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LYDIA LEAVITT. 
 
Arotind the World. 
 
 BV 
 
 LYDIA LEAVITT, 
 
 Author of " Bohemian Societv." 
 
 ^/^ 
 
 
 TORONTO : 
 
 PRINTED BY JAMES MURRAY & CO. 
 
 26 & 28 Front Street West. 
 
f.1 
 
 174175 
 
 p4 
 
DEDICATED TO MY ONLY SISTER, 
 WITH LOVE. 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 , O many books have been written, and descriptions given, of the scenery 
 across the Rocky Mountains, that it is famiUar to nearly every one, and 
 even if it were not, only the pen of a Ruskin can do justice to it, so I 
 will leave to the imagination of my readers this magnificent scenery. 
 
 It requires six days to reach San Francisco from Toronto, and although the 
 scenery is grand, the journey becomes rather wearisome. I was reminded of the 
 story of an Englishman and American who were travelling together over the 
 continent. The American said to the Englishman, " Well, what do you think of 
 our country, anyway .-*" The Englishman pondered for a time, and at last replied, 
 "Well, I think itishrg-e." 
 
 Remaining in San Francisco a week, it gave me an opportunity of studying 
 the character and habits of the "yellow-skinned strangers from the Flowery King- 
 dom," Accompanied by Officer Glennon, of the San Francisco Police Force, 
 who is most gentlemanly and obliging, we started at 7.30 o'clock to visit the 
 Chinese quarter of the city, which commences at the corner of Jackson and 
 Kearney Streets. There are about 35,000 or 40,000 Chinese in San Francisco, 
 occupying an area that would be insufficient for 500 people of more cleanly 
 habits. Chinamen will remain a race of " washee-washees " until they are 
 made to understand sanitary laws, and I think it would be just as easy to make a 
 jelly fish understand Greek. The first place visited was a Chinese barber shop. 
 Now, I would like all gentlemen readers to disabuse their minds of any idea of a 
 luxurious " shave." Not being in the habit of* frequenting barber shops, or 
 "tonsorial parlors," the situation was unique, and I glanced around rather fear- 
 fully at the array of knives, and spoons, or things which looked to me like spoons. 
 There was a Chinese in the chair undergoing the operation, which I watched 
 with interest. All hair is removed from the face, ears and nose — none left 
 but the eyebrows. While the barber was engaged in shaving the head, I was 
 about to ask the officer to interfere, thinking the victim was about to be scalped ; 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 but hi: reassured me by sayinj; that they only shaved about a mile antl a half 
 back on the head, and when that Mongolian arose from the chair his face and 
 head were as smooth as an infant's. 
 
 The next place visited was a Chinese pawn shop. Most of my readers 
 have read "The Old Curiosity .Shop." Put several old curiosity shops togi;ther 
 and you will have one Chinese pawn shop. There was wearing apparel of every 
 'description, from the handsomely embroidered robe to the linen blouse ; pipes of 
 every shape, pistols, fans, ('hinese weapons — which, by the way, are rather 
 formidable looking things. Some of them are half-circle handles with two knives 
 in one sheath. I picked up a fan and tried to open it, but discovered that it was 
 a sheath knife ; the lower part of the fan pulls ofiT, leaving the upper part with a 
 sharp knife attached. Many of the fans carried by Chinese at night are sheath 
 knives. 
 
 Our next visit was to a drug store, where horned toads are preserved in 
 liquor and administered as medicine, deer's horns are powdered and given to 
 make bone and muscle. Probably the imagination works a cure for the Chinese, 
 as it does in many instances for the more enlightened portion of humanity. 
 
 The next call was at one of the gambling dens, where about fifty Chinese 
 were gathered, eight or ten being engaged at a table playing a game not unlike 
 dominoes. They are inveterate gamblers, and here could be seen the same 
 excitement, the same interest, the same display of character, the same restless, 
 anxious looks that are found at fashionable gambling places. The Chinaman 
 who made the pools had been arrested a short time previous for murder, and 
 was then out on bail. He was the finest specimen of his race that I had met ; 
 large, well-proportioned, an intelligent face and well-shaped head. I was hoping 
 they would find him innocent, and even if he were guilty, as he was the only 
 specimen who looked like a man, why not hang some of the others as an example 
 and let him ofif? 
 
 We went in quietly so as not to disturb their game, and I was looking over 
 the shoulder of one of the players when he lost, and turning, he saw me, at the 
 same time giving utterance to a* Chinese expletive, which, the officer informed me, 
 referred to things more profane than sacred. They are very superstitious, and 
 he attributed his bad luck to a white person being near him. 
 
 Our next visit was to the opium dens. We went down several steps under- 
 ground, coming to a place just sufficiently high to stand in, with shelves each 
 side, and curled up in several of these shelves were Chinamen, indulging in their 
 favorite pastime, smoking opium. I remembered at one time seeing some 
 
AROUNP run WORLD. 
 
 mummies from IVrii, ami havt; n(;v(:r set;n anytliinj^ since which reminded me of 
 them until I saw these Chinese on the shelves smoking opium. Give the 
 mummy a pipe and he would look e(|ually as intelligent, and would be just as 
 companionable. Going through a narrow passage, we arrived at a place about as 
 large as a small dry goods box, directly under the pavement, where one man 
 alone was smoking. He evidently looked upon our visit as an intrusion, and 
 was altogether the most objectionable object I had yet seen. The officer spoke 
 to him, but was informed that he would "no speakee." Many people think the 
 Chinese smoke for ten or fifteen minutes, but it is a mistake. They take about 
 two " whiffs" and are through. 
 
 l^eaving the underground dens, we ascended the steps to the outer world, 
 and I never remember being so thankful' for fresh air. The next place of interest 
 was the Tong-VVah-Mew, or joss house. There were fantastic and hideous 
 images, deities to whom the Chinese offer their devotions. At one side of the 
 room is a grate used for a peculiar purpose. Any Chinaman who owes a debt too 
 large for him to pay, if he goes to the joss house and declares before all these 
 deities that he is really unable to pay, his creditor takes the piece of paper upon 
 which the sum is written and throws it in this grate, and the debt is cancelled. 
 If that were"" the custom among Europeans the grates would be kept constantly 
 burning. 
 
 At last we are going to a house that is the " correct " place to visit, that is, 
 to the Chinese restaurant. P2very one, nearly, who visits San Francisco, goes to 
 this establishment. This is the most cleanly place one will find in all the 
 Chinese quarter. Many people think they are visiting the Chinese part of the 
 city, and are taken to the restaurant, the theatre and the Joss house, and go 
 away satisfied that they know something about the people ; but to know any- 
 thing of their habits one must go underground. The restaurant is very nicely 
 fitted up, tables well laid, clean damask and quaint little dishes, tiny tea cups that 
 contain about three tablespoonfuls of tea. We ordered tea, and they brought 
 something that looked a litde like it, and with it some pumpkin seeds in a tiny 
 dish, and some other things which I did not investigate. There is some very 
 beautiful carving in this room, and the chairs are handsomely embroidered in 
 Chinese designs. 
 
 The next and last place we visited was the theatre, and by far the most 
 interesting, if one can call anything interesting that they do not understand. We 
 were given the seat of honor, that is, on the stage. There are no wings, or 
 flies, or curtains of any kind in a Chinese theatre. The stage is raised a little 
 
8 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 ! 
 
 from the floor, and the- musidans sit on the st.ige near thi: actors. Any thing 
 more hideous than the noiscis of these instruments can not bt; imagined. There 
 is nothing approaching a tune, hut simply a screech and sawing. There were no 
 cats in the neighborhood, and I attributed it to the reason that they had heard 
 the orchestra of the theatre, and found something that could make night more 
 hideous than they. 
 
 The actors an- men — no women are on the stage. A Chinese was dressed 
 as a woman, and spoke, or screeched, in a high falsetto, in imitation of a woman's 
 voice. 
 
 The dresses were very pretty. The principal actor — shades of Garrick ! — 
 wore a dress of some bright color, with tiny little mirrors about the size of twenty 
 cent pieces, all over it. The effect was rather pretty. 
 
 The audience was composed principally of men — all Chinese — who sat with 
 their hats on. There is no applause, not the faintest, and 1 thought one of the 
 actors deserved some applause, as he had been killed, was carried off the stage, 
 and coolly walked back in the next act, when the same killing process was gone 
 through again. The Chinese play sometimes lasts for six months before the 
 drama is ended. Imagine going every night for six months to find out how the 
 plot ended ! One hour was quite long enough for me, and anything more 
 fantastic I have never witnessed. There is a supper served for the principal 
 actors after the theatre is closed, and the officer took me to a room where a 
 young Chinaman was busily engaged in dressing the entrails of a dog for supper. 
 I do not think that even the most pressing invitation could have induced me to 
 remain to share the repast. 1 am very fond of dogs, but I prefer them intact. 
 I dreamed of dogs that night, dogs brown, dogs white, dogs black, dogs fried 
 and dogs broiled. 
 
 There are about 6oo Chinese prostitutes in San Francisco. The money 
 which is procured from their mode of life goes to their owner, as all these women 
 are bought and sold. They are not allowed to appropriate any of it. 
 
 They live in one row of houses. The rooms look like small boxes with a 
 little grating before the window, before which these women sit. Some of them 
 have rather pretty faces, but as a rule they are repulsive, being almost entirely 
 lacking in expression. 
 
 I will say nothing about the city of San Francisco, as descriptions of it 
 are written and re-written, but will go on to countries of which less is known by 
 my own country people. 
 
•5 S 
 
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CHAPTER II. 
 
 /^^^y N the 22nd of November I sailed for Australia, in the steamship 
 frvj^l " Mariposa," Commander Capt. Haywood, and arrived in Honolulu, 
 ^*-^ capital of the Sandwich Islands, November 29th. The Hawaiian, or 
 Sandwich Islands, lie in the North Pacific about 2,080 miles from San P'rancisco, 
 There are twelve islands in the group, eight of which are inhabited, and the area 
 of the whole is 6,000 square miles. 
 
 The first thing which attracts the attention of travellers on approaching 
 Honolulu is the number of extinct volcanoes, which rear their heads and look like 
 granite giants, the most conspicuous being called Diamond Head. It riser; 
 directly from the water's edge, with sides seamed and scarred by the lava which 
 had boiled and burst over it. The water is a beautiful emerald green ; the 
 intensity of its color is caused by a coral reef that runs out nearly a mile. It is 
 very beautiful, but most dangerous to ships. Approaching nearer, we catch 
 glimpses of cocoanut palms, and a cottage nestling here and there among the 
 trees, with the lofty serrated mouiuains in the background. 
 
 At last the ship arrives at the wharf, and we see hundreds of native men 
 and women. The women are splendidly formed, with magnificent physiques, 
 and, since the advent of civilization, the women dress in loose robes not unlike 
 our " Mother Hubbard. " I took great pleasure in watching them, their graceful 
 movements wholly free and untrammelled, their flowing dresses showing the 
 contour of their limbs, the poise of the head, and I thought, " Here is a model 
 for a painter's skill," and I could not help contrasting them in my mind with the 
 pinched waist, (lat chest, and absurd wibble-wobble of many fashionable women. 
 The native women of the Sandwich Islands ride astride their horses. It rather 
 takes one's breath away at first to see women riding in this way, but when one 
 stops to consider a moment, it is only that we have not been accustomed to 
 seeing it. 
 
 Honolulu contains a population of about fifteen thousand, and as it is a toy 
 kingdom, it is under the control of His Majesty King Kalakaua, descendant of the 
 king who a hundred years ago killed and ate Captain Cook, the greatest mariner 
 Britain ever knew. The court consists of His Majesty Kalakaua, Her Majesty 
 the Queen, Her Royal Highness the Princess Liliuokalani, and Her Royal 
 Highness Victoria-Kawekieu-Lunalilo-Kalaninuiahilapalapa. My readers will 
 
 [9] 
 
lO 
 
 , A ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 
 have no difficulty in pronouncing these names ; I have only given a few of the 
 royal court names. On the clay of our arrival in Honolulu the king's birth-day 
 was being celebrated — his fiftieth year. The palace is a very picturesque build- 
 ing from the exterior, and with red (lags Hying and native soldiers stationed at 
 the door, the scene was almost barbaric. Hut the interior of the palace is by no 
 means barbaric; it is very elegant; the entrance hall is large, with winding stairs, 
 handsome gasaliers, beautifully carved tables and large vases of tropical foliage. 
 It requires the same amount of formality to be presented to His Majesty as is 
 usual in approaching all royal personages. The United States Consul and Mr. 
 Julian Thomas, the well known writer, endeavored to get an interview on my 
 behalf with His Most Gracious Majesty, King Kalakaua, but discovered that the 
 king was too intoxicated to receive us. I will not comment upon this, as my 
 acquaintance with kings has been somewhat limited ; I may not be a competent 
 jutlge of what is considered correct in the deportment of kingly personages. 
 The residences in Honolulu are c|uaint in the extreme, but the tropical foliage, 
 waving palms, brilliant flowers, all form a picture to make one forget the absence 
 of architectural beauty. I went into a store where they sell " curios," and told 
 the proprietor to give me something that I could carry easily, and he handed me 
 a native dress. It could, certainly, be carried easily, for it consisted of a narrow 
 band about an inch in width, with strings of dried grass attached. That is the 
 native dress in the interior, i)efore the appearance of the missionary and Mother 
 H ubbard. 
 
 The fruits of the Hawaiian Islands are alligator pears, bananas, cherimozas, 
 China oranges, cocoanuts, custard apples, dates, Eugenie figs, garcinia, grapes, 
 guavas, Java plums, limes, litchi, loquats, mangoes, mulberries, muskmelons, 
 ohias, oranges, papias, peaches, pine apples, pomegranates, rose apples, sapoto 
 pears, sour sop, Spanish cherries, strawberries, tamarinds, water lemons, water- 
 melons, whampee. The alligator pear makes an excellent salad. There is one 
 thing that strikes a stranger very forcibly in Honolulu, that is the different nation- 
 alities — natives, Chinese, Yankees, Hindoos, Frenchmen, Germans, Spaniards, 
 Hritons ; all form a cosmopolitan gathering that would be difficult to find else- 
 where. 
 
 There are a'great number of lepers in the Sandwich Islands, but every pre- 
 caution is taken to prevent the spread of the terrible disease. There is an island 
 l)lainly visible from the ship before reaching Honolulu, where the jjoor wretches 
 are taken ; they are cut off from the world, living alone, waiting for death to end 
 their misery. 
 
 i 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 II 
 
 s* 
 
 Leprosy is said to have been introduced from Asia into the Sandwich Islands 
 more than half a century ago, and spread with such rapidity that the government 
 was compelled to devise some means to separate the sufferers from the rest of 
 the population. They sel'jicted, for this purpose, one of the most secluded of the 
 Sandwich Islands — the island of Molokai. Thither the lepers are transported 
 from the other Hawaiian Islands. In the past fifteen years 2,500 have been 
 transported. The condition of these poor people was pitiable indeed, but fifteen 
 years ago a young Belgian priest, Father Damien de Veuster, who had been 
 sent on a mission to Honolulu, hearing of the condition of these people, volun- 
 teered to live among them, and, if possible, alleviate their distress. He has 
 built thatched huts and cottages, a church, schools and hospitals, with the aid of 
 the lepers. For years he worked alone and unaided at his strange task, but two 
 years ago another priest joined him. Father Damien escaped all contagion from 
 the disease until about three years ago, when it made its appearance, and his 
 doom was therefore sealed, but he is still able to continue his work. The follow- 
 ing is an extract from a letter written by Father Damien to a friend in lingland : 
 
 " Kalazvao, Moiokai, Nov. 8, iS/y. 
 
 " We continue our bathing, but only in warm water, the supply of Japanese 
 medicine being now all out, though we hope to receive a new invoice ; such is the 
 promise of our new board of health. I should be very sorry if we should be 
 deprived of it definitely. The disease on me works more now at the exteriors, 
 and does not give me so much pain in the limbs. In regard to a cure of this our 
 incurable disease, I leave that in the hands of Almighty God, who knows better 
 than I do what is best for our sanctification during our short stay in this world. 
 The Blessed V^irgin, our common Mother, in whose hands I have entrusted my 
 health from the day I put my feet in this asylum of death, could very easily 
 obtain me a miracle, but she too knows better than I do what may shorten my 
 road to heaven. And for myself I feel very happy and well pleased of my lot. 
 
 " Since the change of our government, I have received a great number of 
 lepers, and probably a great addition is to follow. I have here under my special 
 guardianship fifty boys, who occupy pretty well all my spare time. The brother 
 with me is greatly occupied dressing sores and other druggist's occupations. 
 Our two churches art; pretty well crowded on Sundays, and every morning and 
 evening a good number assist at our divine worship. I will have to bury this 
 afternoon two old lepers in one grave ! With the assurance of my esteem, etc. 
 — J. D.\mii:n dk Vkustkk." 
 
13 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Surely the age of heroism and martyrs is not dead. We read of men who 
 fell in battle, men who have heroically faced death, but to my mind Father 
 Damien is the hero of heroes. Going of his own free will to a colony where 
 death is the presiding genius, to lead a lonely, solitary life, knowing full well that 
 he too must fall a victim to the horrible disease ; then after years of toil and self- 
 sacrifice, he finding his doom is sealed, without a murmur patiently waits the death 
 which is inevitable. Who will say there is no good in human nature .■* Who will 
 say that in this age there are no martyrs ? 
 
 Nature in its terrible mood is to be seen in the volcanoes of the Hawaiian 
 Islands. Kilauea and Mauna Loa are the largest. Kilauea, whose base is at a 
 height of nearly 4,000 feet, on the flank of Mauna Loa, has the appearance of a 
 great pit. The pit is nine miles in circumference ; there are signs of volcanic 
 activity throughout its whole depth ; great eruptions occur at intervals. The 
 ascent of Mauna Loa has been dispelled of some of its terrors by the frequent 
 excursions made by travellers during the past three years. The crater, Mo-kua- 
 weo-weo, is on the summit of Mauna Loa. Action began August 9th, 1872, and 
 has since been almost incessant. In the vicinity of Kilauea the army of Keoua 
 met its terrible destruction. Some of the natives who were contemporary with 
 Keoua say that while they encamped two days and three nights at the crater of 
 Kilauea, there were repeated eruptions and sending up of cinders and stones. 
 They set forward on the third day toward Kan. The earth trembled and shook 
 under their feet, a dense cloud arose from the immense crater, lightning and 
 thunder burst forth over their heads and darkness covered them, and a shower of 
 cinders thrown high from the crater descended on the region round about, and 
 great numbers of Keoua's men were killed and were found there many days 
 afterward apparently unchanged, and were at first mistaken for a living company. 
 
 In Kohala there is the ruin of the celebrated heathen temple, where human 
 sacrifices were made to appease the wrath of the deities. Human lives were 
 sacrificed to avert catastrophes of all kinds; the victims were allowed to remain two 
 days on the altar ; the third day the flesh was stripped from the bones, and flesh 
 and bones carried to the sea and washed ; they were then carried back to the 
 temple, the bones tied up in bundles and the flesh burned at the back of the 
 altars. Not long ago one of the volcanoes burst forth, pouring its lava over r'.ie 
 mountain side ; it ran down within a mile of the town of Hilo ; the inhabitants 
 were alar*- nd some of the people began removing the machinery from their 
 
 mills and ' 'ries, when some one suggested that they should send for the Prin- 
 cess Ruth, sister of the present king. She arrived and proceeded to throw a 
 
 

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■"■"^^^■■■i 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
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 black cat, a white pig and some coins into the crater, at the same time muttering 
 incantations, when the lava ceased, and the natives attributed it to her occult 
 powers. In olden times a human life would have been sacrificed to appease 
 the wrath of the angry gods. 
 
 There is a very rare bird called the "Oo," which produces two feathers only. 
 These are sold for one hundred and fifty dollars each to decorate the robes of the 
 royal family ; the wealthy native women wear them around their necks in the 
 street. While still looking for " curios," I was shown these feathers ; to my 
 inexperienced eyes they appeared anything but beautiful, but looked as though 
 they could be used successfully to clean lamp chimneys ; they were round and 
 like the things on wire used for that purpose. 
 
 There are a great many native dancing girls who assist in the amusement of 
 all gala days. I must not forget to mention the hotel in Honolulu ; it is handsomely 
 fitted up with every modern convenience, and if it were not for the tropical trees 
 and foliage by which it is surrounded, one would imagine one's self in an 
 American hotel. 
 
 One of the most beautiful places to visit in all Hawaii is the mountain 
 called the Pali, one of the most remarkable wonders of nature. It is six miles 
 from Honolulu, the road ascending all the way. The mountains rise from the 
 sea level to a height of 4,000 feet; they do not descend in sober mountain fashion, 
 but are cleft in two, one half left standing, the other gone, no one knows v/hither. 
 It is nowhere less than 800 feet, in many places over 2,000 feet deep ; below are 
 plains and hills. The valley below is classic ground in Hawaiian history ; there 
 was fought the hist of seven decisive battles by Kamehameha, victories that 
 made him sole monarch and established his dynasty. On the rocky slopes of 
 these impregnable mountains the natives, with spears and clubs, resisted the 
 hordes of the invaders, fighting vainly, and at last were driven headlong over the 
 Pali. It is a lonely and romantic spot, worthy of the death struggle of brave and 
 knightly warrior chiefs of ancient times. 
 
 I drove up to the Pali and it seemed like a beautiful dream. On first start- 
 ing we drove through an avenue of palms ; further on mountains on either side 
 covered with green moss, the tops enveloped in clouds of mist, the mist falling 
 around us in little showers of rain, the sun shining brilliantly, the changing hues 
 of the foliage, while between us and the highest mountain was a beautiful rain- 
 bow, which remained there like a halo. Anything more exquisite I never expect 
 to see again. We were obliged to leave our carriage when about three-quarters 
 the way to the top, as the wind blows at the summit with such force that it is 
 
H 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 unsafe to take a carriage to the ton TK« 
 
 P-Ple .o wallc. and hi ant „ l^l^rjTT'^:'^'' Alpine pass ,„ allow 
 .i.e Wind „„u blow wUh such fo LT^e ^ t""? "'^ ' "'^"'-•^ '^S'-" 
 ...rusf™^ ,he dead wamors who o^r^l ,fr ^ '''' ^'^ ''■-«•■ '''^ 
 »hnck,ng their fury at the immovable rocks. '''' ""•'"■'•' '"''^^ =•"<• 
 
allow 
 
 gined 
 
 h the 
 
 and 
 
 ^'A 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 FTER leaving the Sandwich Islands, there was nothing more of interest 
 to be seen before reaching the Samoa group, one of the Navigator 
 Islands. Leaving Honolulu the 29th November, with nothing but the 
 ocean to look upon, nothing but " water, water everywhere," one naturally turned 
 to one's fellow-passengers to try and discover if they possessed any marked 
 peculiarities, any eccentricities of character — in fact anything that would place 
 them above the commonplace, and I found to my delight that there were a 
 number of literary people on board, among them Dr. Julian Thomas, 
 who is certainly neither dull nor commonplace. He writes under the >/om 
 de plume of " The Vagabond," and is well known all over the literary world 
 as the best descriptive writer in Australia. The iiom de plume was a well 
 chosen one, for he is Bohemianism personified — a Virginian of English 
 descent, a champion of the " Lost Cause," a journalist in London and New 
 York, a soldier of fortune in South America, a wanderer in the South 
 Seas. Some years back he started his successful career on the most enter- 
 prising journal in the British colonies, the Melbourne Argus. Adopting 
 the tactics of Mr. James Greenwood of the Pall Mall Gazette, Dr. Thomas 
 assumed the characters of an inmate of the Benevolent Asylum and Model Lodg- 
 ing House, a hospital patient and ho.spital clerk, and a warder in lunatic asylums. 
 He wrote on all sorts of social subjects, and has effected many reforms with his 
 pen. Then in behalf of the Melbourne Argus he visited nearly every country 
 in the world. He was in New Caledonia during the native war of 1878. After- 
 wards he went to Fiji, China, Japan, and across to British Columbia, and on 
 returning to Australia received orders to again visit the islands of the Western 
 Pacific. From New Caledonia he sailed through the New Hebrides to New 
 Guinea. He was returning by the " Mariposa" from a trip to England, to describe 
 for the Argus the recent Colonial Exhibition. Dr. Thomas came by the 
 Canadian Pacific route across the continent. Many of his writings are pub- 
 lished in book form, the latest work, " Cannibals and Convicts," a record of part of 
 his experience in the South Seas. An article appears weekly in the Argus 
 from his pen, to me the most interesting part of the paper. 
 
 It was my fortune to meet on the "Mariposa" a gentleman to whom I had a 
 letter of introduction, Mr. G. VV. Griffin, United States Consul for Sydney, 
 
 [•5] 
 
 ■ 
 
1 6 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 New South Wales. He has written main excellent works, air.on}^ them, 
 "Danish Days," " Studies in Literature," "Memoir of Col. C. S. Todd," "A 
 Visit to Stratford-on-Avon and Prenticiana." His life has been an event- 
 ful one, full of romance, interest and excitement. lulucated for the law, 
 he soon showed preference for literary work. At that time tin; Loiiisvilh' Journal 
 was edited by the most popular newspaper-writinji; American, Mr. George D. 
 Prentice ; Mr. Griffin contribute-d to this paper, and his articles brouirht him under 
 the notice of General Grant. Charmed with the ability displayed in his writings. 
 Gen. Grant sent for Mr. Griffin one day, and asked him if he wouldgo to (ienina as 
 representative of his country. Mr. (iriffin assented and was about to start, when 
 the President altered his purpose and sent him instead to Copenliagen, [)rinci- 
 pally that he might be in the city in which Oant's sister resided. Mr. Griffin 
 was the bearer of a letter of introduction from the poet Longfellow to Prof Geo. 
 Stephens. Prof. .Stephens is famous as the discoverer of the complete Runic 
 Alphabet, as an antiquary of vast research, and as the possessor of the most 
 e.xtensive private collection of boohs in the world, a library of i 20,000 volumes. 
 The other heart that opened to receive Mr. Griffin hail been cast in a very 
 different mould ; it was that of the Danish story teller, Hans Christian Andersen, 
 the friend of little folks all the world over. The weaver of fairy tales more 
 beautiful than dreams soon spun a silken web around the home of the American 
 Consul. Mr. Griffin was Consul at Samoa, where he was mobbed by the filibusters 
 in 1877. Admiral Aube, who was then a captain in the I'rench Navy, restored 
 Mr. Griffin to power, and secured for him the protection of the native Govern- 
 ment. Upon the arrival of the "Le Seingnelay " at Tahiti, the Governor-General 
 there disapproving of the proceedings of the French ambassador, took his .ship from 
 him and sent him to Paris for trial by court-martial. When Commander Aube 
 reached Paris, instead of being tried by court-martial, he was presented with the 
 thanks and gratitude of the American nation for his services to Mr. Griffin, and 
 promoted to the rank of Commodore. At a later period he was made an Admiral, 
 and he is now Secretary of the French Navy. I can not attempt to give the 
 many interesting events in Mr. Griffin's life — they alone would make a book ; but 
 I can assure my readers that it was a pleasure to meet a man of his versatile 
 talents, and I am indebted to him for a thousand kindnesses. 
 
