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(ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2)

4 APPLIED KVHGE

^_ '65j East Mo^n Street

rA Rocnealer, Htm "ort. M609

(716) 482 - 0300 - Phone

(716) 286- 5989 - F-.

DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE

OTTAWA, CANADA

TOBACCO DIVISION

RESEARCH WORK AT HARROW EXPERIMENTAL
STATION IN 1911

W. A. BAHNET, B.8.A.

TOBACCO BULLETIN No. A-14

Published undtr inatruetions of tha Hon. Martin Burrall, Miniatsr of Agricultura,

Ottawa, Ont.

26278—1

.rUI^Y, 1013

To THE ]Iil\ol RARI.E

The MiMsTtH or Aohk ini he.
Si«.—

I have the honour to submit herewith Bulletin Xo. A-14, of the scries of the
Tobacco nivi-ion, entitled ' Reneurcii work iit Harrow Kxperirnental Station in 1911.'

This bulletin eoiitain-i the report of Mr. \V. A. Rariict. in chartfc of the ^-tation,
on the work carried out under his supervision during' the .venr 1911-19U'.

A perusal of this bulletin will inform the tobacco jrrowers of Ontario rcRardinif
the work which uas been done at the Harrow Experimental Station.

I beg to recommend that this bulletin be printed for distribution.

I have the honour t^^ be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Ott.*w.*, .Tiilv, 1012.

F. CHARLAN.

Chief of the Tobacco Division.

26278— IJ

B£SEABCH WORK AT HAMOW EXPEBMEHTAL STATION IM 1911.

W. A. Baraet, B.f.A.

The ..as.-n cf lUU opened early and the majority of farmer* wh . were making
large pla»tali..ni of tobacco began earlier than m-iimI, M.i.y grower. ....rra-ed their
l*d ipa.e. h.mI the .ee<lling, having made rapid gr.-wth. there w.re n.or.. plantn than
in the three l..rmer years, consciuently a larger area was i.lai.ted in the wee.l.

Since the area of the farm wa. increase.! to 3^4 acre, in.lnding about ■> acre,
rough W8.te land, the acreage in tobacco and corn wa. added to. Fifteen acre* of
tobacco, inelmiing nine of im| rove.1 Burloy and .ix of Warne, were experimented
with Fifteen acre, of Improved I^eaming Corn and 44 .,f wheat were also grown.
The balan... of the farm included an orchard of about un acre and r.,ugh land uwd
for buildings and pasture.

The orrhnrd. The orchard which wan badl.v in need of i.runinif. roinprised 26
treei. Several (f the trees were badly infested with the San .Toa.' scale an<l three had
almost 9uceutnbe<l. In the early spring all the above tree, wer.' pruiM-.l. fully 25 per
cent of the wo .d growth being cut out. On April 20, I sprayed all the tree, for the
San Jo-e .eale dren.bing them thoroughly with the fv.mmprcial lime sulphur, diluting
it to 4 The second spraying with the weaker solution of lime sulphur and lead
arwnate, 2 pounds to 4(. gallons of the solution, was made just after the blossoms fell
From these few trees, which were not in a thriving condition, a gn.'.s return of »80
was realized. This is a fair showing when we consider that hut eii^hteen barrels were
dispo8e<l of for domestic use. the balance being soM to the canninir factory. The
fruit, especially the Greening variety, was ba.lly infested with the San Jos# scale.
Next spring we expect to plow up the orchard scrape the trees and give them three
thorough spraving.. By so doing the moisture will be conserved in the soil and the
fruit of better (luality.

Slarfinq a peach orchard. On April :!0 eighty peaeh trees were set out 20 feet
by -'0 feet These trees were headed b.^ck to l"^ inehes, or two feet from the ground.
They did well till a severe drought, extending over a perio.l of six weeks in .Tunc and
.lulv. kilk.1 about twenty-five per cent of the trees. The ground was stirred around the
tre^s but. bein-,' in .lover, the moisture was not unserved in the soil an.l the above
result was the conse.,uence. Next spring this area will be ploughed, manured, and
fe-tilized and tobacco planted between the rows. By manuring an.l fertilizing and
growing a cultivated crop in the space between the rows f„r two or tuore years, .t is
expected that 'he trees will make a fair growth.

Corn and Wheat Experiments.

Part of the area in corn was manured at the rate of 12 soreader loads per acre
About 3 acres of the fifteen was clover sod. The corn on this area yielded 140 bushel

buk«t. iHT .<•..•. wl.il« tlmt on .imil.r *.il itubbU ground yi«l.l«.l b-rely 100 bu.h^U
p,, .cr.. (No m-nur« .p,.li-« in «ith.r .«.). Tl... d,.mon.tr.te.« th.t if m«.«um
return* .r« .im«,l .t on thi. ..ndy l.,..n .oil it i. .l»o.t n«H»..ry to plough under
, clovfr .0.1. A ....-•..Mful yi.-l.l i^ a"ur«l whm. thi. pr..-ti.-« i. follow.Hl. At .11
evut. th« b...t ,K«i.i..n i.. « rui.tion for corn .- foll»wi,M, u .o.l eith-r p..tur.«l or
/rotu wbii-h a '-rop of h«y h.. Uin t.ken.

