the fly rod and the 
 trolling rod. It is stiff like the latter, but much longer, (in reality 
 has an additional joint,) and is carefully tapered, so as to secure 
 uniform elasticity and action from but to tip, qualities requisite in 
 the fly rod, but not so carefully developed in the bait rod, be- 
 cause the work required of it is quite different, the methods of 
 casting the bait and the fly being quite as diverse as may be 
 imagined. 
 
 [For full description of bait rods, and instruction in angling with 
 all kinds of baits, which might properly be included in this divis- 
 ion of the Gazetteer, see section on Black Bass fishing in Western 
 Waters, page 3.] 
 
 Difference in the material of which rods are made really con- 
 stitutes variety in rods ; and in the selection and manufacture of 
 this material, excellence consists. A rod of hickory, ash, lance- 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 
 
 573 
 
 wood, greenhcart, iron wood, cane, or mahoe wood,* may be in- 
 trinsically better than a rod of split bamboo, but the best made 
 ,, split bamboo is the superior of the best made rods of the other 
 :' material, in our private opinion either for bait or fly fishing, for the 
 ' reason that it combines the qualities of all the rest, with lightness 
 added, affording the angler the most sport for his efforts. 
 
 This quality of lightness is a most appreciable desideratum, es- 
 pecially in a salmon rod, and a not trifling advantage to the angler 
 who has a whole day's work before him. As every veteran knows, 
 each additional ounce tells painfully in the long run on arms, back, 
 and shoulders. Abstractly, there is no better rod than the West 
 I India cane in its crude native state ; but as this is inconvenient to 
 carry, on account of its great length, ingenuity has contrived a 
 jointed rod which occupies a comparatively small space. Besides, 
 in any given entire cane there are liable to be flaws, which impair 
 its strength and effectiveness ; but by using its choicest parts, which 
 are sawed out and fitted together and firmly whipped with silk, the 
 manufacturer is enabled to produce an implement as perfect as it is 
 possible to make. In trout rods this quality of lightness is really 
 not so essential, and it is not unusual to find professional experts 
 who prefer a rod made of some other material than bamboo. 
 
 As we have said, rods are made in joints or sections simply for 
 ( convenience ; but as the metal ferrules, being stiff and unyielding, 
 impair the uniform elasticity and play of the rod, there is a growing 
 tendency in salmon fishers to have as few joints and as few ferrules 
 as possible. Hence we find some eighteen feet rods made of only 
 two pieces, and united by a splice, tho parts that join being bevelled 
 and firmly lashed together when in use by a waxed end, the ferrule 
 
 * The best bamboo used for t'ods comes from Calcutta. The bamboo usually 
 sold at country stores is a reed, or else the Chinese or Japanese variety. The 
 Calcutta cane is clouded ; the others are yellow. Greenheart and lancewood are 
 imported chiefly from Demorara and the West Indies generally. The former is 
 heavy and very tough ; the latter lighter and possibly more brittle. Mahoe wood 
 is indigenous to Cuba, and is used for the springs of volantes. Sometimes, though 
 seldom, angling rods are made wholly of greenheart, or even of lancewood, 
 though the latter is generally preferred for tips ; ash, basswood, and greenheart 
 are used for first and second joints. Split bamboo rods frequently have lance- 
 wood tips. These woods are imported in log by Terhune, of Canal street, this 
 city, and one or two other dealers. It is difficult to find a stick or cane fit to make 
 rods of. (See article elsewhere.) 
 
n 
 
 574 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 being dispensed with altogether. Other rods of three joints have 
 the first and middle one connected by a ferrule, and the middle and 
 tip by a splice. Some makers use a screw ferrule, a device which 
 renders loop ties unnecessary, and prevents the rods from becom- 
 ing shaky at the joints by wear. We prefer a salmon rod of not 
 mce than eighteen feet in length, though rods of twenty-one feet 
 are used ; but they are ponderous affairs. An expert can make a 
 sufficiently long cast and do all necessary execution with the for- 
 mer, while the only advantage of extra length is, when a fish is hors 
 du combat, to lift the line more easily over rocks and boulders that 
 may interfere with a clean run. 
 
 Trolling rods are usually made of undressed bamboo, and are 
 about nine feet in length. They are stiff, but have elasticity enough 
 to enable the angler to feel his fish readily when it bites, and to 
 hook him with much more certainty than with a hand line. In se- 
 curing a fish after it has been hooked, the trolling rod is all import- 
 ant, for it permits a delicate manipulation and handling of the fish ; 
 whereas, if a hand line were used the hook would very often tear 
 out and let the fish escape. 
 
 The selection of a rod requires a certain keen, acquired sense of 
 sight and touch, which adepts only possess — sight to detect any va- 
 riation from a perfect arch, and a touch that instinctively determines 
 the nice balance of the rod, and any sag or unequal distribution of 
 elasticity throughout its entire length when it is swayed backward 
 and forward by the hand and wrist. We would advise all novices 
 to let a professional select their rods for them. Discard all rods 
 
 |i with patent attachments of spikes, and the like, to " hold " the rod. 
 
 ' Taboo those monstrosities ingeniously contrived " for convenience," 
 called " trunk rods " — rods stiffened with a multiplicity of ferrules, 
 and suited to all kinds of fishing, from a minnow to a mascalonge. 
 They are fit only for those who wish to still-fish with a worm and 
 a pin. We would prefer to put a fine delicate implement even into 
 the hands of a novice, rather than a ponderous stiff affair — that is, 
 if the novice can afford to break a half-dozen per season until he 
 has learned his art. One thing is certain, no one can become an 
 expert fly fisher by practice with a bean pole or wattle, no more 
 than he can play at battledore with a two pound weight. Also re- 
 ject any rods that have the but squared off where the hand grasps 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 575 
 
 it, where the rod proper joins the handle, so to speak. The object 
 of the maker of this kind of rod is to secure lightness, but he does 
 it at the expense of strength and eveiy other requisite. A proper 
 rod should have a suitable bulge of the but to fit the hand, and 
 from it taper gradually and uniformly to the tip. The rings should 
 not be too large, and yet large enough to permit the line to render 
 freely through them. 
 
 As to reels, there are many varieties, made of nickel, brass, or 
 rubber, some of entirely new designs, and aiming by their construc- 
 tion to obviate serious faults that pertain to the original patterns, 
 now passing into disuse. Strictly speaking, there are but three dis- 
 tinct classes of reels, the salmon reel, holding two hundred yards 
 of line, the trout reel, holding twenty-five yardo, both of large diam- 
 eter in proportion to their width, and the trolling reel, that should 
 hold at least fifty yards. The width of the latter is nearly equal to 
 its diameter, say three inches. The salmon reel is about four inches 
 in diameter, and the trout reel two inches. In reels, as in rods, the 
 requisites are strength combined with lightness, and a construction 
 that prevents the Hne from fouling around the crank when in play. 
 In angling, the reel performs a most important part, afid its use and 
 action should be in perfect accord or correspondence with the play 
 of the rod and line. To render or retrieve, rapidly or slowly, ac- 
 cording to the exigencies of the case, giving or taking inch by inch 
 of line when the fish has the but, delivering freely when he runs, 
 or gathering in promptly when he makes his rushes toward you, 
 these are the objects of the intelligent angler, and the reel should 
 perform its duty promptly, or else the captive will either shake off 
 the hook or tear it out. To meet these lequirements, clicks and 
 multipliers are employed. The click checks the line from render- 
 ing too freely, and the multiplier of course gathers in the slack with 
 multiplied speed at each revolution of the crank. Some recent in- 
 ventions have the click contrived so as to graduate the strain upon 
 the line, checking it almost entirely, or permitting it to run without 
 ar^y check at all ; and there are those known as balance reels ; but 
 both are open to objections which need not be explained here. The 
 most serviceable for trout and salmon are the simple click reels. 
 Balance reels are more frequently used for trolling. The reel 
 iv should be inv.^riably shipped behind where the hand grasps the 
 
I 
 
 576 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 rod. We prefer the nickel reel, as brass is apt to tarnish ; though 
 for salmon the lightness of the rubber reel is a very important de- 
 sideratum. 
 
 For lines that are used on reels, we prefer linen waterproof laid 
 lines, though some choose silk, or a tapered braid of silk and hair. 
 The objection to the latter is that the minute ends of hair fray 
 by wear, and prevent the line rendering freely through the rings 
 of the rod. Silk does not render as freely as a linen line that has 
 been used two or three times. For trolling, however, a cotton line 
 braided, so that it will not kink, will answer well enough, besides 
 being vastly cheaper. Waterproof linen trout lines cannot be 
 bought for less than five cents a foot. A good salmon line will 
 cost from fifteen to twenty dollars. 
 
 With regard to the durability of tackle, very much depends upon 
 the care taken of it. The neglect of a single winter will cost hun- 
 dreds of dollars, if a man's stock be as large as that of most pro- 
 fessional anglers. Rods to be laid aside for the winter should first 
 be carefully examined, all defects and damages repaired, the f^.rrules 
 and bands thoroughly cleaned, new plugs fitted to the joints, and 
 rings supplied where missing. Where a joint has been fractured 
 or broken entirely, the parts should not be patched or spliced, but 
 a new one obtained. Negligence in this matter will be found a 
 poor winter's investment when the rod comes to be used again in 
 the spring. Take the rod apart, wipe the joints dry and lay them 
 away in their case in some apartment where the temperature will 
 be uniformly as near to fifty degrees as possible. By no means 
 let the rod stand near a chimney or furnace flue ; and the other ex- 
 treme of cold in a garret or outbuilding should be avoided. Changes 
 of temperature destroy the pliancy and stiffness of the rod. Where 
 the rod has no leather-case, but is kept in a bag, never tie the parts 
 together tightly, as it subjects some portion to an extra strain, 
 thereby impairing the equal distribution of strength throughout its 
 entire length. For the same reason a rod should be laid flat on a 
 shelf if possible, instead of being stood on end in a corner, and 
 1 1 under no circumstances, either when in use or in ordinary, should 
 ' Mt be left jointed and hung on pegs. Really, the best way to keep 
 rods perfect is to put them in a shallow box, wide enough to hold 
 them when laid side by side, and two or three inches longer than 
 
I 
 
 I*- 
 
 THE ART OF FLY FISHING, 57/ 
 
 the longest. There is always some spare room in the house where 
 this case could be laid along the surbase and not be in the way or 
 seem unsightly. As regards tackle, all lines should bt reeled off 
 and stretched from one end of the garden to another on some 
 bright and sunny morning, and left an hour in the air to dry. They 
 should then be overrun lightly with a bl of woolen cloth or cham- 
 ois, to remove any taint of mildew, sand, sea salt, or other extrane- 
 ous matter, and then be wound upon the reel not too tightly and 
 put away with the reel nicely cleaned. If frayed portions are dis- 
 covered they should be condemned, and the good parts kept for 
 miscellaneous uses, which will be found frequent enough. With 
 respect to leaders, flies, ground tackle, etc., it is admissible to de- 
 fer immediate attention until some fine evening when a cheerful 
 blaze and indoor comforts are heightened by the blustering weath- 
 er without, and then with his stock spread out upon the sitting- 
 room table, one can summon the aid of the little folks to assort the 
 several varieties. As in the case of lines, all worn and imperfect 
 flies, all frayed leaders, and half-broken gut lengths, should be re- 
 jected as past service, for the great desideratum with a careful 
 angler is to keep his gear in as perfect condition as possible, that 
 at no time he may be aggravated through negligence by an unto- 
 ward loss. Bait boxes and creels should be thoroughly cleansed 
 with warm soda water, and when dried it is well to sprinkle them 
 with a little carbolic acid, or a wash of carbolic soap can be used. 
 Never keep your fishing and shooting gear in the same drawer or 
 chest. Above all else, guard against the ravages of inoths. 
 
 When the spring comes round, look again to your tackle with 
 careful inspection, and see that all are in perfect order. Test your 
 line foot by foot for frays and weak spots. See that the ferrules, 
 rings and eyes of your rods are tight, and no fractures in the joints. 
 Above all, look well to your flies ; reject all specimens that have 
 been injured by use, and all frayed gut lengths. It is better to 
 throw away a handful now, than to lose flies and heavy fish to- 
 gether the first time you fasten to a rise. If your outfit is not 
 complete, nor your assortment of flies full, replenish at the tackle 
 shops. 
 
 The angler being now prepared with rod, line, reel, etc., we 
 will presume, is ready to experiment in fly casting. The methods 
 
 25 
 
^$ OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 of casting a fly vary according to the character of the water to be 
 fished — whether it be lake, river, or stream, or whether the angler 
 is to wade, or fish from a boat, or the bank There are a few 
 general rules that govern, however ; and the first to be observed 
 is to keep out of sight. To enable the angler to do this a long 
 cast is frequently indispensable. If fish were not shy, the angler 
 might dispense with flies, and walk up boldly to the water and dip 
 them out with his hands. But to cast a long line without bun- 
 gling, requires studious practice. For a proper cast, the line should 
 not only be delivered straight and evenly, without kinks, coils, or 
 bights, but the flies should be laid lightly on the water, as the nat- 
 ural flies settle. Hence the line, and the casting line, must be deli- 
 cate in size and texture, and the flies must be small, so as to make 
 no splash when they fall. It is because such fine tackle is required, 
 that the handling of a heavy fish becomes difficult ; for it is appa- 
 rent that to lift its weight on the line would part it. To relieve 
 the strain a flexible rod is required ; and the rod has its very im- 
 portant part to play throughout in killing the fish. The fish must 
 be killed on the rod, and aot on the line. To exact full service 
 from a rod, a perf ct irch (longer or shorter,) must be maintained 
 from the moment a fish is hooked until he is landed. The manage- 
 ment of this arch in motion is the science of angling. The rod has 
 of course, its proper funcai-ns to perform in making the cast. The 
 essential qualities of a rod are elasticity and stitfness ; first, a uni- 
 form elasticity that is evenly distribute.! and maintained through- 
 out its length from but to tip ; and "econd, that peculiar quality of 
 stiffness which acts with a yielding resistance, preventing the fish 
 from exerting its full strength on the hook, the leader, or the line 
 just as elastic traces would prevent a horse from exerting his full 
 strength in drawing. No rod will throw a line deftly unless it pos- 
 sesses these requisites, and in the selection of a rod its weight, 
 length, and suppleness, must be gauged by the physical properties 
 of the purchaser, because the same rod, like the same gun, will not 
 serve all sportsmen alike. The angler ought to be able to tell 
 when a rod feels well balanced in his hand, just as he does a bil- 
 liard cue, an oar, a gun, or a croquet mallet. Given the rod and 
 line, we need such a reel as will deliver the line freely, yet not so 
 rapidly as to permit it to overrun, and we accordingly secure a 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 
 
 579 
 
 light pressure or check by the "click." The click also telegraphs 
 to the ear what the fish is doing, and in this way renders a service 
 greater than is generally supposed. 
 
 The importance of using small flies, even in discolored water, 
 should impress itself upon the angler. Lightness and neatness of 
 form are characteristics of river insects, and therefore a serious 
 objection to the flies in common use, and at the tackle shops, is 
 that they are much too bushy, thereby not only exposing their de- 
 ception more quickly, but preventing by masses of feathei"s the 
 trout from hooking themselves when they rise. 
 
 A second rule in angling is, to tread lightly along the streams, 
 and when in boat, to avoid noises that cause vibrations. It seems 
 to be settled by scientific tests that fish do not hear, but their per- 
 ception through the nerves of feeling is very keen, and sounds are 
 easily communicated through the water by sudden jars, the care- 
 less dropping of an oar, or deep bass tones of the voice. It is 
 well known that a deaf person can hear sounds of a voice or in- 
 strument, if a hard wood stick be placed in his teeth, connecting 
 with the object emitting the sounds. 
 
 The angler about to whip a water should first straighten his 
 snoods and leaders by soaking them in a basin of water ; after 
 which he can keep them tolerably strai';ht by winding the cast 
 around his hat. At a proper distance from the angling place, let 
 him put his rod together, first adjusting the reel to its place, then 
 the tip and second joints, and the second joint and but last, keep- 
 ing the hands close to the ferrules and as near together as possible. 
 Next reeve the line through the rings and draw it off from the reel 
 until its length is equal to a little more than half the length of the 
 rod ; then, with the rod held perpendicularly, unless adjacent ob- 
 jects prevent, bend on the casting line, hook the tail-fly or stretcher 
 into one of the bars of the reel, and wind up until the line is taut. 
 Put the ferrule plugs in your pocket so as not to lose them. You 
 are then ready to proceed to business. 
 
 The casting line should be not less than seven feet in length, 
 nor more than nine, of best selected gut. The tail fly should have 
 simply a loop, and the bobbers gut lengths ; that of the top one, 
 or hand fly, somewhat longer than that of the middle fly, so that 
 when the line is raised, and the rod in motion, both will touch the 
 
580 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 water gently alike. Two flies, four feet apart, are enough at any 
 time, and where there are weeds, bushes or snags, or the trout 
 heavy, it is wise to use only a single fly. The chance of hooking 
 your fish is increased when two flies are on, but the chances of 
 landing them are much diminisljed. It is unpleasant to catch i 
 weed with one hook and a fish with the other, or to have two heavy 
 fish run contrariwise and carry off^ your line. Three flies are ad- 
 missible only when the camp is out of provisions, or the trout 
 weigh no more than ninety to the quart. The landing net 
 should be deep and baggy. The most convenient arc made upon 
 a brass frame with hinges, so as to fold into a very small compass. 
 
 In fishing a stream, it is sometimes necessary to pass through 
 thick brush. This can be done with dexterity, if the angler hold 
 his rod horizontally, pushing it through, but or tip foremost, accord- 
 ing to circumstances, the former being preferable. Hav'r.g ap- 
 proached the bank, select your casting place with judgment ; we 
 mean the spot which you propose to test for a rise. A previous 
 knowledge of a stream gives one a great advantage everyway, by 
 enabling him to approach so as not to disturb the fish, and also to 
 waste no time in testing inauspicious or improbable places. 
 Choose also where you will land your fish, and determine how to 
 provide for any emergency that may arise. Having calculated the 
 length of the line you propose to cast, see that you have room 
 enough for your back line, so that you may avoid being hung up 
 in trees or caught in a rock or stump. Note the sun, and observe 
 that your shadow does not fall on the water. If it be a bright 
 calm, don't be in a hurry to cast, but wait for a ripple on the water, 
 or for the sun to go under a cloud, as your chances for a rise are 
 thus increased ten-fold ; always remembering that in trout-fishing 
 nothing is gained by being in a hurry. If the wmd blows briskly 
 in your face, don't attempt to cast against it, as your flies will only 
 get into the trees, but select a bend in the river, or wait for a more 
 favorable opportunity. If you wish to cross a stream to change 
 position, walk to the nearest shoal and wade to the opposite side. 
 
 When everything is auspicious and you are ready to cast, 
 grasp your rod in the right hand above the reel, and hold the 
 stretcher fly lightly between the thumb and fore-finger of the left. 
 Then throw up the tip of the rod gently, at the same time letting 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 58 1 
 
 go the fly, and when the Hne is at its full length drop the tip and 
 you will be surprised to see how gracefully the fly wi'l light on the 
 water twenty feet distant. If you discover that you are to fall 
 short, or go too far, recover the line before it touches the water 
 and try again. If the fly should touch the water and fail to pro- 
 voke a rise, trail it lightly and briskly along the stream in a semi- 
 circle until you are obliged to take up the slack, and then cast 
 again. After casting from one stand three times over a spot, in- 
 cluding the width of the stream, and failing of a rise, give the fish 
 a yard more line, by drawing it off the reel with the left hand ; 
 then raising the rod smartly, take up the slack, throw the rod 
 back of the shoulder, and when the line has passed behind to its 
 full length, project the tip forward as if you were going to strike 
 the water, observing to never let the rod drop below a position 
 horizontal and parallel with the water. The movement we have 
 described is technically known as casting. We will make it still 
 plainer, as it must be practiced by one desiring to become profi- 
 cient. We will suppose the angler standing up to his knees in 
 mid-stream with his line trailing down with the current to its full 
 length in front of him. Draw off enough line from the reel to 
 lengthen the cast as much as is required ; keep the elbow of the 
 right arm at ease, but well toward the body, and the wrist flexible. 
 Raise the rod evenly and without jerking, with force sufficient to 
 lift the line from the water ; throw the tip upward and backward 
 until it takes a position over the shoulder at an angle of forty-five 
 degrees and no more, keeping the tip a trifle outward, away from 
 the body ; calculate the length of time required to straighten the 
 line out behind to its full length, and then bring the rod forward 
 with vigor, striking down squarely and directly in front of you, al- 
 ways remembering on no account to let the tip drop as low as the 
 surface. It will be perceived that in the upward motion the thumb 
 points outward, and with the downward motion it turns inward. 
 This is the infallible key to the whole situation. By practicing 
 this combination of movements one will learn noi. only to lay out 
 his cast on the water in good form, but by increasing the force to 
 cast great distances. At no time should the efforts be jerky. The 
 body should be well poised, and the arm move with the evenness 
 and method of a pendulum. With a long line a sudden upward 
 
582 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 jerk is liable to break the rod either at the first or second ferrule, or 
 to throw the line out of its natural parabolic orbit ; while a too 
 sudden or premature projection of the rod forward will snap off 
 the flies, tangle the line, or catch the seat of one's corduroys with 
 the hook, insufficient time having been given for the line to 
 Straighten itself behind. Inexperienced anglers are annoyed by 
 the snoods chafing and breaking off at the heads of the flies ; the 
 cause is imperfect casting. The fly being heavier than the deli- 
 cate line, moves faster through the air by the impetus given it, 
 and when a quick jerky motion is made in casting, or a too much 
 up-and-down motion is given to the rod, the fly has to drag the 
 line along like a shot taking a life-line to a wreck, and lights on the 
 water with a thud that sends it back at right angles with the link 
 or loop. The friction is more than the strongest gut can stand. 
 
 In lifting very long lines from the water, it is desirable to start 
 them first, and then withdraw them wholly, otherwise the weight 
 and sag is liable to part the tackle, and break or strain the rod ; 
 also before making the forward cast, count the time it has taken 
 to withdraw the line from the water and bring the rod to its posi- 
 tion over the shoulder. The flies will then have time to traverse 
 the entire arc which a well-made cast requires. 
 
 When about to change position on the stream, reel up and 
 take your line out of the water, unless you are wading, when it 
 may sometimes be preferable to let the line drift down ahead of 
 the angler, if the current be swift. Wading possesses several 
 advantages over fishing from the bank, for it enables the angler to 
 fish every part of the stream which the other method does not, 
 and gives him more casting room ; the fish are not so easily 
 frightened, and when hooked are more easily landed. Fish can 
 see in clear water with great acuteness, but the refraction seems 
 to impair their vision. Fish have a habit of backing slowly down 
 stream as the angler advances, not seeming greatly disturbed ; 
 but the moment they do take fright they scoot up stream like 
 lightning. Streams may be fished up or down at option, though 
 down stream is the best. The chief advantage of fishing up 
 stream is that while you are playing your fish, you do not alarm 
 others above you, as you are supposed always to lead your captive 
 down stream. 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 
 
 583 
 
 Let us observe that fish always lie with their heads up stream. 
 Even when they dart down stream affrighted, as they sometimes 
 do, they invariably stop very soon and round to, as a yacht does 
 when she luffs into the wind. Salmon and shad when descending 
 to the sea, do not make for it in a bee line, but drop down stream 
 gradually, keeping their heads always up. Moreover, as for trout, 
 the biggest always lie in the wider and deeper stream, so that, in 
 fishing up, the angler is constantly fishing away from the big fel- 
 lows and up toward the smaller ones. In casting, too, it is im- 
 portant, as has been said, to have your line kept straight ; and in 
 fishing down stream the current does this for you, while in most 
 of the casts made in fishing up stream, the line runs back on itself, 
 and is constantly getting into slack turns and bights. Again, it 
 is less tiresome to fish down stream when wading, than against 
 the current which is sometimes so strong as to make progress 
 against it difficult. More than all, the angler can see his fish be- 
 fore him, when he is moving down, but never when he is moving 
 up. We are aware that some proficient anglers take decidedly 
 opposite ground, but they must refute what we have presented as 
 postulates, (not arguments,) before we spall yield our position. 
 Circumstances, however, alter cases. A good rule to observe 
 would be to fish down stream if the current be swift, and up stream 
 if it be sluggish ; always supposing the wind to be favorable. As 
 between worm fishing up stream and fly fishing up stream, the 
 former is preferable. 
 
 It is'useless to waste time in whipping every foot of a stream. 
 Trout lie where cool bottom springs bubble, or lateral brooks 
 come in, or food gathers, the depth of water favors, or shade and ' 
 protection serve.- The strongest and biggest fish preempt the 
 choicest places and deepest pools, but good fish are often taken in 
 swift water flowing about six inches deep over pebbly bottoms 
 where the conferva attaches itself to stones and sways in the cur- 
 rent, affording both food and lurking places. In large rivers it is 
 useless to fish except at rapids, or where a lateral stream flows in. 
 Casts may be taken when wading, or from the bank, according to 
 depth 01" water and other circumstances. Where the river makes 
 short turns there is a deep hole on one side and a corresponding 
 sand-bar or flat on the other. Trout are likely to be found in all 
 
584 * OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 these deep holes, because the current carries the food there ; and 
 for the same reason they are also to be found under the bank op- 
 posite to the wind. Where a river is divided by an island or patch 
 of weeds, a cast will be rewarded at the foot of the island at the 
 t.Ci'gt of the ripples. In spring the fish are much scattered, and 
 can be taken almost anywhere, as they are foraging for food, the 
 insects not yet having been hatched out. Later in the season the 
 trout's food is swept in plenty and variety to their dining-rooms in 
 the holes under the bank. And in autumn nature teaches them to 
 resort to the springheads and smaller tributaries for the purpose 
 of spawning. Trout feed chiefly at night, and hence are more 
 readily taken on dark and cloudy days, and between sunset and 
 dark. 
 
 In using the fly the object is to imitate the movements of the 
 natural insect as nearly as possible, and the angler often exercises 
 great ingenuity in so doing. To drop the line naturally on the 
 water, and then to keep it endued with life, is the stratagem. 
 From the moment the fly touches the water the angler should 
 keep his eye on it. Trout often feed a little under the surface ; 
 they do not always break when they rise, but quietly suck in the 
 fly. The angler can frequently detect a quick movement of a dark 
 object beneath the surface, or a sudden flash of light, which he 
 knows to be a fish making for the hook, and he instinctively raises 
 the tip of his rod and hooks it. A novice might have let a dozen 
 of these opportunities pass. Often the whereabouts of a trout is 
 betrayed by a break or a leap from the surface, and the wide-awake 
 aigler will make it his business to toss his fly over the spot sooner 
 or later. Sometimes the trout rush at the lure like a flash, leaping 
 clear over itjn their eagerness. They are difficult to hook then. 
 A fish will hook himself only in cases where the fly first touches 
 the water at the end of a straight line, or when the line is being 
 withdrawn smartly for a new cast. In all other cases the skill of 
 the angler must be employed. If this " strike " be made with vigor 
 or desperately, either the trout will be jerked high in the air, the 
 tackle will be broken, the hook will tear out, or, what is more proba- 
 ble, the hook will miss altogether. Then the awkward effort will 
 scare the fish away, and the angler must proceed to another place. 
 How to hook a fish cannot be told ; but if the angler will school 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. $8$ 
 
 himself never to raise the arm, but simply to use the wrist, lifting 
 the thumb slightly when a fish rises, his lesson will be nearly 
 learned. He must remember that his wrist is the fulcrum of a 
 long lever, and that a slight movement there will jjroduce an as- 
 tounding demonstration at the other end. It is apparent that the 
 offer of an undcsirahio fish can often be declined. If fish in a 
 pool be frightened, give the pool a half hour's rest. 
 
 Having hooked the fish the next thing is to handle him. If 
 well hooked, he will go to the bottom, and if slightly hooked he 
 will flounder about on the surface. Upon this showing the angler 
 determines his mode of procedure. In any case put him into the 
 basket as soon as possible. Do not work him against the current 
 more than can be helped. If you see the strength of your rod 
 tested too much, give him line; when he yields, reel up. The 
 point is always to keep him well in hand, as you would a horse — 
 always to feel him. When necessary to lead him out of weeds or 
 dangerous places, advance the but of the rou. It will stand an 
 enormous strain. Keep the line always under your thumb, with 
 the thumb on the rod. If the fish leaps, lower the tip of the rod 
 so as to give the line slack, otherwise he will tear the hook loose. 
 Having at last taken the mettle from him, reel in short, throw the 
 rod back over your shoulder, and slip the landing net under him. 
 If you have no net, lead him to the bank and draw him out, if he 
 be a large one. Small ones can be lifted by the line. 
 
 When you unjoint your rod take hold of the ferrules with your 
 hands as nearly together as possible, and when you draw upon 
 them give the parts a slight turn in opposite directions, and the 
 rod will usually separate without difficulty. Many good rods are 
 wrenched or broken through ignorance in this single particular. 
 Should the ferrules resist all ordinary efforts, heat them gently. 
 [For instructions relating especially to Salmon fishing, see Eastern 
 Coast Fishes, pages 263-5.] 
 
 Table of Approximate Weights of Fish according to their 
 Lengths. — In the absence of a spring balance, the following table 
 will be found useful : 
 25* 
 
586 
 
 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 A TABLE OF APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS OF FISH ACCORDING TO 
 
 THEIR LENGTHS. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 9 
 lo 
 
 XX 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 »4 
 13 
 s6 
 
 »9 
 
 30 
 31 
 33 
 
 >3 
 
 34 
 95 
 
 36 
 37 
 s8 
 39 
 y» 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 S6 
 
 38 
 39 
 4o 
 41 
 4« 
 43 
 44 
 49 
 4fi 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 oz. 
 
 6X 
 
 8?i 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 lO 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 9?i 
 
 13 
 
 "j^ 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 5X 
 
 i6 
 
 13 
 
 i8 
 
 3 
 
 «9 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 6>^ 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 15^ 
 
 36 
 
 »4 
 
 38 
 
 x4>4: 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 3?i 
 
 34 
 
 ^yi 
 
 37 
 
 n% 
 
 Weight. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 oz. 
 
 4% 
 6% 
 9 
 
 14X 
 '% 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 I3X 
 
 4 
 131^ 
 
 5X 
 
 3X 
 O 
 
 15 
 I4M 
 
 IS 
 
 Grayling. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 
 oz. 
 
 4X 
 
 6K 
 
 9X 
 
 loK 
 
 J3>l^ 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 9.V 
 i4>^ 
 
 5 
 
 iX 
 3 
 
 5>?r 
 
 Pike. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 I 
 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 18 
 30 
 
 oz. 
 
 8X 
 II 
 
 i3?i . 
 oM 
 4^ 
 83i 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 7}i : 
 J3% 
 4M ■ 
 
 13M 
 
 A}4 
 
 13 
 9 
 6 
 
 3M 
 aX 
 
 3ji , 
 3% 
 4^ ' 
 
 7}i 
 iiX 
 
 o ' 
 6 
 
 O r' 
 
 Varnish for Fly /?«7^i.— Take as much shellac ast|fe alcohol used will dissolve. 
 Spread evenly, dry thoroughly, put on three or four coats, and rub down with 
 rotten stone. 
 
 • 3. Take three ounces best gum'shellac, one and an eighth ounce gum benzoin, 
 half an ounce gum sandarach, half an ounce gum mastic, one quart alcohol 90 per 
 cent, proof; pulverize separately and add the alcohol. Put in a black bottle and 
 set in the sun, shake often, then pour off. If too thick, add alcohol ; if too thin, 
 take out the cork. Apply with linen rag. 
 
 To Waterproof Ftsh /,/««.— Dissolve paraffine in naphtha or benzine ; also, boil 
 
THE ART OF FLY FISHING. 587 
 
 linseed oil by a process that will neutralize or destroy the gelatine which all oil 
 contains a small portion of, atid whicli unless removed will leave the lines stiff and 
 hard, which is of course to be avoided. J. Babcock, 31 Magazine street, Cam- 
 bridge]>ort, Mass., prepares lines in this way. C. Tappan, of Greenwood, Mass., 
 uses the first process. 
 
 Ta Color Fish Lines. — Soak them in green tea, coffee or a solution of indigo. 
 Warm fluids preferred. 
 
 'J'o Keep Trout Fresh. — Trout carefully dressed may be preserved several days 
 fresh and sweet without ice or salt, by wrapping them in the long white moss found 
 in the swamps in the vicinity of lakes and streams where trout are caught, and 
 placing them in a cool shady place ; a hole in the ground covered over with a foot 
 or more of earth is a good place. 
 
 To Preserve Fish. — Ta/ve your fish and split it open (!f large, say three pounds 
 and upwards, on the back) ; wipe it clean, but don't wash it ; lay it in your keg or 
 barrel, skin down, then sprinkle over each layer of fish a mixture composed of one- 
 half salt and one-half Muscovado sugar, putting on about one-half the quantity 
 usually used in salting fish. On arrival home repack, using a very small quantity 
 of the same mixture. They do not get so salt as to require freshening before cook- 
 ing, merely requiring rinsing in fresh water ; neither do they lose their flavor, nor 
 become dry, as trout always do when salted in the usual way. They can be kept 
 for three months. 
 
 Lotions and Preventives for Mosquito Bites. — Olive oil, two ounces ; camphor 
 two drachms ; carbolic acid, one drachm ; acetic, one-ltalf drachm ; oil cedar one 
 drachm ; oil pennyroyal, one drachm. Mix. 
 
 3. Oil of pennyroyal, four ounces ; olive oil, eight ounces ; tar, two ounces. 
 
 3. Camphor dissolved in sweet oil, adding one-eighth part of glycerine oil to the 
 mixture is as good a protection against flies as the tar and oil, and much more 
 cleanly. 
 
 4. Essence oil verbena, one drachm ; cologne spirits, not cologne water, ninety- 
 five per cent., one pint ; mix and agit^ .e for twenty-four hours, then add distilled 
 water four ounces, and filter. Bath'j the face, neck and hands well. 
 
 5. Use carbolic acid soap. 
 
 due. — Glue is prepared for use by a gentle heat in a water bath ; when thus 
 prepared it may l»e kept in a liquid state by the addition of a fluid ounce of strong 
 nitric acid for every pound of dry glue. Or take the dry glue and add three times 
 as much commercial acid : this will dissolve the glue without the hot bath. The 
 ordinary " prepared glue " which is kept in an imputrescible liquid state, is com- 
 posed of six parts glue, sixteen parts water, one part hydrochloric acid, and one- 
 half part of sulphate of zinc. 
 
 THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. 
 
 BY THADDEUS NORRIS, ESQ. 
 
 If the lea...er's fingers are delicate and he has good use of them, 
 it is better to dispense with some of the mechanical appliances 
 used ; but for one whose digits are clumsy or who lacks a free use. 
 of them, I would recommend a vise for holding the hook, and £^ 
 
588 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 spring plier, or as some term it a pair of pliers, for holding the end 
 of a thread or hackle, and conveniently used for wrapping the lat- 
 ter on the hook. As to the materials, I will enumerate nearly ail 
 that I use myself, and in the order in which they are applied to the 
 hooks. 
 
 Wrapping Silk. — The finer, if strong, the better ; and although 
 the color should in some degree correspond to the other material 
 used, this is not of much consequence, as it is only seen in the few 
 slight wrappings at the head of the fly. 
 
 Wax. — Do not use " cobbler's " wax. Take one ounce of the 
 clearest and lightest rosin you can procure, one drachm of gutta 
 percha, and one teaspoonful of linseed oil — the crude, not the boiled 
 — put them in a teacup (1 use the lower part of a discarded tin 
 blacking box), heat them, stirring with a little stick the meanwhile 
 to have them thoroughly amalgamated, and then pour the hot com- 
 pound into a bowl of cold water. As soon as it has cooled suffi- 
 ciently, work and pull it, much as girls pull " taffy ; " this makes it 
 light colored and tough. If the gutta percha cannot be easily ob- 
 tained it may be omitted, but it adds to the toughness. To make 
 the wax softer for cold weather, add a few drops of oil. To make 
 it harder for warin weather, add, as you require, a little more 
 rosin. 
 
 Hooks. — There is much difference of opinion as to their proper 
 shape for flies. Conroy declares for the O'Shaughnessy ; /. c, the 
 improved Limerick. I coincide with Conroy. * The point of the 
 barb of the O'Shaughnessy has an outward projection. It is what 
 is called a hollow point, and the chances of hooking the fish are 
 thereby increased. The Kirby, the hooking quality of which is 
 superior to all others, it short shanked, may be used for palmers 
 and hackles, but for winged flies the sideward incHnation of the 
 point would give the wings of the fly " a list " to one side, and pre- 
 vent its floating on an "even keel." 
 
 Gut — Should be fine for stretcher, and stout for drop flies ; for 
 the latter using a half length. If the droppers are intended to be 
 looped to the leader, the loops should be tied in each end of the 
 length after soaking the gut, the projecting end pulled tight and 
 cut off close, and then the length divided into two. For my own 
 use, and for my customers, I prefer gut dyed a neutral tint, which 
 
 /" 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. - 589 
 
 is between a blue and lead color. It is done as follows :— ^Throw 
 your hank of gut into a basin of cold water, and while it is soaking 
 put into a small vessel — tin will answer — a pint and a half of 
 water with one drachm of ground logwood and six grains of cop- 
 peras. After it has commenced boiling let it bubble for ten min- 
 utes longer ; then, dashing the water from the gut, throw it in and 
 press it down with a small stick. In thirty seconds or so lift it to 
 see the depth of tint, and continue to examine and immerse it 
 until it suits your fancy. A light tint I consider preferable. Some 
 persons think that the dye affects the strength of the gut. This is 
 not the case, unless there is too much copperas ; much more than 
 I have prescribed. 
 
 Tinsel. — Gold or silver, as it is called, but really " Dutch 
 metal," whether round or flat, is kept by variety or military stores, 
 or the country reader can obtain the fiat from some dealer in Irish 
 linens, as it is frequently used, ornamentally in putting them up. 
 jj Dubbing. — The materials, and they are many, of which the 
 bodies of flies are wrapped are, first, and most important, peacock 
 bed, or "harl,"as some persons call it — the little plumelets or fibres 
 growing on each side of the tail feathers of the peacock. The cop- 
 per colored for nine flies out of ten is preferable ; the green is 
 used for fancy flies. The next is mohair, or the ravellings of a fabric 
 called " moreen," or pig's wool, growing on certain parts of the 
 animal beneath the bristles, or seal's wool, the most brilliant of all 
 — all of which can be dyed of many colors ; or the fur of a rabbit, 
 squirrel, monkey, or other animal. Add to these wrapping floss 
 silk, and the list, I believe, is complete. 
 
 Hackles. — The hackle is intended to represent the legs of a 
 winged fly, or without the wings some imaginar)' caterpillar insect, 
 which trout take for a reality. There are saddle and neck hackles. 
 The former are the long streamers growing on each side of a 
 cock's rump, the latter are plucked from the back of the neck — • 
 the closer to the head the shorter the hackles and stiffer the fibres. 
 Having stouter stems than the saddle hackles, they are less apt to 
 break in winding on. The older the cock the stiffer the fibres ; 
 but as old cocks are not always obtainable, I avail myself of the 
 good terms I am op with several poultry dealers to pluck the heads 
 and necks of their capons. Natural hackles are more generally 
 
590 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 used in tying trout flies than others. Then there are those, the 
 fibres of which are red at the stem, or say at the roots, and black 
 on the outer edges of the feather, and frequently black at the stem 
 and red at the outer edges ; both of which are called furnace hackles. 
 There are also light yellowish red, termed "ginger hackles." 
 Black hackles are essential in tying dark flies. Grey are used in 
 tying dun colored flies when dun hackles, which are very scarce, 
 are not to be had. Add to these the ginger barred and black 
 barred on a white ground, and we have most of the natural or un- 
 dyed colors. But hold, there are a few more, the feathers from 
 the wren's tail, from the ruff of the grouse, from the partridge and 
 snipe, and the short spotted feathers of the guinea fowl are occa- 
 sionally used, but they are soft of fibre and poor substitutes for 
 cocks' hackles. 
 
 Wings. — The feathers of which the wings of flies are made, 
 are numerous. Those of the mallard, teal, red-neck, sheldrake, 
 wood-duck, and other wild fowl correspond in position to the sad- 
 dle hackles of the cock, and are, I think, what ornithologists term 
 *' tail coverts," Few others, except the secondary wing feathers 
 of the red-neck, canvas-back and teal, are used. The tail coverts 
 of ducks are difficult of manipulation on account of their extreme 
 delicacy and lightness. Of all feathers from the wings of birds or 
 domestic fowls the secondary only are good ; the pinions are 
 worthless. If a man's arms were wings the pinions would be 
 found growing from the wrist to the tips of the feathers, the sec- 
 ondaries from the elbow to the wrist. I hope this will explain 
 their true position, for if one asks his friend in the " rural districts " 
 to get him the feathers of a certain fowl, in nine cases out of ten 
 he will be presented with any other than the right ones. The 
 great variety of plumage in domestic fowls, produced by crossing 
 and interbreeding, has furnished some feathers invaluable to the 
 fly-maker, especially to the beginner ; these are in nearly every 
 case the secondaries of hens. They are much easier of manipu- 
 lation than the tail coverts of wild ducks or the short fibred wing 
 feathers of birds, and in all cases should be used instead by the 
 tyro when he can get them near the shade or markings of any 
 duck's feathers he may admire. The Earl Derby, the dark brah- 
 mas, and most of the various crossings producing so many shades 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. $9 1 
 
 of brown and mixed colors furnish them. White secondaries are 
 used for the wings of the moth fly or white miller, as also for the 
 , coachman. Dun feathers arc almost as difficult to procure as dun 
 hackles. When one is fortunate enough, therefore, to obtain them 
 in excess of his own wants he should garner them up for the 
 needy ; for fly-makers are great beggars. Red ibis of course will 
 be seized on, as well as the crest, ruff, back and breast feathers of 
 the golden pheasant. Turkey, the secondary and tertiary, as well 
 as the tail feathers, also come into play ; so also do some of the 
 wing feathers of the wild goose. English blue jay, guinea fowl, 
 macaw and parrot, and golden pheasant are used almost entirely 
 in tying salmon flies. 
 
 Let me imagine, my reader, that you have taken a seat by my 
 side at the table where I tie my flies. Before us are two paper 
 boxes, each about sixteen inches long, four deep, and five wide. 
 On removing the top the sides lowards us fall by little muslin 
 hinges, on the table. The boxes are divided by little pasteboard 
 uprights, each into five apartments of equal width. In the first 
 apartment of the box on our left, are bits of feather used for the 
 tails of flies, viz., the tail coverts of the mallard, teal, sheldrake, 
 and wood-duck ; feathers from the crest, ruff, back, and breast of 
 the golden pheasant; red ibis, parrot, macaw, and a few dyed 
 feathers. The second, third, and fourth apartments are for the 
 feathers for wings, described in my first cast, and the fifth con- 
 tains my hackles. These feathers are neatly folded in slips of 
 paper and placed in large sized envelopes, which have the names 
 written at the top of the back. They sit edgewise in the box, 
 with the inscriptions all facing the same way, so that by passing 
 my fingers over them, I can easily find the feathers I am about to 
 use. The box to my right contains, each in its proper apartment, 
 hooks in little boxes, the size marked on top and bottom, hand 
 vise, spring pliers, picker, wax, a pair of sharp scissors, three and 
 a quarter inches long, with blades an inch long and one-quarter 
 inch wide, a small flat piece of India rubber for straightening gut,, 
 wrapping silk of various colors and degrees of fineness, floss silk, 
 peacock and ostrich herl, and the different kinds of dubbing as 
 enumerated previously. I do not imply by the foregoing that so 
 methodical an arrangement is necessary for an amateur, but 
 something of the kind would prevent confusion. 
 
592 
 
 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 Suppose first, we tie the simplest hackle, say a ginger on a 
 No. 6 hook. If you use the vise, fasten the hook between the 
 jaws, then take a piece of wrapping silk of the required length, say 
 a foot or fourteen inches, and rolling a mite of wax as large as a 
 BB shot between the fore-finger and thumb, draw the silk through 
 
 twice. With the hook in the position shown on the annexed illus- 
 tration, whether held by vise or between the thumb and fore-finger 
 of the left hand, take five or six turns around the shank of the 
 hook, as shown in figure i. Then, laying on the gut, commence 
 quite close to the head and wrap down to A, figure 2. Here, 
 with three turns of your wrapping silk, fasten in the floss, A B, 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. 593 
 
 and laying the wrapping silk along the shank, tuck it in between 
 the gut and the head of the hook, and throw a few loose coils 
 around the gut to keep it out of the way. Now wind on your floss 
 as far as C, figure 3, increasing the bulk of the body somewhat as 
 you proceed ; then throw the loose coils of wrapping silk free from 
 the gut, and take three turns over the floss and clip off the end. 
 You next take your ginger hackle, about the length figured, and 
 stroking back a few fibres at the point and clipping off the end, 
 lay it against the hook and fasten in with four or five turns and 
 wrapping up to within a sixteenth of an inch or so of the head, 
 throw a few loose coils around the gut as before. Now wrap on 
 your hackle closely, pressing back the fibres as you go to avoid 
 overlapping them. On getting as near the head of the hook as 
 shown in the illustration, fasten the hackle with two or three 
 turns, clip off the ends and throwing the wrapping into coil D F 
 D, seize it at F and take as many turns as will come to the very 
 end of the shank. Now reversing the turns, with the gut through 
 the coil, you draw on the end D until the wrapping forming the 
 coil is drawn tight. Your fly now, after clipping off the surplus, 
 is complete, needing only a touch of copal varnish, with a small 
 camel's hair brush, at the head to make it secure. 
 
 " Let me tell you, scholar," as Father Izaac so frequently re- 
 marked to his pupil Venator, the tying of this simple hackle is the 
 all-important rudiment of the art. If you learn to make it neatly 
 all else will become "just as natural as falling off a log." But let 
 us tie another hackle and beautify the lower part of the body v/ith 
 a little tinsel. So we go back to figure 2 and suppose A B a strip 
 of flat gold tinsel v\ hich we have fastened with three turns of the 
 wrapping and thrown the latter in a few loose coils around the 
 gut. We take three turns of the tinsel, perhaps four, or even five 
 if the hook is large, down the shank closely, so as to hide the hook, 
 and then as many turns back, and after fastening with two or 
 three turns of the wrapping cut off the end of the tinsel. We will 
 vary the body of this hackle by having it of peacock's herl. We 
 accordingly take four or five herls between the thumb and finger 
 of the left hand and clipping them off evenly, lay them on where 
 you have just clipped off the tinsel, and take two or three turns over 
 the ends which project toward the head of the hook. Now laying 
 
594 OCEAN^ LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 your wrapping silk along the herls you twist both herls and wrap- 
 ping silk slightly, winding in the meanwhile as far up the shank 
 of the hook as you intend the body to extend, then fastening in 
 your hackle you proceed as already described. 
 
 Fur, mohair, pig's wool and seal's wool are spun on in the same 
 way. A ravelling of any fabric, for instance, moreen, may be fas- 
 tened and wound on as floss silk. In making a very large body 
 to a fly it is a matter of economy when using floss silk, to wrap 
 first with darning cotton, or similar material. It matters but little 
 as to the color, as the floss covers it. 
 
 To make a palmer hackle proceed as instructed as far as A, 
 figure 2 ; and after putting on the tinsel, if it is required, fasten in 
 the tip end of the hackle, then the material of which the body is 
 composed. Now you have tinsel, hackle, and dubbing tied in, and 
 the rule is that the material fastened in last is wound on Prst, so 
 you wind on your dubbing, fasten it a little below the head of the 
 hook, and then taking three, four or "ive turns of the tinsel in the 
 same direction, you fasten it also. Now you wind on your hackle 
 just behind and close to the tinsel, and as you get near the head 
 of the hook disregard the tinsel and take a few close turns of the 
 hackle, fastening it, clipping it off" and finishing as already directed. 
 In a palmer the fibres of the hackle should stand out much thicker 
 at the shoulders and head of the fly than along the body. 
 
 I hope the reader will understand the directions I have given 
 for tying hackles and palmers, for they are pertinent, as far as they 
 go, to making winged flies. 
 
 The most celebrated fly makers use only their fingers, but a 
 small hand, or as some call it a pin vise, is exceedingly convenient 
 when one wishes to lay down his work for a while. By twirling it 
 with the left hand and holding the material with the right you can 
 wind on the most delicate floss without soiling it with wax, which 
 it is almost impossible to have your fingers entirely free from. In 
 fact it is necessary sometimes to dissolve whatever of it adheres to 
 the fingers with a little oil and then wash your hands with soap 
 and water to get rid of the oil. 
 
 A certain school of fly-makers tie on the wings, or more prop- 
 erly the wing, last of all, and in making an elaborate fly it is the 
 proper way, but in ordinary trout flies, as I shall presently show, 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. 
 
 595 
 
 the wing should be put on immediately after wrapping on the gut. 
 Some old-fashioned makers maintain that a pair of wings should 
 be put on, each one separately. This is certainly unnecessary, for 
 most of the natural flies we observe on the water, if alive, have 
 their wings folded together, appearing as one. Especially is this 
 the case with the Ephemeridas, which are most numerous. 
 
 \: -Vlf'l 
 
 
 f 't-r'' \-'V)*^*3. 
 
 y'» ■ .'\*.':t/::X' ?iT 
 
 Let me ask the reader to cast his eye on the plate above. He 
 •' will observe that the fibres incline towards the top end of the 
 feather. Now each of these, on the sides where they come in con- 
 tact, if examined with a microscope, will be found to contain a 
 regular series of little hooks, if I may so call them, forming a con- 
 
596 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 nection or interlocking with a similar series on the adjoining fibre. 
 On this interlocking of the fibres, with the arrangement of the 
 feathers, and the oiling which the bird gives them, depends its 
 ability to shed water as from the roof of a house, and a duck to 
 swim and dive and still remain dry. If you cut out a section (fig- 
 ure 2), and, doubling it, form figure 3, the fibres at the outer end 
 of your wing will be of an unequal length and require pinching or 
 clipping off of the ends after it is tied on. You will therefore, 
 holding the stem of the feather in your left hand, stroke back the 
 fibres gently and gradually, forcing the little hooks to lose the 
 original connection with their fellows on the adjoining fibres and 
 form others until you get them to stand out at right angles with 
 the stem. After forcing as many back as will form your wing, 
 clip them off with your scissors and double them with the under 
 side of the feather inward, your one wing, representing a pair of 
 wings, is ready to tie on. 
 
 Holding the smoothly folded mass of fibres together between 
 the thumb and fore-finger of your right hand, lay it on the back of 
 the hook, the ends of the fibres extending as far back as you pro- 
 pose to have the length of the wing, pressing it down firmly ; 
 then bring the fore-finger and thumb of your left hand into aotion, 
 and releasing the hold with your right take two or three turns of 
 your wrapping silk ; look to see if it sits right, and then with one 
 or two more wrappings, close and neat, you fasten off with the 
 invisible knot, as described in finishing a hackle ; and so your fly 
 is complete. , ■- '* 
 
 The foregoing is the English mode ; but let me describe 
 another, and, I think, more secure way of putting on the wings of 
 trout flies. I think it originated in Ireland. It is now generally 
 adopted in this country. Holding the hook as already described, 
 take four or five turns of the wrappiftg silk, about two-thirds of 
 the way up from the bend to the head, then laying on the gut con- 
 tinue wrapping, but closely, leaving just enough of the nook to 
 fasten and finish off; lay on the wing, the convex edge beneath, 
 and the end in the reverse direction, i. e. outward along the bare 
 gut, then, holding the wing firmly in position, take two or three 
 turns of the wrapping, being careful that the wing does not turn 
 over towards the opposite side of the hook, look at it to see that it 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. 597 
 
 sits properly ; continue clown the shank with a half dozen or more 
 turns, and then clip off the root ends of the fibres, which of course 
 are pointing towards the bend of the hook. Your wing is now 
 secure, with the point or end reversed. Continue wrapping over 
 gut and hook until you come opposite the point of the latter ; then 
 put on your tinsel, clipping off the surplus end, then your dubbing, 
 extending it well up towards the head, and leaving the space to be 
 occupied by the hackle about half as much as that so occupied 
 when tying a fly without wings. Here you fasten in the hackle 
 firmly, winding it on up to the point where you commenced tying 
 on the wing ; secure the end of the hackle with three turns of your 
 wrapping, clipping off the surplus end, then double back the wing 
 into its intended position, take two or three turns over the head or 
 but end, and finish off with the invisible knot, as previously 
 described. 
 
 A quicker way of putting on the wings is, after stroking back 
 the fibres, and bringing them at right angles to the stem of the 
 feather, to double them into the shape of the wing, and then, with 
 a quick jerk, pluck it by the roots from the stem. The wing is 
 then laid on, and the tly proceeded with as just described. The 
 wing should extend backward just so lar that the tip of it comes 
 immediately over the bend of the hook. The fibres of the hackle 
 should hardly be long enough to reach the same place, and the 
 hackle itself should not be more than two-thirds the length of stem 
 required for a hackle or palmer fly. 
 
 One would suppose, before he tried it, that the wing cut or 
 torn from the stem, as described, would be square at the tip end 
 when tied on. A trial will prove that the end will be oval or 
 elliptical, resembling the wings of a natural fly. The learner, of 
 course, will find that in tying back the wing, if the turns of the 
 wrapping silk are too near the but end of the head, the wing will 
 sit too perpendicularly, and that if the turns of the wrapping are 
 too far back it will sit too close to the body. The body in a well 
 proportioned fly extends rather beyond, opposite the point of the 
 hook. If. the wing is too long it should be shortened by a vigor- 
 ous pinch of the thumb nail and fore-finger. 
 
 I had forgotten to mention that in making a body of mohair, fur, 
 or pig's wool, the requisite quantity, after a little pulling, is placed 
 
598 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 in the palm of the left hand and rolled into the shape of on oblong 
 cone. The smaller end is then applied to the lower end of the 
 body, and twisting or spinning it in with the wrapping silk it is 
 wound up the body, which is to be increased in bulk as you near 
 the space intended for the hackle. The wild hairs of the dubbing 
 should be clipped off, so also should awry fibre of the hackle after 
 winding on. The picker (a darning needle, stuck head in into a 
 small cork will answer for this little implement), when required, is 
 brought into requisition in arranging and straightening the irregular 
 fibres after winchng on the hackle. 
 
 The mode of clipping off the but ends of the wing as close up to 
 the head of the fly as I have described, answers in most cases, for 
 instance for a herl, or mohair, or fur body, but when we intend to 
 make a floss body the surplus part of the wing should be clipped 
 off in a direction slanting towards the bend of the hook ; so that in 
 wrapping over it with the floss the body will taper, handsomely in- 
 creasing in bulk as it nears the place where you intend to fasten in 
 the hackle. In tying flies one becomes appreciative of the minute- 
 ness of spaces, and in putting on tinsel, or in the length of the 
 body, or in finishing oil at the head as much as may be occupied 
 by one or two turns of the finest wrapping silk, is easily judged of. 
 
 Tails, — In putting on this little "caudal appendage," as Mr. 
 Sparrowgrass would have termed it, much nicety is to be obsen'ed. 
 Of course it is placed precisely on top of the hook, the fibres of 
 leathers of which it is composed should curve upward and sit 
 gracefully. If it be a plain body, as in the fly, called the hare's 
 ear, it is tied in on completing the wrapping on of the gut. If tin- 
 sel ornaments the end of ihe body, it should be put on first, and 
 then the tail. If the body is intended to be wrapped with tinsel, it 
 should hang loose while putting on the tail and then wound spi- 
 rally over the dubbing with two, three, four, or five lurns, as the 
 case may be. 
 
 Repeating in part the directions already given for the bodies 
 of the flies, let me remind the learner that the material fastened in 
 last is wrapped on first. Suppose for instance you wish to make a 
 winged fly with a palmer body : After the tail is on, tie in the end 
 of the hackle, and \\\^Xi— firstly, wrap on the dubbing ; secondly, the 
 tinsel ; thirdly, the hackle, following close behind the turns of the 
 
THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. 599 
 
 tinsel ; and it makes a better looking fly to wrap the hackle much 
 more closely on getting up under the wings ; making it a little 
 more "buz" as it is frequently termed. A tly is said to be buz 
 when the hackle is wrapped on thick and it looks " bushy " as 
 we Americans would term it. 
 
 Some makers use two or three half-hitches in finishing off at 
 the head. The invisible knot is as easily tied and much more 
 secure. ,. ;.. (< ■ . < • • 
 
 Let me describe as briefly and as plainly as I can the proper 
 mode of using a pair of scissors. They should be such as I have 
 described. Do not put your finger and thumb into the bows or 
 oval openings, but lay that part of the implement in the.|)alm of 
 your hand and with the thumb and fingers work the blades, A 
 little practice in this way will enable one to pick out and chp off a 
 single fibre of the hackle or wing with great nicety. : 
 
 I now introduce a plate of four salmon flies, (three of them 
 copied fcom Blacker's "Book of the Salmon,") in order to show 
 what are " feelers," and " toppings," and " loops," and " heads and 
 shoulders," and " tags" and so on. We scarcely ever use a more 
 elaborate salmon fly than the second, for the waters of the Domin- 
 ion, and a Shannon fly or one of Whitney's flies tied for the Maine 
 waters, the " Toodlebug," for instance, or one of my own mixed 
 wings made for the same waters, unless the river was very high, 
 would scare all the Nipisiquit or Cascapediac or Restigouche sal- 
 mon out of a pool. A knowledge of the technical names of the 
 minor appurtenances of a salmon fly is not essential to one who 
 plies his seventeen foot withe, or scarcely to one who makes his 
 own flies for American rivers, but to be thorough we must name 
 all the little adjuncts and accessories. 
 
 I will therefore call the reader's close attention to the third fig- 
 ure. The tail is what is usually called a " topping," z. e. feather 
 from the crest of the golden pheasant. The body is wrapped with 
 floss silk, ribbed with gold twist, z. e. stout gold thread, which is 
 followed by a hackle almost to the head where, as will be observed, 
 another feather is tied on, a blue jay, for what is termed a " shoul- 
 der." There is a mixed wing of golden pheasj^nt neck, teal, guinea 
 hen, and light brown turkey, with a topping much longer than the 
 tail surmounting the wing. The head is of black ostrich herl. 
 
6oo 
 
 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 wound on closely, both for ornament and to hide the but end of 
 the wing where it is clipped off. Referring to the fourth figure, a 
 
 .'-I tL-fJ 
 
 " t^&" just at the Hut of the tail. A tag may be of ostrich herl, 
 or pig's or seal's wool, or floss. The " feelers " which by a great 
 stretch of imagination are supposed to represent the antennae of a 
 
.1 .-. - - 
 
 THE ART OF FLY-MAKING. ' 6oi 
 
 natural fly — are the two long fibres of macaw tail feather tied in on 
 each side of the head and extending back over the wings ; and an- 
 other stretch of imagination is to suppose that a natural fly carries 
 them thus. The third or fourth fly figured is much too large for 
 the rivers of Canada at an ordinary stage of water. The third 
 might do on very high water after it has gone down just enough 
 for the fish to commence noticing a fly. 
 
 The second figure is a very plain fly, the " blue and brown," or 
 " Nicholson," named after an old salmon fisher, " a broth of a boy," 
 of St. Johns, New Brunswick. There are a few turns of flat gold 
 tinsel, or gold twist, dien a tail of mallard and golden pheasant's 
 ruff; the body of reddish brown seal's or pig's wool, wrapped with 
 a blue and reddish brown hackle ; the wings are of mallard, and, 
 according to Mr. Nicholson's style of tying, stand well up. The 
 size of the hook given is for high water, when the dubbing and 
 hackles are of lighter shades. As the water falls the hackles and . 
 dubbing should be darker. On low water and bright weather dark 
 brown and purplish blue are best ; the hook decreasing in size as 
 the water falls. In fact, trout hooks numbers 3 and 4 (Conroy's 
 O'Shaughnessy's numbers) are as a general rule large enough for 
 the rivers of Canada ; numbers i and 2 are full size for high water. ' 
 yj One who has become somewhat profirient in tying trout flies, 
 can easily make one for salmon. But at the risk of repeating to 
 some extent the directions given for the former, let me describe the 
 tying of a plain salmon fly, and leave the ambitious amateur to his 
 own ingenuity in making an elaborate one. The blue and brown, 
 as described, has two hackles, one of each color. We will take a 
 fly with one: say the fieiy brown. 
 
 \ Lay all the materials before you — a short topping for tail, a bit 
 of gold twist (three inches or soj, fiery brown dubbing of mohair, 
 or pig's or seal's wool, a hackle of redder shade than the dubbing, 
 the wing ready folded, a plumelet of ostrich herl, a bit of blue and 
 yellow n»acaw tail feather, and a gut loop. The latter is so cut 
 that when doubled it will be long enough to come about where the 
 tail is tied on, the ends to be beveled, and, bending it over a coarse 
 needle or an awl, an eye should be formed, as is not represented in 
 the illustration. The wings of a salmon fly, as a general rule, should 
 be double, or say two-ply, for mallard, of which most wings are 
 26 . 
 
602 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 made, is very light, and requires delicate handlihgf. In preparing 
 it, stroke back the fibres gently and firmly until all their ends are 
 square, clip off with your scissors, and lay it on the table ; prepare 
 another in the same way, and lay it on top of the first, placing it 
 where it is not apt to be disturbed. 
 
 Now, if allowed, we will use the small vise figured in our first 
 paper. Firstly — Secure the hook well between its jaws. Secondly 
 — Wax your silk, and commencing near the bend, wrap up to the 
 head with a dozen or so turns. Thirdly — Lay on the gut loop 
 warp down opposite the bend, perhaps a few turns below. Fourth' 
 ly — Lay on the gold twist, secure the end and winding it three or 
 four turns back, opposite the point of the hook, fasten it, allowing 
 the surplus to stand outward towards the head. Fifthly — Put on 
 the topping for tail so that it curves handsomely upward and secure 
 it with two turns of the wrapping silk. Sixthly — Fasten in the tip 
 end of the hackle, the back uppermost. Seventhly — Having pulled 
 and picked your dubbing and rolled it in the palm of your hand into 
 a conical shape, (very little is required,) twist in the small end with 
 your wrapping silk, and spinning both silk and dubbing almost up 
 to the head, fasten it with a half-hitch. Eighthly — Twirling your 
 vise, follow with four turns of the gold twist, fasten an^ then follow 
 close behind with the hackle, the underside next to the dubbing. 
 You are now ready to put on the wing. There are two ways — one 
 is, after doubling it to tie it on as described ; another (as taught nie 
 by Mr. Harry Venning,) is not to double but to lay it flat on the top 
 of the hook with the fore-finger and thumb of the right and com- 
 press it with the corresponding fingers of the left hand ; bending 
 the two edges of the wing so that an equal proportion will enfold 
 the hook on both sides. Now with your wrapping silk take two 
 turns ; look to see that the wing is put on evenly and sits properly, 
 and taking a half-dozen more turns, make it secure with a half- 
 hitch. Putting on the feelers to have them sit uniformly is a nice 
 job. The pair should be taken from opposite sides of the blue and 
 yellow macaw tail-feather ; that on the far side to be fastened in 
 with two turns of the wrapping, then that on the near side. In 
 making the head observe that the black ostrich herl has a convex 
 and a concave side, and is to be wrapped on very closely with the 
 convex side outward towards the eye of the loop. Clip off the sur- 
 
 I 
 
ARTIFICIAL FLIES. 603 
 
 plus but-end of the herl and fasten with the invisible knot. With 
 a small sharp stick dipped into copal, varnish the last wrapping of 
 the silk, being careful not to let it touch the herl. 
 
 When mallard is scarce the under ply of the wing may be of 
 turkey, making it more solid than if it was all mallard. As a rule 
 salmon flies are wrapped palmer fashion, that is, the hackle over 
 the whole length of the body. The bodies, as will be observed, 
 are very slender in proportion to the size of the fly. 
 
 '%:■»>: 
 
 ARTIFICIAL FLIES. 
 
 Constant inquiries are made for works on Angling. Such 
 works (exclusively as such), have never been published in Amer- 
 ica. Proficient anglers well know how difficult it is to utter 
 opinions and instructions which the fraternity will unanimously 
 accept as ex cathedra, and are ever chary of the captious criticisms 
 of those who keep silent and assume to be the only Solons. ' To 
 prepare a work upon patterns for flies, and to determine precisely 
 what flies are suitable for different waters, at the same or at 
 different seasons, is even more difficult still. There are a number 
 of exce]li!i|t English books of this character, but they are of little 
 service on this side of the Atlantic, because the water and the 
 larvai that inhabit the waters there are widely different from ours. 
 The same flies that obtain in England will not serve us here, 
 where they are not known either to entomologists, or to the fishes 
 themselves. To write intelligently on this subject, one has to 
 begin at the tgg. Nothing but a correct knowledge of the insects 
 that inhabit the waters, or places contiguous, will enable the 
 student to make an intelligent selection of subjects for artificial 
 flies for specified times and places. To enable us to impart this 
 information correctly and properly, we have taken by permission 
 the following article from the columns of Forest and Stream. 
 It was prepared by Miss Sara J. McBride, of Mumford, N. Y., and 
 constitutes a valuable contribution to the angling literature of 
 America. 
 
 " Insects are the scavengers of nature. They seek fetid, un- 
 wholesome matter, the germ cells are left, and the corrupt mass is 
 the birth place, home and sepulchre of myriads of animate life. 
 Noxious miasmatic gases are consumed, purity takes the place of 
 
6o4 
 
 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 foulness, and the whole, cleaned at the appointed time, has the 
 appearance of a miniature resurrection. Not only is the earth 
 cleansed, but the water is purified. The flora that spread out 
 their arms expands and grows in rich luxuriance beneath the 
 water without fear of drought or a sigh for rain, all kept clean and 
 pure by the infinite hosts of species that sport in the water, whose 
 nourishment is decaying vegetation and disagreeable substances 
 formed by the decomposing action of the water. The majority of 
 aquatic species, and those species that appear in the greatest 
 numbers are these indirect vegetarians. I am aware that this is 
 a strong statement, and one never before advanced. It is the 
 result of years of patient watching and studying. Of the class of 
 insects whose larvae feed in this manner there are, in the section 
 Neuroptera, the Ephemera, all of the Phryganina that live in 
 cases, several species of lialina. Many species, but divided among 
 different families in the section diptera. One of these, Pisces simu- 
 liner, received its fishy name in honor of the commotion it created 
 among pisciculturists, a few years since. It figured in Fish Com- 
 missioners' reports, etc., as a •' web worm " and "destroyer of young 
 trout." Larvae are ravenous feeders. A stream must be rich in 
 confervas to have a large insect fauna. It would be well sometimes 
 before stocking streams with fish to stock them first with insect 
 food. Not that insects are the only fish food, but directly and 
 indirectly they form the main supply at all seasons, and almost the 
 exclusive food when the Gatmnarus and other Crustacea are pass- 
 ing through the first stages of life. Insects are liable to be exter- 
 minated in streams, or new species take the place of the old ones ; 
 floods and freshets sweep the flora away. Mineral matter is ob- 
 noxious ; or their parasites and enemies may gain the ascendancy. 
 New species may supplant the old inhabitants, not always " the 
 survival of the fittest," but the survival of those whose ene- 
 mies and parasites are held in check from a combination of 
 circumstances. 
 
 " In an insect's life there are three familiar forms, larvae, pupa, 
 and imago. Larvae are frequently used as bait, pushed squirming, 
 wriggling, protesting on the bare hook. Of these so martyred, 
 ' there are Phryganidce larvae barbarously drawn from their castles, 
 . known as caddis bait to the destroyer, grubs, larvae of beetles, 
 maggots, or gintles, larvae of the diptera, caterpillars, larvae of 
 moths. The only pupa so sacrificed belongs to the family of Li- 
 alis, known by the suggestive appellation of helgramite. Of the 
 adult insects or imagines, the Lociistartce, or grasshoppers, are a 
 common bait. The imitations used are of four forms. The fly 
 proper, with clear, smooth body, feet, wings with or without caudal 
 setae. Palmers, body covered with hairs bristling in all directions 
 from one extremity to the other. The hackled fly, body like the 
 palmer with wings, and sometimes caudal setae. The hackle, body 
 
ARTIFICIAL FLIES. 605 
 
 smooth with hackle closely wound at the head, the upper part of 
 the hackle representing the wings, the lower the feet. This is what 
 the old authors call a " fly-made buzz." a fly with its wings in rapid 
 motion. It imitates some small flies with heavy drooping wings as 
 they flutter over the surface of the water. 
 
 " In imitating insects the size of the fly must correspond with 
 the size of the insect, that the fly, when made, will be of the same 
 size as the insect imitated. All nondescript flies should be of the 
 same size as the natural inhabitants of that particular stream they 
 are thrown on. 
 
 " It is a strange but peculiar fact in insect economy, that the 
 small streams have a small sized insect fauna and the larger streams 
 a correspondingly larger. They are not the same identical insects, 
 but sometimes closely allied species. I will here state for the 
 benefit of the uninitiated in bug lore, that insects, when they have 
 assumed the perfect or winged form, no matter how long the term 
 of life is afterward, never change, never grow. 
 
 " The waters of the United States and Canadas, homes of the 
 Salmontda family, may be classed in three or more general divis- 
 ions, each with its own well-defined insect fauna. The first of 
 these we will consider are Head Springs. In these the water is 
 of a uniform temperature ; their even flow the least disturbed 
 from rains, snow water, and freshets ; the birthplace of the trout, 
 and the richest in insect life. The water is at all times swarming 
 with animalculag, the wonderful reproduction of these diminutive 
 orders supplying food for the larger, and they in turn for the fish. 
 Insects leave these waters about a month earlier than they do other 
 streams. The first that present themselves are of the family Chi- 
 ronomidce, belonging to the order Diptera. The chief distinguish- 
 ing characteristic of this order is their having but two wings — all 
 other orders have four. The larvae are long, slim, worm-like, some 
 a blood red color. They are aquatic, or rather they live in that soft 
 mixture of mud and water, with its slimy growth of vegetation 
 offering a treacherous foothold to the investigator, where sinking 
 lower and lower they feel as if they would soon be exploring that 
 region no one wishes to know of. When ready to change to pupas, 
 they bury themselves deeper in the mud. The outer skin hardens, 
 and to all appearance, they are at rest, but really preparing lor a 
 most wonderful metamorphose. From its changes the body con- 
 tracts in its case, leaving a sort of vacuum, so mat when it finally 
 wriggles itself out of the mud into the water it floats to the surface. 
 The case slits open above the thorax and the fly comes out. Of 
 these there are five that appear in such quantities that they may be 
 preeminently distinguisHed as fish food. They are piscatorially 
 named black, dark claret, bright claret, grey, and olive gnats. 
 These insects are double brooded, that is, the cycle of their life is 
 repeated twice eveiy year. Their first exodus, if the weather is 
 
6o6 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER, 
 
 favorable, is from the last of March to the first of May. Their 
 second, through August and September. They may be farther 
 distinguished as morning flies, as the majority leave the water 
 during the hours of seven and eleven A. M. 
 
 " Another genus, immense in numbers, but small in size, that 
 metamorphose at this season, belongs to the family Ephemeridce, 
 order Neuroptera. The pupa is active and closely resembles the 
 larvas. They are brisk, rapid swimmers, live an independent, un- 
 social life, keeping close to the bottom of the creek, where their 
 murky muddy color protects them from the vigilant eyes of their 
 pursuers. When disturbed they unhesitatingly risk an open flight, 
 first up to the surface, skim along a little way and then down again. 
 These are their tactics on the defensive. It will be almost need- 
 less to write that these are favorite game for trout, and where one 
 is you are sure to find the other. It is impossible to rear them in 
 aquaria. If the water becomes a degree or two warmer than that 
 in the bed of the creek, both larvas and pupSe perish almost in- 
 stantly. When ready to take wing they rise to the surface under 
 some protecting shade, avoiding the uneven temperature of the 
 banks. With a heaving motion of the body the thorax slits open, 
 two upright wings flash out and are held aloof until the feet and setae 
 are drawn out ; for an instant it rests on its old coat, and then flies 
 off a sub-imago to await its last metamorphose, which takes place 
 in from ten to twenty-four hours after leaving the water. A deli- 
 cate parchment-like coating is thrown off the entire body, head, feet 
 wings and seta, leaving the insect with paler colors — transparent 
 wings and translucent body. The familiar nomenclature for this 
 family is dark fox, poor man's fly, red fox and bright fox. These 
 begin to make their appearance the middle of April. There are 
 a succession of broods throughout the summer months. They 
 leave the water in the evenings, some very early in the mornings. 
 The black hackled fly has no natural history, only a history of long 
 experience, a captivating fly for all streams. Its most wonderful 
 exploits as a lure are when the water is discolored with rain. The ibis 
 is probably taken for a flower or animalcule. Many forest trees have 
 at this season a blossom whose petals are of this scarlet color. 
 The palmers or caterpillars are to be used wherever fish are to be 
 caught ad libitum. The grizzly king, queen of the water, and pro- 
 fesgor, have a classical history. The two first are the invention of 
 Prof John Wilson— Christopher North of the "Noctcs Ainbro- 
 siancB." The last the invention of James Wilson, the eminent nat- 
 uralist. Thev are general flies for all streams, and all seasons. 
 Like the black hackled fly and ibis, these should be held in reserve 
 for the days and hours where the six-footed race are lying in am- 
 bush. 
 
 " The i[r^.^ox\^\Qs(Odonata), take the front rank among water 
 insects. In described species they exceed in number all the re- 
 
♦ .V^ ARTIFICIAL FLIES. jij C)0; 
 
 maining families in the section Neiiroptera whose birth-place is 
 the water. The majority are in the warmer latitudes. They have 
 a preference for the waters where the temperature increases du- 
 ring the summer months. In springs and mountain streams the 
 larvae will be found hugging the bank and in shallow inlets. They 
 hibernate in the ^"gg form, at least in the northern latitudes ; are 
 voracious predaceous feeders ; are sporting characters, whose life 
 af^ll times depends on their agility in pursuing and capturing 
 game. Their large size, as well as their habits in flying in pursuit 
 of food, keeping high over the water, will always prevent their 
 imitations being used successfully as bait on small streams. They 
 are rapid in their movements, but easily tire, and where there is a 
 large expanse of water their imitations can be used with good suc- 
 cess. In such waters there is always a larger sized class of fish, 
 making strong, heavy tackle essential. 
 
 " The next family the section predominant in species, and each 
 species predominant in numbers, is the Phryganhia — meaning a 
 fagot. For various reasons this family should claim the particular 
 attention of the fly-fisher. It belongs almost exclusively to the 
 northern latitudes, and particularly to that class of waters where 
 the trout and grayling delight to sport. From the numbers of 
 species, and their diversity of habits, they make their appearance 
 at all seasons. The imagines have a moth-like habitus, and are 
 called " stone flies," on account of their colors ftsembling stones. 
 The wings are black-brown, black shading through the browns, 
 the brick colors, the luteous, until a creamy white is reached. The 
 eggs are inclosed in gelatinous capsules which swell in the water 
 and attach themselves to stones, sticks or vegetation. In this mass 
 the young live for some time after being excluded from the ^^Z- 
 On leaving it they fasten around their body leaves, grass, or any 
 soft substance forming a padding, and then at their leisure build a 
 regular case around the whole, some spirally, others longitudinally, 
 of pieces of wood, grass, roots or branches of plants, gravels, stones, 
 shells, or any small and available substance found in the water, 
 adding on as they increase in growth or stature. The appearance 
 of these cases is as various as the species. Some take possession 
 of hollow reeds or straws ; others spin a case of silk exclusively. 
 These cases protect the abdomen, but are so large that they can 
 retreat entirely within when disturbed. They cling to them with 
 hooks at the extremity of the abdomen. Learned in hydrostatics 
 as they naturally should be, these cases are built with specific 
 gravity, such that it does not discommode them as they walk, or 
 buoy them to the surface. The few species in this family that are 
 predaceous do not live in cases, but take shelter under stones and 
 sticks, or spin a small web under some protection that they aban- 
 don at pleasure. When* fully fed and ready to change to pupas, 
 they close their case with a grating, first listening it securely to 
 
■6o8 OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. ' V 
 
 some substance in the bed of the water. Those that do not live in 
 Cases make a pupa covering of decayed wood, or small stones. 
 When this metamorphose is completed, and they are ready to leave 
 the water, they make with their mandibles a semicircular incision 
 in their covering-, the head and the two tirst pair of feet are thrust 
 out, the rest of the body is partly drawn and partly wriggled out. 
 Now, as in the larvae form, they swim by using their feet, and make 
 their way with dexterity to the shore. In doing so I have seen 
 them swim across the stream, a strong current tending to carry 
 them down. In their struggles they would be part of the time on 
 the surface and part of the time under the water. When they si- 
 cure a landing place their appearance is somewhat peculiar. The 
 mouth parts, or a portion of them, and the two first pair of feet 
 are free, while the posterior feet and antenna are pressed to the 
 sternal surface, and over them the wings are folded, crossing at 
 the points. In ten or fifteen minutes after leaving the water they 
 cast off a thin parchment like covering, thus releasing all parts of 
 the body. They leave the water just before twilight, but will be 
 seen fluttering over the water at all hours. In the evening some 
 fly in dense swarms over streams and ponds. Many are noctur- 
 nal, flying only at night. They leave the water in June, July, 
 August, and September. A few species in the late fall ; a few on 
 warm days through the winter ; and some in the early spring, but 
 not in sufficient quantities to warrant their use as bait. The 
 forms that have been imitated the most, are named familiarly : 
 Stone, dark stone, grey stone, black June, general hooker, hod, 
 wren fly, raven, kingdom, preceptor, and governor. 
 
 " The cow dung fly, {Scatophago stercoraria), so named on ac- 
 count of the larviE feeding in the ordure of cows, belongs to the 
 section Diptera. It hybernates as pupae, buried in the earth. It 
 bursts open the chrysalis and comes forth the first warm days of 
 May. All the authors advise the use of this fly as bait on windy 
 days, thinking it was the wind that brought it to the water. It 
 might be, if the wind always blew towards each individual stream. 
 It was, I know, a successful an:l popular bait for all streams, but 
 why, it was for a long time a puzzle to me. I was at length so 
 fortunate as to solve it. The females are short lived and seldom 
 leave the vicinity of the food for the young ; tlieir imitations are 
 seldom used as bait. The males live until they are chilled by the 
 cold winds of the fall. They are greedy feeders, epicurean canni- 
 bals, feeding on their smaller sized cousins, fresh and juicy, catch- 
 ing them just as they are leaving the water. They hold them 
 with their anterior feet, fly to the bank, and sitting under the 
 shade of a leaf, suck the body dry. One evening I watched one 
 of these flies supping on six simuliums ; not being satisfied he 
 made a trip to the water for another, but there was a trout in wait- 
 ing and he sank to rise no more. The flies can be used success- 
 
,,. ^ARTIFICIAL FLIES. 609 
 
 fully as bait at all hours. They have a double advantage, their 
 colors approximating so closely to several species of Phry,ij^(im'na 
 that they may be considered as representing three or four different 
 insects. 
 
 " The black May is one of the favorite forms in the same section 
 as the preceding. There are species having these colors at all 
 hours and ail seasons on the water. In some the ventral surface 
 is clothed with a shaggy grey hair. These walk or glide over ihe 
 surface of the water with remarkable rapidity, and have a decided 
 dislike to leave it. 
 
 " The Ephcmexina named for April will appear in May on 
 mountain and tributary streams, on all the streams that remain 
 open during the winter. They hybernate as active larvae and 
 pupae, and if ice were formed, or partly formed, they would perish. 
 
 " In addition to this section, there is the great dun {Baetis 
 longicauda), and its image, the red spinner. The latter in form 
 and color approximates so closely to several different species that 
 it has been used successfully throughout ,the summer. The yel- 
 low May {Cloeon striata), appears usually about the middle of 
 May and continues through June. 
 
 " To continue the list of general summer flies, forms that have 
 made for themselves a name and history, but without prototypes 
 in nature, there is coachman, king of the water, gold spinner, 
 captain, soldier, kingdom, _and the black, brown, red, and grey 
 
 palmers." 
 
 ^ ■.■■•v. ;;;.■; ';;':'f( 
 
 Suitable Trout Flies for April. 
 
 Black Gnat., or Midge, No. ij.— Body and feet, black ; wings subhyaline. 
 
 Dark Claret Gnat. No. i3.--Body, dark claret ; feet, black ; wings, subhyaline. 
 
 Bright Claret Gnat, No. 13. — Body, bright claret, mixed with red fox face ; feet 
 ginger ; wnigs of one sex, hyaline, the other, ocherous. 
 
 Grey Gnat. No. 13.— Body, dark fox, mixed with dark claret ; fset, grey ; 
 wings, hyaline. 
 
 Dark Fox. No. 10 or 11. —Body and feet, dark fox, mixed with lemon colored 
 mohair; wings, subhyaline ; tail, three fibres of dark grey hackle. 
 
 Poor Man s Fly, Nos. g and lo. — Body and feet, hare's ear and yellow mi.\ed ; 
 wings, slightly mottled grey ; tail the mottle of the wood duck. 
 
 Olive Gnat, No. 13.— Body, dark olive, mixed with bright claret ; feet, ginger ; 
 wings, hyaline. 
 
 Red Fox, Nos. 10 and 11.— Body, fox cub face, mixed with j^ellow ; feet, red 
 (chicken red) ; wings, pale grey or subhyaline ; tail, mottled feather wood duck. 
 
 Bright Fox, Nos. 10 and ii. — Body and feet, brightest part of the fox, mixed 
 with yellow ; wings, brightest hyaline ; tail, pale yellow. 
 
 Black Hackled Fly, Nos. 6 and 8.— Body, orange, ribbed with gold tinsel ; 
 hackle black wings ; tail, of the American partridge. 
 
 I Trout Flies for Mkw 
 
 B^cck May, No. 10. — Body, black ; feet, black ; wings, greyish hyaline. 
 
 Cuv) Dung, Nos. 10 and 11. — Body and feet, brownish yellow ; wmgs, yellow- 
 Rrey. 
 
 Great Dun, Nos. 9 and 8. Body, purple brown ; feet, grey brown j wings, dark 
 grey hyaline j set*, dark brown annulated with grey. 
 
1 
 
 6lO .\ OCEAN, LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 Red Skinner, Nos. lo and 9. Body, bright claret, ribbed with gold tinsel ; 
 feet, brick color : wiiiKS, jfrey hyaline ; setae, pale brick color. 
 
 Yellow May, No. 10.— Body and feet, pale yellow ; wings, pale yellow, mot- 
 tled with brown • setae, yellow. 
 
 Coachman .—VtoAy , peacock herl ; feet, dark red hackle ; wings white. 
 
 King 0/ the H'ater. —S&me as queen of the water, with scarlet body instead of 
 orange. 
 
 Gold S/>inner.—\ioAy, orange, ribbed with gold tinsel ; feet, pale red hackle ; 
 wings, bright prey. 
 
 Oi//rt /■/•.— Hocfy, posterior half, peacock herl, anterior half, grey ; white feet; 
 red hackle ; wings, grey ; setse, scarlet, green and wood duck feathers mixed. 
 
 Soldier. — Body, crimson ; teet, red hackle ; wings, grey. 
 
 Kingdom. — Body, white, ringed with green ; feet, peacock herl, and red 
 hackle ; wings, grey, mottled witn brown. 
 
 Black Palmer, Bro^un Palmer, Red Palmer and Grey Palmer, are made 
 respectively of the different colored hackles that distinguish them. 
 
 Trout Flies for June. 
 
 Hawthorn, No. 11, — Body, shining black ; feet and head, black ; wings bright 
 hyaline. 
 
 Shoemaker, No. 10.— Body, ringed alternately with light grey and salmon ; 
 feet, dark ginger ; wings, the mottled grey of the mallard, and the mottled of the 
 woodcock mixed ; setae, mottled woodcock. 
 
 Black June, No. 10.— Body, peacock's herl ; feet and wings black. 
 
 Dark Stone, Nos. 8 and 9.— Bod}', dark brown ; feet, yellow browu ; wings, 
 luteous. 
 
 Governor, No. 10.— Body, peacock's herl ; feet, dark red hackle ; wings made 
 of the darkest part of the bittern's wing, or brown hen. 
 
 Green Drake, No. 7.— Body, white posterior, half ribbed with black, green- 
 yellow mottled with brown ; setae, dark brown. 
 
 Brown Drake, No. 7. — Body, feet and wings, a golden yellow brown ; setJe, 
 dark brown. 
 
 Raven, No. 11. — Body, feet and wings, black. 
 
 IVren Fly, No. 9.— Body, clay-yellow ; feet, made from the scapular feathers of 
 the English wren or quail ; wings and setae, mottled widgeon. 
 
 Trout Flies for July. 
 
 Little Egg, No. 12. — Body and feet of orange and yellow, lyohair and hare's 
 ear mixed : wings, bright hyaline, slightly mottled ; setae, same as wings. 
 
 Lightning Bug, No 10.— Body of equal parts, of dark brown, and black mixed, 
 tipped with yellow ; feet, of feathers from the English grouse ; wings, double, the 
 inner wing black, the outer wing a yellow brown. 
 
 General Hooker, No. 9.— Body made of bright yellow and green, ringed alter- 
 nately ; feet, red hackle ; wings, of the tail feathers of the ruffed grouse. 
 
 Little Claret, No. 11. — Body and feet, dark .claret mohair, sligntly tinged with 
 blue ; wings, of the bittern or brown hen ; setae, dark lirown. 
 
 Claret Fly, No. 9. — Body, dark claret ; feet, black ; wings of the brown hen. ^ 
 
 Fetid Green, No. lo.— Body, feet, and wings, a pale blue green. 
 
 Trout Flies for August and September. 
 
 Grey Coflin, Nos. xo and 11.— Body, silver-grey mohair, tipped with orange 
 silk J feet, light grey hackle wound over peacock s herl ; wings and setae, hyaline. 
 
 Brown Coflin, Nos. 10 and 11. Body, grey and bright claret mohair mixed ; 
 feet, dark grey hackle wound over peacock's herl ; wings and setae, grey hyaline. 
 
 The Gnats, named for April. 
 
 Quaker, Nos. 7 and 8 ; for evening and moonlight. — Body, grey wound with 
 honey-yellow hackles ; wings, made of feather from an oriole's wing. 
 
 White Moth, Nos. 6 and 7 ; for dark nights.— Body, feet and wings, pure white. 
 The Stone flies continue on the water until the close of the season. 
 
 i^° A t this season use the small flies for day fishing, and the large Qies for 
 evening and night. 
 
•> 
 
 ARTIFICIAL FLIES. 6ll 
 
 General Flies, good at any time. 
 
 Ibis, No. 8.— A hackle fly, ribbed with silver tinsel ; body, hackle, wings and 
 tail, scarlet. 
 
 Peacock Palmer^ No. 8.— Hody, peacock her!s ; hackle black, and red mixed. 
 
 Grey Paltiwr^ No. 8.— Hody. peacock herl ; dark grey hackle. 
 
 Professor^ Nos. 8. and g.— Body, bright yellow ; lee't, golden brown ; wiugs, 
 , vvoo<l duck and mallard, dyed vcllow. mixed ; tail, scarlet ibis. 
 
 Queen 4^/ the li-'ater, Nos. 8 and 9.— A hackled liy ; body, orange, ribbed with 
 gold tinsel ; hackle, chicken red ; wings, bright mot'le ol the mallard. 
 
 Grizzly King, Nos. 8 and 9.— A haclcly Hy ; body, green ; hackle, dark grey ; 
 tail, scarlet ibis ; wings, mottled feather ot tifie pin-tail. 
 
 Besides the above, the following are favorite tlics. 
 
 AMey, Golden pheasant and red tail, brown hackle, dark grey wing. 
 
 March Brown, Krown body, ribbed with yellow silk, brown hackle, turkey 
 wing. 
 
 Brown Hen, Peacock body, brdwn hackle, wild turkey wing. 
 
 Silver Black, Black hackle, light black body, ribbed with silver tinsel, dark 
 wing. 
 
 Oak, Orange body, ribbed with black silk, brown hackle, turkey wing. 
 
 Blue Mole, Dark grey body, grey hackle, slate-colored wing. 
 
 Silver Grey, Silver body, grey hackle, grey wing. 
 
 Orange Blacks Orange body, black hacKle, dark wing. 
 
 Ma^', Yellow body, yellow hackle, yellow wing. 
 
 Red Ant, Brown body, brown hackle, light wing. 
 
 Montreal, Red body, red hackle, grey wing. 
 
 Blue Fro/cssor, Red tail, blue boiiy, brown hackle, grey wing. 
 
 Cinnamon, Light brown body, brown hackle, brown wing. 
 
 Alder, Claret body, black hackle, slate-colored wing. 
 
 Blue Bottle, Blue body, black hackle, slate-colored wing. 
 
 Allerton, Body, yellow, ribbed with gold ; hackle, blue and yellow ; tail of 
 wood duck feather. 
 
 Also the Blue Dun, Pale Green Dun, yellow spinner, jenny spinner, yellow 
 sally, and, it is said, eight hundred patterns in all. The above will suffice for an 
 assortment ; the less used the better, in our opinion. 
 
 Other Baits. 
 
 Helgramite or Dobson, — What are known as Helgramites in the South and 
 Dobsons in tiie North, are the fully grown larvae and pupae of several aquatic 
 .species in the family Sialina. Their feeding ground is chiefly in sluggish rivers. 
 They are rare in mountain streams or head springs. They will be found in the 
 shallow parts of the stream, under stones or submerged driftwood, or buried in 
 I ) the soft mud along its banks. 
 
 Fish Roe. — Tie a quantity, the bulk of a marble, in a bit of mosquito netting, cr 
 secure it to the hook with woolen threads. It can be preserved for a year in equal 
 parts of salt and saltpetre. Cork tight in a bottle, ancl keep in a cool place. Fresh 
 roe is the best. 
 
 /-W^vx.— Izaak Walton says; "Put your hook through the mouth, and out of 
 - his gills, and then with a fine needle and silk sew the upper part of his leg, with 
 
 only one stitch, to the arming wire of the hook, and in so doing, use him as 
 though you lo%"ed him." 
 
 To Scour Angle //'V)r >;«■.— Place them in sand, and they will clean themselves 
 of earth, and become fresh and red. Raw beef is a good substitute, when worms 
 cannot be got. 
 
 To keep dead Minnows Fresh.— Y'Ac\i in wet saw-dust and salt or brine, add- 
 ing a little saltpetre. Coarse straw dampened is also a good packing. 
 >. Live A/infio7vs.-—H$LVG made a large bucket, holding say four gallons, with 
 
 inside bucket small enough to have plenty of play and thoroughly perforated. 
 Place a large piece of ice on top of the inside bucket every ten or fifteen m'nutes ; 
 churn the inside backet up and down to aerate the water. If the inside bucket is 
 \ oval on the bottom, it is much better than if it has a flat bottom, as the car or boat 
 
 , will keep the bucket in motion. In this bucket minnows have been transported 
 
 two hundred miles. 
 
6l2 OCEAN, LAKE, AND KIVEK. 
 
 To Kee(> S/irinr/>.—P\\\. them clean and soJifl into a box or basket, the latter 
 preferrcil, and |)liii;e it on thu ice in a refrigerator. Wc have tried covering with 
 scavvccil, mixing ^* 'th sawdust, meal, etc., but lor a handy home method notliinff 
 •works better lor keeping shrimp alive twcnty-loiir hours— a week in liul-than 
 the ice chest. It you are going to carry them some distance before using, it is 
 well to pack the box or basket in ice. It you are hjcated near the water, the best 
 way of all is to have a tight covered basliet or a box, full of small holes, so as to 
 allow a free circulation ot water, and with the live shrimp therein, anchor it off 
 shore. The (iuilford Club, during the smelting season, have always adopted the 
 latter method at iUack Rock with perfect success, with the simple ilillerence that 
 the shrimp basket was securetl Misiile a large floating lobster car, and they never 
 were troubled with dead bait, but always found them alive and kicking when 
 wanted. 
 
 Artificial Angle Worms. — A St. Louis firm has patented an imitation earth- 
 worm, made of India rubber or other flexible material, to be substituted for the 
 live angle-worm. It exactly resembles the natural squirmer in color, and cer- 
 tainly possesses the advantages of cleanliness for use. It cannot be taken off the 
 hook by nil)blcs, and needs no preparatory " scouring." 
 
 ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 
 
 The following information will be found to be of the utmost practical value, 
 on occasion : 
 
 . Weather Indications.— The color of the sky at particular times affords good 
 guidance. Not only does a very rosy sunset presage good weather, and a ruddy 
 sunrise bad weather, but there are other tints which speak with cqnal clearness 
 and accuracy. A bright yellow sky in the evening indicates wind ; a pale yellow, 
 wet ; a neutral grey color constitutes a favorable sign in the evening, and an 
 unfavorable one in the morning. The clouds are again full of meaning in them- 
 selves. If their forms are soft, undefined, and feathery, the weather will be fine ; 
 if their edges are hard, sharp and definite, it will be fonl. Generally speaking, 
 any deep, unusual hues betoken wind or rain ; while the more quiet and delicate 
 tints bespeak fair weather. These are simple maxims ; and yet the Hritish Board 
 of Trade has thought tit to publish them for the use of seafaring men. 
 
 In Kentucky and elsewhere much reliance is placed upon the '' goose bone." 
 it has been handed down among the early traditions of the State, and may be 
 called the Kentucky weather prophet. It is to be found in nearly every Ken- 
 tucky country home, and in many parts of the State the farmers consult it, and 
 prepare for handling their crops in accordance with its readings. The prophecy 
 of the goose-bone does not extend beyond the year in which the goose was 
 hatched, and the prediction is for the three winter months only. Take the breast- 
 bone of a last spring's goose and divide it into three equal parts, and the different 
 divisions will represent December, January and February. The breast -bone of 
 a goose is translucent, and if clear when held up to the light, the weather will be 
 mild and pleasant ; but if covered with cloud-like blots, it will be gloomy and 
 cold ; the heavier the blots, the colder will be the weather. 
 
 A Good Barometer. — Take a common glass pickle bottle, wide-moothed ; fill 
 it within three inches of the top with water, then take a common Florence oil 
 flask, removing the straw covering and cleansing the flask thoroughly, plunge the 
 neck of the flask as far as it will go into the bottle, and the barometer is complete. 
 In fine weather the water will rise in the neck of the flask even higher than the 
 mouth of the pickle bottle, and in wet, windy weather, it will fall within an inch 
 of the flask. Before a heavy gale of wind, the water has been seen to leave the 
 flask altogether at least eight hours before the gale came to its height. 
 
ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS, -613 
 
 Swimming a //orxf. -When swimming; a horse oever touch the bridle, aK a 
 horse is easily drowned when checlttid up or otherwise intcrtered with about the 
 head. Sit well back and ftiiide the horse with the hand, gently slapping him on 
 either side as required thus a liorse wi'l swim a mile or more with a lidl-growii 
 man on his back, and suffer but little. (Jr better still, throw yourself from the 
 horlie on the down stream side, and with the right hand grasping the mane at 
 the withers, aid the progress of the horse with tlie other and feet as in swim- 
 ming. 
 
 To Subdue a Horse. — Take a cord about the size of a common bed-cord, put it 
 in the mouth of the horse like a bit, and tie it tightly on the animal's head, pass 
 his left ear under the string, not painfully tight, but light enough to keep the ear 
 down and the cord in its |ilace. This done, pat the horse gently on the side of the 
 head and command him to follow. He will be found perfectly subdued and 
 obedient, the more submissive if he has not been habitually treated cruelly or 
 outrageously. This plan is practiced in Mexico and South America. 
 
 To Fella Horse's W^^.— The colt is born with twelve grinders; when four 
 front teeth have made their appearance, the colt is twelve days old, and when the 
 next four come forth, it is four weeks old. AV'hen the corner teeth appear, the 
 colt is eight months old ; when the latter have attained to the height of the front 
 teeth, it is one year old. The two year old colt has the kernel (the substance in 
 the middle of the tooth's crown) ground out in all the front teeth. In the third 
 year the middle front teeth are being ahifteil, and when three years old these are 
 substituted by the horse teeth. The next four teeth are shifted in the fourth year, 
 and the corner teeth in the fifth. At six years the kernel is worn out of the lower 
 middle front teeth, and the bridle teeth have not attained to their full growth. At 
 seven years, a hook has been formed in the corner teeth of the upper jaw, the 
 kernel of the next at the middle is worn out, and the bridle teeth begin to wear 
 off. At eight years, the kernel is worn out of the lower front teeth, and begins to 
 decrease in the middle upper front. In the ninth year the kernel has wholly dis- 
 appeared from the upper middle front teeth ; the hook on the corner has increased 
 in size, and the bridle teeth lose their points. In the tenth year, the kernel is 
 worn out of the teeth next to the middle frontof the upper jaw, and in the eleventh 
 year the kernel has entirely vanished from the corner teeth of the same jaw. At 
 twelve years old, the crown of all the front teeth in the lower jaw has become 
 triangular, and the bridle teeth are much worn down. As the horse advances in 
 age the gums shrink away from ihe teeth, which consequently receive a long 
 narrow appearance, and the kernels become darkish points. Grey increases in 
 the forehead and over the eyes, and the chin assumes the form of an angle. 
 
 Shediiifig Mane. — The shedding of hair from a horse's mane and tail can be 
 prevented by washing the parts affected a few times in carbolic soapsuds. Or a 
 wash made of lard oil one pint and aqua ammonia one gill, well mixed and 
 rubbed in, will prevent the falling of the hair. 
 
 Saddle Marks. — White marks caused by the friction of the saddle may some- 
 times be removed from a horse by applying, morning and night, an ointment 
 made of lard and tincture of cantharides or Spanish fly, made in the proportion of 
 a few drops of the latter to an ounce of the former. 
 
 Ticks on Horses. -Xny kind of oil will make the tick let go of its own accord, 
 if well rubbed into the hair of the animal. The theory is, that the oil tills the 
 pores of the skin and deprives the tick of air to breathe, 
 i Fleas and Vermin.— Nothing better to keep tliem oil than Persian insect pow- 
 
6i4 
 
 ADDITIONAL HINTS AND RECIPES. 
 
 der {pyrethrum roseunt) recommended by British Medical Gazeite and for sale at 
 drupgists' and rat poison stores. A solution can also be made. 
 
 New Food for //(Jrji?.f.— This is composed of two quarts of oats, one of bran, 
 and half a pint of flax seed. The oats are first placed in the stable bucket, over 
 which is placed the linseed ; add boiling water, then the bran, covering the mix- 
 ture with an old rug and allowing it thus to rest for five hours ; then stir the mass 
 well up. The bran absorbs while retaining the vapor, and the linseed binds the 
 oats and bran together ; a greater quantity of flax seed \vouUl make the prepara- 
 tion too oily and less relished. One feed per day is sufficient: it is easily di- 
 gested, and is especially adapted to young animals. 
 
 To Extricate a Mired A nivial. — The usual method is to fasten a rope around 
 the animal's horns or neck, and while this is pulled by some of the assistants, 
 others place rails beneath the body of the animal for the purpose of lifting it out 
 of the hole. This plan is sometimes effective, but it often is not, and at best it is 
 a slow, clumsy, and laborious method. The materials needed for the method 
 here referred to are all that are required for a much better one. Thi.s is very sim- 
 ple, and two men can operate it, and at a pinch, even one man \'\•^^■ succeed with 
 it. A strong stake or an iron bar is driven into t!. • solid ground at a distance of 
 twenty-five feet or more from the mired animal. short rails, about nine feet 
 
 long, are tied together near the ends, so that they can be spread apart in the form 
 of a pair of shears, for hoisting. A long rope is fastened around the horns or neck 
 of the animal, with such a knot that the loop cannot be drawn tight enough to do 
 any injury. The rope is cast over the ends of the rails as they are set up upon the 
 edge of the solid ground, and carried to the stake or crow-bar beyond. The end 
 of the rope is fastened to a stout handspike, leaving about a foot of the end of 
 it free. This end is laid agamst the bar or stake, and the other end is moved 
 around it so that the rope is wound upon it, drawing it up and with it drawing the 
 animal out of the mire. The rope being held up to the tied rails, tends to lift the 
 animal and make its extrication very e&sy. —A>nericaH Agricuiturist. 
 
 Rawhide Straps and Halters. — Take the skin of cow, calf, colt, horse, or 
 other animal, cut it into narrow strips, and sliave off the hair with a sharp knife 
 before the kitchen fire, or in your workshop on stormy days and evenings. You 
 may make them soft by rubbing. A rawhide halter strap an inch wide will hold a 
 horse better and last longer ;han an inch rope. It is stronger than hoop-iron and 
 more durable, and may be used to hoop dry casks and boxes, and for hinges. 
 Try it on a broken thill, or any wood work that has been split. Put it on wet and 
 nail fast. Thin skins make the best to use it in its natural state. For other pur- 
 poses it may be dressed. 
 
 Fnvhide Lariat or Lasso.— TaV.^ a green bull hide, lay it flat on a smooth 
 floor, cut off the legs and irregular pieces with a sharp knife until you bring it to 
 an oblong or oval shape, then commence at the outer edge and cut a strip an inch 
 wide or more, following the circular form until you have secured the required 
 length, which should be fifty feet, then wind it on two posts, trees, or stakes, 
 drawing it as tight as possible so as to stretch it. Then roll it foot by foot be- 
 tween two small boards to make it pliable, and then boil it in oil to keep it so, 
 otherwise it will become very hard and dry when it gets wet. Then make a slip- 
 noose at the end, and your lariat is complete. To ensure a good, free running 
 noose, bend the end on over an eye or iron ring three-fourths of an inch in di- 
 ameter. A lariat made of strips of buckskin braided and oiled is very serviceable. ' 
 
 To Tote^Pack, or Carry a Deer.—x. In dragging the carcass of a deer to 
 
ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 615 
 
 camp, never draw it by the hind legs. This is against the grain of the hair 
 malting the load heavy and damaging the meat. If a sapling is handy, sling the 
 deer to it with its feet tied in pairs, and the nose secured to the pole, so that it 
 will not swing and sling l)lood all over. 
 
 3. Cut off the deer's head, skin his legs down to his knees and hams, cut off the 
 frfet and shin-bones, lie the skin of each fore-leg to that of a hind-leg on the op- 
 posite side, put your arms through, and pack him knapsack-fashion. 
 
 3. First, see that the deer is well bled ; next, cut entirely around the arms, 
 working your knife carefully well inward until 'he intestines are clear of all con- 
 nection with the flesh through the hams. Cut slits in the hind legs for the gani- 
 brel ; '.hen cut three poles about twelve feel long and four inches in diameter at 
 large ijnd, leaving a crotch at the end of two, and an inch or so of a small limb 
 about a foot from the top end of the third ; thrust the end up to limb through the 
 cut in the legs, and place the foot of this pole against some firm object to keep it 
 from slipping back, and then place the crotched end of the two poles over the leg, 
 and under the pole at the gambrel, setting the poles so that you can lift on the 
 bottom of each toward the centre, crowding downward on the foot of each pole 
 till your deer swings clear of the ground. Commence at a point on the belly 
 about eight inches below where the hams press together ; cut only through the 
 skin downward through the brisket and neck to under jaw, also from the hock of 
 each fore-leg on the inside to the brisket, meeting the downward cut ; skin the 
 fore-legs, neck and body to the iilth rib. but no farther, and then open and take 
 out intestines, cutting brisket well open to allow all to fall out clear from body, 
 and then divide the body at the tifth rib, detaching the fore-quarters entirely ; cut 
 the large strips of meat from the shoulder blades, ribs and back of the fore-quarters, 
 discarding the remainder. You have now hanging the hind-quarters with the 
 skin attached ; tie the skin closely with a cord just where it leaves tlie meat, and 
 stow away the pieces from the fore-quarters on the inside the ribs of the hind- 
 quarters. Now, if weather permits, leave hanging till the blood drains out and 
 body is cold, and as much longer as may be convenient, only taking the precau- 
 tion to hang over the whole a few branches of some evergreen to keep off the 
 storms. Provide yoursell with a packing strap and bag, take down the quarters, 
 pull the neck end of skin back between the legs, draw down the tail and with a 
 cord tie together, while the skin from the fore-legs should be brought around the 
 body and tied at the small of the back, unjoint the legs just below the gambrel, 
 and you have a compact, clean bundle that includes nearly all there is of value, 
 and in such shape that the meat is entirely covered with the skin, and with a 
 packing strap can be carried quite handily. If found too heavy with the meat in- 
 side, put this in your packing bag and make another journey. The hind-quarters 
 are now in shape to stand quite a change in weather, and can be transported 
 without injury, while the choice pieces of the fore-quarters not used in camp can 
 be stowed away inside and kept clean and palatable. A deer cannot be nicely 
 dressed without being hung up a sufficient time to allow the blood to drain out, 
 and with the three poles mentioned a man that can carry seventy-five pounds can 
 raise three hundred, although with a very large animal it may be necessary to use 
 two sets of the poles with the crotches, the first set shorter, to get the body 
 partly up before setting those long enougli for the last raise. 
 
 To Waterproof Tents and Garments. — Dissolve paraffine in naphtha or ben- 
 zine, and soak thoroughly. 
 
 3. Take half a pound of sugar or sugar of lead and half a pound of powdered 
 
6l6 ADDJTIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 
 
 alum, dissolve them in a bucket ot rain water and pour off into another vessel land 
 steep your tent in it, letting it soak thoroughly. If the quantity is not sufficient 
 increase i.i same proportion. Hang the article up to dry, but do not wring it. 
 
 Waterproof /or Boots, — Six ounces mutton suet, six ounces beeswax, four 
 ounces rosin, and a pint of linseed oil ; melt the three first ingredients together 
 and add the last. A i)ply on uppers and soles of boots. 
 
 2. Six parts tallow, two parts beeswax, one part rosin, one pint castor oil, and 
 two parts caoutchouc. When melted together, apply as warm as the leather will 
 permit, with a brush. 
 
 3. Nantucket fishermen, when they want to make their boots waterproof, just 
 pour half a gallon of boiled linseed oil into ihem, and let it stay there for a week. 
 
 4. Take one-half pound of shoemaker's dubbing, one-half linseed oil, one-half 
 pint strong solution of India rubber. Dissolve the whole with a gentle heat (it is 
 very inflammable), and apply with an ordinary blacking brush. One application 
 will insure dry feet for several months. 
 
 5. Melt together one pound tallow, half an ounce neatsfoot oil, one ounce rosin, 
 one-half ounce lamp-black, a table-spoonful of linseed oil. Should be rubbed in 
 repeatedly, the boots or other articles to be warme-l It is said to be perfectly 
 waterproof and not injurious to the leather. 
 
 6. In a pint of best winter-strained lard oil, dissolve a piece of paraffiiu the size 
 of a hickory nut, aiding the solution with a gentle heat, say 100 or 140" F. The 
 readiest way to get pure paraffnie is to take a piece of paraffine candle. Rub this 
 solution on your boots about once a month ; they can be blackened in the mean- 
 time. If the oil should make the leather too stiff, decrease the proportion of par- 
 affine, and vice versa. 
 
 7. Take neatsfoot oil, one and one-half pints ; beeswax, one ounce ; spirits of 
 turpentine, four ounces ; and stir until cold. Spread and rub this composition 
 over the leather while it is damp ; leather will absorb oil and grease better when 
 damp than when dry. For the soles, take pine tar and rub it in before the fire 
 until the soles will absorb no more. Three or four applications will be needed. 
 The durability of the soles will be much increased. 
 
 8. Take one pint of drying oil, two ounces yellow wax, two ounces spirits 
 of turpentine, and one ounce of Burgundy pitch— the hard materials melted over 
 a slow fire, and the others added and well mixed. Rub this mixture on the boots 
 at a distance from the fire, repeatedly, until the leather is saturated. Common 
 black pitch was found equal to the Burgundy, and rather better. It is probable 
 that other variations might be made without detriment, provided a proper consist- 
 ency is maintained in tlie mixture of the oils, wax and pitch. The boots do better 
 t'l dry three or four weeks after being treated with the composition, than to use 
 them while it is fresh. 
 
 9. Take a quarter ofa pound of beef and mutton suet, a teaspoonful of lard, half 
 pint of neatsfoot oil, one ounce of beeswax, half an ounce of burgundy pitch, and 
 a half ounce of turpentine. Melt up the suet, the lard, the pitch and the beeswax 
 in a pot, stir in the oil, and when off the fire, and cooling a little, put in the tur- 
 pentine. If you want to be elegant, add a half box of blacking to give it a color. 
 Warm the compound and paint the boots, upper and soles. It makes a boot quite 
 water tight, and salt water cannot faze it. 
 
 10. India rubber cut fine, one ounce put in a pint of petroleum (raw) or Seneca 
 oil. Let stand a week, and then apply with brush until the leather is saturated. 
 
 Rubber Cement. — Oue-half pound bi-sulphate of carbuu j three handstul of 
 
ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. . 617 
 
 gutta percha ; put in a wide-mouthed bottle ; shake frequently ; at the end of two 
 weeks strain through a cloth, return to bottle and cork tightly, for reasons that 
 will be obvious. To apply, first dry the article, then smear the cement on and 
 allow it to evaporate, before bringing edges together. After it has become light- 
 colored in spots, warn and bring edges perfectly together ; stand away for awhile 
 and the job is complete. 
 
 3. Four ounces of pure India rubber, one-eighth of an ounce powdered asphalt- 
 um, put together in a tin can, then add about six times the quantity of benzine, let 
 it stand three or four days, then take a stick and work it over, then add benzine and 
 stir it well until you have it about the consistency of honey ; then it is ready for 
 use. It should be covered as tight as possible while dissolving, and afterward. 
 To use it, scrape the polish from the rubber, then apply the cement to the place to 
 be mended, and also to a piece of rubber to be used as a patch. Dry half an hour, 
 and apply anotlier coat, then, after another half hour, press the patch into the 
 place over the break. Like all other preparations containing benzine, it must 
 be kept away from fires, as it is as explosive as burning fluid, 
 
 3. Cut virgin or native India rubber with a wet knife into the thinnest possible 
 slices, and with shears divide these into threads as fine as fine yarn. Put a small 
 quantity of the shreds (say one-tenth or less of the capacity of the bottle) into a . ~ 
 wide-mouthed bottle, and fill it three-quarters full of benzine of good quality, 
 perfectly free from oil. The rubber will swell up almost immediately, and in a 
 few days, especially if often shaken, assumes the consistency of honey. If it in- 
 clines to remain in undissolved masses, more benzine must be added ; but if too 
 thin and watery, it needs more rubber. A piece of solid rubber the size of a wal- 
 nut will make a pint of the cement. This cement dries in a few minutes, and by 
 using three coats in the usual manner, will unite leather straps, patche'.i, rubber 
 soles, backs of boots, etc., with exceeding firmness. The India rubber, unvul- 
 canized, can be obtained at most large stores where rubber goods are sold, and at 
 some drug stores. 
 
 Sleeping in a Cold Room.— 'Peoplt who come in from along period of out-door 
 camping are almost certain to catch cold in a house when they return, because, 
 having been accustomed to sleeping in the open air, they almost invariably leave 
 their windows open. Many persons who went to bed well, are surprised to wake 
 up in the morning with inflammation of the lungs, solely because they have 
 hoisted the windows for ventilation. Mall's Journal 0/ Health says that robust 
 persons may safely sleep in a temperature of forty or under, but the old, the 
 infant, and the frail should never sleep in a room where the atmosphere is much 
 under fifty degrees Fahrenheit. 
 
 If there is some fire in the room all night the window may be opened an inch. 
 It is safer to sleep in bad air all night, with a temperature over fifty, than in a pure 
 air with the temperature under forty. The bad air may sicken you, but cannot 
 kill you ; the cold air can and does kill very often. 
 
 Colds and Headaches. — Take of Norwood's tincture veratrum one drop on a 
 small lump of sugar every two hours, and a three-quarter quinine pill every three v 
 hours. This prescription is recommended by Dr. N. Rowe, of the Chicago Field, 
 
 3. Dissolve fifteen or twenty grains of chloral in very little water, and with the . 
 tip of a finger rub it upon the seat of pain until you can sensibly feel the burning, 
 and the skin is reddened. 
 
 Fever Diet. — When a patient will not take beef tea in the ordinary form, freeze 
 it, and administer in small lumps. In this way it forms a most palatable article 
 of diet. 
 
6l8 ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 
 
 Diarrhoea and Dysentery. — An old army prescription used in the Mexican 
 War, is, a mixture of equal parts of capsicum (red pepper), Hoffman's anodyne 
 campiior, and peppermint, with one-half the proportion of laudanum. Take 
 twenty drops in a tablespoonful of water every hour until cured. 
 
 Croup. — Croup can be cured in one minute, and the remedy is simply alum 
 and sugar. The way to accomplish this is to take a knife or grater and shave off 
 in small particles about a teaspoonful of alum ; then mix it with twice its quantity 
 of sugar, to make it palatable, and administer it as quickly as possible. Almost 
 instantaneous relief will follow. 
 
 Burns. — Charcoal has been discovered to be a cure for burns. By laying a 
 piece of cold charcoal upon the burn the pain subsides immediately. By leaving 
 ^^ the charcoal on one hour the wound is healed, as has been demonstrated on sev- 
 eral occasions. 
 
 Cure for Wotaids. — As soon as a punctured wound is inflicted, get a light 
 stick (a knife or file handle will do), and commence to tap gently on the wound. 
 Do not stop for the hurt, but continue until it bleeds freely and becomes perfectly 
 numb. When this point is reached, you are safe ; and all that is then necessary 
 is to protect it from dirt. Do not stop short of the bleeding and the numbness, 
 and do not on any account close the opening with plaster. Nothing more than a 
 little simple cerate on a clean cloth is necessary. 
 
 Fish Bone in Throat.— U you get a fish bone in your throat, fast thert swal- 
 low an egg, raw ; it will be sure to carry down a bone easily and certair, 
 
 Chilblains. — Cut up two white turnips, without paring, into thin slices put 
 the slices into a tin cup with three large spoonfuls of best lard ; let it simmer 
 slowly for two hours, then mash this through a sieve ; when cold, spread it on a 
 soft linen cloth, and apply to the chilblain at night. ''•' 
 
 Snake Bites. — Apply raw sliced onions to the wounded parts. 
 
 For rattlesnake bite, make the patient swallow large and repeated doses of 
 olive oil, until a quart is swallowed ; rub mercurial ointment into the aflFected 
 part freely. 
 
 Rattlesnake Bites.— The following is used by soldiers on the plains, and is 
 said to be efficacious : Iodide of potassium, four grains ; corrosive sublimate, two 
 grains; bromine, five diachms. Ten drops, diluted with a tablespoonful or two 
 of brandy, wine, or whisky, is the dose, to be repeated if necessary. Keep in a 
 well-stoppered phial. 
 
 Bites of Rabid Animals. — Mix thoroughly two taolespoonfuls chloride of lime 
 with a half pint of fresh water and bathe the wound almost without cessation 
 until the physician arrives, or until the poison is neutralized. 
 
 Poisons. — An antidote for corrosive sublimate is the white of two eggs : it will 
 neutralize the poison and change the effect to that of a dose of calomel. 
 
 If a person swallows any poison whatever, or has fallen into convulsions from 
 having overloaded the stomach, an instantaneous remedy, more efficient and 
 applicable in a larger number of cases than half a dozen medicines we can now 
 think of, is a hcajiiiig teaspoon of common salt, and as much ground mustard, 
 otirreu rapidly in a teacup of water, warm or cold, and swallowed instantly. It 
 is scarcely down before it begins to come up, bringing with it the remaining con- 
 tents of the stomach ; and lest there be any remnant of a poison, however .small, 
 let the white of an egg, or a teacup of strong coffee, be swallowed as soon as the 
 stomach is quiet ; because these very common articles nullify a larger number of 
 vii;ulent poisons than any medicines in the shops. 
 
ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 619 
 
 Poison Ivy or 5«;«r7r.— Sometimes wet salt or pork brine bound on the poison 
 spots and kept wet, will soon dry them up. Very strong ammonia applied fre- 
 quently as soon as the poison appears is an excellent remedy. This remedy is 
 sometimes severe in its effects, actinR as a caustic on the poison spots after the 
 poison is killed. When ammonia fails, powdered gum myrrh, shaken up in sweet 
 oil and used three times a day as a wash, will be found an almost unfailing remedy. 
 When obtainable, it is the best to apply at first. 
 
 a. The last remedy has been used successfully as a preventive, by liberally 
 anointing the skin before going into the woods, always allowing the remedy to 
 dry on the skin. 
 
 3. Tihcture lobelia, (equal parts water) or sugar of lead, or Pond's extract 
 (Hammalis). Think the " Hammalis " the best ; very cooling and allays the itch- 
 ing, etc. Ivy poison has a "■ run " of about one week, no matter what you apply. 
 
 4. Carbolic acid and glycerine, in the proportion of about one part of the acid 
 to three of glycerine, which is also good for all kinds of insect bites, burns, 
 cuts, bruises, etc. 
 
 5. Apply water as hot as can be borne to the part affected. 
 Disinfectants.— \{ onions are sliced and kept in a sick room they will absorb 
 
 all the atmospheric poison. They should be changed every hour. In the room 
 of a small-pox patient they blister and decompose very rapidly, but will prevent 
 the spread of the disease. 
 
 3. One pound of green, copperas, costing seven cents, dissolved in one quart of 
 water, and poured down a water-closet, will effectually concentrate and destroy 
 the foulest smells. On board ships and steamboats, about hotels and other pub- 
 lic places, there is nothing so nice to purify the air. Simply green copperas dis- 
 solved in anything, will render a hospital or other places for the sick, free from 
 unpleasant smells. 
 
 To Cook Mus/irooms.—Y'eel both tops and stems, pu' in a stew-pan, with an 
 ounce of butter and a pinch or two of salt to each pound, and serve up hot. This 
 will answer to eat with fish, flesh, and fowl. 7^o fry them — peel, dip in egg, and 
 roll in cracker dust, season, and fry with oysters. 
 
 To Roast a Wild Turkey. — Having picked and cleaned a turkey, put up two 
 short forked stakes pretty close to the fire ; cut a thin straight stick with which 
 spit the turkey j lay the ends of the stick in the crotches of the uprights, turn 
 the bird slowly before tRe fire. A pan should be placed underneath to catch the 
 gravy and dripping, with which baste the turkey from time to lime. Make the 
 basting of a little butter or lard, flour, salt and water. 
 
 To Bake Sitiull Birds. — Quail, woodcock, pigeon, snipe, prairie fowl, etc., 
 should be neither picked nor drawn. Wet the feathers thoroughly ; make a hole 
 in the coals, and put in the wet bird. Cover well with coals and hot ashes, to 
 exclude air and prevent burning. When cooked, the skin and feathers will peel 
 off bodily, leaving the well-cooked meat unmarred. 
 
 To Bake a Fis/i.— Cover the fish undrawn, with clay two inches thick, and 
 throw it into the hottest of the fire. The clay hardens almost instantly, and the 
 tish in its rough oven bakes through and through, retaining also its juices. The 
 clay is then poked out of the fire, cooled with a dash of water, and a sharp stroke 
 with a stick separates it from the fish. The fish's skin peels off witti the clay and 
 the dish is ready. 
 
 Having cleaned, split, and seasoned the fish, pin it to a board by wooden 
 pegs ; then prop the whole up before a smart hot fire of hot coals. The fish is 
 very quickly baked brown. 
 
620 ADDITIONAL USEFUL HINTS. 
 
 Wrap the fish evenly in thin buttered tissue paper, and bury this in some wet 
 brown wrapping paper, and then balie as in No. i. 
 
 Venison Steak. — Cut your meat down the grain, an inch thick, place it on the 
 fork of a stick, and turn it smartly over a hot fire of coals. 
 
 Venison Stew.—K venison stew, or a miscellanco.us stew is made by cutting 
 the breasts of fowl and the flesh of the animal into chunks ; take sliced potatoes, 
 slices of bread or crackers, sliced onions, and salt pork and place them in alter- 
 nate layers, seasoning with salt and pepper between each. Fill up even to the 
 top of the mess with water and boil till the potatoes are done. 
 
 To Cook a Head luith the Hair on. — The head of a deer, or any large animal, 
 with the hide on, is put into a hole in the ground sufficiently large to hold the head 
 and a lot of smooth stones weighing two or three pounds apiece, and deep enough 
 to sink them a foot below the surface. Make a hot fire in the hole, and another 
 near by ; heat the rocks as hot as they can be heated without cracking. Then, 
 when both the earth oven and stones are hot, clean the fire out of the hole, put in 
 a layer of stones, then the head neck down, and then the rest of the stones around 
 and over the head ; throw in a lot of mint, sweet weed, (grass or leaves will do), 
 coverall with earth well packed down ; let it remain all night, and in the morning 
 eat it. Any portion of the carcass wrapped in a raw hide, can be cooked in the 
 same way. ^ ; ji.> ^ c j 
 
 Baked Beans. — Put well-soaked beans into the pot and the pot in the earth as 
 above, surrounded either with hot coals or heated stones, and leave twenty-four 
 hours. Cover the beans with water, one quart of water to a pint of beans ; add 
 two teaspoonfuls of molasses and sufficient salt. 
 
 Clam Bake. — Heat stones and lay them close together in circular shape. Have 
 your material ready— clams, oysters, lobsters, fish, green corn, etc., and having 
 placed them on the hot stones, cover with sea-weed, and the whole heap with a 
 tarpaulin. 
 
 Mountain Hotch-Potch. — Take the best part of a neck of venison, or moun- 
 tain sheep is better, cut it small, bones and all, and boil it until thoroughly we'll 
 done, or until the meat separates from the bones. Then remove the bones and 
 put in a quantity of green peas and broad beans at discretion not to make the 
 hotch-potch too thick ; add a flavor of onions and parsley, together with a fair 
 proportion of carrots, turnips, and kale or other cabbage, taking care to make the 
 combination thick enough, but not so thick as to deprive it of the character of a 
 soup and convert it into a pottage and boil the whole for eight or nine hours. If 
 you boil it for twelve, or even twenty hours, it will be none the worse, but all the 
 better. If there be any left, boil it up again on the next day and it will be better 
 than on the first. You can got some vegetables at the ranches. 
 
 
 
 :>* ijJ 
 
 iM 
 
 ■« • 
 

 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 .■■•'.is t.; :. 
 
 .•;■(",*>• 
 
 
 
 V^M,;^;i v^ ,.. BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. " ' ' 
 
 There are so many different services required of boats, and so 
 many different kinds of boats made to meet those requirements, 
 that the purchaser should be able to determine just what he wants 
 a boat for, before he proceeds to buy, and then endeavor to ob- 
 tain as nearly as possible what kind of a boat he requires. It is 
 unwise to be in a hurry when purchasing. The first thing to find 
 out about a boat is her age. Five years is about as old as is de- 
 sirable under ordinary circumstances, as boats, as they are built 
 now-a-days, begin to get old when they pass this age. However, 
 if a boat is very strongly built and has been well used, she may be 
 some years older before showing signs of decay. But it is not 
 best to buy a very old boat, as the repairs will cost almost as much 
 as it would to build a new one. The timbers should be examined 
 closely and the planks all sounded and the condition of the buts 
 carefully noted. The planks near the garboard should be particu- 
 larly observed, as there will be a leak there if they are not pretty 
 sound, which cannot be stopped without putting in new planks. 
 If the boat has a centre-board the case should be examined round 
 the bottom, as it is a great place for leaks. 
 
 The kind of fastening used is also an important item to look 
 to. Copper is undoubtedly the best, as there is no rust from it. 
 The great objection to it is the high price. Builders seem to favor 
 galvanized iron, as it is much cheaper than copper and does not 
 rust to any extent. But a boat fastened with common iron is 
 to be avoided, as the rust eats right into the wood. A boat 
 painted white cannot be kept looking decent after she is a few 
 years old if fastened in this way. . ■"'1 
 
 Lapstreaks are not near so good as smooth seamed boats. 
 
622 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 They are not so strong and are much more easily strained. If 
 they once begin to leak it is almost impossible to stop them. 
 They can be built over so much cheaper than the others, and al- 
 ways sell a good deal lower, but they are growing more unpopular 
 every day, and there are not many of them built except small 
 ones. So long as a boat's hull is in good condition, the state of 
 the rigging and spars is of minor importance, as the expense of 
 putting these in shape is not very great. 
 
 All the running gear of a yacht should be composed of three 
 sizes only of cordage, as it can then be all utilized, and as the 
 blocks will also be of only three sizes, the halliards, sheets, etc., 
 will be certain to render easily. Four stranded rope is the best, 
 as it is neater to the eye, renders better through the blocks, and is 
 pleasanter to handle than ordinary three strand rope is. Always 
 keep the end neatly whipped. 
 
 To Whiten Decks. — Dilute muriatic acid with four times its 
 bulk of water and wash the deck with the solution. Swill well 
 afterward with clean water. 
 ■K^ ^ To Waterproof Paper Boats. — Take sixteen pounds orange 
 shellac, and four and one-half gallons alcohol. Let the shellac 
 dissolve in the alcohol and apply with a brush. 
 
 Calking Boats. — After calking with cotton prepared for the 
 purpose, and sold by ship chandlers, putty the seams of your 
 boat. When first put in the water the swelling of the planks will 
 force some of the putty from the seams ; haul your boat out and 
 rub smooth with sand paper. . ,. ,^j , > 
 
 Rules for Sailing. — The following admirable rules were origi- 
 nally published in Forest and Stream, a. leading New York 
 sportsmen's journal, but have since been copied and passed to 
 the credit of other journals in both England and America : — A 
 close observance of them will prevent accident and add much to 
 the comfort of sailing. 
 
 1. Know, before you leave your anchorage, or wharf, that everything is in 
 order, especially your tack and pennant for reefing. 
 
 2. Always carry a compass. A whaleboat's compass answers nicely in a 
 small sailboat. 
 
 3. Boats of any considerable draft — one and a half feet and more — should carry 
 a lead line, the first fathom marked off legibly in feet. This will prove to be very 
 valuable in finding channels in the night, and fogs. 
 
 4. Never make your halliards nor sheets fast by hitching or knotting. They 
 
 
BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. 623 
 
 should be made fast either by sufficient turns around the cleat, or by a simple 
 draw-knot, which any boatman can show you. 
 
 5. When the wind is very strong and puffy, pass the sheet once around the 
 cleat and hold the end in your hand. 
 
 6. Always keep the halliards and sheets in order, by carefully coiling them so 
 that they will render from the top of the coil. 
 
 7. Never sit to the leeward of your helm, nor allow any one else to sit where 
 their position will interfere with the free play of your tiller. 
 
 8. Never jibe a sail when the wind is blowng freshly, unless it be a necessity. 
 If you must jibe, do so with your peak settled. 
 
 9. Never jibe ihe sail with a sheet wide off. Trim in your sheet rapidly as 
 you press up your helm, take a turn around the cleat, and ease tne strain when 
 the sail passes over, by letting go your sheet as your direction from the wind may 
 require. As a rule, it is better to go about. 
 
 10. When, from a heavy sea, 4 boat refuses to mind her helm, and misses 
 stays, to get her on the other tack you must perform what is called wearing. 
 This is done by settling the peak of your sail, and following the directions above 
 for jibing. Once jibed, haul up your peak, trim in your sheet, and bring her on 
 her course. 
 
 11. In heavy winds and high waves a boat will sail better, and be safer with 
 the sheet started a little. Very few boats sail well at any time, when the sheet is 
 trimmed down fiat. 
 
 12. Never luff a small boat in rough water and high wind, so as to stop her 
 way. When a puff of wind is too strong for your safety, hold the boat on her 
 course and ease off the sheet. The danger of stopping a boat under the above 
 circumstances is, that they are liable to upset when you put up your helm and 
 keep away to fill the sail again. If your boat has lost way, slack off your sheet, 
 put down your helm, and let her fall off. When she has fallen off sufficiently to 
 get a good full on the sail, up helm and trim in rapidly. 
 
 13. Always keep an eye to windward, watching the surface of the water for 
 the approach of puffs of wind. 
 
 14. Being overtaken by a squall, settle your sail, and tie up snugly, waiting to 
 make sail, until you have felt the weight of the squall, and know how much 
 sail to make. If the squall promises to be very severe you had better come to an 
 anchor. 
 
 15. In reefing, take in all sail ; trim In your sheet perfectly flat and make 
 secure. Then haul out your clew with your pennant and make fast. Next tie 
 down your tack, then tie In your nettles or reef points with square knots, com- 
 mencing at either end. In shaking out a reef, the sail being down, reverse this 
 process, commencing to untie your reef points at the middle and working to the 
 end. Keep to the windward of your sail. 
 
 16. In running off dead before the wind be careful not to jibe. If the wind is 
 heavy it is safer to run with peak settled. In rough water, running off, look out 
 that your boom, striking in the crest of a sea, does not trail aft and jibe your 
 sail. This is called tripping. To prevent this bring her more on the wind by 
 putting your helm down. If seas are liable to comb over on your quarter or 
 stern they can be broken by trailing a buoy or basket, or two oars lashed to- 
 gether , about five fathoms astern. This drag will also steady the motion of 
 your boat. 
 
 17. Never carry sail for the sake of carrying it. 
 
624 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 i8. Never sail strange waters without a chart, or what is better, without a 
 
 pilot. 
 
 19. As a stranger to them, avoid tide-rips and whirls. 
 
 ao. Be cool in emergencies. If suiling with company, do not let them distract 
 your attention from the management of your boat. 
 
 ai. Remember that on the wind the starboard tack has the right of way over 
 the port ; and that a vessel sailing on the wind has the right of way over one that 
 has her sheet off. 
 
 These rules apply to cat rigged boats especially. In the main they apply to 
 sloop rigged boats also. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS. ',. 
 
 I. If alone it is convenient to have the peak halliard led aft. ' '• 
 
 a. The average of boats sail in moderate winds and smooth waters within four 
 points of the wind. 
 
 3. A boat on the wind sails better with the gaflf to the leeward of the top- 
 ping-lift. 
 
 4. Keep your boom well set up. 
 
 5. The upper and outer half of your sail gives the most of your speed when 
 you are on the wind. 
 
 6. If your boat carries a lee helm, watch her. 
 
 7. In keeping your boat oft from the wind, where your room is limited, pull up 
 your board and flat your sheet. Settling the peak also helps this movement. 
 
 8. Learn to work your boat while sitting down. 
 
 9. Finally, if you don't know that you know how to manage a boat in every 
 particular, hire a competent man to go with you and teach you. 
 
 The Al Fresco Boat. — This is a boat invented by Dr. Chas. J. 
 Kenworthy of Jacksonville, Florida, for use in that State. Length, 
 fifteen feet ; beam, four feet eight inches ; depth between deck and 
 ceiling, seventeen inches ; almost wall-sided, and flat in floor at 
 point of greatest beam ; good entrance and exit, or, in other words, 
 fine lines forward and aft ; deck same as sneak-box, dipping five 
 inches from centre of cock-pit to each side, and to stem and stern ; 
 cock-pit four feet long by two feet two inches wide ; hatches ten 
 by fourteen inches abaft the mast and cock-pit to stow provisions 
 and general plunder ; centre-board, three feet long ; cat-rigged, 
 with gaff" or spreets and sliding gunter ; canvas apron as in sneak 
 box, to be used when beating to windward ; bulkhead at after part 
 of cock-pit. In such a boat provisions and plunder can be pro- 
 tected from the weather, two persons can be comfortably accom- 
 modated and lodged ; she can be easily transported ; prov^ided 
 with hatch from cock-pit she can be converted into a Saratoga 
 trunk ; she works well under sail, rows easily, and proves com- 
 fortable and sea-worthy in a sea way. Owing to the shape of her 
 deck and protected cock-pit, she would weather a severe storm. 
 
. 
 
 BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. 62$ 
 
 The. Newport Boat. — This differs from the ordinary cat-boat, 
 only in having a bowsprit, and setting a jib running free. It can 
 not be carried to windward, as it would alter the hang of the boat, 
 the mast being stepped cat-boat fashion in the " eyes of her." 
 
 The Fair Haven Sharpie. — General construction the same, 
 though the length varies greatly and the lines are different. Most 
 of them have two masts (some only one) with leg-of-mutton sails. 
 A sixteen feet boat should be four feet four inches wide on the top 
 and three feet eight inches on the bottom, this having a place of 
 four inches. Depth amidships fifteen inches ; at the bow nineteen 
 inches. Decked over four feet on the bows and two on the stern, 
 with a washboard of four inches and combing of two inches. 
 Centre board four feet long, the forward end being against the 
 mast. Mast four inches in diameter in the largest place. Sail 
 made of thirteen yards of best twilled cotton. Boat well provided 
 with seats, and steered with a rudder. A twenty feet boat will 
 cost seventy-five dollars. They are exceedingly fast, very stiff and 
 can be easily steered by trimming. 
 
 The Qui Vive Canoe. — Manufactured by J. F. West, East 
 Orange, New Jersey. The frame is made of ash. The main 
 stringers are nine in number, and all outside of the ribs, so that 
 everything that touches the skin runs fore and aft. This, and the 
 style of building, also putting the canvas on without a seam below 
 the gunwales, Mr. West claims to be the inventor of. The six 
 other stringers are then added, at proper distances, and firmly 
 secured. The canoe is then turned over, and solid braces put in 
 close to bow and stern. Fifteen cross ribs are then put in at 
 proper distances and riveted with two copper tacks at each inter- 
 section with the stringers. While doing this the lines must be 
 trued, as these ribs determine the shape of the canoe. The mast 
 step is then put in, and fastened to the keelson and two ribs, also 
 a piece of three-quarter inch pine board, from gunwale to gunwale, 
 with a mast hole in it. Next the peaked carlines, or deck-supports 
 are put in. The form is then removed, after which the well frame 
 and combings are placed in position, and firmly screwed to the 
 gunwales. The deck has a slope of two inches from well to bow 
 and stern. When all the wood work is complete give it a coat of 
 uaint, after which the skin. No. lo cotton duck, is put on without 
 
626 SPOTTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 a seam. Next paint bow and stern, also along the keelson. While 
 the paint is yet fresh put on false bows of sheet iron and an inch 
 pine keel, which latter is bolted through the skin to the keelson. 
 Next the deck is put on, of lighter canvas, and then a coat of 
 boiled linseed oil is given. Over the oil apply paint, and finally 
 varnish. The dimensions are, length, fourteen feet, beam twenty- 
 six inches, depth. amidships, from ridge of deck to bottom of one 
 inch keel, one foot. She is decked over at bow and stern, with a 
 well amidships four feet long by twenty inches wide, surrounded 
 by an inch combing. Over the well is fitted a white rubber apron, 
 which buttons tight around the paddles, and effectually keeps all. 
 spray and rain from getting below. Her means of propulsion are 
 a double bladed paddle and sails. The sails are a standing lug 
 main and a jib foresail. The mast is fc r feet six inches above 
 deck, but the peak of mainsail when hoisted is over six feet. The 
 sails are so arranged that they may be set or taken in without the 
 canoeist leaving his seat. The painter is rove through a brass eye 
 at bow and stern, and runs entirely around the canoe, being used 
 as jib outhaul, and to keep the apron close to the deck in a sea. 
 The " Qui Vive," complete with mast, sails, apron, seatback, pad- 
 dle, stretcher, flag and flagstaff, weighs fifty pounds. The seat- 
 back is " Rob Roy " style, t-vo strips of wood to rest along the back 
 without touching the spine, and is hinged to the after combings. 
 
 With the paddle and a rubber sheet a water tight cabin can be 
 rigged at night, and there is ample space below, deck to allow the 
 knees of the sleeper to pass, so that he may turn over, which is 
 necessary for a comfortable sleep. The sailing qualities of these 
 canoes are astonishing, they will beat to windward, and require 
 very little steering. The paddle is straight bladed, seven feet six 
 inches long, and weighs two and a half pounds, it is used in steer- 
 ing when under sail. 
 
 The cost complete is only fifty dollars. 
 
 The Chaloiipe. — This is the principal fishing craft of the St. 
 Lawrence, an eight-ton lighter-built craft of .three feet draught, 
 one-masted sloop, rigged, v/ith jigger sail astern, and stub bowsprit. 
 Amidships is a hold for ballast and cargo, forward a diminutive 
 cabin with berths, a seat and a table, and astern a clear space for 
 handling sheets and helm. A seaworthy craft. 
 
BOATS FOR SPORTiXG USES. 627 
 
 The Mackinaw Boat. — Tliesc are probably the best small 
 boats made for heavy weather. A Mackinaw boat only twenty- 
 two feet in length has been known to ride into the severest storms 
 of Lake Michigan. As surf boats they are unequalled, for with 
 proper handling they may be beached at any time without serious 
 danger. They have a good deal of sheer, with greatest beam for- 
 ward of amidships, and sharp at the stern, which prevents the 
 shipping of water aft whih; running with the sea. These and the 
 square sterned dories are in general use by the fishermen. 
 
 The Chesapeake Canoe. — The hull is constructed from three 
 pine logs in most cases, which are brought into shape by the axe 
 and adze, with the assistance of the plane and other tools, the said 
 logs being reduced to a thickness of about three inches on the 
 bottom of the canoe, thinning out to an inch and a half at the gun- 
 wale. The three sections forming the boat are put together with 
 treenails. The boats are of various lengths, varying from twenty 
 up to forty-five feet, but boats of from tvv'enty-five up to thirty-one 
 feet long are in most common use, those of the latter length hav- 
 ing about six feet beam, being, as you perceive, very long for their 
 beam. Their lines, of course, from being so narrow, are beauti- 
 fully fine, and the boats being sharp at both ends, causes them to 
 leave the water as easily as they enter it. The rapidity with which 
 they sail with " sheets lifted " is wonderful, and they are also very 
 good on a wind, especially those with centre-boards. (They are 
 built both centre-board and keel, but the centre-board, as with 
 small craft of all descriptions, has the advantage.) As to rig, they 
 carry two sharp, or " goose wing " sails, with a jib. The larger 
 sail of the two is the foresail. The sails are bent on the masts and 
 set by means of spreets, reaching from mast to clew of sail. For 
 racing they carry in addition to the above sails a large balloon jib 
 and a stay sail, or else have an extra step between the fore and 
 mainmasts and set an extra "goose wing" there, thi; >f course 
 being only used with wind abeam. Off the wind, larg .ater sails 
 are set under the fore and main sails. Now, to shorten sail you 
 cast the becket rope off" the spreet of your mainsail, rolling the 
 spreet up in the sail, which is furled round it, and the becket rope 
 makes a gasket to lash it in place to the mast ; then take the 
 " chock block " out of the upper step of your foremast, which step 
 
O ML'.' \ \ ''•\t A \'r> (1 Tvft O <i o S '1 'vv •. f> r, 
 
 628 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 is cut longer to enable a block to be set in forward and aft of the 
 mast, as may be desired, for going on or ofif the wind, and you 
 have your sail reduced without any naked spars to hold the wind 
 and list the boat without being of any service. To drive her, if the 
 wind increases, you next take in your jib and go under your fore- 
 sail ; if the gale increases, and it must be a gale indeed to render 
 it necessary, take in your foresail and substitute your mainsail 
 ■for it, which is quickly done, as the after part of the upper step of 
 the foremast is in a hinge, and the lower one on a. pivot, so that 
 the mast can be lowered fore and aft without taking it out of the 
 
 ~ step. Now you have your boat under sail that you can go with, 
 when large " pungies " have to make a harbor, and the boat steers 
 well under any or all of the above sails, owing to changing the 
 rake of her masts, and holds on well. These boats are in uni- 
 versal use on the Chesapeake from the capes to the head of the bay. 
 Yarmouth Fzshmg Canoe. — To a gunwale of desired length 
 and strength, attach ribs of pine, about two inches wide by an 
 eighth thick, bent in the form desired. Longitudinal strips of the 
 
 : same are then tacked as closely as possible to the ribs outside, and 
 
 r over all, a covering of canvas is tightly stretched. A keel of pine 
 an inch wide and one-half inch thick (tapering at the sides) is then 
 
 f screwed on, and whole outside coated with shellac varnish, in 
 
 , which a little boiled linseed oil has been mixed. This makes a 
 
 ,- perfectlywaterproof canoe capable of standing hard knocks. Such 
 
 ' a one, fourteen feet long, will weigh about fifty pounds. Address 
 
 ' W. A. Lawson, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. 
 
 The Rob Roy. — Dimensions. Length, fourteen feet ; beam, 
 twenty-six inches ; depth, eight and a half inches ; rise of deck, 
 two inches ; bulkheads, three feet from each end ; cock-pit, three 
 
 } feet four inches by eighteen inches ; combing, two inches high ; 
 
 . mast, one and three-quarter inches in diameter at deck ; siding and 
 decks, one-quarter inch thick ; ribbed between bulkheads — ribs, 
 
 ^ one and a half inches apart. 
 
 ; Material. Keel and stems, oak ; ribs, elm : hidings, decks, 
 deck-timbers, back-board, stretcher and combing, cedar ; gun- 
 
 - vyales, mast and spars, spruce ; paddle, spruce or ash. 
 
 .r.f.- Weight Complete. (This one) fifty-six pounds , might ,.»e built 
 down to fifty pounds safely. Price, from seventy-five to one 
 
BOATS BOR SPORTING USES. 629 
 
 hundred dollars. Built by J. H. Rushton, Canton, St. Lawrence 
 County, N. Y. ; Waters & Balch, Troy, N. Y., or Mr. Jarvis, Wat- 
 kins. N. Y. 
 
 ^ "^ Barnegat Sneak Boat. — This is a craft originating at Barnegat, 
 New Jersey, and much used for duck shooting : ' ■^<^' '''-' j^^i^ nn.;? 
 
