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TUNIS'S TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL GUIDE TO NIAGAKA OOXTAIVIVO, ILSO, ▲ DBWBIPTIOir OV TH« ROUTE THROUOH CANADA, AND THR OREAT NORTHKBM ROUTKf FROM NIAOARA FALLS TO MONTREAL, BOS' TON, AND SARATOGA SPRINGS. h ALSO, FCLL A2n> AOOURATM TABLES OF DISTANCES, ON ALL nAILROADS BUNNINO TO AND FROM NIAGARA FALLS. NIAGARA FALLS: W. E. TUNIS, PUBLISHER. ^ * 1856. Entered aeoordlng to iet of CocgreM, in the year 1855, Bt W. E. TUNIS, In the Clerk'i OfBce of the District Court for the Northern District of New York J. A 0. 9. riLTOir, BTBRBOTTPBRB, BUFVALO. X J u.- I J 4, mu mtmiM ■r'^:^ '!t^. ''.^K^'' 'M^- PREFACE. Thb design of the preeent work la to supply a lack whleh a comparison with other works of the kind will bert eyiuce. No other Guide now before the puhUo !• either iufft- ciently recent or sufficiently comprehendve to be safely followed by the tourist, at Nlagaia, and to the West and North. It is not without confidence therefore, that we oorotaltthis (M)mpllatlon as a reliable and needed "rade niecum" to the traveling pubUo. COJfTENTS. Niagara FAtta, Bath Island Bridge, 9 Goat Island, 11 Luna Island,..-. .... 12 Hog's Back, 12 American Fall 13 . Center Fall, 15 Three Profiles, 14 Biddle'a Stairs, 16 Three Sisters,..^ 21 Navy Island, 28 Grand Island, 81 The Rapids, 32 Ferry Railway and Stairs, 85 Catliu's Care 37 Suspension Bridge, 38 Whirlpool, 41 Table Rock, 46 Lundy's Lane Bat. Gr'd.. 49 Niagara Frontier, 60 NoPTHKRN Route, 71 Lewiston, *" 72 Queenston, " 73 Brock's Monument, 74 Toronto, 76 ■ Cobourg, ..." 77 Kingston, ""' 77 OswBgo, 79 Sackets Harbor, 80 Cape Vincent, 80 Thousand Islands,.... Hi 81 Ogdensburg, 83 Lake St. Franci*j, 88 Montreal, 87 Lake Champlain, 89 j Quids to thb "Wbst. 61 Niagara Susp'n Bridge,.. 92 Crossing the Mountain,.. 93 St. Catharines, 95 Hamilton, 100 Hamilton k Toronto R.R.103 Toronto, ..106 Dundas, : 108 Fairchild'B Creek, .......109 Paris, 110 Gait, : no Woodstock,... Ill IngersoU, 112 London, 113 Lobo, 116 Chatham, no Windsor, 118 Rkfreshment Saloons and Tklkgraph Statiovs, 119 Tables of Distances, 123 New York Contral R. R .126 Hudson River R. R 127 Elmira, Can. & N. F. R. R.128 N. Y. &^rie R. R 129 Great Western Railway, .130 Michigan Cent. R. R 131 WiUiamsport & Elmii'a,..132 Cat., Will. & Erie R. R...133 Schenectady & Saratoga,. 138 Western Railroad, 134 Great Northern Route, ..136 Saratoga Springs, 186 N. Falls and Montreal,.. 136 Bnf., N. F. & Lewiston,.. 138 Erie & Ontario R, R 136 ' I nmh TTJlSriS'S GUIDE TO NIAGARA. m » ■ glrtfbal at tte iTaUs. From whatever point of the village you may be Btarting, a cloud of spray, or the noise of the cataract, will indicate the general direction of your footsteps. Arriving on Main Street, pass down the street leading between the Cataract and International Hotels, and you are in full view of the river at the point where it is spanned by ^att) fislanti Brltifle. It is oftener asked than answered, how this bridge was constructed I In the first place, a massive abut- ment was built at the water's edge, from which long timbers were projected, heavily loaded at the rear ends with stone ; the ends over the water being additionally supported by legs r-';ting on the river's bed. Upon these timbers a platform was built, from which an abutment of stone was sunk in the water ; this abut- ment serving as a new basis for building another, and 80 on until the whole was completed. 10 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Bath Island Bridge — Ghapin Island — Bath Island. The first bridge was thrown over at the head of Goat Island in 1817 ; but having been carried away the ensuing spring by ice-floats from Lake Erie, it was succeeded by the present one in 1818. It was while this bridge was repairing, in the summer of 1839, that one of the workmen, a Mr. Chapin, was acci- dentally thrown from the frame-work into ihe river, and carried by the current to the first of the two smallest islands below, since called, from this circum- stance, Chapin Island. He was thence rescued by the strong nerve and skillful hand of Mr. Joel R. Robin- son, a name associated with many a gallant rescue from these waters. No point commands so fine a view of the rapids as the bridge. The delicate tints of the water are here especially noticeable. The waves break into a myriad fantastic forms, in every moment of time ; in each successive change catching the sunlight under some new variety of condition, and throwing it back in some new transftision of hues. The fall of the rivers bed, from the head of the rapids to the verge of the precipice, is fifty-eight feet. This gradual descent, by confusing the lines of vision as you gaze up the i iver, gives to the ftirthest crest of the rapids a skyish, indefinite appearance, suggestive of the Infinite ; then turning from this to where the river disappears in its final leap, you seem to have real- ized in space the similitude of life *' — Standing 'twixt two eternities," Having crossed the bridge you are at the toll-gate on :=;# OUIDB TO NIAGARA FALLS. 11 Bath Island — LoTer'8 Retreat — Brig Island — (}oat Island, 33att) fislanTi. Enter the toll-house, pay twenty-five cents, register your name, and you are enticed to cross as often as you please during the current year with no additional charge. Leaving the toll-hoivse, that small, sentimental-look- ing island on your left 'is called "Lover's Retreat;" the island just beyond that, Brig Island. That large build- ing on your right is a paper-mill, owned by Bmdley & Co. of Buffalo ; said to be the largest in the state. Passing from Bath Island over a short bridge, you stand on (Sroat Sslantr. This, though not the largest, is by far the most beautiful island in the Niagara. Long before it was bridged to the American shore, it was visited from time to time by the few toVhom its attractions were of more potent consideration than the peril of reaching it. The late Judge Porter, who visited it in 1805, remembered having seen the names of strangers cut into the bark of a beech near Horseshoe Fall, with the subjoined dates of 1771, 1772, and 1779. The island is now owned by the Porter family, to whom it was ceded by the state of New York in 1818. It derived its name from the circumstance of a Mr. Stedman, of Schlosser, having placed some goats on it to pasture. This was in 1770. The area of the island is sixty-one and a half acres ; its ckcumference about one mile. Three paths branch off from the road by which you t 12 OUIDB TO NXAQA&A JTA-IjIB* Hog'B Back— Luna Island— Dreadful Acddwit. aacend the banl^ the middle one dividing the island into two nearly equal parts, the left leading to the head of the islaud, and the right (the one usuaUy taken) to the American FalL FoUowing this path, you are conducted through a colonnade of forest trees, with the rapids at your right, over a space of eighty rods, to the north-western point of the island, called, by what process of association no mortal can tell, It was whfle walkmg directly under this pomt that the^ lamented Dr. Hungerford, of West Troy, N. Y., was kiUed in the spring of 1889, by the crumbling of a portion of the rock from above. This is the only accident that has ever occurred at the Falls by the filling of rock. Passing by a narrow foot-path down the bank, W)d crossing the short bridge at your right, you stand upok a lovely spot called t^ttna Sslanti* On the northern edge of this island, a few feet above the precipice, is a spot of mournful memory. On June 21, 1849, the family of Mr. Deforest, of Bui&to, together with Mr. Charles Addington, their friend, were viewing the scenery fi-om this point The party, in fine spirits, were about leaving the island when Mr. Addington, advancing playfuUyto Miss Annette, the little daughter of Mrs. Deforrest, said, "I am gotog to throw you in," at the same time lifting her Ughtly f •4 |P^ •''^pf#ifii#s((i^«***"'y'9j™" '' I 14 GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. The Three Proaies — Center FalL over the edge of the wator. With a sudden impulse of fear, the startled child flung herself from his hands, and struck the wild current of the river. With a shriek the young Jian sprang to her recovery, but before the stricken group on shore had tune to speak or move, they had both pds-^ed over the precipice. The crushed remains of the lately blooming and buoyant chUd were found in the afternoon of the same day in the Cave of the Winds; and a few days afterward the body of the gallant but fated young Addington was likewise recov- ered, and committed with many tears to the village cemetery. This is perhaps the most touching casualty that has ever occurred at the Falls. Leaving Luna Island, pause for a moment at the foot of the path before you ascend, whUe we pomt you out an appearance which certain imaginative persons have been pleased to call These so called profiles are formed by the.inequaUty of projection in that portion of the precipice which is formed by the western side of Luna Island. The rock is adjacent to, and ahnost under the American Fall Clje ©entet Jail. This is that portion of the American Fall which la cut off by Luna Island. Having aow ascended the bank, and rested from your fatigue, pass on a few rods to where a guide-board points out 1 m. 16 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Blddle's SUITS — Sam Patch — Cave of the WindH. These Stairs take their name from the well-known president of the United States Bank, Nicholas Biddle, Esq., at whose expense they were erected in 1829. They are secured to the solid rock by ponderous iron bolts, and are said to hfi perfectly safe. The perpen- dicular height of the bank at this place is 185 feet ; the staircase itssM being eighty feet high, and consisting of ninety steps. From the stairs to the river there is a rude pathway ; but it is seldom traversed, except for the purpoi^ of angling, an art which, at the right time of the year, is here practiced with the happiest success. In 1829 shortly after the completion of the stairs, the eccentric Sara Patch, of saltatory memory, made hia fitmous leap from a scaffolding ninety-fflx feet high, erected in the water at a point between this and the Center Fall. • From the foot of Biddle^s Stairs two paths lead in opposite directions, one toward the Canada, r.nd the other toward the American Fall. The former has been obstructed by slides from abo> e, and is not, perhaps, altogether safe. Taking the latter, a few minutes' walk brings you to the celebrated Cave of the Winds. Dresses and guides are here ready for your accommo- dation. The formation of this cave was of easy process. The gradual wearing away by the wal3r of the shaly substratum of the precipice has left the limestone rock above projecting at least 30 feet beyond the base ; thus forming an open cave, over which falls in deep folds of GUIDE TO NIAGAHA FALLS. 17 JEolus'8 Cave — Byron'g Description of Cascade of Vellno. azure, the magnificent curtain of the Center Fall. The compression of the atmosphere by the falling water is here so great that the cave is rendered as stormy and turbulent as that of old iEolus himself, from whose classical majesty, indeed, it derived its fi^rat name — ^eolus's Cabe. Gazing now below you at that delicate textured ram- bow trembling in the angry surge, you will hardly fail to remember Byron's vivid description of the bow at the cascade of Velino : ** From side to side, beneath the glittering mom, An Ilia sits, amidst the infernal surge, Like hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn Its stealy dyes, while all around is 'torn 18 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The ?redpT^ri^0^idii^De«cripllon. By the dlatracted watem, bear. »erene Ite brlUiant hue. with all their beam, un.hr.rti ; BcembUng, 'mid the torture of the .cene, ^ Love watching madne- with unalterable mien. Ascending Biddlo'8 Stair8, your course conduct* you to tTnghtNloog the .erge of the precipice^ ^ how the bank i3 gradually wearbg away, by "^es of land and crumbling of rocks, from itss.de. Itwasnea these Btahi» that the crash occurred m 1843. ine detached rock now Ues at the foot of the sta. .ase. By the time you have reached tlie other . ae o. tne island you will be prepared to duly appreciato the esU- braved the fmy of the current presents one of .t» points, and divides the stream at top '"^ *"» f^^,; but they unite again long before they reach >^o botton, L wid* U, in fl«=t, f«,m fell to fell, --nty-ave «,ds Some ambitions candidate for applanse, ,n s?eakmg ct thtisland. has called it "the forehead of N^^gara, and .he cauracts on either side, her st,^ammgha.r puffed .p a la Jenny Lind, and Ued back .ith rarnbows. Bu you have, by this ti. . reached the son.h-westem con^r of the is and. Be *.■'..) -. the arbor near hy, f you lase, and we wi. , •. .:- . .ghest .ossible comphmeu^ l> vourself, while g.acefully acknowledging our own , imp'ressions of the scene, by-silence There .re many descriptions of the Falls; but they are all too luckLsly trne to the form of their ^u^ect-ocean^ GUIDB TO NIAGARA FALLS. 19 DoBcription of the F&Jl*— lioreesboe Fall — Pronpect Tower. of sublimity falling iuto perilous depths of bathos. It may, however, be remarked in passing, that, take whatever point of view we may, we find Nature here expreosiug herself in bold and beautiiul antitheses ; the Titanic strem^th and majesty of the cataract, and the soft, grovy tendrils that bathe their verdure in its spray, — tlie wild, distracted, maniac surge, and the delicate rainbow shivering in its embrace, — tho whirl- wind roar of falling floods, and the braided lullaby of lapsing streams. Niagara is all antitheses, all ^'contrasted charms!" This is commonly called the Horseshoe Fall, a name derived from the shape that the curve formerly assumed. The gradual wearing away from beneath, and falling down from above of the rocks, has now changed the figure from that of a horseshoe to something more nearly resembling that of a right angle. The width of this fall is about 144 rods ; its height, 158 feet. The depth of the water in the center, or deepest part of the stream, is eseimated at twenty feet. That light-house looking strrcture built out in the water, two or three rods from the Fall, is called prospect ZtAnn* It was erected in 1888, by the late Judge Porter. Its height is forty-five feet. The bridge leading from the island to Prospect Tower is called This Bridge is subject to the action of tlie spray ; a 20 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Terrapin Bridge — Accident — Fall of a portion of Rock. little care should therefore be taken in crossing it. In the whiter of 1852. a gentleman from West Troy, N. Y., while crossing to the tower, fell into the current, and was carried to the verge of the fall, where he lodged between two rocks. He was discovered by two of the citizens, who rescued him by throwing out Unes which he fastened around his body. He remained speechless for several houra after being taken to his hotel. From the tower, you get the best view of the shape of the fall, and the clearest idea of how it has been modified by the action of the water. This action has been especially violent during the last few years. On Sunday, Feb. 1, 1852,, a portion of the precipice, stretching from the edge of the island toward the tower, 'bout 125 feet long and sixty feet wide, and reaching from near the top to the bottom 6f the fall, fell with a crash of thunder. The next day another, a triangular piece, with a base of about forty feet, broke oif just below the tower. Between the two portions that had thus fallen off. stood a rectangular projection about thirty feet long and fifteen feet wide, extending from the top to the bottom of the precipice. This immense mass became loosened from the main body of the rock, and settled perpendicularly about eight feet, where it now stands, an enormous column 150 feet high by the dimensions named above. The line of division between the government of the United States artd that of Canada is in the deepest part of the channel, or through the angular part of the fall. OUIDB TO NIAGARA FALLS. 21 The Three Sisters — Narrow Escape — Moaa Island. Leaving Prospect Tower and the Horseshoe Fall, and^ending our way along, the bank of the river to the eact, the next great point of interest is These are three small islands, lying side by side, near the head of Goat Island. . The remotest of this trinity is the island from which Mr Joel R. Robinson rescued a Mr. Allen in the summer of 1841. Mr. Allen, having started just before sundow* for Chippewa, (a village three miles up the river on the Canada side,) had the misfortune to break one of his oars in the midst of the river. The current caught his boat anJ bore it rapidly toward the Falls. As his only hope of safety, he steered with the remaining oar for the head of Goat Island ; but failing to strike that, he was bearing swiftly past this little island, when, knowing that the alter- native was certain doom, he sprang for the land, and reached it with but little injury. Having matches m his pocket, he stnick a signal light at the head of the island, but it was rot seen until morning. Mr. Robmson rescued him by means of a boat and cable. The first of the sisterhood, or the island nearest you, is called Moss Island. That feathery show of a cataract between yourself and Moss Island is called the Hermit* s Cascade, from its having been the usual bathing-place of jfcancfa abbott, m 5[^ctmrt of ^Nfaaara. Beside his once favorite haunt, we will, with your li • • 1_i_" UZr. a*n.