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Under this heading, as oocasion arisoa, the Bulletin* issued by this Depertment will contain, a« an appendix, such comment as may seem neoeesai"/ or advisable upon matters relating to the work of the Department in connection v the adn-.inistration of the Adulteration Act, the Fertilizers Act, the Feeding Stuf or the Proprietary Medicines Act. It frequently happens that correspondents ask informations regarding the above A(ct«, of sunh nature that the matter in question possesses general interest, and comment upon it would prove acceptable and useful to others than the immediate questioner. In svi cases the reply may find a plaoo in these columns. For con- Tenience of reference these notes will lie numbered in series. A. McGILI^ Chief Analyst. •ti '^^i NOTB 9. FEED MEALS, LINSEED MEAL, COTTONSEED MEAL, ETC. These are usually ground from the linseed, cottonseed, or other pre^s cakes, and do ■ot represent the whole seed of the plant from which derived. Hence, these articles •annot he legally sold as Chop Feed, but must be sold as Registered Feeds, carrying a guaranteed minimum value in protein and fat and a maximum amount of fibre. Purchasers are advised not to buy feeds of the class named, unless the number under which registered and the guaranteed values are attached to the package. Chief Analyst. LABORATORY INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT OTTAWA, CANADA BULLETIN No. 386 CASCARA SAGRADA Deoeinber 10, 1917. J r. Vincent, Esq., K.C., B.A., L.Ph.. Deputy Mini«^«r of Inland Revenue, Sir, — Owintt ■ > c that I haye received many complaints, from physicians and others duri oars, regarding the preparations of cascara sagrada which are found in contb. - , i*- hsult8 of analysis herein presented will show that this is far from being the case; and there can be no doubt that many samples contain very little genuine extractive of cascara. Several samples have been sold under names which are not recognized by any pharmacopeia. Where such samples bear a registration number, they conform to the requirements of the Proprietary or Patent Medicines Act. Otherwise they are sold ill contravention of this Act. The analytical work has been done, as is usual, in this laboratory and in the fiib-laboratories at Halifax, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Owing to the special nature of the subject, investjfratory work was entrusted to Mr. Westman and Mr. Bowat, and their report being necessarily of a highly technical character, it is impossible to present it otherwise than in extenso and to do justice to the great amount of labour which they- h:ire bestowed upon the problem. For this reason I submit their report in detail; ami I believe that it will be read with interest by physicians and by manufaci^ureis as well as by analytical chemists, and by the public. 33136— IJ 1 (il 4 The data furniahod by it will, it '- hoped, make |x)»siblo »uph spwificationa and Standards for preparations of cascara saKrada, a» shall enable lis to cheek thea^ and oontrol them in the interest of the medical profession and the public In all, 162 sainplet hare been analysed ai follow*: — At Ottawa Tfi sample*. •• HallfaK I* '„ •• WinnlpeB J^ " Vancouver "'' Total 1** ^ - This laboratory is specially indebted to Dr. J. M. Francis, Chief Chemist of the Barke, Davis Company, Detroit, for assistance in this investigation. I beg to reconunend publication of this report as Bulletin No. 386. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, A. McGlLL, Chief Analytt. i December 6, 1917. Dr. A. MtOiLt., Chief Analyst, Ottawa, Ont De.*r Sir,— We beg herewith to submit a report to you dealing with the analysis of seventy-six snmple« collected as liquid extract of cnsi-ara sagrada. We have included such data in our tables as was available from the work of other laboratories. As our report is the result of more exhaustive work than was undertaken at the branch laboratories and covers a much larger number of samples, it is found that the inclusion of this data in our tables does not greatly change our averages. As this was the first time that a collection of this nature had been examined by these laboratories, it was found necessary not only to appeal very largely to original •rticlM dealing with the subject, but to carTy on certain investigatory work of a somewhat original nature in order to devise a means of evaluating