 Among the passengers was Mr. James Mills, Managing Director of the 
 Union Steamship Co., of New Zealand. There is a fleet of thirty-five vessels 
 which run to various points in New Zealand, Australia, the; Pacific Islands, and 
 to San Francisco. These ships are luxuriously fitted up. Archibald Forbes says, 
 
^^ o 
 » 4 IS 
 
i 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 17 
 
 in a letter to ihc Nineteenth Century: "The 'Wairarapa' of the Union Company 
 of New Zealand, is, to my thinking, the most beautifully decorated ship in the 
 world, being spacious, lofty and well ventilated. I have not seen an Atlantic 
 liner whose state-room accommodation is equal in completeness, prettiness and 
 comfort to that which the Australian voya^;er will find on some of the best of the 
 Union Company steamers — ' Wairarapa,' for instance, or the ' Manapouri.' " I can 
 speak too for the beauty of these ships, having had the pleasure of being on one of 
 them while in Auckland, New Zealand. 
 
 Mr. VVhitson, Secretary of the Union Steamship Co., was also among the 
 number of literary people, he having written a work on New Zealand. During the 
 voyage he delivered a lecture on humorous English poets, which was excellently 
 written and delivered. Among the other pleasant passengers from New 
 Zealand was Mr. W. Davenish Meares, of Christchurch, New Zealand, who is the 
 be.st recounter of stories I have ever seen. Every conversation .started sug- 
 gested a story to his mind, and always beginning with " that reminds me," we 
 were prepared for something good. There were many other pleasant passengers, 
 but lack of space prevents me introducing them to my readers. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 E crossed the Equator Saturday, December 3rd, about eight o'clock 
 a.m. Arrived at Tutueillo, Samoa Island, December 8th, where 
 we made a .short stay. We jumped from Friday, December i ith, 
 to Sunday, 13th, losing Saturday. In going from east to west there is a day 
 lost, which can only be regained by going from west to east again, when I will 
 pick up the day dropped out of my life by having two Thursdays in succession, 
 or two Fridays, two days of .some kind, together. The Captain kindly explained 
 this to me, which I would take much pleasure in explaining to my readers, if it 
 were not for the kindly feeling I have towards the Captain. My explanation 
 might produce softening of the brain or premature grey hairs. 
 
 We arrived at Auckland, New Zealand, December 13th, where we made 
 quite a lengthy stay. Auckland is a fine city, with wide street.s, well paved. We 
 took a drive to Mount Eden, from the summit of which there is a magnificent 
 view. Mr. Griffin was Consul at Auckland for some time, and during our stay 
 there he introduced me to Prince Paul, one of the Maori chiefs whom he knew 
 during his Consulship in New Zealand. To describe this extraordinary-looking 
 person would be almost impossible. His face was tattooed out of all semblance 
 to a human face. Our conversation was a very animated one ; it consisted of 
 smiles, and bows, and "oh, eh, ah's," more smiles, grins and bows, and we parted, 
 mutually pleased — at the parting. 
 
 Mr. Griffin took Dr. O'Neil, Miss O'Neil, of New South Wales, and myself, 
 to call upon Mr. and Mrs. Firth and their charming daughters. Their residence 
 is a very beautiful one in Auckland, handsome grounds, rare plants and trees. 
 While walking in the grounds Mrs. F'irth showed us a cave in the earth in which 
 could be plainly seen the bones of dead and gone Maories. The ground upon 
 which Mr. P^irth's house stands, with hundreds of acres besides, was given him by 
 the Maories, It is said that at one time h^ saved the life of a Maori chief, who 
 repaid him by giving him a large amount of land, on condition that he should 
 live upon it. While there we were shown some very beautiful paintings of that 
 most magnificent of nature's wonders — the pink and white terraces that were 
 destroyed by the volcano of the present year. Mrs. Firth told me she heard the 
 reports like small cannon being fired, and thought the ships in the port were 
 firing. The mountain, which had lain asleep for ages, at last awoke, and in its 
 
 [18] 
 
 S 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 19 
 
 fury destroyed one of the most beautiful of all of nature's handiwork. Thousands 
 of tourists visited the place yearly to see these beautiful terraces, and now not a 
 vestige remains. 
 
 On the evening of Friday, 1 7th December, after having been twenty-five 
 days at sea, we were able to discern the electric light on the Australian coast, a 
 distance of si.xty miles. It is the most powerful electric light in the world. Such 
 a hearty cheer as went up when it was sighted. Seen from that distance it 
 looked like a faint red Hame in the sky, a beacon light welcoming the Australians 
 back to their native shores, and, 1 fancied, even sending forth a gleam of welcome 
 to me, a stranger in a strange land. Any feeling of loneliness which I felt was 
 at once dispelled by the hearty hand clasps from many of the passengers, 
 welcoming me to their native country. On the morning of the i8th we slowly 
 steamed into the harbor, which the New South Wales people are justly proud of, 
 as there is only one other harbor in the world that can compare with it in beauty, 
 and that is at Rio-de-Janeiro. While going .slowly up the harbor I looked for the 
 first time upon Australian shores, upon the world which was the first to raise its 
 head above the waters, the land of gold, of promise, the home of the kangaroo and 
 the swan, the land of flowers and palms, the seat of the new empire founded by 
 the Anglo-Sa.xons under the Southern Cross. 
 
I ! 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 cKfl-s, which Lz gu :;:r™« "^ '■■-'*- *- j^y-^ ■■•• " .-s 
 
 " Sytlney Heads " i/ *'' "erance, and am n J "■'■'=" "^>'^, or 
 
 ^-y ''un^g ::th weltT"" ^'^^ --"" cj J:":/ r^"' Heads,- „. 
 
 ;^f'>y scene . ^penS't , "l: ^h "^ "" '""' '^^ -XT 7'' '" ''-' 
 'ura. disclos.W a ihn,,. ,, * ^''"« -'re innummhl . ® ""= '"trance. 
 
 -suddenly f„„, ,he wo id of "'^'" "■= "">'•' « ' e dockt °"' ' '"' *<= 
 
 -d proceeded ,o ^^f^Tl'Tu .*'""" ' «» --y .ot,r. '?' t" '*"''-''^' " 
 as being wiioiiv .mil 1 "''■ '" Sydney ThJe. '^f ' "'°'^ =■ earriage 
 
 dinner. Tl,eret an ,' ""I "'"' ''=- » 'ong „ " j''"'^ "^ '-"''l^ are con- 
 
 «■" reassure my "*,""" ""^ ""'"«'" "( «arva 'ion "'' ''"'"=^'" ""d a, 
 
 -"darenoc.ro'bfcdtuYf''"^ "'™ '^ae .hfy ."'"' °"^'^ """<' ^ ^uU 
 
 fed. .heylii, ;: :«; y™: '^-■cb eiapses fZ Z^Z IT """^'^ 
 'east said about the , ' ""^ table-well „ r ^ °"'" ""'" 't is 
 
 American. Ger ,an o P '"^ '" ^"^'™"-i "he btt T''-™' ''""^^y The 
 Australian *y«r;." '"'"''■ ^'^ ^-ds,. ^„!^- ^ '-» -'d-er E„„ish. 
 Sydney is a fine citv ■ . "'"'"''' "' "" 
 
 Ho-e is a handsome bu I ' o ' "'"' ''"'"-" ^liage ThJ'"^ =^' ^i, 
 Carrington. The „r ^' ™P"=d ty the nresen, r Government 
 
 [20] •^'it'y be said to be •' buiJt 
 
y o'" 13,000 
 
 ^ 't- It is 
 " rocks, or 
 Heads," or 
 •Ks \n great 
 - entrance, 
 1 wind and 
 ' along the 
 ' ; but the 
 s brought 
 ood-bye " 
 I carriage 
 'truck nie 
 ' are con- 
 choose a 
 " and at 
 J ; but I 
 patience 
 thought 
 ntil it is 
 
 • The 
 
 -'iglish, 
 
 at an 
 
 is the 
 0,000. 
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 Lord 
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 thcy 
 ; the 
 buiJt 
 
 -m 
 
 CIJ 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 upon a rock," for the earth, or soil, or sand, owing to the absence of rain, is 
 baked so hard that it is difficult to distinguish it from rock. There are some 
 very beautiful buildings in Sydney, built of stone that somewhat resembles Ohio 
 free-stone. But imagine, reader, stone buildings and stone pavements, and the 
 heat at 153° ! I looked longingly at the numerous yachts in the bay, but, upon 
 further consideration, thought I would submit to the heat and dust, as there is no 
 place in the world where there are as many sharks as in Sydney Harbor, and if a 
 boat capsizes there is little chance of being saved. There are many instances 
 where unfortunate people have been seized by these hideous monsters. While 
 \\\ Sydney, in one day there were eleven sharks caught, and all lying on the 
 beach. The impression Sydney made upon my mind is a strange one — it is of a 
 city that was slowly being buried, as though the dust from some modern Vesuvius 
 was accumulating and .settling like a pall over its buildings and streets. 
 
 New South Wales was named by Captain Cook during his first voyage of 
 discovery in 1770. The great English navigator fancied he saw a resemblance 
 between the south of Australia and Wales, but the division of the territory into 
 five governing centres has limited its application to the part occupied by the 
 older colony. New South Wales is situated on the south-east coast of Australia, 
 between the parellels of 28° and if south latitude, and the 141st and 1 54th meridian 
 of east longitude. This colony is more than three and a half times the size of 
 the island of Great Britain. It will give my readers an idea of the magnitude of 
 this vast country when one colony alone is more than three and a half times the 
 size of Great Britain. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 1 
 
 jIiP UMEROUS descriptions have been given by travellers and explorers 
 of the personal appearance of the aborigines of Australia, and the 
 accounts vary considerably. The different tribes vary in color, as is 
 found in all the various races in the continent of Europe. The .shades vary, from 
 a dark chocolate brown to the dusky black of the negro. The head is well 
 shaped ; they have large, soft, lustrous eyes; the body of medium size. The face 
 is not agreeable to look upon. The under jaw is large ; the lips thick and heavy. 
 In their natural condition they are found almost entirely dependent on the sup- 
 plies of the forest to satisfy their daily wants, and when these become scarce 
 through drought, they are reduced to the verge of starvation. Stone appears to 
 be the only material used for making axes and tomahawks, and although living 
 in a land noted for the richness of its earth treasures, they do not know the use 
 of metals. They are much inferior in intelligence to the Maories of New 
 Zealand ; in fact, I think they are the lowest in intelligence of any of the human 
 race. They are very expert in the use of the spear, which they throw with 
 unerring precision over one hundred yards. It is a most formidable instrument, 
 about twelve feet in length, with a long blade, which is often jagged like a set of 
 shark's teeth. They use the " vvoomarah," a string which from the part held by 
 the hand traverses the spear to the butt end, which the string is passed over and 
 brought back tight to the hand. This aids the propulsion, giving great force and 
 greater velocity. They are very skilful in hurling the boomerang, which in the 
 air will gyrate for a considerable distance, turn round at a certain angle — 
 uncertain, as the beholder may deem it — and will unerringly, and with great force, 
 strike the object at which they aim. In some parts of the country the boys and 
 girls are betrothed when born, that is, the boys of one tribe are betrothed to the 
 girls of another, and at puberty, the lubras — girls — are claimed by the ' ' marked " 
 young men. All the lubras are deficient of the two joints of the fore finger of 
 the left hand, which at three months old is taken off by a hair ligature, being 
 daily tightened till the joint drops off. When the joint is buried, the aborigines 
 lock ipon it as a distinct person, which will become another native. The 
 women are passionately fond of their children. They carry them on their backs, 
 astride their shoulders ; then they hold on to the mother's hair, or on the hip. It 
 is amusing to see the mothers stoop down, and how naturally mere infants climb 
 
 [22] 
 
 mmmmm 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 23 
 
 explorers 
 I, and the 
 -olor, as fs 
 vary, from 
 ^d is well 
 
 The face 
 id heav)'. 
 > the sup- 
 ne scarce 
 spears to 
 gh living 
 ^ the use 
 
 of ^^^fi 
 
 e human 
 ow with 
 rument, 
 a set of 
 held by 
 vftr and 
 fee and 
 in the 
 
 t force, 
 ys and 
 to the 
 rked " 
 rer of 
 being 
 gines 
 The 
 acks, 
 3. It 
 :linib 
 
 up and perch themselves on their mothers' shoulders. The young men, to 
 denote them as marriageable, have marks scored on the shoulder or other parts 
 of the body, or a front tooth knocked out. When the young men arrive at 
 manhood the tribe assembles in some retired spot for a grand "corroboree," and 
 with great festivities proceed to mark them. Many of the tribes practice 
 circumcision, and they are all afraid of an evil spirit, which they term " Browl." 
 Before retiring at night they make a light and hunt about, calling out "Browl," 
 " Browl." Their mode of burial differs in different tribes. In the north the 
 body is bound up in paper bark, smoked and placed in the branches of the trees, 
 from eight to ten feet from the ground. It is left there during the wet season 
 until the flesh is rotted. The friends then return and make a fire under the 
 bones, which are collected and carried away. They never cultivate the ground, 
 but are nomadic in their habits, and it is difficult to understand how they exist, 
 with no clothing and no shelter beyond that of a bark placed against a log. 
 They eat roots, grubs, worms, the larvae of ants, land crabs found in the water 
 holes, and fish. They are partial to snakes, lizards, and the iguana. They readily 
 raise fire by rapidly turning round between the palms of the hands a stick 
 sharpened to a point and inserted into a flat piece of hard wood, around which 
 are dried leaves. The dress of the men consists of a girdle about an inch wide ; 
 the women adopt the same severely plain style. 
 
 , Men, women and children all wear a stick, about six inches in length, 
 passed through the centre cartilage of the nose. In Queensland and the Northern 
 Territory, in any settlement, one can see daily a dusky daughter of Eve lying 
 prone on her face, while another happy child of nature is minutely investigating 
 her sister's head, exactly as is the habit of the monkey, and woe to any unlucky 
 parasite, should it not elude pursuit, for it literally becomes mince-meat! Many 
 of the young girls just coming to womanhood are very pretty, are symmetrically 
 poised, and walk majestically, their limbs never being trammelled with fashionable 
 habiliments. A sable belle of Palmerston, who numbers fifteen summers, is very 
 much admired, as she is not altogether deficient in accomplishments. In the 
 most winning way she says, " Give me a banana." which being placed on the 
 ground, she picks up with the great and second toe of either foot, passes it to 
 her mouth, and proceeds to eat with the greatest ease. Many of the blacks of 
 Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia, are at the present 
 time cannibals. A missionary informed me that at Moreton Bay, a boy having 
 died, several men gathered round the body, removed the head and thick outer 
 skin, which was rolled upon a stake and dried over a slow fire. During this 
 
24 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 horrible ceremony the father and mother stood by loudly lamenting. The thighs 
 were then roasted and eaten by the parents. The liver, heart and entrails were 
 then divided amongst the warriors, who carried away portions on their spears, 
 while the skin and bone, together with the skull, were rolled up and carried about 
 by the parents in their grass bags. Within the last few months a number of 
 Chinese miners in Northern Queensland have been killed and eaten by the 
 natives ! The natives are said to prefer Chinamen to white men, probably in 
 consequence of the Chinese being saturated with opium ; it serves as a sauce. 
 
 The land of the Southern Cross, whose dusky inhabitants, until a hundred 
 years ago, were lulled to sleep by the waters of the South Pacific — the land of the 
 fragrant eucalyptus and flowering wattle — -we in thought go back to the time when 
 the native blacks sat round their camp fires telling their weird talcs, whispering 
 in hushed tones as the darkness drew near ; then, as the wild instinct arose, some 
 outlet must be given to their savage natures, and the " corroboree " is called, the 
 sacred fire is lit ; then strange unearthly music reverberates through the forest, 
 and hundreds of savages gather round the fire with bodies covered with clay to 
 represent human skeletons ; then begins their slow, monotonous dance, their 
 arms moving, with bodies swaying, the droning, melancholy sounds echoing 
 through the air, keeping time to the strange music ; the music grows a little 
 faster, the motions a little quicker, the rapid movements and wild music wilder ; 
 faster and more furious grow the sounds, the demoniac yells of the excited 
 throng ; the very air is filled with angry spirits ; the black, gleaming faces of the 
 revellers are worked almost to frenzy, until at last they drop exhausted, the fire 
 burns dimly, and the wild savages are at rest in a solitude wilder even than their 
 savage natures, more sombre than the dusky children she has brought forth. 
 
y^^lMA' 
 
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 c; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ^> 
 
 HIBbbi 
 
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 5 
 
 2 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 2N the year i860 a merchant of Melbourne offered $5,000 for the furtherance 
 of discovery in Australia , the Royal Society of Victoria undertook to 
 organize an expedition for the purpose of crossing the continent, and 
 collected subscriptions to the amount of $17,000; the Victorian Government 
 voted $30,000, and spent an additional sum of $15,000 in bringing twenty-six 
 camels from Arabia. Very complete arrangements were made. Robert O'Hara 
 Burke was chosen leader. M. J. Wills, an accomplished young astronomer, was 
 sent to take charge of the co.stly instruments and to make all the scientific 
 observations. 
 
 The stories told of early explorers are often sad, but I think the one of 
 Burke and Wills the saddest of all. There were two other scientific men and 
 eleven subordinates, with twenty-eight horses to carry the baggage. On the 20th 
 of August, i860, the whole party set out from the Royal Park, Melbourne, 
 Burke heading the procession on a little grey horse. The Mayor made a short 
 speech, wishing them God-speed ; the explorers shook hands with their friends, 
 and, amid the cheers of thousands of spectators,. they moved off. The journey, 
 as far as the Murrumbedgee, lay through settled country and was without interest, 
 but at that place quarrelling began, and Burke dismissed Landells, who had charge 
 of the camels, and secured the services of a man whom he met at a sheep 
 station, by the name of Wright, to fill his place. W'right was wholly unqualified 
 to fill this position, and was the cause of all the disasters which followed. On 
 leaving the Murrumbedgee they ascended the Darling till they reached Men- 
 indie, the place from which Hirst had .set out sixteen years before. Here Burke 
 left Wright with half the expedition, intending himself to push on rapidly and to 
 be followed up more leisurely by Wright. Burke and Wills, with six men, and 
 half the camels and horses, set off through a miserable country, covered with a 
 kind of grass which poisoned the horses. They came to Cooper's Creek, where 
 they formed a depot and lived for some time, waiting for Wright, who, however, 
 did not appear. But Burke grew tired of waiting, and as he was now near the 
 centre of Australia, he determined to make a bold dash across to the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. He left one of his men called Brake and three assistants, with six 
 camels and twelve horses, giving them instructions to remain for three months, 
 and if within that time he did not return, they might consider him lost, and would 
 
 [25] 
 
a6 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 then be ;it liberty to return to Menindie. On the i6th I^ecember, Hurke and Wills, 
 alonji; with two men natiied King and Gray, started on their perilous journey, 
 taking with them six camels and one horse, and provisions to last for three 
 months. They followed the broad current of Cooper's Creek for some distance, 
 and then struck off to the north till they reached a stream which they called 
 rCyre Creek. There they obtained abundant supplies of water, and kept along 
 its banks till it turned to the eastward ; then leaving it they turned due north 
 through forests of bo.xwood, alternating with plains wiill watered and richly 
 covered with grass. Si.x weeks after leaving Cooper's Creek they came upon a 
 fine stream which they named " Cloncurry," and following its course they found 
 it entered a large river, on whose banks they found the most lu.xuriant vegetation, 
 and frequent clusters of palm trees. They felt sure that it llowed into the Gulf 
 of Carpentaria, and, therefore, by keeping close to it they had nothing to fear. 
 Hut they had brought only three months' provisions with them ; more than half 
 that time had elapsed and they were still 150 miles from the sea. Hurke now 
 lost no time, but hurried on so fast that one after another of the camels sank 
 exhausted, and when all the camels had given out, Burke and Wills took their 
 only horse to carry a small quantity of provisions, and leaving Gray and King 
 behind, set out by themselves on foot. They had to cross several patches of 
 swampy ground, and the horse becoming bogged, was unable to go further. Still 
 Hurke and Wills hurried on by themselves till they reached a narrow inlet on the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria, and found that the river they had been following was the 
 Flinders, whose mouth had been discovered by Capt. Stokes in 1S42. They 
 were anxious to see the open sea, but this would have reciuircd a couple of days, 
 and their provisions were already exhausted, and they were obliged to hasten 
 back as quickly as possible. The pangs of hunger overtook them before they 
 could reach the place where King and Gray had remained with the provisions. 
 Burke killed a snake and ate part of it, but he took ill immediately after, and 
 when at last they reached the provisions he was not able to go forward as 
 quickly as it was necessary to do if they wished to be safe. They recovered the 
 horse and camels, which had been refreshed by the rest, and by easy stages 
 they moved south towards home. But their hurried journey to the north under 
 a tropical sun had told severely on their constitutions. Gray became ill, and it 
 was now necessary to be so careful with the provisions that he had little chance of 
 regaining his strength. One evening after they had come to a halt he was found 
 sitting behind a tree eating a little mixture he had made for himself of flour and 
 water. Burke accused him of stealing the provisions and gave him a severe 
 
AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 a; 
 
 thrashing, lie; seems never to have rallied after this, and whilst the party 
 moved forward he; was slowly sinking. Towards the end of March th{;y killeil 
 a camel, dried its llesh, and then went forward. At the beginninjj; of April this 
 was gone and they killed th(Mr horse. Ciray now lay down, saying he could not 
 go on. Burke said he was "shamming," and left him. But Wills' gentle counsel 
 prcvaikd aiul they returned and brought him forward. But he could only go a 
 little further ; the poor fellow breathed his last a day or two after and was buried 
 in iIk; wil(U-'rn(!ss. Burke regretted his harshness, all themore as he was quickly 
 sinking himst.-lf lUith he and Wills were utterly worn out ; they were thin and 
 meagre, and so weak that they tottered rather than walked. The last few miles 
 were very, very weary, but, at last, on the 21st April, they came in sight of the 
 depot, four months and a half after leaving it. Imagine their consternation on 
 .seeing no sign of the people about the jjlace, and as they dropped down on the 
 spot at sunset, their hearts sank when they found a note stating that Brake had 
 left only that very moniiiifj^, and was seven hours march away. The three men 
 looked at one another in blank dismay ; they were so worn out that they could 
 not move forward with the hope of overtaking the party. On looking round they 
 saw the word " Dig" cut on a tree, and when they turned up the soil they found 
 a small supply of provisions. The party that had been left in charge of the 
 camp had remained a month and a half longer than they had been told to wait, 
 hoping for the return of Burke and Wills, but their own provisions becoming 
 scarce, and no sign of the man Wright, who had been told to follow closely on. 
 Brake thought it unsafe to remain there longer, and started off the very 
 day poor Burke and Wills arrived at the camp, weary and hungry. On the 
 evening they entered the camp, after having found the provisions at the foot of 
 the tree, the three nuMi, Burke, Wills and King, made a hearty supper; then for 
 a couple of days they rested their weary bodies But it was dangerous to remain 
 long, for at the best the provisions would only la.st to take them safely back to 
 the River Darling. Burke wished to go to Adelaide, because at Mount Hopeless 
 there was a large sheep station, and he thought it could not be more than 1 50 
 miles away. Wills was opposed to this. " It is true," he said, " Menindie is 
 350 miles away, but then we know the road and are sure of water all the way." 
 Burke could not be persuaded and they set out for Mount Hopeless. I-'ollowing 
 Cooper's Creek for many miles, they entered a region of frightful barrenness. 
 Here, as one of the camels became too weak to go further, they were forced to 
 kill it and dry its (lesh. They followed the creek into marshy thickets, made a 
 halt and found they had scarcely any provisions left, while their clothes were 
 
3S 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 falling to pieces. Their only hope was to reach Mount Hopeless as speedily as 
 possible ; they shot their last camel, and whilst Burke and King were drying its 
 llesh, Wills struck out to find Mount Hopeless, but no one knew where to look 
 for it, and after trudging over the dreary wastes, he came back unsuccessful. A 
 short rest was taken, and then they all started .southward, determined this time 
 to reach the Mount. But they were too weak to travel fast, and wandered on, 
 day after day, over the dreary plains, and still no sign of a hill, till at length, 
 within fifty miles of Mount Hopeless, they gave in. Had they only gone but a 
 little farther they would have seen the summit of the hill, but just at this point 
 they lost hope and turned to go back. Again a weary journey antl they reached 
 Cooper's Creek, but now with provisions for only a day or two. Burke said he 
 had heard the natives of Cooper's Creek lived chiefly on the seed of a plant 
 they called the nardoo, and if they could find a native tribe they might learn 
 where to find the seed. Accordingly, Burke and King set out to find a native 
 encampment, and finding one, they were kindly received by the blacks, who 
 showed them how to gather the little black seeds from a kind of grass. They 
 returned to Wills and began at once to gather the seed, but found that they 
 could scarcely find enough for two meals a day by working from morning till 
 night, and when evening came they had to clean, roast and grind it, and although 
 it was nutritious for the blacks, it was not so for them. It made them sick and 
 gave them no strength. It seems that fate was against them, for while they 
 were at this place a party visited the camp, intending to bring them relief, but 
 when they arrived there they saw no sign of them, although the unfortunate 
 men had been there only a few days before. Burke thought that by this time a 
 relief party might have reached the camp, and W^ills offered to go and see if 
 anyone was there. He started by himself, and after three or four days reached 
 the place, to find it deserted. He could find no trace of its having been recently 
 visited, and turned back again to share the doom of his companions. He now 
 began to endure fearful ^angs of hunger ; one evening he found an encampment 
 that had been abandoned by the natives, and around the fire were some fish 
 bones which he greedily picked. Next day he saw two small fish floating dead 
 upon a pool, and they made a delicious meal for the poor fellow. He was 
 rapidly sinking from hunger, when suddenly he met a native tribe. The black 
 men were exceedingly kind ; one carried his bundle, another helped him along, 
 and they led the gaunt and emaciated white man to their camp. They gave him 
 a little food, and whilst he was eating he saw a great quantity of fish on the fire ; 
 for a few minutes he wondered if they could possibly be for him ; at length they 
 
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 were cooked and a large supply set before him. The natives gathered around 
 him and clapped their hands with delight when they saw him eat heartily. He 
 stayed with them four days, and then set out to bring his friends to enjoy like- 
 wise this ample hospitality. It took him some days to reach the place where he 
 had left them, but when they heard his good news they lost no time in starting to 
 the camp of the natives. They were weak and travelled very slowly, and when they 
 reached the camp the natives were gone. Their feebleness overcame them and 
 they sank down in despair. All day they tried hard to prepare nardoo seed, but 
 their strength was too far gone, and now it was a grim fight with starvation. 
 Wills' mind began to wander, and he wrote a letter to his father. Dr. Wills, of 
 Ballarat, saying, " I think I will live four or five days." Burke thought now that 
 their only chance was to find the blacks, and he and King set out for that purpose. 
 They did not want to leave poor Wills, but no other course was possible. They 
 laid him softly within the hut, and placed at his head enough nardoo to last him 
 eight days. Wills asked Burke to take his watch and the letter he had written 
 to his father ; the two men pressed his hands, smoothed his couch tenderly for 
 the last time, and set out. There, in the silence of the wilderness, alone, with ' 
 only the trees to sigh their regret, he died. Burke and King walked on their 
 desperate errand. On the second day Burke iay down, saying he could go no 
 further. King entreated him to make another effort ; he dragged himself to a 
 clump of bushes, where he stretched his limbs wearily. " He asked King to take 
 his watch and pocket-book, and if possible, to give them to his friends in Mel- 
 bourne. He asked King to remain with him until he was dead ; he would like 
 some one with him at the last. He spoke with difficulty, but told King not to 
 bury him, but to let him lie above ground with his pistol in his hand. They 
 passed a dreary, lonesome night, and in the morning Burke's life was ended. 
 King wandered for some time forlorn, but stumbled upon an encampment where 
 the natives had left some nardoo seed. 
 
