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ALFRIH) 
 
 8 
 
 N EW 
 
 PUBLISH 
 
CtEOLOaiCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 AIJMilOD II. a SRLWVN, RILS, P.G.S., Dfrector. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 SUPHEFCIAL GEOLOGY 
 
 op SOUTHKKN 
 
 N EW BRUNSWICK 
 
 1878 
 
 By 
 
 (i. F. MAl'5fE^V, M.A., F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED HY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 DAAVSON IJItOTIIKIiS. 
 
 1870 
 
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Alkhki) rj. ('. Ski,\vvn, K.ll.S.. F.d.S., 
 
 Director of the (Icoloijual Survey t;l Coiiudu. 
 
 Sir, — Tlio I'ol lowing- (U'sri'iption ol' tlic siiiioi-liciiil do^io^its in (he 
 soutlu'rii p;ii-L of New Hniiiswick iiu'ludo.s tiin rcsiiU.s of ohscrvatioiiN, 
 made ill, intofviils, (liirinif tlio lasl ten ywirs or iiioir. Those observa- 
 tions iiave i»een niaoe chiefly in conneetion witii the sui'vev of tho 
 older roeks of the L'rovinee named, and have, in pari, heeii piii)lisiied 
 in tl\c (\m<idi<in Nutumliat, Montreal/'^ The siilistanco of the artieles 
 in that periodical has lu'en coniljini'd, in this lieport, with later obsofva- 
 tions, into a eonnected description of the 8iipertieial Deposits. 
 
 1 am, sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 (i. K. MATIJKW. 
 St. .John, N.i;., Decern lici', 1S7S. 
 
 * Sco Ct(iiiidiiiii .V((/H)i('/i/, Xuw Surics, \'ol. (i, Xo. I : Vdl. 7, No. S, ami Vol. S, Xo. 2. 
 
 •v» 
 
 «V- 
 
^ 
 
REPORT 
 
 (IN riiK 
 
 SUI'HKFIClAJj GEOJ.OOY 
 SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 BY 
 
 (i. K MATIIKW, F.(;.S. 
 
 Tlio supcrfifiiil (U'po.siis imiy be (.'Oiisidorod as foriniiiiir (luw prinoi- Classification. 
 pal groiijts, viz. : — 
 
 T. ITnmoditii'il or (Ihicijil Drills, Boiiidor Chiy, or 'I'ill. 
 II. ModiHod Drift. 
 
 1. S( ratified Sand and riruvd (Syrteiisiaii Deposits). 
 
 2. liedu (.'lay ( I'lsluai'iiie Deposits). 
 
 3. Saxieava Sand and liaised Beaches (littoral Deposits). 
 
 a. Lower Leda Clay. 
 ''. Upper Leda Clay. 
 III. Modei'n Alluvimn, Shell, Mari, Peal, i*tc. 
 
 •^ 
 
 The.se deposits consist of an ay-gregation of loose niuterialH covering 
 the older njcks, which have been consolidated, and afterwards extensf- 
 vely denuded before the formation of the oldest ef tho above groups. 
 
 I. — UNMODIFIED DR[FT, lioi I.DKIi ri.AY OT TILL. 
 
 This grouj) is not only the most widely distribute*! of the three, but 
 istbundutall elevations, and is that from which the materials have 
 been derive.l of which the later ones ai-e composed. A description 
 of the boulder clay and the related phenomena of .striated and grooved 
 rocks will therefore naturally form the opening part of this Keport. 
 
 Great masses of the nnmodilied drift underlie the brick-clays of the 
 second group in many parts of the State of Maine and the Provinces of 
 
KE 
 
 (IKOI,0(i|('At, SIRVKV OK CAVAOA. 
 
 '^lichee and Now Rnin^wick, ami H|.ioa(l upward to tho topH of tho 
 hi^'licst hills in M.iitlu-n. New nniMswick, whoir. m. liir a.s is known, 
 llii-y prcsoiit all liic appcaraiico of n Inio till, or boiik'or t-lay. ThJ 
 l;iU'r .,q(Mi|»,sovinco to a ,i,'rt'»lor or lessor do^'roo hy (lioir apiu-araiico 
 tho s..rtin^' powor of water, l.iK llu> hoiildor clay ulono is iinstraliHod 
 • liroiii,dioiil. it .onsistsof sand and day promisciioiisly mini,'lod, and 
 contains niindK-rk'.ss striated stones, and an.^tdar lra;;ments \)f r(;eks 
 liavin,irn()(lotin:(earran,!,'ement in the mass. Kr.mi the sea level to a 
 c,m,r....siii..n .,i •'*''^'''' <d" at least 2((() (eet above it, the hoidder elay has been .n-eatjy 
 
 " ^"'■'"'"'- '"""'''i*"! I'yllK' action ..r waves an.l currents, an.l within thescTlimiis 
 
 IS usually concealed by the clays, san.ls and -ravels of the second 
 i^'i'oiip; but at hi,i,dier levels the iinino*iilii'd drift is more l're([uently 
 exposed, with its characteriHtic features— jntormingled sand, elay anil 
 striated boulders. 
 
 '" -^ »■"'' <••« ^bxiesof the boulder clay are not moved very far 
 
 from the j)laces where they have been in situ. Ten mil(>s or less is the 
 nsual limit, but instances occur in which the Iransj.ortation lias been 
 for much h.n-er distances. The followin^j,' arc the most remarkable 
 instances of travelled boidders observed by Prof. L. AV. Hailoy and tho 
 writer:-At Bradiords Cove, ..n the St. Croi.x {{iver, are stones 
 ofZffif " 7"^""'i".^' ''"•.^•^' Sl'infers and other fossils of Devonian a-e similar to 
 those ot tho Oriskany Sandstone in tho northern i)art ..f Maine. Fra^'- 
 inentH with similar tossils oecui- on (Jrand Alanan Island, in the Bay of 
 Fundy. A few miles north of St. Stephen a boulder of labra(h)rite was 
 observea, which Dr. T. S. JIunt rec..-ni/.od as the kind of rock which 
 occurs in tho Laurenlian of the Province (»f (Quebec. At St. .John 1 
 have seen trap with heulandito similar to a characteristic variety 
 in the Lower Carboniferous formati.ai at (irand Lake, in (Queens 
 county; also pieces «.f a fclspathic sandstone, with Uppn- Silurian 
 lossds, from Norepis \'alloy, in tho same county. Jn tho till coverin-^ 
 tho granite hills in (he Norepis Valley there are comparatively few 
 boulders from any great distance, th(> stones in the bouhlor clay bein.^ 
 chiefly of slate, shale and sandstone, which have boon swept across tho 
 phiin of Carboniierous rocks and ]>uslicd up to tho summits of these 
 hills. Hero tlioy ai-e mingled with numberless boulders of red and 
 tawny granite derived from the surrounding ledges; b-' among the 
 blocks of rod granite there are a fow well-rounded bouluei's of'^^r.-oy 
 granite, that have come across tho Carboniferous area of Sunbury 
 county from the granite bell in (he north part of Voi^k and Northum- 
 berland. Along the south side of tJiis gi'anitc range there is a belt a 
 few miles w'de, covered with immonso numbers of boulders ; on the hea. 1- 
 waters of the Lopreau and New rivers they are especially numerous. 
 (Jranite boulders become less numerous in going south from the foot of 
 
 ^* 
 
 ■*■ 
 
Hii 
 
 SOt'THtRN NEW HRtTNMWrCK. 
 
 3 KE 
 
 ^i, 
 
 * 
 
 thiH ran^'e, and thoir place is ^Mftdimlly taken !;>■ the Hiato, ^mu-iwh and 
 dioritic frairmontH oftlu' Ic<I^'(«h in the lowlandH, butovon on (Ik' Hh<.ros 
 of tho Bay ol" Fiindy gmit niiniboi-H aro still to ho soon. A ,i,'<m.(I 
 in.stjMici- of upward Iniiiisportalion is that of tho .stonoH on tho top of 
 Hald Momilain, tho hi;,'hosl hill of tho Noropis rani,'*'. Atnoii-,' tlioso 
 Htonos aro niiinoroiiH fra,i,miontH of ooarno diorito and l.yporsthointo, 
 whioh havo hoon swept up a stoop slopo <.n tho north wide of tho hill 
 from lodi,'os nttO foot holow tho siininiil. Alon-j; tho sidos of transvorso 
 narrow valioys anion,-,' theso hills, and iioliind |)oints of -ooks, Ihoro 
 aro horizontal holts of houklors whioh havo tho apj-oaranco of havin<,' 
 hoon forcod or oarriod by ice into those positionH. 
 
 Tho oolorof tho hoiddor olay and overlying' olay of the Heoon<l ^'roup o,i,„. „,• ,ho 
 of saportioial do]»osils is worthy of iiotioo, as showiiii,' the sources l^""''**'' Cky. 
 whoi;oo tho days havo boon derived, in tho country west of tho Ma^'a- 
 ^'uadavic Bay they are of various shades of i^ivy, from ash ;^'roy to a 
 dark nu)uso-c(>lor, and such also are the prevailing tints in tho adjoining 
 part of tho Stale of Maine. Those grey tints are traceable to tho wide 
 bands of ar','illitos that cross tho northern ))art of Charlotte county 
 and thosouthorn part of York; thodarkor shailos ofgroyorii^'iiailo in tho 
 Upjier Silurian bands of clay-slates and the Hghtor greys in tho Devo- 
 nian argillitos. Tho latter uro generally calcareous, and the borddor 
 
 '..tn those derived t'rom 
 of tho clays in tho 
 . to tl:o sea shore, 
 k.^ of tho Up])or 
 tho color of tho 
 
 clays from (his source have a nioiu for 
 other rocks in Charlotte county. Tlu . 
 •western iiart o!" .iiis county is very 
 whoi'o, owing to their hardness, tho 
 Silurian si'rios seem to havo caused k.- 
 clay. 
 
 Tho north-east branch of the Magaguadavic drains thy northern mar- Hd u„i,.v from 
 gin of the Carboniferous area, and Jias cut its channel in tho soft shales, shaioJ!''"''""" 
 of tho Lt>wor Carboniferous formation, which api^ear along its valley- 
 here a change begins in tin color of the clays, which shews itself chiefly 
 in tho contrast between the Loda clay and the underlying gravds 
 in the valley of the Magaguadavic, as far down as the mouth of tho 
 I'iskahegan. The Loda deposit here is mostly saiul, but is distinguished 
 from the older moditied drift (i.e., tho underlying gravels) by its 
 reddish tint. In the granite hills, further east, the rod shade becomes 
 more protiounced, varying from ,i pale fox-cohjr to a v/arm reddish- 
 brown tint; the clays obtain this deeper shade from the ochrered 
 liowor Cai-boniforous beds, and from the purplish-rod and chocolate- 
 brown shales of tho coal measui-cs in York and Sunbury counties. 
 Still deeper shades of rod and brown prevail in tho clays of St. John 
 county, to the northward of which areas of bright or deep red and 
 chocolate-brown shales are more extensive thaa in Y'ork or Sunbmy. 
 
 I 
 
4 EE 
 
 nEor.oorcAT, sirvky ok canada. 
 
 Thin pociiliiir •nlorini; oliho cluyB in fhc c'lilral piirt of Houtheni jU-y 
 Uniiiswitiv allows Ihal llic .'icMlinn- loicc \\i\h iiuicIi movv (loMiniciivc in 
 its i'H'itI.s ii|ioii Lho .sut't lull low-lyiiiir ami inm|iin-:ilivcly slii^ltoifd 
 hIkiU's, tliuii on ilio nioit' proniiiiont liul liank-i- rotUs of (lio ridsfon und 
 I. ilk 
 
 Tlic ll-rtility of iju' cluy laiiils (t\' tliis (listriul may uIho be (niciMJ to 
 thu (lipositrt of Ijowti' ('arlMiMili'i'iMis shales lo llu- iiuillt of (lu m, .vliicli 
 arc NumctiiiK's lii,i;iily «akarcous, and have inrludcd hnls of limo- 
 slono. 
 
 Two itctirral 
 
 COlirH('!< ill 
 
 cimthiTii Niw 
 liruiiswick. 
 
 Ghicia/ (iruoocH. 
 
 Whcrcvcf (ho hoMldor rlay is removed from the surface of the rocks 
 ii|n>M which il rests, (hese arc foiiiid to he ronnoed and scored with 
 |iaraik I i;riioves and furrows, caused by the action of ice in motion 
 prioi- to the deposition of the houhler clay. The course ■»(' these 
 grooves varies i^rcatly in d ""roiit ro^^^ions; in the valley of the 8t. 
 Lawrence it i,s .soutli-wcstn'jy, and in the eastern part of Mai?io souih- 
 easti'rly. The stria- on thy rock.s in the southern counties of New 
 lirunswick exhibit both these trends. A south-easterly coursi- is 
 most prevalent in the western jiarl of Charlotte county, and south- 
 westerly stria- arc most numerous in ike valleys cast and norlk-casi 
 of St. Jolni. TIk'sc two ^'eiicral couises, as well as the intci'mediato 
 ones, will be seen to be relali'd to the contour of (ho surliicc of the 
 land in the several districts where (hey occur; foi\ as a yenei-al lule, 
 thi" (nrrows I'oiilorm to the dircetion of the rivei' valleys, or at least 
 are inlliienced in their course by these depressions. 
 
 Iti (lie followinij; table all the bearin,i:,'s are coi-rocted to (he (rue 
 nu-ridian. Such st-iu- or u,'roovt's as have been obsei'ved by Prof, 
 li. \V. IJaik-y are marked with an asloi'isk ; tJiose taken by Mr. 11. W. 
 Klls are indicated by an obelisk. Cii-txtves ilescribcd as " other strhe " 
 are generally older than those recorded in Uie margin ; — 
 
 i 
 
SniTHKHN .RW IIHrNSWirK. 
 
 N'l'. I 'rAII'K 111' (ll.vciu. (illiMiVKs, 
 
 5 r.". 
 
 So. 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 l;: 
 
 15 
 
 * 17 
 18 
 
 • 19 
 
 * 20 
 
 I'AKISII. 
 
 I'lirnr Wilhiim 
 Miini.i'is Hiittuii 
 
 St. Ht('|ihcii, 
 St. Dill id's . 
 
 St. Cioix. .. 
 
 St. Amiicw's 
 I'liiibiokf . . 
 Knistptiif . . . 
 
 WoKt Isic^ . 
 
 Dimilmiluii, 
 St. l'iitii<lv. 
 
 l,(M'.\l,rrV. 
 
 S. W. i„itt qf York Coiinti/. 
 
 •'iiK. A N. A. Kiiilwuy, 3 milos S, W. 
 
 I'l'Diii .McAtluin . I unction 
 
 S. end of licl^'' ninnin;; N. W. (Voni N. 
 
 ind of till, 111(1, to I. ill. I'. \,ntv^{ Mtii.i' 
 
 K. CO K. ami S. -Ki K 
 
 Ilinvi'v Scttitnii lit, — loiul lumling 'o 
 
 Lester's mill. i,iite8t Htriff S. ■{'>' E. 
 
 uml S. .^0 E 
 
 Iliiivey Settlement, i,!m|iLl in. Latest 
 
 .stiiii' S. If, !•:. ;tf\v) 
 
 Coik JSuttlenieiit liilKt', ono mile !;oitli 
 
 of Coik Stiuion. Latest stiije S, I'o 
 
 E. (few) 
 
 ■ ■ ii'k Station 
 
 Chiir/ot/e Counlij to end inrliid/iif/ .l/l^/a- 
 ;/iiiiilitrir Vdlley. 
 