 Length, twelve feet ; with midships, four feet ; width of stem, 
 two feet nine inches ; depth of stern, seven inches. Sprung tim- 
 bers all of one pattern, nine-sixteenths by thirteen-sixteenth inches ; 
 distance apart, eight inches ; deck timbers natural bend, one inch 
 by seven-eighths. Cock-pit. inside measurement, length, three 
 feet four inches ; width at bow and stern, eighteen and a half 
 inches ; midships, nineteen "inches. Combing, height of inside at 
 bow and stern, two and three-quarter inches ; midships, two 
 inches ; from bottom of combing to top ceiling, thirteen inches. 
 Trunk on port side, set slanting to take a fifteen inch board trunk 
 placed alongside and abaft of forward corner of combing. Row- 
 locks, height, six inches; from combing, nine inches; middle of 
 to stern, four feet seven inches, made to fold down inboard and to 
 fasten up with a hook. Stool rack runs from rowlocks to stern, 
 notched at ends into fastening of rowlocks, also notched at corners 
 and hooked together, rest against a cleat on deck outside, and ar** 
 hooked to the deck inside. In a heavy sea the apron is used. It 
 is held up by a stick from peak to combing. Thus rigged the 
 boat has the reputation of being able to live as long as oars can 
 be pulled. The apron is tacked to the deck about two-thirds its 
 ler^ti. The wings are fastened to the top and bottom of the row- 
 locks. Mast hole, two and five-eighth inches ; two inches from 
 combing. Drop of sides from top to deck, five aiid seven- eighth 
 inches, dead rise, eight inches. Over cock-pit a hatch is placed. 
 Everything connected with the boat is placed i.iside, gunners often 
 leaving their guns, etc., locking the hatch fast. The boats sail- 
 well, and covered with sedge are used to shoot from. With the 
 hatch on, a person can be protected from rain, and with blankets, 
 can be accommodated with a night's lodging. Boards for boats, 
 white cedar, five-eighths of an inch thick ; deck, narrow strips 
 tongued and grooved. 
 
 A Common Gunning Boat. — Dimensions for a boat large 
 enough to hold two persons, with guns and a dog. The dimen- 
 
 ^ » 
 
630 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 sions of a boat should be about fifteen feet long and four feet wide. 
 Built lap-streak fashion, with streaks and knees of cedar, and 
 the laps fastened to the frame by being riveted with copper boat 
 nails. The seams of the laps between the knees should be riveted 
 together with smaller copper nails. A piece of white oak will 
 make a good keel, and should the boat be used where there is a 
 stony bottom, cover the bottom of the keel with a strip of sheet 
 copper or brass to keep it from getting worn and ragged. Have 
 the boat partially decked over forward, and make the dog a bed 
 under said deck. In that position he will be out of the way, and 
 his weight will help " trim " the boat.. The less " belly " the boat 
 has the stiffer it will be. If you use your boat on flats where there 
 is not much water, make it broad on the bottom or not much 
 rounded, and with a shallow keel. Deck over the sides of the 
 boat for six inches, and put a cleat one inch high on the inside 
 edge of it, to keep out the water from the boat. Fasten gun racks 
 to the knees on each side of the boat. When finished, -all knots 
 in the cedar should be bored out and the holes plugged with solid 
 wood. 
 
 English Centre-board Gig. — These craft have been brought to 
 America from Southampton, England — clipper built, square and 
 rather full stern ; length fifteen feet, width four feet eight inches, 
 depth two feet, rising at stem and stern, so as to give about four 
 inches sheer ; decked three feet six inches on bow, and two feet six 
 inches at stern — decks connected by washboards on each si(i|ksix 
 inches wide. Below the decks two bulkheads are fitted, so as to 
 make a water-tight compartment fore and aft. Exactly amidships 
 a centre-board three feet six inches long is placed, the case of 
 which, however, does not rise above the level of the thwarts so as 
 to interfere with the rower. Rigged for sailing with a sprit, main- 
 sail, and foresail or jib. Mainsail is used without a boom, except 
 when running, when it can be boomed out with a boat-hook. The 
 main sheet passes through a small block which travels on a hawse 
 at the stern, and the tack of the foresail is made fast either to the 
 stern or a small bumpkin eight inches long. Sprit made in two 
 pieces joined by a ferrule, so as to allow of its being shortened and 
 a reef taken in the mainsail ; the sails are altogether inboard. 
 Sails well and is an excellent sea-going craft. . . ,^ .... ^ ,;^ .^^ 
 
J BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. ^ 63 1 
 
 ,'.if,,! The Gunning Skiff. — Built by Sam. T. Quitman, South Oyster 
 Bay, Long Island, New York. This is a serviceable and seaworthy 
 craft, and is considered an improvement on the Barnegat boat. 
 
 Dimensions : eleven feet keel, twelve feet nine inches ovei all 
 on deck, four feet three inches beam, with a swinging centre-board, 
 which acts of its own accord when the boat is sailing in shallow 
 water. The boat is also supplied with a lug sail of ten yards of 
 canvas ; mast, ten feet ; sprit, fourteen and one-half feet ; sail 
 nearly square. She is decked over four feet forward and two feet 
 aft, washboard one foot wide. The combing is four inches high, 
 and arranged for thatching with grass. Depth, fifteen inches from 
 top of combing. The sail is made so as a reef can be taken when 
 necessary. ' - 
 
 The Nautilus. — This canoe is of different lengths, with two 
 masts, built for sailing or paddling ; carries no centre-board, but a 
 two and one-half inch keel ; greatest beam twenty-eight inches ; 
 weight, fifty pounds. Price, one hundred dollars. William Byles, 
 Harlem, and J. Everson, Greenpoint, builders. 
 
 The Pirogue or Dug-out is hollowed from a single log, or may 
 be shaped from several ; is in use from Maine to Florida and Min- 
 nesota, and is propelled by paddles, seldom carrying more than 
 two persons. 
 
 Birch Canoes. — Of various patterns, sizes, and degrees of 
 merit, carrying from one to eight persons with their luggage. 
 Price varies from twelve dollars to twenty dollars in the Provinces. 
 The best are obtained in Nova Scotia. Good ones can be bought 
 at Old Town and Princeton, Maine. 
 
 Ribless Boats. — Sail boats, for coast and river fishing, " built 
 up " without ri^^s, are very popular in Massachusetts Bay on account 
 of their speed, lightness, cheapness, and ease of construction. To 
 make one, the only material needed are good clear pine boards, 
 each the whole length of the intended boat, a few pounds of small 
 nails (galvanized,) and the material for the stem, keel, and stern 
 post. The boards are run through a saw mill and cut into strips 
 about an inch and a half wide, and out of these the boat is built up 
 according to working models. These models are merely patterns 
 of wood that give the outside of a half-section of the boat. They 
 give the shape of a boat at every foot of her length, and are formed 
 
632 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 from some existing boat or drawn from a scale designed by some 
 competent boat-builder. The keel, stern post and stem are set up 
 and secured together firmly, and then to the keel two strips are 
 fitted horizontally, one on each side, and having been planed down 
 at each end to fit the model, holes are bored through them and they 
 are securely nailed to the keel. Over each is laid another strip, and 
 with the plane and shave it is fitted to them in such a way as to 
 conform to the shape of the boat, and then each is nailed down as 
 before. In this simple manner the work proceeds. As the strips 
 are nailed one over the other, they are bent to conform to the shape 
 of the boat, and bevelled to give the sides the right form. 
 
 A single day's practice in fitting the strips to the shape of the 
 boat will enable a good carpenter to do the work with neatness and 
 dispatch, and any person skillful with plane and hammer could in 
 time turn boat-builder. When the sides rise to the gunwale, a 
 broader and thicker strip of oak or ash is laid over all, to act as a 
 fender and gunwale. During the whole process, the strips are kept 
 heavily painted with white lead, and when all is finished, we have 
 a ribless shell, showing no nails except at the top, exactly conform- 
 ing on the outside and inside the model. To give lateral strength, 
 shorter pieces of the strips are built up from the keel inside, and care- 
 fully fitted to the sides. The seats are placed over these, and then 
 decks, storeroom and cabin may be added as desired. Boats made 
 in this way are very light and buoyant and, being smooth on the 
 outside, are good sailers. In case of injury, they are easily repaired 
 by cutting out the broken place and inserting new strips, secured 
 • by backing on the inside. In practical use, such boats are found to 
 be swift, dry and safe. They make good sea boats, and are said to 
 resist injury with ease. In sailing they demand plenty of ballast, 
 to compensate for their lightness. Their cheapness and ease of 
 construction are rapidly bringing them into favor, as the cost is 
 about one- third less than by the ordinary method. Two men with 
 the materials in hand can easily make a boat eighteen by six in 
 sixteen days. 
 
 The Whitehall Boat. — A Whitehall boat is a car\-el-built boat 
 (smooth, not lapstreak,) generally seventeen feet in length, though 
 sometimes nineteen and twenty-one feet, and has a movable mast 
 with spreet sail. It ca*- be sailed or rowed equally well, and with 
 
BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. (^H 
 
 a breeze can be managed without oars or rudder, the boatman 
 steering her by simply shifting his position, fore, aft, or amidships, 
 according as he wishes to luff, keep her off, or hold her on her 
 course. This kind of boat originated with the fishermen of Fulton 
 Market, New York, about forty years ago. 
 
 Fenners Portable Boat. — This is a canvas skin on a lattice 
 frame of great lightness and strength. Weight from twenty-five 
 to seventy-five pounds, the largest having carrying capacity for 
 half a ton. It folds or packs in the space of a valise or trunk — the 
 smallest eleven by twenty-two by twenty-seven inches. Its strength 
 is greater than the ordinary birch or cedar used in light boats, and 
 when made impervious to water by Mr. Tap )an's process, makes 
 the dryest of boats. The principle on whivh the frame is con- 
 structed has its own peculiar advantages. Of strength first, as seen 
 in many railroad bridges, and of compressibility, where each inter- 
 section moves upon a brass rivet. After it has been shoved together 
 there still remains a space in which the canvas is laid, with room 
 for tent, clothing, and victuals. The whole is then closed by fold- 
 ing down the two seats for a lid, and the boat is then a stout trunk, 
 which can be placed in another box or not. It also can be used as 
 a shelter tent. Jointed paddles are to be used with it. C. A. Fen- 
 ner, builder, Mystic, Connecticut. Sold by Holberton & Beemer, 
 New York, and Bradford & Anthony, Boston. 
 
 Hegetnafis Folding Boat. — This is a light, jointed frame of 
 sufficient strength to keep its canvas shell in proper shape, and 
 sustain the weight of its load. It folds with it the canvas into a 
 complete parallelogram whose weight is not more than forty 
 pounds. This boat is not sinkable ; it will sustain a dozen men 
 easily. It is a good boat for many purposes, and can be bought 
 at prices ranging from $80 to $100. It is built at Balston Spa, 
 New York. 
 
 The Monitor Raft. — This is a capital angler's contrivance for 
 use on lakes, consisting of rubber cylinders (to be inflated), con- 
 nected by a suitable frame work, with an elevated seat for the 
 fisherman. Sold by the Combination Rubber Company, 62 Church 
 street, New York. Price $75. 
 
 Treat's Steel Frame Canoe. — This is the invention of John H. 
 Treat, of Lawrence, Massachusetts. Weighs fifty-seven pounds 
 
634 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 when fifteen feet long. Can be packed in a box six feet by seven 
 inches, by four inches. The cover is made in a single piece of 
 canvas, and can be folded and carried in a haversack over the 
 shoulder. The gunwales from being lined with steel, are but one- 
 half an inch thick. They are said to be strictly impervious to 
 water, and can be covered with a buttoned tarpaulin so as to keep 
 out rain and waves. Address William H. Rollins, Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Colvin Canvas Boat. — This boat, or canoe, is usually 
 made twelve feet long by four feet wide. Only the canvas skin or 
 cover is carried ; it weighs ten pounds eight ounces (leaving out 
 the light leathern pieces which receive the corners of keelson and 
 gunwales), and when compactly folded, occupies the space of less 
 than half a cubic foot. It has carried in a heavy storm, far from 
 land, a burden of seven hi.ndred pounds, and will, in smooth 
 water, convey a much greater burden. The prows are guarded 
 with brass cut-waters, riveted on. The keelson and gunwales are 
 improvised from stout poles cut in the wood, when required, and 
 two dozen stout boughs form the ribs. The skin is made fost to 
 the gunwale by leathern thongs or points. It is in reality a make- 
 shift, to use in places so inaccessible that it will not pay to carry 
 an ordinary portable boat. Made by R. C. Scott, Albany. 
 ■ The Adirondack Boat. — This is a round bottom, lap streak 
 cedar boat, fourteen to eighteen feet in length, accommodating 
 two or three persons with their camp outfit. They are .^tiff and 
 safe. C. J. Chase, Newcomb, Essex Co., New York, Reuben 
 '"arv and Henry Stanton, of Long Lake, W. E. Martin, E. Peck, 
 aiio G. Philboots, of Saranac Lake, are all good builders. Cary's 
 and Stanton's models differ from Chase's in being higher in the 
 stern and somewhat squarer, while his are not so sheer and alike 
 at both ends. There is, perhaps, a little more style to the Long 
 Lake boats, wh'le Chase's are somewhat stiffen 
 
 Botid's Sectional Boat. — This is made with iron sides and 
 wooden bottom, with an air chamber amidships. It is con- 
 .structed in two sections of eight feet each, which can be unjointed, 
 and one-half of the boat set in the other. It is flat-bottomed and 
 can run in shoal water, and being of iron is less vulnerable to 
 snags and rocks than other boats. Built at Cleveland, Ohio, by 
 Thomas E. Bond ; price $60. 
 
BOATS FOR SPORTING USES. 635 
 
 "' Waters' Paper Canoe. —This is an improved Nautilus canoe, 
 made by Waters & Son, of Troy; price $100 to $125. The body 
 is made of tough linen paper about one-sixth of an inch thick ; 
 length fourteen to sixteen feet, depth amidships eight and one-half 
 inches. It has a canvas deck which buttons at the sides. Weighs 
 fifty to sixty pounds. It has ample accommodations for camp 
 stuff, but carries only one person. Objection has been made that 
 the material (paper) would soon become soft and destructible, but 
 the long voyages of months and miles made in this craft wholly 
 controvert this. They will stand any kind of sea. ■„; „ ,. . 
 
 The Riishtoti Boat is made at Canton, N. Y. This is a round 
 bottom lap streak cedar or oak boat, with much more sheer and 
 bearings than the Adirondack boat, and much lighter, as they are 
 made to weigh as little as thirty pounds. It is best adapted for a 
 single person, but will accommodate two. Length, eleven to 
 thirteen feet ; weight, thirty to fifty-five pounds. ,„.„, 
 
 The English Canoe. — This is a bass wood canoe made by 
 William English, of Peterboro, Canada, and like the Gordon ca- 
 noe, more nearly approaches the Indian birch canoe in shape and 
 character, than any other craft afloat, but is much stronger, stiffer 
 and faster. It is made of thin boards laid upon ribs two inches 
 apart so neatly that the seams cannot be detected on the outside. 
 Length fourteen to eighteen feet, weight about sixty pounds, and 
 will carry three persons and their baggage with ease. They are 
 not easily fractured, as bass wood is very tough. They can be 
 fitted with a small sprit sail. Price $25. 
 
 The Gordon Canoe is like the English canoe in all respects 
 except the shape. It is, if anything, perhaps a little more cranky 
 but is preferred by many experts. It is made by Thomas Gordon, ' 
 at Lakefield, Peterboro, Canada. 
 
 The Herald Canoe is made at Gore's Landing, Rice Lake, 
 Canada, by Hutchinson & Co. Its material is white cedar. It 
 has no ribs, and is so constructed that it resembles a dug-out 
 canoe, both inside and out. Instead of ribs it has transverse strips 
 of cedar jointed neatly, constituting the frame of the canoe, and 
 upon which similar boards are laid lengthwise. Price, weight and 
 dimensions similar to the above, 
 
 Berthons Self-Folding Boat. — It is the invention of Rev. E. 
 
636 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. 
 
 L. Berthon, of Romsey, Hampshire, England, and differs from all 
 others. It claims to combine the necessary elements of the life- 
 boat with the advantage of being folded up to one-tenth of its size 
 and again opened and set up in half a minute. The ribs are longi- 
 tudinal, joined at the bow and stern by strong linkage. When 
 the boat is closed up the ribs close in parallel lines, and when open 
 they are raised into position by the use of braces, and the proper 
 form of the boat is maintained by these braces, the flooring, seats, 
 etc. The sides arc of very strong canvas and India rubber com- 
 partments, inclosing a continuous air chamber. These boats are 
 used for yachting as well as for higher uses. Price $25 to $250 
 for the largest, which is fully equipped with mast and sail. Cap- 
 tain Nares took several on his British Arctic expedition. 
 
 Lyman's Patent Rowing Gear. — In this contrivance, by which 
 the oarsman is enabled to propel his boat while facing where he 
 is going, the oars, or rather, to speak properly the sculls, are 
 made in two pieces. The outer end of the loom, or portion of the 
 scull inboard, is fastened by a ball and socket joint to the gunwale, 
 and a short distance forward, by a similar joint, is fastened the 
 shaft, or outboard portion. A light iron lever, or connecting row, 
 joins the two pieces in such a manner that the blades of the oars 
 move in the same direction as the handles, reversing the ordinary 
 method. 
 
 The action is absolutely without noise, which will be appre- 
 ciated by every one who has attempted to row on to game. The 
 sculls, although but eight feet long, give as much reach and 
 power, apparently, as could have been obtained in the same 
 boat with ten feet sculls, a length that would ha/e necessitated 
 outriggers. By simply drawing the looms against the gunwale, 
 the blades are folded back as a bird folds its wings. Although 
 the gear can be detached instantly, the sculls cannot become un- 
 shipped by accident. They feather well and leave the water with- 
 out noise. It is adapted for every boat propelled by oars, except, 
 perhaps, outrigged racing shells. 
 
 Address William Lyman, Middlefield, Connecticut. ; •/ 
 
 
 
 
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 WOODCRAFT. 
 
 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. _ 
 
 The sportsman can, if need be, in stress of accident or mis- 
 fortune, forego nearly every appliance of civilization, and having 
 learned the ways of the savages, live and enjoy life as the savages 
 do. The skins o'f animals he slays, or the bark of the birch or 
 the hemlock will make him a shanty ; pieces of fresh peeled bark 
 supply him with cups and plates which need no washing after 
 use, as they are thrown away. Cedar roots and tough long grasses 
 supply twine and rope, a spindle of hard dry wood rapidly revolved 
 with the hands upon a piece of soft pithy wood, or with an ordinary 
 bow with a single turn of the string around the spindle, will obtain 
 a fire ; he can bake his fish and bread in the ashes and broil his 
 meat on a stick ; and provided he has only sufficiently warm cloth- 
 ing, a trusty gun, a hatchet, knife, matches, and compass, he has 
 the measure of his necessities full. 
 
 Waiving luxurious comforts, it is always desirable to travel as 
 lightly as possible and as little encumbered, especially if the tramp 
 be long and continuous and not broken by occasional temporary 
 camps. Nevertheless, experience teaches that the trouble of carry- 
 ing an extra pair of walking-boots, or at least a pair of moccasins 
 or easy shoes, is well repaid. If your feet are blistered, coat the 
 inside of your socks (woolen are best,) from the ankles downward 
 ■with common yellow bar soap, repeating 'the application for two or 
 three days, by which time the feet will become hardened. It acts 
 equally well as a preventive. Never suffer the shoes to dry after 
 wetting, before they are thoroughly oiled, soles as well as uppers, 
 with castor oil. The least inconvenient dress is a woolen overshirt 
 with pockets, worn as a blouse and fastened around the waist with 
 a sash or belt. The toe of a stocking fitted into the shirt makes a 
 good pocket, if you have none already. A heavy Hudson's Bay or 
 
638 • vVW, WOODCRAFT. 
 
 Canadian overcoat, with hood, serves as coat, blanket, pillow, and 
 cap combined. Always carry plenty of twine and large needles. 
 If a piece of your clothing is torn out, patch it with anything avail- 
 able. The legs of a boot make the best possible seat for a pair of 
 trowsers, and can be as easily fitted as woolen stuff. If your felt 
 hat is too loose, put a stick under the band and give it a half-turn. 
 If you want a candle-stick make a loop of birch bark and slip the 
 ends into a split stick ; then insert your tallow dip. If you wish a 
 torch, take sheets of birch bark and slip them in the slit. A pine 
 knot is better than either where no danger is apprehended from fire. 
 If your matches are wet, and it rains heavily you can find bits of 
 dry punk in the excrescences under the bark of birch and maple 
 trees ; flash powder into lint or tow and then ignite the punk. 
 Either fire powder from your gun or use a flmt and steel. If lost 
 in a hardwood forest and can find no water, one can generally get 
 sap enough for a drink by cutting a chip out of a maple or birch, 
 and making a spout to let it flow clean of the trunk. Water can be 
 obtained by digging a hole into a marshy spot and filling it with 
 grass. Then take a piece of elder, pipe-stem, or any hollow tube 
 and setting it perpendicularly upon the grass, pack the earth 
 around it. Then apply suction with the lips and you will get 
 water enough to assuage thirst. (By the way, in a desert birds fly 
 toward water in the afternoon, and away from it in the morning.) 
 Carry your matches in a vulcanized rubber box to prevent wetting; 
 or a bottle will answer. There are a thousand little devices and 
 resorts which one learns by experience, and which occur to him 
 naturally when required, but are difficult to inventory for others' 
 use. For provisions, one must be governed by circumstances. 
 Tea, flour, ham, salt pork, soda powders, salt and pepper in quan- 
 tities required, are all that are necessary. Never carry ground 
 coffee ; it is bulky and will impregnate the other stuff with its 
 aroma, especially when wet. Borden's condensed coffee takes no 
 room, and is a luxury indeed. But, if the sportsman insists upon 
 carrying ground coffee, he will find the grounds very useful to keep 
 fish fresh, taking out their entrails and gills, and sprinkling the 
 coffee grounds thickly into the belly and mouth of the fish; the 
 more grounds used to each fish the better. 
 
 Desiccated food of all kinds is compact, and goes a great 
 

 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. ' 639 
 
 way. Pickles and onions are a desirable addendum and an ex- 
 cellent relish. We are writing for those who propose " roughing 
 it " in earnest. Of course, for ordinary camping out one may add 
 as many luxuries as he likes, and the greatest of these is a camp 
 kit of tin ware, containing knives, forks, spoons, cups, plates, 
 broiler, frying-pan, teapot, pepper and salt box, syrup and tea cad- 
 dies, sufficient for live or six persons, all fitting nicely together in a 
 large water-pail, the whole costing about twelve dollars and weigh- 
 ing nine pounds. The old army knife-fork-and-spoon combined is 
 ver)' convenient to carry. Always take blankets and warm clothing 
 when it is possible, and a change of under and outer clothing. 
 One's cast-off suits are the best, as they can be thrown away in 
 the end of the journey, leaving the party less weight to carry home 
 with them. An "acjua scutem," a small waterproof cape that can 
 be folded into a small compass in the pocket is sometimes a great 
 comfort. Of miscellaneous articles for a party who intend to 
 remain much in camp, we enumerate the following : 
 
 Rods, reels, lines, flies, bait hooks, trolling tackle, gaffs, landing net, bait box, 
 float. 
 
 Woolen and rubber overcoats, old shoes, rubber leggings, extra boots, slip- 
 • pers, or moccasins. 
 
 Hatchet, knife, pistol and cartridges, sere rt^-driver, awl, pliers, gimlet, whet- 
 stone, twine, wire, rope, leather straps, tacks, needles, pins, thread, wax, scissors, 
 paper, pencil, rubber. 
 
 Compass, matches, fuse, candles, spring balance, cork-screw, pocket pistol, 
 field-glass. 
 
 Soap, towels, comb, sponge, looking-glass, goggles, linen and flannel rags and 
 raw cotton, to be used for cuts, wounds, cleaning guns, mending, etc. 
 
 Pipes, tobacco, maps, diarrhoea mixture, cathartic pills, salve, court-plaster, 
 ammonia, sweet oil, and a mixture of tar and oil as a preventive against flies and 
 other insects. 
 
 One India-rubber bag to hold the " kit " is a desirable addition to an outfit, as 
 it makes a portable package and keeps its contents always dry. 
 
 One thing which every hunter should appreciate is comfort in 
 camp, and to be comfortable and happy should be his main busi- 
 ness. " Roughing it," is not healthy on account of poor food 
 badly cooked, sleep taken on the bare ground, unnecessary ex- 
 posure and dirt. Every one should be careful to provide an abund- 
 ance of good food with proper means for cooking and caring for 
 it conveniently ; he should camp in the best attainable place, con- 
 sidering always sanilary laws, just as potent by the way in camp 
 
 _i 
 
640 , .„^ WOODCRAFT, .,,. -^" 
 
 » 
 as anywhere else ; and camp too in time to make himself comfort- 
 able for the night, when it is daylight, and everything is handy 
 around. Camp " tricks " should be kept in their places, not thrown 
 helter skelter, or left lying where last used, the common opinion 
 that order is opposed to easy comfort and freedom from care, to 
 the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 In sleepmg, but little, if any, more bed clothing should be used 
 in camp than in a house ; too much cover has given many a city 
 fellow a cold, and disgusted him with sleeping out of doors. He 
 thinks that as he has no roof over his head, he ought have a 
 thousand blankets. In the middle of the night he gets into a per- 
 spiration, kicks off the cover, cools suddenly, and the next morn- 
 ing swears in a hoarse whisper that sleeping out of doors is a 
 humbug. No more cover should be used than will keep the body 
 at a natural heat ; anything more is bad, even if not enough to 
 cause perceptible perspiration. 
 
 In making up your party for a camp, it is of the first import- 
 ance to include only congenial minds and dispositions. No matter 
 how dear to you your friend is, or how warm his affection may be 
 for you, if your habits of thought and body are not under control, 
 the little things of camp life will be the fruitful causes of unhappi- 
 ness and discontent. The number of the party has of course to 
 be considered and the style oi camp life, whether you do your own 
 work or employ help. One man who shirks, and " the best fellow 
 in the world " is often the man, will interfere sadly with your pleas- 
 ure. Men incline in camp to couples. Three can seldom agree, 
 long, for one is almost of necessity " left out in the cold" 
 
 No party should attempt to camp out unless one at least of 
 their number is thoroughly conversant with woodcraft, and able to 
 devise and direct so as to secure the general comfort under all 
 changes of circumstances and vicissitudes of weather. Qne great 
 essential to thorough enjoyment is an equitable division of labor, 
 and a faithful observance of the duties assigned to each member. 
 This is especially important where no servants are employed. 
 Four persons constitute a large enough party. One should be a 
 fair cook ; another should be able to keep the camp supplied with 
 wood and make a fire, which is a task by no means easy ; a third 
 should be a fair shot and a good pot-fisherman, for a variety of 
 
■• -. ^ 
 
 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. 64 1 
 
 food adds much to the charm of camp life ; and the fourth should 
 be apt at buildinjja shelter and pitching a tent, and a good boat- 
 man withal. Thus organized, a party is ready to start for the 
 woods. 
 
 We cannot too earnestly urge the advantage of taking the vari- 
 ous kinds of condensed food which ingenuity has devised, for they 
 not only greatly reduce a load, but add much to the ease and com- 
 fort of all, and materially lighten the labors of the cook. Borden's 
 condensed milk, coffee and beef are a great acquisition. A single 
 can of coffee will serve a man for thirty days, and really needs 
 neither milk nor sugar. Put a part of a teaspoonful in hot water, 
 stir it, and your beverage is ready for use. The beef will make a 
 variety of soups, if used according to directions, and the milk is 
 useful in compounding various dishes. The self-leavening flour 
 prepared by Jewell Brothers is another indispensable. It has only 
 to be mixed with cold water or milk, requires no salt, and with 
 slight change in preparation will produce bread, biscuit, cakes, etc., 
 in a very few minutes. The bones and small pieces of meat left 
 after cutting up venison, when boiled to a jelly in the camp kettle, 
 strained, and put away cold, form the ingredients of a very nourish- 
 ing soup which can be prepared in a few minutes at any time by 
 adding a sufficient quantity of hot water. With a little potato 
 and onion chopped fine, red pepper, salt, and flour, or dried 
 tomatoes, it can be made really delicious. 
 
 To carry the camp stuff most easily, back-loads should be so 
 made up that the softest parts should rest upon the shoulders and 
 neck, and when adjusted and supported by a strap that passes across 
 the forehead, boxes and cumbrous articles may be packed on top ; 
 by this method fifty pounds may be carried with' comparative ease. 
 Fishing rods, paddles, axes, etc., should be tied together in 
 bundles in two places at least, and when shouldered, boots, ket- 
 tles, and the like, may be slung over their upper ends. Where a 
 canoe or boat is to be carried, lash the paddles lengthwise one foot 
 apart across the bars or thwarts amidships, turn the canoe upside- 
 down, rest one end upon a convenient projecting branch of a tree 
 at such a height that you can easily pass under, and then thrusting 
 in your head so that the paddles wiii rest upon the shoulders, raise 
 and balance it, and proceed on the journey. If the canoe is too 
 
642 WOODCRAFT. 
 
 heavy for one person, it should be shouldered by two men, one at 
 eacn end, and carried right side up. There is a knack in walking, 
 too, which should be acquired, namely : always run your eye along 
 the trail ai least a rod in advance, so that you may not only see 
 soft places, rods, roots, and other obstructions, but calculate to a 
 nicety just where your steps are to be made. This practice will 
 prevent stumbling ; it also enables one to discern a blind trail 
 easily, and teaches him to observe any strange signs which might 
 otherwise pass unnoticed. If you are thirsty by the wayside, and 
 have no cup handy, bend up a portion of the brim of your telt hat 
 so as to form a cup, and drink out of that. It is bettjr than lying 
 flat on the stomach to drink from a pool or spring, whereby there 
 is real danger of swallowing living creatures that may possibly 
 cause serious difficulty afterwards. A cup may be instantly fash- 
 ioned by cutting a slit longitudinally in a piece of clean bark ; and 
 lapping the divided parts, one over the other, hold them between 
 the thumb and fingers. 
 
 Camp sites should be selected for access to wood and water — 
 wood first ; but there are many other considerations to take into 
 account, such as shelter, immunity from insects, or proximity to 
 game. A high open knoll away from water is p'-eferable, in fly 
 time, to a location on a river bottom. Sandy beaches" or gravelly 
 points are liable to swarm with midges or punkies, and the thicker 
 woods with mosquitoes. Points where a breeze draws up or down 
 a stream are the most desirable. Black flies do not molest between 
 sunset and sunrise. The camp site being chosen, the first duties 
 are to fix the shelter, cut wood, and get the kettle boiling. A let- 
 ter A tent is the greatest luxury in camping, but m fair -'eather a 
 tilt or half tent of canvas or blankets, or a "rough slan. of bark 
 or boughs laid on poles supported by crotches, are comfortable 
 enough when a good fire is kept up. Or, for the matter of a night, 
 a screen of spruce boughs to windward, or the canoe turned over 
 to protect the chest and shoulders, is ;? good make-shift. The lee 
 of a protecting ledge, with a bush screen, is a dry and comfortable 
 camp. A permanent shanty is made with sides four logs high and 
 a peaked roof of poles covered with bark or split shingles four feet 
 long, with a hole at the top for smoke. In this way also a conical 
 wigwam can be constructed, Indian fashion. Make the bed of 
 
 I*. 
 
HINTS TO S. 'ORTSMEN. 643 
 
 evergreen boughs — balsam and hemlock are the softest — place 
 them in layers with the buts all one way, and shingle the buts of 
 the first row with the tops of the second, arid so on successively. 
 Fires are made in various ways. For a good cooking fire, a back 
 should be made three logs high, supported against upright stakes 
 driven into the ground ; two logs at right angles, or two stones 
 placed in front to lay fuel on, will raise the latter from the ground 
 sufficiently for a good draft. Another mode is to lay two eight- 
 inch logs on skids, say two feet apart and parallel, filling in the 
 space with small fuel. The Indian fashion is to lay the sticks in a 
 circle, with the buts in the centre, resting on one another making 
 a conical pile. A tree should be felled, the trunk cut into logs, 
 and the branches being chopped up for fuel. In almost all woods 
 are logs, some time cut and seasoned that furnish dry fuel and 
 kindlings. To peel bark, girdle the tree at intervals of two or more 
 feet and split the sections with an a.xe longitudinally. In fly time, 
 when the air is still, make the camp fire so that the smoke will 
 blow into the tent or shanty, in order to drive out the flies ; but at 
 all times, and especially at night, guard against changes of wind 
 and flying sparks.* Clean greasy plates with moss and scour them 
 with sand. To clean knives and forks, simply thrust them two or 
 three times into the ground. At night, tuck your trowsers into 
 your woolen socks, and tie them at the ankles. Never sleep with 
 
 * To make Fire from Dry Wood iviihout Matches. — Get a round spindle of dry 
 hard wood, oak for example, about a foot loiiij and a cpiarter of an inch in diam- 
 eter ; polish it smootli, and round otf one end. Then ,i;i;t a dry piece of some soft 
 pitliy wood, elder will do ; if over half an inch in diameter spli'. it : M less shave the 
 wood on one side down to the pith, mailing a flat surface ; n.ake a small bow of 
 any springy wood or root, string it : buckskin is the best string ; get your kindling 
 wood all ready for your fire, together with some small dry splinters, grass or leaves, 
 or punk is best of all ; hold the soft wood, flat side up, firmly between your knees ; 
 take a turn with your bow string about llie middle of the hard wood spindle ; set 
 the rounded end of the ^ijindle in a little trench you will make ' ' e soft wood or 
 pith ; press down with any flat piece of wood held in the left i . , on the other 
 end of the spindle; work the bow back and forth, and the spindle will revolve 
 rapidly. In a little while the dust worn from the soft wt)od will fill 1 he little trench, 
 smoke, and take tire. If punk is used, this spark will ignite it by bringing them 
 in contact ; if grass, as soon as the spark is well developed envelope it in dry grass 
 and wave rapidly back and forth until the fire is well set or breaks into flame. , n 
 Indian expert in this method will get fire in about a minute, more or less, as his 
 material happens to be in condition, and will make it nearly as soon using both 
 hands, in place of the bow to revolve the spindle. 
 
644 :. - WOODCRAFT , 
 
 boots on. Use moccasins if you have them. Keep your feet to 
 the fire, but don't let them burn. See that there is a sufficient 
 supply of fuel for the night, and learn to wake at proper intervals 
 to replenish the fire. Early mornings are always cold at any sea- 
 son of the year. A compound of tar and sweet oil applied to the 
 face and hands is the best protection against gnats and flies. Buck- 
 skin gloves may be worn without discomfort at night. When an 
 A tent is used, a cord drawn through the apex with its ends stretched 
 to convenient trees, supports it better than two crotches and a 
 ridge-pole, and will prevent its being blown down by a gust of wind. 
 The sides should be drawn down tight and fastened to the groun !. 
 Never sit up after nine o'clock at night, and rise at daylight in the 
 morning. Never omit a good wash, at least of the face and hands. 
 
 Every hunter should know the edible roots, berries, and salad 
 plants of the country .le hunts in. Tne number, especially of edi- 
 ble and wholesome " weeds " which can be boiled as greens, 
 is astonishing. He should also know the herbs from which- to 
 make teas for sickness, and poultices and dressings for wounds 
 and bruises. None of the ills which a hunter as such is heir to, are 
 beyond the reach of nature's remedies. If he don't know the med- 
 icines of the field and forest, he should take to camp a few of the 
 simplest of the apothecary's sort. 
 
 One great point gained in learning woodcraft is to acquire a 
 habit of close and continued observation. All dense woods look 
 so much alike that the novice without a guide is almost helpless, 
 In travelling it is important to turn frequently and survey the 
 ground behind, especially if one intends to retrace his steps. A 
 locality looks entirely ditferent from different points of observation. 
 Hence it is always prudent to blaze the route by occasionally 
 scoring a tree or breaking the top of a bush or limb. Where 
 small spruces are frequent, the broken tops of these are most 
 easily seen. In passing through aider brush, cut them well down 
 toward the buts with a hatchet, remembering to bend them well 
 over with the left hand and giving a smart clip on the bend. A 
 greenhorn will be surprised to see how easy it is to cut brush in 
 this way, and how much hacking is required to cut even the 
 smallest sapling in any other way. Alder brush makes a good 
 '• blaze," as the under sides of the leaves are much lighter than 
 
•HINTS TO SPORTSMEN. 645 
 
 the upper, and show distinctly. In following a blind trail, the eye 
 should always run casually in advance. If it is cast down directly 
 in front, the sign is lost ; but if raised, the trail can usually be 
 traced quite distinctly. In all cases where a man discovers him- 
 self lost, he should stop short and carefully consider the situation 
 — the position of the sun, direction of the wind, character of adja- 
 cent prominent objects, etc., and then retrace his steps as nearly 
 as possible. It is senseless to plunge headlong into trackless un- 
 certainty, when it may be quite possible to go back on one's own 
 track to the point started from, which, though a loss of time in 
 reaching a desired destination, is better than a loss of way and an 
 involuntary bivouac in the woods. The writer remembers having 
 once tracked back through a laurel brake with such nicety of cal- 
 culation as to pick up a handkerchief which had been pulled out 
 of his pocket, and was clinging to a bush. As a general thing, a 
 man does not go far off his course before he discovers his mistake. 
 A quarter of a mile in a jungle or a strange forest seems a great 
 distance. It is not impracticable either, when one is in doubt to 
 climb a tall tree and take a survey from the top. Caribou hunters 
 often adopt this practice when looking for barrens where game 
 are likely to be found. Rivers and streams are certain highways 
 to deliverance provided a person has previously some idea of the 
 general lay of the land. 
 
 One never should be without a compass ; though in some per- 
 sons animal magnetism is so strong that they determine the cardi- 
 nal points instinctively. Indeed there are individuals who cannot 
 sleep with their heads to the south, but instantly detect a bed so 
 placed. Backwoodsmen acquire by practice and careful obser- 
 vation a certain craft in reading signs which is almost infallible. 
 As a rule, but not always, moss grows more densely on the north 
 side of trees, nature providing against the cold that comes from 
 that quarter. But a more reliable si-^n is the limbs of trees, which 
 grow longest on the south side, tho; e on the north side being ex- 
 posed to the wintry blasts which twist, scathe and stunt them. 
 A laurel swamp is the worst conceivable place in which to get 
 lost. The tendency to travel in circles is well known. It is a phys- 
 iological freak not easily explained. In an article on this subject 
 which we clipped from the Scientific American fifteen years ago, 
 the writer, who is a Texan, says ■ 
 
646 • • WOODCRAFT. 
 
 " Bewildered persons frequently travel in a perfect circle, some- 
 times keeping the same track until they have made half a dozen 
 equal rounds ; at other tirr.^s making the circle larger or smaller 
 each time. It is not, by any means, always the case, when a per- 
 son is lost ; but it is so frequent that it is within the experience of 
 every one who has been much in the woods. In calm and cloudy 
 weather in a country of much sameness of appearance, the best 
 woodsmen get so bewildered as to "take the circles." Persons 
 not accustomed to the woods will sometimes do so, when the sun 
 is shining and a steady breeze blowing. On the level or gulf prai- 
 ries of this country on a calm, foggy morning, no man can travel 
 without a road. It is an incident of every day occurrence in the 
 spring and fall seasons, that men are thus becalmed on the prairie 
 as effectually as men are at sea ; nor will a compass mend the 
 matter, for it cannot be carried steadily enough to keep its merid- 
 ian, and the course it points cannot be kept for fifty yards ; if a 
 man attempts it he will make a circle and come back to the place 
 he started from. The circle will be large or small generally in 
 proportion to the density of the fog — sometimes only a hundred 
 yards in diameter ; at other times a mile, but seldom more. The 
 circles thus made are perfect. This kind of wandering seems to 
 arise from an attempt to go a straight course when there is nothing 
 to guide the senses, or when the usual guides of sun, wind, or the 
 general contour of the country are disregarded. It rarely befalls 
 children, who do not attempt to get on a course, but only run from 
 one visible point to another equally perceptible. 
 
 " Many apparently trivial traits in the disposition of animals, 
 ■which are of great use to woodsmen are omitted in books of nat- 
 ural history ; chiefly from ignorance no doubt. One of these is the 
 disposition of the horse, when frightened, to run against the wind, 
 if any is blowing. Thousands of horses which would be other- 
 wise irrecoverably lost annually on this frontier, are recovered by 
 observing this simple rule in pursuit. All animals have similar 
 inexplicable traits in their disposition ; and men are no exception 
 to the rule. White men, when they are scared, will retreat in the 
 same direction in luhich they came. The Indians know this, and 
 lay their plans accordingly ; and many a gallant company has been 
 cut to pieces simply from ignorance of this fact. But those who 
 understand these matters, when they find it necessary to make a 
 hasty retreat, always do so in a straight line, and in a direction 
 different from the one in which they came. 
 
 " We frequently see notices in Northern papers of children being 
 lost. Such things rarely occur on this frontier ; though children 
 often wander, and there are but few neighbors to help to search 
 for them. Perhaps the cause of humanity might be subserved by 
 publishing a few rules to be observed in such searches. Any 
 child will make a track or trail plam enough to be followed by the 
 
HINTS FOR SOUTHERN TRAVEL. 647 
 
 eye over any ground, unless there be much passing of men or 
 animals to spoil the trail ; and it can be followed by almost any 
 person of good sight, although he may not have had any previous 
 experience. Go to the place where the child was last seen and 
 look for the trail, glancing along the ground with a sharp scanning 
 look ; when it is found, a faint kind of a line will be seen, which 
 may be followed at a fast walk until a well-defined track occurs. 
 If the trailer stops to look for a track he will probably lose the 
 trail, and must go back and take it up again with the same scan- 
 ning glance along the ground. The trails which hunters and In- 
 dians follow skilfully, is not so much composed of tracks or foot- 
 prints, as of indescribable little signs, such as leaves and blades of 
 grass bent or turned, twigs broken, and other things so small and 
 faint that they cannot be shown to any one, yet which, when all put 
 together, make a kind of li7ie along the ground, which line can be 
 seen by a rapid glancing look, but which will disappear when 
 looked at steadily. The trail of a human being is more easily fol- 
 lowed than that of any other creature, because there is a kind of 
 purpose in it different from the trail of irrational animals. A child 
 will change its course around every thick clump of bushes, and go 
 nearly straight when the ground is open. If it is scared and run- 
 ning, it will run from the wind, if much is blowing, and from any 
 voice it hears ; in such cases, therefore, it is not good policy to 
 call much upon the lost child's name." 
 
 HINTS FOR SOUTHERN TRAVEL. 
 
 • In preparing for a winter's campaign in Florida, one should 
 take with him, if practiacble, a tent and small boat. If they can be 
 shipped by sailing vessel two weeks in advance of his sailing, they 
 will reach Jacksonville in season for use and at little cost. If sent 
 by steamer the charge for freight will be enormous. A shot gun, 
 rifle, ammunition, and fishing tackle should be taken from t!ie 
 north. The tent should be as light as possible and so constructed 
 that all the room can be utilized. The boat should be small,flat- 
 bottomed and light. A large sail boat can be hired in Jacksonville 
 at a reasonable price, and a man to sail it and do the cooking. 
 Gun and rifle should be breech-loading, thus securing safety and dis- 
 patch in loading. Revolvers and big bowie knives are superfluities. 
 Everybody takes them, and everybody finds them in the way. Wear 
 old clothes ; half the pleasure in camping out is to be able to rough 
 it. Don t put on fancy costumes expecting to "make a spread," 
 as no one will appreciate the effort or effect. Wear woolen 
 
648 WOODCRAFT. 
 
 clothing at all times. For the feet, take good stout shoes, lacing 
 up tightly about the ankle. A pair of tight (not tight fitting) boots 
 may be very good for a short, wet walk, but for an all day's tramp 
 through swamp and pine woods, shoes are far superior. Two 
 pairs good woolen, and one rubber blanket. For sleeping in camp, 
 in this animated land of fleas, spiders and creeping things so un- 
 fortunately taken into the ark, a hammock should be used ; one 
 arranged (as it may easily be), with a light canvas roof, with sides 
 of netting. Two or three rafter-shaped triangles hung on a line 
 will spread such a shelter, and in a canvas hammock under it, one 
 can rest free from the companionship of the guides and dogs, and 
 without vivid ideas of snakes and centipedes. Sportsmen are 
 often disabled by the fiercest animal in Florida, the flea. High 
 boots will be some defence, but keep away from the vicinity of do- 
 mestic animals, and sleep not in any of the "cracker " houses, but 
 camp in remote pine woods and keep the dogs away from the 
 tent. Such forest is comparatively free from mosquitoes, and 
 in mid winter the sand flies are not very annoying. A mosquito 
 bar is indispensable, as many nights the tormenting insects call 
 their own. 
 
 If the country on the coast be visited, the "bar " should be 
 made of thin cotton or lawn, to keep out the " sand flies," insects 
 so small as hardly to be discernible, but with a bite like the burn 
 of a hot iron. It would be well to take a little salve and thin plas- 
 ter for cut? and bruises. In the line of medicine one can take a 
 whole apothecary's shop, if so disposed, but, excepting a little 
 whiskey and quinine, the former for snake bites, which hardly ever 
 occur, and the latter for imaginary fever, no medicine will be, 
 needed. For light at night, a lantern and candles will be sufficient, 
 though kerosene, where little transportation is to be made, is pre- 
 ferable. Buy it in New York in five gallon can, boxed. It will al- 
 ways sell for twice its cost. The keen bracing air gives more 
 pungency to a haunch of venison or brace of quail than all the 
 sauces piquante ever concocted. A bunch of Spanish moss is in- 
 finitely superior to a napkin, and the clear waters of some spring 
 to the finger-bowl. And here a word as to water. 
 
 Nearly all the water in East Florida is impregnated more or 
 less with lime or some mineral or salt that gives it a " flat " taste to 
 
ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRAVEL. 649 
 
 the uninitiated, and a drinl: of raw unadulterated water is not al- 
 ways acceptabie. Some people " qualify " it— indeed the majority 
 of settlers " qualify " it so much that the original taste of the aqua 
 is lost in that of the qualifier. — That is all — a word to the wise. 
 We advise a plain mode of living. Take hard bread, " self- 
 raising flour," pork, salt, potatoes, brown sugar, rice or hominy, 
 Borden's condensed milk and coffee, a little jelly for venison, but- 
 ter, pepper and mustard. Venison, fish and game birds may be 
 on the bill of fare every day, but again they may not. No one 
 should start down the river depending upon a supply, as the 
 game is regulated and controlled by a multitude of laws that the 
 visitor knows nothing about. Preserved fruits, meats, etc., are 
 not necessary, though sometimes found acceptable — they don't 
 stay in camp long. Regarding cooking utensils, if cooking is to 
 be done in the usual way over an open fire, they should be a 
 " bake kettle" or oven, a foot diameter ; frying-pan, same dimen- 
 sions, with a long handle ; tin plates, plated knives and forks, 
 pint tea-cups, iron or tin spoons, and butcher knife. A 
 regular camp kit is preferable, however. If a stove is preferred, 
 go to the tin-smith's and have him make a sheet-iron box, two 
 feet long, one broad, open at one end. The door a sheet of iron, 
 to slide in a groove, perpendicularly, acting as draught regulator. 
 The legs should be flat, fastened to the box by hinges, shutting 
 under it when packed. The pipe small and in joints, to be 
 packed in the stove. A piece of tin should be taken to fasten to 
 the tent to run the pipe through. With such a stove, well sup- 
 plied with "light wood " or pitch pine, a fire can be sustained 
 that will vacate the tent in short metre. 
 
 ' ROCKY MOUNTAIN TRAVEL. 
 
 Special preparation is required for travel in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. Before entering the mountains one should prepare himself 
 and party for the country they are about to visit, for if their outfit 
 is not carefully selected, what might have been a summer's pleasure 
 will very likely be one of toil and regret. Take nothing but what 
 is absolutely needed, and what is taken let it be as light as pos- 
 sible, as every extra pound lacerates the back of the pack mule. 
 Use medium sized animals for packing, as they will carry as heavy a 
 28 
 
650 .VV.V WOODCRAFT. r^C)'^.. 
 
 pack as a larger animal in rough places, and are more to be reliea 
 upon where there are steep ascents to be made or fallen timber to 
 be crossed. Two hundred pounds is enough for a single pack 
 mule to carry at once, but some persons will overload their ani- 
 mals to save buying an extra mule, and will not see their folly 
 until they have lost some of their best animals by rolling down 
 hill sides against the rocks, or by having them " snagged " in 
 fallen timber. When returning at the end of the season, if the 
 animals' backs are sound and good from the effects of light loading, 
 they will command a good price and are easily disposed of; but if 
 on the contrary, their backs are covered with sores, they will only 
 bring one- half their original value, so men may easily seethe econ- 
 omy of having a sufficient number of animals to carry their luggage. 
 For riding animals use mules for the mountains and horses for 
 the " plains." A good mule will follow a trail and take its rider 
 into camp the darkest night that ever was. Should you get 
 strayed away from camp and not be able to find your way back 
 again, drop the bridle rein on the horn of your saddle and trust to 
 the instinct of your mule, and if it is not very hungry, after wander- 
 ing about a short time it will take a direct course for camp, 
 although the rider may think camp is in an opposite direction from 
 the one where the mule is taking him. The common Indian pony 
 or bronco is the best horse to use on the plains, as they are tough, 
 quick and thoroughly acclimated to cold weather and the poor feed 
 that is to be had in most places. Select an easy saddle with a 
 good California tree, a light pair of spurs, and a broad hair Cincho 
 bridle with a light curb bit, a good saddle blanket, a small pair of 
 saddle bags, and your riding outfit is complete, unless you ride a 
 mule, and in such a case a good strong broad crouperis necessary, 
 so it will not cut the tail of your riding animal. When travelling 
 do not hurry your horse, or do not allow him to become lazy ; keep 
 him at a steady gait, and if necessary, he will accomplish a long dis- 
 tance daily ; but should you become impatient and lope him nearly 
 all day, he will become poor, stubborn and lazy. Use the Spanish 
 arrapahoe instead of the pack saddle, as it is easier packed and 
 more comfortable for the animal wearing it. Select heavy lash 
 ropes, or they will stretch, and the animals will have to be repacked 
 a dozen times a day, particularly after a rain, when the ropes have 
 
ROCK Y MO UN TA IN TA'A VEL. 65 I. 
 
 been wet and are gradually drj'ing by the heat of the sun. Have 
 a long " lariat " for each animal, for in some places in a timbered 
 country it will be necessary to picket them over night, for if they 
 were turned loose they wovdd stray through the woods in search 
 of better feed, and it would be a severe task to collect them to- 
 gether again. Put a cow bell on the neck of the gentlest mare, 
 and the whole herd will become attached to the animal wearing 
 the bell ; and when travelling let the " Bell mare " take the lead, 
 and the other animals will follow in single file where it would be 
 impossible to drive them. The cooking utensils should be several 
 camp kettles made of copper and lined with tin, (made to fit in 
 each other so they may be more easily packed,) a small Dutch 
 oven, spade, axe, hatchet, coffee mill, knives, forks, spoons, tin plates 
 and cups, a bread pan, frying pan, gridiron, whetstone, and two 
 small iron bars to lay over the fire to set kettles on when cooking. 
 The bedding for each person should consist of four California 
 blankets, a small pillow, a rubber poncho, buffalo robe, and half 
 a wagon cover of canvas to cover the whole bed and piotect it 
 from the rain. If tents are used, the small dog tent is the best, 
 and will be found very useful as a wrapper to roll the bedding in 
 for packing. For hunting large game, use the Gove rifle, of 
 Denver, or the Sharps from Hartford. There should always be 
 one good double-barreled shot gun in a party for the smaller game, 
 and thus provided for, there is always an abundance of fresh meat 
 to be had, which is a great addition and saving to the table. 
 When a party is preparing to camp out it is a good plan to estab- 
 lish a depot camp for a few days near some town, (where there is 
 good water and wood,) while fitting out, and become accustomed 
 to camp life before striking out for the more ■^\.\\ 'ortions 
 of the country. The experience thus gained proves a good guide 
 for future operations. When starting out for a distant point, do 
 not travel too far the first few days, but make short marches until 
 the animals' backs become hardened to the arrapahoe. Do not 
 allow the arrapahoe or pack to become loose, but have them as 
 tight as two men can draw them. A mule may grunt a little about 
 being laced so tightly, but it is much better for them than to have 
 a pack rocking from side to side, backward and forward, thus 
 bruising the mule's back and ending in sores and a worthless 
 animal. In the saddle bags always carry a pound or two of good, 
 
652 WOODCRAFT. 
 
 solid, square crackers, "hard tack," if need be, soda crackers, 
 if obtainable at the last little village through which he passes, and 
 in his coat pocket, securely wrapped, an ounce of salt and a half 
 ounce of ground pepper. Properly packed, the crackers need take 
 but little room, and the man is to be pitied, no matter how fashion- 
 able his stomach, who cannot, after a good day's ride, make a 
 satisfactory, and certainly digestible, supper off the crackers 
 crumbed in the good sweet milk he is sure to find at any settler's 
 cabin, especially when duly seasoned with the salt and pepper he 
 carries with him. Persons of limited or no experience in the West 
 may smile at the suggestion that salt and pepper be carried along ; 
 but the writer has found many families, rich in acres and herds, 
 who were "just out of salt," and to whom pepper had been so 
 long absent that it was a cool friend. And many a palatable sup- 
 per and breakfast has he made off crackers and milk with pepper 
 in it, duly salted, when, had want of foresight confined him to the 
 "corn dodger," made all too "short" with lard, and the bacon 
 swimming in its native grease, which served the more rugged 
 stomach of his host, he would but weakly have bestridden his 
 mustang for the next day's ride. 
 
 Guard against the " mountain fever," which is a severe cold 
 peculiar to the Rocky Mountains, caused by exposure and over 
 exertion. Its symptoms are flushes, fever, cold in the head, head- 
 aches and general debility. It reduces a cast-iron mountain man 
 to a weak and helpless infant in a few days. It in no respect 
 resembles the fever and ague, or the fever prevalent to the 
 Southern States. 
 
 To prevent snow-blindness, smear the nose and the parts of the 
 face around the eyes with damp gunpowder. Those who travel to 
 the mountains by railroad should get a canteen at Omaha and fill 
 it with milk, and suspend it on the outside of the car window by 
 means of a stick (laid crosswise) and a string. It will keep sweet 
 until you wish to replenish. By this means you avoid the alkali 
 water which is injurious, especially to children. Hang your lunch 
 basket in the same way, and you can keep roast turkey, chicken, 
 game, meat, etc., the entire distance. You want two or more 
 coffee cups with handles, as you do not always feel like eating 
 breakfast at the stations, and ten cents worth of coffee procured at 
 the counter will suffice in aiding the lunch basket. 
 
INSTRUCTION IN TAXIDERMY. 
 
 BACKWOODS TAXIDERMY. 
 
 With a slight knowledge of taxidermy, the hunter can prepare and preserve 
 hard earned trophies of the chase. The following tools anil materials are all 
 that are absolutely needed : 
 
 A heavy and light scalpel, or good pocket knife, scissors, needles and thread, 
 cotton wadding, or any soft material if not obtainable ; arsenic, alum, saltpetre, 
 carbolic acid, paper for wrappers, and a little bran, meal, or fine sawdust to use 
 when skinning. 
 
 To make a Bird into a Skin.— La.y the bird on its back and make a longitudinal 
 cut from the breast bone to the vent. Push the body away from the skin with 
 tiie knife, holding the skin firmly between the fingers and thumb of the left hand, 
 and avoid cutting as much as possible. When the skin has been removed far 
 enough to expose the shins, unjoint them at the knee, and cut through the flesh 
 until the skin is laid bare. Skin down to the vent and cut off the extremity of 
 the body which holds the tail feathers, and remove the skin to the wings, unjoint- 
 ing them and skinning to below the eyes. Cut the neck off close to the head, 
 and remove the triangular, lower part of the skull, and the brains. Take out the 
 eyes, and cut away all superfluous flesh from the skull, leg, and wing bones and 
 unjoint the main bone of the wing from the double bones or fore-arm. 
 
 (In skinning large birds, break the wings close to the body at the commence- 
 ment, as it will facilitate the handling, and skinning.) 
 
 Pass a thread through the wing bones and draw them nearly together, tying 
 them in position. Cram the eye holes full of cotton, wrap the leg bones with the 
 same, and draw them back in natural position. Dust the whole flesh side of the 
 skin freely with dry arsenic, and return the skin. Should the neck become 
 stretched, and difficult to return, soap it, and it will slip over the head easily. 
 Smooth the plumage, fill out the body, sew up the skin, cross the legs and tie 
 them, and wrap the skin closely in sheet cotton, or thin paper. A skin thus pre- 
 pared will keep for fifty years or more, and can be naturally mounted at any time. 
 
 Mounting Birds with closed wings.— l^^y the specimen on its back and fill the 
 throat with cotton to keep the saliva from soiling the plumage. If the bird is a 
 large one, such as a hawk, owl, raven, gull, etc., it should have the nostrils 
 crowded full of cotton to prevent similar disastrous effects. If a bird is bloody, 
 wash the soiled parts in cold water and dry the feathers as much as possible with 
 a dry rag or sponge, and cover them with calcined plaster, which can be had in 
 any paint store, rubbing it lightly into the plumage until the feathers are dry and 
 assume their natural appearance. To remove the plaster from the feathers beat 
 the bird vigorously with the wing of a bird or fowl. When cleaned, lay the bird 
 on its back and make a longitudinal cut from the breast bone to the veat. Push 
 
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654 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN TAXIDERMY. 
 
 the body away from the skin with a scalpel, holding the latter firmly between the 
 fingers and thumb of the left hand, and avoid cutting as much as possible. When 
 the slcin has been removed far enough to expose the shins, unjoint them at the 
 knee, and cut through the fleshy part of the Icnee until the skin is laid bare. Skin 
 down to the vent and cut off the extremity of the body which holds the tail 
 feathers, and remove the skin to the wings. Unjoint the wings and skin to below 
 the eyes. Cut the neck off close to the skull and remove the under part of the 
 skull, and from the hole thus made takeout the brains. Remove the eyes and 
 all superfluous flesh from the skull, leg, and wing bones, and sever the main bone 
 of the wing from the double bones or fore-arm. In skinning large birds break- 
 ing the wings close to the body before removing it will facilitate the skinning. 
 Roll up a small ball of tow and crowd it tightly into the skull. Point a piece of 
 wire at both ends by filing, and twist the tow around it the length and si/e of the 
 natural neck, commencing an inch or two inches from one end, according to the 
 size of the bird to be mounted. Pass the short end of the wire up through the 
 tow in the head and occipital bone (hind part of skull), and clinch it firmly by re- 
 passing the end of the wire through the fore part of the skull, and fasten it 
 through the eye hole with a pair of pliers. Fill the eyes out to nearly their natu- 
 ral size with soft putty, and dust the whole fleshy side of the skin with dry arse- 
 nic, best applied with the hind feet of a rabbit or hare. Between the wings, and 
 on the shoulders of the bird, are two yellowish lines, where the feathers are in- 
 clined to protrude through the skin. These lines should be caught up with a 
 needle and drawn nearly together and tied in position. In a skin of a bird of the 
 size of a red-tailed hawk, they should be (when tied) an inch and a half apart. 
 Other bird skins should be drawn up in proportion to their size. Return the leg 
 bones in position, and also the skin, by passing the head through the neck. Pick 
 out the eye lids in their usual form with a needle or pincers, and arrange the 
 plumage smoothly. Make a body the size of the original one by rolling up a 
 bunch of excelsior, or sea grass, and winding it into form with twine or thread. 
 Pass the neck wire through the body lengthwise, pull the skin carefully over the 
 body, and clinch the protruding neck wire firmly. Never use soft bodies, as 
 they will not hold wire sufficiently tight to keep a bird in position. Wire the legs 
 by putting pointed wires through them from the centre of the feet. Fasten the 
 leg bones to the wires by wrapping them with tow, m?king the legs a little 
 smaller than they naturally are, and slip the wire further through the legs and let 
 them pass obliquely through the body from the side to the fore breast. Clinch 
 the leg wires firmly into the body, straighten the legs parallel with the sides ot 
 the body, and sew up the hole in the skin. Smooth down the plumage, bend in 
 any natural position, and mount on a stand. Fill the throat out slightly with 
 cotton or tow, and apply a little mucilage lo the inside of the eye lids. Press the 
 eyes tightly in position, and pick out the eye lids over the eyes as required with 
 the point of a needle. Fasten the bill together by passing a needle and thread 
 through the nostrils and base of under mandible and tie in position. To wire the 
 tail is one of the most delicate tasks for the tyro, and should be done as follows ; 
 — Pass a long pointed piece of small wire through each tail feather, at the flat part 
 of the quill near the body, and spread the tail as desired. Another large wire 
 should be run through the fleshy part of the skin (at the base of the tail) into the 
 body from the under side of the tail, thus fastening it in any position wanted. 
 Fasten the wings by sticking a sha'p piece of wire through the shoulder of the 
 wing into the body. Stick small pieces of wire in different parts of the body, and 
 
BACKWOODS TAXIDERMY. 655 
 
 wind the bird tightly with fine thread, thus holding the plumage !n position until 
 dry. The plumage may be made to lie smoother by touching the rough places 
 with a feather wet in turpentine. When collecting, one should note the color of 
 the eyes, legs, cere, gullar sack, etc., of birds when first killed, as it may be natu- 
 rally reproduced by paint when the birds are mounted and dry. 
 
 To Preserve Birds Temporarily. — Hirds can be preserved for a few days dur- 
 ing hot weather as follows : If a large bird is killed, first swab out the blood from 
 the throat if necessary, and distribute powdered alum and saltpetre (one part salt- 
 petre, six parts alum) the entire length of the throat, and push some of it into the 
 crop with a stick ; rub a little of the preservative into and around the eyes exter- 
 nally ; draw the entrails from the specimen through a small hole, made longitudi- 
 nally into the vent, and prime the inside of the bird with the powder ; put a small 
 piece of cotton down the throat, and cram the nostrils full of the same material, to 
 prevent the saliva and blood from coming out on to the plumage. Carbolic acid is 
 also a good disinfectant and preservative. Take a small bottle of water and put 
 a teaspoonful of acid into it, and apply the mixture to the most perishable parts of 
 a specimen in the same manner as directed to use ttie saltpetre and alum. Pieces 
 of cotton or tow, wet with the acid and water, should be placed in the vent and 
 throat of the bird. Should one wish to keep any hard feathered birds, such as 
 loons, grebes, auks, guillemots, gulls, ducks, etc., they should be drawn and 
 thrown into a pickle of saltpetre and alum, and any good taxidermist can mount 
 and clean them when desired. 
 
 To Prepare a Buck's Head. — To preserve a buck's head, make a cut across the 
 head from the middle of one horn across the skull to the middle of the other antler ; 
 then make a cut from the middle of the incision made down the back of the neck 
 to the shoulders ; cut the skin around and a little below the neck until it is free 
 from the fore shoulders, and continue to skin the neck up to the base of the antlers ; 
 cut the skin carefully away from around the horns, and skin down over the muz- 
 zle ; skin the ears part way down, trim away the flesh from the skin, and rub the 
 whole fleshy side of it with the powdered alum and saltpetre, and if no other pre- 
 servative is at hand use salt. Turn the fleshy side of the pelt to the open air, and 
 dry as soon as possible. The skin will shrivel up to the dimensions of an old 
 boot leg, which it resembles in shape, but nevertheless it will be in good condi- 
 tion. Chop away the part of the skull to which the horns are attached, enlarge 
 the hole in the occipital bone, remove the brains, dust what remains of the skull 
 with any preservative, and hang the horns in a convenient crotch of a tree until ', 
 the camp is deserted. ' 
 
 Never cut a deer skin down the front of the neck, unless you want an ugly 
 looking seam to mar the beauty of a head. Should a deer be wounded or killed, 
 it is not necessary to cut his head nearly off to bleed him, and if a deer is shot 
 through the lungs or near the heart, it does not need bleeding, as the blood will 
 settle in the thorax and can easily be turned out when the animal is dressed. 
 What looks worse than a deer with his head nearly cut off, and its coat covered 
 with blood, which will become half putrid in a few days in mild weather, unless it 
 is washed off from the hair when fresh ? Never wash out a deer after dressing it 
 unless you are desirous of spoiling your venison When saving saddles, let them 
 cool and stiffen before folding the skin over them. So do not mangle your game 
 and spoil your skins and meat by slashing animals to pieces with a huge butcher 
 knife. 
 
 Skinning Small Quadrupeds.— B^gxa. by raakiug a longitudinal incision be- 
 
656 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN TAXIDERMY. 
 
 tween the hind legs, extending quite baclc to the vent, the hair having been care- 
 fully parted so that it may not be cut. Do not cut into the abdominal cavity. 
 The skin can now be separated from the flesh and turned back as far as the thigh, 
 which is severed at the joint. When this is done on both sides, the gut should be 
 drawn out and severed at a short distance from the vent. The tail should also be 
 disjointed at the root. This being done, the skin can be loosened around the body 
 until the fore-legs are reached, when they also should be dissevered. The skin- 
 ning now proceeds along the neck until the skull is reached. Here considerable 
 care is necessary to remove the skin without damage to the ears, eyelids, and 
 lips. The skin is left attached to the skull ; when the operation has proceeded far 
 enough to expose the muscles of the jaws, the skin must be separated from the 
 body at the first joint of the neck. The tongue, eyes, and muscles, remaining 
 attached to the head, are now to be carefully removed, and the brain taken out 
 from an opening in the back of the skull, cut through for that purpose. To make 
 this opening, amateurs can use a small gimlet or bit with very small animals, and 
 a large one as circumstances may demand. The legs are now to be skinned out 
 quite down to the claws, which completes the operation of skiiming. During the 
 entire process, all fluids escaping must be immediately soaked up with cotton. 
 As soon as the skin is removed, it should be thoroughly rubbed with arsenical 
 soap, not omitting the inside of the skull and mouth cavities. 
 
 Insect specimens. — To preserve insects ; quarter of an ounce of corrosive sub- 
 limate in one ounce of water, and add three ounces of spirits of wine. Steep 
 insects in this, then dry ; and especially if spider specimens be treated this way, 
 they will be found to be pliable. 
 
 Bird Lime. — To make it, boil down linseed oil of the best quality until it 
 becomes thick and glutinous. It should be boiled in an earthern pot in the open 
 air, for about two or three hours. It is very essential that an earthen vessel 
 should be used, as an iron one heats and the oil takes fire when boiling, and in 
 such a case is useless as bird lime. A pot should be used with a tight fitting cover, 
 to prevent the fire entering inside it. When prepared set the oil away in tin 
 boxes with tight fitting covers, until it is to be used. Prepared lime made of 
 pitch and oil and sold by some dealers, is worthless. 
 
 To Use It. — Select some small dry sticks, about eight inches long and as thick as 
 a straw ; sharpen one end of them to a flat thin edge, so they can be stuck 
 i ito a cut in stake ; take a large stick or stake and drive it in the ground ; 
 make cuts in its sides suitable to receive the flat ends of the stick ; take two of the 
 small sticks and dip them in the lime ; when covered, hold one in each hand 
 and roll them between youL-thumbs and fingers with their sides touching, thus 
 equally distributing the lime ; insert their ends loosely into the notches in the 
 ground, and place a ''• call bird " in a conspicuous place near the stake ; when the 
 birds alight in the sticks they pull loose from the main stick, and when flying 
 away the wings come in contact with the lime,und are pinioned to the bird's sides. 
 It does not hold them by the feet, as is generally supposed. 
 
 To Tan Skins 0/ Animals with the Fur on. — i. Put them into a pickle of alum 
 and saltpetre until they become like leather ; then dress the flesh sides, dry them 
 slowly, and rub them with a little butter, and dry them by rubbing or treading 
 them out in veneer sawdust. 
 
 3. Take soft water, about ten gallons, a half bushel wheat bran, seven pounds 
 of salt, two and a half pounds of sulphuric acid. Dissolve all together and put the 
 skins in the solution and allow them to remain twelve hours ; take them out and 
 
BACKWOODS TAXIDERMY. 657 
 
 clean them well, and again immerse twelve more hours, or longer, if necessary. 
 The skins may then be taken out, well washed and dried. They can be beaten 
 soft, if desired. 
 
 3. Take equal parts salt, alum, and Glauber salts, and half a pint saltpetre ; pul- 
 verize and mix. Handle the skins and rub the mixture in well three or four times 
 a day, the oftener the better. If there is not sufficient moisture in the skin to 
 dissolve the salts put a little water into the latter. We are assured that no moth 
 will ever attack furs, the pelts of which have been thus prepared. 
 
 4. Mix the proportion of six pounds of alum, and three of salt. Dissolve both 
 in about a gallon of warm water. Use when cool. Place skins not too tightly 
 packed, in a barrel or keg, and pour in mixture. Skins without injury to hair may 
 be kept any length of time in this way, and all in good order at any time to stuff. 
 
 5. Take two parts of saltpetre and one of alum, pulverize them well together ; 
 spread the skin carefully, fur side down, before it has dried ; apply the mix- 
 tures evenly, being careiul to touch every part in sufficient quantity to thoroughly 
 wet the surface after it dissolves ; double the flesh side and roll it up closely ; put 
 it in a cool place, out of the way of the frost, and let it remain three or four days 
 or more according to thickness ; then unroll, and when it gets nearly dry, with a 
 dull knife remove the fat that may adhere in spots, and a little rubbing makes it 
 pliable and fit for use. 
 
 6. Glauber salts, two pounds ; rock salt, one pound ; alum, two pounds ; all to 
 be dissolved in boiling water ; leave skins in about ten days, take them out occa- 
 sionally for a little while during that time ; cut the edge of the skin to see if the 
 tanning has gone through ; then take them in the hand and beat them over a 
 round stick or block until they are sofl. They are to be beaten with the hair 
 side in. 
 
 Indian Tanned Skins. — The skin is stretched either on the ground or on poles, 
 and all fat or flesh removed. When well dried it is washed in soap and water 
 to cleanse the fur ; the brains of any animal are then taken and mashed into a 
 paste with hot water, and this paste is thoroughly rubbed into the flesh side, and 
 the skin hung out to dry. When dry it is scraped, and exposed to the dew for one 
 night, and next morning rubbed and pulled until soft. 
 
 Buckskins are made by rubbing off the hair with a horse-rib, while the skin is 
 fresh, or, after soaking in a weak lye ; then dressing with brains, and staining a 
 reddish color in a decoction of Wasatchie bark. Alum and salt are very good, 
 but alum is rather scarce in the chapparal, as also are doors and boards. Some 
 stretch skins on the ground. 
 
 Care should be taken, by the way, not to use too much salt, as \i. causes the 
 skin afterward to absorb moisture too readily. Smoking a skin is done by first 
 dressing with brains, sewing it up into a funnel-shape, and suspending over a 
 slow fire of buffalo chips, or dry prickly pear, built in a hole in the ground. The 
 tips of the funnel bein.s; pinned down close around the hole ; a clear, calm day, is 
 selected, and the smoking requires about two hours. It gives a velvet-like finish, 
 and the skin never shrinks or gets stiff from wetting, but washes like cloth. 
 
 To Keep Moths from Skins. — Dissolve a small piece of corrosive sublimate 
 in alcohol, and brush on ; or the best arsenic dissolved in the same manner will 
 answer. 
 
 To Preserve Fish for 6/>^<r//«««f.— Specimens, which, after being taken, should 
 be wrapped in a damp cloth or moss until opportunity offered for placing them in 
 weak spirits of whisky or alcohol, when they should be allowed to i^oak until the 
 
658 
 
 INSTRUCTION IN TAXIDERMY. 
 
 spirit has thoroughly permeated the fish, which requires several days, more or 
 less, the length of time required being governed considerably by the weather. 
 They should then be carefully spread on a platter and covered with alcohol untjl 
 the fish is hardened, wiien it can be placed in the jar. 
 
 To Preserve Fisk Skins. -Skm your fish carefully, but do not be particular as 
 to leaving a little meat on. Spread the sltins in layers and sprinkle with salt and 
 
 alum 
 
 or make a pickle in a small keg of a weak solution of carbolic acid ; any 
 remaining flesh can be scraped off afterwards, and the fish set up by a taxider- 
 mist. Many of the most delicate fishes with large scales will not stand the above 
 treatment, to say nothing of mounting them afterward 
 
 •- -H 
 
 
\.-8l 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SPORTSMEN. 
 
 BOOKS ON ANGLING, 
 
 Superior Fishing.— V.. B. Roosevelt : Carleton, New York. 
 Gatne Fish, of the North— K. B. Roosevelt, (out of print). 
 I Go a FisAing.—Wm. C. Prime: Harper & Bros. 
 Fish and Fishing-.— Frank Forester. 
 
 Fishing in American Waters.— Gtaxo C. Scott : Harpers. 
 American Angler's Book.—Thz.MGMS Norris. 
 Ronald's Fly Fisher's EntoMoiogy. (English.) 
 Chittys Fisher's Text Book. (Eng.) 
 Pullman's Fly Fishing. (Eng.) 
 Chalmondley-PenneiPs Fly Fishing. (Eng,) 
 
 Ephemera's Handbooks of A ngling. (Eng.) Longman, Green, and Loni^an, 
 London, or tlirough the agency of George W, Ford, care of Potts, Young & Co. 
 Cooper Union, New York. 
 
 Hints to Anglers and Miseries of Fishing^VfMh. numerous humorous engrav- 
 ings. Philadelphia; Claxton, Remsen & Haflfelfinger. 
 
 Walton and Cotton's Complete Angler : or. The Contemplative Man's Recrea- 
 tion: Being a Discourse of Rivers, Fishponds, Fish and Fishing, written by Izaak 
 Walton ; and Instructions how to Angle for a Trout or Grayling in a clear Stream, 
 by Charles Cotton. 
 
 By Lake and River.— Ft a.nc'ifi Francis, Field Office, 346 Strand, London. 
 The Pleasures 0/ A ngling.— By Geo, Dawson, Editor of the Albany Journal: 
 Sheldon & Co., New York. 
 
 Maxims and Hints for A nglers.—T. F. Bell : Philadelphia. 
 Illustrated Angler's Hand-dook for 1875. The author. Max Von dem Borne, 
 treats of all matters appertaining to angling with most thorough detail, and every 
 important point is explained by well executed wood cuts. Published in Berlin, 
 Prussia, 
 
 Bookofthe Salmon.— By Ephemera. Longman, Green and Longman, London. 
 Fur., Fin, and Feather.— By Chas. Suydam, 61 Warren St. 
 Camp Fires of tJie Everglades.— <Z\\i).^F..Vf^\X.ii'ii^2A. 
 The Fishing 7\;«r«^.— Hallock. Harper & Bros. 
 Forays among Salmon and Deer.— ].Q.onyfa.y. (English.) 
 An A ngler's Rambles, and A ngling Songs.— T. Todd Stoddart. (English,) 9*. 
 Schuylkill Fishing Company. Phila., 1830. 
 
 /l«^//«^.— Brookes, Nobbs and Bowlker, . . 
 
 Mewcastle.—Fisher's Garlands. 
 
 A merican A ngler's Guide. — Brown. 
 
660 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SPORTSMEN. 
 
 Lines o/ Donne, Walton, Herbert, etc. Walton, a vols. 1832, 
 
 Hojland's Ani^/er's Manua/. — E. Jesse. 
 
 Treatyse on J'ysshynffe.—Da.mG Juliana Uerners. i486, by Van Siclen. 1875. 
 
 T/te Art 0/ A ng^lin^.—R. Wvoo)^.^^. 1790. London. 
 
 AI Oiler n Practical Angler. — G. Pennel. 
 
 Game Fish 0/ North. — Harnwell. 
 
 Secrets 0/ Angling.—K S. Moffatt. 
 
 Bottom or Float Wishing.— \l. Chalmondeley-Pennell ; authorof" The Modem 
 Practical Angler," etc. London : George Routledge & Sons. 
 
 Blacker s A rt 0/ Fly Making. Slacker's Book 0/ the Salmon. — 54 Dean St. 
 Soho, London. 
 
 GUN, DOG AND RIFLE. 
 
 Field, Cover, and Trap Shooting. — By Adam H. Bogardus, Champion wing 
 shot of America. Embracing hints for skilled marksmen, instructions for young 
 sportsmen, haunts and habits of game birds, flights and resorts of water fowl, 
 breeding and breaking of dogs. New York : J. B. Ford & Co. 1874. 
 
 How to Use the Pistol. — Industrial Publication Company, 176 Broadway, N. Y. 
 
 Fox Hunting, as recorded by Raed. Edited by C. A. Stephens. Illustrated. 
 Boston : James K. Osgood & Co. 
 
 Setters and Pointers — Their rearing. Training and Hygiene. By Elbert S. 
 Carman. Published for the Ahaodah Society by D. Appleton & Co. New York. 
 
 The American Sportsman. — By Elisha J. Lewis, M. D. With illustrations. 
 Third edition. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 
 
 Prairie and Forest. — By Parker Gilmore : Harper & Bros. 1874. 
 
 Illustrated Handbook 0/ Rijle Shooting, by A. Lord Russell, is published in 
 Toronto, Canada. 
 
 Lynx Hunting.— By C. Stephens. Boston : James R. Osgood & Co. 
 
 How to Become an Expert Shot.—W\\.\i Regulations of the National Rifle 
 Association, with Blanks for Recording Matches. New York Mercantile Pub- 
 lishing Co., No. I Park Place : 1874. 
 
 American Wild Fowl .Shooting.— By J. W. Long: J. B. Ford & Co., New 
 York, Publishers. 
 
 Cyclopadia 0/ Rural Sports. — By J. H. Walsh (Stonehenge). First American 
 from the eighth English edition. Philadelphia : Porter & Coates. 
 
 Frank Forester'' s S/tooting Box. — T. B. Peterson and Bro : Philadelphia. 
 
 Deer Stalkers.— By Frank Forester. Philadelphia. T. B. Peterson & Co. 
 
 Frank Forester's Quorndon Hounds.— By H. W. Herbert, N. Y. T. B. 
 Peterson & Bro. 
 
 The Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen, by Forester, was published by 
 Stringer & Townsend, 222 Broadway, N. Y., in 1857. 
 
 TVi^ i?!?^.— By Dinks, Hutchinson & Maj'hew. I .■ 1 
 
 The Dog. — By Stonehenge. Lee & Shepherd. Boston. '. 
 
 Shot-gun and Sporting Rifle. — Stonehenge. 
 
 Dog and Sportsman. — By J. S. Skinner (out of print). 
 
 Youatt on the Dog,%-x.'ii. ' . •, . , <• 
 
 ■ Hawker on Shooting. — By Porter. 
 
 Wingate' s Rifle Manual. 
 
 Shooting on the Wing.— Price 75 cts. Orange Judd & Co : New York. ^^ 
 
 Forest and Stream Rifle Manual.— By M. S. Starr. J. B. Ford & Co. It. 
 
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS. 66 1 
 
 American Game in Season.— YrAnk Forester. 
 
 The Breech Loader.— By Wilson. Orange Jiidd & Co. 
 
 Breech Loaders.— By Gloan. New York : Gev)r)j;e E. Woodward. Orange 
 Judd & Co. 1873. 
 
 Atnerican Kennel and Sporting Field.— 'By Arnold Burgess. $4. J. B. Ford 
 & Co. New York. 
 
 The Practical Kennel Guide.— By Gordon Stables, M. D., C. M. R. N, Cassell, 
 Petler & Galpin, London, Paris, and New York. 
 
 A inerican Partridge and Pheasant Shooting. — By Frank Schley. Baughman 
 Bros., Frederick, Md. 
 
 Choke-Bore Guns and How to Load for all Kinds of Game, — Price $3.50: 
 Cassell, Fetter & Galpin, 596 Broadway. 
 
 Z?o^j.—Hy Francis But'.er, price ^3. (Out of print.) 
 
 Hawker on Shooting. — Porter. 
 
 Hand-Hood /or Voung Sportsmen.— By Will Wildwood : Printed by the Sen- 
 tinel Company, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Partridges atid Pheasants.— By Frank Schley. Baughman Bros., Frederick 
 City, Maryland. 
 
 Idstone on the Dogy%\.2$. , 
 
 Schley^ s A merican Partridge and Pheasant Shooting, $2. 
 
 Gun., Rod and Saddle, $1. 
 
 Dead Shot, or Sportsman^ s Complete Guide, $1.75. 
 
 The above may be obtained from Orange Judd & Co., New York. 
 
 TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS, FOR ZOOLOGY AND MAM- 
 MALS. 
 
 Quadrupeds 0/ North America. — Audubon and Bachman, ^50 to $75. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports.— Professor Baird, Vol. VIII, $$. 
 
 Mammals 0/ New York (in Reports on Natural History of the State) : De 
 Kay. Very difficult to obtain separately. 
 
 Quadrupeds 0/ Illinois. — Kennicott. Patent Office Reports, Agriculture 
 1857-8. (Out of print.) 
 
 Bats 0/ N^orth America. — Allen (50c.) ; and various lesser books. " 
 
 First Bonk 0/ Zoology. — By Edward S. Morse, Ph D., etc. New York: D. 
 Appleton & Co., 1875. 
 
 Mammals 0/ Zoology. —By Yer\niiy. Price $3. , . -, < 
 
 Natural History. — By J. G. Wood. Three volumes, $4 per volume. 
 
 Zoology and Resourced 0/ Oregon and Washington Territory. — Published by S. 
 J. McCormick, Portland, Oregon. 
 
 Osteology of the Mammalia. — An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mam- 
 malia. By W. H. Flower, F. R. S., F. R. C. S. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Second Edition, revised. 350pp. i2mo. Cloth, 12.25. " ' ■• ■ v. - • ■. ^ 
 
 List of Skeletons, G{.c. By Dr. H. C. Yarrow. ' "•'^' ^^ 
 
 MOLLUSKS. . .5 .i - ; .;. *•• 
 
 Books upon Mollusks include— Invenehrates of Massachusetts : Gould, $4. 
 Shells of New York : De Kay. American Marine Conrhology : Lyon, $20 to 
 $42. Terrestrial Mollusks of the United Stater. : Binney $30. Land and Fresh, 
 water Shells ; Binney and Bland, Smithsonian, $5. American Journal of Conch- 
 ology. |io a volume. European works, and numerous American pamphlets. 
 
662 BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR SPORTSMEN. 
 
 The Mollufcous Animait and their Shells^ of Chester County^ PeHH.—ny VV. 
 D. Flartmaii and Dr. E. Michcner: Claxton, Remsen & HaiTclfinger, publishers, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 In Entomology {insects) there are .-—Guide to the Study of Insects ; Packard 
 $7. Our Common Insects: Packard, $1.50. American Entomology: Say; va- 
 rious editions, $ia to $18. Injurious insects of Massachusetts: Hams. $3 to $8. 
 Illustrated and expensive works on the buttertiies, moths, etc., by Edwards, 
 btretch, Streekcr, and others ; and numerous publications by the Smithsonian. 
 
 Relation 0/ Insects to Mttn.—By A. S. Packard, Jr., Editor of the American 
 Naturalist, etc., being No. 3 of the popular series published by Estes & Lauriatt. 
 Boston. 
 
 On the Origin and Metamorphosis 0/ Insects. — By Sir John Lubbock, M. P., 
 F. R. S. Illustrated. New York, Macraillan & Co. 1874. 108 pp. 8vo. $1.50. 
 
 Our Common Ir, ects :— A Popular Account of the Insects of our Fields, For- 
 ests, Gardens and Houses. By A. S. Packard, Jr. : Salem : Naturalists' Agency. 
 Will be found a very useful guide. 
 
 Half Hours with the Microscope.— B^ Edwin Lankester, M. D., F. R. S. Il- 
 lustrated by 350 drawings from Nature. lamo., cloth, $1.25. New York : G. P. 
 Putnam's Sons. 
 
 I he Preparation and Mounting of Microscopic Objects. — By Thomas Davis. 
 i6mo, cloth, $1. 25. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
 
 History of British Moths.— Sir W. Jardine. Illustrated with nearly 3000 Ex- 
 quisitely Colored Specimens. 4 vols. English Price, 140*. 
 
 British Butterflies. —With Seventy-one Beautifully Colored Plates. 21s. 
 
 On British Wild Flou/ers.— Sir J. Lubbock. Considered in Relation to Insects. 
 English. 4J. 6a?. 
 
 ORNITHOLOGY. 
 
 Upon Ornithology there are written r 
 
 Birds of North A merica — J. J. Audubon. Octavo and quaito editions ; rare, 
 and costing about $too. 
 
 American Ornithology.— Alsx. Wilson. Several editions, the quarto of Bona- 
 parte selling for $60 to |8o, and the little one without plates for about $20. 
 
 Ornithology of Neio Vorh.—De Kay. Rare separately, and expensive. 
 
 Manual of Ornithology.— NuttaW. Rare, and worth $30. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports.— Professor Baird, Vol. IX, ^5. 
 
 Ornithology and Oology of New A'«^/a«rf.— Samuels. Good to identify East 
 ern birds by. $6. 
 
 Key to North American Birds.— CoViQi\. The best thing to identify by. $7. 
 Dodd & Mead, 138 Broadway. 
 
 Manual of Ornithology.— Coues. A hand-book of taxidermy and field work ; 
 similar to Maynard's " Naturalist's Guide." No descriptions. Price of Coues' 
 book $3.50 ; of Maynard's $2. 
 
 Birds of the Northwest.— Coues. Habits and Synonomy of North-western 
 birds. Published by U. S. Geological Survey, and only on sale by chance at $3 
 to $s. 
 
 Swainson's Birds., in Fauna Boreali Americana. 
 
 Moore's Book on Pigeons.— Price 30 cents ; to be had by addressing " Fancier's 
 Journal," Hartford, Conn. 
 
TEXT AND REl'LKENCE BOOKS, 663 
 
 Brown't Taxidtrmitt^s Af a »ua/. —Price $1. Orange Judd & Co., New York. 
 Taxidtrmist's Afanua/.—jcHse Haney & Co., 119 Nassau St. 
 
 Bniley's " Our mvn lUydn of the United States." • ' 
 
 Audufion's Syno^xis.—A terse account of the classification used by him, with 
 more or loss of the technical characters of the groups given ; a book of reference. 
 
 Ornithology of Caii/ornia.—iZooVQT. Elegantly illustrated, $io. 
 
 History of North American ///Vrf*,— Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. The 
 most comprehensive and best of all. Three volumes arc issued at $10 (plain), and 
 $30 (colored) a volume. 
 
 Practical Naturalist's Guide.— Da.\\H (English) and Avis' Bird Preserving; 
 (English), are for sale here by importers. 
 
 TAe Birds of Florida,— On^xnzX descriptions of two hundred and fifty species 
 of different kinds of birds. Hy C. J. Maynard. With fine plates drawn and col- 
 ored from nature. Part 3. 
 
 The Birds of North America.— ^y Theodore Jasper, A.M., M. D. Drawn 
 from life, one-quarter size of life. Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 Our Birds of Prey.— liy. H. J. Venner, tield Geologist of the Canada Survey. 
 Dawson & Bros. Montreal. Price $12. . , 
 
 Birds of Long /slaftd.-—\iy J. P. Giraud. 
 
 Ornithologisfs Directory.—^. L. Willard & Co., of Utica, have recently issued 
 a small collection, which contains the names of taxidermists and egp collectors in 
 various parts of this country and Europe. Besides, it contains a list of valuable 
 works of reference, and other matters of general interest and usefulness to stu- 
 dents and naturalists. 
 
 An A nnotated List of the Birds of Utah.—W. W. Henshaw, Salem. 1874. 
 
 Books of Birds.— ^y Charles F. Holden. New York. Charles Reiche & Bro. ; 
 and 9 Bowdoin Street, Boston ; N. E. News Co., Court St. 
 
 A Popular Key to the Birds, Batrachians and Fishes of the Northern United 
 States east of the Mississippi River. By Prof. D. S. Jordan and B. H. Van 
 Vleck. Appletons. Wisconsin. 
 
 Birds of Minnesota.— \\y'Y:.lA2.xWx^1x\^^. (Out of print.) ' 
 
 Ornithology of the Wheeler Expedition. — By H. C. Henshaw. Published by 
 the Engineer Department of the U. S. Army. 
 
 Manual of Vertebrate Animals.— By Professor D. S. Jordan. Jansen, 
 McClurg & Co., Chicago. Price $2. 
 
 Naturalist's Library.— By Sir William Jardine. 40 vols. Lippincott and Co., 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Oologist.—S. L. Wiliard & Co. Utica. 
 
 Naturalist's Guide.— By C.J. Maynard. For sale at Naturalists' Agency: 
 Salem, Mass. Full instructions in Taxidermy. 
 
 North American Oology , With, colored plates, $a. By Thomas N. Brewer. 
 This work includes only the Raptores and Fissirostroes. 
 
 A History of the Birds of Europe^ not observed in the British Isles, ad edi- 
 tion enlarged. C. R. Bree. 5 vols. 105^. 
 
 Morris's Nests and Eggs of British Birds.— With two hundred and twenty- 
 three beautifully colored engravings. 63J. 
 
 The Birds of Great Britain and Ireland.—SiT W. Jardine. Illustrated with 
 one hundred itnd twenty -tive colored plates. 4 vols. 24J, 
 
 Bewick' s Land Birds. ' .,. ' . ; ' ' 
 
 Bewick' s Water Birds. - ^'~" > ••■■■■'' 
 
664 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY hOR SPORTSMEN. 
 
 Birds and Quaiirufiedi-~Wtvi\c\i> 
 
 A MOM^r t/u- /iirds.—E, A. SunwiclH. 
 
 A uduion, t/te Natura/i'st.— Mm. H. St. John, 
 
 yournal of Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
 Birds and .Seasons of New England.— yi\\%oxi Flagg. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Ref>orts.~V\x\\ set, 13 vols. 
 
 Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. 
 
 Nuttall's IVatet Birds. *u 
 
 Nuttairs Land Birds. 
 
 Martin's Natural History. 
 
 //uniniing /iirds.—H. G- Aduma. 
 
 Beauti/ul Birds — R. Tyas. 
 
 British Cyclopaedia.— i^.. F. Partinffton. 
 
 Birds 0/ North America — Baird, Cassin and Lawrence. 
 
 FISHES AND REPTILES. 
 
 The chief books upon fishes and reptiles are :— 
 
 Fishes 0/ Maryland.— Sa\t and Fresh Water Species. Annapolis, John F. 
 Wiley, State Printer. 
 
 Fishes 0/ Massachusetts.— Sioxcr, $12. 
 
 Fishes of South Carolina.— WoXbxooV, $25. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports, Vol X and XII, $5 each. 
 
 Fishes 0/ New York.-H^ Kay. 
 
 Arrangement 0/ the Families of Fishes, by Theodore Gill. Address Natur- 
 alists' Agency, Salem, Mass. 
 
 Fishes of Eqstern Coast of North America from Greenland to Georgia, by 
 U. S. Com. Fish and Fisheries. 1874. 
 
 Herpetology of North /l;;/fr/Vrt. -Holbrook. Rare. Price $50 to $80. 
 
 Smithsonian Catalogue of Serpents.— B&ird and Girard, $1. 
 
 Pacific Railroad Reports, Vols. X and XII, $5 each. 
 
 Reptiles of New Vorh.~i)e Kay. 
 
 Contributions to Natural History of North America.— Agashiz, Vol. I (Tur- 
 tles) $10. ', 
 
 FISH CULTURE. 
 
 Trout Culture.— Seiti Green. Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 American Fish Culture. — By Thad. Norris. 
 
 A merican A nglet 's Book.— By Thaddeus Norris. E. H. Butler and Co., Phil. 
 
 Practical Trout Culture.— By ]. H, Slack, M. D. Orange Judd & Co , New 
 York. 
 
 Domesticated Trout.— By Livingston Stone. Osgood & Co., Boston. 
 
 Fish Culture.— ¥. Francis. A Practical Guide to the Modern System of 
 Breeding and Rearing Fish. (English.) Price $s. 
 
 Fish Hatching.— ¥.T. Ruckland. (English.) $s, ;; . : . ■;;:. 1 v/r .r-.u 
 
 Fish Culture.— By Ga.rlick. 1857. 
 
 TRAPPING. 
 
 How to Hunt and Trap,— By J. H. Batty. Published by Albert Cogswell '"' 
 New York. 
 
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS. 665 
 
 Trapper s GuiJe.S. Newhousc. Uncida, New York. Hiiker & Pratt, 14a 
 Grand St., New York. 
 
 Complete AmerkaH Trapper.— ^y W. H. Gibson. James Miller, publisher : 
 New York. Price 11.75. 
 
 The Amateur Trapper and Trap Maker's Guide,— ^y Stanley Ilardiug. 
 New York : Dick and Kitzpfcrald. 
 
 BO.\TING. 
 
 I'anderdecketi's Yacht Sailer. (Eng.) 
 
 Oarsman's Manual.— Waters & Sons. Troy. 
 
 Hawing and Training-. — To be had of James Watson. 
 
 TAe Sailing Boat.—tiy H. C Kolkhard. Longmans, Green & Co. : London. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 Hints /or Horsemen.— VmnV. Forester. 
 
 Handbook on the Treatment of the Horse in the Stable and on the Road, — By 
 Charles Wharton. J. H. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Publishers. 
 
 Diseases 0/ the Horse and How to Treat 7V«*/«.— Porter & Coates, Philadelphia. 
 By Dr. Robert Chalker. 
 
 Frank Forester's Horse of America, "i vols., $10. Orange Judd& Co., New 
 York. 
 
 Stonehenge, on the Horse in Stable and Field, fa. Orange Judd & Co. N. Y. 
 
 Horse Doctor, and Horse Management, — Mayhew. Each $3. Orange Judd & 
 Co. New York. 
 
 American Gentleman's Stable Guide, %i. Orange Judd & Co. New York. 
 
 TRAVEL, HUNTING ADVENTURES, GUIDE BOOKS, ETC. 
 
 Yellowstone National Park,—]iy Prof. Thomas C. Archer. Edinburgh, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 'The Prairie Province,— By J. C. Hamilton, M. A., LL. B. Published by 
 Belford Bros., Toronto, 1876. 
 
 Ocean to Ocean,— By Rev. G. M. Grant. Campbell & Son, Toronto. 
 
 Sporting^ Horse, and Horsemanship. — Frank Forester. Orange Judd & Co. 
 
 Sporting Scenes and Characters.— Flunk Forester, Orange Juiid & Co, 
 
 F'arrars Illustrated Guide Book. — By Chas, J. Farrar. Farrar & Johnson, 
 383 Washington Street, Boston, Publishers. It is a guide to Rangeley, Richard- 
 son, Kennebago, Umbagog, and Parmachene Lakes, Dixville Notch, and Ando- 
 ver, Maine, and vicinity, with map of the Lake Region. 
 
 Plains 0/ the Great IVest.— By Col. R. J. Dodge, U. S. A., with an introduc- 
 tion by Wm. lUackmore. G. P, Putnam's Sons, Publishers, 183 Fifth Avenue, 
 New York. 
 
 This is by far the most comprehensive and intelligent volume that has ever 
 been written of the Far West. It is alike invaluable to the sportsman, the settler, 
 the overland traveler, the trapper, and the soldier. 
 
 lYild Scenes and lYild Hunters,— By C. W. Weboer. Claxton, Remsen &. 
 Haffelfinger, Philadelphia. 
 
 Florida ; Hs Scenery, Climate, and History.— By S\d).\Gy hSimcT. J. B. Lip- 
 pincott & Co., Philadelphia. 
 
 The Marvelous Country ; or Threo Years in Arizona and New Mexico, the 
 Apaches' Home. By Samuel W. Cozzens. &to. Boston : Shepard & Gill, 
 
666 BIBLIOCKAPHY FOR SPORTSMEN. 
 
 I 
 
 I Lake Superior Guide.— VJWa. Township Map, including Lake Superior Region 
 
 and Northern Minnesota. Philadelphia: J. Disturnell, 1874. 
 
 1 Guide to Moosehead Lake and Northern Maine., with Map. — T. W. Ripley, 
 
 \ Boston : 1874. 
 
 i Report 0/ the Topographical Survey 0/ the Adirondack Wilderness. — By Ver- 
 
 planck Golvin. Published by Weed, Parsons & Co. Albany. 
 
 Rambler's Guide to Florida. American News Company, No. 39 Chambers 
 Street, New York, 1873. 
 
 Sailing on the Great Lakes and Rivers of America. — J. Disturnell, Philadelphia. 
 
 U'allace's Adirondack Guide., with Map. — American News Co., Chambers 
 Street, New York. Price $2. 
 
 Camp Life in Florida. — Hallock. American News Co. Price $1.50. 
 
 To Florida for the Winter — By S. Fleet Speir. 
 
 Bertram's Florida .—{0\li of print.) 
 
 Costa's Mount Desert. — Osgood & Co., Boston. 
 
 Illustrated Adirondacks. — By S. C. Stoddard. Weed, Parsons & Co., Albany. 
 
 io«^/.rt>!v.— ByRev. Dr. JohnTodd. (Out of print.) 
 
 Catnp Fires 0/ the Everglades. — By Chas. E. Whitehead. (Out of print.) 
 
 Southern Cali/utnta.—(Z. Nordhoft. Harper & Bros. Price $2.50. 
 
 Map of Oil vva District., C««a</«.— Bears & Co., Cor. Fulton and Church, 
 New York. 
 
 Pacific Tourist — By H. T. Williams. 
 
 Carolina Sports by Land and Water. — By William Elliott. Beaufort, N. C. 
 
 Osgood's Handbooks., New England, The Middle States, and the Maritime 
 Provinces. Three volumes. J. R. Osgood & Co. Boston. 
 
 LoveU's Gazetteer of the British Provinces. Contains a valuable table of 
 routes. 
 
 All Around the World.— V. Gilmore. Adventures in Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and America, with Illustrations, by S. P. Hall. Ubique. 7^ . dd. 
 
 Lone Life. — A Year in the Wilderness, 2 vols in one. au. 
 
 Accessible Field Sports .— The Experiences of a Sportsman in North America. 9*. 
 
 Prairie Farms and Prairie Folks. 3 vols. 2if. 
 
 Adventures Afloat and Ashore. 2 vols. 21J. 
 
 Forest Life in Arcadie. — Captain C. Hardy. Sketches of Sport and Natural 
 History in the Lower Provinces of the Canadian Dominion, Illustrated. 8vo. i8j. 
 
 Old sports and Sportsmen ; or, the Willey Country.— By John Randall, F. G. S. 
 Virtue & Co : 1874. 
 
 Walden, or Life in the Woods, Excursions In Field and Forest.— Both by 
 Thoreau. Price $2. 
 
 Frank Forester and //is Friends. ^ 
 
 Warwick Woodlands. 
 
 Shooting Scenes and Characters.— A.\\ three by Frank Forester, Philadelphia, 
 T. B. Peterson and Bro. 
 
 The Great Lone Land. — Adams. Stevenson & Co., Toronto. 
 
 Krider's Sporting A necdotes.— Corner ad and Walnut S'ls., Phila, (Out of print.) 
 
 F'ield and Forest Rambles.— By A. Leith A da.ms. \ „ ...'■'* 
 
 ■ Forty-four Years of a //unter's Life. (Out of print.) 
 
 Our Uaccitions, and //ow to Enjoy Them. — By Estes and Lauriat : Boston. 
 
 Dunrai r.i's The Great Divide. A Narrative of Travels in the Upper Yellow- 
 Stone in the Summer of 1874.— By the Earl of Dunraven. i&r. 
 
 ■HUH 
 
^ TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS. 667 
 
 Catlin's Illustrations of the Manners, Customs, and Condition of th; North 
 American Indians ; the Result of Eij^ht Years of Travel and Adventure among the 
 Wildest and most Remarkable Tribes now existing. Containing three hundred 
 and sixty colored engravings from the author's original paintings. £3. 3^. 
 
 Chapters on Animals. — Philip Gilbert Hamerton. Roberts Brothers. Boston. 
 1874. 
 
 The Book of Archery. — G. A. Hansard. Being the Complete History and 
 Practice of the Art, Interspersed with numerous Interesting Anecdotes. 53^. 
 
 Log Letters^ from the Challenger.— By Lord G. Campbell- MacmiUan & Co. 
 New York. $2.50. 
 
 J^eiu Mexico and Arizona.— Ruxton. Harper & Bros. 
 
 Life in the Far West — Ruxton. Harper & Bros. 
 
 Nova Scotia. — A. W. Makinlay & Co., Halifax, N. S. $a. 
 
 New Bruns7vick.--'iAviCTC\\\\a^t\ & Co., St John, N. B. 
 
 Province of Quebec. — James Campbell & Son, 36 Trout St., Toronto. 
 
 The Two Americas.— Wy Sir Rose Lambert Price, Bart. Philadelphia: J. B. 
 Lippincott & Co. T. VV. Ripley, 138 Congress St., Boston. 
 
 Magog District of Canada (Included in the Eastern Townships). Smith & Co., 
 St. Johns, Province of Quebec, and Roberts & Co.. Publishers, Montreal. 
 
 Coast Sur7uy Mctps of /<'lorida. — Can be obtained at the houses of T. S. & J, D. 
 Negus, 140 Water Street, and of D. Eggerts' Sons, 74 Wall Street. 
 
 The Great West and the Pacific Coast. — By Gen. James F. Rusling. New 
 York : Sheldon & Co. 
 
 The Prairie Traveller. — By Gen. Wm. B. Marcy. Harper and Bros. 
 
 Hoiv to Camp Out. — By John M.Gould. Scribner, Armstrong & Co., New 
 York. 
 
 Accidents^ Emergencies and Poisons. — Care of the Sick. — These are the titles 
 of two little books issued to its policy holders by the Mutual Life Insurance 
 Company. 
 
 Wrinkles and Receipts is the title of a handy little book compiled from the 
 Scientific American by Park Benjamin. 
 
 Guide to the Cricket Ground.— Q. H. Selkirk, English. 3*. td. 
 
 Forest Scenery.— Vf\\\\&m Gilpin. 
 
 Garden and Menageries. 
 
 Flood, Field and Forest. — Rooker. 
 
 Wild Scenes and Wild I/untcrs.—Wehher. 1865. 
 
 Adventures In The Wilderness.— W . H. H. Murray. 
 
 American Sportsman. — E- J. Lewis. 
 
 Nitnrod's Hunting Tours., a vols. 
 
 Cabinet of A merican History and A merican Rural Sports. 
 
 Sporting Shctches, Home and Abroad.— ^y " Old Bushman." 
 
 Scott's Sports7nan^s Repository. London. 
 
 American Rural Sports, a vols. 
 
 British Field sports. W.H.Scott. London, 1818, 
 
 Maps of The Peninsula, (on rollers) — Published by Boughman, Thomas & Co. 
 Wilmington, Del. Price $3. 
 
 Rifies and Rifle Practices.— CM. Wilcox. 1850. . • i- -»- .. 
 
 .S-^o^/Zw^.— Robert Blakely. • "" ''•' 
 
 The Prince of Wales' Tour : A Diary in India, etc.— By William Howard 
 Russel. London, 1877. 
 
(.VZ 
 
 DEALERS' AND OUTFITTERS' LIST. 
 
 r SPORTSMEN'S OUTFITS. 
 
 Waterproof Shooting-suits . — Thomson & 800,301 Broadway, N. Y., furnish 
 suits made of extra quality duck " waterproofed by the celebrated paraffine pro- 
 cess." The best and cheapest suits ever oflFered to American sportsmen. They also 
 manufacture a very superior shooting coat lined with pliable leather, making the 
 warmest and best coat for cold weather shooting ever known, price $10. Pants 
 $3, knee-breeches $3, vest $2.50, cap $2.50. Send for illustrated catalogue with 
 full description. 
 
 Sportsmen's Outfit. — At Barton & Co., 337 Broadway, New York, can be ob- 
 tained : Guns, rifles, pistols, powder-flasks, shot-pouches, pocket-flasks, hunt- 
 ing-knives, pocket-knives, scissors,and ammunition of all kinds ; also fishing-rods, 
 hooks, lines, reels, bait-baskets, wading-stockings, waterproof shoes, hunting- 
 suits, and everything- requisite : wholesale and retail. 
 
 Everything necessary in sportsmen's outfit, John P. Moore's Sons, 302 Broad- 
 way, New York. Established 1823. Agents for Williams & Powell's Breech 
 Loader Colt Revolver, Depot tor Ely's Ammunition, Thomson's Shooting suits 
 and Shoes, etc., etc. 
 
 Boudren's Patent Combination Reflecting Fishing, Jack, and Dash Lamp, for 
 night hunting deer, spearing fish, lighting camps and landings. Indispensable 
 on any hunting, boating, or camping trip. White Manufacturing Co., Bridge- 
 port, Conn., sole makers. -^.. 
 
 Sportsmen' i and Field Outfits. — Peck & Snyder, 124 Nassau St., N. Y., keep 
 constantly on hand the largest and besi assortment of goods of every class for 
 sportsmen, and consists of fishing tackle, guns, base-ball, cricket, archery, gymna- 
 sium, yachting, boating goods, tents, etc. We also make a specialty of shirts, 
 pants, caps, leggings and shoes, for boating and hunting purposes Our new and 
 complete catalogue contains over five hundred illustrations with descriptions of 
 all sporting goods. Sent by mail on receipt often cents. 
 
 Sportsmen^s Emporium. — W. Holberton's Complete Outfits, for camping 
 shooting and fishing. Fine fishing tackle. McBride's and Holberton's trout, black 
 bass and salmon flies. Fine fly rods, warranted, at $7. Tents, blankets, rubbei 
 goods. Camp stoves, portable boats. Holberton's Impi<>ved Fly-book for car- 
 rying flies at full length. Sole agent for Purdy's $5 Glass Ball Trap. 
 
 Illustrated Catalogue with hints on fly fishing for trout and black bass, camp 
 Ing and shooting, ten cents each. P. O, Box 5109. loa Nassau St , N, Y. 
 
SPORTSMEN'S OUTFITS. 669 
 
 FISHING TACKLE, ETC. 
 
 Fishing Tackle. — Barton & Co., 337 Broadway, New York, Importers and 
 manufacturers of fish hooks, reels, rods, lines, artificial flies, baits, leaders, trolling 
 tackle, nets, baskets, etc., etc. Finest quality split bamboo fly rods, and water- 
 proof tapered silk fly lines, for trout and salmon fishing. Trout, salmon and bass 
 flies dressed to order, suitable for Maine, Adirondack and Canadian waters, whole- 
 sale and retail. 
 
 Split Bamboo.— Conroy, Bassett & Matteson, 65 Fulton St., N. V. Six strip 
 rods. Fly for trout $25, salmon $50, black bass $30 ; formerly $40, $80, $45. Best 
 fly rods, ash and lancewood. Get. sil. $13, brass, $9; formerly $17 and $14. 
 Best trout flies $1.25, formerly jii. 50. Reels, lines, snells, leaders, at reduced 
 rales. Parties fitted out with appropriate tackle for any section of the country. 
 
 The Frankfort Fishing Reel. — Made by B. C. MILAM, successor to Meek & 
 Milam. Send for size and price list, to B. C. Milam, Frankfort, Ky. 
 
 Fishing Trtct/^.— Bradford & Anthony, 374 Washington St., Boston, Mass. 
 Everything the angler wants ; patent waterproof braided line, and waterproof 
 dip nets, patent adjustable floats, patent adjustable sinkers, artificial baits, flies, 
 the best of rods and reels. 
 
 HAWKS & OGILVy, Manufacturers and Importers of Fish Hooks, 
 Lines, Rods, and every description of fishing tackle, 300 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Split Bamboo Rods for salmon, grilse, trout and bass fishing, the best and 
 cheapest ever oflFered to anglers. Patent reels, artificial flies, and a full line of 
 fishing tackle. Send to H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Maine, and alter October 15th, 
 1877, New York City. 
 
 split Bamboo Rods.— Abhey & Imbrie, 48 Maiden Lane, New York. Being the 
 pioneers in the use and manufacture of section bamboo rods, we have each season 
 invented improvements in the method of construction. Our success having in- 
 duced others to imitate our work, the market has become flooded with all grades 
 and makes. Though we engrave our name upon, and guarantee only our own 
 make, still we keep constantly on hand rods made by every other manufacturer 
 of any importance. Our stock includes every variety from the cheap hexagonal, 
 to our own perfectly callib^red round joint. Send for circular. 
 
 Fishing Tackle. — Abbey and Imbrie, 48 Maiden Lane, New York. Manufac- 
 turers and importers of, and Wholesale and retail dealers in fishing tackle of every 
 description. Fine goods of sportsmen a specialty. The only firm in the United 
 States, all the members of which are practical anglers. Facilities for manufac- 
 turing anything in our line to order. Every valuable invention purchased and 
 controled. Friends desiring information, whether or not with a view to purchas- 
 ing tackle, are invited to call upon or write to us. Send for price list and cir- 
 cular, P. O- Box, 1294. .,...„, ' 
 
6/0 
 
 DEALERS' AND OUTFITTERS' LIST. 
 
 Fishing 7rtf/t/^.— William Read & Sons, 13 Farieuil Hall Square, Roston 
 Fine trout, bait and salmon rods of every quality and price. Split bamboo rods, 
 very fine at $13, $15, and upward. General rods for U fishinp, both trout and 
 salmon- Flies, baits, baskets, lines, braided and co^^mon of every grade, and 
 everything in fishing tackle. Send for circulars- 
 
 The Erie Raihvny is the only railroad leading from New York, that offers, 
 within a few miles of the city, attractions and conveniences for sportsmen. Its 
 regions are famous for hunUng and fishing. 
 
 sporting Boats and Crt«o«.~Rushton's portable sporting boats and ca- 
 noes. The lightest weights and finest models ever made- Send stamp for 
 illustrated circular. J. H. Rushton, manufacturer, Canton, St. Lawrence 
 
 Co., N. Y. 
 
 GUNS, AMMUNITION, ETC 
 
 Guns. — William Read & Sons, 13 Faneuil Hall Square, Boston. Agents for W. 
 A C. Scott & Sons' noted Breech Loading Guns — used by Capt. Bogardus and 
 most of the best shots. We have also brought out this season the best $50 Breech- 
 loader of favorite top snap action ever shown in the American Market ! A lot 
 of shop-worn muzzle loaders at cost, $7, $8, $10, etc — Ballard Sporting Ritles $18. 
 Also Maynard's, Sharp's, Remington, and Wesson. Tourists' Knapsacks. Re- 
 volvers. Ely's Shells, Caps, etc. etc. Fine R ds and Fishing Tackle. Send for 
 Circulars. 
 
 Breech Loading Shot Guns. — Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, 19 Maiden Lane, 
 New York. A large assortment of W. C. Scott & Sons' celebrated breech- 
 loaders, awarded the premium at the Centennial Exhibition, also winners of gun 
 trial, 1873. We also have on hand a full assortment of breech and muzzle load- 
 ers, of Westley Richards, P. Webley & Sons, J. P. Clabrough & Bros., and other 
 celebrated makers. 
 
 Pistols, Riflesy etc — Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, special agents for W. & C. 
 Scott Sons' celebrated double action pocket revolver. Colt's new line and 
 double action revolver, Hood Fire Arms Co., Smith & Wesson, and other well- 
 known manufacturers. Agents for the Peabody Martini target and sporting rifles. 
 A full assortment of Wesson, Ballard, Sharp, and other makes of rifles con- 
 stantly on hand. 
 
 Ammunitiony Union Metallic Ctge. Co.., Bridgeport, Ct. Manufacturers of 
 all kinds of rim and central fire cartridges and cartridge machinery— Brass shells 
 for shot guns with Berdan or Sturtevant anvils. 
 
 Paper shells for breech-loaders, warranted equal to any in the market. 
 " The celebrated " Berdan" long range target and sporting cartridges. Used 
 by all the best shots atCreedmoor, Schuyler, Hartley & Graham, 17, 19 Maiden 
 Lane, N. Y. Agents. ,.-^..^^.^^- 
 
 -' E. REMINGTON & SONS, Manufacturers of Breech-loading Guns, 
 RiPLBS, Pistols, etc, 383 Broadway, New York. -^^ ---"^ 
 
SPORTSMEN'S OUTFITS. 6/1 
 
 Guns, PifMs, etc. -HeLVtoa & Co., 337 Broadway, Ntvv York. Importers of 
 Breech and Muzzle Loadiiii? Guns of the following Manufacturers, W. & C- Scott 
 & Sons, W. Geerner, Clabrough & Bros-, Webley & Son, Moore & Co., etc. 
 Kities, Pistols, Ammunition and Sportsmen's Goods of every description. Manu- 
 facturers of The United States Vrms Co.'s Repeating Pistols. Wholesale and 
 Retail. 
 
 Guns, PisMs, and Sporting Goods, Fowler & Fulton, 300 Broadway, N. Y. 
 Their specialties are : Smith's patent revolvers, Maynard rifles and shot guns, 
 English shot guns and reloading implements ; gun cases and covers of all kinds. 
 Wading moccasu.s and rubber stockings ; the best thing in the world for snipe 
 shooters in wet meadows. Long range match rifles of all kinds both breech and 
 muzzle loaders. Ammunition of all kinds. 
 
 Breech-Loading Guns. — W. R. Schaefer, No. 61 Elm St., Boston, corner Doc'' 
 Square, Manufacturer only of First Class Breech-Loading shotguns, and dealer 
 in guns of all descriptions. Guns bored to shoot close and hard. Warranted every 
 time. Gun stocks — bent, crooked or straight — warranted to stay, constantly on 
 band. Hunting suits, and shoes for land or water use. Spratt's imported dog 
 cake ; also the latest, new improved Ballard rifles, for long or short range. 
 
 Gun Cases, — Thomson & Son, 301 Broadway, N. Y. The very superior gun 
 cases made by this firm, are acknowledged by sportsmen to be perfect, strong 
 and durable. Trunk-shape, first quality sole leather case, four qualities from $15 
 to |i). English style, first quality, made of extra heavy sole leather, two quali- 
 ties $13 and $11 Low Gun. First quality made of extra heavy sole leather, four 
 qualities, $13 to $7. Send for illustrated catalogue for full particulars. 
 
 Stoddard' s Cartridge Loading Implements. — Combining all other tools for 
 the preparation of shells. Cap expeller, re-capper, loader and tube-creaser, 
 cutter, crimper and shell-extracter. Length four and a half inches ; weight ten 
 ounces. This is a standard article and necessary to every sportsman wich breech 
 loader. Get of dealers, or of C- J. Stoddard & Co., Washington, D. C. 
 
 The Hazard Powder Company have reached the highest standard of excel- 
 lence in the manufacture of fine sporting gunpowders. For long ranges their 
 " Fy Kentucky Rifle" is used by all experts, while their "Duck Shooting" 
 and '* Electric " are unsurpassed for field purposes. General office, 88 Wall St., 
 New York, and Agencies in all large cities. 
 
 Duponfs Gunpowder Mills, established in 1801, have mnintained their great 
 reputation for seventy-six years. They manufacture the celebrated Eagle 
 Ducking, Eagle Rifle and Diamond Grain Powder, F. L Kneeland, Agent, 70 
 Wall St., New York. Agencies in all large cities. 
 
 Ballard Rifles, with the new improvements, adapted to any length of range, 
 have points which make them superior to all others. Are recommended by 
 many of the most expert shots in the country. Charles Daly Breech Loading 
 Guns, used by the Kleinman Brothers, and hundreds of the first trap shots, are 
 the best in the world. Both are for sale by Schoverling and Daly, 84 and 86 
 Chambers St.. New York. Lists furnished on application. 
 
 DOGS. 
 
 Dogs cannot slip this collar, no matter how violently they pull. It will not 
 choke or injure the dog. Made of heavy bridle leather, with nickel plated trim- 
 
6/2 
 
 DEALERS' AND OUTFITTERS' LIST. 
 
 mings. Sent by mail, with name of dog or owner on name plate, for $i. Send 
 for illustr;ited catalogue. Dog collars manufactured Vjy Thomson & Son, 301 
 Broadway, New York. 
 
 Ballard's Flea Killer — Proprietors, Lazell, Marsh Ai Gardner, 10 Gold St., 
 New York. For the desf. iction of fleas on doc;s and other animals, an absolute 
 and pel feet exterminator of the pest. May be used with entire safety. Contents 
 of a package sufficient to rid half a dozen large dogs of the vermin. No person 
 owning dogs should be without the flea killer. Price fifty cents per package- 
 Will be sent, posage paid, on receipt of price. 
 
 Patent A utomatic Muzzle — All owners of dogs will appreciate the good points 
 of this muzzle. The lower jaw works with an automatic movement, which, while 
 it prevents biting, allows the animal to open its mouth freely, drink and breathe 
 naturally, which is so necessary to his comfort and health, especially in hot 
 weather. As this muzzle does not check any usual or natural movements, the 
 dog is not worried, and very quickly becomes accustomed to it. They are made 
 of best quality of tinned wire, in nine diflFerent sizes, and sold by all «lcalers in 
 hardware and sportsmen's goods- Manufactured by W. T. & J. Mersereau, 321 
 Broadway. Also manufacturers of a large variety of fine brass, nickel plated and 
 leather dog collars in all sizes. Collar locks, dog leads and whistles. 
 
 Spratfs /'ai'*^^— London— dog biscuits, Francis O de Luze, i8 South William 
 St., New York, sole agent Twenty gold and silver medals awarded, also medal 
 from Westminster Kennel Club, for excellence in manufacture. 
 
 SPORTSMEN'S ROUTES. 
 
 Old Dominion Steam Ship C(7.— Passenger steamships for Norfolk, City Point 
 and Richmond, Va. Connections direct for Currituck, James River points, and all 
 upland shooting sections. Delaware Division, for Chincoteague and all celebra- 
 te"; points on the peninsula. No charge for dogs accompanying owners. Rates 
 alwiiys low. See daily p..pers for sailing. Full information given at general 
 office, IQ7 Greenwich St., N. Y. 
 
 Buriington^ C^-^ar Rapids and Northern Railway, connecting with the Chicago 
 and North-WRStern Railway at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and the Chicago, Burlington 
 and Quincy Railwa^ at Burlington, Iowa, forms the best line and shortest route 
 from Chicago to the best hunting grounds of Iowa and Minnesota, for ducks, 
 geese, brant, chicken, quail and snipe. Reduced rates to parties of ten or more, 
 by applying to General Ticket Office, Cedar Rapids, and dogs carried at low rates, 
 and well taken care of. E. K. Winslow, General Manager; C. J. Jr., Superin- 
 tendent ; B. E. Mills, agent. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 
 
 The Erie Railway — Three hours' ride from New York will bring you to a 
 section of country abounding with covers, brooks and lakes, offering game in 
 abundance, and rare sport with rod or fun. 
 
 The Great New York Aquarium, Broadway and Thirty-fiflh St., open daily 
 from 9 A. M., until 10 p. m. Strange and wonderful animals and fishes, remarkable 
 and curious Chinese quadruple-tailed or dragon-eyed fishes, Austrian blind 
 Proteus, six Mexican axoltl, English roach fish, German striped salamandus, man- 
 
■y-7 '■' 
 
 SrOK TSMEN'S U TFITS. 
 
 67 
 
 eatini; alligators, educated and performinfj seals, flyinjr foxes. Afternoon and 
 evening concerts. Admission fifty cents, children half price. 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 Vanity J'air. — ¥or Meerschaum and Cigarette. Does not bite the tongue. 
 The Sportsman's best Friend. Wm. S. Kimball & Co., Rochester, N. Y. Sold by 
 all dealers. 
 
 PIPES. 
 
 Meerschaum Pi/es.—F. Julius Kaldenberg, Manufacturer. P^actory and sales- 
 room, entire building 117 Fulton through to 44 Ann Street, third door from 
 Nassau Street ; stores No. 6 Astor House, Broadway, opposite New Post Office, 
 No. 71 Nassau, corner of John Street. Cigar holders and amber goods of all 
 descriptions. Repairing in all its branches. All itinds of tobacco, cigarettes, 
 cigars, etc., etc., in the Astor House store. Billiard balls, ivory goods, etc., etc., 
 in Fulton St. factory and store. 
 
 WINES, " 
 
 Francis O. de Luze, 18 South William St., New York, importer of wines 
 brandies, olive oil, etc., sole agent for Bordeau.x clarets, brandies. A. de Luze & 
 Sons, Ernest Irroy, Reems champagne, H. and G. Simonds' India pale ale, 
 Reading, England. Spratt's Patent London. 
 
 \\ 
 
I ' 
 
 .•-!> 
 
 ■/ V^ /.^ 
 
 n 
 
 I N I) E X. 
 
 GAME ANIMALS OF iSTORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ! 
 
 Alee Americana, 50. 
 Antelope, 44. 
 
 Antilocapra Americana, 46. 
 Aploterus columbianus, 40. 
 
 Bighorn, 42. 
 
 Bison, American, 33. 
 
 mountain, 39. 
 Beau, black, 22. 
 
 blown, 22 
 
 cinnamon, 22. 
 
 grlzdy, 19. 
 
 polar, 25. 
 
 wliite, 95. 
 Bos americanus, 33. 
 Buiralo,33. 
 
 0. '■["■■. 
 Canis latrans, 12. ^^ ' 
 
 lupus, 12 '"•" 
 
 Cariacus columbianus,. 78. 
 
 macrotis, 75. 
 
 Virginianus, 7<^. 
 C\Rniou» barren ground, 5S. 
 
 woodland, 61, 90. 
 Cats, 9. . ■'' ■ 
 
 Catamount, 10. •-• '■ 
 
 Cervus canadensis, 66. ■'. ' 
 Coon, 28. ■ ;-:■ 
 
 Cougar, ^ ■''■■_ '■'- 
 
 Coyote, 12. ^y y 
 
 D. ■"■'"■ 
 Deer, mule, 75. 
 
 black-tail, 78. 
 
 burro, 75. • '^~ ''''^ 
 
 Virginia, 79. 
 
 deer-driving, 82. 
 
 hounding, 81. 
 , jacking, 83. 
 
 scaffold-shooting, 84. 
 
 stalking, 85. 
 
 still hunting, 88. 
 Didelphys Virginiana, 100. 
 
 ii 
 
 
 Elk, 66. 
 
 Felis concolor, 9. 
 Fox, arctic, 115.. 
 
 black, 95. 
 
 grey, 15, 17, 96. 
 
 kit, 15. 
 
 little grey, 15. 
 
 prairie, 15. 
 
 red, 15, 17. 
 
 southern, 96. 
 
 svvitt, 15, 17. 
 
 Virginia, 15. 
 
 wes-'tcrn, 96. 
 
 fox-circling, 16. 
 
 hounds, 16. 
 
 'Olu 
 
 ..)'i.iiKi- 
 
 km 
 
 H. 
 
 Hakes, 92. . 
 
 great arctic, 95. 
 jack, 94. 
 
 Lepus americanus, 92. 
 
 a(iuaticus, 93. 
 
 callatis, 92. > ■<.ii:.; 
 
 californicus, 93. i •,■ 
 
 caini)estris, 92. : , , 
 
 palustris, 93. 
 
 sylvaticus, 92. 
 
 tnnidus, var. arcticus, ga. 
 
 Trowbridgii, 92. 
 Lou]) cervin-Lucifere, 10. 
 Lynx, Canada, 10. 
 
 canadensis, 10. -^r ■■'■ 
 
 bay, 10. " .0-. 
 
 rufus, lo. ,'ii . 
 
 A:s 
 
 M. '^^•^-- 
 Moose, so. 
 Mountain goat, 40. 
 Mountain lion, 9. 
 Mountain sheep, 4a. 
 Musk ox, 31. "■'''' ■ 
 
 
 s L 
 
INDEX. 
 
 <^75 
 
 Opossum, loo. 
 Ovibus moschatus, 31. 
 Ovis montana, 42. 
 
 Panther, 9. 
 I'rocyon lolor, 38. 
 Puma, g. 
 
 Rabbit, 94. 
 Raccoon, 38. 
 
 Ranciikisr Rrcenlandicus, 58. 
 caribou, 61. 
 
 s. 
 
 SciURUS carolinensis, 96. 
 
 cinereus, 96. 
 
 ludovicianus, 96. 
 
 vulpinus, 96. 
 Squikkki.s, 96. 
 
 black or grey, cat, southern fox, 
 
 western fox. 
 
 Urocyon cincreo-argcntatus, 15. 
 
 littoralis, 15. 
 Ursus ainericanus. 22. 
 
 var. ciniuiinoneus, 33. 
 
 hoiTibilis, 19. 
 
 maritimus, 25. 
 
 Vui.i'Fs lagopus, 15. 
 macronius, 15. 
 
 Vulpes, var. Pennsylvanicus, 15 
 vclox, 15. 
 vulgaris, 15. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wapiti, 66. 
 White goat, 40. 
 Wildcat, lo. 
 Wolf, hulTalo, 13. 
 
 grey timber, 12. 
 
 prairie, 12. 
 
 ly 1 ,'( 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 .^GiAi.iTis cantiana, 153. 
 
 melodus, 152. 
 
 seniipalmatus, 153. 
 
 vociferus 151. 
 
 Wilsonius. 153. ■ '■ 
 
 Actiturus bartranius, 171. 
 Aix sponsa, 209. 
 Anas boschas, 200. 
 
 obscura, 203. 
 Anatinse, 200. 
 Anser albifrons, var. gambeli, 189 
 
 ciErulescens, 193. 
 
 hyperboreus, 190. 
 
 rossii, 192. 
 Aphriza virgata, 153. - ■ %' 
 A vocet,- American, i6s.' •• <'* 
 
 Beach birds, 163. 
 Bittern, 236. 
 Bobolink, 183. 
 Bog -bull, 236. 
 BoNASA betulina, iii. 
 
 umbellus, 124. 
 Botaurus minor, 236. 
 Brant, bald-headed, 193. 
 
 prairie, 189. 
 
 white, 192. *'* 
 
 Branta bernicla, 193. 
 
 canadensis, 196. 
 
 leucopsis, 193. 
 Brant-bird, 164. 
 BucEi HALA albeola, 233. 
 
 clangula, 222. 
 
 islandica, 223. 
 Butter-bird, 183. , , ^ 
 
 o. 
 
 
 ;.(f 
 
 X, I'... ■ 
 
 Calico-back, 164. ,. <, . /. 
 
 Calidres arenaria, 168. '. i^ 
 
 Callipepliv stjuainata, 140. ; , ' 
 
 Camptolemus labradonus, 235. 4' , 
 Canace canadensis, iii. v,. ., 
 
 franklini, 112. < ,, -y ; 
 
 fuliginosus, 115. ' .. . v 
 
 obscura, 112. 
 Centrocercus urophasianus, 115. 
 Chaulelasmus streperus, 205. • - •' 
 
 Charadriidae, 149. 
 
 Charadrius fulvus, var. virginicus, 149. 
 Chicaric, 164. , ;„. .,.. , 
 
 Chickling, 164. -.'<. Ai--;i .^'-•,;% 
 
 Cock of the woods, III. jj 
 
 Coot, 180. ,.| 
 
 Cormorant, 234. .., ,.,..: ,;. -.rj^ 
 Corn-crake, 177. -M.,i4j«. 
 
 Crane, brown, 237. ' la 
 
 sandhill, 237. tl^ii 
 
iM 
 
 676 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 1 I 
 
 I! I 
 
 Crane, white. a36. .- 
 
 whoupiiiK, 236. • •. 
 Cucu, lainc, 170. ., , 
 
 Cuiiidonia ciipiilo, 119. 
 Curlew, 164. 
 CuHi.KW, Hs(iuimaux, 17a. 
 
 lliHlsDiiiuii, 173. 
 
 jaclc, i7'.2. I 
 
 lonK-billeil, 17a. 
 
 sal)if-l)ill, 17.! 
 
 sickle-bill, 172- 
 Cygnus ainuricaiia, 186. 
 
 buccinator, 185. 
 Cyrlonyx luassena, 140. '■■■ 
 
 Dafila acuta, 205. 
 Dendrocvgne, 189. 
 Dolichon'yx orizyvorus, 183. 
 Di)U{^h bird, 172. ' . t., 
 Dovvitclier, 166. .. ; 
 
 Driver, 166. ...'. , 
 
 Ducks, sua, 211. 
 
 shoal water. 200. 
 
 American widgeon, J06. 
 
 bald pate, 306. 
 
 Barrow's golden-eye, 233 
 
 bell-tonffued coot, 22g. ^ 
 
 biK black-head, 21a. 
 
 black mallard, 203. 
 
 black scoter, 238. 
 
 blue duck, 203. 
 
 blue-bill, 313. .!,.!i' . 
 
 broad bill, 3i3. 
 
 buHlc-head dipper, 333. 
 
 butter-ball, 223. 
 
 canvas-back, 214. -wi '.\ 
 
 copper nose, 228. 
 
 devil diver, 333 
 
 dusky, 203. 
 
 eider, 227. ,.'iir 
 
 English teal, 306. 
 
 European widgeon, 906 
 
 fish, 232. 
 
 flocking fowl. 313. 
 
 gad wall, 305. 
 
 garrot, 222. 
 
 golden-eye, 333. 
 
 goosander, 233. 
 
 greater scaup, 3ia. 
 
 green head, 300. 
 
 ';.»■ » i. 
 
 Ducks, mcrganHer, 333. . 
 old Injun, 334. " 
 
 
 1 ' ••\''\ 
 
 
 ,..•;. iil( 
 
 old s(juaw, 334. 
 
 
 1 •■>.:t 
 
 old wile south-southerly, 
 
 334 
 
 i;l'»; Ml 
 
 Pacific eider, 338- 
 
 
 
 pieil, 33 J. 
 
 i)iti-tail, 30^. ■ ' 
 pochard, 31 j. ' '' ■ 
 rait, 313. 
 
 
 
 red-breasted merganser, 
 
 333. 
 
 
 reil-head, 213. 
 
 
 
 ring-necked, 313. 
 
 
 ,-,.■: V, ,. :/ 
 
 Rocky Mountain gnrrot, 
 
 333 
 
 1 ■.'. V 1 1 ,■ '■ 
 . > III ■-' 
 
 ruddy, 233. 
 
 St. Uomingo, 333. 
 
 saw-billed diver, 333. 
 
 sea, 337. 
 
 sea coot, 239. 
 
 shari)-tail, 305. ^ ' 
 
 sheldrake, 333. ■ 
 
 . 
 
 :•.'■ ■ -(.r 
 
 shoveller, 208. 
 skunk-head, 339. 
 
 
 , 1 1 ' :- 
 
 snuff-taker, 339. 
 
 t , ^ 
 
 
 spectacled eider, 336. 
 spoon-bill, 308. 
 
 
 ■\:\ 
 
 I . il 
 
 i.!m;'. 
 
 
 grey, 305. .n. /jnu'df.? 
 
 grey coat, 338. aiiij e''!'j".u;ibi' 
 arlequin, 335. ;ui;;'{ 
 
 hooded merganser, 333. •)! .•^Q')' 
 hound, 334. "5w Jsy' 
 
 king, 338. 1' I'l ..•iiiisiA !/.!t 
 
 king eider, 338. .rfit ,b-j^ 
 
 Labrador. 335. .-'rio.^fiV^ 
 lady, 235. r^iiul EuqoTcbii* 
 
 lesser scaup, 313. :i .Tvv.g'MH 
 
 little broad-bill, 313. .>c ,i'ji&H 
 long tailed, 334. ,>:.»^Hi!i:o aio^vlin 
 
 lord, 335. 
 mallard, 300. 
 
 .Toiii/fi Jtbriolfii 
 
 sprig-tail, 305. 
 Stcller's eider, 336. 
 summer, 309. 
 surf, 229. 
 
 teal, blue-winged, 307 
 teal, cinnan\on, 308. 
 teal, green-winged, 307 
 teal, red-breasted, 308. 
 teal, salt-water, 223. 
 Trowbridge's, 339. 
 tufted, 313. 
 velvet scoter, 339. 
 whistler, 7.33. 
 white-winged coot, 339, 
 white-winged surf, 339. 
 wood, 209. 
 duck-call, 303. 
 blinds, 318. 
 Dunlin, American, 168 
 
 ru.; 
 
 .1 i 
 
 Ectopiste? migratorius, 334. 
 Endromias montanus, 153. 
 Ereunetes pusillus, 166. 
 Erismatura dominica, 333. 
 rubida, 232. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fool-hen, 113. 
 Frost bird. 149. 
 Fulica americana, iSo. 
 Fuligulinae, 311. 
 FuLiGULA affinis, 212. 
 
 collaris, 213. 
 
 ferina, var. americana, 
 
 marila, 212. 
 
 vallisneria, 214. 
 
 
 J l^!"- 
 
 .'-W 
 
 913. 
 
 ^in 
 
INDEX. 
 
 077 
 
 -• ii . ' 
 
 GaUinaRo Wilsonii, i59- 'I '»>" 
 
 Gali.ini'le, I'loriila, 179. '^ .1 Ml 
 
 jjurple, 179, \^^l ' '" 
 
 Geese, 188. ...c ,; ...v - 'i."t 
 
 Gddwi r, 164. 
 
 Rreat miirhlcd, I'io. , ■ 
 
 ; Ilmlsoiiiiin, iri^' 1 ' ' , 
 
 (loosK, barnacle, I'H. ,.•. ,Vr; 
 
 ^ blue, 19a. ,11 J I • !• I ■'( 
 
 l)i;uU, 193. I. »•/: .il .f< ii 
 
 biaiit, black, 193, .•..:.' -.^m 
 biaiit, white, 190. ' .' .'^-y. 
 Camilla, 196. > ' i> / 
 
 coininoi) wild, 196. ■ i >.I 
 emperor, 192. • : .■ 
 
 prey, 196. i ■- 
 
 honied wavy, 192. •■■ ■■ . 
 
 lai!Kb'"ff< '89. •, '••■■ 
 
 naiiiled, 19J. ■ i!,i •.'., 
 
 Ross, 192. ;'".,','i.; 
 
 snow, 100. . . |„ I:, 
 
 si)ci:klc-belly, 189. ' 1 • 
 
 while-f'rontetl, 189. , /, : 
 
 Grebe, 334. . / 
 
 GuoiJsic, III. 
 
 blue, 112, 114. 
 
 Canada, m. 
 
 cock of the plains, 115. 
 
 dusky, 112, 113. 
 
 grey, 112. 
 
 mountain, 113, .. . . : !i; ' 
 
 pine, 112. • t', .' I .w: 1; 
 
 pinnated, iig. , , ., , i;.- , !i;-.! 
 
 pin-tail, 117. ' ■.■••-n']'\' 
 
 prairie chicken, I iq. ■,;'fi(t 
 
 sage, 115. ■ • j .1.17 
 
 sharp-tail, 117. ".. i^ ]\\-ii 
 
 Siberian oine, iii. -pi/), •;.■:■! 7/ 
 
 sprig-t-iil, 117. j-ii ,v . '.;/^ 
 
 white-belly, 117. ,1. ; w 
 
 willow, 131. )•: /i) ii> 
 
 Orus, Americana, 336, ,.. ,;fiiii;"(l 
 canadensis, 237. ,:i;i.;,(;/. ,niif!k.'- 
 
 ■>■'. 
 
 
 Hrcmatopus palliatus, 164. 
 llarelda glacialis, 224. 
 Hcterascelus incanus, 173. 
 Hcmanlopus nigricoUis, 165. 
 Histrionicus torquatus, 225. 
 Ilumilitj', 169. 
 
 Indian hen, 336. 
 
 I. 
 
 K. 
 
 .!.-.i ,fii)ii let, 
 Knot, 168. -qff'? ■^■'''i ■'«'' 
 
 T ■ .ti£ ,tKniij>j{il(> 
 * ,?iajT}H ^.^J;>uu 
 Lagopus albus, 131. .£u- ,^.h£^oa 
 leucurus, 113, 134.1a "sv ,Bfiti^t 
 rupestris, 134. • vis .Klnntn 
 
 Lawyer, 16";. 
 
 I.imicohi', 163, 173. "' ■'•"■••'■ .•""'■ 
 Li.MosA ledoa, 169. '■ .f<"<t^ 
 
 hudsonica, 169. ''•' ■'' 
 
 Lnbipfs hypcrborcus, 163. '•»'•"»' 
 Long shanks, 165. • ' •" '" 
 
 Loon, 334. ' '« ,""\\ ' 
 
 LoiiioKrvx californica, 138. ''"■ 
 gambcli, 139- ', " 1 
 
 Macrorha'nphus griseus, 166. 
 
 Mahkca ainericana, 306. 
 
 peiielope, 2u6. 
 Maki.in, 169. 
 
 wing-tailed, 169. 
 Maksu IIkn, tresh water, 177 
 
 salt water, 176. 
 Mcleagris galluiiavo, 103 
 MEKiii's cucullutus, 233. 
 
 merganser, 232. 
 
 scrrator, 333. 
 Micropalma hunantopus, 166 
 Mud-hen, 176. 
 
 y.'V 'I 
 ,.,if-t|iv- \ * 
 
 N. 
 
 NuMENius borealislongirostris, 172. 
 huilsonicus, 172. 
 
 o. 
 
 Odontophorinre, 137. 
 (lidemia americana, 228 
 
 I'usca, 220. 
 
 perspicilfata, 229. 
 Oreortyx pictus, 138. 
 Ortolan, 177, 184. 
 Oktvx tioridanus, 138 
 
 texanus, 138 
 
 virginianus, 137. 
 Ox-eye, t66. 
 Oyster catcher, 164. 
 
 
 .■■■': ,]i7L.! 
 
 Paktkidgk, 134, 137. ■/• > •fff>.''>'Jii 
 Gambel's, 139. .i.jjcr.^foj 
 
 Newfoundland, 131. ''-■■'i lyir.ot;^ 
 scaled, 140. '-.i:;!! n x^.?, 
 
 spruce, tii. " ••■ -' 
 
 Fcdia-cetes jjliasianellus, var. colum- 
 bianus, 117. 
 
 Peep, 166, , . jr.-.-^...;..! .>j.^-.^..** 
 
 Peet weet, 171. .'•■•■ ,hi<.iioO. 
 
 Phalakoi'b, Northern, 165. ■: .M"'>1 
 
 red, t6s. nn]itiiJ 
 
 Wilson's, 165. land/iJ 
 
 Phalaropus tulicarius, 165. -s ,vbfii 
 
 PllKASANT, 134. ■■ - . V '' -''^ yf-^.i 
 
 water, 205. 'lui-Uiwnd nDiil 
 
 Philacte canagica, iq3. if't-ii^J uiio! 
 
 Philohcla minor, 154. •?« .t'">o! 
 
 oot (btBtlam 
 
678 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 s ll 
 
 ! I 
 
 PiGF.oN, jiassenijcr, J34. 
 priiiriu, i5>< 
 wild, a34' 
 
 Pl.OVI'H, \IS), 
 
 botllu lii'arl, 149. 
 blac k-belliuil, 149. 
 hiill-licud, 149> Y 
 tii'lil, 171. 
 
 LM)l(l0ll, MP* 
 
 Kaiikakci; bar, 151. 
 
 killilccr, 151. 
 
 iiKirsh, 167. 
 
 mountain, 153. 
 
 ox-eye, 149. 
 
 pipinK, 153. 
 
 riiiR, 15a- 
 
 riiiif neck, 15a. 
 
 nnUly, t68. 
 
 semi pal mated, isJ- 
 
 snowy, 153. 
 
 upland, J71. 
 
 wliistliiiKi '49. '' 
 
 Wilson's, 152. 
 Por[)hyrio martinica, 179. 
 PoKZANA ("aroliiia, 177. 
 
 Jamaiccnsis, 179. 
 
 noveboracensis, 178. 
 PrAKMif;AN, 113, 131. 
 
 mountain, 134. 
 
 rock, 134. 
 
 white-tailed, 134. 
 
 guAii,, 137. •• ..'' • ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Arizona, 139. ,:^\ ,■ .m. 
 
 Bob White, 137.' ■/, U. 
 
 blue, 140. .jii'i (.!>; .■ : i 
 
 California. 139. ,>. :■■' 1 1-. 
 
 Florida, 138. .'. ,< n ,:, 1 : 
 
 Massena, 140. ,/, .i^u 
 
 meadow, 138. .^ ,- ■!•. 
 
 mountain, 136- ' ' 
 
 mountain, of California, 138. 
 valley, 138. 
 white 134. 
 yuerqucdula carolinensls, 207. 
 crecea, 206. 
 cyanoptera, ao8. 
 discors, 207. ^.,,. 
 
 A'.i 
 
 'It- 
 
 ■ji-- 
 
 Rail, 175. 
 
 black, 179. '^ -«:./, 
 
 Carolina, 177. ;' 
 
 clapper, 176. 
 
 king, 177, 179- 
 
 red, 177- 
 
 Virginia, 177. 
 
 yellow, 178. 
 
 yellow-breasted, 176. 
 Rm.lus elcRans, 177- 
 
 longirostris, 176. 
 
 •t. 
 
 ;?; 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 
 t ■ 
 
 V . ; 
 
 i« 
 
 
 
 .M^. . 
 
 ','•!,< 
 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 Ii:<>' 
 
 ;.', 
 
 , L 
 
 / 
 
 ,'rwt 
 
 ;»< 
 
 i \ 
 
 'J.I. 
 
 4itA 
 
 '.' 
 
 r- 
 
 ..I 
 
 .•■qi 1 
 
 i-. 
 
 i'. 
 
 
 ,•; i.'i 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 .^t:^ 
 
 .»/ 
 
 
 
 ..J 
 
 t^- 
 
 
 
 ) r.j 
 
 
 Rallus, vifRinianus, 177- 
 KecurveroHtra amuricana, 165. 
 keedbird, I7^, "ilj- 
 Rice-bird, i»j. , 
 
 s. 
 
 Sandeilinp, ifiS. 
 Sand lark, 17'- 
 Sand-i'II'KK, i')4. 
 
 ash-colored, 168. 1 
 
 Haird's, 167. 
 
 Hartramian, 171. 
 
 black-bellied. 171. 
 
 blun-brcastea, 171. 
 
 cuilew, t68. 
 
 f;rey-back, 168. 
 east, I'lfj. 
 pectoral, 167. 
 purjjle, 168. I 
 
 red backed, 168. 
 rcilbreasted, 168. 
 semi-pannated, 166. 
 spotted. 171. 
 slilt, 166. 
 
 white-rumpod, 167. 
 Sand-runner, 164. 
 Scoliipax ruslicola, 155. 
 Sea crow, 180. 
 
 Shad ; pirit, 159. • 
 
 Shore t)irds, 163. 
 Skinner, 168. 
 Somat:-.uia lisherli, 336. 
 moiissima, 227. 
 spectabilis, 238. "■ •■ 
 
 stellerii, 226. .■'.■■ 
 
 V. nigra, 228. 
 Snu'I', American, 159. , 
 
 blind, 154. i ■'■■■' 
 
 blue stocking, 165. . .- 
 llonaparte, 159. :.' ■■ 
 
 brown back, 166. :':.■■■ 
 En^^lish, 159. 
 grass, 167. 
 prey, 166. 
 jack, 150, 167. 
 rcd-brcasted, 166. ..1 ■■:■ 
 robin, 168. ;•,.•• 
 
 stone, 170. 
 white. 165. 
 
 Wilson's, 159. -i . I 
 wood, 154. 
 Sora, 177. 
 