such extrart-s, cither relativelv, or absolutely, from the viewpoint of chemical analysis. Before approaching work of this kind a knowledge of the requiremente of various pharmacopoeias is essential as a constant guide. This information has been collected and is outlined below. ^ PREPARATION AS DEFINED IN B. P. 1914 AND CODEX 1911. Cascara sagrada is defined to be " The dried bark ' Rhamnus purshiana D.C. and collected at least one year before being used." The official preparations as defined in this eiiition, as far as liquids or fluids are concerned, are, 6 1. Liquid Exinei of Cat-cam SagraJa. CHBcara BaitradH In No. 20 powder l-OJ" «r«mmoi. Aloohol (90%) ,„„„""■ DUtllled water iufflclent to produr* 1,«0Q rt-. Iiintnic-tiong are givtii to pxhaust tho onsciira wwfrndii with the dlatilled water Iv ill., porcolotion proews. Thi» prwe* is givi-ti in B. P. Appendix, 1914, p. 526, at fnlluws: "Moigten the solid nmterials with the ,.rei« rihetl quantity of mcn»truiu, .,1 u.-idi- for four hour?, in a well-olosod vessel, pat-k in a per.-olator. add »ufficient of li,.' in.n^triim to sat\iralo the materials and leave a layer of liquid above. Mocurate ).T :!4 hours; then allow percolation to pr.xwd slowly until the peroolut* measures nl„,ut three-fourths f)f ti.e volume retjuired for tlie fini»herranini.«« of the ground drug add B.'^ilOep. of boiling water, mix thoroughly, allow it to macerate in u covere' powilcT Magnrslum oxide Pure Extract of Olycyrrhtxa (licorice). Glycerin AU'ohol Iteniosulphimlde Oil of cinnamon Oil of nnlse Oil of coriander Methyl aallcylate Boiling water .sufTlclent to produce. . . . l.KO'l Kr.munt H to .. 200 CCA. I'.O 1 ifr.itntn 0-3 cos ***", ■• 0-1 •• 0-2 " 1.000 •■ Tlic cascara sngrada is thoroiiRlil.v mixed with the magnesium oxide and moiitened with 2,O0Oc('. of boiling water. It U allowed to atand for two hours with stirring and then placed in a percolator, roiliu^r water h poured on the drug until exhauatcii and the percolate evaporated to .lOiiis-, and while yet warm, the licorice is dissolved in it. When (oUl the ulyceriu is addcil and then the alcohol in which the benzosul- phimido and oils have been dissolved. Finally sufficient water to make the required volume of l,0(M»cc. is added. The French Phauiiacoiiana ad. 288, isolated certain iBomor* of emodin a* well us orachidic acid and a l/.lMlytifi enzyme. Mo»»l.-r. Phunn. Po->t, 1013. vol. 46. p. 313, doolinK with emodin- I. iriiig drugs, rliulmrb. .■a»«'arn, i«(nna and aloca obtains crystals, after suitable .xirHction, which ore con to be sinvifio for tho first three under polarized light. Tho rinuiitry of .•ascura is iii-cpa"""l>lo ^'""^ t^'O^ "^ o^'""" ^'"S" ^ ^*'" •"^"® '"'"•■• iiiiriely, tho emodin-bcoriiiK drug* aloes, rhubarb, and senna. A» thes* are at any time likely, from their proiiortios to bo in admixture the analyst must as fur us ho is alio ui.iili' nuulitativo tests for their distinction when dealing with any one of them unless he knows absolutely the previous history of the sample. Besides those mentioned vu have Rhamnui franyuU (buckthorn) which is more like K/wmnw punhiatM I I'iiscara) than any of tho others.. This class of drugs may be best tested for .)y tho Borntniger reaction for emodin. I lii> nature of thi- fent and other colour tcsU will bo given later. Neither tho bitter II r the total laxative properties of these drugs are due to this constituent. Emodin i, a trioxymethylanthraiiuinonc. It is a hydrolytie decomposition product of f'uoo- hiiii in the bark. Althongh the active constituents of these drugs are not known. It may bo said that they are not alkoloids. The genuine Rhamnu» punhiana is moat likely to bo confused with the members <.f the same family. I.'hamnus frangula and Jlhamnus californica. Rhamnu* fran- ■I 'da is imported into this country from Europe. Rhamnu* calif omica grow^ in ^:r, ater abundance in the southwestern States than it does in the north. There are -uiriciciit points of difference to render their identification fairly easy under the iiiiLToscope or by colour test and extracts. No legitimate excuse could th- U I ,;i(lo for their indiscriminate use. Other barks have been tound present ir ip- UN iits of Rhamniu purahiana. Amoiip then are to bo mentioned W«etcni Id < lorry, and Comus uutfUi (Woeterii Flowering Dogwood). A lari «■ vohni of rk has accumulated with reference to the barks themselves and thnir t> ' v-roscopy. 