^^ fV\tn. \>ia*/\ttt nf fVlta • • 1_i_ U:^ a*r^^^ X is-w ;r2c:t 22 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Hermit of Niagara. singular individual has been given in various forms, from the hurried compilation of a guide-book to the extrav- agances of a romance. We present you with only what is known of him by all who lived m the village at the time of his residing here. His first appearance at Niagara was in the afternoon of June 18, 1839. He was a young man then, tall and well-formed, but emaciated and haggard; of an easy and gentlemanly deportment, but sufficiently eccentric in his appearance to arrest Ihe gaze of the stranger. Clad in a long, flowing robe of brown, and carrying under his arm a roll of blankets, a book, portfolio, and flute, he proceeded directly to a small, retired inn, where he engaged a room for a week, stipulating, however, that the room was to be, for the time, exclusively A««, and that only a part of his food was to be prepared by the family. Soon after, he visited the village library, entered his name, and drew books. About the same time, also, he purchased a violin. At the expiration of a week he returned to the library, where, falling into conversation, he spoke with much enthusiasm on the subject of the Falls, and expressed his intention of remaining here some time longer. Shortly afterward he asked pc^rmission of the pro- prietor of these islands to erect a cabin on Moss Island, that he might live here in greater seclusion than the village afforded him. Failing in this request he took up his abode in part of a small log-house, which then stood near the head of Goat Island. Here for nearly M »* V jcsirs lie uuiiuUhUCu \fij iiw tvltu HO COI GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 28 The Hermit of Niagara. but his dog, hia books, and music — blameless but almost unknown. On this island, at hours when it was unfrequented by others, he delighted to roam, heed- less, if not oblivious of danger. At that time a stick of timber aoout eight inches square extended from Terra- pin Bridge eight feet beyond the precipice. On this he has been seen at almost all hours of the night, pacing to and fro beneath the moonlight, without the slightest apparent tremor of nerve or hesitancy of step. Some- times he might be seen sitting carelessly on the extreme end of the timber — sometimes hanging beneath it by his hands and feet. Although exquisitely sensitive in his social habits, he seems to have been without an apprehension in the presence of danger. After residing on Goat Island two wmters, he crossed Bath Island Bridge, and built him a rude cabin of boards at Pouit View, near the American Fall. ( Vide p. 86.) Al- though brought into the immediate neighborhood of the villagers, he held but little intercourse with them • sometimes, indeed, refusing to break his silence by oral communication with any one. At times, however, ho was extremely affable to all, easily drawn into convex sation, and supporting it with a regard to convention- alism, und a grace and accuracy of expression that threw a charm over the most trivial subject of remark. The late Judge De Vaux was perhaps the /only pe> son with whom he was really familiar. With him he would often interchange arguments, by the hour, on some point of theology — his favorite topic of discus- ^v \ civii. iiis TiCTTB ua uii3 sumccb "»°^';.«> DJ HO meauS 24 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Hermit of Niagara. Stable ; but as far as they assumed a definite rorm they seemed nearly akin to those held by the Society of Friends. But it was in his brUliant remmiscences of foreign lands and scenes that he was especially glorious. AU his subjective speculations were tinged by shadows of melancholy or despau-; but in describing the glo- ries of nature and art, the scholar and the amateur Ufted off the cowl of the hermit, and revealed the en- thusiasm of a spirit still exquisitely alive to the kindUng touch of Beauty. He had wandered among the ruins of Asia and Greece, and studied the trophies of art in the celebrated picture galleries of Italy. Of music he was passionately fond, and played his own compositions, ia the opinion of some, with ex- quisite taste; while others declare his execution to have been only mediocre, if not absolutely inferior. Every day, after his removal to the main-land, it was his custom to descend the ferry stairs to bathe in the river below; and it was while thus engaged that he was accidentally drowned, June. 10, 1841. Ten days afterward his body was found at the outlet of the river, and brought back to the village, where it was committed to the earth in sight of the scenes he so much loved. After his decease a number of citizens repaired to his cabin to take charge of his effects. Little how- ever was to be found: his faithftil dog guarded the door; his cat lay on the lounge; and bis books and music were scattered around the room. Writing was sought for in vain. It is said, notwithstanding, that GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 26 The Hermit of Niagara. his productions to the flames ahuost as soon as composed. You will now ask, " What caused him to lead the life of a hermit ? " This question has never been an- swered. It is commonly supposed that he had been the victim of some disappointment; but we have nothing to relieve the supposition. Members of his family have, since his death, visited Niagara; from whom we learn only that Francis was a son of the late John Abbott, of Plymouth, England, a member of the Society of Friends, and that in his youth he al- ternated the most indefotigable devotion to his studies with the most excessive dissipations of a gay me- tropolis. If we were to decide from our present knowl- edge of his history, we should say that his social eccentricities were owing rather to the constitutional tendencies of his mind, developed by the tenor of his early life, than to any one controlling circumstance ; that study, dissipation, and, possibly, disappointments, had so far destroyed the harmony of both mind and body, that, with Childe Harold before hun, he " From hie native land reflolved to go, And vifiit Bcorching clirnes lieyond the sea; With pleasure drugged, he almost longed for woe, And e'en for change of scene, would seek the shades below." "We have given only what we know of his life. There still remains a wide margin which each may fill up, as best suits himself, with the speculations VI I uiiiauvc 26 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL I Gallant Feat of Mr. Robinson. Begging your pardon for detaining you here bo long, let us continue our course around the island. On this rise of ground, a few rods above the Her- mit's Cascade, pause a moment, while we relate a gallant feat performed here in June of 1854. A large sand-scow had broken loose from its moorings, and lodged betw^n two rocks nearly opposite the head of the island, and in range with the furthest of the Three Sisters. Property was on board, and Mr. Robinson consented to undertake to save it. Accordingly, in the presence of hundreds of spectators, accompanied by his son, he pushed his skiff from the head of the island, struck out above the boat, and then dropped with the speed of an arrow down the current. With incredible quickness the son sprang from the skiff at the right moment, and secured it to the scow. But how to re- turn I Strangers said that h^ couldn't do it. Those who knew Mr. Robinson felt that he would, while they wondered how he emld ! Below him is a cascade eight feet high ; there is a danger of his going over that, and then— but meanwhile the father is again in the skiff, and now the son loosens the fastening, and there they go like thought. " They're lost!'' runs through the crowd on shore. They are nearmg the fall ; in a second they are on its brink, and— a graceful touch of the oars, and the flying boat is as motionless as if on land. Their skiff is poised on the very verge of that wild cascade; "but they can return," was now the hope and the thought of all. Quickly they lilt their na-na ar\(\ niiir»tlv ftrfi loflt iH thfi dashinfT sursre. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 27 View from Head of Goat Island. They are not lost long, however ; for, landing on the Becond "Sister," they carry their boat to th"e f6ot of that island, launch it again in the waves, and careering in a bold sweep through the rapids, reach the shore amid deafening plaudits. A lew rods further on, and you have reached the jB^eatr oC ^oat SslanH. This point commands a comprehensive view in out- line of the river and its environs for some miles of its course. Looking up the right bank, you behold, at a distance of about one mile, a small, white farm-house, with a chimney of most disproportionate size. This 8CHL0SSBR LANDING. is the site of the old Fort Schlosser, a name cele- brated in border story. That towering chimney was taken entire from the mess-house attached to the es- tablishment. This fort was built at an early date by the French, and called by them Little Fort. At the close of the Anglo-French war in America, it was ceded to the English, and was first occupied as a military post of the latter by Capt. Schlosser, from whom it derived # * • 28 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND /iCTORIAL Navy iHland — Canadian Rebellion. its second name. One mile above Fort Schlobser is Schlosser Landing. In a diagonal direction from this point, and near the Canada shore, is 'Mab2 fislanH. This island has an area of 304 acres, and belongs to the realms of Her Britannic Majesty. It is closely asso- ciated with Schlosger by an affair which, as it has not yet found its way into the pages of Bancroft or Hil- dreth, we will briefly relate: In 1837, a rebellion was stirred up against the authorities of Canada, by some disaffected " Radicals," under the leadership of Wm. Lyon McKen?.ie and some others ; I»ut, Her Majesty's subjects not caring to side with the " Rebels " in any great number, the movement was speedily put down. But not so the leaders. They — i. e. McKenzie, Gen. Sutherland, and five or six and twenty others — at the suggestion of a Dr. Chapin of Buffalo, unfurled the standard of rebellion over this island, designing to make it a rendezvous for the restlessly patriotic of both sides of tlie river, until sufficient strength should be gained to renew the attack. Matters were going on pleasRntly — the "Patriots " being daily edified by ac- cessions to their stren'gth, though greatly demoralized by a barrel of whisky that found its way to their pant- ing hearts — ^when the difficulty of " transnorting vol- unteers and supplies to their place of destination," and " the number of persons from motives of busmess or curiosity constantly desirous of passing and repassing from the main-land to the patriot camj*, suggested to I GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 29 Machination of Sir Allan McNab. I Mr. Wells, the owner of a small steamboat lying at Buffalo, called the Caroline, the idea of taking out the necessary papers, and running hid vessel as a ferry-boat between the American shore and the islands, for his own pecuniary emolument." * Accordingly, Friday, Decem- ber 29, the Caroline left Buffalo for Schlosser; and after having arrived, having made several trips during the day, on account of the owner, was moored to the wharf at Schlosser Landing during the night. Colonel Sir Allan McNab, then commanding at Chip- pewa a detachment of Her Majesty's forces, having got word of the enterprise of the Caroline, resolved upon a deed which relieves the farcical story of the rebellion by a dash of genuine outrage. It is asserted that Sir Allan was informed that the Caroline was in the inter- CRt of the Patriots, chartered for their use, and intended to act offensively agu" st the Canadian authorities. Whether this be true or not, he planned her destruc- tion that very night. For this purpose, a chosen band is detailed, and placed under the command of a Cap- tain Drew, a retired-on-half-pay officer of the royal navy. At midnight the captain received his parting orders from Sir Allan, and the chivalrous band departed in eight boats for the scene of their gallant daring. The unconscious Caroline, meanwhile, lay peaceftiUy at her moorings, beneath the stars and stripes of her country's banner. As the tavern at Schlosser — the * Peck'g Tourist's Companion. TOPOOHAPHICAL AND PICTOKIAL Seizure of the Caroline — Th« Burning Boat. only building near by — could accommodate but a lim- ited number of persons, several had sought a night's lodging within the sides of the boat. Dreaming of bo danger, they had retired to rest unprovided with arms. Thus was the night wearing on, when so stealthily came the hostile band that the faint plash of muffled oars was the first intimation the sentry had of their ap- proach. In reply to hia question, " Who goes there ? " came, first, ''Friends!'' then, a heavy plashing in the water; then, the leaping of armed men to the deck. The bewildered sleepeis start from their dreams and rush for the shore. "Cut them down!" shrieks the hereic Drew, as he thrills with the memory of Aboukir and the Nile— "Cut them down, give no quar- ter." More or less injured, they escape to the shore, with life — all but one, Durfee, the last man to leave, who is brought to the earth by a pistol-shot, a corpse ! A few minutes and the Caroline moves from the shore in flames! Down the wild current she speeds faster and faater, flinging flames in her track, till striking the Canada waters she spurns the contact, leaps like a mad fury, and in a moment more is as dark as the night around her. The common account of this affair takes it for granted that the boat went over the Canada Fall aflame. You will read of the fated vessel lifting her fairy form to the verge of the precipice, lighting up the dark amphitheater of cataracts, etc., to the end of endurance. The case was far otherwise. The physician who was called to the wounded at Schlosser was rMing up the river's bark while the Caroline was GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 31 City of Ararat — Burning of Store-Bhipa. deaceiuling the rapids. This gentleman testifies that the boat, a perfect mass of illumination, h\. " timbers all allanie, and her pipes red hot, instantly expired when she struck the cascade bdow the head of Goat Island. CKtanH SsIanH Lies not far above Navy Island, is twelve miles in length, and from two to seven in breadth. The land is highly fertile, and much of it is in actual state of cultivation. It ao on this island that the late Major Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, designed to build the " City of Ararat," as a place of refuge for the scattered tribes of Israel. In 1825, he even went so far as to lay the ^or- ner-stone, amid infinite pomp, and to erect a monument commemorative of the occasion. The monument is still standing, in excellent state of preservation. At the foot of this island lies Buckhorn Island, with an area of about 300 acres. Between those twa islands is an arm of the river, deep and clear, called aSurnt Si)fp aSas, ' From a circumstance connected with the close of the French war in 1759. The garrison at Schlosser had already made a gallant resistance to one attaclf of the English, and were preparing for another, when, dis- heartened by the news of the fall of Quebec, they re- solved to destroy the two armed vessels containing their military stores. Accordingly, they brought th-^m to this bay and set them on fire. The wrecks, even at tliia day, are sor.etimes visible. i, :'^x r 1 :»: lAi V ^Kim '.;■ ^^Bifl ^^^riK ' HH IS '' ^■ISi .:. i ^Bsj !-' ^H '^^H^ 1 1 ~^1[3BBi :i#y4 "V-y-;,,/ ilJ^WH- iliijrpijM' OUID£ TO NIAGARA FALLS. 83 A Man in Jeopardy. On your return from Ooat Inland to the main-land, nothing requires special notice until you are again crossing Bath Island Bridge. Standing midway be- tween the toll-house and main-land, and looking toward the precipice, you see, at a distance nearly half-way between the bridge and the cataract, a log protruding fiom amidst the wares. That is the spot so ultimately associated with CTfje jFate of 0bers* On f'riday evening, .July 19, 1858, two young Ger- mans, belonging to a sand-scow which lav moored \or tlie night at the French Landing, took a small boat at- tached to the scow, and started cut on the river foi a pleasure sail. Nothing more is known of them until the next morning, when one of them, Joseph Avery, was discovPTPrt clinging to that log; the other had, doubtless, tnswn carried over the precipice the evening before The inmates of the toll-house heard cries through the night, but not suspecting their source, gave them no ftirther heed. ** A8 won as the peril of the man became known, vast numbers of citizens and strangers thronged to the river's side, anxious to witness his escape. A boat w»» procured, and let down the current by ropes, but it swamped before reaching him. Another was brought and sent to the log, but the lines attached to it became hopelessly eniangl(>d among the rocks. In this way, all the plans of the forenoon miscarried. Early in the afternoon, a stoutly built rafl was prepared, and let down L' 84 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Futile Eflforta for hia Rescue. the river till it la> along side the log; to which Avery bound himself with cords provided for that purpose ; not touching, however, the food that was also sent him, so anxious was he to escape. The raft was then drawn slowly toward the shore, but had gone only e little way, when it became immov- ably fixed in the rocka. The excited throngs that had waited since mormng for the rescue of the unhappy man, now doubly moved as hope grew fainter and fainter, prayed passionately for his deliverance. The poor fellow himself labored with all his might, in con- cert .with his helpers on the shore, but in vain. It was nearly sunset when fae attempt was finally re- peated. A ferry-boat was then brought from the ferry, and sent down toward the raft. Seeing it approach, Avery cut away tht cords that bound him, and when it was within a few feet of him, sprang to reach it ; but, weakened by long fasting and fatigue, his strength failed him, and he struck the water. Just at this crisis, a young man, breathless with haste, presented himself at the bridge, and applied for admission to the guards who were keeping off thcv crowd. On being refused, he cried out piteously, in broken accents, " It is my brother 1 " He had heard of his brother's peril in a neighboring city, and had hurried to the scene of dan- ger, only in time to hear that brother hailed by the despairing cries of thousands, and to see him struggling amid the wild waves that soon closed over him forever. Having now visited the most interesting portion of iTnoT>i/>an atria \Ae vmi tirill rtanVtorkO GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 35 Ferry Railway and Stal» — Point View. wish to cross the river, and explore the Canadian bank; if 80, for topographical directions, turn to pag9 45. For convenience of reference, we shall first complete our view of the American side, and then take up the Canadian topics by themselves. Following the course of the river from the bridge toward the precipice, whether on the bank or through Ferry Grove, a short walk brings you to Ctje iTerrs asiatltoas anti Stafrs. Which descend through a cut in the bank to the water's edge, a distance of 360 feet The spiral stairs constructed here in 1825, having become shaky with age, the present novel but commodious contrivance was inaugurated in 1845. The flight of stairs leading along the railway consists of 290 steps. The car is drawn up the inclined plane by water-power — an over- shot-wheel being turned by a stream diverted from the river for that purpose. Around a wheel eight feet in diameter, which turns in a horizontal position at the head of the railway, runs a cable two and a half mches in diameter and 800 feet in length, attached to a car at either end, and supported by pulleys placed at con- venient intervals down the grade. Dofnt Ufeto Is a sudden elevation of the bank a few rods belcw the ferry-house. Until five or six y#ars ago, the a^'acent grounds were tastefully arranged into a pleasure-gar- dpn and howlin£r-£rreen. Upon this spot stood a J so TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Ghine«e Pag'^da— Stanzas. rOIITT TIBW. Chinese Pagoda, surmounted Dy a camera-obscura. A few rods to the east of tliis stood the cabin of Francis Abbott. Apropos of the place, we subjoin Addressed to the sojournerr at Niagara Falls, on com- mencing building the Pagoda, Aug. 11, 1848. Those who have rambled o'er the wild domain, And still desire to view it once again, Enter the garden where an Abbott dwelt, And roam where he, enraptured, gazed and knelt. . Still, even yet thone plaintive strains I hear, "Which once he wakened — and the pensive tear Steals softly o'er my cheek, while the full heart EsHays to know wbit sorrow winged the dart Which sent him forth, a wanderer f)-nm his home, 'Mid these maiestie scenes in silfint irrii^f to mnni. J GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 37 stanzas addressed to Sojourners — Catlia's Cave. Say, wanderers ! would ye dare the wild excesB Of joy and wonder words can ne'er exproHS ? Would ye fain steal a glance o'er life's dark sea, ^nd gaze, though, trembling, on eternity ? Would ye look out, look down, where God has sot His mighty signet ? Come — como higher yet, And from the unfiniehed'atructure gaze ahro^ And wonder at the power of God ; To the Pagoda's utmost height ascend. And see earth, air, and sky, in one alembic blend 1 Up — though the trembling limb and nerveless hand Strive to detain thee on the solid Land ; Up — though the heart may fail, the eye grow dim. Soon win the spirit nerve the quivering limb. Up the rude ladder 1 gain the utmost verge ; Far, far below, behold the angry surge ; Beneath your feet the rainbow's arch declines, Gleamiug with richer gems than India's mines , And de.ep«within the gulf, vet farther do\vn, •Mid mUt, and foam, and spray, behold Niagara's crown. , Alhira. <8:atl(ii*» fl i i^e connected together at the sides by open ti i, so as to form, as it were, an unmense car, 80. t long, 24 feet wide, and 18 feet high — all suspended by wire ropes firom four 1^1 / .