 When Wright and Brake returned to Victoria with the news that there 
 was no sign of them at the depot, all the colonies showed their solicitude 
 by organizing relief parties, to start at once, thinking they might still be 
 alive. Queensland offered ^500 to assist the search. In following the course 
 of Cooper's Creek they were led to the district where Burke and Wills 
 had died. Several natives brought them to a hut where King was sitting, 
 pale and haggard, and wasted to a shadow. He was so weak that he could 
 scarcely speak, but after a day or two of good food his strength slightly 
 came back. They proceeded to the spot where the body of poor Wills lay, and 
 4 
 
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 30 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 interred it decently. Then they found the thicket where the bones of Burke lay, 
 with the rusted pistol in his hand, and wrapping a Union Jack around them, 
 dug a grave. When King returned and related the sad story, the Victorian 
 Government sent a party to bring the remains of Burke and Wills to Melbourne, 
 where they received the melancholy honors of a public funeral, amid the general 
 mourning of the whole colony. 
 
 I was much interested in this sad story, as some part of it was told to me on 
 the ship on my journey across the Pacific, one of the passengers remembering 
 well when the expedition started which ended so sadly. I went to see the 
 monument, which stands on Spring Street, erected to the memory of the two 
 explorers. It is a large monument, with the life-size figures of Burke and Wills. 
 On each of the four sides of the pedestal is cut the four events in their journey — 
 the triumphal start on one side, the return to the deserted camp, and the tree 
 with the word " Dig," and at last the death of the poor fellows. The letter 
 which Wills wrote to his father I have seen in the museum at Melbourne. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 ■m 
 
 ^HE desire to possess gold is a strong — perhaps the strongest — passion in 
 the heart of man. The hardships endured to get it seem almost 
 beyond human endurance. I do not refer to speculators, to stock 
 brokers, to railway kings, but to the men who started out with pick, shovel and 
 pan, and dug the earth for this treasure — here, where mental acquirements were 
 of no avail, but where physical endurance, patience and hardihood were the 
 necessary characteristics. 
 
 From the years 1844 to 1848 New South Wales experienced great depression. 
 Hot winds and floods destroyed the crops and ruined the farmers. Among the 
 most unfortunate of these squatters was Edward Hargraves. He had been in 
 the colony for twenty years, and expected to be in a position of comfort, but this 
 ruinous season dispelled his dreams. Just about that time gold was accidentally 
 discovered in California. Hargraves made up his mind to try his fortunes in 
 America, and embarked for California. After a great deal of hard work and 
 disappointment he succeeded in coming upon some very satisfactory ground, but 
 during his journeyings around the Sierras, he noticed that the California gold 
 fields bore a singular resemblance to a portion of the Bathurst district in New 
 South Wales. In the Sierras he noticed bold peaks of granite, while in the Blue 
 Mountains of New South Wales the same characteristics were present. Even 
 the color of the soil was the same. Hargraves thought to himself that if any 
 faith could be placed in resemblances, gold fields certainly existed in Australia. 
 He wrote to a friend in Sydney : " I am forcibly impressed that I have been in a 
 gold region in New South Wales, within 300 miles of Sydney, and unless you 
 knew how to find it you might live for a century in the region and know nothing 
 of its existence." 
 
 He had a friend who tried to persuade him to remain in America, and said 
 to him : " Do you suppose that you have only to go to Australia and immediately 
 find out what all the geologists have been unable to discover .'' They have 
 searched these mountains, and if they could have made their fortunes by finding 
 a gold field, you may be sure they would have done so long before this." Har- 
 graves was not at all convinced by his friend's argument, and started on his 
 homeward journey across the Pacific. While on the ship he became eager and 
 excited, and dilated to the passengers on his expectations. But they only shook 
 
 [31] 
 
32 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 their heads and smiled sadly, and at last they came to the conclusion that the 
 man was insane. After a few experiences of this kind he resolved to keep silence 
 on the subject, perceiving how improbable his theory appeared to others. 
 
 In Janua, y, 1S51, Hargraves arrived in Sydney, and proceeded to visit a 
 few friends. He spoke of his plans, but they, too, treated him as a visionary. 
 He was obliged to borrow money from men who regarded him with suspicion, 
 and, although he promised to pay the debt in a few months, he was obliged to 
 pay over a hundred per cent, for the loan of a few pounds, with which he bought 
 a horse and a supply of provisions. He could not prevail upon any friend to 
 accompany hin., and being too poor to pay for assistance, he started alone on his 
 journey to find the goln nelds that he was sure existed, but which his friends 
 thought existed only in his imagination. On the second day he began the ascent 
 of the Blue Mountains by the Hathurst road. In front of him stood the 
 tremendous rocks of the range, that ^►'•*med to bar all entrance beyond. On the 
 other side of the plateau he passe J through the Vale of the Clwyd, and descended 
 the face of the cliffs by that alarming and extraordinary road known as Sir 
 Thomas Mitchell's Pass. Beyond this lay the beautiful country occupied by the 
 squatters of the Bathurst district, and on the next part of his journey travellers 
 were more numerous. Inns were placed at intervals of ten or twelve miles along 
 the road ; but in every one of these places a general feeling of depression was 
 evident. One of the inn-keepers was complaining of the state of depression in 
 all the country, and Hargraves could not refrain from hinting at the object of his 
 journey. " Do you know," said he, " that the reason I have come all the way 
 from California is to change all that, and bring about a better state of affairs." 
 On hearing his scheme the landlord could not forbear a smile of incredulity. He 
 had heard of many foolish enterprises designed to raise the. country from its 
 depression, but this, he said, was the maddest project he had yet heard. Har- 
 graves was not to be discouraged and resumed his journey. Owing to the 
 denseness of the forest it was impossible to see far ahead, and in trying a short 
 cut to Guzong, he lost his way in the bush. Darkness overtook him, and he 
 groped about in the woods for several hours. At last he succeeded in getting 
 the road again, and reached Guzong safely. But this little misadventure caused 
 him to feel that perhaps he was not so well acquainted with the country as he had 
 imagim^d. He was obliged to inquire for a guide to take him through the thick 
 forest to the valley of Summerhill Creek, which was his destination. Mrs. Lester, 
 the landlady of the Guzong inn, was much interested in the object of his expecta- 
 tions, although not hopeful about the result. She told Hargraves that her son 
 
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AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 33 
 
 knew the country well, and would be willing to act as guide. On the morning of 
 February 12, 1851, Hargraves and his guide started from the inn on horseback, 
 carrying a tin dish, a trowel, and a small pick. It was midsummer, when the 
 almost tropical rays of the sun make the least exertion oppressive. They had a 
 journey before them of great difficulty, for their way lay along the dry bed of the 
 creek, across which trees, stones and rock were piled in great confusion. Not a 
 word was spoken as they pursued their journey, for the mind of Hargraves was 
 occupied by the most intense strain. He knew that the events of an hour or two 
 would determine his destiny — whether he should figure before the world as a 
 great discoverer, or as a disappointed visionary. At length, after fifteen miles 
 of arduous travelling, Hargraves espied a portion of the country which had so long 
 been present to him in visions. His memory had not deceived him, for there 
 were the slates, the trap rocks, and granite, while all around he could see heaps 
 of gravel and pieces of quartz. The journey had almost exhausted his strength, 
 and in spite of his excitement and eagerness, Hargraves quietly sat down on the 
 grass. He pointed to the banks of the creek, saying, " Now, at last, we are in 
 the gold fields ; in a short time I shall test whether they are worth anything or 
 not. Meanwhile, the first thing to be done is to make dinner." They turned 
 their horses loose and prepared a rude meal, which they ate in silence. But 
 Hargraves could not long maintain his calmness. He swallowed his food as 
 quickly as possible, and, springing to his feet, he seized the implements. In 
 front of him he saw a bank of red earth and clay, mixed with half-formed stone 
 and slate. Having scratched off the surface with the pick, he brought out a little 
 earth and gravel with his trowel. Then, placing it in the pan, he went to a water 
 hole, mixed it up and washed out the earth. There, at the bottom of the pan, he 
 could distinguish just one small grain of gold. " There it is," he exclaimed, 
 and showed it to his companion. They washed out five panfulls, and in four of 
 them they found gold. " This is a memorable day in the history of New South 
 Wales," said Hargraves, as he stood with the dripping prospect pan. Then he 
 exclaimed: "For this day's work I shall be created a baronet, you will be 
 knighted, and my old horse will be stuffed with straw and sent to the British 
 museum ! " The youth took this seriously, as he acknowledged afterwards ; for 
 it seemed to him that the man who could find gold in such a wilderness could 
 bring about almost anything. After a long day of hard work and excitement, 
 they returned, very much exhausted, to the inn, where Hargraves immediately 
 wrote a memorandum relating what had occurred during the day. He intended 
 to give this to the Colonial Secretary, but he wished tc determine first the extent 
 
34 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 
 of the area in which gold could be found. Next day he set out again. They 
 had eighty miles to travel before reaching the Macquarie River. Hargraves 
 hastened on his work as much as possible, for he was already beginning to be 
 troubled with that nightmare of all discoverers — the dread of being anticipated in 
 the important announcement. Hargraves made his way to another district 
 further on towards the interior, which he remembered as bearing a close reseni- 
 blance to a gold field. Having travelled a distance of more than loo miles from 
 Bathurst, he arrived at Dubbo, and here he visited a friend whom he knew, 
 named Cruikshank. The house of his friend stood immediately in front of a 
 stream called Mitchell's Creek, and Hargraves boldly asserted to him that he 
 would find gold within twenty yards of the door. The man was utterly incredu- 
 lous, but Mrs. Cruikshank was eager for a trial. They stepped out of the door- 
 way, and Hargraves, after washing a panful of earth, showed them, to their 
 astonishment, several small grains of gold. The woman was delighted, and in a 
 few days she had gathered enough gold to make several rings, which she kept as 
 a memento of the discovery of the Australian gold fields. Hargraves had now 
 seen enough to convince him of the importance of his discovery, and set out on 
 his return journey to Sydney. On being shown into the office of the Colonial 
 Secretary, he produced a small box full of fine gold dust, and stated that it was 
 the produce of a few days' work in a district which he had discovered in New 
 South Wales. Mr. — afterwards Sir Edward — Thomson received his statement 
 with suspicion, and candidly told his visitor that he could not believe any such 
 report. In the early days of settlement a convict had been flogged for having, as 
 he himself admitted, tried to pass off some brass as a nugget of Australian gold. 
 And on several subsequent occasions the Government had nearly been duped into 
 giving rewards for pretended gold discoveries. Above all, the Colonial Secretary 
 reflected that the eminent geologists, Stryelecki and Clarke, although aware of 
 the existence of auriferous quartz throughout various parts of the colony, had 
 never given any hints of genuine gold fields such as those of California. "It is 
 very hard for me to believe that a gold field can possibly exist in New South 
 Wales," said he. " Surely these geologists would have discovered it before this 
 time. And besides this," he added, " you must remember that as soon as Australia 
 becomes known as a gold-producing country, it is utterly spoiled as a receptacle 
 for convicts." Hargraves assured him that he was not to be deterred by any 
 consideration of that sort. If the convicts and gold fields could not exist 
 toijether, then so much the worse for the convicts. And he certainly did expect 
 the Government to reward him for so important a discovery. He desired the 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 35 
 
 Government to give him, as soon as he should prove the existence of a gold fi(;ld, 
 the sum of ^500 as compensation for his trouble and outlay. The Colonial 
 Secretary closed with his offer, and the Governm<"nt geologist was deputed to 
 accompany Hargraves and ascertain whether his reports were true. About thirty 
 men followed the two travellers. The excitement of the crowd was intense when 
 they reached the Macquarie, and Hargraves showed the geologist that the soil was 
 richly impregnated with gold. Immediately pans and cradles were in recjuest, 
 and so profitable was the ground that within two weeks about ^10,000 worth of 
 gold had been unearthed. In Sydney the news created the wildest confusion. 
 Men whose faculties had lain dormant for years, now started into activity. Some 
 started for the gold fields prepared to work hard ; others had no idea that hard 
 work was required. Some of them shouldered a shovel to lift up the gold, and a 
 bag to carry it home, and thus equipped, went forward to make their fortunes. 
 The consetjuence was that many were grievously disappointed. Hargraves was 
 appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands at a salary of ^^300 per annum. '\\\v 
 Parliament ot New South Wales voted him the sum of ^10,000, inclusive of the 
 ^^500 which he at first received. Victoria added to this sum £2,^(x>. In addi- 
 tion he received testimonials from citizens of Sydney and Melbourne to the value 
 of ;^i,ooo. He was honored as a benefactor to his country. 1 am indebted to 
 Mr. George Sutherland, M. A., for the above facts. All the letters which passed 
 between Hargraves and the Parliament can be seen in the museum at Sydney. 
 
 In the same year in which gold was discovered in New South Wales it was 
 discovered in Victoria, the southern portion of Australia, by a man named 
 Esmond. Near the place where the city of Ballarat now stands has been found 
 the largest amount of gold ever yet discovered in the world. The facts in relation 
 to these gold fields are exciting in the extreme. In 1862 two men arrived in the 
 district, very poor. Their names were Deeson and Oates. They selected a 
 place for operation, and erected a puddling machine, driven by horse-power. 
 During the first two or three years they were rather fortunate. They unearthed 
 a nugget worth about ^100, and then another valued at ^400. They were now 
 above want, but then came four years of very bad luck, and in 1869 they found 
 their money entirely gone. They could get no credit at the stores, although 
 they were sober and industrious. On Friday, February 5th, Deeson sent to the 
 store for a bag of flour, promising to pay for it in a few days. It was refused. 
 Having no money, he found for the first time his family in actual want of bread. 
 After fifteen years of hard work, they were worse off than on their arrival. 
 When they went to work that morning they were both in a savage mood, for 
 
36 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 
 their land was nearly worked out ; the farther they went upward the less gold 
 they found. Deeson plied his pick in some hard, brick-like clay around th' -'^ots 
 of an old tree, breaking up fresh earth and tearing away the grass fr ie 
 
 surface of the ground. He aimed a blow at a clear space between two branches 
 of the roots and the pick, instead of sinking into the ground, rebounded as if it 
 had hit upon quartz or granite. "Confound it!" he exclaimed, " 1 have broken 
 my pick." A minute afterwards he called out to Oates, and told him to " Come 
 and see what this was." It was a ma.ss of gold cropping .several inches out of 
 the ground. As it was disclosed to view the men were lost in amazement at its 
 enormous size. It was over a foot in length, and nearly the same in width. 
 Their joy was great, indeed. Here, after years of toil and actual want, their 
 fortune was found. It was unsafe to keep the nugget with them, and still more 
 dangerous to carry it to Melbourne, a distance of loo miles. So they stopped at 
 the London Chartered Bank, while a large crowd gathered around. Deeson 
 stepped into the bank, and having requested to see the manager, asl- him 
 " How much would you give for a lump of gold as big as your head ''he 
 
 manager ordered him out, thinking he was drunk, but seeing th(; crowd .n the 
 door, he .stepped out and looked into the cart. His tone altered immediately and 
 the two diggers were requested to enter. When the nugget had been deposited 
 on the floor of the banker's room, the amount of pure gold was 2,26SJ/!^ ounces. 
 The sum given for it was nearly $50,000. They named the nugget the 
 "Welcome Stranger." The model, or cast, is in the museum, which I looked at 
 with a great deal of curiosity, after hearing the history and struggles of the two 
 men who found it. The nugget was found at Moliagul. 
 
 There are large quantities of gold being found at the present time at all the 
 principal gold fields — Ballarat, Sandhurst, Eaglehawk, Creswick, Maiden, Arrarat 
 and Walhalla. Nuggets are sometimes found, varying in value from $50 to $10,000. 
 Two new alluvial gold fields have been recently discovered, namely, Kimberly, 
 situated in the northern part of Western Australia, and Tetulpa, in South Aus- 
 tralia. A silver mine, said to be the richest in the world, has been discovered at 
 Silverton, New South Wales. The out-put of silver from this mine averages 
 80,000 ounces a week. Rich silver mines have recently been discovered in 
 the northern part of Queensland. 
 
 Diamonds have been found at Kingara and the Cudgegong River in New 
 South Wales, in the Ovens district, and several places in the vicinity of Beech- 
 worth, in Victoria, and in the beds of several of the tributaries of the Gilbert 
 River, in Queensland. Nine hundred and twenty diamonds were found at one 
 
ess gold 
 th' -'^nts 
 fr iC 
 
 branches 
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 in width, 
 lint, their 
 still more 
 stopped at 
 Deeson 
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 wd .11 the 
 liately and 
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 y^ ounces, 
 ugget the 
 1 looked at 
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 in, Arrarat 
 to $10,000. 
 Kimberly, 
 South Aus- 
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 Premier Building Associari on 8tDeposil^ Bank, 
 
 Melbourne. 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 37 
 
 mine at Kingara. Rubies, sapphires and garnets are found in several of the gold 
 fields. Agates are found in the creek beds of the Gilbert River district in 
 Queensland. Opals, emeralds and amethysts are found in Western Australia in 
 the Kimberly districts. The superstition in regard to opals seems to be unknown 
 in this country. I have seen more opals in one jeweller's window in Melbourne 
 than ever before. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 •^^^^ VERYONK, on arriving in Australia first, has a curiosity to see the 
 1^7^^ kangaroo, an animal that is found in no other part of the world except 
 ^—^ Tasmania. I can remember, when a child, in my natural history 
 lessons, looking with great interest at the picture of a kangaroo, and all readers 
 know that it is marsupial and carries its young in a bag or pouch, which is at 
 the breast ; and, in time of danger, it is amusing to see the little ones spring into 
 this pouch and the mother jump away with them, for she does not run, but jumps, 
 on her hind legs only. They are the most gentle-eyed creatures in the world, and 
 in the Zoological Gardens, where many of them are kept, they come up to be 
 fed, and submit to being stroked, while looking at you inquiringly with their 
 large, soft eyes. 
 
 There are several large varieties of these strange animals. The forester is 
 the largest, standing six feet, and weighing one hundred to one hundred and forty 
 pounds. The brush is the size of a sheep, and the wallabi is rather larger than a 
 cat. The curious little creatures, the kangaroo rat and the kangaroo mouse, are 
 diminutive animals of nocturnal habits. The kangaroo has become a nuisance to 
 squatters, and hunting parties are organized to shoot them ; as many as a 
 thousand have been shot in a day. Their mode of defence is striking with the 
 hind feet, which are very powerful. At the extremity of the foot there is a long, 
 sharp claw, and woe be to the unwary dog that goes within reach, for, when 
 brought to bay, it strikes a powerful blow. 
 
 A gendeman was telling me, who had been on a hunting expediticn, that 
 shooting the young ones was by no means pleasant, as their cries resemble that 
 of a young child in distress, — ^a plaintive cry that, he said, sounded in his ears for 
 ilays after. The skin is used for leather, and, when left with the hair on, makes 
 rather pretty rugs. 
 
 The birds are very numerous, and the plumage beautiful, but one misses the 
 musical notes of our northern birds. The emu is to be found here. In size, 
 form and habits it is very like the ostrich. It is swift in flight and very wild. 
 The eggs arc large and of a deep green color. There are a few ostrich farms 
 here. Some of these immense birds stand six feet in heighi. Some of the 
 feathered tribe are remarkable for the singularity of their notes. There is one 
 called the coachman, or whip bird, which has a note like the crack of a whip ; 
 
 [38] 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 39 
 
 another the bell bird, about the size of a sparrow, " rings out a peal like village 
 chimes." The most remarkable of all is the bird called the laughing jackass, 
 which almost startles one with a laugh that is sardonic, satanic and satirical. 
 
 The magpie, the most mischievous of birds, is easily taught to speak, sing 
 and whisde. Then the gorgeous parrots, paroquets and cockatoos are very 
 numerous. The bird of paradise is a most beautiful bird. Among the birds of 
 prey there is the vulture, so fierce that when pressed by hunger it will attack the 
 natives themselves, but it is rarely seen. The white eagle is more common and 
 is about the size of a goose. The cockatoos live to a great age. A gentleman in 
 New South Wales had one that was in the family one hundred years. There is 
 the pelican, a very ugly looking bird ; it is about three times as large as a goose, 
 and has an immense bill. Altogether, it is the ugliest thing in the shape of a 
 bird I have ever seen. While I was looking at one, part of that beautiful poem, 
 " From Death to Life," came to my mind : — 
 
 " Have you heard the tale of the Telican, 
 
 The Arab's gemel-el-bahr. 
 That lives in the African solitudes 
 
 Where the birds that live lonely are ? 
 Have you heard how it loves its tender young, 
 
 And toils and cares for their good ? 
 It brings them water from fountains afar 
 
 And fishes the sea for their food. 
 In famine it feeds them — what love can devise ! — 
 The blood of its bosom, and feeding them dies." 
 
 Then there are numbers of that most graceful of all birds, the swan. There 
 is the white and black swan to be found here, and again these lines came to my 
 
 mind : — 
 
 " Have you heard the tale they tell of the Swan 
 
 That snow-white bird of the lake ? 
 It noiselessly floats on the silvery wave ; 
 
 It silently sits in the brake. 
 For it saves its song till the end of life, 
 
 Then, in the soft, still even. 
 'Mid the golden light of the setting sun 
 
 It sings as it soars to Heaven, 
 And the blessed notes fiiU back from the skies ; 
 'Tis its only song, for in singing it dies," 
 

 CHAPTER X. 
 
 ^^HERE is one animal in Australia that deserves special mention, although 
 Y it is difficult to know how to classify it. as it is neither flesh, fish, nor 
 fowl. Scientists have puzzled their brains for some time over this 
 strange thing called the Platypus. When first discovered it was sent to England to 
 the naturalists for classification. But the scientific men of that country said 
 " the Australians were playing a practical joke on them ; that they had sent an 
 animal with fur on, and had stuck the bill of a duck on to it, and that it was not 
 well stuck on either. But they afterwards discovered that nature had fastened 
 the bill on, and it does look as though she had left her work in an unfinished 
 manner. I have looked at the strange animal with a great deal of interest, and 
 it is the only thing I have seen that could, to my mind, substantiate Darwin's 
 theory, for here is an animal that is certainly undergoing a great change. What 
 the oH^inal was it is difficult to determine, but what it is now — its habits and 
 peculiarities — has been discovered. It is part bird, part animal, and part fish. It 
 looks like a small beaver that has borrowed a duck's bill for masquerading pur- 
 poses. The animal is small, brown and velvety, with most beautiful fur, not 
 unlike seal skin. The fur is used for all purposes that ordinary fur is used for. 
 It is found in almost every river in Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania. 
 I saw an article in one of the Australian papers in regard to the manner in which 
 the platypus suckles its young. I give it to my readers as it was written : — 
 
 " The puzzle now seems to be to account for how the young platypus man- 
 ages to suckle. It will be seen, upon examination, that the bill of the platypus 
 overlaps, that is, the top projects some distance ovei' the lower. This prevents 
 it from being able to attach itself to the breast of the female ; and as there is no 
 teat whatever, not even a bare spot on the breast, it is obvious that there must be 
 some other means for the young to procure the milk. There is no possible difference 
 in th(! fur on the breast from that on the back, and no sign of mammary glands to 
 be detected by the naked eye. However, if a female with young is taken and 
 pressed firmly in the hand, holding the breast upward, the milk will exude on 
 to the breast on both sides between the front and back flappers or fins. The 
 milk is exceedingly rich, and will not run off the fur. The mother, to give her 
 young milk, lies on her back, and, by pressure of nerves on the milk glands, 
 
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 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
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 causes the milk to exude on to the breast fur, whence it is sucked up by the 
 young. This is the true solution proved by observation." 
 