 Deiini.s Stmmi, I ,] miles from 
 
 ( >Mk i;,iy, east side of, ojiposite S. clul of 
 
 [{oyer's Island 
 
 On St. Stejilien Krancli U. Ic, Meadow 
 
 Station 
 
 liradfoid's t'ove. Latest striie S. i o K. 
 Shoii (if St. (.'rci;.. iliver, opiiowite Doiiect 
 
 Island. l.atoHt stria' S. 20" E., in a 
 
 valley 
 
 Clianiidok Mountain, W. end of. under 
 
 did' overlian.Lfinj^ aliotit ('.O 
 
 (liiliiicoo'c lake, Iv shore of, on I'i. side 
 
 of a leduc that overhangs 'Jo'. Stri.e 
 
 eonveriii' from N. W. on the ovur- 
 
 hani^ing face 
 
 Clmiiieook Lake, near outlet. Latest 
 
 stria' S. •J,')' E 
 
 Chauu'ook Cove, K. -lide. Latest stria' 
 
 S. 10' E 
 
 Village, State of Jlaiiie, 1. S 
 
 Kiver.We ;t Hruiieh, State of .Maine, i:.S. 
 State of .Maine, Broad Covu — N. E. 
 
 slop" of a rounded ledge S. CO' E. 
 
 On \. W . sloji^i of .sauie ledge 
 
 On Deer Island. Other stri.e S. il.-, E. 
 
 I'eudleton's Island, N. E. end ot 
 
 Wieiie, liidge, south slo[ie of 
 
 r.oeit.hee Hay, head of. Latest striai S. 
 
 10' E. ; other stria' S. 'JO' E. ; oldest 
 
 slriie 
 
 Near liy, on h dge protected hy a higher 
 
 ledge to the N N. 70 E. 
 
 IJoeahec I'ay. E. jjoint of last stria' S. 
 
 ."i' E. ; other stria' S. '20 E 
 
 liiiMiie 
 
 s. vv. 
 
 I']. 
 
 E. 
 S. W. 
 
 I'lllM'.iO, 
 
 w 
 
 \v. 
 
 W.N.W 
 
 S. 1.-^ \'\. 
 
 S. 2(1 E. 
 
 |H,'io' E. 
 
 (S.io'E. 
 
 S '20 E, 
 
 s.:i(i' E 
 S. '20 ■ E. 
 
 s. ,->o 1,. 
 S, VS' E. 
 
 s.-ur E. 
 
 S. 40' E. 
 
 S. .V E. 
 
 S 10 E 
 
 !■;. 
 
 8. T^T E 
 
 AV. 
 
 S. 15 E 
 
 s. w. 
 
 S, ,'50^ E 
 
 N. 
 
 S, 40" E 
 
 •• 
 
 S,50" E 
 
 N. 
 
 S. ,55° E 
 
 , . 
 
 S, ,50 • E 
 
 s.w. 
 
 S.C,5E 
 
 s.w. 
 
 S. (JO" E 
 
 S.40= E. 
 
 H. 40" E. 
 
G KE 
 
 No. 
 
 •Jl 
 'J .'» 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 :!(> 
 ♦ 31 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 ♦ 36 
 37 
 
 3P 
 
 ;!0 
 
 -10 
 
 *t 
 
 ' 12 
 43 
 *t 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 •i: 
 
 •IS 
 40 
 
 nil 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 AIU,- 
 
 St. (ic(ilj;i' 
 
 CliirciiiJdU 
 (I 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SL'RVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 \(). 1 T.Mtr.i-: III- (ii,A(iM. (iRoityv.H.—Cttiiiiiiii'il. 
 
 Pciinlicld . . . , 
 
 L'X'AMTV. 
 
 Hocjibcc l,iike. Nortli side of liist stri;c 
 
 S. as E 
 
 Hocaiicc llivcr. Otlioi stii.i' S. 55 K. . . 
 I!(ic;il)(r IJriilgt'. Otlicr striii' S. TO K. . 
 Diinciii loiid, 1 • miles N. Iroiii TuniLTS 
 
 mills 
 
 Dijjdi'fiiiash Viilicy, near N, criil of Diiii- 
 
 caii road. Lalcsl striir N, 7<» E 
 
 DijrdcKiiasli llasin, W. of null at, in drr|i, 
 
 nai row valley ; eoitlKc S . . . . ^ 
 
 Mill between Tiskalieuan and Magagua- 
 
 (lavie Kiver. N. kI(i|io of 
 
 Miigayiiadavic Ulvcr. mouth of etftuary. 
 
 N. side, on steep ledge 
 
 Nearby, on jinotlier ledge; other stri.e 
 
 S. 55 E , 
 
 Creek, on south side of estuary of Maga- 
 
 guadavic Kiver 
 
 I.etite. niill-cove I'.rook. at 
 
 r, elite Harbor, head of. i.ast stride S. 
 
 i.> r, 
 
 Magagiiadavir lliver, falisof. Others'.ria' 
 
 S. So !•; 
 
 Lake rt(ii)ia, W. side of 
 
 LEtang Kiver, X. VV. side of basin at 
 
 liead of. Later stria' IS. SO' E 
 
 E'Ktaiig Uiver, S. W. side of basin at 
 
 head of. Later stiia' S. SO E 
 
 L'Etang Uiver, E. side of liasiii at luad 
 
 cf 
 
 L'Etang Kiver, ridge S. E. of 
 
 L'Etaug Kiver, E. siile of narrows of. 
 
 High hill on W 
 
 I/Etang Harbor. Itliss Island, at 
 
 lilaek's Harbor 
 
 Beaver Harbor, Head of. 'dder stria- 
 
 S. :«)' E 
 
 Beaver Harbor. On ridge S. of last. ( )n 
 
 S. E. slope of ridge is a rounded ledge 
 
 ■1 X |(» X ISO feet, exposed on roadside. 
 
 Oldest stria' 8. 1<> W. ; latest stri.i S, 
 
 SO' E. ; thief strije S. so^ E.. curving 
 
 to \_ 
 
 (In N. side of ledyc are a few later stria' 
 
 S. 20' K 
 
 Poini between Deadmans and lUaver 
 
 harbors 
 
 V.\- 
 l»).>urt' 
 
 S. W. 
 
 E. 
 N.W. 
 
 N. E. 
 
 W. 
 
 s.s.w 
 
 Charlotte CoHnly — Hd.sli'rn part. 
 
 N.W. 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 S. W. 
 
 X. E 
 
 W.N.W 
 
 s. 
 N.W. 
 
 N. 
 N. K. 
 
 (S, E.) 
 
 Bear Brook (broad valley* 
 
 Sam! Brook (narrow valley) 
 
 MeFiCdd rnad, 1.', miles inmi Doimlas 
 Valley : ... 
 
 Falls Biook, in an n|)en valley 
 
 Loprean \ ll.-irbor, north side \ _\ 
 
 Lopreau | Basai, eastern end 
 
 X. 
 N. 
 
 ('(IIMSC, 
 
 S. 25 E. 
 
 S. 15 E. 
 S. 30 E. 
 
 S.L'5 E. 
 
 S. 30 E. 
 
 s.,-,11 E. 
 
 s.<;i) E. 
 
 s. so E. 
 
 s. liO E. 
 
 S. S5 I';. 
 .S. 0(1 E. 
 
 S. -5 E. 
 
 S.Oo E. 
 S. 20' K. 
 
 S. CO E. 
 
 IS. (io E. 
 
 s. ir, E. 
 
 S. 5' E. 
 
 S. (50' E. 
 s. :!„' E. 
 s.(;o"E, 
 
 S. ;io E. 
 
 S. 40 E. 
 
 s. 10 E. 
 
 N W. s. 10 E, 
 
 N. IS. 20 E. 
 
 S. S. 10 E. 
 
 V^ S. 20' E. 
 
SOimiEnx NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 X(l. ; TaI!I,K Oh' (il.ACIAt. {\mMVVH.— C(lllllll\llll. 
 
 t EE 
 
 I 
 
 No. 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 P08uri'. 
 
 Courso. 
 
 
 
 Siinfiiiri/ anil Queen's Cinnities. 
 
 
 
 5:'. 
 
 Rlissvilli' 
 
 Frodciic'ton Jiinctinn. E. & N. A. R. R.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kidtlf one inilo S. of 
 
 N.N.W. 
 
 S. 5 E. 
 
 r)t 
 
 i. 
 
 Forks of Fredcrictoii and Clones road . . 
 
 N.N.K. 
 
 S. '25' K. 
 
 r.5 
 
 IVtfisvillo 
 
 Frcdei icton road, K. side of Stony llid^c 
 Parish Cluirdi Headlino Hill 
 
 X. Iv 
 
 S.2li'E. 
 S.:!5'E. 
 
 50 
 
 « dlinvilK' Si'ttlemuiit 
 
 S.OD' E. 
 
 t 57 
 
 Wilson road, in Clones Settlemeut. 
 
 
 5S 
 
 (infjotown 
 
 Oldest strii" S. 35' E. ; chief stria' S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■15 ' K., curvint;' to 
 
 (S.W.) 
 
 S. :o' K. 
 
 5t) 
 
 HiiiiipstPiul 
 
 K. of Blue Mountain, on slope to Long 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lake 
 
 N. K. 
 
 S.:!5' E, 
 
 t Od 
 
 Nortlil'K'ld 
 
 Newcastle River, above Yeoman's I'.ridge 
 Kings County. 
 
 N. 
 
 S.l,^, W. 
 
 ♦ <;i 
 
 Westlicld 
 
 Cn E. & N. A. R.R.: 8 miles from Fair- 
 ville 
 
 
 S. 40 E. 
 
 (3 '2 
 
 Near bridge over mouth of Neroi)is River, 
 
 
 
 
 W. side of valle)'. Stria' course S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 75' E., bemlinn romul end of ledge to 
 
 
 S. 05' E. 
 
 
 
 Near top of hill overlooking this jioint. 
 
 v.. 
 
 K.: 
 
 ♦ Ol! 
 
 u 
 
 Ibittam's I'oint, bill S. \V. of Parsonage 
 
 
 S. 20 E. 
 
 04 
 
 '■ 
 
 Summit of Hill, 5'25 feet high, near 
 Laud's I'hid 
 
 
 S. 10 ■ K. 
 
 Of) 
 
 tl 
 
 Keniu'becasis Island, N. side of (S. of a 
 
 
 
 
 
 ridge ruuniug N. E.) 
 
 S. w. 
 
 S.3II \V 
 
 (iO 
 
 »t 
 
 Kenuebecasis Island, N. E. end o*" hill 
 
 
 
 
 f. 
 
 til F 
 
 s.s.w. 
 
 H.20 W 
 
 07 
 
 Carter's Point, near corner of road to. 
 
 N. 
 
 S. 
 
 
 
 Fini'r .striic I'ut on points left b\ these 
 
 
 
 
 
 grooves and mark the bottoms of tiiese 
 
 
 
 
 
 grooves. Course orthe line striie \V. ! 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 Il 
 
 Milkish Valley, on itsS. K. slojie. Course 
 
 
 
 
 
 of vallev S W 
 
 N.W. 
 
 S. 15^0 
 
 
 'i'lnse stria' found only on faces sloping 
 
 
 
 
 to N. ; another fainter set run into the 
 
 
 
 
 
 di'cper hollows and grooves exposed to 
 
 
 
 
 
 adown-liill thrust from the Iv Course 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. i;n W,! 
 
 
 
 Oil 
 7o 
 
 " 
 
 M ilUisii V'lllev l'>ist of 
 
 S, \v. 
 
 S.2n V. 
 
 Milkish Valley. N..<ide of a b:w gneissi<- 
 
 
 
 
 
 riduf. Other stria- S. 1!0 K 
 
 w 
 
 S. 50 E 
 
 71 
 
 (ill'l'llwicll 
 
 Devil's P>ack, N. side of, on pp. sandst . . 
 
 N. 
 
 S.25 \V 
 
 72 
 
 Kinnstdii 
 
 On Long lieaeli road, near Whelphv's 
 
 
 
 
 
 |Joa(h 
 
 s. \\ . 
 
 S. 5^ E 
 
 
 Also lighter scrat(!hes, showing only on 
 
 
 
 
 S. K. slopes N. (!0 W.! 
 
 
 
 7:1 
 
 a 
 
 Centreville. eastern base of hill (."p()(» 
 feet iiiub) to S. of 
 
 K. 
 
 S. 20' E 
 
 74 
 
 il 
 
 I'entnville, bill to K. of (Midland road) 
 
 W. 
 
 S. 5 K 
 
 7r) 
 
 u 
 
 I'.osiwiek's I'.rook, on Long Reach 
 
 N. 
 
 S, 5' E 
 
 t 70 
 
 77 
 
 ^i 
 
 liel lisle I'.ay, S. side of 
 
 N 
 
 S. 15 E 
 
 UotllCKilV 
 
 (iolden Ch'OVe Settlement, S. side of 
 
 
 
 
 
 valley 
 
 N. 
 
 S, 5 E 
 
 78 
 
 Uphiim 
 
 Raruesville, road going E. froBi, hill on 
 
 N. 
 
 S.15 E 
 
] 
 
 H EB 
 
 OKOl.OdirAI. SI ItVK.y i>l' CANAUA. 
 
 PARISH. 
 
 X(i. 1 Taui.k or ^'i.Mi.vi. (iiiuuvKs^ 
 
 L()('.\l,irV. 
 
 -('(iiitiiiiiiil. 
 
 S(l 
 81 
 8'j 
 
 8:>. 
 
 84 
 85 
 Si; 
 
 • 87 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 • 90 
 
 • <>l 
 
 • i):t 
 
 94 
 
 '.m 
 
 ',i7 
 
 llamnioiitl 
 Miisdimsli 
 
 l-arncsvillo, sanuM.Kul, 2 nulos h.on..st. 
 
 ,mrils<ri;uin.;ful.vpvalU-.vrun..inj;N 
 Hill N.'..r M.Cov's roini'V. uu opi.osit. 
 
 ( K.) sid.' of liist-ii.'in.a valley ... • • • ■ 
 ,lol,u WalUuc's. 1 milo K- ot WMou 
 
 pi.-uri' 
 
 Lauciistci 
 
 r':iicli'ti>li 
 
 SinidiKl 
 
 518 
 Id) 
 
 100 
 lo! 
 lo'J 
 jo,'. 
 KM 
 
 lor. 
 
 UiO 
 
 •107 
 
 MoS 
 
 lO'.t 
 
 •110 
 
 •111 
 
 112 
 
 E. 
 
 N. 
 
 ( our.<e. 
 
 N.N.W 
 
 S. K. 
 
 W 'VnincYi'MiiViiiiash Rivi, at Mill 
 Valley, K •.• 
 
 ViUaue.at Mi(i<'«ii"^Iii"--- • 
 
 Musquash llarbov. W. Sid.; ol Nan■o^v. . ..^ 
 
 MiisMuash ilarl.oi,Coou..istove.K.M.e -N.nv 
 Musquasli Harbor. l'"venrlunan s (..■.■;. 
 at bvid.ue, in narrow vailr> . Otlni 
 
 stria' S. ,5 E • 
 
 Simue Luko, uoar outlet .... ... • • • • 
 
 I'isarineo Cove. Mill Creek. Ctl 
 
 stria' 8. 50 E 
 
 Pisarineo Cove, N. sole . . . . .... ••■•••; ' 
 
 ou E. >t N. A. 11. U- 1 ""''■••' I'-onil^-"'- 
 
 so^tii'BayMii'^'^'t'"'.r^''';: ^-^IJ: 
 
 OiiE. &N.A.U.lt' :•. loiles Irom Dan- 
 ville •.■•■,■,•■■;■; 
 
 W end of Siispeni^ion l.rulut- ••••• 
 
 Sand Cove road. Stria, on a steep led^e 
 
 her 
 
 N. 
 N.W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 X. E. 
 
 S. 10 E. 
 S.IO' E. 
 s.r,5 E. 
 
 S. 50" E. 
 S. 20 E. 
 S.40' E. 
 s. :',o E. 
 
 S.20 E. 
 S. 10 E. 
 
 s,40 E. 
 s.:{5 E. 
 
