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DESIGNED fO\ Tilfc^UjSE O/ T^B VOlTN^Ei^ CLASS OP '• 6y ifNDL^Y ^uisra:^. • ' ' : '* • « •> « ' « I A NEW EDITION. •<-<.-<0 '© 0>"> •> MONTREAL: MINTED AND PUBLISHED BY A. BOWMAN, ^7; FRANCIS XAVIER STREET. ; 1834. 2::: *,f wn phy it ** t « - 4 » « • * » ^ 4 > • • • ' , a * . . » « . • « • » ■ • . > > » • .... ••* •- ■ - , » • % . " ^ p c .^^a 110^1 i ofle 'f- ^• {} wc , Tl Englj Tl tain ; .^ung( humn Le Jxprel Th W /ord SIH(<;!ffi', HfHWl LIVGLISII tMlAMMAK. I Ex\GLiSH Grammar is the art of speaking and writing the English language with propriety. i It is divided into four parts, viz : — Ortfiogra- phy, Efymologjf, Syntax, and Prosody, ORTHOGRAPHY. LETTERS. Orthography teaches the nature and powers of letters, and the just method of spelling words. A letter is the Ikst principle, or ler.et part of ^ word. The letters of the English language, called the English Alphabet, are twenty-six in number. These letters are the representatives of cer- tain articulate sounds, the elements of the lan- guage. An articulate sound, is the sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. Letters are divided into vowels and consonants. ,,3 A vowel is an articulate sound, that can be p;^rfectly uttered by itself: as a, e, o; which are fofmed without the help of any other sorT>d. A consonant is an articulate sound, which can- i^jt be perfectly uttered without the help of a i'Owel : as, b, d^f, I ; which require vowels to ;xpress them fully. -iT he vowels are. a, e, t, o, w, and someiimes iMfend y. ' • W and y are consonants when they begin a ip^li'd or syllable ; but in every other situation PfMltfanNnJIttni .A. 4 English Grammar. Consonants arc diviclod into mutcri and soni- vovvels. 1 The mutes cannot be sounded f/^ a// without ^^' the aid of a vowel. They are 6, />, t^ J, A:, and c and ^^ hard. ^'»b The semi-vowels have an imperfect sound o ^^ themselves. They are /, /, m^ n, r, r, 5, r, .r ^^ ^ and f and «• soft, ^ ^ Four of the semi-vowels, namel>% /, m, n, r ^ are also distinguished by the name of liquiih'^^^^ from their readily uniting with other consonants '^'"^ and Howin2: as it were into their sounds. ' ^ A diphthong is the union of two vowels, pro'C^d nounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as e Pj'c in beat, o?^ in sound. J^or A triphthong, the union of three vowels, pre » nounced in like manner ; as can in beau, lew i view. gt. A proper diphthong is that in which both th ' rr vowels are sounded; as, oi in voice, owin ounci^i. An improper diphthong has but one of tt^, .. vowels sounded ; as, ea in eagle, ca in boat. ^ rX SYLLABLES. .^ A syllable is a sound either simple or coii^^- pounded, pronounced by a single impulse of tly^ voice, and constituting a word, or part of a wor^^^J" L the as, a, an, ant, v^ . Spelling is the art of rightly dividing words i^^ to their syllables ; or of expressing a word by :" ''' proper letters.! '■ ^ '^ ^1^^., I ! -ttpp.i *For the distinction between the nature and the 7?«'^r or more syllables, a polysyllable. 1 All words are either primitive or derivative. / m, n r ^ primitive word is that which cannot be re- of liquiih^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^y •'^irr>plf''r word ia the language ; as, rconsonant>^'»"» S^«^^ content. jj^lg ' A derivative word is that which may be redu- vowels pro*^^^^ ^^ another word in English of greater sim- voicc * as e F^'^'^.y ? as, manful, goodness, contentment, Yorkshire, vowels, pre ; » ..<..<..<^|,> .>..>.. beau, iet^i.^ ETYMOLOGY. Inch both t ' rpi^^ second part of Grammar is Etymology ; 5,oiunounc»^l^l^j^ treats of the different sorts of words, their lp t'^G Article, the Substantive or Noun, the ^\ r. .^Qj Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Adverb, '^^^ ' l|»e Preposition, the Conjunction, and the Inter- . ,. 1, ; lection. J .,» idms: words I'' , * a x- i • ^ r ^ j ' l'" 1 u„ ^ * !• An Article is a word prehxed to suustan- o- a word oy .. . • , ^i , i . i i r » ^ lives, to pomt them out, and to show how far liiieir signification extends ; as, a garden, an ire and the 7i««tll.2:le, the woman. ' ■'■'■■ ,r, 15th edit. p. * 2. A Substantive or noun is the name of any best standurd^ing thiit exists, or of which we have any no- tion; as., London, mauy virtue, A3 isiiifl!"!!!!! I \ t '".'ij 8 Engliah Grammar, | A Bubstanlive may, in general, be distinguished by ita a taking an article before it, or by its making sense of it- ^ self; as, a hook^ the aun^ an apple, temperance, industrrj, ^^ chastity. J^J,^' 8. An Adjective is a word added to a substan- g live, to express its quality ; as, an industrious ^Y\\i man, a x;iV/woms wonuin. .. j^yQ An adjective may be known by its makiniijtienso with SOm the addition of tiie word thing ; as, a good tiling, a had \\q ^ thing ; or of any particular substantive ; as» a sweet ap-^i*^^ pic, a pleasant prospect. q 4. A pronoun is a word used instead of a nountfee to avoid the too frequent repetition of the sameo*" e word ; as, the man is happy ; he is benevolent ;ainiii he is useful. 1|^ 5. A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to^^ . DO, or to SUFFER ; as, I am^ I rule^ I am ruled. , A Verb may generally be distinguished by its niakinj; • • sense with any of the personal pronouns, or the word to 9 before it ; as, I walk, he plays^ they write ; or, to 2oaU, W^ to play., to icrite. In 0. An Adverb is a part of speech joined to Jw » verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another adf^jl^'i verb, to express some quality or circumstance*Oun respecting it ; air', he reads well; a truly goo(w^^r man ; he writes Tcr?/ correctly, - ^^•^ 'An adverb may be generally known by its answering^^^'' to the question» How ? How much ? When ? or Where >BJn^ as, in the phrase, " He reads correctly," tlie answer tcDiite ihe question, How does he read ? is correctly, RBpl 7. Prepositions serve to connect words witf i*T/ one another, and to show the relation betweciaiice them ; as, *' He went from London to York :'aifeai '' she is a6oT;c disguise;'' **they are supporte(t^pI hy industry. red iiii ilmi W !S!ii!!|iB!^«:i:i ^ Etymology* ^ 7 uishedby ilfl ^ preposition may bo known by its ndmittingf after it r sense ot it- ^ personal pronoun in the objective cafej as, with^ for, cct industryt ^^ ^^^ y^,^^\l allow the oLjective case after tlieni ; with ilim, for her, to them. I a substan- g^ A Conjunction is a part of speech that is industrious diiefly useci to connect sf^ntences : so as, out of . two or more sentences, to make but one : it lir sense with spmelimes connects only woicls ; as, '* Thou and : thing, a hadUc are happy, because you are good." *' Two s»ast(;ccfap.^y,(^ three are five." . ' 9. Interjections are words thrown in between id of a nountfee parts of a sentence, to express the passions >f the sanneo^ emotions of the speaker ; as, ** O virtue I how benevolent ;ainiable thou art I" " ARTICLE. ^^ ,'\ An Article is a word prefixed to substantives, * to point them out, and to show how far their by its "i^^'^^bgjgnification extends ; as, a garden, an eagle, the In English there are but two articles, a and 1 joined to 4h^ \ ^ becomes an before a vowel, and before a > another adfjil^^t h; as, an acorn, an hour. But if the /* be iircumstance^^J^^^d, the a only is to be used ; as, a hand, a \ truhj goo(ih«i^rt, a highway. ■ ilA or an is styled the indefinite article : it is its answering^^ ^" ^ ^^§^!^ ^(iv\se, to point out one singl-e n ? or Where "tflr^g of the kind, in other respects indetermi- the answer t(n|te ; as, *' Give me a book;" ** Bring me an ctly, --^^M-j apple." ■• *• ■ • ^ .. ■ •-■ :.^ ,>-;' :' L words vi\^'vThe is called the definite article, because it ;ion betweciaiipertains what particular thing or things are 1 to York '/^fe^nt : as, ** Give me the book " ** Bring me the •e supi)orte%ples ;" meaning some book, or apples, refer- ■" • • red to, " « A 4 STOt:^stfP?Iinni!!Tif!!f!Hp \ Unu ,|i;(ti|tii.'i|i(;t.rt«rii'ii»i'»'M» I I' ^ • English Grtnnwar. A substantive, without ai.y article to limit it is generally taken in its widest sense ; as, *' A candid temper is proper for man ;'' that is, for jo all mankind. rjj,, t< nif] fer nei SUBSTANTIVE,* A Substantive or noun is the name of any thin; that exists, or of which we have any notion ; as London^ man^ virtue, SjibstantivGS arc either proper or common. Proper names or substantives, arc the name appropriated to individuals ; ^s ^G cor ge^ London ^ ' Thames, ^S^ or; Common names or substantives, stand fo j^^ j kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts contain ,. ing many individuals under them ; as, anima! ,. man, tree, &c. ' • ' °*^* To substantives belong gender, number, an ^ case ; and they are all of the third person, whc j^. spoken of, and of the second, when spoken io ^ as, ** Blessings attend us on every side:'* " B j^^^ grateful, children of men !" that is, t/c children c fioa men. Boy Brot * As soon as the learner has committed to memory tli.lBuc definitions of the article and substantive, he should b Bull employed in parsing" these parts of spcecli, as they a; SBull arranged in the correspondent Exercises in the Appci^'Stce dix. The learner should proceed in this manner, throutCJor all the definitions and rules, regularly turning to, ai, 'l3o^ parsing, the exercises of one definition, or rule, befoi Dra lie proceeds to another, In the same order, he shoul JBar' bo taught to correct the erroneous examples in the EsFatl ercises. For further directions, respecting the modc(Fria using the Exercises, see *' English Exercises," Tfr?l; ®nn( or any subsequent Edition, page 9 — 12, • Jlart .:T if ^^ i !„y#riittm IJlj/ffifflogi/, 9 to limit it sc ; a?, *' A (inidcj- is tlio distinntiori of nouns, with rej^anl that is, for to sex. Tlieip. arc three j^endcrs, tho Manru- •liiin, the Foniininc, and the Neuter. 'J'he rnascnhne gender denotes animals of the '' male kind ; as, a man, a horse, a hull, ofnnythini The feminine; gender deriotes animals of the r notion ; as fcmide kind ; as, a woman, a duck, a hen. The neuter {render denotes objects which are common, neither males nor females ; as, a field, a house, ^, _ a a:ardcn. e the name ^^^ i i r * n * u r 1 notnc substantives naturally neuter are, bv a ^ ' ligure of speech, converted into the masculine or feminine gender ; as, when we say of the sun, , stand 10 ^^ jj, setting, and of a ship, she sails well, kc, ;orts contain „,, n "r i i i a ii 1 r 1 he hnglisli language ha? three methods ol distinciuishinc; the sex, viz : as, animal nnmber, an )erson, whc spoken 1o ^^ , , sick :" " B tt:'"' ijc children c fioar 1. By different words : as, Male. 1 Boy Brother I to memory til. Buck 3, he should 1) Bull cli, as5 they a: Bullock or ) s in the Appci^tcer ^ lanncr, throu.E*Cock arning to, ar, ©o^ or rule, befoi Drake rder, ho shoulJBarl pies in th© E; father Ing the mode (Friar eroises, •Hart Female. ISlaid Belle Sow Girl Sister Doe Cow Heifer Hen Bitch Duck Countess Mother Nun Coose Koc Male, Horse Husband King Lad Lord Man Master Miller Nephew Ham Singer Sloven Son Sta^r Uncle Wizard A 5 Frviale. Mare Wife Queen Lass Lady Woman Mistress Spawner Niece Kwo S Songstress or \ Singer Slut Daughter Hind Aunt Witch - 'Jf- ^1 H| I? I 'I :r , ;/■■ I • k Adulterer Adultress Caterer Ambassador AmbassadressChanter 10 English Grammar^ 2. By a differance of terminatimi : an. Abbot Abbess Baron ' Baroness Actor Actress Bridegroom Bride Administrator AdruinistratrixBenefactor Benefactress Cateress , Chantress Conductress Patroness Peeress Poetess Priestess Princess Prioress Prophetess Protectress Shepherdess Songstress Sorceress ^ Sultaness, or ( Sultana Tigress Traitress Tutoress Viscountess Votaress Widow *Tf Arbiter Count Deacon Duke Elector Emperor Enchanter Executor Governor Heir Hero Hunter Host Jew Landgrave Lion Marquis Margrave Master Mayor 3. By a Aibitress Countess Deaconess Duchess Electross Empress Enchantress Executrix Governess Heiress Heroine Huntress Hostess Conductor Patron Peer Poet Priest Prince Prior Prophet Protector Shepherd Songster Sorcerer Sultan Jewess Landgravine Tiger Lioness Traitor Marchioness Tutor Margravine Viscount Mistress Votary Mayoress Widower as, one ' ^. whi lar, pitc sors I ed t face siibs add chui N ed j: into whicj ruffs S vow 4 noun^ pronouHy prefixed to the substantive : A cock-sparrow A hen-sparrow or adjective^ heinf^^ as, ^^e A man-servant A he.goat A he-bear A male child Male descendants A maid. servant A she-goat A she.bear A female child Female descendants NUMBER. el in • > In LVom Tj Number is the consideration of a object, ^ one or more. T^l Substantives are of tv»o number*, the sing^ji ^^1 and the pbjrnl. ^^^R\ ''Sill illi |^1;<;-'«V.''^:!?««" •oness ide • V [lefacticss Leress , •■ antress nductress troness cress letess lestess incess ioress rophetess fotectress hepherduss onffstress orceress uUaness, or ultana 'igress traitress ^utoress Viscountess /"otaress iVidow ictivCy it d idanis a object .the ^ Etymology^ 11 i^ The singular number expresseb but one object; as, a chair, a table. • The plural number signifies more objects than one ; as, chairs, tables, ' - . Some nouns, from the nature of the things which they express, are used only in the singu- lar, others only in the plural form ; as, wheat, pitch, j<]jold, sloth, pride, &c. and bellows, scis- sors, ashes, riches, &'c. Ai The plural number of nouns is generally form- etl by adding 5 to the singular ; as, dove, doves ; face, faces ; thought, thoughts. But when the siibstantive singular ends in a:, cli, sh^ or S5, we add es in the plural ; as, box, boxes ; charch, churches; lash, lashes ; kiss, kisses. NouDs ending in/, or/e, are generally render- ed plural by the change of those terminations- into res; as, loaf, loaves ; wife, wives. Those which end in^, have the regular plural ; as, ruff, ruffs. Such as have y in the singular, with no other vowel in the same syllable, change it into ies in ^g^-^j^l^e plural ; as, beauty, beauties ; fly, flies ; but ^tHe y is not changed, when there is another vow- el in the same syllable ; as^ key, keys ; delay, Ways. j^ CASE. . • ' tn English, substantives have three cases, the N^ominative^ the Possessive, and the Objective. The nominative case simply expresses the iJlttie of a thing, or the subje^ct of the verb ; as, * The boy plays ;»' " The girls learn." , The poFfossive rase expresses the relation oi >H)j>ertj ur po^^'esi'.ion : and ban an :q)ostro|;!K*^ ngij i |H )iiHi»»f-taiWali>.l \>mitaismiii»*i»^^ A. n i I V IB ?! if I! hi \ 12 En^iish Grammar. with the letters comingafter it ; as, ** I'hc scho]'(xi)j ar's clul}'- ;" " My fjithcr's house." ^\ .i.