 Spatula clypcata, 308. 
 Squatarola helvetica, 149. 
 Stake-driver, 236. 
 Stegairopus Wilsonii, 165. 
 .Sriii, 168 ; white-tailed, 167 
 Stilt, i^s. 
 
 Strepsilar interpres, 164. 
 Surf bird, 153. 
 Swan, 185. 
 
 American, 186, 
 trumpeter, 185. 
 whistling, »86. 
 
 1KV «3;'i 
 
 i'./a-' 
 
LVDIiX. 
 
 679 
 
 TATTi.nR, 170. 
 
 bciiiipiiliiiatcd, i6<). 
 Bolilury. 170. 
 
 vvlllulcrm^?, 17s. 
 Teeter, 171. 
 'I'lu.i.-i All'. ; greater, 170. 
 
 lesser. 170. 
 Tktkak tiik:i|>cniiis, in- 
 
 tetrix, 1 1 1. 
 
 uroKiillus, III. 
 Tii)-ri|i, 171. , 
 T'TANis llaviiics, 170. 
 
 melanoleiKus, 170. 
 
 seinipulinatus, i6<;. 
 
 Thim.a alpiiia, 1&8. 
 
 lliiirdii, 1^17. 
 
 Honaparlii, 167. 
 
 catnitiis, i68. 
 
 iiiiK tilata, 167. 
 
 iiiaritiina, 168. 
 
 inliiittilla, 166. 
 
 sulitarius, 170. 
 
 subaquula, 1&8. 
 
 TrliiRoides nincularlus, 171. 
 'i rviiKiles rutcsccns, 171. 
 Till key. wild, i<>J. . . 
 
 Tiirkuy t .ill, 107. 
 Tunulouc, 164, 
 
 w 
 
 Willet. 164, n^. 
 
 Would OCK, 154. ■ ' . 
 
 Aiiieriiaii. H4. 
 |)( j^surkcr, 154. ' 
 
 KiiKlisli. 155- 
 tiinbcrilnocllc, 154. 
 Woodcock, il'iK tor sliooting. 
 
 .11 1' 
 
 «57' 
 
 \ >.- ,1 
 
 Vkli.ow tHr.s, 164. 
 
 bin. ■70' 
 urcaler, 164. 
 lesser, 164, 170. 
 Yellow shanks, 170. 
 
 GAME FISH OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Achlruslincatus, 390. 
 Acipenscridne, 384. - 
 
 Acn'KNSKK brevirostrum, 385* 
 
 oxyrhytifhus, 384. ' •' 
 
 rubiciindus, 339. ' ' ' •' 
 
 Albicore, 343, 329. ' ' ' ^ 
 
 Ai.osA prrestabihs, 380. -i' '- 
 
 sapidissima, 376, 3S0. 
 A Miu.orMTKs inlerruptur, 334. 
 
 rupestris, 323, • ' -< 
 
 A.MIA calon, 310. ' "i 
 
 occidentalis, 310. ." ^1. 
 
 ocellicaiida, 310, 334. ■' '^ 
 Amiiirus nebulosus, 314. '■ i' '']'- 
 Anchovy, 368. -■',',''■• 
 
 \\\\iv\ fish, 368. ■ ;'•"; 
 
 Ai(<i:iiilla lyraims, 314, 389. 
 Atiauillidiv, 314, 389- 
 Arihosargus probato-cephalus, 3tr, 397' 
 Akcvkosomi's clupei-tormis, 311, 327. 
 
 Cisco liarenp:us, 311, 323- 
 Ariopsis inilberti, 385, 407. 
 Aihcriiiida;, 355- 
 Alherinopsis californcnsis, 355. 
 
 ■Q J ,!.'llij U.. 
 
 Harb, 24s, 396. , ,>. ,.iiiin..(tiA 
 
 IJarbcl, 384. ■■;•; , -vr;mi/iJ 
 
 Barracouta varracua, 355. viiiw 
 
 Bass, black, 373, 312, 3T> 
 
 black, slill-ti. Jnn^ .or, 314. 
 black, tr..lH:,jr tor,3i3. 
 tL.w'.v sea, 349. 
 calico, 333, 378. ' .. ■' 
 channel, 394. 
 Florida, tlies for. 375. 
 grass, 378. ,: 
 
 preen, 376. ' 
 
 laree mouthed, 374. ' 
 
 little, 355- 
 
 marsh, 376. ' 
 
 Oswego, 376. ■' 
 
 Otsego, 309. .' 
 
 Potomac, 374. , ''; , 
 
 river, 276. ' ' '■,.' 
 
 Roanoke, 376. " ■ ' ■ 
 
 rock, 273, 376, 333. ' "; '■ 
 sea, 349, 3S8, 399. '•" .'■■' 
 slough, 376. 
 sinuil mouthed, 374. 
 spotted, 376. 
 
 straw, 333. :■ i. , i( 
 
 strawberry, 376,378. -.i ;!.:' 
 
 striped, ?so, 333, 379, 401. 
 white, 376. .1 1 
 
 white hike, 273. . , ,,. ..^i../ 
 
 Bass, bait (or, 380. .- ^ ,U:/ , 
 
 Hies for, 27.). ''■ij.iii'''' 
 
 methods of taking, 378. v/>.i [;•)•(; 
 rod for, 316. - .//'>I.'^:'( 
 
 rod for striped, 350. l-j 2uj u-. : 
 
 BatrachidjB, sso. .-:!,;.'rtii};nui' 
 
 .■^h 
 
680 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 w.-ji ■ 
 
 -J ,;i- 
 
 /A- 
 
 li;i i 
 
 lii!' 
 
 liii: 
 
 il ! 
 
 -I 
 
 BerRall, 340. 
 
 Beiycida;, 393. 
 
 Bczuf-a, 390. 
 
 lUiirk fish, 340, 349, 390, 399. 
 
 Bl.icU luirry, 349. 
 
 Black will, 349, 399. 
 
 Bhic tisli 240, 349, 353, 403. 
 
 Blue lisli, tiicklc tor, 356. 
 
 Blue lish, or weak fish, 243. 
 
 Bone lisii, 406. 
 
 Boiiitd, 391 , 242. 
 
 Batholiiimus pampanus, 393. 
 
 Bowliii, 310. 
 
 Br^KAM, 34S, 3S3, 378, 398. 
 
 blue, 37S. 
 
 copptii-uose, 378. 
 
 red l)clliocl, 378. 
 Bubalichtliys bubalus, 338 
 Butialo, 338, 383. 
 Bull ht'ad, 3S3, 397. ,. I 
 
 Bull pout, 383. 
 Burhot, ^39. 
 
 o. 
 
 Calico, 390. 
 Caranj(id.-E, 393. 
 Caraux det'ensor, 392. 
 (Jakp, 383. 
 
 common, 284, 381. 
 
 golden, 383. 
 Catush, 383, 314, 338, 383. 
 
 blue, 385. 
 
 channel, 383. 338, 385. 
 
 cummon, 283. 
 I great lake, 383. . , .' 
 
 lake, 338. 
 
 mud, 338, 385 
 
 porous, 350. 
 
 salt water, 407. 
 
 shovelbill, 3S5, 
 
 yellow, 3S3. 
 
 white, 385. 
 Catostoniida;, 351. 
 Catostomus auratus, 383 
 
 aureotus, 3S3. 
 
 cepedianum, 338. 
 
 communis, 383. f.rr ,ri ';;.'' 
 
 cyprinus, 383. ' •: dtit;,;!; 
 
 . duquesnii, 383. ut vm 
 
 fecundus, 314, 353, 389. 
 
 guzmaniensis, 314, 353, 389. 
 
 maculosus, 3S3. 
 
 nigricans, 3S3. vr- r-;-' 
 
 teres, 339. 
 
 tuberculatus, 284. 
 
 Cavalli, 393. ^i,...-,,?.- 
 
 Ckntkakchus seneus, 373^; ,";' '.;;■■.,/, 
 
 irideus, 379. ..•■-«:.•. 1. ,■:. 
 
 Centropristres atrarius, 249, 399. 
 
 Cerasichthys physignathus, 389. 
 squamilentus, 389. ', .' _;. ^, 
 stirhtus, 389. .i?^-, 
 
 Cero, 243, 393. 
 
 J:|'i. 
 
 ■ ,r.>il ■• 
 
 (. ,.if!F( vi.ir. , 
 
 Chickwick. 243. 
 
 Chikoi SIS nebiilosis, 36S. 
 
 pictus, 308. 
 Chogset, 340. 
 Chub, 345, 376, 313, 373, 378, 388, 396. 
 
 Haird's, 314, 389. 
 
 black, 314, 3b9. 
 
 t'legaiit,3i3, 388. 
 
 gila, 313. 38S. - . ' ■ 
 
 Oraiiain's, 313, 388. ' ' 
 
 hair-si:aled, 353. 
 
 horned, 353. 
 
 robust, 313, 387. 
 Cisco, Geneva, 333. 
 Clupida;, 267, 333, 367, 380. i 
 Cobia, 403. 
 Cod, 339. 
 
 rock 355. t; 
 
 torn, 356. 
 Corabati, 340. 
 CoKECONi's alhus, 332. 
 
 couesii, 351. 
 
 labradoricus, 308. ,,:, , 
 
 mukson, 340. . « 
 
 Otsego, 309. 
 
 VV'illiamsoni, 350. 
 Corporaalcn, 384. 
 CoRViNA oscula, 311. 
 
 richardsoiiii, 338. 
 Coverlii), 390. 
 
 Crab-eater, 403. . . / , 
 Craskee, 339. ,,\ j- 
 Crevalle, 392. 
 Croaker, 396. 
 Crnppie, 333, 378. 
 Cuiiner, 340. 
 CvHiuM maculatus, 242, 391. 
 
 ree:ale, 243, 393. 
 Cynoscion regalis, 343, 394. 
 Cyprinida;, 283, 312, 338, 351, 381, 387. 
 Cyprinis carpio, 284, 381. 
 
 :!■'; 
 
 Dack, 383, 384. 
 
 horned, 384. _■"; 
 
 white, 284. 
 Daciscus nitidus, 384. 
 Dainalicthys vacca, 366. 
 Diplectruni fasciculare, 393 
 Dogfish, 334. 
 Dorosoma cepedia, 327. 
 Dkum, 311, 395. 
 
 young, 396. - - - ; 
 
 ritnji 
 
 Echeneidae, 403. 
 Echeneio lineata, 403. ' 
 Eel pout, 339. 
 Elacatc canadus, 403 
 Klacalida;, 403. 
 Elopidie, 406. 
 Elops saurus, 406. 
 
 - 1. 
 
 ■■*■/. "■> 
 
 ■ .ill. 
 
 ri-" 
 
 uld 
 
 Embcatocoid^, «">: .riji.-orr! '.?j 
 
INDEX. 
 
 (i'il 
 
 Engraulls mordax, 368. 
 
 Entomology, Angler's, 996- 
 
 Kpliippudif, 391. 
 
 Ephii^pus Kigas, 389, 391. 
 
 Epinephelus morio, 400. 
 
 EsoiiiUv, 284, 3^7, 379, 404. 
 
 Esox attinis, 379. 
 
 estor, 339. -..-i ;. : 
 
 I'asciatuH, 393. , 
 
 luCtMCS, 390. • I ; 
 
 lucius, 328, 379, 404, ■ ,' . 
 nobilior, 284, 337. 
 ravenelii, 380. 
 reticulatus, 292, 380, 404. 
 Exoglossum luaxillingua;, 383 
 
 F. 
 
 Fairmaid, 398. 
 Fall fish, 384. 
 
 little, 3S4. 
 Fario Clarkii, 343. 
 Flattisti, 339, 357, 390, 
 Flounder, 239, 357, 390. 
 Fly, for bass, 279. 
 
 for Florida bass, 375. 
 
 F"erj;uson, 279. 
 
 tlolberton, 379, 
 
 Page, 279. 
 
 turkey biown, 379. 
 
 turkey green, 379- 
 Frostfish, 240. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gadidae, 239, 356. 
 G2.IUS morrhua, 239. 
 Ganoids, 411. 
 Gaspergou, 383. 
 Gila elegans, 313, 388. 
 
 emorii. 314, 389. 
 
 gracilis, 313, 388. 
 
 grahami, 388. 
 
 gnla, 388. 
 
 nigra, 389. 
 
 nigrans, 314. , . 
 
 pandora, 388. 
 
 robusta. 312, 387. 
 
 seminuda, 353, 389. 
 Gizzard lish, 308. 
 Gloveri, 305. 
 Goggle-oye, 333, 378. 
 Gold fibli, 383. 
 Goody, 345, 396. 
 Grayling, 308, 334, 340. 
 
 Hack's, 349. 
 
 lesser, 349. , .,^, ,. 
 
 mountain, 350. ^ i,;i;-ii;i 
 Grcentish, 403. 
 Grilse, 361. 
 Grouficr, black, 399, 
 
 red, 400. 
 Grunt, black, 399. 
 
 red mouth, 398, 
 
 f , M 
 
 :' '-, 
 
 ,a; 
 
 ■:..•^ , ;,l)i)i;')uf.'! 
 
 Grunter, 311. 
 Gkystes nigricans, 273. 
 salinoides, 373. 
 
 ;(iV':'' 
 
 .'■ j'.l; 
 
 vi''' ..: 
 
 ,-|.H:U ' 
 
 !i''< : :: 
 
 /.;.:i(l ' 
 
 ■'■-'''• 
 
 •f:;,;.-L; 
 
 
 .nMj : 
 
 t ^ '* ' 
 
 .■."l 
 
 1,1 .7. 
 
 ,,(•-.1 ;,, 
 
 ', I : I ' ; y.-j 
 
 Haddock, 239. • ' |''''| ' 
 
 Ummvlun aruratum, 399. " ' •' ■ ' 
 
 chrysopteron, 398. ';■ ■' 
 
 Hake, 245. ' 
 
 Halibut, 358. 
 
 Haploidoiiasut grunnieus, 311, 323. 
 Herring, 326, 381. 
 
 big-eyed, 4. 
 
 branch, 381. ' 
 
 glut, 381. 
 
 lake, 310. 311, 337, 
 
 mountain, 350. 
 
 river, 326. > / 
 
 toothed, 326. ' 
 
 Heti'rastichus rostrntus, 355 
 Hippogl;lS■.^us vulgaris, 358. 
 Hog chukc-r, 390. 
 Hog lihh, 399, 
 
 Holconotus rhodoterus, 366. 
 H(3rn pout, 3S3. 
 Hutueu, 340. . , 
 
 Hyodoiitida;, 3S0. ' ' . 
 
 Hyodontergisus, 336, 3S0. 
 
 ./ I'll 
 ' •■■>/. 
 
 »t\: 
 
 I V, . 
 
 I. 
 
 
 Ice, fishing through, 389, 291. 
 IcTHELis incisor, 378. 
 
 rubicunda, 37S. 
 Ingersoll, Ernest, Lecture on Fishes, 
 
 408. 
 
 Jaci- fish, 393. ■ ■ 
 
 Jack mariddle, 406. '; 
 
 Jorker, 353. 
 Jewtish, 406. ' ' ■ 
 
 E/ 
 
 i;- 
 
 I 
 'lil.'lfl'.iU 
 
 Killifish, 383. 
 
 Kiiiglish, 243. 245, 355» 393- „ 
 
 King tishing, by Geaio C. Scott, 345. 
 
 rod for, 346, ., . ■- 
 
 Kiver, 383. ..t-t ,<n^i!-i!D(iin::ti\i 
 
 Ko-lak-ah, 340. .: 
 King, 340. 
 
 
 Labracidae, 401. 
 Labrax albidus, 373. ' 
 
 liueatus, 350, 333. 
 
 nigricans, 372. 
 Labrida', 240, 390, 358. 
 I,abrus pulcher, 358. 
 Lady fish, 406. 
 Lafayette, .^5. 396. 
 Lagodom rhomboides, 398. 
 
 I III 
 
 ' U.' 
 
 [<. : ...i.W 
 
 ;,,■ ,'i;.v 
 Up''., ,•-.« ( I ■. 
 
 if.^lv<.(. !•;)■•■,, 
 
 .iVJi/ilj;'";.. ij 
 
 ; ,>'l.'!iliijK " 
 ■IW 'l^'i .<■■''-'' 
 
'il 
 
 H! 
 
 
 682 INDEX. 
 
 '■■(i >, 
 
 Lake lawyer, 334. 
 Lariinus I'asciatiis, 397. 
 Learli, N. 1'., Luiigo, 303. 
 Ltiuciscus iiitidus, 384. j;.,i 
 
 Liastoinus lincatus, 355. ,, 
 
 obli(iiius, 245, 396. I , 
 
 Loboles surinamu'iisis 396, ,, ;,, ; 
 
 xaiitliurus, 396. ^j.-, 
 
 Losh, 339. ', ;;'; , 
 
 Lota maculata, 339. . •;•;, 
 
 Luc»!atrulla leucichthys, 340, ;';j.; ;/ 
 Lucioporca pepinus, 3J3. i;!,.':,- 
 
 Lunge, 300. i,,;ri 
 
 MaCKF.REL, 241. !,■'.*.;•'■■ 
 
 banded, 393. 
 
 black spotted Spanish, 343, 393. 
 
 common, 391. 
 
 green, 393. •■■lUs,' . 
 
 horse, 343, 353, 393. ' ; •. ' 
 
 Sjianish, 242, 391. *u ,;(;;'; , 
 Mascai.onc.e, 284, 327. 
 
 sketch .)f, by L L. Heaman, 3S5. 
 
 methods ot capturing, 387. 
 Maw moutli, 378. 
 Megalops thrissoides, 406. 
 Melashegaiiay, 338. 
 Menticirrus nebulosus, 345, 395. 
 Microgadus tomcodus, 340. i- •■> 
 Micropogon undulatus, 396. "^ 
 MiCKOPTERUs nigricans, 373 
 
 salmoides, 310, 373. 
 Microstomides. .,..-. . . 
 
 Microstomidae, 359, 
 Minister, 383. 
 
 Minnows, 383. .•>■•.,'- j;: iJi 
 
 Mooneye, 336. t-r. . 
 
 river, 380. ■ iv- . = ; 
 
 Morone americana, 353, 379, 401 
 Morrhua jiroxima, 356. 
 Morskoi, 349, 
 Mud dab, 239. .sj. 
 
 Muddying, 371. 
 Mud rtsh, 310, 334. 
 MugilidsE, 353, 386, 406. 
 Mugii lineatus, 406. 
 Ml'LI-KT, 283, 386, 406. 
 
 golden, 3S3. 
 
 jack, 383. 
 
 long headed, 353. 
 
 of the Mormons, 353 
 Muskellunge, 384. 
 
 313. 
 
 
 liJMJi rtjtfv! 
 
 1(1 .J-j7.'r;: 
 
 \.v. .ibl![-(li 
 
 a.^qi. 
 
 
 Nulato, 340. 
 Nutalasici, 34 o 
 
 N. 
 
 Oplopoma pantherina, 368. 
 Orcynus secundi-dorsalis, 243, 393. 
 Orthopristis fulvomaculatus, 399. 
 Osmerus mordax, 359, 310. 
 Ouininnish, 30?. / .:■:.,.., 
 
 P. 
 
 Pantostkus jarrovii, 314, 353, 389 
 
 platyrhynchus, 314, 353, 389. 
 Paralahrax clatiirutus, 354. 
 
 nebulifcr, 354. 
 Paralichtiiys inaculosus, 358. 
 Perca flavescens, 373, 333, 377. 
 Perch, 376. 
 
 bachelor, 378. 
 
 black, 249," 272, 276, 379, 396. 
 
 blue, 340. 
 
 buffalo, 322. ' 
 
 chinkapin, 378. ;•• ■ ' 
 
 E. Jacksonii, 366. .,■ ih , 
 
 goggle-eyed, 378. 
 
 green, 373. 
 
 golden-barred, 366. 
 
 grunting, 322. 
 
 pike, 272, 319. 
 
 rcd-bellicd, 378. . >■' . 
 
 red-finned, 377. 
 
 ring, 272, 377. 
 
 sand, 378. 
 
 San Francisco, 354. 
 
 sapphire, 365. ^ . . 
 
 silver, 378. - •! .,,■,, . 
 
 silvery, 366. ,-. ,. , 
 
 speckled, 378. ,.'.,• 
 
 strawberry, 378. . „ 
 
 sun, 379. i. 
 
 viviparous, 365. 
 
 white, 253, 311, 379,411. 
 
 yellow, 272, 276. 323, 377. 
 Percida;, 272, 312, 354, 373. 
 Pescaditi, 3T3, 314. 
 Pescadito, 388. .,, 
 
 Pickerel, 380. ... ;,. , 
 
 pond, 292. . ; . ' 
 
 Pig fish, 396. • /, - 
 
 Pike, 390, 328, 339, 379, 404. 
 
 glass-eyed, 373, 319. 
 
 sand, 322. -vi 
 
 wall-eyed, 272, 319. ,.'■ . 
 
 PiMOI.EDl'S catUS, 382. .'■ :; 
 
 nigricans, 282. ,:;">: 
 
 Plalessa bilineatus, 358. mi : 
 
 Pl.ATICHTHVS rUgOSUS, 357. 
 
 utnbrosus, 358. ■'• 
 
 Pleuronectida>, 239, 357, 390. 
 PoGoNiAS cromis, 395. .7 , 
 
 fasoiatus, 396. ■ ;•; 
 
 Poliachius carbonarius, 239. !:, 
 Pollock, 239. ■:. 
 
 Pomatomida;. 253, 403. 
 Pomatomus saltatiix, 253, 403. 
 PomoiLs vulgaris, 379. 
 PoMAROi.us mediviris, 381. 
 
 pseudoharengns, 381. :;.; . ••, 
 PoMATis auritiis, 323. r»--r '• 
 
 vulgaris, 2S2, 323- 
 PoMoxis hcxacanthus, 378. 
 
 rhoiuboides, 378. iiij , . 
 
 Pompano, 393. 
 Ponti lish, 3S2. 
 PoRGV, 24S, 39S. 
 
 rhomboidai, 398, 
 
 \ < 
 
 
 •.>!f:i 
 
 ;>!(■ 
 
 ■ \>'RA?. tsyfi. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 683 
 
 Porirhthys notatus, 356. 
 
 l^dundci , 406. 
 
 Pristitioiimlidic, 398. 
 
 INeudo pUnironectes americanus, 339. 
 
 Ptychostomus conjestus, 314, 389, 
 
 Piiiniikin-seecl, 282. 
 
 Purmalids, 349. 
 
 R. 
 
 Red-eye, 378. 
 
 Rcdfisli, 348, 355, 394. 
 
 Red-horse, 283, 314, 338, 383, 389- 
 
 Red mouth, speckled, 399. 
 
 Red snapper, 400. 
 
 Roach, 245, 282. ; - ' * 
 
 l^(Kct-s chrysops, 379. - • 
 
 lineatus, 379, 401. 
 RocKFisH, 354, 355, 401. ,.; ' ' 
 
 dusky, 354. 
 Round tish, 340, 381. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sa 
 
 c-a-lac, 378. 
 
 
 
 Sailor's choice, 399. 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 ": ■ ' 
 
 Sai.mo adirondakus, 304. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 atraria, 353. 
 
 
 ' ' ■ 
 
 
 bairdii, 347. 
 
 
 
 
 brevicauda, 347. 
 
 ■ 1 • ■ ( 
 
 ''1 
 
 
 campbelli, 349. 
 
 
 .'!'■■ 
 
 
 canadensis, 265. 
 
 
 I . f f ' ' ■ - 
 
 
 carinatus, 345. 
 
 
 
 
 conlinis, 304. 
 
 
 
 
 fontinalis, 293, 331, 
 
 384. 
 
 
 
 pibbsii, 347. 
 
 
 
 
 hoodii, H48. 
 
 
 ' 1 ■ ■ 
 
 
 immaculatus, 265. 
 
 
 , '\'A' 
 
 
 iridea, 341. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 kenncrlyi, 347. 
 
 
 
 
 lewisi, 345. 
 
 f , 
 
 '- "' ,' ■' 
 
 
 masoni. 343. 
 
 t ' > r ' 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ' ^. 
 
 
 namaycush, 329. 
 
 
 ' ' ' ■ 
 
 
 newberryi, 348. 
 
 ' '■" ■■ 
 
 ' ■ 1 >' ^ 
 
 
 oquasso, 299. 
 
 ''•I!' 
 
 
 
 parkii, 347. 
 
 
 
 
 pleuriticlius, 343. 
 
 '; ' , i 
 
 ' '.-.■■' 
 
 
 quinnat, 359. 
 
 
 1 '*': 
 
 
 salar, 260. . 
 
 :;^i'- 
 
 :> I.'l !'•'.' 
 
 
 sebagfo, 305. 
 
 . ,,"'.'i,'; 
 
 "'>-"'■ 
 
 
 siscowet, 331. 
 
 i;(..'"i 
 
 •:" . i ^.':' 
 
 
 spilurus, 312, 3S7. 
 
 ,. /!'. 
 
 :i I'.i .' ' 
 
 
 stellatus, 341. 
 
 ■■i .':•.' 
 
 ■- 1 .;'■"': 
 
 
 stomias, 346. 
 
 
 -■- ■•■' •■ • 
 
 
 symmetrica, 304. 
 
 .:•■ ' 
 
 >.ItJf-.M" 
 
 
 torn a, 300. 
 
 . j r ■ 
 
 'U-'I'/lJ! 
 
 
 virginialis, 344. ■ 
 
 ; ; a#, ■. 
 
 ■ ■ • . ' i' 
 
 
 warrenii, 347. 
 
 
 ' !' Ml /. "^ 
 
 S 
 
 M.MON, 26t. 
 
 Atlantic, 260. 
 
 
 hi -J- ! 
 
 
 Gibbs', 347. 
 
 '■,':; .;■- 
 
 M,;;4ii,i J 
 
 
 Hoods, 348. ■■ 
 
 i/,&A 
 
 Ul ^'iV'-il 
 
 
 ack, 322. o^l 
 ake, 304. 
 
 ,yi/.t.'( 
 
 • viKlo;!" 
 
 
 -fVif 
 
 
 
 land locked, 305. 
 
 . it^V. 
 
 
 Ohio, 372. 
 
 '%' 
 
 
 
 Otsego shad, 309. 
 
 bKh 
 
 ',•" M I < 
 
 Salmon, Western, 27a. 319. 
 
 white, 272, 319. 
 Salmon ti-^hinp season, 307. 
 Salmon, Milne-Edwards on the habits 
 
 of, 410. 
 Salmon run, on Pacific Coast, 361. 
 Salmonidie, a6o, 293, 313, 329, 341,358, 
 
 •184, 387. 
 Sarda pelamys, 342, 391. . . , 
 
 aury, 406. .1 1 ; j . 
 
 ScAi iiii.'UYNCHors platyrhynchus, 399. • 
 Scicnidrc, 343, 338, 355, 394- 
 Sclx-nops ocellatus, 394. 
 ScoMiifcK colias, 391. 
 
 scombrus, 241, 391. 
 
 csox scutellatus, 406. ,.i"T>,.i;.ri/ 
 ScombridiE, 241, 391. ' pui.o 
 
 Scorpnena puttata, 355. i ti '■'.•.' 
 Scorpa-nida-, 355. 
 
 Scott, Genio C, on striped bass, 950. 
 Scup, 248. 
 Scuppanji, 248. ' (I i' 
 
 Sebastcs rosaceus, 355 :. . * 
 
 Semoiii.us corporalis, 384. . i > /'i- 
 
 rhotheus, 384. 
 Sertjeant. 403. 
 Sekioi.a carjlinensis, 393. '.: 
 
 chloris, 392. ii 
 
 zonata, 393. 
 Serranida;, 349. 391). 
 Serranus ervthogarter, 400. 
 
 nigritus', 399. 
 Shah, 267, 308, 380. ■ ■ ■• 
 
 pi/zard, 327. • . - - ,^'j i. j'. • 
 
 hickory, 381. ' ' ' " 
 
 mud, 380. 
 Shad tishiiig, article on, by J. P. Mot- 
 ley, 268. .wj J, /,, 
 
 She-cutts, 243. ; ■'■ ' 
 
 Shef.i'shead, 347, 338, 397. ■■''■ti' !• 
 
 lake, 310. :•! '■•'I- ■'■ [' 
 
 Shmer, 283, 284, 326. •:»,■ .' ■'■■■^■. •'■ 
 
 Shilling face, 384. •• •' '' •'■ 
 
 Shoe maker, 283. ; ,1 • 
 
 Sierra, 243. . , , ,. 
 
 Siluridrt', 282. 314, 334, 382, 385, 389, 407. 
 Sibonia atraria, 353. 
 Siscowet, or siskowitz, 331. 
 Skip-jack, 242, 391, 403, 406. ; 
 
 Skipper, 406. 
 
 J;:^ 
 
 
 
 ■ f ■ ) 
 
 ;.ti:|- "A 
 
 Smelt, 259, vo, 355. .."•!." 'v- ;'.'wl 
 Smolt, 261. ^" m/. ti-i) ''■ 
 
 Snapper, red, 400. ..... i^j^CvliiJ-i. 
 
 Sole, 239, 390. 
 
 Soleidre, 390. 
 
 Spar, 261. 
 
 Sparidai, 247, 397. 
 
 Spearing, 308. 
 
 Speckled hen, 276. 
 
 Sphyrrcna argentea, 355 
 
 Sphyra.Mii(ke, 355. 
 
 Spot, 3Q'). 
 
 Sipieteagno, 243. ..',■'/, 
 
 Squirrel tish, 393. 
 
 Squit, 243. 
 
 Stenotumup argyro])s. 248, 398fi;u,ir,! i( 
 
 Stizostedion americanum, 319,' 
 
 ;..r ry:Uu''t^U . 
 
 11.. j<;lli'/', lO 
 

 I ! 
 iiii I 
 
 ill 
 
 
 •'il 
 
 
 '.'It 
 
 m 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 III 
 
 ■ 
 
 m;,! 
 
 684 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stizostedion americana, 27a. 
 Stone-roller, 386. 
 Stoiie-loler, 3b6. . c^ 
 
 Stony head, 384. .■ .•.':<i 
 
 Sti;k(;f.on, jack, 384. , .'.n., 
 
 rock, 329. 
 
 sharp-nosed, 384. 
 
 short-nosed, 385. 
 
 shovel-nosed, 339. 
 Sturioniihi;, 329. 
 SucKRR, 283, 314, 339, 351, 389. 
 
 black, 2S3, 38a, 
 
 chub, 283, 383. 
 
 common mud, 383. i';.;ii 
 
 horned, 284, 383. ^ . K ■ 
 
 lake, 383. 
 
 large scaled, 381. 
 
 lonp;-linne(l chuck, 383. ,, 
 
 of the JMornions, 352. 
 
 mullet, 383. 
 
 Pittsburjjh, 38a. 
 
 Utah lake, 352. '>f 
 
 Yarrow's, 3j;2. 
 Suckers, snare lor, 983. 
 SuckermanfT, 243. r.fi,. 
 
 Suck-tish, 403. ■ ■• ^' 
 
 SuNrisii,282, 323, 379. ■'"'■ 
 
 northern, 333. „ 
 Sunny, 282. 
 
 •'■itfl; J.-. 
 11;/.' 
 
 .'V. >in' 
 
 '■.MM.- 
 
 •y\ 1 
 
 JI(I.>'VJ 'I 
 
 '•I 
 
 H'M 
 
 wvW 
 
 T. 
 
 M'.Cf- 
 
 
 .\i}\ 
 
 Tailor, 403. 
 
 Tarpum, 406. 
 
 Tautog, 240. 
 
 Tautoga onitis, 240, 390. 
 
 Tautogolabrus adspersus, 240 
 
 Til-ih-yuh, 340. 
 
 TnY.MAi.Li;s niontanus, 350. 
 
 ontariensis, 308. 
 
 signifer, 340, 349. 
 
 tricolor, 334. 
 Tin-mouth, 378. 
 Toad-fish, 356. 
 Togue, 300. 
 Togue angling, 301. 
 Tom cod, 243. 
 Trachinida;, 335. 
 Trout, 376, 373, 394. 
 
 Baird s river, 347. 
 
 black, 343. 
 
 blue-back, 299. 
 
 brook, 293, 341, 384 
 
 Columbia salmon, 347 
 
 Dolly Varden, 349. 
 
 grey, 300, 394. • ■ 
 
 great lake, 329. 
 
 T^'H.t 
 
 
 ■•.•y:'A-),'i'. 
 
 
 .T 
 
 I. Tllrff o 
 
 ■£^^ 
 
 'DOGS USED 
 
 Age, to tell the, 454. 
 
 .EK> /3V>ja 
 
 ->£2 ,n}mTisV 
 
 I ■ : 
 v-jtl 
 
 ■iri; 
 
 Trout, Kcnncrley's 347. 
 
 lake. 304, 373. 
 
 Lewis", 345. 
 
 Mackinaw, 329. 
 
 Mason's, 343. 
 
 Missouri, 345. 
 
 mountain, 341, 384. 
 
 Newberry's, 348. ,^m , ; / 
 
 Pacific brook, 341. 
 
 Pacific red spotted salmon, 349, 
 
 Parke's river, 347. 
 
 Platte river, 346. v.. 1. ■: , 
 
 Rangcley's lake, 399, 
 
 red, 304. 
 
 reil salmon, ^47. 
 
 red sprjtted Rocky Mountain, 347. 
 
 Rio Grande, 313, 387. 
 
 Rock Mountain, 343. 
 
 salmon. 304, 343. 
 
 salt water, 394. 
 
 sea, 265. 
 
 sebago, 305. ..j , . , ., , ■ 
 
 short-tailed, 347. ' > 
 
 silver, 343. 
 
 Southern Rocky Mountain, 344. 
 
 sneckled, 393, 331, 344, 384. 
 
 Utah, 344 
 
 Warren's, 347. ,„^ , 
 
 Yellowstone, 343, 345. , , - 
 Trout (weak fish), 343. ^ 
 
 Tuladi, 300. 
 Tunny, American, 343. 
 
 
 u. 
 
 1 0, : 
 
 .r-ljl - 
 
 Umbrina littoralis, 396. 
 
 undulata, 353. 
 Unduk, 339, ,. ,":-• I HI 
 
 Weak fish, 243. '"" "'" 
 
 White fish, 308, 332, 340, 381. 
 Cones'. 351. 
 
 Rock Mountain, 351. ,, ' 
 
 Williamson's, 350. '•""'">>"' 
 
 HITING, 245, 395. ;'•' ; 
 
 shore, 396. '"■ •""' ' 
 
 surf, 396. 
 W^illiamson, Prof., on Potomac basSj 
 
 374. ,.,. ,,...,; 
 
 Wminnish, 305. " *- ' ' ' ' 
 
 •I.'; P f-J,:' ' '"' 
 
 .v''f jiiji.'jj'.'ii'.i ^i'>/j;*in 
 
 .■"(>(( ..'il:r.'l(/;;iil;j(~i 
 
 Yellow-fin, 343. ;.,,;■! .^;;i;.i!j.i j.,.;: 
 
 Yellow-tail, 396. "• .:..,. ,^i,,ri:,j,.,'., 
 
 Wiu-l- .-ji' 
 
 •Wfe iiiiiu'dtr 
 
 FOR 
 
 ,.-1 i;:-);L.' ':■ 
 
 SPORT. iJJifili::i jiv, ilj! 
 
 .*■■■ J|jni;t> 'esjJiV ,/f- 
 Blood-hound, 443, "". •""'V^'-'?'^.*; 
 
 Beagles, 440. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 1 
 i 
 
 !l 
 1 
 
 ! 
 { 
 
 1 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 68s 
 
 Breaking, 457, : ■ 'ilt jikt )/! 
 
 backing;, 460. 1 
 
 tliishiii^';, 4(16. 
 
 gun shyness, 468. ■ 
 
 raking, 466. . • ' 
 
 rctrit.'vins. 463. 1 r 
 
 wide iimjrinn', 469. 
 
 whip, use of, 469. 
 Brekdim;, 473. 
 
 at imberty. 474. '•' - 
 
 tor kind, 478. 
 
 plurality of sires, 478. 
 
 
 Mill.'.' 
 
 I /; ■> V 
 
 O. 
 
 ChesapeaKe Bay dog, 423. 
 
 Choice of a dog, 448. ,'■ . ' 
 
 Colleys, 444. ii' .■ 
 
 D. 
 
 Daschiinds, 435. ' ,' 
 
 Deer-hound, 440. , n 
 
 Diseases, 474. ,r ■ 
 
 alopecia, 493. ■ ' 
 
 alteration of secretions, 496. 
 
 bronchouele, 534. 
 
 canker, 531. ; 
 
 cataract, 493. ' '• ■" ;' • ' 
 
 c'lorea Sancti Viti, 511, 
 
 colic, 491. 
 
 convulsions, 508. • ' ' " 
 
 coughs, 533. 
 
 diarrhfKa. 489, 491. 
 
 distemper, 499. 
 
 dysentery, 491. , , .,,;,: ■;,:;, c>;i, 
 
 enteritis, 486. - ■ ', , 
 
 epilepsy, 508. . ;,;. ,,r 
 
 feet, gnawing the, 534- 
 tender, 534. 
 
 fits, 508. 1 1 .1. > 
 
 hernia, 533. ,. .,,.,, 
 
 hydrophobia, 513. ' .. '.^ : ' *' ' 
 
 ileus, 486. 
 
 inflammation of the bowels, 486. 
 of the eye, 492. 
 of the lungs. 499. 7',. ",','"' i 
 
 intestinal catarrh, 486 
 . itch, 493. 
 
 lung tever, 499. 
 
 lyssa, 512. , ... ,,;-,; 
 
 mange, 493. 
 
 mucous enteritis, 489. 
 
 ophthalmiiis, 492. • 
 
 o]ihlhahnitis conjunctivae, 492. 
 
 osmidrosis, 496. 
 
 peritonitis, 489. 
 
 piles, 
 
 pleuro-pneumonia, 499. 
 
 pneumonia, 499. 
 
 purpurea canina, 497. ,,,. 
 
 rabies canina, 5t2. 'C 
 
 ring worm, 494. 
 
 St. Vitus' dance, 511. 
 
 scabies canina, 493. ^, ^•^\^^i\ \ 
 tape-worm, 483. "♦•+-,'- »,+iw 1 , 
 
 trichosis furfuracea canina, 494. 
 
 
 >IC) 
 
 Diseases, tumors, 533. 'U« ji/ll'itriovif 
 
 warts, 533. •*'. ,t,>1Jm !•:><«■ I 
 
 worms, 479. • ' i.,| .; .,ir,,, 
 
 Disinfectants, 535. C,, I' .i-'u'r 
 
 Docking tail, 455. 1 'i: ■■i.w.i iv 
 Domestic dog, 413. . ) . 1 .r 
 
 Emetics, 534. ,,,. ,,„ ■ 
 
 P. "'',:',. "''d ' 
 Feeding, 45a. .ii'i j 
 
 Feeding puppies, 455. .H' loir.n! ■> 
 Fox-hound, 428. 
 
 Grey-hound, 438. 
 
 Harrier, 431. 
 
 a. 
 
 ■.-)i.-j„' ;;;; ■ i, 1 
 
 ,;i' 'U; .'I; ill 
 
 E. 
 
 Kangaroo dog, 444. 
 Kennel, 450. 
 
 • 1. ,.' -rl-f!')!!.-; 
 
 M. 
 
 Muzzling, 45S, 531. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nose, want of, 467. 
 
 Otter-hound, 441, 
 
 o. 
 
 '.-V ,UriAfT». '. 
 .'.-■(.•_ , -jxiUiti ■ 
 
 .,;.. Slu'i ili U I 
 
 I'.nn -..ij.i/.i/tvii'" 
 JP;.',-, .>'.l'-:r :>'rii:)no 
 Pointer, 430. '-^ ,>«,.£ ,7oH:i;jr;< 
 
 Prescriptions, 535. ■%';X;::Zu;r 
 
 MX. V,;, .Oi:X,'.' :. 
 
 Retriever, 427. .n i;tf!-) oiiyi t 
 
 ■ ■ ' ■ ■■>'■ T ••■.■; r 
 Setter, black and tan, 418. , \^ ,;j {[ 
 En,i,dish. 413. ;■ ";,( 
 
 Gordon, 418. .,..,^ .yu-'d'xj'l 
 
 Irish, 415. ,,,, . ■ 
 
 native, 413. 
 Si'ANiEL, lield, 426. 
 
 Irish water, 434, ',^'.y,-rj,u 
 Spaying, 457. ', i^ci !..,s.. v.; 
 
 T. 
 
 Tcntamone, 533, 
 Tekkiek, bull, 443. 
 
 Dandie Diamont, 443. 
 
 English, 443. 
 
 fox, 443. 
 
 Skye, 443. jsj. 
 
 Vermin, 534. 
 
 T^^fSilf llojpl .5>sA 
 
!:i 
 
 686 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 lie I 
 
 FOREST, FIELD AND PRAIRIE. OCEAN, 
 LAKE, AND RIVER. 
 
 I 
 
 I: I 
 
 'I 
 
 il!; 
 
 fi 
 'I ii ; 
 
 Angle worms, artificial, 612. 
 to scour, 613. 
 
 Baked beans, 620. 
 
 Hamhoo, 573. 
 
 Harometer, 613. 
 
 Hites of rabid animals, 6iq. 
 
 Hlinds, 550. 
 
 Burns, 618. 
 
 Cartridges, cleaning. 
 Clam bake, 621. 
 Cold and headache, 618. 
 Concentrators, 568. 
 Croup, 618. 
 
 Decoys, 563. 
 
 Deer to pack, or carry, 615. 
 JJiarrhoea and dysentery, 618. 
 Disinfectants, 619. 
 Dittmar wood powder, 566. 
 
 Fever diet, 6i8. - 
 
 Fire arms, rules for use of. 555. 
 
 I- ish baits, 612. 
 
 Fislibone in throat, 618, 
 
 tish lines, to color, 587. ' '' • 
 
 to waterproof, 587. ^n^ . 
 
 Fish roe, 613. 
 Fleas, 614. 
 Fi.iKs, artificial, 603. 
 
 trout flies in season, (5io. ,' ' 
 Fly casting, 578, ^ ■'""= 
 
 Fly fishing, S73. 
 F !y making, 583. tx 
 Frogs, for bait, 613. 
 Ful,ninate for caps and cartridges, 569. 
 
 V*. - 1 3V! V 
 
 Guns and ammunition, 536. 
 
 charges, table of proportionate, SS3 
 choke boring, 554. ^" 
 
 choosing a, 536. 
 cleaning, 579. 
 loading choke-bores, 568. 
 loading for game, 
 loading paper shells, 568. 
 loading shot-guns, 568. 
 
 Guns, point blank, 547. .] 
 
 sighting, 544. 
 
 sh(>()ting ovtT, 544. 
 (.un barrels, to brown. 57a 
 C.unpowder, conipositi.iii of. «6< 
 Gun stocks, to darken, 570. 
 
 H. 
 
 Head with hair on, to cook, 630. 
 Helgramite for bait, 613. 
 Horse, age of, 613. 
 
 food for, 614. 
 
 saddle marks, 614. 
 
 shedding mane, 614. 
 
 swimming a, 613. 
 , to subdue a, 613. 
 
 ticks on, 614. 
 
 Insects, 604. 
 
 r. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lacquer for guns, 571. 
 
 Lasso, 615. 
 
 Leather gun cases, to soften, <ji. 
 
 Lines and lures, 573, ' ., 
 
 Minnows, to keep fresh, 613. 
 
 Mired animals, 614. 
 
 MoHcjuito bites, 578. 
 
 Mountain holth-polth, 631. ^ - 
 
 Mushrooms, 630. * ■ 
 
 P.:r 
 
 Poison ivy, 619. 
 Poisons, 619. 
 Poison sumac, 619. 
 Powder measure, 566. 
 Prairie shooting,y58. 
 
 jTJ.'::'-; , 
 
 Rattlesnake bite, 619. 
 Rawhide straps and halters, 614 
 Keels, 575. ' ' 
 
 Rifles, long and short range, 549. 
 Rods 573. ^ 
 
 Rubber cement, 617. 
 Rust, to preserve steel from, sti 
 in gun barrels, 571, ^' 
 
 :.''itHJ 
 
liVDKW 
 
 687 
 
 Shell-holder, 569, . 1 ' ' 
 
 Shells, 546. 
 
 to clf:in, ^fiq. 
 Shot, iHimher of in a cliarj^e, 566. 
 Sliriinps, to keep Iresh, 612. 
 Small biids, to bake, 620. 
 Snake bites, oiq. 
 Sneak box. !;'«>. 
 Southern sliootinp, $^6. 
 Sciiiawker li-r diiek shooting, 564. 
 Stools lor snipe shooting, ^6\. 
 Sumac poison, 619. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tackle, care of, 576. 
 
 Target, 572. 
 Turkey calls, 564. 
 
 Varnish for rods, 586. 
 Venison steak, 620. 
 
 stew, 620. 
 Vermin, Cia. 
 
 w. ' 
 
 VVaterproofinpr boots, 616. 
 
 •;arments and tents. 616. 
 Weight offish accordiiif^ to length, 
 ^V'eatller indications, 612. , ., 1 > 
 Whistle tor l)ay snipe, 564. ,, ' .. 
 
 for plover, 564. ^ ..■ ,, 
 
 Wild turkev. to roast, 6ao. '. 
 Wire cartridges. 568. ' , , 
 
 Wounds, cure for, 618. v , 
 
 586. 
 
 ;i') .kA ■■1:1 
 
 SPORTING BOATS AND CANOES. • * 
 
 Gunning boat, 631. " Si'' 
 
 Gunning skitT, 633. 
 
 Adirondack boat, 636 
 Al Fresco boat, 626. 
 
 Barnegat sneak boat, 6-io. 
 Berthon's self-fo!ding boat, 637, 
 Birch canoe, 633. 
 Bond's sectional boat, 636. 
 
 o. ...... 
 
 Calking, 633. r 
 
 (;iialou[)e, 628. ,^ 
 
 Chesuijeake Hay boat, 638. ,' 
 
 Calvin's canvas boat, •/ 
 
 
 ■.■1:1 
 
 Dug out, 633. 
 
 
 <■■ .y- 
 
 English canoe, 637. 
 
 English centre-board gig, 632. 
 
 '•/fiinJSbl. ■ 
 Fair Haven sharper, 6a6. '? sbid- 
 
 Fenner's portable boat, 635. -'C? <*' 
 
 iuA .«■ 
 
 
 Gordon canoe, 637, ,t.»,. ,. 
 
 :\: 
 
 ■ i y 
 
 Hegeman's folding boat, 635. 
 Herald canoe, 637. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lyman's patent rowing gear, 638. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mackinaw boat, 628. 
 Monitor raft, 635. 
 
 Nautilus, 633. 
 Newport boat, 626. 
 
 N. 
 
 Pirogue, 633. 
 
 P. 
 
 ; ■ / 1 1' 
 
 ■,yrj.'' 
 
 it 
 
 .'7 
 
 
 ■ ■ • ■ J 
 
 
 i < 
 
 ;,' I 
 
 
 tlOt''* ' (** 
 
 ■ ! >. V, 
 
 ; 
 
 7 
 
 ^ 
 
 '- ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '! -1' 
 
 ; r 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 ■»•;■' .. 
 
 (i!;l;;.r; 
 
 .' 
 
 4 
 
 I'..-. Tv. 
 
 Stj'c'J 
 
 • I'r 
 
 HI 
 
 •'J 
 
 Qui Vive canoe, 637. 
 
 It 
 
 Rob Roy, 630. 
 Rushton boat, 637, 
 
 ■ t 
 
 : i 
 
 S. A^rjihi^l 
 
 Sailing, rules for, 623. .'? »nibi«?'t 
 
 suggestions for, 625. '* B"H'««* 
 

 <\\: 
 
 688 
 
 Treat's steel frame canoes, 635. 
 T.) waterproof paper boats, 623. 
 To whiten decks, 623. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waters' paper canoe, C36, 
 Whitehall boat, 634. 
 
 i f-- \. 
 
 
 1 1(11 1 
 
 Pi: y 
 
 ii;l*' 1 ' 
 
 o. 
 
 Camp site, 644. 
 Compass, 647. 
 Carrying camp stun", 643. 
 Condensed Jood, 643. 
 
 Dress, 63Q. 
 
 F. 
 
 WOODCRAFT. 
 
 Fire, h. 
 
 Fhes, protection against, 646. 
 
 Outfit, 639. 
 
 Party, selection of the, 64a. 
 Provisions, 640. 
 
 Rocky Mountain trout, 65a. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sleeping, 64a. 
 Snow blindness, 655, 
 Southern travel, 649. 
 
 Trails, 549. 
 Water, 640. 
 
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A SrORTSMAN'S DIRECTORY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL RESORTS FOR GAME AND FISH 
 IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 This State has a population of 907,000. It may be said to be 
 divided into three parts lil<c its neighbor (ieorgia, namely, into the 
 low country, the midland or pine wood country, and the upper or 
 hill country. In the lower part, on the coast, sea fowl are abun- 
 dant in winter, and the salt water fishing is good. I'here are 
 many canebrakes and wilderness tracts which abound in wild game 
 of all kinds, panthers, bears, deer, and the like. In the piney 
 woods and mountain districts, the game includes many northern 
 varieties. The State is sparsely^ettled in many parts, and the 
 game is very abundant. By takWjg one of the railroads or rivers 
 which traverse the States like arteries, the sportsman can find 
 access tolerably easy to excellent hunting districts. The fishing, 
 except for black bass, or "chub," is indifferent. 
 
 Baldwin Cotmty— 
 
 Fish River and Berwick's Bay. From Mobile take one of the little steam- 
 ers, which nly regularly, t-.vice daily between the city and all (loints on the bay, 
 to Battle's Vv hart, and drive thence nine miles to the ferry on H-h River. Here 
 will be found every convenience in the way ot boats, and the angl . r can enjoy the 
 udvantages of both fresh and salt water tishing. In he river and its numerous 
 tributary creeks and branches are multitudes of perch, and a species of bass, called 
 by the natives frcsh-watcr trout. 
 
 The bay is only a mile below the mill, and in its waters are salt-water trout, 
 red-lish, croakers, sheepshead, and mullets by the myriad. These latter cannot 
 be caught with a hook, but are easily caught with nets, and are used for bait. 
 Minnows are not to be had, and cut mullet is used almost exclusively. 
 
 Berwick's Hay, or Wick's Hay as it. is called, is a lake-like expansion of Fish 
 River, where it forms an elliptical basin sonic three miles long and two miles 
 broad before its emboucher into Mobile Bay. Where its waters mingle with 
 those of the bay, it is not more than two hundreil yards wide, and at tnis place 
 is a bar, which is a fine place for seining. The fishing in the bay is at times very 
 exciting, and at all seasons, plenty of game and edible fish reward the angler s 
 care. The gars do not annoy one quite as much here as in the river. 
 
 Fish River^ which empties into Berwick's Bay, twenty-five miles from Mobile, 
 is a favorite hshing ground for red-hsh, croakers, trout, mullet, etc. Captain 
 Wemyes owns a large saw-mill on the river, and will entertain. Reached by sail- 
 boat or steam-tug from Mobile. Country flat. 
 
2 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Itullock County — 
 
 A large part of the county is covered by expensive nine forests which are full 
 of paine. The Montgomery and Eufaula, and the Mobile anil Girard Railroads, 
 intersect at Union Springs, where hotel accommodations may be found, and from 
 which the game centres are accessible, 
 
 Cherokee County— 
 
 Stonewall, on the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad, and Centre, reached from 
 Greenwood on the Alabama and (Chattanooga Railroad, are initial points for si)ort 
 in this county. Hears, deer, wild turkeys, (piail, and other game are abundant. 
 The country is mountainous, and partly covered with pine forests. 
 
 Choctaw County — 
 
 Lies between the Tombigbee River and the Mississippi line. The county tt wn 
 is Butler, which lies a little to the north and east of the centre of the cou ity. 
 The nearest railroad and telegraph station is at Vork, Sumter County, distant 
 thirty-eight miles. There are several other towns of very moderate size in Choc- 
 taw Countj^, the principal of which are Bladen Springs, Mount Sterling, and 
 Tompkinsville. 
 
 The game consist"^ of deer, bears, an occasionalwild-cat, or catamount— rac- 
 coons, c;.ossums, rabbity, squirrels, wild turkeys, ducks, quail (partridge), geese, 
 snine, "odcock, and many others. Deer and turkeys are particularly abundant, 
 and wi t little trouble one can have rare sport. 
 
 There are several small lakes throughout the county, and these are full of 
 fish. The river contains many varieties in abundance, including the white, or 
 channel cat, and the buffalo. 
 
 The hunting grounds are very uneven, broken and hilly. 
 
 The routes most favorable for getting into this country are, from the North 
 and East, 7>ia Montgomery, where you take the Western Alabama Railroad to 
 Selma ; thence the Alabama Central to Demopolis, or, if the boat be not there, to 
 York, where a team can be hired to Butler. If the boat be at Demopolis, stop 
 there, and go down the river (Tombigbee) to Tuskohoma, where a conveyance 
 can be procured for Mount Sterling or Butler, the former distant four, and the 
 latter eight miles. 
 
 From the west go to Meridian, Mississippi, forty miles from Butler, and take 
 the cars thence to Vork, or hire a carriage to Butler. 
 
 The most pleasant way is from the .South. Go to Mobile, and there take the 
 boat to Bladen Springs Landing (Bladen itself is four miles from the river ; con- 
 veyai ce thitlier can always be procured from Mr. Heron, who keeps the landing), 
 or go on to Tuskohoma Landing, as before. At Tuskohoma, Mr. Henry Gaines, 
 the pioprietor, will give every information and afford every facility to the visitor. 
 
 If you stop at Bladen, Mr. James T. Staples will show the sportsman plenty 
 of game, and take pleasure in making his stay agreeable. 
 
 At Bladen there is a hotel. If the visitor goes to Butler he will have to depend 
 upon the kindness of the people. There are some who keep what is called a 
 " house of entertainment. Where the traveler can obtain food and lodging. But 
 with the exception of Mr. Spangenberg, no one entertains except during court. 
 After a few days the sportsman will probably be taken in hand by the members 
 of the Hound Dog Club, all of whom will take jileasure in making the stranger 
 comfortable. The country is very uneven, broken by steep ridges and hills. 
 
 Clarke County — 
 
 By taking boat to any one of the river towns on the Tombigbee or Alabama 
 River and then striking inland, the sportsman cannot fail of finding game in abun- 
 dance. Deer, bears, wild-cats, raccoons, opossums, turkeys, ducks,.geese, snipe, 
 woodcock, rabbits and squirrels will be found in more or less abundance with 
 white, channel, cat, and buffalo fish in the rivers and their tributary streams. 
 
 Colbert County — 
 
 South Florence, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, is near the Muscle 
 Shoals, famed for their wild-fowl shooting. [See Lauderdale County.] Deer, tur- 
 keys, and quail arc abundant through the county. 
 
 C»neenh County— 
 
 Evergreen, on the Mobile and Montgomerv Railroad, is a good initial point 
 for the sportsman. Deer, turkeys, quail, small game and wild fowl shooting 
 may be (ound in fair numbers. 
 
 I 
 
CAME AND FISH RESORTS, 3 
 
 JDeKalb County- 
 Deer, bears, an occasional panther, wild turkcvs, quail, and squirrels. The 
 fishing is chiefly for blacit bass, chub, and bream. Reacncd via tiie Alabama and 
 Chattanooga Railroad to Valley Head, forty miles from Chattanooga. The sur- 
 face of the country is rugged and mountainous, and noted for its romantic scenery. 
 
 Usramhla Countif— 
 
 Witli the exception of the southern portion, this county is still unsettled, and 
 abounds in game, while the numerous streams afford good fishing. Deer, 
 turi<eys, (luail and other game will be found in abundance, by starting out from 
 any point on the Mobile and Montgomery Railroad. 
 
 tfackson County — 
 
 The numerous creeks in this county furnish black bass, catfish, drum, perch, 
 red horse, and wall-eyed pike fishing. The wooded and mountainous parts are 
 the abode of deer and wild turkeys, and quail and wild fowl are found in 
 numbers sufficient for good sport. Take Tennessee River boats to Hellefonte, 
 or go via Memphis and Charleston Railroad, to Larkinsville, Stevenson, or to 
 Scottsborough, at which place board can be obtained for $13 to $15 per month. 
 
 *feffer8on County — 
 
 Joncsborongh . Hears and deer in the neighboring mountains, (juail and wood- 
 cock in the swamps and cultivated fields. Game abundant along the Salem Creek, 
 and on the line ot the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad, by which Jonesboro 
 is reached. Good hotels. 
 
 Lauderdale County— 
 
 North Alabama is one of the finest hunting regions In the United States. The 
 fields are filled with quail, the woods with wild turkeys and deer, and all the 
 streams and ponds in winter abound with wild ducks and geese. The finest wild- 
 goose shooting is to be had every winter in the Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee 
 River, where the wild geese congregate by the thousands. The shoals are 
 about five miles wide, and filled with small islands, called *' tow-heads." Most 
 of these tow-heads are covered with drift wood, in which the sportsmen conceal 
 themselves, and shoot the geese as they fly over, which happens every few 
 minutes, as they are constantly being disturbed by one cause or another. Just 
 before nightfall, the geese leave the river for the fields and ponds, which af- 
 fords the sportsman another good opportunity for rare sport. What is true 
 of the wild geese, is more or less true of the wild ducks, with this in addition, 
 ihat the latter are to be found every where, all the winter through, filling every 
 point, "spring branch," or creek. Wild turkeys abound everv where, and the 
 red deer almost every where. The deer are hunted with hounds. Laige black 
 bass are caught in Shoal Creek The route is to South Florence, or Florence 
 via Tuscumbia, on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, or to Decatur on 
 the same road, tlience via team or boat down the river. Or go to Athens on 
 the Louisville and Nashville and Great Southern Railroad, thence by wagon. 
 
 See Decatur, Morgan County. 
 
 Lawrence County— 
 
 Courtland, reached via the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, is in the vicinity 
 of good deer, turkey, quail and wild-fowl shooting. The Muscle Shoals (See 
 Lauderdale County), on the northern border of the county, are accessible from 
 Courtland. 
 
 Jjhncstone County — 
 
 This county is well supplied with game. Deer, turkeys, quail, ducks and 
 geese, afford fine snort, and the fishing is for black bass, salmon, pike, and 
 speckled jierch. Tne Nashville and Louisville and Great Southern Railroad 
 intersects the county, and renders it easily accessible. Slop at Athens or other 
 points on this road. Steamers ply on the Tennessee and Elk Rivers. 
 
 Lowndes County — 
 
 This county is made up of pine and hammock lands, and abounds in the varie- 
 ties of game peculiar to such country. The county is intersected by the Mobile 
 and Montgomery Railroad, and from that road the game grounds are accessible. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Madiison County— 
 
 HuHtsville. Excellent black bass and wall-eyed pike fishi.ig in Flint River, 
 fifteen miles distant. The best points are at Wood's and Gardiner's Mills. See 
 also Decatur, Gunlcrsville and Muscle Shoals, all ot which places are resorted to 
 by Hunts ville sportsmen. 
 
 Marengo County— 
 
 ' For description of game and character of county, see Choctaw County. Take 
 the route as there given to Demopolis, or thence down the river to any of the 
 stoamboat landings. 
 
 Marshall County— 
 
 Guntersville. In Short Creek are black bass, catfish, drum, perch, red-horse 
 and salmon, or wall-eyed pike. On the Tennessee River, thirty miles from 
 Huntsville, reached by wagon or boat. 
 
 Mobile County— 
 
 Mobile. Deer, quail, snipe, ducks, and many varieties of bay birds, and wild 
 fowl on the bay, with excellent fishing. Daily communication with Lake Pon-* 
 tchartrain, Louisiana (See Lake Pontchartrain). 
 
 Monroe Cotmty — 
 
 Claiborne^ on the Alabama River. Deer, turkeys and quail. Reached via 
 steamer from Mobile or Montgomery. Hotel. 
 
 Montgomery County — 
 
 Montgomery. The central position of this city and its excellent railroad and 
 river communications with all parts of the State, render it one of the best initial 
 points for sportsmen in the whole State. The Mobile and Montgomery, Mont- 
 gomery and Eufaula, South and North Alabama, and Western Alabama Rail- 
 roads all centre here, and on the line of each the sportsman will find excellent 
 game regions. The Alabama, Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, on all of which 
 steamers ply, flow through a country full of deer, bears, wild turkeys, quail and 
 other game. The railroad and steamboat officials are as a rule well-informed as 
 to game localities, and will always give every information in regard to the best 
 routes, etc. 
 
 Morgan County — 
 
 Decatur, The game fish are the trout, so-called— a congener of the northern 
 bass — the salmonjthe pike, and the speckled perch, a fine fish, often weighing 
 several pounds. These fish are usually taken with the minnow for bait, though 
 in Swan and Beaver Lakes, they are taken with the fly, and by " bobbing." 
 Swan and Beaver Lakes, the places most visited by anglers from a distance, are 
 one mil6 from Decatur, where strangers can find good hotels. These lakes are 
 free to all. Next to these the Muscle Shoals aiford the best fishing. Deer, tur- 
 keys, quail, and wild fowl, furnish good sport. 
 
 Decatur is at the junction of the Memphis and Charleston, and the Louisville 
 and Nashville and Great Southern Railroads. The country is hilly and moun- 
 tainous. 
 
 Pike Cotmty — 
 
 The pine forests which are extensive, are filled with game ; bear, deers, wild 
 turkeys, quail, squirrels, etc. Take the Mobile and Girard Railroad to Troy, 
 whence other parts of the county are accessible by wagon roads. 
 
 Sumter County — 
 
 For general description of the county with game and fish, see Choctaw County. 
 Take the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad to Livingston or York, or the 
 Alabama Central to Coatopa, and from these points the game regions are 
 easily reached. 
 
 Washington County — 
 
 The country and game of this county answer to the description given under 
 Choctaw County. Take boat from Mobile up the Tambigbee River to St. Ste- 
 phens, or strike off' from any of the stations on the Imb of the Mobile and Ohio 
 Railroad. 
 
GAME AND FISH RE SO UTS. 
 
 Wilcox County— 
 
 Take the Alabama River steamers to Black's Bluff or Clifton, or the Selma 
 and Gulf Railroad to AUenton, or Pine Apple. Deer, turkey and quail shooting, 
 will be found along the river bottoms, and other varieties of large and small game 
 in the woods. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Alaska has an area of 580,107 square miles. The southern 
 and western portions are mountainous and near the coast covered 
 with forests of spruce, cedar and fir. The Northern and Arctic 
 Ocean coast regions are level and, for the most part, barren. The 
 climate is not so severe as that of the corresponding latitude on 
 the Atlantic coast. The mean annual temperature at Sitka is 42°. 
 The zoology of the country embraces, elk, deer, polar bear, barren- 
 ground bear, grizzly bear, black bear, seal, fo.x, beaver, marten, 
 otter, mink, lynx and W5lvenne. Alaska is the nesting place of 
 many migratory birds ; geese, ducks, the canvas-back and others, 
 swans, ospreys, etc. The ptarmigan is found here. The fish are 
 of many varieties and of inexhaustible quantities, constituting the 
 chief wealth of the c<jVintry. 
 
 At the head of the salt water species stands the salmon, found 
 from Behring Straits to the most southerly point of Vancouver's 
 Island. In the spawning season the straits, bays, sounds and 
 inlets of the coast are thronged with it. f^rom the first of June to 
 the middle of August the Stikine and Yukon Rivers are fairly alive 
 with the countless numbers hastening to the headwaters, among 
 the mountain gorges. The first salmon to visit Alaska is the chief 
 or king salmon, the onchorhynchiis orientalis of Pallas. Two 
 other species are also found in these waters, the O. lagocephalus 
 and O. Proteus, of Pallas, and the iwot-glag-hoo and noog-lag-uh, 
 respectively, of the Yukons or Tinnehs. The salmon or mountain 
 trout is very abundant in the northern portion of Alaska, and is 
 apparently a constant resident, as it is found in the streams at all 
 seasons. 
 
 The O. sangidnolaitus, or red-fish, the O, lycaodon, or dog 
 salmon, and the salmo purpiiratus or black salmon, of Pallas, 
 arrive in the rivers between August and October, and run for a 
 month or more. 
 
 A sucker found here, which is called craskee by the Russians, 
 {catostomus teres), is quite common, and for its northern habitat, 
 quite large, averaging from four to seven pounds. A species of 
 the cottidae, called undttk by the Tinnehs, frequents the shallow 
 streams and ponds, and is caught in large numbers by the abori- 
 gines, who scoop them out with their hands, paddles and grass 
 baskets. A small dace, also found with this, bites readily at a 
 
O GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 baited hook. The pike, {esox cstor), is very abundant in the ponds 
 and lakes of the almost arctic regions of Alaska. The burhot, eel 
 pout, or losh, {lota maculata), swarms in the lakes and rivers. 
 Of the wliile-fish, there are several varieties or species, the larger 
 portion being allied to the southern prototypes, the greater differ- 
 ence being in their numbers. The nulato — nulatoski of the 
 Russians, the morskoi, or white-fish of the Russians, the hump- 
 backed species, the corabati of the Russians and Ko-lak-ah of the 
 Yukons, is quite abundant but bony and insipid, the corei^omts 
 nasus, or round fish — the Russian kru^i^, and Yukon hiittien, is a 
 denizen of several streams, and is often caught for food ; the cor.' 
 egonus miiksioi, or broad white-fish, the tel-ih-yiih of the Yukons, 
 weight of thirty pounds. The largest of this genus is the great 
 white-fish, {luciotrutta leiicicthys), which excels its congeners not 
 only in size but flavor. It is very abundant in the Stikine and 
 Yukon Rivers — and is found in all the streams throughout the 
 year. The grayling, {t/iymallus), is v " abundant, and with the 
 brook trout completes thr Mst. Tl'^ salt water fishing is for cod, 
 tom cod, halibut, five spto. s of clupea, two species of flounders, 
 euchalon and smelts. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 The surface of the State, which has an area of 113,916 square 
 miles, may be described as a series of wide and elevated plateaus 
 sloping gradually southward and interspersed with desert wastes 
 and arid plains on which no vegetation grows, excepting the arte- 
 misia or sage bush. These plateaus are broken up by numerous 
 mountain chains and spurs and diversified by many lofty buttes. 
 A noticeable feature of the country is the rumber and depth of its 
 canons. The mountain regions are densely wooded and are the 
 haunts of many kinds of wild animals. The plateaus, prairie and 
 sandy plains, are, especially in the southern portions, good shoot- 
 ing grounds for wild fowl and other game birds. The game of 
 the country includes elk, deer, antelope, mountain sheep, pumas, 
 jaguars, ocelots, black and grizzly bears, wild cat, red and grey 
 wolves, fox, peccary, raccoon, opossum, sage-rabbit, several vari- 
 eties of squirrel, wild turkeys, ducks and geese in great variety 
 and abundance, swans, cranes, curlew, snipe, plover, etc., in count- 
 less multitudes. The streams contain several varieties of gamey 
 and finely flavored fish. 
 
 Arizona is thinly settled, there being few towns, with a limited 
 number of military posts. The population is in great part of 
 Spanish and half-breed descent. The lines of communication 
 through the country are few, and confined to the stage routes. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. J 
 
 These are all more or less infested by Indians, chiefly Apaches, 
 rendering travel and hunting here very precarious. For this rea- 
 son we have not specified particular localities. The sportsman 
 will not be apt to go far from the regular lines of travel, nor will 
 he need to do so. He will find in his pathway game of all kinds 
 and in such quantity as to afford him constant occupation. We 
 will however mention, as one of the best regions for elk, deer, 
 antelope and wild turkey shooting, the White Mountains. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 Arkansas has a population of 484,471. It is sparsely settled In 
 nearly all parts, and therefore offers unusual opportunities for 
 sportsmen who are willing to rough it. There are very few coun- 
 try hotels in the State, that can be dignified even by the name of 
 tavern, so that the sportsman must generally be prepared to camp 
 out, or take chances at the farm houses and plantations. As a 
 rule, the people will be found hospitable to true gentlemen sports- 
 men, and willing to entertain them. Much of the hunting will 
 have to be done from the saddle or pirogues. The State is tolera- 
 bly flat in the lower division, filled with canebrakes, and cut up by 
 water courses. In the middle it is densely wooded and undulat- 
 ing, interspe- sed with prairies. The northern part is hilly, and 
 the northwestern part partakes of the features of the Indian Ter- 
 ritory adjoining. The northeastern counties are an unbroken 
 level, with the exception of Crowley's Ridge, a lo.v range o^ hills, 
 which traverses six counties from northwest to southeast, averag- 
 ing in width from two to five miles. This range of hills runs par- 
 allel with the St. Francis River, and is the western boundary of 
 the Great Mississippi Swamp. To the east of this range of hills, 
 and between the St. Francis and Mississippi Rivers, lie the swamp * 
 counties of Crittenden and Mississippi — about forty miles in width 
 and about one hundred in length. They are but thinly settled, 
 abound in lakes and bayous, and are traversed by the Tyronza 
 and Little Rivers, tributaries of the St. Francis. 
 
 The unsettled portions of these counties consist of dense and 
 heavy canebrakes and low swamps. The animals found here are 
 the bear, panther, wolf, wild-cat, deer, and turkeys and water-fowl 
 of every variety, from the swan to the smallest duck. This is also 
 a fine held for trapping. Beaver, otter, mink, coon, etc., are very 
 abundant. The rivers, lakes and bayous abound in every variety 
 of game fish known to this latitude — such as trout, black bass 
 striped bass, speckled perch, and all the varieties of bream and lake 
 perch ; these are taken in great numbers at any season of the year. 
 
8 CAME AND FISH KESO/iTS. 
 
 The country west of these hills is level as far west as White 
 River — with one small prairie about six miles in width, and thirty 
 in lenf^th — a fine field for deer and bird shooting. 
 
 The swamp country is accessible from Memphis by river, and 
 by the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad. The lakes and bayous 
 are numerous and without names. The principal and largest one 
 is the Sunk Land Lake of the St. Francis and Little Rivers, sit- 
 uated in the counties of Greene, Craighead and Mississippi, just 
 below the Missouri line. The general physical characteristics of 
 the State resemble those of Texas. There are few railroad, steam- 
 boat, and stage facilities throughout the State. 
 
 Clark County— 
 
 Arkadelphia^ on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Great Southern Railroad, is 
 a centre for bear, deer, snipe, and wild-fowl shooting. The surrounding country 
 is hilly and rolling. 
 
 Craighead County — 
 
 Goldsborough. The hunting grounds of St. Francis Lake are within easy 
 access. For the game found there see Forest City, St. Francis County. 
 
 Crittenden County — 
 
 Mar/on, opposite Memphis, Tennessee. Deer, bears and wild turkeys in the 
 swamps and thickets, foxes and wolves in the lowlands, ^uail are abundant. 
 
 Cross County — 
 
 The dense swamps, canebrakes and forests, of which the county is mainly 
 made up, are the haunts of many wild animals, sucli as bears, panthers, wild- 
 cats, with deer and the smaller game in sufficient abundance to afford good 
 sport. The fur-bearing animals most largely trapped are beavers, otters, minks 
 and coons. Bass, striped and black, speckled perch, lake perch, all the varie- 
 ties of bream, and several other kinds of fish, ailord good angling. Take the 
 Memphis and Little Rock Railroad to Forest City, thence via team to Wittsburgh. 
 Guides, outfit, and all necessary information will be found at Forest City. 
 
 Dallas County— 
 
 Fairvievj. Bears, deer, turkeys, quail, and other varieties of game. 
 
 Garland County — 
 
 Hoi Springs. This is a winter resort for invalids and pleasure seekers, which 
 ■will compare favorably in its attractions and appointments with any at the north. 
 It is one of the pleasantest spots in the south, and is much frequented by northern 
 people. There is good shooting and fishing anywhere within a radius of twelve 
 miles, and one can here enjoy all the luxuries and comforts of civilization, and 
 take his shooting and out door pastimes with dignity and ease. The route to 
 Hot Springs is via the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway to Mal- 
 vern, forty-three miles south of Little Rock, thence via the Hot Springs 
 Railroad. 
 
 Oreene County — 
 
 The hunter will here find much large game, bear, deer, panther, wolf, etc., 
 with wild-fowl shooting, and fishing excellent. The southern border of the county 
 touches the lakes of tlie St. Francis River, which are noted shooting grounds. 
 Take the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway, to De La Plaine. 
 
 Betnpstead County — 
 
 Fulton and Ho^e^ on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Great Southern Rail- 
 way, are good initial points for the hunting of the county. Deer, bears, and 
 other large game, with an abundance of wild-fowl, snipe, quail and woodcock 
 shooting. The southern part of the county is accessible by Red River steamers. 
 
GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. g 
 
 Jackson County— 
 
 Jiicksfln/>ort. The White River before its junction with Hlack River, abounds 
 in a variety of fisli, firm iinil tinelv tlavored. Oiipositc the town a long sandy 
 bar extends into the river, and ofl this bar some splendid fish may be taken. They 
 are the black bass and striped bass ; each kind readily takes a minnow or small 
 craw fish. There is also a tine game fish, locally ciUled the jack salmon. 
 
 Little Red River empties into White River, fifty or sixty miles below Jackson- 
 port. It abounds in fisli of several varieties, consisting of black bass, drum, cat- 
 lish, bream, and white perch. 
 
 Red River is deep, rather clear, and with very little current. In the vicinity 
 of Jacksonport, game is atiundant. The river in winter is full of ducks of various 
 kinds, and the small lakes, (londs, sloughs, and lagoons absolutely swarm with 
 them. Geese are quite jilenty ; and occasionally a swan is seen. Hob White is 
 there in full numbeis in the plantations. A few woodcock, and an abundance of 
 snipe. East of town, twelve or fifteen miles, deer are plenty, especially between 
 bayous Cache and Dc View. Between these bayous, there is a belt of post oak 
 barrens, almost uninhabited. The deer there are not much hunteil, and lie well 
 when approached on horseback, and when hunted with hounds do not run off, 
 but tack and dodge for hours. 
 
 In the dense cane along the river are found bear, wild-cat, and occasionally a 
 panther. Ducks can be bagged by the score by stalking them— under nover of 
 the switch cane— ak«g the bayous, lakes and ponds, and by floating fir them in 
 the river. Snipe are abundant. Reached via the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and 
 Great Southern Railway to Newport, thence via stage or hired conveyance. 
 
 Xa I'ayettc County— 
 
 The numerous bayous of this county, with the rivers and water courses, afford 
 fine shooting for geese and ducks. The hammock lands are the haunts of the 
 deer, bear, wild cat, and other varieties of large game, snipe and woodcock 
 shooting Louisville will be found a good initial point, and may be reached from 
 some station on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway. Communi- 
 cation is also had with different points by the Red River steamers. 
 
 Miller County— 
 
 Texarkana. Bears, deer, wild turkeys, quail, pinnated grouse. Reached via 
 St, Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, or Texas and Pacific Railroad. Hotel 
 $2.50 ; guides $1 ; teams $3. Camping necessary. Good sport can be had any- 
 where in the vicinity, by going from one to four mile'? back from the railroads. 
 
 Mississippi County— 
 
 Le7vis a.nA Osceola. See the northeastern counties above. Osceola is reached 
 via Mississippi River steamers. The hunting grounds of St. Francis Lake are ac- 
 cessible. See Forest City, St. Francis County. 
 
 Ffalrie County — 
 
 Dfs Arc. In the extensive canebrakes between the White and Cache Rivers 
 are great numbers of deer, bears, wild cats, wolves, panthers, and other game. 
 Des Arc is a few miles distant from DevalPs Bluff., which is an excellent mitial 
 point for sportsmen. In addition to the game mentioned above, there are found 
 within a few miles of the town, wild turkeys, pinnated prouse, quail, snipe, plover, 
 rail, geese, brant, ducks, and water-fowi of all varieties. Four miles distant is 
 Pepper's Lake, one of a chain forming the head waters of Reese's Fork. These 
 lakes teem with fish in great variety, and are fine shooting grounds for wild -fowl. 
 Rock Roe Lake affords the best tishing. Reached via the Memphis and Little 
 Rock Railway, or via boat from Memphis. Hotel $1.50, $7 per week. Write to 
 T. M. Horsfall. 
 
 Pltillips County- 
 Helena. In the numerous lakes in the vicinity are found all the variety of 
 water-fowl that winter in this latitude : in the woods are deer, black bears and 
 occasionally a panther. Trout, bass ana while perch in the waters. See Austin, 
 Mississippi. Reached via the Arkansas Central Railroad. 
 
 JPoinsett Cottnty — 
 
 Harrisbttrg. For the game, see Forest City, St. Francis County. St. Fran- 
 cis Lake is easy of access. 
 
10 GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 J'ulaaki Count If— ^ 
 
 Little Rock. The sportsmen of this city have, within a day's ricie, excellent 
 shoolinR for such K*'nc as bear, panther, wild-cat, deer, wild turkey, quail, wood- 
 cock, ducks, geese, snipe, and otiier varieties. The fishing is for black bass, 
 drum, cat-fish, brown and white perch. 
 
 8t. Francis Co%inty— 
 
 Forest City is the initial point for sport in St. Francis and the adjoining coun- 
 ties. The game here comprises bear, wolf, panther, wild-cat, deer, turkey, all 
 varieties of^water fowl, beaver, otter, mink, coon ; trout, black and striped 
 bass, speckled and lake perch, all the varieties of bream, and other kmds of hsh. 
 Reached via the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad, forty-five miles from Mem- 
 phis. The Hunting Club will give all needed information, and show every atten- 
 tion to gentlemen sportsmen from abroad. Teams ($4) and camping outfits can 
 be procured for the St. Francis and Little Rivers and their lakes, seventy-five 
 miles north. Here will be found all the varieties of game enumerated above. 
 
 Black Fish Lake, two and one-half miles north of Black Fish Sitling, a station 
 on the Memphis and Little Rock Railway, and thirty-three miles from Memphis, 
 Is a favorite resort for sportsmen. The region abounds in the game mentioned 
 under Forest City. The lake contains black and spotted perch. 
 
 Van Jturen County— 
 
 On Sugar Loa/ and the adjacent mountains is found game in great variety and 
 abundance. The streams afford excellent tishing. 
 
 White County— 
 
 IVvst Point. Coons, otters and minks are found in this vicinity. 
 
 The Red River. For the fish and game of this region see Jacksonport, Jack- 
 son County. 
 
 White Court //ouse.— Raft Creek is a small sluggish creek of about fifteen miles 
 in length, widening out into small lakes and large cypress ponds in its tortuous 
 course into White River. Halev lake is much visited as a fishing resort by the 
 people living back on the hills. The water is deep, and fine buffalo fish and perch 
 are taken with the hook and line. Although the lake is right in the bottom 
 and subject to six feet overflow from White and Little Red Rivers, there is about 
 tv/elve acres on the north bank of the lake entirely above any high water which 
 would be a pleasant camp ground at any t'me in the winter. Good deer and 
 turkey shootmg, and fine trapping all arounci this country. 
 
 Woodruff County — 
 
 A ugusta. For the game region lying between the bayous Cache aiid De View, 
 see Jacksonport, Jackson County. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 California has an area of 188,981 square miles, with a popula- 
 tion of 560,247, the bulk of which is confined to the belt lying 
 between the thirty-seventh and fortieth parallels. The distinctive 
 physical feature of the State is her vast mountain system, which 
 may be divided into two grand divisions, the Sierra Nevadas on 
 the east, and the Coast Range on the west. In addition to these, 
 there are many distinct ranges, spurs, and isolated peaks, or 
 buttes. Between the Sieiras and the Coast Range lie the extended 
 valleys of the San Joaquin, and the Sacramento ; and east of the 
 culminating crest of the Sierras is the lake country. The State is 
 divided into three parallel sections, the Eastern slope, or the terri- 
 tory east of the Sierras ; the California Valley, between the foot- 
 
CAME AND FISH RESORTS II 
 
 hills of the Sierras and the Coast Range, and the Pacific slope, 
 between the Coast Range and the ocean. The face of the country 
 presents every variety of surface, lofty mountains, fertile riv(.r val- 
 leys, canons, wide stretching plains and prairies, and tule lands. 
 These tules, or marsh lands, consisting of dense brakes of rushes 
 and covering nearly one-half the entire surface of the State, are in 
 all seasons the abodes of numerous and varied wild-fowl and game 
 animals, and afford unlimited sport for the hunter. The game of 
 the State, embraces one hundred and fifteen species of mammals, 
 three hundred and fifty species of birds, and one hundred and fif- 
 teen species of fish. Every portion of the State is accessible by 
 rail, stage-coaci"'. and steamboat ; while excellent hotels, guides, 
 boats, saddle horses, and all the necessary articles of camping out- 
 fit are everywhere easily secured. With the abundance and 
 variety of game, and the facilities of communication here offered, 
 ("alifornia will long offer peculiar inducements to the sportsmen 
 of the country. 
 
 Alameda County— 
 
 Oalland. Within a radius of fifty miles, there are at least twenty localities 
 where Rood trout fishing may be had. There are the Water Company Lakes, or 
 Laite Merced, of the Acclimatizing Society, in either of which, tor a small fee, 
 permission may be obtained to fish, and fine fishing is to be found. There are a 
 great number of creeks and streams inland, north, south, and east, where are 
 frequently taken from thirty to fifty trout in a day's fishing. 
 
 Berkeley. See San Francisco. 
 
 Atnador County— 
 
 Amaiior City. In the Amador Valley, jack snipe, quail, ducks and other 
 game birds are found in great abundance. Reached via the Sacramento and Pla- 
 cerville Railroad to Latrobe, thence stage. 
 
 Suite County — 
 
 Durham. In the Sierra Nevadas, seven miles distant, bear, deer, California 
 lion and other large game ; wild fowl abundant in the valley near the town ; 
 good fishing in a branch of the Feather River. Reached via the Oregon Division 
 of the Central Pacific Railroad. Guides are necessary for the mountain hunting. 
 
 Chico. Bear, deer, trout, salmon, sturgeon and pike. Readied via Central 
 Pacific Railroad, Oregon Division. Board $i to $3 j teams J3 to $to. 
 
 Catia. Grizzly bear, deer, ducks, geese, quad ; salmon, mountain trout. 
 Reached via the Central Pacific Railroaa. Hotel $1 ; guide $1.50 ; teams $5. 
 
 Nord. Deer, elk, panther, California lion, grouse, quail, ducks, snipe, curlew, ' 
 rabbits, hares ; salmon, sturgeon, trout, perch, white fish. Reached via the 
 Oregon Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Hunters must camp. Indian 
 guides can be procured at small expense. Hunters and stockmen are scattered 
 through the mountains, and are always hospitable. 
 
 Contra Costa County — 
 
 Mariinez. See San Rafael, Marin County. 
 JFresno County — 
 
 Borden. Bear, deer, antelope, quail, geese, ducks, swans, cranes -mountain 
 and salmon trout, salmon and white perch. Reached via the Visalia Division of 
 the Central Pacific Railroad. All along the line of this road, the sportsman will 
 find plenty of ducks and geese. Board $1.50; teams $2.50 to $3. For hunting 
 in the mountains, guides are necessary, and can be secured for $35 per month, 
 and found. The San Joaquin, Fresno and King's rivers, are good fishing streams. 
 
 Berendo. Antelopes, liares, rabbits, sand hill cranes, ducks, geese ; trout and 
 
12 CAME AXD flSU RESORTS. 
 
 •almon trout in the Snn Joaiiiiin River. For route, sec Borden. Ilonnt li.Ko to 
 I2, 5; per vvecli. (^uiiipiii)^ nctc-ssary (or successful sport. Tlic couutry prairie. 
 
 Jlninholilt County— 
 
 Tin- lln>nl>oliH Hny Country comprises nil of Humboldt, and parts of Klamath, 
 Trinity niul Mendocino ('ountics. The bav is twenty nules lonjj, and from one to 
 one and a lialt tniles wide. At its head is .\r( ata ; halt way down Kurcka, and 
 three Hiilc liirtliLr soutli, Hu(l<sporl and Ki»rt iiuinlxildt. 
 
 Tlic game includes rhc Kri//.ly, cinnotnoti and black bear, ("alifornia lion, pan- 
 ther, lynx, coujiar, wild-cat, elk. (leer, red, black, ^rey, and prairie wolves, foxes, 
 raccoon, opossum, porcupine, rabbit, jack rabbit, otter, sea otter, seal, sea lion ; 
 Bwans, (.anada, Ilutciiins and brant jieese, ei^htv varieties of ducks, wild pijjcon, 
 plover, curlew, willct, many varieties of bay snipe, Wilson snipe, woodcock, 
 mountain quail, C'alitornia (|u:iil, rulled. pinnated, pintail, and Canada grouse, 
 ptarmifjan, and a host of sinnll birds of all varieties and kinds ; salmon, trout, 
 mullet, bass, rork cod, flounder, riunfish, cattish and dozens of other kinds. 
 
 Humboldt iiay is reached via the Pacific Coast line of steamers from San 
 Francisco, or via rail and stajje. 
 
 Cam/> jitgita. Salmon trout fishinp, excellent huntinp. The pame includes 
 elk, deer, bears and ('alifornia lions, with great numbers of quail and grouse. 
 Reached by hired conveyance from Ilumboldt Hay. 
 
 Xern County- 
 Delano. Deer are found among all the mountains of the county. Antelope, a 
 few elk ; quail along the foot-hills, hares, rabbits, geese, ducks in great variety, 
 and swans. Reached via the Southern Pacific Railroad. Board $27 to $35 per 
 month. The hunting grounds are near Kern River, Pasa Creek, and Tulare 
 Lake, ten miles distant, where camping is necessary. 
 
 Caliente. Deer, wild hogs, quail. Reached via the Southern Pacific Rail- 
 road, board $2 ; teams $3 to ^5- Caliente is among the foot-hills of the 
 mountains. 
 
 Jjulte County — 
 
 Lakeport. Rabbits and quail are abundant in the hills west of Lakeport. For 
 route see Glenbrook. 
 
 Adam's Springs. Deer, quail, rabbits, squirrels : with mountain trout abun- 
 dant in a pond one mile from town. For route sec Glenbrook. Hotel $a, $10 i>er 
 week ; saddle horses $2, teams $5 to $8. Eight miles north is Clear Lake, with 
 boats, etc. 
 
 Glenbrook, Hear, deer, quail, grouse, ducks, geese, trout. Reached via the 
 California Pacific Railway to Calistoga, theuce stage thirty miles. Board %%. 
 
 JLlatnath County — 
 
 See Humboldt County. 
 
 TAe Valley of the Klamath River. See Berry vale, Siskiyou County, 
 Xo» Angeles County— 
 
 In this county and those adjacent to it are many varieties of gime. 
 
 In the foot-hills and lower lands, quail, rabbits, hares, wild pigeons, doves, 
 and bastard snipe, black-tail deer, antelope, coyotes, wild-cats, mountain lions, 
 coons, foxes, badgers, many ground grey squirrels, and a few tree scjuirrels. On 
 the marshes and lagunas are wild fowl, swans, grey, white, and a blackish-col- 
 ored goose, inallarcls and canvas-backs, red heads, grey ducks, blue-bills, sprig- 
 tails, long-tails, widgeons, three kinds of teal, blue-wing, cinnamon, and green 
 wing, cAu/latioscs, gadwells, spoon-bills, ice ducks, and several other varieties. 
 There are also brant, and on the coast many sea fowl. In the mountains are deer, 
 California lions, cats, black, cinnamon, and grizzly bears, big horn sheep, goats, 
 grey squirrels, pigeons, mountain quails, and rabbits. Elk are occasionally seen. 
 
 Anaheim. Deer, rabbits, hares, quail, geese and ducks. An occasional 
 grizzly bear is shot within thirty or forty miles. Reached by branch of the 
 Southern Pacific Railroad. Board $3 to $2.50. 
 
 Compton. Geese, ducks, snipe, rabbits, hares ; rock fish, smelt, barracontas, 
 etc. Reached via Southern Pacific Railroad. Hotel $2, $40 per month. 
 
 Mont*. Quail, hares and rabbits in the valley ; (food trout fishing in San 
 
GAME AND FfSH RESURTH. 1 3 
 
 (Jabriel Caflon, ten miles ilistaiit, iind ten niilfs beyond excellent snort may be 
 hail witii bfar, ilecr, un<l mountain sheep, licached via the Southern Pacific 
 Railroad. Hotel 16 per vveolt. I'Or successful spoil, i ampins is preleral)le. 
 
 Pomona. Ral)l>its, (|uail, ducks and k^c^^ *-ii tlie plains, deer, rabbits and 
 quail anioni; the toot-iiills, and in the mountains K>i''lv bears, ( alilornia lions. 
 mountain shee]), wild-cats, etc. Tlie mountain streams abound in trout, keacheii 
 via the Southern I'acihc Railroad. Hoard $i to $a \ teams $4 tu $6. Provide 
 camping outlit. 
 
 Santa Monica, ^uail in the canons, sni|ic and curlew in the lagoons and 
 aloufj the beach. Deer are abundant among the mountains. Railroad connec- 
 tion with Los An)reles. 
 
 y/ri' San Cabriel Narroxvsy reached by rail from San Francisco to Los An- 
 geles, and thence by wa^jon or saddle horse, is a startinj^ point lor those who go 
 to hunt in the liig Pine Muuittains, which abound in game uf all kinds. 
 
 Marin County — 
 
 Junction. Hears, deer, quail, ducks, snipe ; brook trout and salmon. Reached 
 via the North Pacific Coast Railroad, seventeen miles from San l'"rancisco. 
 
 Nicasio. Cinnamon bear, deer, California li«n, wild-cat, coon, fox, S(iuirrel, 
 badger, hare, rabbit, quail, snipe, wild coose, duck, brant ; mountain and salmon 
 trout, salmon. Reached via the North Pacihc Coast Railroad, twenty-four miles 
 from San l»"rancisco. The cotnitry mountainous. 
 
 Sancclito. Hears, deer, rabbits, quail, ducks: salmon. Six miles from San 
 Francisco, via the North Pacihc (^oast Railroad. Hoard $7-15 per week. Guides, 
 boats, etc., to be obtained. Hilly and mountainous country. 
 
 San Rcifael. Take steamer from San Francisco to San Rafael, and thence a 
 two or three-mile drive to the grounds. Aft»;r the rains set in, Suisun Hay, near 
 Martinez, affords capital hunting grounds : also tlie neighburhooil of Milbrac, on 
 the S. P. R. R. and, in fact, all along the Hay of San Francisco good duck-shooi- 
 ing can be had. There are plenty of ducks about Suisun Hay, Solano County, 
 but most of them are on the inshore lakes, and difficult to i^ei at. The ducks are 
 principally teal, which resort to the creek below San Rafael in thousands to feed 
 at low tide upon the shrimps and soft crabs left on the flats. Milbrae has a good 
 hotel. 
 
 Mendocino County- 
 Anderson. Hears, deer, ipiail, geese, ducks; salmon, trout, sturgeon, bass, 
 pcr< h. Reached via San Francisco and Northern I'acihc Railroad, 01 steamer, 
 to Cloverdale, thence stage or hired conveyance. Hoard $1 ; guides $3 ; teams $4. 
 North Forks of tlie Navarro River. Ueer and small game, with good trout 
 fishing. Reached as above to Cloverdale, thence stage to the North Fork House, 
 where comfortable accommodations will be found, $3. The hunting ground is 
 very mouiitainous and heavily woodeil. 
 
 Noyo. Hears, deer, an occasional panther, quail, ducks, cormorants, divers, 
 salmon. Route as above to Cloverdale, thence a stage ride of two days. The 
 Noyo House, John Byrnes, $3, boats free to guests, ihe wood-cutters will act 
 as guides. 
 
 Merced County — 
 
 Merced. In the San Joaquin Valley, antelope, ducks, geese and snipe ; 
 towards the Yosemite Valley, bears, deer, quail, grouse. Trout, salmon, perch 
 and pike are found in the mountain streams and in the Merced and San Joaejuin 
 Rivers. Reached via tlie Central Pacihc Railroad. Hotels $2 to $3 ; guides 
 $2, double team and driver $16, four horse team with driver $25. 
 
 /'iai'is/'crtr. Antelope, ducks, geese, ((uail, hares, rabbits. Reached via the 
 Visalia Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Hoard $1 to $1.50 ; teams $4. For 
 good sport camp out. Prairie country. 
 
 Mono County — 
 
 Bridgeport. Deer, quail, swans, wild geese, and ducks of all varieties. 
 Reached via the California Pacific Railroad. Hotel $3 j boats $1. 
 
 Napa County — 
 
 Calistoga. Hear, deer, quail, brook and salmon trout. Reached via the Cali- 
 fornia Pacific Railroad, Hoard $6 per week: teams $6: boats, etc., to be 
 obtained. 
 
M 
 
 CAA/E AXD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Napa City. Deer, wild hop, (Hiail, snipe, dutksnn<l other wild fowl. Reached 
 RH uliovc. Iliitol $j ; tcitinsls to |8. The cuuiitry is hilly and mountainous with 
 excellent grounds lor canipinK- 
 
 Si. Ildthi. Ulatk, brown and Rri/zly 'cars in the mountains. Deer and 
 quail are very al)undanl, and liiere arc a few grouse. Reached as above. Motel 
 $2, private board $6 to f lo per weel<. 
 
 Vountvilte. Ueer, a tew bears, quail and rabbits abundant, and good trouting 
 In all the streams. Route as above. 
 
 Jievada Counti/-~ 
 
 Indchendence Lake is well known among sportsmen as an excellent game cen- 
 tre. Hlack, cinnamon and grizzly bcurs, deer, and (lalitornia lions constitute the 
 large game, while of binls tlicre are great numbers of grouse, mountain (juail, 
 ducks and geese. The trapper will here find lynx, wild-cat, lishcr, otter, maiten, 
 mink, and red cross, silver grey and black foxes. The brooks arc filled vvitli 
 trout, and in the lake the lake trout weigh from eight ounces to a pound. Reached 
 via stage from Truckee, faro $2. The independence Lake House, J. A. Rhodes, 
 pro|>rietor, turnishes good accommodation ut $ { ; boats and tackle free to 
 guests. 
 
 Bronco. Hear, deer, mink, otter, wild-cat ; good trouting. Reached via the 
 Central Pacific Railroad. Hoard .$1 ; guides $3. Camping necessary. The 
 country is mountainous, and heavily limbered. 
 
 lioca. Deer in the hills six miles distant, jack rabbits, quail, grouse, ducks ; 
 trout and other fish in Truckee and Little Truckee Rivers. Independence Lake is 
 fourteen miles distant. Reached via the ('entnil I'acitic Railroad. Koard $7.50 
 per week ; teams $8 per day. This country is mountainous, with pine timber. 
 
 Truckee. Hear, deer, (juail, grouse, geese, ducks ; trout, white fish. Reached 
 via Central Pacific Railway. Hoard $3 to $5, guides $3, boats with boatmen $5, 
 teams $5 to $10. Truckee is on the river of the same name. Donner Creek, one 
 nnd one-half miles distant, Donner Lake three miles. Lake Tahoe fifteen miles, 
 AVebber Lake twenty-one miles. Independence Lake twelve miles. See Reno, 
 Nevada. Country hilly and mountainous. 
 
 Prosser Creek. Grizzly an<l cinnamon bears, deer, groi^ge, mountain quail ; 
 speckled and salmon trout. Hotel $3. Mountainous country. 
 
 flacer County— 
 
 Lake Tahoe, famous for its trout fishing, is reached via the Central Pacific 
 Railroad to Summit or Truckee, thence stage to Talioe, on the lake. I'rom Tahoe, 
 an excursion steamer makes the circuit of the lake. There are several good ho- 
 tels, with guides, boats, etc., always to be had. 
 
 New Castle. Deer, quail, rabbit, squirrel, fox and wild-cat. Reached via 
 Central Pacific Railroad, board $1, $6 per week; teams $8. Hilly country. 
 
 Emigrant Gap. Deer, cinnamon bear, grouse, quail ; trout and white fish in 
 American and Be 11 Rivers, and Crystal Lake. Reached via Central Pacific 
 Railroad. Hotel $i to $1,50. Teams can be procured in summer. Mountainous 
 country. 
 
 Cisco. Bear, deer, fox, grouse, quail. Reached via the Central Pacific Rail- 
 road. Hilly and mountainous country. 
 
 2*lutna8 County — 
 
 Summit. Bear, deer, mmmtain sheep, grouse, quail ; several varieties of 
 trout. Reached via the Central Pacific Railroad. Hoard $3. Saddle horses, 
 guides, etc., can be procured. The country is very mountainous. 
 
 Sacramento County- 
 Sacramento. There is excellent wild fowl shooting along the river. Twenty 
 miles below the city, a tide slough that heads up in the plains is the resort of 
 preat flights of ducks and geese. There are many varieties of the former, includ- 
 ing grey, speckled breasts, mallards, sprigs, widgeons, teal, and others. Ducks 
 arc also very abundant on the Marysviile road, a short distance from the city. 
 
 San Bernardino County — 
 
 Colton. Grizzly and cinnamon bears in the mountains, deer on the foot-hills, 
 quail, jack rabbits and hares in the valley. Reached via the Southern Pacific 
 Railroad. Hotel $3. F'or large game camping is desirable. 
 
CAMJC AXD FISH RESORTS. 1$ 
 
 Bnn Vrnnfinrn Cniitiff/-- 
 
 l.ak-f Mi-tii-ii ^ live milos from Snn Krnncisco, Is stocked with salmon niul trout. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Owncfl by 11 piivute »liil>, witli tme aiconinnxlations (or nicinljcrs and tlicir 
 
 f;iifsts. A plL-asiint ilrlvi? Iroin the city. I'licre arc no other tish in the lak<; but 
 inllhcads and stickle backs, witii |icrhaps a tew other sorts ot small lish. There 
 is on the shore ot the luku a hotel the Ocean \'ie\v House— and at the head ol' 
 the lake ii small tavern, kept by llaskitis, where l)oats can be obtained. iS'eur 
 the ocean, and but a short tlistame Irom the lake, is the (Jcean Side I louse, lour 
 miles (rom the famous Seal Kock^ ami (lill Mouse, and seven miles Irom the city. 
 
 San Friini iuo. There are (|uail, bla( k-tail deer, jaik snipe, rabbits and hares 
 all about San I'rancisco. The favorite ^'rounds ol sportsmen are the ^jreat valleys 
 ot the San Jou(|uin and Sacranu'Mto. The Stale can produce no better duckin}»- 
 cround than the San Joacpiin \ alley, and ^eese arc nowhere more abundant. 
 Snipe and the smaller a<piatic foul are also |ilentiful. The Sacramento, almosit 
 e(|ually accessible, is unsurjiassed. The sportsman tukiiiK the lour o'clock steam- 
 boat, hnds himself at supper lime passing Kio N'ista. lie may debark anywhere 
 alonfr here on the Solano shore, unpack his things and beuin shootint; on excellent 
 grounds for water fowl. (!ollinsville and Hridj;eiiort lie will find convenient 
 stonpinR places, with bonis aiul n'''''i''< "' '» moderate hire, (ioinjj; further he 
 will find unsurpassed shootin;; on the islands in the Sacramento. Or, if u'lother 
 route is preferred, let him take the cars to the SanJoa<juin Uridjje— if he can 
 school himself to pass the ureat I.ivcrniorc snipe urounds. lie will there find 
 boats at his service, and scow or flat boat hotels, imiintained by experienced river 
 ((uimers, who will feast him with the best of sportsman's cheer, and lake him to 
 the cream of the shootii'i; uroumls. The Sant:i Clara \'alley also swarms with 
 wild fowl, and there are excellent sporting lields near Salinas. There is also an 
 abundance of the binls on the San Mateo marshes, which may be reached in an 
 h(jur from this city by car or i.iil. The hills back of Merkeley, in or about Wild 
 Cat ('reek, afford many rabbits and (piail. Ueer are fre(iuently met. 
 
 There are other resorts not as jjood which sometimes afford those who must be 
 contented with a few hours' shootinfj, a little fun, such as Sancilito, around the 
 ClilT House, Alms House, Seven-mile House, or San Hruno road ; an occasional 
 hare may be shot in such places, and sometimes some jack snipe at San Kruno. 
 
 The Alameda Marshes uive ^ood duck shooting from blinds, with decoys, but 
 the birds are very w ild. '1 he ilucks most abundant there are widgeon, spoon bill, 
 and teal, some (juail, curlew and jack snipe may occasionally be found. The 
 lishinj^ in the bay is for salmon, erdse and tom cod. The Oakland long wharf, 
 o|)posite the city, is the favorite jilace for anglers. There are many resorts within 
 a short distance of the city, easily accessible by the different railroad lines. The 
 Southern I'acitie Railroad will take the anglers to Lakes Pilercitos and San An- 
 dreas, controlled by the Sjiortsman's Clid) of California. San Hruno is the station, 
 and the tare is fifty cents A vehicle w ill convey persons to the fishing grounds. 
 To fish here it is nece '; -ry first to become a member of the Sportsman's ("liib 
 (initiation fee, $20; i acs, $3 i)er (piarter). There are club houses at both of iliese 
 lakes. All other information may be obtained from Mr. William Stuart, the 
 Secretary, at No. 113 T.cidesdorfl street. Pilercitos, one of the Spring Valley 
 Water Company's reservoirs, is now well filled w itii fair-sized trout, and San 
 Andreas, chiefly with silver salmon of generally moderate size. 
 
 The Pilercitos trout are very gamey : the meat is of a rich, red color, and thej' 
 are in every respect an excellent table fish. The angler who is not a member of 
 the Sportsman's Club may go on to San Mateo (ji miles, ninety cents). Near the 
 leSanMa 
 
 town he will strike the San Nlateo Creek, in which is good trout fishing. Should he 
 wish to extend his journey to the coast he may proceed by stage from San Mateo 
 to Spanishtown, where will be found two or three pretty good trout streams, and 
 
 wish to extend his journey to the coast he may proceed by stage from San Mateo 
 to Spanishtown, where will be found two or three pretty good trout streams, and 
 beyond there down the shores of the ocean are Punssima, San (jregorio, Lobetis, 
 
 Pescadcro, Hutano, Sec*', and other creeks, in each of which tolerably good and 
 sometimes excellent sp may be had. although the Hsh are mostly not of much 
 size. Between San >' and Santa Clara there are several small streams, which 
 
 can be reached on a S. arday, and where fishing may be enjoyed from that day to 
 Monday morning. The nanics of these creeks are the Adobe, San Francisquita, 
 Stevens, and Congress Hall. From Santa Clara, stages connect for Saratoga in 
 Santa Cruz County, from which jioint may be reached the head-waters of the San 
 Lorenzo, once a capital trout stream, and affording fair sport now. There is good 
 fishing in the Guadaloupe, Coyote, and Los Gatos Creek, all of which may be 
 reached via Santa Clara. 
 
 On the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad, good fishing may be had in 
 
i6 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Santa Rosa Creek. A branch of this road runs from Fulton to Guerneville, a dis- 
 tance of fifteen miles. At the latter ulace may be found some of the hnest trout 
 fishing in the State. Squaw Creek, ni»rth of Cloverdalc, and Sulpiiur Creek, near 
 Cloverdale, are very attractive trout streams. For the full enjoyment of the beau- 
 ties of nature, the aroma of the redwoods and a genuine least of trout fishing, 
 these latter streams, including those on the headwaters of tlie Walhalla, Big River, 
 Navarro River, Dry Creek, Russian River, and Little Dry Creek, in Sonoma 
 County, will recjuire a vacation of a week or two. The San Francisco and North 
 Pacific Railroad Company will make special rates with camping parties, desirous 
 of stopping over at any of the stations on their line. The rates of fare and the dis- 
 tance ol some of the prominent places are : 
 
 Distance Miles, Single Trip. Excursion. 
 
 Petaluma 42 |i 50 $200 
 
 Santa Rosa 57 2 00 3 00 
 
 Fulton 61 3 25 3 50 
 
 Mark West 63 3 50 3 7S 
 
 Healdsburg 72 300 400 
 
 Littons ^b}i 3 25 4 50 
 
 Guernville 77 375 S 00 
 
 Cloverdalc 60 435 550 
 
 The excursion tickets are only good from Saturday to Monday. 
 
 The North Pacific Railroad from San Quentin to Moscow, at the mouth of the 
 Russian River, runs through a magniHcent region of country, which is watered 
 by innumerable streams, in which the hnny tribe abounds. The *' Lagunitas," or 
 "San Geronimo," Creek, is the first trouting stream north of the city, of any 
 magnitude, in which the public are allowed to fish, and here only on payment of 
 a moderate sporting fee. The head-waters can be reached by way of San Rafael, 
 on horseback, or even by buggy, if a strong one. The best way of entering the 
 canon, however, for a man wlio is willing to walk five or six miles, is by way of 
 Fairfax, just beyond San Rafael. The scenery is superb and the fishing fair. If 
 one wishes a tramp of a dozen miles or so, let him make the passage of Lagunitas, 
 from its source, just back of Mount Tamalpais, to its confluence with White Creek, 
 and here he can take the cars of the North Pacific Coast Railroad for the city ; 
 but he should not attempt the passage alone, and must be prepared to camp over 
 night part way down the canon. The way is very rough, and one must stick close 
 to the bed of the Creek. 
 
 From the point where it strikes Paper Mill Creek (which is formed by the unit- 
 ing of the Lagunitas and White Creeks), the railroad follows the canon many 
 miles. A short distance below the paper mill, at Taylorsville, from which the 
 creek takes its name, is a dam. In this vicinity sportsmen are not allowed to fish, 
 the ground being reserved for private use ; but below the mill property ttie 
 Stream is, we believe, public fishing ground. The cars, following the canon, will 
 
 Eut you down or take you up at any point, on request. At Olema, several miles 
 elow, the creek flows into Tomalea Bay ; and here, in the months of February 
 and March, extending at times into April, great sport is had in taking salmon- 
 trout with shrimp bait. Olema, possessing a good country hotel and livery stable, 
 with three small but well-stocked trout streams (one close by and two in the dis- 
 tance of a few miles) offers special advantages to fishermen from the city who wish 
 to make the shortest possible trouting excursions. Leaving the city at about 
 midday, you may reach Olema in time to get the evening's fishing, and return the 
 next day, after a morning's sport. A full day or a week even, for that matter, 
 can be pleasantly spent here and in the vicinity. Fare to Olema and return, 
 $3-50. 
 
 From Olema to Bolinas, a distance of twelve miles, runs one of the finest wag- 
 on roads in the cuuniry. You can go by livery team or stage from Olema. 
 
 At Bolinas are two hotels, and in the vicinity two trout brooks. Here also are 
 two ponds for artihcial propagation, where the fishing is moderate. Bolinas can 
 also be reached via Saucelito, by stage. Fare to Bolinas and return, $1.75. 
 
 On the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, by an experienced angler, some 
 trout may be whipj^ed out of Alameda Creek early in the sea on. At San Lean- 
 dro, a short distance above the water-works, the sport may be enjoyed, also near 
 Hayward's, in Palmyrus Creek, and in Stony Brook, near Niles. These streams 
 are all within a few hours journey of this city 
 
 Those who feel disposed to engage in the inTigorating exercise of a good tramp 
 
GAME AA'D fISII RESORTS. 1/ 
 
 before they cast their lines, shoukl go over to Rerkeley, and, taking the San 
 Pablo roud, walk over the hills to Wild-cat Creek, tive miles from the University. 
 They will lin<l some excellent sport here. Two miles beyond this stream they 
 will strike the San I'ablo Creek. In both they will be rewarded by good catches. 
 
 Sun Joaquin County — 
 
 StocJiton. Ducks, geese, snipe, quail ; salmon, salmon trout, perch. Reached 
 via Central Pacihc Railroad. Hoard $3.50 ; saddle-horses and teams $1.50 to $10. 
 Country prairie and marsh land. 
 
 Loiii. Hare, quail and snipe in the immediate vicinity. Six miles down the 
 Mokelumne River, among the tules, geese, ducks and cranes are abundant. 
 Reached via the Central Pacihc Railroad. Hotel $2 ; guides and boat $3.50 to $4 ; 
 teams $3 to $4. Prairie country, interspread with oak timber. 
 
 Bantu. Deer, wild hogs, grouse, (juail, and all kinds of wild fowl shooting at 
 the San Joaquin, Old and Mid<ile Rivers, Shag Lake and Tom Paine Slough. 
 Reached via the Central Pacific Railroad. Board #2 ; guides $j to $3 ; teams $5 to 
 $10. L(jw and level country. 
 
 Lathr(>/>. Geese, ducks, quail, hares, rabbits, and excellent fishing in the San 
 Joaquin River. Reached via the Central Pacific Railroad. Board §3 ; teams $5 
 to $10. Best sporting grounds three miles distant. Prairie country. 
 
 Ellis. Bear, deer, quail, woodcock, all varieties of geese and ducks ; salmon 
 trout. A station on the Central Pacific Railroad. Hotels $2 to $2.50 ; guides $3 ; 
 teams %i. Camping necessary. Country mountains and plains. 
 
 San Luis OhLtpo Countj/ — 
 
 /\iso Ro/iles. Game in wildest variety. Reached via Southern Pacific Rail- 
 road to Soledod, thence stage. Hotel accommodations. 
 
 San Mateo County — 
 
 Pfscath-ro. Excellent salmon and grilse fishing. Wild ducks are here in great 
 numbers, but the absence of covert renders successful shooting extremely ditncult. 
 Reached from San Francisco via Southern Pacific Railroad, twenty-eight miles to 
 Redwood city, thence stage thirty-two miles. There are good hotels, with boats, 
 etc., always at hand. 
 
 Millbrae. See San Rafael, Marin County. 
 
 Santa Clara County— 
 
 San Jose. Bears, deer, California lions, hares, rabbits, ducks, peese, snipe, 
 quail ; trout. Reached via the Central Pacific, or the Sotithern Pacific Railroad. 
 Hotel $1 to $4. Mustangs for hunting expeditions, can be bought cheap. The 
 country is hilly and mountainous. 
 
 Santa Cruz County— 
 
 Santa Cruz. P'ine sea iishing. Reached from San Francisco, via stage or 
 steamer. The hotel accommodations are excellent. In the Santa Cruz moun- 
 tains which are crossed by the stage route, are many fine salmon trout streams, 
 with bear and small game in abundance. Good hotel accommodations, and guides 
 will be found. 
 
 Shasta County — 
 
 'J'he McCloud River U. S. Fishery. The McCloud river is famed for its sal- 
 mon and trout fishing. Take the Central Pacific Railroad Oregon Division, to 
 Redding, thence stage twenty-two miles. 
 
 Castle Rock. Bears and deer; salmon trout, mountain trout and salmon, all 
 in great abundance. Reached via Oregon Division of Central Pacific to Redding, 
 thence stage sixtv-five miles. Board $1.50. Mountainous country. 
 
 Cottonwood. "Bear, deer, quail, geese, ducks; salmon, trout, white fish. 
 Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Board %\.^o\ guides I2 ; boats with 
 boatmen $5. 
 
 Lower Soda Springs. Good fishing in the Sacramento and McCloud Rivers, 
 Castle Lake, twelve milesdistant. and salmon in some of the spring pools. Black 
 tail and mule deer and mountain sheep, are found in summer on Mt. Shasta, and 
 in winter at Sheep Rock. Black and brown bears, with California lions in the 
 mountains. The valleys fifteen miles east, furnish fine deer and elk shooting. 
 Quail are found in fair numbers. Reached via Redding, as above. Board at 
 W. Bailey's $1.75, $8 per week ; Indian guides I1.50 to $2 ; horse $1 to $1.50. 
 
1 8 GAME AND FISH KESOKTS. 
 
 Southeren' s Station. For game, route, etc., see Castle Rock. Fifty-four 
 miles from Redding. 
 
 Allins Station. For game, route, etc., see Castle Rock. Twenty-two miles 
 from Redding. 
 
 Hlitlilyou County— 
 
 Soita Springs. Ulack and brown bear, black-tail, and mule deer, grouse, quail; 
 brook and Dolly Varden trout, salmon and white fisii. For route, see Castle 
 Rock. Sixty-five miles from Redding. Hotel Ji.ys, $8 per week ; saddle horses 
 $i.jo. Guides are necessary for the hunting and fishing grounds of the McCloud 
 and Sacramento Rivers, Soda Creek and Castle Lake. Sisson's is eight miles 
 ilistant, where all necessary outfits and supplies will be found. The country is 
 mountainous, but not rough. 
 
 Coles. Deer, black, brown, and grizzly bears, panthers, mountain quail, 
 grouse. Reached by stage from Redding, on the Oregon Division of the Central 
 Pacific Railroad. Board $1.50, $7 per week. C/Ountry mountainous. 
 
 BerryvaiCy or Sisson's Station, at the base of Mt. Shasta. Black, brown and 
 cinnamon bears, black tail and mule deer, mountain sheep, antelope, elk, jack 
 rabbits, grouse, sage hens, quail ; salmon and three varieties of trout. The game 
 and fisli in great abundance. Reached via stage, seventy-five miles from Red- 
 ding, the terminus of the Oregon Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Fare 
 $7.50. J. H. Sisson keeps a sportsman's house, $1.50, $10 jier week. For hunting 
 expeditions, he furnishes saddle and pack horses, comj)lete camping outfit, with 
 guides and cook, and furnishes board. The expense per man, is about $5 per 
 day. Excursions are made into the Klamath Basin for antelope and mountain 
 sheep, and into Oregon for elk. This is also an excellent headquarters for fishing 
 in the McCloud River. 
 
 Solano County — 
 
 Dixon. On the Sacramento River the sportsman will find geese, ducks, mal- 
 lards, pin-tails, widgeons and teal, bitterns, cranes, snipe, curlew ; quail in the 
 foot-hills ; fish abundant in Patch Creek. Reached via the California Pacific 
 Railroad, sixty-five miles from San Francisco, twenty-one miles from Sacramento. 
 Board $2. with boats tree, guides $3, teams $5. The country is level prairie. 
 
 Fairfn-ld. Ducks, geese, quail, and many varieties of wild fowl ; trout, sal- 
 mon. Reached via the California Pacific Railroad. Board $1.50 to $2, or %^ per 
 week, guides and boats $3 to $5 per day. Country hilly and prairie. 
 
 Sonoma County — 
 
 Healdshttrgh. Deer, bears, panthers, wild-cats, foxes, rabbits, hares, quail, 
 grouse, and ducks of all varieties. Of fur-bearinfj animals, there are beavers, 
 pine martens, minks, coons and grey squirrels. Salmon, salmon trout and moun- 
 tain trout are abundant in the rivers and small streams. Take the San Francisco 
 and North Pacific Railroad. Sylvester Scott, who lives twenty-five miles from 
 llealdsburgh, is an old hunter and a good guide. 
 
 The Wachalla^ on the coast, is a noted territory ♦or deer and bears. Hunting 
 is done chiefly with dogs, in the hot dry season. 
 
 Stanislaus County — 
 
 Oakdale. Cinnamon bear, quail, ducks, gee.se and other wild fowl ; salmon 
 and trout. Reached via Modcsta, on the Central Pacific Railroad. Board $1.50 ; 
 teams I5. 
 
 Tehama County — 
 
 I'ina. Bears, deer, California lions, quail, geese, ducks, cranes and other 
 water-fowl. Reached via the Oregon Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. 
 Board $4 to $5 per week ; teams $4 ; guides at reasonable rates. For the best 
 sport, camping is necessary. 
 
 Tulare County — 
 
 Cross Creek. Bear, deer, antelope, grouse, ojuail, ducks and geese -salmon, 
 trout, and other fish. Reached via Visalia Division of Central Pacific Railroad. 
 Hotel $1 50; guides $3 to #5, with boats J5 ; teams ^3 to $5. For good sport, 
 camp out. Country prairie and mountains. 
 
AND FISH KE SORTS. I9 
 
 Tulare. Splendid duck and goose shooting on Lake Tulare. Every variety 
 of these birds known on the coast, congregate here. Reached as above. The 
 shooting is done over decoys, and from boats concealed in the tule, a broad belt 
 of which surround the lake. 
 
 Ventura County— 
 
 Quail, ducks, and sand-hill cranes in great abundance. Deer shooting in the 
 vicinity. Excellent salmon and trout lishing in Lake Merced. 
 
 Yolo County— 
 
 K7tight's Landing;. Deer, ducks, geese, rabbits, beavers ; salmon, sturgeon, 
 perch. Reached via the California Pacific Railroad. Hotel $1.50, teams $3 to 
 ^3.50. Country prairie, with mountains twenty miles east. 
 
 Yuha County— 
 
 Marysville. Ducks, geese, snipe, curlew, quail, hares, and rabbits in great 
 abundance ; salmon, sturgeon and perch in Yuba and Feather Rivers, and Lake 
 Como. Reached via the Oregon Division of the Central Pacific Railroad. Board 
 at hotel $2.50 ; teams $6. Rolling country. 
 
 Wheatland. Wild geese, ducks, snipe, quail and other game. Reached as 
 above. Hotel $1. Wheatland is in the Sacramento Valley, with the Sierra foot- 
 hills seven to ten miles distant. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 Colorado has an area of 104,500 square miles with a popula- 
 tion of 39.864. The State is traversefl near its centre by the 
 Rocky Mountains, which chain forms the watershed of the con- 
 tinent. The parks among these mountains are famed for their 
 romantic scenery, and are taking tiieir place among the popular 
 summer resorts of the country. These mountains and parks 
 abound in many varieties of large and small game, and the exten- 
 sive plains and rolling prairies which make up the eastern and 
 western portions of the State, are still the feeding grounds oi the 
 buffalo, antelope, and innumerable wild fowl. Colorado is rap- 
 idly developing her railroad facilities and access may be had to 
 any part of the State where the sportsman will find abundant 
 employment for both rod and gun. 
 
 Arapahoe County- 
 Denver. There are many inviting fields open to the sportsman about Denver. 
 To the west, accessible by rail and wagon, are the Rocky Mountain Parks, 
 abounding in many varieties of game. Sixteen miles from Denver on the South 
 Park Railroad, at Morrison Springs, (Evergreen House) Beach Creek, offers 
 excellent trouting. The Platte and Cachc-la-Poudre, arc also good fishing 
 streams. Twenty miles up Cherry Creek, which Hows through Denver, will be 
 found great numbers of pinnated grouse, quail, and large jack rabbits. Still 
 farther up this stream are grouse and ducks. Along the base of the mountains 
 are deer and bears, and on the plains, to the west, antelope, elk and buffalo. 
 Twenty miles south of Denver is Parker's, a favorite resort for shooting pinnated 
 grouse. Here the game are found in gulches or water courses, and when routed 
 out from these, are shot on the open prairie. Wild geese and turkeys are found 
 In great numbers within a short drive from the town. Denver is reached via the 
 
20 CAME AA'D FISH A'ESOA'TS. 
 
 Union Pacific to Cheyenne, thence via the Denver Pacific Railroad, or via the 
 Atchison, Toncka and Santa Kc Railroad to I'ueblo, thence via the Denver and 
 Rio Grande Road ; or via the Kansas Pacific Railroad. There are several good 
 hotels, U ; #21 to $25 per week. 
 
 JBent Coiintf/ — 
 
 Kit Carson. Larpe herds of antelope are found west of this town. Reached 
 via the Kansas Pacific Railway. 
 
 Rocky Ford. A j?ood hunting ground for antelope. Reached via the Atchison, 
 Topeka and Santa I" e Railroad. The hunting grounds arc high rolling prairie. 
 
 Honlder County— 
 
 Caribou. Good hunting, and fine trout fishing in the mountain streams. 
 Reached from Denver via tlie Colorado Central Railroad to Boulder City, thence 
 via good wagon road twenty miles. 
 
 Clear Creek County— 
 
 Georgetown. Game abounds in all the surrounding country. The Chicago 
 Lakes eight miles distant, the Green Lakes and Grand River are all well stocked 
 with trout. Reached from Denver via the Colorado Central Railroad to Floyd 
 Hill, thence stage sixteen miles. Fare from Denver $7 ; round trip $11.50., 
 
 Costilla County — 
 
 San Louis Park and the surrounding country affords fine goose, duck, quail, 
 mountain grouse and deer shooting. Reached via Denver and Rio Grande Rail- 
 way, to Cucharas, thence stage. 
 
 JEl Paso County — 
 
 Manitou. In the vicinity are elk, bear, black-tail and other varieties of deer, 
 bison and mountain sheep. It is one of the best trout centres of the Rocky 
 Mountains, the season extending through July and August. Manitou is five 
 miles from Colorada Springs station, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railway, 
 and seventy-two miles soutTi of Denver. The narrow-gauge cars take the trav- 
 eler along at the rate of fifteen miles an hour, reaching Colorado Sj)rings at noon. 
 Thence a carriage is taken to the Springs. Here the Manitou House, and the 
 Cliff House, and, two miles further on, the Tonic Siirings Hotel — all having spa- 
 cious walks, croquet grounds, drive ways, billiard halls, barber shops, and min- 
 eral baths— offer abundant comforts for guests. Charges $3.50 to $4.50 per day. 
 Saddle-horses and carriages can be obtained to visit all the points of mterest ; 
 also guides and pack animals to the summit of Pike's Peak, where the Govern- 
 ment signal office is located. 
 
 Fremont County — 
 
 Canon City, one hundred and sixty miles from Denver, is the terminus of the 
 Arkansas Valley branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, connecting with 
 tile main line at Pueblo ; distance, forty-five miles. Trout abound in the moun- 
 tain streams, and game is abundant. 1* are from Denver $14, round trip $20. 
 
 Gilpin County — 
 
 Centra/ City. Grizzly bears, buffaloes, elk, deer, antelope, jack rabbits, 
 ducks, geese and grouse. Reached via the Colorado Central Railroad. 
 
 Rol/ins7'ilie. hxcellent trout fishing. Reached via Boulder Va'.ley Railway 
 from Denver to Boulder City, thence stage. Comfortable hotel, and many good 
 camping points. 
 
 Grand County- 
 Hot Sulphur Springs is the objective point of the Middle Park of the Rocky 
 Mountains. In addition to its charms for the pleasure seeker, this park offers, in 
 the variety and abundance of its game, many attractions to tlie sportsman. All 
 the game found in North Park, (which see) is here in equal quantity, and here as 
 there, camping affords the best and most successful sport. Grand Lake, twenty- 
 five miles from the Springs, contains large fish, with boats, etc., at hand. Game 
 and brook trout are found in the country west of Middle Park, in unlimited num- 
 bers. The route to Hot Sulphur Springs is to Denver, as above, thence via the 
 
GAME AND FISH A'ESOKTS. 21 
 
 Colorado Central Railroad to Central City, thence via Roliiu-ville and the 
 Rnllinsvillc waxon roiid over the Houldcr Pass ; or via Georgetown, and daily 
 stage through the BeithoL'd Pass. Good hotels will be found here, with guides, 
 teams, etc. 
 
 tTcffet'son County — 
 
 Morrison. See Denver. 
 
 Jjnke County- 
 Twin Lakes are beyond South Park, in the Arkansas range of mountains, and 
 are becoming a favorite i)lace of resort for fishing, hunting and boatinp. They 
 can be easily reached from Colorado Springs— although mountainous all the way 
 —by carrialje, ambulance or stage. The Takes are upon the Lake I-'ork of the 
 Arkansas River, one of the largest of its tributaries, which flows eastward from 
 the summit of the lofty Saguache Range. This place is a great summer resort 
 for the Denver people, who go with tents and all the conveniences for out-door 
 life. 
 
 At the Twin I ^es the fishing is tolerably good, but the fish are small. Should 
 a party fit out witn a pack team when at the Twin I.akes. and follow the Arkansas 
 River to its head t Tennessee Pass, and then strike the head waters ot Eagle 
 River, and follow ii down until nearly opposite the mountain of the Holy Cross, 
 they can catch trout to their hearts content, and probably kill some elk and moun- 
 tain sheep. The trout of the Eagle River run large, and large flics or spinning 
 tackle should be used to take them. Another party wishing to hunt grizzlies, can 
 go by pack train from the lakes up Twin Lake Creek, about ten miles to the fork, 
 and then follow the left branch of the creek to Elk Pass, where the Elk Moun- 
 tains are crossed. From the Elk Mountains there is an old Ute trail going to 
 Rock Creek and to the snow ranges of the Rocky Mountains, where grizzlies ai:« 
 common during the summer. There are trails leading to Rock Creek and Eaglo 
 River, which were made by the U. S. Geological Survey, under Dr. F. V. Hay- 
 den in 1873. 
 
 Granite. Good trout fishing in Twin Lakes, which see. 
 
 I^nrimer County — 
 
 Esfei Park, eighty-four miles from Denver, via Boulder and Longmont, and 
 thirty miles from I.ongmont, at the northeast foot of Long's Peak, is a beautiful 
 basin of meadows and groves, with delightful hunting and fishing, where a week 
 or a month of the later summer months can be spent very agreeably. Reached 
 via the Colorado Central Railroad to the above stations. 
 
 Fort Collins is situated in Colorado Territory, on Cache le Poudre River, a 
 clear, swift, never-failing stream, abounding in trout and other fish. Game is 
 abundant in the vicinity. Reached from Cheyenne, or from Greeley, on the 
 Denver and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Xa» Anitnns County— 
 
 The western fourth of the county is mountainous, Interspersed with valleys 
 and mountain peaks. This section is covered with pine forests, and intersected by 
 numerous mountain streams which abound with trout. The eastern three-fourths 
 of the coiinty is a series of table-lands, stretching from the mountains to the level 
 
 Elain. The principal wild game in this part of the country, arc buffalo, antelope, 
 eaver, otter, jack rabbits, etc. The mountains abounil with different species of 
 bear, immense droves of deer, turkeys and mountain grouse, and various animals 
 hunted and trapped exclusively for their furs. 
 
 Sucarica C'anon, Cottonwood Canon, and Tuckalote Cafion, all within a few 
 miles of Dick's ranchc, on the southern slope of the Ratorn Mountains, near the 
 New Mexico boundary line, afl^ord excellent shooting for deer, antelope, tur- 
 keys, bears, and other game. Take rail to Pueblo, and there fit out. 
 
 Trinidad. Fine antelope shooting east of the town, and through the county. 
 Reached from Pueblo, via the Denver and Rio Grande Railway to El Moro, 
 thence a short stage ride. 
 
 I'uchlo Ctninty— ' 
 
 Pueblo, at the junction of the Atchison, Topcka and Santa Fe, and the Denver 
 and Rio (Jrande Railroail, has rail and stage connections for all the best hunting 
 grounds in Colorado and New Mexico. This is the headquarters where hunting 
 parties fit out for the antelope plains to the east, and the Rocky Mountains to the 
 
22 GAME AXD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 west. nuflTalo, antelope, wolves, foxes, elk, deer of several varieties, mountain 
 sheep, bears, and many other kinds of larfje Rame, with wild fowl of all descrin- 
 tions, and excellent fisninp arc found within short distances from Pueblo. The 
 sjwrtsman cannot go amiss. Kvery thing necessary for camjung ou:, horses, 
 pack mules, guides, etc., will be found here. 
 
 JRio Grande County— 
 
 Del Norte. Deer, bear, wild ducks, grouse, and in the streams fine troutmg. 
 Reached from Denver via Denver and Rio Grande Railroad to Canon City, 
 thence one hundred and forty miles by fine stage route, over a mountain road. 
 Saddle horses or pack-mules, can here be obtained at reasonable prices. 
 
 Hutntnit County — 
 
 TV/tf North Park is filled with a great variety and abundance of game, m- 
 cluding black and cinnamon bears, elK, antelope, black-tail and white-tail deer, 
 mountain lion, mountain sheep, woodland buffalo, or mountain bison, wild geese, 
 ducks of several varieties, and four kinds of grouse, with excellent trout hshing 
 in the mountain streams. The smaller fur-bearing animals are found here in 
 ereat numbers. Go via the Union Pacific Railroad to Cheyenne or Laiamie, and 
 uiere tit out. Tents, pack horses, wagons, etc., will be found at either place. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Connecticut has an area of 4,674 square miles, with a popula- 
 tion of 537,454. Though some portions of the State are rugged and 
 hilly, there are no mountains properly speaking. The surface of 
 the country is made up mostly of the valleys of the Housatonic, 
 Connecticut and Thames Rivers, with their tributary streams. 
 Railroads and fine wagon roads intersect every part of the State, 
 and with the rivers furnish excellent travelling facilities. Owing to 
 the dense population of this State, there are now very few of the 
 larger and wilder animals, once abundant, though in most parts 
 of the less thickly settled regions, small game is found in fair 
 quantity. Along the bays and inlets of its southern shore, wild 
 fowl are abundant, and always afford good sport. 
 
 I'^ait'fteld County — 
 
 Bridgeport. Blue-fishing in the harbor, and by taking rail to Stratford, good 
 bass fishing may be found in the Housatonic River. Excellent duck shooting 
 around Bridgeport, in the Harbor antl on the Sound. Route : Boat from New 
 York, or New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, Hfty-seven miles from 
 New Vork. Hotels : Sterling and Atlantic Houses, each, $3. See Stratford. 
 
 Stamford. Quail, partridge and woodcock shooting ; fishing on the Sound. 
 Route as above. Hotels : Stamford and Union Houses. The Ocean House, 
 on the beach at Shippan Point, is a summer resort for New Yorkers. 
 
 Stratford., on the Housatonic River. Ruffed grouse, woodcock, quail, black 
 duck and teal shooting. Good bass fishing, and the river has been stocked with 
 California and Kennebec salmon. Route as above via rail. No hotel. Good 
 quail and woodcock shooting around Fairfield and neighboring towns, but the 
 grounds are pretty thoroughly posted, 
 
 Hartford County — 
 
 Hart/and. Partridges afford good sport. Take the Canal Railroad from New 
 Haven. 
 
GAAfE AND F/S/I JiESOJiTS. 23 
 
 New Britain. Black bass of larpe size are caught in Shuttle Meadows pond, 
 two miles from town. Route : Hartford, Providence an<i Kishkill Kaiiroad. 
 
 East Glastonbury. The headwaters of Roaring Brook atfoni good trout fish- 
 \n%. 
 
 The Farmington River has been stocked with Califoinia salmon. Go via the 
 Canal Railroad to Farmington or Granhy, in both of which places there are hotels, 
 
 />(j«(^«>-.v anglers resort to Lake Kenosha with its boating and excellent fishing. 
 It is two miles from the village, reached by a pleasant drive. Danbury is on the 
 Danbury and Norwalk, and the Housatonic Railroads. Two hotels. 
 
 MitUllespx CouHttf— 
 
 Saybrook Pointy at the mouth of the Connecticut River, furnishes excellent 
 shooting lor ducks, broadbills, red heads, black ducks and dippers. Reached by 
 the Shore Line, or Connecticut Valley Railroad. There is a good hotel within 
 forty rods of the depot. 
 
 East Hampton, lixccllcnt black bass fishing in Lake Pocatsnpogue whose 
 waters have also been stocked with salmon. Reached via the New York and 
 Boston Air Line. Buell's is a good stojiping place. 
 
 Clinton. Woodcock, ruffed grouse, jnckerel. Reached via the New York, 
 New Haven and Hartford Railroad, twenty-three miles from New Ilaven. 
 
 Higganum. Salmon are taken in the Connecticut. Reached via the Con- 
 necticut Valley Railroad. 
 
 New Haven County — 
 
 Guilford. Duck and snipe shooting, and good fishing. Guilford is on the 
 New Y()rk, New Haveii and Hartford Railroad, sixteen miles from New Haven. 
 Hotel, the Guilford House, and at Guilford Point several suiniuer hotels. 
 
 Mil/ord. Several trout streams in the vicinit\-, and a variety of lisiiing in the 
 Sound. Route: New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Hotel: the 
 Milford House, $3. Charles Island with a small hotel, is a summer resort, and 
 affords good fishing. 
 
 New Haven. On the East Haven marshes snipe abound. On the hills wild 
 pigeons are found in their season, and quails also abo\ind. On the ridge that joins 
 the East and West Rock quails are found in considerable numbers, and on the 
 West Havensideisaseriesof salt water flats that extend for several miles. These 
 of course are much h<inted. Savin Rock or Light House Point are within an liour's 
 drive by carriage, and both afford good fishing, while by the Siiorc Line Railroad 
 a few minutes ride by the early train will place the angler at Branford, Double 
 Beach, Stony Creek, Guilford, the Tliimble Islands, and other places long known 
 as tip-top fishing grounds for black fish, sea bass, vveak fish, lobsters, etc., and 
 now provided with hotels and boarding liouses of all classes and every style of 
 pretension. 
 
 Stony Creek. Good duck shooting on the Shore Line Railroad. Guides and 
 information can be obtained at Frink s Hotel. Several inexpensive hotels. For 
 full information address Richard I'ayne or Henry Rogers. P'rom the Indian 
 Point hotel boats may be hired (25 to'50 cents) for the Thimble Islands. 
 
 The Thimble Islands. A resort that ought to be brought more generally to 
 the notice of the people outside of Connecticut, is the '* Thimble Islands,'' lying 
 between New Haven and New London, and reached by the Shore Line Railroad 
 from Stony Creek, Branford or Guilford stations. There are several hundred of 
 tiiese islands, with bold shores, and splendid sea fishing of all kinds convenient, 
 offering greater variety and change of scenery than is usually afforded by any 
 single i)leasure resort. A cruise among these islands in a yacht gives perfect 
 dolcc far niente. The old Double Beach House, a famous resort for fifty years, 
 the Branford Point House, and a dozen new ones, offer abundant hotel accommo- 
 dation. Many ot the islands are occupied by private cottages. The pleasantest 
 way to reach the islands from points south of New York, is to take the New 
 Haven steamboat line at Peck Slip, New York, at 11 p. m., sleep all night com- 
 fortably, and reach Stony Creek in time for breakfast. 
 
 West Meriden. Good snipe shooting. Reached via the New York, New 
 Haven and Hartford Railroad, to Meriden. 
 
 Htchfleld Countff— 
 
 Canaan. The Twin Lakes are fast growing into favor as a camping and pic- 
 nic resort. On the mountain tops near at hand, are lakes as wild and much less 
 
24 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 frequented than the Adirondacks or Maine lakes, and abundantly stocked with 
 fish and kiiitic. 
 
 The " Twins'"—" Waushincc" and " Waushininfj"— are on the Connecticut 
 VVustcrn Railroad, twelve miles east of Millcrton, which is on the llaiicin ro-.id, 
 and fifty-seven miles west from Hartford. They are on liiph ground, and held in 
 place by a range of hills. The Twins arc '* siamesed " together by a narrow, 
 crooked strait, that is barely navigable in low water. Moth lakes are well stocked 
 with the fish usually found in this region, and vast quantities of piikerel and 
 perch are taken from the smaller lake during the winter. The large lake— sonic 
 six miles in circuit— has long been famous for its tine ])ike (i)ickerel they are cnlled 
 hereabouts), fish of five to seven jiounds weight h'jing not unusual in the bygone 
 days ; but since the stocking of the waters with black bass, some years since, the 
 pike are not so plenty nor so large. The abundant su|)ply of bass, however, 
 more than makes uj) tor it, and during the summer affords rare sport to those ex- 
 perts who know the when and the how to take them. The lakes have also been 
 stocked with land locked salmon. Close around this lake nrgion are numerous 
 trout streams, which afford the angler fine sport ; notably More Hrook and 
 Bracie's brook, m Salisbury, and Bartholomew, Spurr, and I.ee brooks, in Shef- 
 field, and the Sages' Ravine brook, that divides the two States. These streams 
 are hardly large enough for the fly-fisher's best efforts, though trout o( two pounds 
 weight, have been taken from the Lee brook, and very good creels full in Sages' 
 Ravine and the More Hrook. 
 
 The game in the neighborhood comprises grouse, woodcock, quail, squirrels, 
 and rabri'**-', mink and otter, fox, wild-cat, and woodchucks. Of ducks there are 
 the broad-bill, shell drake, whistler. bufHe-head, brant, black duck, and in short 
 nearly every kind found on any fresh water, and in great abundance ; wild geese 
 are here in great numbers, and quail, woodcock and pigeons in suflicient cjuanti- 
 ties to insure good sj)ort. From New York City via Harlem and Connecticut 
 Railroads, the fare is $2.80. Hoard at the Twin Lakes Trout I'arm, Corbin's 
 Union Depot Hotel, and at Salisbury, which see. 
 
 Chapinville. Good bass fishing. Route : Connecticut Western Railroad from 
 Hartford. 
 
 Kent. The Spectacle Ponds are two lakes amid the forest on a high plain to 
 the west, and reached by a steep road. These waters have been stocked with 
 landlocked salmon. Reached via the Housatonic Railroad from Bridgeport or 
 Pittsfield. Hotel, the Kent Plains House. 
 
 Nexu Mil/ord. Fine black bass hshing in the Housatonic River. Route as 
 above. Hotel, the New Milford House. 
 
 Salisbury. For game and fish see Canaan. The Twin Lakes are six miles 
 distant, reached via a good wagon road. Route : from Hartford via the Connec- 
 ticut Western. Hotels, Barnard House $2 ; and a large summer boarding house. 
 
 West Norfolk. Trouting in the vicinity. Route as above. 
 
 Winsted. Some distance above the village on a high jilateau, is Long Lake, 
 which has been stocked with land locked salmon. Route: Naugatuck Railroad 
 from Bridgeport ; fare $1.85 ; or Connecticut Western Railroad from Hartford. 
 Hotels, Clarke House %i ; Beardslej' House. 
 
 Litch field is one of the favorite quiet and unfashionable summer resorts of the 
 State. Bantam Lake, reached by a pleasant drive, is a beautiful sheet of water, 
 full of many kinds of fish, and is much visited by the summer tourists and pleas- 
 ure seekers who resort to Litchfield. Take the Naugatuck Railroad from 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Hew London County — 
 
 Niantic. The striped bass in the river afford excellent sport. The fishing at 
 this point is the more attraccive, as it is done from a bridge not twenty yards from 
 the hotel, on the flood tide, and from below the railroad bridge at the ebb, and by 
 trawling at night. The current is very rapid, and from the bridge, the line 
 sweeps the whole width of the river at this point of the channel. The hotel is 
 comfortable, and the fishing ground within call of the dinner-bell. Blood Point, 
 one mile from Niantic, is a famous resort for fishing for large striped bass. Nian- 
 tic is six miles from New London, is reached from ICast Lyme, and is one mile 
 from that place. The Niantic River, two-and-a-half miles lonir, connects the bay 
 with a lake which receives the waters of several fine trout streams, so that the 
 river and bay form a natural breeding and spawning firound for bass. There 
 are two hotels, one at Block Point on the East Lyme side, and the other on the 
 opposite side of the river at Bloody Point. Niantic Bay is three miles wide, and 
 
6V/.1/A' AXD I- nil RESORTS. t$ 
 
 has a dcplli of three fathoms. In the diamicl bdow the railrnad bridge it is five 
 talhoms. A small lisli known as niummytliu^js is used for hait. 
 
 Norivich. Kly lisliiii); for siiad at lirocnvillc Duin, one mile above Norwich, 
 on the Shetucket River. Dai e and bonv lish are also taught there, and the river 
 has been stocked witli I'alilornia and Kennebec sabnon. Keached via the New 
 York and New Knj{land, or the New London Northern Railroads. H6lels f 2.50, 
 ;^3 and less. 
 
 AVw Loudon. (»ood striped bass fishinpat Rope Kerry, on th<! Niantic River, 
 nnd a variety ol fishing on tiic Sound. Reached via steamboat or rail Irom New 
 York and lioston. 
 
 Noanky a little village midway between New London and StoninKton, fur- 
 nishes excellent lishinjj for mackerel, blue fish, tautojr, llonnders, i)orpies and 
 s(|ueteaKue, or weak hsh, locally known as yellow-hns. The principal tishing 
 ground is iUock Island Sound. Oood duck shooting nmy be had in season. 
 
 Tolliind. Skungaurong, Sni|)sie,S(|uare and Hollon rond, all within an hour's 
 drive, alford as good boats anci as good pond Hshing as* can be had at any point 
 in the State. Woodcock and snipe are in fair abuiulance. Route Central Ver- 
 mont Railroad. 
 
 Vhidfitnn County— 
 
 Jh-ookfyn. Ouail, ruffed grouse and woodcock. Take the New York and 
 New England Railroad to Daniclsonville, thence a drive of four miles. Hotel, tho 
 Putnam House. 
 
 Woodstock. One mile from tlic village is Woodstock Lake, where there is 
 good boating and tishing. Woodstock is a ([uict country town with one hotel, 
 w lerc the stranger will hnd comfortable accommodations. Take the New York 
 and New England Railroad to Putnam, thence hve miles viti stage or hired 
 conveyance. 
 
 DAKOTA. 
 
 The territory is divided into two nearly equal parts by the 
 Missouri River, which flows through it from northwest to south- 
 east. The surface of the country north and east of the river is 
 broken up by many lakes, some of them of large size, and all 
 abounding in fish and game. From the southwest, there are a 
 series of gradually rising plateaus, extending west to the Black 
 Hills, and the Rocky Mountain spurs. The first of these [ lateaus , 
 h the Coteau des Prairies, west of this the Coteau de Missouri ; 
 north is the valley of the Red River, and west of this another 
 plateau, extending to the Rocky Mountains. These plains are 
 diversified by occasional lofty buttes, and deep caiions. In the 
 south and southwestern part of the territory, are the Bad Lands, 
 sterile plains of blue clay land. The plateaus and mountains are 
 full of game, including the larger species common in the west, 
 with all the wild fowl and fish usually found in the neighboring 
 States and territories. The country is thinly settled, and the game 
 consequently for the most part undisturbed. The North Pacific 
 and Central Pacific Railroads and the Missouri River, are the 
 principal lines of access to the Territory. The population is con- 
 fined to the eastern and southern borders, and the line of the 
 
26 CAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Northern Pacific Road. The interior is uninhabited, or occupied 
 by hostile Indian tribes, and travelHng without armed cscourt 
 consequently dangerous. 
 
 Black If ills. As a Ramc repion, the Rlnck Hills will compare very fnvorably 
 with any locality in the country. Deer ot two species iirc most iibumlaiit, the 
 wliitc-tailcd anil the mule deer. KIk arc numerous, ^x\T:i\y bears, mountain 
 sheep, cougar, wild-cat, Canada lynx, K''cy wolf, and coyote, are common. The 
 kit lox, or switt, is abundant on the plants. The mink, otter and badp;er are 
 abundant on the rivers tlowin^; into the Missouri, and sipiirrels, gophers, wood- 
 chucks and muskrats arc conimou on the plains. The beaver buUds its dams in 
 all the streams. C>ame birds are well represented by several species of pecse 
 aixl ducks, which are to be found alonj^ the varii>us water-courses in and about 
 the Hills, and by at least two species ot (grouse, the sharp-tailed and the ruffed. 
 The former arc numerous aloni^ the open valleys and in the sparsely-wooded 
 hill-sides, and the latter among the dense pines of the hijjher land. Altogether, 
 the Hhick Hills offer to the sportsman an abundance and variety of Kn"i>^< unci 
 since opened to the white man, are as much esteemed as a huntini^-t^round by 
 him, as formerly by the Indian. 
 