 S.40' E. 
 S.40 E. 
 
 ;b.pin«N.W..delloete.ltoS.SO from 
 ,,,,,..,1 Square, ..u ledge slopni.u N. 
 
 (ttlier stria' S. 4 E •••• ••••.;;■ 
 
 P„.l|to\v.r Hill, on.ler sleep ledge UK lUL 
 
 Same plaee. top of bill •■••••■• • J •" ' ,;. ' ' 
 l^wlors Lake, sunmi.t «f;='"'>. '^^ 
 Otber stria. S. 20 W. ; lanitev st.M' S. 
 
 N.N.E 
 N.N.E. 
 
 S. 30 E. 
 
 s.2r W. 
 
 (N,W)|S.40 E. 
 
 N. E 
 
 N. 
 
 •iO' W. and S. 45 W . ,, , , 
 
 On?;laekUiverroad,.n.ilesK....S.^.;..« 
 
 On P.la.k Uiver rou.l, 1 nnle N. E. o 
 
 Mispee Bridge ■' " L'w Vv 
 
 .iK'e ll.'irbor.in valley running s.SA\ 
 
 ■oad 
 
 S. 2 W. 
 
 S. 1 5 \V. 
 
 S. 1 E 
 
 N. E. s. ;',5 W. 
 ^ W. S. 2 W. 
 
 Misi 
 
 Misper. 'I'boniass Cove, near roai 
 
 Blaek Itiserroa.lat Ibandy l.rook . . . . 
 
 liovira-e Cove road. Otber stria' S .. 
 
 Bevera'^e cove road, deseent to P.ay ol 
 
 Fiindv. Otlu'i stri:e S. ?>■> 1' 
 
 Tbompson's Cove road - • ■ • • ' • ; ■ ; ; ; • ; • 
 
 Tiioinpsons Cove road, slope to l..i> ot 
 
 Negro'settreinent,' N.' side of valley oi 
 
 n£;;l''oad::unu;'s^\;fi:;L--nd' 
 
 Mountain road to P.laek U.yer Settb- 
 
 ineiit. at Blooin.sbury Mountain. ... •• 
 
 l,i,,..,„ia Settbnu'iit. \ nnle N. ol 
 
 Doiiuliertv s Inu -i "^ " 'e 
 
 llibenda Settlement, .\ "''''' ,^:.:; 
 Ihaiubertvslnn. Tbree setsol stna . 
 
 s. 10 E., s, 25 K.''i'"'-,;.-- :••■,■■■■„; 
 Lake Eonumd,N. side..! first Lake, at 
 
 thoioiigl!larel<>S..".'oii'! I. .'ike 
 
 
 s. 
 
 :;5 W. 
 
 s. 
 
 s. 
 
 15VV. 
 
 N. 
 
 s. 
 
 10 W. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 ■'j\ W. 
 
 
 s. 
 
 15 W. 
 
 S. K. 
 
 S.50 E. 
 S.ilO E. 
 
 S, 10 E 
 
 S, 10 E. 
 S.50 E, 
 
 s. w. 
 
 S.25 E. 
 
 s 
 
 S. 20 E. 
 
 w 
 
 S. 20 ' E 
 
 S K. 
 
 S. 20 E 
 
smiTIIEnN NEW BUfrNSWlCK. 
 
 No. 1 T.Kni.K 1)1' (iNAi'IAr. (hMdVKS.— CinitillllKl. 
 
 1) EE 
 
 No. 
 
 PAKI.SH. 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 Ex 
 IMisuro. 
 
 Ciiurso. 
 
 11 :i 
 
 (1 
 
 St. Mmfiu's 
 
 ElKin(AlhfitCo) 
 IllipcWfll 
 
 (( 
 
 II 
 
 Cdvi'i'diilf 
 
 nmclicstfi' 
 
 Laki' Loiiioiid, N. side of Tliiid Lake, 
 iii'iir LiiUi! level 
 
 S. 
 
 i:, 
 
 N. 
 
 S •'()' E. 
 
 •114 
 
 Hill W. of llfiirv's Lake 
 
 s 
 
 fl 1!) 
 1115 
 
 Albert and Westmoreland Counties. 
 
 On loiul from Klgin to New Iicland. on 
 mountain S. of Caldicott's Inn. Otlier 
 .><tri;i' ^s 
 
 lload from Cinryvilloio IIope\V(dl Hill, 
 top of a liinh hill 
 
 S. 10 E. 
 S. 15 W. 
 
 MIT 
 tiis 
 
 Woodwortli Settlement, N. of llopt^well 
 Hill, near to[) of table-land 
 
 Road from Hopowel! Corner to Geiinan- 
 town Lake, in a valiev 
 
 S. 2.'-.'VV. 
 S. 40 W. 
 
 tllil 
 
 Daw.son Settlement. \ mile S. of Turtle 
 ( 'leek, on Itat tahle-iantl 
 
 S. CO'E. 
 
 trio 
 
 Hndrean Quarry. Other .<triie S. 10' E. . 
 
 s. 
 
 S, 'JO E. 
 S. 20 E, 
 
 In the ahovo taldc tlu'ir are a lai-go luimber of cxainplo.s (No. 1 ami 
 Nos. 7 to 40) wliieli mIicw the persistency of tlio scmtli-euslei'ly ti'ciul 
 in tiie /.i;lacial ^-rooves near tlie ITnitcil Stales hortlor, the most easterly 
 courses lieiii"- tliosc in tlie ])arislies of St. (Jeoro-e and IViuifii>l(l. 
 Another ^.-i-oiip of lines (Nos. il to 55) which average only 15° east of 
 south, is tliat wliieh ci-osses the gi-anite hills where tliey are widest. 
 They are in (ho soiitli part of SunhMry and east j,ai't of CMiarlolte 
 counties. The stritc east of this (Nos. 5(i to 51t, and (U, 53, and S2 to 
 92) descend thronn-li the cross vallo3's in the direction of (lie St. ,lohn 
 River. A fourth sj^'roup of striic is that whicli crosses the peninsula of 
 Kingston, and tho hill ranges eastward in IFanijiton and rjihani (Nos. 
 (14 to 80, 108, and 113 to 114), where the average is 10° east of south, 
 witli a few westerly courses in the dee[ter valleys. A lilth grouj) of 
 striic includes grt)Ovos around the city of Si. .lolin and eastward of it 
 (as Nos. !t3 and 5»5 to 103). These exhihit the greatest nmoiinl of 
 westing (average south 20° west), being directed toward the hariior 
 and road.stond of St. .lohii. In the sixth group a return lo an easterly 
 trend (average south 3(!° east) is oliservahle in (lie stria' on (he land 
 ejist oi'Sl. John liarhor, Hloj>ini'- toward the Bay of Kundy. (Sec Nos. 
 104 to 107, and 10!» to 112.) 
 
 These several courses exhihit the intliiencc of (he hills and valleys 
 of the southern counties in diverting (he striating force from a direct 
 southerly course. Some iiinisual ilejiartiires from the normal course of 
 the striic, in several t)f these ^-roiips, may have a i»earing on the 
 question of tiiial or lociil glaciii'ion in this region. Such are Nos. 22, 
 
10 EE 
 
 OEoLCXnOAL SURVEV OF CANATlA. 
 
 2S, ;{7, :{S, 45, 02, 07, 08 and 72; and the plasticity of the slriatini,' 
 ibi-co n.ay also bo infcri'od from the i)e('uh"arities of Nos. 12 IH 02 
 and 04. 
 
 Tlie oourse of the i^toovos in the soiith-wostern part of Charh)tte 
 county, appears to he connected with the peculiar conformation of tiie 
 sea bottom in tiie part of the Bay of Fundy which extends in front of 
 then-ronp of iHlands in the parislies of West Isles and tirand Manan. 
 To ibo south-east of these islands there is oxceedin.nly deep water, 
 fonning a "ulf or abyss more than a hundred fathoms deep. It is 
 widest toward the NovaScolia shore, where the descent to the bottom 
 «'t the ii'ulf is very steej), there beino- JOO fathoms at Ihyer Island, 
 half-a-mile oil' the north-west led^i-'e. A tongue of deep wa'tei- extends 
 from the abyss in the direction of Letite passa.i^^e, and toward it, and 
 the dee])er water beyond, the glacial grooves in that part of the county 
 converiTO. 
 
 II. — MODIFIED DUTFT. 
 
 A correct knowledge of the relation of the ditferent members of tlu' 
 second group of surface deposit is <.f much im])ortance, when for 
 purposes of cli-ainage. road building, etc., it becomes necessary to break 
 up the covering of loose materials which rest upon the sui'/ace of the 
 solid rocks in this I'cgion. A definite oriler prevails in the succession 
 of the different members of this grouj) (ModiHcd Drift), which gives 
 the clue to the natural drainage of the land, and to the jii-oper position 
 for sinking wells, locating drains, etc., but which is apt lo be misunder- 
 stood, owing to the way in wdiich gravelly hillocks and ridges of the 
 oldest member of the group rise abi-u])tiy above the level flats or 
 undulating surfaces formed by the beds of the second member. 
 
 This member usually ccmsists of clay beds impervious to water. an<l 
 hence from its upper edge ovei-laid by sandy beds, or from the lower 
 edge, which often rests upon sand ov gravel, springs are apt to rise 
 and ri(.w olf. .Much money is often fruitlessly expended in sinking 
 water-wells, which might be saved by even a rudimentary knowledgC; 
 of the relations of the various ])ortions of the surface (le|")osits to oadi 
 othei'. 
 
 So also in the matter of choosing sites for brick-yards, niiuli advan- 
 tage would residt to the manufacturer if more attention were given to 
 the composition of the clay beds of this group, for they not unfre- 
 (|ueiitly contain within tiiemsclves the prop(<rtion of clay and sand 
 suitable for the manufacture of bricks. Or spots could be chosen where 
 the sands of the up])er member of the grouj) are in contact with the 
 clay beds, and supply the necessary (pumtity of sand. Attempts are 
 some times made to operate brick-yards where neither of these eondi- 
 
 
SOHTHERN NEW TimrNSWICK. 
 
 11 EE 
 
 lions iii'o riilfiHoil, but wlioiv Iho siiud (or mixing with the clay has to 
 he brought from a ('onsi<IorabUf distiince. 
 
 Ill many phieos there are areas of arable land which remain wet, 
 cold, and nnprodiictive, owing to the fact thai such areas are un<lcrlaid. 
 at a slight (lc|)tli by clay beds forming siiallow basins which hold the 
 water and saturate the ]»0]'ous soil which covers them. In this case, 
 as well as that rel'errcd to above, where springs come from the upper 
 or under surface of the clay beds, a Juilicious system of drainage would 
 greatly im])rovc the land for agricultural ])urposes. 
 
 
 1. — Stratified S<in</ und (inwet. 
 
 (•Syiti'iisiiiu Dojiiisits,) 
 
 This memln'r of the Moditied Drift rests immediately upon the 
 Houlilcr ("lay, and there are sections at the coast where a gradual 
 change ironi the mingled materials of the latter grou]) to the grey 
 stratitied beds of the former is marked by the occurrence of a few 
 irregular, alternating beds at the line of contact. Some of these layers 
 lieing red boulder clay, and (>ther8 grey gravel and sand. In the Hat 
 interior of New Brunswick this membei* consists largely of sand beds; 
 iiut ill the valleys among th ' southern hills much coarse material is 
 mingled with the sand, and in narrow, contined valleys the dej)osit is 
 apt to be composed largely of travel, ai'd to ccmtain great numbers of 
 boulders more or less rounded and the stria' oiiiitcrated. The beds are 
 distinctly stratitied and often obli(piely laminated. They are mostly of 
 a giH'y or brownish color, owing to the fact that the clayey particles 
 have been sorted out by the action of a swiftly moving current of 
 water. In sections such as may often be seen in banks along the sea- 
 coast, where the whole sei'ies of surface deposits is represt-nted and 
 well e.\|iose(l, this member shews as a grc}' band sejiaratiiig the reddish 
 boulder clay beneath from the red Leila clay in the upper jiart of the 
 si'i'ies. 
 
 Over till' (ijicn ])lain of the interior of New Hrunswick the sand beds 
 arc lliin and mostly concealed by Ledaclay, but among the hills south- 
 ward of this plain, where the valle_ys are deep and narrow, and the 
 ciitiing power of the cui'rent which sorted out the sand was brought 
 into more aclive play, the arenaceous deposit shews itself from beneath 
 the clay in '.he Hu'iii of gravel ridges and domes, and becomes more 
 conspicuous than in the flat country further vorth. 
 
 * Mniim; Sliiiiil.= (ir IJunks. Foi iiieaiiPiiK iini u^^e ut this name, sec (.Inn. Nat., vol. S, No. : 
 |., lot). 
 
 t» 
 

 12 
 
 EE 
 
 OEOT.OOICAL SURVEY t»K CANADA. 
 
 Clas^iiflcntion 
 irravol riiUfs 
 
 of The i'i(l,i,'es or k.anu-s vm-y in i\n-m acconlini;' to llu'ir ivlation to tlio 
 noiglihoiiriii,^ liills, aiul to the valleys ami gorges betwceii tliein. Tl.e 
 principal forms arc: 
 
 1st. The Weather Shoal. This is found on the north side of a hill, 
 or on one or both sides of the northern eiiti'ance to the --orti-e or valley- 
 it usually has a rounded form, slopes gently down to the low land in 
 front, and often has a hollow behind it, partly separating it from the 
 solid rock of the hill side. 
 
 2d. The Lee Shoal This has gathered behind a hill or the outlet 
 from a valley. 
 
 :{(1. The Centre Shoal. This is an accumulation of gravelly materials 
 formed in the enlargement of a valley or in the open space beyond its 
 outlet, or ui>on the tons of i-oeky ridges. Giants (,'r<irrs and Whalr- 
 /m-A-s are local names for varieties of this type; the former are small, 
 with steep sides, and cm.sist usually of gravel throughout their whole 
 depth; while the latter are large, gently rounded, and have usually a 
 substratum of boulder clay. 
 
 4th. limebavh, Boarshack or Esrar. This type of gravel baid< 
 ususally extends along the top of rounded slate ridges, forming a crest 
 sometimes many miles in length; or it forms a connecting bank 
 between neighbmii-ing hills, or the opposite slopes of the valleys. 
 There is an endless variety of internuMliate forms connecting these four 
 types of gravel ridges, due to the varied action of the currents by which 
 they were accumulated. 
 
 A description of the most characteristic of the gravel ridges or 
 kames, is given in the following <able, in which all the bearings are 
 corrected \n the true meridian. When two or more courses are given, 
 the first is that of the northern end of the ridgo. J{i<lges ..bserved by 
 Prof L. W. Bailey are marked with an asterisk; those noted by Mr. 
 I{. \V. mis with an obelisk. 
 
 i 
 
mm V 
 
 SOUTIIKUN NEW imuNswrcK. 
 
 13 EK 
 
 No. 2. — Table of Kamks and Gravel RmciEs. 
 
 Nil 
 
 i 
 
 •3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 it; 
 1? 
 
 lt» 
 
 20 
 
 PA HIS II. 
 
 I'liiKT William 
 
 St. .Iiinips. 
 