*;il' .; goc When the plural ends in 5, the other .9 is omit- >? *] tcfl, hut the apostrophe is retained; as, *'Orthe eagles, wings ;" '' The drapers' company." ]es.^ Sometimes also, when the singular terminate -"] in 5, the apostrophic .*? is not added ; as, *' Fo;tfae goodness' sake ;"* .'' For righteousness* sake/' wis< The objective case expr-csscs the object of ai 1 notion, or of a relation ; and generally follows com verb active, or a preposition ; as, ** John assisttirc Charles ;"** They live in London." r .^ wist ' English substantives are declined in the foIAud SINGULAR. , , PLURAL. m0r( ,„ A mother. A mother's. ' "' A mother. lowing manner : Nominative case. Possessive case^ Objective case. Nominative case^ Possessive cose^ Objective case^ SINGULAR. The man. The man's. The man. PLURAL. Mothers. Mothers'. Mother*. PLURAL. M edb most The men. fri^ The men's, g The men. ^^^ V o pvors • ^ ADJECTIVES. ^ ♦• An Adjective is a word added to a substantive^^^^ to express its quality; as, "An industrious man; *'A virtuous woman;'' *'A benevolent mind." A In English the adjective is not varied on a(*VOi( count of render, number or case. Thus we saiv6 js The only variation which it admits, is that ( Ti the degrees of comparison. ®rsl There are commonly reckoned three degref^iln| of comparison; the positive, comparative, an "? superlative. , , -j.h. T^ The positive state expresses the qu:ility of (#r«^j Pi'lrnffg 1 Etymology, .i 13 The scliol(yl)ject, without any increase or diminution ; as, .;.-.ti good, wise, great. er s is omit- *f The comparative degree increases or lessens ] ; as, *' Orthe positive in signification ; as, wiser, greater, ipany." less wise, i r terminate . The superlative degree increases or lessens I ; as, *' Fo'the positive to the highest or lowest degree ; as, Bss" sake/' wisest, greatest, least wise. ' . ./ , object of ai The simple word, or positive, becomes the illy follows iotmparative, by adding r or er; and the snperla- ' John assistiliife, by adding st^ or est, to the end of it : as, ' - wise, wiser, wisest ; great, greater, greatest. — [1 in the folAjad the adverbs more and most, placed before f?5 PLURAL. Mothers. The men. The men's. The men. \jm adjective, have the same effect ; as, wise, more w^ise, most wise. . Monosyllables, for the most part, are compar- Mothers. ^^ j^y ^^ qj. ^^f . an^j dissyllables by more and PLURAL.* ^^^^ 7 ^^' mild, milder, mildest ; frugal, more fna^al, most frugal, i8ome words of very common use are iregu- (arly formed : as, good, better, best; bad, worse, «rorst; little, less, least; much or many, more, ktrioustnan; . PRONOUNS. . jnt mind." A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to varied on a(tf^id the too frequent repetition of the same Thus we sa\Vlird; as, ** The man is happy, he is benevolent, 16 IS u^eluU nits is that ( There are three kinds of pronouns, viz: — the ^ersonal, the Relative, and the Adjective Fro- .*i *. paralive 5 three degre^oons. an •«? • PERSONAL PRONOUNS. Tfhere are five Personal Pronouns, viz: I,ihou, 2 quality of ii^r*^^^j ^h' with their plurals, we, ye or you, they. |<(itMii*«iWi«iH^ 'II !i|i:i ii ii 'H Vhi( vho Singular.i^Ao »oth Plural, y eq 14 English Grammar. '^ Personal pronouns admit of person, number /t gender, and case, .h' « , . ■' R< The persons of pronouns are three in each oiera the numbers, viz : ^ • ; '» • /, is the first person Thou, is the second person He, she^ oriV, is the third person We, is the first person Ye or you, is the second person They, is the third person The numbers of pronouns, like those of sub >fVj stantives, are two, the singular and the plural ^^nii as, /, thou, he ; we, ye or you, they, ' ' - -^ithf Gender has respect only to the third persoi^pei singular of the pronouns, he, she, it. He is mas^te* culine ; she is feminine ; it \s neuter. T'h, Pronouns have three cases; the nominativo'^^^^ the possessive, and the objective. Ppi* The objective case of a pronoun has, in geneCt? \ ral, a form different from that of the nominativ"<*^f^ or the possessive case. ■"*^ . j • ' ^ '^^ The personal pranouns are thus declined : PERSON. CASE. SINGULAR. PLURAL. First A"0?72. I, We. Possess* Mine, Ours m > y '-■•?■■ Object, Mo. • '• Us - ' Second > Nom. Thou, •/ Ye or you. bdn Possess. Thine, Yours. m, Object. Thee, You. reyt Third Nom. He, They. Masculine Possess. His, ' Theirs. Adj Object. Him. Them. Third Nom. She, They. . irtic Feminine Possess. Hers, Theirs. Ijec Object. Her. Them. Third Nom, It. They. ♦«c Neuter Possess. Its. Theirs. , the ' Object. iL. Thoiu.. ■M^""*^' ' riiiii'iiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiir pn, number ^ Etymology. '^' 15 f RELATIVE PRONOUNS. ^Ilelative Pronouns are such as relate, in gc iC in each oteral, to some word or phrase going before, vhich is thence called the antecedent : thej^ are mo, which, and (hot ; as, ** The man is happy Sinffular.i'^ lives virtuousJJy/' * i ^ ' '. .''What is a kind of compound relative, including !'■ »oth the antecedent and the relative, and is most- Plural, y-vequivalent to that which ; as, *' This is what I ffnted ;" that is to say, the thing which I wanted, hose of sub ^ho is applied to persons, which to animals and the plural *«^imate things ; as, " He is sl friend^ toho is , ai|hftil in adversity :" " The bird, which, sung so third persoi^^etly, is flown ;" ** This is the tree , which ^vo- He is masol?es no fruit." ^^ ;•-, ,f, r That, as a relative is often used to prevent the nominativo^'5f ^'*<^C[uent repetition of who and which. It is pplied to both persons and things ; as, " He that has in eeneCtl? wisely deserves praise ;" " Modesty is a e nominativ*'^% ^'^"^ bighly adorns a woman." Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined: SINGULAR AND PLURAL. Nominative, Who. Possessive^ Whose. Objective,, Whom. Whoy whichy what, are called Ivterrogatives, 'b^n they are used in asking questions : as, mo is he?" '' Which is the book?" " fVhat re you doing ?" ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Adjective Pronouns are of a mixed nature, irticipating the properties both of pronouns and Ijectives. , declined : PLURAL. We. Ours Us Ye or you. Yours. You. They. Theirs. Them. They. , Theirs. Them. They. Theirs. Thom.^ ♦See Grammar, 14Ui, or any subsequent editioii» j». ', the notn. WRHtiimiiMiJilitw!^^ T^ , # '" fi' f . ; ) 16 English Grajnmar. The adjective pronouns may be subdivided in Qt to four sorts, namely, the possemve, the disinJk butive. the demonstrative^ and the indefinite, ^ohii^ 1. The possessive are those which reldic 9bjec possession or property, . .. . There are seven of them, viz : my, thy^ hi ^ her, our, your, their, ^ *^ Mine and thiiie, instead of my and thy, wer^ formerly used before a substantive or adjectiv^ , beginning with a vowel, or a silent h ; as, ** Bl^ ^ out all mine iniquities," r- 2. The distributive are those which denote tlpojin; persons or things that make up a number, as t iji 1 ken separately and singly. They are each,ever)pi^g cither; as, " Each of his brothers is in a favourw'yy ble situation;" '* Every man must account i%lw^ himself;" *• I have not seen either of them." elopi 3. The demonstrative are those which precis '^Cj ly point out the subjects to which they relate; /i**^^ and that, these and those^ are of this class ; ;**' ^* This is true charity; that is only its image." J*" This refers to the nearest person or thing. aJS* that to the more distant : as, *' 77m man is nic„^ intelligent than thaiJ'* This indicates the latttiJui or last mentioned ; that^ the former, or first ^^^^ tioned ; as, '* Wealth and poverty are both ten., tations ; that tends to excite pride, this, discc Ve] tent/' . ' ^K' - , |m»; 4. The indefinite are those which express tli't' subjects in an indefmite or general manner. Tjjj following are of this kind: some, other, any, o*"* all, such, &c, . ^a »fiJT" •,<}W»«},'fl WP^' at ^ • Etytnology.-'' IT ibdivided in Other is declined in the following mancer : J, the disir\ ;^ idejinite. Tajfiinaiivc, ■»',•) Lich relate ^hfectivet 1 r^ PLURAL. .. others. , others'. " others. :.'0*,. „ SINGULAR. other, ' otlier*s/ other, VERBS. ?m/ thv 111 ^^ Verb is a word which signifies to be, to doy •'' f' r to suffer; as, '* I am, I rule, 1 am ruled." ^Jferbs are of three kinds ; active^ passive, and id thyf wer^^^ They are also divided into regular, ir- or adjec^j-i^^^^^^ .^^j ^^^^^^^_ ,^ . ,. , . , h ; as, * Dl ^ Verb Active expresses an action, and ne- eHfarily implies an agent, and an object acted ich denote tlfl^; as, to love; *' I love Penelope." ' lumber, as t Si Verb Passive expresses a passion or a suf- ire cac/?, cverj|?j|ig, or the receiving of an action ; and neces- ? in a favourtfiiy implies an object acted upon, and an agent it account fjlwhich it is acted upon ; as to be loved ; *' Pe- of them." elope is loved by me." • ■* J 1 1 rW h Dreci«*^^^^^^ "^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ neither action nor lev^relate- 1?^^^ ' ^"^ ^^^"S» ^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ being,; as, '< I his class ; ^^'^ ®.^^^P' ^ ®**-" /' " ' ' ' ' ^^ ' '"^ ',) Asuxiliary or Helping Verbs, are tbo?o by the its image. ^\ip of which the English verbs are principally m or thing, Hj^j^^gj^l-^^l . ^j^gy ^^j,^^ j^^ l^^^ j^^^^^ shall, xmll, lis man is mc^j^^ ^^^^ ^^-^^^i their variations : and let and must, ates the lati^^lj l^j^y(, n^^ ^j^riation. . ,.'. ...... ... ir, or rirst ^t'^^]^ verbs belong m//mter, person, mood and tense, are both ten ^ NUMBER AND PERSON. , . , 2, this^ disc( Verbs have two numbers, the Singular and the .1. |, -r. i A'- e. SINGULAR.,- ,^ PLURAL..},.. Ill manner. i^JM' -i5irfM,ui9 ^ i k^k „. , ^4 • ,11 luduiJoL. ^f'^ person, ,. I love, ' we love, ether, any, o^ti^ersoTy,''^ to ftfjoi Thou lovcst, Yc love. '• kMi person, u' -iC ? Ho loves, ; They love. 18 ■It''- English Grammar. 1 ; .. -fMr. ^V^i'" MOODS, u- M.J »■>:•.:.: -.M^ ^Ha Mood or Mode is a particular form of the vef*'^®' showing the manner in which the being, actio'^*» or passion, is represented. ^^< There are five moods of verbs, the Indicath ^^ the Imperative^ the Potential^ the Suhjunctix ^ i and the Infinitive, • ..... ^^^ The Indicative Mood simply indicates or ^\m claresathing; as, He loves ; he is loved :"> jjoi it asks a question ; as, " Does he love ? Is npei loved.?" iXMt The Imperative Mood is used for commandir TTh exhorting, entreating, or permitting; as, " Drcut part thou ; mind ye ; let us stay ; go in peace. one( The Potential Mood implies possibility orjar.*' herty, power, will, or obligation ; as, it may rai Th he may go or stay ; I can ride ; he would walreot, they should learn.'* v m •>< ig tjr The Subjunctive Mood represents a thing d hi der a condition, motive, wish, supposition, &cere and is preceded by a conjunction, expressed Th understood, and attended by another verb ; aast, will respect him, though he chide me ;'* " VVeijt ti he good, he would be happy ;" that is, ^^ ijtve were good." .; : - . ... ; i« u, , ». ,iu> e ;' The Infinitive Mood expresses a thing in a ! ThI neral and unlimited manner, without any distiilyal tion of number or person ; as, *'to act, to spe'ti0i[ to be feared." shet The Participle is a certain form of the ve Th| and derives its name from its participating,! yel only the properties of a verb, but also those< an adjective; as, '*I am desirous of knowing hin-fUbl '* Admired and applanded, he became vfUD*Ki[ 5wir-,-4«er»f«jifM " Etymology, ^^ 19 » *Havi7ig finished hh work, he submitted it," kc, m of the vei^*'^*^^® are. three Participles, the present or Ac- bein"" actio^^^ ^^*"' ^^^^"^^^ or I'assive, and the compound ^* ., , *€ffect : as, 'Moving, loved^ having loved/' ;he/nrf«ca.,:. e Subjuncti] jtiinsc, being the distinction of time, might ■ . Bern to iidmit only of the present, past, and l\i- dic'.ites or dine ; but to mark it more accurately, it is made : is loved :">;gonsist of six variations, viz. the Present^ the I love ? \^\nferfect, iUe Perfect^ tbe Pluperfect^ and the ^ ' " ' ' ' \f,$t and Second Future tenses. ' ■ rcommandir The Present Tense represents an action or ing; as, " Er^t, as passsing at the time in which it is men- go in peace.oned ; as, *' 1 rule ; I am ruled ; I think ; I ossibility orjar." as, it may rai T^he Imperfect Tense represents the action or le would walireot, either as past and finished, or as remain- .:,'•. » ;^«i ig unfinished at a certtiin time past : as, '* I lov- sntsathingd her for her modesty and virtue;'* *' They pposition, &cere travelling post when he met them." 1, expressed The Perfect Tense not only refers to what is her verb ; aast, but also conveys an allusion to the pre- me ;'* " VVewt time ; as, '* I have finished my letter ;'' " I that is, *' ly^ve seen the person that was recommended to e ;" that is, *' 1 have seen him by this time." a thing inai The Pluperfect Tense represents a time, not out any distiily as past, bnt also as prior to some other point to act, to spe'ttihe specified in the sentence ; as, '* I had fi- ^ •' '• shed my letter before he arrived." •-^*': ;; rm of the ve The First Future Tense represents the action larticipating, 1 yet to come, either with or without respect to ut also thosee precise time when ; as, *' The sun will rise f fewoa;ing bin-morrow ;" " I shall see thefn again/' became vain *Kie Second Future intimates that the action Ii|li«».