 From the north there are routes from Bismark, I*"ort Pierre and Hriile ('ity to 
 the northern and northwestern parts of the Hills. From the east there are trails 
 from Yankton, Sioux C-itv and Kearney Junction. There are three routes from 
 the south ; from North I'l.itte and Sidney in Nebraska, and from (Cheyenne, 
 Wyoming ; and one from the west, by the way of Whisky Gap and Independence 
 Rock. 
 
 The route from CJhcyenne is said to be the safest, and preferable to the others. 
 
 Crystal S/>ri>if^s is a hue ground for ducks, geese, swans, etc. A station on 
 the Northern Pacific Railroad, sixty-four miles east of llismark. The lakes and 
 sloughs are all shallow^ with hard bottoms. A boat is unnecessary, as the hunter 
 can walk through the rice and rushes. 
 
 JBarnes County— 
 
 U'orthington^ on the Northern Pacific Railroad. There are a few buffalo, 
 with j)lcnty of elk, antelope, wolves, jack rabbits and other game. The country 
 is rolling prairie. 
 
 Burleigh Count]/ — 
 
 Bismark, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, is an excellent point for sportsmen 
 to make their headquarters. In the surrounding country will be found buffalo, 
 large droves of elk and antelope, black-t.iil deer in abundance, and unlimited 
 numbers of swans, brant, geese, ducks, plover, snipe and pinnated grouse. 
 
 Cass County — 
 
 Farm. Buffalo, black bear, elk, black-tail deer, antelope, canvas-backs, 
 mallards, blue and green-winged teal, widgeons, and red-head ducks, brant, 
 Canada geese, swans, pelicans, snipe, curlew, upland and golden plover, ruffed 
 and piimated grouse. Fargo is on the Northern Pacific Railroad, and is the point 
 of departure of the Red River steamers. The sportsman will find good accommo- 
 dations at the Headciuarters Hotel. From Fargo, for two hundred and fifty miles 
 out to the Missouri, the country is mostly open rolling prairie. Rivers and 
 lakes are comparatively rare, but when found, abound in fish and attract great 
 quantities of game to their wooded shores. Antelope, elk, wolves, jack rabbits, 
 and other game abound. Buffalo are rare, as hostile Indians beyond the Mis- 
 souri watch the fords jealously to prevent their crossing. 
 
 Charles Mix County— 
 
 White Swan. Hlack-tail deer; antelope are plenty on the Bijou Hills, forty- 
 five miles up the river. 
 
 Stutstnan County — 
 
 Stimestown. Elk, antelope, wolvcs.jack rabbits and other game in abundance, 
 buffalo occasionally. Rolling prairie. , • • •-, ^ 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. $f 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 This State occupies the eastern portion of the peninsula 
 which lies between the Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on 
 the east, and the Chesapeake Bay on the west. The greatest 
 l.-ngth of the State is ninety-six miles, the breadth thirty-seven, 
 (he whole area 2,120. and the population 125,000. The surface is 
 hilly and rolling in the northern part, and level in the central and 
 southern portions. The coast is indented by numerous bays and 
 inlets, which are the resort of great numbers of wild-fowl, and are 
 easily reached by the Delaware railroads and their branches, or by 
 the different lines of steamboats plying on the Bay. 
 
 Kent County— 
 
 Komhay Hook. Lnpnn's Hotel is a well-known resort for piinncrs. Ray and 
 beacli birds are here round in alxindance. Reached from Dover, vviiicli is on the 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington and Hiiltimorc Railroad, or via boat from l'hiladel|ihia. 
 
 Kitshannocky nine miles from Dover, is a well-known place tor bay and beach 
 bird shooting. A goo'l hotel here. 
 
 Little Creek l.uniiiii);. On Little Creek is to be found woodcock, quail, snipe 
 and other duck shooting. A few miles from Dover, which is on the Philadelphia, 
 Wiiminnton and Haltimore Railroad. Hotel at Dover, the Capitol House. 
 
 Smyrna. ^>uail and snipe shootinp. Reached via Philadelpliia, Wilmington 
 and Baltimore Railroad. Two hotels, the Delaware and the Smyrna. 
 
 Dover. On the creeks near the city are woodcock, quail, snipe, ducks and 
 wild-fowl of several varieties. 
 
 Near Mil/ord^ are the popular sportsmen's resorts, Thorn Point and Doctor's 
 Island, which are annually visited by gunners. The Milford House furnishes 
 comfortable accommodations. Reacneu via the Junction and Hreakwater 
 Railroad. 
 
 Netc Cnatle County — 
 
 Delaware City. Woodcock, quail and snipe on the Dragon Marshes. Reached 
 via the Pennsylvania and Delaware Railroad. 
 
 Port Penn. On the marshes are snipe, and excellent rail shooting. 
 
 SUHHcx County— 
 
 Lewes, on Lewes Cresk and Delaware Bay, affords excellent bay-bird and 
 wild-fowl shooting, with fresh and salt water fishing. Terra|)ins, rock-tish, perch, 
 eels, and near the Breakwater, large numbers of black lish and floumlers. The 
 route is via the Junction and Breakwater Railroad. The Atlantic House and 
 the United States House afford comfortable accommodations. 
 
 Rchoooth Beach, a few miles south of Lewes, is a summer resort for Delaware 
 people, and there the visitor will find home-like hotels, with fishing and shooting 
 ui the neighborhood. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. . 
 
 The District of Columbia, with the adjoining counties of Mary- 
 land and Virginia, is one of the best game bird and fish centres in 
 the country. Dr. Coues has found two hundred and twenty-six 
 different varieties of birds there. Ducks, geese, snipe, woodcock, 
 
28 
 
 CAME AXD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 wild turkeys, rufTed grouse, quail, rccd birds, wild pijjenns, etc., 
 can be obtained in greater quantities here, than at inuch-talked-of 
 places hundreds of miles further off, and scarcely accessible. 
 
 W'lishington. There nrc hundreds of i)U(CSi>n the Potomac, within two or 
 three hour? drive ol Wushin«;ton, wliere bliick hiiss niiii perch are at)unilant. and 
 'where the rarest sport Is atfordeil. The Little i'alls, Duin No. 7, and tiie busin 
 above it, Stuhblehelil I'alls, the (Ireat balls, and many other places between 
 Washington and the latter point, are celebrated tor ^ood tisliiriLr. Duck i.:ii'. sninc 
 Hh(<otin(r, and on the marshes in the vicinity ol the city arc reed birds, bluck-binls, 
 ortolans, jack snipe, stifl-tads, and canvas-back ducks. 
 
 Marl'wrough Point is the best place \\\ the vicinity for quail, or for bar shoot- 
 inf; tor mallard ducks. 
 
 On the eastern branch near the vicinity of HenninR's liridge, la a locality for 
 plover, mallard, spri^-tail and teal ducks, ami reed l)irds. 
 
 Black liass Fin/tintr in the Reservoirs. Connecte<l with the aqueduct which 
 supplies the cities of Washiiifi;ton and (Jeorgetown with Potomac water, are two 
 immense reservoirs, one of which is known as the receiving reservoir, and the 
 «)thcr as the distributinK reservoir. The hrst is used lor the storajje of water to 
 supuly the city in case of a freshet in the river, or when the water continues 
 mudtly for any length of time ; and the other, located at the head of the pipe line, 
 supplies the various mains leadin;^ to the two cities. Hotli of these reservoirs arc 
 tilltid with black bass. The receiving reservoir was first comoleted and hlled 
 with water. It has been in use about hfteen years, and during that time the bass 
 hai'e increaseil and multiplied therein with fjreat rapidity ; besides the supply is 
 annually increased by the young ones, which come down the conduit from the 
 Kails, and easily get through the wire screens into the reservoir, 011 account of 
 their diminutive size. Many now in the waters <if the reservoir, have been there 
 twelve or fourteen years, and in that time have attained a weight of from four to 
 five pounds. This reservoir covers an area of forty-four acres, and varies in depth 
 from two to fifty feet. The presence of fish in the reservoirs was long a disputed 
 question, but is now pjenerally admitted that they are beneficial to the water, as 
 tney feeil upon the animalculrc, and to a great extent clear it of insects and vege- 
 table matter, washed therein by rains from the surrounding hills, which are culti- 
 vated. Some years since it was noticed in the s|>ring. that the watci ha<l a fetid 
 taste and smell, and it was then argued that its offensiveness proceeded from hsh 
 in a state of decomposition in the reservoirs or pipes leading to the city. Other 
 water-works in different parts of the country had the same trouble, and the sub- 
 ject was scientifically investigated. The generally received opinion now is, that 
 it arises from the confervjE, which, under favorable circumstances, are generated 
 in all reservoirs. 
 
 The bait used for bass in these waters is live minnows, frogs, and crawfish. 
 They never rise to a fly in the still water of the reservoirs, thougn they often take 
 it in the Potomac in places where rocks abound, forming rapids and eddies. The 
 bass undoubtedly spawn in the reservoirs, and for that purpose seek the head- 
 waters in the spring, where it is not so deep. As warm weather approaches they 
 return to the deep water. Fish are frequently taken, weighing from two to three 
 pounds, and when a bass of that size is hooked in water fifteen or twenty feet 
 deep, with no rocks, grass, or snags to catch the line, he affords delightful sport. 
 Their favorite feeding time is early morning. Tr()lling for them with minnow for 
 bait, is often very successful in these reservoirs, especially in August and Septem- 
 ber. A permit from the aijuuduct authorities is necessary, to enjoy the privilege 
 ot fishing in these waters, but the courteous gentlemen who have charge of the 
 work, never refuse such permission to gentlemen whom they know will not abuse 
 the privilege. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 Florida has an area of 59,268 square miles, and a population 
 of 187,748. The country is level throughout the State, with the 
 exception of between the Suwannee and Apalachicola Rivers 
 
GAAfE AND FISH RESOKTS. 2^ 
 
 wliere the hills .irc of iiiconsidL'r.iljlc luMj^Hit. h\ tlu' southern part 
 of the Slate, a wide stiitch of ccniiUry known as the I')verj;Ia(l(s. is 
 annually sul)merj;e(l. and north of this country, the elevation does 
 not exceed two lumdred feet. Florida is well supplied with har- 
 bors and bays, especially upon the (iulf; the wiiole extent of her 
 coast line is 1,150 miles. The St. John's, Apalachicola and other 
 rivers, with their numerous tributaries, and the many lakes con- 
 nected with them, form a system of water communication with 
 the jjreater part of the inland. The northern and eastern coun- 
 ties are also accessible by railroads, and new roads are beinj; con- 
 structed as the development of the country demands them. 
 Florida has vast forests of pine and live oak, dense swamps, cane- 
 brakes and prairie lands. The jjreater part of the State is unset- 
 tled, much of it has never been disturbed by the settler, and here 
 the sportsman will tind j;ame in all irs primitive abundance, in- 
 cludmj^ the varieties here mentioned : — 
 
 Animals. — Panther, common in all the unsettled parts of the 
 State, lynx, abundant and do. ; {^rey wolf, some nearly black, not 
 common; grey fox, common; raccoon, very abundant; common 
 bear do ; red deer abundant but very small ; southern fox s(|uirrel, 
 abundant, contincd \.o pine woods, affords hne sport ; j^rey s(juirrel 
 very abundant and very tame; grey rabbit, marsh rabbit, and 
 opossum, very common. 
 
 Birds.— Wild turkey, quail, kill-deer, plover, Wilson i)lover, 
 piping plover, golden and black belly, very numerous ; woodcock, 
 not very abundant ; snijKi very numerous, lly in large flocks and 
 cover the whole country; red-breasted snipe very numerous; 
 willet, yellow legs, and godwit. very common ; Hudson curlew 
 and Esquimaux, rare ; long-billed curlew abundant ; black-neck 
 stilt, rails, galannules, herons, cranes and ibis, all common. 
 
 Ducks, Geese, etc. — Mallard, very abundant ; black duck, com- 
 mon ; pin-tail, green-winged teal, blue-wirtged teal, blue-winged 
 shoveller, wood duck, scaup duck, red-head, all abundant ; bald 
 pate, canvas back, butter ball, ruddy duck, all common ; hooded 
 meganser, abundant ; Canada goose, common in western Florida. 
 
 Fish. — Sheepshead, red-fish or channel bass, salt water trout, 
 drum, whiting, red-snapper, or groui)er, black grouper, robia, 
 pompano, cavalli, black fish, or sea bass, hog fish, croaker, black 
 grunt, skipjack, mullet, salt water catfish, shark, gar fish, or (saw 
 fish), angel fish, ray, skate, torpedo fish, great ray or devil fish. 
 The fresh water fish are the black trout, or bass, yellow perch, 
 sunfish, blue bream, red-bellied perch, goggle-eyed perch. 
 
 Jlrcvard County — 
 
 Fori CrtfiroH, at Indian River Inlet, is an excellent point for the hunter or fish- 
 erman. There are red fish, red snapper, sheepshead, cavalli, red trout, sea mul- 
 let, pompano, Jew fish and tarpon, with other varieties. an<l a good game country 
 in ttte interior. Good board can be found at Captain Payne's. A short distauco 
 
30 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS, 
 
 from Car.ron is Fori Pierce, an excellent campinp pround where the same sport 
 may be had. For route to both these points, see New Smyrna, Volusia County. 
 Sec also Titusvillc. 
 
 Clay Connti/— 
 
 Dfit.i^-no/ia. Rlack Creek is a navipable stream for fishermen and sportsmen. 
 On a sunny day its banks are lined with ullijijators, wliilu fish and pame of all 
 descriptions are plentiful. A regular landing for St. John's River steamboats. 
 Hotel, Is. 
 
 Columbia County— 
 
 Lake City. Deer, wild tui".:eys, ducks, quail ; trout, bream, S))cckled bream. 
 Reached via the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. Hoard $25 to 
 $so per month ; guides $1 to $1.25 ; teams $3 to $5. 
 
 The Gulf Counties— 
 
 In all the counties along the Gulf of Mexico and in nearly all the heavily 
 timbered lands •;! the others, are to be found all kinds of game, such as bear, deer 
 wild turkeys, panthers, catamounts, wild cats, etc. Deer and turkey are abun- 
 dant. In all the lakes, rivers, and creeks are an abundance of fish, such as trout, 
 perch, jack or hake, cattish, black fish, bream, etc. On tnc coast there are the 
 finest of oysters, clams, turtle, and every variety of salt water fish. During the 
 winter all the lakes, ponds, bays, inlets, rivers, etc., have an abundance of every 
 variety of water fowl. Sportsmen should visit Middle Florida by all means and 
 take a hunt and a fish down on the coast. 
 
 Esrnnihia County — 
 
 This is one of the best sporting counties in West Forida. On the Perdido, 
 Black Water, Escambia. East Hay, and Choctawhatchee Rivers, and on Palmetto, 
 Soldier. St. Johns, and Stone Ouarry creeks, on the Grand Lagoon, Bear and 
 Deer Points, and on Bayous Grande, Checo, Texar, Marquis, Garcon and Tar- 
 kill, all within a few hours' sail of Pensacola and the Navy Yard, can be found 
 excellent fish in many varieties, with deer, bear, turkey, squirrel, etc. Within 
 five miles of the Navy Yard any quantity of game can be obtained. The frrand 
 Lagoon furnishes fine duck shooting all the year. The summer or wood duck 
 remains the c tire year, and in the fall and winter it is visited by great numbers 
 of Mallard or English duck, red-heads, blackwing teal, wood duck, large crested, 
 widgeon or bald heads, bullheads, sawbills, black ducks, gadwalls, and the wild 
 goose and swan. In the spring the sprig-tail or jiin-tail, spoon-bill or shoveler 
 and the blackwing teal. The latter come in great clouds and linger until late in 
 May. They usuiilly feed in shallow water alon*^ the shore, and are often found 
 in great numbers on the beach, which affords tiie .Uealthy gunner a cajiital chance 
 to slaughter them by the wholesale. In what is known as the Live Oak Reserva- 
 tion, are deer, bears, and wild turkeys in great numbers. The fishing is for blue- 
 fish, pompano, Spanish mackerel, sheepshead, cavalli, r,. a trout, channel bass, 
 red snappers, ana groupers. Reached via steamer from > ew Orleans, St. Mark's 
 and other points, and via Pensacola Railroad, connecting at Junction with Mobile 
 and Montgomery F Iroad. Board $20 per month. 
 
 Duval County — 
 
 Jacksonville. Excursions go out to the fishing banks off the St. John's bar, 
 ■where large snappers and black fish are caught. 
 
 As a place from which one may reach the most attractive portions of the State, 
 Jacksor »'ille shouUl be selected. Situated upon the St. John s, it has steam com- 
 municp.tion with every settlement upon that mtcresiing river, and with St. Augus- 
 tine, New Smyrna and Indian River, upon the coast. It has direct rail connec- 
 tion with Tallahassee, the caj)ital of the State, with Cedar Keys ujion the west 
 coast, and thence with all the gulf ports, the Keys and (aiba.and with Savannah, 
 via the old circuitous route, and a more direct new one. Here the camper -out 
 should procure his outfit, except tent. 
 
 From Jacksonville to Enterprise, two hundred miles up the St. John's, the fare 
 by steamer is $12, and of proportionable price to intervening landings. To Salt 
 Lake, the farthest point reached by steamers, (curious stern-wheelers), it is about 
 $6 more ; all freight at the rate of about $1 per barrel ; a small boat up the St. 
 John's pays $5 foi passage upon the steamers. Indian River, ihe great game sec- 
 
GAME AND FISH RESO/^TS. 3 1 
 
 tlon, is reached via Salt Lake, from the St. John's, the distance across land at that 
 point being but six miles. 
 
 Franklin County— > 
 
 AJnilachicola. Curlew, plover, snipe, rail, (,„" .lucks and pcese. At Green 
 Point and Topsil-bluff, lliree miles distant, is good deer huntuig. The slough 
 titty miles uji the river, reached by steamer, is an excellent hunting ground for 
 many kinds of game. Transportation of small boats to this point, $2. Hoard at 
 moderate rates, and dogs for deer hunting can be obtained at Apalachicola. 
 Reached via steamer from St. Mark's, and other points. 
 
 Gadsden County — 
 
 Chattahoochee. Deer, beaver, fox and grey squirrels, raccoons, opossums, 
 wild turkeys ; ducks, (juail ; trout, speckled perch, and other varieties of fish. 
 Tlie best fishing is at Fish Lake, two miles from the depot. The route is via the 
 Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. Board %i to $2.50 ; guides $0.75 to 
 $1.50 ; boats at reasonable rates. 
 
 Quincy. Hears, deer, wild turkeys, ducks, ruffed grouse, woodcock, small 
 game in abundance; trout, rock tish, bream, and several varieties of perch. 
 Route as above. Hoard $1 to $3 \ teams ;^3 to $4 ; guides and boats can be secured 
 when necessary. 
 
 Hamilton County — 
 
 Jasper. Hears, deer, wild hogs, turkeys, ducks, geese, ruffed grouse, snipe, 
 and many other varieties of birds, with small game, and excellent hshing. 
 Reached via the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. Hotels and private board $13 per 
 week : teams $3. Country undulating pine and hammock lands. 
 
 milaborough County— 
 
 At Boca Ciega Bay., Mr. Murphy's youngest son is a good boatman, and a 
 reliable guide to the game districts of the neighborhood 
 
 Tampa. For the niscator, 'J'ampa does ncit oresent many inducements. A 
 few miles up the Hillsooro'igh river, fair trout tishiiig can be obtained, and about 
 the docks and in the chan;cl, j)assable sheepsheadiuK will be found. Hy taking 
 a row or sail boat, and proceeding to the oyster bar, nine miles down the bay. 
 superior sheepshead and drum risliing can be enjoyeu. There are several good 
 boarding houses here. Reached via steamer from Cedar Keys, which see. 
 
 stefferaon County— 
 
 Monticello. Bear, deer, wild turkey, quail, ducks ; black bass, trout, bream, 
 perch, with other varieties of game and fish. Reached via Jacksonville, Pensa- 
 cola and .Mobile Railroad. Hotel $2 to $3 ; private board $1.50 to $2 ; guides $1 ; 
 boat so cts ; teams $6. 
 
 Jjeon County — 
 
 Tallahassee. Tl:e fields are full of quail. In the neighborhood arj many small 
 lakes, in which ducks, ^eese, brant, ami other wild fowl arc plentiful. At Lakes 
 Lafayette and Jackson, six miles distant, and some miles in extent, there is good 
 fishing as well as shooting. About two miles fnnn town, and on a high hill, which 
 lies among several small lakes, is a favorite resort for duck-shooters — as the birds 
 are continually i)assing and repassing from lake to lake. There is abundance of 
 accommodation in the 'ty, and the sportsman will receive all necessary informa- 
 tion anil assistance. ses and vehicles aie readily obtained. Deer and wild 
 turkeys are killed wii . x few miles of the town. 
 
 St. Mark's, but an hoar's ride from the cicy, by rail, is on the Gulf; and the 
 fishing and wild fowl shooting is of the best. Boats and assistants are easily had. 
 
 Levy County— 
 
 Branson. In the neighborhood, deer, turkeys, brant, duck, and quail can bs 
 found in abundance. Chunky Pond v: distant from the village about two miles ; it 
 is about two miles long and one wide, connecting with a nuii)l)i;r of smaller ponds, 
 which extend for a distance of about nine miles. These ponds contain bream and 
 trout (bass) in endless numbers— the latter ranging from one to fifteen pounds. 
 Uronson is on the Fernandina and Cedar Keys Railroad, thirty miles from Ced^r 
 
32 GA^fE AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Keys. Roard can be obtained for $7 per week ; guides for fishing and hunting 
 can always be found. 
 
 Cedar Ki'ys is the termintis of the \tlantic and Gulf and West India Road. 
 Ducks, geese, deer and wild turkeys are found in the vicinity. I'^roin tiie railroad 
 dock, sea trout (weak tisli) ranging from two to si.\ jjounds, sea bass and p(>rgics 
 can t)e caught with cut bait, and sheepshead witii tiddlers. On the points and 
 about the reefs a few miles from town, superior red and grouper fishing ran be 
 obtained at Cedar Keys. The sportsman will lind unbounded hospitality and 
 courteous attention on the part of the inliabitants. From this point the tourist 
 may take steamsliip to New Orleans, Tainita, Punta Rassa, Key West, or 
 Ilavana. l""or tlie purpose of cruising along the coast, or general sporting i)ur- 
 poses, suitable boats with experienced sailing masters can be engaged at from 
 lour to six dollars ner day. 
 
 Rosewood. In tlie hammock are bears, deer, and turkeys in great abundance. 
 Reached via the Kernandina and Cedar Keys Railroad. Mr. Kord keeps a good 
 sportsman's house. 
 
 Hernando Countt/— 
 
 Anclote. In the river of the same name are red fish, sheepshead, tarpum, 
 with excellent snipe, curlew, coot and duck shooting. Reached by boat from 
 Bayport. 
 
 liayport. The country back of IJayport is well storked with bear and deer, 
 and there the sportsman may secure some excellent sport. The section referred 
 to can be reached by land, by taking stage from Gainesville, or by leaving Ock- 
 /awaha steamers at Silver Spring ; conveyance to Ocala and stage from Ocala to 
 Brooksville. At the latter place a vehicle of some description can be obtained, 
 by whic.i Bayport, distant thirty miles, can be reached. The tourist will find the 
 neighboriiood of Brooksville an interesting locality. The immediate neighbor- 
 hood is liilly, some of the highest points attaining an altitude of over four huniired 
 feet. In the neighborhood tne sportsman will find some crystal lakes, surrounded 
 by hills, where he can catch trout and bream. 
 
 Brooksville., see above. 
 
 In the Cheeseltowiska River ^ ten miles from Bayport, are found sheepshead, 
 cavalli, bream, trout, and red and black groupers. Reached by boat from Bay- 
 port, or from llomosassa. 
 
 Jloinosassa. In the river and spring are sheepshead, red fish, cavalli, channel 
 bass, weak fish, red and black groupers, bream, snapjjers, skip jacks, sea trout 
 and large snapi^ing turtles. .Ground the basin and along the banks of the river, 
 are large numbers of v/ater turkeys, many varieties of sea birds, and ducks in 
 great abundance. In tlie woods and hammocks are bears, deer, turkeys, and 
 other game. There are two routes to Homosassa — one via Savannah, Kernandina, 
 or Jacksonville to Cedar Keys, aiul tlie other via Silver Si)ring and Ocala. The 
 sportsman can easily ascertain upon what day he will reach C^edar Keys, and bv 
 addressing .Mfred E. Jones, Homosassa, Fla., in advance of the day cf arrival, 
 Mr. J. will be found at the Keys with a boat ti' transport visitors to his place free 
 c charge, If unable to communicate with Mr. J. a suitable boat may be cliar- 
 t red at Cedar Keys for about $10 for the trip, thirty miles. It the sports- 
 man is desirous of visiting an interesting and attractive portion ot the State, he 
 can take steamer from Jacksonville to Silver Spring, and back from the Spring to 
 Ocala, via stage, a distance of six miles. From Ocala to Homosassa, the distance 
 is forty miles over a fair road, and E. J. Harris, of the Ocala House, will make 
 the necessary arrangements for transportation of visitors to the hospitable inglc- 
 sidc of A. E. Jones, where will be found excellent accommodations, at moderate 
 prices. No place in the State presents so many attractions for tlie sportsman, if 
 we take into consideration tiie sporting advantages in connection with home 
 comforts, excellent accommodations, superior table, perfect cleanliness, and an 
 admirable climate. Sportsmen who wish to enjoy themselves, and at tlic same 
 lime be accompanied by their wives, will liiui this j)lace to oiler many attractions. 
 If a stag party of from two to four wish to enjoy themselves for a few weeks or 
 months, we would recommend tliein to en"fage Liberty Hall— from $10 to $12 per 
 week. Visitors will find an ample supply of boats, and for a trilling charge 
 negroes living on the plantation will keep the piscattir supplied will- bait. There 
 is also a gootlpair of liounds for deer hunting. The sportsman Liiould provide a 
 strong bass rod, and an assortment of flics, hooks and lines, with large sized 
 spoon for trolling. Mr. Jones is the Postmaster, and the place is provided with 
 a weekly mail. 
 
GAME A. YD FISH RESORTS. 33 
 
 Jiladiaon Couttty — 
 
 Madison. Rear, deer, wild turkcvs ; trout, perch ; with other varieties of 
 game and fish. Reached via the Jacitsonville, I'ensacola and Mobile Railroad. 
 Board $2.50 ; guides 75 cents to |i ; teams §2 to $4 ; boats free. Country roUintJ 
 and prairie. 
 
 hllavillc. near, deer, wild turkey, quail. Reached via the Jacksonville, 
 Pensacola and Mobile Railrouil, Hoard $1.50 to $2.50 per day ; teams %\i 
 
 3lurlon County— 
 
 The Ockl(\7viikii River. Tlic pfainc once very abundant has been much 
 depleted by wanton destruction. Tliere are still found in fair iMimbers limpkins, 
 water-turkeys, herons, painted gallciiells, coois, cables. The black bass fishing 
 is good, and alligators numerous. The river is reacned by regular steamer. 
 
 Motiroe County — 
 
 Between the ( "aloosatchie River and the Big C'ypress Swamp and the Ever- 
 glades, is a country unsurpassed for game. Deer, wild turkevs, ducks and quail 
 are verv abundant. In the waters, good cavalli and otiier fishing. This country 
 is reached via rail to Cedar Keys, thence boat to the (^aloosatchie River. For 
 the best s|)ort, provide tent, boat, and camping equipments. A light wagon with 
 mules is also desirable and ran be jirocured at Manatee. The country is opi-n 
 and the land firm. A horse at lull speed can be ridden almost anywhere without 
 roads or i)aths. 
 
 Ifatisati County— 
 
 Fernandina. Deer, duck, rail and snipe. Reached via steamer from New 
 York, Charleston, and Savannah, and by rail from Jacksonville, and Key West. 
 The Mansion House affords good accommodations. M. VV. Downie, proprietor. 
 
 Manatee County— 
 
 Charlotte Harbor — Bird Key, one mile west of Useppi, is a small island con- 
 sisting of about forty acres and covered with large mangrove trees. It is the 
 roostmg place for the multitudes of birds that frequent Charlotte Harbor. On 
 the island will be found ))clicans, ganet, cormorants, water turkeys, cranes and 
 herons of all kinds, sizes and descriptions. A person desirous of collecting 
 ornithological specimens woukl find this a desirable locality. 
 
 Gasparilla Island. The Inlet, at the northern end of this island, teems with 
 red fish ranging from five to twenty pounds, cavalli, weak fish, bone fish, grunts, 
 or red and black grouper of large size. Inside the inner point sheepsheading is 
 excellent, the fish ranginj^ from one to five pounds. With a stout nine foot rod 
 and three hooks baited with fiddlers, from one to three sheenshead can be cap- 
 tured at almost every cast. The water is very clear, and the Dottoin a white shell 
 bank, and the fish are visible in dozens slowly swimmin;^ along in search of food. 
 Fiddlers of large size can be secured in quantity for bait on most of the sandy 
 keys. If placed in an ordinary wooden pail they will live for man}' days. Red 
 and other fish will readily take cut fish bait, but seem to prefer minnows. 
 
 All the larger islands in the vicinity are stocked with deer, and on most of them 
 dogs are unnecessary ; still-hunting is preferable. Coons in immense numbers 
 exist on these isli\nds and their tracks are visible everywhere near the bay 
 beaches. On the mud flats thousands of snipe and curlews can be seen at any 
 time, ajMiarently waiting to be destroyed. In the centre of the island the sports- 
 man will find a large fresh water lagoon where excellent water can be obtained. 
 The invalid who is piscatorially inclined, and who desires an excellent climate, 
 should spend a few weeks or months on the northern end of Little Gasiiarilla. 
 The air is pure, water excellent, frost absent, sea-bathing unequalled, fishing 
 beyond description, deer iilentiful on the isla.id and on the main land. 
 
 Peace Creek is navigable for eighty miles, and on its banks is tine deer and 
 tuikey hunting. Myakka River is full oi alligators. 
 
 Egittont. Eugene Coons, son of the light-house keeper, is a good pilot and 
 puide for the game localities of any part of the Western and Southern coast of 
 Florida. His schooner can be chartered for an excursion, and under his jiilotage 
 the trip is pleasant for ladies as well as gentlemen. 
 
 The South-eastern I/untinji^ District. Southwest of Lake Okechobee, nearly 
 to the shore of Charlotte Harbor, and from the Caloosahatchie River to Peace 
 Creek, a distance of sixty miles, the sportsman will find a beautiful prairie, 
 
34 
 
 CAME AXD FISH KESOJ^TS. 
 
 clothed with luxuriant and nutritious grasses, different from those of the St. 
 John's and Atlantic sections. Tiiis vast expanse of hunting ground is dotted with 
 ' islands," that is to say, snots clotlied with live oalts and palms. Tliese islands 
 vary from a few Sfjuare rods to tilty acres, ami here and there will be lound small 
 belts of pine timber, the islands and belts furnishing ample stielter for pame. 
 This section is iinequaled by any portion of tlie Unitei! States foi deerhuntnig or 
 turltey shooting. In crossing the prairie from New Kort (J^entre large herds of 
 deer are frequently visible on eacii side of the trail. t)wing to liie inequality of tlie 
 surface, and the protection afforded by tlie tall grass and patches of saw nalmetto, 
 the game can be approached without difficulty. Since the removal of the major- 
 ity of the Seminoles,deer have roamed and increased on the ^)rairie undisturbeil. 
 VVith the exception of the few annually destroyed in the neighborhood of Kort 
 Thompson, they are unmolested, the grasses are nutritious, climatic conditions 
 favorable, and, as a consecjuence, the amount of deer in this section is fabulous. 
 This locality is truly the hunter's paradise, and if he desires variety, he will find 
 numberless turkeys on the banks of the creek or in the adjoining islands ; or if 
 disposed to indulge in fishing, all that will be necessary is to use a bob, spinner, 
 or fly, and he will soon tire of landing the largest and fattest trout in the State. 
 On the rivers and lakes, ducks, coots, yellow-legged snipe, curlews, cranes, 
 herons, water turkeys, and other birds exist in countless numbers. 
 
 If any one should contemplate a visit to this region we would recommend as a 
 site for his camp a point on the creek ten or fifteen miles west of New Fort Cen- 
 tre. To reach this locality the sportsman can take steamer to Charleston, Savan- 
 nah, or Kernandina, and railroad to Cedar Keys; or steamer from New York 
 to Key West. I'unta Rassa can be reached from Cedar Keys or Key West 
 by steamer, sailing weekly. l<"rom Punta Rassa sportsmen can ascend the 
 river to Fort Thompson, or take a bullock dray from Kort Myers. Mr. Carlton 
 jesides two miles north of Kort Thomiison, and for $3 per day will furnish a con- 
 veyance to the creek. To find Mr. C. s residence after reaching the fort, land on 
 the west side of the river below the ranids, thence a northerly course must be 
 kept, leaving the river to the right and tlie timber to the left. Two miles from 
 the landing place Mr. Carlton's residence will be noticed to the letl, near some large 
 pine timber. Mr. C. will be found to be a good guide — kind, sociable, attentive, 
 and moderate in his charges ; in fact, a gentleman whom we can unhesitatingly 
 recommend to the favorable notice of sportsmen. 
 
 Orange County— 
 
 Altamont furnishes good bass fishing, and good general hunting. Reached 
 via St. John's River to Sanford or Mellonville, thence stage or hired convey- 
 ance. A. M. Shepherd is an old hunter and fisherman, who will serve as guide. 
 
 Apopka. Deer, turkeys and quail. Reached via steamer up the St. John's to 
 Mellonville, thence by wagon, nine miles. 
 
 Mellonville. Within eight miles of Mellonville are deer, bear, panther, tur- 
 key, snipe, quail, duck, plume birds of various kinds, such as white heron, pink 
 curlew, blue heron, etc., squirrel, fox, mink, otter, sand-hill crane, and hosts 
 of other fine game. Deer, beir, and panther are iiunted with hounds, and a fine 
 pack can be collected on short notice. Kox hunting affords good sport. Stran- 
 gers will find plenty of gentlemen who have hounds, and know the stands, who 
 are always willing to give them sport. 
 
 W. M. Humphries and Count Nersgaroo are the most noted deer stalkers, and 
 reside near Mellonville. The finest hunting ground is the southwestern part of 
 Orange County, on the coast. The country is invariably too rough, being cov- 
 ered with saw palmetto, but in the interior a carriage can be driven one hundred 
 miles through the pine woods, with scrubs or thickets on every hand, where the 
 deer can be "jumped " at all times. 
 
 Mellonville is reached by steamer on the St. John's River, and hunters should 
 take a team and wagon at Mellonville, with tent and supplies to last a few days, 
 and about forty miles distant, they will find excellent hunting on Davenport Creek. 
 There are hotels at Mellonville, but none in the hunting grounds. Fish abound 
 in all the streams and lakes. Shad are taken with the fly in Lake Monroe ; 
 black bass are found there in great numbers, and at the outlet are white herons, 
 blue ducks, rail ; and bass. 
 
 Long^vood. Deer, turkeys, quail, black bass, bream, with other varieties of 
 fish and game. Reached via steamer to Lake Jessup, thence stage or hired con- 
 veyance, or by wagon from Mellonville. 
 
 Salt Lake is well worth visiting, especially if the day is warm, and the sports- 
 
GAME AXD F/SH KESOKTS. 35 
 
 mr.n fond of 'pator shooting. Deer hunting in this ncighborhoofl is fair, and the 
 rej^ion wouid be found worthy of a visit. Yellow le^s, kill deer, red breasted 
 snipe, and other varieties, coots, pintail, and black ducks, and teal are the game 
 birds found here. Illack bass abound. , 
 
 Orange Dale. Grey and fo.x squirrels, and other game in IIutchiriR's 
 Hammock. 
 
 At Lake Georgtr, on St. John's River, large bass and wild fowl in greatest abun- 
 dance. In Itelilj Stream, six miles from the Drayton Islaml Motel, the best 
 bass fishing can be found. This hotel is much favored bv sportsmen ; it is kept 
 by a Mr. Crosby. St. John river steamers make this locality easy of access. 
 
 I'utnntn County — 
 
 San Mateo. Deer, turkeys and squirrels in abundance ; in the St. John's 
 mullet are taken in large quantities, and Lake May, y.ix miles distant, is an excel- 
 lent fishing ground for fresh water trout. San Mateo is on the river, eighteen 
 miles below Jacksonville, and reached by steamer. 
 
 VoluHia County— 
 
 Enterprize. Deer, wild turkey, quail, duck and snipe ; black bass. Reached 
 via steamer up the St. John's. A good place for sportsmen is at Aiken's, twelve 
 miles from Enterprize, on the road to New Smyrna. 
 
 NeiK Smyrna and the Indian River Country. Deer, bears, wild turkeys. The 
 fishing comprises sheepsliead, red bass, salt water trout, whiting, black-fish, 
 grunts, scup, groupers, rock groupers, cavalli, snappers, drum, bezugas, pigfish, 
 cattish, sharks, and rays. Hesides these common species, are occasionally taken 
 s]>ecimcns of more southern and tropical forms, which variety adds much to the 
 interest of a day's sport in these waters. The sheepshead run from one-half to 
 seven pounds ; average, three jiounds ; bass from one to thirty pounds : average 
 five pounds ; grouper from one to fifteen pounds ; average, three pounds ; snap- 
 per Irom one-half to ten pounds ; average, two pounds ; trout from one to twenty 
 pounds ; average, four pounds ; drumfish from five to fifty pounds ; average, tea 
 pounds ; whiting and pigfish average one-half pound each ; black fish about one- 
 naif pound ; blue-fish, one-half pound. 
 
 In Spruce Creek., excellent black bass, red fish, sea trout, jew fish and tarpura 
 fishing. The bass average two and a half pounds. Go to Major Alden's house, or 
 Mr. Loud's. One of the best guides is Morrison Lewis. His terms are $2 per 
 day, and $1 for the use of a horse, which will be found necessary in hunting the 
 irreat swamp that extends from New Smyrna to the head of Indian River. The 
 best time for hunting is from 15th December to ist I'^ebruarv- In February the 
 docs are with fawn, and only the bucks are fit to kill. Wild turkeys should not 
 be killed after February. The fishing is best after February. 
 
 The Hillsboro' for twenty miles is filled with mangrove and marshy islands, 
 making many exceedingly tortuous channels difficult to follow. " Shipyard 
 Reach," fifteen miles south of Smyrna, is a noted nlace for ducks ; but the i)est 
 of all grounds is a little below on the west channel, where they come to a little 
 pool all day long to drink. Parties have been here and shot a hundreil to the 
 man in half a day's shooting. Bissett's orange mound is a favorite place ; here 
 the wild oranges glow and glean; through the dark foliage, covering a shell 
 mound, at whose base is a drinking pool where the ducks Hock by scores. October 
 and November are the best months, and again in March, the interim being spent 
 by the greater part of the mass of ducks wintering in Florida further south. 
 
 The route to New Smyrna is up the St. John's to Enterprise, thence via stage 
 or hired conveyance across the country. Or via steamer up the St. John's and 
 Deep River to Crescent City, thence by stages which make bi-weekly trips. Boats 
 are transferred for from $t to $30. 
 
 Titusvillc and the Indian River Country. Titusville is a point of arrival and 
 departure for more interesting points on the river. For ducks "> - must go across 
 the river to Dummitt's, ten miles, or to Banana creek, still »' .er. l""or deer, to 
 Merritt's Island, or to the prairies bordering Salt or Sou*' .es. Boatmen and 
 
 guides can be hired to any point on the lagoon and interic.. j ames Stewart, cap- 
 tain of the " Blonde," is perfectly trustworthy and reliable. Jim Russell is thor-: 
 oughly posted upon the game and fish of Indian River, and wdl be found of great 
 value to any party contemplating a winters camp here. 
 
 Indian River, so called, is not properly a river ; but rather a sound or salt 
 water lagoou, beinc separated from the ocean by a narrow strip of sandy latid, 
 
3<5 
 
 CAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 overprown with pnlmettoos nnd mnnprovcs. It is about one hundred and fifty 
 miles loii<i, and rimnes Ironi several miles to fnrty yards in width. On the east it 
 is fed by several inlets Ironi the sea, through which the tide ebbs and flows freely. 
 Several lar>j;c rivers enter it troni the west, the i)rin(ii)al ol which are the San 
 Sebastian, Santa Lueia,and Loiha Ifatchee. Kesides large game, such as bear, 
 deer, turkeys, etc., this region literally swarms with snipe and ducks, at least 
 durin); the winter months. Partridjjjes 0>ob w Idles) are also sutticienlly numerous 
 to artorii sport. The snipe sliootin;; on the savannahs is sin)]>ly sujierb. These 
 savannahs (or natural meadows) allord su(fii:ient moisture to attract the birils, 
 without beinp; so miry as to render the walking difficult ur tatiiruing.us is so often 
 the case at points further nortii. 
 
 The localities for fish and name in Volusia and Hrevard (bounties, arc these : 
 l'"or tish Ro to New Smvriia, Indian River inlet or Jupiter. I'Orduck, Mos- 
 milto lagoon and llillsboro , at the places already meiiliotied, the marshes between 
 Black Point and the canal, at Duuimitt's, Pelican Island, near the Narrows, and 
 St. Lucie Soinid. Ten Mile ("reek, ten miles back of I""ort I'ierce, also abounds in 
 teal a!id wood duck. b"or deer and bear, " Turnbidl's hammock," near New- 
 Smyrna; Merritt's Island, and the beach ridf^e, three miles from the southern 
 end ; the Narrows ; St. John's prairie, five miles west of Capron and beyond. 
 For turkey, St. John's prairie and about St. Lucie Sound. 
 
 There are pood canipinp sites at Indian River canal, Jones' Point, Addison 
 Point, Horse ('reek, Turkey ("reek, south end of Merritt's Island ; St. Sebastian, 
 Barker's Bluff, Fort ("apron, Fort Pierce, and at various points alonfj St. Lucie 
 Sound. "Water may be procured almost anywhere, by digging a shallow pit in 
 the sand. 
 
 Bt. John^a County- 
 Remington Park. Black River abounds in large bass. Fine trout, (wenk fish) 
 and bass, weighing six pounds are taken up the river a short distance from where 
 it empties into the St. John's. No hotels, but Capt. \\. will secure accommoda- 
 tion lor gentlemen in private ouarters. (limping out in winter is preferable, al- 
 though the river steamers make the locality sufficiently accessible from hotel 
 accommodation. 
 
 St. Augustine. Deer, rabbits, squirrels, foxes, wild turkeys, ducks, including 
 the mallard, teal, summer, spoonbill, widgeon, shagpole, s[)riijtail, black-head, 
 blue-head, Enj^lish diver, canvas-back, and raft-duck ; channel bass, trout,— mul- 
 let, — whiting, black fish, sheepshead. Sportsmen hunt some few miles south of 
 the city, on the Halifax River, as they like the idea of sfiending a few weeks of 
 camp life. They generally go by way of the Matanzas River, running South 
 about twenty-five miles; thence they are hauled o\er— boat and all— a strip of 
 land nine miles in widih to the Halifax River. 
 
 Suwannee Conn ty — 
 
 Live Oak. Deer and wild turkey. In the ponds and lakes east and southeast 
 of Live Oak, many varieties offish are caught. The Suwannee River is an excel- 
 lent stream for fish and game. Live Oak is at the junction of the Atlantic and 
 Gulf, and the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroads. Board in private 
 house $15 to $35 per month ; guides $1 to $1.50. 
 
 WahulUi County — 
 
 New Port. On the opposite side of the river, deer, bears, turkeys, and other 
 game in great quantity. The route is by boat from St. Mark s. 
 
 St. Mark's. Bears, deer, wild turkeys, quail, snipe, geese, brant, ducks, and 
 other wild fowl. Reached via the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad, 
 
 Sportsmen should provide camping outfit. Guides 
 
 ind by tl 
 
 ^i to $2. 
 
 Washington County— 
 
 Phillip's Inlet. Deer, bear, and wild turkey in great abundance. 
 
 Lake Okechobce. There is but one practicable route to Lake Okechobee, 
 that via the Kissimmce River. There are, however, two routes to that river. A 
 good boat, provisions, and everything necessarv for a month's stay, are necessary 
 by either. One is from Indian River, at St. Lucie, across the country, to the 
 location of old Fort Bassenger, on the Kissimmce River. The other is from Lake 
 
UAMi: AND FISH RESORTS. 37 
 
 Jessup, or Winder, on the St, John's, to Lake TohopekaliRa, or Cypress, the head 
 waters of the Kissimmee. 
 
 It is said to be Ht)(>iu torty miles over land, and one hundred and forty down 
 tiic river to HasscnRcr. 
 
 Tlie Kissimmee, as it enters the hike, forms a bay a mile in width and doptli, 
 filled with lilies and wiiter-lettuce. There are t^vo cypress trees near its inoiuli, 
 but all around is marsh. The most conspicuous i)irtls on the river are the limpl<in, 
 or crvinp bird, the white ibis, white heron, snake bird and vulture. Klack bass are 
 plentiful and large, perch, cat-Hsh and bream also abound. 
 
 The (jame birds found here are wild turkey, ([uail, kill-deer, plover, snipe, 
 yellow legs, red breasted snipe, sand hill cranes, clapper rail, coots, nerons, 
 bittern, green wing teal and wood duck. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Area 58,000 square miles: population 1,184,109. The State 
 has a coast line of one hundred miles from north to south, but by 
 numerous islands and their inclosed sounds this is increased to 
 four hundred and eighty miles. Back from the coast for twenty 
 miles, the surface is low and swampy, stretching out, in the ex- 
 treme southwest, into the Great Okitinokee Swamp. Back of this 
 swamp land the country rises by a series of terraces covered with 
 pine forests, to Baldwin Co'.mty where the foot-hills begin. North 
 and west of this county is the hill country described more particu- 
 larly hereafter under liartow County. The State is well watered 
 by numerous large rivers, and these with excellent railroad con- 
 nections afford good facilities for communication with all parts of 
 the interior. Many portions of the State, especially the gre<it for- 
 ests of the central and southern sections are sparsely settled, and 
 there are few hotels. But the stranger will find no difficulty in 
 securing either entertainment or guides when the latter are neces- 
 sary. 
 
 llurtnw County, antl The Hill Country — 
 
 The northern and north-western portion of Georgia, embracing the coiinties 
 of Rabun, Habersham, Hall, White, Towns, Union, Lumpkin, Kannin. Gilmer, 
 Pickens, Murray, Gordon. Hartow, Datle, Walker, Chattooga, and Kloyd— a tract 
 one hundred and forty miles long by about scventy-hve wide— contains some of 
 the roughest, wildest and most picturesque scenery in our land, and this is " The 
 Hill C/Ountry of (ieorgia." 
 
 The tourist will find high mountains, crystal streams, deep, dark gorges, roar- 
 ing torrents, smiling valleys— in short, the grand and the beautiful in nature in 
 every conceivable form, and the lovers of the rod and gun can tind in its recesses 
 some of the choicest sport in the South. It is a wild country, and it will be no 
 child's play huiiliiig and fishing through this wilderness. Game ot all kinds is 
 abundant. Deer ami bear are everywhere found, and amid its deep fastnesses 
 the scream of the panther is not unfro(iuently heard. 
 
 The visitor to the hill country will also hnd turkeys, partridges ((luail) and 
 squirrels abundant, and the seasons in this elevated region are but little earlier 
 than much further north. As a general thing lish are scarce ; suckers, bull-pouts 
 and several other varieties are fount! in most of the streams. Whert the water 
 is clear and cold the chub and bream abound, and most of the lakes and mill- 
 ponds contain "' trout," /. ;., the black bass of the South. These bass are also 
 
38 
 
 GAME AND FI^ll RESORTS, 
 
 found in the rivers whi never they arc not ol)strurtcd by falls or too steep rap- 
 ids. Uast of the Blue RidKC, the mountain or spccl<lcil trout {salmo /ontinalis) 
 are not found, save in one crceic— " W'arwnman's ('recl< " — in Kabuti county. On 
 the west siile (d tliis ridge, however, they aliound. 
 
 The means ol access to this country are— via Chattanooga, over the Western 
 and Atlantic Kailroad, and via Richmond, over the Atlanta and Richmond Air 
 Line Railroad. One cannot go amiss, whatever direction he tai<es after he leaves 
 the railroad. Morses and teams can be obtained in all the county or other towns 
 with but little trouble. Hotels arc scarce, though each county town, usually, has 
 one or more. Hut il the visitor will be satisfied with the rough fare of the coun- 
 try, he will be welcome everywhere. All will be glad to go shooting or fishing 
 with him, for no one is ever so busy as to have no time to siiare. In all these 
 counties arc men who do little but hunt, and anywhere good guides and good 
 hunters can be obtained. 
 
 Adairsville, ( barters villc and Kingston, all on the Western and Atlantic Rail- 
 road, will be found convcuicnl headquarters for Hartow County. 
 
 Jirffan County— 
 
 Way's SiatioH. Game e.tists in great variety— deer, bears, turkeys, quad, 
 snipe, and woodcock, besides otters, coons, minks, and opossums. The area of 
 forest has increased since the war, and game has multiplied apace. There are no 
 hotels or houses for entertainment ; the sportsman must go prepared to camp, 
 but the planters are kind-hearted, and know a gentleman wncn they see one. 
 Reached via the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, from Savannah. Every one keeps 
 (Pointers, and deer dogs are easily procured. Hunting is good throughout the 
 country which is levefand sandy, undulating on the river margins, and covered 
 with pnie forests, 
 
 CatndvH. County-— 
 
 CumhfrlaHii Island. A favorite resort for Georgia sportsmen. Reached by 
 the " inside-passage'" boats between Savannah and the Florida ports, or from 
 Brunswick, w liich nas rail connection with Savannah and the interior towns. 
 
 Tkf St. Mary's River ^ which forms the southern border of the county, is a 
 fine region for game. Reached by boat as before, or from Fernandina, Kla. 
 
 Chatham County— 
 
 Sa7<aHHah. Quail shooting on the Ogcechee road, a few miles from town; 
 wild fowl shooting on the inlets, and among the neighboring islands. People fish 
 in and around Savannah all tlie yea: round, and there is a certain bank off Tybee 
 Light, near the Linrht Ship, where bass arc captured in quantity. From Savannah 
 to Thunderbolt, and in all the waters in the vicinity, are fish in plenty, including 
 bass, sheepshead, whiting and croaker. 
 
 Green IslttHit, sixteen miles from Savannah, is an excellent place for quail and 
 wild fowl shooting, and is reached by rail, boat from Savannah, or by the regular 
 inside route of the Florida steamers. 
 
 IVkite Blujjf, eight miles from Savannah, affords fine fishing, and shooting for 
 quail and other birds. 
 
 Chnttooffa County — 
 
 Snunnerville. See Bartow County. The route is via the Selma and Dalton 
 Railroad to Skelley's. 
 
 Clarke County— 
 
 At /tens. Deer, turkeys, squirrels, partridges. Reached via the Athens 
 Branch of the Georgia Railroad. There are several large hotels. 
 
 Columbia County — 
 
 Berzelia. Foxes and quail. Fox hunting is a favorite sport throughout the 
 county ; there are many fine packs of hounds kept for the purpose. Reached 
 viia the Georgia Railroad from Savannah, Charleston or Atlanta. 
 
 J>a<fe County — 
 
 TrenioH. Wild •■•rkcys and woodcock, quail, deer and bears. Reached via 
 the Alabama and Cbattaaooga Railroad, eighteen miles from Chattanooga. The 
 
GAME AXD F/S/I A' E SORTS. *39 
 
 county occupies the valley of Lr)oko\it Mountain, and is surrounded by hills and 
 mountains in whicii Rainc abounds. See Uartow County. 
 
 Jtvratuv CouHlff— 
 
 liainbridire. Deer, wild turl<cvs, qunil. ducks, English snipe. Lake Doufrlass. 
 Moose Pontl and l-liiit River with otlicr loculitics. are tlie best known grounds. 
 Readied via the Atlantir and (Jult Railroad. Hotel $3 ; private boartl f 15 to $20 
 per month • guides ^o cts. l*"or the best sport camping is necessary. The coun- 
 try is pine barren and hammock. 
 
 Fannin t.ountf/— 
 
 MorgantoH. Sec Hartow County. The route is via carriage road from Dalton. 
 
 Floyd County— 
 
 Koiiii'. See Hartow r<nintv. The route is via the Selma, Rome and Dalton 
 Railroad, llotcl accunimodalions. 
 
 Ollnirr t'outity— ' 
 
 F.llijiiw I'Or Rame. etc., sec Rartow County. Reached via the Western and 
 Atlantic Railroad to Tilton, thence wagon. 
 
 Glynn County— 
 
 Jirumivick. There is a variety of excellent salt water fishing in the sounds, 
 and anionji the coast islands. The pine barrens and swamps abound in many 
 kinds of j^amc. Hears, deer, turkeys, ipiail, wooilcock, snipe, many kinils of wild 
 fowl, witti several varieties of fur l)earinf,' animals. Brunswick is reached by the 
 Macon and Hrunswirk, and tlie Brunswick and Albany Railroads, or by steamer 
 from Savanuali and I'lurida ports, 
 
 Gordon County— 
 
 Take tlie Western and Atlantic Railroad from Chattanooga, Tenn., or from 
 Atlanta, and learn from the conductor 01 employees of the train, where to leave 
 the railroad for a camp in the woods. Black nass fishing, and a variety of fishing 
 will be found. I'rovisions may be otitained at the neigiiboring larnihouscs. 
 For fuller tlirections, see Forest and Strciim^ Vol. iv., No. 24, July aj, 187,^. 
 The railroad officials will be found attentive to the wants of sportsmen, See 
 Bartow County. 
 
 Jlahertihant, County — 
 
 Tallulah Falls. Sec Bartow County. The route is via the Atlanta and Rich- 
 mond Air Line to Toccoa, thence by wagon. 
 
 JIall County— 
 
 Cainsvillc. Deer, turkey and quail shooting. Take the Atlanta and Rich- 
 mond Air Line. There are good hotels, and the town is in summer a fashionable 
 resort. See Uartow County. 
 
 lAberty County — 
 
 Fleming. Mclnioshy and WalthourvilU. For game and route see Way's Sta- 
 tion, Bryan County. 
 
 Zowndea County— 
 
 I'aldosta. Deer, turkeys, quail, etc. Reached via the Atlantic and Gulf Rail- 
 road. Hotels with guides, teams, etc., easily procured. The country is level 
 pine and hummock land. 
 
 Liimpkln County — 
 
 Dahlonega. For game, etc., see Bartow County. Reached via the Atlanta 
 and Richmond Air Line to Gainesville, thence wagon roau. Hotel accommo- 
 dations. 
 
 Mcintosh County — 
 
 Broughton Island., near Broughton, Altamaha Sound, and the rivers and 
 
40 
 
 GAME AAD FISH K/l SORTS. 
 
 creeks which empty into it, furnish most cxccliont fisliinK grounds throuclioiit 
 the year. In the Soiiiul arc imnuiisc niinibors ol sea hass, spotted bass, (Irum, 
 sheepsheail, " yoiuiK drum," whilinj;, troakcrs, weak fish, and yellow taiU, 
 besitles oysters, c lanis, trabs, shrimp, prawn, terrapin, etc. 
 
 On the wide rivers which form the boundary line of HroiiRhton, terrapin, soft- 
 shelled turtles, l)rcam, trout, rock fish. |)erch (three or lour species), and nianv 
 other kinds in their season. The uplantls in the vicinity ol the island offer excel- 
 lent sport in the way of deer, coon and fox hunting. Ducks and other wild fowl 
 fre<iuent the sounds and rivers. Wild turkeys, partri ,es. Kn(>lish snipe, wood- 
 cocK, turtle doves, with hares in abundance, must not be forKoltcn in making up 
 B list of the shooting resources of this part of the (ieor^ia coast. 
 
 'Johnston Station. Kor name untl route sec Way's Station, Bryan County. 
 The country is level pine lan<l. 
 
 Siipeh Island. Kor ^amc sec Broughlon Island, above. Randolph Spalding's 
 sons keep a pack of hounds. 
 
 JUtirray Countf/— 
 
 .SArinfT I'lace. Kor pame and character of country sec Hartow County. Route 
 via Western and Atlantic Railroad to Dalton, thence wat;on drive. 
 
 Oglethorpe County — 
 
 Le.vington. I'or game and route sec Athens, Clarke County. 
 
 l*lckena County— 
 
 yas/fr, Kor game, etc., see Bartow County. Reached by wagon road from 
 Calhoun, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. 
 
 Putnnnt County— 
 
 Eatonton. Deer and tiirkeys in the neighborhood. Reached via Central 
 Georgia Railroad to (iordun, thence via Millcdgcville and Eatonton Branch. The 
 town IS on a high ridge. 
 
 Jtabuii County — 
 
 Deer, turkey, bear and wild cat. Take the Atlanta and Richmond Air Line, 
 and learn from the conductor what station to strike out from, (juides can easily 
 be secured, with board at the tarmhouses. The country is mountainous, and 
 covered with forests. Sec Bartow County. 
 
 Jtlehmond County — 
 
 In the vicinity of Augusta, is good bird and rabbit shooting. At the head of 
 the canal, which takes water from the Savannah River for the cotton factoties in 
 town, are excellent perch and black bass fishing on the rapids ; and shad arc also 
 taken here with fly. The rapids are seven miles above town. This is a favorite 
 picnic ground for the town people. Ducr are found along the bottoms in tlie 
 vicinity. 
 
 Thotnaa County — 
 
 McDoiialti. Hear, panther, deer, turkeys and quail. Reached via the Atlan- 
 tic and Gulf Railroad. Comfortable hotel. 
 
 TItomasvillc. Deer, turkeys and quail. Reached via the Atlantic and Gulf 
 Railroad. Hotel, with teams, etc. 
 
 TiOtvns County— 
 
 Iliawassce. Kor game, etc., see Bartow County. 
 Xlnlon County — 
 
 Blairsville. See Bartow County. Reached by wagon from Gaincsvii.e. 
 There are two hotels. 
 
 Walker County — 
 
 La Fayette. Kor game, etc., see Bartow County. Reached by wagon road 
 from Dalton. 
 
 Ware County— 
 
 TebeauvilU. Bears, deer and wild turkeys are found in the neighborhood. 
 The favorite ground tor hunting and fishing, is the extensive Okefinokee Swamp, 
 
CAAfK AXD F/S/f AW-.SOHTS. 4I 
 
 • 
 
 eleht milps illstnnt. Rearhod vin the Atlantic and (iiilf Rnllroad, ninety-nevcii 
 niUfS Intin Siivunnuh. Tliu 'ri-t>i-uiivillu llitlel, J. W. Keinliart, f>, $8 per 
 week, (iiiiilt; $i.s'>. I'urlics usually cump. The country in low, tiat pino UniJ 
 mill swamp. 
 
 }f'iiMtthif/lou Cniinti/ — 
 
 (Ki'itif, urn/ //'<• (hoHff Swiim^. This swnmn, ten milc!« in length. extenHloR 
 nIoiiK the Oconee River, is lilU-d with great nuiiiliers ol bears, deer, wild tuil<e\ s 
 nnd other k"'»^'i >vith all varieties of wild iuwl. Take the Central Geurt;iti 
 Railroad, 
 
 WHkhmon, f'otint(f~ 
 
 '/'<>i>ins/'i>ri>nj^'/t. Kxcellent shootinf; in the Oconee Swainp. For game and 
 route sec (Jcoiice, above. 
 
 niiite Count I/— 
 
 Cl<i7ieliinii. See Hartow County. Reached via the Atlanta and Richmond 
 Air Line tu Gainesville thence via wagon. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 The territory of Idaho embraces an area of 86,294 square 
 miles, and had a population in 1S70, of 20,583, of whom 10,618 
 were whites and the rest Inchans and Chinese. Idaho is moun- 
 tainous throughout nearly its whole extent ; many of its mountain 
 ranges are lolty and snow-cajjped. The only plain or prairie of 
 note is that e.xtending along the Snake River south-east from the 
 Payette and Sandtooth Mountains. Most of the rivers, of which 
 there are a large number, have fcitile valleys, which constitute the 
 most valuable agricultural lands in the territory. There are sev- 
 eral lakes of considerable extent, all of which, with the rivers, arc 
 supplied with the usual varieties of fresh water fish. The moun- 
 tains iiul forests abound in many varieties of large and savage 
 game, including bears, wolves, panthers, etc., while buffalo, moose, 
 elk, several species of deer, with smaller game, and many varieties 
 of fur bearing animals are found in great plenty. The birds in- 
 clude ninety-hve species, and are generally abundant. The means 
 of communication are confined to wagon roads and trails. There 
 are no railroads in the territory though several have been pro- 
 jected. The nearest approach by rail is via the Ogden and Frank- 
 lin Branch of the Union Pacific. The inaccessibility of the coun- 
 try has greatly impeded its settlement and hence the sportsman 
 will find here vast tracts of undisturbed game ground, where 
 weeks and months may be spent in successful sport. 
 
 Ada County- 
 Boise City, is a central point for expeditions into the game regions of Ada 
 County and those adjoining. The route is similar to that of Idaho City. (See 
 Boise County.) The game in tlic mountains includes elk, antelope, mountain 
 sheep, deer, bears and small (rame. The streams furnish mountairi and salmon 
 trout, white Hsh, and other varieties. » 
 
^. 
 
 
 
 h3 
 
 1 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 // 
 
 Mil 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 m 
 tit 
 u 
 
 I. ^ 
 
 1 28 1 2.5 
 
 IIIIIM 
 
 20 
 1.8 
 
 ■ 40 
 
 U il.6 
 
 «v 
 
 <^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 ^4<,^ 
 
 
42 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Atiava County — 
 
 The Three Duties are good hunting grounds for the mountain game common in 
 this region and mentioned below. Reached from Soda Springs or Boise City. 
 The northern part of the county is composed of mountain ridges, among which 
 game will be found iu large quantities. 
 
 Jioi9e County— 
 
 Quartzburgh. Deer, bear, grouse, mountain trout, white, and red fish, sal- 
 mon trout. Route as above. 
 
 Idaho City. Elk, deer, mountain sheep, bear : mountain and salmon tiout, red 
 and white fish. Reached via Central Pacific Railroad to Kelton, thence stage 
 three hundred miles. Board $3 : guides $4 ; teams $8. 
 
 Payette Lake contains red fish. Parties are fitted out at Idaho City for fishing 
 and hunting expeditions to the lake. 
 
 Idaho County — 
 
 This county, extending east and west from Oregon to Montana, is a grand 
 field for hunting and fishing. The county is mountamous, and for the most part 
 unsettled, fhe game found here comprises bears, wolves, p&.ithers, wild-cats, 
 foxes of several species, moose, buffalo, on the Payette Valley prairie, elk, black- 
 tailed and mule deer, antelopes, Rocky Mountain sheep, ducks, geese and many 
 other kinds of water fowl, with other game birds in great variety and abundance, 
 and the fresh water fish common to the territory. There will also be found excel- 
 lent trapping in all the streams. Elk City at the base of the Bitter Root Moun- 
 tains is a good place for headquarters. 
 
 ZiiitUoah County — 
 
 Moose are found in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains. Sage hens are abundant 
 throughout the county. 
 
 Oneida County- 
 Fort Bonneville is a good starting point for elk, mountain sheep, antelope, 
 bear and deer shooting. Quail, and grouse are abundant. Mountain and salmoa 
 trout, and white fish furnisli good fishing. 
 
 Soda Springs., on Bear River, is in the centre.of excellent hunting and fishing. 
 The game is abundant in the mountains south and east. Bear River contains 
 grayliiur, and the mountain streams are filled with mountain trout and other vari- 
 eties of^game fish. 
 
 Shoghone County — 
 
 The mountains which form the eastern boundary of this county are full of large 
 game. Go to Pierce City where guides will be found. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 The area of the State is 55,410 square miles, the population is 
 2,537,891. The surface of the country may be described as a 
 gently inclined plane, sloping from Lake Michigan, on the north, 
 toward the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. An elevated plateau 
 extends from Wisconsin into the northwestern part of the State, 
 where it is manifested in bluffs and hills. Another range of hills 
 in the extreme southern section crosses the State from Grand 
 Tower, to Shawneetown. With the exception of these eleva- 
 tions, the State is level, consisting for the most part, of prairie 
 lands, dotted here and there with islands of oak and other forest 
 trees. The railroad system of Illinois is remarkable for its per- 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 43 
 
 fection. The total length of her railroads exceeds that of any 
 other State, and there is scarcely a county which is not tra- 
 versed by one or more o<" these lines. As a ganne region Illi- 
 nois will compare favoral)ly with the neighboring States, in the 
 abundance of wild fowl found on all the rivers and lakes, pinna- 
 ted grouse on the prairies, and fish of various kinds in all the 
 streams. With the exception of a little deer shooting, there is no 
 large game. 
 
 A.Aa,ms County — 
 
 Lima Lake is a noted pl^ce for wild fowl shootine. See La Granee, Lewis 
 County, Mo. The lake, which is surrounded by marsn, contains several islands, 
 and is connected by a navigable slough with the Mississippi River. These 
 grounds may be reached by river steamers ; by boat or hired conveyance from 
 puincy ; via Chicago and Burlington and Qumcy Railroad to Mendon, thence 
 hired conveyance or stage to Lima ; or via La Grange, Missouri. 
 
 Quincy, See Lima Lake. Mt 
 
 Sureau County — 
 
 Sheffield. Excellent duck shooting ; mallards, and oiher varieties. The little 
 steamer Sheffield takes numerous parties from the Sheffield House to the favorite 
 hunting stations on Lake Wolf, Hyde Lake, and Lake George, and the Grand 
 Calumet, while Chittenden's, Bee's, and other points loved by the sportsman, are 
 greatly resorted to. One hundred and thirty-six miles from Chicago on the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The Sheffield House is the resort of 
 sportsmen. 
 
 Walnut. Pinnated grouse, ducks, brant, geese. Winnebago Swamp is a 
 favorite resort for water fowl. Reached via tne Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 
 Railroad. Stop at Deer Grove Station for duck shooting. 
 
 Champaign County — 
 
 Urbana. Pinnated grouse : pike and pickerel. Reached via the Indianapolis, 
 Bloomington and Western Railroad. Board $2 ; teams I3. 
 
 Chrlatian County — 
 
 Assumption. Geese, ducks, plover and snipe, on the wet lowland prairie. 
 Pinnated grouse and quail abundant. Reached via the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 Cook County — 
 
 Chicago. At Calumet Lake, distant ten miles, and at other localities within 
 forty miles of the city, is good duck shooting. Mallards, wood ducks, and blue 
 and green -winged teal are the most common varieties. Wilson snipe afford 
 average sport. By rail to Peoria and thence down the river, the shooting 
 grounds 01 Mason County (which see), may be reached. See also South Chicago 
 and Kankakee. 
 
 Lake Zurich. See Palatine. 
 
 Palatine. Pinnated and ruffed grouse, quail, partridges, many varieties of 
 ducks, snipe, plover, wild pigeons. Lakes Zurich, Diamond. Grass, Honey, and 
 Bangs, are in the vicinity, and afford excellent fishing. Of these, Lake Zurich 
 may be especially mentioned. The village of the same name is on its shores, and 
 has two good hotels for summer guests. The lake is belted all around with groves 
 of timber, among the openings of which grass-plats slope down to the pebbled 
 beach. Its waters abound with fish of various kinds, the principal of which are 
 pickerel and black bass. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 Excellent hotels. 
 
 South Chicago^ twelve miles from Chicago, on the shore of the lake, is a favor- 
 ite point for Chicago excursionists. In the vicinity, especially in the bays and 
 sloughs of the Calumet region, are great flocks of ducks and other wild fowl. 
 Reached via the Lake Shore and Michignan Southern, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago, and Baltimore and Ohio Railroads. 
 
 l>e Witt County- 
 Farmer City, Good pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via Gilman, Clin- 
 ton and Springfield Railroad. 
 
'44 GAME AND FISH HESOl^TS. 
 
 JFord County— 
 
 Gibson City. Pinnated grouse abundant. Reached via the Chicago and Padu- 
 cah, and other railroads. 
 
 Franklin Cotmty— 
 
 Benton. Good wild turkey shooting in the neighbo-hood. Reached by wagon 
 road from McLeansborough on the St. Louis andSouth-eastern Railroad, or trom 
 Duquoin on the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 
 Fulton County — 
 
 The Illinois River. See Mason County. 
 
 Lewiston is within a few miles of the celebrated sporting grounds of ihe 
 Illinois River. Reached via the Chicago and Alton Railroad. 
 
 M.aneoek County — 
 
 Nauvoo. Deer and wild turkeys, with an abundance of pinnated grouse, 
 woodcock and quail. Reached by river steamer, or wagon road from Keokuk. 
 
 Iroquois County — 
 
 St. Mary's. Ducks, geese, crane, plover, snipe, quail, woodcock, ruffed and 
 pinnated grouse. Reached via the Cincinnati, Lafayette and Chicago Railroad. 
 Board $2. 
 
 tTefferaon County — 
 
 Calumet. Duck and snipe shooting. Reached via the Illinois Central, or the 
 Michigan Central Railroad. 
 
 tFerney County — 
 
 Grafton is a few miles above Alton at the junction of the Illinois River with 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 In the vicinity of the mouth of the Illinois River there is good deer hunting. 
 In the marshes and lakes are snipe in their season, and ducks most of the year. 
 In the corn fields and stubble, an abundance of quail. On the brushy hillsides 
 there are ruffed grouse, locally known as " pheasants." Great numbers of geese 
 and brants frequent this vicmity, and many are killed as they pass from their 
 feedinjT grounds in the fields to the sandbars and lakes. There are a number of 
 places m the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Illinois, v/here the current is too 
 rapid and the shallow waters too. turbulent to freeze at anytime. Both geese 
 and ducks (mallards) frequent these open places. Take rail to Alton, thence by 
 wagon road. 
 
 K.ane County— 
 
 Batavia. The Fox River, from the Wisconsin line to its junction with the 
 Illinois River at Ottawa, a distance of about one hundred miles, abounds with 
 fish common to the tributaries of the Mississippi, and probably second to none in 
 numbers, variety and size. At the head of the river are a number of lakes abound- 
 ing in mascalonge, black, silver, rock and river bass, yellow perch, gar, pickerel, 
 wall-eyed pike, red horse, bull heads, silver eels, and four varieties of dace. 
 Batavia is on the Chicago and Northwestern Railway. 
 
 Geneva is built on terraces on both sides of Fox river, which is well sti^cked 
 with black bass, pickerel, pike; sun, and other fish. Its best hotel is The Union 
 House, which can accommodate one hundred guests at $3 per day. 
 
 The surrounding country is rolling, and is about equally divided between 
 prairie and timber. The county affords fine shooting in season. Pinnated grouse, 
 quail, woodcock, partridge, and other game abound. Nelson's Lake., Johnson's 
 Mound., and Harrington's Island are popular resorts, one to seven miles from the 
 village. Take the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 Xitthe County — 
 
 Deerfield. Black squirrel shooting is good in the woods about Deerfield. 
 Take the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, twenty miles from Chicago. 
 
 Fox Lake. Fine hunting in the neighborhood. The duck shooting is 
 excellent. 
 
 Lake Zurich. See Palatine, Cook County, 
 
 IVaukee-an. Game of most kinds abundant ; fox and black squirrels very 
 plenty. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 'Good hotels. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 45 
 
 Kankakee County— 
 
 Kankakee. The Kankakee River flows through a country which is one vast 
 marsh for miles on either side. At times its banks are darkened by the heavy 
 forests of Indiana, which fringe the stream for a considerable distance. The 
 river is winding and rapid, being deep in many places and in others so shallow 
 that boats cannot pans ard have to be carrieci. In other places the wild rice 
 
 f;rows all across the shallows, this generally occurring when the surrounding 
 and lies low, forming the home of myriads of wild fowlof all sorts. There are 
 also plenty of fish in this stream, chiefly pickerel and black and speckled bass. 
 Kankakee is a station on the Illinois Central Railroad, and on the Cincinnati, 
 Lafayette and Chicago road. Sportsmen should prepare for camping out. 
 
 St. Anne. Geese, brant, ducks, cranes, snipe, quail, pinnated grouse ; pike, 
 pickerel, bass end other varieties of fish. Reached via the Chicago, Danville 
 and Vincennes, and Cincinnati, Lafayette and Chicago Railroads. Hotels $i to 
 $1.50 per day, $4 to $5 per week ; guides $1 to $1.50 ; ooats Ji ; teams J2.50 to $3. 
 
 Xa Salle County — 
 
 Marseilles. Among the Islands, at the Kickapoo Rapids of the Illinois River, 
 are some excellent snipe shooting ^ .ounds. The route is via the Chicago, Rock 
 Island and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Ottawa. The marshes on the Illinois River, near this town, are fine ducking 
 grounds. Reached via the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, or the Chicago, 
 Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 ice County — 
 
 Compton. Inlet Swamp affords excellent shooting for Canada geese, brant, 
 mallards, pin tails, ruffle heads, spoonbills, teal, and jack snipe, and on the 
 borders of the swamp are ruffed grouse and quail. Take the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton and Quincy Railroad to Compton, thence hired conveyance to the swamp, 
 five miles north. The mouth of Wilson Creek is the best spot for game. 
 
 Dixon. A small steamer runs between Dixon and Grand Detour., twelve 
 miles, and passes en route many islands and picturesque points of interest. The 
 river provides ample fishing grounds, and the fisherman will be abundantly repaid 
 for angling in its waters. Game abounds, the golden plover, upland plover, the 
 jack snipe and woodcock being especially plentiful. Reached via the Chicaf^o 
 and Northwestern Railroad. There are several fine hotels. 
 
 Nachusa is on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, ninety-three miles 
 from Chicago. 
 
 White Rock, a popular picnic and fishing resort, is four miles north, and is 
 much frequented by parties from all portions of the State. The rock is a noted 
 landmark, rising as it does sixty feet above the surface of the water of Rock 
 River, and above the surrounding prairie. 
 
 Ziivlngaton County— 
 
 Chatsivorth. Deer, wild turkeys and grouse. Reached via the Toledo, Peo- 
 ria and Warsaw Railroad. 
 
 JLogan Cotmty— 
 
 Elkhart City. Quail, pinnated grouse, ducks and geese. Wild turkeys at 
 Lake Fort, seven miles distant. Reached via the Chicago and Alton Railroad. 
 
 Lincoln. The game on Salt Creek is similar to that of the Sangamon River. 
 See Petersburg, Menard County. Reached via the Chicago and Alton, and other 
 railroads. 
 
 McDonough County- 
 Colchester. Pinnated grouse. On the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 
 Railroad. 
 
 McHenry County— 
 
 Cary Station is one mile from Fox River, in which is excellent fishing. See 
 Batavia, Kane County. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 
 thirty-eight miles from Chicago. There is a fine hotel, where sportsmen will 
 receive every attention. 
 
 Crystal Lake. The lake affords good black and rock bass, pickerel and perch 
 fishing. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 Harvard. The Twin Lakes are twentv miles distant ; a line of stages runs to 
 Geneva, which see. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
46 
 
 CAME AND FISH KESORTS, 
 
 McHenry is sixty-six miles from Cliicago, on the banks of Fox River. It lias 
 three hotels. Five miles distant, a chain of small lakes extends eastward some 
 thirty miles. These lakes are full offish, and along their shores game is found in 
 abundance. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 Richmond is on the banks of the Neipersink River. The Twin Lakes are 
 three miles from the station, and furnish excellent fishing. Game abounds in the 
 vicinity. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, seventy-five 
 miles from Chicago. Hotel accommodations. 
 
 Ridgejield. Excellegt shooting and angling in the vicinity. Reached via the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, forty-six miles from Chicago. 
 
 McLean County — 
 
 Belle Flower. Excellent pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via the Oilman, 
 Clinton and Springfield Railroad. 
 
 Bloomineton. Pinnated grouse on the prairies. Reached via the Chicago and 
 Alton, or Illinois Central, and other roads. Board $3 : teams $3 to $5. 
 
 Leroy. Pinnated grouse and quail. Reached via the Indianapolis, Blooming- 
 ton and Western Railroad, 
 
 Macon County — 
 
 Decatur. Pinnated grouse and ducks. Reached via Illinois Central and 
 other railroads. Hotels I3. 
 
 Madison County — 
 
 Allon. Duck and snipe shooting. Reached via the Chicago and Alton, or 
 Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 Mason County- 
 Havana, forty miles below Peoria, on the Illinois River, (which see, below) is 
 reached by steamer, or via the Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville, the Indianapolis 
 Bloomington and Western, or the Springfield and Northwestern Railroads. 
 
 The Illinois River. The most noted sporting grounds in Central Illinois, if not 
 in the whole State, lie upon the Illinois River about twenty-five miles below Peoria. 
 The game here is of great variety and abundance, consisting of ducks ; the mal- 
 lard, wood or summer, blue and green-winged teal, widgeon, canvas back, and 
 nearly all the other inland varieties, with several of the salt water species ; geese, 
 the brant and common wild goose ; white pelicans, sand hill cranes, herons, water 
 turkeys, coots, plover, snipe, common hawks, bitterns, curlew, loons.'dippers, 
 quail, pinnated grouse, woodcock, large fox squirrels ; catfish, buffalo fish, pike, 
 bass and most of the ordinary varieties of fresa water fish. Of fur bearing ani- 
 mals, there are raccoons, minks and muskrats. The hunting grounds lie upon 
 either side of the river. The part west is in Fulton County, that east \n Mason 
 County. Havana, a small village near the south end of tnem, is a good initial 
 point, either by railroad or river. They are about eight miles long, and one and a 
 half miles on each side of the stream. They are " bottom lands," and generally 
 heavily timbered, but in some places open, except brush, flags, weeds, etc. 
 They are lower, back from the river, than on its banks, which are open, hard, 
 dry, and fine for camping, with plenty of wood. Blind wagon roads intersect 
 them generally, so they are easily entered on f.lmost every side. The river is 
 generally about three hundred yards wide with a slow current, and sloping banks. 
 On each" side, and back at convenient distance for hunting, lie about twenty lakes, 
 sloughs and ponds, varying from three miles and a hair", down to the ordinary 
 pond. These, about ten on each side, stretch along from north to south, throughout 
 the hunting grounds. The most prominent are Thomson's, Johnson's, Slim and 
 Duck Island, in Fulton County ; Flag, Spring, Mud and Clear in Mason County. 
 Camps are generally pitched so as to command several of these lakes. Persons 
 living in the vicinity will always conduct strangers to the best camping grounds, 
 01 haul their camp equipage to and from the same. Steamboats often iand par- 
 ties right on the ground, hence Peoria or Pekin, from the north, are good initial 
 points, where perfect outfit for camp may be purchased. A small skiff or boat is 
 almost indispensable, and there are few if any to hire. India rubber boots with 
 high leggins, are a necessary article of outfit. Most of the game killed may be got 
 by wading from the shore. The lakes are generally shallow, and some may be 
 waded ; some are open, but most are broadly belted with wild rice, flags, grass, 
 etc. From about the loth to the 20th of October is the best time to camp here. 
 Shooting is generally along the borders, and a retriever will add much to the 
 sport. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS, 4/ 
 
 MasoH Cily. Good plover and snipe shooting. On the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and St Paul Railroad. 
 
 Middle Grove. Pigeons, fox-squirrels, grouse, quail, ducks and geese. 
 Reached from Peoria. 
 
 Menard County — 
 
 Petersburgh. On the bottom lands of the Sangamon River are geese, ducks, 
 mallards, blue bills, pintails, green-winged teal, blue-winged teal, wood ducks, 
 snipe, quail and grouse. Reached via the Chicago and Alton Railroad. 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 Murdoch Lake^ twenty-six miles south of St. Louis, affords excellent black, 
 white, and striped bass fishing. The St. Louis and Murdock Lake Club have a 
 club house here. Take hired conveyance from St, Louis, or go via boat to Har- 
 risonville, thence r'rive to the lake. 
 
 Morgan County— 
 
 Jacksonville. Game is abundant in the vicinity. This is the headquarters of 
 the Audubon Sportsman's Club. Easily accessible by rail. 
 
 Ogle County— 
 
 Flagy on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, is three-fourths of a mile 
 from Kite River, where fair fishing, and excellent quail and pinnated grouse 
 shooting will be found. 
 
 Grand Detour. See Dixon, Lee County. 
 
 Rochelle. Pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via the Chicago and Iowa, 
 and the Chicago and Northwestern Railroads. 
 
 Peoria County — 
 
 Peoria. The best grounds for sportsmen are on the Illinois River, twenty-five 
 miles below the city. See Mason County. 
 
 Perry County — 
 
 Du Quoin on the Illinois Central, and the St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute 
 Railroads, is a most excellent centre for small game. 
 
 Piatt County — 
 
 Monticello. As a game region, Piatt County will compare favorably with any 
 in the State. Monticello, a good initial point, is reached via the Chicago and 
 Paducah, or the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railroad. 
 
 Pike County— 
 
 Rockport. Geese, brant, ducks, pinnated and ruffed grouse, woodcock and 
 quail. Reached via the Quincy, Alton and St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 St. C'air County — 
 
 Lebanon. Quail, pinnated grouse, mallards, teal and snipe. Reached via the 
 Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 
 
 Schuyler County — 
 
 Bluff" City. Dickercon's Lake abounds in deer, ducks and brant. It is one 
 of the "Best localities in the State for the above game. Smith's Lake, about three 
 miles from Bluffs, Scott County, affords excellent duck shooting. Quail are abun- 
 dant. T ^ t Bluflf House, kev^t by Col. Waterhouse, a thorough sportsman, affords 
 excellent quarters for the sportsman. 
 
 Scott County — 
 
 Bluffs. See Bluff City, Schuyler County. Reached via the Toledo, Wabash 
 and Western Railroad. 
 
 Tazewell County — 
 
 Pekin. Good woodcock shooting in the vicinity of the Illinois Railroad. The 
 shooting grcunds of the Illinois River are easily accessible. See Mason County. 
 Reached by rail from Chicago, Indianapolis, and other points. 
 
 Verntillion County- 
 Danville. Pinnated grouse on the prairie ; bass fishing In the rivers. Reached 
 via the Chicago, Danville, and Vincennes, and other railroads. 
 
48 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 WliUenldca County— 
 
 Deer Grove. Excellent wild fowl shooting at the Winnebago Swamp, with 
 grouse and plover on the adjacent sand ridges and fields. Talce the Cnicago, 
 Burlington and Quincy Railroad. 
 
 The Meredosiii River is famous for its wild fowl shooting. See Camanche 
 Clinton County, Iowa. 
 
 "Will County— 
 
 yo/i'et. Pinnated grouse and snipe shooting. Reached via the Chicago and 
 Alton, or the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Lockport. Good woodcock shooting in the vicinity. Reached via the Chi- 
 cago and Alton Railroad. 
 
 Peotone. Geese, ducks and snipe. Reached via the Illinois Central Railroad, 
 forty-one miles from Chicago. 
 
 Winnebago County — 
 
 Rock/ord. In the Rock River, which flows through the city, and in its tribu- 
 tary, the Kishwaukee, are found shad, salmon, trout, black bass, pike, pickerel 
 and a few perch. Grouse and quail shooting in the vicinity. Reached via the 
 Chicago and Northwestern, or the Chicago and Iowa Railroad. 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Area, 33,809 square miles; population, 1.680,637. There are 
 in Indiana no mountains, and no hills except what are known as 
 river hills. These are formed by the erosion of the rivers, forming 
 deep valleys gradually sloping from the former broad limits of the 
 rivers, to their present channels. These valleys give the bluffs 
 the appearance of hills where in reality they do not exist. Of the 
 whole surface of the State two-thirds are very level, the other third 
 being broken and rolling. The State is well watered by rivers 
 and many small lakes, or what in the East would be called ponds, 
 the largest of which is Beaver Lake, in Newton County. There is 
 in the State no large game to offer attractions to the sportsman. 
 Smaller game is, however, abundant, hares, rabbits, squirrels, and 
 pinnated grouse in unlimited quantity, with an abundance of all 
 kinds of wild fowl. Railroad communications throughout the 
 State are very perfect ; here as in Illinois, every county is easily 
 accessible, and on nearly every line of these roads the sportsman 
 will find abundant sport. 
 
 Allen County — 
 
 Fori Wayne. There will be found excellent (^uail, ruffed grouse and rabbit 
 shooting on the line of the Toledo, Wabash and W estern Railroad, between Fort 
 Wayne and La Fayette. Deer and wild turkeys are found thirty miles out, on 
 the Muncie Railroad. Good bass, pike and pickerel fishing near tne city. 
 
 Bartholomew County — 
 
 Columbus. Deer, wild turkeys, pinnated and niffed grouse, quail, woodcock, 
 snipe and wild fowl. Reached via the Jefferson, Madison and Indianapolis Rail- 
 road. Good hotels at moderate rates. 
 
/ 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 49 
 
 Jtlaekford County— 
 
 Montpeliev. From MontpcHer as a centre the snortsman will find seventeen 
 thousand acres ot splendid shooting ground, pcrtcctly level. The game includes 
 deer, wild turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock and wihf fowl of all varieties. Take 
 the Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati Railroad. I'rivate board can be obtained 
 at the farmhouses. 
 
 Hart/ord City. Wild turkeys and quail in the immediate vicinity of the town. 
 Reached via the I'ort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati Railroad. 
 
 Crawford County— 
 
 IVvamiotte. In the Greenbrier and Blue Rivers is good fishing for black bass, 
 rock bass, suniish, pike, and there are many cattish. Wyandotte is about sixty- 
 five miles below Louisville. The daily packets of the Louisville and Evansville 
 Mail Line, and the tri-weekly Louisville and Leavenworth packet bton at 
 Leavenworth, the nearest point by water to the Cave. The fare is $1.50. Prob- 
 ably the most convenient of these packets is the Sandy No. 2, a very elegant 
 little boat, with gentl.:nianly and accommodating officers, which ends its voy- 
 age at Leavenworth, thus enabling nassengers to remain on board all night. 
 Leaving Louisville at live o'clock, all the boats reach their destination before 
 midnight. Doard at the Wyandotte Hotel $7 per week. 
 
 Delaware County— 
 
 Muncie. Quail shooting along the White River. Reached via Fort Wayne, 
 Muncie and Cincinnati Railroad. Hotels $2. Country level and heavily wooded. 
 
 J'^ountain County— 
 
 Covington. Wild turkey, nuail and pinnated grouse. Reached via the Chi- 
 cago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad. Hotels $2. The country hilly. 
 
 Franklin. County — 
 
 Mount Carmel. Fine bass fishing in the Wabash River. See Princeton, Gib- 
 son County. 
 
 Oibaon County- 
 Princeton. Long Pond, on the Wabash Bottom, a lake about three miles long, 
 is full of black bass, and there is also excellent bass fishing on the rapids of the 
 Wabash some ten miles from Princeton, where two dozen fish in an hour's time 
 is considered nothing remarkable. The river is a clear, tumbling, rapid stream, 
 and the ride by rail from Princeton to Mt. Carmel, and thence by omnibus to 
 the fishing grounds, where there is a capital hotel, is a favorite excursion with 
 both ladies and gentlemen, not only from the vicinity, but from Louisville, Cin- 
 cinnati, Indianapolis and other towns. Princeton is reached via the Evansville 
 and Crawfordsville, or the Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 Pntoka. The flats west of the town are excellent shooting grounds for all 
 kinds of wild fowl. On the hills are wild turkeys and quail. Reached via the 
 Evansville and Crawfordsville Railroad. 
 
 Henry County — 
 
 Luray. Pinnated grouse and qualL Reached from New Castle or Muncie. 
 
 tTasper County — 
 
 RetttiHgton.on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, is a good 
 centre from which to start out for a camp on the prairie. Pinnated grouse, sand- 
 hill cranes and ducks, with other varieties of wild fowl are found. The best 
 shooting is on the north side of the railroad. Teams can be hired from the 
 farmers. 
 
 tlefferaon County- 
 Madison. The Indian Kentuck, seven miles above Madison, is a fine fishing 
 stream. Take the JeflFersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad to Madison. 
 
 Knox County— 
 
 Vincennes. One of the localities especially noted for its snipe shooting, is the 
 broad extent of marshes and prairies that lie back of the Wabash River, some ten 
 or twelve miles from Vincennes. Pinnated grouse are found here in abundance. 
 There is good hotel accommodation, and one can drive across the prairie in a 
 
v» 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 waKon to the hunting; p;round, tho<tgh obliged to malce many detours to avoid 
 swamps and sloughs. 
 
 K.o»eiuaho County— 
 
 Syracus*. Great numbers of geese and duclcs congregate at Cedar and Nine- 
 Mile Lakes. These waters abound in bass, piclcercl and pilte. Reached via the 
 Baltimore and Uhio Railroad. Provide camping c(iuipments. Guides and boats 
 fa to $3.50. King and Sloane arp good guides. 
 
 Tjako County — 
 
 Croivn Point. Pinnated grouse, quail and wild fowl shooting. Reached via 
 Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 Loiuell. Pinnated grouse, quail and wild fowl shooting. The route is via the 
 Jeiicrson, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad. 
 
 Sheffiild. An excellent hcadcjuarters for shooting on the Calumet grounds. 
 Reached via the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail) 3ad. There is a good 
 hotel, with bouts, etc. 
 
 ToUston. Excellent wild fowl shooting, with snipe, pinnated grouse and 
 woodcock. Reached via the Michigan Central, and the Pittsburgh. Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago Railroad. The Toleston Club of Chicago, has a club house here. 
 Good boats', etc. ' 
 
 Xa I'orte County — 
 
 TAe Kankakee Bridge is crossed by the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago 
 Railroad ; there are four club houses at this place, Crawfordsvilie, West, Wil- 
 liamson, and Hayden, and in the shooting season there will be from twenty to 
 thirty hunters stopping at these houses, who make it nretty lively for the birds. 
 Asa general thing each iiicinbur has his own boat, decoys, etc. This point is 
 about ten miles from English Lake (see Stark County) by river, and half that dis- 
 tance by across-country. 
 
 Davis Station, on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad, fifty miles 
 from Chicago, affords excellent saooting. Ducks, geese, grouse, quail, snipe and 
 woodcock. Grafton Wells will act as guide. Boats, etc. Provide camping 
 outfit. 
 
 Hanna Station. Excellent shooting. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chi- 
 cago Railroad. No hotels. 
 
 Iffarshnll County — 
 
 Plymouth. The pinnated grouse shooting here affords fine sport. Reached 
 via the Pittsburgh, ? ort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. 
 
 Netvton County — 
 
 Beaver Lake is a great resort for mallards, pintails, and green-winged teal, 
 also geese, snipe, prairie fowl, and rabbits. 
 
 Noble County— 
 
 The Counties of Noble., Steuben., and Whitley contain numerous small lakes, 
 varying from fifty to three hundred acres, which abound in fish and wild ducks. 
 Of hsh, the principal varieties are the black bass, rock bass, pike and pickerel. A 
 favorite mode of taking these fish, in vogue among the Hoosiers, is by spearing 
 at night, and the season commences as soon as the lakes arc clear of ice. and con- 
 tinues until the '* splatter dock " shoots up its long stem and broad leaf from the 
 bottom, in which the fish take refuge from their nocturnal enemy, the spearer. 
 Noble County is intersected by the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, and 
 officers of the trains will furnish information as to the best game localities. 
 
 Rome City. Good duck shooting, and a variety of fishing. The lake is well- 
 stocked with pike, pickerel, croppies, ring perch, blue-gills, etc. Reached via 
 the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, thirty-five miles north of Fort Wayne. 
 The Lake Side Hotel furnishes comfortable accommodations for summer visitors. 
 Boats can be obtained at the hotel. Several islands in the lake afford excellent 
 camping grounds. 
 
 Porter County — 
 
 Valparaiso. Pinnated grouse, woodcock, quail, snipe, geese, brant, ducks 
 and cranes. Bass fishing is excellent in the county. There are many small lakes 
 containing fish of large size. Forty-one miles from Chicago, reached via the 
 Chicago and Lock Haven, or the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. 
 
GAMIi AND I'lSIf KI'iaO/iTS. $1 
 
 8t. Joitfph Cotintff— 
 
 South Ih-Hci. I'innatccl grouse. Reached by rail. 
 
 Stark Vounty — 
 
 The Kankakee Rhier which flows through the northwestern part of the State, 
 Is a great resort for sportsmen from Chicago, C/incinnati, Pittsburgh, and other 
 cities. The game iiiducies duclcs of every variety, geese, l)rant, sand >nll cranes, 
 pinnated andruffed grouse, (]iiail, sni|)c, vvoodcocli and reed l»irds. Of tish there 
 are l)ass, pilce, picl<erel, jack salmon, and muscalonge. One of the best centres 
 iir good snort, is Enf^lish Lake^ a sinall st.ition on tlie l'lttsl)urg|j and C/hicugo 
 Railroad. There are two good hotels at this place for the accommodation of hunt- 
 ers and their families who come here from the prominent cities on the line of this 
 road. The hotels furnish boats, decoys, an<l a pusher, for which you pay %^ a 
 day, board %i a day. Their boats are made double bowed, tiat bottom, very 
 wide, and can go anywhere, from two inches to a fathom of water. At English 
 Lake, Dr. George Veakel will be pleased to give all needed information. 
 
 San Pierre, on the Louisville. New Albany and Chicago Railroad, is three 
 and a half miles from the Kankakee River. Hotel $i ; boat, team and driver $5. 
 
 Stfuhen County — 
 
 Auf^yla and Other points in the county, reached via the Fort Wayne, Jacksoa 
 and Saginaw Railroad, afford good shooting and Hshing. Sec Noble County. 
 
 Tippecanoe Countff — 
 
 La Fayette, ^uail, rulTed grouse and rabbit shooting on the line of the 
 Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad. 
 
 Viyo County— 
 
 Terre Haute. The Wabash River affords fine bass fishing. 
 
 Wayne County — 
 
 CentreviUe. The southern part of Wayne County is a good locality for small 
 
 ffame, such as squirrels, rabbits, and iiuail. Here are several packs of dogs, and 
 n winter great sport is enjoyed in *' circling " foxes, and in hunting coons at 
 night. The trespass laws are rigidly enforced in this county. CentreviUe is the 
 nearest railroad station on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad. 
 Very good hotels. 
 
 Wella County— 
 
 Bluffton. Good wild turkey and quail shooting. Reached via the Fort 
 Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati Railroad. Hotels, fi.50; teams $2. Country 
 flat, heavy timber land. 
 
 Keystone. Deer and wild turkey shootinf![ within a few miles of town. Reached 
 via the Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati Railroad. 
 
 White County- 
 Reynolds. Ducks, geese, pinnated |?rouse, woodcock and snipe. Reached 
 via the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad. Hotel $4 to $5 per week ; 
 teaniii $3.50 per day. 
 
 Whitley County— 
 
 Columbia City, and other stations on the line of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago Radroad, are in the vicinity of good hunting and fishing. (See Noble 
 County.) The conductor and employees of the railroad will always give infor- 
 mation of the game localities. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Area, 50,914 square miles, population, 1,191,792. The State 
 has no mountains, the surface being generally rolling prairie. 
 In the north-western section is an elevated plateau called the 
 
S3 
 
 GAME AND FISH KESOHTS. 
 
 Coteau cles Prairies, which extends into the State from Minnesota, 
 and in the north-eastern portion of the State is a small extent of 
 rocky and rugjjed country. With these exceptions the country is 
 rolling prairie throughout the entire State. This prairie land is in- 
 tersected by numerous rivers vvi»h deep furrows, and by numerous 
 sinks, or depressions of the surface, which are especially abun- 
 dant in the vicinity of Turkey River, in the northern part of the 
 State. Near the river the country is generally well wooded, but 
 the prairie lands are otherwise devoid of timber, presenting vast 
 plains covered only by prairie-grass. These prairies abound in 
 great numbers of pmnated grouse, making Iowa one of the best, if 
 not the best ground for " chicken " shooting in the country. The 
 water courses are the resort of all kinds of water fowl, which in 
 their season afford excellent shooting. The facilities for travel 
 are of the best ; railroads, steamers, and good carriage roads, 
 render every portion of the State easy of access, and on the prairies 
 teams may be driven anywhere to the hunting grounds. 
 
 Adair County— 
 
 Adair. Good pinnated prouse shooting will be found here and at any of the 
 stations west on the Chicago, Roclt Island and Pacific Railroad. 
 FoHtaneilc. See Casey, Guthrie County. 
 
 ItvntoM County — 
 
 Bf//e Plain. In the surrounding forests, deer and wild turkeys ; on the prairie, 
 pinnated grouse, quail, woodcock, snine and other varieties; in the streams, 
 sloughs, and bayous, ducks, geese, and brant. The Iowa River and Salt Creek 
 furnish a variety of fishing. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Rail- 
 road. Several notels oiler good accommodations at prices ranging fr'.u |i to $3. 
 
 B/airsto7vn. Sm.all game is abundant in the vicinity. Large pike and bass 
 are caught in Cedar River and Prairie Creek. Reached as above. 
 
 Norway. Excellent pinnated grouse, with some deer. Route as above. 
 Hoard $1. 
 
 Jioone County — 
 
 Doone. Excellent pinnated grouse, duck, and goose shooting. Reached as 
 above. Hotels $2.50, private board $5 per week. 
 
 Moingona. Pinnated grouse. Reached s above. Hotels $i,$S per week; 
 teams $3. Hilly country. 
 
 liui^na Viata County- 
 Storm Lake. Quail abundant. For other game, and route, see Alden, Hardin 
 County. Hotel and private board at reasonable rates. 
 
 Jiutler County- 
 Greene. From this point north to Austin, Minn., along the line of the Burling- 
 ton, (<edar Rapids and Northern Railway, the sportsman will find pinnated 
 f rouse in immense uuantities, with quail, pheasants, Canada geese, brant, sand- 
 ill c4lnes, ducks, all varieties except canvas backs, and a few wild turkeys. 
 
 Calhoun County— 
 
 Manson. For game and route see Alden, Hardin County. 
 Pomerov- Ducks, geese, turkeys, grouse, snipe, plover, and other game 
 birds in abundanLe. Route as above. 
 
 Carroll County — 
 
 Gtidden is in the midst of one of the best shooting regions of Iowa. Two 
 rivers run within five miles, along the banks of which are large tracts of timber, 
 that are full of deer, wild turkeys, and other forest game, while the contiguous 
 
GAAfK AND FIS// RF. SORTS. 53 
 
 prairies abound with pinnatcij fjrousc, snipe, woodcock, quail, and small fi^ame, 
 and the rivers, creelcs, uiul l>ayous are lull ot diiclcs, Kt-'csc and brant. The Glld- 
 dcn House, by N. I). Thurmiin, and the Dcdrick, by J. C Deilrick— botli furnish 
 cxffiifnt t|uarters, and alxindant acconiuiodations tor the sportsmen who (re(|uent 
 tlie vill:i){u. liourd ^-i ; tcuins %\. (lOud board at farmhouses. Reached via the 
 ('hicaRo and Nc)rt!iwestern Railroad. 
 
 Cait.s i'ountft — 
 
 A nita and Atlantic, For route and K^nie see Adair, Adair County. 
 
 Ceditr County— 
 
 Afechiinicsville. T'innatcd (j^rousc and (juail. HiRh Mills pond, one mile north 
 of the town, contains lar^c sized black bass. In (^edar River, some miles south, 
 arc pickerel, bass and other varieties of tish. Reached via the Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad. Hotel |i to $3 boat and ({uide $3 ; teams I3. 
 
 Cerro Gordo County^ 
 
 Mason City. Pinnated CTouse, cranes, Reese, ducks and ouall. Reached via 
 the Central Iowa, and the ChicaRo, Milwaiikee and St. Paul Railroads. 
 
 Plymouth ami Plymouth Junction. For game and route, see Greene, Butler 
 County. 
 
 Cherokee County— 
 
 Aurelia. Excellent pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via the Iowa Di- 
 vision of the Illinois Central Railroad. Mr. Sperry will act as guide and fur- 
 nish dogs. 
 
 Cherokee and Marcus, Game and route as above. 
 
 Clinton County— 
 
 Charlotte is on Deep River, which has b en stocked with California salmon. 
 Goose Lake, three miles soutiieast, is a greu. resort for sjiortsmen ; geese, ducks 
 and brant arc very abundant there. Reached via the ("hicago and Northwestern 
 Railroad. Good accommodations will be tound at the Sherman House. 
 
 JJe Witt. Pinnated and rutted grouse, quail, ducks ; black bass and pickerel. 
 Reached as above, or via the Davenport and St. Paul Railroad. Hotel $1 to $3, 
 jirivate board #3.50 to $5 per week, ('ountry rolling nrairic. 
 
 Caniaufhe, is on tile .Nlississippi River, opposite the mouth of the Meredosla 
 River, of Illinois. This last-named river has large meadows or dry marshes, ex- 
 tending for many miles along eitlicr bank, furnishing some of the best duck, goose, 
 brant and crane sliooting tliat can be found in the west. Thousands of these birds 
 are sliot here every season, and hundreds of sportsmen visit these grounils from 
 all |)arts of llie country, (^amr.nche furnishes many of the outfits for these hunt- 
 ing j)arties. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. The New 
 Haven Hotel, K. .\nthony, proprietor, $2 per day. 
 
 Low Moor is four miles north of the Wapsipinicon River, a stream noted for 
 its most excellent shooting. Ducks, geese, anil brant abound on the river, and 
 in the bayous setting into it. Snipe, several varieties, woodcock, pinnated grouse 
 iuul (luail are found in countless numbers along its banks. The river contains 
 several varieties of fish. Reached as above. Hotel $1. 
 
 H^heutland is near the Wapsipinicon River. For game and route, see above. 
 Hotel $a. 
 
 Unllaa County — 
 
 Redfield. Pinnated grouse are very abundant, with quail sufficient for good 
 sport. Board $3.50 to $3 teams $j to $3. 
 
 Dca Moines County- 
 Burlington. Ducks, geese, brant, quail, snipe, pinnated grouse, wild turkeys, 
 and a few deer beyond the Des Moines River, on the line of the Southwestern 
 Railroad. In the Mississippi River are wall-eyed pike, bass, croppies and 
 sunfish. 
 
 Dickinaon County — 
 
 Spirit Lake. Excellent fishing is found in Spirit Lake and Lake Okoboii 
 Pinnated grouse are veiy abundant in the vicinity, and the wild fowl include 
 mallards, widgeons, grey ducks, canvas-backs, redheads, and other varieties of 
 ducks, with good goose shooting. 
 
54 
 
 GAAfE AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 On the shores of Okoboji, some Enijlishinen have built a shootinp-box, and 
 after the chicken and duck shouting in the tall, start from their pleasant head- 
 quarters on the lake, out upon the plains in pursuit of elk, buffalo, black •>''d 
 white-tailed deer, antelope, beaver, and other lar^c (jame found there. A Mr. 
 Van Steenhurjj, from New York State, also has a sliootiiijji-box deligiitlully situa- 
 ted on the shores of another of the numerous and beautiful lakes. The weather 
 continues very agrceaLle till aftur t ic middle of October, when it is apt to be cold 
 and windy. The route is via the Sioux City and St. Paul Railroad to VVorthinR- 
 ton, thence a beautiful drive of thirty miles over the roUinfj prairie, and ahsng 
 the timbered shores of the numerous lakes which give to the country, in the 
 Indian dialect, its characteristic name of " Minnesota," latid and water. Com- 
 fortable accommodations will be found at Crandall's hotel. All the lakes and 
 prairie lands in this region, are splendid sporting grounds. 
 
 Dubuque County— 
 
 IVorthinsion, on the SiouX City and St. Paul Railroad. The two lakes, one 
 east and the other west of the town, are the resort of many varieties of wild fowl, 
 
 ?eese, ducks, etc. On the prairie are pinnated grouse in limitless numbers, 
 lotel accommodations. 
 Dubuque. Pike, black bass and white salmon in .abundance. Excellent wood- 
 cock and duck shooting ten miles up the river. Reached via the Illinois Central, 
 and the Chicago, Dubuque and Minnesota Railroads. 
 
 Jfayette County — 
 
 Fayette. Fine bass fishing in the Little Volga. Fayette is on the Davenport 
 and St. Paul Railroad, and turnishes good hotel accommodations. Ten miles 
 west via wagon road, is IVilson Grove^ a tine centre for pinnated grouse shooting. 
 
 Vloyd County — 
 
 Rudd. Pinnated grouse shooting excellent. Reached via the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee and St. Paul Railroad. A dog is necessary, also a team and driver, which 
 are easily procured. The railroad conductor will give all necessary information 
 in regard to the best localities on the prairies of this and the adjoining counties. 
 
 Marble Rock^ Nora^ Rockjord. For game and route see Greene, Butler 
 County. 
 
 Greene County — ' » 
 
 Grand Junction. Excellent pinnated grouse shooting may be found any- 
 where along the line of the Keokuk antl Des Moines Railroad, from Grand Junc- 
 tion to Fort Dodge, Webster County. As a rule, it is best to stop at a country 
 house some miles out from the railroad, and on the line of some stage route. 
 
 New Jeff'erson. Pinnated groiise, quail, geese, ducks, cranes, etc. Reached 
 via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Hotel $2 j teams $4. 
 
 Scranton Station is south of Coon River, whicli tunnshes excellent fishing for 
 pike, bass, pickerel, etc., and on the prairie the pinnated grouse afford excellent 
 gunning. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. The Hunter 
 House, by F. Foster, $2 per day. 
 
 Guthrie County — 
 
 Casey and Stuart. Quail, geese, ducks, plover, etc. See Des Moines, Polk 
 County. 
 
 Manvili n County — 
 
 IVebster City and Williams. For game and route see Hardin County. 
 
 Hancock County- 
 Gamer, on the line of the Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, from 
 Garner to Algona. the sportsman will find excellent pinnated grouse shooting. 
 Garner, Britt, Wesley and Algona are good initial points. The train conductors 
 will give all necessary information, and at Garner. Robert Elder will direct to the 
 Cottonwood Grove Camp. 
 
 Hardin County— 
 
 Alden and Iowa Falls. At any point west of Iowa Falls, on the line of the 
 Iowa Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, pinnated grouse are found in great 
 abundance. 
 
GAME AJVD FTSII RESORTS. 
 
 Harrison County — 
 
 Dunlap. Pinnated grou!ie, quail, ducks, snipe, a few deer. Reached via the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Hotel $3 ; teams $4. 
 
 Little Sioux. Game is abundant, deer bein)^ especially plentiful. Reached 
 via the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Missouri Valley. Junction of the Chicago and Northwestern, and Sioux City 
 and Pacific Railroads. The surrounding country is full of game. Geese, ducks, 
 brant, ruffec' grouse, pinnated grouse, quail, snipe, plover and woodcock are 
 plentiful. Three hotels. The Missouri Valley Sportsmen's Club have their 
 headquarters here. 
 
 tTashson County — 
 
 Baldwin, three miles from the Maquoketa River. Wild game of all kinds 
 abounds in the vicinity. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 There is one hotel. 
 
 Mcquoketa. See above. 
 
 Kosauth Count!/ — 
 
 Alcana. Pinnated grouse, woodcock, snipe, and all kinds of wild fowl. 
 Reached via the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. Good hotels. 
 ll'csley. Pinnaicd grouse. Route as above. 
 
 Linn County— 
 
 Cedar Rapids. Pinnated and ruffed grouse, quail, ducks, geese, snipe: wall- 
 eyed pike, bass, pickerel and white perch. Reached via Chicago ana North- 
 western, and other railroads. Hotel $3 to ^3. 
 
 Marahall County — 
 
 Marshalltown. Pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via the Central Iowa 
 Railroad. 
 
 State Centre. Pinnated grouse, snipe, ducks, sandhill cranes and quail. 
 Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Hotel $1.50 to $3 ; teams 
 %i. Country rolling prairie. 
 
 Muscatine County — 
 
 Stockton. Excellent shooting for pinnated grouse, ducks, brant, wild geese, 
 snipe, rabbits, squirrels, etc. Sturgeon, pike, buffalo fish, |)erch and catfish are 
 abundant in the Mississippi River. Reached via the C.iicago, Rock Island and 
 Pacific Railroad. 
 
 West Liberty, Duck shooting is excellent on the marsh and lake, where 
 many varieties are found. Take the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, or the 
 Burlmgton, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad. 
 
 I'lymouth County — 
 
 James, Lcmars and Remsen, For game and route see Alden, Hardin County. 
 
 l*oenhontas County- 
 Fonda. For game and route see Alden, Hardin County. 
 
 Polk County — 
 
 Des Moines. Good pinnated grouse shooting is found on railroads running 
 west and northwest from the city. From Des Moines northwest stop at Grand 
 Junction, or Gowrie, north of there, or at almost any station west of Grand Junc- 
 tion. Going west from Des Moines, stop at Stuart and take stage line to Fonta- 
 nelle, twelve miles out. Excellent snootmg conveniences, and extends for twelve 
 miles further. Twelve mdes west from Stuart is Casey. Take stage from there 
 to Fontanelle, twenty-four miles. Every foot almost abounds with chickens, 
 and at almost any station west of Casey good sport can be had. Permission to 
 shoot on the farms is easily obtained, 
 
 Jfottawattamie County— 
 
 Avoca. See Adair, Adair County. 
 
 Cou II Bluffs. Deer, rabbit, squirrel, wild turkey, pinnated grouse and 
 quail. Beaver and mink are trapped in the vicinity. 
 Neola. See Avoca. 
 
 Scott County — 
 
 Davenport. Mascalonge and black bass fishing in the Wapsie, a tributary of 
 
56 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 the Mississippi, twenty miles above Davenport. Davenport is on the Chicago, 
 Koclc Island and Pacific, and the Davenport and St. Paul Railroad. 
 
 Shelby County— 
 
 Shelby. See Adair, Adair County. , 
 
 Tama County— 
 
 Tama City. Pinnated grouse, quail, geese, duclts, teal and mallards in preat 
 abundance on the Iowa River ; bass, pilce and piclcerel. Reached via the Chicago 
 and Northwestern Railroad. Hotel $3; guide $2; team #5; boat $1. Rolling 
 prairie. 
 
 "Wehtter County — 
 
 Fori Dodge. See Grand Junction, Greene County, and Alden, Hardin County. 
 Gowrie. See Des Moines, Polk County. 
 
 Winnehago County — ■ 
 
 Lake Mills is located in a large belt of timber and surrounded by lakes, where 
 the hunting is excellent. There are here in the spring and fall snipe, woodcock, 
 field plover,' curlew, morble.godwit, rail, yellow leg jilover, black Dellied plover, 
 pinnated grouse, ruffed grouse, sharp-tail grouse, quail, wild pigeon, reed bird, 
 sand-hill crane, the whooping crane, snow goose, white frontell, and Canada 
 goose, with all the ducks except the black duck. Deer are found a mile from 
 town. Elk are killed about thirty miles away, and bear also. Of fur bearing 
 animals there are two kinds of wolves and a variety of foxes, witfc otters, minks, 
 coons, skunks, bat'^jers, squirrels and gophers. 
 
 Woodbury County — 
 
 Sioux City. Deer, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail and pinnated grouse are 
 abundant. Reached via the Illinois Central and other railroads. Hotels $a. 
 
 Sloan. Deer, ducks, ^eese, (juail and pinnated grouse. Reached via the 
 Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. The surrounding country is valley land. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 ., Area 78,418 square miler, population 364,399. The face of the 
 country is uniformly rolling prairie. There are no mountains in 
 ♦he State. The valleys of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers are 
 
 veil w^ooded, and very fertile when under cultivation ; the Neosho 
 Valley, which is mentioned hereafter, is famous for its agricultural 
 wealth, and is one of the best game sections of the entire State. 
 Kansas, as a game region, has few superiors, buffalo, elk, deer, 
 antelope, with many kinds of smaller game ; wild turkeys, ducks, 
 geese, pinnated grouse and other game birds, make up a list full 
 of attraction to the hunter. By a wise provision against shipping 
 game from the State, the supply promises to be long unexhausted. 
 The railroad and other traveling facilities are good and are 
 constantly being improved. On any of the lines of railroads 
 traversing the State, the devotees of rod and gun will find ample 
 employment. The officers on these roads are generally well in- 
 formed and will always give information and attention to those 
 so desiring. 
 
GAME AND FISII RESORTS. 5/ 
 
 Allen Count!/-— ' ' 
 
 Humboldt. Deer, turkey, snipe, ruffed and pinnated grouse, qunil, ducic, 
 geese, sandhill crane, curlew. The route is via the Missouri, Kansas and Texan 
 Railway. Hotels $1.50 to %i ; teams$3.so to $4. Tenisand other camping neces- 
 sities can be .secured. Big Creek, Marmarton and Fall Rivers are excellent 
 camping sites, 
 Anderson Count [/— 
 
 Colony, sixty-eight miles south of Lawrence, on the Leavenworth and Law- 
 T:nce and (iiilvcston Railway, is an excellent initial point lor pinnated grouse 
 shooting. Teams can be procured. 
 
 Atchison County — 
 
 Atchisiui. Excellent pinnated grouse, duck, goose and quail shooting in the 
 vicmity. Atchison is easily accessiole via the Central Branch of the Union Pacific, 
 the Chicago, Ruck Inland and Pacific, and other railroads. 
 
 Jiourhon County — 
 
 Fori Scott. Pinnated grouse, quail, Wilson snipe, woodcock. Within sixty- 
 five miles are fine duck, goose and turkey shooting grounds. Fore Scott is on the 
 Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and the Alissouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf Rail- 
 roads. Hotels $2 to %i, ; teams $2 to $5. Rolling prairie and hilly country. 
 
 Coffey County— 
 
 Burlington. A few turkeys, pinnated grouse in abundanc*^, quail and snipe, 
 deer and jack-rabbits ; bass, pike, i)ickerel, buffalo and other varieties of fish. 
 The best hshing and shooting grounds arc the Neosho River, Wolf, Turkey, and 
 Crooked Creeks, and Swan, anil White Lakes. Reached via the Missouri, Kansas 
 and Texas Railway. Hotels, $1.30 to $2 ; teams, with drivers $3.50 to $4.50. 
 Clood camping grounds. 
 
 Crawford County — 
 
 Hepler. Excellent pinnated grouse, quail and duck shooting. Reached via 
 the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway. A small hotel. Two and one half 
 miles from the depot is an old Kentuckian, wlio will act as guide and furnish dogs. 
 
 Douglas County — 
 
 Lawrence. Pmnated and ruffed grouse, and quail. Deer on the bluffs of the 
 Rock River shore ; deer, duck and snipe snooting, with excellent fishing on the 
 Wapsie. Wild turkeys, (lanada geese, brant, and many varieties of duck 
 abound. Easily accessible by rail. Hotels $3 ; teams $2 to $3. 
 Jf'ord County- 
 Dodge City. A point from which to reach the antelope hunting district to the 
 west. Reached via the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. 
 
 Fort Dodge. Buffalo, deer, antelope, turkeys, geese, teal, mallards, shovel bills, 
 widgeons, butter-ducks, shell ducks, herons, cranes, quail, grouse, field-plover, 
 yellow-legs. Jack snipe, and pigeons, are found about the small tributaries of the 
 Cinnamon River southeast ot Fort Dodge. 
 Jjahette County — 
 
 Chetopak. A place of fifteen hundred people, and one of the most thriving in 
 Kansas. One of the best chicken centres in the United States. Deer and pinna- 
 ted grous(;, by the hundred, can be got within two or three miles of town, 
 (iond hotels, guides, wagons, outfits, tents, etc. A station on the Missouri, 
 Kansas and Texas Railroad. 
 
 Parsons. The Labette River, one mile southwest of town, affords fine duck 
 shooting • the marshes, meadows and prairies in the vicinity offer sijlendid grouse, 
 <iuail and snipe shooting. Reached via Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. 
 1 he Belmont, Lockwood and St. James Hotels are near the depot, and the pro- 
 l)rietors are well posted as to the country. The town has good livery stables ; 
 there are also quite a number of sportsmen, and some fine dogs. 
 
 JLyon County — 
 
 Emporia, is situated between the Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers. These 
 •with tneir numerous tributaries in the neighborhood, offer excellent sport. 
 Quail, grouse, snipe, duck, geese, brant, curlew, and plover in immense quanti- 
 ties, with now and then a deer. Reached via the Missouri, Kansas and Texas 
 Railroad. 
 
 3* 
 
58 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Marshall County — 
 
 Beattie. Pinnated grouse. On the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad. 
 
 Hiaini County — 
 
 J'ao/a. Deer, jack-rabbits, pinnated grouse, wild turkeys, quail, ducks, 
 geese, swan, snipe ; several I'arietics of fur-bearing animals. Reached via the 
 Missouri Kiver, Kort Scott and Gulf Railroad. Hotel and private board 75 cts, to 
 $2 ; teams $2 to $4. Rolling country, with excellent camping grounds. 
 
 Montgomery County— 
 
 Cofffjville. Pinnaletl grouse and quail shooting, very fine in the immediate 
 vicinity, with ducks and ^eese. Ba.->s fishing. Ten miles south in Indian Terri- 
 tory, are deer and wild turkey. Reached via the Leavenworth, Lawrence and 
 Galveston Railroad. Hotel, $6 per week. 
 
 Indc/iendence. Liberty Lake affords fine duck, plover and snipe shooting. 
 Pinnated grouse are abundant, and deer and turkeys twenty miles distant. Route 
 as above. 
 
 Morris County — 
 
 Council Grove. Pinnated and ruffed grouse, quail, snipe, ducks, cranes, and 
 other game in great plenty, on the prairie lands^two to twelve miles west of the 
 town. Reached via the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway. The Old Com- 
 mercial Hotel, $2 ; team $5. 
 
 Neosho County— 
 
 Osage Mission. The Neosho River, marshes, meadows and small streams 
 afford excellent duck, snipe and plover shooting, while on the prairies, and amonj^ 
 the brush and corn-fields near at hand, quail, chickens and rabbits are very abun- 
 dant. The depot agent will show sportsmen good grounds, and direct them to 
 first-class accommodations. Reached as above. 
 
 New Chicago. A few deer and wild turkeys. Geese, brant, ducks, mallards, 
 wood ducks, widgeons, teal, redheads, pin-tails, spoon-bills, canvas-backs and 
 others. Pinnated grouse arc very abundant. Quail, snipe, plover, and curlew 
 shooting. Common and jack-rabbits. ReacherT via the Missouri, Kansas and 
 Texas Railroad. Good hotel accommodations. 
 
 The Neosho River Valley, along tlie line of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas 
 Railroad, affords excellent shooting. Quail, pinnated grouse, snipe, ducks and 
 geese, antelope, and jack-rabbits are found within short distances of the railway. 
 The railroad officials will give all needed direction to the best game localities. 
 
 Ottawa County — 
 
 Delpkos. Grouse and quail. ' 
 
 Jtvno County — 
 
 Hutchinson is a good point from which to start south for the antelope country. 
 On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, one hundred and sixty -eight 
 miles from Topeka. Fit out at Hutchinson, thence ride fifty miles south over the 
 prairie. The country is rolling prairie, covered with buffalo grass. Ducks, geese 
 and prairie chickens abound. 
 
 Jtussell County- 
 Russell. Elk, antelope, buffalo occasionally, deer, jack-rabbits, coyotes, grey 
 wolves, quail, pinnated and sharp-tailed grouse, and a few dusky grouse. Reached 
 via the Kansas Pacific Railway. 
 
 Saline County — 
 
 Brookville. Excellent pinnated grouse and quail shooting ; jack-rabbits and 
 antelope. Reached via the Kansas Pacific Railway, thirty-two miles from 
 Topeka. 
 
 Wallace County — 
 
 Fort Wallace. Buffalo, black tail deer and antelope^ Reached via the Kansas 
 Pacific Railway. 
 
 Woodson County— 
 
 Neosho Falls. Gcjse, ducks, snipe, woodcock, pinnated grouse, quail, rabbits. 
 
 ^ 
 
GAME AND FISH KESOJiTS. 59 
 
 jack-rabbits, squirrels. A few deer and wild turkeys. Hass, sun, cat and buffalo 
 fish, and mullets. Reached via the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. 
 Hotels $2 ; team and driver $3. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 The area of the State is 37,680 square miles ; the population 
 was, in 1870, 1,321,011. The Cumberland Mountains, which form 
 the western boundary of the State, have several spurs extending 
 through the eastern and south-eastern counties to Wayne County. 
 The central and northern counties are hilly and rolling. The 
 v/estern section of the State is a table land intersected by nu- 
 merous rivers which have worn deep furrows often reaching a 
 depth of 400 feet, and giving to the country a hilly appearance, 
 where in reality no hills exist. The inland river communication of 
 the State is very extensive and the natural facilities thus afforded 
 have been augmented by a series of artificial locks and dams. All 
 parts of the country are easily accessible, by boat, rail, or good 
 carriage roads. There will usually be found good hotel accommo- 
 dations, and where these do not exist the stranger will find no lack 
 of hospitality among the people. The game of the State is for the 
 most part confined to the smaller varieties. Fox hunting with 
 hounds is a favorite sport. There are some deer among the mount- 
 ains in the eastern districts. The blue grass country abounds in 
 woodcock and quail. The farms are large, generally not posted, 
 and an opportunity for good shooting always afforded. 
 
 Jiourbon County — 
 
 Paris. Good red fox hunting in the vicinity. Reached via the Kentucky 
 Central, and Maysville and Lexington Railroads. 
 
 Campbell County — 
 
 Nejv^ort, on the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. Ducks are plentiful and wild 
 turkeys abound within a radius of ten miles. There is excellent spoon-trolling 
 for southern black bass. On the Louisville and Cincinnati Railroad. 
 
 Carroll County— 
 
 Carrollton. Quail aqd rabbit shooting good along the rivers. Reached via 
 Ohio River steamer. 
 
 Ghent. See above. "- ._■ j 
 
 Clark County — 
 
 In the Ked River is excellent black bass fishing. Take Louisville, Cincinnati 
 and Lexington I^ailroad to Win^^hester, thence via wagon. 
 
 Franklin County — 
 
 Frankfort. In the Kentucky River are black bass, salmon, silver perch, and 
 near its source, pike are abundant. The best locality for fishing is in the Elkhomt 
 a small tributary of the Kentucky, a few miles below Frankfort, where are grea, 
 numbers of black bass. The stream is narrow, shallow, rocky and hill-bound, 
 requiring constant wading. In Black's Pond, four miles distant, are caught 
 perch, dark grey, and silver, and black bass. 
 
60 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 OallatlH County— 
 
 IVaysaw, on the Ohio River, midway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on 
 the L. C and L. R.R., is a pood starting point lor quail grounds. Turkeys, rab- 
 bits, pigeons, and some tcalcan also be had. Only a small part of the district is 
 posted, and gunners have a fair showing. Board can be obtained at reasona- 
 ble rates. 
 
 Grant County~- 
 
 IVilliamstown. Partridj2fes, pheasants, woodcock, rabbits and squirrels. 
 Reached via rail and stage from Covingion. 
 
 Jlophins County — 
 
 Ashhyxlnirff, on the Green River, is in the vicinity of good squirrel, quail and 
 rabbit shooting. Reached by rail to Madisonville, thence drive, or via (ireen 
 River steamboats. 
 
 Louisville. Quail and ruffed grouse in the vicinity. Mr. J. P. Johnson, of the 
 "lis' 
 
 tTefferaon County— 
 
 Louisville. Quail a 
 Gait House, wilTgive every information in regard to localities 
 
 MlcJeman County-^ > 
 
 Colutnius. Rears, deer, wild turkeys, ducks, geese, with an abtindance of 
 small game. Good hunting is ;ilso found on the other side of the Mississippi 
 River, in Missouri. Reached via the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, or via steamboat. 
 Board $1.50 to $3, $4 to $5 per week ; boats and guides $3 ; teams $3. 
 
 Jjincoln County — 
 
 Stanford. Quail and rabbits j good bass fishing. Via Louisville, and Nash- 
 ville and Great Southern Railroad, six hours from Louisville. 
 
 JHeJucan County — 
 
 Calhoun. Green River is from ei?>iity to one hundred and twenty-five yards 
 in width, and from twenty-five to one hundred feet deep from the mouth to Cal- 
 houn, distant seventy miles. Lock and Dam No. 3 is situated at Calhoun, anil in 
 May and June one can have tolerably fair sport catching bass below tiie falls. 
 But of all the fish famous in the waters oi" ;!;is river is the catfish ; they grow to 
 immense size, and as they suffer less from the netf than other fish they are still 
 tolerably plenty. In the oak and hickory flats alon^ the river bottom are ]>lcnty 
 of squirrels: quails and rabbits are abundant on the hills ; geese and ducks in 
 limited numbers. Reached via Evansville, Owensboro' .id Nashville Railroaii 
 to Livermore, thence wagon, or by river steamer. 
 
 JtTaaon County— 
 
 Maysville. Good quail shooting. Reached via the Maysville an 1 Lexington 
 Railroad. 
 
 Mereer County— 
 
 A good shooting ground for small game. Coons abundant. 
 Oldham County— . ' 
 
 La Grange. Quail and rabbit shooting. Reached via Ohio River boats. 
 
 Pendleton County — 
 
 Falmouth. Bass and red-eye fishing is good in the Licking River, at Fai- 
 mouth, and other points on the line of the Kentucky Central Railroad, 
 
 Powell County— 
 
 Stanton. Fine bass and pike, (locally known as " jack ") fishing in the Red 
 River. Deer hunting in the vicinitv. Tfie route is from Lexington via the Louis- 
 ville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad to Mt. Sterling, thence via private con- 
 veyance. Provide camping equipments. 
 
 Woodford County- 
 Midway. Ducks and jack snipe. Bass fishing. Reached via the Louisville, 
 CincionatTand Leziagton Railroad. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 6l 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 This State embraces a great deal of flat country, much cut up 
 by rivers, bayous, lagoons, marshes, and intricate water courses. 
 The water surface of" Louisiana, excluding the rivers and the bays, 
 which open out into the Gulf of Mexico, is 1700 square miles. This 
 includes Lake Pontchartrain and all the many fresh water lakes in 
 the interior of the State. The coast marshes are peculiar — mostly 
 affected by the tides of the lakes —are covered with a tall rank 
 growth of reed and grass, ranging in height from three to six feet, 
 and almost impenetrable. Throughout this region are found shell- 
 banks, or islands, showing unmistakable indications that, at some 
 remote period, this whole expanse of marsh land must have been 
 covered by the waters of the sea. The people burn the grass in 
 early fall to afford " snipe burns " where the birds feed in great 
 numbers, and along the edges of the bayous and lagoons the grass 
 is permitted to grow, as it furnishes the best of blinds for conceal- 
 ment in ducking. In ducking, the prevailing custom is to hunt in 
 the pirogue ; very cranky specimens of the ship-builder's craft to 
 the inexperienced. To the experienced, the pirogue is safe and 
 comfortable as a Clyde steamer, and the writer remembers having 
 frequently seen men so expert as to stand upon the gunwale and 
 shoot or paddle without materially rocking the boat. The parishes 
 which have the greater part of their surface covered with this marsh 
 are Cameron, Vermillion, St. Mary's, Terrebo me. La Fourche, 
 Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. Bernard and Orleans. In all of tliein 
 there are other kinds of surface ; belts of very fertile alluvial land 
 along the bayous, some prairie in Cameron, a good deal in Ver- 
 million and a less amount in St. Mary's. 
 
 Excepting the planters living on the bayous, the population of 
 the coast-marsh region is sparse, and consists mostly of hunters 
 and fishermen. West of Bayou Teche and south of Bayou Co- 
 codne are the prairie lands, broken up by numerous bayous, 
 creeks and forests. In the middle and northern tier of counties, the 
 State is very heavily timbered and thickly intersected by bayous, 
 many of them navigable and all affected in volume by the rise and 
 fall of the Mississippi, into which all their waters eventually empty. 
 The cutting of the levees by Grant at Lake Providence near 
 Vicksburg, overflows all the low lands of that section every spring, 
 the water usually rising in March and falling in April. These 
 annual overflows drive the deer from their swamp coverts to the 
 uplands which are not subject to overflow, and at that time the 
 shooting is better than at any other, as, the deer being confined in a 
 limited area, there is no trouble in starting them, and once started, 
 if one knows the land, and has a good horse, he need seldom fail 
 
 I 
 
62 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 of a shot. Mallards are found here in countless numbers in the 
 bayous and swamps, and quail and woodcock are plenty. 
 
 Carroll J'arish— 
 
 This is an excellent shooting pround for bears, deer, wild turkeys, rabbits, 
 quail, ducks, geese and many other varieties o( game. For description of coun- 
 try see above, and East Uaton Rouge Parish. Providence, on the Mississippi 
 River, is a good centre. 
 
 Catahoula Parish — 
 
 Catahoula Lake is a fine ground for ducks and geese. Deer and quail are 
 I'lenty in the vicinity. 
 
 Xlaftt Uaton Jtouge J'ariah — 
 
 Baton Kougv, Take the steam ferry to Allen Station, a mile above the town, and 
 go out on the railroad which runs west fiom the Mississippi River, in the parish 
 of West Baton Rouge, to I.ivonia, in the parish of Point ("oupee, twenty-eight 
 miles, and from thence is gradeil twelve miles to the Atchafataya River. The 
 country is level, and where not reclaimed, is swamp and dense canebrake, 
 abounding in deer, bear, wild turkey, etc. It is subject to overflow from the 
 Mississippi, in case ot breaks in the levees. Hayous Grosse Tete, Koxdoche.and 
 smaller streams run through the country, and at low water afford good fishing for 
 trout, pefch, white cat, etc. The trains run twice a week from Allen notation. 
 The accommodations on the line of the road arc poor. 
 
 The country on the easi side of the Mississijijii is high and rolling ; the streams, 
 of which the principal are tiie .Vmite and Comite Rivers, are clear, and afford ex- 
 cellent sport, fishing for trout, various kinds of perch, white cat, etc. The woods 
 abound m squirrels, wild turkeys, rabbits and deer ; the Helds with quail, doves, 
 larks, etc., and in winter, sniiie, ducks, woodcock, robins, wild pigeons, etc. 
 Transportation is abundant and very cheap. Parties who go with the intention 
 of camping, generally send the conveyances back, to return for them at a specified 
 time. A carryall with seats for fifteen persons, four horses and driver, can be had 
 for $12 per day. Uoard $t.5o to $2 per day ; by the month, $30 and $25. 
 
 Grant l*nrl»h — 
 
 In the Flagon, Clear, Big and Trout Creeks, are found bass, pike, perch, cat- 
 fish, bar-fish anil buffalo-fish ; in the vicinity are quail, ducks and geese— abun- 
 dant in Catahoula Lake— wild turkeys, deer, bears, panthers and wilil cats. Take 
 Red River steamers to Colfax. The bottom lands are heavily timbered with Cot- 
 tonwood, ash, willow^ holly, cypress, and the grand magnolia, and a dense 
 undergrowth. There is generally an open, clear space of from ten to fifty feet 
 along the margin of the stream, thus giving ample room to cast the line. 
 
 Iberia Parish- 
 New Iberia. The sea marshes abound in deer. Geese, ducks, brant, wood- 
 cock, snipe, rice birds and pinnated grouse, are found on the marshes and 
 prairies. 
 
 Madison Parish— ' ' *" 
 
 In the streams of this county is excellent fishing. The swamp and dense cane- 
 brakes are full of bears, deer, wild turkeys and other game ; the woods afford 
 good shooting for many kinds of birds and animals ; the fields are tilled with quail, 
 doves, etc. Take Mississippi River steamer to Delta, thence stop at any of the 
 stations on the line of the Vicksljuig, Shreveport and Texas Railway. 
 
 Morehotise Parish — 
 
 In the dense canebrakes are bears, deer, wild turkeys, etc., with wild fowl of 
 many varieties, and good fishing in all the streams and bayous. (See description 
 of the northern counties, above.) Take rail to Raysville, via the VicksDurg, 
 Shreveport and Texas Railroad, and thence drive to Bastrop. 
 
 Orleans Parish — 
 
 New Orleans. The best points most accessible from New Orleans are Miller's 
 Bayou, Chef Menteur, Bayou des Allemandes, and Bayou Labranche. The first 
 two named arc situatud upon the Mobile Railroad, the latter, respectively, upon 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. Ci}, 
 
 Morgan's Railroad and Jackson Railroad. At Miller's, the hunter or fisherman. 
 BK tlie case niiiy i)c, linds a camp, so to speal<, o» three or four houses siluuted 
 upon u shell isiuntl of the iiniirio near the shore of Lake Catherine, and directly 
 ujion tlie bnvoii, ulicre iun|)le provision is furnished— such as piropue, decoys, a 
 clcun l)unk, and plenty of iluck,and Hsh. and coflee, and other consolation fo • rho 
 Inner man, all for a moderute sum j and at an equally modest sum can be procurecl 
 guides. These guides are experienced in manecuvering the pirogue across tlie 
 betimes angry waves of Lake Catherine, or through the intricate maze of a 
 , crooked, narrow bayou. Woe to him who, under " Tom's " care, fails to kill 
 ducks at Seven Fonds, Hayous Hob, I'ccan, or Cassenay, at Grand Point, or tiie 
 Corridors, or snijie on Frederic Hum, or W ccn's IslaiKl ! IJlack, grey, mallard, 
 canvas-back, teal, '* fan-fan," " /vc itr," '"'' dos t^res," and many varieties of 
 duck, with names peculiar to the Creole vocabulary, are found here in great num- 
 bers, from November ist to March ist. Prior thereto and after, large bags are not 
 fre(picnt. Miller's Hayoii offers red tish, shcepshead, green trout, and striped 
 bass. The fare from New Orleans to Miller's Bayou is Ji.so. Other favorite 
 spots near the city for teal, canvas-back and red head shooting arc along the upper 
 line of Canal Street, at the Lake Swamp, and Little Lake. Twin Lakes, two 
 miles from Miller's Hayou, is a famous place fur ducks. 
 
 I'laqui'tnine J'arlah — • ' 
 
 The vicinity of the mouth of the Mississippi is a resort for great numbers of 
 ducks. Hunters there kill sometimes one thousand in a day. 
 
 8t. tFohn liajttlHt I'nrlHh — 
 
 Bayou De Sait\ on the west shore of Lake Pontchartrain is noted for Us fine 
 fishing. In the adjoining cypress swamp is good deer and bear hunting. 
 
 Bt. Maro'H I'artsh — 
 
 Bayou Teche^ Irish Bend. Jack snipe, wood duck, quail, woodcock 
 shooting. 
 
 Bt. Tainrnany Parish — 
 
 Mandville is a pretty summer bathing, and winter hunting and fishing resort 
 for New Orleans people, situated thirty milos from the city, on the north shore of 
 Lake Pontchartrain, which is crossed every day by an elegant passenger steamer. 
 
 The game consists, along the coast, of what the French Creole citizens call the 
 e-russee, a very small bird ; two varieties of the eye, somewhat larger; magnolia 
 Dirds, robins, snipe, woodcock, cedar birds, French and English riuck, teal in 
 abundance, wild geese. Ponies d^eau and Peppcboi, rail, snipe, with half a dozen 
 other less important varieties. 
 
 The northern part of this parish, near Pearl River, is thinly inhabited, and 
 abounds in wild pine, live oak, and magnolia forests and swamps. Here large 
 numbers of deer, wild turkeys, quails, and squirrels, and occasionally a few bears 
 and wild cats are killed. 
 
 Lake Pontchartrain is generally brackish, sometimes quite fresh from the Mis- 
 sissippi crevasses, and sometimes again quite salty. The fresh water streams 
 that flow into it from the pine hills, abound in yellow and red perch, with some 
 pickerel, and not a few " green trout" the local name for the black bass. It is 
 the favorite fresh water game fish. The Tangipahoa River, twenty miles from 
 here, contains a species of fresh water speckled trout, and many large rock fish, 
 which, like the green trout, are caught with a " bob." 
 
 Lake Pontchartrain is a glorious fishing ground. With a crab and cast net, the 
 angler can catch all the red crawfish, crabs, shrimps, and mullets he wants for 
 bait (or food) in a few moments. With these he can, from a bath house, wharf or 
 boat, catch striped bass, the famous sheepshead, redfish, sea perch, sea trout and 
 croakers, not to mention a superior quality of speckled catfish. The fishing is 
 good all the year round, but best in the winter. Striped bass are most plentiful 
 almost all winter. Sheepshead abound at this season, but are difficult to catch 
 with a hook, from lack of proper bait. 
 
 The redfish is quite plentiful. And he is the gamest fish in the lake. With 
 mullet for bait and a reel, the sport of playing him is magi ifirent. He is the staple 
 good salt water fish of the South, and bites well on the Gulf coast all the year 
 round. 
 
 The speckled sea trout are found a couple of months in the autumn, and bite 
 voraciously at any kind of bait, " bob " or fly. The croaker is a beautiful sil- 
 
64 OAAJE AND FISH KEHORTS. 
 
 very symmetrical fish, and derives its nnmc from the cronklnp noise it malces 
 when caufjht. As ii tiihic tish, it may be said to l)c iiiiitc as popular us the shcups- 
 head, and is in (jrcat demand. It is caught from nuats, out a milu or so in tliu 
 lake, and vviih hand line, with sott sliull crabs or mullets lor bait. It goes in 
 Hcliiools and Idtes eagerly. 
 
 TenftaH Variith — 
 
 In this county arc many cancbrakes, which are filled with large pfamc, such as 
 bear, deer, etc. Wild turkeys, (piail, rat>bits, simirrois, ducks, ueese, and other 
 Uame are al)undant tlirouj^hout tlie county. Take Mississippi River steamer to 
 St. Joseph or Water Proot, which will be tound good centres lor sport. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Maine, the largest of the New England States, has an area of 
 31,766 square miles, with a population of 626,915. Upon the 
 coast are' many bays and inlets, with numerous peninsulas and 
 many beautiful islands, making the whole coast line 2,500 miles. 
 The rivers of the State are numerous and several of them of large 
 size. The State is everywhere dotted with a great number of 
 lakes of all sizes, which with the rivers constitute one-tenth of the 
 whole area of the surface. An irregular continuation of the White 
 Mountains of New Hampshire extends along part of the western 
 side of Maine, thence crossing the State in a north-eastern direc- 
 tion, forms the scattered hills, which terminate in Mars Hill, on the 
 eastern boundary. There are other ranges of high lands, and the 
 surface is generally hilly and broken. Three-fourths of the whole 
 area are still covered by the primeval wilderness, in whose forests 
 lurk great quantities of the wilder varieties of game. Bears, deer, 
 moose, etc., are abundant, and foxes, beavers, otters, minks and 
 various other fur l)earing animals furnish a support to numbers of 
 trappers. The lakes and rivers are noted throughout the country 
 for their fine fishing, and these waters are also excellent shooting 
 grounds for all kinds of wild fowl. The means of communication 
 are generally good in the settled portions of Maine, but in the wil- 
 derness guides are necessary; the favorite method pursued by 
 sportsmen is to strike into the wilderness, where guides are neces- 
 sary, and may alwi^ys be secured. 
 
 Aroostook County — 
 
 The best of fishing is found in the chain of lakes above Grand Lake. The 
 number of lakes there is legion, and the fishing magnificent and easy of access. 
 Go to Bangor, thence via the E. and N. A. Railroad to Wina, then team to 
 Springfield, twenty miles (good road) to Duck Lake, canal across Duck Lake 
 to Junior Lake, across Pocumpus to Syssylladobsis. This route can be made 
 from Bangor in one day. There are some fifteen or twenty large lakes that 
 are accessible with a canoe, with short thoroughfares between and good fish- 
 ing in them all. But few fishermen go there, and a party could have it all to 
 themselves. Plenty of landlocked salmon. Also some brook trout (small, two 
 pounds is large) and any number of togue, pickerel, and white perch. The best 
 
GAArr. .i.vn rrsn resorts. 65 
 
 time fnrrntchinpf the salmon is from the lust of May to the first of July. The close 
 time commences here the i sth of Sej)tenil)cr, so there is no hshin^ in tlie fall. The 
 salmon do not commenic runnin;^ till the last of September. 
 
 Sherman Mills. Troiit, to^iic, rullfd urouse ; »lucks, moose, caribou, bears. 
 A K""*' Kuide can be ot)taincd at a luir |iiii.('. Write tur intoruiatiuii tu Ed. A. 
 Cushmaii. 
 
 Cumhvrland Cottntf/— 
 
 Si-fiiti,'it /.ai-f, fourteen miles lonp by eleven miles wide, contains fine salmon 
 trout ot a peculiar variety. They are very larjje, averaKiuK iloul)le the si/e tliey 
 do in the eastern part of the State. They vary from six to seventeen pounds, ar\(l 
 are ol a bri^jht silver color, with very few lari<e black spots on tlie sides near the 
 back, so nearly resembling the jjrilsc that the difference can hardly be perceived. 
 They beRin to run up the streams the hrst ot September and contiinic to do so 
 till tliey spawn, which is in October. They also run up in May, about the hf- 
 teenlh, and stay uj) about two or three weeks. Seba^o Lake is situated hfteen 
 miles from Portland. The ()j{deiisburj{ Railroad runs past it. 
 
 rortland. The pame includes the prey coot, with other varieties, black dui;k, 
 teal, loon, red diver, sheldrake, old squaw, grebe, yellow lejjs, snipe, woodcock, 
 ruffed grouse, s<iuirrels ; trout. 
 
 Frnnhlln and Oxford Conntlra— 
 
 The Raiit^i-lfy Lakes. This chain of lakes consists of Ranpcley, or Oquossoc, 
 nine miles long, ("upsuotic, seven miles, Mooselucmaguntic, or (ircat Lake, four- 
 teen miles, Molechunkamunk, or Ui)pcr Richardson, twelve miles, Welokcnne- 
 bacook or Lower Richardson, and Llmbagog, twelve miles. The last lies i)arlly 
 in Coos County, New Hampshire. All these lakes arc connected by thorough- 
 fares ; the distance between them is from one to six miles. The surrounding 
 country with tiie exception of the northern shore of Rangeley and the southern 
 shore of Umbagog, is an unbroken wilderness. The lakes are far famed for tlieir 
 rare hshing ; the trout taken from them are among the largest found in the coun- 
 try. The game of the region comprises moose, cleer, caribou, black ducks, shel- 
 drakes, pigeons, jiartridges. 
 