 St. l'afri( k 
 
 l);iml)ait(>ii 
 
 St. IJcorgo . 
 
 Cliut'iulon . 
 rciiiilirld . . 
 
 St. (icoigc 
 P'Onticid 
 
 (. 
 iMusuiiasIi 
 
 LOCALITY. 
 
 OiK^milfS.W. of McAdam ] 
 .liiiic. (H. k N.A. U.K.) I 
 at 1']. 011(1 of a i^miiito ( 
 ridttc J 
 
 St. ('roix Ivlvcr, W.sido of, 
 e.xtfuding IVoni Littk' 
 Simsc|Uicli to Kcan's. . . 
 
 K. wide of Canons Uivor. 
 on liigli land at npiicr 
 I'lid of liyiiiicid road . . 
 
 On road to Oak Hill, scpa- 
 lating Ciaiiliciry Lake 
 from the Hourcc of Mo- 
 anncs Stn'ani. A lidgc 
 ill two parts, separated 
 by a liollow rumilni; S. 
 
 On road to Uasswood Uiduc 
 tlirci' miles S. of the 
 last 
 
 Vallvy of DifrdeguashRiv. 
 A series of ridges cross- 
 ing tlie valley 
 
 Clavenee llidge, niostly of 
 boulder elay 
 
 Morrison llidge S. of Clar- 
 enc<' 
 
 A lower ami flatter ridge, 
 S, W. of Morrison llidge 
 and mostly boulder elav 
 
 \V. of I'.obeeL., Hat-topiied 
 
 I'l. of Klnine llidge. in val- 
 ley of Magaguadavic 1!. 
 
 Valley of Magaguadavic K.. 
 beiweenl'omeroy P.ridge 
 and Piskatiegan River. . 
 
 S. W. corner, K. ol Mc- i 
 Doiigall Lake j 
 
 From S. end ol Clear Lake, { 
 along west side of I'opo- l 
 lugan Iviver j 
 
 Lake rtopia, S. of (parallel \ 
 but less continuous \ 
 ridges N. and S. of these) ^ 
 
 liclow Cripp's Mill-stream, ") 
 on road to lilack's liar. ' 
 bor j 
 
 Peunlield llidge, southern 1 
 end of ) 
 
 Musipiash River. W, of, on 1 
 post road to Lepreau . . . ) 
 
 S. of Musipmsli Rlarsh (E. 1 
 of last) ( 
 
 Mu9i|uash Harbor, west of) 
 •' Narrows " j 
 
 Kind of Riiltre. 
 
 LoiiKth 
 
 in 
 miles. 
 
 11 
 
 Direetion. 
 
 CreRcent-.slia])- 
 ed lee-shoals 
 and wlmle- 
 
 S 50 K. 
 
 backs. 
 
 Horseback 
 (two courses) 
 
 H 
 
 s. :!0' E. 
 
 S. 20" E. 
 
 1 lorseback. 
 
 
 S. W K 
 
 Wlialeback 
 
 and 
 Horseback. 
 
 H 
 
 S. 50" E, 
 S. 45" E. 
 
 A sharp whale- 
 back. 
 
 }"'{ 
 
 S. 45' E. 
 S. 25" K. 
 
 (linnt's giaves, 
 whale back k 
 weather shoal. 
 
 H 
 
 S. 40 E. 
 
 Whaleback. 
 
 H 
 
 S. 35 K. 
 
 Whaleback. 
 
 '■> 
 
 S. 10" E. 
 
 Whaleback. 
 
 'i 
 
 S. 40' E. 
 
 Whalebacks 
 
 and 
 horsebacks. 
 
 M 
 
 S. 40 K. 
 S. 50" E. 
 S. 30" K. 
 S. 45" K. 
 
 A succession 
 (d' Karnes. 
 
 i 1 1 aseback . 
 
 i i 
 
 about 
 
 S. 40 ■ K. 
 
 s. 3(r K. 
 
 Iloisebai k. 
 
 }''{ 
 
 s. no K. 
 
 Wlialeback 
 
 H 
 
 S.40 W. 
 
 and 
 weather shoal. 
 
 S.5(i W. 
 
 (iiants grave. 
 
 
 W. 
 
 (i ravel ly 
 plateau. 
 
 S. (Jy W. 
 S. HO" W. 
 
 Gra\el ridge 
 
 hi 
 
 S- 45' W. 
 
 Whaleback. 
 
 }.!{ 
 
 S. 55 W. 
 
 Whaleback. 
 
 }■'{ 
 
 S, 00"W. 
 
t 
 
 I 
 
 14 EK 
 
 nKOI.OdirAI- SUUVKV <•!•' CANADA. 
 
 No. 2.— TaIM.K UK KaMKS ,NNIi <iH.\VKI. KwtliKH.— f'illlilllliil. 
 
 No. 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 I'AHIhll. 
 
 LivnciiHtci 
 
 LDUAI-ITV. 
 
 I'iHarinco. ri(l^;t^ t'lidinf,' at ■> 
 Nt'Kio Hfiid 
 
 . I on ^ f st 1 
 ncs.oii Post- I 
 juasli j 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 2y 
 30 
 31 
 
 33 
 ♦34 
 
 36 
 30 
 
 •37 
 
 Maimwiigdnisli. I on ^ f st 
 coniKc (il Kiiint 
 road to M 1181 1 
 
 Siinoiids I Moiiiil i'lOKpcct, toj* of 
 
 " K. sidf of Uttir Lake. ( For "] 
 
 coiirsfS iind ilistain'i^s of | 
 continuiition of this . 
 horseliack, sei; end of 
 tiil.lc) 
 
 I!;'ii Loinoud Hill. 100 "(^ 
 liacfs W.of ( 
 
 Ho.-iil of l.och Loiuond, on ' 
 road to (ioldcn (irovi', 
 scviiiil |)arall(d ridges ^ 
 at lower levels on hill | 
 side I 
 
 Carter's I'oint. ou Loii 
 
 Westfield. 
 
 barter's I'oint. ou Loiij; ^ 
 lieacli. St. .lohn Uivcr, l 
 height about lOil leet. . j 
 
 A lower ridge on W. side "|^ 
 
 of this ( 
 
 N. of TTarding's I'oint, W 
 ell 
 hi 
 
 Kingston 
 
 f TTarding's I'oint, \\ . "j 
 id of Long U.. 120 feet I 
 gli (aneroid nieasnre't) ) 
 r.idgeS.VV. from Harding's^ 
 Point. ; 1,^> feet higli (an- I 
 eroid mcasiirenient). ... J 
 
 Upliani 
 
 Hammond (or 
 Sussex) . . . . 
 
 P>iiindage's Point, S. of, on 
 slope of land iji from j- 
 W. shore ot St. .lohn li . ) 
 
 Clifton. S. of Waddell'sl 
 Lake (short) ( 
 
 W. of mouth of Hostwiek's \ 
 Brook (along road siil(^) ^ 
 about IM feet high j 
 
 Ceutreville, Lake at J.Wil- \ 
 liams's ) 
 
 liarnesville. opposite l)r. \ 
 15rod\ s. and soutiiward ^ 
 toward III 11 1 j 
 
 la \alle\ of Cirrniaiu Pr k. . 
 
 Crossing valley ol' Ham-I 
 mond River. Olio mile he- j- 
 low Fowk'i's Inn j 
 
 .lohn Wallace's, Ridge >:. 1 
 ol Walton L. (Course of ^ 
 valley N. lO" K.) j 
 
 Kind iif RiilKt'^, 
 
 Flattened 
 gravel ridge. 
 
 I'Mattened 
 horseliaek. 
 
 Whalebaek. 
 llorsebark. 
 
 Horseliaikand 
 whalebaek. 
 
 l,ee shoni, 
 
 Whalebaek. 
 
 Hound llat- 
 toppi'd centre 
 shoal. 
 
 Triangular 
 whalebaek. 
 
 W'.ialeback, 
 
 liorsebaek. 
 
 whalebaek. 
 
 Centre shoal. 
 
 Whalebaek. 
 
 Stony ridges. 
 
 Iloisebaeks. 
 Whalebaek. 
 Horseback 
 
 iCiiKtIi 
 
 ill 
 iiiilc.1. 
 
 I. 
 
 jlireetion. 
 
 "■1 
 I I 
 
 s. 
 
 ;o 
 
 \V 
 
 s. 
 
 Ml 
 
 W. 
 
 s. 
 
 1,-. 
 
 w 
 
 \v 
 
 
 
 s. 
 
 i;."i 
 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 21 
 
 K. 
 
 s. 
 
 10 
 
 W. 
 
 S. 1(1 K. 
 
 S. •JO K 
 
 S. 10 W 
 W. or Iv 
 
 S. »;.■) K. 
 
 
 K 
 
 s. 
 
 ill 
 
 W. 
 
 s. 
 
 20 
 
 w. 
 
 S. 
 
 20 
 
 !•: 
 
 s. 
 
 20 
 
 w 
 
 S. 
 
 2". 
 
 w 
 
 s. 
 
 :io 
 
 w 
 
 s. 
 
 .'-, ■ 
 
 w 
 
 S. 
 
 :!.'■> 
 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 . i;o K 
 
 S. I,-. \v 
 
 North oi' OtliT liiike. ill St. .Idlni i.'oiinty, and so]»iii'a1iiiii' it IVoin a 
 marshy tract dollcil witii jmnds, is a ivinarUahIc horsebacii, (ivcr which 
 I'Uiis tlie nnid to l.och Loinoinl. It liegiiis on the W. side of the outlet 
 
SOI'THEHN NEW HRI'NSWICK, 
 
 15 EE 
 
 i 
 
 of the Inlco, iibout 100 puces from No. 24 of the above table. Prof, 
 liiiilcy i^ivcs (he following courHcs and flistaiu'OH : — 
 
 78 paceH rfi) S. 81' W. 
 ■M) " S, 68" W. 
 
 8(J » 
 
 6,^ " 
 11 
 
 Jnd outlet of L. 
 
 K. (i8- W. [-' 
 
 S. 7;t VV. 1 otter Lake on 
 
 to iiaces ^i) S. fil" W. 
 88 '< S.(ir \V. 1 L.oil lioth 
 
 108 '■ N.7'2' VV. ( Nides. 
 
 78 •' 
 
 N.64' \V. 1 S. HlnlHMlrr(.l^<^ 
 72 " N.8'J"W. I left. 75 " S. 4.')MV. IX'"'"'" 
 
 thiol 
 
 III Iho region covcihmI by tlu^ kamcs de.scrilK-d in this table there are xhrce tractn <>( 
 three tracts, each characterizeil \:y eerlain peculiarities in the ridges. Kfivo! ri("zp.-<. 
 In the middle tract, which inclndes the OronuMto and Nerejiis valleys, 
 the ridges are mostly short and iri'egiilar, and none are recorded in 
 this table. In the other two tracts they are longer, more conspicuous, 
 and frequently coincide with the course of the rocky ridges beneath, 
 but while in the western tract they are dii-ected to the south-east, in 
 ilie eastern they generally ti-end to the south-west. It will bo seen 
 that the westei-n group of south-east kanies occurs/in nearly the same 
 district as the first group of glacial grooves, and the ridges coincide in 
 direction with the course of the grooves ; but in the eastern district, 
 near the coast, there is a wide dirt'ereiice between the course of the 
 gi'avel ridges and ihc stria' .. grooves, the two running nearly at I'ight 
 angles with each other; or, as at Lake Utopia, diverging still more 
 widely. 
 
 Lake Utopia discharges by a deep narrow channel into the Maga- Ridges at Laitt 
 giiadavic above its lower falls, but is divided only by a gravel ridge ^*"'^"'' 
 from tide level at L'Etang Jiiver. The dividing Uame is a compound 
 one, consisting in its eastern part of a whale-back or centre shoal, 
 and ill its westerc of a weather shoal terminating against a slate 
 ri<lge. the two gravel ridges being partly sejiarated by a shallow 
 depri'ssion. The centre shoal begins back of Iicardon's Corner, with a 
 course south 45'^ west, and terminates in a jioint directed south 55° 
 west; the connected weather shoal runs south 50° west against the 
 ridge of clay slate. In a hollow south of the weather shoal, on the 
 west side of L'Elang Kiver are thestriu' Nos. 37 and 38 of the tirsl 
 table in this report. The courses of the kamcs and the grooves, there- 
 fore, diverge at this place as much as 120°. 
 
 The kames in the parish of Lancaster also diverge at wide angles Hiflgcs in 
 from the course of the glacial grooves. The gravel banks and ridges I"in«a'<'o'' 
 begin to the westward of Carletoii Ilciglils and the hills about the falls 
 and narrows of the St. .lolin River. There are several ranges of kames 
 in this parish, of which the most southerly begins with a lee-shoal 
 west of Carletoii Heights. Its surface, which has been worked over 
 and levelled by the sea, extends south 25° west, and is slightly over- 
 Japped by a small weather shoal jutting out from a lower lull beyond. 
 
1<! FK 
 
 (iKol.nuK'AI- SIllVKV <>K I'ANAItA. 
 
 MidiMo IUiIko 
 in liiiTicsister. 
 
 Saiiily tints hack of 8ati<l Cove scpanilo this hill IVmhi aiinlli.T wt-allior 
 Mlioal whirli ri>o.- unulually ((» llu- r(»iir,.lo<l ri(l,i,'o Icnniiialin^' at 
 Shi'ldoii i'oiiit. The wi'-ti-rn i-iul <«l' tlii^< rid^'t^ show.s a \voll-il»'tint'(l In- 
 shoul ('111 m-roHH .)hli(iiu'ly hy tho sea, ami fxhihiliiii; om- of iho ii\osl 
 iiistnictivo siH-Uoim of tho siirliKc deposits to lio seen m>ar St. .lohii/l= 
 
 Toward ShcMoM Poiiil tin' honldor day may ho seen n'stiiii;- upon 
 striated Iodides of lliiroiiiaii rock, and siiccccdini,' th*' (day westward 
 arc heds of houldorH and j,'ravol, shcwini,^ hy their overlapping; layers, a 
 westward moving' current. Tho swelling outline of the hank is seen to 
 ho duo to tho thickonint,' of the layers over the axis of the kanie; and 
 the wliole is covered hy !teds of leda clay with characteristic fossils. 
 Tho stria- of No. 1)4, of the tirst tahle in this report, whicdi run Iran.s- 
 verse to tho axis of the kame, are on the north side of the " lower hill " 
 near Sand Cove mentioned ahovo. Tho various parts of this kame are 
 separated from that noxt northward hy a valley filled with Le<la clay 
 and marine alluvium. 
 
 T'.it mitldle ridge or kame is higher or more continuous than the 
 last antlhas heen cut down to a nearly uniform level hy the action of 
 the sea. It has along its southern face a distinct raised hoach extend 
 ing ahout Hve miles to the westward of St. John. At points where the 
 rid«-e has heen cut in making excavations, its structure and the changes 
 it has undergone may easily he perceived. Originally the kame con- 
 sisted of a sei'ies of rounded ridges, in the hollows of svliich licda clay 
 was afterward deposited; although the clay ahounds in houlders at 
 some points and elsewhere is sandy, it is a pure clay in more sheltered 
 i)laccs, and is recognizahle hy the red color of the mud it contains. 
 Ridges and pt)ints of the pure olive-grey grave! of the kame project 
 up\V!ird into, and sometimes through the rod deposit, where the suhse- 
 nuont action of the waves has woi-n (h)wn hoth sets of heds to a uniform 
 level and covered them with a soa-heach several feet in tliickness, made 
 u]) of the ruins of hoth deposits. 
 