#K, / 1 m- ■ 40 TOPOWRAFHICAL AND PICTORIAL Doflcription of the Susponsion Bridge. L cables of about ten incheg in diameter, each. Tivo of the cables have a deflection of lifty-four feet, and sus- tain the upper floor ; the remaining two, a deflection of sixty-four feet, and support the lower floor. The connection, however, of the floors by means of the side trusses, is puch as to cause an tqual strain on botli sets of cables, from any load passing over either the upper or lower floor. The cables are composed of No, 9 wire, and are fastened, on both sides of the river, by massive iron chains let down from twenty to thirty feet into the native rock, and resting upon cast-iron saddles on the tops of the towers. The following statement will be interesting to the general reader, and may be relied on as correct : The towers are 15 feet square at the base, and 8 feet square at the top. Height of the American towers above tlte rock, . . 88 feet. Height of the Canadian towers above the rock, 78 Length of each of the upper cables, . 1,256 Length of each of the lower cables, , 1,190 Average number of wires in each cable, 8,G84 Total number of wires in all four cables, 14,736 Number of feet of wire, . . . . . 18,r2'.>,004 Number of feet of wire in wire rope, . 3,043,022 Aggregate length of wire, 30,463,422 feet, or moro than 4000 miles. Ultimate capacity of the four cables, 12,400 tons. Total weight of the Suspension Bridge, 800 (( t( i( t( ] '*% GUIDE TO NI AG A It A. FALLS. 41 SuHpenBlon Bridge— -The Whirlpool. This ample capacity of the cables will be better ap- preciated when it is stated that the total weight of a loaded train of double freight cars covering the entire length of the bridge, including the weight of the loco- motive, and added to the above weight of the super- structure, would be less thin 1300 tons. The successful completion of this bridge must be considered as a new and most important era in the his- tory of scientific achievement. It presents the sus- pension principle in a manner decidedly original, and combines, in a most astonishing degree, strength stiffiiess, durability, and beauty. Three miles below the Falls, the river ttirns abruptly in fta course, and springs away to the right. At this point the current breaks against a spur of the Canadian 42 TOPOGRAPHICAL iND PICTORIAL WhJ-'nool — Devil'B Hole. clifif, and a part of it, being thrown to the left, sweeps around in a circular direction before reuniting with \he main stream. This circular current is called the W -.j-l- pool. It is usually esteemed by tourists an object of considerable interest. An easy path and stairway lead down the bank, and the descent is quite free from dan- ger. The scenery around this place is sublimely wild and picturef^que. Three miles and a half below the Falls, is a large, tri- angular chasm in the river's bank. Into this chasm GUIDE TO NIAOARA FALLS. 43 Legend of the Bloody Run. falls a small stream called the Bloodv Run. Whatever interest the place may possess, aside from its unmiti- gated gloom, is derived fi-om as^uciation with the ti'agic event that occurred here in 1763, commonly known aa the %.tgz\\ti of tte 33IooTis jtClun. Among the papers of Sir Will' Johnson, now deposited with the Secretary of Sta. at Albany, the original of the following account is to be found. The account itself we extract from Mr. Turner's excellent "History of the Holland Purchase." •' After the possession of Fort Niagara and Schlosser by the English, Sir William Johnson made a contract with John Stedman to construct a portage road be- tween Lewiston and Schlosser, to facilitate the trans- portation of provisions and military stores from one place to the other. The road was finished on the 20th of June, 1768, and twenty-five loaded wagons started to go over it, under the conduct of Stedman, as the contrac^'>^ for army tiansportation, accompanied by ' fifty soldiers and their officers,' as a guard. A large force of Seneca Indians, in anticipation of the move- ment, had collected, and lain in ambush near what is now called the Devil's Hole. As the English party were passing the place, the Indians sallied out, sur- rounded teams, drivers, and guard, and * either killed on the spot, or drove off the bank,' the whole party, 'except Mr. Stedman, who was on horseback.' An Indian seized his bridle-reins, and was leading him east J 44 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Legend of the Bloody Run. to the woods, through the scene of bloody strife, prob- ably for the purpose of devoting him to the more ex- cruciating torments of a aacrifice ; but while the captor's attention waa drawi. in another direction for a moment, Stedman, with his knife, cut the» reins near the bits, at the same time thrusting his spurs into the flanks of his horse, and dashing into the forest — the target for a hundred rifles. He escaped unhurt. Bearing east about two miles, he struck Gill Creek, which he fol- lowed to Schlosser," The Indians, convinced that this miraculous escape was the work of the Great Spirit, made Stedman a present of all the land he had sur- rounded in his course. This land the heirs of Stedman have claimed at law, but the claim has never held good. CROaSINO TUB KIViSK. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 45 Crofisiug the River on the Ferry Boat— Canada Side. CANADA SIDE. The advisable course, we think, is to cross the river kt the Ferry in going, and at the Suspension Bridge in returning. The best time for crossini^ at the Ferry, in summer, is either in the morning, or two or three hours before sunset. If the light is favorable,— and in sum- mer, at these hours, it almost always is,— this crossing will probably afiford you your most vivid and lasting impression of the Falls. Nowhere do you have so fine a view of the Fells as from below. You may here test in your own experience the worth of Burke's sesthetic principle ^v ith regard to height and depth : "I am apt to imagine [Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful, §8, ] that height is less grand than depth, and that we are more struck at looking down from a precipice, than lookin^up at an object of equal height; but of that I am not very sure." This Wiis a necessary result of connecting the feeling of the sublime with that of self-preservation. We doubtless feel more of terror {are more "struck") in looking down a depth than up a height; but terror, so far from being a principle, or even a condition of sublimity, can not for a moment coexist with its nobler forms. ^ Carriages await you at the landing on the Canada side. The distance up the bnnk from the water's edge 46 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Barrett's Museum — 'Table Rock to the Clifton House iii 160 rods. Proceeding from the Clifton House along the bank toward the Canadian Fall, the first object to arrest your steps is aSatnett's JfHuucum. This collection of natural and artificial curiosities is well worth seeing. The galleries are arranged to rep- resent a forest scene, filled with beasts, birds, and creeping things. There are, besides, several clrained- up ferocities in the yard, and a tastefully arranged green-house in the gai-den. The admission fee is twenty-five cents. A few rods below the museum, Miss Martha K. Rugg fell fi'ora the bank while attempting to pick a flovwjr that grew on its edge. She was living when reached ; but expired soon afterward. This accident occurred Aug. 24, 1844. BMz aaoctt Is about twenty rods above the nmseum, at the angle formed by the Horseshoe Fall with the Canadian bank. The bank here sends out, far beyond the line of its general perpendicular, a regular table-like ledge of rock, in the same plane with the crest of the cataract. The form and dimensions of Table Rock have been chanfijed by frequent and violent disruptions. In July, 1818, a mass broke off 160 feet in length, and from thirty to forty feet in width. December 9, 1828, three immense portions, reaching under the Horseshoe Fall, fell "with a shock like an earthquake." In the simmier GUIDB TO NIAGARA FALLS. 47 Table Rock — Mrs. Slgourney's Apostrophe to Niagara. of 1829, another large masa fell off, and June 26, 1860, a piece 200 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 100 feet thick. In the part of Table Rock that still remains there is a fissure 125 feet long, and 60 feet deep. Those who wish to go under the Horseshoe Fall can descend a road, cut from th nuseum to the foot of the fall, or by an inferior looking flight of stairs, and pass under Table Rock to do so. It was on Table Rock that Mrs. Sigoumey wrote her spirited S(jiostvopt)e to XCafiara. Flow on, forever, in thy glorious robe Of terror and of beauty. God has set His rainbow on thy forehead, and the clouds Mantled around thy feet. And He doth give Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him Eternally; — bidding the lip of man Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar, pour Incense of awe-struck pruiae. And who can dare To lift the insect trump of earthly hope, Or love, or sorrow, *mid the peal sublime Of thy trwnendous hymtU Even ocean shrinks Back from thy brotherhood, and his wild waves J Retire abashed; for he doth sometimes seem To sleep like a spent laborer, and recall His wearied billows from their vieing play, And lull them to a cradle calm: but thou, With everlasting, undecaying tide, Dost rest not night nor day. The morning stars "When first they sang o'er young creation's birth, Heard thy deep anthem; and those wrecking fires That wait the archangel's signal, to dissolve r 48 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Burning Spring — Battle of Chippewa. The solid earth, shall find Jehorah's name Graven, aa with a thousand diamond apeara, On thine unfothomed page. Each leafy bongh That lifts itself within thy proud domain. Doth gather greenness from thy living spray, And tremble at the baptism. Lo! yon birda Do venture boldly near, bathing their wings Amid thy foam and mist. 'T is meet for them To touch thy garments here, or lightly stir The snowy leaflets of this vapor wreath, Who sport unharmed on the fleecy cloud, ■ And listen at the echoing gate of heaven Without reproof. But as for us, it seems Scarce lawful with our broken tones to speal^ Familiarly of thee. Methinks, to tint Thy glorious features with our pencil's point, Or woo thee with the; tablet of a song, Were profanation. Thou dost make the soul A wondering witness of thy majesty; And while it rushes with delirious joy To tread thy vestibule, dost chain its step. And check its rapture, with the humbling view Of its own nothingness, bidding it stand In the dread presence of the Invisible, Afl if to answer to its.God through |hee. 38urnfnfl Sprfnfl Is about one mUe above Table Rock, near the river's edge. The water of the spring is highly charged with sulphureted hydrogen gas, and emits a pale, blue light when ignited. To heighten the effect, the phenomenon of the burning water is exhibited in a darkened room. Near this spot was fought the battle of Chippewa, July 6, 1814. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 49 Lundy'fl Lano Battle Ground— Bender's Ofcve— Maid of the Mist. %untis'» Hane Battle 0rrountr Is one mile and a half westwardly from the Falls. On this plain was fought the great battle of the last war, July 25, 1814. The loss on both sides, in killed and wounded, waa nearly 1800. The village near by is called Drummondville, in memory of Gen. Drummond, then commander of the British forces on the line. SSentrec's Cabe Is one mile below the Clifton House, and twenty feet below the top of the bank. The cave is a natural hollow in the rock, in shape somewhat resembling a large oven, and measuring about forty feet in breadth and depth. Hermits are respectfully invited to call and examine. S!)e iteta) l^afti of tl)t M^nt This beautiful little steamer makes hourly trips every day, Sundays excepted, during the summer season, between the Suspension Bridge and the Falls. From the bridge you have a fine view of her, either lying at her mooring, or in graceful motion on her feathery course. A trip on the " Maid " can not fail to prove a thrilling experience to the most immovably apathetic. Passing through two miles of the romantic gorge of the Niagara, in full view of its giant wonders, she dashes into the very jaws of the cataract, and emerging gaily from enveloping rainbows and spray, turns proudly on 60 TOPOORPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Vniage of Niagara Falls. passing through the whirling epray cloud, is utterly ineffable. The first, or triaUsteamer^ was launched in 1846, and performed her trips regularly for six years, without an accident. The new Maid of the Mist is in every way a superior boat. She is of one hundred and seventy tons burden, propelled by an engine of over one hun- dred horse-power, built expressly for this route. Those wishing to make the trip will find omnibuses running from the depots and hotels in connection with the boat. The boat also touches for passengers at both the ferry landings. Water-proof dresses furnished on board, free of charge, for those who wish to remain on deck while pafiing the Falls. This trip is considered by the ablest judges to be perfectly safe, both from the aniple security of the boat itself, and froni the peculiar character of this part of Niagara river. An evidence of this is the fact that the boat is insured at one-half of the usual rate on the adjacent lakes. Let us now return whence we set out, to the Vniafie of Nfaflara ifalli. This place is not yet large, it is true, but its recent growth has been extremely rapid. Within the last five years its population has increased from one thousand to nearly three thousand persons. Buildings are every- where springing up, and yet not fast enough to meet the demand. The peculiarities of the place adapt it to all classes of nersons — to the adventurer, thp. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 51 Village of Niagara Falls — - Niagara by Moonlight. capitalist, the amateur, the rigid utilitarian, and the lover of elegant retirement. One great cause of its present prosperity is found in the energetic efforts now making to render ^available for mechanical purposes the vast wealth of natural power that has here slumbered for ages. An instance of this is the hydraulic canal now in process of cutting, from a point about a mile above the precipice to a point a half a mile below it. The completion of this enterprise is confidently awaited as the beginning of a new era in the industrial history of this part of the country. The village is not yet large enough to render a particular account of its topography necessary. The stores and hotels are situated princi- pally on Main Street. The churches stapd on the street immediately in the rear; that is, to the east of this. The white frame church belongs to the Methodist denomii ition ; the large stone one, with the town clock in its steeple, to the Presbyterian ; the brown church, surmounttid by a cross, to the Episcopalian ; and the white stone building north of this, to the Baptist. The Romish church stands back of the tliird street in the rear of this» Kfafiata fts J^oonUjjtJt. There is much the same difference between Niagara in the " gairish light of day" and Niagara bathed in the sofl splendor of moonlight, that there would be between the Paradise Lost in the freedom of its epic grandeur and the same translated into vapid pu-ose. The peculiar charm of the scene is not in the seoarate eniovment of I " " ii ■ 52 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Lunar Bow — Indian Tradition. the silvery light and of the forceful flood, nor yet in any contrast between the gi-ace of the one and the strength of the other, but in the instantaneous blending of complementary influences, a sort of "gladness in accomplished promise." The peculiar effect of moon- light upon the features of a landscape is to harmonize, to soften, to spiritualize. Every thing within its smile is lighier and more graceful. The rivers are turned into "vales of winding lighi;" the chfft loose their harshness of outline ; the trees, in their picturesque re- pose, look like the trees of a dream ; even sound itself, in sympathy with the scene, falls upon the ear with softer cadence. A favorite haunt at Niagara in this magical season is Goat Island. It is here that the best views are obtained of that rare phenomenon, the Lunar Bow. At the time of the full moon this exhibition ie as perfect as lunar light can make it. At best, how- ever, it is very faint, a mere belt of the saintly hue. Many persons consider the lunar bow a suf- ficient justification of immoderate raptures; but its attractiveness, we can not but think, is owing more to its being so seldom seen than to any intrinsic beauty it may possess. KnMan STratiftfon, In connection with a list of the casualties at the Falls, it is usual to mention a tradition among the Indians that at least two persons must annually be sac- rificed to the Great Spirit of these waters. The limit on one side, at least, has often been too sadly transcended. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 53 Grandeur of Niagara in Winter. Nfaflara fn Wlnttt, Comparatively few persons know any thing of the indescribable g^-andeur of Niagara in winter. The most appreciative of those who have seen it at this season pronounce the view superior, in its kind, to that of the summer scene. We copy the following from the edi- torial colums of the Louisville Journal. It is worthy the pen of its poet editor. " No one truly appreciates Niagara who has not seen it in midwinter. Deeply aa the manifold grandeur and beauty of its summer aspect impresses the beholder, and solemn and delicious as are the emotions it inspires when arrayed in the rich drapery of autumn, it is still more impressive when clad in the superb and dazzUng livery of winter. There are few who have had the fortune or the hardihood to visit the great cataract at all seasons, who will not heartily unite in this judgment. W6 have looked upon it every month in the year, and under almost every possible relation, and never without a sense of strange, inexpressible elevation, such as one might experience in the actual presence of the Infinite ; but at no period have we ever felt so exalted and transported by its magical sublimity as in the depth of winter. There is at this time a universal bleakness yhich repels the vision from discursive movement, and concentrates it, with overwhelming efifect, upon the brilliant spectacle of the cataract itself; and certainly that spectacle is amont;' the most stziking and splendid of earthly scenes. Wa know of no mere physical \m 64 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara in its Winter Rubos. appearance that can rival it in those features which impress the human mind most deeply and permanently. "Its wonderful enchantment is chiefly due to the gradual' freezing of the spray, blown thinly over the islands and adjacent shores, until the simplest objects assume the most grotesque or significant forms, shaped in transparent ice. Very marvelous is the change to one who stood by that majestic tide in the bright hours of August or October. The islands that were then car- peted with verdui'e, and beaming with the soft tints of summer, are now laid in ice as pure and solid as the most stainless Parian ; while the trees and shrubs, that 80 lately Uazed with the splendors of autumn, are robed in the same spotless vesture, and borne down to the very ground by its massy weight. Even the giant rocks that shoot up so boldly from the far depths of the precipice are hooded and wrapped with vast breadths of ice, as if to rebuke their fantastic imperti- nence. All things are incased and enveloped^ with gleaming ice. Ice islands are covered with foiests of I ice that bend down to the ice with the iciest of fruits. Everywhere but in the immediate chaimel of the swollen and surging river, the ice-giant reigns sover- eign of the ascendant — as sovereign as the Scandina- vian mythology would have him reign in the generation of the universe. Indeed, when one looks over this shivering but radi.ant scene, it is easy to sympathize with the ancient Scalds, who held ice to be the pri- meval matter. "One of the most singular effects of this frosty s GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 55 Niagara in Its Winter Robod. dominion is displayed upon Luna Island, (of beautiful memory,) whore the trees are bowed down to the earth with their snowy vestments, like so many white nuns doing saintly homage to the genius of the place. But the most magnificent and bewitching effect ia produced by the morning sun when it pours over these fairy-like islands and forests a flood of kindling rays. At such a moment the characteristic attributes of Niagara seem fused and heightened into ' something more exquisite still' Its intrinsic sublimity and beauty experience a literal transfiguration. Nature is visibly idealized. Nothing more brilliant or enchanting can be conceived. The brightest tales of magic *pale their ineffectual fires.' Islands, whose flowers are thickset with dia- monds, and forests, whose branches are glittering with brilliants, and amethists, and pearls, seem no longer a luxurious figment of genius, but a living and beaming reality. Ono feels in the midst of such blazing cor- ru9cation8 and such glorious bursts of radiance as if the magician's ring had been slipped upon his finger unawares, and, rubbed unwittingly, had summoned the gorgeous scene before him. It is as if Mammoth Cave, with its groves of stalactite8„and crystal bowers, and gothic avenue and halls, and star chambers, and flash- ing grottoes, were suddenly uncapped to the wintry sun, and bathed in his thrilling beams ; or as if the fabled palace of Neptune had risen abruptly from the deep, and were flinging its splendors in the eye of heaven. "It is indeed a scene of peerless grandeur, and would richly repay a pilgrimage from the extremest 56 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara in Its Winter Robes — Ilackmon and. Guillen. limits of the nation. A man of taste and f. cling should be willing to 'put a girdle round the ^lobc ' to witness it We are amazed that parties of enterprising tourists do not flock thither from all quarters of the Union. They surely have little passion for the sublime and beautiful who think of the scene only to shudder at it and forego it. "A recent visitor to Niagara states that he found him- self preceded a few days by a large party from the sunny region of Barbadoes. We suppose that, since the hurricane season is over, the gay adventurers of that beautiful island are dying of ennui. They ciin hardly find a nobler substitute for their loved whirl- winds and tornadoes tlian Niagara m its winter robes." J^acftmeii anti ffiuOies. Complaints are frequently made by strangers of beitg outrageously gulled hy hackraen and guides. Tius complaint is a general one, and there is no reason for making it with peculiar emphasis at Niagara. The experienced tourist will always settle the price befor«3- hand, and so avoid any unpleasant scene at the end of his trip. This precaution, so regularly observed iu all other matters, should not be omitted in this ; the prico of a thing should be known before we engage to pat/ for it. The usual charge for carriages is one dollar an hour. The compensation for the service of guides is less definitely fixed. Other complaints, of a less speciP" character, are also often made; such as, "a quarter is demanded at ever-- corner," &c. The truth is, no more GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67' Charges of Senranw. etc. — RetrocoHRion of the Falls. money ia asked here than elsewhere for an equal, or perhaps less amount of value received ; but the greater part of the world are so much accustomed to consider a tangible, material return as the only form of the quid pro quo, thr*t they can not understand how so gross an affair as money should enter into considerations of tl is kind, and consequently regret its expenditure the more keenly. ^ aaetrocessfon of ti)e ifnUst. We copy the following from Prof's Gray & Adams' Geology : " One of the most magnificent and instruct- ive examples of the denuding agency of rivers is to be seen in the retrocession of the Niagara Falls, which have cut an enormous ravine from Queenstown, seven miles back, to their present situat' u. Soft shales at the base of the falls 'underlie the harder limestone, which is gradually undermined, and fragments of the overlying rock are detached from above. In this way, the falls are now retrograding at a rate not easily reck- oned with precision for the want of historical data, but variously estimated to average from one foot to one yard per year. As the rocks have a small dip back- ward in the direction of Lake Erie, *he water will at length cease to act on the soft shales for the want of sufficient fall below to remove the materials. The pro- cess will therefore be an-ested long before the falls can have traveled back as far as the lake." II' 58 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Quantity of Water— Table Rock. ^uantfts of WBattx. In ol-ossing the river just below the falls, the view is justly regarded as one of the most sublime m the nat- ural world. As you look up from the deep ravine, you see at least 20,000,000 cubic feet of water each minute rushmg down from a height of 160 feet, and appearing in truth "As if God poured it from hia ' hollow hand ' — and had bid Ita flood to chronicle the ages bacu. And notch his cent-iriea in the eternal rock." TABI.a ROCK. II # 60 TOPOGllAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Description of Niagara Frontier. SrtJe Xfaflara jfxontltv. After the battle of Chippewa, Gen. Brown wrote to a friend, from his encampment at Queenston, as fol- lows: "I have now seen the Falls of Niagara in aU their majesty, and my camp is situated in a region affording the most sublime and beautiful scenery. I can fancy nothing equal to it, except the noble contest of gallant men on the field of battle, stniggUng for their country's glory, and their own." The region to which this tribute so gracefully alludes, the Niagara frontier, it is the design of this section to briefly sketch in its local character and historical relations. Niagara river, from lake to lake, comprehends a length of only about thirty-six miles. Contracted as this border re- gion is, as an important section of the geographical line between governments that have not always b-^n on terms of amity, it has often been made the thet - of war. Its localities are therefore associated with the hiP*ory of our country, and with the fame of her miU- tary chieftains, and on this, if on no other account, are worthy a description. The history of this region dis- closes to our view, first, the lordly Indian roaming the majestic solitude; next, the wary pioneers of the civ-'J- zation and the vices of Euro >e, mingling the hereditary hatred of their respective nations when crossing one anftther's path ; then a protracted strife for the mastery between the delegated powers of those nations; then a lull of peace and prosperity; again the atrocities of war; and again and now the blessings of peace. % s I--:. i GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 61 I History of the Five Nations—The Iroquois. First, our immediate predecessors, This was the name given by the French to the con- federacy of the Five Nations, consisting of the Mo- hawks, on the river of that name, the Oneidas, on the southern shore of Oneida lake, the Cayugas, near Cay- uga lake, and the Senecas, stretching from the Seneca lake to the Niagara river. Father Hennepin says that there were vihages of the Senecas on the Niagara, not many miles above the falls. The Iroquois Senecas were k,herefore the immediate predecessors of the whites on this frontier. Remnants of this once mighty people, whom Volney, in a burst of enthusiasm, called the KoMANS OF THE West, Still hnger around their prime- val homesteads. The Tuscaroras, a tribe incorporated with the Iroquois in 1*712, still enjoy the reservation of their lands, and occupy a village about nine miles from the Falls. The remains of the Senecas dwell further to the south. It is a curious fact that while the rapacity of the white man has stripped them almost entirely of their possessions, and shorn them of their power, their ancient league is still in force, tlieir traditional customs still observed. Yearly they glide to their council-fire, through the waving grain-lands of their once forest home, like lingering spirits of the past, to banquet on the recollections of their traditionary greatness. " From their ancient seat at Onondaga, the council-fire is trans- ferred *a Tonawanda. Here then: representatives 62 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL The Five Nations —The Neuter Nation. yet assemble and perform their ancient rit«s and ceremonies." It must not, however, lie inferred that the Iroquois Senecas were the original proprietors of the soil, or the first of whom we have any account. Just above the horizon of history flits the shadow of a great and peaceful tribe, CTfjc "Ncutec Watfon, Supposed to be identical with the Kah-Kwas, "in whose wigwams the fierce Hurons and relentless Iro- quois met on neutral ground" Father L'Allenrant, in 1841, mentions distinctly "the easternmost village of the Neutral Nation, * Ongniaarha, ' (Niagara,) of the same name as the river." In the following year Char- levoix also mentions this people, and says that they were called " ' neui,ral' because they took no part in the wars which desolated the country." Canada West was the seat of the "fierce Hurons." Situated between this warlike people and the Iroquois, the neutrality of the Kah-Kwas could not long be preserved. "To avoid the fury of the Iroquois they joined them against the Hurons, but gained nothing by the union." They fell victims to the furious power they sought to concil- iate, and disappeared as a nation about the year 1 »543. To their seats, as we have said, succeeded the Senecas, who were in occupation of them, when first visited by e B):petiftfon of SDLh ^^Ile. Robert Cavalier de La Salle, a native of France, set out for the new world in 166*7. Following up the St. Lawrence, he explored Lake Ontario, and ascended to Lake Erie. La Salle had heard from the Indians of m II. . # f 1^ I fili 64 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Expedition of La Salle — Fatter Hennepin. the mcgostic Ohio, and of the fertile regions beyond ; and in the mind of this man was first formed the pro- ject of uniting Canada with the valley of the Mississippi by a chain of military posts. Presenting his plans in a memorial to his government, and obtaining a coui- mi^ion for the exploration of the Father of Waters, he set out on his expedition in the fall of 1678, with a numerous band of followers, among whom was Tonti, the Italian, and Father Hennepin. Touching at the present site of Fort Niagara, he there established a trading post. Making the portage from Lewiston to Cayuga creek, on the American side, the whole com- pany improved the opportunity of viewing the Falls. Good Father Hennepin was quite bowed down beneath their grandeur. He is confident that they are above six hundred feet high, and describes them as " a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not afford its parallel." As they purposed visiting the head waters of the Missis- sippi, it was necessary first to build a suitable vessel to navigate the upper lakes. Accordingly a vessel of sixty tons burden was built at the mouth oi the Cayuga creek, on the American side of the river, about five miles above the Falls. The vessel was named the "Grifl^," in allusion to the arms of the Count de Frontenac, the early patron of La Salle. On the 1th of August, 1679, amid the firing of guns, and the singing of the Te Dewn, the Griffin lifted her sails to the breeze — the first keel to enter the waters of the upper lakes. GUIDB TO NIAQARA FALliB. 65 Expedition of De A . uvllle against the '^ndians. Crtie SEppeurtloti of 3D9e ^Monbflle. When Champlain came out'from France in 1608, he unwisely made the Iroquoia the deadly enemies of the French, by actively co-operating with the Hurons against them, This course of policy had been afterward pur- sued as a tradition, and when the Marquis de Nonville succeoded to the goverument of New France, in 1686, he found hunself involved in a war with the Iroquois, ir. defense of his Indian allies of the west. He at once resolved to attack the Senecas first, and to build a fort at Niagara, w^ 'e La Salle had left a trading post. " The commandants of the French posts at the west were ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, with their troops, and the warrioi s of their Indian allies in that quarter." The French army set out from Montreal on the 18th of June, and reached Trgndequoit, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, on the 12th of July. According to previous arrangement, the commandant at Niagara, with the reinforcements from the west, reached Irondequoit in the same hour with the divimon of De Nonville. After laying waste the country in his course, and takmg formal possession of some of the principal vil- lages of the Senecas, De Nonville dispatched a detach- ment to Fort Frontenac, (Kingston,) to communicate the result of the expedition, and with the rest of his force, set out for Niagara on the 26th, which he reached on the 30th.,. "In three days," says he, "the anny had so fortified the post as to put it in a good cqndition 66 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL De Nonville'8 Expedition —The Tuscaroras. of defense in case of an assault." A detachment of one hundred men left here, soon fell beneath the com- bined attacks of disease and the Senecas, and the post was again deserted. De Nonville left Niagara on the 2d of August. La Hontan was ordered to take a detach- ment of troops, and accompany the Indian allies on their return to the west. Rowing up from the fort to Lew- iston, they carried their canoes over the portage on the American side, and launched them again at Schlosser. Scarcely had they pushed their skiffs from the shore, when a "thousand Iroquois" appeared on the river's bank. It was under the terror of such a pursuit that La Hontan, with three or four savages, left the main body to catch a hurried glimpse of that "fearful cata- ract " which, in his trepidation, he describes as " seven or eight hundred feet high, and half a league broad." The facts of De Nonville's expedition we woven into W. H. C. Hosmer'a beautiful poem of " Yonnondio." The Tuscurora reservation is upon a mountain ridge in the town of Lewiston, about nine miles north-east of the Falls. Driven from their original seats in North Caroline 'ij the aggressions of the whites, they migra- ted to New York in 1712, and became merged in the confederacy of the Iroquois. In the revolutionary war a part of them inclined to the EngUsh, and a part remained neutral. "Such portions of the Tuscaroras and Oneidas as had been allies of the English in their flifrht frnm thfi t.ntal rniit. of Qpn, SulUvan. embarked /. GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67 Niagara Frontier in 1812. in canoes upon Oneida lake, and down the Oswego river, coasting along up Lake Ontario to the British garrison at Fort Niagara. In the spring, a part of them returned, and a part of them took possession of a mile square upon the mountain ridge, given them by the Senecas. The Holland Company afterward donated to them two square miles adjoining their reservation, and in 1804 they purchased of the company 4329 acres ; the aggregate of which several tracts is their present possessions." Waflata jFtontfer (n 1812. President Madison's proclamation of war threw the whole frontier into consternation. The pioneers, un- protected by a sufficient force, and dreading the treach- erous warfare of the British Indians, were ready to abandon their homes to the tender mercies of the enemy. The strong positions of the Americans were BufflEklo and Fort Niagara ; those of the British were Fort Erie and Fort George, a redoubt opposite Black Rock, a battery at Chippewa, another below the falls, and the defenses on Queenston Heights. On the 11th of August, Major General Van Rensse- laer, of the New York miUtia, established his head- quarters at Lewiston. On the 13th of October, he determined to cross the river at Lewiston and take possession of Queenston Heights. The attempt was successful. Shortly after the occupation. Gen. Brock arrived with a reinforcement of 600 troops, and, in attempting to rally them after their first repulse, was r» 68 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL War OQ the Nitgara B'roatier. killed. His aiddecamp, McDonald, fel3, likewise, by hifi side. Meanwhile, the British having received another reinforcement, the undisciplined militia of Van Rensse- laer's rear division, as they had not yet crossed the river, ^jieterred to remain where they were, although they were obliged to see their gallant companions suffer a total defeat. This was the chief event on this frontier, in the campaign of 1812. On the 27th of May, 1813, Gen. neavbom captured from the British, Fort George, at Newark, near Niagara, at the mouth of the Niagara river. After the British had withdrawn their regular force from the frontier, M'Clure, the American general in command of Fort George, wantonly burned the town of Newark, leaving its homeless inhabitants exposed to the inclemency of the season, evacuated the conquered territory, and returned to his own side of the river. But retribution was at hand. Th3 post evacuated by M'Clure was soon occupied by Col. Murray with a force of 500 British soldiers and Indians. Gen. M'Clure, ffeeling perfectiy secure of Fort Niagara, took up his head-quarters at Buffalo. Col. Leonard, equally secure, slept in his own house, three miles above the fort. Thus it was that the force of Murray, crossing the river before day-break, at a point about four miles above the fort, called the Five Mile Meadows, surprised the garri- son, and made themselves masters of the post. Indian scouts left the main body, like bloodhmmds, to scent up their prey. The whole frontier was a scene of the moat intense suffering. Lewiston, Niagara Falls, Black I !'