«l1(i<'ii4l '\'. ill 30 English Grammar. ^ will be fully accomplished, at or before the tim of another future action or event ; as, *' I shii have dined at one o'clock ;" *' The two houJ5(J } "vvill have finished their business, before the kir / comes to prorogue th€m." j |: The conjugation of a verb is the regular cor bination and arrangement of its several number " persons, moods, and tenses. , i | The conjugntion of an active verb is styled tiJ '^ Active Voice ; and that of a passive verb, the Pi} ^1 sircc Voice, . ' . '. - The auxiliary and active verb to have, is co , iu^inted in the following manner ; ■ - '" * '*^ [ Xj TO HAVE. ,, INDICATIVE MOOD. • " ' ' ' '^Present Tense. '''■;" 5 Singular, Plural, 1 Pcr«. I have. t .,,.,; 1 We have. 2 Pcr,9. Thou hast ' 2 Ye or you have. I :Le *:jy ^^ 3 Pcrs. He, she or it hath } o mu i or has. r They have. ,.:.;; , Imperfect Tense. ; Singular, Plural. 1 I had. ^'» :M>]ih:r j We had. 2 Thou hadst. :»^ .-? -^ $? Ye or you had. '^' 3 He, &c. had. r.! , 3 They had. '-! ' ■ ' ■ ' Ferfect Tense. ' ' ' Singular, Plural, 1 I have had. 2 Thou hast had. 3 He has had. #: f ^^fy 1 We have had. - . .;.,. 2 Ye or you have hadr v« I ,TI H( In Til fi( **/ • 3 They have had* I rluperfect Tense. ^i -i Singular, Plural, 1 I had had. '^'^ ''' 1 n n? j *'l II - Wc had had. ^ ^U 2 Thou hadst hadi ^'^ ^>" 2 Ye or you liad had. 3 He had had./!} e^tf;crr* 3 They had had. < H( iforc the tim nSy 21 ikfjmology, V First Future Tense. *' 1 &h;i Singular. Plural, c tvvo hoUJ&J^ f^ shall or willliave. 1 We Bliall or will have, r It ^ 1.; » *rhou whalt or wilt ^ Yc or you shall or will Efore the kvi ,, ,,^^^^ ,,^^^^_ liillc sliall or will have. 3 They shall or will have, regular cor ^ Second Future Tense. ' enil number - Singular. Plural ' ' ' 11 shall have had. 1 We shall have had. b is styled tli •^rhou wilt have had. 2 Ye or you will have had, verb the P^ -^^^ ^^^^^ \i^v^ had. 3 They will have had. ' IMPERATIVE MOOD, ' - Slnrrular. Plural. , . , 1 Lot us have. I Have thou, or do thou 2 Have ye, or do ye or you have. ' ^ have. \ 'Lot liim have. 3 Let them have. POTENTIAL MOOD. Present Tense. ; } Singular. Plural. . I may or can have. 1 We may or can have, j ij;Thou mayest or canst 2 Ye or you may or can *^ have. have. I He may or can have. 3 They may or can have. Imperfect Tense. Singular. PluraL I might, could, would, 1 We might, could, would, or should have. or should have. I Thou mighst, eouldst, 2 Yo or you might, could, wt)\ildit, Qr shouldst, would or should ^^ have. «'/,r tri^f 'i* : have.rf> .>H «" He might, could, would 3 They might, could, would or shcfuld have. wiJ in ,;. * or should have. i , i;:-»-,a^»i h Perfect Tense. .-iiit^r^-rd ^k^iyrr^r^ \-'^- ^ ; ^ , ^^ Singular, v^ uv. i.*os m*4 . Plural. - ^^ f>Vii«ejfe!n ^j.Qjr^ *^'^, ' ■* 'i may or can have had, 1 We may or can have had. d ha^.**^ '** •4'hou mayest or canst 2 Ye or you may or can you had had. ^ have had. have had. aad had. - *^® ^^^y ^^ ^^'^ have had.3 They mayorcan have had /ld^•c, IS CO '--•o I Let me have. , » •J. -■ : e. -' ^' i! ou have. ave. i.i M '••> raZ. 1. ^•ou had. '^" lad. ^e had. < v -r ^ou have bad^ lave had. n!'-i'-^hhis?& '^-s«i**«^!Sr : oo X Evglish Grammar, Pluperlcct Tense. Sinfrular. I mighty could, would 1 or should have had. Plural, Wo might, could, wot t/f or should have had. T^ U Thou iiiightst, couldst 2 Ye or you might, coii ].H< wouldHt or shouldst have hud. 3 Uq might,could,would 3 Tliey might, could, wo « j, would or should h. I had. He 1 2 o O i h h He or should have had. ; SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular, . . Plural. If I have. (t I If we have. If thou have. . j 2 If yo or you have. If he have. 3 If they have.* INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, To have. Perfect, To have Y ' PARTICIPLES. Present or Activef . Having. Perfect or Passive, Had. Compound Perfect, Having had. The auxiliary and neuter verb TO BE, is coniuija _ , as follows : i: -•) TO BE. INDICATIVE MOOD. .".; Present Tense. , Th( He Singular. 1 I am. ' i. 2 Thou art. 3 He, she or i\ is Plural. 1 We are. ,i > 2 Ye or you are, 3 They are. Let Be Let! * The remaining tenses of the subjunctive mood, i in general, similar to the correspondent tenses of mdicative mood ; with the addition to the verb of a c junction, expressed or implied, denoting a conditi I411J motive, wish, supposition, &.c. It will be proper tc !l||<^ rect the learner to repeat all the tenses of this wc' ': with a conjunction prefixed to each of them. „ . He ■'tif«WW«fHJg| . — •^- > ^ mmi A^-**- .. ' I Etymology, vi Imperfect Ten:«c. al, ^"^ iSingular. Plural. lit, could, woit/I was. a \/ 1 We were, uld have had Thou wait. 2 Ye or you wei« )u might, colli lie was, 3 Theyworo. , .' or should h:. J -- Perfect Tcnsc, ' . .» ,, * *' Singular, VU.ral. '^. .^\^ u^7 1 have been. ' 1 Wf have been. uld have had. rp^^^ ^^^^^ ,^^p^ o Ye or you have been. 3:^ D. ' r ■* Present Tense. Plural. 'i 1 If we be. vu ' ' '■•' ^ 2 If ye or you be. 3 If they be. Imperfect Tense. Plural. 1 If we were. 2 If ye or you were. 3 If they were.* . «. < . . U 'iW He, Ilol TOc He I * The remaining tenses of this mood are, an geiH#ia similar to the correspondent tenses of the indicH*^© mood. See the note at page oo tf .» V \\> i^*»- -. He till r:,-'-?»«H.'»S!saa Etymology.^' ^^ 25 INFINITIVE MOOD. rah Present Tenser To be. PcrfecU To have been. rht, could^woi ould be. * i i PARTICIPLES. ' \' V ou might, CO- Present, ' Bein^, Perfect, Been. '• d, or should bt Compound Perfect, ■. \u Having been. iight,could,\vc ould be. )F THE CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. , ^ ■, . !. .•..'^^^. :..-. Active. ' '' ' " ' - - Vi 1 Vi''^'^ Active are called Regular, when they form their y or can nav ^jp^ffect tense of the indicative mood, and their perfect you may or ^rticiple, by adding to the verb, ed, or d only, when heen ,q ^^^^ ^j^^lg in c; as, nay or can i ,; / . .?.,/,,: = ^f: i ^ ^ ^» .; hi'i : *re§$nt, /.. Imperfect, Perfect Participle* ;, favour. I favoured. Favoured. y,.fl^. love. •' I loved. -' ' • •• Loved. Lght, could, wc ^ . . .. ^ lould have bee Regular Active Verb is tonjugated in the following you might, cca^^er: ., , . -. r? i ->■■ .. ' lid or should! n. might,could,\v hoiild have bee TO LOVE. OD. h(ral. be. or you be. y be. e. luraL were. or you were )y were.* INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. • Plural. ..i-\ I Iqvo. „ ,. :v.. / 1 We love. , - Thou lovest. 2 Ye or you love. He, she, or it loveth ? o mi i \.^ iLr«c } ^ They love. ,fj7#or loves. S . . / . ; .; Imperfect Tense, Singu lar. Plural. Iloved. '^■- 1 We loved. TOou lovedst. ''^ ^'^ 2 Ye or you loved ' ' He loved. *^ ^'^ 3 They loved. -"' - Perfect Tense. ^^^^^--^^^^^ ^ Singular. Plural. '' ood are, in genrjave loved. '^ 1 We have loved. ., ,. of the indicTlttu hast loved. 2 Ye or you have loved. " He halli or has Itvpd. 3 They have loved. ' ' ^ iV B " !.. ■^k\^ 36 English Gramviai\ Plaperfect Tense., jfif' Singular* Plural. 1 I had loved. I We liad loved. 2 Thou hadst loved. 2 ¥• or you liad loved. * * 3 He had loved. 3 They had loved. T' First Future Ten«?e. . • jj^ Singular. Plural. j 1 I shall or will love. 1 We shall or will love. 2 Thou shalt or wilt love. . 2 Xe or you shall or will I 3 He shall or will love. , 3, They shall or will lovt _ .».:) Second Future Tense. t g Singular, » , .s>y - Plural. Xh 1 I shall have loved. 1 We shall haye loved. ^ 2 Thou wilt have loved. 2 Ye or you will have Ir |] 3 He will hava loved. 3' They will have loved. He IMPERATIVE MOOD. *'' Singular. , ^ . Plural. , I, 1 Let me love. ^ "1 Let us love. 2 Love thou or do thou 2 Love ye or you, or dc jw} love. . ^ love. ^M»i 3 Let him love. ■ < • ^3 Let them love, ^>j^ POTENTIAL MOOD, Present Tense. '"^^ Singular, PluraU ' ^ ^ ^ '*% 1 I may or can love. 1 We vnay or can love. J° 2 Thou mayest or canst 2 Ye or you mtey or t! C love. . '. .' ; loye. ^i ^'^ rf>ii 3 He may or can love. 3 They may or can love Imperfect Tense. ^^^t^./A ^^| Singular. Plural. " ^^l 1 I might, could, would, 1 We might, could, \s^y or should love. or should love. a^\ 2 Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you mijjht, cjr^M wouldst, or shouldst would or should loi *' 3 He might, could, would, 3 They might, could, WiijJJJ or should love. i, ,. or should love^ cA* r :t ' ^ ^ ^' - Perfect Tense. ^ : ["toved. '^ -J?/w^MZar. P/«raL • --^^ ' 1 ad loved ^ *"^y *''* ^'^^ ^*^^*^ loved. I We may or Cjan hiivo loved °? loved " "^^^^^ maye«t or caiwt 2 Ye or you may or can ' ', have loved. have loved. 5. . • He may or ciin ha vb 3 They may or can have iral. loved. loved. !orwiinov«. Pluperfect Tense. . ,u shall or Willi o- 7 rti i '■'• ' ,, 11 i,,vf Singular. . PlvraL all or vvjii lONt J j^.^j^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^j ^^ ^ ^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^j^j^ wo^ld^ se* t .'* ;; i should have loved. or should have loved. ural. Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you mig^ht, coiild," II have loved. wouldst, or shouldst would, or should have ou will have Ic have loved. loved, ill have loved. He might, could, would, 3 They might, could, would 1 ,-%:'' t«r should have loved. '• or should have loved. C>I>. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. ii • lurah , .. Present Tense. love. • • " Singular. Plural '' ^^ ^ ■^''- e or you, or dc j^. j ^^^^ . . ,i ^ j IP ^^ j^^^^ ,„.^., .. , • | ' fplhou love. *'"»*• 2 If ye or you lovo. 3m love, >IX IFhe 1 ove. ^V 'd •>*<;• 3 If they love.* ri?i,;^^H I INFINITIVE MOOI>. retentt To love. Perfect^ To have loved. PARTICIPLES. yi-'V i*. luraU 'Z''^ voi «;-,..> -A ^ * *-"**^'**-""-^» ..- , ,j^,. ly or can love. i^c«e72/, Loving. | Per/cc*, Loved, j i^;? ,n ,. you 'may or c: Compound Perfect^ Having loved. nay or cab love '■' !:^ " Passive. .'il-.'M'fi'iU.-.-* ■•/ - > I'ir;- ' . •>- Vcffbs passive are called regular, when they form their fi* > ' ^"^v ^^®*^^ P^^ ticiple by the addition of d or «^ through all iU changes Tff^l , ., . iie remaining tenses of this mood, are, in general, might, could, «ii||ij to th© correspondent tenses of the indicative hiould love. od* Sec the note at page 29. : ; v, -. /. i t B2 ■!i I ! i^tl 28 English Grammar. of number, person, mood, and tense^ in the followir mann«r. • t : :( TO BE LOVED. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1 I 2 I 3 I 1 I Present Tense. Singular* FluraL 1 I am loved. 1 We are loved. 3 Thou art loved. 2 Ye or you are loved. ^ ^ 3 He is loved. 3 They are loved. ♦7>r • Imperfect Tense. 3 H Singular* Plural, 1 I was loved. 1 We were loved. 2 Thou wast loved, a 2 Ye or you were lovedj jj 3 He was loved. 3 They were loved. Perfect Tense. i Tl Singular. Plural, 1 I have been loved 1 We have been loved. 2 Thou hast been loved. 2 Ye or you have been lov?J9^< 3 He hath or has been ioved3 They have been loved. Pluperfect Tense. Singular, Plural. 1 I had been loved. 1 We had been loved. 2 Thou hadst been loved. 2 Ye or you had been lov 3 He had been loved. 3 They had been loved. ' ^ First Future Tense. ; ||| Singular, Plural, 1 I shall or will be loved. 1 We shall or will be lor 3 Thou shalt or wilt be 2 Ye or you shall or will loved. loved. 3 He shall or will be loved. 8 They shall or will be loi * ./*ii.uj»f;f Second Future Tense. , rp. lingular. Plural, Wi 1 I shall have been loved. 1 We shall have been loi 2 Thou wilt have been 2 Ye or you will have bf Mt loved. loved. 9r 2 He will have been loved, 3 They will have been lo' ' iii jjTnWJHlRfnWIR n the follow ii D. . ). , Etymology, IMPERATIVE MOOD. '^.\ Zi ./f ' PiuraL 1 Let us he loved. Singular. 1 Let mo be loved. 2 Betliou loved, or do thou 2 Be ye or you loved, or do be loved. i . ye be loved. .t %( 3 Let him be loved. 3 Let them be loved., ., POTENTIAL MOOD. Present Tense. Singular, Plural. 1 ;|vniay or can he loved. 1 We may or can he lovqd. > A i ti .1 t I - I f , ' " raL loved. _ ^ _ ^^ ,_ ^_^ ou are loved, j Thou mayest or canst 8 Ye or you ;m»y or pi^ij bo re loved. beloved. . - - - loved. 3 He may or can he loved. 3 They may or can be loved iraL Imperfect Tense. re loved. Singular. Plural. foxL were loved|^ I-inight, could, would, 1 We might, could, Vv'ould, irere loved, o,. should he loved. or should be loved. I Thou mightst, couldst, 2 Ye or you might, could, , . , wouldst, or shouldst would, or should bo e^been loved. ^^ loved. loved. ,u have been \o^^^ might,could,would, 3 They might, could, would ve been loved. ,#r should be loved. or should be loved- ^^^^, Perfect Tense. . c > u i. uoijj:^ * 2 Singular. Plural. ,,,t .vt\ K^ ' 1 ved. ^ ^^y ^^ *^" \\^\Q been 1 We may or can have been loved. loved. /vtsiiJ 1 Pluperfect Tense. ;*>%■. '\ ^Ah loved.*' *i^^^" mayest or canst 2 Ye or you may oF can id been ^ • j^^^^ 1^^^^ loved. have been loved. e. i H[t may or can have been 3 Tliey may or can have uraL loved. been loved. - U or will be lo\*^i^ ou 8h»U or will .^. , rn i "" ■ rmtnin:';w ■ 1 1 i:: I- (k!; ^y^ijimuyi JO English Grammar. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. • ;> Present Tense. S^ingular, ,1 Plvral. :i 1 tioj 1 If I be loved. *i If thou be loved. 