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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire filmi fut reproduit grAce d la g6n6rosit4 de i'Atablissement prAteur suivant : Bibliothdque, Commission Gfologique du Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour Atre reproduites en un seul clichA sont filmAes A partir de Tangle supArieure gauche, de gauche A droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Le diagranime suivant illustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m IVi 1. SI, 'AV OCT mm wm nm of gbpi. BY H. PBABETH H. BRUMELL, F.Q.S.A. p - - - »• »■ OTTAWA: BlNTED AT TflE OFFICE OF PaYNTER & CO., 48 RiDBAU STREET. Ijpffit, 1893. IMI K i^S ip ^■S ^^^^^u^^ 3w^i»i^:>^**«^ ^^^^^^H| RhmI 11 • • » • • ■-• - • ♦■ * »■ ■ « -.• •■ • » '• « • ■••• • •ft '••V ■»■%•••. «,»•• • ■• ■• ••* •«* :».•• • .»•;••• ■•••• •••"•, ••\,»# ••» •••■•»•'"••■ "■*■»•• • ■• Ji., '♦ . ,•., ••• i«., . • « • »•••?••• • ••? ; • • •»• • •• • • •••• • ••• / ; 'W. 1 .''•'.'■•' > 2 ^ ?^ i t-V^' '^^ ,*»1 Re-printed from the Ottawa Naturalist, February and March, 1893. THE MINERAL WATERS OF CANADA. By H. Peareth H. Brumell, F.G.S.A. (By permission of the Director of the Geological Survey Department.) Though many mineral waters of high curative powers are known to occur in Canada, comparatively few of them have been as yet brought to the notice of the general public, the best known being un- doubtedly those obtained from the springs at Wilmot, N.S.; Apohaqui and Havelock, N.B.; St. Leon, Ste. Genevieve and St. Hyacinthe, Que. Caledonia and Winchester Springs, Ont., and Banff, Aha. Regarding these, full particulars will be found in the following pages. It is not the intention of the writer to touch in any manner upon therapeutics, but to confine himself in this case to the collection ot analyses, which have been gleaned from many sources, including Dr. T. S. Hunt's article on Mineral Waters, constituting Chapter XVIII, Geology of Canada, 1863 ; Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, i868, by Hy. How ; Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada, 1874, by G. E. Walton, M.D.; various articles m the Canadian Naturalist and American Journal of Science, and the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. The analyses marked thus (a) have been taken from Chap. XVIII, Geology of Canada, 1863. Although by no means a complete list, it is considered amply sufficient to illustrate the fact that Canada has within her boundaries an almost endlfss variety of natural curative waters. Mineral Waters in Ontario. Alfred, Prescott Co. (a) — A Saline spring occurs on lot 9, range 10, of Alfred Township, which is said to contain i4'5 parts of solid matter in 1000 of water; and on lot 10, range 6, of the same township, two springs are said to occur, which, yield saline, and somewhat alka- line waters, containing a small proportion 01 sulphates. These waters all rise from rocks of Carabro-Silurian age. No analyses are avail- able. Ancaster, Wentivorth Co. (a) — About two miles east of the village of Ancaster is found a saline water, from which an attempt was, many years ago, made to obtain salt. Ov/ing, however, to th« low saturation of the brine,and the great amount of earthy chlorides, the enterprise was unsuccessful. The analysis of a specimen, collected in September 1847, gave the follow .n^ result : Chloride sodium i7'828o potassium '0920 calcivm 128027 " magnesium 5'0737 Bromide sodium •1178 Sulphate of lime ■77^»9 Carbonate of lime traces In 1000 parts of water 36'69ii Specific gravity 1029*1 About one mile and three quarters north-west of the above spring occurs a sulphurous water, which issues from rocks of the Niagara for- mation. This water was analyzed in 1854 by Dr. Geo. Wilson, of Edinburgh, with the following result : Chloride sodium 3'5476 " potassium 0052 " calcium 1*3528 " magnesium Sulphate of lime .... Carbonate " " magnesia . iron . Silica Iodine Phosphoric acid Alumina Organic matter . •4190 •6500 •2035 '0160 •0274 •0097 traces. In 1000 parts of water 6'23i2 Sulphuretted hydrogen per 1000 inches of water. 56 c. in. Bothwell, Kent Co.— In the " Thames Well," which was drilled in search of oil, a'^heavy flow of bitter sulphurous water was struck at a depth of 475 feet, and probably near the base of the Corniferous lime- stone. The water had a natural temperature of 57® F., and would, in consequence, be slightly thermal, as the region is traversed by the isothermal line of 47' F. The analysis (Report Geolo&;ical Survey 1866, p. 373) showed : snte nber ring for- , of I 3 Chloride sodium 14*4460 " potassium '335° " calcium 3 1830 " magnesium 5795° Sulphate of lime 3 0580 Sulphide of sodium *^7?7) 5^ HS " hydrogen 0767 J ^ Li 1000 parts of water 277734 Specific gravity 10209 The waters from many of the wells sunk for oil throughout fKe district, and further north, in the Enniskillen oil region, show very similar characters, and are in many instances highly sulphurous. Brampton, Peel Co. {a) — A water having in solution a small pro- portion of the alkaline chlorides and sulphates, is reported from this place, though the amount of solid mineral contents, 0-38 parts in 1000 of water, hardly places it in the category of mineral waters. Brant, Brant Co. (a)— On lot 53, township of Brant, is found a copious spring, known as the " Blue Spring," from the intense blue colour of the water in the reservoir, which lies on a mound of calctufa. The water both tastes and smells sulphuroufj, though no gas is evolved. A partial analysis afforded : Sulphate of lime i'24o " magnesia '207 Carbonate of liir e 198 In 1000 parts of water 1*645 Brechin, Ontario Co. — A strongly saline water is found near this village, on the shore of Lake Simcoe, of which the following analysis has been made by Mr. Thos. Heys, of Toronto. Chloride sodium 201 096 " potassium 5 "480 " calcium 42"i76 • " magnesium 3S'344 Sulphate of potash 3'968 Bicarbonate of soda 35 000 Carbonate of iron 2-160 Silica and alumina i*744 Free ammonia 120 Organic ammonia 008 Grains in mperial gallon 327*096 Sulphuretted hydrogen 105 20 c. inches. Carbonic acid gas 5 728 ** This water is now aerated and bottled in Toronto, by the pro- prietor, Mr. L. Forrest, and placed upon the market under the name of " Eudo " water. Caledonia Springs^ Prescolt Co. (a) — In the village of Caledonia Springs, in the township of Caledonia, are located the springs which give rise to the name, and which have for many years been visited by persons suffering from many maladies, though more especially rheuma tism and derangements of the digestive organs. Besides the water annually used in the sanitarium, large quantities are shipped to points both in the United States and Canada. The springs, four in number, are known as the "Gas," "Saline," "White Sulphur," and "Intermit- tent," the waters of which were collected and analyzed in September, 1847, with the following result : Chloride sodium " potassium . . . , " calcium .... " magnesium . . . Bromide of sodium . . . , " magnesium Iodide sodium " magnesium Sulphate of potash .... Carbonate soda " lime t( magnesia iron .... Alumina Silica . . . In 1000 parts of water . . Specific gravity Gas Spring. 