■ GUIDE TO NIAGARA FALLS, 69 Wax on the Niagara Frontier. Rock, and Buffalo, fell an easy prey to the destroyer. All fled who could, the militia frequently leading th» van. " It was a motley throng, flying from the torch and the tomahawk of an invading foe, with hardly the show of a military organization to cover the retreat." Buffalo was burned to the ground on the 80th of De- cember. But the campaign of 1814 was destined to retrieve, as far as possible, the fortunes of this. The executive appointed Gen. Brown to the command in this frontier, associating with him Winfield Scott, Gaines, Miller, and others. Then followed a brilliant succession of victories,— the capture of Fort Erie, the battle of Chippewa, the battle of Lundy's Lane, and finally, the greatest of all victories, peace. 1 NORTHSKN EOUTE. This route has long been a favorite one with the traveling million, and we doubt not, reader, that you are purposing to enjoy its offered pleasures. Let us, therefore, take the cars at the Falls, and pass along the river's bank to Lewiston, whence the steamers leave daily for Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Nothing of the kind could be more channing than this short railway passage. The distance from the Falls to Lew- iston is seven miles. Three miles below the Falls, the road enters, by an excavation, the side of the bank, and the grade continues as far as Lewiston. The train sweeping along this gorge, your admiration is constantly challenged by a panorama of iver scenery seldom equaled on the face of the globe. To describe it would require the pen of a Ruskin ; to appreciate it, it must be seen. Two miles below the Falls, and adjacent to the Sus- pension Bridge, is ' Nfaflara €ft2; For such is the present name of the beautifiil village, formerly called Bellovue, from itB^ne view of the Falls in the distance. Before the suspension bridge was constructed here, no village was to be seen. Ita 1 11 ! 1 M 72 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara City — Lewiston. population is now about 1200, and it is still iacreasing with e rapidity seldom paralleled. On the bank of the river, near the bridge, stands a grist-mill, turned by a wheel placed 280 feet below, with which it communicates by a dhaft. The town contains, also, an immense railroad depot, and a sufficient number of stores, offices, and hotels. Anwng tha latter, the massive stone building at the northern extremity of »he place is one of the finest structures of the kind in this region of country. The character of Niagara city changes so rapidly in its youlhful growth that any but the most general de- scription of it must fail to be permanently true. On the 24th of May, 1798, Surveyor General De Witt wrote to Mr. EUicott, of the HoUdnd Land Company, " to examine where a fown comd most conveniently be placed on the Niagara river, where tV- . Inidan title had been extinguished," and to "furnish a map and survey thereof." M**. Ellicott recommended Lewiston as the place ; and surely a prettier, or at the time more eligible site, could not have been selected. It lies seven miles below the Falls, nestlmg at the foot of the mountain amid a wealth of "living greenness" — the very ideal of rural loveliness. As the head of navigation on the lower Niagara, it is. a place of considerable importance ; but has been much injured by the construction of the Erie and Welland canals. It contains, besides a porpor- tionate number of stores and hotels, churches of all the various denominations, and an academy of considerable NORTHERN I^OUTE GUIDE. Lewiston SuBpension Bridge — Queenston. 73 size. In 1812, it was the head-quarters of Gen. Van Rensselaer, of the New York militia. EetoCaton ^uspensfoit Bc^ge. Juat above Lewiston, the Niagara is spanned hy toe longest and one of the finest suspension bridges in the world. Its spaa is one thousand and forty-five feet. It is supported by ten cables — Hve upon a side — car- ried over massive towers of cut stone, and secured by anchors sunk into the solid rock six or seven feet. The cables ure each composed of 250 strands of num- ber ten wire, 1245 feet in length. The ultimate capacity of the bridge is estimated at eight hundred and thirty- five tons. This bridge is the property of a jomt com- imny of Canadians and Americans, and was erected in 1850, under the superintendence of E. W. Serrell, Esq., of Canada Ea«t. <>Diueen]iton : A small village opposite Lewiston, containing about 200 iuliabitants, three churches — Episcopal, Presbyte- rian, and Baptist — a telegraph office, md a tannery. The name of this pluce is associated in history with the gallant defence by the British of the adjacent heights, in the war of 1812. The village is prettUy situated, but 'ts importance has been lessened by the same causes which have retarded the growth ot Lewiston. I tm r m 74 TOPOOIUPHIOAL AND PICTORIAL Brock's MoDument. 33roc&*8 i^onument, On Queenston Heights, judc above the village of this ntUne, near the spot where the gallant soldier fell, stands a monument to Gen. Brock, beneath which his ashes and those of his aiddecamp, McDonald, repose. The first monument was completed in 1826, and con- sisted of a plain shaft of fi^ jestone, about 126 feet high, and surmounted by an observatory, reached by spiral stairs ou the inside. This was blown up by some mis- creant, on the night of the I'Zth of April, 1840. The present structure, — inaugurated Aug. 13th, 1853, amid the enthusiasm of over ten thousand people present — is far more magnificent than the former. Its whole height is one hundred and eighty-five feet. The sub- base is forty feet square and thirty feet high. On this are placed four lions, facing respectively north, south, east, and west. Next is the base of the pedestal, twenty-one feet six inches, square, and ten feet high. Then comes the pedestal, sixteen feet square and ten feet high, bearing a heavy cornice, ornamented with lion heads alternately with wreaths in alto-relievo. From the top of the pedestal to the top of the base of the shaft, the form changes from square to round. The shaft is a fluted column of freestone, seventy-five feet in height, and ten feet in diameter, surmounted by a Oorinthian capital, ten feet high, on "which is worked in relief a statue of the Goddess of War. Then comes a round dome, nine feet high, which is reached by 250 spiral steps from the base on the inside. The whole ji NORTHER N BOUTE G UIDB. Fort Niagara — Niagara. 75 1 is surmounted by a massive statue of General Isaac Brock. Is built at the mouth of the Niagara river, on the Amer- ican side. We have already given the history of this post, in treating of the Niagara Frontier. Within the last few years, important repairs have been made around the fort, and the entire wall has been constructed anew. "During the progress of these repairs, many relics of former days were found. The entrances to several underground passages were discovered; but owing to their ruinous state, they were not entered ; • could this have been done, no doubt many interesting discoveries would have been made." This spot is inter- esting as historic ground, when associated with the mem- ory of the heroic La Salle, and the gentle and courtly De Nonville, and all the gallant "chiefs and ladies fair" that have graced its frowning walls. The village adjacent to the fort is caUed Youngstown, from the name of its founder, the late John Young, Esq. Here was fought the battle of the 24th of July, 1756, in which Pridcaux, the English general, fell, and after which the French garrison surrendered to Sir William Johnson, V '\o succeeded to the command of the EnglisL. , WCaflara, |l C^^posite Youngstown, is one of the odest tov s.. in y Upper Canada, and was at one time tht capital of the ■ province. It is on the site of the old town of Newark, burnt by Gen. M'Clure, December "'Oth, 1813. ii is a J i i i' I '^1 i I y| ■ li> 1 iqn^H i 1 JM 76 TOPOGRAPHICAL. AND PICTORIAL — t — - — • Fort George — Fort Miseissaga — Toronto— Port Hope. pleasant town, facing lake Ontario on one side, and the river on the other. In former days its importance was much more considerable than at present. Since the completion of the Welland Canal, St. Catharines, being more centrally situated, has absorbed* its trade, and detracted very much from its prosperity. A short distance above the village are seen the ruina of the old Fort George^ taken by the Americans under Dearborn, May 29th, 1813, destroyed by M'Clure, De- cembei' 10th, and has never been rebuilt. A little below the town is Fort Missisaaga^ where a detachment of British soldiers is stationed. After leaving the Niagara we shall describe first the Canadian, and then the American side of Lake Ontario, to suit the tourist, whether he patronizes the Canadian or American line of boats, and, commencing again at Kingston, continue the descr'otion of places in their natural order. ' \3 '-m See page 106 — description of Great Western Railway. Is a pretty town, sixty-five miles from Toronto, situated in a valley excavated by a small stream which here falls into the lake, the mouth of which forms a shallow, but commodious and secure harbor. On the western side of the town is a succession of hills rising one above another, the highest of which, called " Fort Orton^" over- looks the country for a great distance around. The I'i NORTHBBN ROUTE GUIDE. Cobourg — Duck Island — Kingston. 77 village is incorporated, and contains about 2,200 inhab- itants. It has four thurches —Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptistr— branches of the Upper Canada, aiad Commercial and Montreal banks, *two grist-mills, three foundries, a last factory, and a number of other factories and mills. €:ot)ourg, Cont£uning about 4,000 mhabitants — lies seven miles below Port Hope, in a broad -valley which rises gradu- ally from the lake to meet the fbreat-clad hill* in the distance. The town contains seven churches, two banks, the largest cloth factory m the provmce, three grist-mills, two foundries, etc. Cobourg is also the seat of a Theological Instiiute, and of Victoria College^ — one of the best institutions of the kind in the pro\ ince. Midway between Port Hope and Cobourg, a little island, or rather rock, protrudes from the lake, called ''Duck Island," on which the government maintains a lighthouse. ji^fnaston: A place celebrated in the early history, and influential iu the present condition of Canada. The Indians called it Cataracqui. The French commenced building a fort here as early as 1672, under De Courcelles, the then governor of Can. da. It was finished the next year, and named Fort Frontenac, in honor of the Count i De Frontenac, the home administrator of the French colonies. On the return of La Salle to France, in 1675, 'j ■ 1 I* 'il f^^^m ' 'B^l ' ; Tom tm^u «'.,n 78 TOPOGRAPHTCA L AND PI CTORIAL Kingston — Fort Frontenac — Charlottesville. he obtained, by the aid of the count, the grant of Fort Frontenac, on the condition of maintaining a military post there. In 1 67 8, he rebuilt it with stone. In 1 688, it was captured by the Indians, but regained by the French in the following year, by whom it was held until destroyed by the expedition under Col. Brad- street, in 1758. By the peace of 1762, it fell into the hands of the English, from whom it obtained its pres- ent loyal name. As a miUtary post, it is one of the most important places in Canada. Its population . is something over 'ten thousand. Its distance from Co- bourg is one hundred and ten miles. Kingston contains thirteen churches, two colleges — Queens College, under Presbyterian, and Regiopolis College, under Roman Catholic disciplme —market building, and a magnificent city hall. Let us now return, and briefly glance at the places on the Amer can side of Lake Ontario, before proceed- ing down the St. Lawrence. ®|)arlottesbnie, At the mouth of the Genesee river, seventy-five miles from the mouth of the Niagara, is the port of entry for Rochester. The river is navigable by steamers five miles from its mouth, as far as Carthage, whence pas- sengers who wish to stop at Rochester take omnibuses for the city, two miles distant. NORTHBRN ROUTE GUIDE. 79 Oswego — Ogdensburg — Defeat of the EnglUh by the French. Is the next port at which the boat touches. We have spoken in another place of the early project of the French to unite Quebec with the Gulf of Me^dco by a contiuoua line of military posts. To defeat a project from which the English had so much to fear, Gov. Barnet, of New York and New Jersey, built a fort on the present site of Oswego, at his own expense^ On the 11th of August, 1766, the Marquis De Mont- calm, commander of the French forces in Canada, in- vested the fort, and, on the 12th, reduced Col. Mercer, the English commandant, to the necessity of spiking his guns and retreating across the river to Little Fort. Montcalm opened a destructive fire upon the English in their new popition, during which Col. Mercer was killed ; and, on the 14th, the English agreed to capitu- late, on condition of their being protected from the merciless fury of the Indians. After the capitulation, m direct violation of its terms, " Montcalm gave twenty of his prisoners to the custody and tortures of the sav- age allies, as victims for an equal number of Indians that had been killed during the siege." The French theA razed the fortification to the ground, and returned the land to the Onondaga Indians. Three years afterwrard, the fort was rebuilt by the English, by whom it was held until delivered up to the United States, in 1796. On the 5th of May, 1814, this post was attacked by above two thousand soldiers and sailors of the British service. 