 The eggs of this strange animal are about the size of pigeons' eggs. It has 
 been proven that it lays eggs and suckles its young. Truly an interesting " link" 
 in natural history. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 WILL not attempt to describe all the trees, or flora, of Australia, as it 
 would require a book of no small dimensions, so numerous and varied are 
 the varieties. There is the great family of the eucalypti, or gum tree. Asa 
 fever preventative the qualities of this tret are well known. The native cherry 
 tree attains a height of about twenty feet. The peculiarity of the fruit formation 
 is that the stone grows on the outside of the cherry. The tree fern, one of the 
 most beautiful specimens of the vegt;table world, is found in all its luxuriance in 
 the upper part of the river valleys in the coast districts, and in the gorges and 
 ravines of the mountain regions. I wish I had space to describe to my readers 
 the beauty and varieties of the ferns to be seen in Australia. From the delicate 
 maiden-hair to the tall sturdy fern tree, there is a gradation that furnishes study 
 for the botanist and pleasure for the lover of the beautiful. There are fern 
 trees which grow to the height of ten and some twenty feet. Imagine a fern 
 tree with its waving fern fronds overhead, while at your feet creep the green, 
 feathery, delicate sprays of maiden-hair. 
 
 The gigantic nettle is one of the singular trees indigenous to Australia. It 
 is found in the scrub jungles of the coast district, where it reaches a height 
 frequently of loo feet. The leaves are large, and on the under part there is a 
 poisonous fluid. The sting from this fluid is very severe, and horses and cattle 
 have been known to die after coming in contact with it. The acacia is well 
 represented. Over a hundred species have been discovered. The Australian 
 oak, of which there are various species, is to be found in different parts of the 
 continent. There is a variety of palms. The cabbage palm attains a height of 
 1 20 feet. The young embryo leaves are soft and very pleasant to the taste. 
 They are cut out of the young trees and used as food by the aborigines. When 
 roasted it is quite palatable. 
 
 Among the most beautiful flowers to be found in Australia is the orchid, of 
 which there are many varieties. The magnolia trees are extremely beautiful. 
 The exquisite lily tree, which grows to a height of twelve feet, with its wax-like 
 flowers, is almost perfect in its delicate coloring. But, notwithstanding the 
 beautiful trees and flowers which are to be found in Australia, the landscape 
 effect is monotonous. I miss the running brooks and mossy banks of my own 
 country, the autumn tints of our Canadian forest, for here in Australia the grass 
 
 [42] 
 
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AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 43 
 
 is brown and sccrched with heat, and in many instances there are miles and miles 
 of sand, and one can imagine one's self in an Arabian desert. Farther on can 
 be seen the seared grass and eucalyptus trees, with their gnarled and twisted 
 branches, that look as if nature had made an effort to see into what strange, con- 
 torted shapes she could form a tree. The.se trees always make a strange impres- 
 sion on my mind— as though I was looking at a human being, deformed, writhing 
 in pain with long arms, twisted and contorted in agony. 
 
 The long periods of dry weather constitute the most dreaded feature of 
 
 Australian life. In some parts of the country three years have been known to 
 
 i»ass and no rainfall. Sheep die by hundreds, and the squatters are ruined 
 
 financially. Then again the rain falls in torrents, sweeping everything before it, 
 
 bridges and houses, and frequent loss of life has occurred from these freshets. 
 
 The i.i'jst oppressive feature in connection with Australian life is the hot wind. 
 
 It is not unlike the sirocco which visits Italy and other countries in the south of 
 
 Europe. It is difficult to write about the temperature, for I think it the most 
 
 capricious temperature in the world. The changes through which one pas.ses 
 
 sometimes in a day are astonishing- -rain, heat and cold. In January of this year 
 
 .._i887— in Melbourne, the thermometer stood thus : Thursday, 97° in the shade ; 
 
 Friday, 98' ; Saturday, 99 ; Sunday, 104° in the shade and i 53" in the sun. At 
 
 Rockhampton, Queensland, it was 125° in the shade. Water boils at 212, but I 
 
 think blood boils at 104°, as I am certain that mine did that terrible Sunday. 
 
CHAPTER XH. 
 
 ^^^OME of the natives or aboriffiiies of Australia possess a faculty or art 
 ^^^ OIK? scarcely knows how to name it which is truly wonderful. I'hey 
 
 ^*--^ might well be called human blood-hounds, for if put on the track of a crinv 
 inal, they hunt him down with an instinct that is marvelous — over sandy hard 
 roads where a white man fails to discern the faintest trace of footsteps, through 
 tangled forests, across streams until the fugitive, criminal or thi(;f is found. It 
 is necessary to k(;ep them isolated, or, at lea' t, in their savage state, for by con- 
 tact or association with Europeans they lose this strange faculty. The Ciovern- 
 ment is just awakening to the advantage of this strange gift, and many of the 
 natives are employ(;d for the purpose of tracking criminals. 
 
 Just a few days ago a man in this colony — Victoria — was riding on horse- 
 back and was stunned in some way, falling from his horse, where he lay for some 
 time. Partially recovering, he wandered into the bush in a semi-conscious state 
 and was lost. Here let me tell my readers that there is no place in the world 
 where one can get so inextricably tangled as in an Australian bush. The friends 
 of the missing man started in .search, many [jeople assisting who were familiar 
 with the bush, but they could find no trace of him. They were about to give the 
 man up for lost, when as a last resort they put the " black-trackers" — as they are 
 called--out, and in a short time they discovered him. 
 
 A few years ago a banker went to the gold diggings to buy gold from the 
 miners. .After purchasing he started homewards, but was murdered by the way- 
 side. His horse and carriage were found, the vehicle showing signs of a struggle, 
 as it was bespattered with blood. Putting the "black-trackers" on the road, 
 they showed them the track of the carriage wheels, and following up the trail 
 with unerring in.stinct, they came to a shanty occupied by two men, about twenty 
 miles from the scene of the struggle. The men were arrested on suspicion, but 
 none of the gold could be discovered. The house was .searched and at length 
 pulled down, but still no trace of the gold. The " black-trackers" were observed 
 to go round and round an old stable, that was built by putting four posts in the 
 ground. They stopped before one of the supports, pointed downwards, and upon 
 lifting the post the gold was found underneath. 
 
 The two men were convicted and hanged for the murder. I could mention 
 hundreds of instances of their skill, which seems almost supernatural. Perhaps 
 they possess the long-talked-of and much-discussed sixth sense. 
 
 [44] 
 
 i 
 
^ZW BUILDINGS IM COLLINS ST FOF\ C h. JAfvlES ESQ. 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 45 
 
 It seems almost incredible, while looking around on this fair land, that it 
 was at one time the refuge of the convict, the home of England's worst criminals, 
 the scene of horrors which make the llesh creep to mention, where the 
 sound of the lash was daily hearil as it descendi-d on the bare back and 
 shoulders of the prisoners, many of whom died from the terrible treatment they 
 received. 
 
 For many years New South Wales was a settlement for criminals. The 
 beautiful city of .Sydney was at one time only a criminal depot. New South 
 Wales, Van Dieman's Land and Norfolk Island were the penal settlements. 
 After being sent from I-lngiand, on their arrival in New South Wales, for fresh 
 misdemeanors and crimes conuiiitted there, the worst of the prisoners, the most 
 lawless and ungovernable, were transferred to Norfolk Island. It was the convict's 
 hell ; once there hope left them. The very name was a terror to them. The prisoners 
 were treated as brutes, not as human beings ; the worst part of their nature was 
 aroused, and after a length of time they degenerated into mere animals. The 
 usual mode of punishment was to place the prisoner on a triangle with the feet 
 fastened with thongs at the base of the triangle, the arms extended and the bare 
 back turned toward the man who held the "cat," and the refinement of cruelty 
 was reached when the warder compelled one prisoner to flog another. Hundreds 
 of instances occurred where prisoners died from the effect of the flogging, died 
 like dogs bruised and beaten to death. I leave it for my readers to decide which 
 was the most culpable, the transported criminal or the brute who flogged them 
 to death. The convicts were, many of them, undoubtedly of the worst type, 
 but did ill-usage ever, from the beginning of the world, tend to improve, soften, 
 or reclaim a human being .'' In many instances little boys were sent out from 
 England for some slight offence, sent to herd with the hardened criminal, to 
 listen to the groans and curses in the " Kingdom of Hell." They too were 
 beaten and flogged until life became unbearable, and many times their bodies 
 were found where they had thrown themselves over the cliff to escape the lash. 
 Here is an extract from " His Natural Life," by Marcus Clarke : — 
 
 Sylvia was resting on a bench that, placed at the summit of a cliff, over- 
 looked the sea. While resting there she became aware of another presence, and, 
 turning her head, beheld a small boy with his cap in one hand and a hammer in 
 the other. The appearance of the little creature, clad in a uniform of grey cloth 
 that was too large for him, and holding in his withered little hand a hammer that 
 was too heavy for him, had something pathetic about it. 
 6 
 
46 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 " What is it, you mite ?" she asked. 
 
 " Me thought you might have seen him, mum," said the little figure, opening 
 its blue eyes with wonder at the kindness of the tone. 
 
 "Him! Whom?" 
 
 "Cranky Brown, him as did it this morning. Me and Billy knowed him; 
 he was a mate of ours, and we wanted to know if he looked happy." 
 
 " What do you mean, child .''" said she, with a strange terror at her heart ; 
 and then filled with pity at the aspect of the little being, she drew him to her 
 with .sudden womanly instinct and kis.sed him. 
 
 " Oh ! " he .said. 
 
 Sylvia ki.ssed him again. 
 
 " Does nobody ever kiss you, poor little man ?" said she. 
 
 " Mothei used to, but she's at home. Oh, mum," with a sudden crimsoning 
 of the little f^ice, " may I fetch Billy ? " 
 
 And taking courage, he gravely marched to an angle of the rock and brought 
 out another little creature, with another grey uniform and another hammer. 
 
 " This is Billy, mum," he .said. " Billy never had no mother. Ki.ss Billy." 
 
 .She felt the tears rush to her eyes. " You two poor babies ! " she .said. 
 And then forgetting that she was a lady, dressed in silks and laces, she fell on 
 her knees in the dust, and folding tae friendless pair in her arms, wept over them. 
 
 j 
 
 When .Sylvia went away Tommy and Billy put into e.xecution a plan which 
 they had carried in their poor little heads for many weeks. 
 
 " I can do it now," said Tommy. ' I feel strong." 
 
 " Will it hurt much. Tommy ? " 
 
 " Not so much as a whipping." 
 
 " I'm afraid ! Oh, Tom, it's so deep ! Don't leave me, Tom ! " 
 
 The bigger boy took his little handkerchief from his neck and with it bound 
 his own left hand to Billy's right. 
 
 " Now I cant leave you." 
 
 "What was it the lady that kis.sed us said. Tommy .''" 
 
 " Lord, have pity on the--e two fatherless children," replied Tommy. 
 
 " Let's say it, Tom." 
 
 And .so the two babies knelt on the brink of the cliff and raising their bound 
 hands together, looked up at the sky and said, " Lord, have pity on we two 
 fatherless children !" .A^nd then they kissed each other, and " did it." 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 47 
 
 There is a great variety of snakes in Australia, many of them poisonous. 
 The most to be dreaded is the death adder. The name is suggestive, for the 
 bite is always fatal. It is not more than two and a half feet in length, thick, 
 and does not taper gradually towards the tail like other snakes. It is a dusky 
 brown with grey spots, and looks like a dried branch. Will stretch itself motion- 
 less on the ground, and never turns aside to avoid a person, but is never the 
 assailant, and will not bite unless trodden upon, or in self-defence. But people 
 are frequently bitten, as it lies so stiP, and looks .so much like a dried branch, that 
 people step upon it, and discover too late that they have been bitten by the 
 dreaded death adder. The unfortunate one does not tr)- remedies, as in ordinary 
 snake bites, as it has been proven useless. The only thing is to wait for death, 
 which occurs generally within tl.irty minutes after being bitten. 
 
 The black snake is poisonous and about four or five feet in length. This 
 one will not wait to be trodden upon, like the death adder, before it attacks, l)ut 
 frequently makes the attack. Fortunately its bite is not so fatal as that of 
 the death adder. 
 
 The whip snake, long and slender, of greenish tint, is poisonous, but its bite 
 seldom fatal. There are many varieties of water snakes, all exceedingl)' venomous, 
 and seme very large, with tails flat. 
 
 The green snake is venomous, but not dreaded. 
 
 The tiger snake is one to be dreaded, as its bite is very poisonous, 
 
 The diamond snake destroys by strangulation, bite harmless, length from 
 eight to eighteen feet. 
 
 There are more poisonous snakes in Australia than any place in the world 
 except India, but fortunately there are few people liitten, unlike India, where 
 statistics show more deaths from snake bites than from any other casualties. 1 
 have seen a very good picture painted by a young Australian artist, called " An 
 Unwelcome Visitor." It is a bush scene, in which a man has been disturbed by 
 the sight of a tiger snake just near him. The horror on the man's face is clearly 
 depicted, while the unwelcome visitor is admirably executed. 
 
 I 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 MELHOURNE, the capital of Victoria, has a popuhition of 371,000, 
 but the hirge suburbs take the resident population from the centre, 
 and the " correct " thing is to reside in either Toorak or St. Kilda, 
 both fashionable suburbs. irains run into the city from St. Kilda every ten 
 minutes. It is difficult to imagine Melbourne a " new " city, yet it is barely fifty 
 years old. It seems incredible that such a city could be built in so short a space 
 of time. Even to Americans, who are accustomed to the " newness " of every- 
 thing, Melbourne cannot fail to cause astonishment. But let my readers banish 
 all thought of comparing it to the so-called " cities " of western America. There 
 are no cheap, wooden buildings that look as though a wind would carry them 
 away, but everything is solid and substantial, and looks more like Chicago than 
 any place I can compare it to. The streets are block paved, and there is an 
 excellent system of cable cars ; the pavements are flag stoned ; the principal 
 streets ninety-nine feet in width. I will mention here, en passant, that owing to 
 the climate, the buildings are toned down and have an appearance of age. 
 Government House, architecturally, is not a thing of beauty, but it is large, and 
 the grounds are magnificent. It is occupied at the present time by Sir Henry 
 B. Loch. 
 
 There is a beautiful aquarium in the grounds of the Exhibition building, 
 where lovers of the " finny " tribe can see strange and beautiful specimens of 
 exquisitely tinted little creatures of the ocean world. The new Houses of Parlia- 
 ment, nov/ in process of erection, will be very imposing. 
 
 There is a splendid University, handsome churches, coffee palaces and fine 
 hotels ; and in speaking of hotels, there is one thing that I think everyone born 
 in America will agree with me in, that is the objection to the system of employing 
 bar-maids in all hotels and saloons. It is useless trying to get accustomed to it. 
 A woman looks strangely out of place behind a bar, selling liquor to men. No 
 matter who the woman may be, ever so low, ever .so degraded, there is generally 
 a trace of womanly grace or feminine softness about her, but this practice seems 
 to me to rob her of every trace of gentleness and grace. In nearly all hotels 
 they are employed ; many of them are very pretty, and if they were in America 
 a number of avenues would be open for them to gain a livelihood, but here in 
 Australia fewer ways are open to women. There is the domestic servant, the 
 
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AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 49 
 
 sewing girl and the bar-maid. The position of the bar- maid is pecuniarily a better 
 one than that of servant or sewing girl. 
 
 There are a number of beautiful theatres in Melbourne, the most charming 
 one being the " Princess." It is the most beautiful bijou theatre in the world. 
 New York or London have nothing to compare with it. Only in Paris can 
 anything so beautiful be found in the way of a theatre. 
 
 Australians are great lovers of the play, and Melbourne is the greatest 
 theatre-going place in the world for its population, and they are passionate lovers 
 of music. An Italian opera company is here now — brought out from Italy — 
 which gives the finest compositions of the best composers, and the house is filled 
 nightly. 
 
 I'he Botanical Gardens are marvels of beauty. There, where everything 
 grows with tropical luxuriance, the small bushes become trees, and it looks strange 
 to northern eyes to see plants on which so much time and care are spent in 
 Canada, growing into tall trees. The oleander grows to the height of fifteen 
 feet. A rose bush is a rose bush no longer ; in this country it becomes a tree. 
 And then the most beautiful of all, to which I cannot help referring again, is the 
 fern tree. 
 
 There are several handsome streets in Melbourne — Elizabeth, Flinders, 
 Swanston, Bourke and Collins, the two latter being the principal thoroughfares. 
 Collins is the fashionable street, where the beauty and wealth congregate in 
 the afternoons to "do the block." The ladies of Melbourne dress well and 
 handsomely, much more expensively than the ladies of Canada, and in better 
 taste than those of America. They evidently have an artistic eye for harmony, 
 for here you do not see women looking as though they had purchased their 
 clothes from a second-hand clothing store. That is, they do not wear a dress of 
 one color, a hat of another, gloves of a different shade, and so on, but if they dress 
 in white they are sensible of the harmony of color, and dress in all white ; if in 
 black, all black ; if in grey, gloves, hat, parasol, ribbons, are all grey. Like 
 Parisienne women, they are particular that everything shall match. P2ven though 
 they may v ear an outre color, it will not offend the eye, because it will all har- 
 monize. But they lack the individitality of dress which characterizes the American 
 women. In America women have come to understand that the same fashion can 
 not be adopted by the tall, the stout, the fair and the dark. But in Melbourne, 
 although taste in color is allowed to have scope, the manner in which the garment 
 is made will not change. If it is fashionable to have a skirt or costume elaborately 
 trimmed, everyone follows that rule. The a'Sthetic maiden and the portly dame 
 
 I 
 
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M 
 
 i . 
 
 50 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 all appear in garments made precisely the same. The cook, the bar-maid, the 
 serving girl, the lady of leisure, all the same cut of garments. But they have the 
 advantage of Canadians in the iilea of harmony, that is, their gloves, dress, 
 hat, etc., are one color. A theatre or opera house in the evening in Melbourne 
 is a very pretty sight, as tin; ladies all, or n(;arly all, appear in evening dress. It 
 is a rare thing here to see a lady at a theatre except in evening dress. Many 
 Canadians have adopted the custom of Americans, in going to a theatre with hats 
 or bonnets on, oftentimes making it impossible to see the stage. Here such a 
 thing would not be allowed. There is a cloak room for hats, cloaks and bonnets. 
 The theatres are not buiU like American theatres. In Australia the orchestra 
 chairs are the stalls, and are the second best sea's in the house. The first 
 seats are in the parquette, which is raised much higher than in America. 
 There is a different entrance to each. People who do not dress and wish low 
 priced seats, take the stalls, but I have not seen any lady in the panjuette except 
 in evening dress, since my arrival in Australia, and it is a much prettier sight 
 than the street dress worn by many Canadians and nearly all Americans. 
 
 The Zoological (jardens are well worth visitin^-, and many strange animals 
 are to be seen there : animals from India, Japan, America and Africa, tropical 
 birds and poisonous snakes, and, much to my amusement, a Canadian ^OfJ^ has 
 been given a large plot of ground, is labelled, and looked upon as one of the 
 curiosities. A ^oosc is nothing in his own country, but remove him from his 
 plebeian surroundings, take him to a strange country, put him in a zoological 
 garden, labelled, and he really assumes a dignity hitherto undreamed of. 
 
 I visited the museum in connection with the University of Melbourne, and 
 found there a world of wonders. Three or four days could be profitably and 
 pleasandy spent among the dry bones of this animal world of curiosities. The 
 first thing which attracts the attention outside the museum is the skeleton of a 
 whale, ninety feet in length, which was caught a short distance from Melbourne, 
 at Port Philip. The huge monster became stranded on the beach and could not 
 get off, and the result was that its bones are now one of the curiosities of the 
 museum. Probably most of my readers have read of the Moa, the wonderful 
 bird which at one time belonged to New Zealand, but is now extinct. It has 
 been extinct for many years, for even the Maoris had never seen it. When New 
 Zealand emerged from the ocean, the moa came with it. Some writer has said 
 that " it was a bird that re<|uir(xl a country b) itself," and retired when smaller 
 animals appeared. Think of a bird fifteen feet in height ! The large ostrich is 
 but a pigmy in comp.u-ison. It is winglttss and tailless, with immense .strong, 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 51 
 
 heavy feet, and powerful legs. " Its bony skeleton is the best lecturer upon 
 natural history — more impressive than all lecturc;rs that ever opened mouth and 
 labored away for hours to tell us what these dry bones say in their grand silent 
 language." While looking at the huge skeleton the words came into my mind, 
 " For there were giants in those days." The giants have passed away, belonged 
 to another age ; the mastodon, the moa, have had their day, have served their 
 purpose ; nothing remains to tell the story but the dry I)()nes and eyeless 
 sockets. 
 
 During my stay in Melbourne, the greatest land "boom" that has ever risen 
 in any country, has risen here — a veritable South Sea Bubble. Land has sold 
 for fabulous prices. On Collins Street several large blocks sold for $10,000 a 
 foot. One block, which cost $250 fifty years previous, was disposed of for 
 $2,500,000. At a distance of three and four miles from the heart of the city 
 land is .selling at from $1,000 to $3,000 a foot. 
 
 M. Comellant, one of the Commissioners sent out from Paris to the Exhibi- 
 tion at Meli)Ourne, was dining at the French Club. His health was proposed, 
 and, in returning thanks, he dwelt upon the pleasure he had received from his 
 visit to Melbourne and upon the apprehensions indulged in by his family when 
 he set out upon what appears to be such a formidable journey to most Parisians. 
 One excellent lady of his acquaintance remonstrated with him on the impropriety 
 of going so far from home at his time of life, as he might possibly lay his bones in 
 an Australian grave. " But," said the speaker, " 1 have since assuage'.d her 
 anxiety in that point, for I have apprised her by letter that land is so awfully dear 
 in Melbourne, that I could not afford to buy even so small an allotment as a 
 grave, and therefore I must return to France to die on the mere; ground of 
 economy." 
 
 Some colossal fortunes have been made, notably by Sir W. J. Clarke, 
 Baronet, Sir Jamc^s McBain, Mr. G. W. Taylor, Hon. M. H. Davies, lion. C. 
 H. James, to all of whom I am indebted for kindness shown mv.. 
 
^1 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 r, I 
 
 /» .]■. VHH beautiful I''li;iiiington race-course is the scene of many an e.\':iting 
 'fly race, and the great gala day is when the Melbourne Cup is being con- 
 -*^ tested. On that day all the wealth, fashion and beauty congregate at 
 the famous race-course. The grand stand, which accommodates 10,000 people, is 
 filled with handsomely dressed ladies. Cloak rooms, retiring rooms, etc., are 
 nicely fitted up for the accommodation of the [leople. At the last "Cup" race 
 there were about 150,000 persons present, and more than $i,coo,ooo changed 
 hands at the course. I had the pleasure of seeing one of the most e.xciting races 
 that had ever been run, when the beautiful little horse " Trident " won the Aus- 
 tralian Cup by about half a head, from his rival, " Nelson," both horses being 
 valued at nearly their weight in gold. At that race the owner ol "Trident " won 
 $30,000 in about four mitintes. After the race was over I went down to the 
 paddock, and it was a pleasure to see the slim-limbed, thorough-bred creature, 
 with nostrils red and quivering, and I thought of Kit Carson's ride and the 
 magnificent 'Pache. Even the most phlegmatic individual can not suppress an 
 exclamation and shout of enthusiasm during a race at the Flemington course. 
 The .steeple-chase is the most e.xciting, for the jockeys often get terrible tumbles. 
 In the short space of four months six riders have been killed. In England, 
 during the steeple-race, the horses are not run full speed, but " take" the hurdles 
 quietly ; while in Australia the horse is not slowed down before taking the leap, 
 but jumps while going at full speed. One can imagine that the rider's chance of 
 escape is very small if a horse falls, which it fre(iuently does. It is a sickening 
 sensation to see horse and rider go down, at the rate of speed in which they run. 
 One hears the exclamation of horror, and the question, " Is he killed ? Is he 
 killed .'' " and sees the involuntary shudder running through the whole assemblage. 
 The jockeys in Australia are not a " bad lot " by any means ; they, too, are a class 
 by themselves, and give to the Australians a great deal of pleasure and excite- 
 ment. The " bookies " are another distinct class, and any dishonesty on their 
 part disqualifies them for life ; any failing to pay their betting debts their license 
 is taken from them. The laws and rules of the turf are very stringent. At the 
 present time Lord Deerhurst — the Governor's Aide — is having some difficulty 
 with one of the " bookies," the noble lord having refused to pay a betting debt. 
 At the last race which I attended among those present were Sir H. H. Loch, 
 
 [52] 
 
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AROUND THE WORLH. 
 
 53 
 
 Lady Loch, Lord Carrington, Lord Deerhurst and Lord Sandhurst, allowing the: 
 tuft-hunters and " toadies "—which, like other vermin, are to be found in all 
 countries — an opportunity to "grovel." 
 
 En passant, I will say that the dresses which arc; worn at the " Cup " are 
 put on exhibition in the window of a fashionable; draper a week or two previous 
 to the race. 
 
 A number of women were sitting near me at th<; race, and I was much 
 amused at the comments they made, and their criticisms of costumes worn by 
 
 other women. " There is Mrs. . She always wears that dress to the races. 
 
 I have seen her here twice with that same dress. Th(;r(; is Miss . .She 
 
 don't look well at all — falling off wonderfully. There is a dress ; see, it is per- 
 fectly horrible ; and there is Mrs. with a dress which looks just like one I 
 
 had made in Paris. But there is Lady ; s/w looks well ; so refmed ; so lady- 
 like ; always looks well in anything." 1 pondered long over this latter part of 
 the conversation, and wondered much whether that same garment put upon plain 
 
 Mrs., mstead of Lady , would have looked .so well in the eyes of these 
 
 women. 
 
 There is a beautiful promenade in front of the grand stand, and aft(;r (;ach 
 race, while the "books" are being made, the ladies take the; opportunity of 
 showing their handsome toilettes. At the race in which " rrid(;nt ' won, the 
 distance was two and a quarter miles in four minutes and lour seconds. All the 
 races here are run on the " turf," or greenswanl, the hf)rses all Ijeing without 
 shoes while running. 
 