3 If he be loved. f) I If we be loved, ,2 If ye or you be loved. ' 3 If they be loved. 1 Imperfect Tense. ^""^ Singular, • ' Plural, 1 If I were loved. 1 If we were loved. Abu 2 If thou wert loved. 2 If ye or you were love^'J* 3 If he were loved. 3 If they were loved. * ^ INFINITIVE MOOD. jJ^J Present Tense, ,, Perfect. 3ear To be loved. «^^ ^ To have been loved. Beat , ., ": PARTICIPLES. ^ H^j * , •! Present J Being loved. ' ierei Perfect or Passive, - Compound Perfect, {esec ',. -Loved. ' .^ Having been loved. Jid^ IRREGULAR VERBS. Jjn** lite Irregular Verbs are thoee which do not form tliiji^^j imperfect tense, and their perfect participle, by the ii{|^^ dition of d or ed to the verb ; as, ;reak Present. Imperfect, Perf, or Pass* Paireei I begin, ' I began, ^ begun. ™K\ 1 know, I knew, known. "^W, Irregular Verbs are of various so7^ts. uy/ 1. Such as have the present and imperfect tenses, aa^t, perfect participle the same ; as, .. .; , ^(chl Present. Imperfect. . Perf . or Pass, Pc^^^\ Cost, cost, cost. P*»t, J,:,.J, j/put, ,7 .JrUf:.: P«^V •' i 2. Such as have the imperfect tense, and perfect ii^^yj ticiple the same ; as, -t f ..:;>*('> .^-r, ,, (in*^ PrtHnt. "' imperfect, 4! I-irf. Part, lotj Abide, •^- abode, .7 abode. Jitttj sold, sold. )St, ~—t: —■. — " ■ ' • -—"T ■ 'ow , hoosi feavi Sell, * <5 ee the note at page 2ri. -~. iii.!Pii.i.'( lal ^\ 1 loved, ou be loved. 5 loved. Etymology, a 3. Such as have the imperfect tense, and perfect par tiolpio different; as, Present, •'• Imperfect. JPerf. Part. Arise, •' '• ' arose, ' arisen. Blow, , blew, ' ' ; ' blown. The following list of the irregular verbs will, it is pre sumed, be found both comprehensive and accurate. ^re loved. ^ou were lover^t Uere loved.^* ^'^'^^ Present. \bide. 1 ■ r feet. been loved. Imperfect, abode, was, arose, ^wake, awoke, R. 3ear, hrmgfortht bare, 3eara to carry ^ bore, oved. id Perfect. been loved. 3eat, 3egin, )eDd, )ereave, Seseech, Ud, Had,, '• ,lite, not form iHUed, ciple, bythc^io^, treak, r. or Pass. Pfl^fWd, begun. "»f' ious sorts, uy, perfect tenseis,aait, atchi YforPass.P^^^^ - ; P«t. or adhered ^eg^'^^«- e, and perfect Pfeiiire, f o »^/?7, clove or cleft, tin^, ciung« p, r/, Pi^rt- lotJSt, V. clothed, \ .;T' ' ^ abode. >iO*» ^ came, . r Bold. >9*. - •fo^*. ' -• 'ow, ' ' crew, Ji. .?■ beat, began, bent, bereft, r, besought, bid, bade, bound, bit, bled, blew, broke, bred, broiight, built, burst, bought, cast, caught, R. chid, chose. Perf.or Pass. Par. abode. * ;". been. , , ,' ', arisen. „ ./,. <[ awaked. . ■; ■''- born. ,['., . borne. .'4..', beaten, beat, begun. .; ; ' bent, bereft, r. besought. i. . bidden, bid. bound. bitten, bit. ; bled. blown. ''■■■ broken. , < * bred. . '• ^, j brought. ,, = . ' built. . ..* burst. . ', bought. 5 case, '«' J caught. R. •: a chidden, chid. ,i, chosen. .<• cleft, cloven. clung. clad, R/ V 1>n come. /. ,s • cost. "■-' "" crew, R. ; "'^f. 11 32 English Gjatmnar. Present, Impenfyct^ ^ Perf.or Pa$SiPc ^^^^B Creep crept, Cut, ' ■ V cut, .V, Dare, to vemture. durst, Vnre,to challenge, regui^ar Deal, Dig. Do, Draw, Drive, Drink, Dwell, Eat, Fall, Feed, Feel, Fight, Find, Flee, Fling, Fly, Forget, Forsake, Freeze, Get. Gild, Gird, Give, Go, Grave, Grind, Grow, Have, Hang, Hear, Hew, Hide, Hit, Hold, Hurt, Keep, Knit, Know. dealt, R. dug, R. did, drew, drove, drank, dwelt, R. eat or ate, fell, fed, felt, fought, found, fled, flung, . flew, forgot, forsook, froze , got, gilt, R. girt, R. gave, went, graved, ground. grew. had, hung, R. heaid, hewed, hid, hit, ^ , held, hurt, kept, knit, R. knew. r) t) J crepi, cut. » dared, . I. . dealt, R. dug, R. drawn. ^ . driven. drunk. dwelt, R. eaten, fallen. "' fed. . * felt, fought. ' found. ;■' fled. •^ flung. '' flown. '; forgotten, forgol forsaken. frozen. got. gilt, R. girt, R. given. gone. graven. ground. .run grown. ^ . . had. ,; ' hung, R. heard. hewn, R. " '^'^ hidden, hid. '7if-i hit. . r.t * > .i held, hurt, kept, knit, known. R. •ea^ eav en(3 et, ie, i oad, 089, [akf eeti ow, >y» ut. sad, eud, d. de, «e, m, w, y, (1. Qd, ake. avci, Ba>, ed, in, ^, «d, 1 1 f, r >W( It, M .(S iff, or PaBSiPa ^ jt. ; . '•^•» ired. . • ', '"y* •ead* ) end» rt ie, fo lie down, . oad, eet, »y» ut. end, end, d, de^ y. ad, * .VJfU' eatt, R. ug, R. owe. rawtu!^ '• iriven. irunk. Iwelt, R. taten, jdlen. '^ 'ed.. elt, fought. found. fled. flung. flown. jbrgotton,(brKoi^«^ forsaken. fi-ozcn. got. gilt, R. girt, R. given. gone. graven. ground. grown. had. hung, R. heard. hewn, R. hidden, hid. hit. :. .. held. hurt. kept. knit, R. known. I f • » .it I •tj'i''; ' t i>> < ,' i ,v Etymology, Imperfect, .,,, laded, laid, led, left, lent, let, Jay, loaded, lost, made, met, mowed, paid, ,u; i] put. .i . i , read, ,, . , rent, ,, a , *'id, .;i'<, rode, rung, rang. ;..| rose, t ,, ' rived, ^.frji ran, /;,.,. sawed, , ,;^| said. ,.;. ■{ saw, , s ,., sought, , .; ,t sold, . .m^. sent, ^ ,t , set, ..:'"-. .-fi^'u shook, \!. f«,ti shaped, , * I shaved, r „ sheared, U o- shed, auf shone, R. jn,- jf showed, shod , shot, .in shrunk, shred, w-i* shut, *a;. : sung, sang, - .v : 33 Perf.or Pass. Par, jaden. ^,,,,, . laid, ^^|. led, . •*' left. , • i lent. ... let, ' ^o';.-^ lain. i . J - laden, r. Ot : lost. „')tV'^ * made. ., ; met, jl.»f mown, R, <. ; paid- . , !^ put. ; read. rent, [ %, rid. ,, > rode, or ridden. Jr*; runff. ' risen. Jm;;-^'. riven. 'r s . ,•; n . run. sawn, R. ..:%^' .='.:|'^' .jri^V'f ;/ *» said. seen. sought. sold. sent. set. shaken. ''"''^^^ shaped, shapen. • shaven, R.j j/' shorn. , fV^^Ji shed. .1/ /-: shone, r. ,: .k / .; shown. . '' shod. ^^'^^ 't' shot. ^^,; x shrunk. ^ r?*;^ shred. J^tUn shut. 4«^Birr .MMUWamn M I 34 Prenenl. Sink, Sit, Slay, Sleep, Slide, Siinp;, Slink, Slit, - •' SiTiite, Sow, Speak, Speed, • • Spend, Spill, Spin, Spit, Split, Spread, • • ' - Spring, Stand, Steal, Slick, Sting, 8tink, Stride, Sdike, '^ String, Strive, Strow or strew Swear, Sweat, ' Swell, ; Swim, Swing, ' '" Take, Teach, Tear, Tell, ' Think, Thrive, Throw, Ensiluh Hh-ammar, ■\ Imperfect. sunk, ^unk, > sat, slew, slept, slid, slung, slunk, slit, R. «' smote, sowed, spoke, sped, speni, spilt, R. spun, spit, spat, split, spread, sprung, sprang, stood, stole, stuck, .t stung, . ''' stunk, strode or Ktrid, struck, strung, strove, strowed, strewed, swore, swet, *' ' .« welled, t''' swum, swam, swung, took, '*■ taught, tore, told, ,-t' thought, ,'■ throve, r, threw, < . u Per/.or Pttv^.Vf,, •unk. ,**" -Vet Vee Vint Voft T* rogu arfic 'or sat. slain, slept, slidden. slung, slunk. slit, or slittcd. smitten, sown, n. spoken, sped, spent, spilt, r. spun. spit, spiiten. split, spread, spiking, stood. • stolen, stuck, stung, stunk. stridden, _ struck or stricL/^'.M striven. ^„^ \ strown, strowfg ( strewed. ^ji^ «.». Ai4;| sworn. swet, R. swollen, R. swum. swung. taken. taught. torn. told. thought. thriven. thrown. E nt m ■•n!r.i <3pun. spit, spHten split. s|:read. spi'^mg. stood. stolen. stuck. stunz. stunK. stridden, thrust, , trod, vvuxcd> wore, wove, wept, won, wound, wrouglit, wrun^, I' thrust. trodden. waxen, ii. worn, woven. wept. won. wound. wrought, worked. wrung. wrriten. j wrote, The verbs which are conjugated regularly, as well as regularly, are marked witli an r. Those preterits and ttmeiplcs, which are Hrst mentioned in the list, seem r Be'lhe most eligible. • ■ - ' •» DEFECTIVE VERBS. Defective Verbs are those which are used only in some rttieir moods and tenses ; as, am, was, been ;cany could; ^y% might ; shally should ; will, wouldt c( t' ADVERB. Aii^Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, an aerhaps how W^l J lately much-^-*''' • indeed • moro . strewed. sworn. swet, R. swollen, K swLin. i;wung. taken. taught. torn. told. thought. thriven. thrown, • • most part, set before nouns and pronouns; as, " Pie D^li^om London to York ;" "She is above disguise ;" are supported hy industry.'' HM _ ,,.«,oot sentences ; 80 as, out of two or more Kcnten i. to mako but one. It sornelimes connects only words Conjunctions arc principally divided into two s( ^^• Copulative and Disjunctive. ., ." of into to within for without by ov^er with under in through of! irsri on or u: 3. anion^r « \^^ after 4. about » wh aguinst 6«ji 'bat th op I The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect c* ^'^* continue a sentence, by expressnig an addition, a ,<. • ' position, a cause, &.c. : as, '• He and his brother re^ 1® in London ;" "I will go, if ha will accompany ir ^*^* *' You are happy, because you are good.'' *(*■ ' The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not only toi°* ct and continue the sentence, but also to express nect inter position of niOcining in difterent degrees : as, " TL . he was f»cquently reproved, yet^ he did not refor . "^ *' They came with her, />Mi went away without her.' , .P| The following is a list of the principal conjunctic, ." The Copulative. And, that, both, for, therefore, if, tirni since, because, wherefore. . The Disjunctive. But, than, though, either, or, ai^trpV less, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding. . . INTERJECTIONS. © ob Interjections are words thrown in between the partf^ij© a sentence, to express the passions or emotions offbre speaker: as, **0h ! 1 have alienated my friend ; AUtij fear for life ;*' '' O virtue ! how amiable thou art !" tup\ The following are some of the Interjections : O ! Ytieri heigh ! lo ! behold ! ah ! tush ! fie ! hu^h ! hail ! -ni^ OF DERIVATION. ^H Words are derived from one another in various waysj^^^ 1. Substantives are derived from verbs : as from Y^'^j love" comes "lover." ' ' * •-ri''*''; • t|i«rl 2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjecti*^*^^j and sometimes from adverbs : as, from •• salt ct^**^* ttSit^ Etymology. 87 »al propoiition* to ialt;'' from ♦• warm" conica * to warui ;'• from ••i'cr. oil v»rd" comnH •♦to lurward." • • • ar on or u- 3. Adjectives arc durivcd from subslantivoa : as, from ainon;^* l^ealtli " comes *• liciilly." u wn aftor 4. Sahstantivos are derived from udjcctivos : as, from foro about * white" comes 'Mvliiteiicys." hind against 6,,,Adv('rl)3 aro derived from adjectivca : as, from ' bjMic" comes "■ basoly." SYNTAX. Ihatis chiefly i;« or more scnten cts only words *" ° The third part of Grammar is Si/ntax, which treat* L f the affrcemunt and construction of words in a sentence. 3 to connect c* . « , , n i ,• • . 1 !•*• - A ientencc is an a^^.seilibla''•e oi words, ioriuinjf com- I addition, as,. » ^ u I I • » *\ !>- Jete sense. , his brother re c. . rj i • i • t ^ j Sentences are oftwo kinds, simple and compound. acco P J ^ simple uenteiico lias in it but one subject, and one . . aite verb : as, *• Life is uliort." '^' "° / , A compound siuitence consists of two or more simple Llso to ^^^P'' ^"jj^t^Uccs connected tojretber; as, *' Lifii is short, and art. ^^vA ^^\ r ^O'lfif 5" '* Idleness- produces want, vice, and misery.'* did no re ^^ phrase is two or more words rijjlitly put lojrctlior, y withou I . alttnr sometimes part ot'a sentence, and sometimes a ^'P"! """J^IJ'JW. sentence. , tnereiore, 1 , »|»|j^ principal parts of a simple sentence are, the Bub- . ^ct,' the attribute, and the object, either, or, ^-^'i rpj^^ ^^l^j^.^^ j^ ^j^^ ^j^j^,^ ^j^j^^^ ^p^l^^^^ ^^. ^|^^ ^^^j.j_ istanding. ,^q j^ ^\^q thinjr or action affirmed, or denied of it; and S. e ol^ect is the thing alTected by such action. )etwcen the par!T;?Jjfijnominative donotes the subject, ard usually goes )r emotions offbn>!lhe verb or attribute ; and the word or i)hrase, de- ny friend; Alantiii^ the objoct, follows the virb: as, *'A wise man go. ble thou art !" ni|MliB passions." Hero, a wise man is the subject ; rjections : Olpwriw, the attribute, or thing allinned ; and his j^aa. ^hlhaill 'fi^^jliie object. i . •... ••• , v «^ ,,. Syaslax principally consists oftwo parts, Concord and in various ways»wmnent. ...... ,.. erbs * a» from y*?^***^''^ ^^ ^"° agreement which one word has with n- * ,.. _ S'fi* ^^ gender, number, case, or ])crson. t ntives adiectfi'^^'"'"*^"^ ^'' ^^*^^' power which one part of BpcecU frnm '•salt ct***^®'^ other, in directinc; its n'ood, toneo, or case RjMiili>t!;ji;i,'n,|5TIT:!; i. ■ 38 T English Grammar. Rule I. A verb must agree with its nominative ci in number and person : as, •* I learn ;" *' Thou art ' proved ;" *' Tho birds sing,'* ▼«' RuLO II. Two or more nouns, &,c. in the singi„z^ number, joined together by a copulative conjunction, z pressed or understood, have verbs, nouns, and prone, agreeing with them in the plural number : as, " Socr; .* and Plato were wise : they were the most eminent pli, *'*''* sophers of Greece ;'* *'The sun that rolls over our he^'S^* the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily * * monish us of a superior and superintending Power." ^"^ Rule III. The conjunction disjunctive has an cf ** contrary to that of the conjunction copulative ; fo; **^' the verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceij®* terms taken separately, it must be in the singular K^^f ber : as, *' Ignorance or negligence has caused this,**** take ;" •* John, or James, or Joseph, intends to ace A< any me ;" *' There is in many minds, neither knowle»wb« nor understanding." thoi Rule IV. A noun of multitude, or signifying mi Ri may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, eithe-no a the singular or plural number ; yet not without regains, ** the import of the word as conveying unity or plurulit 'fi idea ; as, " The meeting was large;" ** The parliameirinjj^t dissolyed ;'' " The nation is powerful ;" " My pe.he m do not xjonsider : they have not known me ;" *' The i »jij titude eagerly pursue pleasure, as their chief goji^y ** The council were divided in their sentiments." ^^^^^ Rule V, Pronouns must always agree with theiiidn i tccedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gei' j^^ and number; as, '* This is the friend whom I lt>i*fl|i[ " That is tho viee which I hate." **The king a^ M[« queen had put on their robes ;" '* The moon appears,^^ she shines, but the light is not her own." 4 The relative is of the same person as the antecel *^ and tlie verb agrees with it accordingly : as,'* Thou'^ lovest wisdom," '* I, who speak from experience." *W^ Rule VI. The relative is the nominative case tf|, X^ verb, when no nominative comes between it andp'^ verb: as, '*The master who taught us;" **Thoyi;j| i/vii>// are planted." !