6 ,i M n Vfk 80 TOPOGRAPHIC AL AND PIOTORIAL Capture of Little F^irtb^the Britiah -- Sacketa Harbor.. Col. Mitchell, with his gallant three hundred, defend- ed the place until he was obliged to yield before over- powering numbers, and then retreated in good order, inflicting five times as great a loss upon the enemy as that which he received. Oswego is a beautiful and flourishing town, the com- mercial center of a fertile and wealthy part of country, and contains some of the largest flouring mills in the world. Its population is about fifteen thousand. It is the terminus of both a raUroad and a canal, connecting it with Syracuse and the New York Central Railway. Sacftets «art)or, A small town lying on a spacious bay, forty-five miles below Oswego. It was founded in 1799, by a Mr. Sackett, of Jamaica, L. I., from whom it took its name. From its position on Lake Ontario, Jt is admi- rably suited to the purposes of a naval station, and was, in fact, the American head-quarters of the Ontario fleet in the last war. It is now the seat of a military post, called "Madison Barracks." ^Kape "Ulncent Is a pleasant little town, lyhig at the head of the St. Lawrence, named in honor of one of the pioneer set- tiers -M. Vincent Le Roy De Chauraont. It is s^d that this place was selected as the retreat of the Em- peror Napoleon, in case he should be obliged to seek an asylum in this country. Cape Vincent is connected 1 rr= NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. The Thousand Islands — Clay ton. .81 by railway with Chaumoat, Brownville, Watertown, and Rome. e:t)c Ct)ou0anU 8slanti8. About Bix miles below Kingston these islands begin, and extend as far as Morristown. Notwithstanding their name, their number is in fact nearly ff teen hun- dred. On account of their size, they are not, at first, very numerous. The largest is Grande, or Wolf Island,— about thirty miles in length. They lessen in size, and increase in number, as you approach Clay- ton— & little town on the American side, and the great rafting station of E. G. Merrick, Esq. Van Cleve's Guide says : " This is, also, the residence of the well- known William Johnson, who figured in the late Canadian rebellion. In consequence of his participa- tioi) in these troubles, he was obliged to seclude him- self from the search instituted for him by troops under the command of the late General Worth. It^wae during this seclusion that his daughter, 'Kate,' ac- quired her title of ' Queen of the Thousand Islands,' from her visiting, and carrying him provisions in her canoe." A few miles below Clayton, the river appears covered with floating islands. Smith, in his ''Past, Present and Future of Canada," describes these islands thus: "Islands, of aU sizes and shapes, are scattered in profusion throughout the waters ; some covered with vegetation; others bare and rugged rocks ; some, many acres in extent; others, measadng but a few feet; some showing .V bare, bald head, a Uttlc above the level of i iV^ :tti 82 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Gananoqui — Gore Island — Wellosley Island — Brockville. the water, wMlc a short distance off, a large island, or rock, crowned with a considerable growth of pine or cedar, will rise abruptly out of the water, to the height, probably, of a hundred feet and more. These islands are mostly of granite or sandstone. The locality appears to have suffered, in some by-gone time, from some great convulsion of nature." Nearly opposite Clayton, on the Canada side, is Gananoqui, a pretty village of about nine hundred inhabitants, founded in 1798, by the late Col. Joel Stone, at the confluence of the Gananoqui river with the St. Lawrence. Midway between these two last named towns is Gore Island. The next large island below this is Wellealey Island. Opposite the lower end of this island, on the American side, is the Uttle rock-perched town of Alexandria. aStocft\)nie, A pleasant town of about three thousand inhabitants, lying at the foot of the Thousand Islands, on the Can- ada side of the river. It is situated on an elevation of land which rises from the harbor in a succession of ridges. The town was laid out in 1802, and is now a place of no little importance. In the war of 1812, it was captured by the American major, Forsyth, who was, afterward, killed at La Cole. Is on the American side of the river, directly opposite Brockville. It was first settled by emigrants from NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 83 Ogdonflburg — Fort La Presentation. Morristown, New Jersey, by whom it was named, in lionor of their native place. Tlie river at this point, is two miles and a half wide. On the American side, twelve miles below Morris* town, is A mission was founded here about the year 1741, by the Abbe Erangoia Picquet — the "Apostle of the Iro- quois." As a protection to the mission, and, perhaps, for other urposes less sacrfed, a ibrt was built at the same time, called " La Presentation." Remains of this fort are said to be visible at the present day. The corner-stone has been dug up, and is now in the pos- seshion of an inhabitant of the town. It bears the following inscription: In nom(nt f "Bti ©mn{potent{0 ^u(c l)ab(tatront (nCt(o HeTjft, JTrans ^icsuct, \Jh9» Ogdensburg was twice attacked by the British, during the last war — once in 1812, but without success, and again in 1813, when it was captured, plundered, and a portion of it burnt. On the arrival of the boats, the cars leave Ogdensburg for Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain — one hundred and eighteen miles distant— where they connect with trains to Boston and Montreal. •'*,'! ' y , >V„ \tX IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe // '^ :./> A^t# ^^^^ ^^^ /, ^ 1.0 I.I ■JO ■^" 2.5 2.2 i.8 1.25 III 1.4 11^ ^ 6" — ^ # '<*» ^ 72 ^1 :V#.? ^C^^ ^%l> -' ^^.<. <^> '/ Photographic Sdoices Corporation ^ ,\ ^ ^ ^\ .<^ ^.% O^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ro 1^ M. 84 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND P':CTORIAL Preacott — Fort Wellington — Windmill Pcint — The Rapids. 33wscott Is an old-fashioned looking town, of about two thousand inhabitants, on the Canada side, opposite Ogdensburg. Before the opening of the Rideau canal, Prescott was the center of the carrying trade between Kingston and Montreal ; but since that event its growth has been checked. The place has several factories and mills, five churches, and is a port of entry. On the east- ern side of the town,' a fortification has been thrown up, called Fort Wellington. About a mile below the town is a place called Windmill Point — a collection of stone buildings, in which the "Patriots established them- selves in ISST, under one Von Shultz^ a Polish exile, and held out againsi the British troops for three days. About five miles below Ogdensburg, the first rapid of the St. Lawrence breaks around an islet called Chimney Iskind^ from a number of old stones that have reraained-etanding from some early fortification. The next town on the American side is Waddington — and in the river, over against it, Ogden Island^ from the name of its proprietor. On the Canada side is Morriabnrgy formerly called West Williamsburg. It contains about two hundred inhabitants, and is called the port of Mariatown, although the settlement bearing that name is two miles distant. A short distance below Morristown is Chryseler^s Farm, where an American force was met, on its descent to Montreal, in 1813, and defeated and turned back, by a detachment of the British troops. Thirty r iles below Ogdensburg, the NORTHERN ROUTE G UIDE. Long Sault Rapid -Cornwall— St. Regis. .85 boat touches at Louisville, whence stages run to Mm- »ena Springs — distant seven miles. These springs are said to have proved effectual in restoring debilitated constitationB. Zliz Eong &mltt A continuons rapid for over nine miles, divided in the center by Long Sault Island. The channel on the north side of the island is called "io«< Channel^* from a onco prevalent belief that any thing so lucKless as to be drawn into it must inevitably be lost It Is now descended with safety, although the usual path of steamers is on the south side. Cornwall Is situated at the foot of the Long Sault, on the Canad(| side. It is " a neat, quiet, old-fashioned looking town," of about sixteen hundred inhabitants, but not a place of much business. Cornwall Island lies in the river, opposite the town, and belongs to the Indians of This is an old Indian village, a little way below CJom- wall, on the opposite side of the nver. The tourist wUl observe, from the deck of lue steamer, the old church, lifting its tin roof above the neighboring houses. The bell hanging in this church is associated with a deed of genuine Indian revenge. On its way from France, it was captured by an English cruiser, and taken hito Salem, Massachusetts, where it was sold to S! 86 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL " Lake St. FranoiH — Coteau du Lao — Grey Nunnery. ■u the church at Deerfield, in the same state. The In- dians, hearing of the destination of their bell, set out for Deerfield, attacked the town, killed forty-seven of the inhabitants, and took one hundred and yelve cap- tives, " among whom was the pastor and his family." The bell was then taken down, and conveyed to St. Regis, where it now hangs. Hafte St. i^vancCff. This is the name of that expansion of the St. Law- rence which begins just bel jw Cornwall and St Regis and extends to, Coteau du Itoc. Many little islands are scattered here and there over its surface. Coteau du Zae is a smfiil village at the foot of the lake ; and, on the north side, over against th> j place, is Grand liland. Just below are the Coteau Rapidfr T)ie Qedati is a small town just above the rapids of th<.s name. Passing these rapids — a very exciting • pas- sage — you ^de into Lako St. Louis, from which you catch a view of Montreal mountain in the distance. On the right you see Nun's Island, belonging to the Orey Ntmnery^ at Montreal Passing out from Lake St Louis, the first place we reach after having left the lake is La tlhine-^o. town nine miles distant fi'om Montreal, and connected with it by railroad. Belcw the town, the La Chine Rapid* begin — a current so swift and wild that, to avoid it, the La Chim Canal has been cut around it After passing these rapids, we glide past the little village of La Prairie^ and are in full view of beetling heights and the city of ^ NORTHERN ROUTB GUIDE. Montreal — Black Nunnery — Grey Nunnery. 87 At the dawn of Canadian history, the site of this place was occupied by an Indiata village, called Hochelaga. Subsequently becoming a French trading-etRtion, and, still later, the political center of the colonial govern- ment, it advanced quickly into prosperity and unpori- ance. Its growth, however, was not unattended by those savage cruelties so fatally incideiit to the early settlements on this continent. In the summer of 1668 a party of Iroquois Indians — the hereditary enei.. its of the French — stealthily landed theu* canoes on the island, and cruelly massacred men, women, and children, to the nu L»er of over one thousand. Again peopled, it continued, for a long time, the head-quarters of the French forces in Canada; and its fall, in 1759, was the virtual announcement of the conquest of the coun- try. 'At the peac^ of 1763, it was surrendered to the English ; and^ in 1775, was taken, and temporarily occu- pied by the Americans, under General Montgomery. Although so long under English rule, Montreal is still a French eiiy. One of the most obvious notes of the visitor is, that the city is divided, by its styles^ into an old part and a new — the long narrow streets, darkened by high, steep-roofed houses, plainly indicatmg the' for^ mer. Among the principal objects of curiosity in the city are the cathedral, an imposing structure of gran- ite, capable of holding fifteen thousand persons ; the "Black Nunnery," not open to visitors; the "Grey Nunnery," open to visitors; the monument to Lord i 88 TOPOGRAPHICA L AND PIC TORIAL Montreal — Vennont Central Railroad. Nelson, on Notro Dame street; the quays of the city, the finest on this continent; and, to many, the mountain itself, against which the city is built. A Macadamized road has been laid around this mountdn, and the drive over it is far from unpleasant On that part of the island opposite the mouth of the Ottawa river stood a chapel; i» early times, dedicated to Saint Ann. To the fur traders' custom of stopping at this place, and unploring the protection of the tute- lar saint, before ascending the OtUwa on their long trading expeditions, Moore gracefully alludes in his Canadian Boat Song. «* Faintly as toUa the evening chime, Our voices keep tune, and our oars keep time. Soon as the woods on shore look dim, We'll sing at St. Ann's our parting hymn. Across the river from Montreal, and connected with it by a ferry, is the depot where passengers take the cars for Bwise's Point. This latter place, situated at the north-western extremity of Lake ChamplMn, is like- wise the teru'^us of the Ogdensburg Railroad; and here passenfet,.^ for Saratoga, or any of the intermedi- ate points, take the Champion boats. Passengers for Boston can either take the Vermont Central RaUroad here, or if they prefer a sail as far as Burlington, can there take the Burlington and Rutland Raikoad. I 1 NORTHERN ROUTE GUIDE. 89 Lake Champlain — Burlington — Crown Point — Ticonderoga. SUfte diamplatn* Samue][ Champlain, at the head of a company of Rouea merchants, established himself at Quebec, in 1603, and having soon afterward espoused the cause of the Hurons against the Iroquois, joined an expedi- tion against the latter in 1608. On this expedition, he discovered the beautiful lake which still bears his name. The length ef the lake is one hundred and twenty miles. It contains several islands — the two largest of which are situated toward its northern extremity, and are called, respectively. North Hero and Smtth Hero. The places on the route are, Plattsburg, on the west^ em side of the lake — the scene of Commodore Mc- Donough's brilliant victory over the invading force of Prevost, September '11, 1814; Burlington, on the east side of the lake — beautifully situated en a slope which rises gently from the water toward a distant gir- dle of hills, necr which place repose the remains of Col. Ethan Allen ; Crown Point, on the west side of the lake — the old Fort St. Frederic of the French — built by the French in 1731, captureXi by the English in 1759, and taken from the latter by the Americans under Col. Warner in 1775 — is now m ruins ; Ticon- derogia (from Cheonderoga, its Indian name,) is sit- uated on a tongue of land between Lake Champlain^ and the outlet of Lake St George. This place was built by the French in 1756, it was taken by the English in 1759, and from them captured by Ethan Allen, on the 10th of May, 1775, — the same day that Crown ii ■jk'y u 1 00 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Surrender of Fort Ticoaderoga to Allen. Point surrendered to Colonel Warner. "The com- mandant of the fort was surprised in his bed by Allen, Arnold, and a few of their followers, who had entered by a subterranean passage, and made themselves mas- ters of it without any lojs. On being ordered to sur- render, he asked by what authority he was required to do so : Allen replied, ' I demand it in the name of the great Jehovah, and of the Continental Congress,' " The Champlain boa^ pass up the lake to Whitehall ; but many prefer taking carriages at Ticonderoga for the Lake Oeorge Steamboat Landing^ distant three miles and a half, and there taking the Lake George boat for Caldwell, at t£e southern limit of the lake. Lake Greorge is thirty-three miles in length. Its Ind;an name was fforicoiK By the French it .was called Lac Sacrement^ from the puriiif of its waters. At Caldwell, passengers take the stages to Sandy Jlilly and the cars from there to Saratoga. f NIAGARA FALLS TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. rr.A THE GREAT WESTERN AND MICHiaAN CENTRAL BAIL&OAOS. The Oreai West^rr. Railway* connects the Detroit with the Niagara frontier, at the respective points of Whidsor, opposite Detroit city, and Elgin, at the Cana- dian terminus of the Niagara suspension bi-idge. A glance at the map, in connection with this simple state- ment, will fully illustrate the importance of this road, and account for its early-won success. The two groat ends it has achieved, are : first, it has helped to establish between the east and the west a continuous thoroughfare, easy, economical, and expedi- tious, and, at the same time, available" in all kinds of weather and all seasons of the year — a consummation forever impossible to upper lake navigation ; and, sec- ondly, it has opened to a broad and productive tract of country the markets, whose previous inaccessibility had well-nigh proved an offset to the extraordinary fertility of. the soil. " The company," says Smith's Canada, " was orig- inally chartered in 1834, as the London and Gore Rail- road Company; but after an ineflFectual attimpt to •Portable of telegraph stations and saloons, refer to page 119. J II: 02 TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PICTORIAL Niagara SuHpension Bridge. raise the necessary capital, and a lapse of years, the charter expired. In 1845, the legislature revived and extended the act of inco«-poration, with power to con- struct a line of rwlroad from the Niagara river, via Hamilton, to the Detroit river, with a branch to the St. Clair river. In 1847, the company completed the suEveys of the entire line, placed it under contract, and commenced work at various points; but unexpected difficulties caused a suspension of operations until 1850, when, having obtained from the legislature the further privileges of the guarantee of^ the province for the interest of one-hah the cost of the road, and authority to municipalities to subscribe for and hold stock, the company, thus encouraged, were able to resume operas tions," and the roaa was completed in the latter part of 1853, at a cost of twelve millions of dollars. The whole length of the road between the termini is two hundred and twenty-nine miles. Starting from the Niagara suspension bridge, it runs in a direction slightly north of west to Hamilton, at the western limit of Lake Ontario ; and thence inclining to the left, its general direction to Detroit is nearly south-west. Ste ^fagara Suspension 3Sr(trge. In another part of this work, page 88, we have de- scribed this magnificent structure in detail ; and have now only to mention that the upper part, or railroad bridge, lias been leased for a term of years to the Great Western Railroad Company, under whose judicious GUIDE TO THB WM9T AN D SOUTH. Elgin — Crowing the Mountain. 93 control it is now winning tlio golden opinions it so fiUly merits. The Great Weotern connects, at the suspension bridge, with New Yorlc Central, Niagara Falls, Canan- daigna and Elmira, New York and Erie, and Erie and Ontario raiht)ad8. The Erie and Ontario RaUroad runs from Chippewa to Niagara, and connects at Niagara with the "Zimmerman" steamer to and from Toronto. lEflflfn. Elgin, at the eastern terminus of the road, like its sister village on the opposite side of the river, dates back its origin no fuHher than the construction 9/. the suspension bridge, and of course has been exempt from the successive stages which marie the growth of most of the surrounding towns. . It,^i:ftng into existence at the call of a movement, at once sudden, definite, aud complete; and^it presents the appearance of ]. ing been suddenly imported for a temporary ourpos buildings, population, and all. By this we mean m ing disparaging. The buildings, although few as y*. , have been erected with taste, and the place is rapidly increasing under the unusual advantages of its location. It was named in honor of Lord Elgm, the late gov- ernor of Canada, and contains a population of about five hundred. *<••«.•"■* OnlDB TO THE WEST AMD SOUTH. DMcriptton of th« city of HamlltoB. 101 the Burliugtan Bay Oan* *° *ore « ^^^^^ varying more "'^ »"" J^f The HamUton an. To- the lake at the widest point, ine .onto, the Toronto »^ ^f^^*' ^*J„f ^d Huron r rri:T:rol"r.^ 'rpl. near t^e railways all «"'r "',„,, ^ffl probably be made old garrison, and """"^^^ ^;,' «„ railways en- to have one general staUon tering Toronto. _ ^ . ^j jg the j,eaving "^ '»;*;lrm ^e HainilU-n station, Desjardinesoan^M- nito ^^^^^ ^^ h ravine With a dtep, m«. j „ .,pa driven through strong trctle bridge, supported ^^^^^TL marTh. -^rfrdr:^:^^-^^-'- Length of bridge, seven ^^ height of rail fifty--" f f "Id sue ession of deep '"'■ ''" "tdt;;u«ret on stone culvert.. „vine,,crossedby soMem .^ ^^^ ^^^^^ At the seventh ■"-'« fr°" " ,„ .^e lake shore one Square station. ^'"" '"!"%' „^,io„ We are now .„a a quarter ^^^l^^fZ^^Zy^, very «t.e on the pain '"^1^° ^.^^^..y, ,^ is th, Twelve from a love). At ue th ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ Mile Creek. ,. '"'^'J'^J timber truss bridge rocky bottom, """'^^ "^ ' ^™ ^,„d abutments built GUIUK TO THK WEST AND SOUTH. 