6-9675 •0309 •0150 •0005 •0053 •0485 •1480 •5262 traces. •0044 •0310 7-7773 1006 '2 Saline Spring. 6*4409 •0296 0169 0014 •0048 • 1762 •1175 •5172 traces. undet. •0425 7 "3470 1005*8 While Sulphur Spring. 3 "8430 •0230 0100 traces. •0183 •4558 •2JOO •2940 traces. •0026 •0840 4 9407 Intermit- tent Spring. 1003-7 12*2500 •0305 -2870 I 0338 •0238 •00a I • 1264 -8632 traces. (t •0225 14-6393 1010-9 8 Accompanying the flow of water from the " Gas Well " there was . in 1847 a discharge of about 300 cubic inches of carburetted hydrogen per minute. This has, however, been much lessened through opera- tions at the spring, and it s doubtful if the flow of gas at the time of the visit of the writer, in July, 1888, was more than half that amount. About twenty-five yards distant from the above spring are situated the " Saline " and " White Sulphur " springs, the former evolv- ing a small quantity of carburetted hydrogen, and the latter a small quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, equal to less than a cubic inch per gallon. The temperature of the water in the Gas, Saline and White Sulphur Springs, was found to be, in September, 1847 : 44*4°, 45' and 46° F. respectively, Charlotteville, Norfolk Go. {a) — On lot 3, con. 12, township of Charlotteville, is found a somewhat remarkable spring of sulphurous water, issuing from the Corniferous limestone. The water rises through several openings in the mud, at the bottom of a natural basin of about 100 square yards in extent, and was found to have a flow of about sixteen giUons per minute. It has a strongly pungent taste, from the great amount of sulphuretted hydrogen which it con- tains. By experiment at the spring this was found to be equivalent to 1 1 "6 cubic inches in 100 of water. The temperature of the water in the basin at the time of examination — some thirty-five years ago — was 45° F. The solid matter amounted to 2*495 parts in 1000 of water, specific gravity, 10027. The analysis gave the following result for 1000 parts of water : Chloride magnesium "0878 Sulphate soda *47 1^ " potash '05 10 " lime I 1 267 " magnesia -435 1 Carbonate lime '3050 " magnesia "0179 " iron traces Sulphuretted hydrogen "1776 Craigleith, Gray Co. — About midway between Collingwood and Meaford on the Georgian Bay are situated the "Blue Mountain Mineral Springs " in the village of Craigleith. , The water was examined by Mr. Thos, Heys of Toronto, who obtained the following results : Chloride sodium 15732 " potassium "303 " calcium 6"937 " magnesium 3'i 25 Sulphate potassium '983 Carbonate calcium i'.j62 Volatile organic matter ."'^25 Grains in imperial pint 34' '67 Carbonic acid gas "621 cubic inches Sulphuretted hydrogen '526 qut)ic incht s Temperature 45 '5* F. Eastman^ Sy Russell Co. — The waters of the two springs at Eastman's Springs, and known as the " Sulphur " and " Saline " were examined by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann, Chemi:;t to the Geological Survey (Geol. Sur. rep. 1874-75 p. 317), with the following results: Sulphur Sp. Saline Sp. Chloride sodium 2'i584 " potassium '0400 " calcium " magnesium Sulphate potash '0033 " lime Bicarbonate soda '8365 " hme •o54j^ " magnesia '1709 *' iron '0066 Ferric oxide Alumina traces Silica 'oi 34 Organic matter * 0917 Copper Lithia undet Baryta minute trace Strontia Boracic acid .* undet B'-omine I( ne undet Phosphoric acid undet 18-9812 •1577 41692 ^•9031 •0199 '1775 '0121 •031 1 '003 3 '0090 minute trace undet (( undet undet undet Less carbonic acid actually found 3"3747 •0117 In 1000 parts of water 3'363o Specific gravity 100195 25-4628 1019.44 !I I 12 race :t T Fitiroy^ Lanark Co.{a)-^ \ saline water is found rising from rocks of the Chazy or Calciferous torniation, on lot lo, range a, Filrroy town- ship, at what is known as Gillan's spring. A specimen collected in July 1850, afforded the following results on analysis : Chloride sodium ^'53*5 " potassium •! 160 Bromide sodium r. '0217 Iodide '* 0032 Phosphate soda '0124 Carbonate " -5885 *' baryta traces " strontia .' . ** •' lime '1500 " magnesia "ySdo " iron traces Alumina '0040 Silica "1330 In 1000 parts of water ^'ZAIZ Specific gravity 1006*24 Another water, which is feebly saline, and sulphurous to the taste, but which was not analyzed, occurs on lot 12, con. 6, of the same town- ship. Halloweily Prince Edward Co. {a) — On lot 11, con. 2, township of Hallowell, a well twenty-seven feet in depth, and known as Hubb's well, afforded a water, of which the following analysis of a specimen collected in Oct., 1853, was obtained — Analysis I ; while from a well about two miles distant, a specimen was obtained in the summer of 1854, afTo X .le result shown in II. The waters of several wells in the vicinity «*ere found to be very similar in character to these two. I II Chloride sodium 387315 i7'4ooo " potassium .' traces " calcium i5"923o 92050 " magnesium 12 9060 9*4843 Bromide sodium "4685 undet Iodine " 0133 " In icoo parts of water 68-0423 36-0893 Specific gravity *o53"i * s Hamilton, Wintworth, Co. (a) — In the Canadian Journal 1853. Prof. Henry Croft gives the the following analysis of a water said to be from Young's Spring at Hamilton: Chloride sodium "5098 Sulphate soda i •6985 " lime 11246 " Magnesia 4*7799 In 1000 parts of water g'l 12S Specific gravity 1006.4 Hawkesbury, Prescott (Jo, (a) — A well reported to be on lot 9 con, 