Tb« ..H.1 u,«.l wu. .urffullv «.ltK-t.-l .n.l notl,i..K but lur«.- unif. «.r. u.^.
\ Urgo .u.n.l«T of .-.r. w.r- t.-t«l f.r g«rrainabilily b..for.. ,.i«nt...K. Ihe crop
gn.wu iHirtly o., tb.. ...m.. «.il a* in ItMO. .vi.,l.le.l on th. uvragc tlo i.u.l...| U.kw.
,*r tt.rc The 1011 .rop w«. Utlor thin th.t grown in .ny previo... ye.r yiW.ling
W.11 matured hanl ...r,. .-ont-ininK h H..mll..r p^nvnt.g.. of nubbin- than u-uul. It
pay. to ...I.... th.. M..M1. hav.. the .oil in ,. hi^h .tat- -f fertility, and follow th.. w.th

thorough .ultiva.i.-n. A -.-i plot '>.» l.ilU ..p-ar.. w«h conducted a r.i.ng to the

rule, of the fanadian S.hhI .irowcr.' A.*.ci«tion. A iK.rtion of the crop will bejH,l,i

for «.e.l purp. hut the .•.•ed corn i- 1hm..K fe.1 to hog.. A-curate account .- be.ng

kept of the feed .uuuv! and the difference iH-tw^m the «-lling and buynm pr.ce of

the pig. will r..pn.<.cnt the price, obtained for the wheat and com. A. .11 event., .ome
„.nure will b.- nu.de on the farm. thu. doing away with a lot of heavy tcunung

The area in corn wa, .e,>ded with clover. ju..t before the la.t clt.vat.on. at the
rate of 7 ,>ound. ,-r acre, hut the .ecd wa, .0 long in gern.inatinK that ,t n.ade very
little growth in the fall. In the light of two ,vear. ex,K.rienc.. w.th th.. n.ethod. the
writer would .ay that thi* practice ha. not been a .ucce«».

The wheat. Dflw.on* CoMeu ( haff variety, yielded no bu*heU ,..r acre. l)e*p.te
the verv dry *ca-on there wa. a fairly good catch of clover in thi.. crop. Ow.ng to
.on.e .nmt being found the wheat wa* treated l^fore .owing with «/""""''";"'"'";"
of 1 pound of the for.uer to 4.. gallon, of water. The « acre, of wheat oget er w. 1
4 acre, of oat. to b,. .own in the .pri..g. will he .ceded w.th clover at the rate of 1..
po\ind. per acre.

Plant Bed Experiments.
Scareih of planU A. in former year, there wa. « .carcity of ,ee.lH.,g. in «>n.e
section, ju.t at .etti,.g tiu.e, and plant, were .dd a. high a. $1.7:^ per thou.and

Owing to the extcM.io,. of the ,ol,a. rop into .ooti .n. of O,.tar.o where .t had not

previou.lv been «row... and owing to the large increase in the acreage .n E*.ex and
Kern covmtie.. .e,.llinR. were in .trong de.nand de.pite the fact that the favorable
spring p,..hed the plant, alon.. Mo.t of the grower, provided larger areas for the.r
plant blu and ,cores of he-l. were e.tabli.hed on new s. il that had never grown a
plant before. In ,on.e .cction. there wn. „uite a .narked te>.denc,v to adopt the u.e
r.{ gla.s .ash a. a cover top and n. a n.ean. of obtaining enrl.er plant. Some bed.
under glass were not a. even a. tho.e grown under cotton but the plant, be.ng thinner
on the ground, were stronger and .nore healthy.

Different Kinds of Beds Established on the Fann.

Seventeen hundred square feet of M. were esfabli.hed n.vorling to the following
methods :

1. Hot bed with c.ittim i-overinB.
i. Colli liwl with iiitton corefinir.

3. Hot bed with glau ovfring.

4. Cold htMl with rUm nivcriiitf.

6. Hot l«d with .lilTen-iit ,.roi«^rt !....• of .|*<ial I''"''* l""' f-r''!**'''. «l'l'''''' «"
the ordinary wil.

«. Colli btnl with tho nanif tr«"atnnMit giT.ri.

7. Colli bed with nitrate ..f *.>«ltt applifd to th.- "rdinury ■M>il.

H. Cold bc<l with kUm .ovfriiiK will, u thin layor of bla.k »oi! mu'li'"! »" »•"'
ordinary Koil.

Bright Tobacco Bcd»— Wtrne Vtritty.

The W.me UhU under gla.. wi-rv ^wn April 1«> with ^^1 which hud Uf.i .wolleu
for thr«. dtty«. A plant U-d f.-rtili/t-r-tiold Duit-applitii at ^S iH^und |H..r ..luur-.
foot wu, rukfd in w.ll un.l u thin layer of hlu.k virgin .oil (about i"-\") wa. M'r.-ad
ovur the ordinary -«.il. On one or two In-.!, the ,.-d wa* .own on th.- or.hnurv ,o,!
but the plant* ch.mi- up very uneven a.i.l ...ver were a. gooil a. where the v.rg.n *...l
vai applied. The dark eoloure.!. friable ioil. »een.ed to .uit the requirement, o. ihi.

variety, the ,^-d came up very evenly and the .eedling* made rapid growth fr.m. the

ttart, being ready for letting May IH.

The sml w.i. sown ut the rate of a heapiuK tea*poonful per 70 «.|i>arc teet. The

bed* were about the right .lensity. the ph.nt. were strong and had a rich Kre,-.. eu*t.

In the light of three year* ex|*rienee with different method, of e.tablHh.ng plant

bed* for this variety, it woul.l upi^ar that the one above outlineil h preferable.

Owiiw to the intent heat develoix-d under the glass sash particularly where toe

dark soil was used, it wu« found advantageous to give a very thin toat of l.me on the

under side of the glass. By so doing the ten.-vrature was suffic.ently h.gh and the

goil was kept inoi»t more easily.

The Management of Cold Bedi under Olaw.

On account of the volume of air in the cold bed with glas. covering being limited
great ci-rc is ne<-essary not to allow the temi^rature to run too high. The other
precaution not to have too n.u.'h .-old air on the tender plants to chill them .s
necessary, (iive as much ventilation as possible in order to develop thrifty, stocky
plants. A close muggy atmosphere produces leggy plants and invites disease.