 La/ce lIiiilHt^og. The hotels at Upton are the Lake House, H. R. Godwin, and 
 Umbagog House. W. J. Abbott. Terms at each $2 per day, $7 to $10 per week. 
 Good fishing is found near the hotels. 
 
 r. Diver Kichanlaon Lake. The Middle Dam Camp, or Angler';^ Retreat, H. 
 R. (iodwin, $2 per day. The b<'St ^loiiits for fishing arc ; the I)arr,, the I'ond in 
 (he river, Smooth Le<lge, the Hop \ ard, and other places to which guides can 
 direct. 
 
 .hidoTer. The Andover House, A. W. Thomas, $3 per day, $7 to .$10 per 
 week. In the vicinity of Andover are several good tronting streams, to which 
 Mr. Thomas will direct the angler. The best known are HIack llrook, Sawyer's 
 Mrook, Old Maid Brook, Krye's Rrook and Hurrough's Brook, all of which arc 
 within convenient distance from the hotel. The fish in these streams average 
 from one-fourth to two pounds in weight. 
 
 At the approach to (Jpper Richardson Lake, from below, off Mctallc Pointy is 
 fine fishing. Three i;ii'es from here is Metalic Pond., where ducks of several 
 kinds, deer, caribou, and an occasional moose are seen. Metalic Brook, which 
 Hows into the pond, affords fine trout fishing. 
 
 U/>/>er Kichardson Lake. The Upper Dam Camp, H. R. Godwin, $2 per day. 
 At the piers ami apron of the dam, the mouth of the river, and Trout Cove, good 
 fishing will be found. A sail of three mdes, and a walk of three miles, brings the 
 angler to Richardson I'ond, whose shores are heavily wooded and frequented by 
 deer, caribou and other game. 
 
 Phillips. The Barden House, Samuel Farmer, and the Elmwood House, 
 K. I). Prescott. Terms of each §2 per day, $7 to §10 per week. There is excel- 
 lent brook trouting in the vicinity, to which the anglers will be directed from the 
 hotels. The Sandy River Ponds, and other waters on the road between Phillips 
 and (ireenvale, contain fine trout. 
 
 Kan^eley Lake. The hotels are at Greenvale, the head of the lake, the Kim- 
 ball H()tel, H. T. Kimball, and at the outlet, the Mountain View House, H. T. 
 Kimball. Terms of each $2 per day, $7 to $10 per week. At Rangeley is the 
 Rangeley Lake House. Rangeley affords the finest fishing of the chain ; the favor- 
 ite points being near Kimball's, at the he.-id of the lake, and at the South Bog, the 
 dam, and the outlet. From Greenvale, Kcnnebago Lake is eleven miles distant. 
 
66 GAME AND FISH Kh SORTS. 
 
 Fine riHlilngf m«y be found there. The new hotel iit RanRclev City is now rend^ 
 tor tlio i)ul>Tii'. 'i'lic torniur luiullord ot tliu old Kun^flcy l.iikir House, Mr. Kl)cn 
 Ilinldey, is to >)c loiinil In the new house, two stories in liei^ht, nil tinished and 
 furnished in the best nmnner. l<'iNheriTien, und those who <lesire ii i|uiet, home- 
 like house in the midst ol the best trout hshinK in New Knulund, would do will 
 to correspond with Mr. MInkley for terms, etc., which will ne reasonable. The 
 arrimKementsare ccmplcted lor a throuKh stuKe, <lirect Ironi l'hilli|>s to this place, 
 arriving; here in season lor dinner, the second day from lioston, via Kastern or 
 lioston and Maine Railroad. The Hue little steamer Molly ('hunkumunk, takes 
 parties I'rom here to nil parts of the lakes. 
 
 Indian Koik is lit tlie junction of the KenncbaKoand Kan^eley strcamn. Camp 
 Kennebai^r), O. T. Richardson, $•» per day. 
 
 There are several routes to this chain, i, Fnmi lioston via Easfcrn, or Bos- 
 ton and Maine Railroad, fare j^j, or via steamer, tare $i, to Portland : thence 
 via IJrand Trunk Railroad to Uethel, whence stages run to UmIoii. on Lake Um- 
 biiKOK, fare %i. From Upton, steamers to the inlet, twelve miles, fare #1.^0, 
 whence a team conveys banKnKe four and one-hall miles to the Miildle liam 
 C/ani|). Round trip ticket from lioston to Mcthel and r( turn, $7, Upton and return, 
 #ij. 2. From Portland as above to Hryant's I'ond. thence sta^e to Anclover, 
 twenty-one miles, fare $1.50, where teams, boats ami nuidescan be procured of^ 
 Mr. Tliomas for the Arm of the Lake, twelve miles, mid the Middle Dam (ami), 
 lour miles beyond. Thence via boat to the Upper Dam, and across the carry to 
 the lake^t. C/liarne for transportiiifi; boat across the carry, f i. Round trip tick- 
 ets, via this route from Boston to Bryant's Pond und reiurii %.^ ; to Andover and 
 return ^9 ; to Richardson Lakes and return $n ; to Middle Dam and return .fis ; 
 to Upper Dam and return $i6. 3. I'rom Portland as beft>re to North Stratford, 
 thence stiuje via ("olebrook and Dixville Notch to Errol Dam, fare $4, thence 
 siciimer across Umbanojj to the Inlet, fare $1, thence boat up the river to Five 
 Mile Ranids, and a carry live miles to Midille Dam. I'are from Boston ^13. 
 ^.. From Boston to ('olebrook, via Boston, ('oncord and Montreal Railroad, fare 
 ^10,70; to Errol Dam and return via (^olebrook, $17. 5, From Portland via 
 Klaine C-entral Railroad to Farminijton, ninety miles, thence stape to Phillips, 
 eighteen miles, fare Ji.s", thence stap;e to (ireenvale on Ranjieley I.ake, eighteen 
 miles, fare $j. From Greenvalc via steamer, fare *i, across the lake to (amp 
 Henry at the Outlet, thence a carry of two miles, brinps the tourist to ('ami) 
 KennebaRo. Round trip Mckeis, Boston to Farminpton and return $9 ; to Phil- 
 lips and return $11: (ireenvale and return $14; Uiiper Dam and return $17. 
 6. l'>oin ('anada and the west, take (Jraiid Trunk Railway to North Stratford, 
 Bethel or Bryant's Pond, thence as above. 7. From the White Mountains, jco 
 via (lorhain or other points on the Grand Trunk Railroad, to Bethel, etc., as 
 above. 
 
 The Afe^alloway Rii'vr and I.ake Parmachene. Take the Grand Trunk 
 Railway to Bethel or Upton, stapc to Errol Dam, steamer to Durkee's Landing, 
 thence uj) the river in boat. There are several carries, an<l the river is subject to 
 sudden freshets at all times of the year. Excellent trouting, the fish averap;inp^ 
 two pounds, ducks, partridges, deer and moose, and other game will be found in 
 the route. 
 
 llancoch County — 
 
 Sullivan. Trout, lake trout, ducks, geese, coots, and loons, etc., in Tunk 
 Pond. Reached via steamer from Boston via Rockland. 
 
 Jillsworth. Reed's Pond, near this town, contains landlocked salmon. The 
 route is via stage or hired conveyance from Bucksport. 
 
 Mount Desert y a favorite seaside resort, combines more trotit and salt water 
 fishing within a smaller radius than any other resort that we know of. We have 
 taken pound trout from Eagle Lake, only about two and a half miles from Bar 
 Harbor, on the ocean. It is beautifully situated up among the Mount Desert 
 hills, and is well worthy a visit. Jordan's Pond affords good trout fishing. It is 
 reached by wagon road from Bar Marbor. Long, and Denning's Lakes near 
 Southwest Harbor are well stocked with ttsh. Lome's Sound has excellent boat- 
 iuc and fishing. Make headquarters at Lime's Tavern, Somervilk, at the head 
 of^ the Sound. From this point the central lakes are easily reached. There are 
 several hotels or large boarding houses on the Island, where accommodations can 
 be obtained for about $10 per week. The principal ones are the Island, Ocean, 
 and Freeman Houses at Southwest Harbor, and fourteen houses or more at Bar 
 Harbor. Steamers leave Portland daily lor Mt. Desert, fare $5. 
 
GAME AND FISIf RESOKTS. 67 
 
 nutks/>,>ri. DciT nnti criiusc HhoDtlnpf, with excellent liRhing In the vicinity. 
 Kciii lied troin liuiiKor, ur lloHlun via buat. 
 
 Kfunfhi'e doiiHlff— 
 
 lliillouuli. Wodilcock, grnunc nml purtridKes. Reached via the Maine Cen- 
 tral Railroad, two miles frnm AukhhIh. 
 
 Auj^Hita. Miiick buNS tisiiiuK in tliu ncighburinK laken. 
 
 i)jn/'ord (Jountff— 
 
 Ctix/toH. (iood partridKc shooting in this section. The country la rouKh and 
 bir<lM plenty, and there is a tirst ratu hotel. 
 
 </;/// l'oH</ itn</ Doiff^i' l\>Hii. On ihc lutli o( ()ctol>er — or within tliree days of 
 that (late— th-> outlets of (rull I'ond and Dod^re l'<ind, both cniptyinK into Kan^e- 
 ley I.«l<e at pc.ints six miles apart, and the outlet of Ran^eley Lake, six miles from 
 Dodtje I'ond, are thronged by myriads of tish known as blue backe«l tront. The 
 waters ot the stream are actually tilled with this crowding multitude, KatheriuK tu 
 deposit their spawn. They do not make a " spawning bed," like the salmon and 
 trout, but deposit their ckus in all |mrts of the stream, remainiuK about ten days, 
 when they return to the lake, ami arc never seen until the loth of October the loU 
 lowinK year. 
 
 The variation between the blue back and the brook trout is plainly noticed. 
 The (ormer are more slemler. have no bright vermilion spots; the ventral, anal, 
 and pectoral tins are a bright scarlet, witlnxit tl>e black und white lines so con- 
 spicuous in the otiier. Tlie tail is more (orkod. As their popular name indicates, 
 they are very dark. The most singular (act ol all is tlie uniformity of si/.e. They 
 are never less ttian seven nor more than nine inches in length, weiKliiiiK from 
 three to tour ounces. They never take lly or bait. They are captured in nets by 
 the bushel ; are not considered as (^ood eating as the common brook trout. 
 
 Kor KanfTcley Lakes see Franklin County. 
 
 J'vnobHcot C'ouuti/— 
 
 liaiij^vr. Tlicre are pickerel, ncrch, bass, and lake trout in I'nshaw Pond, six 
 miles from town, and landlocketl salmon in Reed's I'ond, within twelve miles, 
 and trout in tlio tributaries ol tlie Penobscot, (iood iroulin(i( in the Ken- 
 dnskeoR, and otiier streams in the vicinity. The tishin^i; is very good within a 
 dozen points easily accessil)le, and hunting also in its season, lucre is a good 
 hotel at the lake. Stajies connect M.iiiKor with Moosehead Lake. 
 
 North Mil/ord. Cirouse and other game in the vicinity, though the dense 
 Woods and swuinps remier win;; sltooting difficult. Koi deer tlie best locality is 
 hrandy I'ond, about twenty miles distant, and along the Hig Muflulo, which 
 empties into the Hratuly Stream, the outlet of tl\e lake, and a tributary of the 
 Union River. Take tiie Eastern und North American Railroad to Milforii, thence 
 via stage or hired conveyance. James KothergiU, Jr. will entertain sportsmen 
 and act as guide. 
 
 J'ltirataf/iilH County — 
 
 In Se/'fc Lake are landlocked salmon, and pickerel ; ducks, grouse, and rab- 
 bits in abundance. Go via European and North American Railroad to South 
 Scbec, thence by stage to the lake. The line of country o()ene(l by this road 
 from Uangor to the St. John River is teeming with glorious trout brooks and 
 lakes. The sportsman can not go amiss liere. Every man on the railroad is a 
 sportsman and a gentleman, from tht; president and superintemlent to the brakes- 
 man. The postal clerks are all anglers, and \\'\\\ take pleasure in imparting infor- 
 mation to visitors in search of a few days' recreation. 
 
 J'hillifi's Pondy one mile from Sebec Lake, is noted for its fine togue or lake 
 trout. Take the route as given to Sebec. 
 
 Monson is an excellent centre for fout iishing. Within a radius of seventeen 
 miles there are thirty-two ponds, all of which afford magnificent sport. These 
 waters are known as Hebron, Monson, Spectacle, Doughty (2), Hunker (2), Bog 
 Stream, Hell (2), McLan. North Moors, Hear, South Senior, South Junior, Meadow, 
 Meadow Stream, No. 18, Grindstone, Buttermilk, Benson, Ship, Greenwood (3). 
 Long, Hedgehog, Big Indian, Little Indian, Herring and Greenleaf. Ship Pond 
 also contains landlo'jked salmon. These lakes are situated in a rugged, moun- 
 tainous country, full of romantic scenery. They are easily accessible by the 
 Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad to Guilford, thence via stage tifteen miles to Mon- 
 son, where a good liotcl will be found. Sportsmen from abroad should call on 
 Mr. E. R. Haynes, the postmaster, who will give them all possible attention, and 
 direct to the best iishing grounds. 
 
68 
 
 GAME AMD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Moosehend Lake. Tlie shooting to be found at and about Moosehead Lako 
 and Its adjacent waters, embraces deer, caribou, bears, wolves, an occasional 
 moose, S(iiiirrels, hares, ruffed grouse, ducl<s, geese, sand -pipers, loons and 
 herons. Spencer Pond, at the head ot Moosehead Lake, is a breeding place lor 
 blacit clucks, anil Lucky Pond is a favorite rcstjrt lor them. These are tilicen 
 miles from Kineo, and twentv from Greenville. Ruffed grouse are abundant 
 most everywhere, and deer also on Spencer Mountain, a mile from Moosehead 
 Lake. A great variety of game is found at Hrassua Lake, near the Canadian line, 
 at the head of Misery River. The Wilson Ponds are full of trout. The nearest 
 
 Eond is three miles irwn the lake, and readied by a good roail ; boats can there 
 e i^rocured. Three miles beyond is the Upper Wilson ; camping is necessary 
 for much sport. 
 
 Eagle .Stream. This is a short distance from the Lake House at Greenville, 
 and affords good trout fishing. The stream flows through a meadow, and there 
 are no bushes to obstruct the casting. P'or larger trout go to the outlet, twelve 
 miles from Greenville, where trout averaging two pounds arc caught in abun- 
 dance. 
 
 Table Rock at Mt. Kineo, is a favorite spot for fly fishing, and a short distance 
 from the hotel, a well known spot furnishes trout averaging five pounds, and white 
 fish averaging one and a half pounds. Misery Stream, flowing into Lake Hrassua 
 near its outlet, Socateau River, Spencer Ponii, Roach River and Lucky Pond, are 
 all fine fishing grounds. Lily Hoy furnishes excellent trouting, with duck and 
 partridge shooting. 
 
 The routes trom Koston are : ist. Via Eastern Railroad to Dexter, two hundred 
 and thirty miles ; stage thirty-five miles to Greenville, thence steamer twenty 
 miles to Mt. Kineo. Time twenty-four hours, l^'are for round trip $15 ; single 
 ticket $8.50. 2d. Eastern Railroad to Guilford, three hundred and seven miles. 
 Stage to Greenville twenty-tive miles, thence steamer as before. Time twenty- 
 four hours. Fare same as above ; and 3d. Steamer (International Sandforcl's 
 Lines) to Hangor, two hundred and hfty miles, thence European Railway to 
 Greenville, sixty-one miles, thence same as above. Time forty-nine hours. 
 Fare $7. 
 
 The hotels and boarding houses are the Eveleth, and the Lake House, at 
 Greenville; the Wilson House at the Outlet; the Mt. Kineo House, $2.50 per 
 day, at the base of the mountain ; the Carry Hotel, on the northeast carry, at the 
 head of the lake • the Morris Farm, west branch. : guides can be procured either 
 at Greenville or Mount Kineo. Captain Samuel Cole at the Lake House, is ever 
 ready to guide to the best fisheries. There are also K. H. V'aughan, Pete Ronco, 
 Levi Ronco, A. B. Farrar, Ivory Littletield, D. T. Saunders, and other well 
 known guides. They furnish generally their services, a canoe and cooking 
 utensils, for $3 per day. Hoats can be procured of all sizes and styles, from birch 
 canoes at twenty-five cents per day, to a steam pleasure yacht at $10 per day. 
 There are good liveries at the hotels. The best months for siwrt, are August and 
 September. The trip from Hoston including traveling expenses and a stay of two 
 weeks, can be made for about fifty dollars. Excursion tickets are sold from New 
 York for {^24, from Hoston for $15. At Greenville, D. T. Saunders will furnish 
 canoes, guides, and provisions for a canoe trip down the Allegash. The route is 
 up the lake via steamer, across the carry to the Penobscot, down this river twenty 
 niles to Chesuncook Lake, thence up the Umbazookskus River, across the Mud 
 Pond Carry, thence via Mud Pond, Chamberlain Lake, the Locks, Eagle Lake, 
 Pleasant Hrook and Churchill Lake, into the Allegash. Moose, bear, caribou, 
 wild ducks, partridges, trout, and other game are found on the route. 
 
 Somerset County — 
 
 Bhigham is a good point from which to start into the Maine wilderness. 
 Leave Hoston by Eastern Railroad via Portland and Kennebec to Skowhegan, 
 thence by stage fifteen miles to Solon, then eight miles to Bingham. Provide for 
 roughing it. Ruffed grouse, ducks, trout, caribou, and other game will be found. 
 Caribou about the forks of the Kennebec. 
 
 Washii. jton C'otinty — ' 
 
 Grand Lake and Stream. Grand Lake Stream, is an outlet of the Grand 
 Lake, one of the chain of Schoodic Lakes, famous for its landlocked salmon. In 
 the lakes themselves, pike and lake trout abound, and brook trout in the streams 
 that empty into them. Reached by steamboat from Portland and St. John, to 
 Eastport, and thence rail to Princeton, or bv European and North American 
 Railroad to McAdam, St. Stephens and I'rinceton. A steamer leaves the Stream 
 
GAME AND FISH HE SORTS. O9 
 
 every tnorniriK, connecting with the first train to Calais, and returning in the 
 afternoon on tlie arrival ot the train at Princeton. Canoes, hotels, and (.Miides at 
 Princeton. Hoard $1 to $1.50 jK-nlay. Ouides' wanes, white or Indians, ifj to $3.50 
 per day. Camping is generally preferred. David Dresser, at Princeton, will 
 secure reliable guides and lull intormation. (.ountry hilly. The Dobsis club 
 has a camp here. 
 
 Afai/i/as. (irouse, woodcock, bears and deer, salmon, black fish, brook trout. 
 Reached by boat from Eastport or Rockland, or by yacht ; also by wagon. 
 Indians, canoes and provisions, can here be secured for a trip up the Upper 
 Machias River, where tlicre is goo<i hunting for deer, bear, and other game. 
 
 Caiais. Mlack meganders, ducks, ruffed grouse, woodcock, pickerel. Salmon 
 and trout fishing in Grand Lake, on northern border of Washington County. 
 Calais is on the St. Croix and Penobscot Railroad, or reached by steamer from 
 Eastjwrt, or by stage from Huckspurl^ there connecting with Boston steamers. 
 
 Denny sviltc. There is excellent troi.ting, with good woodcock shooting in the 
 Denny's River, sixteen miles from Eas'port. Reached by boat or wagon. 
 
 VanceboroHgk. Trout fishing in the St. Croix River. The route is via the 
 European and North American Railway. 
 
 Princeton. Hear, deer, rufied grouse, ducks, geese, plover ; brook and sal- 
 mon trout. F"or route see Grand Lake. Hotels. 
 
 Grand Manan. The Island of Grand Manan is situated in the Hay of Fundy, 
 about thirty miles southeast of Eastport, Maine. It is thirty miles long and about 
 nine miles wide, and lies in nearly a north and south direction. There are two 
 small villages on the island and habitations are scattered over its greater part. 
 
 There are several small streams on Grand Manan which contain trout. The 
 south, west and north coasts of tlie island are rocky and abrupt. 
 
 The southern end of the island is a favorite breeding ground of the herring 
 gulls, (Larus arf^entatus)^ and their eggs are sought and used as food. The Pas- 
 sama(|uoddy and Micmac Indians live near South Head and hunt the porpoise 
 and seal for their oil. The eastern coast is low comjiared with its other shores, 
 and it is that side of the island that is mostly inhabited. It is covered principally 
 with spruce and birch timber, and it has the peculiar mossy spruce swamps which 
 are common to northern Maine. Several years ago deer were common on the 
 island, but the Indians and whites combined, have nearly exterminated them. 
 There are a few ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes, (hermit, olive backed and 
 golden crowned), robins, swallows, (barn, white-bellied, and bank swallows), 
 warblers, flycatchers, etc., etc., that are found on tlie island, also the hare, grey 
 rabbit and red squirrel. To the southeast, and east of Grand Manan aie many 
 beautiful islands which are full of interest to the na»r 1 alist. They are as follows : 
 Two Islands, Three Islands, White Head, Eastern and Western Green Islands, 
 Sheep, Pumpkin, Low Duck, Little Duck, Big Duck, Long, Ross, Cheney's 
 Head, and Nantucket Islands. To the southeast are the Hlack Ox, Seal, Eastern, 
 Western and Yellow Merle ledges, which are favorite breeding grounds of the 
 seals. There is also one small island called the White Horse, which is a general 
 " headquarters " and breeding ground of the Leach's Petrels. They burrow into 
 the rich loam and deposit one egg in each hole. When caught in the hand they 
 disgorge a brownish oil which is not very sweet scented. The eider duck and 
 black guillemot breed on the rocky shores of the numerous islands, and an occa- 
 sional pair of arctic puffins, (parrot bill murre,) are found breeding in the same 
 localities. The razor-billed auk breeds in considerable numbers on the Yellow 
 Merle ledges, and twelve years ago it was common to nearly all the islands of the 
 15ay of Fundy. The island of Grand Manan is a good collecting ground for the 
 naturalist at any season. In the autumn the ornithologist can collect the follow- 
 ing birds in the Hay of Fundy :— Loons, red-throated diver, foolish guillemot, lit- 
 tle auk, eider duck, pomarinc skua, (gull chaser), herring gull, Wilson's tern, 
 black guillemot, puffin, great black-backed gull, purple sandpipers, red phala- 
 rope, etc. etc. 
 
 Those who enjoy fishing can gaff lobsters, spear flounders, catch cod, hake. 
 ])oU()(k, and an occasional .lalibut. Grand Manan can be reachea (rom Hoston, 
 ny rail, by the Boston and V 'ie Railroad, to Milltown, Me., and from there by 
 boat to Eastport, thcnrc by some tisliorman's boat or the British mail packet to 
 Grand Manan. The boats of the International Steamship Company ply between 
 Boston, Portland and Eastport, and any person can go by boat the entire distance 
 from New York, if they wish to, by connecting with the Boston steamers for 
 St. John. 
 
 The house of Simeon P". Cheney, Nantucket Island, affords best of accommo- 
 dations, boats, eic. 
 
JO ^ GAME AND FISfl RESOKTS. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Maryland has an area of 11,124 square miles, excluding the 
 waters and islands of Chesapeake Bay. The State is divided by 
 the Chesapeake into two divisions, the Eastern Shore or that por- 
 tion lying between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays and the 
 Atlantic, and the V/estern Shore, or that part between the Chesa- 
 peake Bay and Susquehanna River, and the Potomac. The East- 
 ern Shore is level and in some places swampy, the Western Shore 
 is in the north-western part, decidedly mountainous, the moun- 
 tains growing less towards the south to the Great Falls of the Po- 
 tomac, where the foothills are merged in the plain which makes 
 up the lower portion of the State. Maryland has an extensive sea 
 and bay coast, the latter indented by many bays, all of which are 
 famous grounds for gunners. The game comprises a great variety 
 of wild fowl. The waters afford excellent tishing, and railroad 
 and extensive water communications of the State render these re- 
 sorts easy of access. 
 
 Alleghany County — 
 
 Cumberland. Deer ?rc found on the neighboring hills. The game birds are 
 the wild turkey, pheasant, partridge, woodcock, jack-snipe, and several varieties 
 of the duck family. Cumberland is on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Cumberland 
 and Piedmont, and the Pittsburgh, Washington and Baltimore Railroads. The 
 Queen City Hotel is well kept ; tne St. Nicholas is the resort for sportsmen. 
 
 lialHmore County — 
 
 Baltimore. Miller's Island is a great resort for ducks. The best shooting 
 spots are leased so that sportsmen have but moderately fair shooting. Reached 
 by boat from Baltimore. 
 
 Cecil County — 
 
 At Turkey Point on the Eastern Shore, near the mouth of the Susquehanna, 
 there are two points about one hundred yards apart and excellent ground to reach 
 before the birds come. The game includes red heads, black ducks, and canvas- 
 backs. Reached from Perrymansville. 
 
 Charles County — 
 
 In this county are some fine partridge and wild turkey shooting grounds. 
 Dorchester County — 
 
 East New Market. Rabbits, opossums, squirrels, red and grey foxes, geese, 
 ducks, canvas-backs, quail, woodcock, snipe, water-rail ; shad, rock pickerel, 
 jiurch, herring. Reached via the Delaware and Dorchester Railroad. Hotel 
 accommodations at Bramble's house, where horses and dogs will be cared for. 
 The country is very level. 
 
 Cambridge. Snipe shooting in the vicinity. Reached via the Dorchester and 
 Delaware Railroad. 
 
 Oarrett County- 
 Deer Park. Bear, deer, foxes, rabbits, turkeys, ducks, snipe, partridges, 
 
 ruffed grouse, woodcock, quail, and wild pigeons are found in all the surrounding 
 
 country in such numbers as to make Deer Park a noted resort for sportsmen. 
 There are no fish except trout in the Blackwater at this place, and they are, as 
 
 a rule, small, but are very strong and fight well. There are immense numbers of 
 
 them. Near the Falls the fish are much larger. 
 
 The fare from New York to Deer Park is about fifteen dollars ; it is the same 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 7 1 
 
 from New York to Wheeling, W. Va., so if ticket be bought to the latter place 
 it can be disposed of at Deer Park or Oakland for a couple of dollars. 
 
 All trains of the Haltimore and Ohio Railway stop here in the summer. Most 
 of the sportsmen who have been over this route to the Hlackwater have starteil 
 from Oakland, but the " Glades Hotel," (famous for its table and general excel- 
 lency), has been destroyed by fire. The distance from Deer Park to Oakland is 
 but six miles, and those who prefer to go on the old road can go from here. 
 
 There is a large hotel here owned and operated by the IJaltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad. It is a first-class house ; the charges are from 1^3 to $3.50 per day. 
 
 The sportsman need not burden himself with much luggage ; let him take his 
 rod and gun, and if the latter be a breech loader, his cartridges also, for he can- 
 not get them here. Other kinds of ammunition, Ditmar's wood powder and 
 others, ail kinds of shot, wads, etc., he can procure ; also good lines and Hies. A 
 blanket will not be amiss. Coffee pots, frying-pan, etc., can also be had. It 
 will not be necessary to take much food for camping ex])editions, and a couple of 
 hams, some bacon, coffee, sugar, etc., will be supinied at very reasonable rates, 
 (jood guides can be had for $1.50 to $i.7s per day ; they will ilo the cooking, etc. 
 Horses will cost somewhere in the neighborhood of $1.50. Trout are found in 
 Deej) Creek. 
 
 There is a tract of land called the " Dobbin Estate," where parties generally 
 stay. It has upon it a good frame house, which is partially furnished and a lot of 
 about twelve acres of pasture land for the horses. Nothing is charged for the use 
 of house or lot and as it is but three miles from the North V ork, and on the banks 
 of the South, and four miles from the famous " Falls of the Hlackwater," it is the 
 best plan to make this headquarters. The distance to this house from Deer Park 
 is thirty-six miles, from Oakland thirty. See West V'irginia. 
 
 Harford County- 
 Havre de Grace. Good duck shooting, including caijvas backs, broad-bills, 
 black ducks. Reached via the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Haltimore Railroad, 
 eighty-two miles from Philadelphia, twenty-six miles from Haltimore. Duckers, 
 boats, decoys, etc., can be obtained for about ^25 per day. Write to James 
 Nixon. 
 
 The shooting at Havre de Grace is monopolized by fifteen or twenty parties, 
 who shoot altogether for market. 
 
 The " Narrows," which begin about six miles south of Havre de Grace, some- 
 times afford good shooting from the shore, either side ; but not until after a severe 
 storm, do the ducks leave the flats and resort to these contracted waters, to afford 
 sport enough to pay to leave New York, and then the stranger would find 
 trouble in shooting, unless accompanied by some one known to the land owners. 
 
 Magnolia County — 
 
 There is excellent duck gunning at the railroad bridge crossing Gunpowder 
 River. 
 
 Perry mansville is in the midst of many excellent wild-fowl shooting localities. 
 Bush River, with Abbey Island at its mouth. Gunpowder River witn Carroll's 
 Island at its mouth. Maxwell's Point, three miles from the Gunpowder Hridge, 
 the level shores near Harewood and Stemmer's Run, and many other well-known 
 localities, are annually visited by sportsmen. 
 
 The shooting on Hush River is from point only. The shore owned by Mr. S. 
 Sutton, P. O. address, Perrymansville, is a good one ; the shooting is red-head 
 principally. This shore is opposite the celebrated Lcggoes' Point, the extension 
 of Gunpowder Neck, and is one of the finest rough weather points on the Gun- 
 powder. Carroll's Island, and in fact all the points on the Gunpowder, are rented 
 lor fabulous prices. 
 
 K«;nt County— 
 
 The White Perch Fishing at Betterton. Hetterton is on the extreme upper 
 end of Chesapeake Bay, within sight of the mouths of the Susqtieiianna, klk, 
 Northeast and Sassafras Rivers. It is about eighty miles by water from Phila- 
 delphia, and forty from Baltimore. It is reached by the Ericsson steamers wliich 
 leave both cities at 4 f. m., requiring for the trip about eleven hours from the for- 
 mer, and four hours from the latter city. The fare from Philadelphia is $1.50, 
 which includes berth. Meals are fift cents extra. Philadelphiansmay leave the 
 wharf on the upper side of Chestnut Street any day by the boats, which, though 
 not large, furnish excellent accommodations, arrive at Betterton by sunrise, spend 
 
72 
 
 GAME AND FISH RE SORTS. 
 
 a (lay on the fishing ground, and return by the evcninp boat, reaching home by 
 six or r.even o'clock next morning, being absent only an afternoon and a day. 
 
 Tlic Delaware branch of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Maltiinore Kail- 
 road also runs to Still Pond, a station lour miles from Betterton. The train 
 leaves Philadelphia at 8 a. m., anil makes the trip in four hours. Still Pond is also 
 the Post Office, Hetterton having only a few scattering dwellings, and no Post 
 Oflice. Thomas Crew keeps the house (not a hotel and without a bar,) and can 
 probalaly accommodate twenty guests, for whom he provides bountifully. Mis 
 rate is $1.50 per day, and boats with captain and bait $3 per day. The favorite 
 fishing ground is about two miles from the house, and the water there is about 
 thirty to forty feet deep. The ebb current runs about two and a half miles an 
 hour, and the flood current about two miles an hour, or with about one half the 
 force of the current in the Delaware, hence a ten or twelve ounce dipsey is heavy 
 enough for a bow or hand line, and two ounces for a rod line. A bass rod nine 
 feet long, with multiplying reel, is the proper rod. The perch bite better at the 
 turn of the tide— an hour before and after each, the low water and young flood 
 being the best. 
 
 The tide tables of the Chesapeake are published in the Nautical A If nanac. 
 High water at Betterton, would be about half an hour earlier than at Turkey 
 Pomt. 
 
 It is not amiss to take some bait along— worm, clam, or shrimp, or a good dip 
 minnow net. If a hand line is used, glove lingers are necessary, else any but the 
 toughest hand will give out before a day's fishing is over. Spesutia Island fur- 
 nishes excellent duck shooting. 
 
 Montgomery County — 
 
 liarnesvillc. Black bass fishing in the Potomac, with excellent shooting. 
 Reached via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Tke Great Falls 0/ the Potomac are located fourteen miles above Washing- 
 ton, and seven miles from Rockville, on the Metropolitan branch of the Baltimore 
 and Ohio Railroad. The route is from Washington to Georgetown, thence via 
 canal : fare fifty cents, or via stage, seventy-five cents, to the fishing grounds. 
 The Potomac has here three falls, aggregating a descent of eighty feet, within a 
 distance of a few rods. Big bass, little bass, rock, and striped bass abound, and 
 afford excellent sport. At the Cornelia Hotel, Messrs. Garrett and Mans, proprie- 
 tors, board may be obtained, $2 per day. 
 
 Prince George County — 
 
 Upper Marlboro. Fine shooting on the swamp and marshes adjacent to the 
 Patuxent River. Ortolans, reed birds, partridges, ducks, etc., and other game 
 birds. Reached via the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, or by drive from 
 Washington. Skiffs and pushers are readily obtained, and the sport is always 
 good. The grounds are within three miles ot Marlboro. 
 
 Miiirkirk Furnace. Snipe and quail shooting good in the vicinity. Reached 
 via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Nottingham. On the marshes of the Patuxent River, excellent shooting is to 
 be had (See Upper Marlboro). Mr. John Maccubbin, keeps the very comfortable 
 and home-like inn in the village. 
 
 Stc. Mary's County — 
 
 Of the best known resorts on the Potomac may be mentioned Colton's, Leon- 
 ardtown, Blackstone's Island, Piney Point, Marshall's, and Point Lookout, the 
 latter a point of land at the mouth of the Potomac, with a splendid beach fronting 
 on Chesapeake Bay. The attractions at all these j^laces are boating, fishing, bath- 
 ing, crabbinp, and a fare composed almost exclusively of fish and oysters. Save 
 at Piney Point, the terms are very moderate — $2 per day, $10 per week, and $30 
 to $35 per month. 
 
 Leonardtoivn. Duck shooting and good fishing. Reached by boat on the 
 Potomac River. Hotel $2 per day, $10 per week, $30 per month. 
 
 Point Lookout. Fair fishing may be found liere, including sheepshead. 
 Reached via steamer on the Potomac, one hundred and thirteen miles from 
 Washington. Board same as at Loonardtown. 
 
 Marshall's^ two miles below Piney Point, is a favorite summer resort for 
 pleasure seekers. The fishing includes sheepshead, white perch, rock, taylor, 
 spot and croakers. The shooting is for partridge, duck and goose. Marshall's 
 is one hundred miles from Washington, reached via Potomac steamers, and has 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 73 
 
 n good boarding house, with boats and other conveniences. Charges, $30 per 
 month for a longer time than one month, or $35 for single month. 
 
 I'iiuy Point. Vov the lishing and hunting and the route see Marshall's. The 
 St. George's Hotel is coinfbi tabic and well kept, with moderate prices. 
 
 Chaptico. Good tisliing in liritain's aud Chapeto Bays. Take stage from 
 Washington to Leonardtown. . • . 
 
 Somerset County — 
 
 Princess Anne. Quail, snipe, woodcock and wild fowl. Reached via Dela- 
 ware Railroail. Good board can be found among the farmers for $5 per week. 
 
 Washington County — 
 
 IVilliainsport. Black bass fishing furnishes fine sport. Williamsport is the 
 terminus of the Western Maryland Railroad, and can be reached from New York 
 by rail via Philadelphia, iu about eleven hours, either by vay of Harrisburg, 
 Pa., or I 'nnore. Hotel charges, $1.25 per day. A boat and boatman costs 
 $1.50 per u.iy. 
 
 Ilagerstown. Turkey's, pheasants, quail, and woodcock. Reached via Cum- 
 berland Valley Railroad. 
 
 Wicomico County — 
 
 Tyaskin District^ near Salisbury, is a favorite resort for wood duck and quail. 
 
 Worcester County — 
 
 Berlin. Ducks and geese, plover, snipe, quail, woodcock, rabbits ; blue fish, 
 striped bass, weak tish and perch. Reached by rail from Wilmington to Herring- 
 ton Station and thence by either of two railroads via Georgetown or Salisbury. 
 Hotel accommodations. A sneak boat or skill, ind several dozen decoys for 
 geese, ducks, and snipe, are indispensable. 
 
 Ocean City. Ducks and geese, plover, snipe, quail, woodcock, rabbits ; blue 
 fish, striped bass, weak fish and perch. Favorite points of departure for the field 
 are Canterbury, Herrington, Farmington, Greenwood, Seaford, Georgetown, 
 Salisbury, Pittsville, and Berlin. There are good hotels, and Captain Ayres 
 keeps a hostelry open all winter to accommodate sportsmen. As a rule, the 
 farms are all posted, as a protection against market gunners, but gentlemen 
 s))ortsmen can almost invariably obtain permission to snoot over rrivale terri- 
 tory. It is better, in all cases, to obtain letters of Introduction to laud owners. 
 
 Snow Hill. Good snipe shooting on the marshes. Rabbits, squirrels, par- 
 tridges in the vicinity. Reached via the Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroad. 
 
 Chincoteague Island, For game, route, etc., see Accomack County, Virginia. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Massachusetts comprises an area of 7800 square miles, with a 
 population of 1,457,351. With the exception of the eastern and 
 south-eastern sections, the surface of the State may be described 
 as broken and rugged. Several inconsiderable mountain ranges are 
 found in the State, the Hoosic, Holyoke and other ranges. The val- 
 leys, especially that of the Connecticut, are noted for their beauty 
 of scenery and fertility of soil. Upon the coast are many islands, 
 bays and sounds, all of which furnish excellent fishing and bay 
 l)ird and wild fowl shooting. The railroad system of Massachu- 
 setts is very complete, this State containing, in proportion to her 
 size, more miles of road than any other State in the Union. Hotel 
 accommodations at all the shooting resorts are generally good, or 
 
74 CAAJE AND FISH RESO/iTS. 
 
 where these do not exist the sportsmaji will readily obtain accom- 
 modationF at the farm houses. 
 
 JBarnatahle County— 
 
 There are a tjrca* I'lany deer in this county, and several line trout streams, as 
 readily accessible from the town ot Sandwich, as any other place. There are also 
 plenty ut quail. Take Old Colony Railroad to Sandwich. Good accommodations 
 at the Central House. 
 
 Wood's Hole. On Huzzard's Hay there is excellent shooting for ducks, plover, 
 and other varieties of water lovvl. Professor Vinal N. Edwards, of Wood's Hole, 
 has collected here the following tish, consisting of seventy-five different varieties. 
 Small spotted skat'3, peaked nose skate, sand shark, blue shark, leopard shark, 
 mackerel shark, trasher shark, hammer head shark, sleeper shark, (never before 
 iound in these waters;) horned dog tish, no-horned dog hsh, conunon mackerel, 
 si)otlud mackerel, tallow mackerel, mackerel scare, white mackerel, (n"*- before 
 tound here ;) sea herring, English herring, brown sea robin, large red sea lobin, 
 long tinned sea robin, living hsh, tautog, scup, sea bass, menhaden, shad, hickory 
 shad, common butter tish, scjuare headed butter tish, (or silver fish ;) common eel, 
 lamprey eel, striped bass, scjueteague, squid, king tish, tom cod, sea perch, sculpin, 
 common large flounder, four spotted flounder, small month flat tisn, large month 
 tlat tish, (very rare ;) talbot, pollock, smelt, toad tish, swell tish, blue tish, naddock, 
 hake, sturgeon, goose tish, boneta, sucker, cram]) tisii, red sculjiin, (or pork in 
 barrel ;) large black stingray, bill tish, (seven feet long;) pilot tish, rudder tish, 
 horned swell tish, or (egg tish ;) puffin pig, tile tish, moon tish, pompano, cero, 
 Spanish mackerel, cunner, leather jacket, (never before caught in these waters ;) 
 codtish, whiting, (or frost tish ;) mullet, ling, and three others. 
 
 The route from Boston is via the Old Colony Railroad ; from New York, via the 
 New Bedford steamers, which leave Pier 39, North River, every evening. Good 
 hotel accommodations will be found. 
 
 Brewster is in the vicinity of good smelt fishing. Reached via Old Colony 
 Railroad. 
 
 At the elbow of Cape Cod. and inside the sheltering range of sand cliffs which 
 forms the lower extremity of Nanset Beach, is a wide expanse of shoals known to 
 the hardy fishermen and mariners of the vicinity as " The Common Flats." 
 These shoals, when bared by the falling tide, disclose miles upon miles of 
 mud flats covered with the marine mud commonly known as eel-grass, the favor- 
 ite food of several varieties of wild fowl, but more especially of the brant. 
 Landward from these mud flats, and also protected from the encroachments of 
 Old Ocean by Nanset Beach, stretches an extensive series of sand flats. This 
 part of the " Cape " was in olden time a favorite hunting resort, and still affords 
 good sport. 
 
 Monument. Excellent fishing in Buzzard's Bay. Reached via the Old Colony 
 Rail|oad. The Stearns House offers comfortable accommodations. 
 
 Chatham. Dough birds, yellow legs, plover, brant, and other varieties of 
 birds. Reached via Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 Cohasset Narrows. Blue fish, squeteague. Good catches of striped bass are 
 made off' the railroad bridge. Sportsmen will find good accommodations, with 
 boats, bait, etc., at A. and H. Hatnavvay's. Route as above. 
 
 West Barnstable. I'ine deer hunting in the neighboring woods. Route as 
 above. 
 
 MarshJ>ee. The Marshpee River is a good trout stream. There is also excel- 
 lent siiijie shooting on the marshes. Reached via Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 Queshnet. Snipe shooting is good in the vicinity. 
 
 Cotuit Port reached by stage, seven miles from West Barnstable, which is on 
 the Old Colony Road, is a famous place for shooting. The village is on the south 
 shore of the cape, and on the neighboring highlands are many fresh ponds among 
 the pir.e forests. Here the sportsman will find a variety of fresh and salt water 
 fishing, and excellent wild fowl shooting. The Santuit House is a favorite sum- 
 mer hotel. 
 
 Hyannis, reached by a branch of the Old Colony Railroad, affords good 
 shooting. 
 
 Sandwich. The streams in the vicinity are ^ood trouting streams, but much 
 fished j deer in the adjacent forests. Reached via the Old C/olony Railroad. 
 
 Abington. White hares. Reached as above. 
 
 Waquoit. Good trout fishing may be found near the town. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 75 
 
 JBerkHJih'o County— 
 
 FittsfieU. The Housntonic River is a fine locality for trapping muskrats and 
 otters. Keacheil via tlie Moston and Albany Railroad. Silver, Sylvan and other 
 lakes in the neighborhood, are full of pickerel. 
 
 Great Barrineton. Woodcock and ruffed grouse shooting in the vicinity, 
 with fishing in the streams and numerous lakes in the surrounding country. 
 Reached by rail or highway from Stockbridge. There are comfortable hotels 
 here, and many pleasant drives all about this region. 
 
 Ashley Falls are three miles from the Twin Lakes. (See Canaan, Conn.) 
 Reached via Harlem Railroad, four hours ride from New York. Cooper's 
 '• Locust Hill Farm " furnishes every accommodation to sportsmen. 
 
 Otis. Woodcock and grouse shooting. Reached via stage or hired convey- 
 ance from some station on the Hoston and Albany Railroad. 
 
 Lee. Laurel Lake, two miles north, the Yokum Ponds, a few miles southeast. 
 Lake Mahkoenac, lour miles distant, and other waters in the neighborhood, arc 
 favorite picnic and fishmg resorts. Lee is a pleasant village, much visited in 
 summer. The route is via the Housatonic Railroad. 
 
 lirlstol County — 
 
 Ne7v Bedford. Quail, partridge, grouse, woodcock, snipe, plover, bay birds, 
 marsh birds, ducks, blue fish, bass, scup, taulog, bill fish, sword fish, trout in the 
 neighboring fresh water streams. New Hcdford is hcail(Hiart<-rs for sportsmen 
 who wish to enjoy the splendid fishing and shooting in Huz/.ard's Hay. Captain 
 J. Iv. Sisson, whose address is at 22 South Water Street, owns a yacht, live decoys 
 for ducks, and wooden ones for bay birds and sheldrakes, and will serve parties 
 of sportsmen faithfully. Black ducks are particularly abundant in the fall months. 
 De I osta's Island afFiirds excellent stands for shooting. It is about a mile from 
 the main land. The easiest and cheapest way to reach New Bedford from New 
 York is by steamer that leaves New York in the alternoon and arrives early the 
 following morning. Fare $3. From Boston go via Old Colony and New Bedford 
 Railroads. 
 
 Nonquit. Fishing directly from the rocks for tautog, scup and blue fish. 
 There is a good hotel $3 to $3 per day, with boats, boatmen, etc., to be obtained 
 at Nonquit or New Bedford, at prices ranging from 25 cts. an hour to $6 per day. 
 A steamer makes three trips a day to and from New Bedford, seven miles distant, 
 making a delightful sail of one hour down Buzzard's Bay. 
 
 The EUxahvtli Lslnuds — 
 
 Cuttyhunk^ Nashawena^ Pasque Island and Naushon. Striped bass, blue fish, 
 squeteague, sword fish, excellent bay bird shooting. There is a private club- 
 house on each island. Naushon is stocked with English and Scotch game birds 
 and animals, American deer, and prairie fowl. These islands are accessible by 
 yacht from New Bedford or Martha's Vine^-ard. 
 
 Fall River. Grouse, quail, woodcock, and broadbills in the Westport ponds, 
 white and yellow perch and pickerel in Lake Watuppa. Reached via rail from 
 Boston, and steamer from New York City. 
 
 DuUes County— 
 
 Martha's Vineyard. A famous place for summer excursionists and pleasure 
 seekers. Good fishing and shooting are found at various points on the Island, 
 some of the best known being in the vicinity of Gay Head. At Gay Head, if the 
 wind is southeasterly, so that it blows from Cuttyhunk, the fishing is spoiled by 
 washing off the white clay bottom ; but there are one or two points along shore 
 known to old fishermen only, where good sport can be had when the wind is from 
 the northward. The lighthouse keei)er at Gay Head is always glad to entertain 
 anglers. There are several fine hotels and boarding houses open in summer. 
 Boats, boatmen, etc., are always to be had. Readied from Boston, via Old 
 Colony Railroad to Wood's Hole, thence steamer. From New York take steamer 
 to Fall River, thence rail to New Bedford, thence via steamboat. 
 
 No Man's Land. Striped bass, blue fish, and other fishing, with good shoot- 
 ing for wild fowl and several varieties of game. Address Captain J. L. Sisson, 
 22 South Water Street, New Bedford, Mass. He has every facility for fishing 
 and shooting at No Man's Land. The route is by pleasure yacht from New Bed- 
 ford or Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 Essex County — 
 
 Marblehead. Smelts, cod, cunners, and other varieties of tish, with snipe, 
 
76 
 
 GAME AND FISH JiE SORTS. 
 
 plover, cluck and other shooting. Reached by a branch of the Eastern Railroad 
 from Salem. 
 
 Gloucester. Many varieties of fish, includinfi: smelts. The shooting in the 
 vicinity is for bay birds and water fowl. Reached via the Eastern Railroad. 
 There are several summer hotels besides those in the city. There are a good 
 many ruffed grouse and woodcock in some parts of Danvers, Middletield, and 
 TopsviUe. 
 
 Cape Ann. Cooting at Annisquam and other points on the Cape. Take the 
 Eastern Railroad to Rockport, thence stage or hired conveyance. 
 
 Andover has some fishing in the neighboring lakes and streams. 
 
 North Andover. Hlack bass in Lake Cochickewick. Reached via the Boston 
 and Maine Railroad. 
 
 Sivi%mJ>scott. Smelts. Reached via the Eastern Railroad, thirteen miles from 
 Boston. 
 
 Lynnfield. Lynnfield Lake, a delightful sheet of water, within ten miles of 
 Boston, has been stocked with Oswego bass, and now affords capital sport. Take 
 tlie Danvers and Newburyport branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad. Good 
 board can be had in private families in the village, dnd boats, etc., can be easily 
 obtained. 
 
 Beverly. Peeps and ring necks. Reached via the Eastern Railroad. 
 
 Ipswich is a good shooting centre. Snipe, ducks, etc. Reached via the East- 
 ern Railroad. 
 
 Nahanty the favorite sea-side resort of Bostonians, affords good shooting 
 and fishing. Ducks, brant, curlew, coots, etc., wich a variety of fishing, offer 
 abundant employment for rod and gun. Nahant is reached by steamer from 
 India wharf, Boston, or via Eastern Railroad to Ly. , thence omnibus, or by 
 Narrow Gauge Railroad, direct. 
 
 Lynn. Ducks and other wild fowl in the harbor. Excellent fishing. Rail 
 from Boston. 
 
 IVenham. Trout are caught in the lake. Wenham is on the Eastern Railroad, 
 twenty-three miles from Boston. 
 
 Salem. All about Salem and the neighboring harbors, good gunning may be 
 enjoyed. All kinds of wild fowl are found here, ducks of many varieties, geese, 
 coots, plover, snipe, quail, partridges, etc., and rabbits on the hills. The fishing 
 is for the usual varieties found on the coast. There are many boats always to be 
 had, and guides, boatmen, etc., at reasonable rates. 
 
 franklin County — 
 
 Shutesbury. Excellent trouting in the streams in this vicinity. Reached by 
 stage from Amherst. 
 
 Hampden County — 
 
 Springfield. Fly fishing for shad in the Connecticut ; trouting in the vicinity, 
 and woodcock and partridge shooting. Reached via the Boston and Albany, and 
 other railroads. 
 
 Hampshire County — 
 
 Florence. Grey and red squirrels, foxes, coons, rabbits, pigeons, partridges, 
 etc. Reached via the New Haven and Northampton Railroad, or by horse-cars 
 from Northampton. 
 
 Amherst. Fox, rabbit and squirrel shooting. There are several good trout 
 streams in the vicinity. On the New London Northern Railroad. 
 
 Middlesex County- 
 Good black bass fishing near Lincoln. Take Fitchburg Railroad to Weston. 
 Framin^ham. Some quail, and in the meadows a lew snipe, Boston and 
 Albany Railroad. 
 
 Lexington. Kuffed grouse, woodcock and quail shooting in the neighboring 
 country. Reached by the Lexington Branch Railroad, from the Boston and 
 Lowell depot, Boston. The Monument House furnishes comfortable accom- 
 modation. 
 
 Shirley. Foxes. Reached via Fitchburg Railroad. 
 
 Natick. Good trout streams in the vicinity. Landlocked salmon have been 
 planted in Dry Pond. 
 
 yantueJcet County — 
 
 Nantucket. Scup, blue fish, and, in the ponds perch ; black ducks, plovers. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 7/ 
 
 curlew, and almost every variety of shore bird on the commons, and in the llam- 
 moclc Pond. Reached via Old Colony Railroad to Wood's Hole, tlicnce by 
 steamer. 
 
 Norfolk County— 
 
 Cohasset Ducks, black and mallard, teal, brant, coots, plover, curlew, tattlers, 
 grass birds, quail, partridfifCH, wild pigeons. The fishing is (or smelts, blue fish, 
 etc. Readied via the Old Colony Railroad, twenty-one miles from Boston, 
 Kimball's Hotel is patronized by sportsmen. 
 
 At North Cohasset, smelts are caught inside of the Black Rock, and also at 
 Milton. Route as above. 
 
 Randolf>h. Ducks, geese and other wild fowl afford fine shooting. Reached 
 via the Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 Weymouth. Smelts. Route; via Old Colony and South Shore Railroads. 
 
 Quincy. Squantum Point, connected with Boston in summer by steamers, 
 affords good fishing, and is famous for its chowders. Reached via the Old Colony 
 Railroad. 
 
 Quincy Point. Smelts here afford good sport. 
 
 Plymouth County — 
 
 M.xrshfield. Yellow legs, snipe, grass birds, peeps and ring necks. Reached 
 via Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 Clark's Island, is situated two miles from the main land, ojiposite the towns 
 of Marshfield, Duxbury, and Plymouth, once a famous gun.iing ground, and still 
 affording good sport foi wild fowl of all kinds. Reached by boats from the towns 
 mentioned, which are easily accessible by rail. 
 
 Cohasset is a favorite resort for gunners. Ducks, geese, snipe, rabbits, etc. 
 Reached by rail from Boston. 
 
 Hingham and Hull. Smelts, and other varieties of fish. The shooting is 
 good for bay birds. Reached via steamers from Boston, which leave Liverpool 
 wharf twice daily in summer. 
 
 Plymouth. Snipe and quail shooting. Plymouth Woods is the only locality 
 in Massachusetts where deer are now found ; the forests are dotted with beautiful 
 lakes, from many of which How sparkling brooks tilled with speckled trout. The 
 lakes contain pickerel, percli, black bass, etc. Reached by Old ('olony Railroad 
 from Boston or New York. 
 
 Scituate furnislies good wild fowl shooting. Reached as above. 
 
 Wareham. Fine s(iuetea>!;uf (weak fish) fishing in season Go via the Old 
 Colony Railroad, and stop at the Kendrick House, P. S. Hackett, proprietor, 
 and previously write to him in order to have a bt)at and boatman engaged to take 
 you down the river into Buzzard's Bay to the fishing grounds. A party who are 
 fortunate in securing the services of that renowned and jovial colored gentleman, 
 Dempsey tflill), who carries parties from the Kendrick House, and his fast and 
 well found yacht, " Dempsey s Dream," will be sure of a pleasant time, even if 
 they experience " fisherman's luck." Dempsey is au /nit \\\ everything pertain- 
 ing to capturing fishes in these waters, 
 
 Suffolk, County — 
 
 Boston. Grey squirrels, partridges, quail, and ducks are found in the vicinity. 
 At Spectacle, Thompson's Island, and other points in the harbor, good fishing is 
 to be had. Boston lias many seaside resorts within a short distance by rail and 
 irteamer from the city, at all of which fishing and shooting is to be had. 
 
 Worcester County— 
 
 Charlton. Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock, etc. The route is via the Boston 
 and Albany Railroad. 
 
 Ashburnham. Wild pigeons are found on the heights at this place. Reached 
 via the Fitchburg Railroad, ten miles from Fitchburg. 
 
 Lancaster. Plover shooting. Reached via the Worcester arid Nashua 
 Railroad. 
 
}» 
 
 GAM/i AND /<'/S// JiESOHTS, 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Area 56,451 square miles, population 1,184,059. The State is 
 divided into two peninsulas, the northern peninsula which comprises 
 one-third of the State is for the most part rug^a-d and mountain- 
 ous. The Porcupine Range forms the watershed, from which on 
 either side an elevated table land slopes to the lakes. The coun- 
 try is rocky, much of it sterile, near the lake shore often sandy 
 plains, and the remainder coverd by dense forests. The lower 
 peninsula, on the contrary, is level, with formerly great stretches of 
 marsh lands which have since been reclaimed and cultivated. This 
 region is now the garden of the north-west. The surface of both 
 peninsulas is diversified by great numbers of lakes, of all sizes, and 
 are in the proper season the resort of great numbers of wild fowl 
 of various species. The forests of the northern section of the State 
 are the abode ol iuuch large game. The lakes afford good fishing, 
 and the streams of the southern peninsula are famous for their trout 
 and grayling. All these shooting and fishing grounds are readily 
 reached by the railroads of the State, on all of which the sports- 
 man will secure every attention, and from whose officers and em- 
 ployees all needed information may be obtained, 
 
 Alpena County— 
 
 Alpena City. Good duck shootinjj on Thunder Hay. The route is via boat 
 from Detroit, or via the Michigan Central Railroad to Standish, thence stage. 
 
 liar a it a Vonnty— 
 
 l^Ancc. On I'all River and L'Ance Hay, is found fine brook and salmon 
 trout, and wl.ite fisii fishinp. Reached via the Marquette, Houghton and Onton- 
 agon Railroad. Good hotel accommodations may be found. 
 
 Jiay County - 
 
 Bay City. Good duck shooting all along Saginaw Haj^. Reached via tho 
 Michigan Central, the Flint and I'ere Marquette, or the Saginaw Valley and St. 
 Louis Railroad, or via boat from Detroit. 
 
 Charlevoix County — 
 
 Boyne, The Hoyne River and the waters in the vicinity afibrd excellent trout 
 fishing. Reached via the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroiul. The Hoyiic is 
 navigable for small boats, a short distance from its mouth, but its x\\\\m\ current 
 precludes their frequent use. Two and one-half miles from Hoyne Falls, a small 
 Dody of water called Deer Lake affords fine fisliing, and five miles west of the 
 station, the Hoyne empties into Pine Lake, an admirable fisliing ground. 
 
 Daily stages run between Boyne Falls and the head of Pine I.ake, there con- 
 necting with a small steamer, making daily trips to ('harlevoix and intermedi.ite 
 f)oints. Charlevoix can also be reached by public highways passing around the 
 ake. or by steamer sailing from Traverse City. Horton ("reek, a very fine trout 
 stream, flows into Pine Lake three miles from its head. Passing ten miles west- 
 ward on the south highway, or taking steamer from the head of Pine Lake, the 
 embouchure of the south arm of Pine Lake is reached. It is a narrow strip of 
 water nine miles long, varying from half a mile to a mile in width. Like Pine 
 Lake, it is well supplied with pike, pickerel and bass, thus affording very choice 
 fishing with the spoon. By continuing up the arm in boats, or by following the 
 highway one and one-half miles west, and then going south, the Jordan, which 
 flows into the south arm, is reached. It is very swift, and grows swifter as the 
 stream is ascended. It is navigable for small boats, and flows in a northwesterly 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS, 79 
 
 direction from its source. It is re^anicd as a very tine trout stream, and al)ounds 
 in KraylinK- There is excellent wudiiiff. At tliu nioutit ot the Jordan tlierc is a 
 jjood liouse— Mr. VVieltcl's. Aiso, at J.Tj. Webster's, five miles from the mouth 
 ot the Jordan, and|halt a mile bacic trom the stream, K'>'><I (juarturs may be 
 secured. 
 
 C'hlppvwn County— 
 
 Siiuit de St. Marie. TroutinK in '.he nei^hborinp streams, llowiriK into Lake 
 Superior, white tisli in the rapids. The route is via the I al<e Superior line of 
 steamers, whicli start from Buffalo, and \(n via Krie, ('leveland, Detroit, etc. ; or 
 via the CollinKwood line of steamers, which connect at (<ollinKwood with the 
 Northern Railway of C'/anada ; or via the Chicago and Milwaukee line of steam- 
 ers. All the supplies the hsiierman re<piires can be had on the ('anadian or 
 American side of the falls of St. Marie at the lowest tariff, including seaworthy 
 boats, and also seamen to manage them— men who are nonpareil as camp ser- 
 vants, and learned in the geography of the coast. 
 
 Jtelta County— 
 
 F.scatKiltii. This is one of the plcasantcst summer resorts in the west. It is 
 situated at the head of Little Hay Des Nocjucs. at the north end of Green Hay. 
 Tlie water of the bay, clear as crystal, washes the streets of the city on two sides, 
 wliilc the Kscanaba River forms the third, and the aromatic; " piney woods " close 
 well down 01. 'he other side. Good hotels offer <iuiet and comfortable (juarters 
 for tourists who may wish to spend days or weeks here tisliinn, boatinjj or bath- 
 injf. White Kish Hay in this vicinity offers rare sport for fishermen, and every little 
 stream (and they are numerous) is almost alive with brook trout. i'"rom Escahaba 
 excursions are httcd out in various directions. Those not caring for fishing, can 
 find bear and deer in abundance, with ducks, geese, brants, partridges and 
 smaller feathered game. This is now a favorite summer resort for the people of 
 (;iiicagi). The hotel accommodations ure unsurpassed. 
 
 The country beyond Kscanaba contains many line brook trout streams, and 
 deer, bear and other game, and fur-bearing animiils. The sportsman, fisherman 
 or trapi)er, will find ample employment and sport here. There is a good winter 
 hunting spot, eight to ten mdes north of Day's River, and on Red Division 
 (twelve miles north of lOscanaba) on the Smith River. On Hay de Nocjuet, the 
 ileer congregate in a section of heavy tin'ber, and winter there. Splendid hunt- 
 ing maybe had in the months of October, November and December. Guides 
 may be had at about two dollars |)er day. Guicles make their headijuarters here, 
 and this, without doubt, is the best point to Ht out with everything necessary for 
 tlie trip, with exception of arms and accoutrements. The deer commence cross- 
 ing at Little Lake, about August 5th : Helena Switch, about August 8th to loth ; 
 Mcl^'arland's Hill (half-way between lielena and Centreville), lotli to 12th; Cen- 
 tre ville, about 15th to i8th, and so on. Escanaba is reached via the Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 litnuu-tt County — 
 
 Pctoskeyy the northern terminus of the main line of the Grand Rapids and 
 Indiana Railroad, is situaf^d on the south side of Little Traverse Hay, at the foot 
 of high bluffs. To the north, just across the bay, is Little Traverse village, the 
 headquarters of Indians who dwell in the neighborhood. A steam yacht runs 
 between Petoskcy and Little Traverse, fare twenty-five cents. In the Bear 
 River, emptying nito the bay, grayling and brook trout are caught. In Round 
 Lake, four miles, and in Crooked Lake, seven miles northeast, the usual varie- 
 ties of Hsh are found. From Petoskey, upon arrival of the train from Cincinnati 
 in the morning, the swift and beautifully appointed steamer, Music, leaves for 
 Mackinaw Island. An admirable breakfast is served on board the steamer, and 
 returning in the evening, an equally good supper. 
 
 Oeneaee County — 
 
 Flint. Hear, deer, wild turkey, quail, ruffed grouse and wild fowl shooting. 
 Reached via the Flint and Pcre Marquette Railroad. Gentlemen sportsmen will 
 find accommodations at most of the farmhouses in the vicinity. 
 
 Grand Traverse County- 
 Traverse City. Mascalonge, lake trout, bass, pike and pickerel are very 
 abundant. These varieties, except lake trout, are found also in ('edar Lake 
 three miles, Bass Lake eight miles, Betsic Lake twelve miles, Long Lake six 
 
So CAME AND FISH RRSOKTS. 
 
 miles, ond Traverse Lake ten miles from Traverse fity, and are especially fine. 
 Perhaps thu l)cst tishinK witli the spoon, uutHiilc tlit- liay, is found la Carp Lalco 
 eiffht miles northwest of Traverse ( ity, readied by hichway 
 
 Hroolc trotit arc very abundant in this vicinity. Tno water of all streams la 
 this locHlitv, is very cold iimj oxtri-nu-ly pure and ( Iciir. The Hourdinan, its 
 brunches, an<l allthcstrfiuns in llie neinhborliood ol Triivcrse City, contain brook 
 trout. No stream is nnvi({al)lc except the Konrdiniin, and that only for small 
 boats, ("urrent swift, l)ut not loo dee]) for wading ; excellent sandy bottom. 
 
 There arc a lew ^I'fyl'i^K '" the iioardmun, known by the local name of 
 " Gaipin." 
 
 He-sides the Moardinan River, the various trout streams and ponds are Mitch- 
 ell's I'onil, distant three and one-half miles from Traverse City j lloxie's, seven 
 miles ; Whitewater, nine miles ; Scoficlil, twelve miles; Hannah s Mill Pond and 
 ("reek, one half mile; (Ireelick, three miles; Ifitner's I'ond and Creek, seven 
 miles ; also the Kacket, Joyton and I'inc Rivers, as well as many smaller streams 
 emptyinK into the lioardman. 
 
 Tiaverse ("ity is the terminus of the Tniverne City division of the (Irand Rap- 
 ids and Indiana Railroad. The hotel accomnuxlations are k'xxI- Prices, %i per 
 day ; $10 to $14 per week. 
 
 Parties jlesirinji; can find >{»'<>d campinjf groumls at the " l'"orks " of the river, 
 State Road llridj^e. Railroad Crossing near Mayfield town line, and .Smith's l'"arm, 
 all on the Hoanlinan River. Stage tare to Hoxie's, .$ 1 ; to Whitewater, $1.25 ; to 
 Mitchell's, 50 cents. All other |)oints reached by private conveyance. 
 
 Guides charge $3 per day ; with boats, $2.50 to $» per day ; with team, ^4 to 
 $6 per day ; boats only, 50 cents to %-i per day. 
 
 Fife Lake. In the lake, on which this village is situated, are found bass, 
 pike and pickerel. In the Manistee River, five miles southeast, are grayling, and 
 m the Hoardman River, six miles north, is excellent tisliinur for cravling and l>rook 
 trout. Take the (irand Rai)i(ls anl I luliana Railroad. Motelcharges are from 
 .$1.50 to $2 per day. Teams, with driver, can be procured for $5 per day. Moats 
 for fishing on the lake can be had for the asking, hut lioats for thi- Manistee will 
 have lo be taken there by team. Koat -fishing in the lioardman at this point is 
 difficult, owing to brush and untlergrowth along its banks, but wading is good. 
 
 floiiffhton C'ounttf — 
 
 Hiifcock and lloiii^hton are on the Portage Lake. Tn the vicinity of each are 
 fine trout streams. Reached via the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Rail- 
 road, or via steamer. 
 
 Inyham, County— 
 
 Lanstnt.-, on the Mississippi River, is in the vicinity of excellent shooting for 
 bratit, geese, ducks, mallard, a fe%v canvas-backs, quail and pheasants. 
 
 Isnhi'lla County— 
 
 Crawford. Mlack and rock bass, and grayling ; deer, wild turkeys and bears. 
 On the Mackinaw Division of the Michigan Central Railroad. Camp, or hotel 
 a 'commodations. 
 
 tfacJison County— 
 
 Jackson. In the vicinity of Silver Lake, six miles from the town, are ducks, 
 plover, pinnated grouse, ruffed grouse, woodcock, quail and wild turkey. Jack- 
 son is easily accessible by the Lake Shore, Michigan Central, and other rail- 
 roads. Hotels $2.50 per day, private house $4 per week ; boats 75 cents per day ; 
 teams $4 per dajr. 
 
 Hanover. Pine quail and pinnated grouse shooting on the many dry marshes 
 in the vicinity. Reached via the Fort Wayne, Jackson and Saginaw Railroad. 
 
 Kalkaska County — 
 
 Kalkaska is on the North Roardman River, which is full of trout. Three miles 
 north is the Rapid River, another good trout stream, and in the vicinity are many 
 lakes well stocked with fish. The route is via the Grand Rapids and Indiana 
 Railroad. Good hotel accommodations cp,n be found for $1.50 to $2 per day. 
 Teams may be used, if visitors so desire, or, as the distances are short, excursions 
 may be made on foot. A good plan is to arrange with the hotel-keeper for a con- 
 veyance, and perhaps a lunch, to be sent at a specified time to a spot previously 
 agreed upon ; the hsher working his way through the day to the rendezvous. 
 Good wagon roads lead from the village to all fishing spots. Camping groundr. 
 
GAME AMD FISH RESORTS. 8r 
 
 are numernun and Kne. At thi>< )iolnt the Hnanlman flows with n npecd of Tnur 
 tnilcH per hour, nml Ih n<it imviKntilc, )>ut Hbk a i^ikmI Ixiltoin lor wndiiiK. 'I'lii; 
 Kupid River tlows with ii i iirrciit of vi|{h( miles per hour, mid lurins lUHiiy dirp 
 pool 4. Krom Kiilkaskii the siiortsiiiHii I'lin (;o via the railroad to the licad-waterH 
 of the IiiterinediiUe, (irass. Jordan, Deer and jtoyiic Kivers, all most cxci-llent 
 trout streams. OwinR to the unhioken character of the torest in this vicinity, no 
 HlranKer should venture in without a Ruidu who is thoroughly accpiulnted with 
 the grounds. Parlies nnist coinc prepared to camp. In tlie hunlitiK season, 
 lar^e nunihcrs of deer are fomHl in these woods ; there are uumy S(iuirrelH In the 
 forest llninu the bunks ol the Jurtlan and adjucunl streams, and their tiesh furmH 
 most excellent bait in the absence uf worms. 
 
 KfilaiiniMoo Vottnty^ 
 
 K Ilia III <ij()i> and /• i./.v. Kalamazoo Countv has numerous small lakes. There 
 arc thirty-three wiihin ten miles from Kalamazoo, all well stocked with black 
 br <s. In the town of Texas there are several lakes in a cluster, the principal of 
 which ar<t called (rooked, Ka^lc, Pine Inland, and Pretty, 
 
 t.nlii' Count fi ■ 
 
 Haldwin. Hears, deer in abundance ; black bass, graylin|r, perch, pickerel, 
 and other varieties in the adjacent lakes. Reached via the Klint and I'ere Mar- 
 cj^uette Railroad. Hotel and i)rivate board, $i jier day ; Ruides$i.5o; teams|a,jo. 
 Country level and well timbered, with excellent camping Kruunds. 
 
 3/rt vq ut'ttv Co u H i ff— 
 
 l\t>himiiis;. Hlack bears, deer, rufTed grouse ; black bass, speckled trout, 
 Mackinaw trout. Reached via the Marcpictte, Houghton and Ontonagon Rail- 
 road. Hotel $1.75 to $} per day. The country is hilly, with excellent camping 
 grounds on the borders of the lake, 
 
 Mx""'"''- Hears, deer, lynx, oitcr, beaver ; brook and lake trout, bass, 
 sturgeon, and white hsh. There are several rivers and lakes in the vicinity, all 
 affording fine sport, and accessible by rail or wagon. Reached via the Chicago 
 and Northwestern Railroad, lioats with guides $i,<;o to $a per day. Good 
 hotels. 
 
 Marquette is on the southern shore of Lake Superior, on the Hay of Marquette, 
 which afTijrds une(jualed facilities for boating, and whose waters are filled with 
 white tish and fine salmon trout, ranging from five to twenty-five pounds in wxight. 
 Numerous streams in the vicinitv furnish excellent brook trout fishing. Dead, 
 Chocolay, Little, (Jarlic, Salmon. Trout and Huron Rivers, are all filled with larj^c 
 trout. A tent is a necessary adjunct of all parties to these streams. Reached via 
 steamer, or the Marcjuette, Houghton, and Ontonagon Railroad. 
 
 I''rom Marquette, the sportsman can take the steamer for Sault St. Marie, for 
 Isle Royal, St. Ignace Island, Fort William, or any point on the north shore of 
 Lake Superior. The rivers Nipigon and Mn/ia/>acoton, arc the best known (jf the 
 trout streams of the north shore, (luides to these streams can be easily hired at 
 Marcpiettc, and fishing parties titled out with little expense or labor, 
 
 I'resque Isle is an excellent fishing resort, and here there are fishing club 
 houses. Reached via boat from Martpiette. 
 
 The Michigaiiiniin River flows from Lake Michigammin to the Menominee 
 River, From the lake to the mouth of the Michigammin River, in a direct line, 
 may be not over fifty miles, but by the current it is esiimated 10 be over one hun- 
 dred miles through a wild, mountainous region, often contracted into narrow, 
 deep canons, presenting a scenery wild and romantic beyond description. It has 
 been navigated by several parties, and is said to afford most excellent trout fish- 
 inp, deer and wild fowl shooting. The course of this stream is through an inter- 
 mmable forest. There are several easy carries, which are readily surmounted 
 by the guides, who are familiar with 'the route, and who can be secured at $1.50 
 per day, either at the lake or at Marquette, on Lake Superior, where a complete 
 ntting out can be effected on short notice. Up the Hrule twenty-five miles, are 
 fine trout. There are two routes, one by rail and one by steamboat. F'rom Mil- 
 waukee, take rail via Marquette to Champion, at the head of the lake, where are 
 birchen canoes for the trip down the river. From Marquette to the lake is about 
 thirty-five miles. The railroad officials are very polite and attentive, and will 
 give every facility to promote the sportsman's pleasure. The steamboat route is 
 direct from Buffalo through the Straits of Mackinaw, and is probably the most 
 convenient to the Eastern tourist, as he can have a fine sail through the whole 
 length of Lake Erie, Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, Lake Huron, and across a 
 
 4^' 
 
I. 
 
 82 GJAIIi AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 part of Lake Superior to Marquette, which is now the point of embari<atioii. 
 There is no trouble in securing naif breeds, who are perfectly reliable fur guides, 
 and who understand perfectly the proposed route. 
 
 JlaaoH County— 
 
 Ludittjiton. Deer, ducks, ruffed grouse ; lake trout, gvavlinij, pickerel. 
 Reached via Flint and Pcro Marquette Rail'oad. Hotels |i to fa per day; 
 guidos, %i jier day ; boats with boatmen, $3 per day ; teams $4 to $6 per day. 
 Provide camping outtit. Country rolling. 
 
 Midland County — 
 
 AvcrilTs Station. Six miles north is a fine shooting ground for deer, ruffed 
 Pfrouse and quail. On the I'lint and Pere Marquette Railroad, one hundred and 
 sixty-eight miles north of Detroit. 
 
 Coleman. Bears and deer. Route as above. Hotel and private board $t per 
 day, $4.50 per week ; teams %s pt^r 'l^y.. Camping out is necessary tor good 
 sport. Country generally level and heavily timbered. 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 Monroe. Black bass, pike, pickerel, perch ; woodcock, quail, partridges, 
 ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, ducks, mail;! 1 (Is, widgeons, canvas-backs, sprig-tails, 
 teal, snipe, plover, reed4)ir(i»» Monroe is three miles from Lake Erie, twenty-tivc 
 miles from Toledo, reached via the t'an:;da Southern, and Lake : hore and Michi- 
 X,nn Southern, or the Flint and Pere Maniuette Railroad, do to Joscj)h Guyor's 
 Island House, on Raisin River, where sportsmen will find the best of^ accommo- 
 dations, and where boats, tackle and everything needful can be procured. 
 
 Oakland County — 
 
 Pontiac. Woodcock, ruffed grouse, pigeons ; trout, pike and bass. Reached 
 via the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. 
 
 Birmingham. Woodcock, partridges, quail, squirrels and rabbits. 
 
 Osceola County— 
 
 Uerscy. Deer, ruffed grouse; trout and pickerel. Reached via Flint and 
 Pere Marquette Railroad. Board f 1.50 per day. Provide for camping out. 
 
 Reed City. Ruffed grouse ; grayling in Hersey Creek. Route as above. 
 Hotel $2 per day ; teams $3. 
 
 Three miles from Reed City is Hersey Creek, wiiich is well stocked with 
 grayling. The route is as above, or via the Graml Rapids and Indiana Railroad. 
 
 Otsego County— 
 
 Otsego Lake. Bears, deer, wild turkeys ; black bas?, ..ckerel and grayling in 
 Otsego Lake. The route is via the Michigan Central R 'ho id. Camping equip- 
 ments should be provided. 
 
 Jiosconimon County — 
 
 Houghton Lake and Higgins Lake, the first fifteen miles long, and from two 
 to six miles wide, and the second six miles by three, are reached by Jackson, Lan- 
 sing and Saginaw Railroad, eighty miles from Bay City ; thence wagon five miles. 
 The lakes are full of white fisn, and the vicinity abounds in deer, bears, ducks, 
 and small game. Leave the railroad at Roscommon Station. There are a few 
 log cabins on the lakes, built for the accommodation of visitors who come to hunt 
 and fish. 
 
 St. iToscph County — 
 
 IVhite Pigeon. Wild turkeys, quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock, in a lake three 
 miles from town, black bass and pickerel. Reached via the Lake Shore and 
 Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 
 Sallnae County — 
 
 Lexington. Deer, bear, wild-cat and wild turkeys. Rail to Port Huron, 
 thence via boat, thirty miles to Lexington, thence live miles inland. Board and 
 dogs can be found among the farmers. 
 
 Schoolcraft County— 
 
 Vqv sport in this county commence at a point about thirty miles above White 
 l-'ish Point, the entrance to Lake Superior, which is fifty or sixty miles from Sault 
 St. Marie. Gravel River has large trout, and a great many of them. A bcauti 
 
GAME AND FISH KESOJ^TS. 83 
 
 fill lake, one-half mile wide ami two lonp, lies about four miles from drum' 
 Marias River, and is tilled with black bass and i^ickcrcl. IMckercl are very liii|;'j 
 here also — as higli as twenty puuiids t>r more. This lake is about one mile south 
 of Lake Superior, and boats must be carried across an immense sand blulT to get 
 to it. It is a great resort for deer all lliroujj;h the season, and more or less can be 
 shot any night l)y torchlight by whoever w ill take the trouble. Leaving here, we 
 pass the Grand Sauble,tlie Pictured Rocks, and come to Miners River. Here are 
 many tine trout and deer. Next is Grand Island. A rine hotel here, and summer 
 resort. Trout and deer are plei\ty. In Anna River, at the head of the bay, are 
 many trout of three and four pounds in weight. They are also caught there as , 
 large off the dock in the bay. There are many small streams and lakes in the 
 vieniity full of trout. Au-lrain Lake comes next, abounding in pickerel, with 
 plenty of deer about. Next comes Laughing White Kisli I'oint, and then the 
 Chocoly River. In this river, which is three miles from Marquette, are taken 
 trout weighing over live pounds. This river and its branches are full of trout, 
 with deer and ducks on its borders and in its waters. Then comes Carp River, 
 full of fish, and then Marquette. 
 
 Tuscola iJountj/— 
 
 This county and the adjoining counties of Huron and Salinac, in the north- 
 western part of the State, contain some elk, as well as deer, ruffed grouse, squir- 
 rels and other game. Reached by Lake steamer or rail from Bay City, Port 
 Huron or Detroit. 
 
 IVaahtenaw County — 
 
 Ann Arbor. Ducks, plover, woodcock, ruffed grouse, squirrels, and other 
 game re found within easy access from the city. 
 
 Wat/ lie County — 
 
 Detroit. The St. Clair flats are favorite resorts for gunners, both from Can- 
 ada and the United States. Ducks of nearly all varieties, woodi ick, quad, par- 
 tridges, turkeys, deer ; and excellent black bass fishing. The Indians on the Can- 
 ada side have leased their marsh shootings for ten years, while they retain for 
 their own exclusive use the animals and the tish. Trespassers wdl be warned off, 
 and if they persist, will be prosecuted. Any respectable person will find little 
 difficulty in securing permission at reasonable times and on reasonable terms. 
 l'"our hours from Detroit, via steamer. There are two club houses. Conner's 
 Creek near Detroit is a good place for blue bill, poke, and red head duck shoot- 
 ing, snipe and plover. 
 
 Trenton is in tlie vicinity of excellent duck shooting. Reached via the Can- 
 ada Southern, or the Lake Shore and Michigan Central Railroad. 
 
 Grosse isle. Fine ducking is found here. Reached via the Canada Southern 
 Railroad. , 
 
 Werford County— 
 
 ClajH Lake. The lakes here afford very good fishing. Clam T,ake is on the 
 Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad, ninety-.seven miles from Grand Rapids. 
 Boats- varying in price, and accommodation and teams, at from $3 to I5 per day, 
 can be obtained at any time. 
 
 Walton. The Manistee River is one of the finest grayling streams of Michi-> 
 gan. Walton is on the Grand Rapids and Indiana Road. Parties intending a 
 long stay must come prepared to camp. Teams can be hired at from $3 to $5 per 
 day, to transport camping ecjuipage to the river banks. The river is navigable, 
 and boats must be used, for it is a wide, strong stream. The current runs about 
 four miles an hour, but in some places it is much swifter. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Area 83,531 ; population 439,706. The State is without moun- 
 tains. Three-fourths of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed 
 with groves, oak openings and innumerable lakes and small streams. 
 
84 
 
 GAME AND FISH KESOKTS. 
 
 The remaining fourth, comprising the section where the Missouri 
 and the Red River of the North have their sources, is hilly and 
 densely wooded. Minnesota is remarkable for the great number 
 of lakes, of all shapes and sizes, which everywhere dot her surface. 
 It has been estimated that these lakes make up one-thirty-tifth of 
 the whole area of the State. On all these waters are found great 
 flights of wild fowl, while the prairies abound in pinnated grouse 
 and othergame, and the forests are full of deer, bears and elk. The 
 means of communication are good; the sportsman may strike out 
 from any of the railroa'l iincs, with good assurance of success and 
 will find either hotel accommodations, or courteous entertainment 
 among the farmers. 
 
 Aitkin County— 
 
 Aitkin is twenty-eight miles east of Brainerd, on the Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road. A' delightful trip is to launch your bark canoe on Mud River, following 
 that crooked stream a mile, enter the Mississippi River, and thence down stream 
 a hundred miles to Hrainerd, getting hsh, Uuclc, grouse, and perhaps a shot at a 
 deer or buar. 
 
 JBecker County— 
 
 Detroit City^ near the shores of Detroit Lake, a fine sheet of water, and on the 
 borders of the *' Park Region," is becoming a popular place of resort by those 
 who admire beautiful scenery, and enjoy the sports of hunting and fishing. 
 Reached as above. 
 
 .Blue Earth County — 
 
 Eagle Lake is in the centre of the Big Woods. Excellent fishing and wild 
 fowl shooting on the lake, and in the vicinity. Reached as above. Hotel accom- 
 modations will be found. There are many large lakes in the county, in all of 
 which the sportsman will find fish and game. 
 
 Mankato. Fish and game abound in the vicinity, offering rare sport to the 
 hunter and fisherman. Route as above. 
 
 Jtrown County — 
 
 Sleepy Eye. Geese, ducks, pinnated grouse, and other game abound in the 
 vicinity ; piice, pickerel, and other varieties of fish in the lakes. Reached via the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Hotel $1.50 per day. Country rolling 
 prairie. 
 
 Carleton County — 
 
 Northern Pacific Junction^ on the Northern Pacific and the Lake Superior and 
 Mississippi Railroads, one hundred and thirty-one miles from St. Paul, and 
 twenty-four miles from Duluth. Island Lake, two bodies of water, are full of 
 fish, bass, pike, perch, and pickerel, and where the lakes join at the south end, is 
 a large field of wild rice, a splendid place to shoot ducks as they fly back and 
 forth. 
 
 Moose Lake. Bears, deer, ruffed grouse ; pike, pickerel, and bass. Reached 
 via the Northern Pacific Railroad. The sportsman will find no accommodations 
 here ; should provide camping outfit. Indian guides, $2 to $3 per day, birch bark 
 canoes can be boue[ht for $5 to $10. The country is rolling and densely wooded, 
 with many lakes in the vicinity. 
 
 Caaa County — 
 
 Leech Lake is seventy-five miles north from Brainerd. Among the animals 
 are deer in abundance, and occasionally a moose. Otter, mink, muskra., bear, 
 black and cinnamon ; foxes of all kinds, wolverines, weasels and wild cUs, are 
 the principal fur-bearing animals, of which the muskrat is the most common. 
 They are sometimes of enormous size, and will fight savagely when wounded or 
 cornered. The swamp wolf and the prairie wolf are also very numerous. 
 
 Of the feathered tribe, there are wild ducks of every kind in abundance ; it i,i 
 ■ot uncommon to shoot from fifty to one hundred in a few hours. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 8$ 
 
 The fish are very similar to the fresh water fish of New York, only are taken 
 in much largej- quantities. One species in Leech Lake worthy of mention, is the 
 Lake Superior white fish. They are only caught late in the fall with nets, and in 
 the winter are speared through openings m the ice ; they weigh about four pounds 
 each. Mascalonge weighing as high as thirty pounds, are caught with a hook ; 
 they are very gamy, and make exciting work when caught. They resemble 
 very much the common pike except in size. 
 
 The fare from St. Paul to Brainerd is $io, thence to Leech Lake $6. Leech 
 Lake is an Indian Agency. 
 
 Itasca Lake. For game of vicinity, see Leech Lake. 
 
 Chtsftf/o County — • 
 
 JCusA City, Deer, ruffed and pinnated grouse ; pickerel and pike. Reached 
 via Northern Pacific Railroad. Hotel and private board $5 to $7 per week ; 
 teams $4 per day. Country rolling and timbered, with many lakes in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 North Branch Station. Deer, bears ; ruffeH and pinnated grouse : brook trout 
 and black bass. Reached via the Northern Pacific Railroad. Hotel $4 to $5 per 
 week ; teams $3 per day. The country is oak openings and swamp. .,.. 
 
 Cottonwood County— 
 
 From Bingham Lake, on the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad, excellent sport- 
 ing grounds may be reached. Ducks, geese, brant, cranes and swans abound 
 in the lakes and sloughs, and pinnated grouse are found in great numbers on 
 the prairie. Beavers, minks, muskrats, and other fur bearing animals are 
 plenty. 
 
 Crow Wing County— 
 
 Brainerd. Moose, elk, deer, bears, wild cats in the dense woods east of 
 Brainerd. Ducks of all kinds and geese in great abundance, snipe, plover, rail, 
 pin-tail, pinnated, and ruffed grouse, partridges. In the lakes are black and rock 
 bass, pickerel, pike, perch pike, mascalonge ; and the sa'.mo fontinalis in Trout 
 Lake, thirty-five miles north and all the lakes, reservoirs for the Prairie River. 
 Gull Lake, twelve miles north, Sullivan Lake, twelve miles west. Round, Long, 
 and Fish Trap Lakes are also favorite resorts. 
 
 Brainerd, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, has a good hotel, and the sports- 
 man will here find all conveniences for camping out, cheap outfits, boats, tackle, 
 tents, guides, excellent hotel accommodations, and gentlemanly and obliging 
 amateur sportsmen. Reuben Gray keeps a stopping place at Gull Lake, a good 
 enough place for a hungry fisherman. West from Brainerd to the Red River 
 along the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, the country grows more open and 
 streams, lakes, marshes increase until you reach the wonderful Red River Flats. 
 Here it is entirely within bounds to say ducks can be found by the million. The 
 shallow ponds, the streams, the larger lakes are alive with them. It is no un- 
 common thing to see a thousand at once from the car window. Passing on a 
 hand-car, between stations, with a good dog, one could make a big bag without 
 leaving the track. At times pinnated grouse are almost as abundant. 
 
 Withington is seventeen miles east of Brainerd on the Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road. In Serpent Lake are taken black and rock bass, mascalonge, j)ickerel 
 croppies and perch. Forty rods from Serpent is Agate Lake where the fishing is 
 excellent. On both these lakes boats can be procured. Half a mile further on is 
 Rabbit Lake (Crow Wing C^ounty) a large body of water full offish. Its outlet, a 
 sluggish stream ten miles long and flowing into the Mississippi, affords excellent 
 duck shooting. 
 
 Dakota County — 
 
 Hastings. Fine duck shooting on the river bottoms. Reached via the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Radroad, nineteen miles from St. Paul. 
 
 Dodge County — 
 
 Rice Lake. Splendid duck arid goose shooting on Rice Lake. Reached by 
 wagon from Pillager Station on the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Douglas County — 
 
 Millerville. Fine ruffed grouse shooting. See Wadena. 
 
 L 
 
86 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESOKTS. 
 
 FarlhauU County— 
 
 Winnelnigo City. Pinnated grouse abundant ; black bass, pickerel. Reached 
 via Soutiieni Minnesota Railroad. Hotels $3 ; teams $2.50 to $5. 
 
 Delavan StotioH. Tiiere are in the neighborhood many lakes, sloughs, ponds 
 and creeks, where the sportsman will rind excellent shooting and h&hing. Ducks, 
 geese, cranes, snipe, curlew, and on the prairie great numbers ol pinnated grouse. 
 The lakes contam black bass, pickerel and other varieties. Reached via the 
 Southern Minnesota Railroad, 
 
 Eastott. Kor game and route see Delavan. 
 
 WeiU, For game and route see Delavan. Good hotel ; teams, and camping 
 outfits can here be secured. 
 
 JFreehorn Comity — 
 
 Albert Lea. In Fountain and Lea Lakes are found pickerel and other fish ; in 
 the vicinity, ducks, mallards, teal and red head, geese, brant, pinnated grouse, 
 sandhill cranes in great abundance on the prairie. Reached via the Southern 
 Minnesota Railroad. Board $3.50 to $5 per week. 
 
 Hnywarii. Pinnated grouse, and ducks of many varieties, at Lake Albert 
 Lea. Reached via Southern Minnesota Railroad. Boats at the lake. 
 
 Ahh-H. • Pinnated grouse and duck shooting with fishing in the lakes. Reached 
 via the Southern Minnesota Railroad. 
 
 iwoodhue County— 
 
 Frontenacy located near the head of Lake Pepin, is an excellent resort for the 
 tourist and sportsman. Rush River on the opposite side of the lake, is a good 
 trouting stream. 
 
 Pine Creek, directly opposite this point, is another noted stream ; also Wells' 
 Creek, six miles below on this side — there are many other streams within fifteen 
 miles of Frontenac, where that delicate and gamy fish can be found enough to 
 satisfy the enthusiast. 
 
 Game is excellent, consisting of grouse, snipe, woodcock, rail, geese and 
 ducks. In the great forest of Wisconsin, which can be reached immediately after 
 crossing the lake, can be found within ten or fifteen miles, any amount of deer. 
 Good lake fishing at all times can be had. There are other points on the lake 
 where good accommodations can be had, with ready access to the sporting 
 
 f rounds. Six miles distant is Lake City, Wabasha County (which see). Lake 
 lotel $3 per day, $2.50 if one month or more ; yachts, rowboats, and teams. 
 Go via the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, or via the Mississippi 
 River steamer. The Lake Side Hotel furnishes every accommodation. 
 
 Jlennrpin County— 
 
 IVayzata^ twenty-eight miles from St. Paul, is at the head of Lake Minnetonka, 
 a favorite summer resort. The lake contains black and rock bass, pickerel, crop- 
 pies, perch, sunfish, pike, and a few catfish. Wood-duck, mallard, teal, and 
 ruH'ed grouse shooting. 
 
 Many Minneapolis and St. Paul people run up for a day's fishing, as the traia 
 arrives at the lake about q.30 a. m., and leaves Wayzata on its return about 5.30. 
 There is also a train leaving the city about half-past four, and one at half-past six 
 in the evening, during the summer, by which the sportsman is enabled to be on 
 hand at daybreak, and have a full day's sport. Take the St. Paul and Pacific 
 Railroad. Steamers ply on the lake between Wayzata and Excelsior. There are 
 many boats to be procured, of all sizes and styles. Hotels and boarding houses 
 are numerous on tne shores of the lake, and furnish good accommodation. 
 
 Minneapolis. Pinnated grouse, partridges and woodcock : along the Minne- 
 sota River bottom, wild pigeons, plover, ducks. Excellent fisning and wild fowl 
 shooting on the chain of lakes which lie three miles from the city. These are 
 Lakes Harriet and Cai/mun, tkc Lake 0/ the /st'es, and Cedar Lake, (the location 
 of the Oak Grove House), while still further on, some fifteen miles distant. Lake 
 Minneto-nka, approachable by railroad, and one of the largest and most beautiful 
 sheets of water m the State, offers its charms to the visitor or resident, affording 
 abundance of fish and wild fowl, and sailing and boating. To the east a few 
 miles, is White Bear Lake., Ramsey County (which see). 
 
 Houston County — 
 
 Hokah. There are several fine trout streams In the vicinity. Hokah is on the 
 Southern Minnesota Railroad, which connects at La Crosse, with the Chicago, 
 Dubuque and La Crosse road. 
 
GAME AXD FISH RESORTS. 87 
 
 Jtasea County— *.Vr! ■ ^ :<• i.i>.- 
 
 In the rice and cedar swamps, with which this county abounds, are found 
 numerous deer, moose, bears, tlucks, geese, etc. This county is reached by stage 
 from lirainerd. Provide camping outfit. 
 
 Kandiyohi County — 
 
 Green Lake. Deer, ducks, partridges, pinnated grouse. Take St. Paul and 
 Pacific Railroad to VV'illmar. 
 
 Kanabec County — 
 
 Ihunsivick. Hears, deer, ruffed grouse, ducks. Take Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road to Pine C'ity, (wliich see), thence wagon twenty miles west. Good camping 
 grounds on the shores of the neighboring Taices. Boats and guides are to be bad. 
 
 i« Sueur County — 
 
 h'asota. Around the village are many little lakes, in which fish may be taken 
 in any season of the year. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 The Kasota House is the best hotel. 
 
 McLeod County — 
 
 Glencoe^ the terminus of the Hastings and Dakota branch of the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, is a good starting point from which to reach 
 the Yellow Medicine and Lac-yui-Parle country. Pinnated grouse, sandhill 
 cranes, ducks, geese, mallards, yellow shanks, etc., are found in the vicinity. 
 
 Macon County — 
 
 Macon. Good bags of ducks are made on the Chariton bottoms. Quail shoot- 
 ing in the neighborhood. Macon is on the Hannibal and St. Joseph, and the St. 
 Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad. 
 
 Martin County— 
 
 Starting from Fairmont and other places the sportsman will find the game of 
 the county similar to that of Noble County, which see. Take the St. Paul and 
 Sioux City Railroad to Madelia, thence wagon road. 
 
 Meelivr County — 
 
 Litchjtfhl. Fine duck and goose shooting can be found within four hours 
 drive of Litchfield. Take the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. A good hotel. The 
 pass between Lake Koronis and Mud Lake is a famous place for ducks and geese, 
 with pickerel in the lakes and grouse and pheasants in the vicinity. Take the St. 
 Paul and Pacific Railroad and learn from the conductor where to leave the road. 
 Provide camping equipments. 
 
 Mower County — 
 
 Grand Meadow. Pinnated grouse, wild geese, ducks, sandhill cranes, etc., 
 afford fine sport. Reached via the Southern Minnesota Railroad. 
 
 Nicollet County— 
 
 St. Peter. Ducks, geese, brant, ruffed grouse, woodcock, snipe, ring-necks, 
 golden plover ; black and rock bass, wall-eyed i)ike, pickerel, California salmon 
 in Lake Emily ; deer in the woods near the city. Reached via the Chicago and 
 Northwestern Railroad. Hotels $2 per day ; teams $3 : boats at moderate charges. 
 Excellent camping grounds. Praine and heavily timoered country. 
 
 A ustin and Lyle. See Greene, Butler County, Iowa. 
 
 Nobles County— 
 
 IVortkington. Starting from this place the sportsman will find on the prairies 
 great numbers of pinnated grouse, on the lakes, ponds and sloughs, ducks, mal- 
 lards and other varieties, geese, brant, cranes, swan, plover, and other varieties 
 of wild fowl. Beaver, mink, muskrats innumerable, and other fur bearing ani- 
 mals are to be found. Take the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad. The county 
 abounds in lakes which are filled with black bass and pickerel. 
 
 Olmsted County — 
 
 Rocftester. Game is abundant on the surrounding prairies. Reached via the 
 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
88 GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 Otter Tall County— 
 
 Pi'lican Lake. Good deer shootine. Reached via Northern Pacific Railroad 
 to Detroit, thence wagon. At the hotel, guides, dogs, etc., will be found; address 
 Warfield Bro's., Proprietors. 
 
 Nc7u y'ork Mills. Hears, deer, ducks, geese, ruffed grouse, beavers, otters, 
 min*ks, foxes, wolves. Reached via Northern Pacific Railroad. Private bo.ird 
 $5 per week ; guides, $1.50 per day ; teams $2 to $3. Country rolling prairie, and 
 heavily timbered. 
 
 Parker's Prairie. There is abundance of grouse on the uplands, ducks and 
 geese on the ponds, ruffed grouse in the thickets, with good woodcock shooting. 
 There is only one objection 10 Parker's Prairie as a resort for sportsmen ; it is so 
 far from the railroad that one cannot dispose of the game he kills, neither can it 
 be given away, as every settler can kill at any time (almost in his door yard), all 
 Ihe grouse and ducks he can consume ; consequently the killing of game there as 
 a sport degenerates into needless butchery. As a place to break young dogs and 
 spend a few days in luxurious idleness among the hospitable settlers at a mod- 
 erate cost, we know not its equal in the State. Parker's Prairie is reached via 
 wagon road from Wadena (which see). Fine duck, goose, woodcock and other 
 shooting can be found on the route. 
 
 Otter Tail City. On the road from Otter Tail to Wadena via Deer Creek is 
 excellent sharp-tailed grouse shooting. 
 
 I'etnbina County — 
 
 In the vicinity of the Red River of the North are found pinnated grouse, ptar- 
 migan, wild fowl, rabbits and deer, with bass fishing in the lakes. Reached via 
 Northern Pacific Railroad to Fargo, thence by Red River line of steamers. 
 
 Pine County — ' '^ 
 
 Pine City. Bears, deer, ducks, ruffed grouse ; black and white bass, wall- 
 eyed pike and pickerel. Reached via the Northern Pacific Railroad. Good 
 hotels ;ti.so per day ; boats $1 per day ; teams $5. Rolling and heavily timbered 
 country. 
 
 Hinckley. Deer, bear, ruffed grouse ; pickerel and other varieties of fish 
 Reached via the Northern Pacific Railroad. Hotel $3 per day. Good camping 
 grounds near Grindstone Lake and River. 
 
 Pope County — 
 
 Lakes Johanna, White Bear, and Reno, are all excellent duck shooting grounds. 
 Go to Lake Johanna, a town on this lake, to Winthrop, on White Bear Lake. 
 Reached by highway from Randall, on the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Matnsey County — 
 
 IVkite Bear Lake, twelve miles from St. Paul, is an excellent shooting centre. 
 The game in the vicinity comprises pinnated grouse, ruffed grouse, pigeons, 
 quail, foxes and deer, and in the lake are pike, pickerel, salmon, (wall-eyed pike), 
 bass, croppies, sunfish, perch, etc. Bald Eagle is a meeting place for trains from 
 four different directions, viz. ; St. Paul, Duluth, Minneapolis, and Stillwater. 
 The Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad runs daily seven trains from St. 
 Paul, three from Stillwater, and four from Duluth, and the Minneapolis and St. 
 Louis Road three from Minneapolis. There are three large hotels, and a number 
 of private boarding houses ; cost of board from $1.50 to $3.50 per day. Boats and 
 boatmen at reasonable rates. 
 
 St. Paul. Fine duck shooting at the rice lakes, within fifteen miles of the city. 
 The game includes teal, blue bills, mallard, wood ducks, canvas-backs, with wild 
 geese at times, grouse, snipe, plieasants, pinnated grouse. Go to Ellsberg's 
 where good accommodations can be secured. The pass, a favorite locality, is 
 near his house. 
 
 Rock County — 
 
 For the game of the county, see Noble County. Take the St. Paul and Sioux 
 City Railroad to Bigelow, Noble County, thence stage or hired conveyance. 
 
 St. IjOuIs County — 
 
 Duluth. Deer are abundant. In the St. Louis and Chester Rivers, black 
 bass are caught in great numbers. In King's, Kingstons, and Buffalo Creeks is 
 excellent brook trout fishing. Reached by T-ake Superior steamers, and via the 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 89 
 
 Illinois Central and Northern Pacific Railroa(fc. Hotel and private board $3 per 
 day : boats $1 per day. 
 
 f-ond du Lac Deer, ruffed grouse, ducks ; broolt trout, pickerel, wall-eyed 
 pike ; with other varieties of jjanie and fish. Many lakes ann several rivers, all 
 affdniins fine s]iort, are within ten miles. Readied via tlie Cliicaco and North- 
 western, and the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroads. Hotels $a per day. 
 Guides $1.50 to $a per day. 
 
 Scott County— 
 
 Shakofiee. Pickerel and bass in Long Lake. Deer in the neighborhood. 
 Shakopee is on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the St. Paul and Sioux 
 City Railroads. 
 
 Todd County— ■' ■■ -■'"' ■ " ■ ■ ^-•- ■'■ ' ♦',.■■■■ ;.-.'i'- 
 
 Lo/ii; Prairie. Deer, ruffed and pinnated grouse shooting, an.d black bass and 
 pickerel fishing. This is a difficult country to still-hunt in, as the bushes are 
 thick, and the dry leaves lie thickly on the ground, and make a great rustling 
 when trod on. Moccasins and leggins are necessary to hunt in here, in the fall. 
 The bucks commence running about October T4th. The deer are found mostly in 
 oak timber, where they feed on acorns. They hide in the tamarack swamps 
 during the day, and feed and travel during the night. Take the St. Paul and 
 Pacific Railroad to Sauk Rapids, thence wagon. 
 
 Sherburne County— 
 
 Rig Lake Station is fifty miles from St. Paul, on the St. Paul and Pacific Rail- 
 road. Wack bass are caught in the lake, a variety of shooting in the neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 Wabasha County — 
 
 IVabasha. Fine pickerel fishing in the Zumbro, three miles from here. For 
 route see F"rontenac, above. 
 
 Lake City, on the shore of Lake Pepin, is headquarters for the fishing and 
 hunting of this vicinity. The lake and its tributary streams abound in a variety 
 of game fish, including black and striped bass, pike, perch, pickerel, mascalonge, 
 sheepshead, herring, catfish, croppie, moon eye, eel, sturgeon and buffalo fish. 
 Mascalonge here are of large size, usually ranging from ten to forty pounds in 
 weight. They are best caught by rod and line from the shore, or by wading out 
 upon the bars. The black bass are caught in the same manner, or by trolling. 
 I'he bass are many of them very large, some having been caught, weighing more 
 than seven pounds, few less than three noinids. All the fish here are taken near 
 the sliore, or in the shallow >vater on the bars, except the wall-eyed jiike. Tlie 
 jirivate pond known as Kyle's, or Pine Creek Pond, six miles from Lake City, 
 and directly opposite Frontenac, is a famous trout pond, where good fishing may 
 be enjoyed by paying a fee of thirty cents per pound for fish caught. The ground 
 is reached by steamer or small boats. Comfortable farm-house accommodation 
 can be secured here, and hotels will be found at Maiden Rock. Wis, a village 
 one and a half miles distant. There are several other streams affording fair trout 
 fishing. Plumb Creek and Rush River are well-known. The latter enters Lake 
 Pepin eight miles above Lake City, and may be reached by boat or team. 
 Plumb Creek, the same distance, is reached by team. The gentleman sportsman 
 will find entertainment at any of the farmhouses in the vicinity of these waters. 
 In the neisjhborhood of Lake City, a variety of sport for the gunner will always be 
 found. Pinnated grouse are here in great aoundance ; ducks and geese are 
 abundant; a few snipe and woodcock, and many svild pigeons furnish excellent 
 shooting. Of larger game there are deer and bears abundant within ten and fif- 
 teen miles. Lake City has excellent accommodations, and in the vicinity are 
 many good camping grounds. Boats, teams, fishing tackle, decoys, and all neces- 
 sary outfit may iiere be found. For route, sec Frontenac, above. 
 
 Reed's Landing. Excellent salmon fishing in the Chippewa River, opposite 
 the town, in Wisconsin. Route as above. 
 
 Wadena County — 
 
 Wadena, on the Northern Pacific Railroad, forty-five miles beyond Brainerd, 
 is an excellent centre from which to reach the finest shooting grounds the State 
 affords. There is a hotel, and teams can be readily procured. See Parker's 
 Prairie. From Wadena a pleasant trip may be made by taking hired conveyance 
 to Parker's Prairie Millerville, and thence return via Otter Tail iiul Deer Creek. 
 
90 GAME AXD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 The pame includes pinnated grouse, partridges, ducks, geese, plover, etc., in 
 great quantities. 
 
 Wuavca Voanty— 
 
 Jones-'illc is on the outlet of Lake Elyrian^ a beautiful body of water well 
 stocked with many varieties offish. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern 
 Railroad. There are two hotels. Stages run to Okaman, at the head of the lake. 
 
 Wniihlngton County — 
 
 Stillwater. Steamers can here be chartered for trips down the St. Croix 
 Lake, for duck and goose shooting. Deer and ether game are found in the adja- 
 cent country. Stillwater is twenty-four miles from St. raul,on the Lake Superior 
 and Mississippi Railroad. There are good hotels. 
 
 Winonn County— 
 
 Minnrsota City is on the Rolling Stone River, at the headwaters of which 
 many trout are caught. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 Winona. Ducks, geese, pinnated grouse and quail. Lake Winona adjoins 
 the city Limits, and in an early day was so noted for its game, that its surround- 
 ings were named " Prairie of Winged Fowl." The county is quite famous for its 
 trout streams. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. • 
 
 Area 47, 1 56 square miles ; population 827,922. From the north- 
 east the surface of the State slopes with many undulations, west to 
 the Mississippi River and south to the Gulf of Mexico. Extending 
 through the centre of the Slate is a broad low ridge, on which are 
 cultivated farms and extensive dense forests. The larger portion 
 of the surface may be described as rolling prairie, in places broken 
 and undulating. From the line of the Vicksburg and Meridian 
 Railroad between Jackson and Meridian, an extensive pine forest 
 stretches to the Gulf of Mejcico. The forests of the State all 
 abound in large game. Much of the State is still wild and unset- 
 tled, and there the hunter will find a variety and abundance of the 
 game common to this latitude. The best hunting grounds are 
 reached via the numerous steamboat lines which penetrate the 
 State, or may be easily reached from the different railroad lines. 
 Accommodations, as a rule, are poor. When practicable, the best 
 plan is to camp in the vicinity of some farmhouse where neces- 
 sary supplies may be obtained. 
 
 A.datns County — 
 
 The district between Woodville and Natchez abounds in deer and other game. 
 There is a good tract between the two places, with occasional plantations where 
 the sportsman may find entertainment. Some of the planters have packs of fine 
 hounds. 
 
 Kingston is the centre of a fine deer country. Beavers and otters abound in 
 such numbers as to he a great nuisance. Black bass, perch, gaspereau, etc., are 
 taken in the rivers. 
 
 ^llcorn County— 
 
 Corinth. Woodcock, quail, turkeys, ducks, pigeons, deer, squirrels, black 
 bass, perch. The old fields around Farmington, a dozen miles from Corinth, are 
 
GAAfE AND FISH RESORTS. 9 1 
 
 much resorted to by gunners in pursuit of quail, turkeys, deer, and the like. 
 Corinth is ri'iiched via tlic Moi)ilc and Oiiio, and the Memphis and ('harleston 
 Railroad ; or by Mississijipi River steamers. 
 
 liollvar County— 
 
 This county abounds in deer, bears, wild turkeys, ducks, peesc, quail, squir- 
 rels and other kinds of large and small game. Take Mississippi River steamer to 
 Bolivar, Victoria, or ("oncordia, tlience strike inland. Guides and all necessary 
 information will be found at any of these places. The eastern part ot the county 
 may be readied via the Sunflower River. 1 
 
 Ccrroll County— 
 
 Deer are found throughout the county, bears, wild turkeys, water fowl, with 
 many varieties of small game. The fishing is good. The county is bounded on 
 the west by the Yazoo River on wliicii steamboats ply. The eastern portion is 
 accessible by the Mississi|)])i C/entral Railroad. Good starting points are Green- 
 wood on the river, and Duck Hill, Winona and Shongola on the railroad. 
 
 J)e Soto County— 
 
 This county is full of game of many kinds and great abundance. By taking 
 the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad from Memphis, and stopping at Cold- 
 water, or Sinatoby, the sportsman may easily reach s[)lendid huntmg grounds. 
 
 Jllnds County — 
 
 Jackson. Partridges, woodcock, snipe, ducks, turkeys and deer. Reached 
 via the New Orleans, St. Louis and Chicago, or the vicksburg and Meridian 
 Railroad. 
 
 Wachson County — 
 
 Grand Bay. Deer, bear, etc., with good fishing. Reached via New Orleans, 
 Mobile and Texas Railroad, 
 
 Ijauilevdalp County — 
 
 Meridian. Deer, wild turkeys, quail, and small game: jack fish, trout and 
 perch. At the junction of tlie .Vlabaina and Chattanooga, Mobile and Ohio and 
 Vicksburg and Meridian Railroads. Hotel $1.50 to $2.50 ; boats; teams $2 to $5, 
 Mountnin(.us an.' rolling country. 
 
 Mat'ahall County — 
 
 Many kinds of game are found in abundance throughout the county. The 
 Mississippi Central Railroad traverses the county, and Irom any of the stations 
 on this line the sportsman may easily reach good game grounds. Go to IloUy 
 Springs or Waterford. 
 
 Monroe County— 
 
 Svtithvillc. There is excellent shooting in all the surrounding country, and 
 fair fishing in the Tombigbee and its tributary streams. Take the Mobile and 
 Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Vanolo County — 
 
 There is no section of the State which affords more game than that lying be- 
 tween the Tallahatchie, Coldwater and Mississippi Rivers. Take steamboat to 
 Austin, thence inland, or go via the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad from 
 Memphis, or the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern from New Orleans. 
 Robinia, Panolo, or Como will be found good centres for starting out from the 
 railroad. , , . 
 
 Sunflower County— 
 
 For game and route see Washington County. 
 Tallahatchie County — , : ,; 
 
 This region is a magnificent game country. Deer, bears, ducks, geese, quail, 
 and many otlier varieties of game afford excellent shooting. The county may be 
 reached from the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad, or by boats from Vicks- 
 burg via the Tallahatchie River which traverses the county. Much of the county 
 is swamp land full of game. The steamboat officers are all sportsmen and can 
 give every direction to sportsmen. Provide camping outfit. 
 
92 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Tun lea County — 
 
 Hudson's Ferry^ on the Coldwater River. A fine trapping region. Otters, 
 beavers, coons, niinlis and muslcrats are found. Duilcs, geese and brant are also 
 plenty in season. 
 
 Hudson. Tills section ol the State, near tlie Mississippi River, is an excellent 
 region lor bears, deer, pantiiers, wild cats, wild turkeys, geese, swan, ducks, part- 
 ridges and squirrels, fiuard can be had among thv farmers, for $8 and $io per 
 week. 
 
 Austin is a convenient centre for sport in tlie Mississippi Hottom. Decrs, tur- 
 keys, ducks, and other game are Hl)uiidant, with occuslonally a bear. The route 
 is via tlie river steamers. Immediately behind the levee, there is generally a 
 cypress swamj), a belt of cottonwood trees or a dense canebrakc. Hehind these 
 swamjis antl canebrakes, lie the cultivated fields, and the deadening or burnt 
 tracts. In these tields of deadening, the deer lie ruminating, and dogs give tongue 
 before they have been in their covers many minutes. Deer are to be had eitticr 
 by still-hunting them, or by runninjf them before the ilogs ; but as the former 
 method requires not only great experience, but also an accurate knowledge of the 
 country, a stranger will find the other the more nroductive anil satisfactory of the 
 two. Although some of the jilanters in the Bottom keen their own jiacks of 
 hounds, yet it will be as well for the sportsman, if he go south with the intention of 
 running deer, to take along a couple of dojjs. The people are generally very reatly 
 to point out the deer passes, or stamls. Still farther back from the river stretches 
 the great forest, encroached upon at intervals by patches of cleared land, and in- 
 tersected by lengthy bayous and broad lagoons. Here the sportsman may bag 
 ducks and geese innumerable, and swans also, if lie can stalk tliem. All kinds of 
 water fowl are very abundant, and may be shot in many places where they are 
 easily recovered at the cost of a wetting ; but when one has to thread his way 
 among the lagoons and bayous, a good retriever is an almost indispensable 
 assistant. Some of the lagoons are of great extent, and are almost invariably pro- 
 vided with a skiff, a dug out, or a floating machine of some sort, the use of wtiich 
 is generally to be had without aiiy trouine by an application to the neighboring 
 planter, whose property it is. The winter months are the best for sport. The 
 country at other seasons is unhealthy. 
 
 JVnahinffton County — 
 
 This county and those adjoining, through which the Sunflower River flows, 
 afford excellent duck, wild goose, sipiirrcl, coon, deer, bear and panther hunting ; 
 and striped bass, black bass, and white and bachelor ])errh fishing. To reach 
 this county take steamer from Vickslmrg, uj) the Big Sunflower River. Provide 
 camping equijiments. Information as to the best localities can be obtained from 
 the officers of^the steamers. 
 
 Gri-em'illf. The Deer Creek country, running parallel with the Mississippi 
 for one hundred miles, has its principal outlet liere. Bear, deer, and small game 
 abundant. Excellent fishing in Washington and Lee Lakes. Reached from New 
 Orleans, St Louis, or Louisville via steamer. 
 
 Yttzoo County — 
 
 The county offers abundant employment for both rod and gun. Bears, deer, 
 wild turkeys, quail, etc., ducks, geese, and many other varieties of game are here 
 in great numbers. The county is traversed by the Yazoo River, by which access 
 is had to the game grounds. The New Or'-ans, Jackson and Great Northern 
 Railroad touches the eastern border of the c ty. 
 
 Wilkinson County — 
 
 Woodville. Between this town and Natchez will be found a good game 
 country. (See Adams County.) 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Area 65,350 square miles ; population 1,721,295. The north- 
 ern and north-western portions of the surface are for the most part 
 rolling prairie, interspersed with hills of timber. South of the Mis- 
 
GAME AND FISH /iESOA'TS. 93 
 
 souri River are the highland bluffs, and below these in the south- 
 western pari are low and swampy lands subject to overflow from 
 the river. In the south-west are the Ozark Mountains; north of 
 these the valley of the Osage River is principally rolling prairie. 
 The Missouri and its tributaries are all lined with belts of dense 
 forest. A large part of the State abounds in game of various kinds. 
 The prairies are full of wild fowl and grouse and the forests with 
 the larger species of animals. The facilities of travel are gen- 
 erally good. 
 
 Carroll County— 
 
 Lima Lake. Gcesc, brant and ducks afford fine sport on the lake. Go to 
 
 Lima. 
 
 CaHH County — 
 
 llarrisonvillc. Rabbits, Sijuirrcls, |)iiinatc(l grouse, quail, ducks, peese, brant, 
 snipe and otiicr varieties of water fowl ; bass, LT()|>pies, etc. I'aync s ant! Hates* 
 Lakes, distant seven and seventeen miles, are liie best sliootinjj grounds. 
 Readied via the Missouri, Kansas anil Texas Railroad, Hotels fi to $1.50 per 
 day ; teams $3 per day. At Bates' Lake, in the town of Everett^ the sportsman 
 will hnd accommodations at the house ol J. Hodenhammer. For further particu- 
 lars address, at Ilarrisonville, Mr. R. A. Hrown. 
 
 Charlton County— 
 
 Mendon. Duck shooting on the lakes about the Chariton. Grouse and quail 
 in the neighborhood. The county is traversed by the St. Louis, Kansas City, 
 and Northern Railroad, from any of the stations on which line good shooting 
 grounds may be reached. 
 
 Cole County- 
 Jefferson City. Good quail, turkey, wild goose, duck ; and deer shooting 
 on the Osage River, eight miles from the city. Reached via the Missouri Pacific 
 Railway. 
 
 Crawford County — 
 
 The game of this region is very abundant, embracing quail, squirrels, wild 
 turkeys and deer. The fishing is for perch, bass and cat fisn. Reached via the 
 St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad to Leesburg and adjacent points. 
 
 Daviess County — 
 
 Gallatin. Deer, turkeys, quail, ducks and snipe. Reached via the Omaha 
 Branch of the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad. 
 
 Franklin County— 
 
 Along the Maramec River is good wild fowl shooting and in the more unsettled 
 portions of the county a^e deer and wild turkeys. This country is reached from 
 Calvy, Stanton, Sullivan and other points on the St. Louis and San Francisco 
 Railroad. 
 
 Oasconade County — 
 
 In the vicinity of the Gasconade River quail are very plentiful along the entire 
 valley ; pinnateci grouse are of rare occurrence. The duck shooting is fair. Squir- 
 rels are, along the valleys where it is wide enough for farms, surprisingly numer- 
 ous. The great game attraction, however, of the beautiful Ozark range, and 
 especially of the Gasconade region, is deer : these, with wild turkeys, are easily 
 found in great numbers by even inexperienced hunters. 
 
 The Gasconade takes its rise in llie heart of the Ozark Mountains, which ex- 
 tend from the Missouri River, near its mouth, in a southwesterly direction across 
 this State and part ot Arkansas. l'"cd by innumerable boldly flowing springs of 
 almost icy coldness, and reinforced by numerous afiluents, the chief of whic-h are 
 the Big and Little Piney and the Bourbeuse, it pursues a tortuous course, mainly 
 in a northeasterly direction, and enters the Missouri near Hermann, in Gasconade 
 county. The river with its tributaries teems with pike, perch, (locally known as 
 
94 GAAfJi AND FlS'l RESORTS. 
 
 jack snlmon), bass, and InrRO channel cattish. Those whose nciiiiuintnnre with 
 the cattish (nmliy is conlincU to its lat. slunKinh, re|)iil«tlvo representative iil stajf- 
 nnnt ponds uiul nunlily creeks, can have no conception of tlie 'iport afTonled l)v 
 its slender, sha(>elv and powerlul cousin ot the sprin^-ied streams Howinfj into 
 the Missouri tron> the O/arks. With the forked tail and adipose dorsal ol llio 
 salmon, lonj;, fjrateliil, muscular body, hardened by conflict with tierce rapids, 
 and invigorated by pure cold water, ilH capture, if of Ur^e size, is an event lonj? 
 to be rcmendjcrcd. 
 
 Provide boats and camp e(pdpa>i;e, and ro via tlie Atlantic and I'acihc Rail- 
 way, to Arlington, a town situated at tlie point where the railroad ciosses the 
 river, ninety miles above its mouth, and one hundred and twenty miles Irom St. 
 Louis. Thence take wagon to Smith's. Then lish down the river, back to Ar- 
 linjiton, sendinff your bajjuiKO via wa^ron to the diflerent campinjj stations alon^ 
 the bank. Kisllin^{ is done with tly anil spoon. Ot the latter the single OO hook 
 No. 6, Muell spoon attached to a line with a single gull sncll is the best tackle. 
 
 Ifownrit Count f/-~ 
 
 luiyettf. A lew turkeys ; wild fowl, partridRcs and ouails abundant, rabbits, 
 sipiirrels ; cattish, trout, bass. Reached via Missouri, Kansas and Texas Rail- 
 roail. Hotel, Howard House, $a per day ; teams with driver fs per day. 
 
 tlnaper (Jonntff— 
 
 i'ari/iaf,'!', on the Memphis, Carthage and Northwestern Railroad, is a good 
 centre from which to go, via hired conveyance, to the pinnated grouse grounds 
 near at hand. 
 
 Laclrde County— 
 
 Lebanon. Ten miles from the St. Louis and Pacific Railroad at this point, 
 excellent wild turkey shooting may be found. 
 
 Jjt>wi» County- 
 La Grange and Vicinity. The Mississippi River, at this point, contains many 
 islands, densely wooded and full of lakes, ponds and sloughs. The bottom lands 
 on each side of the river are of the same general character, witli now and then 
 extensive prairies. In this region on either side of the ri ,'er, are great numbers 
 of mallar(ls, blue and green-winged teal, widgeons, pintails, redheads, wood 
 ducks, and other varieties ; geese, swans, cranes, pelicans, wild turkeys, wood- 
 cock, snipe, rutted and pinnated grouse, quail, and a few deer. The lish include 
 the bass, pickerel, perch, wall-eyed pike, cattish of several varieties, croppie, etc. 
 Reached via the St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern Railroad, or by Mississippi 
 steamer. Hotel and farmhouse board can be obtained at any of the towns along 
 the river. See Lima, Illinois. 
 
 Ziivingaton County — 
 
 Shoal Creek. Deer, turkeys, pinnated and ruffed grouse, quail. The Hanni- 
 bal and St. Joseph, and other railroads, traverse the county, and on the lines of 
 these roads good snooting will be found. The country is wild and rugged. 
 
 Marlon County— 
 
 Hannibal. Excellent teal and wood duck shooting. Quail aie abundant, and 
 wild turkeys plenty on the Salt River bottoms. 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 Monroe City. Duck, quail, snipe, pigeons, pheasants, pinnated grouse, a few 
 wild turkeys, and an occasional deer. Cattish, perch, anci bufl'alo fish are abun- 
 dant. Reached via Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad, or Hannibal and St. 
 Joseph Railroad. Hotels $2 per day ; team with driver $3 to $4. 
 
 Morgan County— 
 
 Maradosia. Duck shooting may be fotind near the town. 
 Pettia County— 
 
 Sedalia. Pinnated grouse, plover, quail, woodcock, snipe, ducks, mallards, 
 on the flat creek bottom lands ; foxes, squirrels, rabbits. Reached via the Mis- 
 souri, Kansas and Texas Railway. Hotels $2 to %-x per day : board in private 
 family, $30 to $40 per month. Good liveries. At Flat and Big Muddy Creeks, 
 three miles from the town, are excellent camping grounds. 
 
CAAfE AND FlStt RESORTS, 9| 
 
 BfitmaH, % dtation five mileii north, is k favorite resort for iiliootinR small 
 Rame. 
 
 t*lke Cnuntff— 
 
 Clarksi<ill>'. Snipe stiootiiiK is excellent on the tnarhhcs back of the town. 
 
 HI. LnnlM County— 
 
 S/. /.mil's. In the vicinity sportsmen may find severnl resorts whore duck, 
 goose, und other wild fowl slioolintf nmy be ciijnyed- The iirulrics u tew miles 
 northwest, are excellent (grounds (or mallards iUKl brant. Murdo( k Lake, thirty 
 miles south, reached by steamer, or hired conveyance, Is the most lre(|iierited 
 shoolinc und tisliinK ground. Ducks are here in ^reut ninnbers. The tish are 
 the black buss, diiK tisli, cittlish, croppies, and others. The Murdock t.uke Club 
 have a club house hero. The best ((■'ounds are obstructed by lous and tree tops, 
 hence it is not feasible to use fancy tackle, reels, etc. (See Monroe County, 
 Illinois.) Six miles east of the city, in Illinois, liruese Luke uHords excellent duck 
 shootinp:. 
 
 The St. Louis and Kinp's Luke Fish Hreedinp Association hold their grounds 
 seventy miles up the river, und lour miles back ot SlL-rlinfj's LandiuK. 'Inis lake 
 is twenty-hve miles loiijj, by an average of a halt a mile wiile. It is ted by springs 
 and river, anil altounds with croppies and Idack bass. .Adioiniti}; are extensive 
 prairie hunting or shooting ((rounrls. This is said to attord tlie best hshini; waters 
 within oue hundred miles ol the city. Theilub has an extensive l)oat i lub house, 
 with all the appliances for hsliinv^ and k"o<1 cheer. It numbers about eighty 
 menibers. The railroads radiatinn trom St. Louis render easy of access many 
 tine hunting (grounds in Illinois and Iowa. 
 
 Vernon County— 
 
 Schi'll City. .Mallards, teal, spike-tails, wood ducks, Reese, snipe, plover, 
 crooked bill curlew, (ptail, pinnated grouse— one of the best localities lu the State 
 — rabbits, wiUl turkey an(i small game: fish iil>undant in Osage River; deer 
 thirty miles east on the Sac River. Reacned via the Missouri, Kansas and Texas 
 Railroad. ICxcellent hotel, teams, etc. Schell (>ity is situatetl on a high upland 
 prairie, looking down toward marshes, valleys and meailows. 
 
 Wayne County— 
 
 IVilliamsvillf. Ducks, brant, geese and cranes in Hig Lake, about thirty 
 miles distant. Reached via the Iron Mountain Railroad, from St. Louis, distance 
 one hundred and forty-five miles. Joe Deine is an excellent guide. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 Area 153,300 square miles. The surface of the country is gene- 
 rally mountainous. The Rocky Mountains extend through this terri- 
 tory, entering at the northern boundary, stretching south and south- 
 east for two hundred miles, antl then curving toward the west to 
 Idaho, In the west are also the Bitter Root Mountains with mi- 
 nor chains through the country. The rest of the surface is made up 
 of rolling prairie lands, interspersed with islands of forests. The 
 country is thinly settled, travel is confined for the most part to wag- 
 on trails, and these trails are often infested by hostile Indians. The 
 Northern Pacific Railroad forms the best means of access, and at 
 the stations on this road, the sportsman may find guides and all 
 outfit for camping. 
 
 Chateau County — 
 
 J'ort Benton. lu Montana among the easteru foot-hills of the main divide are 
 
96 
 
 CAME A!^D FISH RESORTS. 
 
 to be found elk, black and vvtiitc-tailed deer, buffalo, bears, moose, niountaia 
 sheep, and antelope in large numbers. All the streams are lull ot pike, perch, 
 catfish, sturgeon perch, suckers, trout, grayling and salmon trout. I'ort iienton 
 is a good nlacc to start from, traveling north along the base ot the mountains. 
 Take the Northern Pacitic Railway to ilismark, thence steamer up the Missouri 
 River. There is plenty of game all along the river region between Uismark and 
 Fort Henton, and the river and its tributaries are full ot fish. 
 
 Fort lidknaf is situated above the two forks on the Milk River, two hundred 
 and fifty miles from Fort Huford,Qne hundred and seventy miles from I'Ort Peck, 
 two hundred and forty miles from the city of Helena, one hundred miles from 
 Fort Henton at the head of navigation on the Missouri River, twenty-five miles 
 from the boundary line. The outlying country is filled with game, buffalo, 
 white and black tailed deer, antelope, elk, and at the Little K' cky Mountains, 
 thirty miles southeast, are quantities of bears, big horns, mountam sheep, and 
 smaller game in abundance. To reach this county start from Siou.v City, early in 
 the season, say in April, in time to take the first boat for Fort Henton, a trip 
 occupying nearly a month ; thence a day's ride into a country not a'.tiii';tive from 
 surroundnigs, on the contrary desolate from the mcrotony of the prairie, but 
 full of the game mentioned. 
 
 X>eer lAtdye County- 
 Deer Lodge City. Foxes and hares, of the latter two varieties. Reached via 
 the Union Pacific Railroad to Kelton, thence via stage. 
 
 Lewis and Clarke County — 
 
 Helena. Grizzly bear, elk, antelope, moose, deer, jack-rabbits, pinnated 
 grouse, snipe, curlew, ducks and geese ; trout and salmon trout. Take the Utah 
 Northern Railroad from Ogden to FranKlin, Idaho, thence stage four hundred and 
 twenty miles. Mountainous country. 
 
 Dead-wood City is in the heart of a game country, most easily reached by the 
 following routes : 
 
 No. I, beginning at Hismark, Dakota. No. 2, beginning at a point on the right 
 bank of the Missouri, known as Fort Pierre, or some point n(jt over eighteen 
 miles north of that place. No. 3, beginning at the Yankton crossmg of the Mis- 
 souri river, and thence up the south bank of the Niobrara to its crossing opposite 
 the mouth of the Keya Paha river, then( e up the latter stream to or near the 
 sources of the Porcupme Creek. All are to cross the to3d meridian on the shortest 
 and most practicable route, the first two to Deadwood, the third to Custer City. 
 There is a tri-weekly mail ser-ice between Kearney, Neb., and Deadwood, in 
 the Black Hills region, three hundred and thirty-nine miles, and a daily service 
 between Hat ("reek and Deadwood, one hundred ancl twenty-one miles. There 
 is daily mail communication with Hat Creek and the Union Pacific Railroad at 
 Cheyenne. The distance from Deadwood from the railroad is two hundred and 
 thirty-five miles. 
 
 Deadwood City is a good starting point for a camnaigjn in the Black Hills. 
 Elk or V apiti are very numerous on Rapid Creek, Elk Creek, and Red Water. 
 Black-tailed deer, white-tail deer, antelope, on the prairie and foot-hills, moun- 
 tain sheep along the foot-hills, iack-rabbits, common hares, red squirrels, ground 
 squirrels, wild geese and ducks in the spring and fall, pinnated grouse in the 
 foot-hillr., sage hens in the timber near the prairies, ruffed grouse and quail in the 
 hills, all are very numerous, and afford attractions to the sportsman not often 
 found in one locality. Cinnamon and black bears, mountain lions, grey wolves, 
 prairie wolves, beavers and otters are common. 
 
 'J he Sweet Grass Hills are in Northern Montana near the boundary line of 
 the United States. These hills are sejiarated into two ranges by a belt of prairie 
 about ten miles wide. The well known landmarks the Three Buttes are in this 
 neighborhood. This locality is a splendid game country. Elk, mule deer, buf- 
 falo, bears, mountain sheep and antelope abound. These hills are visited by 
 many tribes of Indians in the hunting season. 
 
 Tlie Yellowstone Valley— 
 
 The Vellowstone Valley abounds in game of great variety and abundance. 
 The varieties comprise 'v,he bulJalo. elk, mountain sheep, gri/./ly bear, antelope 
 California lion, hare, squirrel, several species, swans, pelicans, Canada geese, 
 brant, many varieties ot ducks and dippers, herons, sandhill cranes, grouse ana 
 pinnated grouse. The streams are fillecl with large salmon trout of great weight 
 and fine navor. Gvayling also abound. Entrance to this valley is through tlie 
 

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 CEICAeO i NORTIf ESTERN BAILWIY, 
 
 * — ^'""toiw-^ Consolidated Road and Branches, 1,059.30 miles. 
 
 .X; i Chicago and Milwaukee Line, 85.00 " 
 
 \ililiitneNi Iowa Leased Roads, (perpetual lease,) 358.60 " 
 
 Total Chicago and Northwestern Railway, 1,500.90 •• 
 
 PROPRIETARY LINES. 
 
 Winona and St. Peter R. R 327.00 miles. 
 
 Mankato Branch, 3.75 " 
 
 \j La Crosse, Trempeleau, and Prescott R. R 29.00 " 
 
 Northwestern Union Railway, 62.63 " 
 
 Iowa Midland Railway, 88.80 " 
 
 Total, Proprietary Roads, 49L18 " 
 
 ToUl miles of railroad, 1,992.08 " 
 
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GAME AND FISH RESORTS. ^f 
 
 carton of the Yellowstone, and this can be pained only during the months of June, 
 July, August, and SuiUcmber. There is also a tiail over tlie mountains, touching 
 the upper end of tlie valley leading from the great Shoshone Falls and head ot 
 the Snake River, via the liead waters of the Madison and (rallatin rivers— both of 
 which have valleys similar to, but much smaller than the Vellowstone — to the 
 great butfalo range between this district and the Missouri. This is known as the 
 Hannock Trail. 
 
 The sportsman will go by the Pacitic Railroad to Evanston or Cheyenne, and 
 thence to Fort Ellis, six davs from the (ireat Masin, witli tine hunting and Hshing 
 all the way. fie will rociuire heavy clothing, and all the re>iuisites for camping 
 out. The travel will not be found especially difticult, nor will the danger be great, 
 as the Indians, having a superstitious reverence for the valley, believing it to be 
 the abode of the Great Spirit, never enter it. One very tine caiion of the Yellow- 
 stone can be reached from Kort Ellis in a very few hours, being about twenty 
 miles from that place and ten or eleven above the Crow Indian Agency. 
 
 . NEBRASKA. 
 
 Area 75,995 square miles; population 116,196. The surface 
 of the State is a rolling prairie, rising gradually towards the west 
 into the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. There is very little for- 
 est or timber land in the State. The country is still, in a great 
 measure, unsettled and abounds in all the game common to the 
 plains of the West. The means of communication are imperfect, 
 but from the line of the Union Pacific and other railroads, hunting 
 parties may start out to the game regions, wliich will be found of 
 easy acce.ss. The sportsman must, in a large measure, depend 
 upon the results of the chase. 
 
 A.dam8 County — 
 
 Juniata. Adams county is situated in the southern part of Nebraska, forty- 
 tive miles from State line, and about one hundred and sixty miles west of Missouri 
 River. It is one of the best parts of the State. Game is plenty. IJufFalo, elk, 
 antelope, pinnated grouse, geese, and most all other kinds of game. There is no 
 fish to speak of, except in the Platte River, twelve miles north of Juniata. Juniata 
 is on the Hurlington and Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska, one hundred and 
 f'iC3'-eight miles from Omaha. 
 
 Antelope County/— 
 
 Antelope. Antelope, black-tailed and white-tailed deer, grouse, jack and 
 brush rabbits. Reached via the Union Pacitic Railroad. Guides $2 ; teams $4. 
 The country is rolling prairie and limestone bluffs, covered with short buffalo 
 grass. 
 
 Boone County— 
 
 Deer and elk are plenty in the county ^and farther west. Take Union Pacific 
 Railroad to Silver Creek. (See Jackson, Dakota County.) 
 
 Buffalo "County— 
 
 Gibbon. Deer, antelope, grouse, pinnated grouse, geese, ducks, jack and brush 
 rabbits • with good lishing in the Wood and Platte Rivers. Reached via the 
 Union Pacific Railroad. Board $5 per week ; team with driver ,$3. Country level 
 and rolling. 
 
 Shelton. Fome antelope and deer ; geese, ducks and pinnated grouse in 
 abundance, and risli of several varieties. Reached via the Union Pacitic Rail- 
 road. Hotel $4 per week ; teams $3. Provide camping outfit. The country is 
 prairie and high table lands. 
 
98 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Elm Creek. Buffalo, deer, antelope, fyeese, ducks and grouse ; a variety of 
 iishin}( in the Elm and UuiTulu creeks, atul tiie I'lalte River. Reached via the 
 Union I'uciiic Railroad. Hoard $i ; teams $3. I'rairics ami l)lulls, 
 
 Kearney Junction. Elk, deer, antelope, a few buffalo, pinnated grouse, ij'iail, 
 snipe, woodcock, plover, geese, ducks, jack rabbits, beavers, otters, minks ; a 
 variety of fishin;.;. Reached via IJiiioti I'acific Railroad. Hotel $2, jirivaie board 
 ^Sjier week; teams I3. Provide camuiug e(iuipments. Rolling prairie. Filty 
 miles to the southward Hows the Republican River ; the banks of which are still 
 the feeding ground of countless numbers of buffalo, and the hunting jjround of 
 the brave Pawnee, the treacherous Sioux, and many other smaller tribes of In- 
 dians. Fifty miles to the northward lies the Loup Fork, once the undisputed 
 home of the Pawnee, and now a sort of debatable ground between their Reserva- 
 tion and that of their deadly enemies, the Sioux. On the banks of this river are 
 grand elk grounds. A little further to the west among the sand-hills, feed the 
 watchful antelope ; beaver and otter are in every stream. The open prairie fur- 
 nishes chickens, sharp tailed grouse, and upland plover, while the river bottoms 
 teem with quail, and occasionally we find a drove of wild turkeys. Deer, both 
 black-tail and Virginia, abound both in the rivers and along the creeks. In short, 
 whether the sportsman carry his rifle or shot-gun, or both, he will find work 
 enough. 
 
 Ttui Loup River country abounds in elk (or wapiti), the black-tail or mule 
 deer, the white-tail, or red deer, the pronghorn antelope, and occasionally a stray 
 butlalo. Musquash, beaver and otter are found in nearly all the shallow, swiftly- 
 running streams. Of game birds, there are the sharp-tailed grouse, common pin- 
 nated grouse, and in their season, all the water fowl common to the west. The 
 Loup River is a miniature Platte, fof which it is a tributary), in many respects, 
 and drains with its branches much of northwestern Nebraska. The Upper Mid- 
 dle Loup, where the best hunting is, has the same broad channel, and uinumera- 
 ble sand bars. Its low banks and many islands, are densely covered with a 
 thick, tall growth of coarse grass, weeds, and willow brush. The country lying 
 adjacent to this river, and its main branch, the Dismal, is, to say the least, very 
 hilly, being composed of ranges of bluffs lying parallel to the river, and succeed- 
 ing each other at intervals of one or more miles, as far as the eye can reach. The 
 intervening valleys are made up of short, sharp ridges and steep-sided knolls, 
 usually but a few yards apart. Deep canons from the river, wind out into the 
 various ranges, furnishing timber of several kinds, including cedar, elm, ash, box- 
 elder, and many brush thickets. The first grows in thick <lark clumps along the 
 steep sides, and is intermixed with the latter varieties, along the level, floor-like 
 bottoms of the cations. Such grasses as are indigenous to the soil, grow sparsely 
 on the up-lands, among which is the famous bunalo or gramme grass. The low- 
 lands furnish a rank growth of " blue-stem," or " blue-joint," everywhere com- 
 mon in the West. 
 
 The elk, and black-tail deer range among the highest points of the bluffs ; the 
 former in bedding choose some elevated spur or ridge, while the mule-deer bed 
 in "blow-outs" (excavations made by the elements in the loose soil) along the 
 higher ranges, both varieties going some distance for water. The Virginia deer 
 prefer the willow-covered islands, the reedy patches, and the many plum thickets 
 m the immediate vicinity of the river. 
 
 To reach the best hunting grounds, take Pacific Railroad to Kearney Junction, 
 and thence to Mack's ranche, where mule teams can be obtamed. 
 
 Cheyenne County — 
 
 Bi^' Spring. Antelope, buffalo, black-tailed and white-tailed deer, very abun- 
 dant ten miles north, with plenty of mountain grouse. Reached via Union Paci- 
 fic Railroad. Private board $1.50 to %,i ; guides $2 to $3, teams $3 to $5. 
 
 Sidney. Hulfalo, antelope, deer, some mountain sheep, jack rabbits, ducks, 
 and geese. Reached via Union Pacific Railway. Hotel $1.50 to $3.; teams and 
 guides $5. For antelope, must camp out. The buffalo grounds are m the vicinity 
 of the South Platte River. Rolling prairie and hills. 
 
 Colfax County — 
 
 Schuyler. Antelope in fair numbers, with immense numbers of pinnated 
 grouse and quail, geese, ducks and brant. The Platte River with its tributary 
 creeks, and tne sloughs on the river bottom, are alive with all varieties of wild 
 fowl. Pickerel are caught of fair size, and in considerable numbers. Seventy-six 
 miles from Omaha, on the Union Pacific Railroad. Board $2, teams with driver 
 $2 to $4. Level and rolling prairie, with little timber. 
 
GAME A. YD FISH KESOKTS. •'■. fj 
 
 Cuming Count)/— 
 
 li'isHtf iH situated in the Elkhorn Valley, one of the most beautiful in the 
 world. Horsc-slioe, Deer, Swan, Goose, I'itlterel, Heaver and Uull-head Lakes 
 are Irom one to tour miles from VV'isner, and are lull of tish. Wild game is also 
 very plentiful, anionjj which are the antel()|)e. deer, tcese, ducks, pinnated grouse 
 and qmiil. The hotels are The Elkhorn Valley and the VVisncr. On the Sioux 
 City and Pacilic Railroad. 
 
 liaknta County— 
 
 Jitikson. Wolves, antelope, deer, jack-rabbits, geese, ducks, swans, cranes, 
 quail and pinnated grouse. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad, one nundrea 
 miles west of Omaha. Hotel and[)rivate board $i to $1.50 ; teams with driver $2.. 1,0 
 to $4. R. G. Coreter, the ticket agent at the railroad station, will give full infor- 
 mation, and act as guidt. The antelope and deer are found on the hills, half a 
 mile north from the station. 
 
 JtmvHon County — 
 
 Willow Island. Elk, deer, antelope and a few grouse. Reached via the 
 Union Facitic Railroad. Private board ^fs ner week. Rolling prairie. 
 
 Oijerton. Antelope, and a few deer. Ihe latter are found in abundance on 
 the Loup River, thirty miles north. On the Union Pacific Railroad. Private 
 board, $1.25 ; teams $5. 
 
 Plum Creek. Elk, buffalo, deer, antelope, rabbits, hares, pinnated grouse, 
 geese, ducks, sandhill cranes, snipe and jilover. Reached via the Union Pacific 
 Railroad. Hotel :Ji. 50, private board $5 per week ; guides $3 ; teams $3. Timber 
 land and rolling prairie. Excellent camping grounds. 
 
 Cozad. Huffalo, elk, antelope, deer, wild turkeys, geese, swans, ducks, and 
 other wild fowl in great abundance. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 Hotel and private board, $^ to $6 per week ; guides with double team, $4 to $5. 
 For successful sport cainpmg is necessary. The game grounds are the wooded 
 ravines of the table lands. _ ,. 
 
 Dodge County — 
 
 North Bend. Pinnated grour.e, ducks and geese, with fair deer shooting. 
 On the Union Pacific Railroad, sixty-two miles from Omaha. Hotel fi.soj team 
 and driver $3. Prairie country. 
 
 Douglas County — 
 
 Valley, on the Union Pacific Railroad, thirty-five miles from Omaha, is an 
 excellent point for the sportsman. There is an abundance of deer, ducks, geese, 
 
 Einnated grouse, quail and snipe in the surrounding country. In the streams are 
 ass, pickerel, anil other varieties of fish. Hotel $1 ])er day ; teams $3 to $,$. 
 The country to the north of the Platte River is prairie, to the south rolling 
 prairie. 
 
 Omaha. Deer, wild turkeys, pinnated grouse, quail and other varieties of 
 game are very abundant in the vicinity. 
 
 Waterloo. Pinnated and ruffed {jrouse, quail, snipe, geese, brant, ducks, 
 swans, cranes, a few deer ; salmon, pickerel, bass, white perch, various kinds of 
 catfish, sturgeons, and others. Thirty-one miles from Omaha, on ttie Union 
 Pacific Railroad. Hotel and private accommodations $1.50 to $2; guides $3 to 
 $4 ; boats 50 cents ; teams $2.50 to $.}. Prairie country, rolling, with strips of tim- 
 ber along the Elkhorn and Platte Rivers. 
 
 On Elkhorn River and Horse Shoe Lake are black bass. Take Pacific Rail- 
 road to Elkhorn City. V ,; 
 
 Hnll County — 
 
 Grand Island. For game and route see Chapman, Merrick County. Good 
 hotels and boarding houses $2.50 to $4 per week. 
 
 Wood Rhicr. Elk arc found about the Loup River, fifteen miles north ; ante- 
 lope and deer in limited numbers, rabbits, geese, ducks and pinnated grouse. 
 Reached via Union Pacific Railroad. Hoard in private family $4 per week ; 
 teams $3 to $4. The country is rolling prairie and bluffs. 
 
 Keith County— „ 
 
 Ogaldlla. Deer, anteloiic and grouse, with a few butfalo. Reached via the 
 Union Pacific Railroad. Hotel, $1.50 per day ; teams with driver $5. Country, 
 prairie with hills, and rocky bluffs. 
 
100 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Alkali. Buffalo, deer, antelope, jack and brush rabbits, prouse and mai 
 varieties of witer fowl ; excellent and varied fishing. Reached via tiie Uni' 
 Pacific Railroad. Private board $i ; teams and ponies at reasonable rat( 
 
 many 
 "' lion 
 
 , .,„ , . . _ rates. 
 
 Hills and river bottom lands. 
 
 Kountze County— 
 
 New Helena, on the Middle Loup River, one hundred miles from Pacino 
 Railway. Antelope and other game. 
 
 Lancaater County- 
 Lincoln. Excellent pinnated grouse shooting. Reached via the Atchison 
 and Nebraska, and other railroads. 
 