£;,:> ■"'•MilUii'-'ii'''' ^' , . Syntax. 39 J nominative ci , ^_„ . . ^ , , , . " "Thou art When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member ofthe sentence : as, '* He who preserves me, to c. in the s'ngi ^^^^ j ^^^ being, whose I am, and lohom I serve, e conjunction, |ggjgj.^^j^j„ uns, and prone ler : as, bocr; Rule VII. When the relative is preceded by two no- ►st eminent pii**watives of different persons, the relative and verb may lis over our he^^ff^®* '" person with eittier, according to the sense; as, ive eniov daily** "'^^^ *'^® '^^^^ ^'^^^ command you;" or, *' I am the man ding Power." ^^ commands you." ctive has an cf ^^^^ ^'^^^' ^^very adjective, and every adjective pro- !„♦;. ^ . f.houn, belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood : copulative ; to ' . »= n • « » r^ d t the nrecei • ^^ ^ g<^f>d, as well as a wise man^ ^ew are 4i Jnmilir v^^PPy » ' ^^^■'^^ is '* persons ;" *' This is a pleasant walk ;*' i ihe «i"S"\^;;tijat is, •« This walk is," .Sic. ts caused this; intends to ace Adjective pronouns must agree, in number, with their neither knowl{»w^Mitentives ; as, •' This book, these books; that sort, thoee sorts; another road, other roads." >r signifying mi Ri^I-e IX. The article a or aii agrees with nouns in Iff with it, eithe'ho lingular number only, individually or collectively : ■)i without regains* *' A Ciiristian, an Infidel, a score, a thousand." anity or plurali! ^he definite article the may agree with nouns in the * The parliameirini^lar or plural number : as. " the garden, the houses, ful;" " My pe.he itars." used distinct entiments." lature : as, '* (iold is corrupting ; The sea is green ; A agree with theliloil k bold." ley stand, in ge' j|i^E X. One substantive governs another signifying nd whom I lo'^ ^Mj irftnt thing, in the possessive or genitive case : as, 'The king andi J^ fr^l,ej.»s house;" "Man's happiness;" ''Virtue's B moon appears, Jl|&^'» ^^' iu fppP(ii*'^E ^^' Active verbs govern the objective case: I as ^"®,;^"h^V*? Truth ennobles her r '* She comforts ine r **They Tly : as, i ^o^^^g^t „^ ^.»» c* Virtue rewards her followers,*' experience. ^^^^ ^jj^ ^^^ ^^^^ governs another that follows it, ninative case Icj, AJIjo^^jg upon it, in the infinitive mood: as, "Cease between it ^Hj^^vil ; learn to do well :" " We should be prepared it us;'* "Tho ^i'^Mder an account of our actions." iSp proposition fo, thouijh generally used before the C 'i lui ;" " iyiy pt.ne aiars." n me ;" *' jhet 'J'he articles are often properly omitted: when us their chief goji^y ahould be justly applied, according to their disth lentimentS. lattivck • no ** i2r^^A \a nnrmr\t\nrr • T^h** cpn i« rrroon • ;rri *^'' ^■-Jt^it^Dimit 1- / / mm , »»ii » . 40 English Grammar, \ ■' latter vorb, is sometimes properly omrnitted : as, '• ^ heard him say it ;" instead of, *• to say it." jg Rule XIII. In the use of words and phrases whictt^t in point of time, relate to each other, a due regard be that relation should be observed. Instead of sayir, _, ** The Lord hath ^iven^ and the Lord hath taken awa're* we should say, *' The Lord gave^ and the Lord hath vie ken away." Instead of, ''1 remember the family mc than twenty years ;" it should be, " I have re7nejnbei J the family more than twenty years." cor Rule XIV. Participles haye the same governmc ,^ as the verbs from which they are derived: as, ''I ^i§ weary with /iearirt^ him ;^^ "She is instructing vi^ •'The tutor is admonishing Charles.''^ ,, ^' Rule XV. Adverbs, thou^li they have no govfj^jj ment of case, tense, &,c. require an appropriate situal.jjJ||^ in the sentence, viz. for the most part before adjectiv after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between R auxiliary and the verb: as, •^lle irnxke a very semVt^t discourse ; he spoke viiajfcxtedly and forcibly ; andiJf fi^ attentively heard by the whole assembly." Offt? Rule XVI. Two negativ^es, in English, destroy 1 another, or are equivalanc to an affirmative ; as, ". did they jiol perceive him ;" that is, *'they did pcrcr W him ;" " His language, tiiough inelegant, is 720^ v7/iri8nc( ma^ictfZ ;" tliat is, " it is grammatical." ^Jtt Rule XVII. Prepositions govern the objective c:," , as, " I have heard a good character of her ; ''' From " that is needy, turn not away ;'' " A word to the v»i; a^ sufficient for them;'''' "We may be good and ha., uithout riches,^'' JRi Rule XVIII. Conjunctions connect the same n^^'^i and tenses of verbs, and cases of nouns and pron(i:;JF as, "Candour \^ to be approved and practised f^ ''^^ thou sincerely desire, and Qarnesily pui'sue virtue, she *® assuredly be found l)y the^, and prove a rich rews:'*" *' The master taught her and me to write ;" " He aiv^^ were schoolfellows." Rule XIX. Some conjunctions require the in.'^^ tho subjunctive mood, i^ftor them. It !«- * live, some mm •^"' Syntax,' ''"^^ 41 miitted : as, '" neral rule, that when something contingent or doubfful ." is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used: as,//"/ 1 nhrases whict^«r« to write, he would not regard it;" "He will not due regard be pardoned, unless he repent.' stead of Bayir, Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature ath taken awa;require tlie indicative mood. *^ As virtue advances so ,he Lord hath ivice recedes ;''"' " He is healthy because he is temperate." the family mc have remenihei Rp*le XX. When the qualities of different things are compared, the latter noun or pronoun is not governed by the conjunction than nr as, but agrees with the verb, or lame go ^ r is|rpverned by the verb or the preposition, expressed or rived : as, ■inderstcod : as, •' Thou art wiser than I ;" that is, *^ than instructing "f'^jn^, fi^\^^y \^^^^ j^;^ ^o^e Ih^^, ^^ .»r j^ ^ «« more :han they loved me;" "The sentiment is well cxpres- have no govf,eii by pjaio, but much better by Solomon than him ;" propriate situai^jntllg^ «i than by him." • ; > . , before adjecih _^u; ; tlv between Rule XXI. To avoid disagreeable repetitions, and to ^. I- a verv 5enj*xpr#6s our ideas in few words, an ellipsis, or omission ^f ' ihhi ' and jf **9ine words, is frequently admitted. Instead of say- , ^ „ Dg, ** He v/as a learned man, he was a wise man, and ^' le was a good man ;" we use the ellipsis, and say, '* he iglish, destro, ^^ j^ Ig^j.^^^^ ^,j^g^ ^^^ g^Q^ j^j^j^ ,, native ; as. pt to love who Inveus," the word them should be sup- . the objective c n^^ • .. ^ beauliful field and trees ;» is not proper lan- )fhcr; ''' ^''^"!uag©. It should be, "Beautiful fields and trees ;" or, Word to the \yi: _^ beautiful field and fine trees." _ more beloved, but not so much admired, as Cinthio " )wrsueynjtae,o .^j^^^j^^^^ " He was more beloved than Cinthio, but •ove a ^'ic» J^'jot m much admired."* write ;" ** He aiv InS .; *i « ;n^*'ftee the 23d edition of the larger Grammar, paffe 5 requn-e the m^j^^ 6 » f « tor them. It i«' * C3 i^iSf'- "W^^ 43 IHiM' English Grammar, PROSODY. ,». 1 om Prosody consists of two parts : the fbrmer teaches l^ari true pronunciation of words, corn prieingrACOBBiT, Quifo TiTY, EMPHASIS, PAUSE, and TONE ; and the latter, the la? of VERSIFICATION. y^ ACCENT. , „jj Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voi R| on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it mayierfii better heard than the rest, or distinguished from thet , as, in the word pre^uinet the stress of the Toice must , on the letter tty and second syllable, «ume,. which take t accent. . .t QUANTITY. nee The quantity of a syllable is that time which is Ojrp^ cupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as longed « short, Th A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is onli|o|ii vowel; which occasions it to be slowly joined, in pronumbl ciation, to the following letter : as, *' Fall, bale, moa^ o house, feature." ' Tht A syllable is short, when the accent is on the con *} nant ; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joiueii *j the succeeding letter : as, ** an't, bon'net, hun'ger." A long syllable requires double the time of a short ( in pronouncing it : thus, *' Mate" and " Note" »houl(iTh< pronaunce«l a» slowly again as ** Maf* and " Not." ice, juir EMPHASIS. itit By emphasis is meant a stronger and full'^r sound-^oj voice, by which we distinguish sone word or words which "we design to lay particular stress, and to sW how it affects the rest of the sentence. Sometimes ,^g emphatic words must be distinguished by a partici^jj^ tone of voice, as well as hy a greater stress. |q PAUSES. 8f**M Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are atr**' evesKtion of the voico, during a procfiptiblec, aDdyittD' •ases, a measurable space of time. ^hi -■"Ml'li"-^'"^'-^'"''-'^ Punctuation. 43 T0NE3. Tones are diflferent both from emphasis and pauses; onsisting in the modulation of the voice, the notes or irmer teaches Itariartlons of sound which we employ, in the expression yor ACOBNT, QVAf our sentiments. [t latter, the Ian versification. Versification is the arrangement of a certain number nd vtriety of syllables, according to certain laws, ress of the voi Rfa^nie is the correspondence of the last sound of one d that it may erao, to the last sound or syllable of another, ished from thei . :he voice must , v^ ncv which taiet PUNCTUATION I th^ art of dividing a written composition into sen- nces, or parts of sentences, by points or stops, for the time which is ^irpose of marking tho different pauses, which the sense sidered as longid an accurate pronunciation require. The Comma represents the shortest pause ; the Semi- le accent is onl»]afi, a pause double that of the comma; the Colon, joined, in pronii»uble that of the semicolon; and the Period, double ^» Fall, bale, moa^ of the colon. This points are marked in the following manner : it is on the con The Comma The Colon : e quickly jouid ^he Semicolon ; The Period . 'net, hun'ger." ' timeofashort. comma. I »' Note" should *»<^f*^o"in^^ usually separates those parts of a sen- ** and " Not." ^®®» which, though very closely connected in sense, juire a pause between them : as, ** I remember, with ititude, his love and sernces." " Charles is beloved^ nd fallpf sound^eraed, and respected." I word or words semicolon. stress, and to s^^^emicolon is used for dividing a compound sen- ce. Sometimes,^^ ll^^Q ^^yQ Qj. j^Qj.g pj^j.|^j^ jjqj. ^^ closely connected led by a partici^jj^g^ which are separated by a comma, nor yet so ir stress. le dependent on each other, as those which are dis- ^ 8:aieiied by a colon : as, " Straws swim on the sur- ,fli>lit pearls lie at the bottom." [reading, area t( *^ *' aptibU^aiid,inV ^ ' *^ rh« Colon 18 used to divide a sentence into two or C4 '■•^fi'jt/^ms'-" IffiMli^^^ 44 English Grammar, inore parts,lo3s connected than those which arc3 aopan ^ by a semicolon ; but not so independent as separate, ^*^^ linct jicntences : an, ** Do not flatter yourselves with, ■ hope of perfect happiness : there is no guch thing in world." ^ When a sentence is complcto and independent, !iot« not connected in construction with the following; < A tcnce, it is marked with a period : as, " Fear God. I!br j our the King. Have churity towards all men." A Besides the points which mark the pauses in discou""* there arc others that denote a different modulatio:"''® voice, in correspondence to the sense. These are, The Interrogative point, ? The Exclamation poir The Parenthesis, ( ) as, "Are you sincere ?" ' ' ", '^ . Tf *' How excellent is a grateful heart !" ' ig^ *' Know then this truth, (enough for man to know/^'® •* Virtue alone is happiness below.*' 2d. le n The following characters are also frequently use, « i cnniposition. An Apostrophe, marked thus '; as, *' tho', judg'c ^ am 4th A Caret, marked thus ^ : as, '* I a diligent.'* 5th A Hyphen, which is thus marked -: as, *' Lap.s: \ to-morrow." gjj. The Acute Accent, marked thus ' : as, •• Fan'cy. ^ The Grave Accent, marked thus as, *' F^vour.j^jj The proper mark to distinguish a long sylliL., this "" : as, " Rosy :" and a sliort one, this ^ : as, *' F This last mark is called a Breve. "*" A Diajrcsis, thus marked •• , shows that two vo9th form separate syllables ; as, '* Creator." _ n A Section is thus marked §. . '" A Paragraph, thus ^. A Quotation has two inverted commas at the l)f ning, and two direct ones at the end, of a phrase or sagn : as, ♦* The proper ■tudy of mankind it man." fRJUJlKiJM.nir.'i; fiP'rHii^|^(|()[||KJ[i|iHil" ii" Capitals, 1 unites tlirco poetical lines ; or connects a > number of words, in pr prose, with one com. t( K- ■g," CAPITALS. 45 r. ^ , . , aoDVJ Crotchets or Brackets servo to enebso a particular \ ^ arate f'^^^ ^^ sentence. Tiicy arc marked thus [ ] it as scp , j^ Index or Hand [O' point out a remarkable passage, ourselves with ^ r i o such thing in ^g^^^^ ? nion tonn. An Asterisk or liLllc star * directs the reader to some independent, note in the inarjrjn. ,ho following? An Ellipsis is thus marked : as, «' Fear God, Ifor li.