 The larger size and the continuity of tho range of gravel knolls, now 
 ^vorkcd «l«nvn to a nearly uniform level, has served to protect a third 
 series of ridges further north, from the action of tho sea. A deep 
 marshy (U- rather peaty hollow separates it Irom the middle kame. In 
 the northern kamo there are ridges shewing two courses, on(- south 
 2')" west, the other south 50° west; the latter are nearly enveloped hy 
 n.e former and thus appear t.. he older. Tho stria^ No. HI of the Hi'st 
 tul>le, with a course of south 40° oast, are at tho northern end of this 
 t;-roup of gravel ridges, which hegins on South Bay. 
 
 This' section it< ilcscril}i'a at patio Jl ki; undor " Letla Clay." 
 
i 
 
 SOUTIIEHN NKW HIUNSWICK. 
 
 17 EE 
 
 Ihiiilfijiiiisih /in If. On llic iiuiilu'i'ii side ot Iho laiinc nl lulls lliroui^li Itidftcs in 
 1 • 1 . 1 • -11,. • I 1 • II II hiKileKiiiii'h 
 
 wliich this >lit'iiiii wimls ln>t(»rc ciili'i'iii!;' llio hcu, IIicio is a small valU'v Vallcy. 
 
 aliiiiil luo miles widn ami si'vcii lnntr, across which runs, in an nltli«|iic 
 
 line, a soi'ioH ol j;ra\i'l nioiintls ami ri(lii;t's which look as lhoiii;;li lh(>v 
 
 ha<l ln'cn raised aililicialls , Tlic mounds licyin in a liaid< ul'^^ravcl of 
 
 tho 'cc-.shoal lyp*', casi, down al (ho western ontrancc ol' the valley on 
 
 its northern side near Kulls Mrook. To this hank succeed a numltor of 
 
 inoiindu of the Hu'in locally known as "(Jianl's (Jraves," oneofwhitli 
 
 is usod as a ^'ravc yard foi- the parish church near l>y. These inoundH 
 
 exienil alon;;' tho liottom of the valley in the direction of a lariroi' irravcl 
 
 rid^i^e of a rhomhic form lyiiii;- in the middleof tho valley. At a mound 
 
 neiir tho |piidi;o over the l>iu;dcj;'uash, and at the rhonihic mound, tliorc 
 
 aro gravel pits, whero the Loda clay lii-ds, which till the liottom (»f the 
 
 valley, may he seen to rise upon and overlap the lower slopes of the 
 
 gravel rid_i;vs. On the Hat top of the rliomhic mound are two deprcs- ("lay lined 
 
 (. 1 •i.i I •! rni J I I II !• ii licillnws Mil tlie 
 
 sioiis lined with clayov' soil. I he more easterly and Hinal. 'r ol tlieso uravol liilgcu. 
 has a [toro •; lH>tt(tm, and the soil is only a heavy loam; hiil in tlii- 
 other and lari:;cr one, the Leda <;lay covorinj^ is sutliciontly thick and 
 tine to prevent llu- rain water from pcrcolatim,' lhroii;;li, ami here there 
 is a small pond of wati-r. 
 
 This lar<;'e mound is in its turn connected h}' other sharp, oval 
 mounds of the '';;-rave" (ypc, with a loiiy- gravel vidye cxtcndiiii;' from 
 the hank of the l)in'de<^uasli |{iver up a^^ainst the shoulder ol' a ^rranile 
 hill on tho south side of the<\alley. In this hasin the course of the 
 kames nearly coincides with tho i;lacial grooves, as may he seen hy 
 coni[)aring No. -S of the first tabUi with No. (i of the second. The 
 H'ravel knolls in this valley appear to iH-st on tln^ lioda clay, luil the 
 sections exposed on their sides shew that they reaily hav«^ their liases 
 lienealh the clay. 
 
 I'ormation nf Lake Bdains. — The clay-tilled hollows of the rhomhic 
 mound in l)ii;'ileguash valley oxemplity on a small si'ale the pro- 
 cosH liy which many lake basins in this ro^'ion have been produced, 
 Tiic powerful current which threw uj) tho ifravel riduvs, made c(jrres- 
 pondiiii;' hollows or basins wlior(>ver the contii;uratioii of the land 
 jiermitled tree and rajiid er<isioii. In (he basins thus ]»ro])ared, the 
 Ledti clay was suliso(]uently depositeil and served the purpo.sc of a 
 lining- impervious to water, when the land siibse(|iu'iilly rose above tlu> 
 sea. In some cases the discharge I'rom these laki" basins is over rocky 
 k.lg;os, I ho (higher) bariier riug-os of gravel remaining intact. Such 
 is the ease with Lake Utoi)ia, I'eforred to above. Spruce Lake, woven 
 miles south-west ol St. John, and the lake-like ex])anso at the mouth of 
 the St. John Kiver, an^ similarly contiiicd by gravel ridges. In other nasin nt 
 cases tho discharging stream has pierced tho gravvi ridge; a tine Jl'i'^^yn'tLake. 
 
18 KE 
 
 oF,nr,n(»rrAL survey ok canaka. 
 
 Kiii.'^iiiM in I'aH' 
 
 siiiiiiKiiuddy 
 
 Bay. 
 
 I 
 
 cxiiruplc of this is Harcoiift Ijitkc, a |»(»iic| in |)(iii;,'ins V'iillcy, in (^'iicfns 
 i'lMiiitv- 'I'lio nuM'tini; nf two nirrcnl- al the oi.llct nf ihis vullry lias 
 cuiiHod th«' gravel wliicli ihoy Hwcpl alnii<; (<»a«<nmiilaU» ncrtr Wflnfiird 
 Stjiiioii, wIh'IV 11 luiH pi'iMliu'ed a ti-iaiif^iilaf flal-lupptMl liaiik. Tlio 
 liank is f«l«'i'p on llic soiiMi-casI, biil >|rtpi's away ijfiitly on llic iioi'lli, 
 and at llic litot of liiis norllicrn nlopc lit's llart'ourl Fjaki-, Tim 
 tliscliur^c IVuiu tlif lako is iiloni,' the otislcni side ol the ^ravi'l ridt;*', 
 which has liccn cut away hy ilu- t'nrco of the stroatn to witliin twenty 
 Coot oC tlu< hottoni of Ihi' hasiii. At tliis Icvol tlio sti-ciim lost its oxca- 
 valinir power, ami the Leda (lay lining preservetl (ho lake from further 
 diminution of its voluini'. The Loch Lomond chain of lakes in St. 
 John county, as also Bellisle Jiay and Washdemoak Lako on the St. 
 Jolm River and Sherwood Lako juu! (!leur Lake and others on tho 
 Houtli side of tho Noropis Hills aro basins, olosod in th" same way hy 
 gravel deposits. 
 
 A third class (»f lakes, or i-ather ponds, caused by the formutiou of 
 grnvtd ridges or bunks, iiro those without upparont outlet. Tliesi- are 
 generally small jionds which overflow and discharge through the sur- 
 rounding gravel when raised by rain above a certain level; tiiey aro 
 tonuiionly seen ut the sides of horsebacks, iVc. 
 
 Tiildl Erosion in the Ihii/ of hnvlji. In ordei- (hat a comparison may 
 be made of tho cHect of tidal wear in the Hay of Kundy, with tho 
 phenomeiui of the (Jravel ividge, or Syrtensian period, I give in tho 
 following pages tho result of an exnmination of (he soundings in 
 vai'ious parts of that bay, as shown by the Admii'ulty ("hart. For 
 al'hough an ocean current, constantly setting in ono direction, cannot 
 be expected to produce exactly tho same result in transporting loose 
 mutv'rials on the sea-bottom as the tides which flow alternately up and 
 down tho buy, tho agieen\ent is sufficiently close to illustrate the 
 method by which the gravel beds wore built up. 
 
 In the Buy of Fundy tho velocity of the tide varies from two to 
 three knots ut its mouth ■ seven or eight knots in the Parrsboro 
 passage near its iieuil. Isear its mouth, on the New Jirunswick side, a 
 portion of (he h-\\ U -separated by a chain ;)f islands, and is calli^d 
 Pussamaquoddy ii.iy. i'hese islands present on a small scale a br.rrier 
 similar to tliut which, during tho period when the gravel beds were 
 accumulated, separated the oct>aii waters on the north Ide of those on 
 the south side of the southern hills of New Brunswick. assama(|U(tddy 
 Bay has two principal outlets among these islands, vi/-., (jhio'My River 
 (a salt water strait) and Lotito ])assago. The rush of the tide through 
 these passes causes u rouring sound which may b(> h(>ai'd for many 
 miles, aiid the whirl|iooIs in (hem are s(rong eiioui''h (o upset boats and 
 careen largo vessels; botli cluinnels are lull of deep holes, ledges and 
 
SOnTIIKUN NEW HRtlNSWICK. 
 
 in KR 
 
 "ly 
 
 pointofl rocks, Al (^inxMy l{ivt'r llm tide passoM ovrr InirritTs liavmi^ 
 only tirict'M f'!itliiitns<ir\vatt'i;i( low lido, yet williiii, i»\viii^ (o the t'n>si(»ii 
 (•I I he filial (iiri'i'iil. llicn- is Mty tallinnis in tin- narrowcsl anil strai^lit- 
 I'Ht part, tinil lliirly Callinins wIhti) it m('ij,'i'H into the Hhalliiwcr watt-rot" 
 Pa>tHaniaf|iiiK|(ly Hay; in the contour of tlic twenty and tiftccn fathom 
 linos, tidal crosinn may ho traced (|iiitc totiir head o'' the hay on Iho 
 Rohhinstown slioi-o, aloii;; which runs the channel that connects 
 (Jiioddy River with the estuary of Si. Croix Ifivor. 
 
 ()pl)ositt> the Lotit'-i nassai^o, tidal wear on the hottoin of Passama- "''iilnl wntr nt 
 (j noddy Bay is oven nioit conspicuom^. One would naturally oxpeol 
 to find in thin hay the channel of su( h an impii lant river as the 
 Maija^uadavio — the largest entering the sea hctwoon the St, .Ti»lin llivor 
 and the I'uitocl States hordor; yot no trace of it oan bo delected l»oyon<l 
 the five fathom lino; on tin; otlie-' hand, the tidal trough which liogins 
 inside the passagi', with a depth of forty fallionis, may he traced up 
 the centre of the hay through the thirty, twenty, tifteen and ton 
 fathom contour lines. Kven the small middle passage hotween Mc- 
 Master's and Pendleton's Islands, haw produced a hollow twenty-H)ur 
 fathoms dei'p. 
 
 Onitosile each of the main inlet.s into Passamaoiioddv Ma\', lioNond <''"''"''"''"'"'■'' 
 tho deep water, hut immediately in front of those openings, tlu'ri; is a 'luciiidy Buy, 
 shoal I'orresponding to the ''centre shoal " dosci'ihe<l on a previous page 
 as produced hy the ocean curiH'iiI of a former period. And ••' >iig the 
 straight ri'ach of ilio northern shore of iK'or Island a ehani)' ..is hcen 
 made hy the tide, Hueh as the Arctic current which threw u|) the 
 •^•ravei he(|sof the posi-plioceuo period produced at man}- points in 
 southern New Hruiis\vi( k, where a similar ohstacle o])poscd its course. 
 
 At Si. John, like results have heen produced by the fliix' and relhix of 
 the tide in the narrow passage by which that rivoi- deliouc 'les into the 
 Bay of Fundy. Although there is oidy six fathoms at low water on 
 the reef wliii'h causes the falls (or ri'pids) at the mouth of the river, 
 Kuch is the torco of (he current that trenches of twenty-five fathoms 
 deep below the falls, and thirty-three fathoms deep above it, have been 
 formed. 
 
 Ill the oiien parts of the Bay of Fundy, especially in its uiiper half, TmuBhr^ in the 
 
 1 1 1 •II • upper part ot 
 
 there ar' ridires and hollows seemingly the resmi ct tidal erosion. thcH.iyof 
 
 * Fundy. 
 
 Thus ill iIk' eeiiter of the bay, between (^iiaco in Now Brunswick and 
 
 Margaretville in Nova Scotia, tiieri' is a depression, outlined by the 
 
 forty-fat lio!n contour lino, nine miles long and throe wide; it lies just 
 
 between tlu' points of two ridges, outlined by the thirty-fathon contoiic 
 
 line, which extend outward from cither slion-. Up in Chigiiocto Passage 
 
 also, off ("ape Hnrage, there is a trough scooped out by the tide, which 
 
 is outlined by the thirty, twenty-five and twenty-lathom contour lines. 
 
\ 
 
 20 EE 
 
 GEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 
 
 I i 
 
 Kicisioii in 
 Minus (^hiinnc'l 
 iiiul IJiisin. 
 
 (iiiivcl lianlis 
 f'liiiiioil ill tho 
 fuii liolldin. 
 
 I 
 
 And, further up tho siiinc arm, another, in thi^ Cumberland Channel, 
 hetvvoon Peck'n Puii'l and Boss Poinl; this trouifji is hounded by the 
 ten-fathom line, and throuijjh it the tid(» runs at tiie rate of four knotH 
 an hour. 
 
 Ihit it is ill the easloni arm of the Bay of Fuiidy — Miiias Channel 
 and Basin — tliat llu^ scouring action of tlie tide is most eoiispicuous. 
 Tile curve of this arm to tho oust has thr.iwn the wein'ht of the current 
 on the eastern sliore; and there, under Cape d'Or, is a trouifh outlined 
 hy the tifty, forty and thirty-fathom lines, scooju'd out to a deplh equal 
 lo that of the deepest part of the hay between St. John and Diu'liy. 
 N.S. ; yet in tho intervcnin<r space between St. John and Cape d'Or 
 the soundiniis shoal to twenty fathoms. 
 
 Passing Cape d'Or and going further up, the bottom again rises to 
 twenty-live fathoms, Init soon siidvs into anothei- trough forty fathoms 
 dee[). This extends t') Cajie Split, where a sharp barrier reel', rising to 
 within Iweiity-tive fathoms of the surface, again iiitorce[)t,s the tide. 
 Surmounting this reef the current again plunges down into a trench 
 tifty fathoms doe|), and rushes along through the I'aiTsboro' Passage at 
 the great velocity of seven in- eight knots, svhere the jiassage is dee])est ; 
 lint shickens to five or six knots, where, in the more open parts of the 
 passage, the soundings rise to thirty fathoms. Here the contour lines 
 of thirty, twenty-live and twenty fathoms take a bilobate outline, 
 corresponding lo the two arms oi' Miiias Basin; at ten fathoms this 
 line is trilobcd, shewing ihe erosive intluence of tho tide even in the 
 middle of the basin; for these three indentations answer to the Corn- 
 wallis, Avon anil Shubcnacadie rivers, as will be seen if the shallower 
 contour lines be traced. A similar result of tidal erosion may bo 
 detected in Passamaquoddy Ba} , where two longuc' of deep water 
 extend up from tho basin in front ot Letite I'assago, ^on the eoiitour 
 line often fathoms, to llarwood and Hospital islands. 
 