 Jjincoln Cotmty— 
 
 O' Fallon's. Antelope and jack-rabbits. Reached via Union Pacific Railroad. 
 Hoard $5 per week ; teams $3 per day. Provide for camping. Prairie and hills. 
 
 lirandy Island. Elk, mountain and red deer, antelope, jack and urey rabbits, 
 pinnated and ruffed grouse, geese, ducks, swan, snipe, plover ; buffalo fish, wall- 
 eyed pike. Reached via Union Pacific Railroad. Private board $1 ; guides $a ; 
 teams $4. Camping necessary. Rolling prairie. 
 
 Mcpherson. Deer, ducks, geese, and pinnated grouse shooting. Reached 
 via the Northern Pacific Railroad, two hundred and seventy eight miles from 
 Omaha. Guides $3 per day. The town is located in the Platte Valley, with roll- 
 ing prairie north ancl south. 
 
 Merrick County — 
 
 Cliapman. Pinnated grouse, ciuail, geese, ducks, iack-rabbits ; fish of different 
 varieties. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Private board $3.50 to $4 
 per week. Country, rolling prairie. 
 
 Lone Tree. Antelope, deer, and to the northwest large herds of elk. For 
 other game, and route see Chapman. Boarding houses and hotels $2.50 to $4 ; 
 teams, guides, etc. 
 
 Otoe County — 
 
 Cooler's Lake. Deer and elk are occasionally shot in the vicinity, and are 
 abundant in the mountains thirty miles south. Ducks and rabbits in jjreat quan- 
 tities. Trout and red-horse fishing excellent. Reached via the Union Pacifi- 
 Kailroad. Private board $5.50 per week ; boats, teams, etc. For successful 
 hunting camp out. A. B. Hildretli, an old mountaineer, will act as guide. Roll- 
 ing prairie. 
 
 Jflatte County — 
 
 Colupnbus. Deer, antelope, wild turkey, pinnated grouse, quail, geese, brant, 
 ducks and snipe. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Hotels $1.50 ; teams 
 $4. Level and rolling prairie. 
 
 Jiichardaon County — 
 
 Falls City is a favorite summer resort in this part of the country. The river 
 affords excellent fishing and the surrounding country fine shooting. The route 
 is via the Sioux City and Pembina Railroad from Davis Junction, a few miles 
 west of Sioux City. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad issues through 
 tickets from Chicago. 
 
 Ashland. Quail, grouse, geese and ducks are found in all this section in 
 abundance. Reached via the Burlington and Missouri River in Nebraska 
 Railroad. 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 Area 104,125 square miles ; population 42,291. The surface 
 of the country is rugged and very mountainous. The ranges ex- 
 tend north and south with intervening valleys and streams, all rich 
 
CAME AND FISH h'ESOKTS. 
 
 lOI 
 
 in mineral wealth. The population is made up for the most part of 
 miners and those engaged in kindred pursuits. The Central Pa- 
 cific Railroad intersects the State from the north-east, west to the 
 centre of the western boundary. The game is that of the Pacific 
 slope ; the fish, especially in th^ large lakes, are abundant and 
 gamy. ,^ , 
 
 miko Coiinty — 
 
 IVells. Antelope, deer, sage hens, grouse, ducks, geese; trout. Take the 
 Central Pacific Railroad. Hotel and private board |i to $1.50 ; teams $5 to $8. 
 
 Carlin. Deer, geese, ducks and trout. Reached via the Central Pacific Rail- 
 road. Private board |i.5o to $2. Hunting parties usually camp, Hilly and 
 mountainous. 
 
 Eiko. Pinnated grouse, sage hens, ducks, geese, trout ; deer and antelope 
 within ten or fifteen miles. Reached via the Central Pacihc Railroad. Hotels 
 f 10 per week ; teams $7 to $10. Camping is necessary for good sport. Country 
 hilly and mountainous. 
 
 Tecoma. Deer, antelope, mountain sheen, bear, rabbits, sage hens, ducks, 
 pinnated and ruffed grouse. Reached via the Central Pacific Railroad. Hotel ^i ; 
 guides %i to $4. Camping is necessary. Mountainous country. 
 
 Eureka Count)/— 
 
 Palisade. Ducks, pinnated grouse, sage hens ; excellent trout fishing in the 
 Humboldt River. Reached via the Central Pacific Railroad. Private board $1; 
 teams at reasonable rates. Mountainous country. 
 
 .Humboldt County — 
 
 Oreana. Antelope, mountain sheep, sage hens, ducks, geese. Reached via 
 Central Pacific Railroad. Hotel $3, $8 to $10 per week ; saddle horses $3 ; teams 
 $10. Rolling prairie and mountains. The sloughs known as the Big Meadows, 
 are good shooting gro>inds. 
 
 Rye Patch. Antelope, mountain sheep, deer, sage hens ; trout. The fur-bear- 
 ing animals are beavers, otters, minks, etc. Readied via the Central Pacific 
 Railroad. Hotels $2, private board $1.50; guides $2 to I3. Provide camping 
 outfit. Valley and mountain. 
 
 IVinnemucca. Ducks, geese, sage hens and grouse ; mountain trout. Reached 
 via the Central Pacific Railroad. Board $1 ; saddle horses $2. Country moun- 
 tainous and rolling. 
 
 Golconda. Many varieties of ducks, geese, sandhill cranes, jack-rabbits, cot- 
 ton tails ; trout. Reached via Central Pacific Railroad. Board $1 ; teams $7. 
 Golconda is situated in a valley among the mountains. 
 
 Brown's., forty-six miles east of Wadsvvorth, on the Central Pacific Railroad. 
 Ducks, geese, swan, snipe, with other varieties of water fowl. There are no ac- 
 commodations of any kind. 
 
 Jjonder County — 
 
 Battle Moiiniain. Antelope, mountain sheep, deer, grouse, sage hens, rab- 
 bits. Reached via Central Pacific Railroad. Private board may be found, $2, but 
 it is better to camp out. The country is mountainous. 
 
 OrnxHby County — 
 
 Carson City. Ducks, geese, sage hens, mountain quail, rabbits, and two 
 varieties of hare ; trout, salmon trout, whitcfish. Reached via Central Pacific 
 Railroad to Reno, tlience via Virginia and Truckee Railroad. Board $1 to $2. 
 Parties fit out at Carson and Virginia City for expeditions to Hope Valley, the 
 best shooting ground in the State. 
 
 Stony County — 
 
 Virginia City, 
 
 See Carson, Ormsby County. 
 
 Washoe County— 
 
 Reno. Stages run daily from Reno, and from Truckee, Cal., into the Sierra 
 Valley, a popular resort for sportsmen. Here may be found quail, grouse, deer, 
 
102 GAME AND FISH KESOh'TS. 
 
 ducks, rabbits, nnd l)rook trout in all tlie small strcamn in abundance. Next to 
 Hope Valley, this alfords the best shooting to be loueul in this State. 
 
 The best tishinu is lound in the Truckee River, tlie lake ot the same name, and 
 Pyramid I^ake. 'File waters of tlie Truckee River extend from Lake Tahoe ithc 
 head oi the Truckee), to I'yraniid Lake, the sink tliereol. It is a great usurt lor 
 tourists, situated on the line between Nevada and ( California, in the Sierras. The 
 Truckee River tlows from its north end,4ind is its only outlet of importance, but 
 the river is led, all along its course, by nxiuiitain streams nl melting snow, till it 
 debouches in a basin, wliere is built keno. The river leaves the basin, alter an 
 easterly course through it by a canon, and passing a little northerly, empties 
 into Pyramid Lake, u large body of water within the confines of the mountains, 
 b>it not (juite so picturesque as Tahoe or Dt)niier Lakes. The coinitry arouiul it 
 aflords excellent grazing ranges. Pyramid Lake abounds with featliircd game, 
 swan, geese, ilucks, etc., the latter of several sjiecies, and is the winter iiuar- 
 ters of tlie trout. As soon as the river begins to rise in the spring, they start lor 
 Tahoe in such vast schools that it is no trouble to get as many as one wishes by 
 simply going to the river. I'^ish are taken any vvhere,along the river, but usually 
 where it runs deepest and smoothest, whereas the bro jk trout of the east is taken 
 from foam of cascade and rapids, antl by concealed anglers. (!onccaIment is not 
 necessary here. The bait is thrown out as far as pole and line will cast it and let 
 lloat down with the current, i)roperly leaded to cause it to sink near the bottom, 
 just to escape the rocks and sunken logs, and when all the line is out, is pulle<l up 
 and thrown again out and uj) stream. The trout takes it freely, and is easily 
 landed, not by jerking the fish out of the wet. Init by playing him ashore. Some 
 Hy hooks are used, but they do not suem to be a favorite bait. Spawn or min- 
 nows are preferred. Hooks are used from number four to larger. The grab 
 hooks are much larger. The Kirby hook is preferred to the Limerick. The lines 
 used arc the ordinary 'inen lines or grass lines, ('ane poles, or any that are 
 strong enough, and the longer the better, to get the bait cast out to the iniddle of 
 the stream, or as near as (lossible in the deeiiest channel of the river. Those who 
 po to the Truckee River trout-tishing will do well to be careful about their bait, 
 if they wish to have any success. The only bait with which they can succeed at 
 certain seasons of the year, is a worm that is found in the greasewood. This worm 
 cuts a ring around the main stalk of the greasewood, and is easily found by ob- 
 serving that the tops of the greasewood bushes are dead. The trout will bite at 
 these worms when they will touch no other kind of bait. Tlie Piutes and a few 
 old settlers know how to find this peculiar bait, and are successful fishermen 
 when all others fail. The dead leaves on the tojis of the greasewood bushes 
 show where the worms are, and all that is necessary to be done is to kick over 
 the bushes to find the bait, as the shrubs break off at the point where the worms 
 have ringed them. 
 
 ll'atisiuort/t. Trout fishing in the Truckee River and in I'yramid Lake, eigh- 
 teen miles. Humboldt Lake, forty miles, near llie line of the railroad, is a good 
 shooting ground for ducks, geese, swans, curlew, sniiie. etc., though owing to the 
 absence of cover, the approach to the game is difficult. Mountain (juail, sage 
 hens and grouse are found in the mountains. Eight miles west of M adsworih, 
 with a few mountain shee^i and black-tailed deer.iack rabbits abound in every 
 direction. Good trout fishing in Independence Lake. Reached via the Central 
 Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Washoe City. Deer, bears, grouse, sage hens, mountain (juail ; excellent fish- 
 ing in Ophir Creek, and Washoe and Marlette Lakes. Reached via Virginia and 
 Truckee Railway. Board $^ per week. Country very mountainous and rocky ; 
 the foot-hills covered with sage brush. 
 
 Franktown. Geese, ducks, grouse, quail, snipe, rabbits, hares, a few deer. 
 Reached via the Virginia and Truckee Railroad. Hotel $i. Mountainous 
 country. 
 
 Verdi. Deer, rabbit, grouse, quail ; trout in the Truckee River. Reached 
 via the Central Pacific Railroad. Private accommodations $i ; guides $3. A 
 mountain country. 
 
 White Jfine County — 
 
 Hamilton. Deer, wild geese, ducks, pinnated grouse, snipe. Good trout 
 tishing. Board I3. Mountainous country. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. IO3 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Area 9,280 square miles ; population 318,300. The Stale is rug- 
 ged and includes among its mountain systems, the White Mountains, 
 the highest of the Eastern and North-eastern States. The sea 
 coast region, embracing a strip extending twenty or thirty miles in- 
 land, forms an exception to the general description of the State, this 
 section being low and marshy. The north-eastern part of the; State 
 is covered with extensive and dense forests, interspersed with nu- 
 itjerous lakes and partakes of the wilderness character of the neigh- 
 boring State of Maine. All this region is a grand hunting ground 
 for the larger and wilder kinds of New P^ngland game, while the 
 lakes are well stocked with tish. Aside from this region, the facil- 
 ities of travel are excellent, and the hotel and other accommoda- 
 tions generally good. 
 
 Jielknap County— 
 
 Centre Harbor. Pickerel nre caupht in that part of Lake Winnipisiopee 
 wliicli is known as the Hasin. Readied via Hoston, Concord and Montreal Kail- 
 road to Forks or Hederness, tliencc stajje. Motel, boats, etc. 
 
 Meredith. Wakeman Lake contains black bass. Reached via the Boston, 
 Concord and Montreal Railroad. 
 
 Liiconia. Woodcock, rufled prouse and nlover, ducks, and other game. 
 Reached via the Hoston, Concord ami Montreal Railroad. 
 
 Lake VVinnipisioeee. The waters of this lake are fine fishinp prounds for 
 different kinds of tisTi, with game birds on the shores and upland plover on the 
 islands. Reached via Boston and Concord Railroad to H ei'r't^ whence other 
 parts of the lake are accessible by steamer ; or via Hoston and Maine Railroad to 
 Alton Bay. 
 
 Carroll County— 
 
 Jackson. In the Wild River, with the tributary streams, is tine troutinp. 
 Secure " Jock " Davis as your guide. Reached Irom tiie Eastern Railroad. 
 
 The Hip Intervale, near the town of Albany, is a good deer country. Take 
 Eastern Railroad to Ossipee. 
 
 Madison. Hear hunting on Mt. Chocorua, five miles from Madison, and part- 
 ridge shooting in the vicinity. Take the Eastern Railroad. Piper is an old hunter 
 who lives at tne foot of the mountain and will act as guide. 
 
 Sandwich. Bears are found on the mountains. Take the Eastern Railroad to 
 West Ossipee and from there drive over. • 
 
 West Ossipee. There are trout in Drake's Brook, which runs near the base of 
 the Ossipee Mountain. Reached via the Eastern Railroad. 
 
 Moultonborough. Long, and Red Hill Ponds contain black bass. 
 
 Wol/l<orough. Rufled grouse shooting. Lake Winnipisiogee offers many 
 inducements to the camper out on the many beautiful islands which dot its sur- 
 face. Wolf borough is a good point d'a/>/>ui, possessing fine hotels and boarding 
 houses. The lake abounds in fash. Talce the Eastern Railroad. 
 
 South Tamworth. Ruffed grouse. Bears numerous on Chocorua Mount. 
 Foxes numerous. Good duck shooting on Ossipee Lake. 
 
 North Conway. Good fishing in the streams and lakes in the vicinity. 
 
 Cheshire County — 
 
 Munsonville. A pond in the vicinity has been stocked with black bass. 
 
 Keene. The lakes and ponds in the vicinity abound in pickerel and perch ; 
 but few have trout, which, however, are found m nearly every creek. Wilson's 
 Pond has black bass. Two favorite lakes are Monadnock, at the foot of Mt. 
 Monadnock, twelve miles east, and SpoRord ten miles west. The former contains 
 trout, the latter very fine pickerel. The game of the surrounding country includes 
 ruffed grouse, ducks, plover, foxes, minks, rabbits, raccoons and grey squirrels. 
 
104 
 
 GAME AND FISH KESOKTS. 
 
 For these the sportsiium must tukc liis own (I<>k, as no ^ood ones are to be found 
 here. Keenc Is on the ("ht'shirc Railroad. A suimner resort. 
 
 Iliitp-isville. A pond near the town contains liluik liass. 
 
 Stoiidiitd. In I.onu I'ond arc found pickerel and i)crcli. Reached via the 
 Chesliire Railroad to VValpole, thence by drive ; or via ("oncord and Claremont 
 Railroud (o liiilsboro, tiiuncc staue. 
 
 FitzwilliaiH. W'liitc liarcs and loxcH. Cheshire Kuilruad from BoRtoo* 
 
 C/'oo« CnuHty— 
 
 Gor/tam. The mountain stream ) and brooks in the vicinity afford excellent 
 trout fishing. Reached via the (>rand Trunk Railroad. 
 
 '/'//(' Afcfral/iiway KiTer. (Jood trout tishin;; in this stream, in its source. 
 Lake I'armacheno, and in the sninll tributary streams. Take (irand Trunk road 
 to Stratford, sta^fc to (.'okbrook, thence waj^on to Krroll's Kails on the river. 
 
 The lakes on the Upjier Androscoggin, which are reached only by canoe, are 
 the centres of tine trout tishinn and rutlcd Krouse,«deer,and bear shooting. Take 
 stage to Erroll's Kails, and canoe from there. 
 
 The ConHictiiut f.akcs and adjacent waters, at the source of the C'onnci ticut 
 River.. Game of various kinds is abundant in this region. Moose are numerous 
 in some localities, and deer without number range the >tilIsidcK. Some of tlieir 
 runs are beaten hard. The streams are lull of trout. / so ottgr, mink and sable 
 are in such numbers that the trapper ^ets well paid for .ns timQ and labor The 
 lumbering business has not been tarriecl on in this locality, consc<iueutly it is the 
 paradise of hunters and trappers. 
 
 To reach the lakes leave Grand Trunk Railroad at Island Pond, Vermont, and 
 take the wilderness road to First Lake, Second Lake, and so on: or leave the 
 Grand Trunk Railroad at Stratford, stage t(j ("/olebrook, wagon to krroll's Falls, 
 boat up river to Duckee's Landing on the Megalloway River, and thence up 
 stream to I'armachene Lake. l''r(jni thence a portage over the ("onnecticut lakes. 
 Second Lake is the largest, being about three miles long by a mile wide. It lies 
 four miles from h'irst Lake. There is a good bark shanty there. Third Lake is 
 Still two or three miles further. Uesides the Connecticut Lakes, there is the 
 Unknown I'ond, near Stewartstown, at the head of Diamond River, which emp- 
 ties into the Megalloway, reached by wagon from Colebrook. These waters are 
 tilled with trout. 
 
 fjrafton Count}/-- 
 
 Plymouth. Good trout streams, but fish of inferior size. Reached via the 
 Bost<jn, Concord and Montreal Railroad. 
 
 Franco niii. There arc black bass in Kcho Lake. 
 
 Littleton. Hlack bass in I'artridge I'ond. Reached via the Boston, Concord 
 and Montreal Railroad. 
 
 Rumney. Stinson's Pond contains black bass. Route as above. 
 
 JHUtihnrou(/h ^outtty — 
 
 Ifilhborough. Loon I'ond contains black bass. 
 
 Manchester. Good black bass fishing in the Massabesie. Dorr's, Nutt's and 
 other neighboring ponds. Reachcil via the Concord, the Concord and Ports- 
 mouth and other railroads. 
 
 Antrim. Black bass in Gregg's Pond. 
 
 Amherst. Black bass in Baboosie Lake. Reached via the Boston, Lowell 
 and Nashua Railroad. 
 
 Merrltnack County — 
 
 Warner. Black bass I're caught in Pleasant Pond. Route as below. 
 
 Bradford. Good bear Hshing in the vicinity. Reached via the Concord and 
 Claremont Railroad. 
 
 East Andover. Black bass in Highland Lake. Reached via the Northern 
 New Hampshire Railroad. 
 
 Sutton. Suuirrels, partridges. Good black bass fishing in the Blaisdcll Pond. 
 
 London. Black bass arc caught in Hat Hole Pond, 
 
 Webster. Long Pond was stocked in '71 with black bass. 
 
 Canterbury . Black bass in (lough's Pond. 
 
 Franklin. Black bass and pickerel in Webster Lake. Reached via Northern 
 New Hampshire Railroad. 
 
 Concord, Black bass iu Pumacook Lake, Reached by rail. 
 
CAME AND FJSH KEHuKt'S. \0% 
 
 Jtorktni/hain Cnunfff — 
 
 //.i/n/>/i<n. Kuliiii, stupe, (uricw, and other Khontinn;. Reached via the Kastcrn 
 MusMicliiisctls Uiiilrtiiitl, tuitv-Nvvcii iiiilcH Iron) lioMtoii. 
 
 Siiu-lts till- tiikcii ill ^r<.'.lt i)uinl)crH at the |ir(>(iur HcaNoii in Great Day. Tuko 
 the i'lusiirii KailiiMid. 
 
 />'(«•. WnodLiM k, iiiirtridKcH, snipe, yellow IcRS, plover, loon, cooti. Reached 
 by drive or rail Innii I'ortsinoiith. 
 
 Deny. Heuvir I'iuhI hirtiislicH excellent black bass tiuhinK. Kvacheil via tlio 
 Manchester and {.iiwrcnce Kuilroad. 
 
 Dtirjiild. iMeusant Pond lius been stocked with black bau. 
 
 Nofthivood. Siincouk I'und aliurda black baHS tibhinK- 
 
 Stafford Connti/ — 
 
 l.oMK i'onii, in Stafford, 1h well Htockcd with perch and picker«K 
 
 Sullivan ('ountf/-- 
 
 Sn)i<i/>t-i-. Sunapcc I.ukc and Sinjiir River, from Suniipce to Newport, are 
 well stocked witli t)lack bass. Tliurc is tine s(iuirrel and oilier hunting in tho 
 vicinity. Reachcil via the Concord and Clareiuont Railroad to Newbury or 
 Newport. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Area 8,320 square miles ; population 906,096. The northern 
 half of" the State is traversed by three mountain rang(;s, the south- 
 ern portion is made up of a plain e.xtcndinjr through the centre and 
 gently sloping on either side to the Atlantic and the Delaware Bay. 
 There are now and then in this section of the State, a few hills, but 
 they are all of inconsiderable si/e. The coast line of New Jersey 
 is indented by numerous bays, and lined with a great number of 
 islands. These inlets are all famous tor the variety and numbers 
 of their fish and wild l( wl. The species of fish are numbered by 
 hundreds, and includv.' many of the salt water kind most sought by 
 sj)ortsmen. The fishing and shooting grounds are well provided 
 with numerous means of access, and at all the better known resorts 
 are comfortable hotels with every convenience for the sportsman. 
 The Southern counties of the State are under the jurisdiction of 
 the West Jersey Game Protecting Society, and under its auspicies 
 have been well stocked with game and fish during the past few 
 years. Black bass, quail, pinnated grouse, etc. 
 
 Atlantic Connty — 
 
 Somers' Point ami its Harbor are lavorite localities for duck and snipe shoot- 
 ing, and for shore sliooting of every kind, as well as for tishing. Ruffed grouse, 
 and an occasional dticr and ht-ar in the adjacent wilds. A strip of beach, seven 
 miles in length called Peck's Island, separates the bay from the sea and form.s 
 cai)ital feeding grountls for curlew, uiarlin, willet, robin, snipe, etc. The months 
 of August and September are the best for snipe shooting. In the fall and winter 
 months wild ducks and geese visit the harbor in large numbers. Good hotel ac- 
 commodations. Captian Jaiih<?th 'I'ownsend keeps a first rate country inn for 
 sportsmen, lie has a good yacht and plenty of boats. Charges $io a week. His 
 house is five miles from Absecon, on the Camden and Atl.'<ntic Railroad. Deer 
 are abundant in this county in certain districts. Take the Camden and Atlantic 
 
I06 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Railroad. Eplinps,six miles from Ejftr Harbor, is good ground for jack or Wil- 
 son's snipe. Rough accommodations at (arm house. 
 
 Atlantic City. Robin snipe, l)ull-hea<l plover, ducks and drum fish, floun- 
 ders, sheopshead, and weaktish. Reached via the New Jersey Southern Railroad. 
 Bagmen can be procured. Shauffler's Hotel is the headiiuarters for sportsmen. 
 
 Jtcrgen t'ountf/— 
 
 Hackensack. On the meadows, rail and snipe shooting is good. For striped 
 bass, fish off the bridges with bamboo trolling rod, one hundred and fifty feet line 
 at least, float, shrimp, shedder, or minnow bait, small sinker to kecj) hook under 
 the tide ; reel, of course. The bridge at " Knglish Neighborhood," Northern 
 Railroad of N. J., is a favorite stanci. Rabbits and quail abound there. Reached 
 via the Erie, or the New Jersey Midland Railroad, thirteen miles from Jersey 
 City. 
 
 Tena/ly. Good squirrel shooting, woodcock, quail, ruffed grouse, w<Jod duck, 
 jack snipe, rail and other game birds furnish excellent sport. Reached via the 
 Northern New Jersey Railroad, sixteen miles from Jersey City. 
 
 Englewood. Good snipe shooting. Reached as above, fourteen miles from 
 Jersey ("tty. • 
 
 FasAack, on the Hackensack Branch of the Erie Railroad, is an excellent place 
 for New Yorkers to visit, when but one day can be spared from business. Good 
 squirrel and rabbit shixtting, with other sport, is to be found here. 
 
 Jturlinffton Count y — 
 
 Beverly. Across the bar are skip jacks, blue fish, Spanish mackerel and 
 other varieties, all of which afford good sport. Reached via the Amboy Division 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad. There are hotel accommodations. 
 
 Moorestown. CJuail and woodcock. Reached as above to Hartford, thence 
 stage two miles. 
 
 Delanco. Fine rail shooting. Reached via tVie Camden and Amboy Railroad. 
 
 TuckcrtoH. on Little Egg Harbor, offers many attractions to the sportsman and 
 angler. Duck and brant shooting is very line in the fall and spring, and also 
 for geese in the spring in Tuckerton Bay. 
 
 The ducks include the black head, widgeon, l)lack. sprig-tail, red head, broad 
 bill. This is a famous place for bluefishing. Go via the Tuckerton Railroad. 
 The Everett and Carlton Houses are good hotels. Terms %% per day, $io per 
 ■week. 
 
 Motmt Holly. Trout in Rancocas Creek. Reached via the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road. Two hotels. 
 
 Camden County- 
 Gloucester City. White and yellow perch of great w^eight are abundant in the 
 Rancoc'i, Pensancon, Newton and Timber Creeks. Take the West Jersey Rail- 
 road. Good hotels both at Gloucester and Bridesburg. 
 
 Cajte May County— 
 
 Townsend Inlet., seventeen miles from Cape May. Dovvitchers, calico backs, 
 grey backs, black breasts, bull-headed plover, robin snipe, yellow legs, ducks. 
 Reached by sail-boat from Cape May, or by wagon from North Dennysville, on 
 the West Jersey Railroad. 
 
 Cnpe May. Woodcock, curlew, redhead and blackhead ducks, plover, Canada 
 geese, sea i)igeons ; blue fish, "Cape May goody," spot, blackfish, drum, and 
 other varieties of birds and fish. Reached via the West Jersey Railroad. JJoats 
 may be hired at Schellinger's Landing. 
 
 Seavillc. Woodcock, bay birds, willcts, and other varieties of v.'ild fowl, fur- 
 nish excellent sport. The fishing is good. Reached via liie West Jersey 
 Railroad. 
 
 Tuckahoe. Quail, woodcock, snipe, bay birds, pheasants, sq lirrels, rabbits, 
 etc., abound on the borders of the village. Deer are quite plenty in the swamps 
 and thick uplands. Reached via the West Jersey Railroad to Pol:^* Elizabeth, 
 thence by stage or hired conveyance. Busby's Star Tavern. 
 
 '/he Tuckahoe River, which winds its crooked course between Atlantic and 
 Cape May counties, and pours its muddy waters into Great Egg Harbor Bay, 
 contains not a single spear of wild rice, from its source to its mouth, while all the 
 tributary streams that help swell the volume of its waters, above where the flood 
 tides are salt, are tilled with this reed. Rail birds, as every gunner knows, 
 delight in the seeds and tender shoots of the wild rice, and where it is plentiful. 
 
GAME AND F/SH A'ESOA'TS. I07 
 
 congregate in vast numbers, and grow enormously fat. The marshes on the 
 margins of the tributary streams of theTuckahoe, consctjuently are favorite feed- 
 ing grounds of the rail, 
 
 Cwmherlattd (Jnunty— 
 
 Cohans^y. Fine bags of jack snipe are made on the Cohansey Creek Mead- 
 ows, Take the West Jersey Railroad, 
 
 JEasex (Joxtnty — 
 
 Montdair. The Bip Piece and the Little Piece shootinpf grounds are eight 
 miles distant. Reached via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, or the Mont- * 
 clair and Greenwood Lake Railroad, (See Pine Brook.) 
 
 Newark. Duck and goose shooting on Newark Bay, with Wilson and jack 
 snipe. Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 Olouceatef Countjf — 
 
 MAlara. Deer in the vicinity ; quail and partridge afford fine sport. Reached 
 via the West Jersey Railroad. 
 
 H''esl7'i7h\ five miles from Camden, on the West Jersey Railroad, is at the 
 mouth of Timber Creek, a good trout stream. 
 
 Hunterdon County — 
 
 BuWi- Island. {Juail, squirrels, and excellent black bass fishing in the Dela- 
 ware River. Reached via the Belvidcre Branch of the Pennssylvania Railroad. 
 Board at reasonable rates • teams $3 to $5 per day. 
 
 Lamhertvillc^ on the Delaware River, is a good place for yellow perch fishing. 
 Route as above, 
 
 MidiUesex County^ 
 
 Perth A mhey^ Weakfish and other fishing affords good sport here. Take 
 Staten Island boat to Third Landing, cars to Tottenville, ferry' to Perth Amboy ; 
 fare, whole distance, twenty-five cents. Boats and bait at Tottenville or Perth 
 Amboy. 
 
 Cktese Creek, a few miles from Perth Amboy, is an excellent place for sheeps- 
 hcad, bluefish, striped bass, weajifish. porgies ; bait with crabs and clams. The 
 shooting here is for mallards, black ducks, sprig-tails, bay birds, jack snipe, and 
 otl»er wild fowl, 
 
 Snutk Amfioy. Quail, ruffed grouse and a few woodcock. Reached via the 
 Amboy Division ofthe Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 S/otsioaod and Old Bridge. Rabbit and quail shooting. Route as above. 
 
 Ne7v Brunsvuick. Snipe on the meadows, and some quail. Reached via the 
 New York Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Board at the (icorge Stret^ 
 House, at about $3 per day. 
 
 Monmouth County — 
 
 Marlborough. Woodcock, doves, pigeons, plover and snipe. Reached via 
 drive from Freehold, on the Freehold and Jamcsburg Railroad. 
 
 Shrewsbury. Excellent quail shooting in the vicinity. The route is via the 
 New Jersey Southern Railroad. } 
 
 Red Bank, In the Shrewsbury River are bluefish, weakfish, kingfish. and' 
 sheepshead. In the vicinity, snipe, woodcock and quail. Red Bank, on the 
 Shrewsbury Rivf r, is at the head of steamboat navigation, or is reached via the 
 New Jersey Southern. The hotels on the Shrewsbury River are Thompson's 
 Pavilion, at the Highlands ; Jenkinson's, at the same place ; the Fowler House, 
 at Oceanic, and the Tontine, at F'air Haven. The hotel of Red Bank, is the 
 Globe. 
 
 Matawan, Good rabbit shooting. Take boat to Keyport, theiice by wagon. 
 
 Jfolmdel. Rabbit and quail shooting in the vicinity. Reached by drive from 
 Red BanV , 
 
 Ocean Beach. Good snipe and bay bird shooting. Reached via New Jersey 
 Southern Railroad. Comfortable hotel accommodations. 
 
 Squan Beach is a good locality for beach birds and wild fowl. Take the 
 Freehold and Jamcsburg Railroad. 
 
 ■* 
 Morris County— 
 
 1/a.wver. Jack snipe, bLick ducks, teal, canvas-backs, wood ducks, wi4- 
 
lo8 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 peons, woodcock, quail, pigeons, rabbits, muskrats in great plenty. Reached 
 via the New Jersey Southern Railroad. 
 
 Hanover Ni-clc. Woodcock iiiul snipe in fpiantity. Address A. T. Tappa.. at 
 that place. He has dogs. 
 
 BuditsLnkt\ or Lake Senccaivana. These waters are the abode of many fish 
 includinp; pickerel of larpe size. Ruffed prouse, (piail and hares in the vicinity. 
 Reached via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad toStanhope whence 
 stages run to the lake two and one-half miles distant. The Forest House, $3 per 
 day, $15 to $21 i)er week. 
 
 Pine Brook. The Pine Rrook Hotel is a convenient headquarters for sports- 
 men shooting on the well known Big Piece and Little Piece hunting grounds. 
 Wilson snipe afford the best sport. IMack ducks, and woodcock are also found. 
 
 For six weeks in the spring, and for the same length of time in the fall, the 
 meadows are covered with shooters, and oftentimes a hunter to a bird. In the 
 fall flight it frcfpiently happens that large numbers stop to feed on the soft and 
 muddy flats and remain a day or two. Abundance of food soon renders them fat 
 and luscious, and although the birds first stop, only to rest, they find so good 
 cover and so tine feecl. they hesitate about continuing their flight and remain for 
 weeks. Not easy of access to pot-hunters, the shooting is as fine now as it was 
 forty years ago, and the fortunate hunter who happens to reach the meadows 
 while the flight is at its height, finds most famous sport. It is no uncommon thing 
 to secure a bag f)f from thlrtv to fifty birds. Lying midway between Paterson 
 and Newark, it is still scclutied ground, for both the Big and Little Pieces are a 
 dozen miles away from any depot house, and only those who possess or can com- 
 mand a horse and wagon or excellent pedestrian accommodation, ever reach 
 these meadows. 
 
 The Big Piece stretches out, a broad level meadow for miles, which in seasons 
 of heavy rains is submerged. 
 
 Lake Hopatcong. or Brookland Pond, contains large sized pickerel, with perch 
 and salmon trout. Reached via Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to 
 Drakesville, thence stage four miles. There are several good hotels at the lake, 
 with boats, etc. liyram's Cove is a favorite fishing ground, and Bishop's Rock an 
 excellent camping jilace. 
 
 Hopatconi:. There are good hotels on the lake shore at Hopatcong. Take 
 Morris and Essex Railroad to Drakesville. Hotel rates reasonable. Fair i)ickerel 
 fishing in season. They are taken with Buel spinners, trolling. 
 
 Newfaiindtand. Trout are abundant in the streams of the Bear Foot Moun- 
 tains. Reached via the New Jersey Midland Railroad. 
 
 Ocean County — 
 
 Barncg-at Inlet. Weakfish, kingfish, striped bass, sea bass, blackfish, sheeps- 
 head, bluefish, flounders, barb ; geese, brant, black ducks, sniig-tail, broad 
 bills, bay snijie and other fishing and shooting. Kinsey's Ashley House is a 
 favorite resort of sportsmen. 
 
 Barne^at Bay. Fine duck and snipe shooting at Chadwick's gunning house. 
 Any one who goes between the 25th of August and 20th of September, will find 
 the shooting all that can be desired. Fare by Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 
 excursion ticket, good for one month, from New York to Squan, $3 ; stage to 
 Moxon's, dinner and boat up to Cliadwick's, $2.?o; board, $2 per day. 
 
 Forked River. Weakfish, striped bass, sheepshead. bluefish, kingfish, pick- 
 erel in the river, geese, ducks, brant, woodcock, quail, partridges, surf, rock 
 and bay snipe, yellow legs, curlew, dowitch, jilover, willets, marlin, robin. 
 Reached via the the New Jersey Southern Railroad. The Carmen House, E. H. 
 Frame jiroprietor, is patronized by sportsmen, and there boats, guides, etc., can 
 be found. 
 
 Barnegat. Ouail. curlew, yellow legs, bay snipe, willets, etc.. in abundance. 
 Bluefish, kingfish or barb, sheepshead, weakfish, strijied bass, sea bass, black 
 fish. In its season, Barnegat Bay is one of the best ducking points known on the 
 coast, being filled with ducks, geese, and brant, and there are innumerable good 
 points and thoroughfares where they can be stooled. yuail, jack snipe, cur- 
 lew, yellow legs, bay snipe, willets. Selection can be made of a dozen expe- 
 rienced gunners, who are provided with yachts, sneakboats, and decoys. From 
 its accessibility Barnegat Bay ought to be a i>referred resort of sportsmen from 
 New York to Philadelphia. The Bay can be reached by Southern Railroad of 
 New Jersey, or Pennsylvania Central via Trenton. 
 
 Rumson. Woodcock, quail, plover, ducks, snipe, rabbits. 
 
 Point Pleasant. Snipe, willets, sickle bills, curlew, marlins, kreikcrs and yel- 
 
GAME AND FJSII KK SORTS. IO9 
 
 low legs. To reach this place, take the Long Hranch boat to Sandy Hook, cars 
 to KurniinKiiale, where a branch meets the trains for Srjnn.n village, and Charier. 
 Moxoii's sia^;e will take guests direct to the house ; or lake Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road to Monmouth J\inction, and then the Squan village train. Hy the former 
 route you can leave Nuw York at lV)ur v. m. and tlie latter at two i>. m. It takes 
 about three hours and a half to get to John E. Lovcland's, Point Pleasant. 
 
 H'csi Creek. Curlew and brown backs. Reached via tlic Tuckerton Railroad. 
 
 IVaretown. Curlew and brown backs on the meadows, yellow legs, jack 
 snipe, meadow larks. Sheejishead, rail, quail, ducks ; weaktish, blackhsh, bass, 
 bluehsh. Reached as above. 
 
 Tom's River. Uay snipe, curlew, yellow legs, ducks, etc., are found in the 
 vicinity. Take the New Jersey Southern Railroad. Hotels; Ocean an^ Mag- 
 nolia Houses. 
 
 Beach Haven. A narrow strip of sandy and meadow land, twenty miles long, 
 and from a halt mile to a mile wide, runs from Harncgat Inlet to IJttle Egg Har- 
 bor inlet. Between it and the main land on the west, is Tuckerton Hay, in some 
 places seven miles wide ; on tlie east side is the Atlantic Ocean, and directly 
 opposite Tuckerton a part of this land is called Heach Haven. 
 
 The shooting and hshing are excellent. Ducks, willet, inarlin, curlew, large 
 and small yellow legs, black breasted plovers, dowitchers, robins, and the various 
 kinds of wading birds are to be found at the proper time in great numbers on the 
 bars, meadows and islands in the bay ; and the larger rail are quite numerous on 
 the salt marshes. Rabbits are found on the islands and <iuail on the mainland. 
 Sheeushead are found in large numbers. 
 
 Weaktish are also plenty ; and sea bass and striped bass fishing is equally 
 good. Good yachts for sailing with competent seamen and fishermen and gun- 
 ners are always to be had at reasonable charges. 
 
 There are several good hotels. The Parry House, the Bay View House and 
 others, the prices ranging from $3 per day to $10 and fii4 pei week. 
 
 The most direct route is by the New Jersey Southern Railroad from pier 8, 
 North River, by way of Sandy Hook and Long Branch. At Whitings >ou con- 
 nect with the Tiickerton Railroad. At Tuckerton you take the steamboat across 
 the bay to Heach Haven, affording a most delightful sail of seven miles. 
 
 The surf bathing is very fine, and the still water bathing equally good. The 
 facilities Beach Haven has for yachting are excellent, there being a stretch from 
 inlet to inlet of twenty miles, and across from shore to shore of from six to seven 
 miles. For those who prefer the ocean to sail on, it is easily reached by going 
 out through Little Egg Harbor Inlet, which is a short sail ; also by a continuous 
 stretch ot eighteen miles. Atlantic City can be visited without going outside. 
 
 Passaic Count]/ — 
 
 /ic/io Lake is a line locality for pickerel fishing. Take the Midland Railroad 
 to Charlottesburg, thence six miles by stage. A good hotel is kept by Mr. 
 Wickham. 
 
 Salem County — 
 
 Salem. The extensive meadows here afford fine jack snipe shooting. Reached 
 via the West Jersey Railroad. 
 
 Pcnnsville, on the Delaware River, midway between Wilmington and New 
 Castle, Delaware, is a famous place for all varieties of marsh ducks. Captain Read 
 and Captain Kidd keep good hotels. Reached via Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad to Catawissa Junction, thence via Muncy Creek Railway. 
 
 Sussex County — 
 
 DcckertowH. In the vicinity are found pheasants, quail, woodcock and rab- 
 bits. Reached via the New Jersey Midland Railway. 
 
 Neiuto/i furnishes good ruffed grouse shooting. Reached via the Sussex 
 Railroad. 
 
 Keene Flats. Good trout fishintj:. 
 
 VeruoH. In Lake Wawayanda are fine lake bass. Go via the Sussex Railroad 
 to Newton, thence wagon to Vernon, where there is a fine hotel. Permission to 
 fish in the lake must be obtained of Mr. Hunt, who lives near the lake. 
 
 Union County — 
 
 Summit Lake contains black bass, perch, pickerel, etc. Reached via the 
 
ItO GAME AiVD FJSII KESOKTS. 
 
 Central Railroad, twenty one and three-fourths miles from New York City. A 
 good house <:alled tlie .Summit House. 
 
 riainfiehh (Jood (juail shooting in the neighborhood. Reached via the New 
 Jersey Central Railroad. 
 
 Warren. County — 
 
 In the Delaware River at the first island below the mouth of the Pohatconsr, 
 near the Helvidere Kailrfvad, shad can be taken with a bait made of Irish moss, 
 jjluten of wheat tiour, oyster juice, fibrine of bullock's blood, and powdered sul- 
 phate of barytes. Makt; into a paste, dry with gentle heat, and grind uj) into 
 iragments as coarse as Dupont's ducking' powder. Cover the hooks with this 
 preparation in its moist state, and let it dry on, so that in dissolving, it may ad- 
 here for a long time. Use a rod, three hooks on snoods dyed a browi.ish green 
 color, and a float. The night before you intend to fish, sift a pint of the prepara- 
 tion into the water at the head of the eddy. The barytes will cause it to sink to 
 the bottom. 
 
 Shad will not take the fly here. ' 
 
 Dehiidere. Quail, woodcock, ruflfed grouse, jack snijw, black bass, rock 
 fish, j>erch, trout and pick«-'rei. The fishing waters are the Delaware River, 
 Pcquest Creek and Green's pond, four miles distant. Reached via the New York 
 and lielvidere Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotel $3 i>er day ; boats 
 50 cents per day. 
 
 BridgevillK. Some excellent trouting streams. Reached via the Delaware, 
 Lackawanna and VYcstern Railroad. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 New Mexico comprises an area of 121,201 square miles, and is 
 the second most populous Territory in the Union. The surface of 
 the country consists, for the most part, of elevated and level pla- 
 teaus, which are traversed by several lofty and densely wooded 
 mountain ranges, and occasionally interspersed with fertile valleys. 
 The greater portions of the entire territory, more noticeably the 
 Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains of the south-east, are occupied 
 by vast sterile plains, devoid of trees and all other vegetation. The 
 population is principally of Mexican descent, speaking the Spanish 
 language and preserving the characteristics of that race. Many 
 portions of the territory also are subject to the incursions of the 
 Apaches and other tribes of hostile Indians, From these facts it 
 will be seen that, for the sportsman, New Mexico has few attrac- 
 tions. Although the larger western game, such as deer, antelope, 
 sheep, elk, bears, cougars, etc., and ducks, geese, sage hens and 
 pinnated grouse abound in sufficient quantities to afford fair shoot- 
 ing, yet the difficulty and danger of travel here, and the proxim- 
 ity of other and more inviting fields, will deter the pleasure-seeker 
 from penetrating far beyond its borders. 
 
CAME AND FISH RESORTS, III 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 New York embraces an area of 47,000 square miles and has a 
 population of 4,705,208. 
 
 The eastern and north-eastern sections are mountainous, the cen- 
 tral portion rolline^, and the western part consists of broad plains 
 and fertile river valleys. The surface of the State is further diver- 
 sified by a noble river system and by many picturesque lakes, most 
 of them navif^able for steamers. The steamboat, .. ilroad and 
 highway communication is, as a rule, very perfect, anJ. the hotel 
 system generally complete. Though early settled, the State still 
 affords, especially in its wilder portions, abundant sport for the 
 hunter and angler. The mountains are the haunts of large game ; 
 the Atlantic coast, and the inland lakes are excellent wild fowl shoot- 
 ing grounds, and the salt water and fresh water fishing comprises 
 great variety. The north-eastern counties, known as the Adiron- 
 dack region, have acquired a national celebrity for their wild beauty 
 of scenery and their many inducements to the seeker of recreation 
 and sport. 
 
 T/ie Adirondack Region of Northern New York, comprising 
 an area of seventy-five miles square, is usually divided into nine 
 sections : John Brown's Tract, extending across Herkimer and into 
 Hamilton County on the east, and Lewis County on the west ; the 
 Oswegatchie and Grass River Regions, which are included in the 
 south-eastern portion of St. Lawrence County ; the Chateaugay 
 Woods, occupying the central part of Franklin County and the 
 south-western portion of Clinton County ; the St. Regis Woods, 
 lying in Franklin County; the Saranac Region, embracing the 
 southern portion of Franklin County, the southern corner of St. Law- 
 rence County, and the northern borders of Hamilton County ; the 
 Adirondack and Hudson River Regions, comprising nearly the 
 whole of Essex County with the northern portion of Warren County ; 
 the Racquette and Long Lake Regions make up the northern half 
 of Hamilton County; the Garoga Lake Region, included in the' 
 northern part of Fulton County ; the Lakes Pleasant and Piseco 
 Region,'; included in the southern half of Hamilton County. 
 
 For camping in the Adirondacks, full outfits may generally be 
 secured at the principal points of entry into the Wilderness. Guides 
 are necessary, and reliable men are always to be procured ($2.50 
 to $3 per day). They furnish boat, axe, etc. Boats may be hired 
 for 50 cts, per day. The expenses of living in the woods need not 
 exceed $2 per man each day 
 
 There are eight routes which may be designated as the prin- 
 cipal entries into the different sections of the Wilderness : Ft'rst — 
 From the south-west, via Boonville, on the Utica and Black River 
 Railroad, a wagon road leads into the John Brown Tract to Arnold's 
 
112 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 old sporting house, thence a navij,'able watercourse to Racquette, 
 whence a continuous net-work of lakes and streams renders access- 
 ible the north-western limits (jf the Adirondacks. This route tra- 
 verses a country lull of game, in which, by going a little aside from 
 the more beaten line of travel, the sportsman wid tlnd successful 
 hunting and fishing. 
 
 Second.— Lowville and Carthage, each on the Utica and Black 
 River Railroad, are points of entry from the West. Wagon roads 
 from these villages converge at Lake Francis, and thence by land 
 and water there is a route to Beach's Lake, twenty-two miles, and 
 Racquette Lake, nine miles farther. 
 
 "Third. — From the North via Potsdain there is a route via Col- 
 ton, McEvven's on the Racquette River, Haw's, the Moosehead still 
 water, and Racquette Lake, to Grave's Lodge, on Big Tupper Lake, 
 whehce all parts of the Wilderness are accessible by boat. Excel- 
 lent hunting and fishing are to be had. 
 
 Fourth. — Malone is a starting point for entering the Wilderness 
 from the North. It is reached via the Central Vermont Railroad. 
 The route is by regular stage via Chazy and Chateaugay Lakes, 
 both worthy of the sportsman's attention, and the east branch of 
 the St. Regis River to Meacham Fond, and thence via Osgood's 
 Fond to Paul Smith's, on the lower St. Regis Lake. This is the best 
 starling point for all parts of the interior Wilderness. A good 
 wagon road leads from Malone to Martin's, a well known hotel on 
 the Lower Saranac. 
 
 Fifth. — Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain and on the Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal Company's Railroad, is a point of entry from the 
 North-east. The route is via rail to Ausable Station, thence cov- 
 ered coaches to Paul Smith's and Martin's, From Port Kent a 
 stage . -lC runs to Keeseville, thence to Ausable Station, and thence 
 as before. 
 
 Martin's, on the Lower Saranac Lake, the pioneer hotel of the 
 Wilderness, has grown from a small log cabin, to be the largest and 
 most commodious hotel in the woods, complete with every con- 
 venience, and with a table of the best. Many ladies board here, 
 preferring to do so, to going off to camp with their husbands. 
 Board is fourteen dollars per week, two-fifty per day. Martin fur- 
 nishes supplies for the camp, every thing necessary and complete. 
 The guides are all independent, and command three dollars per 
 day and found. They furnish a boat and hound, and carry a 
 ritle. The expense of a guide, and the average expense of cost of 
 living while in camp, will amount to four dollars per day, (tiiree 
 dollars for guide, and fifty cents a piece for self and guide,) 
 so a couple of weeks will cost about fifty-six dollars, while in 
 camp. 
 
 Sixth. —Yxom. the East, the heart of the Wilderness may be 
 reached by routes starting from Westport, or Crown Point on Lake 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. II3 
 
 Champlain. The route from Wcstport via Klizabetlitown is the 
 shortest from Lake Champlain to the Saranac Res^'^ion. 
 
 Sciu'uth. — FroiTi Little Falls aiul Herkimer, stations on the New 
 York Central Railroad, j^ood wag^on roads to Round, Pleasant and 
 Piseco Lakes, the distance to the latter being fifty miles. 
 
 Eighth. — Via the Adirondack Railroad to Riverside or North 
 Creek, whence stage and boat communication extends to I>lue 
 Mountain Lake, Schroon Lake and other points. 
 
 Trenton Falls nnd Prospect, stations on the Black River Rail- 
 road, with good hotels, are excellent initial points for those who 
 do not wish to penetrate far into the wilds. Within short distances 
 and accessible by good roads, or well known routes, are Giles 
 Beecraft's and Ed. Wilkinson's sporting houses, which are head- 
 qup^'ers for the shooting and tisliing of the region. Boardmg 
 accommodations, with guides, etc., are to be had there. The prin- 
 cipal deer hunting and trout fishing resorts reached from Trenton 
 .Falls and Prospect are Canada and Metcalf Creeks, Snag, Little 
 Rock, Little Bear, Twin Rock, Big Rock, Pine, G., Morehouse, 
 Joe's, and North Reservoir and South Reservoir Lakes. 
 
 Alder Creek Station, on the Black River Railroad, is a start- 
 ing point for White Lake, the Wood hull Chain, Chub, and Bisby 
 Lakes, Moose River and the Old Forge, all of which are localities 
 more or less famed for their sporting resources. 
 
 Boonville (see above) has good hotels, the Hurlburt House being 
 famous among Adirondack visitors for its comfortable accommo- 
 dations and excellent fare. At the village stores all needed outfit 
 for a life in the woods may be procured. Nick's Lake, the Indian 
 Spring Hole and numerous other resorts in the vicinity of Arnold's, 
 well known to the guides, furnish abundant reward for the sports- 
 man and angler. The Old Forge has a well kept hostelry, with 
 all facilities for sportsmen. 
 
 By going aside from the main route from Boonville to Racquette 
 Lake, excursions may be made via First Lake to Little Moose Lake, 
 famous for the abundance and flavor of its trout, and to the South 
 Branch of Moose River ; via Fourth Lake to Big Moose Lake, where 
 can be found the best June fronting in the woods, with excellent 
 deer shooting, and to Moose and Cascade Lakes, noted for their 
 fishing. At Fifth and Sixth Lakes deer are to be found. From 
 Eighth Lake, water communication is had with Eagle Lakes and 
 innumerable smaller lakes lying in the surrounding forest, all of 
 which afford the best of shooting and angling. 
 
 Loimnlle (see above) has hotels where sportsmen will find com- 
 fortable quarters. Number Four may be reached by two routes from 
 this point. The Fenton House at No. 4, is much resorted to by 
 Adirondack visitors. This angler's home accommodates fifty peo- 
 ple. It is pleasantly situated on a plateau surrounded at first by 
 valleys, and beyond by long ranges of mountains, which are seen 
 
114 GAME AND FISH RESORTS 
 
 stretching their outlines In the distance, at from twelve to twenty 
 miles to the north, east and south. Half a mile to the north is Hea- 
 ver Lake, which is a mile and a quarter lonjr, about one-third of a 
 mile wide and forty feet deep in its deepest part ; and throuj^h 
 whicn the Beaver River flows. This lake has been slockerl with 
 salmon trout. Sunday Creek, Slough Brook and Alder Creek, all 
 good trout streams, empty their pure waters into the lake or river 
 near by. Up the river to the Stillwater, twelve miles by the wind- 
 injfs of the stream, there are nineteen distinct falls and rapids ; 
 some of the larj^er falls being from thirty to forty feet in height with 
 good fishing all along the stream. This part of the river can be 
 descended in a boat, with a skilful guide, by carrying around the 
 heavy falls and lower rapids about a mile. One and a half miles 
 to the south of Fenton's by road and trail is Francis' Lake, a 
 pleasant sheet of water one and a half miles long, more noted for 
 deer than for trout. There are any number of streams, ponds, and 
 lakes in the neighborhood, where speckled trout can be caught by 
 starting froin the house in the morning and returning the same 
 night, but if one prefers to stay longer, new trips can be enjoyed 
 without number. A short day's trip down the Beaver River will 
 take one over a succession of rapids and falls to the noted Eagle 
 Falls— a delightful trip, which can hardly be excelled. 
 
 Although the wilderness bordering the Beaver River is not 
 marked by that variety of scenery which is characteristic of the 
 more northerly portions of the forest, the game is more abundant 
 and the fishing l)etter. The Beaver drains a large extent of terri- 
 tory, including thirty or forty ponds and lakes, some of the latter 
 of which are of considerable size. Smith's Lake, too, near its head 
 waters, is one of the most charming lakes to be found in the wil- 
 derness, and its clear waters swarm with speckled and salmon trout. 
 Ten years ago few parties penetrated to its shores, but now few go 
 vin who fail to reach them. From Smith's Lake to the Racquette, the 
 distance is about twenty miles. Beaver Lake and Clear Pond afford 
 good deer shooting, and Crooked and Gull Lakes have excellent 
 trout fishing. From Fenton's deer hunters and trout anglers go 
 to Francis Lake, the Mashier Ponds, and by longer journeys to 
 Loon Lake. 
 
 Loon Lake, one of the head waters of the west branch of the 
 Saranac River, and reached also by the main road from Malone, 
 is three miles long, and has two small inlets. By addressing L. 
 L. Smith, of Hunter's Home, Merrillville P. O., Franklin County, 
 all needed information can be obtained. The surroundings are 
 necessarily wild, but Rock Shanty, a well known shelter, is within 
 twenty rods of its shores. Best time in June. At Woods Lake, 
 ducks are abundant. Twitchell's Lake is little visited, and is con- 
 sequently a good game ground, the Red Horse Chain, Crooked and 
 Smith's Lakes, and many others, all reached from No. 4, furnish 
 
CAME AXD Fisn K/C SORTS. II5 
 
 the best of sport. From Smith's Lake there are three routes to 
 the Tupper Lakes pnssinji^ throut^h some of the best huntinjj and 
 fishiiifj districts of the Hrovvn Tract. The Oswe^atchie tishing 
 grounds are reached from Lowville by good roads, traversing a 
 region in which deer and trout are plenty. 
 
 Carthage, lirandreth's Lake and Schroon River are reached 
 from here. 
 
 De Kalb Junction is within easy access of numerous i)oints for 
 trout fishing and deer sliooting, and is connected by stage with 
 Cranberry Lake, a noted place for trout. There are in the vicinity 
 many other lakes with a great many streams, in all of which the 
 angler will always find good sport. 
 
 Potsdam is within twenty miles of excellent hunting and fish- 
 ing, and is a starting point for many famous game regions. 
 
 Massena Springs, reached by the St. Lawrence River and 
 stage, is an initial point for bass, pickerel, mascalonge and white 
 fishing. These fish are found here in great abundance. The hotels 
 are fine, and the expenses moderate. 
 
 Moira, on the Central Vermont Railroad, has connections with 
 the St. Regis River and other localities affording excellent sport. 
 
 Ma/one. Among the numerous resorts of sportsmen there are 
 few more easily accessible, or which afford better sport than the 
 Salmon River, above what is known as the " State Uam." Here 
 within thirteen miles of Malone, is a stream which, notwithstanding 
 its frequent visitors, affords an inexhaustible quantity of trout. The 
 pond, raised by the dam, varies greatly in size. Generally it is only 
 about a quarter of a jnile in length, and above that the river winds 
 a tortuous course for several miles among grassy flats, and for a 
 still further distance a still more de^rious way, if possible, among 
 a thick margin of alders. The water is swift and cold, and tiiere 
 is a trout hole in the curve of each bend, which is well populated. 
 When the water is uj), a boat can go all ov(?r the meadows, the 
 trout running farther up, the distance to the lishinj,' grounds being 
 thereby reduced about seventy-tive per cent. Several lakes and 
 jionds empty into this river, which furnish homes for the trout in 
 winter. 
 
 Many deer come into Round Pond, Wolf Pond, and the other 
 sheets of water in the neighborhood, and traces of bear are also 
 visible. Many partridges are to be found in the woods. There is 
 a good, although unpretentious, hotel at the dam, kept by R. J. 
 Cunningham (better known as " Rus "), where guides and boats 
 can be obtained. Tobey and Chisholm run a line of Concord 
 coaches to Duane, fifteen miles south, connecting with Paul Smith's 
 stages for all interior resorts of any note. 
 
 At Meacham Lake (see route four, above) there is a well known 
 hostelry, where boats, guides, etc., may be found. This is a fa- 
 mous place for deer shooting. The surrounding country is full of 
 
Il6 GAME AXn I'iSlf RESORTS. 
 
 game and the waters of the lake al)oun(l in fish. A pood road leads 
 from Malone, thirty-one miles, to the Hunter's Home, which is 
 headquarters for the shooting and fishing of Loon and Rainbow 
 Lakes, and Elbow, Round, Mud, Buck and Oregon Ponds, 
 
 Chatcaui^ay, oi\ the Central Vermont Railroad, has excellent 
 hotels, with boats and other conveniences for the fishing and shoot- 
 ing of the Chateaugay Lakes. 
 
 Plaitsburg. Stage or hired conveyance takes the sportsman 
 from here to Chazy Lake, renowned as a game ground anil pos- 
 sessing comfortable hotels, with all s|)orting facilities. Rainljow 
 Lake, and Round, Buck, Jones, Lily I'ad, Elbow antl I'lumadore 
 Ponds,- the North Branch of the Saranac, and Nigger and Cold 
 Brooks are all noted for their speckled trout, and most of them are 
 fine points for shooting deer. 
 
 Cr<nv7i Point is the starting point for Root's, a favorite head- 
 quarters for sportsmen where all needed supplies may be secured. 
 West Sturtevant Branch and Schroon River afford excellent fishing. 
 Fenton's Tavern, in the vicinity of Mud and Clear Ponds, and the 
 Lakeside House at Clear Pond, also furnish comfortable accom- 
 modations. Lake Andrew, the noted Preston Ponds, and Lakes 
 Sanford and Henderson are all full of trout, 
 
 Ticonderoga. Routes extend to Long Pond, Paradox Lake, 
 Schroon Lake, and other waters where bass, pickerel, large trout, 
 etc., are caught in great numbers. Crane Pond has pickerel, and 
 Bartlett's, Regis, and Gull I'onds are noted for trout and deer. 
 
 Deer and ruffed grouse are found at Schroon Lake, which lies on 
 the very borders of the great forest, and within a few hours drive 
 and tramp of some of the wildest and most sublime scenery of the 
 Adirondacks. No better accommodations could be desired than 
 those furnished by the Leland and the Ondavva Hotels, both situ- 
 ated in the pleasant village at the head of the lake. No more effi- 
 cient guides can be secured anywhere than Sam. Saunders, Ben. 
 Wickham, Geo. M. Sawyer, N. B. Knox, and Ed. Jenks. The 
 route to Schroon Lake from the south is via rail from Saratoga 
 Springs to Riverside, tifty miles (Adirondack Railroad, fare $2 ;) 
 stage to Pottersville, six miles, good road and fine scenery, fare $1 ; 
 steamer through the entire length of Schroon Lake, nine miles, fare 
 seventy-five cents. 
 
 Ciild-vell, at the head of Lake Champlain, possesses excellent 
 hotels and is near fine hunting and fishing grounds. 
 
 Amsierdcun, on the New York Central Railroad, is connected 
 by stage route with Lake Pleasant and the adjacent waters. Fish 
 and game are abundant all through this region. 
 
 Fonda, on the same road, is a starting point for Garoga, Pine 
 and Stink Lakes, all abounding in fish. 
 
 Blue Mountain Lake is one of the best points of interest in the 
 Adirondacks. From it one can go by water to almost any desir- 
 
GAME AND FISIJ KE SORTS. II/ 
 
 able point. It opens into Eagle Lake, which is two miles long', 
 and which, in turn, opens into Utawana Lake, a favorite haunt of 
 the (leer. IJciow this lake is Mari.in River and tlien Rac(iuctte Lake. 
 From Blue Mountain Lake to Long Lake there is a more direct 
 route with four miles of carry, but even the guides when travelling 
 light, will take the longer and all-water route. The trout in these 
 lakes are very abundant and large. A little north of Blue Moun- 
 tain Lake is a little pond literally filled with brook trout, and they 
 respond most quickly to the tly. In the fall there is no spot in the 
 Adirondacks where deer and partridges are more plenty. Chauncey 
 Hathorne keeps an excellent house here. The route is via Nortn 
 Creek, the terminus of the Adirondack Railroad, sixty miles from 
 Saratoga; thence stage five miles to J. Eldridge's hotel at North 
 River ; thence stage, good road, fifteen miles to R. 15. Jackson's on 
 Cedar River ; thence team ten miles to Hku' Mountain Lake. 
 
 The Osivci^atchic Rn'c'r and F/shfiii^^ Grounds. The east, or 
 main branch, of the Oswegatchie River rises in Crooked Lake. 
 From Crooked Lake it runs in a north-easterly direction some six 
 or eight miles, to where it forms the branch from Deer Pond (Col- 
 Vin's Lost Lake) country. It is known above this point as the 
 Robinson River. Below the junction, some two miles, it tumbles 
 over a ledge of rocks some twenty feet in height. Here, at the 
 foot of these falls, known as the " High Falls," on the inlet, are 
 found speckled trout of three to four pounds weight. Above the 
 falls are plenty of trout weighing from a quarter to a half pound 
 Half a mile further down are " The Plains," a tract of country tljat 
 has been cleared of timber by wind and fire, some three mileo long, 
 and varying in width from a quarter to three-quarters of a mile, and 
 nearly surrounded by hills of from three to five hundred feet high. 
 Near the upper part of these plains is a good " trout hole" when 
 the water is not too high. In the brook are also small trout. All 
 along here, and for some miles further down, the fishing is good, 
 and for a stretch of ten miles the chances for a shot at a deer by 
 day or jack light are very good. On the west side of the river, near 
 the foot of the plains, and distant from one and a half to two miles, 
 are the " Five Ponds," taking their name from their number. These, 
 or a part of them, are good ponds for deer. About this section 
 there is now and then a wolf and panther. At the foot of this still 
 water are some three miles of rapids, on which, about the first of 
 June, is some good fishing. Below this we come to the " Drowned 
 Land," a large swamp overflowed by the draining of Cranberry 
 Lake, where, in September, fishing and hunting are both good. 
 A dozen or more ponds empty into the lake on the south and south- 
 east side, among which are Bossout, Cat Mountain, Cow Horn, 
 Olmstead, Darnneedle, Fish Pole, or Little Grass, as it is sometimes 
 called, Little Gufl, Curtis, and other small ones. Nearly all of these 
 are good for trout or deer, and some of them for both. 
 
Il8 GAME AX/) FISH KESO/^TS. 
 
 To rc.'ich this hunlinjj jjround, tho sportsman has a choice of 
 two routes. First — leave the Koine, Walertown and Oj^dcnshiirjif 
 Railroad at (iouvencur, jfoinjj throuj^di Mdwards to Fine, twenty-tive 
 miles by staf,^', three limes a week, or hy private conveyances. 
 At Fine, one can put up at a j^ood hotel, or j^o on five miles to 
 Clriflin's, where he will fmd as ^'ood fare and acC(jmniodati()r)s as 
 can be had at a first class farndiouse. Here, or at the hotel, jjood 
 guides with light boats for three dollars a day, and board can be 
 had, also team, usually oxen and sled, to convey boats and baij};.i,i;t: 
 to the foot of still water on the outlet or inlet, as the river is fre- 
 (juenlly called alxn'e and below the lake. Second — he can leave 
 railroad at Canton and go direct to tlie foot of Cranberry Lake by 
 team. The distance Is about forty miles, and is accomplished in 
 a day. Good light bo.its weighing thirty to forty jjounds can be 
 purchased at Canton, or rather pocjronis maybe hired at the hotel 
 at the lake. One can gel there with or without guides. 
 
 /'/>/<- Pond, in the southern edge of the township of lilandford 
 and Blenheim, is a favorite fishing place for large black bass and 
 pike. Reached by rail to Chatham, thence stage or hired convey- 
 ance. 
 
 Boreas River affords good trouting, the fish averaging nearly 
 a pound apiece. The best lishing spots are at Lester Dam and 
 Leach Eddy. The route is via Adirondack Railroad to Riverside, 
 fifty miles from Saratoga, thence stage to I'ottersville on Schroon 
 Lake, steamer thence to Schroon Village, and from that point, 
 twenty-live miles by buck board. Stop at Powell Smith's. 
 
 Jtroonie County — 
 
 Deposit. Rutfed grouse, woodcock, grey and black squirrels and some wild 
 pigeons. Reached via tlie Erie Road, one Itundred and seventy-six miles from 
 New York City, 
 
 Cai/iif/a County — 
 
 ()wasco Lake contains black bass, lake trout, pickerel, and yellow perch. The 
 latter are often taken with gay flies. Reached i)y rail via Auburn. 
 
 Auburn. Woodcock, i)artridges, ducks, plover and snipe. On the New York 
 Central Railroad. 
 
 Montezuma. In the marshes is good snipe shooting. Go via New York Cen- 
 tral to Port Byron, or to Cayuga. 
 
 Cayuga Lake. Speckled trout, Oswego b.iss, silver bass, strawberry bass, 
 black, and rock bass. Cayuga on the Now York Central Railroad, Union Springs, 
 Aurora, Ithaca, and other ponits reached from Cayuga via rail or boat, are all pro- 
 vided with boats and there the angler will find good accommodations. 
 
 Chniitauqua County — 
 
 Fiudley's Lake. Eight miles from North-East on Lake Shore Railroad, and 
 seven miles from Sherman or Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburg Railroad, reached by 
 omnibus from each place. Three miles long by one-ijuarter mile wide. .Salmon 
 trout, i)ike, black bass, Oswego bas«, perch, snipe, woodcock, plover, grouse, and 
 S(iuirrcls. Findley's Lake House, R. A. Corbett, Proprietor. Croquet grounds, 
 bath-house, stables, steam yacht, etc. 
 
 Chenanyo County — 
 
 Oxford. The game found in the vicinity includes foxes, raccoons, wood- 
 
GAME AND F/S/f RKSOKrS. II9 
 
 chucks, raliblts, black, ^rcy and red nquirrclsi chipmunks, hawkn, partrid^^cn, 
 piKt'uiiii, wuudcuck, wild duckH, and cranes. 
 
 Cthttnn i'ntinty— 
 
 Chiinif^liiin. (rood hunting, and salmon and brook trout tishinK. Kcuchcd 
 via the \'ciini)nt ('cntral Railroad to Rouse's I'oint, Ihcncc via Ondcnsbiii^; mul 
 Luke (luiiiiplaiii Railiuad. 
 
 Jiiilawnre (Jo a lit y— 
 
 CoUhtster allords good rufTcd (i^rouse and woodcock shooting, and there arc 
 many trout streams in the vicinity. It is situated in the vallcv of tlie east l)run< li 
 ol llie Delaware, and is reached by the Oswego Midlaml Railroad. Stage thir- 
 teen nules from east branch station. Good larnihouse acconiniodalion. (.'ountry 
 hilly. 
 
 Dean's Corners. Take steamboat or railroad to Kingston, thence rail to 
 Dean's Corners, on Ulster and Delaware Railroad. Good trout tishing, small 
 game, and an occasional de':r. 
 
 Long roiui. Wajfon ten miles from Wcstticld, on the Oswego Midlaiid Kad- 
 road. Large trout very abunilant in the poiuls and adjacent streanis. (ountry 
 nearly all forest, and hilly. .\n occasional deer ; ruffetl grouse, woodcock, wood 
 duck, and sniix;. Must camp out. 
 
 iiriff'in's Lorni'rs. Hears, foxes, rabbits, rufl'ed grouse and trout. (In via 
 Steam or rail to Rondout, thence Ulster and Delaware Railroad, tlotels and pri- 
 vate board $1 to $:< ; teams $3 to $6. . . v 
 
 DutehenH C'ount/f— 
 
 New Uainbur);. Ducks and wild geese. Un the Hudson River, sixty-four 
 miles above New York ; reached via rail or boat. 
 
 JUrii', C'ountff— 
 
 Bujjfalo. On the lake shore, in the vicinity, the residents of the city take many 
 bass. 
 
 Sardinia. Trout in the neighboring streams. Grey s(^uirrels and ruffed 
 grouse are found at Hemlock Lake, six mdestrom Livonia station, on the Roches- 
 ter branch of the Erie Railroad. 
 
 Essex County — 
 
 Fort Ticomferoga. Fine fishing in the vicinity. Reached via the Central 
 Vermont Railroad. 
 
 Klizabctlttoivn. Deer, bears, etc.. here afford fine sport. Eli/abcthtown is 
 delightfully situated eight miles west of Lake (.^hauuilain. Few localities have 
 surroundings more charmingly romantic. Twelve miles lurlher west is that gem 
 of all the Adirondack valleys— the famous Keene Klats. They are both favorite 
 resorts of artists and people of reHnement, generally in the summer months. 
 Reached via Lake Champlain steamers to Westport, thence wagon or stage. 
 
 Tahawus or Mt. Marcy. Panthers, Canada lynxes, rabbits, sables, hares, 
 squirrels, etc. 
 
 Port Kent. At the mouth of the Ausal)le, and extending along Champlain 
 for about three miles, is a large marsh, allonling numerous lurking places for 
 wild fowl, and, in years when the water is high and the marsh covered during 
 October and November, the different varieties of ducks and Canada geese visit 
 it in great numbers. Reached via the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company 
 Railroad, or via the Luke Champlain steamers. 
 
 Westport. The waters abound with pickerel, perch, black bass, trout and other 
 varieties of fish. Reached from New York via Albany and Saratoga to White- 
 hall, thence via steamer to Westport. Time, fourteen hours ; fare$8. The Nich- 
 ols hotel affords goor" accommodation. 
 
 Greene County — 
 
 Cntskiil, At the Embouchure or Rodgers' Island, there is duck and snipe 
 shooting. Hudson River Railroad, and steamboats. 
 
 Tanner svi lie., among the mountainSj fifteen miles from Catskill,and reached by 
 Stage from that place. Good trouting in the mountain streams. 
 
 Leeds. Trout and pickerel fishing, with some woodcock shooting in the 
 vicinity. Reached by carriage road from Catskill. 
 
1 2D G^IME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Hunter. Trnutinp: in the mountain streams, and bears amonp the mountains. 
 The tavorilc resorts for anplcrs are the Cautersl<iil and Clove. 
 
 Stony CI07U-, whose streams abound in trout of small size. Reached via stage 
 from Calskill, or via Ulster and Delaware Railroad to Phoenicia, thence stage or 
 hired conveyance. 
 
 Jjtvlngston Count]/— 
 
 Caledonia. There is ..almon fishing in Caledonia Creek. Take the Eric or the 
 New York Central Railroad. 
 
 Jefferson County— 
 
 Theresa. In Jefferson County, which lies upon the outskirts of the Adiron- 
 dack region, there are the usual varieties of mascalonge, black bass, pike, [)icke- 
 rcl, and salmon troul, and the fishing grounds are most easily reached from The- 
 resa and other points on the Utica and Mlack River Railroad. Notable among 
 these is the Indian river and adjoining lakes. Comfortable accommodation is 
 afforded for small parties .it the summer houses on the lakes. Trolling is almost 
 the only mode of hsliing in vogue, and VV. D. Chapman, of Theresa, tl!-. patentee 
 and manufacturer of various kinds of spinning^ tackle, does a large business in 
 supplying the fish with " spoon-victuals." 
 
 .)e.vter. Mascalonge, pickerel, black bass, rock bass, wall-eyed pike, yellow 
 perch, sunfish, mullet, eels, bullheads and catfish. Reached via the Hudson 
 River and Central Railroacls to Rome, thence by the Rome, Watcrtown and 
 Ogdensburg Railroad to Limerick, on the Cape Vincent branch ; thence by stage 
 one mile and a half to Dexter. There are two hotels where the accommodations 
 are good, and the prices reasonable. Hoard can also be obtained in private 
 families. Boats and livery at rea'onable prices. 
 
 Cape Vincent. Mascalonge ; i>U)ver, snipe ano other varieties of game. 
 Reached via the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad. Hotels. 
 
 Henderson. Good bass and pickerel fishing. Leave New York via New 
 York Central Railroad so as to arrive at Utica at noon ; make immediate con- 
 nection with lUack River Road to Watertown, and thence to Sackett's Harbor by 
 railroad, arriving at 7 p. m. ; thence by steamer to Henderson, or by the same 
 train go on to Rome, ccnnect immediately with Rome and Watertown Railroad, 
 get oil at Adams, and take the stage over to Henderson, eleven miles Hotel ac- 
 commodations. Frontier House, at $5 per week. Good boats, fisb.ng gear, and 
 good oarsmen, are on the spot. Mr. Tyler will rent or sell as good boats as can 
 be made, completely fitted out with minnow pail, frying pan, etc., etc., and will 
 furnish flies, spoons, etc. 
 
 The Islands in Lake Ontario. Some of the finest black bass fishing within 
 easy access of New York city, is to be found about the islands that lie in Lake 
 Ontario, a scoie or less of miles from where it merges into the St. Lawrence 
 River. 
 
 The fish are equally plenty at the head and fool of Stony Island, at the foot of 
 Little Galloo, at the head ot Fox and the lower side of the Grenadier Islands. 
 The Duck Islands are a much better i)l,ice than either of those named, but con- 
 siderably further out in the lake. They are very rarely visited and their shores 
 are lined with bass. There is, however, little choice of water ; t the f • o.'' the 
 lake. VYherever a shoal makes out from the islamls the bass congregat These 
 grounds are rarely visited, save by the inhabitants of the neighboring ...unlets, 
 and the fish scarcely know the fear of the hook. Next to the Duck Islands, the 
 bass are thickest at the foot of Galloo. There is fine pickerel and pike fishing in 
 the little bays that indent the main shore, and often a mascalonge is taken there. 
 
 The black bass begin to bite in these waters about the first of June ; July and 
 August are the best months. They are caught with the fiy, bait or spoon. 
 
 The island above-named may be reached from any of the fishing villages along 
 the Jefferson County shore. Tlie distance is short from Cape Vincent, Sackett's 
 Harbor, Three-Mile Bay, Chaumont, or Henderson. The fishermen at the latter 
 place charge three, four or five dollars a day for their services, according to the 
 Kind and number of boats th^'^ furnish. For two [lersons in a sail-boat that is 
 small enough to be towed, the \. ice is three dollars. .Mden Stevens understands 
 the grounds perfectly, and owns a comfortable sharitv on Galloo. His address is 
 Henderson, Nev,- York. The expense of reaciiing Henderson Hay from New 
 York City, is $8.<jo. There are no mosquitoes on the islands, liie cost of camp 
 or shatily life is small, and a party of live might spend ten days at the foot of the 
 lake for $40 each, including car fares. Five dollars a duv would be the boatman's 
 charge for the yacht and two skifls. In going this way -.le party can easily do 
 
GAME AND riSII RESORTS. 121 
 
 the Thoiisand Islniuls, also, by turninix the yacht into the river and cruising down 
 and back. The lisliinj;, however, is tar better in the lalte. 
 
 Taive the U^^densburH; Railroad to Adams, thence stage to Henderson, where 
 outht can be procured. 
 
 Till' Thousand /xliimfs. This well known resort of pleasure seekers and sum- 
 mer tourists oilers many attractions to the sportsman. The waters of the Bay 
 teem with lish and wild fowl. Hlack bass, pic'cerel, perch, pike, and the niasca- 
 long^e afford niaf-niHccnt sport for the angler, while the gunner will find waterfowl 
 in ^reat variety ami abundance, ducks, snipe, with woodc<j;;"-v and tpuiil. 
 
 AUxaiiiiria Buy is the chief resort at the Thousand Islands. Mlack bass, 
 pickerel, perch, pike, and mascalonge tishiiiff ; woodcock, snipe, ijuail and duck 
 shooting. The hotels are the (Grossman House and tlie Thousaiwl Island House, 
 each large and well appointeil establishments with every convenience and com- 
 fort. Terms $3 [ler day. Board is readily obtained at the farm-houses in the 
 vicinity. Boats and boatmen $2 to $3 per day. The principal routes are : i. Via 
 New York Central Railroad to Rome, thence via the Rome, \\'atertown and 
 Ogdensburg Railroad to Cai)e Vincent, thence steamer, thirty miles. 2. From 
 Syracuse via Syracuse Nortln;rn Railroad to Sandy Creek, thence via the Rome, 
 Watertoun and Ogdensburg Road. 3. From Uiica via Utica and Black River 
 Railroad to Clayton, thence steamer, twelve miles. 4. As before via Utica and 
 Black Ri.-er road to Morristown, thence stage seven miles. This route includes 
 Theresa and the Indian River lakes. 5. From Ogdensburg via steamer. 6. By 
 St. Lawrence River steamers. 
 
 The best known hunting and lishing grounds are: Goose Bay, three miles 
 above the village ; llalstead Bay on the Canada side ; Eel Bay at the head of Wells' 
 Island, the Lake of the Island, and Fiddler's Elbow. The season for mascalonge 
 is from the middle of May to the last of June, for bass from the middle ot June to 
 September. 
 
 Clayton. The fishing is excellent : black bass, pike, mascalonge. The Walton 
 House is frequented by sportsmen. Board niay also be fountl at the farm-houses. 
 Reached via Utica and Black \'alley Railroad, or steamer from Alexandria Bay, 
 also via Grand Trunk Railway to Gananoq^ue, Ont., thence ferry. 
 
 Broc/cT'iiie, on the Canada side, (Brockvdle (bounty, Ontari(j,)is situated at the 
 foot of the group of islands. It is easy of access via Grand Trunk Railway' or the 
 St. Lawrence steamboats. From the south the route is via Utica and Black 
 River Railroad to Morristown, thence a ferry crosses to Brockville. Excellent 
 hotel accommodafions will be found here with boats and every facility for excel- 
 lent sport. 
 
 Kings County: Tjong Island— 
 
 Lo>ig Island 2iV\.A its adjacent waters, especially those of the south side, abound 
 in game and fish in great variety — deer, rulfed grouse, (juail, rabbits, foxes, ilucks, 
 geese, brook trout, and all varieties of sea hsh common to the waters of its lati- 
 tude—the Great South Bay, I'econic Bay. and Shinuecock Bav being the favorite 
 localities for wild fowl shooting and sea fishing. Deer can be shot only from the ist 
 to the isdr of November in each year, and in the centre of the island are tolerably 
 abuniK'ut. There are a good many quail and grouse, but many of these are on 
 private grounds and not available to the public. 
 
 The whole number of improved trout ponds on Long Island is eighty-two. 
 They occur on both sides of the Island, I'rom Brooklyn to Riverhead. Most of 
 these are private, but there are several in which hshiug privileges are sold to 
 transient anglers at so much per day, or $1.50 per pound caujjht. The principal 
 ponds are at Maspeth, Little Neck, .Smithtown, Northport, Huntington, Q,' -t^re- 
 port, Cold Spring, Wading River, ^"lUithtown River, and Roslyn, on the h 
 
 side, and at Riverhead, Seatuck, Bedeport, h'ireplace, Islip, Patchogue, Cai.^ j, 
 Seaford, Amityville, Babylon, South Oyster Bs^/, Freeport and Hemjjstead, on 
 the South side. 
 
 There are some waters open to the public, but they yield meagre returns. 
 
 Kings and yueens County, comprising Brooklyn and many large towns, 
 occupy the extn-me western end of Long Island. Suffolk County occupies the 
 remaining four-lilths, and consequently most of the places which we shall enu- 
 merate arc touiul within its limits. 
 
 Canarsii-, the termii.us of the East New York Railway. The fishing is for 
 striped bass, weakrish, kingfish, flo\uulers and sheepshead. Marsh hens, bay 
 snipe, yellow legs, etc., furnish good s|)ort. There are over si.xty boats and forty 
 yachts coiis'.antiy on hire. Rocknwav Beach is eight miles from Canarsie, and 
 can be reached by a steamboat three tunes a day- -o a. m. and i and 4 p. m. We 
 
 6 
 
122 CAME JXD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 know of no better place for temnorary sojourn than Canarsie. The Ray View 
 House there has a piazza that incloses it entirely on three stories. 
 
 JLivingaton County — 
 
 Conesus Lake. Bass, pickerel, perch and other varieties of fish here furnish 
 good sport. Reached via the New York Central Railroad. 
 
 !Sew J'orJfc County — 
 
 The Fishing ahnut New York City. For striped bass, the favorite localities 
 are : in the East River, Hog's Back, Flood Rock, Big and Little Mill Rocks, 
 Holmes' Rock, Nigger Point, the Rope Walk and Ward's Island, Woolsey's 
 Point, Lawrence's Eddy, and along the Long Island shore ; the kills which con- 
 nect the East and Harlem Rivers ; in the Harlem River, at the floats foot of 3d 
 Avenue, McComb's Dam and King's Bridge. For fishing at these points boats 
 may be obtained at Colonel Brown's, foot of Thirty-second Street and Avenue 
 A., E. R., Jeroloman's, foot of East Eighty-fourth Street, E. R.,at Harlem Bridge 
 and McComb's Dam. Westchester Creek generally has good spring fishin;j. In 
 the Hudson River, the fish are usually fisst taken at Newburgh, Poughkcepsieand 
 other localities where they begin to feed, after leaving their winter quarters at the 
 head of the river. A little later in tlie season, they are taken in great numbers 
 off One Hundred and Twentieth Street. The English Neighborhood, above 
 Hackensack, on the river of the ■ ame name, is much resorted to by anglers in the 
 proper season. Down the Bay. a. noted place is the Kill Von Kull, which sepa- 
 rates Staten Island and the New Jersey shore, all along the Jersey Flats, good 
 fishing is to be had at the light-house, on the south end of Newark Bay, Bergen 
 Point, Robins Reef, and oft the mouth of Caven Channel, below Communipaw. 
 Fort Wadsworth on Staten Island, the Narrows and Princess Bay are also visited. 
 Captain Al. Foster's steamboat makes regular trips to the Fishing Banks. 
 
 For wcakfish, the most noted fishing grounds are about Fort Richmond and 
 the Narrows. Rockaway and Canarsie Bay afford good sheepshead fishing in 
 summer. Kingfish are also taken off Rockaway, as well as bluefish, bonita and 
 Spanish mackerel. 
 
 Mndiaon County — 
 
 Oneida Lake. Pickerel and bass fishing good. Go to Canastota on the New 
 York Central Railroad, thence drive to Bridgeport or to the lake direct, or go to 
 Chittenango Station, thence three miles to Lakeport. 
 
 South Lake. Woodcock and grouse. Reached via Utica and Black River 
 Railroad to Prospect, thence by highway. 
 
 Monroe County- 
 Rochester. Twenty-five miles from Rochester is Hemlock Lake, a fine fishing 
 ground for trout. This lake is reached by the Rochester Branch of the Erie 
 Railroad, fiom Livonia Station. Youman'.s stage line connects with the station. 
 It is six miles to the lake. 
 
 At the foot of the lake is the Jacques House. On the western side is the 
 Lake Shore House. On the eastern side is located the Lima House, and Half- 
 way House, the regular stopping place lor the steamer Seth Green, that plies its 
 way regularly each day to the head of the lake. 
 
 On Irondequoit Bay and at other localities, are widgeons and redheads, mal- 
 lards and black ducks, with good jack snipe, quail, grouse and woodcock shoot- 
 ing. The Brackett Marshes are favorite snipe grounds. Black and grey squirrels 
 are found in the vicinity. 
 
 Greece. Ducks, brant, woodcock. Reached by drive from Rochester. 
 Mendon Ponds. Pickerel, black bass, perch and strawberry bass are abundant. 
 Take the New York Central Railroad. 
 
 ^Niagara County — 
 
 Niagara Falls. The Niagara River, both above and below the Falls, is a 
 favorite resort of the anglers in the vicinity, who take large numbers of black bass 
 by loading their line with a bullet, and slinging it out into the channel of the river. 
 Then hauling in, the current gives the line an oblique direction, and the angler 
 frequently brings a fine bass to hand. 
 
 Bass have been caught off the Three Sister Islands in the middle of the rapids, 
 and almost at 'he foot of the Falls they are plenty. There is also fine perch fish- 
 ing; in the spring and fall, and seven miles below, at Lewiston, and still further 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 23 
 
 down on the Canada side at Niagara villaRC, are bass, perch, and in the season 
 plenty of herring, with now and tnen a pike or iniiscalonge. 
 
 At the " (31d French Landing," williin ten minutes walk above the Falls, is 
 a favorite spot for biaclt bass and pilte. Burnt Ship Bay, above, in the spring 
 teems with percli, and all around the bars of Navy Island, black bass are abun- 
 dant. The piles, standing in the water at the site of the old store-house, above 
 Ciill Creek, are good tisliing grounds for rock bass. Still further up the river at 
 La Salle, bass, perch and suntish are caught in great abundance. On the Canada 
 side, near Chippewa, excellent perch tishing is to be had. The shooting is for 
 quail, snipe, woodcock and black and grey squirrels. The latter are very abun- 
 dant along the line of the Luke Ontario Shore Railroad, west of Kendall station. 
 
 Onrifln County— 
 
 The Mohawk and Sauquoit Rivers, and West Canada'Creek, Black River, and 
 the streams about Boonville and Trenton, contain trout, and were stocked '.n 
 1876, by the Central New Yoik Sportsman's Club of Utica. Reached by New 
 York Central, and Utica and Black River Railroads. 
 
 J'YsA Creeks whicli empties into Oneida Lake, twenty-eight miles north of 
 Rome, is an excellent Irouting stream. Take the Rome, Watertown and Ogdens- 
 burg Railroad. 
 
 Oiiotidnga Count y— 
 
 Lk'crpool. Ducks and goese in the Seneca River near Onondaga Lake. Reached 
 via the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad. 
 
 Brcivertott . lilack and rock bass in the Oneida River. Reached as above. 
 
 Skaneateles. Fine salmon trouting in the lake. Reached via the New York 
 Central Railroad. 
 
 Syracuse. In Onondaga Lake are found ducks, and there is good snipe and 
 plover shooting in the vicinity. 
 
 Baldwinsville. Ducks, wild pigeons, rabbits and other game. The common 
 varieties of fish. Reached via the Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad. 
 
 Ontario County — 
 
 Honcoye Lake affords good perch and bass fishing. Reached via the Central 
 Railroad to Honeoye Falls. Hotel, etc. 
 
 Canandaigua on Canandaigua Lake. Whitefish and trout afford fair sport. 
 Reached via the New York Central, or the Northern Central Railroad, Hotel 
 $1.50 to $3; teams $4 to $8. 
 
 Oranf/e County— 
 
 Florida. In Mirror Lake, a mile from Florida, are many varieties of fish, pick- 
 erel l)i;ini: ibundaTit. and of large size. The lands and extensive w<jod three miles 
 from here aflord excellent hunting for partridge, woodcock, snipe, squirrels and 
 other varieties of game. Tlie Dill House at I'lorida, a famons hotel, and the 
 Glenmere House at the lake, are first class houses. In addition to these are sev- 
 eral jirivate boardnig houses. Reached via the Erie Railroad. 
 
 Greenwood Lake. Bass fishing, rufl'ed grouse, quail and woodcock. Take 
 Montclair and Greenwood Lake Railroad, a ride of forty-two miles from New 
 York. Hotel accommodations, boats, guides, etc., at the Brandon House. 
 
 Monroe. Within a radius of three miles are four lakes : Round, Long, Mom- 
 basha and Ilazzard's or Cromwell's, all of them well stocked with fine varieties 
 of fish and affording excellent sport. Good woodcock shooting is found in the 
 vicinity. Readied via the Erie Railroad, fifty miles from New York. There 
 are several hotels and boarding houses, and accommoditions may also be ob- 
 tained am<nig the farm houses. 
 
 IVarwuk. On the drowned lands of the Wallkill, covering a vast extent of 
 territory, the most noted resort lor woodcock in tliis section of the country, they 
 are generally found in large numbers and the bags correspondingly large. There 
 is an excellent tavern at Pine Island, kept by the Carling Bros. Many sports- 
 men resort there. Reached via the Erie Railroa<l. 
 
 Montgomery is in the vicinity of good liunting and fishing. Reached via the 
 Erie Railroad. 
 
 Turner's. Black bass, (juail, groi'..se, and other game. Reached via the Erie 
 Railroad, forty-seven miles from jersey City. 
 
 IVest Point. The only fishing near West Point for trout is in two or three 
 streams that rise in the Fishkill Mountains. A short drive from Cold Spring, 
 
124 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 about five or six miles will take one to the head of them. There is a stream near 
 Fort Montfjomcry, below West Point, that lias trout in it. 
 
 Newburf^h. On the Shawangunk Mountains, twenty-four miles back of the 
 city, are partridges, woodcock, quail and rabbits. 
 
 Orange Lake House, on south side of Orange Lake, six miles west of New- 
 burgh, has facilities for boating and fishing on Orange Lake, one of the most 
 picturesque sheets of inland water in the country, and skirteil by line groves and 
 picnicking grounds. 
 
 Central ValL-y is forty-eight miles from New York City, and ten miles dis- 
 tant from West Point among the Hif^hlands. About two miles east of the station 
 is Summit Lake, affording good tislinig and boating. Summit Lake House $6 to 
 {^15 per week, also private accommodations $7 to :f 10 per week. Route as above. 
 
 Guymard l.akt\c\^\\iY miles from New York City, is a clear mountain lake, 
 about one and one-half miles in circumference, well stocked with fish, (.iuymard 
 Spring House, board $10 to $iz per week, boats, etc. Game in the adjacent woods 
 and tields. Route as above. 
 
 Fort Jcrvis is eighty-eight miles from New York City. The junction of the 
 Delaware and Neversink Rivers is near this place. * 
 
 Port Jervis is the centre of a section noted for its fishing and hunting, the cele- 
 brated t.rout streams of Pennsylvania, and of Sullivan and u|)per Orange Coun- 
 ties, being in the immediate vicinity and easy of access. \ sojourn at Port 
 Jervis is always attended with both pleasure and profit to tiie tourist, whether 
 sportsman or not. In Pike County, just across the Delaware River, are the 
 grounds of the Blooming (irove Park Association, wliere game of every kind 
 abounds. Thousands of the finny tribe are caught, too, in the adjacent waters 
 every year. Route as above. 
 
 Middlctown. Good fishing can be found in the Wallkill. forty minutes walk 
 from town, and duck hunting along this stream and others in the vicinity. Rab- 
 bits and small game abound \\\ the woods near at hand, and an hour's ricfe by rail 
 will take one to the trout streams and hunting grounds of Sullivan County. 
 There are a number of fine hotels, ($10 to $15 per week) and several private board- 
 ing houses $6 to 10 per week. Reached via tne Erie Railroad. 
 
 Otisville. There are many streams and lakes in tlie neighborhood, abound- 
 ing in various kinds of fish. Route as above. Several good hotels and private 
 boarding houses. 
 
 Lake Sterling. Take Erie Railroad to Sterling Junction, or in case the train does 
 not stop there, go to Sloatsburg, walk back to the junction, and take cars per 
 Sterling Mountain Railroad to Sterling Mines, the terminus of the road. The 
 train makes but two trips daily. Inquire at the junction, for the superintendent, 
 John C. Missimar, from whom it is necessary to obtain an order for the boat. 
 The lake is but five hundred yards distant from the mines. There are two boats, 
 one large yawl, capable of carrying fifteen persons, and one small boat, which 
 will safely carry six " light weights." The hsh most sought for are pickerel and 
 perch, and the former are taken weighing from one-half to seven pounds each. 
 There are two ways adopted for catching them, one by trolling and the other by 
 " still " fishing, with live minnows for bait. Occasionally a orook, also a lake 
 trout (salmon) is caught. 
 
 Goshen is within two hours' ride of the trout brooks of Sullivan County, and 
 the game covers of Cedar Swamp, the Warwick Woodlands, and the Great Wild 
 Meadows, all abounding in woodcock, plover, (piail, and other game. The route 
 is via the Erie Railroad. There are several hotels and boarding houses, with 
 prices ranging from $12 to $6 per week. 
 
 Ontvef/o Count!/ — 
 
 Minetto. Hlack bass, pike, pickerel, trout, ruffed grouse, guail, snipe, wood- 
 cock, ducks. Reached via tlie Delaware, Lackawanna and \Vestern Railroad to 
 Oswego, thence stage or wagon five miles. Hotel $2 ; boats, etc., to be hired. 
 Rolling country. 
 
 Sandy Creek. Trucks, red-heads, brants, blue-bills, and other varieties of wild 
 fowl afford tine sport. 
 
 Tlie Osn'ixn River. Good bass fishing. Take rail to Oswego. 
 
 Redjield. Excellent trouting may be had on the Salmon River. The favorite 
 spots are Seymour's and Covey's Hridge, the Meadows, North Branch, the Brick 
 Yard, Petrie's and Stony Brook. 
 
 Ot.'>f{/o (Umiitf/ — 
 
 Some woodcock may be shot in tlie vicinity of Richfield Springs. Canadarago 
 
GAME AND I-ISII JUi SORTS. 12$ 
 
 Lake has been stocked with trout and whitetish, and affords besides a variety of 
 fishing. There are good tiotels here, $3.50 per day, $15 to $25 per week. Take 
 the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. 
 
 'Pxitnam County— 
 
 Lake Mahopac. The fishing is excellent, and with other attractions, makes 
 this a favorite summer resort. Reached via llaiiem River Railroad, by a branch 
 line from Golden's Hridge. There are several large hotels $18 to $25 per week, 
 and bearding houses ;^io to $15 per week. A large tlotilla of boats and yachts. 
 The surrounding country is rugged. 
 
 Carmel. The Patterson swam]) is a famous ground for sportsmen. The game 
 includes woodcock, and other varieties. 
 
 Lak'f Oscawanii, among the Highlands, is a good place for summer camning, 
 July and August are the best months for general fishing. Take the Harlem Rail- 
 road to Golden's Bridge, thence branch road. 
 
 Mensselaer County — 
 
 Troy. The fishing at Troy is confined chiefly to perch and bass. There are 
 many trout streams in the vicniity, but there are about two fishermen to every fish. 
 
 Troy sportsmen go to Westerboro, back of the Helderburgh Mountains. 
 Woodcock arc here found in large numbers, it being quite a favorite breeding 
 I)lace for them and the hunt there invariably results in large bags. 
 
 Queens County — 
 
 See Kings Count)'. 
 
 South Oyster Bay is a j)leasant place for a day's fishing. There are good 
 hotels here. The route is via the South Side Railroad. 
 
 Frcfport. (iood nerch fishing between this point, and Baldwinsville. Reached 
 via the South Side Railroad. 
 
 Hempstead, yuail shooting is good in the vicinity. Hewlett's Hotel is a 
 comfortable house where the sportsman will receive every attention. Reached 
 by rail. 
 
 Far Rockaivay. Good blue-fishing. Go to Bath, Canarsie, Penney Bridge, 
 Brooklyn or Jersey C-ity to hire yachts. 
 
 Rockaivay Beach is a famous pleasure resort for New York and Brooklyn peo- 
 ple. A long, narrow, sandy lununsula encloses a broad inlet with several marshy 
 islands. Great numbers of ^vild towl congregate in the vicinity and there is 
 always good tishing fiir shcepshead, blucfish, bonita, and other varieties in their 
 season. Reached via the South Side Railroad. There are good hotels, and every 
 facility for sjiort. It is an easy, cheap, and delightful trip frojn the l'"ulton, Soutii, 
 and VS'illiamsburgh Ferries by horse cars to East New York, steam cars to ("an 
 arsie, and steamboat to Rockaway Beach — fare fifty-five cents. The favorite 
 skippers know the intricacies of the great Jamaica Bay thoroughly, this including 
 Canarsie Bay. 
 
 Seaman s Pond in Ridgewood, thirty miles from Brooklyn via the South Side 
 Railroad, affords excellent fishing. The terms are moderate. 
 
 FarmiHgdalc is a good point to start from lor scrub quail shooting. Take the 
 Long Island, or Flushing Railroad. 
 
 Itichnionfl County — 
 
 This county is formed by Staten Island, which is reached by ferry from New 
 York. The fishing is princijially for weakfish, the favorite points for this sport 
 being Rossville and Prince's Bay. The latter place is reached by cars to Rich- 
 mond Valley station, thence stage. Go to Steele's for boats, tackle, bait, etc. 
 
 Neiu Dorp. About here will be found good shooting for woodcock, quail, 
 snipe, yellow legs and other varieties of birds, with rabbits abundant in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 Moclilnnd County — 
 
 S/oatsiuri^. Bass anil pickerel in Truxedo Lake, Potague Lake and Cedar 
 Pond, all wiUiin three miles, woodcock, snipe, etc., in the vicinity. Reached via 
 the Erie Railroad. There is a hotel besides summer boarding houses. 
 
 Piermofit and Suffern^ reached via the Erie Railroad furnish good woodcock 
 shooting. 
 
 Ramapo, on the Erie Railroad, contains one summer boarding house, " Ter~ 
 race Hall," a few hundred yards from the depot, pleasantly located on the banks 
 of the Ramapo River, and capable of accommodating forty boarders. 
 
126 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 At this point a wide and beautiful expanse of water, formed by damming the 
 Kaiiiapo River, alTor<ls tlie visitor a rare opiiortuiiity for boating and fistiin}^. 
 
 Sloatsburg, on tlie Eric Raiboad, Truxctio Lake, three miles, Potague Lake, 
 one mile, and Cedar Pond, two and a half miles diftant, all abound with bass and 
 pickerel. Good fianie grounds in the vicinity. 
 
 Cedar Pond. There is excellent woodcock shooting in the vicJnity. 
 
 Sa fa toffii Cou ii ty— 
 
 J)i-an's Corners. Rears, ruffed grouse, pigeons, squirrels, rabbits, trout in the 
 Beaverkill and other streams. Hoard $2 at hotel, $1 to $2 in private house ; 
 guides $2. The country is hilly and mountainous. 
 
 Sclieiwctftfiy County— 
 
 The Mohawk River affords fine bass fishing, at several points. 
 
 Sclniyli-r County — 
 
 ll'atkins. Ruffed grouse, wild ducks, rabbits, squirrels ; black bass, pickerel 
 in Lake Seneca, and trout in the streains. Reached via the Northern Central 
 Railroad. Hotels $3 to $3.50 ; boats 25 cents per hour. 
 
 St, J^airrcncp County — 
 
 Offdensl'iir^. In Black Lake, six miles up the Oswegatchie, is pickerel, pike 
 and bass fishing. Take boat and camping equipments from the city. In the 
 Oswegatchie below the dam, bass and perch are caught. Mascalonge in the St. 
 Lawrence below the city. Duck shooting is good in season, with partridges, 
 woodcock and other varieties of game. Ogdensburg is reached via the Central 
 Vermont, or the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Railroad. Opposite 
 Ogdensburg is Prescott. the terminus of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Railroad, 
 and an important jioint on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Two ferries, running three 
 bfiats and making half-hourly trips, connect I'rescott and Ogdensburg. Alexan- 
 dria Ray and the Thousand Islands, tlie famous fishing and camping grounds, are 
 about thirty miles up the river, the islands extending from Rrockville to Cape 
 Vincent, sixty miles. Tliis great jilcasurc resort is reached from Ogdensburg, by 
 various lines of steamers. i)iiringthe season, boats leave at 8 and 9.30 a. .m., and 
 I and 6 i'. m., making the run in two hours. 
 
 Steuben County— 
 
 IJornellsville. Ruffed grouse, (piail. rabbits, black and grey squirrels, of the 
 latter very good shooting. Hornellsville is on the Erie road, ninety-one miles 
 from Ruffalo. 
 
 Lake Salubria. Salmon trout, pickerel, perch, strawberry, Otsego, and black 
 bass. 
 
 Crooked L.ike. Ihis lake is about twenty-two miles long, and abounds in sal- 
 mon trout, lickeri'l, black and strawberry bass, perch, whitefisli, etc. The (irove 
 Spring IIou'x, Stepl>":i Moore, proprietor, is on the east shore of the lake, six 
 miles from Hammondsport. Route : ICrie Railway to Elmira, or Penn Van. 
 Goodhue and Cranberry Lakes afford fine bas.^. i)erch, and pickeiel fishing. 
 
 Suffolk County- 
 See Kings County. 
 
 Babylon. A comfortable village with several hotels, the Amcrlcnn, Lagrange, 
 Sampwanis and other houses. The fishing here is I'amous. Great .^outh l!av. to 
 which stages run, is one half mile south. A steamboat crosses several times daily, 
 to Fire Island. The peninsula of which Fire Island is the western extremity, 
 extends forty miles to the northeast, and shelters Great Soutli I'ay, Moriches 
 Ray, and Stiinnecock Ray, The fishing ground o(T l'"ire Island is about thirty to 
 thirty-four miles offshore, and about four to six miles long, having from twelve 
 to sixteen fathoms on the bank ; the bottom is hard gravel, with small stones. 
 There are plenty of cod, and a few halibut. The ground is known to many of the 
 Noank fishermen. It is the path of the European packets, and land is just in sight 
 from the ground. The course is south by west from Fire Island, and it is found 
 by the lead. 
 
 Anglers also have fine sport taking bluefish with a rod in the vicinity of Fire 
 Island, both inside and outside of the Bay. They are of large size, running from 
 Icn to tliirteen pounds. An ordinary two-jointed bamboo bass-rod, is used with 
 
GAME AND FIS'I RESORTS. 12/ 
 
 float and sinker, and shedder crabs for bait. A wire snell is requisite, to prevent 
 the fish from sniippinjij off the line. 
 
 ('(!/{• /j/(j«rt^, opposite Hahyloii, is ft favorite resort tor pinners ; Rube Ander- 
 son is a Rood guide and boatman. 15at)ylon is lliirty-six miles from New Vork, 
 on the South Side Railroad. 
 
 fielIs/>ort, a pleasant village on Bellsporl Bay, is a good point for bay bird 
 shooting. (Juail alford good sport in the vicmity. Fish abound in the b.iy. 
 There are good boarding houses, I7 to $10 per week. Readied by Long Islaiid 
 Railroad to Bellsport station, tiience stage three miles. 
 
 East Moriches, jjuail and partridge shooting in the vicinity, affords excellent 
 sport. The shooting and fishing on Moriches Hay is pood. The East Moriches 
 Hotel is a comfortable house. Dogs, boats, traps, ami decoys are furnished l)y 
 H. L. Rogers. Reached via Long Island Railroad. 
 
 Centre Moriches is a much frequented resort for anglers and gunners. Great 
 numbers of fish and wild fowl are annually sent from liere to Niew Vork. The 
 Ocean, Moriches, Long Island, Baldwin, and other houses afford good accommo- 
 dations. Yachts regularly sail across the bay to the outer beach, where the 
 Havens House is much visited for its surf bathing. 
 
 Fisher's Jsianii, four miles from New London, is good headquarters for fishing, 
 and snipe and duck shooting. There is a hotel there with boats and other con- 
 Nuniences for sjiort. The route is via the Shore Line Railroad, and steamboat 
 from New London or Stonington. 
 
 Hood Ground is one of the best points on the Island for shooting ducks, geese, 
 brant, yellow legs, dosvitchers, ring-tailed marlitis, quail, rabbits, toxes, and other 
 game. Good hotel accommodati(jns at the Hay View House, guiiles, boats, 
 (lecoys and everything necessary furnished. ^ViUiam Lane or C)rville M'ilcox 
 will give the sportsman the best of treatment and may be addressed for infor- 
 mation. 
 
 Great Shinnecock Bay. Ducks are plenty in season, such as black ducks, 
 broadbills, grey ducks, pintails, coots, etc. Most ail varieties of birds are to be 
 found here on the 20th Octol)er cxcejit geese and brant ; their time to make their 
 appearance is from the ist to the lolli of November, when they are (piiie abun- 
 dant. Experienced gunners at this place, men tiiat have followed shooting for 
 
 thirty years. They are prepared with live stools for geese and brant, also bat- 
 
 ' 2S for shore andpc' 
 grouse shooting. The Bay and Ocean View House is situatett within two iiun- 
 
 teries for shore and point sliooting. There is also good quail, and rabbit, and 
 
 dred feet ot the Great Shinnecock Bay and overlooks it. All birds passing over 
 the bay can be seen from the veranda of the hotel, 'i'liis is large and afR)rds the 
 best of accommodations for sporting men. .\miiuinition fuiiushed at the house 
 for all those that wish to save tlie labor of bringing it with them. Gentlemen vis- 
 iting the Bay View House will buy tickets at James Slip or Thirty-tourtii street 
 ferry. New York, for Gooil Ground Station, Sag Harbor Branch Long Island 
 Railroad, where a stage will convey them to the house. 
 
 A ilanticvilh\ situated at tlie head of Shinnecock Bay, is headquarters for goose, 
 duck and bay bird shooting. The gunners. Washington Howell and John antl 
 'J'uttle Carter, have a capital rig, and will be found able and obliging by all 
 sportsmen. 
 
 Great South Bay. Noted for its fish of all descriptions, and also for its geese, 
 (lucks, and snipe. Take South Side road to Babylon or Islip. I'on (Juogue and 
 Good Ground are much frequented resorts, re.iched by same railroad. Good 
 board and all necessary outfit of boats, stools, etc., at William Lane's, and Orville 
 \\'ilcox's. Board alone $1.50 per day or iJS per week. Gunning outfit, including 
 bayman, boat, board, etc., $10 per day. There is good cpiail siiooting, also a fevv 
 nilled grouse and deer in the barrens anywhere within ten miles east or west of 
 Isli|). Deer can be shot only during the first fifteen days of November. 
 
 lsli/>. Near by are the trouting ponds and club-house of the Sportsmen's 
 ("lub. The village is frequented in summer for its fishing and shooting. Good 
 hotel accommodations will be found here. 
 
 iVorth IsliJ) is a good starting point for scrub shooting for <iiiail. 
 
 Merrick Bay^ near Smithville, is an excellent place for shooting the great 
 head duck, geese, and brant, Jim Baldwin is an excellent guide. Charges for 
 boat, stools, and all told, $4 ])er day. A tavern called the Sportsman House, kept 
 by B. K. Sammis, at Smitliville, is a clean, small house ; the landlord has every 
 appliance for quail, snipe and duck shooting, such as boats, stools, etc. In this 
 section the quail shooting is fairly middling, with good cover, easy walking and 
 the brush not above the middle ot the body. 
 
 Montaitk Point. Excellent bay bird shooting and weak fishing. Ducks, geese 
 
128 GAME AMD FfSlI RESORTS. 
 
 and trcjiit nrcnbtindnnt. Rciuhcd via f.^npr Islaml Railroad to Sa(j Harbor, thcnrc 
 8tup;e. Tliurc is si ^nod hotel, and lioardiiiK-liousu. A tavoritc place tor suiiiiucr 
 tcntinp^ on the ix'acii. 
 
 Novae. Noyai: and its hcaiitit'ul bay lie about tour miles to the northwest of 
 the oI<l town ol Saji Harbor. I'Or wild duck shootin;;, no |ihue on the inland 
 alfonls In'ttur sport or nion- ^'anu;. Mr. I'it rson has a cosy boartliiiK place tor 
 stnnnicr visitors and sportsmen, and a letter to iiiin, tcUinij; hiiii what <lay yon 
 exi)ec:l to arrive, will lind liini with his wauon ready at eitiier the steamboat 
 whart at seven in the morning, or at the railroad depot at two or ei^ht in the 
 evening, ucconlniti to the way you propose to reach the Harbor: the boat — VV. 
 W. (Aiit— leavinj; loot ol Wall Street Mondays and Thursdays at live in the even- 
 ing lor Sa}? Harbor (tare, ;^i. 50), and the cars from Hunter's Point at half past 
 seven in the morniny;, and at half past three in the atternoon dare, $2.75.) The 
 tharpe for board at Mr. Pierson's is a dollar a day, or seven dollars a week, 
 with use of a boat. The motiiis of>i'randi for N'oyac May shoolinjr is either to go 
 on the lonfi beach on Jessup's Neck, take your station at daylif^ht, and av\ait 
 your chances for shots at the tlij^lus of ducks wh^ch rcj^'ularly cross the neck from 
 Noyac Hay to the Little I'econic Hay, or by takinf^ a sail boat out in the bay, or 
 a small boat, j;et in amonff thousamls of ducks to be seen eaply in the day lloatinjj 
 on the surface of the bay. After a morninjj's work at the ducks, you can take 
 yournun and dojif and go into the thick woods ol the back country and get par- 
 tridges and rabbits. 
 
 There is f^ood trout fishing in Mr. Barker's preserve. Mr. Sampson's farm 
 adjoins the pond on the southeasterly side, and he has a spare room for a couple 
 of boarders during tlie summer monllis. There is good perch lishing in the mill- 
 pond, and occasionally one may get hold of a trout, but they are scarce. Permis- 
 sion from Mr. M irker is recjuired, to tish in the pond, which he readily gives. 
 Noyac is a cultivated strip ot land running along the southerly shore of Little 
 Peconic Hay from Sag Harbor to North Sea. Once upon a time the waters of the 
 shores of Noyac were lull of game fish, but what with seines, nets and 
 " pounds " they have all been driven away, and though the locality used to 
 abound in biuss, not a Hsh is now to be caught there. Off Jessup's Neck— a strip 
 of land covereil with cedar brush and full of nests of mos(iuitoes— there is excel- 
 lent bluetishing to bo had in season, and in the bay scollops abound, as also 
 excellent hard and sott clams. There are a tew jiorgies to be had in the bay and 
 kingtish occasionally. Hack of the cultivated stri(i there are the woods, which 
 extend back some four miles toward Hridgehamuton, and in the watered [lortion 
 woodcock shooting is good in season. In the fall excellent wild lowl shooting is 
 to be had in the bay, anil for purposes of a family sojourn in summer to parties lik- 
 ing a very retired and out-of-the-way country place, Noyac presents an attrac- 
 tive locality. 
 
 Pntcliogitc is a good objective noint for sportsmen on the Great South Hay. 
 Ducks, (juails and partridges are snot in the vicinity, and in the ponds are perch 
 and trout. Tiiere are several boarding houses $8 to $12 per week. Take the 
 South Side Railroad. 
 
 Peconic. Cireat Peconic Hay, well known for its fishing and shooting, is ou 
 the Long Island Railroail, eighty-eight miles from New York. Good hotels with 
 boats, guides, etc. 
 
 Pon Quonie. Good shooting for ducks, geese, snipe, etc. The route is via 
 the Long Island Railroad to Good Grounds, where a wagon may be procured to 
 convey the sportsman to the shooting grounds. Go to William Lane's at Good 
 Ground, who will furnish all necessary outfit. t 
 
 Rivcrlicad (several hotels), Smiihville and West Hampton, all on the Long 
 Island Railroad, are good points for ducks, quail, and woodcock shooting. 
 
 Konki'iikoiiia Lake, near Lakeland and Islip, has good perch lishing. Heats 
 are to be obtained. Take the Long Island Railroad. 
 
 Sai^ Harbor is one of the cheapest (ilaces in the vicinity of New York, for 
 boating, hshing, gunning, etc. Reached by the South Siile Railroad, or steamer 
 \V. W. (>oit, from foot of Wall Street, New York, fare $1.50. Koard at several 
 places, $7 per week. Inquire at Tucker's Fancy store. Sag Harbor. 
 
 Shelter Island. This island is partly owned by a Company who have a fine 
 hotel, grounds laid out, and other attractions for summer visitors. During 
 December, ducks of nearly all kinds, except canvas-backs, can be shot from an^ 
 of the lowlands, by using <lecoys. yuail are also numerous in i>laces. A steam- 
 boat leaves pier 25 East River, N. Y. The island is also reached by Long 
 Island Railroad, Irimi Hunter's Point to Cireenport ; fare $3.70. Hotel accom- 
 modations are good in Greenport. A row boat will land the hunter oa Shelter 
 
GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 1 29 
 
 Islaml. in a tow iiiiniiles. Diuks swarm here to feed. Gardiner's Islnnd fishinjr 
 (;r>)un(ls, and IMuni (int are within ten hours sail. 
 
 Southolii^ iu;ir the Siinii<l. is nitich visitcci in suininiT lor Its tioafinp. tisliin^;: and 
 gunnin^^. On tlie I-unn islnnd Kuad. The Soiitiiold llottd is a nond liduse. 
 
 li^'i-st /fiiiii/>toii, scvcnt\-livi: mik'S t'roni New Vork, hv l-onji Island Kuilmad. 
 Wild Kcuse and ducks cDnuiifnce to come in ()ct(d)cr, and remain uniil atiout the 
 first hce/.e, say in iJccx-mtjcr. Ulack ducks come in Septcmlier, snii>e appi-'ar tlie 
 last of An^rust, and remain until the ist of October. Ahundance <if hluetish can 
 be caught either t)v trollin^i or thiirnini;, and all other varieties ot tish to becannht 
 in these waters. N'athan Kavnim's House, two miles ride from depot, can accom- 
 modate from one to ei^bt persons. Hoanl :fii.so. Plenty of wooden decoys and 
 tame wild jjeese for decoys. The surrounding neifihixjrhood good (or t;ame. 
 Pond for sliooting within a tew minutes walk of the house. The Sound in Novem- 
 ber is otten covered with millions ut sea birils, coots, ulewifes, etc. 
 
 Sitlllran dmnty — 
 
 Sullivan and Ulster counties have been lonp famous for their trout streams. 
 
 I'irst ainonir the streams of this rej^ion, is the far-tamed Heaverkill. Near the 
 licail of tin' Meiiverkill are several small ponds, some ol which contain trout, as 
 Malsam Lake, Thomas ])onil, and others. Some ot them also contain suntisli anil 
 bullheads. 
 
 l';asi of the lU'avcrkill and parallel with it is the Willewemoc, near its head is 
 Lake Willewemoc, famous tor the size ol its trout ; this pond, with Italsam aiul 
 Thomas ponds, belong to the \Villewemoc Club, and can only be lislied b>' permis- 
 sion, which however, can easily be (d)tained. This stream, like the Heaverkill, 
 contains small sized trout in lair numbers. ICast of these rivers is the Neversink, 
 the finest river of the whole re)fion, althonnh it is also the most persistently fished. 
 It is formed by two branches lliat iniite at Clara ville, just on the line between the 
 two counties. Kither branch is a good sized trout brook, or river rather, about 
 fifteen miles lon^, and they formerly contained an almost inexhaustible supply of 
 fish ; nt present, liowever. it rc(iuiresa h)njj; and patieirt day's work, to till even a 
 small basket. 'I'he west branch of the Neversink has two tributary' streams, l'"all 
 Hrook and IJiscuii lirook, both of these contain large numbers t)f small trout. 
 Northeast of the headwaters of the Neversink are the sources of the Konduut. 
 There is near the head ol the Rondout, a hamlet named Sundown, 
 
 The Big Indian, a tributary of the Esopus, rises a few hundred yards from the 
 Neversink, and lluvving eight miles through Jiig Indian Hollow, unites with th ; 
 main stream. 
 
 North and west of the Big Indian are several streams, the best ar>d most cele- 
 brated of which are Mill brook and Dry brook ; with many smaller streams, to all 
 of which the same tiescription will ai)jily : they arc clear, cold mountain brooks 
 that come tumbling over boulders aiui ledges, and usmilly contain a fair supply 
 of small trout. Indeed, all the trout of this region, even in the larger streams, 
 are small, from a quarter to half a |)ound is a good weight, anything above a half 
 is large. Take the New York and Oswego Midland Railroad from New York to 
 Kallsburgh, thence a drive to Dewittville, for the Neversink; and to WestfieKl 
 Flats, and thence to Heaverkill, for that stream. Or drive from Shokan, on the 
 Ulster and Delaware Railroad, eighteen miles from Rondout. The i)lace where 
 anglers will find the most hos|>itabTe welccmie is with Hailey Heers, of Dewittville, 
 known and beloved of many anglers, as the oddest and best of iiuikeepers. 
 
 IVuftshorou^h. Fine sport with Idack bass can be had in Marston Pond, near 
 this place. Take the New York and Oswego Miilland Railroad. Write to 
 George Olcott at Wurtsboro, who will pihjt and take charge of visitors. 
 
 White Lake. Pickerel, black bass and trout, with an abundance of game, are 
 found here. Reached by stage or private conveyance from Moiiticello. There 
 are seven good hotels, with several private b(jarding houses. 
 
 Narrowshurg. Deer, ruffed grouse and trout. Reached via the Erie Rail- 
 road. There is a hotel here. 
 
 Shin Creek, on the banks of the Heaverkill, eleven miles from Morsston Station, 
 on the New York and Oswego .Midland Railroad, is an excellent Iroutmg centre. 
 
 Eldred. Good deer, and rulfed grouse shooting and trout fishing. Isaac 
 M. Bradley, an old hunter, keeps a sportsman's house, and guarantees fine sport 
 in season. 
 
 Monticello. Black and grey squirrrel shooting, with many varieties of game 
 and excellent lishing. The route is via the Erie Railroad. There are many hotels . 
 and boarding houses here. The country about Monticello is high, yet there are 
 no grand mountainous elevations. It is situated on vvhac is sometimes called " a 
 
 6* 
 
I30 
 
 CAME AND hlSlI RESORTS, 
 
 rolling plateau," a reRion presenting many scenes which have been highly extolled 
 by the |)f>ct ami artist. 
 
 /'«//(/ I'.iidv. Doer w ilhin ten mill's of liere ; tiin-c miles i)ack in the mountains 
 Irom Pond Kddy, next station Iroiu Port Jervis. boars. On tlio I'lrie Road. 
 
 Blooomimilnti-^li is a ^ood point lor woodcoik and urousc, with a lew (|uail. 
 It is reached via rtliddletown, on the ()swc(>;o Midland Railroad. (let out at the 
 Tunnel, and drive halt a nnle to the village. Milo H. Scalar entertains 
 sportsmen. 
 
 SuMqiu'haiinn County— 
 
 DuHi/aff. Black bass and pickerel in Crystal Lake. Good accommodations 
 can be lound. 
 
 Tntnjiliinn Couiitff— 
 
 Ithiiiii. (irouse, quail and duck. Ithaca is reached via steamer or rail from 
 Cayuga, or via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, and the Utica, Ithaca 
 and Elmira roads. 
 
 UlHler (Jountff — 
 
 Rondout. Black bass fishing. On the Hudson River, reached by rail or 
 steamer lr<jm New V'ork. 
 
 Shokan. In the Park Swamp fo,ves and vixen are shot. 
 
 (Jne of tile best localities within a fair distance of New York for ruffed grouse 
 shooting is called tlie (^.annape. It is a large extent of wild territory situatcil 
 on the northeast corner of Ulster County. Take Hudson River Railroad tor 
 Kingston, whicli connects with the Ulster and Delaware Railrnad to .'■hokan, 
 which is seventeen miles. The distance from Stiokan to VVatsoii Holl<iw is seven 
 miles. Stop overnight at ij. Rockwell's, who will give every information and 
 send a guide or go himself. This coinitry is (luitc unknown to the sportsmen, as 
 we Hrudv believe. There has never been a breecli-loader or a setter within its 
 limits. The scenery is grand in the extreme, and the berries which tiie ruffed 
 grouse feed on, are very abundant. This territory is also noted for its deep 
 mountain gorge, at tlie head of whicli is a beautilid lake, tlie head waters of the 
 Bushkill creek. It has two outlets, one cmi)tying iiuo tlie Esopus creek, and 
 the other in a directly opposite (piarter, into tlie Sus([uelianna. 
 
 Bears, panthers and wild cats are found in the neighborhood. Hotel fa, pri. 
 vate board %^ per week ; guides .'Jj ; teams $5. 
 
 Lake Mo/tonk is located near the summit of Sky Top mountain, five and one- 
 half miles from New Paltz, fourteen and one-half miles west of Poughkeepsie, 
 cightv-eiglit miles from New York City. The lake is verv deep and abounds in 
 black blass, perch, etc. The route is via Erie Railroad and VVallkill Valley Branch. 
 There is a hotel, with boats, etc. 
 
 Sliandaken. Bears, foxes, ruffed gr(iusc, rabbits ; trout in the Esopus and 
 other streams. Reached via the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. Board $1.^0; 
 guid'.'S $2 ; teams ^■^. 
 
 Big Indian. Bears, foxes, rabbits, squirrels, woodcock, ruffed grouse. 
 Reached via Ulster and Delaware Railroad. Board $1 ; teams ;J6. 
 
 Mount Pleasant. Bears, rabbits, squirrels, ruffed grouse ; trout in the Esopus, 
 Beaverkill and other streams. Reached via the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. 
 Board $6 to $10 per week. 
 
 Kllcn-tdllc. Excellent trouting in the vicinity. Yankee Pond is stocked with 
 trout. Reached via the New York and Oswego Midland Railway. Board can 
 be found in private houses, $8 per week. 
 
 Warren County — 
 
 dens Falls, (iood grotind for wild ducks and geese in the spring. Go via the 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal Company Railroad to Eort Edward, thence via 
 Glens Falls Branch. 
 
 Lake George has always been famous for its fishing. Lake trout, speckled 
 trout, black bass, rock bass. Reached by rail, steambofvt and stage, from all 
 directions. Hotels, guides, boats, and every convenience at hand. 
 
 Lakf P/taroy a few miles west of Lake George, abounds in speckled trout. 
 
 Wayne County — 
 
 Savannah. Two and one-half miles distant is the Seneca River. In tlie 
 meadows along its banks, arc snipe, on the river are black ducks, coots. 
 Savannah is on the New York Central and Hudson River Road. 
 
GAME AND FJS/J RESOJiTS. 13I 
 
 Soiiun Hay. I'ikc, pic kcrcl iiiul buss arc ciiukIU lierc. Take the Komc, Water- 
 town and OKtlensbur^ Kiiiiroiid. 
 
 \'ai»'it Count If — 
 
 /'<•«« )'an. The birds are the ruffed p;rouse, woodcock, quail, and wild ducks, 
 and of liir-i)carinK nnimuls, the mink, inuskrnt, red tVjx, grey squirrel, ami j;rcy 
 rubbii are t-nind. Hotel accommodations ot an excellent character can be I'ound 
 at I'enn Van. The sporlinjj club ol the county is called the l*'orrester Club of 
 V'ates ("our* '. I'enn Yan is on the Northern Central Railway. In Keuka Lake 
 arc salmon vrout, whitetish, black bass, perch, pickerel, suckers, rock bass, sun- 
 fish and bullheads. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Area 50,704 square miles; population 1,071,361. The State 
 may be dividec! into the coast region, the middle country nnd the 
 mountain district. The coast line is much broken by sounds, num- 
 erous islands and broad bays and laj^oons. The coast belt, extend- 
 ing across from the northern and southern boundaries, and inland 
 eighty or one hundred miles, is a level expanse, partly sandy and 
 covered with pine barrens, and jiartly marshy and swampy lands. 
 The Great Dismal .Swamj), extending into the State from Virginia 
 on the North, and the Little Disn)al lying between the sounds, are 
 the most prominent of the numerous swamps, which, throughout 
 the State, cover three million acres. Back of the coast region, the 
 middle hill country gradually rises toward the west, until ii merges 
 into the mountains of the Alleghany Range. Througliout the State 
 from the marsh to the mountain, the sportsman will fuid game of 
 all the varieties common to the Southern States. Railroad and 
 steamboat travel are supplemented by the saddle horse, a mode of 
 travel much more in vogue among the people of the South than in 
 any other part of the country. Hotels are not alw ays to be found, 
 but where these are lacking the visitor will find such entertainment 
 as the country affords, proffered with characteristic hospitality. 
 
 JtertUi Count}/ — 
 
 The Chowan and Roanoke Rivers, with Albemarle Sound, arc excellent shoot- 
 ing grounds for geese, swan, brant and ducks. The shooting grounds are acces- 
 sible by boat or yacht from Colesdam, Ashland or Merry Hill. 
 
 liruttsivick County — 
 
 Smithville. See Wilmington. 
 
 JiuiH'oiuhe and the A<1jnin.in(i Counties — 
 
 Tiint portion of the Stale lying west and north of the Blue Ridge, and soutl^ of 
 the AUeghanies, is known as western North Carolina. It is about one hundred 
 and seventy-five miles in length, with an average breadth ol seventy-live miles. 
 It embraces sixteen counties, about seven thousand scjuare miles. 
 
 Tlie valleys have an average elevation of two thousand feet, and are generally 
 well studded with farms and hamlets, but the mountains are, and for centurieii to 
 come will remain, wildernesses. In them game is abundant, but in the settle- 
 ments it is growing scarce, owing to the indiflerence of the people and law- 
 uiakers, ou the subject of game laws. 
 
4^. 
 
 S^ 
 
 ^\> 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 U/ 
 
 Y 
 
 ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 1^ li^ 
 
 12.2 
 
 Mi lift 
 
 2.0 
 
 1 U^ 
 
 11= 
 
 U III 1.6 
 
 7 
 
 /A 
 
 ^m 
 
 ^^ 
 
132 GAME AiYD FISH RESORTS. 
 
 The valleys have each their principal stream takiiip its rise in the northern 
 slope of tlic UUie Ridge, and llowing in a northerly course through the Alle- 
 ghanies into the Tennessee Valley. All of these streams are pretty well supplied 
 with fish. In some they are very abundant, the pike and black bass of the south, 
 both very gamy, being the most desirable. But it is the headwaters and tribu- 
 taries of these rivers, where the joy of the angler's heart— the speckled trout— is 
 to be fountl in untold numbers. They are not large, seldom exceeding eighteen 
 inches in length, and averaging not more than nine ; but their great number com- 
 pensates for their size. 
 
 Asheville is well situated for a starting point, being, geographically, in the 
 centre of the region. From New York, or any of the New England or Eastern 
 States, the best route is via Richmond, Danville, Salisbury to C)ld Fort, by rail, 
 thence across the ridge twenty-four miles by stage, a daily line connecting with 
 railroad. From northwest via Louisville, Nashville, KnoxviJle to Wolf Creek, 
 thence by stage forty-four miles — a daily line. From the south, either one of the 
 routes mentioned will be lound convenient. 
 
 nurhi', iJount\i~ 
 
 Morganton. Quail, woodcock, rabbits, rail, deer, and other game in the 
 vicinity, with ^ood trout fishing in nearly all the mountain streams in Hurke 
 County and vicmity. Reached via the Piedmont Air Line to Salisburv, thence 
 via the Western North ("arolina Railroad. From the middle of May till the last 
 of June is the season. For information, write to R. L. Patton, Morganton. 
 The country is hilly and mountainous. 
 
 Carteret County— 
 
 Beaufort and Vicinity. Canada geese, brant, canvas-backs, redheads, black, 
 and other varieties of duck, bay birds, curlew, robin snipe, marlin, gudwits, 
 quail ; excellent trolling for bluensh. Reached via the North Carolina Railroad 
 from New Berne to Morehead City, thence steamer, or via steamer from New 
 Vork or Baltimore. See New Berne. Carteret County is level swamp lauds and 
 pine forests. 
 
 Chotvan Count if — 
 
 Edenton. The Chowan River and Albemarle Sound are the feeding grounds 
 of great numbers of swan, geese, brant and ducks, and are splendid fishing 
 grounds for a variety of valuable and gamy fish. Reached by steamers which 
 ply on the sound and river. The surrounding country is level. 
 
 Clay Count If— 
 
 Hayes7>iUc. The Hurricane Branch, and the Little Hurricane Branch, are 
 good trout streams. 
 
 '■•'-' . . ■ 
 
 Columbua County — • • _ 
 
 Flemington is seventeen miles from Wilmington, on the Wilminf.ton, Colum- 
 bia and Augusta Railroad. There is excellent fishing and shooting on Lake Wac- 
 camaw. Good accommodations can be obtained. 
 
 Craven County — 
 
 Ne-M Berne is easily reached from New York by rail or by water direct, or by 
 water via Baltimore and Norfolk steamers. To go to the lake region, take the 
 cars at New Berne, on the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, for Havelock 
 Station, sixteen miles distant. In the vicinity of Havelock Station is a heavily 
 wooded country, vast pine uplands, and swamps where gum, maple, and other 
 trees grow in dense profusion. Five miles from the station is Lake Ellis, a round 
 lake of about three miles in diameter, and nearly connected witli it are four or five 
 other sheets of water. Some of these lakes are open water ; others are gro\vn up, 
 like La!e Ellis, with grass, through which a punt can be easily pushed. These 
 lakes are the resort of thousands of wild geese, black ducks, ancf mallards, very 
 few of any other kind being found there. The dry swamp known as Long Lake, 
 to the south and west of the above chain of ponds, is an excellent place to hunt 
 for bears, panthers and wild cats. The pine ridges in that vicinity offer excellent 
 deer hunting. As but few persons about New Berne hunt in these forests, there 
 are but few guides to be had. Sailing down the Neuse River from New Berne, 
 the yachtsman will pass several good shooting points, one of which — Slocnm's 
 Creek, about eighteen miles from the city— is a resort for various species of ducks. 
 la those woods colored guides can be had for 75 cents to $1 per day, fijading 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 33 
 
 themselves in provisions. Black ducks and Canada geese are found in large 
 numbers. 
 
 Proceeding down the Neuse River, the sportsman can have the choice of 
 shooting in Pamlico and f^ovu Sounds, at Harbor Island, Hunting Quarters, and 
 various other points, twenty miles apart. There is no restriction as to tire hunt- 
 ing. There are no " points " held by private parties. The hunting and shooting 
 grounds ashore and on the water are free to any one who may choose to visit this 
 jmrt of North Carolina. 
 
 The fishing about New Berne is of great variety and excellence, including 
 trout, drum, bluetish and other varieties. 
 
 Currituck Count}/— ' ' '^ ' ' 
 
 The grounds of the " Currituck Shootincand Fishing Club" are forty miles 
 south of Norfolk, Virginia, and include Deal's Islands and adjacent marshes. 
 Steamers run regularly from Norfolk to Knott's Island, which is three miles dis- 
 tant from the Club grounds. White swans, geese, ducks, etc., congregate here 
 in great numbers. 
 
 The club property runs from the Virginia line southerly about three and a l'r.;r 
 miles, and from the Atlantic Ocean (not including the sand hills) westerly about 
 one and a half miles, being separated from the main land by ime or two marsh 
 islands, and distant ab^ut one-quarter of a mile. 
 
 Those desiring to shoot quail can be satisfied to their hearts' content, by going 
 on the main land. A couple of dollars paid to the owners of these lands, will 
 afford immunity to the upland gunner for an indefinite period. In addition to 
 the wild-fowl already mentioned, there are jack snipe and coons in great numbers 
 among the marshes, and some good upland shooting on the two hundred acres of 
 high grounds belonging to the club. The route is via Norfolk, rail or Ok'. Do- 
 minion Line of Steamers. Sportsmen can go to the club-house where decoys, 
 boats, gunners, and board will be furnished at the rate of $3.50 per day. 
 
 Poplar Brandt is a headquarters for sportsmen. Ducks, widgeons, sprigtails, 
 black and mallards, geese, snipe, partridges and other varieties of game furnish 
 abundant sport, while coon hunting is to be had in the vicinity. The route is as 
 above to Norfolk, Va., thence via river steamer. Hoard can be obtained at V'an 
 Sleyck's or D. W. Linsey's, $2 per day ; gunners $3 ; boats, etc., at reasonable 
 rates. 
 
 Kttott^s Island and Currituck Sound. Between the headwaters of Currituck 
 Sound, otherwise known as the Back Hay, and the outside ocean beach is a des- 
 olate sand flat, known to residents and to sportsmen as " The Sand." This 
 almost desert extends north and south a do/en or more miles in length, ranging 
 in width from half a mile to two or three, and its inner edge, from Chesapeake 
 Bay along the sounds and creeks that indent the coast to Currituck inlet, is the 
 great resort and feeding ground of various species of ducks, comprising canvas- 
 back, black duck, widgeon, sprig-tail, teal, red-head, broad bill, etc., also geese 
 and swans in profusion. Route as above via Norfolk steamers. Time from 
 New Vork, thirty hours ; fare for round trip $24. Cost per day for man, decoys, 
 skiffs and marshes $5. Season lasts till Feb. 15th. Board at J. White's f 1.50. 
 
 DatHilson County— 
 
 Thomasville. Wild turkeys and other game in the vicinity. Reached via 
 Richmond and Danville Railroad. The surface of the county is diversified by hills 
 and valleys. 
 
 Oranvllle County — • - r. . . 
 
 Kittrell. Quail in abundance. Reached in thirty hours from New York via 
 Baltimore ; steamer to Portsmouth ; Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad to Weldon : 
 Raleigh and Gaston Railroad to Kittrell. Good hotel accommodations at Colonel 
 Davis s house. Horses and wagons furnished at the hotel. The surface of the 
 county is undulating and hilly. 
 
 Guilford County — 
 
 Greensborough. Good quail shooting with a variety of game in the surround- 
 ing country. Reached s'ia the Piedmont Air Line Railroad, one hundred and 
 eighty miles from Richmond. The sutlace of the county is undulating and in 
 many portions covered by aense forests. ... ,;,, ■ • • r 'Ta-^ -■. 
 
 Halifax County — 
 
 Vyeldon Is a good centre for the sportsman. Deer, wild turkeys and quail are 
 
134 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 abundant in the vicinity. The game is so near one can start in the morning after 
 breakfast from the hotel and return to a four o'cloclc dinner, with the certainty of 
 seeing at least one deer, and generally of bringing one in. Twenty miles down 
 the Roanoice River they are more abundant still, bnt one has no need to go so far. 
 
 For wild turkeys the ground down the Roanoke, or on the other side opposite 
 Weldon, is better. The surrounding country can be easily reached from Weldon, 
 either by rail or the Roanoke River. On the latter are two lines of boats which 
 make trips down the river about twice a week. A party can take a cook and 
 servants, and all the necessaries from the Weldon Hotel. A slay of a week 
 would be rewarded by many deer, and wild turkeys in abundance. 
 
 A boat is a necessity to enable sportsmen to hunt either side of the river. 
 There are several small places on the Roanoke where one can be accommodated, 
 and from which daily excursions can be made. Weldon is easily accessible by 
 rail. Leaving New York City, via the Pennsylvania road at 3 p. m., Weldon is 
 reached in tune for breakfast the next day. The Weldon Hotel is a favorite 
 house with sportsmen. An introduction from its proprietors, Messrs. McLaurie 
 and Russell, secures in the neighborhood every attention and facility for hunting. 
 
 Halifax. Deer and small game are abundant within a short distance from the 
 town. Reached via the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, and by river steamer. 
 Good accommodations can be secured for $1.50 and $2 per day ; teams $2 ; guides 
 75 cents. 
 Haywood County— 
 
 Mt. Sterling. The Big, Catalouche, and Jonathan's Creeks, tributaries of the 
 Big Pigeon River, are excellent trout streams. Reached via East Tennessee, • 
 Virginia and Georgia Railroad to Morristown, thence via Cincinnati, Cumber- 
 land Gap and Charleston Railroad to Clifton, thence by good turnpike thirty-four 
 miles to Mt. Sterling. Stop with B. P. Hopkins. Country mountainous. 
 
 McDowell Cotmty — ' 
 
 Marion is a small village among the mountains and in an excellent quail coun- 
 try, with good trout fishing in the streams. The route is via the Western North 
 Carolina Railroad. 
 
 Mitchell County— 
 
 Black Mountain. This region is quite famous for bears, and there are deer, 
 ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, squirrels, and speckled trout. Go to Johnson's City, 
 Tenn., via the East Tennessee Virginia and Georgia Railroad. 
 
 Moore County — 
 
 Caledonia, on the Roanoke, ten miles from Halifax, is an excellent centre for 
 deer and small game. Expenses about the same as those of Halifax. Excellent 
 shooting all along the Roanoke River in this vicinity. 
 
 Ifcw Hanover County — 
 
 Wilmineton. On the Cape Fear River below Wilmington, and in the vicinity 
 of SmithvilTe is good swan, goose, brant, duck and snipe shooting. Reached via 
 the Carolina Central, the Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta, or the M'^ilmington 
 and Weldon Railroads, also by boats from New York. The surrounding country 
 is level. 
 
 Xorthatnpton County — 
 
 Gnrysburgh is a good place for the sportsman to stop, and is three miles from 
 Weldon on the railroad to Norfolk. The proprietor of the hotel, W. P. Kee, 
 knows all the best stands for deer, and where every gang of turkeys works 
 around him. He owns the hunting privilege on about ten thousand acres of land, 
 and makes it his business during the winter months to hunt with sportsmen, or 
 alone. See Weldon. 
 
 I'itt County — 
 
 The Tar River, flowing through Pitt and Beaufort Counties and emptying into 
 Pamlico Sound, is the resort of thousands of geese, swan, ducks, brant, etc. 
 Reached by boat trom Pamlico Sound, or via Tarborough. 
 
 Hichntond County— :' 
 
 Lawrinburgh. Deer, wild turkeys and other game in abundance. Reached 
 via the Carolina Central Railroad. No good hotel. The surface of the country 
 is undulating. *• , 
 
GAME AND FISH HESOHTS. 1 35 
 
 Stokea County— '' ' ' 
 
 Bi^ Creek. A variety of fishing and hunting in the surrounding country. 
 Stop at B. P. Hopkins'. Reached by drive from Greensboro. The country is 
 hilly. 
 
 Warren County— 
 
 Manson is an excellent quail locality. Go via the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 The surface of Ohio, extending over an area of 39,946 square 
 miles, is a plateau which reaches its greatest elevation in Logan 
 County. There is a ridge of highlands north of the middle of the 
 State which forr" . the water ridge, which with a second ridge, south 
 of this, are the only ones worthy of mention. The surface is farther 
 diversified by the deeply eroded river valleys, with their high bluffs, 
 and by numerous stretches of forest land. The State was once the 
 range of much large game, which has now, however, almost en- 
 tirely disappeared. The sport is therefore confined to bird shoot- 
 ing, and fishing. . , 
 
 Aufflnize County — 
 
 Saint Mary's. The Reservoir, an artificial sheet of water, containing seven- 
 teen thousand acres, built as a feeder, aflFords as fine wild fowl shooting as can be 
 found in the State. Take the Dayton and Michigan Railway to Wapakonetta, 
 thence wagon. 
 
 Ashtabula County — 
 
 Jefferson. In this vicinity are found squirrels, quail, woodcock, rabbits, very 
 plenty, red foxes, wild turkeys and deer. Take Franklin Division of the Lake 
 Shore and Michigan Southern. 
 
 Ashtabula. Snipe, ruffed grouse, woodcof;k, wild ti-rkey. Reached via the 
 Lake Shore Railroad. 
 
 Conneaut. Excellent fishing in Lake Erie and in the Conneaut River, for 
 bass, pike, perch, whitefish, and mascalonge in the river. Good shooting for 
 ducks, squirrels, and partridges. Conneaut is on the Lake Shore and Michigan 
 Southern Railroad, twenty-eight miles west from Erie, Penn. 
 
 Lenox. Quail, ruffed grouse, wild pigeons, wild turkeys, grey and black 
 squirrels. 
 
 Belmont County— 
 
 Bellaire. Good quail shooting in the Ohio River bottoms. Reached via Bal- 
 timore and Ohio, or Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad. 
 
 Columbiana County — 
 
 East Liverpool. Quail and ruffed grouse are numerous. Take the Cleveland 
 and Pittsburg Railroad. 
 
 New Lisbon. Black bass, qiiaii and grouse abundant. Take the Atlantic and 
 Circat Western Railway from Cleveland to Niles, thence Niles and New Lisbon 
 Branch. ,.,; , ; , : ... ; _ ,.. .; /, ^^ - ■.• • ■ 
 
 Cuyahoga County — 
 
 Cleveland. The Hones Point Club, of Cleveland, has one of the finest duck- 
 ing grounds on Lake Erie, and the ducking season commences on the ist of Sep- 
 tember. The rendezvous is only a hundred miles from Cleveland, and ducks are 
 plentiful. 
 
136 
 
 CAME AND F/S// A'FSOA'/'S. 
 
 Deflanee County— » 
 
 Rabbits are abundant, and of good quality throughout the county. Stop at 
 any ol the stations on the line of the Baltimore and Oiiiu, or the Toledo, Wabash 
 and Western Railroads. 
 
 Delaware Count f/— 
 
 Lewis Center, yuail and turkeys. Reached via the Cleveland, Columbus, 
 Cinciniiiiti and Indianapolis Railroad, sixteen miles from Columbus. No hotels, 
 though board can be obtained in the village. 
 
 .Erie County— 
 
 Sandusky. (}ood duck shooting on the marshes. Reached via the Lake Shore 
 and Michigan Southern, the Haltimore and Ohio, or the Cincinnati, Sandusky and 
 Cleveland Railroad. 
 
 KeUey's Island, in Lake Erie, is the headquarters for black bass anglers, from 
 Cincinnati, Covington, I'ittsburg, Columbus and {'leveland, and may be reached 
 by boat from Sandusky or Cleveland. Hotel accommodations at Jacob Rash's 
 house, $2 ner day. 
 
 Put-in-Hay and Point au Pelee Islands, arc also favorite resorts. Point au 
 Pelee, about twenty-five miles from Sandusky, and inst across Uncle Sam's 
 boundary, is a locality that cannot be excelled for its black bass tishing. It is 
 accessible easily from Buffalo, Cleveland and Sandusky. Hotel accommoda- 
 tion is poor, but the camping ground is superb. Minnows are used for bait, and 
 the bass are not known to take the fly except by trolling. If desired, splendid 
 accommodations can be had at Put-in-Hay, fourteen miles distant, and a steam 
 tug will take you to and from the tishing ground each day. We are rather in- 
 clined to recommend this place to the luxurious angler who does not care to rough 
 it in the bush, for superior tishing is rarely found in connection with the comforts 
 of civilization. Moreover, si)lendid duck shooting can be enjoyed here in the fall, 
 as there are about live thousand acres of marsh land covered with wild rice, upon 
 which the mallard feed, and any bungler can bag from ten to twenty of an after- 
 noon. There is also fox hunting, if the sportsman will only bring hi'.v hounds^ 
 for the island is full of red foxes. The best time for an excursion is the middle 
 of the months of May and September. Taken all in all, the Point au Pelee is 
 exceptionally attractive. The South Side Dock is the best place to go to ; better 
 accommodations, but you have to fish in boats. The best point to obtain men is 
 at Putin-Bay. West Dock is the best part for ducking and hshing combined, as 
 you are near the marsh. For information, address Robert McCormick, Kings- 
 ville, Ontario, Canada, the nearest post office for South Side ; Walter Grubb, or 
 Dr. McCormick, Kelley's Island, Ohio. 
 