\i\%. I all men." An Obelisk, which is marked thus f, and Parallels •« ^;eno„liu» III together with the letters of the alphabet, and fi- )auses in discou ii» ^ y i odulatio"^'®** ^^^' ^^^^ ^^ references to the margin. .. These are, xckmation poir The following words should begin with capitals. •♦ let. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, pa- . man to know^'S^Ph- •fe<=- 2d. The first word after a period, aad frequently after le notes of interrogation and exclamation, frequently use, ^^ ^j^^ ^^.^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ j^^.^^ . ^^^ ^^^^ Jehovah, the . J , apreme Being, &c. ,s, "tho%Judg(i I ^ T r ^* 4tn. r roper names of persons, places, ships, &c. A diligent." 5th. Ajectives derived from the proper names of pla- }d -: as, *' Lap-.'s: as, Grecian, Roman, English, &c. ^ ! ^ ^ 6th. The first word of an example, and of a quotation ' : as, •• i^an cy. ^ direct form : as, *' Always remember this ancient ^ : as, •' Favour ixim . ; j^now thyself.' " , i '^'r - "fs^'^'^F'''**^' "^^^ ^^^^ "^""^^ of every line in poetry. ' * 8th. The pronoun /, and the interjection O.' (vs that two vo9th. Word of particular importance : as, theReforma- ;or »» n, the Restoration, the Revolution. ommas at the l)f [id, ofa phrase or id ii TOftn.** r» tmtuuikuii^im APPENDIX; I Of CONTAININa "'h( EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY, IN PARSING, '1h SYNTAX, AND IN PUNCTUATION. '*iJ ^he .b] .Ic .b< . 8f n £ sti Btl PART I. EXERCISES IN ORTHOGRAPHY.* A sprigg of mirtle. The lilly pf the valley. A border of daysles. A bed of vilets. The Affrican marygold. The varigated Jeranium. Newington peeches. Italien nectarin§. Turky apricocks. The Orleans plumb. The Portugal mellon. Dutch currans. Red and white rasberries. The priciey coucumber. Red and purple reddish es. Meally potatos Earley Dutch turneps. Late coUiflowers. Dwarf cabages. A plate of sallet. A dish of pees. A bunch of sparagra.«s. A mess of spinnage. A pidgeon pye. A plumb puddin. A rich cheasecake. A beefstake. A mutten chop. A sholder of Iamb. A fillet of veel. A hanch of veneson. A cup of choccolate. A bason of scop. Coalchester olsters. Phesants and patridge«. A red herrin. A large lobster. Sammon is a finer fish turbot, pertch or hade " wi hm incf aud ood Lisbon orranges. Spanish chessnuts. A beach tree. A burchtree, A hauthorn hedge, A fine spredding oaL -*ji A weeping willow. ^ ' The gras is ffreen. Safron is yallow, Vinigar issowr. Shugar is sweet. A pair of scizzars. A silver bodken. A small pennknife. Black lead pensile. Ravens' quils. A box of waifers. A stick of seelinff wax The pmt of a sword. ■*• The edfije of a razer. The tale of a plow. The gras of the feild». A clean flore. urn tra no * The erroneous spelling is to be rectified by Df*^ son's Dictionary. ' ' •^ Miiiiiiiiiiiir"! 9 Exercises in Orihogiaphy. 47 k.n arm chare, v Spritely discourse. ^he front doro. IN PARSIXG,'l»i^ck kitchin. :'he little Parlor. L flour gardin. L feild of rio. ^he wheat harvist. L bleu sky. L lovley day. . beautifall scene. . splendid pallace. chearful countenance. UATION, tRAPHY,^ ' choccolate. of soop. iter oisters. I and patridge*.^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^^^j /""• straight gate, lobstor. rtraillme. n IS a finer fisht aiia^^reable journy. t, pertch or hadu^mf^^H ^^^^^^^ orranges. lameable conduct. I chessnuts. incere repcntence. [1 tree. audible persuits. h tree. q^j behaivour. [lorn hedge. reguler vissit. spreddmg oak.rtifit,^! flowers, ping willow, hrystal streams, ras is grreea. urmering winds. is yallow, tranquill retreet. rissowr. „oi^y school, r is sweet. iqrprizing storey. ofscizzars. er bodken. — lU pennknife lead pensilfi. is' quils. :ofwaifers. .■ ^ nuA"DT^T3 t ;k of seeling war ^^ CHAPTER I. nnt of a sword. **''*'*s m farsing, as it respects kttmoloot ai.one. sdgeof a razer. SECT. I. ^ .ale of a plow. etymological parsing table. gras of the feildi. What part of speech ? an flore. 4a article. What kind ? Why ? Q rectified bv Vi-^^^^^^ntwe. Common or proper 7 What Gender ? Number ? Case ? Why ? C6 Prophane tales. A severe headake. A freindly gift. An afiectionnate parent.. A dutifull child. An oblidging behaivour. A wellcome messenger. Improveing conversation An importunate begger. An ocasional visitter. An encouraging look. A skilfull horsman. A favorable reception. Every season has its pecu- lier beaiifys. Avoid extreams*. Never decievfr. Knowledge inlarges the mind. To acquire it is a great pri- viledge. The school encreases. We must be studeous. Enquire before you resolve. Be not alTraid to do what is right. PART IT. EXERCISES IN PARSING. P|H(^^!?H!|Wf(''H^!l''j!M''^'Vi|'l|IIIMI^||! 'Ilpp. iiO » '•^S •/if;, 48 ' \;. Appendix, *<^ n, ui/i ndjcctivff. What deijroo of conipBri«on? '^^^ *vhnt doo8 it helonj:: ^ Wliy an adjectivo ? ^^^j 4. yl 'pronoun. What kind ? Terson ? Gender ? Nu['j,c her ? Ca«»e ? Why ? p^g :>. A verb. What kind ? Mood? Ton?!0? Numher?Pf}ie son ? Wiiy ? If a participle, Why ? Active or passiifho 0. ^771 ndvcrh. Why is it an adverb ? . >. f|^^ 7. A preposition. Why a preposition ? ty 8. A rojfjuvrtion. Why ? . ■ p|,Q 9. ^In interjection. Why ? "irti r*scT. 2. Specimen of Etymological Parsing. Pho Hop© animates us. '•°'** ffo/ic is a common subBtantivo, of the neuter gcnig Ihe third person, in the singular number, and the non|j^j, native case. (^Declinr the .ivhstcintive.) Animaicsi^ rojrular verb active, indicative mood, present tc:^ ^^^ third person sin^rulnr. {Repnat the present tense, '^^ imprrfect tericc, and the perfect participle^ and sotiiFl^^^^ conjugate ihc vcrh entirely.) Us is a personal pr'^^'bg i first person plural, and in t!ie olijectivc case, i^^^m al ill r pronoun.) ^n o' A pcaccuil mind is virtue's reward. l bu A is the indefinite article. Fenceful is an adjccl"^* {Repeat the degrees of coinparison.) Mind is a conr, P** r^nhstant.ive, of the neuter jx^nder, the third perpo:"^^ the sino;nlar number, and the nominative case. {Df-^ the suhsUintivr.) Ir, is an irregular verb neuter, cntive mood, present tense, and the third person si lar. {Repeat the present tenscy the imperfect ^^"^''' y-^^ the particivle; and occasionally conjugate the vef^. firely.) F/ntw*iotild repent Rented myrtle e may have deceived me ii:*«y may have forgotten He might be convinced It would be caressed I may have been deceived They might have been ho- noured To be trusted, we must be virtuous To have been admired, t- vailed him little Ridiculed, persecuted, des- pised, he maintained hii principles Being reviled, we bless Having been deserted, he became discouraged The sight bein^ new, he startled This uncouth figure startled him I have searched, I have ution wise, - . .» ,i , e , ., ted loumightsat hve improved found it ^"■^^'a lenient 1^ rfiould have considered They searched those rooms ; I f see the sun is pleasant he was gone ^f^\^^ d old IT '*^* ^®" *^ honourable The book is his ; it was mine :iul, go haire conquered himself These are yours, those are er tea.urn „„ ^jg highest praise ours .looking p»f ^'^^niotlag others' welfare, Our hearts are deceitful ihcr's wites j^ey' Ihivanced their own Your conduct met their ap- of my fnend s j^,t probation mating welUo^ H^j^ respected None met who could avoid it ving resigned his office, His esteem is my honour , &c. jommend her lost improve Bifited me e retired )y tare discouraged was condemned have been rewarded had been admired Her work does her credit Each must answer the ques- tion Every heart knows its own sonows Which was his choice ? lue will be rewarded nnpleted our jot person will have been It was neither opes did flatter utecuted, when the par- Hers is finished, thine is lode m arrives This is what I feared J >(h Pi rfP'PfSTP'TfW" r 4 52 Appendix. That is the thing which I Some are negligent, o desired industrious Who can preserve himself? One may deceive one's Whose books are these ? All have a talent (o imp Whom have we served ? Can any dispute it ? Such is our condition SECT. VI. ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, AND INTERJECT] I have seen him once, per- We are often below our* haps twice. es, and above our desi Thirdly, and lastly, I shall Some things maka for i conclude. , others against him. This plant is found here and By this imprudence, hei elsewhere. plunged into new dil Only to- day is properly ours. ties. The task is already performed Without the aid of clii We could not serve him then, he supported himsell* but we will hereafter. credit. ( We often resolve, but scl-Ofhis talents much n^ dom perform. be said ; conccrniii£Ji He is much more promising integrity, nothing. ^ now than formerly. On all occasions, she h'^ We are wisely and happily ed with propriety. •* directed. We in vain loo!: lor ai He has certainly been dili- between virtue and I'J gent, and he will probably He lives within his in* succeed. The house was sold ala How sweetly the 1 irds sing ! price, and above itsi Why art thou so heedless ! She canje down staiis<'j He IS little attentive, nay, but went briskly up absolutely stupid. His father and mothc^l When will they arrive ? uncle, reside at Ror^ Where shall we stop .' We must be tempei Alentally and bodily, we are we would be healitj^ curiously and wonderfully He is as old as his] formed. mate, but not so leijj They travelled through Charles is esteemed,!)?! France, in haste, towards he is both discretif Italy. benevolent. From virtue to vice, the We will stay till hejJ progress is gradual. He retires to rest sm By diligence and Irugality, he may rife early. we arrive at competency. utu^lilllllii4iji)iij :«iMV :,|i;}.i ■ 1 • ,■ ^ Exorcises in Parsing, 5S re neg ig » jg^yg^j^to l^e (hankful, for Notwithstanding hfs poverty* itrious Q^g>g J wo have received much. he is a wise and worthy '^ t^ent to impr'***^® *' ^^^'^^ ^^^''*^^» y®' person. ^y te it ? he^does not reform. If our desires are moderate, ydispu • »proof either softens or our wants will be few. } oiu' CO hardens its object. Hope often amuses, but sel- aiithft^ prO'periJy nor ad- dom satisfies us. f, AND iNTERJECTiygpgijy^ I^jj3 Improved him. Though he Is lively, yet he e often below our vj can acquire no virtue, un- is not volatile. \nd above our des*he^l»ake some sacrifices. 0, peace ! how desirable art things iriised,he should vice reduces us. ^yY^ cl accordingly. Hark! how sweetly the ' talents much i;' wiHf transgress, unless woodlark sings ! '* aid* concerniii[f>e be admonished. . Ah ! the delusions of hope. t jrritv nothing. ® were encouraged, he Hail, simplicity! source of dl occasions, she brouW amend. gen.iine joy. \ '*th propriety. »wg;h he condemn me, I Behold ! how pleasant it is ^^^ vain loo'" lor aJil»««pect him. for brethren to dwell to- e'tween virtue and Jr talents are more bril- lives within his iii«»^lt*»an useful, i house was sold at a rice, and above its SECT came down staiisi'jw INSTANCES of the same wo?vDS coxstituti^q, . )ut went briskly wp ' several of the tak-ts of speecit. " father and mothti^^^the day, and the A little attention will rectify incle, feside at Ror-e^iflidfelightful. some errors. must be tempeiiVi^^xpect a calm after Though he is out of danger, would be healll§(fdl*rt<. he is still afraid. is as old as bis ^Vfent passion, is easier He laboured to still the tu» mate but not so leain tif calm it. mult. arles is esteemcdjb'ris a little with content, Still waters are CGmmonly he is both discrctm' a great deal with an- deepest. < benevolent. ity. Damp air is unwholesome. \'e will stay till hesgray and dissolute think Guilt often casts a damp over 'e retires to rest fooije'^f Ihe miseries,which our sprightliest hours. he may n?e car^y- .itttling softly after Soft bodies damp the sound e we m. much more than hard ones.. "— Slittj I 'i' m 54 Appendix. Though the i> rich and fair, We must make a like itV^ji vet she is not amiable. between the lines. H»^.'( They are yet young, and Every being loves its lil^'ay roust s.uspei4d their judg- Behave yourselves like, ^yj nient yet a while. We are too apt to like |%{^ Many persons are better than cious company. ^ we suppos« them to be. He may go or stay as hef^ - The few and the many have They strive to learn, ^^j. their prepossessions. He goes to and fro. ^^^ Few days pass without some To his wisdom we owfi^ •! clouds. privilege. ^ Much money is corrupting. The proportion is ten tcjj^ Think much,and speak little. He served them witliliVT^ He has seen much of the most ability. f*Jr world, and been much ca- When we do our utmos\***j res&ed. more is required. ^ *' His years are more than I will submit, for submif?®^ hers ; but he has not more brings peace. yriu knowledge. It is for our health to bj? ,? ^\ The more we are blessed, the perate. *??*■• more grateful we should be. O ! lor better times. ''^^ The desire of getting more I have a regard for hin' • '^^ is rarely satisfied. He is esteemed, both^lTj I He has equal knowledge, own account, and o^^j^ but inferior judgment. of his parents. ^^^}\ She is his inferior in sense, Both of them deserve p^ju but his equal in prudence. 'ffec SECT. VHI. my NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, AND VERBS, TO BE DECLINED, CCMid, AND CONJUGATED. Write, in the nominative case plural, the foli*Dja| nouns : apple, plum, orange, bush, tree, plant, cc"®* ence, disorder, novice, beginning, defeat, protubeWte Write the following substantives, in the nomi'' case plural : cry, fly, cherry, fancy, glory, dut|*®JMi folly, play, lily» toy, conveniency. 'w Write the following nouns in the possessive ci® ^oj gular: boy, girl, man, woman, lake, sea, churct'»'** beauty, sister, bee, branch. ^3^\ Write the following in the nominative case ;*** « loaf, sheaf, self, muff, knife, stuff, wife, staff, woi* calf, shelf, life. ^o. 'mimaiitmi Exerciser in Parsing. 