 Causi's similar to those which jirodueed the gravel and sand hods 
 iiiiderlyiiig the Leda clay in this region now operate to prevent the 
 accumulation of mud in the doejiei parts of the iiay of h'uiKly. (.'hief 
 among thom are tho strong currents which have eroded the bottom in 
 the way dcseribod above. Tlie great tidal wave which entei's the Bay 
 of Kuiidy is compressed, betweei' the Old Proprietor Ledge otf (iraiid 
 Alamui Island and tho Nortli-NVest Ledge oil' Briar Island in Nova 
 Scotia, into a space of twenty-ibiir geogra]»hical miles — of which space 
 twenty miles has an average de])th of 100 fathoms, with a sea bottom 
 of rocks and gravel, in this strait tho tide runs at the r;.te of from 
 two and a-lialf to three knots an hour, but immediately moderates its 
 pace when this constriction is passed. In the more ()[>en jiart of tho 
 bay above this passage, the bottom becomes more sandy. On tho 
 
I 
 
 SOUTHEKN NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 21 EE 
 
 uortli si(l(^ it is ho oiil.y up to tlio tbrty-tUthoin line, but on the south 
 side (he hottoni is sandy or ^-ravelly up to the shore line, owinij; to the 
 swifter current aloui^ this side of thi' hay. Tlie vioienee of the curi'cnt 
 in the deep trou.u;hs of Minas Channel and Basin oeeasions the roughest 
 bottom observable anywhere in the hay, for at these points roe k and 
 f;-ravel compose the bolloiu over which the tidal waters run. 
 
 Gravol appears to iiavo l)eon gathered or exposed on the bottom by 
 the wearing influence of these strong curvents in certain parts of the 
 bay; as, f(U- instance, those banks which lie on each side of the deep 
 water area eastward of (irand Manan. The bank on the New Bruns- 
 wick side is of sniall extent, is separated from the Southern Wolf by a 
 sinus or hollow outlined by the fifteen fathom line, and rinis in an 
 easterly direction. Scattered and irregular tracts of gravelly bottom 
 extend along the Nova Scotian shore into comparatively shallow water, 
 owing to the swiftness of the tide along the coast. Hut the most con- 
 siderable gravel bank in the bay is that which begins on the eastern 
 side of St. John Harbor and extends (mostly in soundings of twenty 
 to thirty fathoms) nearly to (^uaco Head. Along this coast the tide 
 runs at the rate of two knots an hour, and the formation of mud-banks 
 here has thus been i)revenled. A small gravel bank als(. extends along 
 the western shore of Grand Manan Island, wheiv the tide runs at the 
 rate of three knots. 
 
 Conditions of the sca-hottom similar to those which ])revailcd over 
 southern New Jirunswick during the period markctl by the accumula- 
 tion of Leda clay, now exist in some parts of the liay of h\indy, chiefly 
 along the northern shore; and not a few of the species, the remains of 
 which occur in the Leda clay, still maintain llieir existence in the 
 bay. The north siile of the Bay of '/unily having the slower run of 
 tide, and being that along which the ]»rincipal rivers enter, has in 
 parts a mu(My bottom. The only n\ud-bank of considerable volume, is 
 that formed by the sediment which the St. John Eiver carried to the 
 sea. It begins at (he harbor of St. John, and extends westward along 
 the coast as far as the small islands called The Wolve>, its outer limit 
 coinciding nearly with the fifty fathom line. At the Wolves it con- 
 nects by a narrow neck of clayey bottom with a deposit of mud in 
 deojter water, consisting of the sediment of the St. John and the nume- 
 rous small rivers west of it in St. John and Charlotte counties. This 
 clayey deposit lies in the deejiest part of the hay east of tl rand Manan, 
 having a width of twelve miles off Flagg's Cove; l)ut it rapidly narrows 
 to the southwanl and terminates at the last submerged ridge iwist of the 
 Old L'roiiriclor licdge. To this i)oint the Island of I'and Alanan pre- 
 serves it from the rush of the strong tidal current which enters tho 
 bay twice a-day south of that ledge. 
 
 Mild anil i;l:t,v 
 (ippDsileil ill 
 thciiiiict 
 waters. 
 
22 F,E 
 
 OEOLOarCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 MiKifliitHnthe TsTaiTOwor mud flats spread aloncc the sideH of tho bay eastward of St. 
 
 iihiier piirt of ' ' 
 
 ihobaj. John in th(^ shallower tsoundin/.^s. Tho longest is on (lie north siiore, 
 
 and lies hetwoon Quaco Head and Cape Enrage. Another exists on 
 tho opposite side of tho bay between Cape Chignoi'to and Sand Cove 
 opposite Ca[K' Knrage. Tiiesc mud banks, however, arc exceptional, 
 and of small extent when compared with tho whole area of sea-bottom 
 in the bay; for elsewhere, even in the deepest i)art, the bottom is 
 mostly sandy, gravelly, or rooky, the eoarsest bottom being whore tho 
 tide runs with the greatest violonoo. As a I'ulo, where tho movement 
 of theeurrent exceeds ono and a-half knots, mud is not deposited on the 
 bottom of the bay. 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 2. — Leda Clai/ (Estuarino Deposits). 
 
 The gi'avols or Syrtensian beds graduate upward into Ijoda clay in all 
 the low-lying part of southern Now Brunswick. There is a great 
 v;iriety of composition in these clays, from tho pure "brick clay" to a 
 ("hTLHii '"hiy.'*^ mass that is composed entirely of sand beds. Near the coast it consists 
 usuall}' of tinely laminated clay beds, with thin partings of sand ; but 
 among the higher hills of the interior is chietly made uji of sand and 
 clay in alternate layers. At a cei-tain height, which has not been 
 exactly measured, but which cannot be far from 200 feet above the 
 sea-level, this deposit in the valleys of streams is composed chiefly, 
 sometimes entirely, of sand. Whore this occurs it is ditHcult to distin- 
 guish between tho throe members of (he moditicd Drift — Syrtensian, 
 Leda, and Saxicava — all being composed of similar materials. The point 
 a( which (ho Leda deposit in the valley of the Magaguadavic beccmies 
 a succession of sand beds, is in Rrockaway Settlement, on the boundary 
 between Charlotte and York counties. The corrosjionding point in the 
 valley of the St. John River will be beyond the district to which ihis 
 report relates, but a similar condition of the Leda clay was observed on 
 some of its tributaries within the district. Thus at the VVolsf(»r(l 
 station on the Norepis River, there is an excellent cxam])lo of the 
 passage of Jjoda clay into bods of pure sand. It was visible in a section 
 of the clay beds south of the station on the west side of the Norepis 
 River, made at a time when the European and North American rail- 
 way was in jirocess of construction. 
 
 At the points whore the cuttings for this railway come opposite 
 brooks descending fi'om hills on the western side of the Nere])is valley, 
 the whole thickness of the Leila clay consists of sand bivls. But in 
 tracing (hose beds in the cuttings along tho track of the j'ailway, north 
 or south from the ravines in wliich the brooks run, the sand becomes 
 more and more interlaminated with clay until it passes again into 
 
 Sand lic<Is in 
 l>lii('i' of clay at 
 ilicWclsford 
 Station, 
 
) 
 
 in all 
 
 SOtTIIERN NEW BSrvsWICK. 2H Efc 
 
 ordinary Leda clay. The l)oarin<? of this fact upon the qiiCKtion of the 
 depth of water in which the Leda chiy was deposited will he readily 
 seen. 
 
 Organic Remaim of thr Leda Clay. 
 
 Among- the hills of the interior, ori^'anie remains are not often met 
 with in the Leda clay, but on the lowei' levels near the coast a vaiiety 
 of fossils have been exposed by the wearing away of clay banks aloni-- 
 the shores of the Bay of Fundy, and in cuttings on the railway lines. 
 Among the fossils found are the following: — 
 
 Behuja h\)?—A ramus of the lower jaw of a right whale has been found 
 at the mouth of the Popologan iliver, liaving lallen from a bank of 
 Leda clay, and is now deposited in the museum of the Mechanics' Insti- 
 tute in St. .John. The bono is much worn, and has lost a great part of 
 the gelatine once contained in its pores. 
 
 Phoca aroenlamUca Mull.— A skeleton of this species, which lacked 
 the fore limbs and the vertebrse of the loins, was found several years 
 ago at Ho])kins' brickyard in Fairville, north of Carleton. The skull 
 and hind limbs were nearly perfect, except that the left side was con- 
 siderably worn. There wei-e lifteen large vertebra?, with corresjionding 
 ribs ; and there were also a number of caudal vertebra'. This skeleton 
 was destroyed by the tire which devastated 8t. .John in .liine, 1877. 
 The tbilowing is a section of the beds from which it came (descending 
 
 order) : — 
 
 KKBT. Inches. 
 
 Saa;eV(/w« /Sawrf.— Pale-brown sand, with intorminglcd gravel 2 
 
 Pure pale-livown sand *^ '^ 
 
 Uppn- I.eihi C7(«/,— Light brown sand and pale reddish clay, the 
 
 •sand-layers of irregular thickness '^ '^ 
 
 Lower Leda (.'/(///.— Dark grey sand and reddish elay in alternate 
 layers o!' one-half inch to six inches in thiekness. con- 
 taining remains of mussels {Mylilus ednUs') and other 
 small molluscs. The top of this clay was eroded before 
 
 the deposition of the other clay 8 
 
 HIacU sand, colored by organic matter, containg the same 
 shells as the last, and the skeleton of the seal {I'hoca 
 
 (Iriieidiindica) ^ 
 
 lied brick day with partings altout one foot ai)art of blaik 
 
 .sand and clay, colored by organic matter 4 
 
 30 
 Another section, which exhibits clearly the relative ])ositions of the 
 
 Soctiiiii ;it 
 Fiiirville. 
 
 • A list ..f the rem!iiii8 of shell-lisli and other iiiv. rieliriilcs fomuliii the l.c.lii chiy i- Kivii <>i) 
 u succoediiiE pMXi' 
 
24 Efi 
 
 rtteOLOdlCAt SURVEY of CANADA. 
 
 Si'ctiun nt Sand 
 Cove, iii.'iir 
 ('iii'k'toii. 
 
 Sectiiiii 111 
 Man(vw;i(roiiisli 
 
 I 
 
 sandy and clayey parts of the surf'aco deposits, is that of DiukCovc, 
 near Sand Cov.', wost of Carleton, viz:— 
 
 KEKT. INCHES. 
 
 Saxicava Sand. — Stratified sand, gravelly near the top and liaviiiu 
 
 a I'uw scattered stones 3 
 
 J^eihi Clai/.—livd tlay witli the following shells : roHlmHlia yhi- 
 ciulis, Mai-oma calearea, Nucida expansa, Diiccinum tnulatum, 
 Natica a-ffinis^ &c 10 
 
 Red elay with sea.ns oC sand, viz : feet, inches. 
 
 Browii sand 
 
 ('lay with PorthiiuHa fflacialis, Macoma calearea. 
 
 J/i/a trniicala, &c 'j 3 
 
 lilack sand with Porllandia i/lacialis, Saxicara 
 
 rii(/osa, <lfi/iioff/i/i>ha Sarsii, &c ;! 
 
 Red clay with I'ortlauiUa glacialls, &v (i !> 
 
 RIaek Hiiiid and elay with Portlandia t/laciaUx, 
 
 I'andom tiilineala, Lyoima an-nosa, Cn/p- 
 
 lodon sp? a Jmciiiiu neritoiilea {fide A. S. 
 
 Packard) ;{ 
 
 Red clay u (J 
 
 lilack ehiycy-sand, fossils like those of the hlack 
 
 sand above, with bryozoa. corals, Opliio- 
 
 tllijliha iV/r.v//. and a lartjei Oiihiuraii. species 
 
 iindetenuincd o •; 5 
 
 Red clay with irrejjrnlar layers of sand, bryozoa on small 
 
 imbedded stones 5 
 
 Si/rleiis/aii iir Gravel and Sand Beds. — Brown sand with InnaiJS and 
 
 irre<,Milar layers of clay ii 
 
 Pure, bnnand {greyish-brown sand, distinctly stratilied, with 
 
 a few layers of red clay at tlu! Iiase 5 o 
 
 lidiilder Chill. — Coarse and sandy, witli many glaciated stones ... ii (i 
 
 4G 
 
 Till' extremity (d' the gi'avel i-i(li;'e or Uanie west of Siii'Moii Point, 
 referreil to in the section of the Syrtensjan i>e(ls. presi-nls a niiieli 
 lliiei<er mass ot deposits, luit a siniihir snecessjon. 
 
 FKET. INIli'S. 
 
 Sii.i/earii Sam/. — Stratilieil sand and uravel ,•, o 
 
 Lida Cliiji. — Fine red clay with a few alga' 11 11 
 
 Beds of red and lilack day, and of line, brown sand, with 
 scams oi black sanil and clay. It contains alg;"— three 
 or four species, including Uliodom"la:\\n\ a narrow Fiicas ; 
 also Sirripe.'! (Irneiilandifiin. .'^hitHtisfdalis. and a I'.iyozoou . 
 
 Ited (lay and gravel in alternate layers u 
 
 Red clay with some seams of grey gravel. In this clay 
 are J'orl/aiidia i//acia//s, .Ui/a /ninca/a, Halaiuis irenatan. 
 Saxicaita rm/OKa, Nacula expansa, Serripi;« (Irnenlandiciis, 
 Unvchium tinddlinii, A'alica alHiiin. Itic. : also alga' 40 
 
mouthrun NE^\• nRUNswick. 
 
 25 jiK 
 
 SijTtemian Beds. — Grey ffiavel with somo clay ; strongly tnaiked 
 by litwh strnctnrc, tlio sonthorn end of tho beds bciiij,' 
 cut oti'. It coiit^iiiis bedp of lioiilders and largo roiiiuUai 
 
 stones 
 
 Gi'ey gravel beds, with few bonlders ; stnieture as the last, 
 except tlmt the layers are nearly horizontal 
 
 95 
 
 Tlics(( o;rav('ls are rounded n]» in tlio middlo into a projoctini;' rido-o, 
 M'liicii is eovored liy arcliino; layei-H of Loda 'day. The Saxioava sand is 
 terraced on the soiilh shipe of the ridi;e, being a fragment of a raised 
 bench, corresponding in height to tho long beach formed on the slopes 
 of the middle row of kames in Lancaster, referred to on a previous 
 ]»age. The above section exhibits the greatest thickness of modified 
 drift so far observed in this part of New Brunswick. 
 
 A rcmiirkablc secti(»n of Leda clay was observed at Enniskillcn Soctionat 
 station, on tho European k North American railway. The station is gt'ilt'ion. 
 on the northern slope of land from the foot of the Nerepis Jlills, and is 
 about tlire." miles from their base. '\ hen this cutting was f:esh it was 
 marked in a singular manner by rows of miniature columns, visible 
 along the face of the bank. On a close ins])ection the columns were 
 I'onnd to consist of small vertical pipes in the sand}' layers, suppoi'ting 
 projecting layers of clay. The pi])es had been formed in the sand by 
 the cementing of its ])arti(des around tine rootlets of small plants and 
 trees which had grown on the sui-face of the day and sand, and ])uslH'd 
 their roots through the layers of clay, one .ifter another in succession, 
 till they had jienetrated and uiellowed the whole baidv. These minia- 
 ture di-ain ])ipes exhibited well the ]ienetrating power of roots, and 
 their utility in iniproving the drainage of land where the circum- 
 stanci's are favourable. Hero they penetrated to a depth of eight or 
 ten feet, and nu'llowed a soil which otherwise would have been 
 a water-soaked sand. 
 
 The Leda clay at this locality has been (lei»osited in a shallow valley .;^iiiul ami day 
 o])ening to the north, and gradually sloping to the Oromocto Hivi'r. |,rupnrtioiis. 
 In \\w relative ])roporti(ms of sand and chi}' it is intermediate between 
 the deposits along the coast ami those of Hrockaway Settlement, c^c, 
 the sand and clay being in nearly e(iual ])i'oporti(Uis. The whole set 
 of beds exposed consists of regularly alternating layers ot clay and 
 sand, except for short spaces at intervals in the section where there 
 are sand iieds only. These sand beds, however, havt' faint clayey 
 pai'tings, whi(di are so s])aced as to correspond to the clayey layers in . 
 other ))arls of the section. A sub-division into Ihiinier lamina" nmy be 
 traced in llu' clay-layers, espi'cially in the u]ti»er gi'oups, where there 
 is an average of aliont eight lamina' to ei'idi layer. 
 