 Huron County— 
 
 The extensive marshes surrounding the Great Pigeon Roost in the Western 
 part of this county, accessible from Attica, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
 IS a grand shooting place for ducks, mallards, shovelers, pintails, redheads ami 
 teal. 
 
 tTackson County — 
 
 Byers Siaiion. Rabbits, pheasants, and quail. The country is too hilly and 
 the brush too thick and high for b-iccessful hunting. 
 
 TLicking County — 
 
 Newark. Situated about ten miles from this city is the Licking Reservoir, a 
 noted place of resort for sportsmen in this vicinity, as well as abroad. This res- 
 ervoir is a sheet of water covering about five to six thousand acres, abounding m 
 good fishing and hunting. Black bass, pickerel, sunfish, and Lake Erie bass, wild 
 ducks and quail are found in this locality. There are three hotels ; cost of 
 board from $1.50 to $3 per day. Boats at all of these places for 50 cents per day ; 
 man to row for .52. It is reached from Newark by rail for 25 cents, or by team for 
 %l per day. Fishing season, April, i»Iay and June— best in last two months. 
 Hunting from October 1st through the fall. Rolling country. One hotel is 
 located on the line of the Newark, Somerset and Straitsville Railroad ; other ho- 
 tels reached by teams ; they a^e kept open the year through. Newark is on the 
 Baltimore and Ohio, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St Louis Railroads. 
 
 IJogan County — 
 
 HuHtsviile. Duck, snipe and quail shooting excellent at the Reservoir. Take 
 
GAAfR AND FISH RESORTS. 1 37 
 
 the Cincinnati. Sandiisliy and (Mcveland I'iailroad, seventy-one miles frmn 
 Cleveland, or liie I'ittsburu, l''()it Wayne and ('hicajjo Railroad, (ioin^; from 
 Pittsburjr take the latter railroad at Forest, and thani!;e cars to (riucinnati, San- 
 dusky and Dayton Railroad to Ihintsvillc thence a ride of five miles to the Res- 
 ervoir. ln(iuire tor William Ilornberuer. Hoard $1 ; bouts and guides to be 
 had. . ' ^ 
 
 Medina County— 
 
 Afeiihin. Ruffed grouse, quail, woodcock, mallard, teal and wood-ducks. 
 Black bass are abundant in a lake four miles from town. Reached via the L. S, 
 and T. V. Railroad. 
 
 Chippewa Lake. Quail, woodcock, ducks ; black and spotted bass at Chippe- 
 wa Lake. Reached via the Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley and Wheeling Rail- 
 road. Private board |i per day ; teams $5. Country rolling. 
 
 I'erry County — 
 
 S)i>ierset. Quail and ruffed grouse abundant. Reached via the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railroad. Good hotel accommodations at moderate prices. 
 
 Seneca County— 
 
 Republic. Squirrel shooting is good in the vicinity. Reached via the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Tiffin. Deer, turkeys and ruffed grouse are found in the " Big Woods." Quail 
 are plenty in the vicinity. Tiflin is reached via the Baltimore and Ohio, the Cin- 
 cinnati, !?>an(lusky and Cleveland, or the Mansfield, C3oldwater and Lake Michi- 
 gan Railroads. 
 
 Stark County— 
 
 Alliance. Foxes are numerous in winter, quail, ruffed prouse ; black bass, 
 pike, ranging in weifrht from one to five pounds. Reached via the Cleveland and 
 Pittsburg, and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroads. 
 
 Summit County— 
 
 Hudson. Woodcock, snipe, sora, Carolina and Virginia rail, pigeons at times 
 in great quantities. Reached via the Cleveland and Pittsburg, or the Cleveland, 
 Mount Vernon and Columbus Railroad. 
 
 Macedonia Depot. Ducks, geese, ruffed grouse, woodcock, snipe. Shooting 
 grounds, Riley's Lake and Cuyahoga River. Reached via Cleveland and Pitts- 
 burg Railroad, twenty miles Irom Cleveland. Hotel and private board, $1 per 
 day ; boats to be hired. 
 
 Tuscnvawas County— 
 
 Nfu> Philadelphia. Quail, woodcock, etc. ; fishing in the Tuscarawas River. 
 Reached via the ("leveland, Tuscarawas and Wheeling Railroad. 
 
 IVIlUnnis County — 
 
 Bryan. The " big woods," afford good deer hunting. Take the Lake Shore 
 and Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 
 Wood County— 
 
 Tonto^any. In the rapids of the Maumee River, two miles from here, excel- 
 lent rock and black bass fishing. Take the Dayton and Michigan Railroad, dis- < 
 tance from Toledo, twenty-two miles. Boats and boatmen on hand. Fly fishing 
 in May and June, after that time minnows for bait. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 The State of Oregon embraces an area of 95,274 square 
 miles, and is the least populated territory in the United States, the 
 
138 GAME AND FISH RESOKTS. 
 
 population being confined almost exclusively to the Willamette 
 Valley, The Cascade Mountains, in the centre, divide the State 
 and with other ranges give to the surface distinctively a mountain- 
 ous character. Deep canons, snow-capped mountains and rapid 
 dashing streams arc the striking physical features of Oregon. The 
 game of the Pacific slope is tound in abundance through the 
 State: grizzly and black bears, panthers, wild cats, grey wolves, 
 coyotes, mountain sheep, elk, black-tail deer, antelope, swans, 
 geese, brant, and other varieties of animals and birds. The rivers 
 and streams abound in salmon, cod, halibut, sturgeon, herring, 
 smelts, etc.. and these fisheries constitute one of the most import- 
 ant industries of the State. 
 
 Clntaop County — 
 
 Astoria. Clatsop Beach is a favorite summer resort. The came comprises 
 deer, elk, black bears, grouse, doves and quail. Reached via the Pacilic Coast 
 line of steamers from San Francisco. For other routes see Jacksonville, Jackson 
 County. Board at the hotel f 15 per week. 
 
 Jackson County— 
 
 JacksflnviUe. In the mountains are deer, bears, elk, and other pame, rabbits 
 ill the hcUls, and fine trouting in the streams. A favorite resort for Jacksonville 
 people is Volcano Lake in the Cascade Mountains. 
 
 To this part of Oregon there are three routes. The first is to leave the cars at 
 Kelton, Utah, and take the stage through the artemisia plains of Idaho, and the 
 bunch-grass plateaus of Washington 'I erritory ; the next is to go by rail to San 
 Francisco, thence take the steamer north ; and the third is to puss through Cali- 
 fornia overland by stage and rail, and enter Oregon from the south. The former 
 is the most tedious ; the next the most comfortable, and the third the most 
 interesting. 
 
 Josephine County— 
 
 Grove Creek. Bears, deer and panthers numerous : mountain trout. Fifly- 
 four miles from Roseburg, the southern terminus of trie Oregon and California 
 Railroad. Daily stage connection. Board $7 per week. Mountainous country. 
 
 Union County — 
 
 La Grande. Bears, deer, elk, mountain sheep, jack rabbits, geese, ducks, sage 
 hens ; pinnated and ruffed grouse ; salmon, mountain trout. La Grande is four 
 hundred miles from Kelton, on the Central Pacific Railroad. Board 75 cents to 
 $1. A valley surrounded by undulating prairies, and heavily timbered moun- 
 tains. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 This State, embracing an area of 43,000 square miles, presents 
 a great variety of surface. The eastern and central parts are tra- 
 versed by parallel ranges of the Appalachian Chain which here at- 
 tains a width of two hundred miles. The western sections of the 
 State are broken and hilly. The mountain regions are covered by 
 extensive forest lands which are the abode of much large game, and 
 where are to be found some of the most picturesque trouting streams 
 in the world. The natural attractions of these regions, the numerous 
 
CAME AXD /'J SI/ HE sours. \y) 
 
 and well appointed railroads and highways, rendering them easy 
 of access troin the great cities, and the comfortable accommoda- 
 tions usually found in summer, all conspire to place the mountain 
 counties of Pennsylvania among the most popular sportsmen's 
 resorts of the Middle States. 
 Alleffhenff Countf/— 
 
 Clinton. At the junction of Conequcncssinu Creek and Beaver Creek near 
 Clinton, is a good iiutel for snortsnmn. yu.iil, jjrousc and squirrels are there 
 found. On the Erie anil Pittsuurg and tiic Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago 
 Railroads. 
 
 Artn.stronf/ County— 
 
 Leechl'ur^h. Ouail, partridge, scjuirrels ; bass, pike. Reached via the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroair Hoard $i |)er day, $5 per week ; teams %^ per day. 
 Oakland. Good trout fishing. Reached same as HenryviUe, above.* 
 
 J{ent<t'r Couuti/ — 
 
 Ni"!u Brighton. Woodcock and rulTed grouse. Reached via the Pittsburg, 
 Fort Wayne and ("hicago Railroad. 
 
 Baden. Grey squirrels, hares and partridges, especially abundant in the 
 vicinity of Raccoon Creek. Reached via the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chi- 
 cago Railroad. 
 
 Jiedford (Jounty— 
 
 Bedford. Deer, wild turkeys, rulTed grouse, quail, woodcock, trout, black 
 bass. Reached via the Pennsylvania, or Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroads. 
 Hotels. Country mountainous. 
 
 It^oodlrury. Good snipe shooting on the meadows. 
 
 Hopewell. Cirouse and pheasants. Take the Pennsylvania Railroad to Hunt- 
 ingdon, thence via the Huntingdon and Broad Top Road. 
 
 JU't'ka Coitntif— 
 
 Hamhur;^. Rabbits, wild pigeons, turkevs, pheasants, partridges, quail, etc., 
 afford good siiooting. IIanib\irg is on the Philadelphia and Reading Ilailroad. 
 
 Reading. Black bass fishing in the Delaware from here to Manayunk, espe- 
 cially good at Flat Rock Dam. 
 
 Albany. Blue Mountain is an excellent hunting ground for wildcats, deer, 
 foxes and grouse. 
 
 Jilatv County — 
 
 Altoona is at the base of the Alleghany Mountains. Bears, deer, wild turkeys, 
 pigeons, partridges, s(piirrcls, and other game are found in the mountains, while 
 the streams abound in trout. Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad. There 
 are good hotels $2 to .$3.50 ; guides $2 to $j. The Bulls (lap Run, and Kittan- 
 ning Point are favorite camping grounds. 
 
 \Villia)nsburgh. Bear, deer, wild turkey, partridge, woodcock, squirrel; 
 trout, pike and blaqk bass. Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotel $5 
 per week ; teams $1.50 to $2 per day. Mountainous country. 
 
 Hollidaysbnrgh. Black bass arid ducks are quite plentiful in the old canal 
 reservoir. Deer, rabbits and other game in the vicinity. Reached via the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad. 
 
 Tyrone. Deer, ruffed grouse, (juail and woodcock. Six miles out on the Clear- 
 tiold Railroad is the best locality tor trout. Reached via the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road. The City Hotel $1.50 per da> , private board $5 per week ; guides $1.50 to 
 $2 per day. The country mountainous and well suited to camping out. 
 
 At Munson's Cove, fifteen miles south of the Martinsburg branch of the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad, are found partridges, pheasants and woodcock. 
 
 liradford County— 
 
 To-wanda. Good quail and grouse shooting. Take the Lehigh V^alley Road. 
 JinchH County — 
 
 Riegels7/ille, Excellent black bass fishing in the Delaware. Reached by the 
 New Jersey Central Railroad to Easton, and thence eight miles down the Belvi- 
 
140 GAME AXD tlSll KE SORTS. 
 
 dcrc-Dclawnre Railroad, or by the Pennsylvania Railroad to Trenton, and thence 
 up the Uclvi<lure-l)i"la\vuru Railroad. 
 
 Quakittown. Rabbits, s(juirrels, pheasants, partridRes, woodcock. Reached 
 via the North I'etiiisylvnnia, or the I'ittsliura;, Fort Wayne and C!hica|!;o Railroad. 
 
 Sellersvill,'. yiiail, riillcd grouse, vvooiUoik. Tiic country is direttiy in the 
 line ot liic mi^,'ral(»rv .vnudcock. Take the North Pennsylvania, a ride ot '.liirty- 
 one miles troin Philadelphia. 
 
 Mount J'lcasiint. See Mount Pleasant, New Jersey, 
 
 New Hope. Hlack bass tishiiij{ in the Delaware River. 
 
 Butler Count!/— 
 
 Hutler. Wild ducks, geese, partridges, quail, squirrels and black bass. 
 Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad, lioard $i to %i per day, $} to $io per 
 week. Country hilly ami rolling. 
 
 Cambria County— 
 
 Con'emaugh. Ducks are abundant in season. Reached via the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. 
 
 Khensbur^h. Panthers, wildcats, bars, deer, foxes : turkeys, ruffed grouse; 
 trout. Readied via the Kbensburg branch of Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels 
 and private board, 50 cents to $3. Mountainous country. 
 
 Cameron County- 
 
 Einporium. Trout in Potter, McKean, Cameron and Clinton Cotintics art' 
 Ibund in f lir (quantity in the small tributaries ol the large streams, such as I'ine, 
 Kettle and Drillwood Creeks, which are near the head waters of the Siiinamalio- 
 ning River. Emporium is a good point to start from ; the route is by the Philadel- 
 nhiii and Erie Railroad. These counties are the best in the State for hunting and 
 fishing. Hotel board, $2 ; guides $1.50, and tbund ; teams $3 to $5. Provide 
 camping outHt. The country is hilly. 
 
 Sinnamahonin^. Deer, bears, foxes, wolves, grouse, with trout fishing. 
 Reached via the Philadeli)hia and Erie Railroad. A comfortable hotel is kept by 
 J. M. Shafl'er, $1.50. A line pack of hounds, with guide, teams etc., can here be 
 tbund, $5 per day. The country is broken into narrow detiles and steep ridges, 
 and the prevailing mode of deer hunting is to drive with dogs. 
 
 Carbon County — 
 
 Pe>in Haven. Stony Creek, accessible from this point, is a famous trouting 
 stream. Take the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In Carbon, Luzerne and Sullivan 
 Counties are extensive forestsof hemlock, spruce and pine in which deer, bear, etc., 
 are still found in large numbers. The swamps and lakes, of which there are many, 
 afford good sport. Rulfed grouse, quail, etc., are quite plenty. 
 
 Centre County — 
 
 Fhilipsbiirgh., among the Alleghany Mountains, is a good centre for bear and 
 deer hunting and trout fishing. Reaclied via the Pennsylvania, and Allegheny 
 Valley Railroads. Hotel, $2 ; guides $3. Provide camping outfit. 
 
 Belle/ontc. Deer, ruffed grouse ; trout. Reached via the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road. Hoard at hotel or private house, $2.50 per week. The Seven Mountains 
 and other well known hunting and fishing resorts are easily accessible. 
 
 Chester County— 
 
 Phirnixviiie. Good black bass fishing. Reached via the Reading Railroad. 
 
 Doivningtou>n. RulTed grouse, quail, woodcock, trout. Reached via the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels $2 ; private board $1.50; teams $3 to $4. Hilly 
 country. 
 
 Clearfield County— 
 
 Curwinsville. Black bass are caught in the river. The Susquehanna River 
 bottoms are good grounds for deer. 
 
 Clearfield. Deer, an occasional bear, ruffed grouse, quail, trout in the moun- 
 tain streams, and black bass in Clearfield Creek. Reached via the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. Hoard at the hotels $3 to $3, guides at reasonable rates, and log lodges 
 lor sportsmen in the hunting and fishing regions. 
 
CAME AND FISH REHOKTS. I4I 
 
 Lock Havi-H, amdnur tlic Allep;henies, is a summer resort much freqiientefl for 
 its scenery iiiul the tine lisliiiiK utui shooting toiiiul in the iieiKhl)orhw(i(l. In ull 
 the streams to the nortliwest trout are plenty. Reached via the Pliiladelphia un<i 
 Erie Kuilroad. (looil summer hotels. 
 
 Hyner atui l\,-no',<o, on the Philadelphia and Kric Division o( the I'ennsylvania 
 Railroad, are in the midst of the ^xmwV pine lorest re^;ions of Northern Pennsyl- 
 vania. The woods all about at>otind in Kame, the streams in brook trout and 
 other varieties. The Susfjuehannft alone has thirtv-one varieties. Near Hyner 
 is Youiic 'Woman's Town, which has the wildest, crookedest stream of the same 
 name. Kettle (reek is another very beautitui and romantic stream. 'I'he Short 
 Hend on this stream is a lovely spot, not far trom where the Sus()uehanna turns 
 around the corner of a mountain. If you follow any one of these streams into the 
 forest you will have ample use tor both rod and K""- Vou can return to Reiiovo 
 by a little branch of Kettle ("reek, or, you may follow the winding of this favorite 
 stream up {)ast Heaver's Dam, Spicewood kiver. Trout l'"ork,and Ox How Mend, 
 to Cross hork P. ()., arxl return by Paddys Run tlirounh Tamarach Swamp in 
 almost a direct line to Renovo. The whole surface in this vicinity is deeply 
 seamed with narrow valleys and ravines s|^)readin>; in every direction, and mark- 
 ing out the innumerable water-courses. Steep walls of massive rock rise up to 
 lofty heights, supporting the broad table-land, which is crowned w ith mountains 
 of dense forests, and stretches far out towani the sea into five noints, called the 
 Finger Mountains, of which Mahoupany, Toiuiwanda, and Hlossburg are the 
 most important. 
 
 Renovo is much visited in summer by sportsmen and pleasure seekers. There 
 are good hotels and other accommodations here. 
 
 'i'oun^ li'pwan's 'J'owh. Excellent trout fishing in the neighboring creeks, 
 with game in the woods. Take the I'hiladelphia and Erie Division of the I'enn- 
 sylvania Railroad. Guides are necessary and can be obtained. 
 
 ColtiinhSa County — 
 
 Bloomsburgh. There Is a good locality about twenty miles from Hloomsburgh, 
 and within four miles of Rickett's Long Pond Hotel, with board in private faindy 
 at !ji7 per week. Hloomsburgh is reached by Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
 road or Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Address John Gibbs, 
 Bloomsburgh. 
 
 Crawford County — 
 
 Evanshurek. Conneaut Lake contains fine black bass. Reached via the 
 Atlantic ancf (ireat Western Railroad, or via the Erie and Pittsburg road to 
 Transfer Junction, thence carriage two miles. Accommodations will be found at 
 the Lake House, or go to old Phd Miller's ; board $3. 
 
 Atlantic. Grouse, quail, rabbits, and other game. Reached via the Atlantic 
 and Great Western Railroad. 
 
 Centreville. The Slip|)ery Rock waters, are famed for the abundance of nike 
 found there. The stream for ten miles is one succession of dams, all of tnem 
 broad and deep. There are many ducks and geese, and in the woods are squir- 
 rels, hares and all varieties of small jjame. The route is via the Atlantic and 
 Great Western Road to Shenango Junction, thence via the Shcnango and Alle- 
 phany Road to Centerville Station, twenty-tive miles. Sportsmen will find the 
 best of accommodations with Mr. John Keuster, whose house is three miles from 
 the depot. 
 
 Cumberland County — 
 
 Ncivville. Excellent trout fishing all around here. Reached via the Cumber- 
 land Valley Railroad. Good hotels. * 
 
 Shtp/>ensburgh. Wild turkeys on the North Mountain. Reached via the 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad, forty-one miles from Harrisburg. 
 
 Dauphin County— 
 
 Dauphin. E.\cellcnt bass fishing in the Susquehanna is found all along the 
 river, from Dauphin to Clark's Ferry. Dauphin is on the Philadelphia and 
 Reading, the Northern c;cntral, and the Pennsylvania Railroads. 
 
 Middletoivn. Ducks, partridges, quail, squirrels ; black bass. Reached via 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels $1.50 to 152; boats and boatmen $1.50. 
 Country hilly and mountainous. Fine |)la(i' for bass is Collin s, Station, and for 
 small game Hillsdale, Indiana County, and Cortcwago, Lancaster County. 
 
142 GAME AND FISH KESOKTS. 
 
 Harrisburgh. Deer hutUinK in the vicinity of Lyl<cns, Willinmstown, anrl 
 Grotz, Peters, Herry, and Short Mountains, ann tip the Juniata in the lilacit I.dh. 
 Tuscarora ami Bald lCa^lc Mountains, t^ux's Islaml in the Suscjuelianna, lour 
 miles, is a famous resort lor duck slayers during the lall and winter, and tor shad- 
 seinln^ in the siirin^. Wild turiccys are found in the valley sidrtin^ trie Kittutniny, 
 Roberts, and I'cters mountains— in Fishinj? Creek, Stony Creek, Clark's an(l 
 Powell's Valley. 
 
 ^>uall and woodcock are found within a few miles of the city. The farmers 
 are pretty strict, however, and forbid their killinp;, except for a nionsy 
 e(iuivalcnt. 
 
 York Hills. eiRht miles below the city, is a fair locality for rabbits, (jrcy squir- 
 rels and woodcock. Up the river, on the flats opposite McCoriniclt's Island, 
 plover of the yellow-lcRj^cd variety arc found in u;reat numbers alonjj the marshy 
 grounils on the Eastern Shore ot Maryland and Northern Vir}(iiiia. 
 
 Jack-snipe may occasionally be shot alonjj the river. Their fecd'nK grounds 
 beinjj principally uloii^j the marshy creeks and rivulets emptyinjj into tiic river, 
 and on tlie edj^es of tlic grassy Hats when the river is low. Swans, wild necse, 
 and wild ducks are shot above the city. Canvas-backs, red-necks, black, mal- 
 lards, etc. 
 
 Hlack bass in the Sus<iuehanna and its tributaries. Ulue Mc untain is a yreat 
 resort for shootinj? grey and red suuirrels, toxes, minks and weasels. A lew 
 partridges are found tlierc. Reached via the Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia and 
 Reading, and other railroads. 
 
 lieUiwuvt^ Vounty — 
 
 C/tesfef, the Lazaretto and Marcus Hook, are much visited by Philadelphia 
 sportsmen, for thr-ir excellent rail and reed biid shooting. These places are on 
 the Philadelphia, «Vilmington and Haltimorc Railroad. The Lazaretto is eleven 
 miles from Philailclphia. Chester, fourteen miles has several hotels, and at Mar- 
 cus Hook, or Linwood Station, as it is now called, accommodations may be 
 secured. 
 
 In order to have the best show for a shoot, it will be better to secure a pusher, 
 which can always be done by application at the gun stores of Mr. John Krider, 
 corner of Second and Walnut streets, or Mr. Abriiliam Peterman, in Dock Street 
 above Walnut, Philadelphia. As this kind of shooting is done altogetner from a 
 clean, dry boat, the shooter requires no special change of clothing. 
 
 By taking the through Washington train in the afternoon from New York, 
 sportsmen can be landed at Chester before midnight, and by looking at anv 
 Philadelphia paper can learn at what time it will be high water on the days they 
 wish to shoot, always rating the tide forty minutes earlier at Lazaretto than at 
 the navy yard at Philadelphia, where the record is made. 
 
 English snipe shooting can be had at these points, and one can alternate his 
 sport by taking one day with the rail, and the next with snipe. At Marcus Hook, 
 good ducking is to be had in season. 
 
 Elk County — 
 
 Ridgway. Deer are very abundant ; one of the best shooting grounds in the 
 country ; bears, wolves, jianthers, foxes ; trout in Clarion River and tributary 
 streams. Reached via the Philadelphia and Erie Division of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. Hotel $5.50 per week ; guides ;f 3 per day ; teams $3.50. Provide camp- 
 ing outfit. Mountainous country. 
 
 Trout, Straight's and Clarion Creeks, with all the tributaries of the Clarion 
 'River, in this county, are good fishing streams. 
 
 ]Vilcox. Deer, ruffed grouse ; trout in the west branch of the Clarion River. 
 Reached via the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad. Board $1 to $3; teams $5; 
 guides procured at moderate rates. Country hilly. 
 
 St. Mary's. Deer, rulfed grouse ; trout. Reached via Philadelphia and Erie 
 Railroad. Hotels, $3.50 per day. 
 
 Mrle County — -• ,». 
 
 Erie. The harbor affords excellent fishinp in summer, Presque Island which 
 forms it being full of small lakes and ponds in which the fish spawn. The sum- 
 mer sport comprises the mascalonge, pike, black bass. Perch and herring are 
 caught in winter. In Mav and June a fish called blue pickerel is caught in 
 thousands with hand lines from a boat anchored over what are called the Banks. 
 They run from fifteen to twenty inches in length, and are very greedy, taking the 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 43 
 
 bait almost an noon an it strHcoi t>ie water. In tiic sprinK and lull duclcs arc 
 plenty, and Hnipe, plover, rabbits, etc., in abundance, 
 
 Fayette County— 
 
 lirownsvilU is reached from Connellsvilie, and the R.-ime is essentially the 
 same. There is a hotel wheie snortsmen will tind comlortubie (juiirters. 
 
 Unioutovin. Good (|iiiiil and ((■'"ukc sliootinn. Stt)p al l'"rt'y's " McClelland 
 Mouse." (fuidcsand do^'scuu beohtained. Reached via I'itlsburK, Wasiiin^ton 
 and Kaltimore Kuilroad to Cunnellsville, thence by the Uniontowii liramli road. 
 
 Conni-tUvilti-. Chestnut Rid^e and Indian Creclt Valley and Laurel ilill, 
 abound in bears, <leer, foxes, s((uirrels, wild turl^eys, pheasants and (|uail. 'I'lio 
 rolliuK country west of tlie towi\ is fine hunting Kf<'"'"' '"' siniall name. Trout, 
 uike, salmon, bass, white perch and sunhsh are caught in the nciKldi(uhood. 
 Trout arc found in all the streams of the county tril>utary to the Monc>n(;aliela 
 River. Reached via the Pennsylvania or Philadelphia, VVilminxton and Haiti - 
 more Railroad, lintels and liveries. Guides unnecessary ; can be secured lor 
 $1 or $1.50 per day. 
 
 Waterford Lake, near W'atertord. is an excellent place for large pike fishing. 
 The tisli here are of ^reat size and afford rare sport. Take the I'ennsylvania 
 Railroad. 
 
 Albion. Pickerel iishiuR in the Conncaut. Reached via the Eric and Pitts- 
 burg Railroad. 
 
 Forent County— 
 
 I ionesta. In neighboring woods deer are abundant, and there is excellent 
 
 auail shooting in the vicinity. Reached via the Pittsburg, Titusvillc and liuffalo 
 ailroad. 
 
 Franhlin County — 
 
 C/niM/>ers/>it>x. Uass fishing in the Conococheague ('rvek. Reached via the 
 Cumberland Valley Railroad. There are good hotels. 
 
 Pulton County— 
 
 Bear and deer hunting are food in the vicinity. Reached via private convey- 
 ance, or tramp from Chamber jurg, on the Cumberland Valley Railroad. 
 
 Greene County — 
 
 ll^aynesburg\^ an excellent ground for ruffed grouse and Wilson snipe. A 
 farming town on the Waynesburg Branch of the Pittsburg ami Reading Kadroad. 
 
 JIuntlnffdon County— 
 
 Mount Union. Bears, deer, wilil turkeys ; trout, black bass an<l pike. 
 Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels, $z. Country nM)untainous, 
 with suitable grounds for camping. 
 
 Huntingdon. Bears and deer, neither abundant ; plenty of turkeys, par- 
 tridges, squirrels and other small u[ame ; good black bass fishing. Reached via 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hoteflz, private board $1.50, 
 
 Indiana County — 
 
 BiairsTille. Wild turkeys, geese, ducks, (juail, partridges, squirrels ; pike, 
 salmon, white and black bass. Reached via the Pennsylvania Radroad. Hotel 
 $1.25 to $2 ; teams $3 to $4. Hilly country. 
 
 Saltsbitrgh. Quail, partridges, squirrels ; pike and perch. Reached via the 
 Pennsylvania Radroad. Hotel $1.50 to $2 ; teams $2.50 to $3.50. Hilly country. 
 
 t/eff'efson County— 
 
 Coohpring. The waters here have been stocked with trout, and will in time 
 furnish good sport. Reached via the Shenandoah and Allegheny Railroad. 
 
 Juniata County — 
 
 Mifflintoivn. Bear hunting on Shade Mountain ; deer, partridge, small game, 
 and trout afford abundant sport in the vicinity. MifHintown, on the Juniata 
 River, is opposite Perrysville, a station on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels %i \ 
 teams $3. . . , , - 
 
 Jjancaater County — 
 
 Columbia. Wild ducks, partridges ; bass and salmon. Reached via the Penn- 
 
144 CAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 sylvania Railroad. The 0)ntinental and other hotels, with boardiiiK houses, 
 $1.50. Boats, etc., at reasonable rates. 
 
 Jjf'/ilffit Count ff— 
 
 Ai/f)ttown. The streams in the vicinity have been stocked with trout. Allen- 
 town is on the New Jersey Central, Lehigh Valley and Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroads. 
 
 Jjuxerne County — 
 
 ll'i/kesl>arrc is situoled in a fine hunting and fishing region. The mountain 
 streams are lull of 1 .leckled trout; twelve miles nortnwest is Harvey's Lake, 
 abounding in black bass. Reached via the New Jersey t'entral, tiie Lehigh \'al- 
 ley, or Delaware, Lackawaima and Western Railroads. The hotels arc the 
 Wyoming Valley, $^.50 ; $14 to $ao per week, Luzerne House, Exchange, and at 
 the lake, the Lake Iiotise. 
 
 Whitehaven. Trout fishing good in the vicinity. Reached via the Lehigh 
 Valley Railroad. The Whitehaven Hotel furnishes good accommodations. 
 
 Carlwndiile. Six miles northwest is a mountain loch. Crystal Lake, which 
 contains black bass. There is a summer hotel on the shore of the lake, with a 
 pleasure steamer and small boats. To reach Carbondale take the Delaware and 
 Hudson, or the Erie Railroad. 
 
 J^ycoininn County— 
 
 Ka/ston. Bears, deer, squirrels, .-'oodcock, ruffed grouse. There is excellent 
 trout fishing in Roaring Branch, Pleasant Streani. and the Winslow, tributaries 
 of the Lycoming Creek, and in the main stream itself from Ralston to F"icld's: 
 the fish rmining in weight from one-fourth of a pound to two jioimds. Reached 
 via the Northern (Central Railroad. Comfortable accommodations at the Ralston 
 and Meyer's hotels, where teams and guides may be procured. 
 
 Lewis' Lake, a growing summer resort, is twenty miles from Muncy, reached 
 by stage. The lake, whic.i covers three hundred and fifty acres, contains brook 
 and lake trout, eels, catfish and other species. All the streams in the neighbor- 
 hood furnish excellent brook trout fishing, and the duck shooting is always good. 
 
 Bodines7Jilley on the Northern C;entral Railroad is an excellent centre for snoot- 
 ing and trout fishing in the Lycoming ('reek and its tributaries. Tim Gray's Run, 
 Rock Run, Pleasant Stream and other fishing waters are easily accessible. Ac- 
 commodations are furnished at Budinesville, in jirivate family, $1.50 ; teams, etc. 
 At Kuck Kun is a large hotel, the summer resort of Baltimore, W^ashington and 
 Philadelphia pleasure seekers. The fish of these streams are brisk and gamy, but 
 a special knowledge of their haunts, and a jjeculiar aptitude for alluring them, is 
 essential to the angler who purposes a visit to Lycoming Creek, and even then 
 he is not likely to get a large basket. 
 
 Muncy. Deer, Dears, ruffed grouse, woodcock ; and splendid trout fishing. 
 Reached via the Pennsylvania, and the Philadeljjhia and Reading Railroads. 
 The ponds of the Muncy Trout Company are situated in the Muncy Valley, in 
 sight of Muncy and Hughesvdie, and filtcen miles from the city of W illiamsport. 
 There are fifteen acres of forest and a half mile of stream and ponds. As to lodg- 
 ings, you can take it al fresco in a tent or at the hotel. 
 
 Trout Run. (iood trout fishing and woodcoc:k shooting. Reached via the 
 Northern Central Railroad, fifteen miles from Williamsport. The country is rug- 
 ged and densely wooded. 
 
 Pine Creek. There are good trouting streams in the locality. The route is 
 via the Allegheny Valley Railroad. 
 
 MeK.i'an County — 
 
 Kane. Deer, bears, wildcats, rabbits ; pheasants, woodcock, rufl'ed grouse ; 
 trout. Kane is among the Allegheny Mountains at the highest point of the Phil- 
 adelphia and Reading Railroad. The Thomson House, $1.50 to $a. Guides 
 easily secured at reasonable rates. 
 
 Ludlow. Good trout streams in the vicinity. Reached via the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. 
 
 Mvvcvf County- 
 Trout Island^ situated in the Chenango River, about six miles from Sharon, 
 and ten miles from ( jrtjenville, is a favoritt! resort for ducks, woodcock, snipe, etc. 
 
 It is owned l>y a club; but there is ('(jually good si ting in the vic:inity that is 
 
 not preserved, as well as good trout fishing. Reached by the Atlantic and Great 
 
CAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 1 45 
 
 Western, and the Erie and Pittsburg Railroad to Greenville. Pike and black 
 bass fishing is good in the neighborhuud of Greenville. A good hotel is kept here 
 by l'"rcd (irubbi;. 
 
 Mifflin County — 
 
 Leivistown. From Lewistown, the Kishacoquillas Valley, whose streams 
 abound in trout, and on the IMuc Ridge to the south, is a great unbroken wildci- 
 nt'ss, haunted by deer, beans, and wild turkeys. litack bass iishing is good in ttie 
 neighborhood. Reaclu-d via ti)e I'ennsylvania Railroad. National Hotel and 
 Coleman's, lioard $1.50 to $a. lioats as to 50 cents ; teams $3 to $3. 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 'I'obyhantta Mil/s. Good trout fishing. Reached via the Delaware, Lacka- 
 wanna and Wcstt^rti Railroad, a short distance beyond the Water Gap. Hotel 
 accommodations ai Case's, vviiere teams, etc., can be obtained. 'I'he upper part 
 of the Tobyhanna is lull of trout, but ditlicult to wade; further down more even, 
 and affords good tiy fishing. 
 
 Ucnrysville. Good trout fishing. Reached via the Lackawanna and Western 
 Railroad. 
 
 Dcliiivare IVatfr Gap. In the vicinity are Hornbeck's, I^ingman's, and 
 Adams' Creeks, all trout strttams, while Mill, Tom's and Cole Creeks, all full of 
 fish, are accessible. VVoodi:ock and wild fowl shooting on the Delaware. Reached 
 via the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Krom New York, via 
 Morri? and Essex Road; three and one-half hours ; fare $3.55. Several hotels, 
 $10 to $20 per week. 
 
 Stroiidshurgh. Good trout fishing in the Broadhead Creeks, twenty-five miles 
 from the Delaware Water Gap. Reached via the Delaware, Lackawanna and 
 Western Railroad. 
 
 Montgotnery County— 
 
 Norristoiun, lilack bass fishing in the Schuylkill. The best localities are in 
 the swift waters below Rawlings, Catfish, Norristown, Conshohocken and Flat 
 Rock Dam. The principal bail used is the live minnow (shiner), although 
 worms, clams and cheese are successfully used. Norristown is on the Philadel- 
 phia and Reading Railroad. There are two hotels. 
 
 i'erkiomenvilU. Good black bass fishing in the Schuylkill, at Paulin's Bridge. 
 Reached as above, the Reading Railroad. 
 
 On Wissahickon Creek are a few quail and ruffed grouse ; in the vicinity of 
 Penllyn. 
 
 Pottstown. Good black bass fishing. Reached via the Reading Railroad. 
 
 Eagleville. Deer, partridges, scjuirrels and other small game ; trout and pike. 
 Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotel $1.50, $5 per week ; guides $3; 
 teams $4. Parties hunting will find convenient stations at the lumbermen's 
 camps, which are numerous in the forests. 
 
 Northampton County— 
 
 Easton. (iood bass fishing in the Delaware. Woodcock, ruffed grouse, quail, 
 and deer shooting. Reached via the Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Dela- 
 ware, Lackawanna and Western, or the Lehigh Valley Railroads. 
 
 Northumberland County — 
 
 y,unhury, on the Susijuehanna River. Deer, and smaller game, bass, salmon 
 and trout. Reached via the Northern Central, or the Philadelphia and Erie 
 Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotels ; Central House, City Hotel, and 
 boarding houses, $1.50 to $3.50. Teams $3.50 to $6. Boats, etc. 
 
 I'erry County- 
 Newport., on the Juniata, forty miles above Harrisburg, is a favorite resort for 
 
 bass fishermen. Wild turkeys are found in the vicinity. Reached via the Cen- 
 Boa " " 
 
 tral of New Jersey and the Lehigli Valley Railroads. Board $3 ; teams $3. 
 
 Dtmcannon. A good centre tor ijuail, ruffed grouse, wild turkeys and 1 
 Wolves and deer are seen rarely. Reached via the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 
 Philadelphia County— 
 
 Philadelphia. In the marshes both above and below the city is good rail and 
 reed bird shooting in season. Grey squirrels are found in the woods in the vicinity 
 of the citv. Rockfish, catfish and perch are caught in the Delaware within ten 
 miles. Gloucester Point and Tacony arc good points. Shad and sturgeon roe, 
 and clams for bait. 
 
146 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Bridesburg. Fine rail and reed bird shooting. Reached via the New York 
 Division ol the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
 
 I'lke County — 
 
 Dingman's Fcrry^ on the Delaware River. Bears, deer, squirrels, ruffed 
 grouse, quail, woodcock ; trout, i»iclferel and black bass. Reached via the Erie 
 Railroad to Port Jervis, thence stage, fare $1. Dr. P. F. Fulmer's High Falls 
 Hotel ; board $3.50 ; f 10 per week ; guides $3 • boats free to guests ; teams $3 to 
 $6 Adams Creek one and one-half miles distant. Bushkill, thirteen miles, 
 Water Gap twenty-five miles. .See Milford. 
 
 Lackawaxen. In the vicinity deer, hares, ducks, snipe, ruffed grouse: trout 
 bass, lake trout and pickerel. In the Lackawaxen region Lord's Brook, Panther 
 Brook, Taylor Creek and other streams afford fine trouting. Reached via the 
 Erie Railroad. Williamson's Hotel is a good central station for the sportsman. 
 Board $8 per week. Wagons and carriages can be hired. 
 
 JMasthope. Deer are found in Cranberry Marsh. Grasse's and Panther 
 Swamps, and other haunts known to the guides. 
 
 Mii/ord. Woodcock, ruffed grouse, partridges, quail and squirrel shootinjj is 
 excellent in the vicinity. Within easy reach of Milford-many of them but a tew 
 minutes' walk — are numerous trout streams which furnish in. season abundant 
 sport to the angler. These streams all thread the most picturesque glens and 
 glades, and some of them abound in scenery unequalled even among the Adi- 
 roiuiacks. Notable among these streams is the Adams Brook, seven miles below 
 Milford. The Sawkill and the Vandermarck, both running through Milford : the 
 Rayraondskill, three miles below the village ; the Coneshaugh, four miles below ; 
 Ryder's Brook, three miles above, on the Port Jervis road ; the Capow, two 
 miles west of Milford, and dozens of smaller streams are all within easy reach, 
 and all afford good fishing. Besides the trout streams, the Delaware kiver con- 
 tF.ins black bass, and many other varieties of the finny tribe ; in every direction 
 lie inland lakes for which Pike and adjoining counties are noted, all stocked with 
 fine game fish, and all easy of access. Excursions to these lakes, which are from 
 five to fifteen miles distant, are among the popular recreations of the summer 
 visitors to Milford. Guides to all of these streams and lakes are readily obtained 
 in the village. There are numerous good hotels, all furnishing good accommoda- 
 tions, $10 to $14 per week, with boarding and lodging liouses. The Wells' hotel 
 is resorted to by sportsmen and has every facility for shooting and fishing. 
 Guides, dogs, etc., are always to be had. The route is via the Erie Railroad to 
 Port Jervis, thence seven miles of staging. 
 
 Blooming Grove Park is an extensive game preserve owned by the Blooming 
 Grove Park Association who have a club house on the premises. To hunt and 
 fish here permission must be obtained from the proper authorities. The game 
 includes bears, deer, grey squirrels, rabbits, etc., ducks, woodcock, (juail, and 
 other birds. The fishing is for black bass, perch, pickerel and catfish. The route 
 is via the Erie Railroail to Lackawaxen, thence stage or private conveyance. 
 Excursion tickets to Lackawaxen are issued from the Erie office, No. 401 Broad- 
 way, New York. For bear hunting go to Westbrook's Tavern, where old hunters 
 are always to be found who will act as guides. The Westbrook Meadows, 
 which are just on the confines of Blooming Grove Park, are widely known as 
 a capital ground for July woodcock. 
 
 Skohola^ one hundred and eight miles from New York, is beautifully located 
 among the mountains, overlooking the Delaware. It is in the heart of the famous 
 hunting and fishing regions of Pike and Sullivan Counties. There is but one 
 hotel, the Shohola House, kept by George Layman. It is a new and commodious 
 hotel, near the depot. Detailed information as to the locality, and terms, may be 
 obtained by addressing the proprietor. Take the Erie Railroad. 
 
 Porter's Lake. The quickest and best way for sportsmen to go to vhis lake 
 from Philadelphia is to take the cars from the Kensington Depot and go to 
 Stroudsburg. An excursion ticket to that place will cost $4.85. They can get a 
 wagon at Stroudsburg from W. K. Henry, who keeps a livery stable, and will 
 take ihem to the lake for $6. It will take about six hours ride to get there, or, if 
 they write to the proprietor of the hotel, Adam Rinehart, he will send his team to 
 meet them. In the lake will be found pickerel, catfish, and perch. The black 
 bass were only put in the lake in August, 1874. There are plenty of trout streams 
 in the neighborhood, particularly the Bushkill Creek, the Sawkill Creek, Middle 
 Branch and Indian Calvin Branch (branches of the Bushkill), which stieams are 
 all within a short distance of Porter's Lake. Good board may be obtained at the 
 hotel for ^^ per week which will entitle one to the use of the boats, whereas 
 
GAME AND FISH KESORTS. 1 4/ 
 
 should sportsmen camp out and have no boats, it is very doubtful if they can 
 catch any large fish, for these are to be caught only at certain places in the lake, 
 which must be fished from a boat. 
 
 High Knod, nine miles from Porter's Lake, reached via cars to Oakland, and 
 thence a team, is an excellent camping ground with spiendi.l black l)iiss lishi-ig 
 near at iianil. A boat is necessary. The lake taay be reached from New V'(/rk 
 via the Erie Road to Hawley, thence wagon. 
 
 The Saiui-i// Creek is a favorite stream with anglers, among whom it has 
 gained \.\\<i. sobriquet of the "Old Reliable." A good basket will reward the 
 angler in its waters. Reached from Milford and other points. 
 
 Buslikill. The Bushkills, Saw Creek, Pond Run, Tom's Creek, and other 
 streams are famous for their trout. Go to Hushkill. reached by carriage road 
 from Stroudsburg on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. 
 
 hotter County— 
 
 Coudersport. Hears, deer, rabbits, squirrels, quail, ruffed grouse, partridges, 
 woodcock and ducks. The streams and brooks swarm with ti.sn, especially trout. 
 The trip to this region can be made in less time, and with much less expense, than 
 to any other hunting districts. 
 
 The nearest and shortest route from the West is via the Buffalo, New York 
 and Philadelphia Railway. The fare from Buffal,. to Port .Alleghany is $3.98. 
 Thence via stage. Reached from New York City via Philadelphia'and Erie 
 Railroad to Emporium. Provide camping equipments. 
 
 Wharton Mills. The East and First Forks of the Smnemahoning here unite. 
 About a mile below the junction is an old mill, and under the dam a deep pool 
 where trout are always to be taken. Both the Forks afford excellent fly fishing 
 with plenty of room to cast, while for bait fishing there are many waters within 
 an hour's drive from Wharton, noticeably Nelson and Freeman's Runs, Birch 
 Creek, and the headwaters of East P'ork. The route to Wharton is via the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad to Sinnemahoning Station, fare $8.35 ; time twelve hours. 
 Stages run thence Mondays and Thursdays, fare $1.50. On other days a team 
 may be hired for $5. Good and cheap accommodations at M. M. T. Siebert's, 
 whose post office address is. Care F. Welton, Sinnemahoning. Guides $1. An 
 india-rubber stocking, with stout brogans will be found very serviceable here, 
 and a small landing net will often come into play. 
 
 Schutjlkill County— 
 
 Fottsvillc. This county abounds in wild turkeys, partridges, pheasants, rab- 
 bits, squirrels, geese, ducks and deer. The mountain streams are full of trout, 
 and in some of the waters are large sized catfish, chubs and eels. Reached via 
 the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. 
 
 Somerset County— 
 
 Conjlucncc, Somerset and Ursina. For the game see Connellsville, Fayette 
 County. There are good hotels at all these places, which are reached via the 
 Pittsburg, Western and Baltimore Railroad. 
 
 Sullivan County— 
 
 H ill's Grove is in the vicinity of some good trouting streams. Write to R. 
 Biddle, at that place. 
 
 Tioga County — 
 
 Mahoopany Tributaries. Take Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, or Dela- 
 ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, to Bloomsburg, and then wagon to 
 the streams, which are within four miles of Colonel Rickett s Long Pond Hotel. 
 Address John Gibbs, Bloomsburg. Good deer, ruffed grouse, and squirrel hunt- 
 ing in their season. Board in private family at $7 per week. 
 
 Union County— 
 
 M ifflinbtirgh . Deer, ruffed grouse and quail. Reached via the Philadelphia 
 and Erie Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Three hotels, $1.50 to $a. 
 
 Warren County — 
 
 Warren. Deer shooting, and trouting. Reached via the Philadelphia and 
 Erie Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hotel, $1.50 to $2. 
 
 Grand Valley. Deer, ruffed grouse, and other small game. Reached via the 
 
148 
 
 GAME AND FISH JiESOKTS. 
 
 Dunkirk, AllcRheny Valley and Pittsburg Railroad. Hotel $i ; teams $3. The 
 surrouiuling country is hilly. 
 
 Kinzuii. Deer shooting along the Kinzua Creek. 
 
 (VaHhlngton. Count]/ — 
 
 Gooil qwdW and lair ruffed grouse shooting throughout the county along the 
 .ncs ol the Ualtirnore and Ohio, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis Rail- 
 oads. Inquire of the train conductors as to best localities. 
 
 Wayne County— 
 
 Way mart is a good central point, with hotel accommodation. Bass, pickerel 
 and trout in abundance. Reached by Erie Railroad to Honesdale, or Carbon- 
 dale, thence stage or hir'^rl conveyance. 
 
 Honesdale. White's Hollow, twelve miles distant, abounds in ruffed grouse 
 and some huge fjame. Panthers are occasionally seen. The country is hilly and 
 densely wooded. Jleached via Erie Railroad. 
 
 Wyoniiny County — 
 
 Fo-rkston. Excellent trout fishing in the Mahoopany River. Hotel accom- 
 modations will be found, with guides, teams, etc. 
 
 Loveltnn. Black and grey squirrels are abundant in the vicinity. Deer, bears, 
 ruffed grouse, etc. Trout in the streams. 
 
 Malioop.anv. There is a good hunting ground on Muncey Creek and the 
 Loyalsock, Mahoopany, etc. Colonel Ricket keeps a sporting house at Long 
 Poiid, on the old Berwick turnpike leading to Susouehanna River, and through 
 to Dushore. the present terminus of the Sullivan and Erie Railroad. Long Pond • 
 is the very neart of the wilderness, and can be easily reached from New York or 
 Philadelphia by taking Lehigh Valley Railroad to Mahoopany Station, and thence 
 by stage and rail. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Rhode Island, the smallest State in the Union, has an area of 
 1,046 square miles, with a population of 352,791. The surface of 
 the State is generally hilly and rough, though without any moun- 
 tains. The Narragansett Bay, with numerous rivers and tributaries, 
 extends into the State thirty miles, and is thickly studded with isl- 
 ands. The game of the State is confined, in the interior, to the 
 smaller varieties of birds, and on the coast comprises all the wild 
 fowl and bay birds common to the New England State?. One 
 hundred and twelve kinds of fish are found on the Rhode Island 
 coast. The fishing and shooting grounds are easily accessible by 
 excellent railroad and steamboat communications. 
 
 jBrlstol County — 
 
 Bristol. Boats, yachts and boatmen are always to be had for the fishing and 
 shooting found here. Ducks, snipe, plover, and other varieties of bay and shore 
 birds, afford good sport, while the fishing is varied and abundant. Reached via 
 the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad. 
 
 Kent County — 
 
 Greenivich, on Conesit Bay. Ducks, plover, snipe, and other bay and shore 
 bird shooting. Reached via Shore Line Railroad. Hotels, boats, etc. 
 
 Old Warwick^ ii few miles from Greenwich, across Conesit Bay, has excellent 
 shooting- and lishing facilities. 
 
 Sumiitit. Woodcock shooting may be found in the vicinity. Reached via the 
 Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad. 
 
GAAfE AND FISH RESORTS. I49 
 
 Newport County— 
 
 This county is made uj), for the most part, of a great number of islands, with a 
 strip of the maiiilatid foru'.Mijf its eastern section. The waters and coasts afford 
 much lishinx and wild fowl shootini.'. The sportsman may make his headcpiarters 
 at any of the villages, and will lie pretty sure to tind gt)od sport there. Where 
 hotel acconnnodations are not found, lioard may, as a general thing, be ol)taineil at 
 l)rivate houses, and boats with boatmen are always to be secured at reasonable 
 rates. 
 
 Newport. Snipe, yellow legs, dowitchers, jilover, brant, teal, wood ducks, 
 black (lucks, greenheads, and other birds afford exciilent sjjort. Hateman's 
 Point is much visited by gunners. Ever, facility for fishing will be found at 
 Newport, and the lish caught here are of great variety, embracing most of those 
 common to the Rhode Island coast. Sachnest Point at the southeastern extrem- 
 ity of the island, is the favorite fishing ground. Newjiort has railroad ccmnec- 
 tions, via Old Colony, with lioston, or via Shore Line, with New York ; and 
 steamboats run to New York, l'"ail River, Rocky Point and Providence. There 
 are a great number of hotels, private boarding houses, cottages, etc. 
 
 JProvldena; County — 
 
 The northeastern part of the county, comprising the towns of Burrillville, Glou- 
 cester. g(K)d for quail, ruffed grouse, wild pigeons, rabbits and squirrels. Make 
 headquarters, eith<!rat I'ascoag, reacliL'd by rail, twenty-one miles from Providence 
 on the Providence and Springfield Railroad, or at Chepachet, three or four miles 
 bv stage from Oakhiiul Station on the same road. Sneach Pond in Cumberland, 
 Mosvvaiisicutt Pond in North Scituate, Herring Pond and Pascoag Reservoir, in 
 Burrillville, arc good for black bass. There is {^ood trout fishing in Natcrmiin's 
 Pond, Burrillville. Trout are not plentiful nor large, owing to iinuimerable mills 
 and much fishing. On the Branch River, a tributary of the Blackstone, are thirty- 
 one dams. 
 
 ProTiiience. Good woodcock shooting in the vicinity, with all the varieties of 
 shore birds, ducks, plover, snipe, etc. There are many resorts in the immediate 
 vicinity of the city, where boats and boatmen mav be secured for gunning and 
 fishing. The fish and game are abundant in many localities known to Providence 
 sportsmen. liocky Point, reached via steamer, midwav between Providence and 
 Newport, is one of the most popular resorts of New Englancl, and furnishes ex- 
 cellent fishing. The numerous islands in the vicinity, accessible by steamer, or 
 hired yacht, are much visited by si)ortsmen, and among them success with rod 
 and gun is always to be found. 
 
 Washington County— 
 
 Narrn^ansctt Pier is a fashionable summer resort, reached via the Lake Shore 
 Line to Knigston, thence stage or carriage, nine miles; or via boat from Provi- 
 dence and Newport. Below the Pier is a mass of rocks, from .which many fish 
 arc caught. IJo its, boatmen, etc.. may be procured for fishing in the Bay. There 
 are numerous tine hotels, $13 to $18 per week. 
 
 Five miles from the Pier, reached by carriage road, is Peacedale, where the 
 sportsman will find good quail and snipe shooting. 
 
 The road running southeast from Peacedale, leads to the Porter Place, near 
 which is Point Judith I'ond, a long lagoon, having many islands and full offish. 
 
 South Kingston. Worden's Pond affords good fishing, and in the great pine 
 and cedar swamp here will be found a variety of shoolin}^. Accommodations can 
 
 Erobably be obtained at fiome of the farmhouses in the vicinity. Take the Shore 
 .ine to South Kingston. 
 Watcli Hill. The shooting here is for ducks, geese, curlew, sand snipe, yel- 
 low legs, etc., the fishing includes the varieties common to the sound, bluefish, 
 blacktish, striped bass, and others. The route is via the Shore Line to Westerly, 
 thence steamer down the Pawcatuck River, or from Stonington, New London 
 and Norwich, via steamer. There are several hotels, prices moderate. Every 
 facility for sport will be found here. 
 
 Block Island., reached by steamer from Stonington and Newport, or yacht from 
 Martha's Vineyaid, and other points, is a noted place for fishing. The only 
 variety affording much sport however, is the bluefish. There are two hotels, 
 with boats, boatmen, etc., on hire. 
 
150 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 South Carolina has an area of 34,000 square miles and a popu- 
 lation of 705,606. An outline of the physical features of the coun- 
 try would be found to closely resemble that already given of its 
 sister State, North Carolina. We here find repeated, or, more 
 properly, continued, the sea islands ; the sea coast, broken by nu- 
 merous inlets and lagoons ; the low level pine and swamp lands ; 
 back of this, the hill country gradually rising towards the West ; 
 and finally the mountains in the extreme western part of the State. 
 The game, travel'inj facilities, accommodations, etc., are generally 
 the same as those of North Carolina. 
 
 A-ikiiik, Count 1/ — 
 
 AiA-en,A favorite watering place, much p<itronizcd hy northern visitors and 
 invalids in winter. Its hotels will compare favorably with the majority of those 
 at the north. There is jjood sliooiing for snipe, <}uail and turkeys within easy 
 riding distance. Take tlie South Carolina Railroad. 
 
 Hamburg-. Ai'aund the old and now almost deserted village of Hamburg, on 
 the Savannah Kiver, directly o])posite the city of Augusta, and in spite of its 
 propinquity, may be had good quail shooting, and an occasional deer or turkey 
 may be bagged up the river. At the rapids of the Savannah River, seven miles 
 up, there is good perch and sl:ad fishing, both of which are often taken with rod, 
 reel, and flies. Can get board in Augusta ; possibly in Hamburg. 
 
 Harnwell Counti/— 
 
 The pine forests and swamps of the county are excellent shooting grounds for 
 deer, wild turkeys, fo.^.-s, rabbits, squirrels, (juail, woodcock, etc., with an oc- 
 casional wildcat, and in the rivers are to be found geese, ducks, snipe, etc. 
 Take the South Carnlin.: Railroad to Williston or Hlackville,and strike out from 
 either of these points. 
 
 Millettville. Good qua"' '■-hooting near the town. Foxes and wildcats are 
 shot within a short distance. The prevailing i-ode 'f hunting in this section of 
 the country is from horseback. I'"or to a hunting there aie several packs of hounds 
 in the neigliborhood. 
 
 Heaufort Coynty — 
 
 Like all of those lying upon the coast, this county in the eastern section is low 
 and interspersed with much swampy land. The coast region is made up of a 
 system of islands with inlets, bays, straits, and chan,:.els, nearly all navigable. 
 Like all the rice producing lands of the State thi;-: ""cgion abounds in the common 
 varieties of ducks : mallards, black ducks, widgeon; . pin tails, gadwalls, teal, 
 shovelers, ring-necks, greater and lesser scaups, buttleheads, ruddies and nier- 
 gausers. In addition to these the sportsman will find iA\ through the rice fields, 
 along the coast and on the islands, great numbers of v hite-fronted geese, jack- 
 curlew, black-iireasted plover, godvvits, willets, sandcrlings, marsh hens, snipe, 
 rail, woodcock, quail, partriiiges, wild turkeys, rai)bits, coons, scjuirrels, and 
 other game. Deer are abundant on the Hunting Islands, near Beaufort, and Port 
 Royal, either one of which is an excellent place for sportsmen to make their head- 
 quarters. Take steamer from New York, or Fernandina, Fla., or ;,;o via the Port 
 Royal Railroad, which connects at Yemassee with the Savannah and Charleston 
 Radroad. January and February are tlie best months for sport. 
 
 Charleston County — 
 
 Charleston. The surface of much of the countj' near the coast is very low and 
 at times subject to inundation. The game found here is similar to that of the 
 coast region of the state generally. Ducks of all the common varieties are abun- 
 dant, mallards, teal, wiiigeons, pin-tails, shovelers, scoups, buffleheads, ruddies, 
 gadwalls and mergansers. Geese, snipe, plover, sanderlings, godwits, willets, 
 marsh hens, reed birds, etc., also abound on th^ coast. The fishing about the 
 
GAME .LY/> I'ISH RESORTS. 15I 
 
 city is for the common southern coast fishes ; the breakwater at Sullivan Island, 
 anrl the rocks about Fort Sumter are excellent prounds for shcepshead. By tak- 
 ing rail back into the country, a few hours ride will bring the sportsman to a 
 country where deer, foxes, wild turkeys, scjuirrels, etc., are found in numbers 
 sufiicieiit to insure success, ("harlestoh has rail and steamboat communication 
 with the northern and southern ports and all points in the interior. 
 
 ColU'tou Cottnti/— 
 
 The description of this county agrees in all essential particulars with that of 
 Heaufort County. The surface is partly swampy and extensive tracts are cov- 
 ered with pine forests. The coast region is made up of numerous islands all 
 abounding in game, and the rivers and sounds between them furnishing good 
 iishing. Ducks, geese, snipe, plover, reed birds, woodcock, quail, etc., are 
 found all through the eastern portion of Mie county. In the woods and swamps 
 are deer, foxes, squirrels, coons, wild turkeys The South Carolina, and the 
 C;harleston and Savannah Railroads traverse the county and render accessible 
 some of the best regions for the sportsman. The coast shooting grounds may be 
 reached by yacht from Charleston or Beaufort. The hunter cannot fail of finding 
 abundant employment for shot gun and rifle among the sea islands of the Caro- 
 lina coast. 1 he winter months are the best for sport. 
 
 Georffetown County— 
 
 The extensive rice fields on the lowlands near the coast attract great flocks of 
 wild fowl and other birds. Ducks in great variety, reed birds, and all the varie- 
 ties of bog and sliore birds enumerated under Beaufort (bounty are found here in 
 equal abundance. The swamps anil hummock lands are generally well supplied 
 witli deer, wild turkeys and other like game, and there one may occasionally 
 meet with a wildcat. Foxes and coons are abundant through the county. The 
 natives are as a rule well supplied wiih fo.\ hounds and the stranger will find 
 little difficulty in securing the services of competent guides. Take steamer to 
 Georgetown and make that town headquarters, or go from there by boat or hired 
 conveyance into the interior. 
 
 Ilorry County — 
 
 A large portion of this county is swamp and marsh, and here are to be found 
 in innnense quantities many varieties of wild fowl and larger game. The north- 
 western part of the county is traversed by the Wilmington, Columbia and .Augusta 
 Railroad, and the eastern sections are rendered accessible by the Wallamon 
 River. Bucksville or Conwayboro reached by boat from Georgetown will be 
 found good headquarters for sport. 
 
 Jtichlnnil County — 
 
 Columbia. The pine forests and swamps are the abodes of great numbers of 
 deer, rabbits, swamp rabbits, squirrels, coons, etc. There is excellent partridge, 
 woodcock and dove shooting. Mallard and teal duck, and geese are shot on the 
 Saluda River. Columbia is well supplied with railroad communications with all 
 the surrounding country. The Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta, the Greenville 
 and Columbia, the South Carolina, and the Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta 
 Railroads all pass through fine game countries, and on the line of any one of them 
 will be found convenient centres for the gunner. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 Area 45,600 square miles, population, 1,258,520. That por- 
 tion of the State lying east of the Cumberland Mountains, and 
 commonly known as East Tennessee, is traversed by numerous 
 mountain ridges ; Middle Tennessee is generally hilly, and West 
 Tennessee, or the section west of the Tennessee River, is level or 
 gently undulating. With the exception of deer, there is little large 
 game to be found in the State. Foxes are numerous and the 
 
152 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 music of the hounds is often heard. Wild fowl are abundant in 
 season in many of the lagoons and rivers ; the fishine is for the 
 most part indifferent. The gentleman stranger will find the peopU; 
 of the hunting districts always hospitable, and rarely will it occur 
 that some one cannot be found who has the time and the inclma- 
 tion to ser^'e as guide and join in the sport. 
 
 Bedford County— 
 
 Shelbyville. Ouail, black, and other vaiieties of ducks, furnish good shoo, ne 
 in the vicinity. Reached via the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroacf. 
 The county is undulating and hilly. 
 
 Cooke County— 
 
 Casby Creek, a tributary of Big Pigeon River, is a good trout stream. 
 
 Davidson County — 
 
 Nashville. On the bottoms of the Cumberland River, wood ducks are quite 
 abundant all the way from Nashville to the forks, three hundred and forty miles 
 above, especially in the month of October, when the white acorns commence fall- 
 ing. Quail, partridges, rabbits, wild turkeys and deer are also found in abun- 
 dance along the Cumberland. 
 
 Dyer County— 
 
 Keelfoot Lake. Swan, geese, mallard, teal, and other varieties of water fowl 
 in great abundance. Bear and deer in the vicinity. Reached by hired convey- 
 ance from Dyerburg or Johnsonville. Hotels, boats, etc. A dense cypress 
 swamp surrounds the lake. 
 
 Trimble. Deer, wild turkeys, ducks, etc. Reached via the Paducah and 
 Memphis Railroad. Private board 75 cents per day. 
 
 Franklin County — 
 
 Sewanee. Black bass and black perch are caught in the Elk River. The 
 mountains of the country afford good deer hunting, and smaller game is found in 
 fair abundance. 
 
 Jlamilton County — 
 
 Wauhatcliie. Deer in the mountains, with quail in the neighboring fields. 
 Wauhatchie is a station on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad, six 
 miles from Chattanooga. 
 
 Chattanooga. Bass fishing in the neighboring creeks, Chickamauga, twelve 
 miles, and others. Deer, foxes, coons and rabbits, are found on the neighboring 
 mountains. By taking any one of the numerous railroads radiating from the city, 
 the sportsman may reach excellent shooting grounds, within a few nours' ride. 
 
 Bar din County — 
 
 Hamburg. Turkeys, ducks, geese, quail ; bass, catfish, drum and buffalo 
 fish. Reached via Tennessee River boat, or via rail to Chickasaw, Ala., thence 
 stage or horseback. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing. See Hamburg. 
 
 Savannah. Ducks, geese, wild turkeys, quail, and occasionally woodcock 
 shooting. The fishing is for perch, trout, bream and gar pike. Route as above. 
 
 Johnnon County — 
 
 Taylorsville^ which is reached by wagon from Abingdon, Virginia, via Atlan- 
 tic and Mississippi Railroad, is a fine centre for sportsmen wishing to fish the 
 Laurel and its tributaries in the adjacent mountains, where brook trout and small 
 game are found. 
 
 Lake County — 
 
 Tiptonville. Good duck shooting on Reelfoot Lake. Reached via Thompson's 
 Ferry. Provide for camping. 
 
 Jjouderdalc County — 
 
 Hale's Point. Deer, wild turkeys, quail, woodcock and other game. Reached 
 via St. Louis packet daily, Cincinnati packets, three or four times per week. Hotel 
 $5.50 per week. 
 
CAME Ayn FISH RESORTS. 1 53 
 
 Lairrenrp County — 
 
 Shiutl Crerk- is a good game centre, and is n favorite resort for Nashville 
 sportsmen. Tlic black bass tislun^j is good, and on tlic Musile Shoals, near the 
 inoutii of the treck, in Alabania (which sec), will be found splendid duck shoot- 
 ing. Reached by rail from Nashville to Uodenham, thence drive. 
 
 Mad I Hon Count if— 
 
 yiti/cson. Trout, buffalo fish and catfish. Reached via the New Orleans, St. 
 Louis, and C'hica^^o Railroad. Ilolel and iirivate board, $i to $2. 
 
 MaiiisoH is a good centre for (|uail sliooling. Reached via the Louisville and 
 Nashville and drcat Southern Railroad, or the St. Louis and Southeastern 
 Ruilroail. 
 
 Shelby County — 
 
 Miiiiphis. In the vicinity of the city, on either side of the Mississippi, bears 
 and deer afford line sport. A resort for hunters is Hayou Pemiscot, which lies 
 on the river, partly in Missouri and partly in Arkansas. The cane below the 
 city is a tine ground for bears, panthers, wildcats, wolves, deer, and occasion- 
 ally, elk. Foxes, <iuail, partridges, etc., are abundant all through the surround- 
 ing country. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 Texas embraces an area of 237,504 square miles. The State 
 comprises a great variety of surface ; the extreme south-eastern por- 
 tion is a level plain, which is followed by rolling and prairie coun- 
 try, and this in turn, is succeeded by the table land and mountain- 
 ous districts of the north and north-west. The Llano Estacado, 
 destitute of vegetation, extends into the State from New Mexico. 
 The sea coast is broken by a series of bays, lagoons and harbors, 
 all of them abounding in an extensive variety of salt water fish. 
 As a game country Texas surpasses any State in the Union. Tak- 
 ing steamer on the coast, or any one of the railroads into the inte- 
 rior, the sportsman will find, within easy access from almost any 
 locality he may select as his initial point, game in the greatest 
 variety and abundance. Upon the bays, lagoons, and inland 
 streams, are ducks, geese, brant, snipes, plover and other varieties 
 of game birds. Buffalo roam over the north-western counties. 
 Bears, deer, antelope, etc., are to be had in the greatest abundance. 
 Turkeys, pinnated grouse, quail, etc., are found throughout the 
 State, and go where he may the sportsman will always meet with 
 success. 
 
 liexnr County- 
 San Afttonia. The head waters of the Medina are fine hunting grounds for 
 red deer, bears, wild turkeys, anil partridges. (See Belknap.) Reached via the 
 Houston and Texas Central Railroad to Austin, thence via daily stages to San 
 Antonio, or go via the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway to Kings- 
 bury, thence via daily stages, 
 
 Slanco County — 
 
 Round Mountain. Bufl^alo range in large herds seventy miles west. Deer are 
 very plenty ; with wild turkeys numerous in the cedar brakes ; the peccary, or 
 wild hog, is found on Sand Mountain, twelve miles west; jack-rabbits, cotton- 
 tails, squirrels, foxes, coons and opossums are very abundant. Wild geese, 
 
 7* 
 
 *^ . . . k.i 
 
154 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 ducks, brant, pelicans, cranes, quail, and other birds afford fine sport on the 
 streams in winter. Hlacl< bass, perch and white cattish may be caught in all the 
 streams i)t any size. The Si)anish ponies are used tor the hunt. The sportsman 
 may slioot from their back, or leave them to gra/.e while he secures his game. 
 
 t'liinnbci'H Cniinty— 
 
 Tlic month ol Trinity River is a favorite ducking locality. Rcaehed from Gal- 
 veston, Wallisville, or New Washington, on Galveston bay. See Galveston. 
 
 (Colorado County— 
 
 (iame is plentilul at all seasons of the year, and consists of the deer, turkey, 
 wild goose, wild duck, mule-eared rabbit, pinnated grouse, cpiails, plover, snipe, 
 coons, opossums, the grey and cat scpiirrel, tlie wihl spotted cat, and now and 
 then a stray prairiji: woit is founil. Tlie wild goose nti(i duck are found in great 
 numbers in the tall and winter. Fish abound in the rivers, creeks and lakes in 
 
 great quantity and variety, and consist principally of cat, bulfalo gaspergou, 
 trout, black bass and percli. The IJalveston, llarrisburg and San Antonio Rail- 
 road passes through die centre of the county. (Jood game grounds are to be 
 
 reached from Columbus, Eagle Lake, Alleyton, Hordcn, or Weimar. The face 
 of the country presents a beautiful undulating level. 
 
 Concho Coajnty— 
 
 Camp Concho, on the Concho River, is the southern limit of the buffalo coun- 
 try. Plenty of small game is to be found. Reached from San Antonio. (See 
 Hexar County.) 
 
 Cooke County — 
 
 C,ciincsvilli\ si.x hours from Sherman by daily stage, is on the waters of Elm 
 Foric ofTrinity River, twenty-five miles east tif its head. This stream is deep 
 and clear, and abounds witli several varieties of hsh. Three kinds of cattish are 
 found in this stream, tlie yellow cat. the blue cat, and the channel cat ; and three 
 kinds of perch, the trout, the white bass and the sun nerch. Several varieties of 
 suckers are common, the largest being the " buffalo, which weighs from ten to 
 fifteen pounds. 
 
 Seven miles north of Gainesville is Red River, the boundary line between 
 Texas and Indian Territory. The hills running back from the river on each side 
 are timbered, and afford hiding place for deer, turkeys, wild cats, wolves and 
 foxes, with an occasional cougar or panther. 
 
 North of the river, for miles, lies a fine hunting ground in the open post oak 
 woods, as the settlements are ver>^ sparse and the Indians friendly. 
 ' Tyas Bend, on the Red River, is a tine deer and turkey locality. 
 
 About twenty miles west of Gainesville is the eastern edge of the upper cross 
 timbers, which extend through Montague County, a distance of thirty miles. 
 Throughout the entire woodland the red deer and wild turkey can be found. 
 
 At Gainesville, Elm Fork turns due south till it leaves the county. It affords 
 splendid stands lor " driving." Along this stream, and on Red River, are sev- 
 eral iiacks of trained hounds for hunting wildcats and deer. On the prairies are 
 found the mule-eared rabbit, the pinnated grouse and plover, and in the vicinity 
 of the farms the grey squirrel, fox-squirrel and quail. In the winter season the 
 streams abound with vvdd geese and wild ducks. The fall and winter are the 
 best seasons for sporting, as the winters are generally so mild that persons camp 
 out all winter in tents. Take the Houston and Texas Central Railway, or the 
 Texas and Pacific Railway to Sherman. 
 
 (ialveston County — 
 
 Gah'cston. Plover, brant, mallard, blue and green-winged teal, grey ducks, 
 big and little blue-bills, red heads, canvas-backs, golden eyes, top-knots, curlew, 
 snipe, killdeer ; trout, redtish, stingarees, alligators, gars, swordfish, sharks, jew 
 fish, croakers and sheepshead. Reached via boat or by the Galveston, Houston 
 and Henderson Railway. The favorite localities for duck are Smith's Point, 
 distant fifteen miles, on the bay, and the mouth of Trinity River and the lakes 
 twenty miles inland. On Bolivar is also a good ground for geese, teal and black 
 duck, distant about seven miles, with innumerable ponds and sufficient protection 
 to hide and creep on game unawares. In the Western Bay, not much frequented, 
 feather above and fin beneath, sport their idle and dreamy hours away in perfect 
 security, a pleasant place for the sportsman in the dead of winter. Always warm, 
 free from storm, yactit protected from the most violent gales, and game so plenty, 
 
 17* 
 
GAME AND FISH KEHOKTS. 155 
 
 no effort to kill. As the place is not known to any extent, and rather hard for sail 
 boats to visit on account of intricate and shallow channels, and an out-of-the-way 
 place generally, Raine of all duscri[)lions seek it as their refuse in safety. The 
 snipe grounds arc the wild prairies, with a little water oi\ thetn, where there is 
 {;oi)d walking and riding. Cars, boats and guides can be obtained at reason- 
 able prices. 
 
 iioltad County — 
 
 Goliad. Ducks are found in great numbers in the vicinity. 
 llarrlH County— 
 
 Ilouston. On the line ot the new Houston and Texas Western Railway and 
 within tliirty miles of Houston are found in ureal abiiniiance deer, hures, prairie 
 chickens, sandhill cranes, ducks, geese, blackbirds and ((uail. liy going a very 
 short distance back from the railroad the sportsman will tind all the (-ame men- 
 tioned in great abundance. 
 
 //ocklry, forty miles from Houston on the Central Railroad, and one hundred 
 and thirty miles from Austin. Grouse, snipe, ducks, guese, etc., here afford ex- 
 cellent sport. 
 
 llopkinn County— 
 
 Deer, turkeys, (luail, and other varieties of game abound. 
 
 Hunt County— 
 
 IVhite /foci. Deer, turkeys and small game throughout the county. Reached 
 via the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad. The country is open oak timber 
 lands. 
 
 Kaufman County — 
 
 Terrell. Deer, jack-rabbits, pinnated grouse, quail, ducks and snipe. 
 Reached via the Texas and Pacific Railroad, Hoard at hotel %i\ teams $3. 
 Country rolling prairie and timber. 
 
 Kinney County — 
 
 /''orl Clark. Quail, plover, teal, wild turkeys, bears, deer; bass, catfish, gar, 
 sunfish, and buflalo tish. Fort Clark is about one hundred miles west from San 
 Antonio. 
 
 Marlon County — 
 
 Jefferson. Deer, quail, snipe, mallards, teal, bass and many other varieties of 
 game and fish. Reached via the Texas and Pacific Railroad. Hotel $2.50, pri« 
 vate board $1.50 ; boats and guides $2.50 ; teams at reasonable rates. The 
 country is rolling and timbered. The best fishing points are the three forks of 
 Cypress Bayou, and Cudd Lake. 
 
 miaaon County — 
 
 Fort Mason. At the Llano Rive", six miles distant, is excellent turkey shoot- 
 ing. The river contains several varieties of fish including the large yellow cat- 
 fish, which is here esteemed a fine table delicacy. 
 
 Montague County — 
 
 The upper cross timbers thirty miles west of Gainesville (which see) are excel- 
 lent huntmg grounds for red deer and wild turkeys. 
 
 Shachleford County- 
 Fort Griffin. The vicinity of the Clear Fork of the Brazos River is a grand 
 buffalo range. The locality is about one hundred and fifty miles south-west of 
 Gainesville. Go via the Texas Pacific Railroad to Gainesville, fit out there, or at 
 Henderson, with tents, wagons, teams, horses, etc., for a several weeks campaign. 
 
 The Northwestern Countlen — 
 
 In the vicinity of the headwaters of the Brazos and Big Wachita Rivers, buffalo, 
 antelope and deer are found in large quantities. The buffalo rari^e extends from 
 the tributaries of the Canadian, across the northern end of the Staked Plains to 
 the Pecos River. This range however, changes very rapidly, and it is therefore 
 difficult to give precise information where this game may be found. 
 
156 
 
 GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 The Southvrn ttorder t'ountlea— 
 
 These couiiticH at)(>\inil in fmc Ramc, lnrluHln(( turkeys, peccaries, deer, ducks, 
 coyotes, suiidhill craiivs, purtrldKcs, jack rut)bitH, with a Hinalicr variety, cbkIcm, 
 loiiK hilled curlew, lieroiiH, Kiiipe. 
 
 lirownsviile, Cameron ('ounty, iii a good centre to Start from. The route is 
 via steamer to Hrazos SantiuKo. 
 
 Travln County- 
 Austin. Sec Melknap, YoiuiK County. Austin is the terminus of the Western 
 Division of the Houston and Texas Central Kailway, 
 
 I'lmhui' County - 
 
 Lottgi>ievi. Deer, wild tiirl<eys and ducks. Reached via the Texas and Pacific 
 Railroad. Hoard $6 i)er week, fao per month. 
 
 I' an Xanttt Coimty— 
 
 li'tii's Point. Deer, and piiuiated an(' rulfed Rrousc. Reached via Texas and 
 I'acitic Railroad. Teams $4 to $s. Provide camping outfit. 
 
 {•rami Saline. Deer in abundance. Reucheu via the Texas and Pacific Rail- 
 way. Teams $3. Prepare for camping. 
 
 Youuff County— 
 
 Belknafi. All this northern part of Texas, embraclnpf both the Cross Timbers 
 as a centre, and tiatiked by extensive prairies on the east and west, and abound- 
 ing ill game (in their |)laces and season), hold out their peculiar charms, and 
 invite the sportsman to the tented field. VVhen acorns and other mast are plenty, 
 and have talleii, then in the o|)en woods, the sportsman will find deer, ducks. 
 Rccsc, and turkeys abundant, (piail and ral)l)its ()lenty, antelope, grouse, ana 
 squirrels medium, and bear occasionally, to say nothing of prairie wolves, foxea, 
 coons, possums, etc., not generally noticed. October, November and December 
 arc the perfect months for sport, and lanuary and Kebiuary not bad, but having 
 a few days, at intervals, of rather cohl weather— that is, a few inches of snow and 
 ice, with cold, northerly winds— thus constituting what Is so well known in Texas, 
 as a " norther." 
 
 These remarks apply to northern Texas in winter, while along th«i gull, or 
 southern coast, these same winter months have the mild climate of New York in 
 September. Connecting with the railroad running south from Dennison, near the 
 north line of the State, are stages which convey persons at once to almost any 
 
 Eart of the State desired. For central cities, in which to spend the winter for 
 ealth, as well as for sporting, San Antonio stands first, and Austin, the capital 
 of the State, second. These places cannot well be excelled, everything con- 
 sidered. 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 Utah has an area of 1 08,000 miles. The Wasatch Chain travers- 
 ing the central part, and numerous other ranges give a decidedly 
 mountainous character to the Territory. Deep caiions, dashing 
 mountain streams, and plains are the principal features of the 
 country. Though the game found here is not abundant, the list 
 includes some of the larger game sought after by the hunter. Elk, 
 deer, antelope, mountain sheep, bears and the common fur bear- 
 ing animals with water fowl and the birds afford fair sport. The 
 mountain streams and the lakes abound in salmon and trout ot 
 superior size, and here the angler will find opportunity for his 
 highest skill. All parts of the Territory may be reached from 
 
CAME AND I'lSH RESOKTS. \%^ 
 
 Ogden or Salt Lake City, at cither of which points will be fountl 
 pack horses, guides, and all necessary outtit and provisions. 
 
 Jtloryan County— 
 
 r,li>i,<». Tills county is ndjaccnt to Salt Luke f'ounty, »nil has the same Rcn- 
 er.il |>liysi( al tcuturcs. Flic ^a.mii is aliundatit, iiiul iiii liulcs l)cars, ducr, loxcs, 
 licuvcrs, pinimtLMi grouse, shuu hens, pine hens and dix ks. All the mountain 
 Htn'uins turni>.h K(>od trout lishiiijf. Thf route is via the l;'nion I'aiihc Railroad. 
 Iloiird in private liiinily $i ; guides $j. (See Salt Lake I'ounty.) 
 
 S<ill Lahv Count If, nnil t/tone .tiljolnluff— 
 
 The country Rcnerally is mountainous ; the Wasatch, Otpiirrh, and other ranp;e» 
 beiiitf prominent features, and occujjyinjj a larj^e pronortion ol the \vh(de distnvt. 
 Amiil the Wasatcli Mountains are the <ai"u)ns of (ity ("reek. Dry, ked Hutte, 
 Kmijrration, Parley's, Mill CTcek, Min Cottonwooil, Little ( ottonwood, Wdlow 
 (!rcek, and a nuinher ol other caAoiis and streams of less notoriety. 
 
 City (reck is immediately north of Salt Lake CMty, and the others are tu the 
 cast ar.d ■M>uth in the order mcntlonetl. 
 
 The caiV)ns named are on the east side, and the mountains are more prcct|)i- 
 toiis than those on the west, in the ()(|uirrh ranKC, in whith there are several 
 caiVMis and streams, all of which contain ^ame of various kinds. Iowa and (Cali- 
 fornia <|uail have l)eeii im|>orted, and are doin^ well. 
 
 In both ranges of mountains there are plenty of pine hens, rh they are locullv 
 known, and on all the foothills or benches at the proper season, can be found 
 pinnated ^;rouse, sa>;e hens, rabbits, plover, curlew, etc., and on the bottoms 
 nearer the Salt Lake are immense quantities of hares and cotton tail rabbits. 
 
 The Jordan River, which runs from south to north throuKb the valley, has 
 recently been stocked with imported tish of many varieties, and will soon afford 
 excellent sport for the anurler, as the streams contain lar^e i|uantities of whiletish, 
 chub, and some trout— wliich are indifjenous to the stream. All of the streams 
 frtjin the cailons mentioned, are well stocked with mountain trout and mountain 
 herrinjf. 
 
 In nearly all of the canons, especially those which are less frefjuented, deer, 
 and an occasional elk, and large numbers of bears may be foun<l. The severe 
 snow storms of winter often drive the deer down into the settlements near the 
 mountains. 
 
 The <lescription here Riven, althou^jh with special reference to the immediato 
 neighborhood ol Salt Lake (Jity, will apply to all other parts of Utah. To the 
 north for one handled and fifty miles, these canons and streams are met witli 
 every few miles, and in them can be found more or less name of the kinds enu- 
 merated. The \\'eber River, near which ()>;den is situated, is a spleinlid stream, 
 rich in trout, and is a watering place for innumerable ducks and peese. Special 
 mention is ilue to OKden CaAon, one of the most picturesciuc and attractive 
 mountain retreats in the Rocky Mountains. There are plenty of trout in the 
 stream, and abundance of fowl on the mountain side. The hunter will tind bears 
 and deer also in their season. 
 
 Farther to the north is the Bear River, a mapjniticent stream liberally stocked 
 with fish of many kinds, prominent amouR which is the trout. This is the finest 
 river for fish in tne Territory. Hut the best sport for the angler is found in the 
 creeks, such as Blacksmith's b'ork and scores of other narrow and swift mountain 
 streams, which are the homes of great numbers of splendid trout. All of these 
 streams can be reached without any difficulty, as they are in close proximity to 
 the railroads, and in many instances crossed by them. 
 
 To the south of Salt Lake City about forty miles is the famous Utah Lake, 
 full of trout, mullet, chub, mountain herring, etc. This is an immense sheet of 
 water and although there are scores of tons of trout and other fish taken out each 
 season, it still affords a supply for all demands made ui)on it. VVIiilc soeaking 
 of the north mention should nave been made of the splendid fishing ana grouse 
 shooting to be found in Cache Valley. Thousands of grouse, geese, ducks, etc., 
 are shot here every season. These grounds can be reached directly by rail, as 
 the Utah and Northern Railroad runs through the best hunting gr<mnds. 
 
 In Bear Lake Valley, which is but a few miles from the northern terminus 
 of the same road, there are large quantities of ducks, geese and chicken, and 
 plenty of bears and deer to be found in the surrounding un)untains. Bear Lake, 
 about twenty-five miles long and eight to ten miles wide, is the abode of trout 
 innumerable, consisting principally of salmon trout, some of them of very large 
 
158 
 
 GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 size. It is a common thinj? to see them here from four to eifi:ht pounds in weigiit 
 and often ten. twelve and even fifteen pounds ; and the flesh is as solid as beef 
 and flavor almost equal to the smallest mountain trout, 
 
 To the west is Stockton Lake, on the line of the Utah Western Railroad, filled 
 with whitefiyh, and its bosom lre(iueiUly covered with ducks, geese, ^)elicans, etc. 
 
 The Hot Spring Lake, three miles northwest of Salt Lake City, is a favorite 
 resort for ducks which are here at times exceedingly numerous. 
 
 The Great Salt Lake also is a great attraction to the feathered tribe. On its 
 margin may be found pelicans, swans, geese and ducks by the million. The 
 lake cxlenils fro^n immediately west of the city to about seventy-five miles north 
 and all along its borders will be found in their seasons, curlew, jack-snipe, can- 
 vas-backs, nr-lliirds, teal, red-heads, and a great variety of other ducks, several 
 kinds of geese, and all along the bottoms small game are to be found anywhere. 
 
 Jn the immediate neighborhood of Salt Lake City the game is mostly ducks 
 and rabbits, thousands of which are sometimes killed in a day. 
 
 The best initial points for sportsmen are Salt Lake City or Ogden. Here all 
 necessary information may be obtained, with sup|)lies for camping out. The 
 hotels through the Territory are generally fair, ($1.50 to $4) and the stranger will 
 find accommodations in i)rivate families ($1 to i2)at most of the points mentioned. 
 In some localities canuiing is preferable, but nowhere absolutely necessary. 
 Teams $3 to $8 ; boats ^i to $2. 
 
 Sutninit County — 
 
 Echo City. Elk, deer, bears, sage hens, sharp-tailed grouse ; trout. Reached 
 via the Union Pacific Railroad. Hotels $1.50 to $2; guides $1.50; teams JS4. 
 Provide camping equipment. The hunting grounds are among the mountains. 
 The description ot Salt Lake County (which see) will apply equally to this 
 county. 
 
 lyasntch is a starting point for elk, bear, jack rabbit, duck, goose and sage 
 hen shooting, and trout fishing. Route as above. Private board $a ; guides 
 $1.50 ; teams $4 to $5. Sportsmen generally secure their camping outfit here and 
 make their camp among the mountains. 
 
 Weber County— 
 
 Ogden City. Hears, deer, jack-rabbits, hares, pinnated grouse, sage hens, 
 grouse, etc. The streams in the county are full of trout and otner fish. Reached 
 via the Union Pacific Railroad. Hotel and private board $2 to $3 ; teams with 
 driver $4 to $5 per day. See Salt Lake County. 
 
 Uintah. Bears, deer, ducks, quail, pinnated grouse, trout. On the Union 
 Pacific Railroad. Private board $1 ; teams $3 to $4. Country hilly and moun- 
 tainous. 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 This State embraces an area of 10,212 square miles and has a 
 population of 330,551. The Green Mountains running north and 
 south through the centre of the State, divide it into two nearly 
 equal parts. The geiiCral surface of the country partakes of this 
 hilly and mountainous character. Though without any large rivers 
 within her boundaries, Vermont is well supplied with streams and 
 several beautiful lakes. The mountains still contain some bears 
 and other animals. There is fair shooting for some of the smaller 
 species, and the fishing in certain parts of the State is fair. As a 
 rule, however, this State has not many attractions for sportsmen 
 from abroad. The travelling facilities and accommodations 
 throughout the State will be found of the same general character 
 as all the earlier settled States. 
 
GAME AND FISH RE SON 7' S. I 59 
 
 Addisnn County— 
 
 Ver^otnes. Whitcfish, black bass, pike, etc., in Lake Champlain, and trout in 
 Otter Creek. Reached via the Central Vermont Railroad. Two hotels. 
 
 Larabci:'s Point. (Irey squirrel.s and coons. 
 
 Salisbury. Lake Dunmore abounds in iish. Reached via the Central Ver- 
 mont Railroad. The Lake Dunmore House is on the west side of the lake. 
 
 Fcryiibur^k. Ducks, rulTed grouse, woodcock, snipe and quail ; pike, pickerel, 
 black bass, rock bass and perch. Route as above, or via Lake Champlain 
 steamer. 
 
 Jinnninffton County — 
 
 Arlington., on the Western Vermont or Harlem Extension Railroad, has good 
 trout tishinfj. Two hotels afford comfortable accommodations. 
 
 Manchester, v^i the base of Mount Equinox in the valley of the Hattenkill, is 
 much visited in summer for its line troutin^f. (.See Weston, below.) Ruffed 
 grouse shooting in the neighborhood. 
 
 Glastenbury. Hears are found in the mountains ; trout in all the streams. 
 Ruffed grouse are shot in fair numbers. Reached from Hennington, distant five 
 miles. 
 
 Dorset. Good grey squirrel shooting here and in the vicinity. Reached via 
 the Harlem Extension to Factoryville, thence bv stage. Hotel. 
 
 Bennington. Trout are caught in the Walloo'mack River, near this place. The 
 pickerel ponds of Woodford are much visited. 
 
 TlsHex County — 
 
 The northeastern corner of Vermont is comparatively a wilderness, several 
 townships being entirely without population, and a number of the organized, 
 cleared and populated chiefly in the valley of the Connecticut River. In fact a 
 greater ])ortion of Essex county is forest. It is well watered by lakes and ponds, 
 some of which are miles in length ; all contain hsh, the largest ponds, the lake 
 trout, (called here lunge,) the brook trout and shad waiters, a sort of whitefish ; 
 the smaller ponds, trout or pickerel. In one of the lakes, the " Averil," where 
 the largest speckled trout are caught, are also found land-locked salmon. 
 
 The lake trout are of a large size, sometimes taken upward of thirty pounds, 
 but generally from one to seven pounds. In the woods are found a few moose, an 
 abunilance of deer, rabbits, partridge and duck, occasionally a bear and lynx ; 
 otter, muskrat, mink, sable and Mack cats are quite plenty, (irey squirrels are 
 but rarely found. Hy taking '.he Grand Trunk Railroad and leaving the line at 
 Island Pond or any other of the stations in the county, the sportsman will find 
 the game mentioned witiiin accessible distances. 
 
 Island r.nui, reached as above, is in the midst of the uninhabited forest. 
 Near the village is a lake two miles in length whose waters abound in fish. 
 There are good hotels and other conveniences here. 
 
 Norton, twelve miles from Island Pond, on the same road, is near Norton 
 ponds which afford excellent tishing. 
 
 Jtutland County — 
 
 Rutland. In Lake I?omoseen is excellent fishing. The migratory ducks pause 
 here and in season excellent shooting may be had. There are several mountains 
 and streams in the vicinity of Rmhmd where may be found game and fish. The 
 route is via the Central Vermont and other Railroads. Hotels $2.50 to $3. 
 
 Wallingford. Ruffed grouse are abundant. In the streams fine trout fishing. 
 Reached via the \\'cstern Vermont or Harlem B'xtension Railroad. 
 
 Brandon. Lake Dunmore is eight miles distant, reached by stage. (See 
 Salisbury.) 
 
 Wa.sh inyton County- 
 Mont/ "^r. Fine trouting in Peacham's Lake, distant twenty miles. Daily 
 stages connect with Hardwick, on the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroaci, 
 passing through Calais. (Moscow House,) and Woodbury. All about these 
 towns are scores of small lakes, abounding in trout and other fish. 
 
 Windham County— 
 
 Brattlehorn. Hlack bass fishing in the Connecticut. On the New London 
 Northern Railroad. The Brooks House here, is one of the finest hotels in the 
 State. 
 
i6o 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Bellows Falls. Black bass fisliing in the ('onnecticut River. Excursions are 
 made by summer visitors to Warren's Fond, in Alstead, N. H. Good hotels. 
 Reached via the Vermont ('entral Railroad. 
 
 Gra/ton. Foxes are numerous on the hills ; ruffed grouse, partridges, rabbits 
 and raccoons are abundant. Take the Central Vermont Railroad to Mellows 
 Falls or Rockingham. Good hotel, F. and H. Phelps, proi)rietors. Country 
 rough. 
 
 Windsor County — 
 
 li'cston, is in the heart of the Green Mountains, and the neighborhood abounds 
 in trout streams that are easily accessible from the village, and visited but by 
 few besides the resident anglers. In the main streams the trout are of fair size. 
 Then there is the Cold Spring Reservoir, literally swarming with fine, large 
 trout, but except in the first ot the open season, they will not answer a summons 
 every day, nor are they a gamy fish. Weston is twelve miles from Chester, a 
 station on the Rutland and Hurlington Railroad, and connected by daily stage and 
 can be reached the same day from Hoston or Troy, N. Y. There is a good hotel. 
 There are also plenty of accomplished and gentlemanly anglers to act as guides, 
 notably Messrs. William Holden and II. B. Rogers, who arc au/ait'm all that 
 pertains to ro,d and gun, and own craft upon the reservoir. 
 
 Tne iVittenkill, on the west side of the mountain, and nuiningf through Man- 
 chester, Sunderland and Arlington, is a famous trout stream, coursmg throuijh the 
 open meadow most of the way, affording the finest sport for casting, as the de- 
 ponent can testify from persoiuil knowledge. Then the fish are large and gamy. 
 The stream is j^reatly fished, but still the supply is kept up. In the towns men- 
 tioned, are capital hostelries, notably the Elm House, at Manchester, kept by C. 
 F. Orvis, the maker of excellent cheap rods, and himself the most accomplished 
 fly fishermd iii the State, ever courteous and ready to put his guests in the way 
 of securing a full measure of sport with rod or gun. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 This State presents a wide and attractive theatre for the gun 
 and the rod ; with water, plain, and mountain, every variety of 
 sport may be had in its season. There are twenty-five hundred 
 square miles of tide water within its limits, e.xtending from the 
 Potomac to Albemarle Sound, a distance of one hundred and thirty 
 miles, embracing most of the Chesapeake Bay, and stretching up 
 into the interior, by several large tidal streams, one hundred and 
 sixty miles. In these waters are found numerous species of fish 
 and every variety of water fowl. On the rivers, too, near the head 
 of tide, sora and jack snipe abound in their season in all the marshes. 
 Of these rivers, beginning on the north, we have first the Potomac, 
 then the Rappahannock — the two making the narrow peninsula of 
 sixty miles in length, and seven to twelve in width, called the 
 Northern Neck — abounding in game and fish ; then the Piankitank, 
 and various streams in Gloucester and Matthews — all arms of the 
 sea, as it were, emptying into Mob Jack Bay, a sort of inland sea 
 — then York River, with its tributaries, Mattaponi and Pamaunkee 
 — which make a peninsula of thirty miles in length, and from two 
 and one-half to seven in width, bringing both streams within the 
 range of the gunner and the angler, abounding with fish and fowl, 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. l6l 
 
 and the dividing ridge with deer, quail, turkey, foxes, raccoons, and 
 opossums. The sportsman, with an humble heart, might tind a 
 contented home here. Next comes the James, called in earlier and 
 better days, the Powhatan — which, with the York, makes what 
 is called, simply by the way of preeminence, the Peninsula. It 
 was the theatre of the earliest civilization of the Old Dominion, 
 and the seat of its first metropolis. It extends from the bay up- 
 ward some seventy or eighty miles — its upper portion bounded 
 by the Pamaunkee and Chickahominy. This peninsula also 
 abounds with game. The deer have returned, verifying Horace — 
 Ferisqtie ursus occiipabitur solum. 
 
 South of the James and near its mouth are two tributaries — 
 Elizabeth River, and Nansemond — having their sources in the 
 Dismal Swamp. This whole region is well adapted for sporting 
 adventure. 
 
 Next we have the Chowan and its tributaries — the Blackwater, 
 Nottoway, and Meherin — and then the Roanoke, with its tributaries 
 — the Staunton and the Dan, which rise in the Alleghany 
 Mountains, 
 
 Every portion of Virginia is easily reached by steamboat or rail 
 from Norfolk, or Baltimore, or Washington. 
 
 The Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio Railroad runs from Norfolk, 
 four hundred and eight miles to Bristol, Tennessee —passing 
 Suffolk, in Nansemond, near the Dismal Swamp, through Isle of 
 Wight, Sussex and Surrey Counties (where deer and other game 
 are almost as abundant as when the Indians ruled the land), by 
 Petersburg, Burkesville, and Lynchburg, at each of which places 
 it is crossed by railroads going North and South. The Sea-Board 
 and Roanoke Railroad also runs from Norfolk through Naii.^emond 
 and Southampton Counties, to Weldon, N. C, crossing the Black- 
 water, Nottoway, and Meherin — the tributaries of the Chowan. 
 This railroad is an extension of the daily line of steamboats from 
 Baltimore to Norfolk. A line of fine steamers also ply between 
 Norfolk and Richmond, stopping at the various landings on the 
 river. York River and its tributaries — the Mattaponi and the 
 Pamaunkee — are accessible from Richmond and Baltimore by the 
 York River Railroad, and steamers from West Point to Baltimore. 
 All the landings on the Rappahannock are reached by steamers, 
 which run twice a week between Baltimore and Fredericksburg. 
 Every portion of the Potomac below Washington is accessible by 
 steamers from that city, or Baltimore, or Norfolk. A line of rail- 
 road (the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac) extends from 
 Quantico on the Potomac (accessible by steamer or railroad from 
 Washington), due south along the head of tide-water by Fred- 
 ericksburg, Richmond, and Petersburg, to Weldon, N. C. The 
 Washington, Virginia Midland, and Great Southern Railroad runs 
 from Washington by Manassas (where it connects with the Man- 
 
1 62 GAME AND I'ISII RESORTS. 
 
 assas Gap Railroad leading to Front Royal and Shenandoah Valley), 
 by Gordonsville, Charlottesville (where it connects with the Ches- 
 apeake and Ohio Railroad,) by Lynchburg (where it connects with 
 the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Ohio Railroad) to Danville (where it 
 connects with the ferry,) by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, where it 
 connects with the Valley Road, extending to Staunton, where 
 connection is made with the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. On 
 either side of this Valley Road, at distances varying from five to 
 forty miles, is found a great variety of game ; deer, ruffed grouse 
 (there called pheasants), bears, wild turkeys, etc. Most of the 
 mountain streams have speckled trout — Salmo fontinalis — the 
 more abundant and larger, the deeper you advance into the 
 mountains, and the further from civilization. Perhaps the best trout 
 fishing on the continent may be found in the head- waters of Cheat 
 River in Pendleton, Grant, and Tucker Counties, West Virginia, 
 and in the head-waters of the Greenbrier, in Bath and Highland, 
 Va., and Pocahontas, W. Va., and in the Gauley River, in Nicholas 
 and Webster Counties, W. Va. The Cheat River waters may be 
 reached in forty miles from the Valley Railroad, and the others 
 from the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in less than thirty miles. 
 
 The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad runs from Richmond to 
 Huntingdon (four hundred and twenty three miles), passing Char- 
 lottesville, Staunton, the famous White Sulphur Springs in Green- 
 brier, the Great Falls of the Kanawha, etc. After passing the Blue 
 Ridge, this line supplies the greatest abundance and variety of 
 game and the wildest field for adventure of any district in the State. 
 Deer, bear, ruffed grouse, turkeys, and trout are more abundant 
 and accessible than elsewhere ; it presents a magnificent field for 
 camping parties. 
 
 The Richmond and Danville Railroad extends one hundred and 
 forty miles to Danville, and forms a part of the Piedmont Air-line 
 to Atlanta. It traverses Middle Virginia, where the game mainly 
 consists of quail, hares, squirrels and wild turkeys, and where the 
 waters contain very few fish, dams and seines being fatal to them. 
 Above Danville, on the Dan River, the case is different. There 
 the game becomes more abundant, and the mountain streams have 
 many trout. 
 
 Among the mountains of the State are found many wild hogs, 
 which do not hesitate to attack the traveller, and are, without doubt, 
 the most dangerous denizens of the mountains. They are usually 
 found in herds of from five to twelve, and the sight of a human 
 i^eing is the only signal for attack that they require. The intruder 
 has then nothing left him but to outrun them, or climb a tree and 
 wait for them to leave. This would be a good place to go for those 
 who like to be hunted as well as to hunt, so as to enjoy both phases 
 of pleasure. 
 
 Accomack and Northampton Counties. — The eastern shore of 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 163 
 
 Virginia, composed of the counties of Accomack and Nortliampton, 
 is a peninsula lying between the Atlantic Ocean on the one side, 
 and the Chesapeake Bay on the other. It presents a very level 
 surface, and has. perhaps, tiie best roads in the world, requiring 
 but little attention to keep them in good condition. It is within 
 easy access of Baltimore I)y a line of steamers, oi.e of which leaves 
 South Street wharf, in that city, every day at five o'clock P. M., 
 except Saturday. The upper portion of the peninsula can be 
 reached daily by rail from Philadelphia, the terminus being Grcen- 
 backville, on the sea side opposite to Chincoteague Island, and 
 distant from it about five miles. A steam ferryboat conveys pas- 
 sengers from the depot to the island. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no portion of the country presenting greater 
 attraction to the sportsman in quest of small game, such as quail 
 and water- fowl, than this little strip of land. The former are 
 abundant, and the peculiar geographical features of the country 
 render the sport of hunting them both easy and delightful. The 
 excellent character of the roads makes a ride of twenty or thirty 
 miles but a trifle, thus enal.Hng the hunter to go over a great deal 
 of ground in a day, and the numberless creeks or small rivers 
 indenting the coasts on sea and bay, form long glades fringed with 
 yellow sedge, affording cover to the birds and protection trom the 
 hawks, while the absence of trees in such places insures to the 
 hunter almost any number of shots " in the open." Snipe and 
 woodcock are also found, but in small numbers. On the sea side, 
 and to a great, though less extent on the bay, waterfowl, such as 
 wild geese, brant, black mallards, shufflers or black ducks, red heads 
 anfl all other kinds of duck, except the canvas-back, swarm in 
 myriads, and are killed in great numbers every year ; they are shot 
 principally from blinds over decoys. On every part of the shore 
 persons can be found who have large experience in this kind of 
 sport, and whose services can be procured by visitors at reasonable 
 rates. Perhaps the best point for this kind of shooting is Cobb's 
 Island, in the county of Northampton, whose proprietors entertain 
 each year, in winter, quite a number of sportsmen, and have all the 
 appliances, such as boats and decoys, for their accommodation. 
 The island itself is a noted resort during summer, and furnishes 
 the best shooting among birds peculiar to that season that can be 
 lound on the eastern shore. 
 
 In summer, and, indeed, until November, fine fishing can be 
 had in the waters of both sea and bay, the principal varieties caught 
 being the drum, or sea bass, trout, mullet, spot, taylor, bluerish 
 and sheepshead. Millions of sea birds, such as curlews, willets, 
 grey-backs, brown-backs, and red-breasted snipe feed in the 
 marshes and on the beaches, which skirt the sea coast from Cape 
 Charles to the Delaware line, and furnish inexhaustible sport to 
 the gunner. Foxes are numerous, and the good old English sport 
 
164 GAME AND FISH KE SORTS. 
 
 of the fox hunt, with many of its primitive characteristics, still sur- 
 vives among the people of the eastern shore, who, indeed, have in 
 an especial manner retained the peculiarities of their ancestors 
 to':^ether with the purity of the old stock. They welcome gentlemen 
 who come for enjoyment and recreation, and furnish them gladly 
 every assistance in their power, but hold the pot hunter in detesta- 
 tion, and visit him, when caught, with the severest penalties of the 
 law prohibiting hunting by non-residents. 
 
 The steamers from Baltimore land at different points in both 
 counties, one touching twice at Onancock, within five miles of 
 Accomac C. H., the county seat. The sportsman leaves New 
 York by the steamers of the Old Dominion Steamship Company, 
 which in summer, sail daily, and in fall and winter every Monday, 
 Wednesday and Friday, from pier 37, North River, at 4 P. M.; 
 Lewes, Del., is reached at 5 P. M. the next morning; at 9 o'clock 
 a train starts for Berlin, Snow Hill and Chincoteague Bay, reaching* 
 Snow Hill early in the afternoon and the Bay by 3 or 4 o'clock. 
 Return trains run daily, connecting with the steamer at Lewes on 
 Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays at 4 P. M., reaching New York 
 at 5 A. M. on the following morning. Good hotels with horses and 
 buggies or light wagons for hire, can be found at Chincoteague 
 Island, J. English's Hotel $2 ; guides for wild fowl $5, for snipe 
 $2.50 ; Accomac C. H. ; Horn Town, T. Pittel's Hotel, $1.50 ; Onan- 
 cock, Pungoteague and Belle Haven, in Accomac, antl at Eastville 
 in Northampton. Board in private families can also be obtained 
 at fair rates. The Hog Island and Mock Island shooting grounds 
 are always accessible by yacht, and guides are to be had. 
 
 A.lexnii(lria County — 
 
 Alexandria is headquarters for duck and snijie shooting:, which are found in 
 great numbers at Hunting Creelt, the Ox Bar, Pentecost, opposite the Navy Yard, 
 and other localities near the city. Plover, sora, reetl birds, ciuail, partridges, 
 rabbits and opossums, are found near the city. Hlack bass caught at the old coal 
 wharf and in the canal above the basin, the anglers using grasshoppers for bait. 
 Reached by boat and rail. 
 
 Amelia County — 
 
 Good deer hunting through the county. Take the Richmond and Danville 
 Railroad, and strike out from any of the stations in the county. 
 
 AtnJierst County — 
 
 Mclvers^ a few miles from Lynchburg, is a good centre for deer shooting. 
 Reached via the Washington and Virginia Midland Railway, 
 
 Appomattox County — 
 
 Tower Hill. Fine deer shooting here. Fox hunting is a favorite sport, and 
 many gentlemen own fine packs of nounds. There are several ranges of hills in 
 the county, with dense forests, where will be found the best of sporting grounds. 
 Reached via the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, and wagon drive. 
 E.\cellent quail shooting is to be had, near Lynchburg, on the " turned out" 
 lands and deserted plantations. Make headquarters at Lynchburg 
 
 Augusta County — 
 
 Staunton. The Shenandoah Valley and the mountains to the west contain 
 much fish and game. Hlack bass, which were introduced into the streams of this 
 region in 1871-72, now afford fine sport, and these waters have also been stocked 
 
GAME AND FISH I^E SORTS. 1 6$ 
 
 with land locked-saltnon and trout. Partridge and quail shootinjj is pood, and 
 larger name alxiunds in tiie mountains. Staunton is lieadciuartersol a sjiortsnicn's 
 association, and is a jifood initial point for tlic shooting? and lisliiniif ot the region. 
 Reached via the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Chesajjeake and Ohio Railroads. 
 Hv addrcssin}^ Cai)tain \V. L. Hum}>ardnet, at Staunton, sportsmen may obtain 
 full intormalion. Good cjuail shooting around Fort Defiance, seven miles from 
 Staunton, by excellent drive. 
 
 Jtath County — 
 
 IVarm S^rin^s. Within a radius of twelve miles are bears, deer, turkeys, and 
 trout. Take the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad to Millboro, thence stage. 
 Mountainous country. 
 
 Tlie Cowpusture River affords splendid trout fishing. The best bait here is 
 grassho[)pcrs, though the tly may be used with success. In all the streams of the 
 county good baskets of tish will reward the angler. Go to Warm Springs which 
 will be a good jioint for headquarters. Or reached from Staunton, twenty-tive 
 miles. 
 
 JUcdford Count I/— 
 
 Bedford. Quail, pheasants, ruffed grouse, wild turkeys, hares and foxes in 
 abundance. Reached via tlie Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, thirty- 
 seven miles from Lynchburg. Good liotels will be found here. 
 
 Forest J)i'/>ot. Very good quail, fox and hare hunting. Reached as above, 
 ten miles from Lynchburg. Sportsmen will hnd comfortable accommodations at 
 New London, three miles distant. 
 
 Liberty^ on the same road, twenty-five miles from Lynchburg, is an excellent 
 centre for (piail, hare ami fox shooting. Hotels good. 
 
 Itt'unswick Count}/ — 
 
 Excellent deer hnntin;; and beaver trapping throughout this county and 
 Nottaway County adjoining it. Several trappers from the northern states have 
 visited these regions and have been abundantly rewarded. Board is generally to 
 be obtained at cheap rates. The trapping grounds may be reached via boat to 
 Norfolk, thence via the Atlantic, Mississippi and Oliio Railroad inland to any 
 of the towns of these counties, whence teams will convey one to the selected 
 grounds. The Richmond and Danville Railroad will also be found a good line to 
 start from. 
 
 Jtuckiii(/ham Count}/ — 
 
 Plcmterstouift. Deer, turkeys, ducks, geese, snipe, ruffed grouse and quail in 
 great abundance, with a few woodcock. The fisliing includes silver perch, south- 
 ern chub, white chub, pike, trout and other tish. Take the Atlantic and Missis- 
 sippi Railroad to Farmville, thence wagon road. 
 
 Neiv Canton, on the James, is the best point in the county for duck, goose and 
 partridge shooting. A very inferior hotel here. 
 
 Buckinghaii! C. If. is the best point in the county for sportsmen's headquarters. 
 Reached same as Planterstown. 
 
 Campbell Count}/ — 
 
 Lynchburg^. Good quail shooting is to be had within ten miles of the city 
 Many of thetributaries of the J.ames, which rise on the eastern slopes ami spurs 
 of tlie Blue Ridge, have long been noted for their excellence as trunt streams, 
 and if they were properly protected anti cared for would soon rival the choicest 
 streams in the Adirondacks. There are half a dozen streams within a few hours 
 ride of Lynchburg wliere as good sport may be had as in perhaps nine out often 
 of the most famous trout streams of New York or New England. The trout of 
 these waters range from a quarter of a pound to one pound and a half. The 
 streams are generally a succession of cascades or rapids, and large, deep pools, 
 and the banks sufficiently free from brusii to afford a free use of the artihcial fly. 
 Lynchburg is on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, and the Washington and 
 Virginia Midland Railroad. Conveyances to the fishing grounds are easily 
 obtained. 
 
 CuliH'pper Count}/ — 
 
 Jeffersottton. This county is finely diversified by hill and dale and abounds 
 in game. Turkeys, quail, partridges, rabbits and" squirrels are always to be 
 found in the vicinity of Jefiersonton. Tht route is via the Virginia Midland 
 
1 66 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Railroad to Warrenton, thence ten miles drive. Hy corresponding with Georsfe 
 Myers, JclTersonton, the sportsman will receive lull information. Hoard can be 
 had at Myers'. 
 
 Wiiterloo. Wild turkey and (juail shooting. Route as above. Private board 
 ciin l)c found in the villaKe. 
 
 iHnirldtlie County— 
 
 f't'ti-rs/mr/;;. Deer arc plenty in the vicinity. Good duck shooting; on the Ap- 
 p')iniitt()X I'liits, nine miles from tlie city. The county is a splen(li<l held for deer. 
 I'rovide campiiiff e(iuipmenls and strike out from Petersburg in any direction. 
 The route is via the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, the Richmond and Pelers- 
 burfT, or the Petcrsburt? Railroads. • 
 
 i'Uizahfth Cltfi iUtanty— 
 
 Old Point Comfort^ twelve miles from Norfolk is headquarters for fishermen 
 from that city. 
 
 Fairfax Cnauty— 
 
 Fair/ax Court House. Deer, wild turkeys, partridjjcs, (juail ; bass, rock Hsh, 
 perch and otlier varieties of game and lish. Hoard at private house $i ; teams to 
 be iiad at any time. Reached via the Washington City and Virginia Midland 
 Railroad. 
 
 Faaqnicr (Jounff/— 
 
 B'Ut/cton. Ouail, rabbits and S(iuirr'>ls. Reached via the Washington City and 
 Virginia Miilfanil Railway, two or thi ^ hours ride from Washington. 
 
 U'lirrfnton. Woodcock shooting. Reached via the Washington City and 
 Virginia Midland Railway. 
 
 Frederick County— 
 
 IVi/ic/trstfr. Wild turkeys are abundant in the vicinity and excellent deer 
 shooting may be had in all the surrounding country. Reached via the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Giles County- 
 Mountain LaAe. Deer and small game are abundant in the mountains, with 
 trout in all the streams. Twenty-three miles from Christiansburg which is on 
 the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Oreen.e iUtanty— 
 
 Cuvesvii/i\ Deer, wild turkeys, woodcock, quail: and trout hshing good. 
 Reached via the Chesapeake and Ohio, or the Washington City and Virginia 
 Midland Railroad to Gordonsville, thence hired conveyance. Hoard in private 
 family $2.50 to $3 per sveek. 
 
 JIanover County— 
 
 Hanover Court House, fifteen miles from Richmond, is visited by sportsmen 
 from that city. Deer and ejuail siiooting is good in the vicinity, and tlie fishing 
 includes several varieties. Reached by stage or hired conveyance from Rich- 
 mond. 
 
 Iitle of Wiyht County- 
 
 A portion of this county is occupied by swamp and marsh lands in which 
 much game is found. Deer, turkeys, ducks, quail, etc., are abundant throufjhout 
 the county. A special feature of the hunting in this section of the State is the 
 prevailing mode of fox (iriving, which furnishes exciting sport for mounted par- 
 ties, with regularly trained fox hounds, beagles, etc. 
 
 Zuni Station, on the Atlantic, Mississi]ipi and Ohio Railroad, is an excellent 
 poi.it for quail and duck shooting, and pike, black bass and perch fishing. 
 
 ^'indsor Station oil the same road. Deer, wild turkey and quail within three 
 or four miles of the station. 
 
 tTatnes City County— 
 
 Finey Creek. Excellent duck shooting on the Chickahominy and James 
 Rivers. Reached via boat or wagon road trom Williamsburg. 
 
 I/andown Comity — 
 
 In the Kittocton Mountains in the centre of the county, and the Blue Ridge on 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. l6y 
 
 the northwestern border, Rame is very abundant and many sportsmen annually 
 visit this part ot the State. 
 
 I.gfsf'iirt;. Deer, partridjjes, (luail, woodcoclt, and coons are found in large 
 numbers ill all tile surroundinK ('Ounlry. Hass, liiU-tish and perch are caught in' 
 (roosc ( Tirfi<, iiiid trout ill W'v^ Spring Itiver. Klmi lied via the Washington and 
 Oliio Railroad, tliirty -six miles Irom Washington. All necessary tackh; can be 
 procured in I.eesburgat liultimore i)rices. Hoals can tie hired troin ditferent per- 
 sons at iioints on the river Iroin White's to ICdward's l""errv, varying in price 
 from iiotliiiig to very little. Not long ago John Ault, near Red Rocks (the best 
 bass ground on the river) furnished boats, live bait, etc., on reasonable terms. 
 Hoard is reas ."able in town or in the country. Hob White in the fall are abund- 
 ant, woodcock in season used to be plcnlitul. There are many gentlenu-u taking 
 interest in such pursuits, in the town and vicinity- 
 
 SfiiiA-t'>:\7/i7/t'. Snicker's Gap, ot the Blue Ridge, is a famous (|uail ground. 
 Woodcock abound there, and in the swamps are coons and opossums. Reached 
 via carriage drive from Leesi)urg and oilier |)oints. 
 
 C<ni's i1////, /,/V//f /''(i//s, J'iiyni-'\- Ed<i\\ and Ccorf^town are favorite points on 
 the Potomac for black bass and white perch. The RilHes, oiipositc (/ad's Mills, 
 is a choice spot tor striped bass. 
 
 Mn ntgo nw *•// Co a uti/ — 
 
 Biff S/>iiiii^ Pi-/>(>t, on the Atlantic, Mississi])])i and Ohio Railroad, is a tine cen- 
 tre for the shooting among the mountains ottlie county. The Kort Lewis Moun- 
 tains arc the haunts ol inanv deer and bears, while in the immediate vicinity of 
 the town are fouiul quail and hares. The fishing is varied and good baskets may 
 be made. 
 
 lUacA-s/'urg: Hiill-bats, (piail, partridges, pigeons, wild tuikeys, recd-birds. 
 jack-snipe, wood-ducks, mallards, golden eyes, mergansers, deer, bears, and 
 black bass fishing. Route same as Mountain l.ake, Giles County. 
 
 Nanseinoud Count// — 
 
 The eastern portion of this county borders on the Great Dismal Swamp and 
 partakes of the physical characteristics of that wilderness. The central and west- 
 ern portions are level and covered with forests of cypress and pine in which deer, 
 turkeys, quail and other game are to be found. 
 
 SuffolK^ twenty miles from Norfolk, on the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad, is 
 an excellent centre for quail and snipe shooting. Board can be obtained at pri- 
 vate nouses. 
 
 Nelson County— 
 
 Hnydwicks7<ille is headquarters for excellent deer shooting. Reached via 
 Washington and N'irginia Midland Railroad, and stage or hired conveyance. 
 
 Norfolk County — 
 
 7'/ie Dismal Swamp, one vast morass, with little islands of solid ground scat- 
 tered here and there, is the haunt of great numbers of bears, panthers, deer, 
 coons, otters, duclis, geese, swans, turkeys, (Kartridges and other game. Cat and 
 other varieties of tish arc found in its waters. The bears and panthers are sel- 
 dom shot, as they retire into tlie vastnesses of the densest and most impenetrable 
 jungles. The swamp is but little hunted and game there is unmolested save by 
 the lumbermen or shingle-men who depend largely U[ion the rifle for their sub- 
 sistence. Tlie starting point for the interior of the swamp is Norfolk, where 
 guides, cooks, provisions, row and sail boats, or steam -tugs may be secured. 
 From Norfolk the route is uj) the lili/abeth River to Deep Creek, thence via 
 the Lake Drummond Canal fourteen miles to Balakock, or, better, to Prentiss 
 Duke's. 
 
 Norfolk. Ducks and geese, plover, willets, curlew, snipe, quail and other 
 game. The fishing is good and embraces a variety of fresh and salt water species. 
 Reached from New V ork via the Old Dominion Line of steamers, and via rail 
 from all points in the interior. 
 
 Great HridgCy eight miles from Norfolk, via steamer or hired conveyance, is a 
 good field for sni]ie and other shooting. 
 
 I'ittsylvanifi County— 
 
 Mount Airy. Deer, ruffed grouse, and ouail. Reached by stage or hired 
 conveyance, one hundred and fifty miles south of Lynchburg. 
 
1 68 
 
 GAME AND FISH HESOHTS. 
 
 J'rlncpna Annn County— 
 
 Saiiii lUiiigf is aliout twenty-six miles from Norfolk and Isrrnchcd by private 
 cnnvcvnnce from tliiit city. The marshes afford excellent duck and snipe shoot- 
 Inu. iJeer, turkeys and other Rame in the woods. Good accommodation may be 
 obtained at Mr. Kork's. 
 
 I'rlncv Wllliatn County— 
 
 Nt'iihsio /''ay is a prand duck shontinp field. It is visited by sportsmen from 
 Washington and tt>c nei)i;lil)orinK cities. Reached by rail or boat. 
 
 SurattsTiiir, twelve miles from Washiiinlon, is a jfoixl ground lor partridges, 
 rabbits and grey squirrels. Visited by Washington sporismen, 
 
 J'uluHkl County — 
 
 Ci:ntfal Depot. Ccitfish weighing fifty-five pounds arc caiipht in the New 
 River. Tlie woods in the vicinity are excellent hunting grounds tor deer, turkeys, 
 foxes, s(iuirrels, and all tlie game common in the \'irginia mountains. Fourteen 
 miles from ("cntrul Dejiot are the New River White Sulphur Springs, which 
 nITord excellent cattishing. Take the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad. 
 The liotels are good. 
 
 Martin's Station, on the same road, is in the vicinity of fair deer hunting. 
 Wild -irkeys are plenty, and (piail, woodcock and snii)C on the meadows. 
 
 Itounokr. Count f/ — 
 
 Big Lick. Black i>erch, bass, red-eye and red-horse fishing in the Roanoke 
 River, near the village, with abundance of nartridfres and hares in the neighbor- 
 liood. On the Atlintic, Mississipi)! and Onio Railroad, fifty-three miles from 
 l.yncld)urg. 
 
 Salem. V\\\fi fall fishing for perch, black bass and red-horse, with splendid 
 quail and hare liunting. On the same road, l(jrty miles from Lynchburg. 
 
 Honsack's. Excellent fox, bird and hare shooting. Reached via the Atlantic, 
 Mississip])i and Ohio Railroad. At the hotel, the sportsman will find a good pack 
 of hounds. 
 
 Movhln'Ulqe County— 
 
 Lexington. On the marshes of the North River, reed birds are found in num- 
 bers sufficient to afford good shooting. Take the Wasliington and Virginia Mid- 
 land Railroad to .\miierst, thence stage, or go via the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail- 
 road to Croshen, thence stage. The Cedar Grove Hotel on the river, furnishes 
 boats, and every convenience for the sportsman. 
 
 Jiockinffhant County — 
 
 Kawley Springs. Fine trout fishing in the mountain streams. Excellent 
 hotels. Take the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Harrisonburg, thence stage. 
 
 She nn ndonh Con nty — 
 
 Strasburg. The mountains in the vicinity are well stocked with deer and 
 wild turkeys. An abinulance of qunil in the vicinity of the town. Reached via 
 tlie Baltimore and Ohio, or the Washington and Virginia Midland Railway. 
 Board at hotel and private house, $2.50 to Jj. 
 
 Neiv Market. In the adjacent forests, deer, bears and wild turkeys numer- 
 ous ; quail and woodcock in the swamps and field ; good fishing in the North 
 VmM. of the Slieuandoah. Reached as above. Hoard in private family %\2 to $15 
 |)er month. 
 
 Smyth County— 
 
 Afar ion., on the western slope of the Alleghenies, is one of the finest game dis- 
 tricts eisily accessible to the sportsman. Bears and deer are found there, and 
 wild turkeys, grouse, quail, and woodcock are abundant. There is good hunt- 
 ing all about the neigliborhood of Marion, and accessible therefrom by good- 
 mountain roads. Marion is on the Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad. 
 There are three good hotels in the town. 
 
 In Stanley's Creek, there is good trout fishing easily accessible from Marion. 
 Hlack bass are also found, though not abundant, and are taken weighing six 
 pounds, although the average is perhaps two pounds. The trout average a h.alf 
 pound apiece, and seldom attain a weight of two pounds. The number is said to 
 nave increased of late. Attention has been directed to fish culture in this section. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 169 
 
 and a breedinf; pnnd has been established near Marlon, at which place there is 
 also an iui^>!inK club. 
 
 Murioii is a 1 s ) the point of departure lor the excellent trout streams tributary 
 to the (lolston River. In this river black perch are caught. I'ittcen miles troni 
 Marion is White Top, a mountain well known lor its tfrcat hei>j;ht and the extended 
 view from its summit. The streams at the base of tnis mountain are famous for 
 trout but very seldom visited. Anions them are the Laurel I'Ork, White Top 
 l<"ork, Horse ('reck, Kox ('reek, and llelton (Jreek. (jood accommodations can 
 be secured at Seat>ird Dinkin's who lives at the foot of the mountain. Go via 
 wafjon to the base of Iron Mountain, thence tramp it. 
 
 Stafford (lotintff— 
 
 Aii/uiii CrcfA-. Excellent (ptail shooting;: ducks and other birds abundant. 
 Reached via rail or boat from Lynchburg or Washington. 
 
 SiiHHex County — 
 
 Littleton. Deer, wild turkeys, foxes, squirrels, rabbits, and on the Nottoway 
 River, otters and beavers. 'J he partridge shooting in the vicinity excellent. 
 'J'he route is via the I'etersburg and Weldon Railroad to Stony Creek Station, 
 thence stage or hired conveyance twenty miles. 
 
 Wurren County— 
 
 Front A'oya/ is a favorite mountain summer resort for Virginians. The black 
 bass hshing in the Shenandoah, near this place, is tine. Reached via the Wash- 
 ington and \'irginia Midland Railroad. 
 
 li'ntfr Lick, eighty miles from Washington, on the Washington ('ity and Vir- 
 ginia Railway, is an excellent centre for (juail and woodcock snooting. 
 
 Kivt-rtoH. On the Shenantloali there is good tishing. The angler will find 
 good accommodations at extremely moderate charges, with Major J. R. Richards, 
 who for a long time refused to lake pay at all, until his friends and visitors forced 
 him to establish a moderate rate per diem. 
 
 Washlnyton County — 
 
 Abingdon. Within six or eight miles of this town will be found fishing and 
 game in abundance. (Jn the .\Uantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad, one hun- 
 dred and eighty miles from Lynchburg. Hotels good. 
 
 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
 
 Washington is the extreme north-western Territory of the 
 United States, and has an area of 70,000 square miles. The Cas- 
 cade and the Coast Ranges, with other mountains, traverse much 
 of the Territory, and give a mountainous character to the surface 
 of the country. These mountains are some of the best hunting 
 districts in America. The streams abound in salmon and trout 
 and afford magnificent sport. The sportsman here should, as a 
 rule, to enjoy the best sport, provide cami)ing equipments, which 
 can be procured at any of the larger towns, and go |)repared for a 
 several weeks' campaign. In fact, Washington Territory is a 
 Sportsman's Paradise, whether it be for trout-fishing, deer-stalking, 
 grouse-shooting or wild-fowling at the hunter's option. It does not 
 equal California in the matter of quail-shooting, it is true ; but there 
 are six or seven varieties of grouse, which more than make up the 
 inequality on quail. There are mule deer on the broad pi of 
 the upper Columbia, the black-tail in the willow swamps ol uaw- 
 
 8 
 
i;o GAME AND FlSlt RESORTS. 
 
 litz and Chehalis, and tht; mighty elk in the lonely glens about 
 Dungencss. Some of these days, the Eastern tourist will begin to 
 consider that his mission is unfulfilled unless he visits there, the 
 mighty inland sea, to wet a line in some of the streams that trickle 
 from Kainier'sicy crown, or give a death shot to the antlered mon- 
 arch of the glen in the silent woods above the foaming cataract of 
 Sno(iualmie. 
 
 ('lark Houiitf/— 
 
 ytiHcoiiver. Klack-tail an<t white-tail deer, wildcats, and pantlicrs. Reached 
 via the I'ucitic Division of the Northern I'acitic Railroad. 
 
 JvffvVHon doiintif — 
 
 /'or/ /'tru/Msciii/. Lopez Island, twenty-tivo miles distant, across Admlrolty 
 Hay, is a fine huntinjf ground for deer. The prevailing mode liere is to chase 
 them with clogs, fort Tovvnaciiii is reached via the FaclHc Coast Line of 
 steamers from San Francisco. ' 
 
 Khiff CouHtff— 
 
 Srattlf. In winter the jack-snipe inhabits the tide lands about the delta of the 
 Skugit and the sandy flats at the head of Seattle Kay. In the spring this bird is 
 found along the slope of Mts. Kuiiiiur and St. Helen's. 
 
 Lewis County — 
 
 Cawlitz. In the willow swamps are black-tail deer. Wild fowl are numer- 
 ous in the surrounding country and the streams arc full of trout and salmon. 
 Reached via the I'acitic Division of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 ClieltixUs is a good starling point for black-tail deer shooting. 
 
 l*nclflc County — 
 
 Shoiihvuter li>\y affords excellent shooting for geese, ducks and snipe, which 
 are very numerous. The best ground is five miles from the t6wn of Unity. Mr. 
 Hencssy knows the ground well, and will serve sportsmen who call upon him. 
 
 I'lerce County — 
 
 Puynllup. Clark's Creek near the town is a fine stream for trout fishing. 
 Reached via the Cloasc IJne of ;-'ciiniers from San Francisco, to the Coast cities, 
 whence ail inland points may be reached by stage or railroad. 
 
 Stciliicoom City. Speckled and silver trout. The lake is an excellent place for 
 troll fishing. Just below Chiiinbcis .Mill, on Steilacoom, "sgood liouting. Go via 
 Northern Pacific Road, the Pacific Division. 
 
 Thurston County— 
 
 Olyvipia. Speckled and silver trout in the Snohomish, Skagit and Nisqually 
 streams, in McAllister stream and lake, nine miles from Olympia, and in tlie 
 Turwater and Snoqualinie Falls. The route is via the Pacific Division of the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad. The Northern Pacific steamers connect San Francis- 
 co with all points in Washington Territory. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 The eastern sections are traversed by parallel ridges of the 
 Alleghenies, and the remainder of the country is hilly, rugged and 
 in some portions occupied by outlying spurs of the mountains. The 
 State possesses much romantic scenery and is becoming one of the 
 most popular regions for summer resorts in the South. The rail- 
 
GAME AND FISH JiE SORTS. I71 
 
 road communication is supplemcntpd by excellent roads ; there arc 
 luimcrous wt-ll apjjoinlcd liolt-ls in the niijjhhorhood of ihc best 
 hunting; and tislunj; lorahtics. Or where such accoinniodations are 
 not to he had, no (hlliculty will be lound in securing comlortable 
 acconiinodations at the iarniliouscs. 'I'iie trout and bass tishin^jf, 
 and ilecr, bear, lox and bird siujolinj^ afford abundant employment 
 for many weeks of sport. 
 
 Grant County^ 
 
 \Vi!liams,port is hcadqiiartem for bass tishinff in the Potomac. See Jefferson 
 County. 
 
 Ui'vvnhrivr Coiiutt/ — 
 
 This rountv is i< tine region for beaver trnppinp. Rcnched via Chesapeake and 
 Ohio RailrDUil. The rimniry is iiioiiiitiiinous. 
 
 Koncfi't-rti-. Ilcur, deer, wild luil- ey, \vo()<li-ocl<, ()unil, riifTcd prousc. Sfinir- 
 rcls ; litters and minks. Rc;uiied via tlic (hcsapeukc and Ohio Railroad. 
 Hotel $i. 
 
 llnt'tly Count II — 
 
 The Moorejlelii Vul/iy is a (jrcnt plnec for deer. At the northern end of the 
 valley, the south brant h'of the Potomac Hnds an exit between two lofty moun- 
 fuins, lorniinjj a inininture canon for a distance of tive miles. In this " 'Iroiinh," 
 as it Is called, are situated llie deer stands. The most tainous is the " Sycamore, " 
 which takes its name from an old sycamore stum|), now used as a seat for the 
 watcher. The country is very mountainous and ruKj{ed. Take the Haltimorc 
 and Ohio Railroad, and stage. 
 
 f/ftvkson i'ouutfi— 
 
 Sam/y. ilood general hunting, deer, grouse, squirrels, etc. 
 Jvffvmon County — 
 
 It any one contemplates a serious raid against the so-called black bass, he 
 shoidd l>y all means go to the Potomac or some of its tributaries. There is good 
 lisliing at various points, from the Great Falls to Harper's Kerry and Williams- 
 port. Sainly Hook, about lour miles below Harper's l'"erry, is said to be um ex- 
 cellent slop|)ing jilace, with lair accommodations. Dam No. 6, two miles above 
 the station, called Sir John's Run, and about one hundred and twenty miles lioni 
 Haltimore, is the best place for large bass on the river. The ('apon comes in here 
 on tile N'irginia side, and is reported to be well stocked. There is no public house 
 at this place, and the angler must seek entertainment of some private family on the 
 river. 
 
 Shiiuno)tdale is a good headquarters for bass fishing in the Shenandoah River. 
 
 Uar/^crs Ferry. A noted resort for black bass, which run from tlirce to six 
 pounds in weight. Readied via the Haltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 jUont'oe County — 
 
 Swiw' Sprinf^s. Deer, woodcock, pheasants, trout, and other game and fish 
 very abundant, and within easy access from the hotel. The route is via the 
 (Chesapeake and Ohio Railroarl to Allegheny Station, thence by stage, nine miles. 
 Excellent accommodations can be oblaineii. The Springs are a well-known and 
 much visited resort of pleasure seekers. 
 
 Moi'ffan County — 
 
 BerkeUy Spri>is;$, Deer, bears, turkeys, quail, ruffed grouse, pheasants, squir- 
 rels, rabbits, coons, etc., make up the game of this region. Black bass and trout 
 are caught in abundance. For bass, favorite spots are the «lam live miles up the 
 Sir John's River, and Capon Creek, reached by a hard mountain tramp. l'"itz- 
 miller is an excellent guide, has a team, and will be found a good jiilot for stran- 
 gers. The route is via the Haltimore and Ohio Railroad to Sir John's Run, 
 thence two and a half miles via stage. There is an excellent hotel here, §12 to 
 $17 per week, and board may also be found at the farmhouses in the vicinity ; $6 
 to $10 per week. It is a gootf plan to pitch a tent near some farmhouse, where pro- 
 
1/2 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 visions may be secured. The country is rough and mountainous, and hard and 
 fatiguing tramps are necessary for successful sport here. 
 
 Ohio County— 
 
 Wlieeling. Good quail shooting is found on the Ohio River bottoms below 
 Wheeling. Reached via the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 Jtnmlolph County— 
 
 Beverly. The mountain streams contain trout, and in the larger streams are 
 found black bass. Reached via the Haltimore and Ohio Railroad to Webster, 
 thence via wagon road. The country is difficult of access, and the tish not very 
 large. Board can be obtained among the farmers. 
 
 Tucker County- 
 
 Hoyfx Wilderness., and the Blackwater Region. The Blackwater lies among the 
 mountains twenty-six miles south of Oakland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road. 'The stream is one of the extreme eastern aflluents of the Ohio. It runs 
 thiough a forest country of probably thirty miles in length and width, a tract of 
 some nine hundred square miles, almost as wild as any part of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. In all this region, there is hardly a settler to the hundred square mi'les ; 
 in the part usually visited by trout Hshermen, there is but one house, a lone log 
 building ten miles from the nearest settlement, known among the mountaineers 
 as " Dobbins." In winter the region is entirely deserted, but with the opening of 
 the fishing season in Majs a family by the name of Kitzmiller moves in and accom- 
 modates visitors with plain and substantial country fare. This is the only place in 
 the wilderness where shelter or supplies can be obtained, except at "Cosner's," 
 eighteen miles up the river. " Dobbins " is headquarters for trout, while for bear, 
 deer, turkey and grouse shooting, the sportsman should go to Wni. Kitzmiller's, 
 thirteen miles from Oakland, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. To reach 
 either point, a letter should be sent to M'illiam Kitzmiller, Oakland, Garrett Co., 
 Md. lie will provide conveyance thence into the wilderness. He furnishes 
 board at $1. JO per day. Outfit can be procured at Oakland. Thomas Basley of 
 Oakland will give all needed information. The Blackwater is a stream some 
 thirty or forty yards iu width, clear of driftwood and trash, and the chance for 
 casting the fly on it is first-class. The fishing in the i)roper season. May, June and 
 September, is magnificent. The trout average rather small, and have not the 
 activity of those of more northern and colder streams. The large ones, however, 
 will give the wielder of a light fly >■ ' enough to do. 
 
 Wood County — 
 
 Parkersburg. By taking steam... up the Little Kanawha, thence up Hugh's 
 River, ten or twenty miles, the sportsman will find excellent localities for camp- 
 ing. Deer and squirrel shooting is excellent ; black bass and trout are caught in 
 large numbers. Take the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 Area 53,924 square miles ; population, 1,054,670. The surface 
 of Wisconsin is a rolling prairie, mterspersed with numerous oak 
 openings and a great number of lakes. The water system of the 
 State comprises innumerable streams forming a complete network 
 of magnificent fishing waters. The extensive forests, known as 
 the IJig Woods, are the haunts of bears, deer, and other game in 
 such variety and abundance as to attract many sportsmen from 
 other States. The fishing is good throughout the State ; black 
 bass, trout, and other varieties are always to be found within con- 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 73 
 
 venient distance from any of the numerous railroads which render 
 accessible all points of the State. 
 
 Adams County — 
 
 Li'^^/e Lake. Good deer shooting in the forests which cover a portion of the 
 county. 
 
 Bayfield County— 
 
 liay/ield is situated liehind the Apostle Islands, which land-lock a coast of 
 over lifty miles, where boating in small boats is a matter of entire safety, and 
 with the incomparable healthfulness ot climate, pure water, and delicious tisli of 
 various kinds combine in aflbrdins attractions that can only be ajipreciated by 
 those enjoying them. '1 he special feature among the attractions of Haytield is 
 the numerous trout streams and the trout fishing along the coast in the vicinity. 
 There are between tv^enty-five and fifty streams running into the lake within tlie 
 limits of the coast protected by the islands, which seem to possess exhaustless 
 numbers of brook trout, and in addition the fishing along the coast for the whole 
 distance (about fifty miles) is unexcelled. The " rock fishing," as this coast fish- 
 ing is termed, affords fine sport for the angler. These streams admit of tine boat- 
 fisliing near their mouths, and splendid stream-tishing farther up. Very large 
 trout are taken in these waters, many weighing three and a half and four pounds. 
 Deer hunting atfords excellent sport in the neighboring forests. 
 
 Hoats for BayHeld leave almost daily from Hutfiilo, Cleveland, Detroit, and 
 Chicago, also from Duluth, eighty miles distant, reached by rail via St. Paul. 
 J. B. Hono can comfortably accommodate twelve persons ; George Stark can do 
 the same ; N. La Honta four or five ; William Herbert seven or eight ; Mr. Milli- 
 gan, on the Red Cliff Indian Reservation, where he is beautifully located, can 
 accommodate several, and so can Colonel E. E. Henderson on a farm eight miles 
 from Bayfield, and where one of the finest troUv streams to be found in any coun- 
 try runs through the yard. These are all in addition to Smith's Hotel, which can 
 accommodate about one hundred persons, and the Island House which has every 
 facility for sportsmen ($3 to $2.50). There are three steam yachts that can be hired 
 at any time at low rates, in addition to any number of small boats suitable for 
 boating and fishing purposes. 
 
 lirown County — 
 
 lyrightstoivH. There are excellent shooting and fishing grounds in the vicin- 
 ity. Deer, bears, ducks, geese, snipe, woodcock, partridges, pheasants and small 
 game abound. Black bass and pickerel in the waters. For information write to 
 Otto Guttrer. Reached via the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. Board 
 $3.50 per week J teams $1.50 to $2.50; Indian guides. Camping out is the best 
 mode of hunting here. Hilly country. 
 
 Fort Howard. Deer, ruffed grouse, ducks, snipe ; brook trout, lake trout, 
 whitefish, bass. The fishing waters are Green Bay, and Fox and East Rivers. 
 Reached as above. Hotels $2.50 to $3 ; boats and steam yachts ; teams $6 ; ser- 
 vices of driver $3. Excellent camping grounds. 
 
 Green Bay. The tine hotels and many attractions in and about Green Bay 
 render it a very desirable summer resort. It can be reached by the Wisconsin 
 Central, or the North-western Railroad from Milwaukee. It affords magnificent 
 bass fishing and sailing, while adjacent streams fiowing into Green Bay are well 
 stocked with brook trout. There is fine hunting in season. There are three 
 large, first-class hotels in the city. The Beaumont House $3, $17.50 per week ; 
 Cook's Hotel $2, $8.50 to $12 per week ; and The First National Hotel $3, $9 to 
 $12 per week. 
 
 Be Fere. Deer, duck, ruffed grouse, pickerel, pike, sturgeon in Fox River 
 and Green Bay. Reached via Chicago and North-western Railroad. Board $1 
 to $1 50 i)er day, $3.50 to $5 per week ; boats and guides $3.50 to $5 ; teams $4 to 
 $6. R(jlling country. 
 
 Clark County — 
 
 Excellent deer hunting is to be found in this county. Take the West Wis- 
 consin Railroad to Humburd, whence other parts of the county are easily 
 reached. 
 
 Columbia County— 
 
 This county furnishes some of the best pinnated grouse shooting regions in 
 
174 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESO/^TS. 
 
 the State. Take the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Portage City. 
 Thence all parts of the county are easily accessible. 
 
 Daiiv f'oiiHti/ — 
 
 Madison. On the lakes, geese, brant, wood-ducks, mallards, teal, canvas- 
 backs, redlieads. pin-tails, bluehills, spoon-bills, grey whistlers, bald-pates, rulHe 
 heads; on the Nine Si)ring Marshes, Wilson snipe, several varieties of plover, 
 sand-|)ipers, and rails ; ruffed and pinnated grouse and quail. The fishing includes 
 pickerel, black bass, ciitrish and a variety of whitctish. Madison is one hundred 
 and thirty-six miles from Chicago on the Chicago and North-western Railroad, 
 antl eighty miles from Milwaukee on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rail- 
 road. Hotels, boats, etc. See Rudd, Floyd County, Iowa. 
 
 Norway. l)cer, bears, etc. Reached via the Wisconsin Valley Railway. 
 Board $1.50. Hilly country. 
 
 Dodge Conntu— 
 
 Beaver Dam. Quail, snipe, ducks, squirrels. On the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and St. Paul Railroad. 
 
 Fox Lake. A good ground for ducks. Take Chicago and North-western 
 Railroad to McHcnry. Stop at Harry Durnell's Hotel. A wagon ride of six 
 miles from there will bring one to the shooting ground, which forms a part of a 
 system of alternating ponds, lakes, marshes and swamps. 
 
 Burnett. Fine shooting grounds in the immediate vicinity. Ducks, geese, 
 brant and swans are found in countless numbers. Reached via the Chicago and 
 North-western Railroad. There are two hotels. 
 
 Horicon, on Horicon Lake, is a favorite resort for anglers. The lake contains 
 a variety and abundance offish. Reached as above. 
 
 Mud Lake. Twenty-eight miles east of Madison. An excellent shooting 
 ground for ducks. Take the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad to Hub- 
 bleton, wlicnce the lake is four miles down the river. Boats can be had at 
 Hubbleton. 
 
 Door County — 
 
 Sturgeon Bay. Excellent fishing for mascalonge, pickerel, black bass, sal- 
 mon trout, whitefiL,h, etc. Deer, ducks, water hens, pigeons, etc. Reached via 
 steamer. 
 
 Douglass Co u n ty — 
 
 The Brule River, thirty miles from Superior City, abounds in large speckled 
 trout. Reached by steamer from Superior City. 
 
 Dunn County — 
 
 Menoiiionee is reached by rail from Chicago over the North-western Railroad 
 and West Wisconsin Road, in a twenty-four hours' ride. At Mcnomonee are the 
 famous " Tea Gardens," on Wilson's Creek, ten miles from Mcnomonee. This 
 place is fast acciuiring reputation for the number more than the size of its trout. 
 Tiie Tea Gardens have an established hotel that is devoted to sportsmen who 
 visit there. Aside from this, many other streams, all tributary to the Chippewa 
 and Mcnomonee Rivers, are to be' found in this locality — and chicken hunting in 
 season cannot be surpassed. John H. Knapp of Mcnomonee will gladly give in- 
 formation concerning future developments. The hotels are : The Mcnomonee, 
 The Merchants, and The Central. Board *2- teams $4; guides $1.50; boats 
 $1.50. Camp out for best sport. Hears, deer, elk, ruffed grouse and other game is 
 to be found in the vicinity. Hilly country. 
 
 Duum'ille is headquarters for duck and goose shooting. Reached by stage 
 from Mcnomonee. 
 
 liau Claire County — 
 
 Auffusta. Sharp-tailed, pinnated, and rufifed grouse. 
 
 Reached via the West 
 
 Wisconsin Railroad. 
 Fond du Lae County — 
 
 Neiu Cassel. Lake Fifteen and Long Lake contain a variety of fish 
 found in grcTt abundance in the adjacent country " , . . .. ^ 
 North-western Railroad. 
 
 Van Dyne. Ducks, pinnated grouse. Lake Winnebago is within one and one- 
 half miles, and furnishes good fishing. Reached as above. Hotel $1.50; guides 
 $1.30 J teams j»i ; boats 50 cents. 
 