Watering should l« done in the forepart of the afternoon in order to let the
surface of the soil and the plants have a chance to dry off before closing the frames.
If verv warm sunshiny weather prevails, it will be ne<-essary to water the Ivds twice
each dav to keep the soil moist. During last springs management of the beds, this
practice was found almost compulsory if the beds were to be kept moist. The soil
should be kept damp throughout but never wet.

Methods of Ettablithing Burley Beds.

Experiment 1. Cold l>ed. glass covering, fertilize.1 at 'i» pound i>er square foot.
Gold Dust fertilizer. }" black soil on ordinary soil sown dry seed April 1.->.

Experiment 2. Cold bed, cotton covering, fertilized Mo pound per square foot,
Gold Dust fertiliser, also a light application of hen manure worked into the so.l
Sowed swollen seed i oz. per 100 square feet. April Ifi, thick seeding.

Experiment 3. (a) Cold bed, cotton covering, fine stable manure worked into
the soil fertilized at Mo pound per square foot nitrate of soda sown April 24, sprouted

seed.

(b) Same as above; glass covering.

Experiment 4. Cold bed, glass cover mg. fertilized at i pound per square foot; at
M2 pound per square foot; at ^ pound per square foot, raked in well on surface of
ordinary soil. Sown April 24, sprouted seed.

Experiment 5. Hot bed, cotton covering, a light application of hen manure
worked into the soil fertilized at Mo pound per square foot; Oold Dust fertilizer. Sown
April 15, dry seed.

Experiment 6. Hot bed, class covering, fertilized at i pound per square foot; at
i4j pound per square foot; at A pound per square foot on surface of ordinary soil.
Sown April 24, sprouted seed.

i\ i

Notei on Beds.

The earliebt and strongest plants were obtained from beds under experiment 1.
As in the case of Warne variety beds, the dark soil with the glass covering gave
excellent results. The hot beds under cotton gave plants about 2 weets earlier than
those grown in the cold bed. The latter beds did not do well, the soil not containing
enough humus to bring the plants along quickly at the start. Where the sprouted
seed was sown April 24 the plants made good progress, this being one of the best
beds. The heavier application of fertilizer at 1 pound per s<iuare foot gave larger
healthier plants than where the lighter application was given where the nitrate of
soda was applied under glass the seedlings did well, but under the cotton the growth
was uneven, due partially to the shaded position of the beds. The sprouted seed
sown under cotton made more rapid progress than where dry seed was sown. It was
an advantage to sow swollen seed under cotton as it germinated quicker allowing
the plants to (ret a start before the weeds came along. It was found that nitrate of
soda at say i pound to 2 to 3 gallons of water, using the solution every other day, gave
the best results as in former years. A stronger solution might be used, if one takes
the precaution to water again after applying the solution, in order to wash off the
excess of soda and prevent any burning of the leaf. Wliere the farmer has plenty of
hen manure it is just as effective and not so complicated in its use.

ConcluMoni from Work in Bed Establiilimenti.

(1) Prepare the beds in the fall, plough and manure well.

(2) To obtain early plants cover a portion of your bed area with glass sash or
make a small hot bed.

(3) Obtain rich light loamy soil and apply about J inch of dark bush soil or
rich black loam to the surface of the ordinary soil.

Hii

Plate I.

Harrow Experimental Station. Forenians House.

Plate II.

-?5^«»

Harrow Experimental Station. Tobacco barn, 36 x 60.

■2n-2~>-2

V I

r t-

(4) If possible make up the beds 10 days before sowing to allow the weed seeds
to germinate.

(5) Apply a plant bed fertilizer at Vio pound per square foot.

(IJ) Do not so\i too thickly, a teaspoouful (H oz.) to 70 square feet is a safe
tjuantity to sow.

(7) To hasten the t;ro\vth of tlie siedlinfTs, use a stilutiou of nitrate of soda i
lioiind to -2 gallons of water, ur a solution of lien iiianiiro one part of the stock solu-
tion to !(• ]>arts of water.

(^) (live liglit t're(|uont waferinfrs in warm weather every (hiy. especially if glass
is being used as a covering.

(I') Obtain early plants it' a well matured and paying crop is e.xpeuted.

Experiments with Virginia Type Tobacco.

Tin' "oil. Tiie importance of sel.-eiinn of the soil was again very conclusively
shown this season. Where the soil was a light coloured friable sand or sandy loam
the leaf made a more uniform growth and matured more evcnl.v, giving a lighter
<'iiIoiired product of good texture. The best adapted parts of the field wore easily
picked out. A small portion cf the (> acre plot tended to have a close clayey nature
and the tobacco on this area never ripened up |U'operly, always retaining the green
cast.

While the area in Fssex and Kent counties adapted for this variet.y is quite
limited, still there are a few types of light coloured sandy soil and gravelly spots
well suited for the production of Warne. A light porous sandy soil of average
fertility will give the best coloured leaf. Plant this tobacco on ground that has
previously grown a crop or two of Burlcy.

The infiurnce of the /season. However, the distribution of the rainfall, a cold
bat'kward spring or a \vin<ly rough period in early fall have a very direct influence on
your final product. To illustrate, this season the crop made a uniform growth from
date of planting and appeared to ripen up fairly well, but had not yet "yellowed up"
when the rainy period broke in and started up a secondary growth, just when harvest-
ing was about to commence. Again in the latter part of September very heavy south-
west winds prevailed, which bruised the leaves badly. This misfortune happened to
the third and last curing, the first two curings escaped this accident. However, if
one took the precaution to plant early and handle not more than 2 acres in one kiln
in a season, this latter trouble would be alleviated. Up to the present we have
handled ;i acres in each kiln in a season, but the last curing has nearly always been
rough tobacco.