6 township of Hawkesbury afforded a water which gave the following result on partial analysis : Chloride sodium 8177 Sulphate soda 083 Carbonate soda 1 "200 " lime "076 " magnesia "063 In 1000 parts of water 9599 As well as some undertermined bromides, iodides, boracic acid, oxide of iron and silica. Kingston, Frontenac Co. {a) — In two borings made for water at Morton's distillery in Kingston, mineral waters were encountered specimens of which were examined by the Rev. Prof. Williamson of Queen's College, Kingston, with the following results. Lower Well. Upper Well. Chloride sodium 5*215 29864 " calcium 4010 i2'894 " magnesium 1763 6*954 Sulphate soda 2'44i " lime "396 " magnesia '492 Carbonate lime 400 "370 " magnesia i"287 In 1000 parts of water 13 830 52.257 Specific gravity loio'o 1043*2 Zondon, Middlesex Co. — Unfortunately no data are at hand giving sin accurate analysis of the water of the Sulphur spring at London. •nal 1853. sr said to 1 9 con. 6 following :ic acid, water at )untered nson of :r Well. (■864 •894 ■954 •396 •492 •370 •287 257 ^3•2 giving »ndon. 9 This water has been used for many years in connection with baths erected over the well, where, at a depth of 114 feet from the surface, the water was struck. An analysis by Prof. Croft gave about two parts of solid matter in i,ooo of water ; these consisted of nearly equal parts of the sulphates of lime and magnesia and traces of chloride of sodium. The water deposits pure yellow pulverulent sulphur around its outlet. (F/ i5'94 and 4*96 parts in 1,000 of water, All cl these waters probably rise from rocks of the Hudson River formation. Bay S/. Paul^ Charlevoix Co. (racic acid, ;r litre. A lysis : — •0257 undet •0245 ■ • • 7523 5oint about rhe water lins some- e following •0137 •4520 '4622 traces undet •0552 12-8830 1 009 "42 lich some y known Assomp- Cambro itain 7*36 uantities il Survey a spring rmation. lute and gave the Chloride sodium . . , Sulphate sodn . . . , potassa . lime .... Carbonate lime . . " magnesia " iron .... li 17 •0021 Silica ■0078 •0128 '0233 Carbonic acid, half combined •0673 " " free •0357 traces 'OO93 -1483 •0483 -0128 In 1,000 parti of water '2093 Specific gravity at I5'S° C l.ooo'i6 Maisonneuve, Hochela^a Co. (a) — An examination was made by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann in the laboratory of the Survey (report Geol. Surv Vol. IV. 1888-89. P^'"^ R-) of a water from a deep boring on the property of Messrs Viau et Freres at Maisonneuve, near Montreal. The boring attained .' depth of 1.500 feet, in rocks of Cambro- silurian age from which the water emanated. Of the physical features cf the t;' ;cimen, Mr. Hoffmann writes as follows: — " The sample of water sent for examination had, when received, a faint yet decided odour of sulphuretted hydrogen ; it contained but a trifling amount of sediment ; colour of the clear water, when viewed in a column two feet in length, light yellow ; taste, inildly saline ; reaction, faintly alkaline." The analysis gave the following result : — Chloride sodium 4'0358 Silica '0135 '• potassium '0301 Sulphate soda 2*8624 " lime '0867 Carbonate lime '0855 Carbonic acid, half combined . " free 7-3587 •1658 •0503 Alumina magnesia •2447 trace In 1,000 parts of water 7 '5748 Specific gravity at 15*5° C 1006 "3 Quaranie Arpents, Nicolet Co. (a) — Near the line of St. Gregoire and in the concession of Quarante Arpents occurs an alkaline water, impregnating a small area of marshy ground in which a pit was dug and the specimen, of which the following is an analysis, collected in the Autumn of 1853. The water is yellowish and alkaline in taste, and rises from rocks of the Hudson River formation : — Chloride sodium '3290 " potassium '0318 Sulphate potash traces Carbonate soda i '1353 *' lime undet " magnesia " Carbonate iron Alumina . . . . Silica undet In 1,000 parts of water I "5591 Rawdon, Montcalm Co. (a) — In the "Geology of Canada" 1863, page 541 the following description of two springs in this township is found : — 18 " Two springs have been examined irom the township of Rawdon. One of the third class from the twenty-fifth lot of the third range, is sor?.ewhat strongly saline, containing 4"96 parts of solid matter, in 1,000, and yielding the reactions of baryta, boracic acid, bromine and iodine. The other from the twenty-seventh lot of the same range is an abundant spring, of slightly sulphurous water, belonging to the fourth class, which yields only 032 parts of solid matter in 1,000 and contains portions of sulphates and borates, with a trace of bromine. These "-prings apparently rise from the Potsdam formation." Rivihe Quelle, Kamouraska Co. (a) — In the third concession of the seigniory of Rivifere Quelle, are several small basins wherein is found a saline water. No analyses are available though a partial examination showed the water to contain 13 "36 parts of solid matter made up principally of chlorides of calcium and magnesium and a small proportion of earthy chlorides, in 1,000 parts of watt r. S/e. Anne dt la Pocaiihe, Kamouraska Co. {a) — Several saline springs are known to exist in this seigniory of which however no analyses are available. Two of these, mentioned in the *' Geology of Canada, 1863" as occuring in the second concession gave 0*36 and 5*06 parts of solid matter in 1,000 of water, the latter amount (5 "06) being contained in a bitter saline water holding besides chlorides an abundance of the sulphates of lime and magnesia. The water affording 036 parts is slightly sulphurous and is strongly saline to the taste. St. Benott, Two Mountains Co. (a) — " A spring nearly opposite to tlie old church of St. Benoit, rises thorough the clays, which here overlie the Potsdam formation. The specific gravity of the water is 1004*3, and it contains about 6'o parts of solid matter to 1,000. This water * * * * contains traces of carbonates, and large amounts of calcareous and magnesia salts, both chlorides and sulphates" vide Geology of Canada, 1863. St. Eustache, Two Mountains Go. {a) — A feebly saline water, yielding i*88 parts of solid matter to 1,000 of water and rising from rocks of the Trenton formation occurs near the vilL)ge of St. Eustache in the parish of that name. m • of Rawdon. ird range, is 1 matter, in :id, bromine same range iging to