 If the literature of a country is an inde.\ to xhv. character oi its people, then 
 Australia must have a population of warm-hearted, frank and generous persons. 
 Although the country is young, it has produced more wril(;rs than Canada. One 
 writer's memory — that of Marcus Clarke — is fresh in ilu; minds of Australians, 
 and all feel a pride in his writings. He died poor — as most literary people do — 
 about five years since. His widow is living in Melbourne, and a charming woman 
 she is. After his death the Government gave her a position, which affords her 
 and her seven children a modest competence. The work which gave him his 
 reputation — " His Natural Life " — is a story of the; early convict days in the 
 colony, a book which no one can read unmoved. It is said that the characters 
 were all taken from life, and by many people it is ranked with Dickens' best 
 (;fforts. For pathos it is unequalled, and reminds m(; forcibly of " L(;s Misc;rables," 
 Victor Hugo's best work. The book sells well in Lngland, and I thii-.k every 
 Australasian has read " For the Term of His Natural Life." 
 7 
 
54 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 
 The writer's own life would be well worth writing, one in which tray;ecly and 
 comedy were stran}j[ely combined. Always poor, many times arrested for debt, 
 writing at his story late into the night, addicted to drinking, making friends easily, 
 he produced one of the saddest of all sad books. 
 
 B. L. Farjeon is an Australian. Many people have mistaken him for an 
 Englishman, but he is an Australian, born and bred. Several of his best stories 
 were written here, but, strange to say, they were not appreciated, so he went to 
 Londi^)n, where his reputation was at once established, and where he is at present. 
 Nearly everyone has read his " Blade o' Grass," " Little Griff," and his London 
 story, "Great Porter House Square." 
 
 J. Kingston, whose letters appeared in the Argus, has written a most inter- 
 esting book called " The Australian Abroad." It is a book of travel, and unlike 
 many works of travels, is not dull. The writer gives an interesting sketch of 
 Egypt, India, the Holy Land, Java, New Zealand, and other countries. He is 
 at present travelling, and will no doubt write another soon. 
 
 Mr. Julian Thomas, who writes under the nom dc plume of "The Vaga- 
 bond," to whom I have referred in an early part of iny book, should be read by 
 all lovers of strange truths. 
 
 John Lang has written some clever books of early colonial days. A. V . 
 Morrison has written "Sketches in Russia," giving a description of that country. 
 There are other Australian writers, but I have mentioned a few of the best. 
 Among the poets are Kendell and Adam Lindsay Gordon. Many of my 
 readers will be familiar with Gordon's poems, which are worthy of more than a mere 
 passing mention. His wild, weird, strange style cannot fail to make an impres- 
 sion upon the mind. There is a tinge of sadness running through all his poems, 
 and there is an exquisite beauty in his alliteration — 
 
 " And sickly, smoky shadows through the sleepy sunlight swim." 
 
 The "shadows" gathered around him, and he was found in the heather near his 
 home with a bullet from his own rifle in his brain. 
 
 In America, when we speak of a squatter, the term applies to poor people 
 who are given a small piece of land, on which they drag out a miserable existence, 
 as a rule. In Australia the squatters are the wealthiest class of the community, 
 many of them having a bank account of half a million pounds sterling. It is to 
 this country that the impecunious earl or lord of England sends his still more 
 impecunious son to "gather in" the shekels and the daughter of the wealthv 
 squatter. 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 55 
 
 During a season of drouth one squatter has lost as many as 80,000 sheep, 
 and the thing most desired is rain, as the lack of it means ruin, while a downpour 
 ensures a fortune, the profits on an average station being — in a good year — 
 $50,000. Sheep raising is the most important industry in Australia, and the 
 country is rightly calleil " The Land of the Golden I'leece." 
 
 The first thing that strikes a traveller or stranger on arriving in Australia 
 is the peculiar names of towns and cities. Here are a few : Merricumbene, 
 Jillaga, Xerrigungah, iNadbiiliga, Cadjaiigarry, Bullanamang, Murrunibucka, 
 VVoolumla, Tingaringi, W'ollonbilldy, Nurenmerenmong, and Coppacumbalong. 
 These names, although looking so formidable, are really soft-sounding and 
 euphonious. 
 
 Australians have a peculiar call by which they make themselves heard at a 
 great distance. The word used is "coo-ee." One hears it in the cities as well 
 as in the bush, and it strikes the ear in a peculiar manner when first hearing it. 
 A party of Australians were in London, and one of the ladies of the party, while 
 in the street, found she had lost her friends by some means in the vast crowd. 
 For a time she was at a loss to know how to make herself heard, but suddenly 
 she gave the well known "coo-ee," and her friends, recognizing the familiar sound, 
 were soon at her side. But imagine the surprise of the London cockney on hearing 
 this strange call ! It originated with the aborigines, and can be heard at a much 
 greater distance than any other call. 
 
 Through the kindness of the Railway Commissioners, who gave me a free 
 pass, I have been enabled to visit all parts of the country. Railways trains in 
 Australia are the same as in England. There is the same system of guards, 
 guard's vans and compartments, comfortably cushioned, which seat about six 
 persons. Many people object to the English carriages, and dislike the idea of being 
 locked into ont; of these compartments, as in case of an accident there is no 
 possible way of getting out. Latterly in Australia the doors have been left 
 unlocked on some of the lines. On all trains there is a carriage or compartment 
 set apart for women who are travelling alone, but none of the carriages are 
 heated, and 1 have suflered more with the cold while travelling by rail in this 
 warm country, than ever in America, even when tlie thermometer registered 30° 
 below zero. All the employees are civil and obliging, answering questions that 
 are asked by helpless, incapable travellers, good naturedly assisting with bag- 
 gage, which, by the way, is not checked except for very long journeys. On short 
 distances, for instance, of a day's travel, your baggage is simply labelled with the 
 naiiKt of your d(;stination. On arriving there you claim your baggage, but there is 
 
 I 
 
56 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 nothinj^ to prcvt'iu suinc one (;lst; cla'iniii<j^ it and walking off with it, leaving you 
 hatless and sIioi'Il-'s. The railway uithorities are not responsible for the loss of 
 any baggage, and it is with a feeling o\ uncertainty that one sees their baggage 
 put into \.\\Ki van, for \ov\ may never see it again. I think it must be one of the 
 pleasu'.es of travelling for an I'lnglishniun and Australian to know they will have 
 a scramble for then' boxes at the end of a journev. Thev must like it, or the 
 chec'v svsteni would be introduced. The Government owns all the railwavs in 
 the various colonies, in fact the Government owns and controls nearly all things 
 in .Australia. On the si.xth of June I gave a dramatic recital in Geelong, assisted 
 by Mr. Kirkwood Lee, i Can:ulian, the finest tenor singer in Australia, and Herr 
 Se' 'e, pianist. It mav be interesting to my readers to know that Herr Seide's 
 father made; a tmn- through .Vmerica with Madam Anna Bishop, and is now the 
 leader of th(^ Melbourne " Leii.lertafel" —the leading musical society of the capital 
 of V'irroria Geelong is a city of 30,<ioo inhabitants, and was an important place 
 )'ears before th<'. foundation of Melbourn(\ and was the headquarters from which 
 all the gold diggers set out in the early days, being fifty iiiites from Hallarat. In 
 1853-4 tne fare froni (ieelong to Hallarat was forty-five- dollars, the mode of 
 conveyance; being a ijullock team. .\t the present time a first-class railway ticket 
 costS f v(; shillings. To an American or Canadian the country in Australia looks 
 verv strange, and rather tlreary. One misses the little hamlets and home-like 
 farm houses, for in Australia nearly the entire population is centere/' in the cities 
 anci tow'i.j. the whole country, with few exceptions, being immense sheej) farms, 
 manv of the wealth) squatters owning or leasing from the Government estates 
 ranging in area from ii;n to one hundred .square miles. The tenclei^.cy is the 
 .same as in l'^ni.^l,uid. namely. .f"or the wealthy cl.iss to acquire all the land. On 
 th=^ eighth of June 1 gave a reading in Ararat, a place noted in early days as one 
 of the richest .illuvial gold fields ever discovered in Australia, the population 
 at one time, consisting principally of miners, being estimated at eighty thousand. 
 I was pleased to lean, tnat a Canadian, Mr. Kilborn, a son y^^ Captain John 
 Kilborn, 'if .\ew')oro. Le-eils Co., Ontario, was for many years the post-master 
 and telegraph ^uoerinii neleiit ;u Ararat. The scenery about this place is very 
 beautiful. Ilillarai, ,1 cii\ of forty thou.sand, was to me the most interesting city in 
 all Australia It is surrounded by high hills of volcanic origin, and it is in this 
 place that in, un < I the. large: nuggets of gold have been found. On all sides are 
 seen the nnning* shalis, the hills torn, and in many instances almost wholly cut 
 through. In the; cit\ is situated the celebrated " Band and Albion " mine, the 
 shafts and e!'nve;s of which are one hundred and lirty-three miles in length. 
 
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 3, 
 
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AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 57 
 
 Many of the mines are underneath the city, and oik; cannot help wondering what 
 would be the result of a good lively eartht[uake. 
 
 So far, 1 have said little about the people of Australia, feeling tha^ it is a 
 delicate subject to write about the people of any country, but a book written upon 
 Australia with the characteristics of the people not mentioned, would not be unlike 
 Hamlet with Hamlet left out. Australia is not a cosmopolitan country, being 
 almost entii ;ly made up of English peoiMe and their descendants. Unlike 
 America, with its French, German, Irish, Spanish and Hnglish population, each 
 nationalitv bringmg some ot its own characteristics, Australia is pre-eminently 
 English. The di.slike of the Australian people to Americans is proverbial, and I 
 think about the lowest term they could apply to a person would be " V.inkee." 
 TheyJook \.\\)0\\ Canada with a little more favor, it being a sister colony, but still 
 they regard us as aliens, and think us more Frciu/i than English. That idea is 
 perhaps kept alive by the many writers who visit Canada, and write almost entirely 
 about the French portion of Canada, Quebec. Mr Julian Thomas, the descrip- 
 ti\'e writer for the largest paper in Melbourne, in writing about Canada, dwells 
 largely upon the French elements, their m::nners and customs. He is a gentle- 
 man for whom I have friendship and esteem, one whose fjualitii's I admire, but I 
 think in his sketch on Canada he is likely to give an erroneous idea to his readers, 
 giving the impression that Canada is almost entirely French. 
 
 Every author who writes about Australia — as he is an.xious to sc;ll his books 
 here —gives to the people and the country untiualified praise, describes the country 
 as the most beautiful in the world, and the people as having the power of Jove, 
 wisdom of Minerva, and the beauty of Apollo. 
 
 The over-weening self-esteem which is so apparent to strangers, is not sur- 
 prising when one reads a book such as the historian FroucU; has written. I refer 
 to his "Oceanica." He matle a flying tri]) through Australia, then wrote his nicely 
 worded " Oceanica." He turned the rivers upside down, [)ut mountains where 
 none existed, created be.iutiful scenery when; there was only scrub, moved the 
 cities and towns at his pleasure ; but it did not matter as long as he gave the 
 Australians the flattery to which they had b(;come accustomed, and which is like 
 sweet-smelling incense to their nostrils. 
 
 They have great love for a title. .Any titled person visiting Australia and 
 there art? many is at once: "disheil up in the daily papers to an extent that is a 
 surprise to any one from .Vmctriea. One sees in a Canadian [laper a " jjersonal," 
 
 " Lord is at tht; Queen's, Rossin House, or Windsor, and that is the end. 
 
 iiut in Australia they do things differently. Every moxcment of the above- 
 
 fcij 
 
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 in 
 
 58 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 mentioned lord would be chronicled — why he came, from whence he came, and 
 whither he is going. All that is rather tiresome reading. I was rather amused 
 at the remark of an English gentleman. He said to me, " There is no aristocracy 
 in America." I replied, '' Yes, there is an aristocracy in America — the aristocracy 
 of brains — a society that is exclusive, one in which no titled noodle can enter 
 unless he has something to recommend him besides the accident of birth." 1 am 
 aware that there are people in the United .States and Canada who make them- 
 .selves ridiculous by their admiration for "a lord." 'I'here are shoddy people all 
 over the world, but I was speaking of the cultivated, intellectual portion of my 
 own country and the United States. I am frequently reminded of the young 
 Englishman who was in the United .States, dining with a number of Americans. 
 He said ; " I do not care for this country ; you have no gentry here." One of the 
 gentlemen asked : " What are we to understand you mean hy gentry? " " Why 
 er — er — peopl ■ who never do any work, er — and whose fathers never did any." 
 The gentleman replied, " O, yes, we have people like that in this country, but we 
 do not call them by that name. We call them tramps," 
 
 1 have read articles in the Melbourne papers, written by English travellers, 
 in which great stress is laid upon the correct pronunciation of the English 
 language by Australians, and again I have been amused at the .same papers giving 
 certain words and expressions as " Yankeeisms." The fact is that the Australians 
 speak the English language in a manner that is peculiar only to Australia. It is 
 neither an English nor American accent. For instance, I have heard a child ask, 
 " Did you see the powny ?" and have been puzzled to know what was meant. 
 The word pony is pronounced /ozc;/)', the word skate is skitc, tail becomes tile, 
 gate ''■/, gitc, lady is liday, etc. 1 could give thousands of i'lustrations, but these 
 few will enable my readers to see the very peculiar turns the English language 
 may take. I have aii idea, one in which I am firmly established. It is that if 
 Australia were cut off from all communication with England and America, that in 
 a hundred years they would .speak a language that would be unintelligible to 
 others, with no trace of the Anglo-Sa.von tongue. In fact, they would evolve a 
 new language. The love of England is strong in their hearts — love of English 
 laws and customs. Even those who have never seen lingland speak of "home" 
 as lovingly as thcnigh they had but recently left an English home and fireside. 
 Many more members of the aristocracy visit Australia than Canada. Many of 
 them own large estates in Australia, and come out either on business or pleasure, 
 it being quite de rigi^'Oiii for an English earl or lord to make a trip to the 
 colonies. 
 
 l..^lttuL~ 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 59 
 
 Hi; 
 
 I have mentioned the aristocracy of birth, and will now mention the aristocracy 
 of bi'iiins. Charles Dickens has two sons residin<r in Melbourne. Ellen Terry 
 has a brother in Sydney. Miss liraddon's brother resides in Launceston. Last 
 night's Herald records the death of a remarkable woman, who had lived in 
 Melbourne about five years. x'\ sketch of her life is worth recording, for is it not 
 true that the aristocracy of brains is much rarer than that of birth? In 1882 
 there arrived in INIelbourne a most remarkable woman, who, though a celebrity in 
 Europe and America, lived quietly in Melbourne without attracting the smallest 
 public attention. Her name was Hortense Heuze Hazard, and it is safe to say 
 that a more brilliantly accomplished woman never visited the colonies. A 
 sculptress, held by many European authorities, when in Rome, to be the greatest 
 living ; an authoress, having written much, both in prose and verse; and a linguist 
 whose knowledge of languages extended to French, German, Italian, English and 
 Russian, all of which she spoke fluently, and with the literature of which she had 
 an intimate acquaintance. The lady left, among other works from her own chisel, 
 three beautiful pieces of statuary, which have been exhibited in Rome, England 
 and America, and pronounced by the critics to be beyond all praise. One of them 
 is emblematical of " Peace." Another work, which has been pronounced one of 
 the finest pieces of modern sculpture, is " I am Left Alone." A bereaved mother 
 is depicted with her two little children ; the elder is gazing up at her grief-stricken 
 countenance, as if to ask the cause of her woe, while the little brother, too young 
 to be anything but selfish, is regardless of his mother's emotion, playing with a 
 bird he has caught. The posturing of the figures is almost life-like. The marble 
 from which this was wrought was obtained from a quarry which has been 
 exhausted, and has the peculiarity of giving a silvery, metallic ring. Among her 
 rare and valuable possessions were .some magnificent paintings, some veritable 
 Correggios. 
 
 I must not forget to mention the brother of Lord Wolseley, who resides 
 near Melbournt: on a large estate. A grandson of Robert Rurns resitles in New 
 Zealand. 
 
 I have spoken of the loyalty of the Australian people, but they have not 
 yet learned to distinguish between servility and loyalty. With them a king can 
 do no wrong. A queen, because she is a f|ue(;n, is hedged in by Divinity. In 
 this I can not hi.lp making comparisons between Australians and Canadians. 
 There is in Canada a spirit of independence, a knowledge of power within itself 
 which seems entirely l.itking in Australii If ;i (juestiun is raised in Canada, the 
 people feel quite competent to deal with it themselves, and the thing to he decided 
 
6o 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 I. 
 
 is whether it is best for the country. Not so in Austraha. The question is : n<j 
 they do so in England ? forgetting that what may be l)eneficial in P^ngland, may 
 not serve for Austraha. Australia is a country with a magnificent future ; also a 
 country of "magnificent distances ;" but, until the people are more cosmopolitan 
 in their views, they will never become a great people. 
 
 One; hears the term " larrikin " freciuently used, a name given to the rough 
 element in Australia. All misdemeanor is attributed to the "larrikins,' but I 
 have seen more ill-breeding on Collins .Street —the fashionable promenade — 
 among the well dressed women, more bad mannered women, than any place in the 
 world. The women of Australia are just at the dress stage. At the expiration 
 of another fifty years the\ may cultivate their minds. I must do the people 
 iustice, and do not wish to speak harshly, but 1 think most travellers will agree 
 with me in my judgment of Australian v\omen. The peojjle arc; very musical ; in 
 fact, out-door sports and music occupy their time, to the e.\clusion ol any higher 
 form of intellectual activit)'. 
 
 There is one thing that is particularly noticeable in Australia among tht; 
 working classes, in fact, among a// classes Thc;y " take their pleasures sadly." 
 There is an entire absence of anything like hilarity. They are not a laughter- 
 loving people. 1 have never, in Australia, seen a group of merrv, laughing girls. 
 They seem to ha\e taken up the Inirden of life early. I miss the sparkling eyes, 
 the bright manner, the happ\ girlish laughter, of Canadian girls. Even the 
 children wwt okl men and women before they are out of pinafores. I am 
 reminded of the person, who in speakiir^ of the celebrated Dr. Johnson, saiil he 
 would make all the littk: fishes talk like whales, in fact I hav(> seen no cliildrcit, 
 but many premature old men and wom.'n. 
 
 American childn^n have the n'putation all over the world f)f being precocious, 
 but the\' are at least fifty years behind the Australian children in [)recociousness. 
 One does not rc'quire to look long lor the cause. Wm'. people are, as 1 have 
 l)i;fore said, in th(; "dress" stage. The little girls are taught that to be well 
 dressed is the aim and object of their little lives. I see daily small girls with 
 bustles, pads, lorii\ircs. dress iniprovc-rs, and all the paraphernalia ot iashion. 
 Anything like a lilllc .;'/// 1 ha\c yet to see. I am speaking of the ualii-: born 
 Australian child, not of ihe children of I'.nglish people. My eyes Itaz'C been 
 refreshed with the sight of a simply dresseil, comfortable looking little English or 
 
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 I'lie prim, preiise, sell-complaceiu miles of liiiiii,mlt\ wlii.li one 
 
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 .\uslr.ilia are the jiroilnet ol arlilicial nioiiieis, uoi 
 
 ni n who 
 
 ha\e not siitticient 
 
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AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 6i 
 
 self-culture and independence to dress, train, and educate their children differently 
 from the so-called "custom." All the world over the laws of "custom" are 
 held as sacred as the Decalogue by the Bourgeoisie. 
 
 It is a rare thing to meet with a lady who is possessed of business ability ; 
 but how much rarer to meet one who, by her capacity for business, has gained a 
 world-wide reputation. Miss Alice Cornwall, of Melbourne, has accomplished 
 what few men could have done, by going to England and successfully floating a 
 gold mine, the " Midas," making four hundred and eighty thousand dollars profit 
 for herself. She is well known by her title of " Princess Midas." Miss Cornwall 
 went to England, and notwithstanding the disadvantages which a woman must 
 necessarily labor under, she, alone and unaided, floated this large company. 
 She was fully able to explain the workings of the mine, and teach the share- 
 holders many things of which they were wholly ignorant in regard to mining. 
 
 While in England she purchased a newspaper, " The Stmday Times" she 
 being the sole proprietor ; also the patent rights for the Australasian colonies of 
 a light called the " Schanschieff Light," which she successfully floated in Mel- 
 bourne, making another large fortune. Having heard and read so much of Miss 
 Cornwall, I was desirous of seeing her, and naturally expected to meet n^.her an 
 elderly, masculine woman. Judge of my surprise when a young lookino^, hand- 
 some lady appeared, and after shaking hands cordially we seated ourselves, and 
 I .soon felt that I had known her for years. She converses in an easy, natural 
 manner — a woman with a cultivated mind, a woman who would not be. content to 
 talk drivel to fashionable fools. In the course of our conversation I asked her if 
 she would be content to lead a conventional life with nothing more to interest 
 her than the average society woman. She answered me in her energetic manner : 
 " I am sure I should do something desperate." Her life is full and complete, 
 with plenty to occupy her time and mind, and I left her feeling that I had met a 
 " noble woman nobly planned." 
 
 ^i!^ 
 
 I. *= h 
 

 CHAPIER XV. 
 
 jjl 
 
 ^HE great event in Australia, the Cup Race, took place on the first clay of 
 November. The day was beautifully fine, and an immense number 
 of people gathered at Flemington, the world-renowned race-course. 
 People of all classes, grades and positions jostled each other ; the titled gentle- 
 man and grocer, the Governor and pawnbroker, the artist and "bookie," the 
 author and jockey, the lady of rank and the green-grocer's wife, the fastidious 
 woman and the demi-monde. The handsome dresses of the women, the beautiful 
 lawn, the many colored habits of the jockeys, the magnificent thorough-bred 
 horses, all make a picture that Australians may well be proud of About 160,000 
 people were present, many Americans being among the number, and several titled 
 ladies and gentlemen from England. Among the distinguished Americans 
 present was Major Henry C. Dane, the celebrated lecturer, who was on a visit to 
 Australia, gathering information for his famous lectures. I had the pleasure of 
 meeting him several times during his stay in Melbourne, and a more genial person 
 it would be difficult to find. His descriptive powers are unsurpassed, and while 
 listening to his wonderful word-pictures of scenes in many lands, his strange, 
 weird experiences, this thought enters one's mind, " Now I understand why the 
 great gift of language was given to man." 
 
 On the lawn there was a constant moving to and fro, while the grand stand 
 was filled with people anxious to see the great race. At last the jockeys were 
 weighed, and mounting their horses, they rode out on to the course. Hales, the 
 famous jockey, riding " Cranbrook " ; " Silvermine," the beautiful little black 
 horse, being ridden by Alec Robinson; "Dunlop" carried Saunders, while 
 " Australian Peer" was ridden by the young jockey, Gorry. There were eighteen 
 horses started in the race, but I have given the names of the favorite riders only. 
 The race was 2^ miles, and after a little delay, they stood in a line, some of the 
 older horses standing like statues, waiting for the word "go," while the younger 
 horses moved uneasily. At last the word was given, and the many-colored line 
 started, every horse running at its full speed. There was scarcely a sound to be 
 heard from the immense crowd. In a short time some of the horses were seen to 
 gain a little; then the excitement grew intense, amid cries of " 'Silvermine' is 
 ahead ' " " ' Australian Peer' will win ! " " See, ' Silvermine ' is still ahead ! "' Then 
 another shout, and " Dunlop " is coming up, and then for a time these two 
 
 [62] 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 63 
 
 Iifcautiful horses, " Silvcrminc " and " Diiiilop," are riiiiniiig neck and neck. Tin; 
 excitement has reached the climax. Neck to neck, shoukler to shoulder, every 
 muscle strained, the horses are Hearing the winning post, when a shout goes up, 
 " ' Dunlop ' has won ! " Won the great race by half a head ! I )istance, 2 '4. miles ; 
 time, 3 minutes, sSj/^ seconds — the fastest time ever made. 
 
 The magnificent " Silvermine," the most beautiful horse on the Australian 
 turf, has had a strange recoril. He was second in the Newmarket Handicap, 
 Caulfield Cup, Sydney Cup, and Melbourne Cup. On the 2nd of January, iSSS, 
 during a race in Sydney, while the horses were coming into the straight, " Silver- 
 mine " fell, throwing his rider, Alec Robinson. They picked him up, but it was 
 found that his skull was fractured, and that night he died, while " Silvermine's " 
 back was broken, and he died two hours after the accident. Alec Robinson, the 
 winner of many classic races, and the gallant " Silvermine," will be no longer seen 
 on the Australian turf. 
 
 AC(I,IMATI/.\TION. 
 
 Fiverything belonging to the plant and vegetable wrjrld seems to flourish 
 with almost tropical luxuriance in Australia. J. A. Froude states in his " Oceania " 
 that the oats, barley, peas, beans and potatoes were produced in such luxuriance 
 in Ballarat that he could believe Herodotus' account of the crops grown on the 
 plains of Habylon. Unfortunately, it is not always the useful plant which grows 
 so luxuriantly. The water-cress, introduced into New Zealand some years ago, 
 has spread so rapidly as to choke up the rivers, involving a great outlay yearly 
 in keeping them sufficiently clear for navigable purposes. Some thirty years 
 ago a Scotch emigrant took with him to Australia a thistle in a llower pot. The 
 Scotch emigrants rejoiced greatly over the national plant, and a dinner was given 
 in honor of its arrival. Then it was carefully planted. It .spread with such 
 rapidity that whole tracts of land are rendered useless, as it defies extirpation. 
 Again, a missionary and his wife took with them from luigland a plant of sweet 
 briar and planted it, with pardonable pride, in the garden of their Australian home. 
 It spread with amazing rapidity, and from a small plant it developed into a large 
 tree, and is ecpially as troublesome as the thistle. While speaking on this subject 
 it may not be amiss to mention the great rabbit pest. Many years ago some 
 people from England arrived in Australia, bringing with them a pair of rabbits. 
 If I were to tell my readers the amount of money which has been expended in 
 trying to clear the paddocks of these little animals, I am afraid they would accuse 
 
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 me of romancing. Within the last five years $5,000,000 have been expended. 
 The Governments are building wire fences between the different colonies, the one 
 between South Australia and Victoria costing over $300,000. The Government 
 of New South Wales has offered $125,000 to any one who can successfully rid 
 that colony of the rabbit pest. M. Pasteur, the celebrated French scientist, 
 claims to have discovered in the microbes of the chicken cholera the means of 
 ridding the country of this great plague. His nephew is at present in New South 
 Wales making preparations for the experiment. One can not help thinking that 
 sentiment has been the foe of the colonist, but who would imagine the humble 
 sweet briar, Scotch thistle, and a pair of rabbits, could produce such havoc' 
 Thinking of these people bringing these things so many miles across the sea, I 
 am reminded of an affecting little scene which I witnessed in Sydney on the 
 arrival of a ship. An old Irish woman was standing on the dock watching the 
 ship come in, bringing her son from Ireland. After he landed he handed her an 
 odd-looking parcel. As soon as she saw it she reverently knelt down and kissed 
 it. It was a piece of sodixovci her native bog, a handful of Irish soil. 
 