1 ; o l.cst bibliography of this work up to 1914 is given bv Johnson .iiid [lindmnn, Aiti, r. Jour. I'liarm., 11)14, p. .3»7. Here a history uf the 'rug and ■ articles of r fennce on Rhamnua purshiana may be found. ronsidcrable work has been done from the viewpoint of the analyst \yho is nied upon to distinguish cascara in admixture. Emodin may be detected in the I r.-ciice of phcnolphthalein, as is shown by Warren. Amer. Jour. Pharm.. Oct., 1914, • It). Tichborne, British Year Book of Pharm.. 1901, p. 439, gives an account of i . examination of 29 samples of liquid extract of cascara; 9 were adulterated. Hum opinion was based on the drying or non-drying qualities of the extract and the ;anount of reducing sugars present. ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS AND NATURE OF WORK REPORTCI). After due consideration of the possible data which might be derived from work on these samples, it was decided that the basis of our report should be made to include the fallowing determinations. Tho headings which are to follow will be discussed one by one and reasons set forth for their adoption. Wherever possible afialytical results will bo discussed from the viewpoint of standards. Tables showing ranges and averages will be given along with the method of procedure in outline. 1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. By this determination alone a close line may be drawn between those gamples which are likely to prove to be aromatic and those likely to be found liquid or fluid extracts of caseara. Determinations were made directly at room temperature (20 deft. C) by means of a set of hydrometers. The followinfr table deals with 130 samples and bears no relation to what these samples were sold as, but is based on what their pxami notion proved them to he. Three tables forminp a natural division of the whole number are given : — T.VBI.E 1. I{K l!- li J- 'ii Itifeia 1. Aromatic Extractn of f'ascara. 2. Prei>aration9 not "official" sold under various laliels. Somesold as Fluid E.\. Cas. Sag. 3. Fluid Extract of Caseara. Range of sp. gr. .Samples in range. Range of »p. gr. Samples in range. 5 11 2 1 Total 1!) Range of gp. gr . Samples in range. 1 00 to 1.10 1.10 to 1.15 1 15 to 1.20 1 20 U. 1.25 1 25 to 1 30 None. 3 8 3 4 Toul 18 1.00 to 1.10 1.10 to 1 15 1.15 to 1 20 1.20 to I 25 1.25 to 1.30 1 ;<0 to 1.35 1 35 to 1 40 1.00 to 1.03 1.03 to 1 04 1.04 to 1 05 1.06 to 1.06 1.06 to 1.07 1.07 to 1,08 1 08 to 1.09 1 09 to 1.10 1 3 12 29 40 4 4 I' * 13 (iroujt one coutAins licorice, glycerin and aromatics. Grotift tuo contains trade preparations, glyeorinated cascaras without licorice or aroniatii-s. (I roil II llinr contains preparations presumed to be Fluid Extracts of Caseara. It is to he noted here that Squire's Companion to B.P. p. 410, 1916 gives the specific trravity of Liquid Extracts as 1-060. It would appear from our work that a suitable range would be from 1-05 t" 108. Samples below this range proved to be diluted extracts by other determinations, and samples above this range contain more solids than it is normally possible to extract by official methods of i>ercolation. 2. ALCOHOL. It has hoi'n calculated that B.P. Fluid Etracts of Caseara Sagrada shi per cont ethyl alcohol by volume. This is based o nthe ground that the 250cc. of 90 per cent alcohol required is equivalent to 225cc. of absolute alcohol. By similar methods, and by reference to requirements it may be shown that: — B.P. Syr. Cas. Sag. should contain ii'B';^ alcohol by vulume. U.S.P. Fl. Cap. SaK. Bh<^uld contain 24'!?: alcohol hy volume U.S.P. Aromatic Cas. Sag. should contain 24% alcohol by volume. From an inspection of the above and from consideration of tables it may be seen to what extent these conditions have been met with by samples under consideration. These tables refer to the same classification as was given under previous heading. 9 TABLE 2. firoup 1. H.iii. < >f itlcuhol. Sample ot.. r; : ■< 1-2 ; S ■: : :» i 2 ;( .. 4 : 1 4 ,. 5 •» ,-, ,. i; 1 r, „ 9 ;t „ 1(1 1 10 „ 14 ; H •■ I.-. I 2 l."i ,. Hi j 1 Hi ;, 111 i;i I, ai 1 i Total 18 Gruup2. I "to r^ ; 3 1 ,. 2 >• •-■ ., 11 11 .. 12 ' 2 IJ .. 13 l:i .. 14 ! 2 11 . 17 i: .. ii< i 1 b .. 21 L'l „ 22 2 (iroiip 3. Rjmgv of alouhol. Samples. ToUl 18 3tc 4°/ 10 , 11 13 . 14 14 . 15 15 . Hi l(i . 17 17 . IS 18 . 19 19 . 20 20 . 21 21 . 22 22 > 2:« 23 24 24 . 