106 Broiire Station — OakvUlo Station. ad[}oining the plank road from Milton to Bronte, is the Bronte itation. The village lies on the lake shore, one and a half niUca south of the station. A great f^uan- tity of wheat and lumber is shipped here for exporta- tion. At the seventeenth mile, we come to the Sixteen Mile Creek, a deep ravine with a clear stream and hard bottom, at thia point, crossed by a strong timber truss bridge of five 8i)ana, supported on piers and abutments of firet class stone and brick work. Length of bridge, five hundred feet; height of rail above stream, seventy- eight feet The creek is navigable for schooners to within four hundred yards of the bridge. On the east side of the creek is the Oakville station, a little less than a mile from center of village. This is the most import- ant village on the route. Here are several ship yards which turn out a number of first class schooners annu- ally. A large quantity of wheat is shipped here for ex- portation. In the twenty-sixth mile is the river Credit, a fine rapid stream, extensively used for mill power throughout the whole of its course; but here it is a marshy creek, nine hundred feet wide, being only seven hundred yards from Lake Ontario, crossed by an em- bankment and a timber truss bridge of two spans of eighty-four feet each, resting on piles protected by a double row of close pihng romul each pier filled up with cobble-stone. Level of rail above water, twenty feet. On the eastern bank is the Port Credit station, in the village of that name. At the twenty-ninth mile is the river Etobicoke. The valley is sixteen hundred feet wide, crossed by a solid embankment, and the i — 106 TOrOBRAP HlCAL ASP PI OTCBUI. Hive, Mlmico- River Hointi.r-Toro Dto^ Stream by a timber truss bridge of two 8pa« «f "ine^ eet each, resting on piers and —-^^f ^^* "^ masonry. Level of rail above strewn, th rty-three lee^ oX^Mrty-third mile is the river Mimbo rav.ne five hunted felt wide, crossed by an embankment and s^l by a timber truss bridge of one span of mne^ ^-.--Sona—^of^^^^^^ ^arurrHur^ A»M:po>n,adeepma.h. mUe IB tne nvui u hundred feci (being at its confluenoe with the "««>)"'^ li^e crossed by an embanltment and a timber truss ^riLTtwo spaas of one hundred feet each, supported on pUes, protected by a double row of close ptog round each p er. The railway then foUows very nea^ to the Uke sh r inu, Toronto. The maximum grade .s forty- fit feet to the mile, of which there are three 'e^StH amounting to only two mUes in aU, and one p. ce half a mUe long of forty-one feet per mile; al^ the rest V Jes but mtle from a level, and <.he curves m thelm I^ few and very easy. The highest speed and safety is ete^ed to be attained. This road forms the con- necting Mnk Between the Grand T™nk and • Grea^ W^rern railways, and is leased by «1>^ ^^'f ^ ""^ ; . link in the main route from that portion ot form a link in tne ma Canada north-east of HamUton, to the aouin an Soconto, The chief town in Upper Canada, is situated on an Z f Lake Onurio, thirty-six miles f- "»* ' \ .. ... t Ttfl Aarlv name wad Little lorK. oi iiie riiagiira ii"'^*- • - » ■ — GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 107 Toronto — Dundurn Castle — Desjardine'a Canal. It was first surveyed in 1798. In the last war, it was taken by the Americans, April 2'7th, 1813, in an assault led on by General Pike ; but in the moment of triumph, that gallant officer with many of his comrades, was kiUed by the explosion of the enemy's magazine. In 1832, it contained but four thousand inhabitants. In 1834, it was incorporated as a city. It now contains about fifty thousand inhabitants, and is one of the most beautiful and flourishing cities in the two provin- 'ces. It is the seat of three colleges, and numerous high schools. Among its many fine buildings are the Pariiament House, the governor's residence, the coir leges, Osgoode Hall, the oanka, the custom-house, and lunatic asylum. Return Hamilton. From the railroad, west of the station at Hamilton, the view is extremely beautiful. On the north, the eye foUows the bright waters of Burlington Bay, as they sweep along banks studded with villas and groves, until their silvery sheen blends with the soft blue of the disunt lake. On the south, the city is spread out in panoramic view from mountain to bay ; and promi- nent among all is Dundurn Castle, the residence of Sir Allen McNab— looking down as proudly in the strength of battlement and tower, as if it shared in the pride of ita knightly owner. Scarcely beyond the western limit of the city, the railroad crosses the Des- jardine's Canal, which connects Hamilton with Dundas. From the raikoad bridge, a good view is obtained of the suspension bridge which spans the canal at a pomt a few rods to the south. The structure of this bridge 108 TOPOGRAPHIOAL AND PICTORIAL Dundas. is simUar in every respect to the Niagara SuBpension Bridge, of which it was doubtlesa an imitation. West of Hamilton, the road paaaea by a heavy grade through a range of hills-a continuation, doubtleas, of the mount^n ridge which haa attended us on the south from the banks of the Niagara. Tlie highest hiUs, for some distance, we shall now have on the north, and a ranee of lesser elevation on the south, with an irregu ar and picturesque vaUey between. About three miles west of Hamilton the higher range^rises preapitously tx) the height of nearly two hundred feet, and the valley rinks correspondingly low. On the narrow ridge be- tween the verge of the valley and the foot of the moun- tain the rwhoad r\jna till we reach jBunUas, „ . bH milea. From Hamilton, „ « Niagara FALLS,. «^ ^, No town between the termini of the Great Western road is so favorably situated to be viewed as a whole, with one sweep of the vision, as Dundas; and none, we mav add, leaves a more favorable impression on the mind of the tourist. From the elevation of the road , looking down into the valley beneath, the eye com- mands a distinct view of every part of the town, ye ' under such favoring limitation of distance as to conced minor defects, and give the whole the most graceful arrangement of which it admits. _ . , _ j_ • j^^+niiTT atatAd flit connected n DuuUaa, as aireaujr iiii:.-.:vicjt«-=.j • — - — ? -- jj GUIDE TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 109 Ducdas — Plamboro* — Fairchild's Creek. v/ith Hamilton by the Desjardines Canal, which runs through the valley to Burlington Bay. The town has a valuable supply of water power, and has long been known as a manufacturing place of considerable note. It contains seven churches, three flouringmills, a paper-mill, a very extensive foundry, a large ax fac- tory, a last factory, a sash factory, a corn-broom factory, and several other establishments of like importance. Leaving Dundas for the west, the land is extremely uneven — alternating deep valleys with *' difficult" hills. The timber for some distance is the Short mountain pine. j^lamboro*. From.DuNDAS, Similes. " Niagara Falls, 52 " « Dkteoit, 177 " This is a small village of about three hundred and fifty inhabitants — though a village, will be looked for from the station in vain. The stream vhich passes as the -'Dundas Sti-eam," at Dundas, is appropriated by the name of the " Flamboro' Stieam." There are three or four small mills near by, and two churches in the village. iFaftcl)flU*s Cteeft. lYom Flamboro', ■- 10>^ ini^ea. " Niagara Falls, 62)^ " " bsTROIT, 166K " The Gait branch of the Great Western here con- nects with the Main Trunk. The branch road turns to the north-west from the station, and pi-oceeds twelve miles to 110 TOPOOBAPHICAL AND PIOTOBIAL Gall — Paris. «Salt. The town, so called- in honor of the author of this na.ne, is a thriving manufacturing place, situated on both sides of the Grand Eircr, and contains upward of three thousand inhabitants. It has;fo«r flouringmillB, two foundries, two woolen factories, a last factory a pail factory, two ax factories, a '-g^PoPf ""-•'"» bank agencies -one of the Gore Bank, and one of the Commercial Bank of theMidlandDistrict-twonewspa- pers, and six churches. The late increase of the pl«e Ihowshow much it owes to its branch of the Great Western. Stages leave Gait station, on the arrival o the afte,„oon train, for Preston, Berlin, Waterloo bt. Jacobs, Hayesville, Petersburg, Stratford HaiTierhay, CMnton CorU aud Goderich ; al,o. New Hope, Guelph. Lcving Fai^child's Creek, the land is still uneven but feitile and well cultivated. Eight mUes further west we pass over Paris Bridge. $aict9. F„„ FA™oE,l.n's CEBK., « -»«•• Detroit, This is a place of about two thousand ir,hab.tan.». situated on a hill-side, a quarter of a mile ^^f"' ^«" the station-house. It takes its name from the be(b of plaster of paris in the vicinity. A smaU «t™m, a»ed Smith's Creek, flows through the place, separating ^ into an upper and a lower town, and supplymg ajoii- a GUIDB TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. Ill Buflftilo and Brantford Railroad— Princeton— "Woodstock. g a con- siderable amount of water power. Paris has two flouringmills, two plaster-mills, a woolen factory, three foundnes, a Bath brick factory, an agency of the Gore Bank, a newspaper, and six churches, and is also a telegraph station. The beds of plaster of paris near by are a source of considerable revenue to the place. At Paris, the Great Western Road is intersected by the Buflfalo and Brantford Railroad. About two miles and a half west of this place we cross Smith's Creek. The land as we proceed grows more and more even, and the pine timber less abundant. Stages run ref ilarly between Paris, Gait, l^r, Scot- land and Simcoe. 30r(nceton, From Paris, 7 mUes, " NuaABA Fall TOM " « Detroit, 149?^-" A few scattered buildings, aa seen from the station, — said to contain two hundred inhabitants, and an Epis- coDal church. ^ooTistodtf From Priitcbton, '. UX mllM* « Niagara Falls, 91 ** «♦ Dktroit, 138 " Visible from a point about half a mile west of the sta- tion, the county town of the county of Oxford, laid out in 1883, and now containing about thirteen hun- dred inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a registry- office, a grammar school, and six churches. ■t c 112 TOPOGRA PHICAL AND P ICTORIAL Woodstock— Beachville—IngersoU. Stages leave Woodstock for Simcoe, OttcrviUe, and places south, on arrival of the trains from the west; to Stratford and other places north, every evening, Sundays excepted, on arrival of the afternoon tram from the east. To the west of Woodstock, the road is bounded for some distance on either hand by a range of -hills. From Woodstock, ^ ^^^f^ « NiAGARiL Falls, /'* 1S3 «« Dbteoit, A town of about four hundred inhabitants, lying on the bank of the rili Thames, south of the station- house, and in full view from the road. There are two churches m. the place-an Episcopal and a Presbyte- rian,— a gristmiU, sawmiU, carding machine, flUhng- miU,' tannery, distillery, And post-office. •' *. . ,- 4K miles. From Bkeohvtllk, '-^ «« Niagara Falls, 1^0)^ « Detroit, ^^8/4 This place is very prettily situated on a hill-side, south of the road, with the river Thames runnitig be- tween them. It contains about five hundred inhabit- ants, and has a flouringmiU, a foundry, a fullmgmiU, and five churches^ This place is also noted as a ship- ping station for lumber. A stage runs daily between IngersoU and Vienna. The surface of the land in this neighborhood is roll- « «< ij m r ^ :^.^-^: »fF^-?^^^" i:^ *■" ~:^' 1 ;;arc ^i- *• ^ ' ■>ui... r\- •- Al- __Z^^ a^- -V --. '.^is; ■ -''■^^MbS »- -"^\ rr ■ pt^f^^^ ^~~r"' .....-—=« ^- • ^^ ■SL ~ ''^^ '^WSw'f*^'^'^ "^ -,^ 'ST ■ - . . yVj^'UjjA •■ ■ -' ^., = =>ia6»7?=^ ^«^;Mlf ^^-^j'll . -t^ te=^ =^^^-^ — - ^=r-. . ' '- „ -ii. ^ ..'iM:-. P^ ^~!-^ = 7i^^*M.=fi ~~~^~,2, " -^,-,^ - - "->^2'^^^-- ---^=r ssmi^m'"'^ ■x^ y"»>TiJ " « Detroit 89>i '* From Ekfrid, 8)^ mileB. " NiAOJ HA Falls, 149 « Detroit, - » 80 « SS^attisbtlle. From Mosa, 02 milea. " Niagara Falls, 166X ** «• Jbtroit, V3)i *• ^ " " Detroit, 35>i Chatham, the capital of the county of Kent, is a well built and thriving town on the bank of the river Thames. It was originally laid out by Governor Sim- coe, and for the last ten years has increased rapidly. It now contains six churches, several mills, two four furies, GUIDE TO THE SOUTH AND WEST. Chatham— Baptiste Creek. 117 two machine shops, two tanneries, a woolen factory, etc. Within the last few years a new jail and court house have been erected, at an expense of about six thousand pounds. This is a handsome structure, buUt wholly of white Umestone, from the Anderdon quarries. A new bridge has lately been constructed across the Thames at tliis place, at a cost of two thousand pounds. The town is situated on the north side of the road, about a mile distant from the station. Two or three miles west of Chatham a prairie sweeps off on either hand, and extends to the shores of Lake St. Clair; limited, however, on the north and south by woods, at an average distance of a mUe from either side of the road. About nme mUes west of Chatham the road comes in sight of Lake St. Clair, along the southern shore of which it continues to Windsor. The' coast of St. Clair is low, even, and but lightly timbered. Often the eye may wander for miles over low, cultivated plains, without meeting with a single stump orbtb.T object to interrupt the monotony of ..xe surface. This low land is covered with an ..uvial deposit of extraordinary fertility, and in ' ..mer Ibrms a waving expanse of the richest ' ^tcetation. _ 3Saptfste ©recit. From CHATHAM, ^iJ'^**' «' Niagara FAUU8, l'®'» ♦• Dbtkoit, ^ ^ A Uttle west of the station the railroad crosses the creek of this name. M U r^ li ■ y i 118 TOPOGRAP HICAL AND PI CTORIAL Bochester, a^oc1)C8tev. From Baptibtb Crebk,. « NiAOABA Falls,.. « Dbtboit, nyi mile*. 210 " 19 " The wertom terminus of *e Great Western road is lated on the Detroit river, opposite the Amenean eity of Detroit, of which it commands the best pos "'Thlllgewas incorporated in 1834; .»d its present population is about fifteen ^'^^"^^ J'^^ZZl this great disparity between the number of .ts mhab- ul'ld the'impUnoe of its situation is, that rnucW if not most of the business done here, is m the hand, of residents of Detroit. The bmk of the nver .s h«., about thirty feet hisb, and the distance between «« opposite shores, half a mUe. Two steam fe^-b«W Ij between Windsor and Detroit, in connect on whh SieGreatWesvernandMicMganCentrJradroads. The Ume occupied m crossing is about five a. ■"<«• The Great Western connects with Mu„., n P«^ tral Kailroad for Michigan City, Chicago ete; ^ ^y and PontUu> Railroad; Chicago and Burlmgtou Grfen. «.d Chicago TJniou; Chicago, Alt - and St. Louis; and Illinois Central riukoada. REFRESHMEFf SALOONS JlITO TELEGRAPH STATIONS. For convenience of reference, we arrange the Re- freshment Saloons and Telegraph Stations in columns below : a£leftcs!)ment SaIoon«.* Suspension Bridge, j London. Hamilton. Paris. I Steam r Transit. \ M 3:eUsrap!) Sbtatfons. Suspension Bridge. St. Catharines. Grimsby. ^Iamilton. • '*^ Dundas. Fairchild's Creek. Galt. Paris. •Cars stop ten to fifteen minutes. Woodstock. Ingersoll. London. LOBO. Wardsvillb. Chatham. Windsor. SIGKALS, Th. .ignak on the GrertWeBtera ro.d have been devi«,d Tth care, «.d are observed -th"^ rigid exactness by every officer on duty. The foUo^ Ing statement will affo«l the touriat a ready key to *o;rhr:i';s: «d slgmftes S.,^., and n.ean, .=««««'*;'. „„ ilal is shown; if the switch is turned for the "al a red o»i signal is shown, when the tra.n :«, unless it is going into th. .i*n, ; m whu=h case the witchmau shows a green flag by day, and a ;::» light by night. 3d, .he/»,-«(,~;., a <,««^d a red flag. 4th, the didance-ngnal, consists of a Mf /.a"/' W at drawbridges, junctions, and other Ice. ••i.r- H may be necessary. It remains con- S- ^ and is turned off, if the line is clear, upon the whisile announcing the approach of a tram. GUIDK TO THE WEST AND SOUTH. 121 Train Signals. The night signals are Jhe same aa those of the day, excepting, of course, that colored lights are used exclusively. One red light and one white light on front of an engine denote a gravel train. A green light on front, and tail, of a train indicates that a special or extra train wiU speedily follow. In the day-time, a red flag placed in front of the engine, and a red board, " engine follows" on the rear of the train, denote that a special or extra train will speedily follow. After dusk or in a fog, every train, or engine with- out a train, carries both head and tail lights. 1 p^ ^*^ (It 'It f ' jg |lf'^ i»! •Mknttd 31 %#!« K INTERMEDIATE AND TOTAL TABLES OF DISTANCES ON THB GREAT CENTRAL ROUTE, VIA NIAGARA FALT^S, TO AND FKOM NEW YORK, PHILADELPHTA, BOSTON, SARATOaA SPRINGS, AND CHICAGO, AND THRNCB TO THB WEST AND SOD'i'H. rii TABLES OF DISTANCES TO AND FROM NIAGAIU FiilS AW THE EAST AxND WEST. — » « ■ KEW YORK CFTORAL RAILEOAD, 0OV5X0TINQ WITH Hudson River Railrc >jid Boats on the Hudson River, and Railroads the New England States. NUOABA FALLS* TO Inltr medi- kto. -.2. -.8. .10. -6- -.6. -.5. Suspension Bridge,. Peltm, Lockport, . Oasport, Middleport, Medina, Knov. leflville, Albion, Murray, Holley, Brocltport, .. Adama! Baain, Sponcerport, . Rochester, ... Fairport, Macedon, Palmyra, Newark, Lyons, Clyde, Savanah, Port Byron,... Weedsport, ... Jordan, Canton, Warners, Syracuse, Manlius, . o Kirkville, .. ..III^Tia Chittenango, j . .4 .10. -.5. -.3 -.6. -.6. -.2. -10. .10. ..9. -.4. -.8. -.6. -.1. — -I..7. -7. ..3. ..4 -.6. -.2. ..9. 8. Toua Die tMlM. -.2 -10 -20 -25 -31 .36 -.48 -.61 ..64 ..69 .-64 -66 ..76 ..80 -.96 -.99 .IdT -112 .119 .128 .133 .136 -140 -146 .148 -157 .165 .168 .172 ALBANY IX) Troy, Scheiwctady, Hoffman's, [, Crane's Village, .. Amsterdam, Tribe's Hill, ',] Fonda, Yost's, II."; Spraker'g, Palatine Bridge,.. Fort Plain, .......; St. Johnsville, Little Falla, Herkimer, IHow, I" Frankfort, I' Utica,-.. Whitesboro', Oriskany,... Rome, Green's Corners, Verona, Oneida, Wampsville, Canastota, Canasaraga, Chittenango,.. . Kirkville, ManliuF), , Syracuse, In Utr-i Total moUi-j Dta- •M. lUuio*. 17. .9- .4. .3. -6. -6. .6. -.3. -.3. .-3. -6. .10. --7. -.2. ..3 -.9. ..4. .-3- ..7. -6. .-4. -.4. ..3- -.2. -.4. -.2. -4. -.3- .17 -26 .30 .33 .39 .44 .49 .62 -.65 -58 --64 -74 -81 -83 -.86 -.95 .102 .109 .114 .118 .122 .126 .127 -131 .133 .137 .140 .8.1.148 =j 126 TABLES OF DISTANCiiS. NIAG. FALLS TO Canaflaraga, - Canastota, Wampsvillo. Oneida, Vernou, Grreeu'8 Comers, ..- Rome, Oriskany, 1 ■ ^ Inter-, me- ; Total, diate.; Whitesboro Utica, Frankfort, Ilion, ! Herkimer, Little P'allfl St. Johnsville, Fort Plain, Palatine Bridge, Spraker'a, ■Yost's, ..-■ F<."nda, Tribe's Hill, Amsterdam, Crane's Village, .... Hotrmai ■ Schen- Jy, Troy,- Albany, I Inter- j ALBANY TO l.rarc.i'""' .2.:. 174 .4.1-178 2 i.l80 ..8-1-183 ..4.1.187 4 .191 "5.1.196 '.7.1.203 5 i.206 '4 1.210 9.:. 219 8.1.222 .2.1.224 .7.1-231 10.1.241 .6.1.247 3.;. 250 8.:. 253 .8.1.256 .6.1.261 .5.1.266 6.1.272 .3.1.27!) . .4-1.279 ..9-1.288 I j.!":. 1-305 '..9- 2. 6. 4. 