the n I, coo and of bromine. It >ncession of wherein is h a partial iolid matter >ium and a line springs nalyses are lada, 1863" •ts of solid tained in a Ke of the 6 parts is •pposite to hich here 2 water is 00. This nounts of es" vide le water, ing from Eustache Sfe. Genevihg, Batiscan Co. {a) — Several medicinal springs are known to occur in the vicinity of St. Genevieve and near to the Batiscan river. The waters which are strongly saline, flow from rocks of Trenton age, and in the case of that, of which No I is the analysis, give off no inconsiderable quantities of carburetted hydrogen. The analyses refer to I, from a spring about three miles above the church, and II, from a spring at the ferry landing directly opposite the church. The specimens examined were collected in igust 1853. Ferry spring Trudel's spring I Chloride sodium I7'267i potassium . . calcium . . . ' • magnesium . Bromide magnesia . . Iodide " Carbonate lime magnesia iron Alumina Silica . . . •2409 •6038 2-0523 ■0587 •0133 0120 •7506 traces unt'el undet In 1,000 parts of water 20*9987 I] 1 1 5094 undet '2264 '8942 •b273 •0183 '0180 •4464 traces undet undet I3'I400 St. Hyacinthe^ St. Hyacinthc Co. — A mineral water, which is now finding a ready sale throughout the province of Quebec, is obtained at 3t. Hyacinthe and sold under the name of " Philudor." No data are available beyond the following analysis made by Prof. C. P. Choquette, of St. Hyacinthe College : Chloride sodium 3*6923 " potassium "1230 magnesium '0415 •0074 •0319 barium '0032 '* lithium Sulphate calcium Carbonate manganese 'Ol 14 Sulphur 'ooog Alumina •0041 Silica '0246 Titanic acid traces Free carbonic acid •0461 " strontium '0024 Carbonic acid (forming bicarbonates) '0983 Carbonate sodium '0422 " magnesium '064S " iron "0371 Residue at 180° C in 1,000 parts of water 4 '4423 SV. L^on^ Maskinongt Co.— The best known and most widely used medicinal water found in Canada is undoubtedly that obtained at St. Leon Springs. Large quantities of this water are annually sold in all the important cities and towns of the Dominion and considerable quantities art of course used in the baths etc, at the sanitarium erected 20 ¥ 1 1 i ■ i 1 near the spring 1 he water is strongly saline and slightly chalybeate and at the spring evolves considerable quantities of carburetted hydro- gen. The following analysis was made by Dr. T Sterry Hunt and was confirmed by Prof. O. F. Chandler of Columbia College, Nev York, and Jno. Baker Kdwards Ph.D. etc. 4( It t( <( (< II Phosphate soda . 1690 Bi-carbunate lime 29*4405 " magnesia 82*1280 iron '6856 Alumina "5830 Silica ; I -3694 Gr IS in imp. gallon 871 '6681 Specific gravity loi i "8 Chloride sodium 677.4782 potassium I3'6i70 barium '6099 strontium '5070 calcium 3"3338 magnesium 50*0039 lithium 1*6147 Bromide sodium '8108 Iodide " "2479 Sulphate lime '0694 Another spring (a) in this neighborhood occurring about a mile from the church at St. Leon and in the valley of the Riviere k la Glais, affords a very similar water to the foregoing. The water is saline, has a marked chalybeate taste and contains traces of baryta and lithia, and is accompanied by large quantities of carburetted hydrogen. The analysis of a specimen collected in October 1 848 gave the following result : II II Chloride sodium 1 1*4968 potassium '1832 barium '0019 " strontium '0019 " calcium "07x8 11 .v.»„^»=,*.,.^ .6636 •0091 II Carbonate lime II II magnesia . iron Alumina Silica . . . magnesium . , Bromide magnesium. •3493 •9388 •OI4S *o865 •0145 In i,oco parts of water I3'8365 Specific gravity loi I *23 Iodide *' "0046 Sfe. Marfine, Beauharnois Co. {a) — "A feebly saline water from the parish of Ste. Martine, in Beauharnois, * * ♦ probably rises from the Calciferous formation. It gives i"98 parts of solid matter to 1,000 and contains a small portion of sulphates. The spring is said to be sulphurous" — vide Geology of Canada, 1863. St. Ours, Richelieu Co. (a) — Some years prior to 1852, in which year the specimen affording the following analysis was collected, a spring was tapped while constructing a lock on the Richelieu River at St. Ours. As the water could only be obtained by means of a pump it was difficult to state positively as to the purity of the specimen obtained The analysis illustrates the character of the water afforded : t! U'' y chalybeate etted hydro- [unt and was , \ev' York, [ I — 1690 294405 82-1280 -6856 -5830 1*3694 871-6681 1011-8 bout a mile re k la Glais, saline, has 1 lithia, and jogen. The le following •3493 •9388 ■0145 -0S65 ■OI4S 21 • 13-8365 . ion -23 water from rises from r to 1,000 aid to be in which llected, a River at a pump it obtained Carbonate iron , Alumina Silica . . traces undet '0160 In 1,000 parts uf water. 5311 Chloride sodium -0207 •' potassium '0496 Sulphate potash -0081 Carbonate soda *I340 " lime . . "1740 " magnesia -1287 S/. Shire, St. Maurice Co. — Fhe water of a spring occurring in this parish has lately been put upon the market under the name of "Mineral water Divina" though with what success, and under what conditions the water occurs, are not known to the writer. The only Favard and Pfister of Montreal : available analysis is that by P-ofs Chloride sodium 55' '68 " potassium 38*59 " lithium 7-29> •• barium trace '* calcium 1-49 " magnesia , . . 58-18 Bromide sodium 398 87 Iodide " 6-42 Sulphate lime trace Phosphate soda -96 Hi-carbonate lime 8-61 " magnesium 119-72 •* iron i8-oi " manganese -28 Alumina 37 '85 Silica 5-46 Grains in imp. gallon 1255-25 Varennes, Vcrchtres Co. (a) — Two springs known locally as the " Saline " and " Gas " springs occur at this place, the waters rising through the clay from rocks near the summtt of the Utica or base of the Hudson River formation. In both instances carburetted hydro- gen is given off, in the case of the saline spring in but small quantities at infrequent intervals, while from the gas spring sufficient was evolved at one time to warrant its collection and utilization in the lighting of the house that had been erected over it. In November 1847 the temperature of the Saline spring was 47* F. and that of the Gas spring 40** F., the air being 19** F. Again on the i8th of October in the following year the temperature was taken and found to be 47'5*' F. in the Saline spring, while the Gas spring was 45 •5*' F. the atmosphere being 44'' F. The following analyses are available : Saline Spring 9"423i "1234 -0126 0054 -1705 •0:^26 -0140 Chloride sodium . . . " potassium Bromide sodium . . . Iodide Carbonate soda . . . " baryta . . " strontia . " lime '• magnesia " iron Alumina Silica •3540 •<133 •C048 traces -0465 In I.DOO parts of water 10-7202 Specific gravity . 