Dale of aettinn. Planting was begun Tune 1. and the sis acres were finished
inside (if 4 da.vs.

The plants were ready about 10 days sooner, but owing to pressure of spring
work, the ground was not prepared. However, had the crop been planted earlier, the
gcner;;l product would have been better. Speaking from 3 years, experience, the writer
wouM em|ihasize the importance of early setting on a suitable soil, since the season

2r)i'7>i— n

i. none too long for this type of leaf. Further, two acre. ™d to bo sufficient to
Landle in one kiln during one .eason. if the bo.t product wa. looked f,>r.

CuUural ,n.-n,o<ls. Practically the same method, were followed as in former

■ ll with the Warue has k-eu the fact that the leaf grow, too large The
experienced with tilt \> ariu .i» brighter coloured leaf.

higher topping while giving a shghtly h.rger yu'ld. al>o ^,l^. . h iM

\ Jr ion of tlie crop was harvested according to , he Mrg.nn. -<> hod ot .p
,i„g Ui stalk, inverting the plant, placing it over the lath and hau ing .re<^U . 1 .
curing barn. However, the bulk of the crop was .n.t with the sickle, allowed to vu.t.
Jlefinto ordinary sized pile., and then strung on t lie lath in the usual nia,,,..^
Ths latter method was more expedient, ami Binee the tobacco wa. le t in the held o
Lv. before hauling, it wilted thoroughly and commenced to yellow up. It wa.
th gh 1 t the cro, was handled more ex,..iitiously. very few leaves being broken
Itatl ;!:;; thl J. changes in the curing proc.ss were hastened by hamlling it in
the ordinary manner.

The Curing.

The first two kilns were filled September 2 and 4. and firing was begun
immediately. The process lasted for 4A .lays. The following notes were taken during
the process.

( 1 RIMi Tin; SMAI.l. KM.N.

Setfinn and fiii'iff "'« colour:

•SO' to 90° F. from 9 a.m. Tuesday till 6 p.m.

105° to 115° F. from 6 p.m. Tuesday till 10 p.m. Wednesday.

115° to 120° F. from 10 p.m. We.lnesday till 6 a.m. Thursday.

Drying the leaf:

Ui)' to 140' Fah. C. a.m. . -y ti.l '•> a.m.

ipi» to I.m" Fah. !t .i.m. Tlnir-lay -ill '.> |..in.
yoTE.-Ventilators open all day Thursday.

Vryinfi the stem: .

155° to 170° Fah. '.» a.m. Thursday till ti a.m. Friday.

Drying the stalk:

17(1° to 200° Fah. fi a.m. Friday till S p.m.

NOTES OS I-ARCr KITA'.

Yelloirinrj the leaf:

80° to 95° F. 1 p.m. Tuesday till 6 a.m.
95° to 110° F. 6 a.m. Thursday till 3 p.m

Thursday.
Thursday.

Xoto-At :! ]...>.. the burn was Riven lunrc air nn.l the temperature inerouscd ai
the hu.ni.lit.v was t..o great-the leaf was swei.tiiip to,, freely.
IK^tci li'."'" F. :$ I'l'i- Thursilay till ti a.iu. Frithiy.
125° to 140° F. 6 a.m. Friday till ID p.m. Friday.

Dryinu the leaf:

140= tn I.-,.-.' F. 10 p.m. Friday till •> a.m. Sntiirday.

l.-,.->' to 17."-' F. (! a.m. Saturday till 11 a.m. Satiirduy.

17.-.° to l*".'.' F. 11 a.m. Satiinlay till 1-' a.m. Satiirdiiv.

ls.-,° to I'lo' F. 12 a.m. Saturday till 12 p.m. Saturdny.

X,,t.— The ventilators were closed at 11 lun.

Fro.n the results of these two kilns, it was very evident that it was pr,f. ral.le to
have the tohaeeo yellow well in the fore part of the eurin-.: stage if the he~t eo our
was expected. Clo-^e observation was n.ade of leaves in different staps ot ,h.. yellow-
ing proeess, and it was noticed that unless the leaf was fully yellowed up. down to
the n>i.l-rib before the drying was commenced it did not cure a nnifonn colour. It
was thought that ^vhen the stalk was not split, the curing process was lengthened a
few hours, but the colour of the leaf was apparently as pood as where the stalk was
split.

liuUino. The bulking down was done as usual. Although the greater portion
of the crop was left in the bulk for several weeks, there was no heatmg m the pile
or molding of the stalk; the leaf kepi in perfect condition.

(IrwIi.K,. The following classes and gra.les were male: Fir-t-' Wrappers •-
subdivided into .^ grades-bright lemon, bright red, and dark red. Second- I.ugs-It
was considered that there was a larger percentage of the best grades, particularly
the bright red, than in former years.

Fertilizer Tests with Bright Tobacco.

Four acres were planted H feet x 2 feet .Tune 1 and 2. Six hundred pounds per
a,re ,.f the :5-S.:] combinati.m of home mixed fertilizer was arnlied broadcast and
harrowed in twice and rolled just before planting.

An acre, not inclu.ling the above area, was divided into six plots, planted the
same day at :5i feet x 21 inches and fertilized as follows:

No. 1. Sui)erphosi)hatc. :i.'i0 lbs. per acre.

Nitrate of soda, 300 lbs. per acre.
Xo. 2. Superphosphate. 3.->0 lbs. per acre.

Nitrate of soda. :i(X> lbs. per acre.

S\dphate of potash 200 lbs. per acre.
No. 3. Nitrati' of soda, 300 lbs. per acre.

Sulphate of potash 200 lbs. per acre.
No. 4. Superphosphate, ."..'.O lbs. per acre.

Sulphate of jiotash 200 lbs. per acre.