25 25 26 26 , 27 27 , 28 28 , 29 29 , M 30 ■ 31 1 1 1 5 2 I« 14 2 13 11 5 8 » < 1 I 1 1 2 1 1 Total 9ti Very few samples comply strictly with the alcohol requirements. The presence 1 the required amounts of both alcohol and glycerin in Aromatic samples is very raiv and the majority of fluid extracts range a few per cent low. The extracts of l.w.r alcoholic strength give an increased sedimentation on standing. Glycerin when piv-,Mit in sufficient quantity gives a permanent solution of solids which would other- Wi-.- settle out on dilution with water. 3. TOTAL SOLIDS. TABLE 3. (■roup 1. I'.jtal Solids. Saniplm. (Jroup 2. Total Soiida. 10 I.I 15 to 20?/ 20 „ 2S 25 M K .35 .. 45 45 .. 50 no „ 60 «0 ., 70 70 ,. 95 Total 18 Samples. Group 3, Total Solids. Total 19 Below 18% 18 to 20 20 ,. 25 26 .■ 30 30 ., :<5 Sample!. 6 2 27 46 16 ToUl 96 Here a marked difference is shown between the aromatic and near aromatic, and tlio li(iuid extracts. This is due to the presence of licorice, glycerine or sugar. Per- luiij the total solids show better than any other single determination the inconstancy of the composition of aromatic extracts and trade preparations. Squire's would aUow a range of from 17 to 27 per cent solids W/V. This is a very wide range yet it doM not seem wide enough to conUin all the samples sold as Liquid ExtracU. Parke, Dam 331.3(5—2 Pi* 1 l<>|: I : I m 10 and Co. in a private eommunication suplied us with data relative to the possibility uf ohtaining a uniform extract from cascara bark. Out of 24 lots of this drug, working on a commercial basis, the extractive matter never once fell below 18-8 per cent and exceeded 22 per cent in only one instance. This parti^.ilar sample ran up to 26-9 v^r cent They were using the oiRcial TJ.S.P. method of percolation. From such evi- dence it would appear that thers is no valid reason why the total solids of a genuine extract of cajcara made according to any ofBeial preparation should not remain uni- form, from time to time. It seems quite evident then that the range for extracts sold as official liquid or fluid extracts might reasonably be established temporarily as ranging from 17 to 27 per cent. It may be seen from the general table or from groip 3 of this .section that a large number sold at present would he cut out under such a ruling. The problem of sotting standards for total solids is made more complicated when it is considered that even while using official methods of percolation results obtainwl mLiy differ. Our own work shows this. By the method of extraction employed by the B.P. we obtained on two samples of genuine cascara bark an extract whose total •solid content r:,.i 21-70 ;iiid 210.3 per cent. While working on this same bark and using the U.S.P. method of percolation we obtained 30-50 and 31-4S per cent solids. In order to wash out tiie la-t traces of colour we used ISdOcc. of water in portions of 75cc. (boiling). The official U.S.P. method requires the washirlg to be sufficient to give a (-Icar liltrate coming through. It dots not specify the amount or the portions -n which this amo'.mt is to be used. Wo were working on 50 gram samples of No. 40 pow- dered bark. These factors that are not mentioned are important in obtaining uniform results. It must then be admitted that such mithods as are given in pharmacopoeias are of little value as they now stand as a basis for standards. Much greater detail is necessary before uniformity should be looked for in the products of diiTevent firms. Such results as quoted above from Parke, Davis & Co., simply go to show that they work in a \iniform manner. Others using different detail might easily obtain uniform results sevi-ral per cent higher, and yet would be using the official method. The exposure of a few drops of cascara extract on a porcelain plate serves as a ver.v simple and i'=eful test of the nature of any cascara extract. A genuine liquid extract will dry up in a short time to a hard varnish. If the extract contains licorice or glycerin it will not dr>- even after long exposure over days or weeks. A diluted extraet of cascara will r.ot readily dry out to a hard glassy varnish. It forms a sticky semi-crystalline mass, which does not lose this property for several days. This may bo due to the fact that on dilution the resins will precipitate out first, and if they are already partly gone the remaining solution is unable to form the same natural var- nish that the genuine extract does. There would also seem to be a definite