55 nake ^ Uke «||lfjt« tfte^ following in the genitive crtse plural :bro- i the lines, jv^iihi^, man, woman, foot, tooth, o^, mouse, goose, Dg loves its lii^nyy )ui'selvcs like Wtite* the following nouns in the nominative and pos- apt to -rike )%i)f« ioases plural : wife, chief, die, staff, city, river, >mpany. m»|, mthevy master, crutch, tooth, mouth, baker, dis- roorstay asnef^ ;;u><5r , . . . , ve to learn. A^pke- the possessive singular and plural of the pro-' to and fro. jj^^^ |^ tlj^^^^ y^^^ al,e^ ^^^ ^jj^ ^nd other. dsdom we ow^y^j^lj^^ objective eases, singular and plural, of the gG\ . MMiMi, I, thou, she, he, it, and who. )orlion is ten t^:^^^^,.^ th^ following adjectives : fair, grave, bright, ed them wituy short, tall, white, deep, strong, poor, rich, great. ibihty. /iMIH^ttre the following adjectives : amiable, moderate, ;e ^^ ^^^ ^^^^HMHIfi^eA, favourable, grateful, studious, attentive, is require * , ligent, industrious, perplexing. iDmit, 10 Vrite the following adjectives in the comparative de- h^ Ithtobi^^ ^**'' ^^^» ^^^^^®' ^°^» S*^^^' indifferent, bad, con- nntm t'mes '^»'t«^^'*® following adjeetivcs in the superlative de« better •^.^, . f^^lile, bold njttg»le the following verbs in the subjunctive DECLINED, ccMd, perfect tense : drive, prepare, starve, emitty tge, ^monstrate. lural the foH*'*J^f*te the following verbs in the im|)erative moodr P olant, cc^Sipart, invent, give, abolish, contrive. H feat protubf^^ *he following verbs in the infinitive mood, ^. [y^Q j^oin"*^*^ P®^^e^^ *®"^®^ • 8*''°w» ^®°'®^^» ^^^'^» pros- ^cv fflory, duli««l»f«te, incommode. 1 j'» 6 J rilttliie present, perfect, arfcd 3om pound participles^ he Dossessive ca^ following verbs : confess, disturb, please, know, ,1,0 «fta. churcl'».*^«e^ eat, lie, lay. 3 peace our" e. D ike, sea, njugate the following verbs, in the indicative mood^ t*ve case i**V**^ perfect tenses of the passive voice : honour, mina 1 ^^^^ iriittse, slight, enlighten, displease, envelope, ve. ■^ ; ';v I 56 * Appefidix, ■. "\ Conjugate the following verbs, in the indicative it j- , pluperfect and first future tenses : fly, contrive, \^^ devise^ choose, come, see, go, eat, grow, bring, for^j^n^ Write the following verbs in the present and v^qj.^ feet tenses of the potential and subjunctive nip^u know, shake, heat, keep, give, blow, bestow, besefjpg^ Write the following verbs in the indicative mooc^^^^ perfect and second future tenses, of the passive Vr pQ slay, draw, crown, throw, defeat, grind, hear, divcij^jjg Write the following verbs in the second andpgjjj persons singular of all the lenses in the indioatit^^^j^ subjunctive moods : approve, condemn, mourn, fpjjg know, arise, drive, blow, investigate. ^gj Form the following verbs in the infinitive an(lej.g rative moods, with their participles, all in the pn pf< voice : embrace, draw, defeat, smite. dutj :, ;.:'.^^::,. SECT. ix.^:;rf;, }z PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN ETYMOLOGICAL PARSI^^j^ ■ In your whole behaviour, be humble and obligifruit Virtue is the universal charm. ,1 ,'. r anc True politeness has its seat in the heart. plai We should endeavour to please, rather than lobe bi and dazzle. Dr he Opportunities occur daily for strengthening iow f selves the liabits of virtue. a no Compassion prompts us to relinve the wants nfety i A good mind is unwilling to giv0 pain to eitlifn yc or beast. m W Peevishness and papsion often produce, fromtod, the most serious mischiefs. ., ,.•' ^»,i lerc Discontent often nourishes passions, equallyiblfe, nant iw the cottngeand in the palace. lent A great proportion of human evils is created that selves. i ; . ing£ , A passion for revenge, has always been consiflt maj the mark of a little and mean mind. it-th If greatness flatters our vanity, it multiplies oJiiQ«| gers. ivfo To our own failings we are commonly blind, corj The friendships of young persons, are oflen^^ve on capricious likings. far |p3B^ • ^ Exercises in Parsing, 57 Ke indicative itin^QHr youthful amusements let no unfairness be f, contrive, kj^4^ J ovv, bring, f power to stop : one artifice generally leads on to md, hear, divcijther. e second andpemp^r the vivacity of youth, with a proper mixture 1 the indinathtjerioas thougiit. omn, mourn, tphe spirit of truorelij^ion is social, kind* and cheerful. ,0. jCt no compliance with the intemperate mirth of infinitive anders, eyer betray you into profane sallies, 5, all in the pn preparing- for another world, we must not neglect 5, ),..!: ■ duties of this life. ,,,;,,,,■■ Mie manner in whicli we employ cur present time, .,:• ■_ ^ decide oui future happiness or misery. OLOGiCAL TAP.siJfjjppjj^gpg does iiot grew up of its own accord : it is nble and obVigifruit of long CLjUivation, and the acquibition of la- .., , r and care. le heart. plain umlerstanding j.s often joined with great worth, rather than toho brightest parts are sonictiii]t3s found v/ithout vir- Dr honour, strengthening iow feeble are the attractions of the fairest form, II nothing within corresponds to them. „Q the wants of ety and virtue are particularly graceful and becoin- [r0 pain to eitlun yoiitli. " r'^u\' m W*^,' untouched by grr^titude, view that profusion produce, fronnod, which the divine hand pours around us? . •; M lerc is nothing in human life more amiable and res- ssions, equallyibte^ blsian the character of a truly humble and be ace. ^®"* ^^'i» •|g jg created that feelings arc more uneasy and painful, than the ings of sour ai:d angry passions ? avs been consi '■''' it multiplies o^ife'«ff, pleasure and dissipation, is an enemy to li,.,f0t(iine, and character. >• il^/ — -. ■) ■ ju'j " *• mmonly blind, cornet the spirit of diFContent, Ictus consider how are ofleD^^^^*'^**'^''^'^'' J^nd how much wo enjoy, j-u * far as happiness is to be found on earth, we must m m jWm^f^^^^^mmfmjf*- im: "*"UliU,^^^ :, ! ■ !/ 58 '. . Appendix. iook for it^Tiot in t!ie world, or the things of thettVi but within ourselves, in our temper, and in our hei Wi Though bad men attempt to turn virtue into rii WJ they honour it at the bottom of their hearts. ^1 Of what small moment to our real happiness, v^' ny of those injuries which draw forth our resentn^J In the moments of earger contention, every \\ ^ magnified and distorted in its appearance. ^^^ Multitudes in the most obscure stations, ^rer | eager in their petty broils, nor less tormented lit passions, than if princely honours were the prr?*^ which they contended. ^"l The smooth stream, the serene atmosphere, {\iBpoi zephyr, are the proper emblems of a gentle temp^bii a peaceful life. Among the sons of strife, all i^fey and tempestuous. %jun ecti CHAP. II. Vhy ISxtrcises in Parsing, as it regards both Etf^^^ and Syntax. ^^Y SECT. I. SYNTACTICAL PARSING TABLE. Article. — Why is it the definite article ? Why the indefinite ? — Why omitted ? — Why rJjf^j Substantive. — Why is it in the possessive case ? hird Why in the objective case ? — Why in appositlon^e ci Why is the apostrophic s omitted ? moo Adjective. — What is its substantive ? /**^ Why in the singular, why in the plural numbe' ("< Why in the comparative degree, &.C. ? -i ^^^ Why pbiced alter its substantive ? t ® ^^ Why omitted ? Why repeated ? , , ' •*, PronowM.— What is its antecedent ? ' Jm W^hy is it in the singular, why in the plural niifj^*! —Why of the masculine, why of the feminine, wl ^ neuter gender F—Why of the first, of the sccc^ the third person ?—Why is it in the nominative ''^i Why the posiessive ?— Why the objective ? ™' Why omitted ?— Why repeated ? '"^ m liiililMnifii Exercises in Parsings 59 iinff« o^tber«*'*»»wWhat is its nominative case? nd in our he Wfcftkcase does it govern ?— Wliy is it in th« fingular ? Jirme into rkWhy in the plural number ? u fcj Why in the hrst person, &c. ? > u ^ ;L«. ,.Wliy is it in the infinitive mood ? I happmess, » J^ ^^^^ subjunctive, &c. ? ,h our i-«seniWy j^ ^^^.^ particular tense ?— What relation has it to Lion, every j||,|j|||^p verb, in point of time ? — Why do participles trance. jomelimes j^overn the objective case ? —Why is the Rations, areiij^^j.jj oiniitted?— Why repeated? ' " thR nri't'W^'-^What is its proper situation ? ( were in« v ^^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ negative used ?— Why rejected ? tmosphcre, {Imposition — What case does it govern? crentle lemp^Wch is the word governed ? — Why this preposition ? of strife, all i^^^Y «»ni^ted ?— Why repeated? yunttion. — Wliat moods, tenses, or cases, does it con- ect?— And why ? — What mood does it require ? iThy emitted ? — Why repeated ? , ,, -puirjeeHon. — Why does the nominative case follow it? ardsboin, ^ J^fiy t^e objective ? -Why omitted ?— Why repeated? SECT. II. NG TABLE. •PBCIMEN Or SYNTACTICAL PARSING. .. Ig ? Vice degrades us. ilted ? — Why r'tc€ 19 a common substantive, of the neuter gender, Qsesslve case? bird person, in the singular number, and the nomi- IV in apposition^e cafe. Degrades is a regular verb active, indica- 1 p tnoodi present tense, third person singular, agreeing its ttominative •' vice," according to rule i. which • Ljl (hiit repeat the rule.) Us is a personal pronoun, plural n 3er8on plural, in the objective case, and governed &-C. . • '• e active verb "degrades," agreeably to rule xi. • ;. !|^j(ii,>c. nt ? jJ©,ir||o lives virtuously prepares for all events, t in the plural nu^.^ ^ personal pronoun, ot the third person, singular the temininc, Wf^jiftd masculine gender. Who i» a relalive pro- first, of the sc'^' ,g|,|(j^ haf5 for its antecedent " he," with wliich it 1 le d? the nominaUve^ |V ^^^j^j. ^^^^ number, according to rule v. 5 objective . g^ys, &c. Liven is a regular verb neuter, indica- mmw'P'Vi K^MiH:; 1 / it I: li 1 1 f t »'^Mii Exercises to Parsing. 61 InguUv, Dgi.,'P^^chool of experieDce teaches inaHy uieful lessons. RULE vi.v In the path of life are many thorns, as well as flowers, quality. Prt T^^ma ehouldst do justice to all men, even to enemies. kI, present Jl. Vanity and presumption ruin many a promis ng youth, noitt"^*'^^^^^' Foo^^ clothing, and credit, are the rewards of industry, vc pronoun, H^ tnd William live together in great harmony, belongs tor 9f jlfo age, nor condition, is exempt from trouble, rces, accon; Wealth, or virtue, or any valuable acquisition, is not 1 ia a comiMtmiMibJc by idle wishes. al number,; 4. Tbe British nation is great and generous. Uion** for,"i T^.ipo ipany is assembled. It is composed of persons D8sef4ng very different sentiments. A herd of cattle, peacefully grazing, affords a pleasing Lllurements. ^y^^^ iiigular '^"Jl^^jpiJi.^^^, on the fifths sixths seventh, and eighth Rules ird"mM*son si>.jr Md ^ , . XJK?^^^' 1, , , ,. . ■ ' ' u J " 'iccoiJ*' ™^ ^^^ ^^ *' faithfully attached to religion, may ' '• neisor '^^M ^" ^^^^^ confidence. " ^^u^ 1 • ',;Tb^ vices which we should especially avoid, are those in the oDjeci^ .^t^gj^ ^^^ ^^^.j^ ^^^^^ ^^^ lice, "^.^^ Ijfijf They who are born in hi^h stations, are not always n singulai . '^ ^g^yj. ^gjjjg ^^^ teachers are the persons whom we tiplied. Js VWf, In a particular manner, to respect. an- ( if •Unfriend is in trouble, we, whom he knows and - ■^''~- console him. number stantive ' ^ — It IS 1"^^ ^r. Twu art the man who has improrcd his privileges, urements, ^V| ^^^j^^ ^iH reap tj^g reward. rerncnts is ^ gni \^^ person, who owns a fault committed, and who e third peisoi^ijlip^^^jj^gggj ^ ^y f^jggj^jj^j^ ase, p:^y^*'*^^V 1f^ sort of pleasure weakens and debases the mind, CI. which say^veii'jli these times, there are many persons, who, from . (itei^sted motives, are solicitous to promote the happi- irqf jQllhers. (i, and /t^tif: ^^^^^ ^ . , , gf^ i l' ♦n the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth ease and cm j^^^^^^ of Syntax, Ths restless, discontented person, is not a good — "T""! uTi^^'IJ^^*^ neighbour, or a good subject. pupil sV°" ..ilWItfing, the healthy, and the pro«pcrou8, shouW not vv thai U apl jmikAD their advanlaizes. D |iii-)i 7 HlilN H 62 Appendix. ' 10. The scholar's diligence will secure the tutor's: probation. op The j;ood parent's greatest joy, Is, to see his child- wise and virtuous. to 11. Wisdom and virtue ennble us. Vice andf i debase us. ... . ., yj^ Whom can we so justly Tove, as theral who have ni ^ ^ voured to make us wise and happy ? gin 12. When a person lias nothing to do, he is almost al« i tempted to do wrong. we We need not urge Charles to do good : he loves toc' 1 We dare not leave our studies without permission. "Wp SECT. VI. "*JJ Exercises on the thirteenth, fourteenth, ffteenth^eont teenth, and seventeenth Rules of Syntax. 22 13. The business is, at last, completed ; but long*^ter 1 intended to do it. Sli 1 expected to see the king, before be left Windsor ■© W The misfortune did happen : but we early hoped at deavoured to prevent it. ,'3 To have bean censured by so judicious a friend, have greatly discouraged me. 14. Having early disgraced himself, he became and dispirited. Knowing him to be my superior, I cheerfully suh^ 15. We should always prepare for the worst, ^dag ^1 for the best. If A young man, so learned and virtuous, promises ihaKi very useful member of society. rise. When our virtuous friends die, they are noting ever; they are only gone before us to a happier ^%iait 16. Neither threatenings, nor any promises, A I make him violate the truth. 'ifliej Charles is not insincere ; and therefore we may tw ex| 17. From wiiom was that information received .' H( ' To whom do that house, and those fine gardens, ii'l^i ind Pi ->^v . t't SECT. VII. p o^i Exercises on the eighteenth, nineteenth, t\t^ twenty- first and twenty- second. Rules of Sf^' 18 He and I commenced onr studies at the W' "» J Exercises in Parsinsr. 