No. 5. :i-8-3 combination, 800 lbs. per acre.
No. 6. Check plot.

Plots 4, 5 uinl li contiiiiieJ the ripest tobacco nnd nt the same time the yellowe-it
loaf on the hill. This was conclusive evidence (that was borne out iu prev ious years)
that tiiis soil did not require a fertilizer containing a largo percentage of nitrogen
to get the best coloured leaf in bright tobacco. To confirm this statement, it was
noted that plots 2 and 3 were quite growthy and had a greenish cast for 10 days after
the other plots were harvested. The tobacco on these latter menti ■ leil plots was
also larger in tl e leaf. A colu•hl^ ry statement is that this soil rcciuircd potasii and
phosphoric acid to get the best «iuality of leaf.

Soil treatment. The soil for the above tests was a uniform te.xtured sandy lonm.
The previous cropping in 1!K»9 was wheat, in li»l(» Burley tobacco numured in winter
and early spring. Rye was M)wn in the full of 1!»10 before tiie tenure of the land was
agreed upon. This crop was i)lougheil under in li»U just as it was heading out.
Owing to the summer of 1011 being very dry, the rye was not thoroughly decomposed.
At all events the sowing of rye for a cover crop, with the idea of adding fertility to
the soil, is a lalse one. It is preferable to plough under a leguminous crop like peas,
red clover or hairy vetch. If rye is to de turned under, do not wait till it is heading
out or has headed out, since the touiih. wiry straw, of this cereal will not deeompose
readily and will form a dividing layer in the bottom of the furrow between the upper
surface ooil and subsoil, shutting off capillary a.'tion of the soil water. This exjieri-
cnco on a sandy soil was met with last sunmuT. Had the crop b-en pastureil or
plougheil under when say S inches liiirh. the results might have been better.

The Returns from Bright Tobacco and its Co- naratiee Value with Burley.

During the past three seasons, the average price secured for this tobacco has been
25 cents per pound or an average gross return of $2.'iO per acre.

Rome of the difficulties connected with its culture are: the variability of the
colour; the extra labour ineurreil in the suckering and grading; the expenditure for
wood for curing, and the ? ill reiiuired to handle the c\iriiig process. On the other
hand some of the .idvantages of this t.vpi- are: No manure expenditure necpssiiry; a
ver\- small expense for commercial fertilizers; an impoverished light sand will produce
this leaf whereas Burley would be a failure; and the very limited time roiuired for
curing, thus giving the U'^e of the b;irns for other i)urposes if re<iuired.

Counterbalancing all the merits and ilemirits of the two crops the writer woidd
say that the white Burley is i)referable for the averagi' fanner to grow. But the
writer would suggest this, that for the tolpac<'o grower who has a piece of liglit san<ly
soil, that will not produce Burley successfully, and who is anxious tn learn the little
differences in the handling of this crop, his land might he made to jiroduee a paying
return in bright tobacco.

Our Present Outlook.

WTiile perfection in its eidture has not Ixvn reiu'hed. still it is believed that hv
growing the Warne on the same soil for two to three seasons in suc'cession. and by

Harrow Experimental Station. Combination barn «the upper part being used (or curing, the lower for stormg

implementsi.

Plate IV.

Harrow Experimenlal Station. A gooc) crop of corn.

closer planting, thereby getting a smaller leaf and not redu.ing the yidd. that •
larger percentage of light re<l ^vrapper grade, aW the bright leaf will be produced.
Next .eason we purpose handling four acre, instead of six in the two kilns. The last
curing has alway* been prolonged into the first week of O.tober when the larger
acreage wa» produced.

Burley Experiment!.

Preliminary Nute. Four avres of rye were plougheil iinler from May 10-12 ju»t
when the bulk of the crop had nicely heade.l out. In a few days time the land was
rolled with a weighted roller, doublo disced, rolled and disced again. While it
worked up nicely still the soil was very dry on the surface uiid the top 3"-4" lacked
moisture even at planting time. Just previous to plantinjr, the land was harrowed
and rolled. The object of the different rollings was to firm the soil and get the
moisture nearer the surface. In every case a mulch was restored after the rolling.
The above area was manured at V2 loa.l* i*r acre early in the spriiijf. The balance
of the Burley ground was manured and ploughetl early in the spring

Damage from cutworms. Owing to the cutworms being very bad at the time of
the first getting, over an acre of Burley had to bo replanted, while the bidk of the
crop was reset by hand three times. The use of calcium carbide in the barrel at
planting time was recommended by an American paper and it was piven a trial.
The odor given of! by this material was supposed to keep the <-iitwornis awny from the
plants. However these insects di.l just as much damage where the carbide was used
in the water barrel as where it was not used.

The only direct and effective method of combating the cutworms that the writer
knows (if. is the use of poisoned bran. iipplyinR a small handful here and there in
the row. Last season I saw a :i acre field where this method was adopted with marked
success. The cutworms seemed to prefer the sweetened bran to the young plants.
Where the bran was sprinkled in the row, a perfect stand was obtained and in a few
rows where none was used the stand wa? very uneven. Fifty pounds moistened bran
was mixed with i pound Paris green, and to each gallon of water used in moistening
the bran, i pound of sugar was added.

Where the grower is forced to plant and the cuiw..rms are known to be numerous,
the above method is recommended for trial. While it would not apply in the case of
a large acreage, still from observations in one field where the insects were very
troublesome, the writer wo\dd advise its use on a small scale in preference to any
other method.

Comlating the Tobacco Worm. No spraying! with lea.l arsenate for the horn-
worm was resorted to this season as was the custom in former years. About July 10
thirty-six ducks were put in the patch. With the ai<l of hand wormin? at topping
and suckering time, the ducks kept the plantation practically free of worms. No
grain was fed simply plenty of water kept in the field. Tn the fall they were fattened
and disposed of to advantage. In the light of two years' experience with ducks, and
judging from observations in other large plantations where they were used, I would

•trongly recommend their trial. They will «ave th« grower much expen.e ju.t tt the
time of yeor when labour i* sc'artf aiul high priced.