1008-15 Gas Spring 8-4286 •0382 -0046 •0085 •3260 •0123 •0096 •3490 •3559 traces •0540 95867 1007-7 :li: 22 m~ III 1 1 1 '. MINERAL WATERS IN NEW BRUNSWICK. Apotaqui^ Kings Co. — A mineral water known as "Apotaqui Mineral Water " is obtained from a spring about one mile east of the village of Apotaqui, and has lately been put upon the market with marked success, being used, both medicinally and in the pure state as an emulsifier of the fatty oils for which purpose it is eminently satisfactory, making, especially with cod-liver oil, a perfect and thorough emulsion. It has also been used with beneficial effect in the cure of diabetes and gravel and other bladder affections, as well as derangements of the digestive organs. An analysis made in 1886, by Mr. W. F. Best of St. John resulted as follows : — Iron traces Silica "0090 Organic matter traces In 1,000 parts of water . 2-8183 Chloride sodium 7600 •' potassium •0108 Sulphate " -0050 Carbonate calcium "0125 Bi-carbonate sodium 2'oi6o Magnesium traces Bennet's Brook, Kings Co. — Near the head waters of Bennet's Brook are several springs, the waters of which might po'-jibly be more correctly clas?f:d under the head of brines, though they have acquired a local celebrity on account of their supposed medicinal properties. No examination has been made as to their contents. Havelock, Kings Co. — The spring known as the " Havelock Mineral Spring " is situated in the village of that name and has a daily flow of about 700 barrels. This water is shipped throughout the lower provinces and it is claimed has a highly curative effect upon skin diseases and affections of the digestive organs. An analysis made in 1889, by Mr. W. F. Best, of St. John gave the following result : — Chloride sodium ?S"i 3 Sulphate potassium 8-27 ' ' calcium i "46 Sulphur '09 Bi Carbonate sodium I2"44 •* calcium i9"8o Bi-carbonate magnesium 84"SS Iron trace Iodine " Silica . •' Grains in imp. gallon 161 76 Norton Dale, York Co. — In the vicinity of Norton Dale, a settle- ment on the Nacawicac River, is a spring affording a water which ••4ii * Apotaqui ast of the irket with itate as an itisfactory, emulsion, ibetes and Its ot the St. John traces •0090 traces . . 2-8183 Bennet's be more acquired :ies. No Mineral flow of lower 3on skin le hn gave 84-55 trace i( (( 161 76 1 settle- which 23 evolves a sufficient quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen, to give the water a strong sulphurous taste and odour. No examination of the water has been made, though it is said to be used to a considerable extent locally. Many similar springs are known to occur m the vicinity, of none of which, however, is anything definite known. MINERAL WATERS IN NOVA SCOTIA. Bras UOt Lake^ Victoria Co.— On the north shore of the Little Narrows, Bras D'Or Lake, and about twelve miles south-west of Baddeck are several brine springs, a specimen of the water of viiich was examined by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann (report Geol. Surv. 1873-4, p, 181). Although more correctly a brine, it has been thought advisable to note its occurrence here, the following analysis is by Mr. Hoffmann : Chloride sodium 50'688i Alumina traces " potassium "1942 Silica *' •' magnesium "1593 Sulphate calcium 5*6810 In 1,000 parts of water 567226 Unsuccessful efforts were made to utilize this brine in the manu- facture of salt ; works etc. having been erected and abandoned many years prior to 1873. Mr. Chas. Robb, who collected the specimen examined, states that in the neighborhood of the springs, of which there are several, there is a noticeable odour of sulphuretted hydrogen. East Bay ^ (Jape Breton Co. — At the junction of the Ben Eoin and Gaspereaux River roads, and about four miles from the shores of East Bay, is a spring which at one time had a comparatively wide reputation and was resorted to by many in search of relief from rheumatic troubles. The spring rises from syenitic locks and the water has an unpleasant brackish and astringent taste. An analysis afforded Prof. Hy. How, Kings College, Windsor, the following result: Chloride sodium 343'i i Phosphoric acid traces potassium 4*55 Carbonate lime ^ .^ calcium 308*90 magnesia . :} " magnesmm Sulphate lime 4 '47 ■94 Grains in imp. gallon 662 "Jy Iroii traces vSpecific gravity at 54° P 1007*397 Grande Anse, Richmond Co. — In the " Mineralogy of Nova Scotia 1868," page 194, Prof. Henry How, writes thus of a water found at this place : — *' At Grande Anse, at the mouth of the McKenzie River, two springs issue from the metamorphic Lower Carboniferous rocks r= -Tl: i;ir I I Ml 1 I ^' 11!^ 24 resting on the flanks of a mountain of granite and syenite. The first is highly sulphurous and contains sulphate of magnesia, and the water has very decided aperient qualities. The little pool in which it rises is coated with a white earthy deposit ; gas is evolved, particularly when the neighboring ground is trodden on. The second water is mentioned as having a strong taste of magnesia, not having any sulphurous odour, and as being much used as a gentle laxative." Halowell Grant, Antigonish Co. — About eight or nine miles north of Antigonish and on the Halowell Grant is a spring, the water of which was analysed by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann (report Geol. Surv. Vol I. 1887, p. 15 M.) and gave the following result : — Chloride sodium . " potassium Sulphate lime .... Carbonate lime . . . ■0793 Carbonic acid half, combined •0137 " free. . . •33«8 •0666 ■04S7 •0075 •5922 " magnesia . . . , "0296 Chlorine, in excess of that required " iron '0024 by the potassium and sodium . . "OOOI Alumina 'cco't^ Silica 'OoSi In i, xkd parts of water '5923 Phosphoric acid traces Specific gravity at I5"5° C 1000*53 Organic matter , traces •5390 The water was inodorous and devoid of any special taste and had a faint brownish tinge. Queensville, Inverness Co. — The water of a spring