65 ire the tutor's: %t0^ contend about trifles, and violently maintain our opinion, we shall gain but few friends. see his child 10, .Though James nnd myself are rivals, we do not cease to |>o friends. " Vice andfi i|f phailes acquire knowledge, and good manners, Qud virtue, be will secure esteem. who have eni WUIiam is respected, because he is upright and obli- 1 19 almost al« iiP^^These persons are abundantly more oppressed than ' ^® . we are. y'h loves toe T))<>U{;h I am not so p;ood a scholar aa he is, I am, per- t rmission. ^Phk 1^'^ ^^^^ attentive than he, to study. '" P® 2i. Charles was a inanof Ivnpvviedge, learning, polite- nesi, and rellii,ion. ' . . Ii^pur travels, wo saw much to approve, and much to nth, Jifteenth.coniemn. es of Syntax. 22. The book is improved by many useful corrections, \' but long*^^®'^*^>0''^^' '^"'^ additions. ^ ' Slie i9 more talkative and lively than her brother, but not 1 ft Windsor'^ wi|liinlormed| nor so uniformly cheerful, e early hoped at . ^ ;, SECT. VIII. Prmniscuous Exercises in Syntactical Parsing. PiBsiMULATioN in youth, is the forerunner of perfidy cheerfully sub% old lige. Its first appearance, is the tatal omen of grow- ir the worst, an^-ajj depravity, and future shame. If we possess not the power of self-gjovernment, we tuous, promises tihaM beJ the prey of every loose inclination that chances to rise. Pampered by continual indulijence, all our passi- they are notlps Wi|l become mutinous and headstrong. Desire, not I to a happier w^tt^y will be the ruling prmciple of our conduct, any promises, "A feiflWIy we spend our time in contending about the 'iflesef a day, while we ought to be preparing tor a high- ^fore we may trir existence. lalion received ? Hc^^ little do they know of the true happiness ot life, 36 fine gardens,iyho^ai% strangers to that intercourse of good offices and Ind affections, which, by a pleasing charm, attaches men » one another, and circulates rational enjoyment from ti/fc ^jj<3*rH^ powers. *^ ■' Sloth is like the slowly-flowing, putrid stream, w tognatM in the marsh,bre«ds venomous aoimals, a^'fj^ sonous plants ; and infects with pestiienti&l vapouri^^r whola country round it. Exercises in Parsiii^. f>5 )nt«nted, been Dlwppointnients derani^e, an.l overcome, vulgar njhids. The patient and the wise, by a proper improvement, Jro- >V In himself,! quanlly make them contribute (o their hijEjh advantaf^o. n It Is the cl Whatever fortune may rob us of, it cannot talje away Led by piety what Is most vaUiable, the peace ot a good conscience, and the cheering prospect of a happy conclusion to ail the osnects of relitriali of life, in a hotter worM. nsibility acts ai Be not overcocne by the injuries you meet with, so a.i share of comw^o Pt**'*^^' revenge; by the disasters of life, so as to sink into despair ; by the »!vil examplos of tlic worbl, so as to follow that arf^^*®"* ^f*^" **'"• Overcome injuries, by forgiveness ; disas- ^intmcnts >^illters, by fortitude ; evil example, by tirmness of principle. , , Sobriety of mind is one of those virtues, which the pre- .. jgi^ gQ mient condition of human life strongly inculcates. The un- arth we n'-8*'^*^''^y ^^ ^^^ enjoyments, checks presumption ; the mul- '.^"* » J'^i-„,cipiicity of its dangers, demands perpetual c.iution. Mod- •T moass of'*'*"®'** vigdance, and sell government, are duties ncum- ider CO p lentonall; but especially on such as arc beginning ihe „o,t valu.blc ,fl"™«y ,»' I"'"- , c, r., t he Cl ^"' charms and comforts cf vu'tue are wexpresjible ; S*.?'^ nd can only be justly conceived by tho3i> who possess her. md io'-y* vUf^he conciousuess of Divine approbation . nd support, and e, ana w S ^^ steady hope of future happiness, communicate a pcac dves too cioseiy f^j j^^^ ^^^ ^^^^.^^^ ,^jl ^^^^ ^eUgijig ^j ^]^Q ^^(,,.1^ bear no vi • • Vi Uitiir"™^**'*^''' t in the mu if ^e knew how much the pleasures of this life deceive experience ^ betray their unhappy votaries; and rellecled on the worthless as sappointments in pursuit, the dissatisfaction in enjoy enf, or tlie uncertainty of possession, which evi^ry its po*sc^^°'" Jiere attend them; we should cease to be enamoured lived at the ^j^ jjj^gg j^j..^jg j^j^j transient joys; and should wisely n with the ^'-f om- hearts on those virtuous attainments, which the r- , , . ,iri4 can neither give nor take away. sullen and darks. . ,, . . .^ like venomous ., , VJi^K^ii.. i '■:. ' V into contcmp'^®'' ^* Heaven*s first law ; and this corfcst, "to usefulness an^^e »rt, and must be, greater than the rest, affect of all***** *'^^^» '"^''^ wise; but who infers from hence, ^^ at such are happier, shocks all common sense. putrid 8tream,^^^^j^y^^g^.^.^g ^^^ ^.jjg ^^^^^^^^ .. . Iious amraais, » ^^^,j^ ^^^^^ i^ ^j^^ j^ender plant from harm. itiUntial vapouti D3 h 66 Appendix. RenMii'B frttole pleasure, aril the joys of sense. Lie in thre« words, bealth, peace, and competeoos : But health oonsisfa with teinperiMiee tlone ; And p«ac6, Oh, rirtue ! peace it all thy own. Oil oa«r til, nought precious i«obtaiiiM, But what is painful too ; By travel and to travel born, Otir sabbaths are but few. Who noble ends by noble mca^s obtainsi. Or faifin;:^', smiles in exile or in chains^ Like good .\urelius let him i^eig;n, or bleed Like Socrates, (hat man is great indeed. Our hearts are fii^tened to tlhls world, By ^rong and endless ties ; Btft every sorrow cutsastrinw, A-nd orge^ us to rise. Oft pining cares in rich brocndes ate dreirt. Ami diamonds ghtter on an anxious breatt. • • • . ' ' Teach me to fcel «K)tlrei<'s wo, • To hide t?he fault I see ; That mercy I toothers shovVj That mercy show to me. This day be bread, and peace, my lot; AH else beneath the sun Thon kk:ow*st if bestbstow'd or not, And let thy will be done. Vice is a monster of so fnightf^il .mieiu As, to be hated, needs but to be seen : Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face. We first endure, then pity, then embrace. If nothing more than purpose ki thy ponprer, Thy purpose firm, is equal to the d«ed : Who does thie best his circumst^ince allows. Does well, acts nobly ; aogels could no more. Til faith and hope the world will di8i>gre8, v, , lUit all mankind's coBoern is charity. .^, ^,^ t IS idi l,'i)!»!ii;«ii«:;f%ii ' sense, compete 009 : kone; hy ovrn. bleed d. . >re«it. fed; sen: face, ibrace. ly poww, leed: je aVVows, Id no more. isi^grea, .*<-'i ty. ^t» Exercises in Parsing. 67 o be^resignM when ills betide» . atient vvhen favours are denied. And pleas'd with favours giv'n : lost surely this is Wisdom's part, . . his is thai incense of the heart, Whose fragrance smells to Heav'n. 11 fame is foreign, but of true desert; lays round the head, but conies not to the heart: ne 8«1f-approving hour whole years outweighs f stupid starers, and of loud huzzas; nd more true joy Marcellus exITd feels, han Caesar with a senate at his heels. ar from the madding crowd's ignoble strife. Their sober wishes never Kiarn'd to stray ; long the cool sequestered vale of life. They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. ^hat nothing earthly gives, or can destroy, he soul's calm sunsluue, and the hearti«lt joy, I virtue's prize. ity the sorrows of a poor old man. Whose trembling limbs have borne him to thy door, 'hose days are dwindled to the shortest span; \\ ! give relief, and Heav'n will bless thy storo. ho lives (o nature, rarely can be poor ; ho lives lo fancy, never can be rich, ^ ^ hen young, life's journey I began. The glitt'ring prospect charm'd my eyes ; * « i law, along th' extended plain, Joy alter Joy successive rise. it soon I found 't was all a dream ; And learn'd the fond pursuit to shun, here few can reach their purpos'd aim. And thousands daily arc undone. isgrwtly wise to talk with our past hours; idaitt!-them what report they bore to heav'n. lilMltUf|9 is but art,unknowQ to thcc; , irrn, ole. .< 'J »» I Exercises^ in Syntax. 69 il. Idleness and ignorance is the parent of my vi^s. ;,'!. ij^. ,. ;. ?atience and diligence, like faith, removes mountains* iVhat signifies the council and care of preceptors, en youth think they have no need of assistance ? luLB ill. Man's happiness or misery, are in a great asure, put into his own hards. nfofi isnot such a machine as a clock or a watch, vch move merely as they are moved. tpeaking impatiently to servants, or any thing thatbs« '8 inaltdntion or ill. humour, are certainly criminal. tuLE IV. The British Parliament are composed of Qf Irfdpds, and Commons . great numberdo not always argue strength, 'he council was not unanimous, and it separated with- oomki^ to any determination. ULE V. They which seek wisdom will certainly find do not think that any person should incur censuro jeing tender of their reputation. hou who has been a witness of the fact, can give an unt^ftt. TLB VI. If he will not hear his best friend, whom b% $tmi to admonish him ? le persons, who conscience and virtue support, may i^Hl^ caprices of fortune. om the character of those who you associate with, ewn will be estimated. LE VII. Thou art the friend that has often reliev. 9, an^ that has not deserted me now in the time of . iar need. - ei^osHtt that thon art a pupil who possesses bright ,bttl Who has cultivated Ihem but little. LB Vm. These kind of indulgences soften and in- he mind. tead of improving yourselves, you have been play- t tains forty'**' ^^^ hours. ^ Me««ft of favours did real injury, under the appea- T af« ^n■ dot ®^ kindness. , It persons ,^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ . i-iurelfl5«y«nt8 of the philosophers. |ir, as smcereiy ^^ ^^^^ hereunder a tried ef o«r virtie. ' * i 1 11 ' If J 70 r As Appendix, The profligate man is seldom or never found to^^ ^ ^ood husband, the good father, or the beneficent fi^^^ bour. j.j^j^ KuLE X. Thy ancestors virtue is not thine, o^^j Thy fathers offence will not condemn thee, gjyg A mothers tenderness and a fathers care, are :pf0| gifls* for mans advantage. ^^j^ A mans manner's frequently influence his fortugdj^jfj RuLC XI. Who have I reason to love so niuclihaU friend of my youth ? sont The man >vho he raised from obscurity is dead^hg , He and they we know, but who art thou ? ^^^, Rule XII. It is better live on a little, than of hou great deal. i. >' You ought not to walk too hastily. lui* I have seen some young persons to conduct therlii* I very discreetly. hey Rule XIII. The next new year's day I shaa^en school three years. ^hey From the little conversation I had with him,lie1?^'hi ed to have been a man of letters. a It would have given me great satisfaction, lOjj? him from that distressed situation. j.J ^^ Rule XIV. Esteeminirtheirselves wise, they'J"?,! tools. 1 ^ ' Suspecting not only ye, but they also, I wasi^ J^ to avoid all intercourse. et0i From havmg exposed hisself too freely in diffei^j;^ mates, he entirely lost his health. ^ ^^a iRuLE XV. He was pleasing not often, bec|j^« was vain. ^\ti William nobly acted, though he was unsucces>^gjj We may happily live, though our possessions Igh ^ Rule XVI. Be honest, nor take no shape leVei bianco of disguise. rkL» There cannot be nothing more insignificJ vanity. The measure is so exceptionable, that we ca no means permit it. <0Ms • Rule XVII. Wo are all unaccountable crfoun each for hisself. .•^.. • .m-. iii/^< ».^4^ifriiy is as valuable, and even more valuable, than ewas unsuccesj^gjjljg,. jj^g jjQ^ jjqj. gj^y other persons, suspected so )ur possessionslch ilissimulation. Lake no siiape lel^efifl alterations and additions have been made to Iha lore insignifica P A R T I V ble, that we ca EXERCISES IN PUNCTUATION. ?0MMA. — The tutor by instruction and di3ciplii>c lays laccountablo c'foundatlon of iho pupil's future honour. ,^ > J,, elf-CORceit presumption and obstinacv blast the prospect »eakito? m^tihfiyouth. ^- ,_^_ ^ _ * :« 1 ^ 72 ' Appendix. Deliberate slowly execute promptly. To live soberly righteously and pioudy comprehendilj whole of our duty. The path of piety and virtue pursued with a firm « constant spirit will assuredly leiid to happiness. Continue my dear child to make virtue thy princi^, study. Peace of mind being secured we may smile at mhio tunes. He who is a stranger to industry may possess but: cannot enjoy. Beware of those rash and dangerous connexions wii may afterwards load thee with dishonour. Semicolon. — The path of truth is a plan and a si^ path that of falsehood is a perplexing maze. Modesty is one of the chief ornaments of youth aDdli ever been esteemed a presage of rising merit. Heaven is the region of gentleness and friendship k^ of fierceness and animosity. Colon. — Often is the smile of gaiety assumed wte the heart aches within though folly may laugh guilt t sting. There is no mortal truly wise and restless at the saij time wisdom is the repose of minds. Period. — We ruin the happiness of life when wei tempt to raise it too high a tolerable and comfortable sihl is all that we can propose to ourselves on earth peace ^1 contentment not bliss nor transport are the full portion^ man perfect joy is reserved for heaven. Interrogation and exclamation. — Toliedo'l on the pillow after a day spent in temperance in bewf^ cience and in piety how sweet it is. We wait till to-morrow to be happy alas why not to- shall we be younger are we sure we shall be healtlii| will our passions become feebler and our love of world less, • - riNis. 4. BOWMAN, PRINTER, CANADIAN eOURANT OFFICK, MONTRl i< -'l-. comprehendit with a firm K uness. e thy priiicif smile at initio possess but )nnexions wli • plan and a si ze. of youth andt ei'it. 1 friendship li assumed ^tIii laugh guilt w less at the sail ife when wei comfortable sill earth peace iij e full portion )N. — To lie do' ance in bene s why not to- lall be healtlii our love ofn^ FFICl, MONTRI