Fertiliser Teitt with Borler-

A .erie. of experiment* that were b, gun in 1909 were continued thii «>a.on. I
might .av that these single fertiliser, were te«te»l not merely in an experimental way
but th..v"w..r.. u«m1 ,.rinu.ril.v a* a wing inv^tm-nt. If by any practical mean, it
i, po«ible 'o in.«.ase the net return, per acre from the crop, we .hould a.m to do
it. Hen.v ..ur exten-ive "«■ of coniinercial fertiliser, on the tobacco crop.

Method of apphiny fertilizer*. The whole 9 acre, were fertilized broadca.t
with a .pecial .preader. The machine did fairly efficient work, the fert.azer wa.
broadcasted by b.>ing lorced out of the botton. of the drill box by a revolv.ng drum.
The .luantity to apply wu* regulated by opening or closing the oval .haped hole, m

the bottom of the box.

While a quicker .tart might be obtained by hill fertilizing, .till a better seasons
.rowth should be produced by broa-lcasting. since the plant food is .pread out m
the soil where the roots are. Then if the crop passes through a drought, the placmg
of concentrated. ..uick acting, soluble fertilisers too close to the root, of the young
l>laut. might injure them.

KXPERIMEXT No. 1.

One acre was divided into six plots of e<iual size. The soil being of like texture,
wa. prepared in the ordinary manner, planted June 15 with the same type of plant..
The distance of plunting was :U feet by 32 inches.

The plot^ ^"ere troate<l as follows:

Plot Xo. 1—

aOO lbs. superphosphate per acre.
;!()() lbs. sulphate of potash per acre.
400 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre.
10 tons manure per acre.

Plot Xo. •->—
300 lbs.
2<Hi lbs.
10 tons

Plot No. .".—
noo lUs.
■1(.>0 lbs.
10 tons

Plot Xo. 4-
2(¥> lbs.
4iX» 111*.
10 tons

sulphate of potash per acre,
superphosphate per acre,
munure per acre.

sulphate of potash per acre,
nitrate of soda per acre,
manure per acre.

superphosphate per acre,
nitrate of soda per acre,
manure per acre.

Plot No. 5—

200 lb«. «uiM>rpho§phatp p«r acre.
300 lbs. inilph«te of pot«»h per acre.
400 Ibi, nitrate of »<«la per acre.
10 ton§ manurp per ocre.

Plot No. »]-

13 ton* manure per acre.

Field Noiei.

Judging from field ol.sorvutions. it waa evident that the »>.il r,M,„.red the three
kinds of plant foo.l. namely nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and pota-.!.. and that the u*o
of chenu.Hl mixtures was beneficial. During the liroAinK period, plot N... «. the
manure plot wai behind the others, besides it yellowed up prenmturelv in the hot dry
weather and was ready for harvesting a week before the others.

The value of the iT.p at «U>..'0 ix-r hundred weight, the yields t)er n.'re. the cost
of the fertilizer and manure, and the net returns per acre are given beh.w. Barnyard
manure was valued at »1 per ton. sulphate of potash at *.-.l per ton. su,K>rpho.phate
at $17.75 per ton. and nitrate of :*oda at l>54 per ton.

TABLK I.

£ I Vi.-ld of ' Valiw of ! Cut of Cost ut Xet returnii

•S liuantity of lVrtili.rr in 11«. ; cr-.p iwr crop |»t I '"t'''"' '"<">"Z ^"^ I-^ «"■■
. ' i acre. acre. | jHracre. acre.

300 11.1. suIphaU" l«)t»«h >i 1">« 21» lO ^ M J9 \ iv w

4(X) lU. nitrate of iHula I, \ I

I 1 ■ \ \ .

2 jaOO »)». sulphate of poUnh \\ 1314 1-V» 2.5 lOlX 10 00 l.tl 07

200 lbi«. BUiK-rphosphate I.

3 300 Um. nulphat.' of poUMh 1.1 1-44J 217 ".'i 19 20 ' W ** ' J8« 66

j400 Uw. nitrate of Koda ).

4 1200 lb«. superpluHplmte \\ jcro i a06-2."> 12 M 10 00 ; llUfl'

1400 llw. nitrate ot «hI» I] j

8 !2U;i lb.. Ki.prphosphate ] ■ 20 !H 1" ^ ^ I*"*

|.Ki0 Iba. milphate of potiwli { I'*' 'ti •« «» . 3 |

1400 iba. nitrate of !««1» '[ \ |

I . 11T« i 14700 . . 12 00 ' 135 00

6 'li ton" manure : '''" | nr""

[ I .

X,ni;— 1'lot.i 1 to 5 inclusive, received 10 tons manure per acre.

Remarks. As shown by tiic table, plot No. 1 gave the highest yield and a trifle
the lu>rhe>t net return iK-r acre, plot Xo. 3 being -'i below it. The yields from
plots 1 and 5 were almost identical, indicating that the duplicate plot gave practically
the same result. Plot ti receiving tlie barnyard nmnuro. gave only l.lTf! Vvr. \.'vT a-re
or .182 pounds less than plot 1 receiving the complete fertilizer. This increase, due
to the complete fertilizer applied, is worth $72.75 valuing the tobacco at Vih cents

pfr lb Pe-liutinir the o..»f of the mmuire Mid tW fojtilUrr from ih.- .i»h,v.. figuwi. wo
Imre • net gain prr «cre of $ft3.:7. B.t inviting liO.ftH in fert.ll'.rr. r-TTT w.. wttcd
in the increa.e.l vi.-M. While thii r..lo,i1iition U nomewhnt ovpf.lr.wn. «ince • field
of 10 acre, would not likely .how thi. difTeren.'e in yield. neverthele« for thi. part.n-
ulHr .oil a ••on^rvniive .*tin.«te would U-; hv inve-fing l-iO per aor.- for fertilucr,
a net return of 140 per acre wa. realised.