3. .7. .7. .7 .5 .8 4 .167 .159 165 169 172 179 186 193 .198 .206 . .210 9. .219 Warners, Canton, Jordan, Weedsport, Port Byron, Savanah, Clyde, Lyons, Newark, • Palmyra, ■ Macednn, :■ Fairport, » Rochester, Spencerport, .- Adams' Basin,. Brockport, Holly, Murray, Albion, ... Knowlesville, . Medina, Middleport, ... Gapport, Lockport, Pekin,..-...--^- , Suspension Bridge,.— »- I Niagara Falls, -AzzZi .10 .10. ..2. ..5. ..6. 3 5 229 .239 .241 .246 .251 254 269 .10. ..5 ..6 -5 :. .10. •Connects with Niagara Falls and Lcwiston Railroad. a Buflalo and Niagara Falls Railroad. Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad. «« Great Western Canada RaUway. ** Erie and Ontario Railroad. .269 .274 .280 .286 296 303 .305 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 127 HUDSON EIVER RAILROAD, Conneotiiig with the N.Y. Central RR. for Niagara Falls. TROY TO Inter-l mo- TotU. liate. —• East Albany,.. Castleton, Schodack, . StiiyveHant,... Coxsackie, Stockport, HudBon, Oak Hill, ::; G"-mantown, ... Tivoli, 1.... Barrytown, Rhinebeck, ' Staatsburg, Hyde Park, .[ Pokeepsie, New Hamburar. . " Fishkni,.....: ■ Cold Spring, Garrison's, .. Peekskill, „.~'" Cruger's, oingSing, Tarry town, ......'.[ Irvington, Dobbs Ferry, ", Hastings, ] Yonkers, MaL.Iiattan, * 3lHt Street, N."Y.",:.V.i, New York. ...f..3 6. 8. -.3. -.7. .3. .3. .4. .6. .6. .6. 9 6 -.4. .6. .9. .6. .6. .3. .8. .7. .3. -.6 -14 -17 .24 27 -30 -34 .40 -45 .50 -.69 -.65 ..69 ..76 ..84 .90 .96 .99 107 114 317 .6.-123 .2. .126 -.6. 128 129- 133 142 .147 150 NEW YORK TO later.! me- jTotU. diata. ..9. .4. 1. 3. 2. 6. 3l8t Street, N.Y.,.. Manhattan, Yonkers, ....' Hastings, " Dobbs Ferry,... n.^ Irvington, Tarrytown, Sing Sing, .. " Cruger's, Peeks^ille, Garrison's, Cold Spring,...'" Fiflhkill,..:'. New Hamburg, Pokeepsie, Hyde Park, I, Staatsburg, Rhinebeck, ,"] Barrytown, .. Tivoli, "■_" "9; Gemiantown, 6 Oak Hill,...:...." "6[ Hudson, 6 Stockport, "4] Coxsackie, " [^3] Stuyvesant, "3] Schodack, 7^ Castleton, .^3 East Albany, I'., "g Troy 6 -3... .3 -6. -..8 -17 .21 .22 -25 .27 ,.32 -4- ..36 -7.-43 -8- —61 -8 -6 -6 -9. -6. -4. -6. .-64 -.60 -.66 ..76 --81 86 91 100 105 110 116 -120 123 126 133 136 144 1^) -• • • n 128 TABLES OF DISTANCES. ELMIEA, CANANDAIGUA & N. S". B. B.. CoimectingwiththeHewYorkandErieBailro^^^^^ mSL wmiamsport & Catawissa, and other EaUroads, for Philadelphia. , SUSP.BRIDGE TO diate. Niagara Falls, Cayuga Creek, Tonawanda,... Vincent,, Transit, Clarence €.,.. Akron, Richville, East Pembroke, Batavia, Stafford, LeRoy, Caledonia, Canal, ■--•-:," G. V. R. B- Junct'n, Honeove Falls, West Bloomfield,... Miller's Corners,... East Bloorafleld, -. Canandaigua, . Hopewell, — Gorbam, Hall's Cornere, Bellona, Benton, Penn Yan, Milo Center, ^imrod'B, Starkey, ■ Bii? Stream, ■ R'k Stream, • Jefferson Havanab, - Millport, Horseheads, Junction, I Elmira, Total. .3 .6 ELMIRA TO .2 -7 13 16 .22 .20 .33 .36 .43 .49 .55 .59 i Intel* I > m*. < Total. I dlate.1 .i__.-i ---- ;..4.|...4 ";..2.!...6 .3-. .72 .73 .80 .83 .86 .91 .99 .105 .110 .113 -iir .119 .123 .127 .131 .135 .138 .140 .146 .149 .155 .162 164 Junction, Horseheads, !-t-l"io Millport, 1"6 I" 19 Havana-,*..- --- — '"a'\"o2 Jefferson, '"'«'l'"Qa R'k Stream, l-^i" Big Stream, i--^-| Starkey, \--^-\ Himrod's, |--*-| Milo Center, j--*-| Penn Yau, |"*-1 Benton, .-.- l"*"l Bellona, .2.1 .30 .33 .37 .41 .45 .49 .51 Hall's Corners, l--t-i"Ko Gorbam,—. \"It^^ Hopewell, "«■'.■ "Jq Canandaigua, ...... I --0-1--°^ East Bloomfield, ..-...»-. --7' Miller's Corners, '-'"l-\"li West Bloomfield,. -.l--3-|.-8& Honeoye Falls,.--.. 1--3-. --88 G. V. R. R.Jvincfn,j-7.j-.»& Canal,.-- \"ITi^ Caledonia, '"2 1 i^ LeRoy, '"Itm Stafford, "J* lift Batavia, " ' « lis East Pembroke, .--- --°- -*^^ Richville, ....l-7-!-132 Akron, ',"2'! Clarence C, -',"'1'' Transit, |--*-l 135 142 146 Transir, « ' iM 1 Vincent,., \"i\AT^ Tonawanda,. Cayuga Creek, Niagara Fallfi, .L.3. !..6.i. I. .5.. L.2.1.168 155 161 166 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 129 ro:W YORK AND ERIE RAILROAD Ccmecting, at Elmira. witii Elmira, Cananda^ and Niagara Falls Railroad. i Wellsburg,.. Chemung, .., Wavorly, ..I! Barton Smithboro',. Tioga, ^wego, Campvilltf,... Union, Binghampto* Kirkwoocf, .. . Great Bend, . Susquehanofc, Deposit...... Hale'8 Eddy,.. Hancock, Stockport, Lordville, Hankiu's, Callicoon, Cochecton, ... Narrow8burg,. Mast Hope, ..j Lacka waxen,.. Shohola, Port Jervi8,..r, Otisviile, , Howell's, ... Mi(ldleto.>«^.i; Hampton, ..... Goshen, ..,,"', Cheater,. ...'JJ Junction, """ Oxford,....;.;:* Monrot , " Turner's, .'.'..., Greenwood,.'"' Southfleld'«_.._. sioatsburg, I.. .7. .6. -7. -2. .6. -7 i-13 1-18 I -.25 1-27 I-.32 -.6.1. .37 .-7.L-44 -.6.I..50 -.9. -.5!) ■9. .9.! 68 73 82 15.i-.97 .6.1.102 -.8.1.110 -6.1.115 -6.1.120 -ll-l.TJl -7.-138 -.6.1 143 ..9- '152 ..6.1.158 .6.|.163 -4.J-167 19- {.196 12.!. 208 Jersey City, j j j , Bergen, • 2"r*"3 Hackensack Bridge.' I* "i'l^'y Boiling spring,.!.ii::2:!:::9 PassaicBndge,....! .3.1 12 g"/l«''«. ..1-..13 Paterson, ' 4 ' 17 Godwinville,...Ii"r"6"r"22 Hohokua, "i"o'i"o± I Allendale, ....i::::i::2'"'26 2.1-26 -2-1-28 -.6.I..33 1.1. .34 6.1-213 .4-1-217 .3-1.220 .4-). 224 .6.1,229 .l.j.230 .2-1.232 2-1-234 2- (-236 4-1.240 Ramsey's,.. Suifern's, .. Ramapo,..; Sloatsburg, .. '{"o'l q« southheid-;, .:::::"|"7 1--4^ Greenwood, i"V.'"45 Turner's, J"i'\"^ Monroe, I 2"! 60 ?-^f»fd -.*-."i-'.'3:i::63 ^|^"^;t»on, I..2- ..§5 Chester, j j I gg Goshen, i"4 '" 60 Hampton, r"4 | "64 Middletown, 14!" 68 Howell's, I "4"i"'72 Otisviile, ;-i."."4r"76 Port Jervis, ..' is ' 89 ^^«/i«l». i.l9-'i."i08 liackawaxen, 1 41 i]2 Mast Hope, — '16'' 117 Narrowsburg, ."i.".'6."!-'l23 Cochecton, -..-.. j.. 9. ■. 132 Calhcoon, ,'..6.1.137 Hankin's, j 7 I 144 Lordviiio .: i:io:i:i54 Stockport, I . . 6- ! - 160 Hancock,.-. |..6 I jgg i- j j iiaie-s Eddy i8 1 1 Deposit.- . J f ! i 1 1 .i- 130 TABLES O? DISTANCES (Inter-; 1 me- ,ToUL , 260 R*™*?"?' .2.1-252 Suffern'8, .4 1-258 Ramsey B, , „ ' Ohg Allendale, 1--^'--^ HohokuR, Godwinville, Pateraon, Huyler'8,--— -- PaHHaicBriage,— Boiling Spring, ----j „ Hackeneacli Bridge, 1--|- "^J^ Bergen, — l"'o i •isa Jersey City, ' "?- 284 NewYork,-- !-.l..-^?i 2. 1..6. 1-6- .2. 260 .262 .267 .272 .273 276 NEW YORK TO Susqaehanna,.. Grrnt Bend,. Kirkwood,. Binghampton, Union, CampTille,. O^ego,. Tioga...... 4 Smithboro', --*■ Barton , Waverly Chemung, Wellsburg, I Elmira', -.7. -.4 ..6. 238 243 .247 .250 .^1 .261 .267 .7.1-274 GREAT WESTEEN KAILWAT, connecting with tiie Michigan Central Eailroad for the West and South. K. FALLS TO Inter- i me- ■ Tot»U dlato. I , I..J-. .2--1-11X .5?iil.l7... ..5--1-22-. l.l0-.!-;^6% ThOToW, St. Catherines, Jordan,. Beamsville, ... .*^^ii.52 Falrdiild'BCr^ek,. G*lt, Paris, Princeton, Woodstock, Beachville, Ingersoll, DETROIT TO < dJAta. ; i i i TotaL I i .19.. 1.19- ' 13>il-32>^^ 10>ii.6-2M 12.-1.74^ ,.9%l-72>i ..7.-i.79>^ .ll?ij.91- ..5.. .96.. ..4M1100M ^72 I -i""-'- ;:r.i3.:i.45>^ Windsor, Rochester, ... Baptiate Creek, Chatham, ---■( ir > 60^ Thamesville, t is'l'-Tau WardsviUe, i-^|l^l8o!: 1 Adelaide Road,...|-|..l-5J>^ London, { qv'119^ DSrchester, "S^lffi IngersoU, -^S'lS Beachville, --J^S* Woodstock, .......--6-;i;g;i^ Princeton, {'H^ itSii Dorcnestor, Qi/inoi/ London, l.-9)^;il9)4 'Pa 1*1 a .!.->. 156 Ji ij fIIS^s Creek, l-9^!l60>i N. PALLS TO Lobo, Adelaide Road"^ Ekfrid, Moaa,.. Wardavilie',""" Thamesville, ... Chatham, Baptiste Creek^ Rochester, . . Windsor,....,." Detroit, 10>i|129^ -.6..|134>^ -.9^! 149.. .13.. 1168 J^ .15, .;i83>^ ..13.. 1196;^ 13>^!210>i 19-1229.. Gait, Flamboro', Dundas, Hamilton, ..'.'."' Stoney Creek,!."." Grimsby, Beainsville/C'II" Jordan, J__ St. Catherinetu Thorold, ..../.. r Niagara Falls, 6>il92>i -10..i202X -45^120'' . -6..;212.. -6%3217»^ .2.. 210% 9Ai|229.. i MICHIGAN CEJrTRAL PAIIROAD, Connecting, at Chicago, with Eailroads for the'sontti and West. Dearborn, Wayne, "^ Ypailanti, ...",[[ Ann Arbor, .. -"' Delhi, ........;;" Dexter, I'lliy Chelsea, '.'.'.'.'." Grass I^ke,."!"". Jackson, Paima, """ Albion, ""'.i Marshall, .." Battle Creek," III" Galesbvirg, Kalamasjoo, . Paw Paw, "[ Decatur, Dowagiac, .• '., Pokagon, "" BhcI lanan -10 -.8 -12. -10 -■•8 30 ! dikU.; .9.:- -7. -.37 4.!.. 41 46 65 10.J--65 .11.I--76 -10.;-.86 .10-1. .96 .12.I.10S -13.1.121 .-3.1.134 1 .-7n*di- To^ Slate Line, I-.9- Dunnlng's, I--4- Colurabia Road, J..8. Troy, 1-4- Granville, --«»- Alba, !-r4- Canton, .... Ralston, Lycoming, Bodine's, Dubois, Field's, Trout Run, Crescent, Cogan's Valley, ... Mahalley's, McKinney's, Williamsport, 4 .15. ..3. ..2. ..1. ..8. ..1. ..4. .-3. ..1. ..2. -6. ...9 ..13 ..21 ..25 -.30 ..34 ..38 ..53 ..56 ..68 ..69 ..62 ..63 .67 .70 .71 .73 .78 "^ ' I ijitoi-r WILLIAMSP T TO j^ti.. *"^ McKinney'tJ, — * Mahafffty's, 1-2. Cogan's Valley, j--l- Crescent, .... }--*• Trout Run, j--*- Field's i--l Dubois, Bodine's, ... Lyco.ming, . . Ralston, Canton, Alba, Granville, Troy,.. -....— Qplumbia Road, Dunning's, State Line, Elmira, .... ..k. ......1- ....!-2. ....1-3. ....1.14. ..6. ..4. .♦.4. ..6. ..8. .8 .10 ..6 ..7 'ii .16 .16 .19 .20 .22 .25 .39 .44 .48 .62 .67 .66 .68 .78 TABLES OF DISTANCES. 133 CATAWIS3A, WnUAMSPORT & ERIE E R Connecting witJi Will, & Elmira, and Ehnira. Can Jidai- gua and Niagara Falls Railroads williamsp't to Muncy, Uniontown, '" Milton, ll.'.l] Mooreaburg, . "^ Danville, l'.'..' Rupert. """ Catawispa, ,,[[ Maine villa, j" Beaver, Riugtown, I Summit, ]|" Tamaqua,...""J Ringsrold, Port Clinton, ..'/.'. Piiiladelphia. ..,1. me- j Total, diate. -10. -10. -7 .10. -7 ..2 -7, -.8. -7. .13. .12 -10. .10. .78. -.10 -20 ..27 ..37 -.43 -.60 -.52 ..59 '..67 -74 -87 -.99 -109 -119 197 PHILADELP'a to i^^-' TWaL |diat«. Port Clinton, .I.f I 73 "78 Ringgold,^ Ij-lO." ::88 Tamaqua, .10. ..gg Summit, j.i2. ^hq -13. .123 -7. .130 -8- .138 -7. .145 -.2. .147 -7. .164 --6. .160 Ringtown, , Beaver, "_ Maincville, '...l'. Catawissa, ""] Rupert, ll'.l'.l Danville, "II" Mooresburg, ..ni" Milton IIIII.I Uniontown,. . . 11"! Muncy, "HI Williamsport." "II -10. .170 ■ -7-. 177 -10. .187 .20.1.197 ■♦■•- SCHENECTADY AND SARATOGA R R., Connecting, at Schenectady, with the N. Y. CentiL Rail- wad for Niagara Falls. N. FMjLS to Rochester, .. Schenectady, Ballston, Saratoga, 7.! 310 Inters 1 me- diate. -76. 212. .15. Total. -.76 -288 .303 SARATOGA TO Ballflton, Sclionectady,...IIII Rochester, Niagara Falls,'" 1 1 1 Inters diate. -7. 16. .76. IbtaL ...7 ..22 .234 .310 I 134 TABLES OP DISTANCES. tTESTERK BAILROAD. Gonnectiiig with the N. Y. Central R B. for Bwtoii. 1 ALBANY TO luier-i tat- >l9Ui. ..1- -7- ..8. ..4. ..3. ..6. ..6. ..6 ..3 ..5 .-3 i..5 Greenbush, Schodack, .. .#. Kinierhook, Chatham Center,... Chatham Four Cre, Eaat Chatham, Canaau, State Line, Richmond, Shaker Village, Pittsfleld, Dalton, Hinsdale, --^- Waahington, 1--°- Becket, - --**- Middlefleld, Chester Factory, .. Cheater Village,-. Russell, Westfield, West Springfield,. Springfield, Indian Orchard,.. Palmer, - Brimfleld, Warren, West Brookfield, ... Brookfleld, East Brookfield, Spencer, Charlton, Clappville, Worcester, Boston,-- ...1 ...8 ..16 -.20 -.23 -.28 ..33 ..38 ..41 ..48 .-49 ..54 ..67 ..62 -.65 ..9. -.7- -.3- ..8. ..8. ..2. 6. 9. .10. .-4. ..2. -.74 ..81 ..84 ..92 .100 .102 .108 117 .127 .131 .133 .136 2. .138 .5.1-143 .4.1.147 .9.1.156 44-!. 200 BOSTON TO I ■•• AUte. Worcester,. Clappville,- Charlton... 44 .0 .4 .6. Total. Spencer, „ East Brookfield,... .1--*- Brookfield, i--%- West Brookfield, ... Warren, , Brimfield, Palmer, ---- Indian Orchard,.. Springfield, ..4. ..44 ..63 ..57 ..62 ..64 .:67 ..69 ..73 10. .9 West Springfield,..- --^- Westfield, •--«- Russell, Chester Village, ., Chester Factory, Middlefleld, Becket,: - Washington, Hinsdale, --■ .83 .92 ..98 .100 .108 .116 .110 126 ..9 ..3. ..5 .136 .138 .143 146 Dalton, --^- \,Tf Pittsfleld,-- I--6-I-181 .. -.3- Shaker Village — - "^l-ito Richmond, \-o-\\m State Line, I-r I ir? Canaau, 'r'R'i i?9 East Chatham,. ...j--0- -17^ Chatham Four C'r8,.-J- -177 Chatham Center,. -.;--*- Kinderhook, ",;-«- Schovlack,..- !,--»- Greenbush, ',--!•- Albany, '-1- 181 184 192 199 200 ■ « • — TABLES OF DISTANCES. 135 GREAT NOBTHEBN BOUTE, Via Lake Ontario and the Northern Bailroad forBoiton. N. FALLS TO I Inter- me- diate. Lewiston, j..6. Ogdenaburg, j298. Rouse's Point, jll8. Essex Junction, j.47. Northfield, 43. White River Junct.. .63. Concord, 69. Manchester, .17. Nashua, 18. Lowell, 15. Boston. 26. Total. ...6 .304 -422 .469 .512 .565 .B34 .651 .669 .684 710 BOSTON TO Lowell, Nashua, ....... Manchester, Concord, White Rivei Junct. . Northfield Essex Junction, Rouse's Point, Ogdensburg,.. . Lewiston, . Niagara Falls, Inter-! .28. .15. .18. .17. .69. -63. .43. .47. 118. 298. ..6. ..26 .-41 ..69 -76 .146 .198 .241. .288 .408 .704 -710 SABATOOA SPRINGS, Via Great Northern Route, Northern Bailroad, and Lake \ Champlain. N. FALLS TO Inter- medi- ate. Total. SARATOGA TO Inter- 1 mo- 1 Total, diate.i Lewiston, Ogdensburg Rouse's Point, ..... Plattaburg, Burlington, Ticonderoga, White Hall, Sandy Hill, Saratoga Springs, . . . .6. 298. 118. .20. 18. .40. -23. .15 -10. ...6 -304 .422 .442 .460 .500 .523 .638 .548 Sandy Hill, White Hall......... Ticonderoga, Burlington, Plattsburg, Rouse's Point, Ogdensburg, Lewiston,... Niagara Falls, -lO.i-.lO .15. -.26 .23. --48 -40. -.88 .18. .106 .20. .126 118. -244 298- .642 ..6. .548 .;L 136 TABI^ES OF DI8TAN0K8. NIAGARA FALLS AND MONTBEAL, Via Lake Ontario and River St Lawrence, or Bailroad. 1 Iiifcr- N. FALLS TO \^-^ LewUton, {--6- Niagara, |--8 gdoDHburg, |290 . Montreal, jl40. TotkL ...6 -.14 304 .444 MONTREAL TO ; Jntei-[ I me- i dikte. Ogdenaburg, -. Niagara, Lewirtton, Niagara Falls,. 140. 290. -.8. -.6. ± TotaL .140 .430 .438 .444 BUTFALO, NIAGABA FALLS AND LEWISTON B. B. LEWISTON TO Suflpension Bridge,. Niagara Falls, Cayuga Creek, Tonawanda, Black Rock, Buffalo, Inter-i me- iTotftl. (li»te.i -i.».. ..4.!. ..4 ..2.16..- ..6. ..11 ..6_ ..17 ..7. ..24 -.4. -.28 BUFFALO TO Black Rock, To iiawanda, Cayuga Creek, Niagara Falls, Suspensioa Bridge,. Lewiston, ■ Iiit«r«i me- jTotnl. diate.i .4. ..7. ..8. ..6. ..2 ..4 ...4 -.11 ..11 ..22 -24 ..28 EBTE AND ONTABIO BAILBOAD. NIAGARA TO Intel' jj me- iCotal. dlate.! Stamford Junction, -.7-J-..7 Suspension Bridge,.i-.3-j..l0 Clifton House, i..2.i..l2 Chippewa, i-.S-j.-lS CHIPPEWA TO Clifton House, 8uHpension Bridge,. Stamford Junction, lnt«r-| me- I loUL di&te.! .3.!. .3. .2.1. .5. ..3.1-8. Nlaa:ara, i.-7-i-15-^ TABLES OF DISTANCES. 137 TOTAL TABLES OF DISTANCES. - • » NIAGARA FALLS TO New York City, Via New York Central Railroad, 466 miles. Via Elmira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R.R.452 ** Philadelphia, ♦ Via Elmira, Caaandaigua &; Niagara Falls R.R.434 miles. Boston, Via New York Central and Western Railroad,. 606 miles. Via Great Northern Route, 648 « Sakatoqa Springs, Via New York Central and Schenectady b Saratoga Springs RaJlroadd, 810 milts. Via Grejit Northern Route,.... .......794 ** Montreal, Via Great Northern Route, 444 miles. Detroit, Via Great Westerh Railway, 229 mUes. Caioaoo, Via Great Western Railroad, and Michigan Central Railroad, 607 miles. Buffalo, \ia BufiEalo, Niagara Falls & Lewiston R. R.. 22 miles. 138 TABLES OF DI8TANCK8. CHICAOO AND ROCK ISLAliD BAH BOAS. Connecting at Chicago with ali the great lines from the Eaft, 'North and f^mth. (Inter- 1 CHICAGO TO I »"• l'*'^ di»te.| I Junction, ,..j..6.j...6 Blue Island, j.lO.|..l6 Bremen, |..7.!.-23 Mokeua, |..7.!..30 Joliet, 1-10. ..40 Mlnooka, |.ll.j..61 Morris, . Beneca, ...MO. ..62 ....1.10. ..72 ManseilleH, ..i..6.{..77 (HUwa, [.-7.I.-84 UtiQa... -10.r-.94 T - a..il_ fi < QQ LaSaUe, i..6.!..99 Peru, j-.l.MOO Trenton, j.lO.l.llO Bureau June ! --4. ! .114 Snociiwine, j.. 8. 1-122 Henry, j..5.!.127 Lacon, ;.. 7-1-134 Cliillicothe, |.. 8. 1. 142 Rome, |.. 3.1. 136 MoH8ville, i: 6. .151 Peoria, ..j -lO. j .iei Tiskilwa, j.. 8-1. 122 Pond Creek, i..7. .129 Sheffield,.: i..8.|.137 Aniwan, ..9.|.148 Geneseo, .13.|.159 Colona, j-10.1-169 Moline, 1. 10.1-179 Rock Island, i..3-!-182 iIo«•^ I R. ISLAND TO ITOUl. Moline............ Caiona, «.. (Joneseo, Annawan, Slieffieid, Pond Creek, Tiskilwa, Bureau Junction,. O H as c MoRsville, .... Rome, - Cliillicothe,... liOcan, ... Henry, Snochwine, (. Bureau June. Trenton, Peru, La Salle, Utica, Ottawa, Marseilles, .. Seneca Morris, -. Minooka, Joliet, Mokeila, Bremen, Blue Island, . Junction, ... Chicago, i.lO. . .105 Tho trains over this road leave Chicago, for Peoria, at 2 P. M. and 11 P. M.; for Rock Island at 9 A. M. and 11 P. M., connect- ing Girect from trains of both the Michigan Central Rail Road, and Canada Route, and Michigan Southern R. «■. and Lake Shore Route, and by their connections from all parts of the East and Soutn. Tickets to be had at most RaQroad Offices East a:id' South of Chicago. For cornecting and time table, see small biUs. JOHN P. TRACT, Supt.. ONTIRIO IND ST. UWRMCf STEAMBOAT COMPANY I B. ALLEN, Presidsat. . Capt. J. VAN ME, Treasurer. AMERICAN EXPRESS LINE. iiAKE STEAMERS. ONTARIO, -'. CAPT. THROOP. BAY STATE, capt. ledyard NORTHERNER, CAPT. chili* CATARACT,-.. capt. estls. BIVBR ST. IiAWRENOB STEAMERS. JENNY LIND, capt. moody. SS'TISH EMPIRE, CAPT allkn BRITISH QUEEN,-- capt. laflamme One of the above large and magDificent Lake Steamers will leave Lewiston and Niagara (Niagara River) daily, at 3 o'clock P. M., (except Sundays.) connecting at Ogdensburgb with one of th(! above beautiful Ri^er Steamers, and also the Northern Ogiiensburgh Rail Road : .r MONTREAL, QUEBEC, SARATOGA, TROY. ALBANY ANEW YORK A View of the Scenery on this Route, \h fully equal to the Fare; paBsing til e Thousand Islands and Rapids of the St. Lawrence, (by dnylight ) Mountnins ol Vernaont, New Hamp- shire Hnd Lnke Champlain. THROUGH TICKETS can be procured at the principal Rail Road and SteHinboat Office.-* Eavt and West, at SAM'L SHEARS, Ag't, M. RAIVDILL, A^'t CUfti/n Ilmtse, 0pp. N. Falls Depot, Buffalo. D. H. TflOMAS, Aff't, J. CUHimii^GS Opp. N. Y. C. DciH)t, Stixpn Bridge. J JYIORI \ Ag'ts, Niagara Iblls, 3MCO :B:.^^ir, Oeu'l Agent, No. 1, CataraU Hotel Block, Niagara FnUx. •i>. I *^. THE STEAMER eto ffla& 0f ik Mist "Wm Ply Daily, [Sundays Excepted,] During the season, as A PLEASURE BOAT Between the Suspension Bridge and Canada Falls. TOUCHING AT THE FERRY LANDINGS On either side of the River. The Boat passes nearly two miles through the GORGE OF THE NIAGARA ! and affords the tourist sublime and comprehensive views of all the points of interest on the trip The "New Maid of the Mist" has been built wirliout regard to expense ; is 170 tons burthen-, is propelled by a powerful engine 'jf over 100 horse power, and furnished with Francis' Life Boat* and all the modern improvements. • The Boat wnil be under the CJommand and. PILOTAQE OF JOET, KOBINSON, RENOWNED FOR HIS PKATS IN NAVIGATING THE RAPIDS O E NIAGARA. FARR FOR THE JPI^EASURE TRIP, 60 CTS OMNIBUSSES WILL RUN FROM THE HOTELS In connection Vith tiie Boat. •KKUUiiltatMk