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CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 ^ STARTED in May to visit Queensland, the northern and more tropical 
 portion of Australia, a distance of four days travel. The journey from 
 Melbourne to Sydney is by no means interesting. Allbury is on the border 
 of New South Wales, where we change cars, and the only thing which attracts the 
 eye is the beautiful waratah, the native flower of New South Wales. Arriving 
 in Sydney, the following day we take the coasting steamer " Gl. Langworth," 
 wishing to make the journey up by water and back by rail. One takes an Australian 
 coasting steamer with a feeling of uncertainty as to vhether one's destination will 
 ever be reached, or you will be landed on a rock in the Pacific. However, 
 we made the journey safely, with nothing more serious occurring than the usual 
 mal-detner. We passed within sight of the coast line all the way, and therein 
 lies the danger, as in case of a storm there is not sufficient sea-room, and 
 frequently vessels are wrecked on the dangerous coast. On the evening of the 
 third day at sea we entered the beautiful Brisbane river, with mangroves growing 
 on one side and graceful bamboo trees on the other. The foliage and 
 scenery on this river are very beautiful, and there are many little nooks that 
 would delight an artist. Nature seems to have planned this spot as a 
 surprise after the dullness of this gloomy, forbidding coast line. People were 
 rowing about the river in small row boats, hidden at times by a group of 
 mangrove trees, then suddenly appearing again from under the branches of the 
 beautiful bamboo 
 
 Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, is a small city of ninety thousand, with 
 streets nicely laid out and a number of handsome buildings, among the finest 
 being the National Bank of Queensland ; the manager is Mr. W. H. Glenny, 
 whom many of my readers will know, as at one time he was in Canada in the 
 British North American Bank in Montreal. It was a pleasure meeting some one 
 in this far-off land who was acquainted with some of my Canadian friends. All 
 the public buildings in Brisbane are handsome, as in fact they are all over 
 Australia. While in every city and town in Australia there are handsome 
 botanical gardens, the most interesting one to me is in Brisbane. The trees are 
 more tropical ; on one side there is a group of tall cocoanut trees ; the strange 
 bottle tree of Java, oddly colored foliage the ever graceful bamboo, and 
 numberless handsome palm trees. 
 
 [65] 
 
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 66 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 The museum is well worth visiting, as one sees many curiosities from the 
 southern seas, strange shells, beautiful coral, the implements used by the blacks 
 in early times, the war clubs, drums and spears used by the natives. In northern 
 Queensland there are more blacks than in any part of Australia. In Melbourne 
 one seldom sees a native ; they are rapidly dying off, but in Brisbane they are still 
 to be seen, and were, to me^ one of the sights of the place. I had heard a great 
 deal about the blacks throwing the " boomerang," and always had a great 
 curiosity to witness it. In Brisbane my curiosity was gratified. Thinking that 
 people who told about the natives throwing the "boomerang" were "romancing," 
 I was all the more struck with wonder when I saw it. The " boomerang " is a 
 piece of wood cut in half circular form, like a quarter moon, nothing more. The 
 black who threw it for us was as dirty and unkempt as blacks usually are, but I 
 forgot the dirt and untidiness when I saw him throw this weapon. He took the 
 thing in his hand, poised himself, and threw it. It went whirling through the air 
 at a terrific pace, traversed a circle of about 1,000 feet ; 'vurning in the air, it came 
 whirling round and round, and fell at his feet. He looked around with a smile, 
 again picked it up, once more sent it off whizzing and whirring through the air, 
 and again it came back to his feet. It looked almost like some supernatural 
 agency, and is one of the great feats of the blacks, as no white man has ever yet 
 learned to throw the " boomerang." 
 
 There are tropical fruits in abundance in Brisbane. I think the most 
 delicious pineapples in the world grow in Queensland ; bananas, date plums and 
 hundreds of fruits with which I was wholly unacquainted. My first experience 
 in eating guavas was in Brisbane. It is a fruit that looks like a small green 
 lemon, and I can assure my readers that a green lemon is much preferable to 
 guavas. However, people told me that it was an acquired taste. I have no 
 doubt of it, but it would take too long to acquire it ; life is too short. While I 
 was in Brisbane there was a great political contest between Sir Samuel Grifiiths 
 and Sir Thomas Mcllwraith. Sir Samuel Grifiiths is the Prime Minister of 
 Queensland. I had the pleasure of meeting him, and a more kindly, gentlemanly 
 person I have never met — one who cannot fail to be popular, and make many 
 friends, as he has all the geniality and savoir-faire of a man of the world. The 
 Hon. Mr. Dutton, Commissioner of Railways, kindly gave me a free pass, and I 
 was enabled to visit many places in Queensland. One could write a large book 
 on that colony alone, as it is particularly interesting — interesting to the traveller, 
 the geologist, the scientist, and the artist. 
 
 After remaining some time in Queensland, I started by rail for Melbourne, 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 67 
 
 wishing to make the journey overland in order to see the country. From Bris- 
 bane to Ipswich the road is rugged in the extreme. We pass through immense 
 cuttings and long tunnels, passing the coal mines from which Brisbane is supplied. 
 There is a gradual ascent from Brisbane to Toowoomba, the latter place being 
 2,400 feet above Brisbane, situated in the Darling Downs. We pass the opal 
 mines, from which so many beautiful opals are taken. These stones are seen in 
 great numbers in all the jewelry stores in Australia, and the mine seems inex- 
 haustible. The Queensland opals have a world-wide reputation. I have seen 
 large stones a foot in length and over, with a seam running the entire length, two 
 or three inches in breadth, of this lovely rainbow-hued stone. All the most 
 delicate tints are reHected, as though nature, in one of her generous moods, had 
 gathered together all her most beautiful colors in sea and sky, and then having 
 melted together moonlight and the hues of the rainbow, had suddenly solidified 
 and imprisoned all in a transparent prison. 
 
 THE BIRTH OF THE OPAL. 
 
 " The Sunbeam loved the Moonbeam, 
 
 And followed her low and high ; 
 But the Moonbeam fled and hid her had — 
 
 She was so shy — so shy. 
 
 The Sunbeam wooed with passion. 
 
 Ah ! he was a lover bold, 
 .'\nd his heart was afire with mad desire 
 
 For the Moonbeam pale and cold. 
 
 She fled like a dream before him. 
 
 Her hair was a shining sheen ; 
 And, oh, that F"ate would annihilate 
 
 The space that lay between. 
 
 Just as the Day lay panting 
 
 In the arms of the Twilight dim, 
 The Sunbeam caught the one he sought 
 
 And drew her close to him. 
 
 But out of his warm arms started. 
 And stirred by love's first shock. 
 
 She sprang afraid, like a trembling maid, 
 And hid in the niche of a rock. 
 
68 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 And the Sunbeam followed and found her, 
 And led her to love's own feast, 
 
 And they were wed on that rocky bed, 
 And the dying Day was their priest. 
 
 And, lo ! the beautiful Opal, 
 
 That rare and wondrous gem. 
 Where the Moon and Sun blend into one. 
 
 Is the child that was born to them." 
 
 I must not forget to mention, while speaking of Toowoomba, that it is near 
 this place that Mr. James Tyson lives, the wealthiest man in Australia. He is 
 worth about $30,000,000, and is familiarly known as "Jimmy Tyson," a man 
 who has devoted his life to money-making. It is only latterly that he has ridden 
 first-class on either steamboat or train. There are no colleges founded by him, 
 no charitable institutions, no homes for the poor or sick. He is a man who will 
 die " unwept, unhonored and unsung." About 200 miles from Toowoomba we 
 come to Tenterfield, N.S.W., near which place are the diamond mines, and two 
 large gold and silver mines, called the Red Rock and White Rck. Along this 
 road the engine puffs and labors, going very slowly, at times scarcely moving up 
 the heavy grades and through the deep cuttings. Mountains, mountains, on 
 every side. Hills stretchinj,' away as far as the eye can see, valleys in which the 
 sunlight seldom falls, interminable gum trees, the foliage and grass dressed in a 
 sad green, as though in mourning for their isolation. No words can describe the 
 solemn grandeur of this landscape. Nothing' to brighten it ; no Howers, no bright 
 foliage ; but the solemn impressiveness and the lonely grandeur leaves a lasting 
 memory. The mountains are forbidding ; even the very trees seem to make a 
 protest against the invasion of their solitude. They stand like sentinels guarding 
 the treasure buried in the mountains. 
 
 After a time we come upon a little agricultural land, and see the home of 
 some wealthy squatter ; then again the hut of the poor man. Dr. Cameron Lees, 
 in writing of Australia, says there are no poor in this country. Let him take the 
 overland train from Brisbane to Melbourne, and see the miles of huts, and he 
 would write differently. Houses that do not look fit for human habitation ; one 
 that I noticed had no windows, but as the train passed slowly by, the door opened 
 and a group of children came out ; one, a little, flaxen-haired girl, came to look 
 with wonder at us. I could see her plainly — a lovely little thing with her blue 
 eyes and flaxen hair—and I could not help wondering if, in later life, she would 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 69 
 
 be able to see any poetry in the rugged hills and strange landscape which 
 surrounded her. Occasionally a green parrot flitted among the trees, while the 
 laughing jackass, with its queer, quizzical face, added to the strangeness of the 
 scene. About four o'clock in the morning we came to the Hawksburn River, 
 which we were obliged to cross on a ferry boat, then take a train on the other 
 side. An American firm have taken the contract to build a railway bridge across 
 the river, to cost $5,000,000. 
 
 About seven o'clock in the morning we approach the beautiful Paramatta 
 river, and an occasional orange grove is to be seen, giving color and variety to 
 the landscape. The orange groves of the Paramatta are worth going many miles 
 to see. It is a beautiful sight — the well kept orchards, the trees laden with their 
 golden fruit. About eight o'clock in the morning we arrive in Sydney. It is 
 Sunday, and after a rest we decide to visit the art gallery, which is open to the 
 public from ten a.m. to five p.m. 
 
 It was a great pleasure to see the people, mostly the working class, moving 
 quietly about, looking at the pictures. There was no noise, although the gallery 
 was filled ; no pushing, but all enjoying the privilege of looking at the valuable 
 works of art. Working men with their children, the father pointing out to the 
 little ones a picture which pleased him, and to listen to the remarks of the small 
 critics was very amusing. Melbourne, with all its wealth, universities, and 
 education, has not yet become sufficiently liberal minded to open its galleries 
 and museums to the public on Sundays. 
 
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 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 
 ^-^||5;^ASM AN I A is about a day's sail from Melbourne. The population is 
 about 137,000. The two cities, Launceston and Hobart, are nicely 
 laid out and beautifully situated. The Mount Bishoft tin mine is one 
 of the curiosities of the island, and the largest tin mine in the world. A friend 
 presented me with some beautiful specimens from this mine, which I shall value 
 highly as a souvenir of this southern land. One visits Tasmania with the 
 consciousness that it is the most southern land on the globe, that is, the only 
 habitable land. One sees evidences of the early convict days on every hand. 
 While the convicts have nearly all passed away into the "great unknown," their 
 work remains a lasting monument of the early days of oppression and wrong. 
 There is a home for the old surviving convicts at Launceston, who are cared for 
 by the government. While in Launceston I called at this home to hear for 
 myself the story of a very celebrated convict, Charles Banfield. He is eighty- 
 nine years old, with as kindly a face as I ever looked upon — no trace of the 
 criminal, for in fact he had committed no crime. I was face to face with the man 
 who is well known to have been the character from whom Marcus Clarke drew 
 " Rufus Dawes," in that well-known book, " For the Term of His Natural 
 Life" — face to face with a man who had suffered probably more than any man 
 living at the present time. The thought of " Jean Valjein " came to my mind. 
 While the English people were sympathising with the Siberian prisoners, while 
 all the world was weeping over the wrongs of the slaves of the United States, 
 here in this fair land there were wrongs committed, and sufferings borne, that 
 would make even the angels weep, could they but know. 
 
 Charles Banfield was born in Bath, England. While in London, with a 
 number of young friends, one evening, he was guilty of some .slight offence that 
 in these days would not be noticed, and horrible as it may appear, he was 
 tfiinsported for life, put into a convict ship and sent to Australia, and remained 
 in Sydney for a number of years, always with the hope of liberty, the one desire 
 in common with all mankind. In 1830 he made his escape, in company with 
 four others, and turned bush-ranger, making a rule not to injure any one, but to levy 
 supplies from the settlers. He was about seven months leading this life ; if 
 caught, it meant death. They were betrayed to the police by one of their own 
 party, and sentenced to be hanged, at Windsor, New South Wales. Six other 
 
 [70] 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 7' 
 
 convicts were to suffer the same fate, the cofifins all standing along in a row. 
 The first one hanged was a young man of seventeen, who fought for his life, 
 and disabled the hangman ; he paid the penalty, but so injured the hangman that 
 he was unable to proceed with the others, and Chas. Banheld was left lo suffer 
 for many a long year. His sentence was commuted to imprisonment in the 
 chain gang at Norfolk Island for life. For ten long years he wore these chains, 
 dragging out his miserable life, every year an eternity — an eternity of woe. 
 His life at last became so unbearable that he determined to commit some 
 offence, in order that he might get hanged. He and some other prisoners 
 decided to fire a hay stack, but instead of the sentence of death, which he longed 
 for, he was given 300 lashes. The tlesh on his back hung in shreds, and he 
 spat quantities of blood. During his stay on Norfolk Island he saw five men 
 lashed to death ; each had received .^00 lashes. It was seldom that a prisoner 
 survived that fearful punishmeiit, but poor Chas. Uanfield, with his iron 
 constitution, bore this and many besides. At last the prisoners on the island 
 growing desperate, it was resolved to take possession of the island, but one of 
 the number was suspected of turning traitor, and it was determined to kill him ; 
 but Charles Hanfield objected to this shedding of blood, and thus incurred the 
 displeasure of his fellow-prisoners, who that night stabbed the suspected man, 
 and in the morning they came forward and swore they saw Charles Hanfield 
 commit the deed. He again received 300 lashes, which the doctor told the 
 commandant would kill him. The commandant ordered four llaggelators, 
 instead of one. to apply the lash, in order that they might strike hard. This 
 fiend in human shape had this carried mto effect, and after lashing him until his 
 back was a mass of quivering flesh, the poor tortured fellow was taken to the 
 hospital, where he was obliged to remain for three years. At the expiration 
 of that time he was ordered to go to Sydney. He had worn the chains so long 
 on his ankles that the flesh had grown in a fold over the chains, and after 
 the weight was removed he could only walk with the greatest difficulty. He 
 had been so long accustomed to the weight that it was almost impossible to walk 
 without it. At last a glimmer of light began to dawn upon this man, and the 
 Governor hearing about him, went to Norfolk Island to make enquiries into his 
 case. There was nothing could be said against him except that he always tried 
 to get his liberty. The Governor had no power to release him, but he ordered 
 him to be sent to Sydney, in an institution, promising that at the expiration of 
 three years he should be set free. He went to Sydney and his time had nearly 
 expired, when the Governor was recalled to England. Charles Banfield was left 
 
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72 
 
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 I I 
 
 
 again without hope or friends, and was again sent back to Norfolk Island. Once 
 again the hope of liberty and escape seized him, and he took a small boat and 
 put out to sea in it, thinking the dangers of the sea less terrible than the 
 inhumanity of man. He was pursued and brought back, once more to suffer 
 terrible punishment. The convict system being abolished, he lives now in 
 Launceston. 
 
 Lord Roseberry, while on a visit to Australia a few years ago, took a deep 
 interest in Charles Banfield's history, went to visit him in Tasmania, then 
 examined all the records in Sydney to verify the truth of his story. After Lord 
 Roseberry returned to England he visited the birth place of Charles Banfield, and 
 discovered that he belonged to a good family, also a will bequeathing to different 
 members of the family portions of property, mentioning that nothing was left to 
 Charles Banfield, " as he had disgraced the family." He, the martyr o{ the family, 
 who had suffered pains and tortures, not as the martyrs of old suffered for 
 religious convictions, but for some youthful folly, some slight offence ; suffered 
 these tortures that the law might be satisfied. Let us who pride ourselves upon 
 our charity, remembering we have been Christians for two thousand years, think 
 of Charles Banfield, and ask ourselves what we have done for humanity. 
 
 If 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 N October I visited Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, and was much 
 pleased with the beauty of the place. The streets are broad and beautifully 
 kept, but in matters of street conveyance Melbourne is immeasurably 
 superior ; but, notwithstanding that, the city presents a nicer appearance than 
 Melbourne. To many people Adelaide appears " Quakerish," but it does not 
 impress me in that way. The public buildings are splendidly built, especially the 
 Post Office and towered Town Hall, the Exchange, and numerous banks. Like 
 all Australian cities and towns, it possesses magnificent botanical gardens, which 
 alone make a visit to Adelaide agreeable. But, again, like all Australian cities, it 
 is miserably lighted. The city is not built upon the sea. Largs Bay is the 
 seaport. There is an excellent hotel at this place, with all modern improvements. 
 Glenelg is another fashionable resort, where the wealthy people from the city 
 spend the summer months. 
 
 About a day's ride by rail from Adelaide is the famous ostrich farm, where 
 there are about 500 ostriches, and the value of feathers exported yearly is about 
 $16,000. While pulling their feathers a little finesse is required. The old birds, 
 accustomed to being plucked, will stand quietly, but the younger ones object to 
 being denuded of their finery, and it is necessary to pull x small bag over their 
 heads, with an opening to admit air, when they will stand quietly while their 
 beautiful feathers are being plucked. 
 
 While in Adelaide I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Worshop, the author 
 of the " History of Adelaide;" also Sir Edwin Smith, the popular mayor. 
 
 I have endeavored in writing this little work on Australia to avoid dull 
 statistics ; simply to write of the country as 1 saw it, and although one might fill 
 volumes of matter about this strange world, I have only lightly touched upon 
 what I considered the most interesting part of it. In writing of Australia one 
 requires a rugged pen, not a poetical one ; the gloomy mountains and melancholy 
 forests could only inspire sombre poetry. Dante's "Inferno" could well have 
 been written here. 
 
 " The Australian mountain forests are funereal, secret, stern. Their soli- 
 tude is desolation. They seem to stifle, in their black gorges, a story of 
 sullen despair. No tender sentiment is nourished in their shade. In other lands 
 the dying year is mourned, the falling leaves drop lightly on his bier. In the 
 
 [73] 
 

 74 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 iy. 
 
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 Australian forests no leaves fall. The savage winds shout among the rock clefts. 
 From the melancholy gums strips ot white bark hang and rustle. The very 
 animal life of these frowning hills is either grotesque or ghostly. Great grey 
 kimgaroos hop noiselessly over the coarse grass. Flights of white cockatoos 
 stream out, shrieking like evil souls. The sun suddenly sinks, and the mopokes 
 burst out into horrible peals of semi-human laughter. The natives aver that, 
 when night comes, from out the bottomless depth of some lagoon the Hunyip 
 rises, and, in form like a monstrous sea-calf, drags his loathsome length from out 
 the ooze, l^'rom a corner of the silent forest rises a dismal chant, and around a 
 fire dance natives painted like skeletons. All is fear-inspiring and gloomy. No 
 bright fancies are linked with the memories of the mountains. Hopeless e.xp!orers 
 have named them out of their sufferings — Mount Misery, Mount Dreadful, Mount 
 Despair. As when among sylvan scenes in places 
 
 ' Made green with the lunniiij^ of rivers, 
 And gracious with temperate air,' 
 
 the soul is soothed and satisfied, so, placed before the frightful grandeur of these 
 barren hills, it drinks in their sentiment of defiant ferocity, and is steeped in 
 bitterness. 
 
 "Australia has rightly been named the Land of the Dawning. Wrapped in 
 the midst of an early morning, her history looms vague and gigantic. I ht; lonely 
 horseman riding between the moonlight antl the day sees vast shadows creeping 
 across the shelterless and silent plains, hears strange noises in the primeval forest 
 where flourishes a vegetation long dead in other lands, and feels, despite his for- 
 tune, that the trim utilitarian civilization which bred him shrinks into insignificance 
 beside the contemptuous grandeur of forest and ranges coeval with an age in 
 which European scientists have cradled his own race. 
 
 " There is a poem in every form of tree or flower, but the poetry which lives 
 in the trees and 'lowers of Australia differs from that of other countries. 
 Europe is the home of knightly song, of bright deeds and clear morning thought, 
 Asia sinks beneath the weighty recollections of her past magnificence, as the 
 Suttee sinks, jewel burdened, upon the corpse of dread grandeur, destructive even 
 in its death. America swiftly hurries on her way, rapid, glittering, insatiable even 
 as one of her own giant waterfalls. From the jungles of Africa, and the creeper- 
 tangled groves of the Islands of the South, arise, from the glowing hearts of a 
 thousand fiowers, heavy and intoxicating odors — ^the Upas-poison which dwells 
 in barbaric sensuality. In Australia alone is to be found the grotesque, the weird, 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 75 
 
 the strange scribblings of nature learning how to write. Some see no beauty in 
 our trees without shade, our flowers without perfume, our birds who cannot sing, 
 and our beasts who have not yet learned to walk on all fours. But the dweller in 
 the wilderness acknowledges the subtle charm of this fantastic land of monstrosities. 
 He becomes familiar with the beauty of lone!ine>s. Whispered to by the myriad 
 tongues of the wilderness, he learns the language of the barren and the uncouth, 
 and can read the hieroglyphs of haggard gum trees, blown into odd shapes, 
 distorted with fierce hot winds, or cramped with cold nights, when the Southern 
 Cross freezes in a cloudless sky of icy blue. The phantasmagoria of that wild 
 dreamland termed the Hush interprets itself, and the poet of our desolation begins 
 to comprehend why free Esau loved his heritage of desert sand better than all 
 the bountiful richness of Egypt." 
 
 !i| 
 
 KNU OK I'ART I. 
 
 
PART II 
 
 1 
 
 i>\ 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 IN October I took passage by the Orient steamer " Orizaba " for England, 
 intending to stop at Ceylon, Egypt, Jerusalem and Naples, I think no one 
 can contemplate a six weeks' voyage by sea with any degree of pleasure. 
 For one week it is very well, but before the expiration of six, nothing but dull 
 monotony remains. So monotonous does it become that even the most trivial 
 things are accepted by way of amusement — a shoal of whales creates enthusiasm ; 
 a passing steamer is hailed with delight. I do not find among my fellow- 
 passengers people of the same intellectual calibre as were on the " Mariposa " 
 from San Francisco to Australia. England is well represented, nearly the whole 
 passenger list being English, I being the only Canadian. There is the usual 
 material for romance. The lady who sits opposite me at table is going to 
 Calcutta to meet her affianced husband. He has served for her as faithfully as 
 Jacob served for Rachel, and I think her worth all the years of patient waiting, 
 for she is a charming woman. Mr. Storey, a son of the Royal Academician, is 
 among the passengers ; also Mr. Warde, one of the most celebrated dancers in 
 England, who is just returning to England from a two years' professional engage- 
 ment in Australia. Among the most charming people I have ever met is Mrs. 
 Kohn, an English lady ; a more delightful travelling companion it would be 
 impossible to find. Gay, bright, witty, well read, and accomplished, charming, 
 winning little Mrs. Kohn, I wonder if we .shall ever meet again on this side the 
 great " river," or if, after "crossing over," we shall know each other there ? 
 