\ rompari^n of plot. 2 and 1 indioate.1 the henefirial rfTe.-t of i.itr^ite of ,oda.
Plot. 4 and 1 indicato.1 the effe-t produced hv .ulphato ..f pota.li. The^e result.
confirme.1 tho.e of former year, an.l indicatod that on thi- .oil which analy... ha.
.hown i. dcfi.-ient in nitrogen nn.l rofa^h. an application of nitrate of .odn or nitrate
of .oda and lulphate of potash, with a ..n,.ll allowance of superphosphate gave be.t
re.ulti.

EXPEUIMKNT No. 2.

An acre w.,« i.lm.tc.l :U fot-t by :Vi inche. on June .'.. The fertilizer was applied
broadcast a« a .on.pl.tmnt to 10 ton. barnyard manure at the following rate:

tiL'.'i 111*, iiitriitf of !-odn iK'r a<-re.

325 111.. sulpliHlc of potash per acre.

il,'.0 lb*. 9\iperphosplmte per acre.

This plot started well but after the m'v.to r«vagc« of the cutworms, the stand
was not even. The fir^t planting with the nuichine wa-" iira.-ti<-.illy all taken. This
plot was hu-king in uniformity an.l yielded only 1.20<) lb., per acre. Then a,fain the
rve that «a. plou^dicd under in this pnrtieular pt.rt of the tiel.l. was headed out at
time of ilough.uK con-cMuently the »oil never "ceiued to l,eeome -uffi.'iontly moist
and the benefit^ from the fertilizer were i,ot fnrihcomint:. Had it Wn a moist *ea«on
this plot would Mip'-nl.tedly have shown up belter

exi'ERimp:xt x.>. 3.

One aere was .iivide.l into two plots J «.-re eaeh. The plots were planteil the
same date, at the same distance, and the metho-ls of handlinc were identically the

same.

The fertilizer? were applied as follows:

No. 1. t;00 lbs. nitrate of soda per acre.

"00 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre.
1(K) lbs. s\iperphosphate per aere.
10 tons manure per acre.

Xo. 2. 1.000 It*, pi.i.no per acre.
10 tons Tnanure per acre.
Plot Xo. 1 yielded i.fiOO lbs. per acre. Xo. 2 yichled 1.470 lbs. per acre. The
clifTerence in favour Xo. 1 was »0.,^.0 per acre after pavinR for fertilizers.

KXI'KRIMENT No. 4.

One •ere of .ame tyi* of toil w«i fertiliied a« follow.:
600 lb». |HT «cre nitrate of aoJa.
300 lb*. |>»T acre »iilphate of potaih.
10 tonj manure per aero.
Yield per acre 1,600 lb«.

It will be noted that thi. yield wu« a littl« lower than that obtuincl by applying
tb. ..me fertiliwr. to • .mall plot. However thi. return i. a fair average of the
r^urobta^u'lfronl ..'in7-^h'« combin.tion. Hy con.uhing former expenmetjU.

wc find that the yi.Od fro,.. applyi..K .-.»>""« «»""« "»• ^-^'^ •''*• l"^' «"'*• "' *^* "**^
iKjr acre gain from uMng the fertiliser above mentioned. Thi* increa«. wa. worth
$54 W. Deducting from thi* figure the co.t of the fertilircr $-2\M, wc have a net
gain of nn-'M per acre due -lirectly to the fortiiiwr. In .hort by invct.ng $21.90 .n
the .pring we have realised flW.ns net gain at marketing time. I believe tl.e.e returtjH
to be .luite within the n-ach of the ordinary tobacco grower who ha. a ..3.1 a l.ttle

' run down.' , , . . ,i hi

Some growert claim lari-r return, from u.ing fertilizer., but th.. » the c»nd..l
record of r.^ults.. I may au . at wonderful record, are wmetime. n...lead.ng but a
good average achievement i* ..n to all. While thi* average of $33 per acre net from
fertilirer i. below the net average returr of $40 per acre for 1»11. .t.U con.ider.ng
the adversity of the excee,lingly dry .ea.on a.-d the reduccl price per lb. th.. year.

it i. a fair showing.

I might add that the above combination i. recommende.i for trial Uv the average
^.rower. If the «>il \* thought to be lacking in that particular element, pho.phor.c
acid whi.h hasten, maturity, about 200 lb., per acre .uperpho,phate .hould be added
to the above formula. For mo.t ^\U the complete home n.ixe.1 fertilizer, that ha»
been prepared according to the need, of the crop and the element, lacking in the »o.l.
cive. the best result*.

EXPERIMENT No. 5.

One acre of clover ...d spring-ploughed wa;. fertilized at 1,150 lbs. per acre with a
special tobacco mixtun.. obtains! fron. an American chemical company. This plot
was pla..tal June ^ the la*t planting. The yield wa. 1,775 lbs. i^-r acn>. W h.le th.s
plot gave the largest rctur,. ,K>r acre of any of the plot., .till the leaf had a green.sh
ca.t and there was a certai.. amount of swelled stems found that were not prevalent
in anv of the other plots. It would point to the fact that such late planting was not
advisable. This plot did not re<-cive any manure but the effects of the fertilizer and
e^ii-eciany the clover 9<xl. were noticeable.

EXPERIMENT No. ii.