at McMaster's Mill, Queensville, was examined, (report Geol. Surv. 1879-80, page 7 H) a quaUtative analysis showing it to contain the following to the extent of 5*859 parts of dissolved solid matter in 1,000 parts of water. Potassa a trace Sulphuric acid a small quantity Soda a very large quantity Phosphoric acid a " " Lime a small " Carbonate acid ...a " " Magnesia a small quantity Chlorine a *' *' Ferrous oxide a " '• Neither bromine nor iodine were detected. Wilmot, Annapolis Co. — A curative water now attracting consider- able attention is obtained near the town of Middleton at what are known as the Wilmot Spa Springs. These springs have been utilized since 1830, though the highly curative power of the water was known prior to that. Besides the quantity annually used at the sanitarium erected at the springs, large quantities are now used in the preparation sa •04S7 •007S •5922 •0001 01 aerated table waiers and ginger ale. Several analyses are available, all of which have been made by Prof. Hy. How of Windsor. Of these the following is typical and is thought sufficient : Chloride potassium i -60 Carbonate iron '14 Sulphate soda 8-35 Phosphoric acid traces " lime 121-98 Silica '55 '• magnesia 5-35 Organic matter traces Carbonate lime 270 " magnesia -37 Grains in imp. gallons 141 04 Windsor, Hants Co. — The following analysis was made by Prof. Hy. How, (Mineralogy of Nova Scotia, 1868, page 195) of a water from a spring which rirjcs from Lower Carboniferous rocks near Windsor. The water was collected in 1858 and was found to be perfectly colorless and to have but little taste; its temperature was 49? F, that of the air being 31** F, and the specific gravity at 49** F, iooi'858. o*6o Chloride sodium . . . Sulphate soda " potassa " lime " magnesia.. Carbonate lime magnesia iron ft 0-90 0-68 0-38 io6"2i 1 1 '02 17-50 0-31 0-40 Silica Phosphoric acid and organic matter trace Grains in imp. gall 138-00 Free carbonic acid (1.35 cubic ft. at 33° F.) 0-64 Miscellaneous localities — Throughout the reports of the Geological Survey, in How's Mineralogy of Nova Scotia 1868, and many other publications, maybe found mention of many springs, specific information regarding which is not given. Among these may be mentioned the so- called Thermal Spring of Chester, Lunenburg Co., which is said to afford a slightly better water, probably alkaline in character. At Cheticamp, Inverness Co., a water is found which is said to have medicinal properties as is also the case at Gairloch, Pictou Co., and Earltown, Hants Co. Another spring, mentioned by Mr. Hugh Fletcher, (report Geol. Survey. 1876 78, page 456) as occuring near Dead man's Point, Washaback, Pictou Co., affords a brine smelling strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen. In Pictou Co., near the mouth of Sutherland's River, a brine used locally for medicinal purposes issues into the bed of the river, and at St. Andrews in the same county is located the so- called " Rotten Spring," the waters of which have acquiied a local reputation as a cure for rheumatic and other diseases. Other localities mentioned by Mr. Fletcher (report Geol. Surv. 1879-80, page 133 F) 'f ' I '\ I 1 I j'i 26 are : Rabbit Isd, Landrie Lake and Kiver Tillard, the water from the two latter places being chalybeate in chiracter, while that from Rabbit Island is hij^hly charged with sulphur, which is deposited in the pond into which it flows. MINERAL WATERS IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTH WEST TERRITORIES. Banff^ Alberta. — The waters of the Thermal springs at this place have of late years commanded considerable attention, though more particularly since the inaugaration of the Banff National Park and the erection by the Canadian Pacific Ry., of their large sanitarium. The curative properties ot the waters are too well known to require further mention here. In the Geol. Surv. Rep. Ill, j^art II, 1887-88, p. 21 T, is an analysis of a soecimen collected by Mr. R. G. McConnell : Chloride sodium "oi 10 Silica "0398 Sulphate soda "0089 Organic matter trace '• potassa '0096 " magnesia "2070 •• lime '5627 Carbonate lime • 1 148 " iron '0013 Alumina undet In 1,000 parts of water i'0495 *' The water was examined for lithia, iodine, and bromine, but no other constituents. Distinct evidence was obtained of the presence of lithia: iodine and bromine were not detected this does not necessarily imply that they were not present in the water, in as much as the amount of water operated on was far less than would be required for the detection of traces, or even very small quantities of those substances. Geol. Surv. Rep. Vol III., 1887 88, part II, p. 22 T. The physical features most apparent were : colourless ; devoid of any marked taste ; odourless ; reaction faintly alkaline ; specific gravity of filtered water, at 15. 5** C. = T00099, Mr. McConnell m referring to this spring says : — " The water has a temperature of 1 1 1° F. in summer, but it is said to rise to 119^ F. in winter. The lower temperature in summer may be caused by the water being affected to some extent by the surface drainage, which is more active at that season. It has a large flow, and is forced up in large quantities throue[h an aperature several inches in diameter" * * Ibid, page 21 T. Carbonic acid, half combined, free •955' •0510 ■<'434 27 ^rom the •m Rabbit the pond DRTH at this I though Park and litarium. ) require analysis •0398 trace •9551 •0510 ■^434 1*0495 3ut no nee of ssarily IS the d for inces. )id of avity ig to mer, e in ; by IS a ture Brandon, Manitoba. — A partial analysis was made in the laboratory of the Survey — Geol. Surv. Rep. 1882-84, p. 18 MM. — of a water from a shallow well north of Brandon : Potassa and soda a large quantity ; soda predominating Lime a " Magnesia a " Sulphuric acid a very large quantity Carbonic acid a rather large quantity Chlorine a " small *' Sulphuretted hydrogen < After being filtered it was found to have a content of solids — dried at 100° C = equivalent to 2689 grains to the imp. gall. The water at the time of the examination smell strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen and had a most oflTensive odour. Cleanvater River, N. W. T. — In the same volume an analysis is given of a specimen collected by Dr. Robert Bell and labelled as