2G EE 
 
 OEOLOOICAL aURVEV OV CANADA. 
 
 i 
 
 Section OF LedaCf.ay, Rnniskiij.en. 
 
 Sciile: One iiuli to :i foot. 
 
 Kr. In. 
 
 Loimi. sand, ami iipp«'V ' ycvs of day dis- 
 
 tuibod by frost and v.gotatiou -i 
 
 \ Sand bed on uiulnlating layer •' - 
 
 ■^^^S-^-tI^SIH ' ('l-'v iiiid saiKl ill alternate layers, alioiit 
 S^-^"i Sr-ti=iw^^ '' -i IS ill lUMiilK'rov 2', toan inch 8 
 
 I 
 
 .1 SaiKl ixd witli tliiii (lay lamina' 2 
 
 . i_^i^ ; i..j^_d. • 
 
 Clav and sand in aitfrnatc layers, about 
 
 10 
 
 ''■ ^ 211 in number, or 2 to an inrh 
 
 \ Sand bed with tliin' seam of elay " I 
 
 r 
 
 Clay and sand in alternate layers, about 
 
 I 25 in nnml>er, or 2 to an ineli (layers 
 
 ''■ "i tineiandmoi. homogeneous than those 
 
 above) 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Sand with imiierfeet seam of <lay; very 
 
 littk 
 
 3 
 
rtouTiiEiiN NEW nni'Nswrrrv. 
 f 
 
 
 ■■■i rr.fT.", - ■ 11 ■■■ 
 
 
 
 .:_*, -• • _;_ 
 
 i_.._i_j. 
 
 ■ • • _• t ' , . 
 
 
 — l_i_i. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^•_i_^' ■-»- 
 
 
 
 
 "."" ."'» . ": — ; — 7~r~. . . -." ■:• ■■ t 
 
 
 
 
 27 EE 
 
 Ft. In. 
 
 (".ay iiiul sand in fiUcinato lay<'VH, about 37 
 in iiuiiilHT, or 1!.', to tiits inch (two layers 
 in th(!mi(l<lii' move sand) than the rest). 1 '.i 
 
 \ SandbiMl/with liiint tlayoy partings o 1 
 
 (Day an<l wand in alternate layers, about 
 
 fiO in nnniber, or 3j to an imh 1 2 
 
 Sloping bank, where the elay was dis- 
 J turbed iiy frost and rain, clay and sand 
 
 la\ i!rs not clearly traceable 2 
 
 Sand bed, with taint clayey partings .... u -1 
 
 I Clay and sand in alternate layers, about 
 '' ^ 2S in number, or ."? to an inch o 'J 
 
 I Sand bed. with faint clayey partings neat 
 
 I the top and bottom .'! 
 
 I Clay and sand in alternate layers about 
 
 ^ I 10 in all, or 2', to an inch ' 
 
 I 11 8 
 
28 KB 
 
 (IKOLuniCAI, SURVEY (th' CANADA. 
 
 This .section is notablo, boeuuso ils regularly ultornatiiig layers 
 ai)iK'ar to point to a succession of seasonal changes during tho time 
 the licda clay was hoing deposited. If tho sand and clny la^-ers bo 
 associated in i)airs, there will he about ITM); and if to ihese one tenth 
 bo added foi- the l)ands which consist wholly of sand, the mnnber will 
 bo raised to 1(!0, or more, of i)aii's of layers, representing i-ocurring 
 cycles of tinie. The thickness of Loda clay exposed in this section is 
 about tweive feet. 
 
 Detfiils <if 
 section. 
 
 Loiiiii sand iiii<l upper layers of clay, (liHtiiilicd l>y Irost and 
 
 vegetation 
 
 Sand beds, an undulatin;;- layer 
 
 ('lay and sand in alternate layers — 18 
 
 Sand lied, with tliin elay ianiinu' 
 
 ( 'la> and sand in alternate layers — about 20 
 
 Sand, with thin seam of clay 
 
 Clay and sand in alternate layers— about 25. (Tlie.se are (inei 
 
 and more honiogeneous than those above.) 
 
 Sand bed, with an imperfect .seam (a very little) of clav 
 
 Clay and .-land in alternate layers— about :'.7. (Two layers in the 
 
 middle are more sandy tjian the rest.) 
 
 Sand bed, with faint clayey partings 
 
 Clay and sand in alternate layers — about 5() 
 
 Clay and .sand disturl)ed by frost, showing on a slopim; bank. 
 
 imperfectly 
 
 Sand lied, with faint clayey partings 
 
 Clay and sand in alternate layer.s— aliout 2S 
 
 Santl bed, with faint clayey luirtings near the top and bottom . . . 
 Clay and sand in alternate l.iycrs— about 10 large or \r, small. .. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 't 
 
 (I 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 A section shewing heavy dciiiidation of the Leda chi}', and its rela- 
 tion to later di'posits, is t-xposed near Ijiiwlor's Lake, on the Intercolo- 
 nial railway. At the shore of the lake, where U passes beneath a beil 
 of fresh water marl, it coiitiiins Portlandui yhwialis, Sa.vicara nujosa 
 and Astartc Bunksll. But 100 yards oast oi' the old lal-e margin, it is 
 overlaid by peat. Jlere it shews the following succession :— 
 
SOITHKHN NEW 11HI riSW 
 
 2!) EE 
 
 Pout 
 
 Ft. 
 1 
 
 Sdxicava Siim/.—Crvy Kind 
 
 f'Iftyi'.v Hand, witli iin alpiiinldiuo u( }hja orenuria 
 and Miicomajumi. (This is ivckoncd as |,iiit 
 of the Sa.Niiiiva wiiul h'Tc on accoiini of its 
 foHsils; but as tliis aoftioii is (15 I'cct abovr tlii; 
 sea, it may bo .•.lulvali.'iit to tliii upper Lcda 
 flay of SI. .loliii.) 
 
 Lcda 67,^/.— U.^ddisli .sandy .lay, witli Kmall stouc8, 
 
 Jiii/iini, &c 
 
 Itod sandy day. Numorous slu'Ils of Mi/tilim nhilU; 
 also Citnlinm pinniilatiim, i^prrijirx (Jnrnlandkus, 
 Macoma Qnvnlandica, Saxictwa rugosa. var. arc- 
 lira, Biiccinum niiddtum, Nut/ca nj/inis, UnlitnuH 
 i: renal IIS. B. Humeri, Toxopneusles Drolmrhicmis, 
 
 Ft. In. 
 3 
 
 &<■ 
 
 Tough red clay wltlioiit fossils 
 
 In. 
 
 
 
 IjhI of Marine Inirrfebriidi of the Leila Clai/. 
 
 Tn this list spocics (•ollocto.l 1.3- Mr. IJ. ( 'I,alinri-.s i„ iho Lodu cli.y on 
 llu Houlh HidoofCiialour Bay, in the (iiilfofSL Lawiviico, aiv iiisJi-tod 
 tor coinpai-ison with tlioso of the southon. ('(.unties of Now Brunswick. 
 Tho throe eohimns indicate tlie oocui-rencc of (he roniain.s at Passamu- 
 (luoddy Bay (i'. B.), other parts of the Bay of Fundy (H. F.), and 
 ("iialeiir Bay ((". B.) resi.oetively. 
 
 Name op Spbcie.s. 
 
 two spiTius iindi'teiniinod . 
 
 f-'oiiils (with stony skeleton) 
 
 Ophioglyi'ia ;Sarsii, l,utken 
 
 Ophiuvoid ,-tavfisli, larijer spt'cies ; uiideterminec'l' ".' " 
 
 Lepialia h;. "'ina, Johnston 
 
 Menihraninoia pilosa, Johnston '. ............ 
 
 Ccllepoia luiniico.sn. Ellis 
 
 Saxieava rugosa, Linn -j 
 
 var. plu.ladis, I , <'oninion. 
 1! li Linn J (Smooth forms.) 
 
 " " var. aictica . . .. \ r 
 
 " '• var. rhonilioides t " -" ' 
 
 vai. hiatella . .. j 
 
 common 
 
 var. acuta, Sav 
 
 '' truncata, Linn. ; fieciiunt. .'. 
 
 " " '• var. Dddevallensis 
 Lyonsia arnosa, Muiler ; fro(iuent 
 
 Rugose forms, 
 
 Myii arenaria, liinn. 
 
 common 
 
 common . 
 
 V. B. 
 
 A 
 
 if' 
 
 B. F. 
 
 ('. n. 
 
 h :> 
 
HO EE 
 
 nKoLoorrAi, hitrvey of canada. 
 
 LiKi of Murine htri III hiiiiii nf thi hiln ('liiii.— ('<'iiliiiiinl. 
 
 NamK ok Kl'KClKS. 
 
 p. li. 
 
 Itopth of cci 
 
 inferred from 
 fossils. 
 
 ruiulora triliiH'iitu. Say ; HCiirco 
 
 Mttciima cftldiroa, Clitiimit/. ; ((iiiimon 
 
 •> fiiwc'i, Say ; comnioii 
 
 II li 1' var. (Udiiliimlita ; < oinmoii 
 
 AHtarte Haiiksii, Leiuli ; hi an »• 
 
 " c(>n)|>ri'ssa, l,inn. ; iufiTqiii^nt 
 
 articii. Moll, var. iactca ; iiifivtuient 
 
 C'anlium piiiiiiilnttim, Coiinul ; loiiiimm 
 
 SiTripuK (!r(inlai)ili(us, Cliemnitz ; common 
 
 K<llift KiiliorliiciilariM, Montanuo ; rare 
 
 ('lyptodon, Hp. ? rare 
 
 MytiluH cdulis, Liiiii. ; common 
 
 .1 11 <• var. cIcj^anH ; common 
 
 Mddiolaria discors, Linn. ? raro 
 
 Nucula ixpansa, ReiVf, common (raro C.H.) 
 
 " tenuis, Montigiic ; common 
 
 Leila pcrnnla, Miiller, var. buciatji ; fiviiucnt 
 
 .1 ii " var. tcnnisuliata; conmion 
 
 «' minnta, FabviciiiK ; raro 
 
 I. " var. ( iUidiita ; rare 
 
 I'ortlandia ^-laciiiliN, dray (Lcda tnincata i'.r.) ; v(!ry com- 
 mon. Name of Lcdaciay is taken from tliJH species 
 
 Yoldia sapotiila. tiould ; rare 
 
 I'd ten tcnnicostatus (!'. Magellanicns Lam.); scarce. . . 
 
 a smooth variety ; rare 
 
 ' Islandii us, fJiieninit/, ; common 
 
 Bela liarpnlaria, ( 'ontlmoy ; infreipiunt 
 
 turricuia, Monm^'iie ; not common 
 
 Natica ailiniK, Gmelin (Natica dausa) ; common 
 
 Lmiatia hcros, Say (dwarf and distorted) ; rare 
 
 ,( (I :< var. Clialmersi (Ciiiiiidinn NaliiniUsl 
 
 vol. viii., p. niH); rare 
 
 Lacuna neritoidea, (loidd (tide A. S. Packard) ; raro 
 
 Bnccinum Gronlandicnm. Chcmnitu? rare 
 
 <' glaciale, Linn. ; scarce 
 
 " teniie, Gray; not common 
 
 '' imdatunl Linn. ; common 
 
 Tritonofusiis Ivroyeri, MiiU ; rare 
 
 Neptnnea tornat«. Gould ; nut commim 
 
 Balanus crcnatus, Brug. ; common 
 
 " Humeri, Ascanius ; fre(iuent 
 
 r„ F. r H 
 
 • 7 
 
 The pcri(-^l ot't-npicil in the depuMiiioii of the Jjedti chiy was one oi' 
 progressive slioalini;- alons^- this eoast. The lowest beds are ol'eompaet 
 chiy eontainiiii;- few ori,^anic remains, and these chiefly sh-tls ot Port- 
 landia glacialis. At St! John this lower clay, whieh is of u dull red 
 color, gradually i)a«sos upward into a tine dark colored chiy va-ying 
 ill tinttrom dark grey and liver-brown to nearly hiack, owing to the 
 organic matter disseininated through it ; and hero shells of PortlatuUa 
 qlndaUs abound. It is this portion of the deposit which contains 
 'Ltjonsia, Cnjptodon, and other molluscs, also Ophioglypha, none of 
 
SOl'TTIKHN NKW IIRI'NSWirK, 
 
 31 EE 
 
 which indicate mU'i .i of wulcr h-xs than that of tho oorallino zf • 9. 
 'I'hcHo (hirii I»imIh arc ovcrhiid hy another rnasH of red chiy, whici. in 
 ^enoriilly of a hrowner hiio than the h)\vor red clay, and which conlainH 
 such HpecicH as liurrimnn un<lotiim, It. femw, Mijn trumuitd, Macomn 
 calcarca and Sox:'<^ar(i rugom. A Homewhut Hhttlh)wei' woa in indicated 
 hy the occiirrenco .it St. John of clay heds holding Mijtilm fdulis. and 
 Ciin/ium pinnnliUuw, wliiio u still fni-lher withdrawal of the ocean is 
 shown hy the presence in tho sunds which overlaid those clayH oi' Mi/a 
 (ircnaria and Maroma J'mca. 
 
 .'{. — Sd.ririira f'idiiil.-^ 
 (Terraces and Rainfil HciiclicH.) 
 Tho shoalinj,' of the sea in which the Loda clay was deposited was Toraces 
 hroii,i,'ht ahoiit hy succossivo upheavals of tho sea Irattom, which, as ^outhenl Now 
 the land rose ahove the sea, produced terraces at several levels alonj^ Brunswick, 
 tho coast. The lowest of these terraces is ahout tiftoen or twenty tcct 
 above tho present level; they are eoniniOM at the mouths of small 
 streams entering tho St. John and Konnebecasis rivers. Tho next 
 terrace, which is more conspicuous, varies from forty to sixty feet, and 
 
 can ho seen to contain the throi' siilHlivIsions of th(^ Modified Drill 
 
 gravel and sand at the bottom, clay in the central part, and sand (Saxi- 
 eava) forming tho top of tho terrace. A third terrace begins at tho 
 height of one hundred feet and extends to one hundred and twenty 
 feet. Aiiotln'r terrace was observed at a height of ono hundred and 
 tifty foot, ami a fifth at three hundred and forty-five feet. These u|)por 
 terraces are more gravelly than the lower ones, and not so regular in 
 their outline. The terraces along tho coast ai-e in some cases i-om- 
 nants of sloping shore flats, or beaches which have been partly cut 
 away by the sea. The height of the sloping banks which oveilook tho 
 Hats also vary. The following are some of tho terraced slojjos seen 
 near St. John, which exhibit the irregularities of level: 
 
 liaised bead) 
 
 Terraced slope 
 
 Terraced slope 
 
 Slope or Hunimit of rid^je 
 Terraced Hloi>e 
 
 Manawago- 
 
 nisli Road 
 
 and Beaeh. 
 
 00— i:!r. 
 150— ir>5 
 
 Loch r.ornond 
 Road. 
 
 J —95 
 140— 
 
 Mount Pros- 
 pect Road. 
 
 — 85 
 
 345—350 
 
 Black River 
 Settlement. 
 