One acre of ground that had grown tobacco the previous season, was manure,!
at 10 spreader load* per acre, ploughed April 24 and 1.100 lbs. per acre. Guano

applied a few days before planting. The yield was 1,480 lbs. per acre. Thus by using
this chemical mixture, a net gain of »1S per acre was realized over and above the
manure plot after paying for the material.

EXPERIMENT No. 7.

One acre was divided into 2 plots, each was planted the same day and handled
alike. The fertilizer was broadcasted and harrowed in before planting.
The plots were treated as follows : —
No. 1. Fertilized with 550 lbs. per acre sulphate of potash, 10 tons manure per

acre.

No. -2. Fertilized with 275 lbs. per acre sulphate of potash, 10 tons manure per

Bcre.

Xo. 1 yielded ],4-25 lbs. per acre. No. 2 1,300 lbs. per acre.

\s indicated the experiment was planned with the intention of tiudiug out the
effect of the different quantities of potash on the yield. The results coincided with
those of former years, the larger application giving the higher yield, but the increase
was not sufficient to warrant the heavier dressing. Nevertheless it is not advisable
ioT the average farmer to apply a large quantity of a single fertilizer like sulphate
of potash, singly, unless he knows the nature of his soil-what particular elements it
lacks. However, generally speaking, a sandy soil, such as the one we are dealing
with, is naturally poor in all elemenvs and more especially potash.

The balance of the Burley ground. 2 acres in area, was fertilized with a complete
home mixed fertilizer. However, owing to the particular time of planting, June 27,
and the very severe drought which followed, the plants did not start up well and the
5ield was correspondingly small being 1,200 lbs. per acre. It was thousht that on
alout one quarter of an acre of the above area, the fertilizer literally burnt up' the
young plant before it got started. This was the first experience of this kind and the
lesson taught from the experiment was to pra.-tice earlier planting, finishincr by June
1.-. By -o doinn the plants will get the benefit of a generally moist June, start quicker
and thus overcome in a decree at least the possible evil effects of fertilizer in a dry
period directly after )ilanting.

If the reader has b..en able to follow clearly these experiments he will have

learned :

First. That Burley tobacco required n larsre supply of available plant food,
nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. To pet this supply, try supplementinR barn-
yard manure with 400 pounds nitrate of soda. 300 lbs. s„lpbate of potash and 200
pounds superphosphate per acre.

.■Second. That rye is an inferior cover crop unless ploughed under when 8 to 10
inches high, since it draws heavily on the soil moisture and does not ad<l any real
fertility to the soil.

Third. That nn ample supply of moisture was necessary, if the ordinary com-
mercial fertilizers were to give maximum results.

Fourth. That earlier planting, finiahinR 8a.y June 15th to 20th was nocesaary
for best results.

Fifth. That a clover 8od, guppleniented with a commercial fertilizer containing
u large proportion of potash and phosphate, gave excellent results.

Sixth. That, according to results obtained from applying 8\ilphate of potash and
nitrate of soda, this particular soil, a grey sandy loam, was lacking in plant food
particularly potash and nitrogen.

Seventh. That the rrtums from money invested judicially in fertilizers will
realize for the grower * higher rate of interest than if placed in the bank.- In one
case $20.98 invested in a Cf.mplete home mixed fertilizer gave a net return of f^r>^.~7
in 8 months' time.

Seed Selection.

A large number of typical Burley plants were selected for seed, which was later
distributed to the growers free. A 12 pound paper sack was placed over each, just
before the flowers opene<l. The plants were handled according to methods outlined
in previous reports.

The average grower should reserve say 10 to 12 choice plants for seed production.
Out of this numbe- he <an probably select two or three ideal plants.

Curing Barns and Curing.

JirIk^u^' from persi.nal observation, iind veritable statements from prowers on
this point, the writer >-onsider? that a word on the s\ibjeet is in order. It is ^n
unpardonable mistake for a grower to plant a large acrage in tobacco unless he is
lertuiu that amyth curing space can \hj provided. The season of 1911 saw many acres
of tobacco i.(tually ruine*l. or the price of the leaf cut in two through allowin? t':e
crop to iuing on the scaffold until too late in the fall, through overcrow<linfr in th-.
barn, or curing in poorly constructed »he<ls. It is folly to prow a crop and then lose
I robably ^^0 per cent to .50 per cent of its actual value after harvesting. Bv all nu'an..,
provide sufficient curing space.

The prime ri luisite in an ordinary c-uring barn is that it shall be thoroughly
ventilated. The side ventilation method is most popular, the air is permitted to
Iiass in at rows of horizontal ventilators on (Uic side of the barn, directly through
and out at corresponding rows of ventilators on the opposite side. To accomplish
the desired ventilation, four rows of horizontal ventilators should be arranged to run
the full length of the barn, so that a current of air may pass between the butts and
tips of the tobacco in each set of tiers.

Ventilators should be about If. iiu'bes wide and 12 feet long. By bolting or
fastening by hinge, a 2J inch square pole to the four ventilators, they are easily opened
and (•]( -(mI. For U>v ventilatior. the upriglit palvaiiize<l pijie with a hood attach.?d
will give just as good satisfaction as the more expensive rotary type of top ventilator.

Under no.mal conditions the bam should be kept open all day and closed at
night during damp muggy vreathor. During dry weather, the barn should be kept

wind prevails which would bruise and

open during day and night, unless a very hig
blacken the leaf.

In 1911, the Dominion Government Experimental Station at Harrow, built a
combination' implement and tobacco shed 28 feet by 86 feet 18 foot posts, with 2
large roller doors on each end. corrugated steel roofing, galvanized top ventilators,
and horizontal side and end ventilators, that li giving entire satisfaction. It has
curing space for three acres of tobacco, not including the ground floor which is used
for storing implements. For utilization of space and general eflSciency in construc-
tion it will bear inspection.

.5^