 The Indian Ocean, although calm so far during our voyage upon it, is not 
 always so placid, but is frequently disturbed by that most dangerous thing at sea, 
 a cyclone. The sailing vessels which are unfortunate enough to be caught in 
 these cyclones invariably go down ; but a large steamer can run from them, 
 therefore my fears are allayed. Our Sundays spent upon the Indian Ocean were 
 as dull as such days invariably are at sea. All amusements were put aside. We 
 had the usual Sunday service. People hear a great deal about the impressiveness 
 
 [76] 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 n 
 
 of service at sea, but it is all imagination, as there is nothing solemn or impressive 
 about it, many of the male passengers smoking in the smoking-rooms and 
 children running about the decks. 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 Ckvlon, the Pearl of the Sea, and entrance to the gates of Paradise, the 
 ouier circle of wonderful India, the home of the occult sciences and Eastern 
 magnificence, of wonderful temples and magnificent tombs. India, whose air is 
 impregnated with the "wisdom of all the ages," lies just within our reach. 
 Ceylon at one time formed a part of the main land of India, but the action of the 
 waters through countless ages has washed it off, leaving a space of sixty miles 
 between it and the main land. In writing of India all one's ideas of time are 
 changed — a country which was in a high state of development, whose people 
 were in the highest state of intellectual culture when England and her people 
 were savages, when my German ancestors were barbarians ; a country whose 
 religious teachings — the religion of Buddah — were written 2,000 years before the 
 birth of Christ ; a country whose temples and tombs stand to-day, lasting 
 monuments of the refinement and culture of its people, more lasting than any 
 written history. The magnificent monument of the Tag Mahal, which occupied 
 in its erection 20,000 men, for twenty years, is one of the world's greatest wonders. 
 It is built of the whitest of marble, every figure and statue chiseled with the 
 most marvellous skill, every spire and tower crowned with some wonderful 
 evidence of genius. The Tag Mahal and the Pyramids of Egypt will stand for 
 ages as the two greatest wonders of human skill and patience which the world 
 has to show. , 
 
 We reached Ceylon after a voyage of two weeks. The sight of land is 
 always pleasant to the traveller, who for days has seen nothing but water on 
 every side, but the glimpse of such a place as Ceylon is especially attractive. 
 We arrived at Colombo on a very hot day — in fact, all days are hot in Ceylon. 
 The first impression of this eastern world is a strange one. As soon as the ship 
 was anchored, it was surrounded by boats filled with native men and boys, the 
 men with a small cloth tied about their loins, the boys clothed as nature clothed 
 them. It is astonishing how soon one becomes accustomed to the " nakedness of 
 the land," and how very soon one wishes to follow their example, as the intense 
 heat makes even the lightest clothing unbearable. One writer has said that 
 while in Colombo, he had a strong desire to " take off his skin and sit in his 
 bones." The population of Ceylon is nearly 3,000,000, including European.s, 
 10 
 
i'( 
 
 78 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 \' 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 Moors, Malays, Tamils, Cingalese and others, with the religions of Mohammed, 
 Hindu, Buddhist and Christian, and naturally this strange medley makes a picture 
 that is to be found no place else. If an artist were to take all the shades of 
 brown, from Vandyke to the lightest tint, he or she would be able to reproduce 
 all the colors of the skin of these strange people. There is no place in the world 
 where caste is so distinct as in India. The manner of dressing and wearing the 
 hair are the characteristics of the different castes. Our guide wore his hair in a 
 •' Grecian " knot, at the back of his head, with a tortoise-shell comb in front. It 
 is difficult to distinguish the sex of these people, as what little clothing they wear 
 is worn in the same manner by men and women. I asked the guide why he 
 wore his hair in that manner. His reply was : " I Buddhist ; high class." We 
 engaged a native driver and native guide, the guide being able to speak a little 
 English ; the driver could speak nothing but Cingalese. After a preliminary 
 squabble between driver and guide, we started on our voyage of discovery, but I 
 forgot to mention that I thought myself extremely lucky in having got off the 
 ship intact. There was a struggle between the guides and boatmen as to which 
 should take us. Had the struggle been between themselves I should not 
 have cared, but unfortunately I was in the midst of it, and between the 
 screaming, gesticulating and babel of many tongues, my temper was rather sorely 
 tried. Had I been a man with a stout umbrella I should certainly have used it 
 over the heads of these people. At last we started after agreeing to pay five 
 rupees for fourteen miles. We drove along a beautiful road, with cocoanut trees, 
 cinnamon trees, and coffee plantations, while on both sides of the carriage there 
 were children running along with out-stretched hands begging for money. It is 
 a painful sight to see poverty when one is unable to relie , e it, .but it is by no 
 means unpleasant to see the little Cingalese boys and girls running after one. It 
 is simply amusing. One cannot bring up any harrowing scenes of ragged 
 distress, because these people have so little clothing to become ragged, and their 
 little black faces are as happy and radiant as the sun. There is none of the 
 plaintive whine which one hears from beggars elsewhere, but a cheery voice 
 bubbling with laughter. They look up with eyes twinkling with fun. " Good 
 lady, I poor boy "—with a grac- vitch of the head. " Master, I very poor," 
 
 with a most winning smile. If ' ::ggars would follow their example, I am sure 
 their business would increase, as it requires a very hard heart to resist the happy 
 laugh and graceful Cingalese. We passed some beautiful bungalows and grounds, 
 occupied by Europeans. One — the first of all — is occupied by a wealthy native, 
 who sent his children to England to be educated. 
 
 i!' 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 79 
 
 We called at the Buddhist temple, where we saw the figure of Buddah, and 
 the god of Vishnu. The religion of Buddah is said to be Christianity without 
 Christ ; nothing can be more pure than the Buddhist precepts. The Hindoo 
 temple is also within our reach. We could have visited this by taking off our 
 shoes on entering, but as the least exertion becomes oppressive in this climate, 
 we refuse to exert ourselves, even to see a Hindoo idol. All my readers have 
 seen in circuses the curious Hindoo cattle, which I never expected to see out- 
 side a circus tent, but in Ceylon they are harnessed to a cart, and are made to 
 draw heavy burdens. I saw hundreds of them thus harnessed and at work. 
 Nothing can exceed the novelty of a street scene in Colombo. In one carriage 
 we see a Cingalese gentleman of wealth and position, dressed in immaculate 
 white, with a native servant on the box, and another servant trotting by the 
 carriage. Then a pair of Hindoo cattle harnessed to a covered wagon, while 
 inside, perhaps, are four or five little naked children, with two or three grown people 
 wearing bright turbans and brilliant colored skirts. The people who wear this 
 turban are the most picturesque of all the motley crowd. The artistic manner of 
 wearing it, the picturescjue and brilliant colors, form a picture long to be 
 remembered. Again, among the street conveyances are the jinrickshas drawn by 
 one of the natives. It is a two- wheeled carriage made to hold one person, 
 cushioned nicely, and the native who draws you is between two shafts. I wished 
 to try this novel method of travelling, and having heard of it, was p/ejudiced 
 against making a horse of a human being, but the feeling leaves one as soon as 
 one steps into the little carriage. It all seems part and parcel of the strange scene. 
 
 There was one thing which afforded me much pleasure during my stay in 
 Colombo, a pleasure not unmixed with pain. I called upon Araba Pasha, who, 
 as most of my readers know, was sent to Ceylon a prisoner by the British 
 Government, for endeavoring to free Egypt from British rule. His plans proved 
 futile, and the result of his failure was exile and imprisonment in a strange land. 
 I found him in a handsome bungalow, where he is free to go in and out as he 
 chooses, with native servants and every comfort, but his gilded cage is none the 
 less a prison. He is a magnificent looking man, with a commanding presence, 
 and dignified bearing. His face is very expressive, and one can imagine that he 
 would be easily aroused to enthusiasm, but he has no appearance of a fanatic, or 
 visionary. He received me kindly, and has a very good knowledge of the 
 English language ; therefore the visit was an interesting one to me. After a 
 little time I arose and he bowed me out with a courtly, dignified maimer, leaving 
 the impression upon my mind that I had left the presence of an " uncrowned king." 
 
8o 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 1 \ 
 
 One can find many interesting curiosities in Colombo, and were it not for 
 the importunities of the natives, it would be pleasant visiting these Oriental 
 bazars, but it is most annoying to have these people screaming in one's ears 
 continually. They will follow one around for an hour, gesticulating and screaming 
 broken English, and I can assure my readers that no American "Cheap Jack" 
 can compare with them for swindle and humbug. There are some beautiful 
 stones to be found in Ceylon — the "cat's eye," and numerdus handsome gems. 
 The natives always make considerable money from the passengers on board the 
 ships, but many times the gems which the travellers buy are made in Birmingham 
 for about three pence each, and sold to the unwary traveller for three pounds. 
 Then agaia the purchaser may secure a genuine "cat's eye" for three pounds and 
 sell it in London for twenty, as one of my fellow-passengers did a few months 
 ago. The most curious thing to me was the Cingalese newspaper, which I 
 secured as a sotivenir. The early history of Ceylon is obscure, but Cingalese 
 kings are recorded as having reigned 543 B. C. Ceylon is noted for its 
 elephants ; many of them are e.xported annually to Europe. There are a great 
 number of poisonous snakes, among them the dreaded cobra. One of the first 
 questions which I asked the guide was if he ever saw any snakes, but I did not 
 imagine that they were ever seen in the city ; yet some of the ship's passengers, 
 while driving to the museum, saw a large one basking in the sun, directly in the 
 pathway. 
 
 One can see in the distance the celebrated mountain called Adam's Peak. 
 This is the sacred mountain, where it is said the foot-print of Buddah is seen at 
 the very summit. The legend is that Buddah stepped from this mountain over 
 to India, leaving this foot-print as he returned to the land of his birth. The 
 Buddhists have covered this place over with a jeweled covering, which they raise 
 for the traveller to see the indentation. The foot mark is six feet in length. 
 A man can lie down comfortably in it. If Buddah had a foot six feet in length, 
 one naturally concludes that he must have been a giant. The teachings of these 
 people are simple and pure, but, like all religions, superstitions have crept in, and 
 this foot-mark reverence is really no more absurd than many of our beliefs. 
 
 If one requires washing done in Ceylon or India, it will be taken and 
 returned in a few hours, but it is not wise to give fine muslins, or, as ladies say, 
 " fine things," as the method of washing is rather peculiar. It consists of 
 pounding the clothes with a club, or rubbing them on a stone, and all washing is 
 done in cold water, in the little lakes, or lagoons. 
 
 There are excellent hotels in Colombo — cool and airy. While taking one's 
 
 11:5! 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. gi 
 
 meals there are two native servants engaged in swinging the punkahs overhead ; 
 by th.s means the a.r .s always kept cool. The punkahs are in all the bungalows 
 of the wealthy people, and as servants can be had for a trifling sum. one can have 
 any amount of attendance. 
 
 As the ship steamed from the harbor the scene was most beautiful and long 
 to be remembered. The sacred mountain of Buddah was dimly outlined in the 
 distance, the beautiful palms and cinnamon trees formed a charming middle- 
 ground while m the foreground, the natives, with their picturesque turbans and 
 graceful figures, gave the finishing touch to this exquisite scene. The shin 
 slowly steamed from the harbor, the people grew more indistinct, the palm trees 
 faded from sight unt.l at last there was only the sacred mountain, growing more 
 misty, unt.1 it faded from sigh, and the Eastern world and alfitsmystTd 
 were hidden; the veil had fallen, hiding from Western eyes its glorL and 
 
II 
 
 i.: 
 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ^HE rest at Ceylon seemed only to increase our discomfort. After 
 leaving Ceylon we were in the Arabian Sea, with another long stretch 
 of water before us, and the heat increasing daily. The passengers were 
 trying to dispel the tedium by a dance on deck, and the usual games, but dancing 
 is not a success when one's blood seems boiling with heat. About six days out 
 from Ceylon we sight the Island of Sokotra, and very beautiful it looks. It is 
 about eighty miles long and twenty wide. There are about 5,000 blacks on it, 
 and one can but wonder how they live, as the heat must be stifling. The island 
 is mountainous, and soft, fleecy clouds are hanging over the cliffs, and at times 
 cover the tips, softening the rough outlines. 
 
 Out next stopping place is Aden, after being at sea three weeks, but the 
 place is so uninviting that none of the passengers feel inclined to visit it. It 
 presents a scene of the utmost desolation. It is, as most of my readers know, in 
 Arabia, is a garrison fortress and camp town, and boasts of a population of 
 40,000. When I think of the many beautiful places there are on this earth, I can 
 not help wondering why people live in this nasty, hot, dusty hole. Life is simply 
 a slow baking process ; in fact, the heat is so intense that the hair of the Arabs 
 is bleached to a yellow hue. Soon after the ship was anchored it was surrounded 
 by a crowd of Arabs, who offered to do anything for money ; the little boys 
 diving for coins, and two of them jumped from the taffrail of- the ship into the 
 water. One tiny boy, whom I never expected to see again after such a leap, 
 came up smiling a few rods off. They offered for sale many pretty shells, and 
 skins of wild animals, and among other things some very handsome ostrich 
 feathers, which are sold for a few pennies. I thought of my lady friends, who 
 would revel in ostrich feathers, if by chance they should ever visit Aden ; but for 
 myself, 1 have seen all I require of " Araby, the blest " — quite sufficient to satisfy 
 me for the remainder of my days. 
 
 On the afternoon of the same day we passed "the fortress island of Perim," 
 the key to the Red Sea. While looking at this island I am reminded of the old 
 adage that " everything is fair in love and war." At one time a French man-of- 
 war arrived at Aden, and the English garrison entertained the commander and 
 officers. While dining, the French commander took a little too much wine, and, 
 as usual in such cases, forgot his reticence, and informed the English officers that 
 
 [82] 
 
 m I 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 83 
 
 h.s intentions were to take possession of the Island of Perim in the name of 
 
 h ranee. H.s surprise may be imagined, for upon arriving at the island next 
 
 mornmg he saw the English flag floating in the breeze, advantage having been 
 
 akcn of the information to dispatch a gun-boat in the night and plant the English 
 
 ii 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ND the Lord said unto Moses, stretch out thine hand over the sea, 
 that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their 
 chariots, and upon their horsemen. 
 
 " And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to 
 his strength when the morning appeared, and the Egyptians fled against it, and 
 the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea. 
 
 " But the children of Israel walked upon dry land in the midst of the sea ; 
 and the waters were a wall unto them on their right hand and on their left. 
 
 " Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea ; his chosen 
 captains also are drowned in the Red Sea." 
 
 Soon after passing Perim we entered " Hell's Gate," or the " Gates of 
 Desolation." Nothing could be more appropriate than this name to the entrance 
 of the Red Sea. On our right was the Arabian shore, on our left the African 
 desert, both countries arid and desolate, but the culminating point of misery is 
 reached in this body of water. It is filled with wrecks of vessels which have 
 struck on its treacherous shoals ; its coral reefs are the resting place for the bones 
 of many passengers who have succumbed to the fearful heat. During the last 
 voyage of the " Orizaba " — the ship in which I made my journey — there were 
 eleven deaths in four days from "heat apoplexy." The months of June, July 
 and August are the most dangerous on the Red Sea, and should be avoided by 
 travellers, if possible. During my passage through there was a slight breeze, for 
 which we were thankful, but even with that boon the heat is almost unbearable. 
 
 We passed over the spot where it is said Pharaoh and his chariots were 
 swallowed in the sea ; passed Mount Sinai on our right, which is barely visible — 
 merely a faint outline. Suez is the entrance of the canal at one end and Port 
 Said the other. The Suez Canal, which cost $90,cxx),ooo, required no engineer- 
 ing skill, as it was simply a question of digging out the sand, and the labor is 
 still going on. They are constantly dredging and working, as the wash of the 
 ships which pass through causes the sand to loosen from the embankments. It 
 is an old saying that " There is nothing new under the sun." Even this canal, 
 the boast of modern times, is not new, for it is known to have been in existence 
 in the time of the Pharaohs, but the sands from the desert drifted and filled up 
 the old one, and it remained for modern hands and commercial enterprise to 
 
 [84] 
 
 i'l; 
 
AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 «5 
 
 re-optin this f.imoiis waterway. The ships move very slowly throuj^h the canal, 
 therefore the traveller has an opportunity of secnnj^ both sides, and the sight is a 
 strange one. As far as the eye can reach, for miles and miles, the sandy desert 
 stretches, with no trace of vegetation or even a green shrub. 'Ihere were a 
 number of Arabs working with camels when 1 pas.sed through. They were 
 widening the canal in places, and the boxes which held the .sand were strapped on 
 the backs of the camels, the animals kneeling down to receive their burden. 
 These Arabs are so miserably poor that anything is acceptable to them. They 
 will run along the bank of the canal, following the ship for pennies thrown to 
 them, and swim out into the water for pieces of bread tossed to them from the 
 ship. I think these dusky Aral)s must have been made of sand, have eaten sand, 
 and, after death, returned to sand. A Syrian woman came down to a well, 
 carrying a pitcher upon her head — one of those cjuaint pitchers that we see in 
 Eastern i)ictures, a veritable Rebecca at the well — and as nothing changes in the 
 East, these women and their descendants will continue to carry water in the same 
 way, in the same quaint vessels, for ages to come. 
 
 Port .Said was our next stop[)ing place, and has the reputation of being the 
 "wickedest place on earth," and I think the inhabitants keep up their unenviable 
 reputation to the best, or worst, of their ability. There is a population of about 
 12,000, from all parts of the world — the refuse, scum, and dregs of the earth. 
 It was Sunday when we arrived there, but Port Said recognizes no Sunday ; the 
 shops were all open, the markets doing a thriving trade, and a market scene in 
 this place is a strange sight, with stranger sounds, with its babel of many tongues. 
 Here I saw for the first time the veiled Egyptian women — a sight which filled 
 me with pity, and a longing to tear the aiisurd thing from their faces. The veil 
 is fastened just below the eyes, and that is the only part of the face which is 
 visible. I could not help thinking that they were stifling under that heavy veil, 
 for it is not the flimsy thing which ladies wear in other lands, but is thick, so as to 
 conceal the face entirely. Perhaps my pity was uncalled for, as I do not think it 
 more absurd than many of the fashionable garments worn by the devotees of 
 fashion elsewhere. One of the novelties of Port Said is a ride on a donkey, 
 and I quickly availed myself of the novel mode of travelling ; but I soon found 
 that the donkey and I were not of one mind — that we did not fully understand 
 each other. When I wished to turn to the right, he immediately showed a strong 
 .inclination to go to the left ; he was also given to sudden stoppages, a habit which 
 nearly sent me over his head several times. The saddles used on these animals 
 have no pommels, but the ride is very enjoyable — till you fall off. 
 
 II 
 
86 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 I visited the Mohammedan Mosque, but was not allowed to enter without 
 first removing my shoes, as no person is allowed to step inside a mos^iue with 
 shoes on. I of course removed mine, and entered, and was rewanled hy seeing 
 a devotee at his devotions. Thousands of believers in the Mohammedan faith 
 pass through Port Said yearly on their pilgrimage to Mecca, the birth-place of 
 Mohammed. 
 
 Among the customs of the unchanging Hast is the one of the money changers, 
 who sit outside their doors on the pavement, as they have done since the time of 
 Solomon. It is only twelve hours' ride from Port Said to Jerusalem. I have 
 seen, dimly outlined against the horizon, Mount Sinai and Mount Horeb, while 
 here, within easy distance, lie Jerusalem, the River Jordan and peerless Damascus. 
 
 After leaving Port Said there was nothing more of interest till we passed 
 through the beautiful Straits of Messina. Then, farther on, we passed the 
 Volcano of Stromboli, a huge rock rising from the sea ; then, in a short time, into 
 the beautiful Bay of Naples. 
 
 i 
 
CHAl'TKR IV. 
 
 I) THINK no place in tin: world appeals so strongly to the h<;art ami mind 
 of the artist as Naples. At every turn the eye is delighted by some 
 new beauty and (juaint scene. It has been .said that the Neapolitans are 
 dirty. It is true they are dirty, but it is picturesvjue dirt. No where else in 
 the world are rags worn with such grace, for even the rags are beautifully colon-il. 
 One sees the richest hues in Naples — the sea, the sky, the tint of the buildings 
 mellowed by time, the picturesque dress of the people, all combine to make an 
 e.xquisite picture, one that once seen can never be forgotten. Naples has a 
 population of 600,000, and one cannot help wondering how they live, as they 
 seem to do nothing but group in numbers, and make pictures of themselves. 
 The streets are the most wonderful to be seen any place in the world. I do not 
 mean that the buildings are the most beautiful, but I mean to say that in no other 
 place are such beautiful sights to be seen. 
 
 We were a party of four who started on a tour of Italy, and the first thing 
 we did was to secure a guide, which we did without any trouble ; and there is not 
 the least difficulty in getting along if one will only beware of extras, the great 
 trouble with all continental hotels. 1 will only mention a few of the most 
 interesting places which I visited in Naples. Among the palaces was one of 
 especial interest, the palace of Princess Colonna, the daughter of Mr. Mackay, of 
 California, who repaired the foriunes of the impecunious prince of the house of 
 Colonna, and secured a title for herself. I saw the palace which Araba Pasha 
 occupied after his flight from Kgypt into Naples, before the grand finale which 
 made him a prisoner at Ceylon. \\v, caused seme disturbance in I'^gypt and 
 sought safety in (light, choosing Italy as the place of refuge ; then returned again 
 to Egypt to renew hostilities, which all my readers are acquainted with, and will 
 end his days probably in exile. I drove through the Grotto of Posilipo, cut by 
 the old Romans nearly 2,000 years ago. I visited the Queen's Palace, where 
 there are many beautiful paintings ; one entire room is devoted to the portraits of the 
 Bourbon family. There are numerous beautiful tables of antique marble, in one 
 room a large table from the ruins of Pompeii, many cabinets of curiosities, 
 handsome .statues and anticjue marble vases. In one room I saw the cradle of 
 the young prince, with satin linii5<i;^s and inlaid with precious stones, a magnifi- 
 cent resting place for the young prince ; but his pathway through life may be none 
 
 [87] 
 
88 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 the smoother, for in an unsettled country like Italy the adage, " uneasy lies the head 
 which wears a crown," is very applicable. There is one room which interested 
 me very much, that is the "porcelain" room. The whole wall is covered with 
 porcelain figures in relief There are trees, Howers, fruits, fans, and monkeys 
 all mingled together in the strangest manner. The most beautiful room is the 
 ball-room. The walls are handsomely frescoed, the colors blending harmoniously. 
 There are magnificent pier glasses, and superb chandeliers. I could easily 
 conjure a brilliant scene, with the blaze of many lights, beautiful frescoes, the 
 mirrors reflecting the forms and features of the lovely Italian women. I drove along 
 the fasiiionable drive, where I saw elegant carriages and liveried servants, both 
 horses and equipments rivalling anything of the kind seen either in New York 
 or Paris. The drive in the evening was a delightful one, with the beautiful Hay 
 of Naples on one side, the picturesque city on the other. The moon hung like a 
 silver disk in the sky, and repeated itself in the blue water, while the lurid light 
 from Vesuvius shone through beneath the black cloud which hung like a pall over 
 it — the mountain of molten lava which has overtlowed and buried two cities, 
 Herculaneum and Pompeii. 
 
 TIIK ItURIKl) CITV Ol' I'OMI'KH. 
 
 The drive from Naples to Pompeii occupies about two hours. We engaged 
 a driver and guide, starting early in the morning. During the whole way we 
 have Vesuvius in sight, at times belching forth columns of smoke, as if to prepare 
 us for the ruin it has wrought, and to remind the people that what it has pre- 
 viously done it may do again, that the beautiful city of Naples may at any time 
 be covered with ashes and lava. To give the people security, and for the 
 advancement of meteorological inv( stigation, they have built an observatory at 
 the summit of the mountain, near the crater. By this means they are able to 
 note every tremor of the mighty mountain, to make known previously any 
 unusual convulsion. About ten years ago the needles indicated an eruption. 
 The people were warned that it woukl occur, but were also told that nothing 
 serious would happen to Naples. The eruption occurred, as was foretold, but no 
 one could fortell the horror of the people, the screams of the frightened women, 
 the panic-stricken men, the wild confusion. People rushed to the sea for safety, 
 but fortunately Naples and her people escaped uninjured, while an island in the 
 bay, about twenty miles distint, was destroyed. We drove by handsome 
 palaces and soldi(^rs' barracks, the palac(!s dirty but pictures(jue, the people 
 
AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 89 
 
 at 
 to 
 
 no 
 
 dirtier and niorc picturesque, with the blending of Greek and Oriental. There 
 is a little hotel just at the gates of Pompeii, where we took our luncheon, under 
 the shadow of Vesuvius ; then entered the silent city of the dead, and walked 
 along streets that were worn by wheels of the chariots which were driven through 
 Pompeii nearly two thousand years ago. As the destruction of Pompeii took 
 place nearly two thousand years ago, and the stones in the streets were worn into 
 ruts on both sides by the chariot wheels, what then must have been the age of 
 the city at the time of its destruction ? 1 stood near a marble fountain where 
 the marble had been worn into a hollow by hands resting upon its side. How 
 many generations must have passed, and how many hands rested upon this 
 fountain before the imprint was made ujjon solid marble? In this same fountain 
 there was a marble head from the mouth of which the water ran. (3ne side of 
 the marble head is worn down almost flat i)y the people putting their mouths 
 down to drink from the fountain and pressing the face against the marble. Any- 
 one can see at a glance the positions the people have taken while drinking, the 
 hand resting on the marble, and the face pressed against the side. How many 
 faces, young and old — how many lips, tresh and withered — have pressed against 
 the marble to make those impressions } Traces of this buried city were 
 discovered first in 1689, but excavations were not commenced till 1721. .Since 
 then the work has continued, and valuable discoveries are being made con- 
 stantly. There arc miles of these streets and houses uncovered, the contents of 
 the houses showing the tastes and customs of the people, and we who boast of 
 modern improvements and inventions, are making use of the same inventions to- 
 day that were used by the ancients. W^e boast of our refinement and luxuri(ts, 
 but the; ancients were more luxurious than we of the nineteenth century. One 
 has only to walk llirough the streets of Pompeii to become convinced of the 
 luxurious tastes of the ancients. There are magnificent marble columns, 
 beautiful frescoes, handsome tiles and bronzes. Every house had its beautiful 
 mosaic lloor, every piece worked with skill and artistic taste. Elegant marble 
 tables, marble columns, handsome facades, all show elegance of taste and refme- 
 ment. The authorities have preserved everything which has been foimd during 
 the excavations. Some are in a building at Pompeii, while the greater number 
 are in the museum at Naples. Everything in a Roman house displayed artistic 
 taste. Among the many things which I saw was a splendid vase with four 
 handles, decorated with female busts and inlaid with silver ; table with bronze, 
 inlaid with silver, bron/e baskets, etc. I only mention this one vase as being 
 especially beautiful, but there is an endless variety of them. Any one of them, in 
 
90 
 
 AROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 our day, would be considered a work of art. Beautiful baths in every house- 
 hold ; ornaments for doors and furniture ; numerous candelabra for lamps ; num- 
 bers of mathematical instruments (one is exactly like the instrument used by 
 modern sculptors); doctors' instruments ; one large gold lamp. Among the orna- 
 ments I saw numbers of gold rings, one with the bone of the finger, and the ring 
 on it, just as it was found, and many rings set with fine stones ; one magnificent 
 necklace with eight large pearls and nine emeralds, but I will not particularize 
 these now ; ear-rings, rings, chains, necklets innumerable, and stranger than all, a 
 bottle of rouge, the color as fresh as though it were put in the bottle yesterday. 
 
 The tickets for theatres were peculiar — ivory checks, and pigeons made out 
 of terra-cotta. These were for the upper row of seats, still called in Italy the 
 " pigeon loft." Among the checks and pigeons were found skulls and heads carved 
 out of ivory, and their use is unknown. I have a theory — and if I am wrong I hope 
 my readers will correct me — that these skulls or death heads represented the/r^^ 
 tickets or dead-heads, as we call them in our time. I hope I am right, as it would 
 afford me much pleasure to have made even this slight discovery in connection 
 with so wonderful a place. 
 