 3G— 60 
 100—115 
 
 * This term is u^ed for liiu upper uu'iiilurr of the Modified Drift, ii.s tho ooiulitiona under whieh 
 it was formed iippear to hiive heeii tlie siinio as tliosu whicli produced the deposit of this name 
 in tho St: Lawrence \'iilley. but the only mollusean remains found in it in southern New 
 Brunswick are those of Mi/a uraiuria and Mucomafmm. 
 
.12 EE 
 
 OEOt.Oflir AI, SI KVKY <»K PANADA. 
 
 Infl.ien.r on til K»'ii»M'ul the Siixinu'u siiiitl (l»H's not :illaiii u fi;mit tliicknoss, but 
 
 ceXil'i'tro.-.. iH'ing [\w Hiirluri. (Icpusit ill iiiiiiiy paitH of the .•oimlry, it liiis im 
 im|i(>rliiiil iiilliK'iici' oil vi';,"'l!ilioii. Somo oi' tlu> most valiialil*' tiiiil'i-r 
 hvoH grow pli'iitiliilly (»ii tlu' sandy noils of this fpocli. Kxtensivo 
 groves of wliito ]»iiu> onco i-ovoroil llu' lioavy 1 km Is of Sax ii-avu Hand 
 wliii'li gatliorcd in llio valloys of streams at (Mio or ollior of llio l»'iTaeo 
 Ifvi'ls iioti'il aiiovi". Most ot the harroiis or plains covoivd with crira- 
 ci'ous jtlantH arcduu to tlu> i»rosoiK'u oIIIk'so saiiiU in widi'-spirad Hats, 
 and wlu'iv tho tlatii arc wutor-soakod or liadly dniinod, llioiv arc fro- 
 (|iu'iitly fino groves of liackmatack or iarcli ( L<irix). 
 
 'I'lio tliicknosH of tliu Saxicava sand vurii-s from two to niiu- foot 
 wlu'iv it has horn ox))oso<l t(» tho aotion ot Iho surf whon in proci'ss of 
 formation; but at tho mouths of streams banks of this san<l are seen 
 
 as much as twenty or tiiirty feet thiek. Beds of bog iron ore an t 
 
 infrequent in eonneetion with tiiis deposit, and it everywhere eontaiim 
 a small peireiitage of the oxide '.)f iron and less fre(|Uently manganese, 
 by whieh tho upper layers of saiul are sometimes eemonted. 
 
 TtriokncsK of 
 Snxioava fund. 
 
 i-un 
 
 111. — MODKUN ALLIIVIIM, SlIKI,!,, MARL, PKAT, \r. 
 
 Siihsidnicc of the X((/i(/.-— The Saxicava sand was the last marine 
 deposit fornuHl in this region, and resulted from the wearitig away of 
 tho older siirfaee acfiimulations as the land r.)so above the oeean. 
 This upward movement went on until the area jf dry land extended 
 eonsideral ■ ' beyond its present limit. Sinee the Saxicava period peat 
 lK)gs, marl beds and river alluviums /.ive eontinued to grow upon the 
 surface of the land and in the fivsh water, except whero their growth 
 was arrested by subsequent subsidence. Tho depth of submergence 
 cannot be shewn to have been very great, but tho area atVeetcd is of 
 lOxtont oi tho (.,)nsi<lerablo extent. Jt iiududos tho whole of tho iJay of Fundy ; ])art, 
 if not the whole, of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward s Island ; and the 
 south-eastern half of New Brunswick from Passamaipioddy 15ay to 
 the Miramichi Biver. Proofs of this subsidence in Nova Scotia ami 
 at the head of the Hay of Fundy, are given in "Acadian Geology," 
 Dr. J. W. Dawson. In the building of the Windsor and Anna[)olis 
 railway evidences of subsidence in the Annapolis valley, similar to 
 those observed by J)r. Dawson in the marshes at the head of tho 
 Bay of Fundy, were revealed; and 1 sliall give hero the outlines of 
 facts observed in tlie southeiMi counties of Now Hriiiiswick, having a 
 similar bearing : 
 
 At Mill Cove, on Frye's Island, in Charlotte county, there is u 
 deposit of peat, concealed at high tide inark by a gravel beach, but 
 exposed in patclies by the washing away of the sand at the lower levels 
 
WOITHKRM NKW imiNHWICK. 
 
 33 EE 
 
 In the {'ovo. Tt in waiil (hut thr pi-al hun h«(oii (»hHt>rvo(l to cxtc').' t<t 
 lo\v-vval«'r iiiai'k. 
 
 On th(> woKti'fii t*\>\v of Ht. Joliii harlior art' llii' rciniiaiitri of u con- iiiii'itMipnn 
 Hidoraido (U'posil of iH-at, whirh is now covored (hiily hy thu tido. It iUhmI in ' 
 iiiMh'rlios Iho mill ]»oiul in Carli'ton, ami oiii'i- nxtondol arroHw to Navy '"'''""■ 
 Island in (lio nppor pari of the hailioiir. When Si. .John was first 
 Hi'ttk'd il is said that u f4;i'iivi'l liraili cxlondt'd alon^ llu' wostorn sido 
 of tho harliour from Old Korl Nock (tho isito <»f l"'ort Iai Tour) ucrtKiH 
 this pi'aty tlat in Iho dircclion of Sand Point. Mr. K. T. ('. Ihirpof, 
 whoHO ^ranitt! works arc situated in roar <»f tho lino of wluirvos and 
 tho strocts which have hoon Imilt alon^ tho oourso of this hoaoh, 
 itdornu'd ino lli;:t \n' had drivon pilos in Iho liotlw'n of tho mill pond to 
 sooiiro a foundation tor his huildin/^s, and found Ihoro a soft doposit 
 ton foot (loop, at whioh depth tho pilos struck a Hrmor bottom. Two 
 fool from the durfuco a hod harder Ihan (ho ivst of tho soft doposit was 
 ponolratod. 
 
 Tho romnant of this doposit on Navy Island was oxanilnod by Uov. 
 .lumoM Kowlor, whoro, as at iho mill pond, Iho [)out ooours botwoon 
 hiyh and low wator marks, and oontnins tho roots and stumps of sovor 
 kinds of troos, statidinir whoi't^ t!ioy i^row. Amoni^ Iho slMni|)s was a 
 tanglod mass ol liillon troos of various kinds: hirch. ( lifiulalutiti,) sj)ru('o 
 (Ahien niijrn?) and tir (Ahics Ixitniiineu). Thoso froos aro siuh as j^jrow 
 in an ordinary upland soil, and npjtoar to havo boon at tho bordor of 
 tho swamp in this dii-ootion, but furfhor west tho ])oaty doposit oon- 
 sistod laryoly of (ho roots of a borsotuil (Ei/hikcI uiii liinoHiiin) jiimI olhor 
 marsh plants. i)n (ho n(U"(h sido of (ho mill pond a oanal for iiiioing 
 loy;s in(o tho ])()nd was out many years aj^o through tho marshy flat 
 whioh separated Old Fori No»k from Carloton, and heir :'lso the bed 
 ot poal was f'oiind. Palchos of poal havo also boon observed on tho 
 opposite sido of tho harl;or in I'oilland, at the oove between Straight 
 Shore smd Simond's Point. 
 
 In eovos along tlu' shoios of tho Konnebo^ ; Eivor (here aro sub- Simkon 
 merged flats whioh oorrospond lo tho buried peat bods of tho coast. Kenncbotii^is 
 Kxoavatioiis wore made in one of (hose thds at Harris' Cove, in liothe- 
 say, several yeai's ago, for tho pui'poso of testing tho value of tho peat 
 as a fertilizer. P\t» were suidv at various ])oints near the shore to 
 depths of from four to ten foot into this deposit; throughout its whole 
 tl'.iekiioss it was found to consist of marsh-mud full of the roots and 
 stems of various sedges and grasses such as now grow on the marshes 
 along the rivers. Tho marsh peat is perfectly uniform throughout the 
 depth examined; ami though compact is easily cut out, and when 
 ex])Osed for a week or two to the atmosj)hore crumbles to a fire grey 
 powder or mud. In this property, as well as in the absence of ticulity 
 
 i 
 
34 EE 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SCRVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Value of nuiisli 
 pent as ii 
 tcrtili/.cr. 
 
 Oonlimu'il 
 siibsiilcuco ill 
 I'lissaniii- 
 c|inMi(ly liay. 
 
 iuid tin- i.l.iuKiaMcc (.f tii.cnuid miii,i,dfd with peaty mutter, this siib- 
 Maiu-o as a ibrtilizer. is lar superior to ordinary j.eat. It was used in 
 tlu> .■uitivati.ni ..frool erops will. d,o hest result, the land .Iressed with 
 it havin- o-iven as -ood crcps as thai on whieli ordinary barn manuro 
 was usc(?.'^ It is not so iastin- in its etVeet upon the hind as the hitler, 
 lor after the second year the K^iss whieh ,t;-rew upon the soil where 
 l,an. nianue was used, was superior to that whereon the marsh-peat 
 had I.een spread, if mixed with some sul.stanee whieh would improve 
 its .piaiity in this res],eet, the marsh-i)eal would no doul.t prove a very 
 vulual.le"terlili/.er. As there is sueh a (hiek mass of the peat m 
 Harris' Cove it is probai.le that all the other coves along the river, 
 e.iuaUy sheltered from the wave.s, and having tribulary brooks, will 
 be found to have similar beds of peat. 
 
 Tlu' roots of the marsh plants in thisdeposit are spread out in regular 
 1-vers and support the base of the sterna, shewing in the deepest pits 
 wiiere the oM beach similar to that whieh forms the present shore was 
 exposed lVsi.U>s the rooted stems of the marsh plants the peal 
 abounds with the leaves of se.lges, .See., in ho.i/ontal layers-smooth 
 and shining leaves-will, a goMen gleam when first opened up, but 
 Uirnino- black when exposed for a while to the air. Over these grassy 
 lavers' were scattered leaves of hardwo.)d trees: birch ( Bet ula Intra), 
 beecl. (/-Wv^.s ferm/inoi). maple (Arer da^^yarpmn), and alder (/t//»«^ 
 lurana). The peal near the shore, where there is a steej), rocky hill, 
 contained :dso Iwigs and small fragments of various trees, sueh as 
 while and yellow birch (B<t>ila alha and />'. Intoi), hemlock {Ahics 
 
 Cuiadcn^ifi), ^^'- ..11 I 
 
 The subsidence of the land which gave opportunity lor Ibc slow and 
 steady gn.wth of Ibis mass of peat, may not yet have altogether ceased 
 on some parts of the coast, as, for instance, in Passanuupioddy Bay. 
 Alon..- the shores of this bay there are sites of the villages of a paheo- 
 lilhic" people, similar in some of their arts and customs to the race 
 ioMMd in this part of the continent when it was first visited by Euro- 
 l)eaiis. 'n'.;-se village-sites were i)robably abandoned before the wliile 
 race entered iho country, as no relics of European manufacture were 
 found in the shell-heaps by which the village-sites are marked. The 
 banks upon whieh the beds of shells have been heaped have been 
 readied by the sea, and undermined by its waves, so thai the shells 
 are now scattered down the sh)pe of the bank, and mingle with the 
 stones of the beach below. I have not been able to learn, however, 
 tiial the present inhabitants of these shores have noticed or heard of 
 any encrnaebment of the sea in recent times. 
 
 Lacustrine Jhrl. Lacustrine marl has been reported from several 
 pUices in the southern purl of New Brunswiek, but the only deposit 
 
 

 SOITIIKKN NKW KHrNSWICK. 
 
 35 KE 
 
 r:il 
 
 which lias roceiviMl special ullontion is (liat ol' hawldrs l^ako, tivo and 
 ono-halt'inilos (i')in St. John, on Iho Intercolonial railway. The lake 
 is a small, deep pond enclosed anion-;' craL!,',i;y limestone hills oi' tlio 
 Luurentiaii tbi-mation ; it orii^-inally stood about liftoen feet hi,i;'lici- than 
 its jiresent, level, and discharged hy a small lirook tlowiiii;- t'roin the 
 western end. Siibseiiuently the water was drained otl' at the caste 'n 
 end, and the marl bed exposed. Finally the cutting to the railway 
 level laid bare a larger area of the marl and again gave the lake an 
 outlet from the western end. 
 
 This pond has been above the seadevel since the 38-()0 feet terrace 
 of the Saxicava ])eriod was formeil. it is underlaid by a thin band of 
 Saxicava sand along the margin, and a cont]>lete lining of Leda clay 
 beneath the sand. The clay, which is of a reddish color, contains 
 remains of the following marine pecies: Tellina, Grikntandira, -Balanus 
 crenafus, B. I/aincri, Pecten Mandims, Saxicava nnjosa, and Asturfe 
 Banksii. Hetween the clay and the overlying marl bed is an interme- 
 <liate layer of a dingy gi'oy color, more sandy than the clay and less 
 calcareous than the marl, but containing a lew shells of the fresh 
 water species, in which the overlying marl abounds. The marl is 
 spread over the whole oi the Ijasin in which the lake lies, up to the 
 original water line; but the (le|)osit is thickest and abounds most in 
 shells at the two extremities, especially the eastern, where it attains a 
 thickness of two feet. The species of fresh water molluscs which are 
 most plentiful in tiie deiu.sit, are: Flauorhis raiHpanuhitvs and /.i/mm-a 
 elodcs; Gijdaa dmiis is also common, and Liji)in<ni sta<inalis and Aiiodon 
 //»r/(//'7/.s'less so. A ; mooth variety of I'alrafa Irirarinaia.' is common 
 in this deposit, and assumes some unusmil forms, varying from the 
 usual cU)se coil to an oi)cn spiral.-'- 
 
 Peat. In a hollow adjoining the basin in which Lawlor's Lake is 
 situated, and of nearly the same size, is a bed of peat which, like the 
 shell marl of the lake basin, rests on Saxicava sand and Leda clay. The 
 peat and marl apjtcar to have been cotemporaneous in origin, and are 
 still forming in their respective basins. That in which the jieat lies is 
 shallow anil drained by sink-holes in lime>lonc rock at the eastern 
 
 end. 
 
 Peat beds arc (piite numerous in the southern counties of New 
 Hriinswick, but usually not of great I'Xtcnl. iMlhcr a general or 
 s])ecial reference to many of them will be found in the Survey lieports 
 ol'this region, esitecially that for 1S70-1. 
 
 Marine and River AUnnim. The marine or salt marsh alluvium is 
 
 not so extensive in the .south-west part of New Brunswick as at the 
 
 « 
 
 Antiiinily iil' 
 tlic deposit. 
 
 Tliioltness of 
 miirl l)L'd. 
 
 Fossil.-'. 
 
 * i'mt. .VIpiioiis Hyatt is now stmlyiiiK those pcculiiir l"niis(it VulwiUt. 
 
3() KE 
 
 (JEOLOcaCAL SIRVEY OF OANADA. 
 
 head of the Ea.v of Fuwdy. Mms(|iuw1. Marsh, (he marhh oast of the 
 cily of St. John, and Ma.iawa.oonish Marsh, are the principal (k^posits. 
 TIh'so arc all dyked and eoiiverled inlo meadow land. 
 
 The frosh Avater alluvium is much more extensive. That of the St. 
 John River covei's many square miles of surface and is very ibrlile. 
 The most eoi.ti.mous portion is on tlie oast side of the rivor," between 
 Fredericton and (he outlet of ("Irand Take; hut (hero are lar^a> islands 
 in the stream and tints attached to one side or the other of the rivei- as 
 far down as Oak Point, on the Long lieach, in King's county. Below 
 Oak Point the river hecomos deep and wide, and tho alluvium (u- 
 mterviil is on the tributary streams oidy, viz., the Norcpis and Ivenno- 
 becasis. 
 
IV'f