 ^ Game is 
 
 Reached via the Chicago and 
 
GAME A. YD FISH RESORTS. 1/5 
 
 Fond du Lac, one hundred and forty-eight miles from Chicajro via the Chica- 
 go, Milwaukee and Fond du Lac Air Luie, is located on the soutliern end of Laite 
 XVinnebago which abounds in fish. (See Menaslia.) Lalce de Neveu, a beautiful 
 sheet of water, is romantically situated aboui ihroe miles southeast of the city. 
 Eastward is Ellthart Lalce, already famous for its natural beauiies, and westward 
 lies Green Lake, a noted summer resort. On all these lakes are pleasure boats 
 propelled by steam, wind and man power- The waters of all these lakes furnish 
 a plentiful and various sup|)ly of fresh-water fi >li, where the piscatorially-inclined 
 can enjoy ample amusement. The Patty House and the American House are the 
 best hotels. There are yachts and pleasure steamers on Wmnebago Lake. 
 
 Oreen Lake County- 
 Green Lake is ninety miles northwest from Milwaukee. This is quite a large 
 body of water, being some fifteen miles long iuid three wide. The shores com- 
 prise a pleasing variety of green slopes and rocky clitfs. The water is quite deep 
 and cool, for which reasons the bass do not commence biting before September. 
 Here is the best fall bass fishing in the State and the fish are unusually large. 
 Perch and pickerel are also caught. Pinnated grouse shooting in the vicinity : 
 duck shooting is excellent. Take the Chicago and North-western road to Fond 
 du Lac, thence via the Sheboygan and Fond du \/ac Road. The shortest route is 
 via the Chicago and North-western Railroad. The hotels on the lake are the Oak- 
 wood, Sherwood Forest, Walker, Collins' l^oarding house, and others. The 
 Oakwood House is a handsome and commodious structure, advantageously 
 located on the bank of the lake ; it is kept open until November, and furnishes 
 every convenience for the tourist or angler. A few miles west of Green J^ake 
 are Puckaway and Huffalo Lakes, renowned for their good fishing and for fur- 
 nishing the best duck shooting in Wisconsin. 
 
 tTefferson County- 
 Fort Atkinson. Rock, Ripley, Cambridge, Rose Lakes, and Lake Mills, are 
 near, and noted for their wild fowl shooting. Canvas-back ducks are abundant 
 in all of them ; mallards, teal, redheads, etc ; bass, pike and pickerel. Reached 
 via the Chicago and North-western Railroad. Hotel and private board $1.50; 
 boats $[ : teams $3. 
 
 Hubbleton. See Mud Lake, Dodge County. 
 
 Watertoivn. On the Lowell Creek Marsii. a few miles from this place, is fine 
 duck, brant, wild goose and other shooting. Reached via the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee, Lowell and St. Paul Railroad, forty-five miles from Milwaukee. 
 
 Jefferson. Ducks, pinnated and rulfed g-ouse, and other small game; pike, 
 pickerel, black and rock bass. Reached via the Chicago and North-western Rail- 
 road. Hotel and private board $1 to $2 ; $4 to $6 per week. Stage to Lake 
 Mills, (fare 50 cents) where good fishing is to "ic had. 
 
 tTiineau County — ' 
 
 ITonen'oi:, on the Chicago and North-weslorn Railroad, is a good headquarters 
 for sport. The surrounding country is broken and covered with timber, but offers 
 fine hunting to the sportsman. Deer are abundant, and bears are not unfrequently 
 shot. 
 
 Xa Crosse County — 
 
 Bangor. Excellent fishing and shooting "an be found close to the village, in 
 the La Crosse River, within a fourth of a mile of the town. Pike, pickerel, black 
 and rock bass, and several other varieties of fish, are found in great abundance. 
 A fine brook trout stream flows through th 2 •JUage, and half a mile from it is a 
 large artificial trout pond, fully stocked with tish. In the woods which surround 
 the village are found deer, squirrel, and wild turkeys. Many bird dogs are kept 
 here for aire, and there is also a pack of hr)'-ids for fox hunting, owned by the 
 Hon. John Bradley. The Bangor House will be found a comfortable home for 
 hunters. Reached via the Chicago and North-western, or the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and St. Paul Railroad. 
 
 La Cross-'. Woodcock and quail shooting ni the Mississippi bottoms. Reached 
 as above, and by other railroads. 
 
 Jtfarathon Counti/ — 
 
 Mosinee. An excellent game centre for bears, deer, etc. Reached via the 
 
176 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 *. 
 
 Wisconsin Valley Railroad. Board $1.50. Guides are necessary, and can be 
 secured at reasonable rates. 
 
 IVausau. For game and route see Mosinee. Board $3. 
 
 IHerce County — 
 
 Prescott, on the St. Croix River, is a good initial point for pinnated grouse 
 shooting throngh the counties of Dunn, Polk and Barron. The southern border 
 of Pierce County lies on Lake Pepin (see Minnesota). 
 
 Marquette County — 
 
 Montelto. Mallards, canvas-backs and teal, on the marshes overflowed by the 
 Fox River, woodcock, rutfcd and pinnated grouse, snipe, wild geese. Scaup, 
 buffed-heads and redheads are abundant on Huflalo Lake and Fox River. On 
 the northern margin of Buflalo Lake, a small creek stretches away for four miles, 
 and along this rice bound rivulet, the mallards are abundant. The mallards an(l 
 teal are found in the marshes, which being covered with from one half foot to a 
 foot of water, and the grass uncut, affords good chance of approach on foot, with 
 high top rubber boots. Pickerel are the most numerous, and are caught in large 
 numbers with trolling spoons and live minnows. Trolling is the favorite method 
 of taking them, and the average catch is from three to live pounds each. At Ca)!- 
 lins Lake, three miles south of Muscalonge, they are taken with live bait or troll- 
 ing spoon, and weigh from twelve to fifteen pounds. This is also an admirable 
 place for bass fishing, and much sought by the enthusiastic anglers of the locality. 
 At Buffalo Lake and other points near Montello, black bass are frequently caught 
 of five pounds weight and upward. Perch are usually plenty in Fox River, 
 though seine fishing has to a degree depopulated the river ot these and other 
 varieties offish. On Puckaway Lake, canvas-backs, redheads, and other varie- 
 ties of ducks, ruffed grouse, snipe, woodcock, grey, fox and black squirrels, rab- 
 bits, etc. 
 
 Gilroys Creck^ six miles west of Puckaway Lake, to which it is a tributary, is 
 a favorite locality for grouse shooting. The Grand River, which winds its way 
 south from the Fox River, is one of the favorite haunts of mallards, as also are the 
 numerous sloughs and rice fields bordering on the lake. As the (irand River 
 nears its head, it is difficult of navigation, but the splendid shootinj; more than 
 repays for this. Montello is reached by drive from I'ortage City, Columbia 
 County, or from Princeton on the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad. 
 
 Westfield. Ruffed and pinnated grouse, snipe, ducks, geese, and, in the pine- 
 lands to the north, plenty of deer. Take the Wisconsin Central Railroad 
 
 Monroe County — 
 
 Sparta. Trout are abundant in the neighboring streams, and perch in Perch 
 Lake. It has been computed that there are more than two hundred and fifty 
 miles of trout streams within Monroe County. There are numerous fine hunting 
 grounds in the vicinity of Sparta, where bears, deer, and small game may be 
 found. Take the Chicago and North-western Railroad. Several excellent hotels 
 and private board, $5 to $7 per week ; teams $4 per day. 
 
 Narwalk. Brook trout and many kinds ot game are found in the vicinity. 
 Reached as above. 
 
 Glciidale. Within a radius of five miles are a lai^e number of fine trouting 
 streams. Game is abundant. Reached as above. The Glendale House is the 
 resort of sportsmen. Two miles farther on the railroad is Kendalls^ where are 
 good hotels, and a half mile from here is Lake Torrence well stocked with brook 
 trout. 
 
 Wilton is built at the head waters of Kickapoo Creek, which, with lateral 
 streams, are full of brook trout. Bears, deer and squirrels are found in the sur- 
 rounding forests, while pinnated grouse, partridges, pheasants, (luail and grouse 
 are plentiful in the cleanrigs. The village has two hotels. Reached via the Chi- 
 cago and North-western Railroad. 
 
 Oconto County — 
 
 Pensaukce. Game of many kinds abounds in the vicinity. Reached via the 
 Chicago and North-western Railroad. 
 
 Peshtigo. Thunder Lake, River Medicine, Gravel and Trout Lakes, are near, 
 and are full offish. Pickerel, whitefish, pike, sturgeon, black, silver, and rock bass 
 are the varieties. Brook trout are caught in great abundance in many of the streams 
 of the vicinity. Deer, bears, ruffed grouse and other game are plentiful. The city 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 77 
 
 has several good hotels, where sportsmen are lodged and fed at very reasonable 
 rates. Reached as above. 
 
 OntHifnmte Connty— 
 
 AppU'ton^ ill the Lower Fox River Valley, is a charming summer resort, which 
 ofl'ers many attractions to the sjiortsman. The river abounds in fish, (see Men- 
 aslia) the wild rice tracts are tilled with ducks and in the woods are numt)ers of 
 small iiaine. Reached via the (Chicago and North-western, or the Mdwauliee, 
 Lake Shore and Western Railroad. 
 
 Little Chute. For Game see Wrightstown. Route same as Appleton. 
 
 Kaukauna. Same as Wrij^htstown, which see. 
 
 Seymour. The surrounding country is densely wooded and the forests are 
 full of deer, bears, and small game. Rcacht-d via the Green Bay and Minnesota 
 Railroad. Wisconsin House, Seymour House, each $1.50. 
 
 I'epin Countif— 
 
 The Chippewa A'/wr empties its clear water into the Mississippi River one mile 
 below the loot of Lake Pepin. All its branches are trout streams, and its water 
 is much cooler than the Mississippi. It is a great lumber stream, and a great 
 many rafts descend it to the Mississippi, and to the cities below. These riifts are 
 strung along the shore for several miles, and the white salmon collect in vast 
 numbers under them, where they are sheltered from the sun, and enjoy tlie cool 
 water of the Ciiippewa. The minnows pass up the river in vast numbers just 
 along side of the rafts, and an expert with scoop net will sometimes take a ijuart 
 of minnows at one drive ; enough to do a party for a da5''s fishing. The fishing 
 for salmon is close along side the rafts. 
 
 The town of Reed's Lnnding, on the opposite side of the Mississippi in Min- 
 nesota, affords good accommodations and is convenient for anglers. For the fish- 
 ing of Lake Pepin see Minnesota. • 
 
 Portage County— 
 
 Junction. Bears, deer, and other game. Pike and pickerel in Rice Lake, 
 Reached via the Wisconsin Central or Wisconsin Valley Railway. Hotel $1.50. 
 Guides are necessary and camping out furnishes the best sjiort. 
 
 Jtaclne County — 
 
 Kncine. Pinnated gro .se, pickerel and bass. Reached via the Chicago and 
 North-western, or Western Union Railroad, or by boat. Hotel $1.50; boats 50 
 cents. Eagle and Wind Lakes are excellent fishing grounds. 
 
 lioch County — 
 
 Koshkonontr. The fishing in Lake Koshkonong is fjood for bass, pickerel, 
 pike, yellow and silver perch. Wild celerj' grows nere in great abundance, and 
 for canvas-back ducks tliis lake vies with the Delaware and Potomac Rivers, and 
 with Chesapeake Bay. Red-heads, mallards, black-heads and spike-tails, geese, 
 trout, swans, snipe, sora, quail, partridges and pinnated grouse make u]) the 
 attractive list of the shooting on this far famed ground. The Koshkonong Club 
 have a house here, and there are numerous hotels and boarding-houses. The 
 route is via the Chicago and North-western Railroad. 
 
 Janesville. Mallard, Northern duck, snipe, y)innated grouse and other shoot- 
 ing. The angler will find excellent black bass fishing. Reached via the Chicago 
 and North-western and the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroads. Several good 
 hotels. 
 
 Catfish Creek is the outlet of a chain of lakes called, First, Second, Third and 
 Fourth Lakes, and empties into Rock River, twel"e miles above Janesville. 
 These waters afford fine fishing for bass, pike, and jiickerel, and good shooting 
 for ducks, geese, snipe, and other wild fowl. There is good fishing in both creek 
 and lakes. Third Lake is tilled with wild rice which affords abundant food for 
 the birds. There is a tine hotel at Wir.nagua, near Third Lake. 
 
 Clinton. The surroundiiTg country is prairie and affords fine pinnated grouse 
 shooting in the fall. Reached via the Chicago and North-western, or the Western 
 Union Railroads. 
 
 Beloit is on the Rock River in which is excellent fishing. Reached via the 
 Chicago and North-western Railroad. 
 
 St, Croix County — 
 
 JVew Richmond, Elk, bears, deer, pinnated and rufted grouse. Reached via 
 
 8* 
 
178 
 
 GAME AND FISH A'£S0A'7'S. 
 
 the North Wisconsin Railway, thirty-eight miles from St. Paul. Board, boats 
 and guides at r'sasonable rates ; teams $5 per day. Camping is the preferable 
 mode of hunting here. Country level prairie. 
 
 Pigeon River is famous for its wild goose and duck shooting. Pigeons are 
 numerous at certain seasons. 
 
 Baldwin, Deer, pinnated and ruffed grouse, wild fowl. Reached via the 
 ^\■est Wisconsin Railway, forty-one miles from St. Paul. Hotel and private 
 board, $5 to $12 per weelt : teams $4. 
 
 Hudson is on Lake St. Croix. The largest Misissipni steamers ascend the St. 
 Croix river to this point. Twelve miles southeast is Kiimickinnick River, yield- 
 ing tlie finest brook trout, not only in the main stream but on the nortli and 
 south forks. Tiffany ( reek also abounds with brot)k trout. Bass Lake, eight 
 miles northeast, furnishes excellent bass fishing. The pickerel and mascalonge 
 fishing is good. The surrounding woods and prairies abound in game. Deer, pin- 
 nated and ruffed grouse, ducks, geese, etc., furnish abundant reward for shot gun 
 and rifle. Take the Chicago and North-western and the West Wisconsin Rail- 
 roads. At the Baldwin House, Amasa Walker, proprietor, sportsmen will receive 
 every attention ; private board can also be had, $i to 3.50 per day ; boats $1.50; 
 teams $6. 
 
 Wilson. For game and route see Menomonee. Board $4 per week ; teams $3 
 to $4 per day, 
 
 tSaiik County — 
 
 DeviVs Lake^ a romantic spot, furnishes excellent sport for the angler. The 
 waters are full of different varieties of fish. It is reached directly by two daily 
 lines of palace cars, that leave Chicago morning and nij^ht via the Chicago and 
 North-western Railioad, and stop in front of the hotel that has been opened for 
 the use of the summer tourists who flock to the place. About fifteen miles west 
 of Ableman's is the divide, and in the streams running west, brook trout can be 
 found ; in the streams running east, pickerel and bass. 
 
 Baraboo. Deer, an occasional bear, pinnated and ruffed grouse, in abundance. 
 Fine trouting in the tributaries of the Baraboo and Kickapoo Rivers, Reached 
 via the Chicago and North-western Railroad. Board $3.50. 
 
 Sheboygan, County — 
 
 Elkhart Lake is sixty miles north of Milwaukee, on the Wisconsin Central 
 Railroad, and is becoming very popular, and deservedly so. The lake is a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water, and turnisnes hne facilities for black bass fishing, boating, or 
 sailing. There are two hotels on its banks, and both are well kept. 
 
 Trempealeau County — 
 
 Arcadia is on the Green Bay and Minnesota Railroad one hundred and ninety- 
 two miles from Green Bay. There are many tine trout streams in the vicinity. 
 The pinnated grouse shooting all through the county is excellent. 
 
 Wnlwovth County — 
 
 In the county are twentj'-four lakes, among whicli are Lakes Geneva, 
 Crooked, Army, Potter's Booth, Lulu, Como, Turtle, Whitewater. Bass, Hol- 
 den's. Grove, Middle, Mill, Otter and Pleasant, ranging from one-half mile wide 
 and one mile long, to three or ten miles wide to ten or twelve miles lon^. All 
 are stocked with fish, and on several of them are various pleasure boats, mclud- 
 ing yachts and steamers, and on the shores of several are club-houses and sum- 
 mer liotels. 
 
 Geneva, a delightful and growing place of summer resort, is situated at the foot 
 ot Geneva Lake, and is headquarters for the cisco campaign. But during the 
 " run" thousands of people from the surrounding country visit the shores, hun- 
 dreds of people tent on the beach, and scores of camp fires are seen on all sides 
 in the calm summer nights. It is worth the while for any enthusiastic piscator to 
 go a-ciscoing once in his life at least. He will very likely conclude that it is not 
 equal to salmon or trout fishing, but he will find his skill and patience sufficiently 
 taxed to make his first dozen ciscoes seem a genuine and thrilling victory. (See 
 Elkhorn.) 
 
 Geneva is about sixty miles northwest from Chicago, and easily reached by 
 rail via the Chicago and North-western Railroad. Good hotel accommodation 
 and all sorts of boating facilities may be had at reasonable rates. Two fine side 
 wheel steamers make regular trips from Geneva to Fontana and all intermediate 
 points. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 1 79 
 
 Elkhorn. Woodcock, pinnated grouse, rufTcd grouse, Wilson snipe, Canada 
 Reese, brant, quail, ducks, including blue bt- ils, butter-balls, ruddy ducks, pin- 
 tails, widgeons, redheads, whistlers, scooters, canvas-backs, mallards, wood 
 ducks, and teal. The game however is not of sufficient quantity to ensure suc- 
 cess to sportsmen trom abroad. In (ieneva Lake tine s[iort is had with the cisco. 
 the annual run of which begins about June loLh, and lasts for a week. Follow- 
 ing the Cisco run comes the regular tishing season, when may be had in any of 
 the many beautiful lakes of this section capital sport with rod and line. Hlack 
 bass, rock bass, pike-perch, pickerel, and yellow perch are abundant in all the 
 waters. 
 
 Delaware Lake, four miles distant, is a favorite place for pickerel and trolling. 
 
 Elkhorn is on the Western Union Railroad. Hotel and private board %\ to $2 
 per day ; guides, rarely necessary, $1.50 to :?-? per day ; boats 50 cents. 
 
 Troy. Cisco and other fishing in Troy Lake. 
 
 Wauhesha County— 
 
 Pewaukee. Nineteen miles west of Milwaukee, on the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 and SL Paul Railroad is the pleasant lake and village of Pewaukee. This lake is 
 six miles long and a mile wide, and the black bass tishing most excellent. Heath's 
 Hotel and the Oakton Springs Hotel, in the village, and the Lakeside, further up 
 the lake, furnish accommodations of the best kind. 
 
 Oconomoivoc, is twelve miles west of Pewaukee, and thirty miles from Milwau- 
 kee on tlie Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Patd Railroad. As a summer resort it is 
 popularly known as the " Saratoga of the 'West," and in sporting i)arlance it isan 
 " Angler's Paradise." Within a radius of eight miles there are no less than 
 thirty lakes, varying from one to several sciuare miles in extent, and teeming with 
 black bass, Oswego or green bass, northern j'ickerel, and the smaller fry of rock 
 bass, silver bass, yellow perch, cisco, etc. In the vicinity the sportsman will find 
 woodcock, pinnated, ruffed and sharp-tailed grouse, wdd geese, brant, ducks, 
 plover and snipe. The favorite lakes with anglers are La Helle, Fowler, Okau- 
 chee, Oconomowoc, Nemahbin, Nashotah, N:igowicka, Cienesee, Pine, Beaver, 
 North, Silver, and Golden. They are all well supplied with tishing boats, and at 
 Oconomowoc experienced guides and boatmen can be obtained at a moderate 
 price. The hotel accommodations are ample and excellent, and terms reasona- 
 ble. The Townsend House, on Fowler Lake, Draper Hall, La Belle House, and 
 Woodlands are beautifully located, and are verv handsome and convenient in 
 their appointments. Giffords', on Oconomowoc Lake, is very romantically situ- 
 ated, and is quite a favorite resort. In addition to these hotels are numerous 
 boarding houses, agreeably and pleasantly situated, and well conducted. Owing 
 to the remarkably tine roads the livery stables are unusually good, with lively- 
 stepping horses and first-cltss vehicles. J. C. Hitchcock & Co., manufacturers 
 of the " Oconomowoc bass rod," keep a full stock of fishing tackle of all kinds, 
 and the angler can here procure everything r.ccessary to his sport. Black River 
 has rock and black bass. 
 
 Winnebayo County— 
 
 Menasha and Neetiah. These twin cities are one hundred miles north of Mil- 
 waukee, and can be reached by either the Wisconsin Central Railroad or North- 
 western Railroad. They lie at the foot of Winnebago Lake, on either side of Fox 
 Kiver, the outlet of the lake. This is the largest lake in Wisconsin, being thirty 
 miles long with an avernge width of five miles. On the opposite side of the cities 
 is Lake Buttes des Morts. The bass tishing here is very good ; the Neenah chan- 
 nel of Fox River is especially good for fly tislung. The rapids of the lower Fox 
 River also furnish some of the finest of spcirt. Kaukauna rapid in particular, 
 nearly a mile in extent, is a wild eddying part of the stream, grand in its scenery 
 and rich in ragged shelving rocks and dark deep pools, that are well tilled with 
 large, dark colored, rather slim, active fellows that are no burlesque on western 
 civilization ; and the Nimrod who can preserve his light tackle in order, and 
 retain his fish in some of the headlon"' races he must make down the stream over 
 boulders and brambles with one of these fellows on the lead for his favorite pool, 
 must lose all thought of self and the consecpience of a disordered appearance at 
 the close of the race. Garlic Island is another good spot. The bass are mostly 
 of the small-mouth variety. Here are also found the while bass, the pike perch, 
 pickerel, catfish, bullheads, shad, taken here with fly, and, to the occasional 
 disgust of the angler, the sheepshead, not Sargtis ovis \>\i\. Corvina oscnla. The 
 sturgeon also holds high carnival in these waters, sometimes attaining the weight 
 of two hundred pounds. The National Hotel at Menasha is the angler's resort. 
 
l80 CAME AND FISH A'ESOA'TS. 
 
 It is well ordered and ably conducted. Boats, oarsmen, and all necessary ap- 
 purtenances for fishing are furnished by the host. The Russel House in Neenah 
 also furnishes good accommoflations, and tlicrc boats, etc., can be obtained. 
 Hoard i-j ; teams $.j to $5. (See Kond du Lac.) 
 
 Os/i/,-os/t is at tliu nioutli of Ko\ River, on tlie western shore of Lake Winnelja- 
 go. Wild game is abundant in the vicinity, and is composed of blue and (trecii- 
 wiuRcd tcaH mallard and wood duck, snipe, woodcock, (juail and pinnated grouse. 
 The waters abound in black and white bass and other tish, and brook trout are 
 plentiful in streams within a day's travel. Oshkosh is on the C'liicago and North- 
 western and tlie Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroads. There are several 
 fine hotels. 
 
 Wood County— 
 
 Centralia. Bears, deer, grouse, and diflferent varieties of wild fowl. Reached 
 via the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad. Board at hotel $2. 
 
 Kainin^c^ton. Bear, deer, pinnated grouse, ruffed grouse. In all the streams 
 trout are abundant. Reached via the Chica'ijo, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad 
 to Tomah thence via the Wisconsin Valley Railroad. Board $1.50. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 The area of Wyoming is 97,883 square miles. The population 
 in 1870 was 9,118, and has been, since that year, increased by the 
 immigration to the mining fields of the Black Hills. The surface 
 of the country is high and mountainous, the mean elevation being 
 6,450 feet. The main chain of the Rocky Mountains entering at 
 the south-eastern border extends through the Territory in a north- 
 western direction. There are in addition to these, many other 
 spurs and chains of mountains, the Wind River, Big Horn, Black 
 Hills, etc. The Laramie Plains, an extent of 7,000 square miles, 
 are made up of extensive meadows, and rolling hilly country, and 
 are among the finest hunting grounds in the country. In the North- 
 western corner of the Territory is a section of 3,575 square miles, 
 the Yellowstone Region, which for natural wonders has no equal 
 of the same area upon the globe. The Union Pacific Railroad, 
 the Union Pacific and the Kansas Pacific Railroad, are the princi- 
 pal means of access, via Cheyenne and other points, to all parts of 
 the Territory. Pack and saddle horses, and all equipments may 
 here be secured. 
 
 Albany County— 
 
 Como. Deer, elk, antelope, mountain sheep and bears, a few miles distant in 
 the timber land. Ducks and geese in abundance. Reached via the Union Pacific 
 Railway. Board $1. For bear and mountain sheep hunting, camping is neces- 
 sary. Countt-y hilly, rocky and timber lands. 
 
 Lookout. Elk, antelope, and black tail deer, are found in Medicine Bow 
 Mountains, twenty miles south. Pinnated grouse, ducks and geese are in abun- 
 dance. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Camping is necessary ; guides 
 can be found at Laramie. Hilly country. 
 
 Tie Siding. Elk, deer, antelope and rabbits very abundant. Good fronting. 
 Rt-:chcd as above. Board $7 per week ; teams %s- Camping outfits can be pro- 
 cured here. 
 
 Miser. Deer, elk, antelope, mountain sheep, jack rabbits, geese and ducks. 
 Reached as above. Board $i. Mountain country. 
 
GAMJi AND FISH RESORl'S. l8l 
 
 Laramie City. Elk, antelope, deer, mountaiii sheep, bears, sage hens, ducks 
 and Kccso. Reached as above. Guides $a to #4 ; teams $5. 
 
 J'ort Saiiui/rrs. Perhaps the best elk country is on the Laramie Plains, in the 
 vicinity of Fori Saunders, on the Union Pacitic. 
 
 Carbon iUtnnty— 
 
 Mediciiif JiiKit. Elk, deer, antelope, sage hens. Reached via Union Pacilic 
 Riiilniad. Ho:iril$i; teams $5. Kor good sport, camping is necessary. Rolling 
 and mounlaiiious country. 
 
 /'i-)cy. Elk, antelope, black tail deer, beavers, otters, etc. Mountain trout in 
 the streams, twelve mdcs from the station. Reached as above. Private tioard 
 $i.So ; guides can be procured. Country rolling prairie. 
 
 Separation. Antoloi)e in abundance, deer, elk, mountain sheep, a few black 
 bears and cinnamon bears ; sage hens and jack rabbits plentv. Reached as above. 
 Private board $1 ; guides $3 : saddle and pack horses $.1. ("amping oullil can be 
 purciiased at Rawlins, a station fourteen miles east. '1 ne country is rolling prai- 
 rie, hills and mountains. 
 
 Kan'tins. Mears, elk, black tail deer, mountain sheep, antelope, sage hens, 
 jack rabbits ; good trouting in the mountain streams. Reached as above. Hoard 
 $1 ; guides $2.50 to $3 ; teams and driver $4 to ;?6. The country mountainous, 
 with excellent camping grounds. 
 
 Cari'on. Elk, antelope, deer, bears occasionally, mountain sheep, sage hens, 
 rabbits, hares ; tish of different kinds. Reached as above. Hotel 1^2 ; guides .'fj 
 to fi5 ; teams $7. The country is hilly and mountainous, with excellent camping 
 grounds. 
 
 St. Mary's. Hears, elk, black-tail deer, antelope, some mountain sheei>, jack 
 rabbits, sage hens, mountain grouse. Reached as above. Private board $1 ; 
 guides $2. Provide for camping. Country hilly. 
 
 Fort Steele. Elk, deer, antelope, mountain sheep, sage hens, ducks and geese. 
 Fish of diuerent varieties. Reached via Union Pacitic Railroad. Hoard $1 ; 
 teams $5. In bad weather the gauae are found in the valleys ; in tine weather 
 they retire to the mountains. 
 
 Ijuramie Count y — 
 
 Cheyenne City. Deer, elk, antelope, bears, mountain sheep, mountain lions; 
 excellent trouting. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Hotel and private 
 board, ^i to $4 ; teams $5.; guides at reasonable rates. For best sport camp out. 
 Rolling prairie, with the Rocky Mountains fifty miles distant. 
 
 /'/«(■ liluff. Hlack-tail deer, and mountain sheei) are abundant on the hills, 
 antelope on the prairies, bears on Horse Creek, twenty-five miles north. The 
 route is as above. Board in private family $1. For hunting on the hills, camping 
 is necessary. 
 
 Hazard., twenty miles from the Black Hills. Antelope, black-tail and white- 
 tail deer, goesc, sandhill cranes, ducks of all kinds, jack snii-ie, curlew ; and trout 
 in the Black Hill streams. Reached via the Union Pacitic Railroad. Hoard at 
 ranches $2 ; teams with driver $5. Country hilly and rolling. 
 
 Spear Fisli Creek. Rapid Creek, Spring Creek and Redwater are full of pike, 
 nurch, catfish, bullheads, suckers, etc. Reached from Deadwood City, on the 
 Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Sweetivater County-— 
 
 Green River City. The Green River country ofTers many attractions to the 
 sportsman or trapper. The brooks furnish trout by thousands— from half a pound 
 to four pounds in weight— active, i^lucky fish, that it is a pleasure to h(jok and a 
 satisfaction to land. Beaver are very plentiful, and their dams may be found at 
 intervals of half a mile on every moderately large brook. Otters, too, are trapped 
 in considerable numbers every winter, though not so numerous now as in former 
 years. These, with the mink and fisher, are the finer fur-bearing animals of the 
 country. The felinae are represented by the lynx and the mountain lion ; the lat- 
 ter rarely seen. 
 
 Deer and elk are numerous in the bottoms and on the mountains, a few ante- 
 lopes frequent the elevated plateaus that occur from time to time along the river, 
 while the loftiest peaks afford a secure refuge to the wary mountain sheep. 
 When hunting along the river or some of its tributaries the hunter will often 
 notice the track of the ferocious grizzly, or of his smaller and more timid conge- 
 ners, the black and cinnamon bears. Sandhill cranes, together with geese and 
 
1 82 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 ducks in countless numbers pass over in sprinp^ and autumn, and pause at various 
 points to feed and rest. Tlirec spicies of ^''ouse— the sage, tiic blue nnd the 
 rullcd— arc found in tiiu bottoms and on the mountain's sides, while close Ijencath 
 the snow line breeds the whitc-taiiwd ptarmiKan. Reached via the l/nion I'ucilic 
 Railroad. Hoard lj.50 to $6 per week ; teams with driver $5. Camping allorils 
 tlie best sport. 
 
 Rock Spring. Hlack-tail deer are very abundant but hard to approach be- 
 cause of tlie si iircity of timber. lilk and antelope are plenty within a radius of 
 thirty miles. Ducks, geese, grouse and sage hens afford tine sport. Trout arc 
 to be found in all the streams in tlie neighborhood. Reached as above. 
 
 Ji'Viin. Antelope, black-tail deer, jack-rabbits, sage hens. Rf)ute as above. 
 Hoartlin private house 1 1 ; guides *j to $5 ; teams $5 to $8. Rolling iirairie. 
 
 lUack Ihittes. Deer, antelo|)e, elk and bears twenty miles south. Reached as 
 above. Hoard in private house, %\ ; guides, saddle-horses, etc., to be had. Moun- 
 tain country, 
 
 Cn-ston. Antelope abundant, sage liens, jack-rabbits and cotton-tails. Elk 
 and deer in limited numbers. Hulf.ilo arc found forty miles north Reachetl as 
 above. Sportsmen must carry camping outtit. Good ponies can be bought 
 here for $30 to $60. The country is rolling prairie, witli hills and mountains. 
 
 Point of Rocks. KIk. deer, antelope, buffalo, bears, jack-rabbits and sage 
 hens. Excellent trout tisliing in the Samly ("reeks. Reached as above. Pack 
 and saddle horses can be procured. Hunting parties camp out. The best hunt- 
 ing and Hshing grounds are at the Sandys, tiiirty miles distant 
 
 The Bif^ Horn Mountains. Hig hcjrns, buftalo, elk, moi ntain sheep, black- 
 tail deer, beavers, otters, minks, grey wolves, coyotes, foxes, including the sil- 
 ver grey, panther, wildcats, lynxes, two species ; black, cinnamon, and grizzly 
 bears ; dusky grouse. Trout and a species of whitetish are caught in the Hig 
 Horn, Little Horn, and Tongue Rivers, The mountains are densely timbered 
 with pine and spruce. Their elevation is about thirteen thousand feet above the 
 level of the sea, anil they are covered with snow in summer. They contain innu- 
 merable beautiful lakes. Take Union Pacific Railroad to Uenton or some station 
 in that vicinity, thence go via saddle-horse. 
 
 Uintah County- 
 Fort Bridger and the Uintah Mountains. Fort Bridger is eleven miles south 
 of Carter, a station on the Union Pacific Railroad, Twenty-five miles south of the 
 l<"ort are the Uintah Mountains, a splendid country for the sportsman. The game 
 here includes bears, immntain sheep, deer, elk, antelope, grouse, sage hens, mal- 
 lards nnd black ducks, the Western tluker, sandhill cranes, and ptarmigan. The 
 streams and lakes abound in trout, and near Carter are caught a few whitefish. 
 There is daily conmiunication between Carter and Fort Hridger, Camping out- 
 fits can be procured at either place. Hoard ^(3 ; guides $2,50 ; teams |s to $8 ; 
 saddle-horses $3. 
 
 Bridger. Elk, black-tail deer and grouse are very abundant, with good 
 trouting. Reached via the Union Pacific Railroad. Teams with driver I3. Roll- 
 ing prairie and hills. 
 
 Aspen. The Uintah Mountains are eight miles south. For the game found 
 there see Fori Hridger. Reached as above. Board $2 ; teams with driver $3. 
 
 Evanston. Hears, elk, antelope, deer, sage hens ; trout. Best hunting from 
 ten to forty miles distant. Reached as above. Hoard $1.50 to $4 ; teams with 
 driver $4 to $7. Country rolli) ind hilly. 
 
 Piedmont. Hlack-tail deer, eik, bears, sagje hens, jack-rabbits and brush- 
 rabbits. All the mountain streams abound in mountain trout. Reached as 
 above. Private board $5 i)er week ; teams $2 to $3 ; pack and saddle-horses $1. 
 Mountainous country. 
 
 Hillinrd. Bears, elk, deer; good mountain trout fishing, with other varieties 
 of fish and game. Route as above. Hotel and private board $1 to $3 j teams $4 
 to $7. Camping necessary. Hilly and mountainous country. 
 
 Walla Walla County — 
 
 IValia ll^aila. Deer and bears ; mountain trout. Reached via Central Pacific 
 Railroad to Kelton, thence stage. Hotel $2. The country is mountainous and 
 heavily wooded. 
 
DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 Ontario, the Upper, or Western Province of Canada, has an 
 area of 107,780 square miles, and a population of 1,620,851, which 
 is contined mostly to the Southern and South-western sections ; the 
 region north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior is inhabited only 
 by a few Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company's employees. 
 The surface of the i)rovince is gently undulating with extensive 
 prairie lands. A ridge of elevated land stretches from Niagara 
 Falls north-west to Hamilton, thence along the peninsula between 
 Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, and through to the Manitoulin 
 Lslands. These hills, in some places wild and rugged, are, as a rule, 
 rounded with gentle slopes and wide fertile valleys. The country 
 is remarkable for the great number of the lakes which everywhere 
 stud its surface. The region from Lake Ontario, north between 
 Georgian and Ottawa Bays, and thence around Lake Superior, is 
 covered by a perfect net-work of lakes and rivers. These waters 
 are stocked with the finest of salmon and trout, and offer to the 
 piscatorially inclined abundant opportunity for weeks of enjoyment 
 and pleasure. The Southern part of the province has been nearly 
 depleted of the larger animals, but in the North and West are vast 
 tracts of unbroken wilderness where game is still found in almost 
 primitive abundance. From the railroad and steamboat Unes of 
 travel, excursions may be made into the wilderness country, and 
 for thio purpose, the visitors will always find trustworthy guides, 
 usually Indians, and at any of the larger towns or at the Hudson's 
 Bay Company's Posts, full outfits are to be secured at prices much 
 more moderate than in the States. The salmon-fishing of the 
 Dominion of Canada is under Government control. *' The govern- 
 ment leases the rivers for a term of nine years, and rivers unlet on 
 the first day of each year are advertised by the government to be 
 let to the highest bidder. The places of residence of those tender- 
 ing for fishings are not considered in letting a river ; and if a gen- 
 tleman from the States outbids a Canadian, the river will be declared 
 as his. Rivers are therefore hired by Europeans as well as by 
 Canadians and citizens of the States. . . . Rivers are let in whole 
 
1 84 
 
 GAAfE AND FISK AWCSOA'TS. 
 
 or parts, each part pcrmittintf the use of aj^iven iumil)i:r of rods, 
 usually four. I'artii^s wlio dt'sirc to lease a Canadian river sliould 
 address a letter to the Minister of Marine and Kisherii-s, at Ottawa, 
 stating how many rods they have, and the district which they \ne- 
 fer to fish. He will forward them a list of the leasable rivers, and 
 a note of information, upon which they should get some Canadian 
 to make the tender for iheni. The leases of lluvi.il jiarts of rivers 
 vary from two to six hundred dollars a year for fronj three to eight 
 rods, and the price for guides or gaffers is a dollar a day. — 
 Genio C. Scott's Fishini; in Amcriccin Waters. 
 
 JtlHtrict of Alyoma- 
 
 Michifiiiofon Islundy ill Lake Superior, is in suniincr a sto])piiipf place tor the 
 C()lliii!,'W()<)(i stcatncrs. Larfje trout are cau};ht in the adiacent waters. Sup- 
 plies may l)e obtained at Micliipicon River, wlilch is a Hudson Hay Company's 
 Depot. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie. The streams flowing into the St. Mary's River, (larden 
 River, Root River, and Hay Lalie and its outlet afford excellent trout Hshinj? and 
 the last named good duck shooting. Along the north shore there are several 
 %vell known trouliiig localities, distant from tiCteen to forty miles. Indian guides, 
 canoes, etc., are to be hail for all these places, (laulais Hay, Hatcheewaiiaung 
 Bay and River, Harmony, Montreal and Agnawa Rivers. The route to Sault Ste. 
 Marie is via steamer from Collingvvood, Ont.,or from Hulfalo, (Cleveland, De- 
 troit, t;hicago or Milwaukee. Good hotels on either side of the river. (See 
 Michigan.) 
 
 The Nepigon River. The river is forty-five miles long to the great Nepigon 
 Lake at its head, and is broken by lifteen chutes or falls, at all of which is the best 
 of fishing. It has an average width of two hundred yards, and at <re(iuent inter- 
 vals wiilens into lakes two miles and more in width, in which the wliitcHsh and 
 the great lake trout dwell. Cam|)ing ground is excellent everywhere, and tliere 
 is a Deaten trail across the portages, over portions of which a wagon miglit |)ass 
 with ease ; for this has long been a thoroughfare for the (.'omnany's employees, 
 who, once a year at least, bring down their furs ami carry back their annual sup- 
 plies to Nepigon House above. There is ample casting room throughout. The 
 depth varies trom twenty to two hundred and fifty feet, and the water is so cold 
 at all times as to benumb the limbs. Its temperature is about 38". In Se()teml)er 
 
 Eartridges (ruffed grouse) are very plenty and the forests abound in bears, rab- 
 its, and other fur-bearing animals and small game. There are a few caribou, 
 but no deer nor any other species of the genus Cervus. Trout, pike, pickerel, 
 salmon trout, and whitetish in greatest possible abundance. Hy August the tlies 
 and punkies disappear and the trout become fat and gamy ; for they spawn later 
 here than in most other localities. The Ne))igon is reached via steamer from 
 Toronto, Ont., or Duluth, Minnesota, to Red Rock Landing at the mouth of the 
 river. 
 
 From Toronto there is a choice of routes either to Collingwood orSarnia, 
 whence good boats run to Sault Ste. Marie, and from there, the first to the nortli 
 shore of I^ake Superior, and the other to the south shore, touching at Marouettc 
 and other points, and on to Duluth. The North Shore steamers connect at Prince 
 Arthur's I-anding with other boats for Duluth, one hundred and forty miles dis- 
 tant. A favorite route lor Americans is from Huffalo via Lake Erie to Detroit, 
 and thence through Lake Huron to Sault Ste. Marie. Residents of States west 
 and north of New York, will naturally make Detroit their objective starting point. 
 A round trij) ticket via the Collingwood route, costs thirty-five dollars gold, 
 which includes meals and stateroom. The fare from New York City via rail, to 
 Niagara Kails, thence boat to Toronto, is eleven dollars fifty cents ; so that the 
 cost of the entire trip from New York and return is about si,\ty-five dollars cur- 
 rency. The actual running time of the trip occupies ten days. 
 
 yvV</j?£j(,-X; is a Hudson's Hay Company Post, where the sportsman will find 
 excellent accommodations with Robert Crawford, the agent. From him must 
 be procured the necessary fishing permits, without which no angler can fish in 
 the Nepigon. He will furnish almost everything requisite for camping out ; 
 cedar boats, and birch canoes, tents, blankets, woolen shirts, Hudson's Hay over- 
 
GAME AND I' I Sit Rli SORTS. 1 85 
 
 cniit!!, rnr(lurnv<t, ilgnrn nnd tolxircn. mOMd fniltn, dcsiantcd meats, flOlldMMd 
 HoupH, milk anil coflcu, pickluM, EiiKlnh iJ*, whihky lor medu ii\iil UM. Nsw Tw* 
 tamvntH, Hour, pork and ham, i iitlcry, hooU, MOfl-pnt'ks ut ridiculously low 
 |iri(:us. (tiiixl guides iind Iiidiati canoc-iiun can M hud lit ii didlar per day each, 
 riic lUiKlcr must tukc liis own lisiiiiiK tin kic, inrludii)^ ;i stout rod, itiid red iiiul 
 brown hiickli-s. Kroui tlic Middle ul July tliroUKli Au^uht uud Scplumbcr in thu 
 best Hcuson tor tishiuK. 
 
 tlrattt I'oiiutff — 
 
 Tlic lakes and ponds in this county contain a variety of very large black bass, 
 <;ran<l River and its tributurles. Smith's and Homers t'rccks are well known 
 locttlitics. At Ivy's mill, on Homer's Creek is a deep hole where they often con- 
 Kre^tite in ^rcat numbers in June. 
 
 r/««' i'oulom/v lilHtrlet— 
 
 Is (tlic ot the best in Cunadit. It lies partly in the Province of Otanrio, and 
 partly in the Province of JJuebec, the Ottawa River tormina the dividinp line 
 between these name centres. In order to reach either of these localities, take the 
 (Jreat Western Railway to Mrockville, on the St. Lawrence River, and thence by 
 the Canada ("ciUral, to either Sand Point or keiifrew. 
 
 If the desire is to visit the (;oulon>;e disiiici, to kill moose, caribou, bears, 
 wolves, trap lur animals, ami annle for trout, leave the cars at Sand Point. l'"rom 
 here take the river boat to Porlace dii l'"(Ht, twenty miles north. .\t this place, 
 provisions and camping essentials must br secured, together with a conveyance 
 as far as the foot ol the Coulonge River. Moose and fur animals are fouiwl eighty 
 miles upstream ; caribou are not met with, save far up the river. The huntiii); 
 region proper lies between the Ulack River and the Coulonge, which are distant 
 from each other at the most extreme points, not more than twenty n)iles, the aver- 
 age being not more than ten. There is excellent angling in those streams. 
 
 Should Virginia deer be the game desired, together with bears, wolves, lynx 
 and water animals, then go on to Kenlrew. This village is twenty miles north 
 of Sand Point, twelve miles west of Ottawa River, and about one hundred ami 
 titty miles north ol the St. Lawrence River. Sevcntv miles due west, toward the 
 (Jeorgian Hay, reacheil by teani, is the Atlirondack district of the Canadas. Thu 
 route traverses the beautiful and pictures(pie Honne ('here River, which is one 
 succession of lakes. Here are Mud Lake, Long Lake, Round Lake, and Trout 
 Lake. This lake region lies between the Ottawa on the east, the (Jeorgian May tm 
 the west, and Lake Nijiissing on the north. This area contains about the same 
 number of reported lakes as the Adirondacks, and it is probable that there aro 
 hundreds yet undiscovered. 
 
 At Eageausvillc, twenty-five miles from Renfrew, on the Hoimc ("here, guides 
 and iirovisioiis may be obtained for anv of the lakes. The majority of trajiocrs 
 and hunters seldom penetrate beyond Round Lake, which is the home of the Vir- 
 ginia tleer and of the speckled trout. Trai)persaiul hunters are to be met with on 
 almost every creek, lake, river, and stream that contains fur animals. They go in 
 search of furs about the first of Seiitember. 
 
 The Virginia deer arc, during the months of September and October, hunted 
 with dogs, and usually killed in the lakes where they run to escape the 
 hounds. In November still hunting commences, and continues until the end 
 of the season. 
 
 (jlciiyarry County — 
 
 Lancaster. Lake St. Francis, an expansion of the St. Lawrence River, affords 
 good fishing in the autumn. Reached via steamer from Montreal, or (Jrand 
 Trunk RaiUvay. Hotel accommodations at the village, and also at Hopkin's 
 Point, on the opposite side of the river. 
 
 Orenvllle County — 
 
 Charleston Lake is some twenty-two miles back of Gananoque, reached by 
 row boat from Gananoque River and Wilsey Creek, also by stage from Mrock- 
 ville, seventeen miles. This creek flows through drowned lands, and in the 
 proper season is full of ducks. 
 
 The black bass at Charleston Lake are very small, averaging one anil thrce- 
 Quarter pounds, but are very gamv, a one pound bass giving as much sport, as a 
 tnree pound St. Lawrence bass. Salmon trout also plentiful. 
 
 There are two fair hotels, charging one dollar per day. Boat accommodations 
 poor. The lake is full of islands, and affords excellent camping grounds. 
 
1 86 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Grey County— 
 
 Presqve Isle Harbor ^ on Lake Ontario, fine ducking ground. Grand Trunk 
 Railroad t'rom Coburg or Kingston. Hotel accommodation. Country hilly. 
 
 Ilnstinya County— 
 
 Relleville. A fine place for black bass, especially in the month of May, when 
 they are taken in large quantities by the fishermen in seines. The shooting in- 
 cludes snipe, plover, d\icKs, partridges and red foxes. Helleville is on the Bay 
 of Ouinte. an expansion of the St. l.awrence River, and is reached by steamboat 
 anil the (irand Trunk Railroad. There is a game club here, and good hotel 
 accommodations, boats, etc. 
 
 Bay of Quinte. Kingston and Belleville are on this bay. Excellent black 
 bass, pike, perch, and mascalonge. Reached by Grand Trunk Railway. Every 
 accommodation. 
 
 liingston County— 
 
 Kingston, There is a section of co ' v situated in Canada, near Kingston, 
 known as the Drowned Lands. To rL.i... it from New York City, take New 
 York Central and Hudson River Railroad to Rome, Watertown and Cape Vin- 
 cent. All baggage checked through. At Cape Vincent you can make any neces- 
 sary imiuiries at the hotel, where the Kingston steamboats stop. In Kmgston, 
 the British American Hotel is near the boat landing, and well kept. The 
 Drowned Lands district is accessible from Kingston by various routes; pretty 
 well fished, and shooting fair. Bass and pickerel are caught in the Bay of yuinte, 
 at Kingston. 
 
 Lanark County— | 
 
 Perth. Deer and partridge shooting, and fair trapping in the vicinity. The 
 fur bearing animals include otters, minks, beavers, foxes and coons, 'leached 
 via the Brockville and Ottawa Railroad. 
 
 Clayton. Fine bass fishing in the St. Lawrence at this point. Clayton is 
 eleven miles from Almonte, on the Brockville and Ottawa Railroad. 
 
 Jja rrairie County — 
 
 La Prairie^ south side of the St. Lawrence. Among the islands in the Lachine 
 Rapids, bass are found in abundr.nce, and there is splendid duck shooting, espe- 
 cially in the spring wlien the ice breaks up. A boat runs from Montreal to La 
 Prairie, which is nearly opposite. From tnorc take a hack and boatman, and 
 drive down to the fishing ground. Desanltel is popularly and favorably known 
 as a guide and sportsman, which, indeed nearly all the villagers are. Charges are 
 trifling. 
 
 JJneoln County — 
 
 St. Catherines. Quail shooting. Reached via the Great Western and Wel- 
 land Railways. Good hotels. 
 
 The Mu.<tkoJca Di.itrict — 
 
 One of the most attractive regions in Canada for summer tourists embraces 
 what is known as the Northern Lakes, a cV.ain lying north of Toronto, and com- 
 prising Lakes Simcoe, Muskoka. Rosseau, ar.-d Cocochong. This is a popular 
 resort for sportsmen, and supplies the best bass fishing to be had in Canada, as 
 well as superb trout fishing. The lakes vary greatly in size ; the larger ones 
 thirty or fortv miles in length, and the smaller ones mere ponds, but clear and 
 deep, and all abounding in salmon trout, perch, black bass, etc. The principal 
 rivers a-re the Muskoka, with its two brancnes, both heading in lakes, and broken 
 by many falls ; the noble Magnetewan, the Severn, Moon River, Sharpe's Creek, 
 South River, and the Kasheshebogamo^. Large trout abound in the South branch 
 of the Muskoka, which is brolcen by thirteen falls. This stream is some ten rods 
 wide and uniformly deep, with forests impinging upon the margin, in which deer 
 are very numerous. Tliere are but few ruffed grouse and but little small game. 
 In the North Muskoka, there are no trout. In the Magnetewan, which empties 
 into Georgian Bay, the speckled trout reach five jiounds in weight, black bass 
 eight pounds, and pickerel fourteen poui.ds. This river traverses the finest deer 
 country in Canada. Grouse are also numerous, and ducks in their season. In 
 Moon kiver are monster mascalonge. This stream is the outlet of Lake Muskoka. 
 On the Severn, between the towns of Bracebridge and Gravenhurst, is a tine ruffed 
 grouse district. 
 
GAME AND FISII RESORTS. 1 8/ 
 
 To those leaving the States, Toronto is the first objective point, reached from 
 New York tiy the Erie and (Central Railroad, via Niagara Falls and Suspension 
 l^ridge, and from tlie West by Lake Shore and Great Western. 
 
 From Toronto llie ronte is via the Northern Railroad to Gravenhurst, or rail 
 to IJellc Fwart, thence sleainer to (iravenhurst. Thence the route is all by water 
 through Lakes Muskoka, Rosseau, and Joseph— all connecting. Alter a few miles 
 rin the steamer turns into tin; River Muskoka, which it ascends seven miles to 
 H acebrid^e. Hracebridne is tlie startinj? ])oint for tlie South Muskoka and for 
 TfadinK Lake, sixteen miles distant, both splendid deer and trout districts, with 
 {guides, boats and doRS at both places. It is necessary, however, t<i haul a boat 
 over to the former, some ten miles. Mr. Hippins, of ^)ueens hotel, Uracebridge, 
 will be of service in securinji: guides and conveyance. At the head of Lake Ros- 
 seau is a fine hotel kept by Mr. Pratt. Crood deer hunting and trout Hshing and 
 every convenience there. At the head of Jose|)h Lake is a very comfortable 
 hotel kept by Mr. Fraser. Hlack bass fishing in the lake. There is a road from 
 there to Parry Sound and Georgian Hay. I'rom Rosseau there is an excellent 
 mail road to the Magnetewan, thirty-three miles distant, and extending as many 
 more miles to Lake Nii^issing. Telegraph communication between all these 
 points, which are designated here merely as jilaces of rest and departure, acces- 
 sible to the most feeble, and comfortable in all respects tor the wives ot sjjortsmen. 
 There is no end to minor obiective points which can be reached by steamboat, 
 skiff, or wagon — (iull Lake, near (Jraveiihurst, at the beginning of tiie interior 
 route, with fair fishing for salmon trout, speckled trout, pickerel and tiass, and 
 so'ne deer and ducks; Moon River, twenty miles north-west from Gravenhurst, 
 with a beautiful fall, and very good fishing for the fish above mentioned, and 
 mascalonge : Perch Lake, Silver Lake, Pickerel Lake, and 'ferry's Lake, all near 
 the head o(^ Muskoka Lake, anil well stocked with fish ; Sharpe's Creek, near 
 Hracebridge, with speckled trout ; a chain of lakes, reached by sixteen miles sta- 
 ging from Hracebridge, called Fairy Vernon, Fox, and Peninsula Lakes, with the 
 Lake of Hays, reached by a portage of three-fourths of a mile ; and best of all, 
 the waters adjacent to and including the famous Magnetewan, all of which teem 
 with deer, ducks and fish of various kinds. Of these are .\umick Lake, Seeb 
 Lake, White Lake, and Doe Lake, the last little visited but highly spoken of. 
 
 The whole country is now so accessible that the sportsman can easily visit the 
 principal hunting and fishing grounds in the space of a single month. At the most 
 frequented jilaces, boats, canoes, dogs, and guid_es can be procured. A canoe 
 with guide will cost $2 per day. Richard Crooks of Magnetewan will act as 
 guide for fishing and hunting parties on the Magnetewan, and furnish canoes, a 
 tent, and three dogs for $2.^0 per day. Provisions and wagons can be obtained 
 at the larger towns, but it is ailvisable for the sportsman to take his own camp 
 kit and tent. Heavy clothing is requisite at all times of the year, although the 
 mid-summmcr days arc often very hot. June, September, and October are the 
 best months, the former lor fish, the latter for game. The weather is not severe 
 in October, and navigation does not close until the end of the month. Expenses 
 of round trip for a month §100. Joseph Scott, Gravenhurst, will furnish guides, 
 boats and reliable information. A good map of the river and adjacent country 
 may be obtained ot Charles Lount, Register, Hracebridge ; or of Adams, Ste- 
 phenson & Co., King St., Toronto. 
 
 JUinqnra County — 
 
 Niaf;ara. The commons near the town are excellent grounds for plover 
 shooting. For the fishing of the Niagara River see Niagara, New York. On 
 the Erie and Niagara division of the Canada Southern Railroad. Good hotels, 
 
 Horthumberlam! County — 
 
 Harwpod. In Rice Lake, bass, pickerel, mascalonge. Reached via Grand 
 Trunk Railroad from Toronto to Port Hope or Coburg, or by boat from Rochester 
 to Coburg, thence to Harwood s oventeen miles. A. V. Deiiio's, and other hotels, 
 where Indians, canoes, etc., can be obtained. 
 
 TAf.' Ottawa JDiatrict — 
 
 One of th'j best hunting grounds, easily accessible from the cities of Montreal 
 and Otta^v I, is to be found in the country watered by the River Nation and its 
 tributa'rie This river, which empties into the Ottawa about forty miles below 
 the city ot the same name, is long, narrow and deep, fiows through a somewhat 
 fiat country, and is one of the most important lumbering tributaries of the Ottawa. 
 It has numerous small streams running into it whicn render the surrounding 
 
1 88 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 country penetrable by boat. The whole region abounds in mineral springs, to 
 many of which the deer resort in numbers on account of the saline character of 
 the waters. 
 
 To reach the hunting ground you leave Montreal by the morning train for 
 Lachine, thence steamer (breaitfast) to Carillon ; thence railroad to Grenville, as 
 the steamer docs not go through the canal. From Gr<'iiville steamer (dinner) to 
 Brown's Wharf, where, if there are more than two or three in the party, a con- 
 veyance must be hired to Plantagenct. There is a mail wagon whicli can carry 
 two or three jiersons, bu* no more. At Plantagenet you must stop all night, and 
 tiiere a conveyance may be obtained to talte you to what is called " The Brook," 
 where, if you are fortunate enough to secure the services of Jim Simpson, you 
 may expect sport. There are other hunters besides Simpson. The fare from 
 Montreal to Brown's Wharf is about $3.25, including breakfast and dinner ; from 
 the Wharf to Plantagenet, lifty cents. A buggy and driver to The Brook will 
 cost about $2, and you will pay Simpson $2 per day for himself and dogs, for each 
 day you hunt ; periiaps a little more, should there be a large party. The fare 
 from Ottawa to Brown's Wharf is about $1-25. Early in the season it is prefera- 
 ble to camp out, but Simpson can generally find accommodation for a few. 
 
 Besides deer, this region abounds in bears, foxes, hares, and ruffed grouse. 
 The only way you can hunt the latier is to have a dog ihat will tree them and 
 bark until you come up. In this way larg'! "unibers may be obtained. 
 
 PetevhorougU Coantij— 
 
 Burleigh. Deer, ducks, partridge ; black bass. The route is via the Midland 
 Railroad to Lakefield, thence steamer. There is a comfortable and neat tavern at 
 Burleigii Falls. 
 
 Youn,i;s Point. Bass, and mascalonge fishing. Reached via steamer. Six 
 miles from here is the iiurleigh Hotel, which is designed expressly for sportsmen, 
 imd where splendid salmon trout fishing may be found. The fish vveigli from ten 
 to Ihirty-five pounds. Excellent guides can be rcaflily obtained, canoes can be 
 had for hire, and all camping equii)ments can be purcliased, or perhaps rented, at 
 reasonable prices by merely applying to the landlord of the house where the 
 sportsman may put up. 
 
 Pigeon River and Pigeon Lake are good duck shooting grounds ; black ducks, 
 
 Ein-tails, teal and wood ducks. Take Midland Railway to Omemee, thence via 
 oat down stream to Muskrat Island, a good camping ground, and excellent 
 shooting. Flood's Bog, three miles farther, is good snipe ground. Clansey's 
 Pond is the resort of many ducks. Twin Islands at the head of Pigeon Lake is 
 the best point for shooting. 
 
 Peterborough. The Otonabee River is a noble stream for black bass fishing. 
 It is a sluggish stream of some twenty miles in length, and from one hundred to 
 one hundred and twenty yards wide, winding gracefully through forest and farm 
 till it enters Rice Lake. 
 
 The fish are game to the last, and range in weight from one and one-half 
 to five pounds. Excellent duck shooting on the lakes in the vicinity. Buck- 
 horn Lake aifords excellent mascalonge fishing, with deer shooting in the neigh- 
 borhood. Reached by stage from Peterborough six miles to Chemong Lake, 
 thence by water. Peterborough is on a brancli of the Midland Railway. 
 
 Balsam Lake. Big Island is a good deer ground. The pools all about are full 
 of fine fish. At the foot of the rapid between Big and Little Mud-turtle Bays, is 
 a famous place for fish. 
 
 Stony Lake, is a body of water about nine miles long by three wide, and 
 dotted over with innumerable islands of all sizes and shapes. Many of these are 
 wooded, others are covered with grass and small shrubs. The black bass fishing 
 in the lake is first-class, especially at the mouths of Jack's and Eel Creeks. Troll- 
 ing is also good in all parts of the lake, mascalonge and land-locked salmon 
 taking the troll freely. The latter fish aflFord magnificent sport for the angler 
 (with live minnow for bait) early in May, at Purleigh Falls ; they are seldom 
 caught weighing less than seven pounds, and have been taken over thirty pounds 
 in weight. Herring and perch are also caught in the lake. Summer duck shoot- 
 ing begins on the 15th of August, and remains good for four or five weeks, when 
 the fall flight commences. Wild rice and celery grow in great abundance in all 
 of these waters, which are visited by millions of the duck tribe, until the cold 
 weather closes the waters, compelling them to seek a more congenial clime. 
 Deer hunting, or rather, the open season begins about the ist of September, 
 Stony Lake, Lovesick Lake and Deer Bay, (all contiguous,) being favorite re- 
 sorts for the deer hunter, as they are all easy of access, and deer are plentiful. 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. ' 1 89 
 
 The Mount Julien Hotel, on the very shore of Stony Lake, for the especial 
 comfort of tourists and sportsmen, has accommotlation for sixty p;uests, with every 
 luxury that couUl reasonably be loolied for in the backwoods of (J^anada. Terms 
 $2 per day, $10. jo per week. Sailboats, row boats, and canoes, guides ami dojrs 
 are alvvys at hand. Go via Rochester, N. Y., to Charlotte on the New Y()rl< 
 Central Railroad, thence by steamei to Port Hope, thence Midland Railway to 
 I-akcticld where the steamer Chippewa is in waiting to convey you to Mt. Julien. 
 Time from Charlotte, fourteen hours, fare $4. P'are from New York about $20 
 each way. 
 
 J'rinee Kdward County — 
 
 LoHi^ Point or Point Traverse, on Lake Erie, is owned by an influential club 
 and has been known for years as one of the finest preserves and shooting grounds 
 in tlie (country. Citizens of Canada and the United States are joint members. A 
 great deal of fur, as well as some game and fish is taken there annually, but the 
 cluck shooting affords the sport par excellence. Readied by steamer from Mont- 
 real or Kingston to Pictou, thence seventeen miles drive. 
 
 livtkftww Count 9/ — 
 
 Pembroke, on Alumette Lake. Excellent trout fishing with deer shooting in 
 the neigliborhood. Take cars from Hrockville on Grand Trunk Railway, to 
 Sand's i^oint, and thence steamer. Several hotels. 
 
 Shncoe Cotinti/— 
 
 Lake Siiiicoe. One of the most famous l^lack bass localities in tlie world is Lake 
 Simcoe, and its contiguous chain of lakes. It is only twenty-four hours from 
 New York City, via Niagara Falls and 'I'oronto, and tlience by tlie Northern 
 Railway of Canada to Harrie or Hclle Ewart, at which places a steamboat con- 
 nects with ihe railway. This fjoat traverses Lake Simcoe thirty miles, and passes 
 by a connecting cliannel into Lake Coocliacliung, touching at Oriliia, at which 
 place there is also a railway connection witli Harrie. In other words, tliere is an 
 all rail route from New York to Oriliia. From Coochachung is ten miles of staging 
 to iMuskoka Lake, one of the very finest bass lakes in the world, and tliere the 
 angler may take steamboat again, and traversing the lake, pass through a canal 
 and lock into Lake Rosseau. This whole rep;ion swarms with bass, and is well 
 worth a week's visit. Cost of a ten days' trip about $75. Excellent hotels at 
 Helle Ewart, Harrie and Oriliia. Guides and boats can also be obtained at 
 Kama, an Indian village three miles above Oriliia. 
 
 Victoria County — 
 
 Piol'cayi^eon. This is a good place for any sportsman desiring variety. In 
 May, June, and July, mascalonge can be caught in any quantities. Tliey run 
 from five to twenty pounds, averaging about nine pounds. HIack bass are gamy 
 and large. Ducks, partridges and snipe are i)lenty. Deer abundant, and hounds 
 and starters can be found in the village. Haifa mile beyond Hobcaygeon, the 
 river enters Pigeon l^ke, and from this place can be readied numerous others, 
 all well supplied with Hsh. At Bobcaygeon, good hotel board can be had at five 
 dollars iier week. The best place is kept by John Simson, whose wife makes it a 
 place of home neatness. This place can be reached via tfie Midland Railroad to 
 Lindsay, thence by steamboat. There are no boats nor guides. The toot of 
 Pigeon l,ake, at Little Bob River, is the place to fish. 
 
 GravenhiDst. Rulfed grouse and deer. Go via rail to Oriliia, thence by stage, 
 twenty-five miles. Hotels. 
 
 Lindsey. Eight miles down the Scazag River, Sturgeon Bay, is a renowned 
 place for black bass, mascalonge and other fish. There is a good summer hotel. 
 
 Coboconk. Two miles distant from Coboconk are some excellent black bass 
 fishing pools. Big Turtle Lake has mascalonge fishing ; Moore's Lake, salmon and 
 mascalonge ; Gull Lake, salmon. In the fall good trolling between the island, and 
 in the vicinity is good deer shooting. Mountain Lake is well stocked with salmon 
 trout, reached from Gull River Bridge. Big Bush Kouk Lake is the receiving 
 basin of three chains of lakes, salmon and game in all the surrounding country, 
 Grass River and lake. Pine and Cranberry Lake, etc. Hall's Lake is the most 
 beautiful of the chain, and is in the centre of a grand game country. Take the 
 Toronto and Nipissing Railway to Coboconk. 
 
 Wvll t uffton Co u /» ty— 
 
 Guelph. Fine bags of plover are made in the vicinity. Reached via the 
 Grand Trunk, or the Great Western Railroad. Hotels excellent. 
 
IQO ■ GAME AND FISH RESORTS, 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 The Province of Quebec, or Canada East, has an area of 193,- 
 355 square miles. The population (1,191,576) is mostly confined 
 to that portion of the j^rovince lying south of the St. Lawrence River 
 and west of the meridian of Quebec, and known as the Eastern 
 Townships. North of the St. Lawrence, there are but a few settle- 
 ments, and a small number of hamlets a short distance inland from 
 the river. The inhabitants are principally of French descent, pre- 
 serve many of the old customs, and speak a patois, some knowledge 
 of which the visitor will find of great service. The surface of 
 Quebec south of the St. Lawrence is hilly ; north of that river it is 
 rocky and mountainous. There are here, as in Ontario, extensive 
 forests, nuinerous rivers and lakes. The North-western country 
 is especially remarkable for the extent of its water system, and is 
 little else than a continuous chain of lakes and their connectii p 
 streams. The hunting and fishing, the conveniences ' t^ravel aad 
 the restrictions upon salmon fishing are the same as tnc e already 
 given under Ontario. 
 
 Anticosta Island. Reached in summer by regular sailing packet from Gaspe, 
 and by chance vessels from Quebec. A canoe, Indians, and provisions can be 
 obtained at Gaspe. Take shot gun, salmon and trout rods. From Gaspe to West 
 Point, tlie run is seventy miles. There is a ligiithouse here. English Hay is a 
 fishing station a few miles to the northward. Twelve miles further is Ellis Hay. 
 There is fair shooting all along shore, for yellow legs, plover, ducks and sea 
 nigeons. There are cabins at Ellis Hay, and at the head of a neitjhboring inlet, 
 known as Gamanche Hay, Captain Setter has a very comfortable liouse. Inland 
 are bogs, barrens, pools and creeks, which are breeding places for geese. Fifteen 
 miles further is Hessie River, with good fishing for salmon and trout. The inter- 
 mediate ground is broken by wooded spits and grassy points, wiiich enclose in- 
 numerable lagoons, into which the tide tiows, and these swarm with ducks in 
 great variety. Absalom Gamanche and his wife have a cabin at Hessie River, 
 and will accommodate sportsmen. l<"our miles up stream is a splendid salmon 
 pool with large lish. The trout fishing- is very fine, the fish running from half a 
 pound each to two pounds. Some twenty miles farther is Otter River, supplying 
 good salmon fishing for rods. There are plenty of ducks and geese here. A few 
 miles farther is Jupiter River, the largest river on the island, sixteen miles in 
 length, with many large salmon and fine pools. For trout, a rod will average two 
 hundred per day. Four miles from Jupiter is Southwest Point, a fishing station. 
 A Mr. Pope lives here and entertains most hospitably. There are no animals on 
 Anticosta Island, save bears, martens, otters, and several varieties of fox. For 
 salmon, small flies are requisite, the most killing being one with red head, pale 
 green body, ribbed with gold tinsel, legs light brown, wings of partridge feather, 
 and brick-red tail ; another, equally good, with dark claret body, with silver 
 twist, bright scarlet legs, wings of brown mottled turkey feather, with black tip, 
 and forked tail of j'ellow and red ; and, generally speaking, bright gaudy flies 
 witii small hook seem to be the favorites. 
 
 The cost of a month's trip, in round numbers, would be about $150 for two 
 persons. 
 
 lionaventurc County- 
 Port Daniel is at the mouth of the Nouvelle River, in which is excellent fishing. 
 
 Reached via steamer from Montreal, Quebec or Dalhousie. 
 
 New Carlisle. Fine salmon fishing in the Honaventure River. Reached via 
 
 steamer from Quebec. The river is without bad rapids or obstructions, the water 
 
 cold and clear. 
 
 J 
 
GAME AND IJSII RESORTS. I9I 
 
 Chnrlcvoix County — 
 
 Ma/ Bitie, ninety miles from Quebec on the Lower St. Lawrence River. A 
 good moose country. Surface mountainous. Lodgings in farmhouse, or camp. 
 Reached by shallop'. i 
 
 Murray Bay. A fashionable watering place on the St. Lawrence River, be- 
 tween Montreal and Quebec, reached by rail or steamer. Fair trout tishing in 
 the vicinity. Post Office address is Pointc a Pic. 
 
 (Jhatcaffuay (Jnnnty^ 
 
 Ormstown and Durham. Deer abound in the Flat Rock woods between 
 Ormstown and Franklin. Reached via Caughnawaga, on the Lachine division of 
 the (irand Trunk Railroad. 
 
 St. Urbain. The caribou siill resort in large droves to feed on the white moss 
 which clothes most luxuriantly the extensive moors in rear of Hay St. Paul, called 
 I.cs Jardins, and bears are frequently met, attracted by a small red berry, which 
 grows on low shrubs much like the low-bush cranberry. Whole moors are 
 studded with this fruit, called by the Indians Des Grains. From St. Urbain the 
 trip is made on snow shoes. The guides are harnessed to the wagons laden with 
 provisions, ammunition and camp utensils, and away you go for twenty or thirty 
 miles on foot, over the most mountainous, but picturesque portion of the Lauren- 
 tine Chain, amid some of the wildest and most lovely scenery on the continent. 
 Take boat from Quebec to St. Urbain. 
 
 C'hlconthnl County — 
 
 Chicontimi. Land-locked salmon are caught in the Saguenay. Reached via 
 steamer from Quebec. Provide camping equipments at Chicontimi, and after 
 crossing the river, drive eighteen miles, to the house of Thomas Savard, who will 
 act as guide to the camping ground which is at the foot of the Grand Discharge. 
 
 Coniptoii Countij — 
 
 The Chaudicrc. The River Chaudiere is the outlet of Lake Megantic, and 
 empties into the St. Lawrence just above Quebec, over a beautiful fall. Tlie first 
 rapids of the Chaudiere near the outlet of Megantic Lake, are three miles from the 
 landing at John Hoston's, where there is a post office. It is a romantic canoe 
 voyage from the falls up to the lake, with abundant t^out fishing in the numerous 
 tributaries. 
 
 Lake St. Francis. Reached by wagon from Stornoway, twelve miles, or by 
 boat from Sherbrooke. Fine mascalonge fishing, and trout fishing in adjacent 
 waters. (See Lake Megantic.) 
 
 The Eastern Townships — 
 
 The section of the Province of Quebec known as the Eastern Townships lies 
 directly north of ihe States of Vermont and New Hampshire antl extends thence 
 northerly and easterly to the St. Lawrence and the Province of New JJrunswick 
 and the State of Maine. The country is very hilly, almost mountainous, and 
 abounds in lakes and streams which, in their turn, abound, in general, in fish : 
 principally trout, lake trout, bass, pike and pickerel. In the larger streams, and 
 the lakes, they will be found weighing from one to five pounds. Tlie best tlies 
 for the Salmo fontinalis in these waters are the Canada fly and any medium-sized 
 brown-winged fly. The lunge never rise to the fly, but are taken by trolling and 
 by down fisjhing. The best bait is the live minnow, and the best season for troll- 
 ing is from May 25th to July ist. With a moderate amount of skill you will be 
 sure of fair sport, and be pleased with the country. To enjoy this section thor- 
 oughly a full camping outfit is necessary, and a good bit of advice to those about 
 making camp is, to dig a ditch three inches deep around the lent, so formed that 
 the water from a rainfall may run off at one or two corners. The I'assumpsic 
 Railroad is given as the most direct route. Parties travelling after July ist can 
 avail themselves of the excursion rates to Newport ; return tickets being issued 
 for $13. A party could thus go to Newport, thence to Sherbrooke, anil return by 
 way of Magog ; thus enjoying the sail up the lake and arriving at Newport in 
 season for the evening train. The tourist by taking the evening train from Bos- 
 ton, will arrive, or should arrive in Sherbrooke next day in ample season to get 
 his tent pitched the same night. Even if he buys his supplies in Sherbrooke, there 
 will be ample time to camp the same night. Wherever, in this section, there is 
 inail communication by stage, transportation may be had at an average rate of 
 live or six cents a mile ; so that parties desiring to visit any other part of the 
 country than tho.se named may make their estimates accordingly. 
 
192 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Broinpton Lakes. The lakes of the Brompton Chain arc twelve or fourteen in 
 number, situated in the midst of a perfect wilderness of hills ; indeed, so broken 
 is the contour of the ground, they can only be reached by one road, and that one 
 runs at an average aii<?l . of 45*^ to the horizon. The larger lakes contain the 
 finest ** lunge " or lake trout, and some of the smaller ones abound with brook 
 trout and bass. At the foot of the largest lake there is a mill, but this is about 
 the only building in a circuit of miles, and the sportsman may easily imagine 
 himself in a iierfect wilderness. 
 
 At Mrcjinplon Lake proper, seven miles long by three wide, the Waterloo Club 
 has a club-house. Moats and a permit to occupy the club-house can be obtained 
 at the village of Waterloo. The club-house is situated on a small island near the 
 middle of the lake. At the west side of the lake a small creek comes in, which is 
 the outlet of Mud Lake, and another nameless lake. Mud Lake is about a mile 
 long, and contains both lunge and sjieckled trout. Two miles east from the large 
 lake is Little Brompton Lak^;, which is nearly two miles long. Two and a half 
 miles east from the south eiul of the large lake is a boily ot water called Key 
 Pond. Tins ])ond is somcwliat larger than Little Hrompton. Moth of these lakes 
 contain lunge. Three miles south from the " Old Mill is Trout Lake, which is 
 about two miles long. Speckled trout have been caught there that tipped up the 
 beam at tiie six jiouiid notch. This lake is only six miles by a good road from 
 Magog., The " 01<1 Mill " is the name of a landing place on theiiiiet of Brompton 
 Laiie, where an old mill once stood. There is none there now. The water at 
 tills spot tumbles over the old dam down the rocks into a dark deep ]iool,, the 
 al)0(le of many large speckled trout. They will seldom rise to the flj', but are 
 taken with a live minnow or a small trolling spoon. You launch your boat here 
 and row down the sluggish stream three miles to the lake, which is about seven 
 miles in length by three in breatUh. Vou find here the si)ecklcd trout, the silver 
 lunge, wliicli vary in weight from three to twenty-five pounds, the black lunge, 
 from two to ten pounds, and a short, thick lunge, which hardly ever exceeds two 
 pounds in weight. The latter fish are only caught by down tishing in very deep 
 water. 
 
 To reach the Bn)mpton Lakes, take the Grand Trunk Railway to Sherbrooke, 
 at the junction of the Magog and Francis Rivers. This is on the Massiwippi 
 branch of the Passnmpsic Railroad, anil also on the Kennebec and Megantic 
 roads. The Magog House is the best hotel in Sherbrooke, where you will find 
 good accommodations, at %\ to $1.25 per dav. The lakes can also be reached from 
 Stagog, if preferable. The distance from the hotel to Brompton Lake is fourteen 
 miles over a passable road. 
 
 Waterloo. Waterloo, or Magog, is situated near a small Inke bearing the 
 same name, and is on the Sliefi'ard and Chamby Railroad, which runs from 
 Montreal. The train leaves Montreal at 3.45 r. i\i., ami arrives in Waterloo 
 at seven o'clock lliat evening. At the station you will find a free "bus" for 
 the Brooks Hotel, where you will get good accommodations at $1.25 per day. 
 AVaterloo boasts a " Piscatorial Club," whose members, Messrs. George Allen, 
 AV'ak Taylor, Nutting, Skinner, and others, area set of genial gentlemen, ever 
 readv to give any intormation and assistance that a stranger sportsman visit- 
 ing tliere may ref4uire. For pickerel, fish in the lake near the hotel, or drive over 
 to Mroome Lake, a fine body of water seven miles from Waterloo. This lake is 
 famous for its black bass nsliing, and for an abundance of fish called " shad 
 waiters." At the south end of the lake, near the village of Knowlton, large iiuan- 
 tities of pike are caught. To catch speckled trout, get a rig from " Herbert's,' and 
 take Walt Taylor, or some other member of the club with j'ou. and take a tour 
 among tlie streams and lakes east toward Magog. Put your rod together first some 
 four miles out from the village, and try the railroad pool ; fish there and in the 
 brook through the Beaver meadow carefully, and you wilLbe able to count a goodly 
 number of fine brook trout. Some four miles farther you come to Grass Pond, 
 wliich, however, is full of pickerel ; but a short distance from the pond, in its 
 outlet, the water tumbles over a little fall into a deep pool, where large trout are 
 sometimes caught. Vowx miles farther, by the same road, brings you to a mill- 
 pond containing large trout. A farther drive of three miles brings you to Mrs. 
 Peasley's farmhouse, vvliere you put up your team, and, taking young Peasley 
 for guide, tramp a mile through the woods to Lake Nick, a ])retty sheet of water, 
 which measures about a mile in length, to half that distance in breadtli. The 
 " moss-backed " speckled trout are taken here, weighing from one- half to four 
 l)ounds. They are caught over a weedy bottom, in four or five feet of water. 
 Some two hundred vards north of this lake is Mud Pond, which is about one- 
 quarter of a mile in diameter, and contains small trout. Five or six miles south 
 
GAME AiVD FISH RESORTS. 1 93 
 
 from Mrs. Peasley's,and about the sarue distance from K no wl ton village, is Coon's 
 
 con- 
 id 
 
 irom mrs. reasiey s,ana aDouime same uismiicc nuiu rviiuwiiun vllltl^c, im «./uon 
 Pond, a beautitul little body of water near the top of Bolton Mountain, and cor 
 tains a rare variety of the Sulmo /ontinulis, known there as the " forked tailcv 
 speckled trout.'" They are a slim formed, silver-colored trout, with the usual 
 red spots on their sides, and will average half a pound each. They take the tly 
 well, and area remarkably paray little fish, and give as much play as ordinary 
 trout of three times their size, 
 
 Gaupe Co lint If— 
 
 The York River, a fine salmon and trout stream, is reached via New Rich- 
 mond. Ti«c Little Cascapedia River is an excellent stream for salmon and trout 
 fisliing, with moose in the vicinity. Readied via Inter-colonial Railroad to Dal- 
 housie, and thence by sail-boat across the bay, or via steamer from New Carlisle. 
 Hotel uccommodalions. Take guides and canoes, and camping equipments, and 
 go u]) the river thirty miles to the region of the Chick Chick mountains. In the 
 (iraud River are salmon and grilse. 
 
 The Magdalen Islands — 
 
 The Magdalen Group of islands are situated fifty miles from Prince Edward 
 Island, at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These islands are thirteen 
 in number, and extend in a north-easterly range of fifty miles. Summer excur- 
 sionists visit the islands for the rare sport of white sea trout fishing, great num- 
 bers of this fish being found in the vicinity. The route is via steamer from I'ictou, 
 lare §8. The inhabitants live in very primitive style, and the accommodations are 
 huml)le, but the visitor will meet with hospitality wherever he may go, and if 
 content to forego many modern conveniences, will be sure of an enjoyable trip. 
 Amherst, Grindstone and Entry, arc the principal islands of the group. The Bird 
 Isles are famous brooding grounds of gannets, puffins, guillemots, kitte wakes and 
 razor-billed ducks. 
 
 Thr Magng District— 
 
 The " Magog " District lies directly north of the States of Vermont and New 
 Hampshire, and west of Somerset County in Maine. It is a primitive wilderness 
 in many parts. Its principal rivers are the Yamaska,St. Francis, Nicolet, Bccan- 
 cour and Chaudiere, on the latter of which are the picturesque falls of the same 
 name. The largest lakes are Memphremagog, Massawippi, Aylmer, St. Francis 
 and Megantic : but throughout the region are found numberless small lakes, and 
 from the hillsides, countless streams gush down to swell the volume ot the larger 
 rivers. The scenery is romantic and beautiful in the extreme, and the mountain 
 air peculiarly bracing. 
 
 Tlie region is accessible by way of the Grand Trunk Railroad from Portland, 
 Sherbrooke being the most convenient point ot departure on this line, by way of 
 the Connecticut and Passumpsic River Railroad, from Boston, eitlier disembark- 
 ing at Newport or going on to Waterloo, and by Hudson River and I^ake Cham- 
 plain to St. John's, and thence to Waterloo. Steamer Lady of tiie Lake conveys 
 tile tourist from Newport to Magog ; which latter is a good centre of operations. 
 There is a fair hotel at Sherbrooke, the Magog House; rate $1.50 per day. At 
 Magog there is also a fair hotel whose price is about $1 per day, and the same is 
 charged at Waterloo for fair accommodation. A horse and buggy may be hired 
 for about $1.50 per day. There are many good streams within a radius of sixteen 
 n\iles from Waterloo, though the fish are apt to be small. At Coon's Pond, twelve 
 miles, there is splendid fronting, the fish averaging about half a pound. At Lake 
 Oxford, twelve miles, they are taken weighing over three pounds ; at Brome 
 Lake, six miles, there is excellent bass fisning, and some heavy fish are taken, 
 while in the lake at the village you may troll for pike with good success. Mr. E. 
 B. Hodge, or any member of the " Fishing Club," will afford all the information 
 to sportsmen that lies in their power. From Magog, it is four miles to Lake Ox- 
 ford. There are several small lakes and streams in the vicinity alfording good 
 sport. In Lake Memphremagog are lake trout, or " lunge" as tliey are called. 
 From Stierbrooke, a drive of about fourteen miles take* you to the Brompton 
 series ot lakes where are to be found trout and bass, but as boats are difficult to 
 procure on these lakes, the tourist had better make previous arrangem>- nts. Ten 
 miles brings j'ou to Lake Massawipjii where there arc lake trout, and ^'lis lake 
 can be reached by a drive of five miles from Magog, There are also small 
 streams wiiliin a few miles where good trout fishing may be had, and the proprie- 
 tors of the hotels here, as elsewhere, will afford all possible information. 
 
 6 
 
194 ■ GAME AND FISH KESOHTS. 
 
 TTiere arc numerous small villages near which excellent fishing may be had 
 and though many of them have nci hotels, yet the inhabitants are hospitable, and 
 kindly In the extreme. 
 
 The countfes of Wolfe and Megantic are wild and unsettled, as also are parts 
 of the counties of Compton, Richmond and Shctford, and even parts of the town 
 of Sherbrooke, and the tourist would do well to arm himself with a rilie as he may 
 have an opportunity to meet bruin in his native haunts. Of course, only in the 
 wilder parts of the above counties is this possible, but there are numerous smaller 
 animals : and eagles are quite common. The requisite supplies can be procured 
 cheaply In Canada. 
 
 Hrompton Lake, and I^ike Mepantic, Aylmer and others as well as many tribu- 
 taries of the C;haudiere, artord splendid sport. The Waterloo Fishing Club have 
 a shanty on an island in Hrt>njpt()n Lake, and are cxcceilinRly courteous to all 
 sportsmen, and many small lakes near their village would well repay a week 
 spent on their shores. 
 
 There are also salmon in .Salmon River but they will not take a fly. 
 
 The most favorable season for trout fishing is during May and June, and the 
 latter part of September. During the hotter months they are only to be found in 
 the springholes and deep shady pools : but there are sever^ lakes in which they 
 can be caught on any cloudy summer day. r . r .»;> uly , v i .< ■ r,u 
 
 TJie Megantlc Diatrlct^ 
 
 The section of the Province of Quebec known as the Megantic country em- 
 braces the eastern portions of Compton and Wolfe counties and the southern part 
 of the county of Beauce, its southern and eastern boundaries being tiie States of 
 New Hampshire and Maine. The surface of the country is of a rolling character, 
 dotted with occasional mountains, the Meg:antic being the largest in the district, 
 and one of the finest mountains in the province. The district is well watered with 
 numerous lakes and streams, which form the sources of two rivers of considerable 
 size— the St. Francis and the Chaudiere. The former river affords but little sport 
 for the angler as it only contains a few mascalonge, pickerel, and other coarse 
 lish, unless we add salmon, which run up the river to some of its tributaries for 
 the purpose of spawning, but they give no sport to the fiy-fisher, as they will not 
 rise anu lake the fly so tar from the .sea. The upper waters of the Chaudiere are 
 well stocked with the Salino /ontinalis, and some of them of large size. To 
 reach this district, make your first stopping place at Sherbrooke, where you will 
 find good accommodations at the Magog flouse. Its genial landlord. Brother 
 Buck, knows liow to keep a hotel. You can here procure your supplies, except- 
 ing tent and fishing tackle, which, of course, you have brought with you, together 
 with your breecli loading- rifle and a large sized revolver and compass. At this 
 
 Eoint either hire a team tor the trip with wagon suitable for hauling a boat, or go 
 y stage east to the village of Robinson, or " Burg," as it is more iUiniliarly called, 
 twenty-six miles distant from Sherbrooke, and the centre of a fine fishing region. 
 Stop at Clonglis Hotel. Good trout fishing at hand in the mill ponds, and also at 
 the new mill, on a brook some five miles out from the village toward Scotston. 
 You can procure boats here, to haul into the wilderness, if you are going farther. 
 Scotston. This is a new village at Victoria Falls, on the Salmon River, a trib- 
 utary of the St. F^rancis River, twelve miles drive from Robinson, or the Burg, 
 by wagon or Pinkham's Express. You can procure a guide here for $1.25 per 
 day. Archie MacDonald is a trustworthy guide, or John Breaden, of Burg; 
 Archie Annas, a college educated Indian, is also a good guide, his address is 
 Dilton, Quebec. Pinlcliam usually has boats to hire, and will furnish a team to 
 haul your boat to the bay or over to the lake at a mere nominal sum. While you 
 remain at Scotston occupy your tent by all means, and sleep in peace. There 
 are some large trout in the rapids below the dam, and many smaller ones of half 
 a pound weight in the pond above. Should your visit tliere be during the month 
 of August you would undoubtedly witness some of the various methods used by 
 the Scotch settlers to destroy the salmon that are stopped here by the dam on 
 their way to their spawning grounds in the still waters a few miles abov-e the 
 falls. 
 
 Lake Megavttc. There are two routes to Lake Megantic— one by the new 
 Government road from Scotston to Myers, a distance of eighteen or twenty miles, 
 the other, the old route via Gould anci Starnoway, to the lake nearits foot, at John 
 Boston's, Lake Megantic Post Office, distance about thirty-eight miles from 
 Scotston. This route passes near two lakes— Moffat's and McGill's— which contain 
 no speckled trout, but a fish called " white fish." Gould is a small village in the 
 township of Linwick. In the northern part of the town there is a trout lalce, wiiich 
 
GAME AND FISH RESOKTS. _. 19$ 
 
 U will pay to visit. Seven miles from Gould, toward Starnoway, is Mountain 
 Brool< number tiiree. Some tliree miles down the brook, is a boK or strotcU of 
 dead water, ol consiileruble size. Tlie stream from tlic road down to llie bojj, lias 
 lately been cleared out by lumbermen to run down tliicit logs, so there would be 
 but little trouble in floatiim a boat down to the dead water. Accommoilutions lor 
 teams may be found at one of tlie farmhouses before cnterinji^ the wood. Another 
 small river passejl betore reaching Starnoway has a few trout. At Starnoway 
 there is but one hotel— Leonard's, which is tourteen miles from the hil<e. Kour 
 miles from Starnoway, toward the lake, is a small creek with an old mill on it. 
 Here will be found Rood troulin^. Lake Megantic is estimated to be about four- 
 teen miles long, and from two to three miles broad. It contains both lake and 
 speckled trout, black bass, and many other varieties offish. Very largo trout are 
 caught at the first rapids of the Chaudiere River, at the outlet of the lake. Good 
 grouse shooting, and deer to be iiad three miles trom the landing, at )ohn Hoston's. 
 I'^rom the C'haiidiere go uo the lake to Myers' and try a small lake back of the 
 church ; then go up to the head of the Megantic, up Spider River to S^)ider Lake, 
 which is seven miles long : then tish Arnold River, and trump three miles over to 
 Trout Pond ; also visit Egg Fond, east of the Megantic. The Megantic and 
 suburbs will keep you quite busy for a couple of weeks. When you return to 
 Starnoway, you can visit another small trout lake, some six miles distant ; then go 
 to Lampton, at Lake St. Francis, twelve miles from Starnoway, where you will 
 have trolling for mascalonge, and in a small river that runs into the west side of 
 the lake, you will get trout. You can now return to Sherbrouke by water, pass- 
 ing through Lake Aylmer, or return to Starnoway, and drive to Lake Aylmer, 
 twelve mnes ; there hire a boy to take your team to Briere's, at Lake VVecdon, 
 eight miles by road and four by water, while you go down with your boat. In 
 the bend of the river, near a mud lake and among the rocks, you can get some 
 fine black bass and hog or pike perch. From Briere's you have a drive of nine- 
 teen miles to Lathron's Hotel, at Dudswell Corners. There is some good brook 
 fishing near Lathrop s, and you should visit a small lake in the eastern part ol the 
 township of Stoke, some eight miles from the hotel. This lake is lull of fine trout. 
 For the largest fish, take off your fly and use live minnows : try the deep water 
 near the outlet, and see how quick you can fill your basket. From the Corners to 
 Sherbrooke is twenty-one miles, and each of the small streams that you pass 
 between those places have trout in them. Theophile Beauchamp, whose post 
 office address is at St. Hyppolite de Richemy P. O.. Province of Quebec, is a 
 good general guide for this district. 
 
 The Bog. This is the centre of a fine moose and front country ; lying along the 
 base of the Megantic Mountain, five miles from Scotston. It is a long stretch of 
 dead water on Otter Brook — a stream that empties into the Salmon some three 
 miles above the falls. If you make but an hour's stay at Pinkham's, you could 
 reach the bog for dinner, which you will take a mile above the landing, at the 
 Old Dead Pine", where you will find a little rivulet of good water, which comes 
 down sparkling and cold from the mountains. Your camp should be three miles 
 up the stream, at the mouth of Mountain Brook. There are plenty of trout in the 
 bog, and some of them will tip the beam at full three pounds. You will find them 
 the most beautiful at the head of the deep pools, where the lily pads nearly cover 
 the water ; at the mouth of the brook, near camp, you may e.xpect some big fel- 
 lows. The sources of both streams are a couple of small lakes a few miles above 
 your camp, and should you visit them, you will undoubtedly have fine sport, and 
 find the trout there numerous and unsophisticated. When you tire of that camp, 
 return to the landing and send the guide for your team, to haul your boat and 
 traps via Scotston to the river, whilQ you fish down the brook to its mouth, a dis- 
 tance of three miles. After you reach the river go up to the left shore for a short 
 distance, and you will find a spruce bark camp, where you will await your guide ; 
 then proceed up the river about three miles and camp at Cold .Spring, Archie's 
 (the Indian), old camp, at the foot of the lower still water. The still waters of the- 
 salmon are, together, nine miles in length, with a portage of about half a mile 
 between them. The lower still waters afford the most trout, and are the favorite 
 haunts of deer and moose. A few yards below and opposite the camp, is the 
 mouth of Mountain Brook number two. This stream takes its rise from springs 
 in a large basin on the west side of the mountain ; back a mile from the river are 
 a series of falls, where early in the season large trout may be caught. Above the 
 upper still water you come to the settlement of Dilton and Pope's gold mines. 
 On the Dilton branch and the headwaters of the Salmon you will find good sport. 
 After you have fished these waters to your satisfaction, and desire a change, 
 return to Scotston and start to Lake Megantic. 
 
196 
 
 CAME AND FISH HESOKTS. 
 
 Montmagny County — 
 
 Montmagny. (iood Hiiipe and duck shootinp on the small inlands In the St. 
 Lawrence, near this point. Reached via the Grand Trunk Railway. 
 
 Monttnoi'encif County-- 
 
 The Isle of Orlfnns. The Arpentenay meadows on the north shore, at the ex- 
 tremity ot the island, are hnc hunting; ki^ouix^" '"r ^"(1 iovi\ and other ^ame. 
 The island is connected with ^)uebei; by steam ferries. 
 
 Chateau Richer. On the marshes excellent duck, snipe and partridRe shoot- 
 ing, with troutiiiR in the upland streams. This locality, htteun mdes Irom Quebec, 
 and easily accessible by carriage road or steaml)oat, is a lavorite resort tor the 
 sportsmen ot that city. Fair hotel accommodations will be tound. 
 
 Montmorency Rh>er. Excellent hshinp for trout, thirty miles above the falls. 
 At the falls, eight miles from Quebec, is good trout tishing, but the property is 
 protected by the owner and proprietor. 
 
 ,... „ . T-.-iH Mil dl fill-))/'' JilftJ eoTdi.; r ■(-,,:< ..i 
 
 Ottawa County— 
 
 Thurso. Duck and deer hunting on the Ottawa near this place. Reached 
 via the Grand Trunk Railroad to Lachine, thence via steamer. Provide for 
 camping. 
 
 J^ontlac County — ' 
 
 Victoria Lake and vicinity is a good locality for caribQu^iQoptte, grouse, hares, 
 and trout. •: oft'j.J I" Auji .'j.-i oTiitv.'/;-. ,^- '^Tiiia 
 
 Pont Neuf County — 
 
 Jacques Cartier River. Trout in upper part, above the falls ; salmon in lower 
 part. For trout take wagon twenty-hve miles from Quebec. John Bayard will 
 furnish canoe and man. Must camp out. For salmon, take steamer up the St. 
 Lawrence to the mouth of the Jacques Cartier, and there obtain canoes. Country 
 hilly. 
 
 Hie Quebec Country— ■';''';:.. '"^^':'', •'?:''' .'V,;'"' '''''"' •'''' 
 
 The region designated as the Quebec coiintrS^ is Irtcluded within a circuit of 
 one hundred miles, lying north of the city of that name. We say a hiuidred miles, 
 because the sportsman, however much of an ambitious or exploring turn of mind, 
 would scarcely undertake the journey through to Hudson Hay or Labrador, 
 though these are its boundaries proper. Within the distance there is still a vast 
 unexplored mountainous tract, among which are numberless lakes, rivers and 
 Streams affording, each and all, such fishing ami plcasiint enjoyment in the wild 
 camp life as are not to be had elsewhere short of the Rocky iMountains. 
 
 1 he Jacques Cartier is the first river of any importance which you strike after 
 leaving Quebec. It is twenty miles distant from that city and is the boundary 
 of the settlements to the north. The river is extremely {)icturesque in its meander- 
 ings among the numerous islands with whicli it is dotted and affords some excel- 
 lent 'trout tishing. Salmon tishing is to be had lower down. It is navigable for 
 canoes for fifty or sixty miles from its mouth, with but few portages. 
 
 Two days' tramp from the Jac(iues Cartier is the St. Ann's, a shallow rapid 
 river (lowing between high precipitous mountains expanding at intervals mto 
 large deep pools, in which lurk some fine fish. One of the largest of these pools 
 is called the Peche a Malcolm. Between the two rivers are many large lakes, 
 deep among the mountains. Tontari., Grande Lac, and the lakes of the river Aux 
 Pin's^ afford the finest fishing. Caribou and moose can be successfully pursued 
 here in fall and winter. The lakes abound fn ducks which breed on the islands. 
 
 Outfits must be of the lightest, for everything has to be carried on the back of 
 the guide over high mt)untains. Leave this matter to the guide and let him pro- 
 cure under your supervision whatever is needful and nothing more. You must 
 expect to carry your own little traps. No tent is requisite, as a bark camp caw 
 be soon constructed with little labor. 
 
 For guides, we can refer to George Neil, Robert Douglas and young Pat Cas- 
 sin, all of Valcartier. Indian guides can be obtained at the Indian village of 
 Lorette, on the road to Valcartier. Charlo Gros-Louis, Francis and Etienne are 
 good reliable men. There are others doubtless equally as good. All speak 
 enough English to get along with. 
 
 Charles Wolff of Valcartier will accord all sportsmen a cordial welcome and 
 put them on the road to good sport. The cost of a trip of two or three weeks' 
 duration, including fare to and return, will not exceed f6o. 
 
GAME AND FISH /tESCKTS. 1 97 
 
 Lakes around Quebec City. Calvaire, St. AuKustine, St. Joseph, Lac a la 
 Trinte, Philip[)i, Juuoe, Snuw Lake, Luc Hliiriu, Lac Siul-Ouust, riiouias, Lac 
 Claire, Lac McKoiuie, Lnc VinciMit, Luke SuKauiile, Lake Hiiriis, Lake Uomict, 
 Ucaupori, St. Charles. Some oi llu-sc hikes contain speckled trout : others pick- 
 erel. Good accunimodations tor sportsmen at most ot those. Much hslied. 
 Country rollinR. Reached by eiRht to fourteen miles drive from the city. 
 
 Lake Gatnitr^ toriy-hve miles Irom Uuebec by wa^uii. There is a tolerable 
 inn at the toll ^rate, three miles Irom tlie lake, where one must make head- 
 quarters it he docs not wish to camp out. Boats aiid guides can be had. Speckled 
 trout very large. All needed supplies must be taken with you. Country hilly, 
 with picturesque scenery. 
 
 Quebec (Jouuty — 
 
 ToHtari Lakes. Valcartlcr, some hfteen miles from Quebec, is the farthest 
 settlement north of the .St. Lawrence. Here commence those vast forests and 
 mountain ranges that extend to the Hudson's Hay. ThrouKhoui its entire length 
 this region is intersected by numberless lakes and rapid sliallow rivers. In tnis 
 primeval wilderness moose and caribou abound, while every lake and stream 
 IS filled with trout. Tlie smaller fur-bearintj animals are also numerous. 
 
 The few remaining Indians in autumn strike lar into the interior, to return in 
 the spring laden with the proceeils of their ritles and traps. Occasioiud parties 
 from yuebec, under the guidance of some Indian, make short excursions to the 
 lakes, and return with glowing accounts of the abundance of game and the wild 
 and beautiful scenery everywhere met with. These trips are usually made in 
 summer or early autumn. At V'alcartier Mr. C/harles Wolff will welcome all 
 sportsmen and secure all guides for the Tontari Lakes. They are one and a half 
 day's journey from this settlement. Lake Tontari, four miles in length, affords 
 very tine fly fishing. The fish here average a pound in weight. 
 
 he tie., Trinity and Peche a Malcolm y reached from Valcartier, are good 6shing 
 localities. 
 
 Montttioremy Falls. The Montmorency River is a fine stream for trout, espe- 
 cially at the junction of the Snow River. Distant si.K miles from Quebec. 
 
 Valcartier. In the vicinity are found partridges, pigeons, ducks, hares. 
 Seventeen miles from Quebec. 
 
 Jttchelicu County — »; l ■ I'li;..;! t. j jncd ,rA:.iw)'.yj!'. ^lii -ji-.r^-f'-d 
 
 Sorel is reached by steamer from Montreal or Qiiebfec. There is pfood snipe, 
 plover and wild goose shooting on Crane Island, in the spring and autumn. 
 
 Jtimouski Conntii— :^;!'-.'-'';'' !'' '!.'•'• ''"; • ^'^ ."' '"* .';"''""'««.*;tOJiai.rv! 
 
 St. Maurice District. The innumerable lakes of the Laurenltan hills abound 
 in trout. The Lake A I'eau Claire is especially famed for its beauty and the 
 size and abundance of its fish. This lake draws tribute from fifteen others all full 
 of fish, and its outlet mingles, three miles from the lake, with the Riviere dii 
 Louoenhaut, a river stretcTiing back from Lake St. Peter into the Lauvertides, 
 one nundrcd miles or more. The hikes tributary to this stream are numbered by 
 hundreds, of all sizes, and with few exceptions those on the east side of the river 
 swarm with the brook trout. 
 
 This river, with its tributaries, is but a fraction of the St. Maurice Territory, 
 as yet almost a terra incognita to the angler. The Matawan, Shawcnegan, Ma- 
 chichi, Maskinonge and L'As.somption are all full offish. 
 
 Rimouski. (iood salmon anglinjj in the Rimouski and Metis Rivers. Reached 
 via the Inter-colonial Railway or via boat from Quebec. 
 
 The Saguenay Country — .i ot r^f. u 
 
 The tributaries of the Saguenay River nearly all contain salmon. Some are 
 leased. The Marguerite is the best river ; it is under lease. Sea trout are caught 
 from the middle of June until the ist of August in the lower part of the river. 
 The early run is found at the bar opposite the mouth of the river. Later they are 
 found as high as fifteen miles up. Kxcellcnt hotel accommodation at Tadousac. 
 
 Chicontiini Falls, a series ot rough rapids at the outlet of Lake St. John, some 
 eighty miles up the river, and twenty miles above the village of Chicontiini, 
 where are comfortable taverns. 
 
 The P'alls comprise two divisions, separated by an island, and are known as 
 the Petite Discharge and Grand Discharge. This'place is celebrated for its land- 
 locked salmon, (locally called winninnish, or ouininish). About the middle of 
 
M98 
 
 GAME AND FISU RESORTS. 
 
 June, take nteamer from Qutbec nr Riviere du Loup, on the Inter^colonial Rail- 
 way, oii SaluKiaysor WcdiicHday s. It) Tadousttc ami Ohicutitinii. 'riiLiico hiui 
 ntcHin coiiveyaiicc oti a tuK to tlie Upper but^ucnay. (io to Savard, iliv l< rencti- 
 mati, ami c-iikuku a caiiue and two men to take you to tlic cuinpuiK Krouiul al ihc 
 " Grand JJiscliurKu," hvu miles al)uvc. You can lioll tor \n^ pike vvliile Koini; up. 
 Sleep at the loot ot the Rapid dc tier vain. Next day cross the rapid and tihh tor 
 winninniRli, about a mile up the river at the tup ot the rapid. 'The men will sliow 
 you an island, near which lies a rock. Kish oH that rock. Next day k*> up the 
 main branch ot the river to another place, and return bo as to be at Oldcontimi 
 by Wednesday or Saturday atternoon. Take ntcdium si/.ed tlicH — yellow ; black 
 wiuKS and yellow body ; Krey ; red body and grey hackle ; brown wiuK^i and 
 black body ; these arc the best colors, the yellow and black pruvailintr. 
 
 Sagw-Hny iUninty~ 
 
 The Godbout River is one of the best salmon streams in the province, and a 
 favorite resort tor anglers. 
 
 The Aloisic Kiver which empties into the St. Lawrence Ciulf, eighteen miles 
 east of tlic Hay of Seven Islands, is one of the best salmon trout streams in the 
 world. Take steamer from Taduusac, to Moisic at the mouth of the river. 
 
 Soulangcfi tjounty— , 
 
 Cotiiiu du Luc. Fine bass fishini in the St. Lawrence, and ^ood duck shoot- 
 ing at this point. Reached via the Orand Trunk Railway, thirty-six miles from 
 Montreal. 
 
 La t'rairie, A good place for bass hshing in the St. Lawrence. Seven miles 
 from Montreal, on the opposite side uf the river. 
 
 fit. tTohit'a County — 
 
 .SV. yp/tn't. There is very pood fishinj? in the Richelieu, particularly at St. 
 John's, Chambly, Helu'il, and near Sorcl. A beautiful silvery tish, called by the 
 French La qHicht\ is taken in large numbers at Heltt-il, in July and August. The 
 best bait is the grasshopper. They arc sometimes taken with the spoon, and will 
 also, it is said, take a bright red trout tly. Black bass, dore, pike, perch, suntish, 
 rock bass, a small kind ot sturgeon, pickerel and whitetish are abundant. St. John's 
 is an easy distance from Montreal , there is an excellent English hotel there, and 
 those who have pleasant associati(jns with foreign climes, will enjoy a stay in a 
 thoroughly French family hotel, clean and airy, with good cookinfj^ and moderate 
 charges. The plcasantest snot to tish on the Richelieu, however, is at Chambly, 
 at the foot of the rapids. Tne " Hasin " affords tine boating, and there is a good 
 hotel there, kept by a Frenchman. 
 
 Sherbrooke County— 
 
 Oxford Lake. A very beautiful body of water lying along the southwestern 
 base of Mount Oxford, titteen miles east from Waterloo, and six miles west of 
 Magog ; contains silver lunge, from two to five pounds in weight. In Hopp's 
 Pond, one mile south of the lake, are very large speckled trout. One mile and a 
 half south is Brown's, or Mulligan's Pond, an indifferent water for trout. South 
 from this is a chain of small lakes but little visited, as most of them contain 
 pickerel. 
 
 lilack River. Ten miles north of Waterloo, a pleasant drive all the way, 
 has large speckled trout. On the way out, several good trout streams are passed. 
 
 Wolfe County— 
 
 Lakv St. Francis, in the midst of lofty wooded mountains, is an excellent fish- 
 ing ground. Reached via Levis and Kennebec Railroad to St. Francis, thence 
 stage thirty-six miles. 
 
 :'',(.'K ;V'fr'^••■•;>^;•.;■■)r;v I'irTii ■;:,/;;";■•.:■■' -. 
 Staniitead County — 
 
 Magog. The village of Magog is pleasantly situated on the outlet of Lake 
 Memphremagog, and is twenty-one miles east from Waterloo, sixteen from Sher- 
 brooke, eleven miles from Ayers Flat, a small station on the Passumpsic Rail- 
 road, and thirty miles north of Newport, Vt. It is connected with the first named 
 places by a daily line of stages, and with Newport during the summer season by 
 the little steamboat Lady of the Lake, which makes daily trips. Asa Hubbard 
 keeps a good hotel, called the Park House, between which and Mt. Ortbrd, six 
 miles away, are several good trout streams, with Orford Lake aud Hopp's Pond 
 
GAAfE AND F/SIF KESO/fTS. I99 
 
 near by, and aUo northennt from the mounfnin, towtirfls Trout Lmk«, netr Bromp- 
 ton, are olltcr ^ood trout waters. Hounl $1.95 per ilRy, with no extra churKe tor 
 boats. 
 
 Mnsiiwi/>pi l.iikf. Tliix hike is twelve niilcn lonfi. nnit contaiiiNa ureal variety 
 of tish which nut and speiir liave siidly diiniiiislii-d. Keuchecl trom Avers Khit on 
 the I'aHsuinpsic Railroad, liy u short drive, or trim Sherhrooico on the (irand 
 Trunk Railroad. Six ntiles southeast trom the hotel is Loverinx's I'onil, which 
 was once tanious tor its " bi^ trout," hut is now seldom visited by the auKlcr. 
 In the lake near the hotel the silver, black, and laccr lun^e are taken in lurKO 
 cjuanliticH. Some of the silver lunKe ^row to a very lar^e si/e. Three round 
 speckled trout arc often cauKht in the rapids, in liic outlet near the hotel, during 
 the moniha of May and June. 
 
 Tei'rehonnf Couiitf/— ' .. .i^....! iti c.-.^<. 
 
 Nc-w Ulasjfvw. Snipe, woodcock, ruffed j^rouse, ptarmigan, and scpiirrel shoot- 
 ing in the virinity of Kilkenny Lake. Route trom Montreal, via staj^e to New 
 Glasgow, thence hired conveyance to the lake. At the lake, VV. Hamilton, or 
 " Rapidee Willie," as he is called, or the Ward Mrothers, will act as guides. 
 
 Kilkenny Lake. The woods teem with ruHed grouse and neither bears nor 
 deer are very scarce. The roads are extremely hilly and rough in tlje vicinity of 
 the lake, anil vehicles arc subject to much violent bumping. The principal Hsh 
 are the trout, lake trout and bass. There are also taken in small <|uantity in the 
 winter, white herrings. This latter fish is said to be exceedingly delicate and 
 fine in flavor, and seems to be the whiletish ot the great lakes. l)uring the sum- 
 mer an occasional " lunge " may be taken by bottom tishing, but the angler had 
 much better devote himself to the black bass, which are very numerous. There 
 arc two kinds of trout in this lake, the lake trout or " black trout," as it is called, 
 growing sometimes to twenty pounds weight and nuich more slender and graceful 
 than its Lake Superior brother, and the brook trout which seldom weighs over 
 four pounds. In the seasons spoken of, the latter tish will take almost any bait, 
 and have been caught with a spoon trolling. Among Hies their favorite seems to 
 be those with yellowish bodies and mottled wings. The fishing is mostly ixum 
 boat or raft, the only place from whenc e a tly can be successlully thrown being at 
 the inlet of the lake. When hshing with bail or mituiovv, however, many rocks 
 near shore afford a good foothold. In Red Trout Lake, two and a half miles from 
 Kilkenny, there are no tish except the brook trout, and any one going there at the 
 pro])er season will find them in flavor and gamiiiess superior to the Kilkenny tish. 
 
 Lake Masson, severiil miles from Lake Kilkenny, and several small lakes 
 close by Kilkenny, thou^;ii difficult of access, afford splendid sport. 
 
 The visitor to these lakes must cam]) out, or else run the chances of accommo- 
 dation at some log cabin ; in either case all supplies must be brought from Mont- 
 real. Access is by stage once a day from Montreal to New (JIasgow ; tare, $i. 
 At New Glasgow a team may be hired to the lake, about nieie miles. At the 
 lake William Hamilton called " Rapidee Willie," to distinguish him Irtmi a second 
 William Hamilton, will find a boat, or render any other service that he possibly 
 can. The Ward brothers also live near the lake and are very obliging. Mr. John 
 Ilailc, who lives between New Glasgow and the lake, is a thorough spurtswani 
 and any information or assistance in his power he will cheerfully give, t; ". 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 < .1 ■'■ 
 
 New Brunswick has an area of 2y,'joo square miles. The sur- 
 face is undulating and mountainous, alternating- with broad plains 
 and deep valleys. The greater part of the country is covered with 
 dense forests, through which flow many excellent salmon and frout 
 streams. The Province is full of interest for the tourist, the sports- 
 man and the angler. The dense woods are tilled with noble game, 
 the streams and lakes abound in tish ; communication is easy, and 
 guides, canoes, etc., are everywhere to be procured for penetrating 
 the wilderness. "*'-' "' '.' ■-r'.<"-'v' - •> „>...^...w..„ .,.-,^v. 
 
200 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Oloueeater County — T.r>7ar>nff"iD .yvgrTr'-.r-v; 't~- ??ii"!f; -rr'narr, t '.-.f -, j.-r; .t 
 
 Bathurst^ on the Bay of Chaleurs, at the mouth of the River Nepisiguit, is a 
 
 food initial point where guides and outfits may be secured for the wiulerness. 
 plendid salmon fishing is found in the vicinit)', and in the woods game is abun- 
 dant. 
 
 The Tabusintac River is an excellent stream for salmon trout, bass, and sea- 
 trout. In October immense flocks of ducks and geese frequent the neif!:hboring 
 lagoons. Go via stage from Chatham or Bathurst to Tabusintac, where there is 
 a small inn. By going up to the headwaters of the river a tine moose region is 
 reached. 
 
 The Nepisiguit River. Fine salmon fishing, some portions free, some leased, 
 and others at a small charge per rod. Salmon run up twenty miles to the Great 
 Falls. There is excellent trout fishmg above the falls. Take the Inter-colonial 
 Railway from St. John, or Quebec, or North Shore steamer from Shediac, or 
 Gulf Port steamer from Pictou or Quebec. Good hotels at Bathurst, near the 
 mouth of the river, guides, canoes, etc. Sea-trout in season. 
 
 North-west and South-ivest Miramichi Rivers. Privileges at a small charge 
 per rod. Reached by rail or steamer as above to Chatham and Newcastle, where 
 outfit and guides can be had. Salmon large and tine, with trout in abundance, 
 and sea-trout. • 
 
 Charlotte County — ' " '"'■'. -i ' » 
 
 .S"^. George, Four miles distant is Lake Utopia, situated among forest covered 
 hills. Its waters are full of silver-grey trout, and its tributaries contain many 
 brook trout and smelt. Among the hills along the valley of the Magaguadaivc 
 River, Virginia deer are abundant. Bears are found in the vicinity and great 
 numbers of wild fowl. Reached by steamboat from St. John. 
 
 Marc's Bay. Plover, ducks, etc. Reached via Inter-colonial or European 
 and North American Railroad, twenty-one miles from St. John. Sportsmen will 
 find excellent accommodations, good boats, reliable guides, reasonable charges, 
 etc., at Mr. Albert Craft's. 
 
 Northumberland, and York Counties — 
 
 The Mira$nichi District. This includes all the wilderness in and about the 
 great south-west branch of the Miramichi River and its tributaries, together with 
 all that territory in and about all the little Miramichis. The south-west Miramichi 
 lies about fifty-five miles north of Fredericton, the seat of government. This 
 river and its branches traverse the very heart wilderness of the Province. It is 
 reached by taking the European and North American Railroad at Boston, to 
 Fredericton Junction. Here change cars for Fredericton on the St. John River, 
 where supplies must be obtained for the wilderness, since there is no place be- 
 yond this point where provisions can be bought. 
 
 Guides and dug-outs can be secured at Boiestovvn, Miramichi River, (south- 
 west branch) ; or by addressing the Palmer or Stickney Brothers at that village. 
 John Stickney has no superior as a guide in angling and hunting in this region. 
 One of the Palmer brothers can call moose with much Indian art and su<-cess. 
 There is a stage running every day from Fredericton to Boieston, which will 
 convey vou and your supplies to the Miramichi River. When up river to 
 " Burnt Hill," the ne plus ultra of salmon pools, you can strike otf from either 
 side a few miles, and find moose and caribou, bear and beaver and small game, 
 or ascend the river twenty miles farther and see many of these animals, together 
 \yith other fur-bearing quadrupeds, without leaving the steamer. In these coun- 
 ties moose are to be found all through the repioiis about the sources of the Mira- 
 michi, Tobique, Nepisiguit and Restigouche Rivers. 
 
 Indiantown is a favorite resort for anglers seeking sea-trout, which frequent 
 the waters of the South-west Miramichi at that point. Take steamer or rail to 
 New Castle, thence eighteen miles by stage. 
 
 In the Tabusintac River tine trout fishing may 1.2 found, with the guidance of 
 Kane, at Go6dwin's hotel. The route is by steamer to Chatham, thence via 
 stage twenty miles. Board in Chatham at Mrs. Bowser's $i per day. Fare from 
 Chatham to Goodwin's $1.75. 
 
 Newcastle. On the Newcastle stream forty-five miles distant, among the bar- 
 rens and forests, will be found a fair hunting ground for moose. 
 
 TJte Itestigouche Kegion — 
 
 Is one of the finest hunting -ind angling regions in America, and embraces one 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 201 
 
 million and a quarter acres of wilderness, comprising the county of Restigouche, 
 the same being traversed in all directions by the Restigouche River and its tribu- 
 taries, which afford easy thoroughfares for canoes to its innermost penetralia. 
 Moose, caribou, bear, wild cat, and lucifee abound, beavers build their dams, and 
 many varieties of fur-bearing animals and small game are found. The streams are 
 filled with salmon and trout in their season. This region is easily reached by the 
 Inter-colonial Railway, either from St. John or Quebec ; or by Gulf Port steamers 
 from Shediac on the Inter-colonial, or by stage from Chatham or Newcastle. Gulf 
 Port steamers and stages touch at Dalliousie, near the mouth of the Restigouche, 
 where anything needed for an outfit can be obtained. The railway runs through 
 Dalhousie to Matapedia Station, thirty-eight miles up the river, and the centre of 
 the salmon region. Here is a telegraph station, stores, post office, and an excellent 
 hotel, kept by Mr. Fraser. Here can be obtained canoes, guides, and provisions, 
 for the journey up the river ; and in case sjiortsmen come into the wilderness at 
 the Tipper end of the river, goods and necessaries must be sent up by a previous 
 timely order to meet the incoming party. It is about eighty miles up stream to the 
 portage which must be crossed by those taking the route referred to, which is by 
 railway via Bangor to St. Croix, on the European and North American Railway, 
 thence to Woodstock b3^ rail, and thence by stage via the Grand Falls to the 
 mouth of Grand River, which is fifteen miles further, the whole stage journey 
 being about forty-tive miles, over a most excellent and picturesque road that fol- 
 lows the course of the noble St. John River. At Grand River, batteaux can be 
 procured through Mr. Vjolet, a French Canadian, to take you to the portage, fif- 
 teen miles up the river, at which point you meet the canoes from below. The 
 advantage of the latter route, is that you reach more quickly the heart of the hunt- 
 ing country though for the matter of game, there is plenty, from Dan Eraser's all 
 the way up stream, with the exception of an inhabited stretch of the first twenty 
 miles or so. Cost of canoe, with two Indians, $2 per day and " found." Larry 
 Pecaire, Catpat, Peter, and John Morrison are good reliable guides. 
 
 Cambelltoiun. In the vicinity of Cambelltown, which is on the Restigouche 
 River, twenty miles above Dalhousie, is most excellent duck and goose shooting 
 in September. The river above is filled with marshy and grassy islands, where 
 the wild fowl tarry on their migrations. Guides and canoes obtained at the In- 
 dian Mission across the river. Cambelltown is reached by the North Shore 
 steamers, plying between Shediac, Rifhibucto, ( hatham, Hathurst, Dalhousie, 
 etc., and by the Inter-colonial Railway from St. John and Shediac. Good hotels 
 and delightful scenery. Also trout, sea trout, and salmon fishing. 
 
 Eel River ^ twelve miles drive from Dalhousie. over excellent roads, abounds in 
 their season with curlew, brant, snipe, ducks, geese, and numerous other varieties 
 of wild fowl. Indians and canoes can be had at Dalhousie, if not on the spot. 
 Eel River is filled with marshes and grassy spots, with an abundance of suitable 
 feed, and here the birds tarry long in their migrations southward to the waters of 
 the Chesapeake and the sounds of North Carolina. The shooting is equal to that 
 found later in the places last named. 
 
 (St. John County — 
 
 St. John. Excellent fishing may be found in.Tracey's Lake, twenty-eight 
 miles from the city. Good hotel accommodations are to be had. 
 
 Riley's Lake, Saddler's, McCrackeirs. Chambers', Lerrio, Bal's, Beaver, Deer, 
 Latemer, Loiig's, Spruce, and Lake Lomond are all fine waters to fish in, and 
 vary from seven to twenty miles in distance from St. John. With the exception 
 of the white trout family of this latter lake, the fish of all these waters are of the 
 very finest class, being handsomely formed, brightly spotted, and of an exijuisite 
 reddish salmon color 
 
 Lak3 Lomond is a delightful resort, being only eleven miles from St. John. It 
 consists of a chain of three lakes, and in extent covers fully two thousand four 
 hundred and eighty acres. It contains the red and white trout, both of which are 
 taken at three and four pounds weight. The Ben Lomond House, at the foot of 
 the lake, furnishes excellent fare. Boats are to be hired here. Thfre is also ex- 
 cellent stream fishing near St. John, as Mispeck stream, Nerepis, RadclifFs, Col- 
 lins', and lastly, (Turnett's Creek. 
 
 Quaco. English snipe, duck and woodcock. Reached via the Inter-colonial, 
 or the European and North American Railroad. 
 
 . , 1 III 1 ..... • 1. 
 WasUnordand Coirntp — 
 
 Petitcodiac, on the European and North American Railroad. Good trout fish- 
 ing will be found in the Pollet River and Anagance streams near by. Comforta- 
 ble accommodations In the village. 
 
 9* 
 
202 
 
 GAME AND FISH RESOMTS. 
 
 
 NOVA 
 
 ( nr f -lit' ( ! 
 
 
 The Province of Nova Scotia, einlDracing an area of 15,627 
 square miles, is undulating and picturesque throughout the greater 
 portion of its extent. There are in the interior dense wilds, where 
 moose, caribou, deer, bears and other game are still found in 
 quantities sufficient for exciting and remunerative sport. The coast 
 is broken by a great many fine harbors, and lined with beetling 
 crags. The streams of Nova Scotia are famous throughout the 
 world for their angling, and are annually visited by great numbers 
 of enthusiastic devotees of the sport. The best streams are, as a 
 rule, preserved and rented, though for a moderate fare strangers 
 may enjoy the privilege of casting their lines. The steamboat and 
 railroad facilities of communication are well developed. Enter- 
 tainment may usually be found at comfortable inns, and guides, 
 canoes, etc., are always on hand. 
 
 Annapolis Cotmty — t ti t; ■,■■/ ' ;> -> -i, !•, v- ■ - "■ '-'i^'- ii'/'" ".• 
 
 There is an excellent game region, which embraces the wilderness extenfi'ng 
 from Yarmouth into Annapolis county, and lying north of what is known as 
 the lake region of the Province. It only lacks the mountains to make it physi- 
 cally as attractive as the Adirondacks, while as for game and fish it is in every 
 way infinitely superior. The region north ot the lake country is a dense and ex- 
 tensive wilderness, in which game is but little disturbed. The Micmac Indians 
 have always considered this and the lake country one of their best angling and 
 hunting grounds. There are also in this region many varieties of fur-bearing ani- 
 mals, such as otter, mink, marten, together with bear, lucifee, and other game 
 animals. These are common to all the districts inhabited by moose and caribou, 
 and the streams will afford fine sport to the Hy fisher in killmg salmon and trout. 
 Yarmouth county is nearly one-fourth water ; every lake and river contains in 
 their season salmon and trout. The land lies comparatively level, and on the bor- 
 ders of the rivers are many acres of meadow, overflowed by high water. The 
 Tusket and its branches feed and supply its lakes. The best fishing is in the 
 rapid portions of the rivers, between the lakes, and in the large pools at the foot 
 of the rapids. 
 
 Cape Breton Vounty — "■'- '■' '' -? -■ *■"" •i-f.'i^ ■••>'« ■'■:!;'■.» r.-j-.K i.^-( 
 
 Sidney. Scatari Island, five miles north of Cape Breton, reached from Sidney, 
 is a great resort for many varieties of sea birds. From Sidney various steamer 
 and stage routes render accessible numerous well known resorts for gunner and 
 angler. 
 
 ;;-Iji 
 
 "''1, . 
 
 Ctiniberland County — 
 
 Parrsboro is the gateway of a famous moose and caribou country much fre- 
 nuented in years past by Provincial Governors and their distinguishsd guests. 
 Bears are found here, wildcats, many red and cross foxes, and other fur-bearing 
 animals, including otters, fishers, martens, minks, which are found along nearly 
 all the streams ; also ruffed grouse and black grouse. The latter are known as 
 spruce partridge, and are met only in cedar and spruce swamps. Near Parrsboro 
 both woodcock and duck shooting is good with some of the best snii)e, plover and 
 curlew shooting in America. Trout are found in the streams and salmon in the 
 rivers. The Ottawa House, kept by Miss Wheeler, is a first class summer resort 
 commanding the finest scenery on the Hasin of Minas, the country of* Evange- 
 line." Besides its scenery and sea bathing, yachting, etc., Parrsboro abounds in 
 rare minerals and is much visited by mineralogists of all countries. Guides can 
 be had for the wilderness either for moose hunting ot; salmon fishing at $1.25 to 
 $1.50 per day. One of the best is the half breed Inaiaii, John Logan, who resides 
 at Half Way River, on the Basin. Parrsboro is reached by steamer from St. Johu, 
 New Brunswick or by rail and stage from Halifax. 
 
GAME AND F/SH RESORTS. 203 
 
 ^" Tantramar Marshes. Abound in curlew, i)lovcr, and snipe— a magnificent 
 shooting ground readied by stage from Amherst, Locltville, and Parrsboro. 
 
 Amherst. In tile neigtiborliood tlie sportsman will Knd duclts, plovers and 
 snipe. Reached via Inter-colonial Railroad from St John or Halifax. 
 
 Apple River ^ thirty-four miles from Amherst is a little village on the river of 
 the same name. Here is excellent trout and salmon fishing. 
 
 River Phillip., reached by rail from Amherst, has good salmon fishing. A small 
 hotel here offers entertainment to sportsmen. •. .. 
 
 Diyhy County — 
 
 Dighy^ on the south-west shore of Annapolis Bay, is much visited in summer 
 for its fishing and shooting. Reached by stage from V armouth or via the Windsor 
 and Annapolis Railroad. Hotel here. 
 
 Halifax County— :-.',■■' .•'::ur:n: -ki .'":1j' '^ii:''_":/. ;: ■[.• ■."•': 
 
 St. Margaret's Bay is one of the most beautiful sheets of water on all this 
 coast. The bay olfers a variety of fishing and in the vicinity are some s]ilendid 
 salmon and trout grounds. Hobley's Lalce, East River and others, well known 
 to anglers who have visited this region, afford as tine sport as can be desired. 
 The route is via stage-coach from Halifax. 
 
 Five Islands., Margaret's Bay, reached by steamer. Large brook trout, weigh- 
 ing from one to three pounds. 
 
 htdian River has some fine salmon, trout, and in their season, sea-trout. The 
 "Alma," the '* Inkerman," and "Mason's" are popular hostelries. Reached 
 by stage from Halifax daily ; distance twenty-five miles. Guides, boats, etc. 
 Hotel lares $2 per day. 
 
 Dartmouth Lakes., six miles from Halifax, contain trout, and there are vari- 
 ous other lakes and streams in the vicinity, of various degrees of excellence as 
 fishing grounds. 
 
 Tangier. Sea-trout in season. Reached via coach from Halifax. Board and 
 guides can be found at the farmhouses. 
 
 Inverness County — 
 
 The Margaret River is one of the finest salmon streams in the country and 
 during the season is much visited by anglers from far and near. Besides salmon 
 various other kinds of fish are found in its waters, including the gaspereaux. 
 Numerous shade trees, principally elms and evergreens, stud the plain, and 
 through these winds the river the perfection of a salmon stream inasmuch as it 
 presents a succession of deep pools and shallow rapiiis, with pebble bottom as 
 clear as crystal, sheltered by trees, but without any imiiediaient anywhere to the 
 casting of a line or the landing of a fish, and above all, totally free from the bete 
 noir of the angler, the black fly or the mosciuito. The northeast Maigaree is the 
 main river, running down nearly the whole extent of the northeast angle of the 
 Island from near Cape North, and is a clear stony stream, while tiie west Mar- 
 garec is small ' muddy, and comparatively unfrequented by salmon. 1 he best 
 hshing ground is at the forks, where is the little village of Margaree Korks. 
 Reached by boat from Halifax to Port Hastings, thence stage via Port Hood to 
 Margaree Porks, distance sixty-eight miles ; or to Margaree, eight miles farther. 
 Another route is from Portland to Halifax and return, $10 ; to Pictuu and return, 
 $6; to llawksberry and return, $6 ; to West Bay and return, $3: to Baddeck 
 and return, $2 ; to Margaree and return, $6. To these items ada staterooms, 
 meals, and incidental expenses, and an estimate can be formed of the cost of 
 travel. Once there the cost of living is very moderate. 
 
 Ijunenbut'g County- 
 Chester is pleasantly situated on a slope overlooking Chester Basin and 
 Mahone Bay and has two good hotels. From the wharf may be caught tomcods, 
 flounders and cunners, and there is every facility for deep sea fishing. Caribou 
 are found at Gold River, and the wilderness beyond Beech Hill is the haunt of 
 moose. Salmon and trout in all the neighboring rivers. 
 
 Queens County — .•:;'!■ -/.i.! y.iir .•.■"? Jii v. ,- • ■ '''' 
 
 I'ort Miirtton, with its broad \vh1te sand beaches and sedge flats, !s covered in 
 autumn with sea-ducks, black ducks, grebe, brant, geese, snipe, etc. Stage to 
 Liverpool, from Halifax, and thence wagon to Port Mouton. Hotel kept by 
 Appleton. 
 
 Here is one of the best moose regions in the Provinces. Stage to Liverpool ; 
 
204 GAME AND FISIJ KE SORTS. 
 
 thence wagon to Port Mouton, Port Joli, and Tom Tigny Bridge. At the latter 
 place stop at Dunhip's who will haul camp stuff into the moose country. Indi;tn 
 guides can be hired at Hridgevvater, or at Mill Village, near Port Medway, i,a 
 the Port Medvvay River. Moose callinf^ from middle of September until close of 
 October. Tracking as soon as snow falls. ,. , . 
 
 Jtlohntond Count}/— 
 
 Irish Cove is in a region where the brooks are full of salmon and trout. Loch 
 Lomond, twelve miles south-east, reached by carriage road, is a lake six miles 
 long abounding in trout. There are Scotch villages on its shores where the 
 angler may find entertainment. Irish Cove is on the stage line between Port 
 Hawksberry and Sidney. The streams crossed by this route are all worthy of a 
 visit. 
 
 Shelburne Count]/ — 
 
 The Jointon and other rivers in this county contain salmon and trout. Moose 
 and caribou are abundant. 
 
 Yarmouth County — 
 
 VarMtouth, on the bay side of the cape, is two hundred and forty miles from 
 Boston, and is reached by boat from latter place, Portland, and St. John's. From 
 Yarmouth the angler may choose his route, either by the bay coast as far as Digby , 
 with numerous salmon and trout streams ; or up the Tusket, with its three 
 branches, all of which are good streams. Hoats, guides, and camping outfit may 
 be obtained at Yarmouth. The salmon fishing is fine in all the streams in this 
 country. The flies mostly used are the large Montreal, the yellow fly and a small 
 salmon fly, with blue-jaj- wings. 
 
 Kempt. Fine trout fishing in the Tusket River. Reached via boat from Hali- 
 fax, or Boston, to Yarmouth, thence via stage or wagon. Guides and boats can 
 be engaged by addressing Mr. William Brosser, Kempt. Boatmen charge $1.50 
 per day. Board and other accommodations cheap. 
 
 Annapolis Royal. In the bay is salt wate> fishmg, and on the hills to the south 
 are some good trout streams. Reached via rail or steamer. There are good 
 hotels here. . , . , , , 
 
 ■jr'^riA yrii 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 This island situated in the southern portion of the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, is often visited by anglers for its salmon and trout fish- 
 ing. The coast presents a remarkable succession of broad lagoons 
 and bays and projecting headlands. These harbors thus formed 
 are in season excellent salmon fishing resorts, while nearly all of 
 the streams of the island abound in trout. Prince I^dward has 
 steamboat communication with Pictou, N. S. and Boston, Mass., via 
 Halifax. All points of the island are easily reached from Charlotte- 
 town, via rail and good wagon roads. The stranger will find the 
 people here simple and hospitable, with the expenses of living 
 
 moderate. ..^, ,.,,^^,^,;,„,^.f ■n,:,,-^i.^!^:d & -vtr tn-'.^'j .-:-5ui u..-.. ■ 
 Kings County — 
 
 Morrell, on the Morrell River, is a headquarters for fishermen. Reached via 
 the Prince Edward Island Railway from Charlottetown. 
 
 St. Peters 'eached as above, on St. Peter's Bay, is a stnall village where the 
 angler may find accommodation at the Prairie Hotel. The salmon fishing in the 
 bay is superb. The fish are very large and afford the best of sport. 
 
 JPrlncea Cotintu — aA^ irri '■^\{'-^ •?< !ri.»~-» a.A^ n.~.Ai -,•^■,■,■tI^l i^r* 
 
 Maipeque, or Princetown. Bay-bird stootlng on Fish Island, in August. 
 Steamer to Charlottetown, rail to Malpeque Road. There are three hotels. 
 
GAME AND FISH KESORTS. 205 
 
 Queens Countj/— ■>'""-'\' -•"' ''"" • "•'^ '^'■''' .'K""^'' ^^^^ o;;.u-....,v ^..ri'.i.j 
 
 r^tf IViikins River. Good trout fishing may be found here. Take steamer 
 from Pictou to Charlottetown (fare la), where there is a lUel kept by Mr. Davis, 
 who will furnish conveyance and act as guide to the river, fourteen miles distant. 
 Accommodations will be found at the house of Mrs. Haens. 
 
 Wilkins River affords good trout lishing. Take steamer to Charlottetown, 
 thence via wagon road fourteen miles. 
 
 Rustico, a marine hamlet on the Western Shore, is reached via the Narrow 
 Gauge Railroad from Charlottetown. There are excellent facilities here for boat- 
 ing, fishing and gunning. The Ocean House furnishes comfortable accommoda- 
 tions. The Hunter River contains fine trout, and the angler will find a hotel at 
 New Glasgow, reached by drive from Rustico. 
 
 In Bunk River ^ reached from Charlottetown, tl"; angler will find good fishing. 
 
 '. '4. .' .i.,5 .\^ .<.,•!■ • . 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND, i 
 
 '■:j.! /'.'L!. M~i ;, 
 
 Newfoundland has an area of 40,200 square miles. The coast 
 is indented by remarkable bays, inlets and fiords, of which there 
 are a great number. The interior consists for the most part of 
 vast rocky wastes covered only with moss or stunted vegetation. 
 There are numerous inland lakes and ponds, which with the 
 rivers constitute one-third of the surface. The island is reached 
 via the Halifax and Liverpool steamships which call at St. John's, 
 and by regular bi-monthly steamer from Halifax, fare $15, steerage 
 $5. The fur animals of the country are reindeers, wolves, bears, 
 foxes, of which there are the blue or Arctic, and the red varieties, 
 the latter including the cross, silver and black ; otters, beavers, 
 martens and muskrats. The hare of Newfoundland is the Arctic 
 hare, Lemus Arcticus. It sometimes weighs fourteen pounds and 
 upwards. There is no other kind in the island. The only deer 
 indigenous to Newfoundland, is the caribou. The game birds are 
 geese, brant, ducks, including black, " pie duck " or American 
 golden eye, long tailed duck, locally known as " hound," Ameri- 
 can eider, sea duck, king eider, harlequin, and occasionally the 
 surf duck, American scooter and velvet duck. The American 
 golden plover is very abundant in autumn, and the ring plover, the 
 piping plover, and the grey plover are all pretty common in the 
 fall of the year. Wilson's snipe is a summer migrant, arriving at 
 the end of April. The American jack snipe are periodical visitors. 
 Of sandpipers there are a large variety, Bonapartes and the yellow 
 shanked are very common. Of walrus, the Esquimaux is the most 
 common spec'es. Of**partridges, there are the Canada grouse, or 
 spruce partridge, the willow grouse, and rock ptarmigan or, as it 
 is locally called, mountain partridge. The river-^ and lakes abound 
 in trout of three or four kinds, and salmon are abundant. A spe- 
 cies of fish larger than the trout is said by the Indians to be found 
 in several of the large lakes.^ o:''/^!);:- 
 
206 
 
 GAME AND FT SIT RESORTS. 
 
 St. John\t. The surrounding country is full of trout streams, which are acces- 
 sible by tine carriage road. 
 
 Bay Bulls, on the Aralon Peninsula, and accessible trom St. John's by boat or 
 stage, is a favorite resort for hunting parties from that city, who here spend sev- 
 eral days in shooting and tisiung. 
 
 CaJ>e Broyle, thirty-eight miles from St. John's is in the vicinity of good salmon 
 fishing. 
 
 Tfepassey, Biscay Bay River. At the mouth of the river sea-trout are caught 
 running in weight Irom one and one-half to four pounds. 
 
 La Poilc Bay. The northern arm of the river tiiat empties into this bay con- 
 tains salmon, and there are several good runs three-quarters of a mile from its 
 mouth. The tish are found in the right hand ciiainiel only. 
 
 Port au Basque, about Hve miles to the westward of La Poile Bay, has a small, 
 deep, but narrow stream ; current very rapid ; about one mile up are two small 
 falls, four to five feet in height. Salmon in this stream. 
 
 Trout Rii'er, between York Harbor and Honne Bay, (about thirty miles to the 
 westward of Vork Harbor), affords good casting ground from Siiingly Beach, and 
 sea-trout are caught at junction of salt and fresh water. 
 
 Havjke Bay, Ingornachoix Bay. Three rivers discharge into Hawke Bay, 
 which is completely landlocked, the land being high and thickly wooded. X^e 
 eastern river of the three, about a mile from the mouth, which is narrow, is 
 bifurcated by a small island ; in the forks thus formed large salmon are caught. 
 
 Harbor Grace. In the large lakes or ponds in the vicinity good trouting may 
 be found. Big Island Pond, ten miles north furnishes fine sport. < 
 
 I J k 1 1: 1 1 . < J . 
 
 "I'll. 'li;:!!';. ii ;■•.;•''■' ■' 
 
 '■ r:i!f • 
 
 LABRADOR. 
 
 The peninsula of Labrador stretches from the Gulf and River 
 of St. Lawrence north to Hudson's Strait. The coast is rugged, 
 bleak and desolate ; the interior region is covered with low moun- 
 tains, barren plateaus, vast stretches of moss-covered plains, and 
 interspersed with lakes, swamps, boulders and masses of rock. 
 Reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, and other game, once abundant, 
 afe gradually diminishing in number. The population is confined 
 to the coast region, and are principally engaged in the fisheries for 
 which the country is noted. From tlie River St. John du Nord, 
 which is the boundary line between the Province of Quebec and 
 Labrador, to the Esquimaux River, a distance of seven hundred 
 and twenty miles east of Quebec, there are no less than twenty 
 salmon rivers, eight or nine of which are superior for salmon fish- 
 ing, and the majority of them frequ(mtly visited by both Canadian 
 and United States sportsmen. Leases of these rivers for rod-fishing 
 may be obtained from W. F. Whitaker, Commissioner of Fishing 
 at Ottawa, P. Q. They can be reached only by challoupc, the fish- 
 ing smack of the St. Lawrence. These can be hired either at 
 Quebec, or at Tadousac, north of the Saguenay, both of which 
 places are reached by steamers plying twice or three times a week 
 in mid-summer. The expense of a cJialloupe is light. Tents, 
 canoes, and complete outfits required. A great variety of wild 
 fowl are found all along the coast. 
 
 Henley Harbor (Strait of Belle Isle). ThiS is a fishing station at the extreme 
 
GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 20/ 
 
 eastern end of the strait, where ^ood board and lodfiiiiR ac-coniniodation may be 
 obtained. In August the curlew shootinp is superb, and other beach birds and 
 wild Ibvvl may l>u hinl. Good sea troul tishiii^j in season. The scenery is the 
 most i>ictures(iue in Labrador. Board $,; to $4 per week. Helie Isle with its lijiht- 
 house and per[)cndic.ular clills, three luindred teet high, is wUhin easy sail. 
 There are no fiunie aiiiinuls on Mellc Isle. 
 
 Forteau. This is a light-house station on a headland in the Strait of Belle Isle. 
 Good acc(jminoilali<)n witii the lif;lit keeper. Plenty of wild lowl. 
 
 Blanc SabloH. A hshinpf station near tlie middle of Belle Isle Strait, located on 
 a landlocked and very pictures(jue bay. Good board and lodgings. Wild fowl 
 and sea trout. 
 
 SItif) Harbor. A tishing station north of Belle Isle. Fine sea trout and birds 
 of various kinds. 
 
 Th. Harbor. Good shooting and plenty of fishing for shore cod. Two or 
 three houses here, but will have to camp out. Located about one hundred and 
 twenty miles north of Belle Isle. Tliere are numerous bird rocks and islands in 
 the vicinity within a radius of fitteen miles that swarm with birds in great variety. 
 
 Sandwich Bay. Kishing station, latitude tifly-four degrees nearly. Sea trout 
 and birds. A few ciuibuu on the mainland. Lodgings may be procured. 
 
 Flntwatcr . Esquimaux Bay, latitude fifly-hve degrees nearly. Excellent sea 
 trout tishing, and also brook trout, Canada grouse and ptarmigan. A few caribou. 
 
 Rigolette. Hudson's Bay Ct)mpany's post at the head of Escpiiuiaux Bay. 
 Exceller.t lodging accommodations. Many salmon are taken here in pound nets, 
 and the rod hshing at the head of the " Narrows " that connect a large interior lake 
 witli the bay a mile and a half from it, is the best in Labrador. Birds and caribou 
 may be shot, the former in great numbers including the eider duck which is 
 found all along the coast ; also ptarmigan and Canada grouse. Good ♦■shing for 
 speckled trout. 
 
 Norivest River. Hudson's Bay Station, thirty miles up the lake, northward of 
 Rigolette, and about seventy from the ocean. Excellent lodging accommoda- 
 tions and fine wooded country, with Northern hares, ptarmigan, caribou, and 
 speckled trout. * 
 
 :■)!■;■• M ,-;;m ,: '•_• .^i _:.;, w, -oq o^H ' 
 
 ' ..■■t.'.;.i 'i:, L ' , .. ''' '■•• •■i"i',.i j:"i''' ■:/■<■;;. I '<•'. 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 \,'M. 
 
 Manitoba, bounded on the south by the United States and 
 stretching North, East and West to the North-west Territories, 
 comprises an area of 14,340 square miles. The country is for the 
 most part a prairie, perfectly level and interspersed with islands 
 of oak and other forest trees. The inaccessibility of the country 
 has retarded its rapid settlement, so that here the hunter will find 
 vast tracts of undisturbed territory, where game will be found in 
 all its primitive abundance. The routes are via the Union Pacific 
 Railroad to Fargo, thence Red River steamers, or via the Dawson 
 or Canadian route from the head of Lake Superior, fifteen hundred 
 miles from Quebec. Winnipeg, the seat of Government, is a thriv- 
 ing town of six years growth, and within three miles on any side 
 of it, during the spring and fall, the hunter may fill his game bag 
 with pinnated grouse, ruffed grouse, or the white hai"e, not omit- 
 ting duck, plover, several species of goose and many other water- 
 fowl. The surrounding country, on the west side of the river, is 
 level prairie, occasionally broken by small bluffs of poplar, and every 
 here and there a swamp or musky, all of which in the spring are 
 covered with ducks. Following the course of the river to Lake 
 
208 GAME AND FISH RESORTS. 
 
 Winnipeg, the sportsman will come to one of the largest duck- 
 shooting grounds in the country, perhaps in the world, the mouth 
 of Red River where the amount of water-fowl is something won- 
 derful. The Indians here never use more than one-half oz. of shot, 
 No. 2, but they slaughter the birds by creeping up to a flock in 
 their canoes, and firing at a few yards. There are, however, here, 
 many residents, American, Canadian, and English, who are lovers 
 of the gun and dog. In the fall of the year the prairies literally 
 swarm with pinnated grouse, and it is no uncommon feat for a 
 fair shot to bag from sixty to one hundred and fifty in one day. 
 The Pembina Mountains, about seventy miles distant, are favorite 
 feeding grounds for wavies. Woodcock are found about Winnipeg. 
 
 Besides the birds mentioned, swans, cranes, grey and white 
 pelicans, etc , are very plentiful in the lakes and marshes, with 
 which the country abounds. The flesh of the grey crane is very 
 fine and much esteemed, whereas in the States it is considered 
 unfit for food. There are here two species of white crane, one very 
 large, and having a crimson patch on the top of the head ; this bird 
 is very showy, and if only winged, extremely dangerous to approach. 
 
 The yellow legged plover is also very plentiful, and one can 
 make a bag in almost any marsh or swamp ; in the fall of the year 
 they are very fat and a delicious addition to the larder. The game 
 consists chiefly of moose, elk, caribou, black and brown bear, with 
 beaver and other fur animals. Moose, especially in the vicinity of 
 Pembina Mountains and the region north of Shoal Lake, are very 
 numerous, as also in that portion of the country' lying between 
 Winnipeg and the Lake of the Woods. Unlike those in Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick, the moose here do not " yard " but 
 travel generally in pairs or at most four together. The hunting of 
 them is very difficult and great hardship is endured by the hunter, 
 being compelled to use very large snow-shoes, and then sinking 
 to the knees at every step, the snow in this country having no 
 crust at any time during the winter.