 I saw the plaster casts of some of the bodies found, some of them showing that 
 their suffering had been very great ; some had fallen smothered by the fumes of 
 gas, while in the act of running away, others had tried to escape by the windows 
 and were burned by the hot ashes. In one place they came upon a skeleton ; and 
 it has been left just as it was found. They have put up a gate and locked it 
 securely, and one can look through and see the skeleton lying in its bed of lava, 
 I shall carry in my mind for many a day this ghastly remembrance of Pompeii. I 
 wandered away from my friends while looking through Pompeii ; the guide had 
 left me. The room 1 was in must have been occupied by people of wealth. The 
 paintings on the walls were as fresh as though but recently painted. There was 
 a fountain with mosaics on every side, and here again were the marks of many 
 hands. There was not a sound to be heard, and I never felt so utterly alone as 
 while standing in this silent room by the fountain which had so suddenly ceased 
 its play. I stood there as in a dream and tried to people this room, but the wind 
 arose while I stood, and began to moan and sigh through the marble columns, 
 like the wail of a lost soul, as if in protest at the intrusion. If these silent 
 streets could only speak, would they not tell of restless spirits and noiseless feet 
 in this city of the dead. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 {BADE adieu to beautiful Naples and started on my way to Rome, a journey 
 which occupied about six hours. Nothing can be more unlike than these two 
 cities, as nothing can be more unromantic and unpoetical than modern Rome. 
 But it is not of modern Rome that I am writing, but of ancient Rome. Books 
 upon books have been written about its wonderful ruins, and people will continue 
 to write, and still the subject will not be exhausted, as it is simply inexhaustible. 
 It is interesting alike to the historian, the artist, the archceologist and the ordinary 
 traveller. The first thing necessary was to secure a guide, and we were fortunate 
 in our choice of " Guiseppe Rulli." He had been studying the antiquities of Rome 
 in the Roman University for three years, and each year has taken the prize for his 
 superior knowledge of the subject. The first thing which my eye rested upon 
 was a column erected in Egypt 2,000 years before the birth of our Saviour, and 
 brought to Rome before the Christian era. 1 wandered through the ruins of the 
 palace of the mighty Cssars ; stopped for a time before the church of Andrea 
 della Valle, built over the spot where the Senate met, where Julius Caesar fell, 
 when there was "none so poor as to do him reverence," near the statue of Pompey, 
 which " all the while ran blood ; " passed under the arch erected by Augustus 
 Caisar in honor of his sister Octavia. This was destroyed by a fire, and was 
 restored by Septimus .Severus and Caracalla in 203. I crossed the Tiber and 
 saw the ruins of the first bridge built over that river, 553 years before our Saviour's 
 birth, the bridge which Horatius so gallantly defended ; passed under the " Area 
 di Tito," erected to Titus, the son of Vespasian, for the con(|uest of Jerusalem ; 
 it was through this arch that he bore the golden candlestick taken from the 
 temple at Jerusalem. The tower of the golden house of Nero, upon which it is 
 said he stood and fiddled while Rome was burning, still stands grey and gloomy, 
 I drove along the celebrated Appian Way, which was constructed by Appius 
 Claudius Caucus, 3 1 2 years before the birth of our Saviour, many of the stones of 
 the ancient road way still lying there ; passed the small church where it is said 
 St. Peter met Christ. I visited the " Abbadia delle Tre Fontane," or Three 
 Fountains, which derives its name from the legend that on this spot .St. Paul was 
 beheaded, and after the head was severed from the body it made three leaps, and 
 from each of these three spots a fountain started. Just as I was approaching 
 these fountains I had the pleasure of meeting Archbishop Fabre, of Montreal, 
 
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 who was at Rome on a visit to his Holiness the Pope. Hefore leaving, he told 
 me of the celebrated liqueur which was originated by a French Trappist from 
 Canada. This monk made the liqueur from the eucalyptus trees which were 
 brought from Australia to Rome in order to purify the air of the Campagna. I 
 drank some of this liqueur — drank to the memory of the dead monk, one of my 
 own countrymen. 
 
 The next place of interest was the Catacombs. There were a number of 
 people visiting this place at the same tine. We were each obliged to carry a 
 lighted taper, and the scene was a weird one as we descended into the earth, into 
 darkness that could almost be felt. These subterranean passages were used as 
 burial places by the early Christians and also as places of refuge from the Roman 
 pagans. Our way was through narrow, dark passages, and on either side there 
 are excavations where the bodies of the Christian martyrs have lain, and as we 
 walked slowly through, our lights seemed only to increase the darkness, and to 
 make it still more ghastly; at times we caught a glimpse of the bones mouldering 
 and crumbling — bones that had lain there for centuries I was wishing myself 
 safely out when I heard a lady exclaim, " Such a horrid place ! Do let us gc;t out." 
 I made some remark to her and her reply was, '' I am a patriotic American and 
 my home is in Ohio." There is no place secure from the much-travelled 
 American, from the top of the Pyramid of Cheops to the interior of the Catacombs 
 at Rome. 
 
 On the Appian Way is seen the celebrated tomb of Ca*cilia Metella ; it is 
 circular and sixty-five feet in diameter. There is a handsome frieze adorned 
 with wreaths of flowers. In the interior was the beautiful sarcophagus which 
 was removed to the Farnese palace. .Such monuments are not erected in the 
 nineteenth century to the memory of wou'icn, and surely there must be women 
 worthy of such monuments, or did the pagan Romans revere the memory of their 
 womankind more than the Christians of to-day .'' I entered the church of " .St. 
 Pietro in \Mneoli," where stands the magnificent statue of Moses by Micha(;l 
 Angelo, one of the most celebrated statues which exist. From there to the 
 wonderful temple of the Pantheon, the most splendid monuuKtnt of antiquity in 
 Rome, erected by Agrippa twenty-seven years before our .Saviour's birth. In 
 this magnificent temple are buried Caracci and the immortal Rai)hael. I paused 
 for a time before the ruins of the Roman Forum, before the temple of Saturn, which 
 was built 491 years before Christ. Then to \.\\v. baths of Caracalla, begun in the 
 year 2 1 2 by Caracalla and finished by Alexander Severus. It requires only a 
 look at these wonderful ruins to understand the magnificence and splendor of 
 
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 the ancient Romans. These baths could accommodate 1600 bathers at once. 
 The heating apparatus and hot-air pipes have recently been discovered. Beautiful 
 statues have been found in these ruins, and there are immense rooms with 
 beautiful mosaic-tiled floors. There are policemen guarding these ruins, as the 
 beautiful mosaic floors prove a strong temptation to tourists, and no matter how 
 much one may condemn vandalism, few could resist the mosaics from the baths 
 of Caracalla. 
 
 The grand church of St Peter, with its lofty dome, magnificent columns and 
 wonderful ornamentation, is the admiration of the world — a church where the 
 genius of Michael Angelo and Raphael united, where architects, painters and 
 sculptors have used their greatest skill, till at last it stands a monument of great- 
 ness and one of the wonders of the world. The Vatican palace, the largest in 
 the world, was at one time a dwelling for the Popes, and is occupied at the 
 present time by Pope Leo XIII. Nearly all the rooms are show rooms, only a 
 small portion of the building being occupied by the Pope. There are about 
 1 1,000 halls, chapels, saloons and private apartments. After visiting the Sistine 
 chapel, made famous by its paintings by Raphael, its frescoes by Florentine 
 masters and wonderful work of Michael Angelo, I went to the stables to see the 
 carriages of the Pope ; one of them cost $20,000, but the present Pope has never 
 ridden in these carriages, nor does he go out of his apartments ; considering 
 himself a prisoner, he refuses to leave the Vatican. Truly a magnificent prison, 
 St. Peter's, the Vatican and the Sistine chapel ! 
 
 The most wonderful of all the great ruins of ancient Rome stands, the 
 Colosseum, the largest amphitheatre in the world, completed by Titus eighty years 
 after the birth of our Saviour. The wonderful structure was oval, and the exterior 
 was composed of three stories of arches, and each story had eighty arches. 
 One hundred thousand people could be accommodated. The arena had two 
 entrances, and entrances for the gladiators and wild beasts. At the inauguration 
 there were 5,000 wild animals killed, and it is said that 6,000 Christians were 
 devoured by the animals during the hundred days of revelry and butchery. I 
 would like to be able to describe accurately these wonderful ruins, but I find it 
 impossible, and although only one third of the gigantic building remains, the ruins 
 are the most impressive of any in the world, I think It has passed through many 
 stages and been used for various purposes. From the " Roman holidays " of 
 gladiator combats, which were abolished in 405, the wild beast fights were 
 continued till the time of Theodoric the Great. It was used in the Middle Ages 
 by the Roman barons as a fortress. In 1332 the Roman nobility again introduced 
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 bull fights ; then after that period the magnificent building was used as a quarry. 
 In the fifteenth century they began removing the materials for the construction of 
 palaces, and when one learns that three palaces were constructed from the 
 Colosseum, then the idea of the original size begins to dawn upon one. Pope Pius 
 VII. and Leo XII. endeavored to preserve the ruins, and in order to do so 
 erected large buttresses. These interesting ruins have re-echoed the howls 
 of wild beasts, and groans of Christians who have died for their faith, and Roman 
 ladies have witnessed the sickening sights of gladiatorial combats. Near the 
 Colosseum there is an old fountain, where the gladiators used to wash their wounds 
 after their struggles with the wild beasts. This building has always been 
 symbolical of the greatness of Rome, and gave rise to this prophecy among the 
 pilgrims : " While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand ; when falls the 
 Colosseum, Rome shall fall ; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world," 
 
 I visited the palace of Colonna — relatives of the Prince Colonna who 
 married Miss Mackay. The palace is opened to the public certain days in the 
 week, and on the walls are hung many handsome pictures by Rubens, Van Dyck, 
 Tintoretto, Guido, Titian, and others. 
 
 I have said nothing about the miles, almost, of pictures to be seen in Rome — 
 pictures by the old masters ; and, notwithstanding their wonderful beauty, one 
 tires after a time of Madonnas and pictures of Virgins. 
 
 Among the most beautiful things in Rome is the Fontana di Trevi, or 
 Fountain of Trevi. It is erected against the Plazzo Poli. In the central niche 
 is the beautiful statue of Neptune, at the sides Health and i'ertility. The 
 Romans say that anyone drinking of the water of Trevi will never forget Rome, 
 and the superstitious say that if a stranger throws a coin into the fountain before 
 leaving, and drinks of the water, he will surely return to Rome. I, v ishing to 
 return some day to this city of ruins, threw a coin into the fountain and drank of 
 the water of Trevi. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 I'^TER leaving Rome we took the train for Florence, a distance which 
 occupied about seven hours, arriving in the evening, the river Arno 
 looking in the moonlight like a silver thread, giving one a fine 
 impression of the birthplace of the immortal Dante. 
 
 The beautiful Metropolitem Church is the first thing which strikes the eye 
 in Florence. Every part of this edifice has a history and an interesting one. 
 The foundation stone was laid in 1 298. The e.xterior is covered with marbles of 
 different colors, and the crowning glory is the cupola. The beautiful stained 
 glass windows are the works of Bernardo de Vetri and other master hands. At 
 the back of the altar is a statue left unfinished by Michael Angelo. The 
 Battistero, built in the seventh century, is celebrated for its magnificent bronze 
 gate by Ghiberti, which Michael Angelo said was worthy of being the gate of 
 Paradise. The famous Medicean Chapel is one of the beauties of Florence, where 
 we see the tombs of the De Medicis and handsome monuments. But the most 
 interesting place in Florence is the Uffizi gallery. There is seen the Venus of 
 the Medicis, a Greek work, the Dancing Faun, one of the great works of the 
 ancients ; paintings by Raphael, Corregio, Caracci, and other great artists. 
 Among the remarkable houses which have been occupied by celebrated people is 
 the house of Dante ; the villa occupied by Michael Angelo ; Cellini's house ; the 
 house of Galileo, the house where Raphael resided, Andrea Del Sarto, and 
 stranger than all, the place where Americus Vespucius was born. 
 
 VENICE. 
 
 From Florence to Venice requires only a few hours ride by train, but when 
 one arrives in this place the utter strangeness of one's surroundings seems to place 
 one beyond the reach of all places and all things to which one has been 
 accustomed. This wonderful Venice, which at one time was the commercial 
 centre of the world, suffered by the discovery of America, but I think it must 
 owe much of its present prosperity to Americans, as they of all foreigners are 
 the most numerous in Venice, and are the owners of many of the old palaces 
 which were occupied at one time by the Venetian nobles. After leaving the 
 train we were taken to our hotel in a gondola, for there are no horses in Venice, 
 everything being carried by gondolas, and many people living there have never 
 seen a horse. So the strangeness of the scene was thrust upon us at the outset 
 
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 as we took our seats in the gondola, and started down the Grand Canal from 
 there into side streets, the gondola making sharp turns around corners with a 
 rapidity which is astonishing when one considers that it is propelled by one oar. 
 We passed Venetian ladies — probably out making afternoon calls — with their 
 private gondolas and gondoliers, the gondolier in many instances wearing the family 
 coat of arms on his sleeve ; thus instead of carriages with the coat of arms 
 emblazoned thereon, the Venetians have them upon their gondolas and gondo- 
 liers. We stopped at the " Hotel Monaco," Grand Canal, and from my window 
 I could look down directly into the water, and was awakened many times in the 
 night during my stay in Venice by the strange sound of the oar of the gondolas. 
 The Venetians have a saying "One Venice, one sun, and one Piazza San 
 Marco." It is the correct thing for the people to go to the Lido to see the sun 
 rise, but I am satisfied to get all my information in regard to sunrises second 
 hand, as I much prefer to lie in bed and read the descriptions, or better still, hear 
 nothing about the subject, for who can describe or paint a sunrise .'' But the 
 Piazza San Marco, or St. Mark's Square, interested me very much. In one part of 
 the square is the celebrated clock tower. On the top of the tower, on each side 
 of a large bell, are two large bronze figures by Ambrogia dalle Ancore, in 1497, 
 the year of the discovery of America. The Campanile is the highest monument 
 in Venice, and the terrace underneath is ornamented with statues and bas-reliefs 
 and columns of Greek marble. 
 
 The Cathedral of St. Mark was commenced in the middle of the eleventh 
 century, and is celebrated for its Oriental marble works, its carvings, paintings 
 and bronzes. The Doges' palace is one of the most beautiful buildings in St. 
 Mark's Square, and Charles Dickens alludes to the beautiful arches in 'his 
 '* Pictures from Italy." But of all the statues, architecture and marvellous works 
 of skill in this celebrated square, there was nothing which interested me so much 
 as the pigeons, or as they are called, the " Pigeons of St. Mark," for they are the 
 prot^g(5s of the city, and anyone found ill-treating or injuring them in any way is 
 fined or imprisoned, for it is believed by the credulous that the prosperity of 
 Venice depends upon these pigeons, that the fact of their being there is a sign 
 that the city will not be swallowed by the waters of the sea. Every day at two 
 o'clock their dinner bell is rung, the vesper bells being used for that purpose. 
 The moment the bells commence to ring tlie birds Hy to this square, and it is said 
 that if the bell ringing is omitted the birds scream and flap their wings in a 
 peculiar manner. I saw a little girl feeding them ; the birds flocked about her in 
 thousands, lighting on her head and in her hands — a pretty picture for an artist. 
 
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 says ^-.-^^^^ ''''' ' '^''''■' '° "'' ""' " '^'''''^'' ^'^ ^'^^''" °^ ^hich Lord IJyron 
 
 " I stood in Venice on the Briclfje of Si^jhs, 
 A palace and a prison on each hand." 
 
 But I was disappointed, as it r.c,ulrcs a vivid imagination to invest this bridi^e 
 wu much nuercstalthougi, writers say it is the most celebrated brid, h L 
 world. It .s true that there is a palace at one end and a pri.son at the othe and 
 the pr..soner.s were led fron, the palace to the prison, but' I think thel 1 ^ of 
 Byron have mvested u with too much importance. In the church of St. M rl' 
 de. Fran ,s to be seen the tombs of Titian and Canova 
 
 In going down the water streets of Venice we pass many celebrated palaces 
 wh,ch were once occupied by famous people. There is seen the house whe" 
 7 «o nved. the celebrated Fondaco del Turchi. which has been admired by 
 By on. lasso and Petrarch ; the Pala.zo Henyon, which was occupied by Byron 
 Canova and Moore ; the Mocinigo palace was occupied by Byron in YsTs 
 where he wrote the first cantos of Don Juan ; Petrarch's house, which was pe 
 sented to hn. „. .363; tV^xdace of Taglioni, the celebrated talian Z X 
 and many other noble palaces whose foundations have been washed for ce S 
 by the waters of the Adriatic. centuries 
 
 " There is a glorious city in the sea : 
 The sea is in the broad, the narrow streets. 
 Kbbing and flowing ; and the salt sea-«eed 
 Clings to the marble of her palaces. 
 
 No track of men, no footsteps to and fro 
 Lead to her gates. The path lies o'er the sea, 
 Invincible : and from the land we went 
 As to a floating city." 
 
 After leaving Venice our next destination was Milan, to see tlie world 
 renowned Cathedral. It is built in the forn, of a eross, and no onVue or p „ 
 an descnbe ,ts wondrous beauty_a structure that seems im,>ossibfe to have 
 b en bu t by hu„,an hands, so delicate does it appear. ,ts bealtiful .est 
 l.ke /rost, and as pure as snow, .vhile the statues from their di.zy heigh ts ^^^t 
 have been placed there by the spirits of the air, and if the soul of the departed 
 cleadarepermnted to revisit earth, surely no fitter spot could they f nd^n 
 
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 among the spires and statues of Milan Cathedral. No one can look upon this 
 structure without being better for it ; no one can look upon it without for- 
 getting earth and all things earthly. I turn from it with regret, for never again 
 will I stand before any work of man so beautiful, so graceful, or so pure as this 
 wonderful poem in marble. 
 
 After leaving Milan, the next place of interest was Como in Switzerland, the 
 lake about which poets have sung and novelists written. There we took the 
 train to cross the Alps, and passed through the St. Gothard's Tunnel, the place 
 which required such engineering skill. It is by no means a pleasant sensation to 
 feel that you are beneath a mountain, in utter darkness, on a train which is 
 performing some kind of evolutions on a spiral railway. While crossing the 
 Alps, many times, just as I caught a glimpse of some beautiful bit of scenery, 
 suddenly I found myself in darkness, for there are tunnels and tunnels, but the 
 greatest of all is the St. Gothard's, which requires twenty minutes to pass through. 
 
 When we started to cross the Alps, before we made the ascent, the valley 
 was green with grapes growing on the vines. We found ourselves plunged 
 into a tunnel, and when we emerged from it the valley was below us. We passed 
 little Swiss houses, another tunnel, and upon emerging again the little houses 
 were below us and we found the atmosphere colder ; another tunnel, then we 
 were in the region of snow, with pines growing on the mountain side. We had 
 l(;ft the grapes and green fields below, and upon looking down we could see the 
 mouth of the tunnel from which we had recently emerged, while the bridge we had 
 just crossed looked like a spider's web below. One more tunnel and we were on 
 the highest point, and the scenery was grand in the extreme. Mountain gorges 
 below us and bridges that seemed unable to bear the weight of a man, and it 
 seemed almost incredible that they had carried the weight of the heavy train. It 
 was extremely cold at the summit, but the greatest inconvenience from which I 
 suffered was deafness, through the air being so rarified. We plunged once again 
 into a tunnel, and after coming to the opening we could see the track above us 
 this time, and on and on through endless tunnels we gradually descended and 
 found ourselves on the other side of the Alps. On through Switzerland into 
 France, then on to the brilliant capital, Paris. 1 will not weary my readers with 
 any descriptions of Paris, as it is a threadbare subject ; but the I'arisians collect- 
 ively are a constant source of wonder Their lives, which are always at high 
 pressure, seem to suggest the old saying. " A short life and a merry one," if the life 
 of a blazl' Parisian can be said to be merry. They are nothing if not sensational, 
 and while I was there the craze was Patti, and hysterical, emotional, extravagant 
 
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 99 
 
 Paris fairly outdid itsi:lf. The newspaper criticisms and eulogies were such as 
 could only he produced by the Parisian press. 
 
 I''rom Paris we took thi; train to Calais, a distance of only a few hours' travel, 
 then crossed the linj^lish Channel in seventy minutes. This very narrow strip 
 of water sometimes proves much too wide in stormy weather and is the bi'tc noire 
 of amateur sailors ; but when I was crossinji;, the Channel was in a j:;racious 
 mood ; consequently I escaped the usual mal dc nicr. Prom Dover we look the 
 train again for London, the time retjuired being only ten hours from Paris to 
 London. 
 
 I have listened to people speaking in terms of dismay of continental Sundays, 
 and often when the subject of opening an art gallery on Sunday has been 
 proposed, people have held up their hands in horror and e.xclaimed, " It would be 
 impossible. Just look at the Continent for an example. If we opened galleries, 
 the next thing we would have continental Sundays " I think if such people were 
 to spend .some time on the Continent, they would change their minds in regard to 
 many things. I do not mean to say that the people of Italy, Switzerland and 
 France observe the Sunday as the Anglo-Saxon does, by sitting at home and 
 denying himself all pleasure ; but in my travels on the Continent I have heard no 
 noise, no disturbance, no drunkenness, in the streets on Sunday. I passed 
 through a little village in Italy one Sunday, and there were a number of the 
 village maidens and young men dancing on the green, but there was no noise. 
 The theatres are open in all the large cities, but there is no disturbance,-, and I did 
 not see one man intoxicated during my travels on the Continent. I am not advo- 
 cating theatres on .Sunday, nor the opening of art galleries or libraries, as I believe 
 in everyone being miserable in their own way ; and if the Anglo-Saxon can get 
 his full amount of misery by making Sunday a day of penance, by all means let 
 him have it. What I wish to say is that continental people can enjoy their 
 Sunday rationally, without penance, without noise or drunkenness. In London 
 some of the authorities are working hard to have the museums and art galleries 
 opened on Sunday, so that the working man and his family may visit them. They 
 have succeeded in opening some of these places, and in time they will all be 
 opened. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 ERE a^Jiin I am gniiifr to spare my readers any description of London; 
 ^ too many hooks have heen written on the subject. Here is the usual 
 regulation route in London, which all writers take, but many of these 
 places did not interest me, I went, like all the rest of the world, to Westminster 
 Abbey, and was told to notice particularly a certain portion of the floor, which 
 was six hundred years old or more; but after having seen a column which was 
 brought to Rome from Egypt, where it was erected /zao ihottsand years be/ore the 
 birth of Christ, this marble floor in Westminster seemed very new. But I 
 believe my travels have not been of the regulation order, and London was no 
 exception to the rule, as I went to the places which were the most interesting to 
 me, and I hope my readers do not object to going with me to the East End to the 
 London slums. One Sunday afternoon I went, accompanied by a police officer, 
 to the poor part of this great city. Our way led us through that portion known 
 as Whitechapel, the scene of the horrible murders. Nothing can be more sur- 
 prising than the sudden change from the principal street, with its well-dressed 
 people, into this hive of poverty, misery and crime. Here, within sight of the 
 Bank of England, the Mansion House, and the Exchange, is this fearful poverty. 
 I walked through these narrow lanes, where there were thousands of men, women 
 and children ; men with brutal faces, made brutal by poverty and crime ; women 
 with scarcely a trace of woman left ; children — God help them ! — with nothing of 
 childhood about them. I went into what is called a lodging house, where, by 
 paying fourpence a day, a man may cook what little he can get, and if he can 
 get nothing to eat, he may sleep there. I went in just as they were taking their 
 meal — if it can be called suth — and witnessed a sight which I shall not forget. 
 There were about four hundred men sitting around pine tables, each one eating 
 what he had been able to get for himself, weak tea and dry bread ; in many 
 instances eating food which the petted lap dogs of my fashionable lady friends 
 would have refused. They resented our intrusion — and who can blame them? — 
 some of them looking up like hunted wild beasts, others with the stolid look 
 which struggling with poverty so often brings. Two of them had lain their heads 
 down on the table and fallen asleep, the picture of weariness. Drunk, my readers 
 may exclaim. Perhaps they were, but none the less to be pitied, as they must 
 
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 lOI 
 
 waken from this slix-por drunkrn stupor, to cold, hunger and misery. In another 
 alley I came across two women sitting alone, half clail, on the door step of a 
 vacant house, taking their solitary meal, and the look of misery on th<;ir faces will 
 haunt me many a day. On a few dry crusts and weak tea they were trying to 
 satisfy hunger, hut the words seem a mockery, as if their hunger was ever 
 appeased ! — for here, in a land of plenty, are starving women and children, while 
 men have spent their lives in trying to alleviate the sufferings of these people, 
 still the misery remains. In one street some well-meaning ladies were hold- 
 ing a service in a lodging house, but to me it seemed worse than mockery. Pure 
 air, cleanliness, and food are the essential needs of these poor people, and none 
 of these do they get. Talk to a half starving child about the goodness of (iod ! 
 See them look with white lips and hungry eyes into your face, while you repeat to 
 them the catechism or creed ! The people who do these things may be well 
 meaning, but they know nothing of human nature. Tell these poor starving chil- 
 dren the story of the crucifixion, and how will it affect them, for are they not 
 crucified every day by cold and hunger ? The crown of thorns which they wear 
 is on their head at their birth, and is composed of sorrow, shame, hunger, mi.sery 
 and wretchedness ! 
 
 He who has written so many kindly things of .such people as these is resting 
 in Westminster Abbey. Hefore the grave of Charles Dickens I reverently 
 bowed. He took from such people his character of " Little Nell," and who does 
 not know of " Poor Joe " and his lonely life. There are many " Poor Joes " in the 
 London slums to-day. 
 
 I have seen the volcano-ridged mountains of the Sandwich Islands, the palms 
 and groves of Honolulu, the cocoanut-crowned hills of Samoa ; have visited the 
 home of the Maori, ascended the cone-shaped Mount PLden of New Zealand, 
 passed up the magnificent harbor of Sydney, seen the mines and cities of 
 Australia. Have seen the snow-capped hills of Tasmania, and watched the 
 Southern Cross recede from view while I .sailed for that beautiful island of the 
 East, Ceylon, and rested for a time among the mystic, occult-loving people of 
 India. Have passed through the Red Sea, through which the children of Israel 
 walked unharmed, toward the land of the Pharaohs, and have stood on the 
 blistering sands of Egypt. Sailed through the waters of the Mediterranean to 
 the beautiful Bay of Naples. Have seen the soft skies of the art-loving, poetical 
 people of Italy, on to the mighty Alps and blue hills of Switzerland. Have 
 

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 visited the vine-clad hills of sunny France, and then stood upon the shores of 
 England. Leaving the old worlds, with their Eastern magnificence and Oriental 
 splendor, their palaces of art and halls of science, I turn my face toward the land 
 which for many months is ice-bound and covered with its mantle of snow, turn 
 once more to the land of mv birth, Canada. 
 
 TIU-; KN1>. 
 
mmmm 
 
 2S of 
 
 intal 
 land 
 turn