follows :— r-" Salt resulting from the evaporation of about five and a half quarts of water of a spring situated on the north bank of the Clearwater River, about four miles below the Cascade Rapid, N. W. T. From \ ^ to \ more adhered to the kettle and was lost." The residue handed in for vixamination weighed 595 grains. Potassa very small quantity Soda " large •' Lime " Magnesia " " Alumina " small " Ferric oxi'de very small quantity Sulphuric acid " large " Chlorine " Carbonic acid " " " Insoluble residue ..." '* " Rosen/eld Station, Manitoba. — The water was obtained from an artesian boring made at Rosenfeld Station, C. P. R., at a depth of 235 feet, from which depth and lower points the water rises and flows in considerable quantities, Mr. G. C. Hoffmann, Geol. Surv. Rep. I, 1885. p. 13M — says: — The filtered water was perfectly colorless ; taste, strongly saline with a very slight bitter after taste ; it did not affect the color of turmeric paper, but exhibited a slightly alkaline reaction with reddened litmus pai:er. The reaction for boric acid, although faint,' was quite distinct. Bromine and iodine are both present — the amount of the former exceeding, apparently, that of the latter, — but owing to a total insufficiency of material, the determination of the respective amounts of these constituents, could not be carried out. The specific gravity of the water, at 155° C, was found to be io32*86." 28 i li i I << «< The analysis gave the following result Chloride sodium 36*497 1 potassium '41 79 calcium '3982 *• magnesium 1 7225 Bromide magnesium undet Iodide magnesium undet Borate soda . undet Sulphate lime 4'I5II Carbonate lime "0777 " iron .... traces Silica . . "0126 Total dissolved solid mattei* by direct experiment dried at 180° C 43*4280 " The proportion of magnesium assumed to be present as bromide and iodide, amounts to 0*05 96 " Sulphur Coulee^ Manitoba. — Water which rises from Cretacean shales, was obtained by Dr. G. M. Dawson from the so-called Sulphur Spring, in Sulphur Coulee, near its junction with the Pembina River, and submitted for examination to Mr. G. C. Hoffmann, who reports as follows: — Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886. p. 13 I: — The filtered water had a specific gravity at i5"S° C, of iooo'42 and contained ©'862 parts dissolved sahne matter, dried at 180° C, in 1000 parts, by weight, of the water." A qualitative analysis gave the following result : — Sulphuric acid large quantities Carbonic acid " " Chlorine " Organic matter . . . ..small " ^ Potassa small quantity Soda rather large quantity Lithia .very small quantity Lime large quantity Magnesia " V Western Butte, Sweet Grass Hills^ Alberta. — In the same volume Mr. Hoffmann gives the following result of the examination of a specimen collected by Dr. G. M. Dawson from a spring at foot hills of Western Butte, Sweet Grass Hills, where the water rises from dark Cretaceous shales. " The water, which as it issues from the spring, is charged with sulphuretted hydrogen, still contained a large quantity of that gas. It contained some suspended and sedimentary matter, con- sisting of carbonate of lime, a little iron, and separated sulphur, together with argillaceous and organic matter, and some sand. The filtered water had a specific gravity, at i5"5° C, of iooi"36. Total dissolved saHne matter, dried at 180** C, equalled 0*857 parts in 1000" A qualitative analysis gave the following result : — Potassa trace Ferrous oxide trace Soda small quantity Sulphuric acid small quantity Lithia very distinct quantity Carbonic acid very large quantity Lime fairly large quantity Chlorine small quantity Magnesia very " " Hydrosulphuric acid. large " Alumina " small " Organic matter .... small " 29 of MINERAL WATERS IN BRIIISH COLUMBIA. Dougherty's Spring, Maiaen reek. — This spring known also as the " Carjonic Acid Spring " on account of the great quantities of that gas evolved, is on Maiden Creek, south of Clinton, and between that place and Cargeriles. Water, collected by Mr. A. Bowman, was examined by Mr. G. C. Hoffmann, (Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886, p. 13 T :)— Potassa trace Soda small quantity Lime large " Strontia trace Sulphuric acid fairly large quantity Carbonic acid large quantity Silica small "' Chlorine *' " Organic matter .... '• " Magnesia large quntity Alumina very small quantity The vater when filtered was/ound to have a specific gravity, at *5'5° C., of 1000-90 and contained in 1000 parts of water i"442 parts of dissolved solid matter, dried at 180^ C. Harrison Hot Springs. — At the southern end of Harrison Lake two springs have been noted viz:— The Potash Spring and The Sulphur Spring, both of which are thermal. Samples of the water were examined . (Geol. Surv. Rep. IV, 1888-89, part R.) Potash Spring. — Temperature of water at spring 120'* F. The filtered water was perfectly colourless, inodorous and had a slightly saline taste ; it showed alkaline reaction with reddened litmus paper but did not affect turmeric paper Chloride sodium '4059 ' ' potassium •0202 " lithium undet Sulphate soda '4107 Organic matter " lime -2256 " megnesia '0024 Carbonate iron, very small amount undet Alumina undet Silica '0586 trace Carbonate lime In 1,000 parts of water i '1600 strontia undet Specific gravity at I5"5° C looi "oo •0366 Sulphur Spring — Temperature of water at spring, 150° F. Physical features similar to last with the exception of the specific gravity, which was at iS'S** Co., iooi*i3. Chloride sodium . . " potassium " lithium . . Sulphate soda ... •' lime magnesia . •4471 ■0246 undet •4723 •2120 '0021 Sulphate strontia undet Bi-carbonate lime "0621 Alumina trace Silica "0662 In 1000 parts of water i '2864 so I Hot Spring Island^ Queen Charlotte Islands. — No analysis of the thei'tnal waters from the spring on this island is available, the only in- formation at hand is that found in the report on the Queen Charlotte Islands, by Dr. G. M. Dawson, (Geol. Survey Rep., 1878-9, p. 22 B). " On the south side of Hot Spring Island is the si)ring from which it has been so named. Its situation is easily recognized by a patch of green, mossy sward, which can be seen from a considerable distance. Steamfalso generally hovers over it. The actual source of the water is not seen, but is probably not far from the inner edge of the mossy patch. * * I had no thermometer reading sufficiently high to take the temperature of the warmest streams, in which the hand could scarcely be held with comfort. * * The water has a flight smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, and a barely perceptible saline taste. The stones over which it flows, in some places show traces of a whitish deposit, and the streams and pools are choked with a slimy confervoid growth." Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. — In Geol. Surv. Rep., 1872-73, p. 82, is an analysis of a saline water, from the so-called " Salt Spring at Nanaimo." The water, according to Mr. Jas. Richardson, who col- lected the specimen, issues from the coal-bearing strata near the Dciglas seam, and had, in 1872, an estimated flow of about 3,500 gallons per diem. The Hudson Bay Co., prior to that date, had erected a building near the spring with the intention of manufacturing salt from the water, but the enterprise was abandoned, probably on account of the impurities the product would contain. Chloride sodium 39*i 17 Carbonate iron traces " potassium , "627 Alumina '038 " calcium io'049 Silica '038 " magnesium '135 ' Sulphate lime i •803 In 1000 parts of water 52'i54 Carbonate lime '347 Specific gravity 1 ;039'oo Shuswap Lake. — In Geol. Surv. Rep., 1877-78, p. 25 B, Dr. G. M. Dawson describes a spring on the Spallumsheen Arm, Shuswap Lake. The spring is known to the Indians as *' Pil-pil-poopil," and flows into a shallow bay. No data regarding the character of the water are available, beyond the fact thai it has a faint, ferruginous taste, and traces of sulphuretted hydrogen. The temperature of the water as it comes to the surface of tbe bay was, in August, 1877, 70*^ F. 31 Upper Columbia Lake, North End.-— Ahoni seven and a half miles north 'of the north end of Upper Columbia Lake is located a thermal spring, the water of which afforded (Geol. Surv. Rep. II, 1886, p. 15 T) the following result : Potassium trace Soda rather small quantity Lithia trace Baryta " Strontia very small quantiy Lime " large " Magnesium large quantity Ferrous oxide trace Sulphuiic Acid very large quantity Carbonic acid '* " " Silica trace Chlorine fairly large quantity Organic matter ... small quantity In jooo parts of water, dried at 180 "C 2-177 Specific gravity at IS"5" C looi '48 Dr. G. M. Dawson, who collected the specimen, states that the discharge is not less than 20 gallons per minute, and that the tempera- ture at the hottest point was ii2''F. Vermillion Pass. — Dr. G. M. Dawson reports several chalybeate springs which flow out through the gravel on the river flats about 6 miles west of the summit and near the place alluded to in his report as " the bend." He states that the springs are copious and of such a character as to suggest their use medicinally. — Vide Geol. Surv. Rep. I, 1885, p. 120 B. Many thermal and other springs are, of course, known locally in British Columbia, but no data are available. Of some, how- ever, although no analyses are at hand, the following notes by Dr. G. M. Dawson in his " Report on the Mineral Wealth of British Columbia Geol. Surv. Rep. Ill, 1887-88, 162 R. may not prove uninteresting. '• Admiralty Island. — Salt spring. According to analysis quoted by Pemberton in the place above cited ( Nanaimo ). The spring con- tains 65 parts of saline matter to 1,000, but with more impurities than the last ( Nanaimo )." " Near Lilooet River. — about five miles from head of Harrison Lake. Hot springs known as St. Agnes's Well ; no particulars." " Sinclair Pass — Rocky Mountains, Hot Springs, on south side of Berland's Brook, near the point at which it issues from the mountains into the Upper Columbia valley. Three springs reported, and said to be copious. Mr. John McKay, who discovered these springs, states the temperature of one as 118** F." " Elk River Valley. — Rocky Mountains, about lat. 50^7 ; warm sulphur spring reported on east side of river, by Mr. H. M. Hatfield." 'WT»WW|«B^ nr^Wi^ff^ >|i»«p lasBiai uii -i"«ii|»inr"»»-'*» " Kootanie Lake — Hot springs, giving its name to the " Hot Springs Mining Camp." Situated on west side of lake, directly opposite the " Blue Bell Claim." Several springs occur near the edge of the lake and some below the water level, temperature estimated at about 100" F." ^^ Upper Arrow Lake. — Hot springs. On the east side of the lake, twelve miles from its head, and one hundred and filty yards from the lake. Said to be about as hot as can comfortably be borne in bathing." • i''t:ri anyon Station. C. P. Ry. — Hot spring. About a mile to tlie north of the station. Temperature about the same as the last. ^^ Near Upper Arrow Lake. — Hot spring reported by Indians at some distance back from the lake, 3 or 4 miles from its southern end." " Near Albert Canyon Station. — " Soda spring." One mile and a half west of the station on south side of the track. This and the following springs are known as " soda springs " in consequence of the presence of large quantities of carbonic acid gas." '• Near arne's Creek. — On west side of Columbia River and opposite the mouth of Game's Creek. Groups of springs with copious escape of carbonic acid gas." ^^ Near Downie Creek. — "Soda spring." Is situated about three fourths of a mile north-west of the trail from Downie to Gold creek and about four miles from the latter." ^^ Four miles above Smithes Creek. — West side of Columbia River. Springs with considerable escape of carbonic acid gas, and deposition of iron-oxide, reported." "Skeena River. — Left bank about fourteen miles above " Inverness Cannery." Hot spring, no particulars." ^'■Stikine River. — Hot spring. Situated a short distance above Buck's Bar and directly opposite the Great Glacier. No particulars." " Kennicot Lake. — At head of south branch of Taku River. Hot spring. Said to feed the lake. (Alaska and its Resources. Dall, p. 628)" " McDonald's Oil Spring. — Head waters of Omineca River, lat. 56** This spring is marked as above on Trutch's map of British Columbia. It is not, however, an oil spring, but is described as a small mound in the centre of which a hollow exists charged with carbonic acid to such an extent as to prove fatal to birds and small animals." m- '' \ 'V 4 'Sl iiy*'^i}