relation between this drying property and the reducing sugar content. A normal liquid extract of cascara contains not less than 5-75 per cent of reducing sugars calculated as glticose. If the sugar content is above this limit it will quickly dry to a glassy varnish. If the reducing sugar content is below this it will not quickly dry but remains a sticky mass on the plate. All aromatic extracts studied were found to be non- drying due to their glycerin content. The total solids were determined as W/V. lOcc. were dried in platinum at 110 deg. C, to a constant weight. Those samples containing glycerin make results of this nature hard to control to very narrow limits, for the reason that at this tem- p 'ature there is some loss of the glycerin in the steam. 4. SOLIDS PRECIPITATED ON DILUTION. An aromatic extract containing glycerin or licorice will keep in solution all its solids on dilution with water. On the other hand a liquid extract whoso solids are 11 retiiiued in Bolution by virtue of its alcohol content will when diluted give a measur- able, precipitation. If the solution has the proper content of alcohol, but is lacking ill iMscara bark extractive, this deficiency is made evident by the small precipitation (111 .lilutioii. It may be noted here that concentrated extract of cascara is insoluble ti. .1 hiTi^o measure in 90 per cent alcohol. As this alcohol is diluted these solids go into fi.Iiiliun but on excessive dilution where the alcohol content drops to 10 per "cnt or 1( u, 1- a marked settling out of the solids occurs. The dilution was made by dropping brr. it' tlie extract into 95cc. of water a«d filtering off the solids formed. TABLE 4. (Iroup 1. — No precipitation on dilution observed in any sample. (Iroup 2. — No jirecipitation on dilution observed in 12 samples. Two samples ?!i -uid some precipitation up to 2 per cent. (iroup 3. — No precipitation on dilution observed in one sample only. This sample contained only 3 per cent akniliol and no precipitation was to be exi'irted. IVrcHitape W/V iif S<.li.|« iini-iiiit-xtcil on liiliiticn. Saiiiulos. O'jO to I'O per cent roo •' 1-50 •• 11 1-Dn " 2'0O " 1^ 2-00 " 2-.".n " .. 12 2-50 " 3*00 " •' 3-00 " 3-hri ■• * 3-bCi •• 4-SO •• ■ 2 Total 62 It is evident here that the extreme limits for apparently genuine extracts would le from 1 00 per cent to 4-50 per cent. It might be more advisable to place a lower liii:it on at 1-5 per cent. 5. REDUCING SUGARS. Reducing sugars, as glucose, were estimated on 76 samples. There is a variation sl.iwn and it is evident that there is a normal content for genuine liquid extracts of Oil!-, am. This runs from 5-25 to 7-75 per cent. Aromatic extracts are always much lottvr and run from 1 to 3 per cent. The amount • of sugar formed in a iiuriiial liquid extract by acid hydrolysis does not exceed 3 per cent. If more than tlii^ amount is present it is evidence of added sucrose. Table 5. , (iroup 1. (iroup 2. Group 3. H. liicinu Sugar. Saniplm. ReducinR Sugar. Sain|)lt*. RtHlucing Sugar. Saniplec. to 1% 1 ,. 2 2 .. 3 3 .. 4 1 3 3 1 1) to 1% 1 .. 2 2 .. 3 3 .. 4 4 .. 6 .^ .. 6 6 .. 7 7 .. R 8 ,. 9 9 .. 10 Lmm than f)% Greatrr than 6% 2 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 to 4% 4 .. 6 5 ., 6 ff „ 7 7 .. 8 8 .. 9 9 .. in 10., n Le« than B% (treaterthanS% 2 7 6 17 10 I.. -» than l>% TuUiR 8 7 1 4 Total 64 rTotallS 8 7 9 45 33136— 2J '•■ t 12 Those (rri)iipo are llie same ns are referred to on page S uiid it will be suoii thnf those samples running above 7-5 per cent reducing sugars in group 3 are all samplfs v'tii abnormally high solids. 6. I.TCORICE, GLYCERIN, AROMATICS. These Bubiitances are used to disguise the bitter taste of the eascara. Xo qu;n.- titative work was done except in the case of glycerin. The exact deterraiiiiitioii if fflycerin in >ui-li admixture presents eonsidernble difficulty. An approximntion wa-i iirrived at by the method of l)c.iling off in steam: 10 cc. of the aromatic extract wis slowly beat«d to IfiO" C, and by the addition of smL'.l quantities of water from tim- to time the glycerin was boiled off. The glycerin was estimated to be the differcin'.' between the solids remaining at this temperature and those remaining after pii'> dryiiis nt 110° C. A certain increase in weight occurs due to the slow oxidation at this tempera ture. It is also very likely that some glycerin becomes non-volatile during the pi ■• cess. The sum-total of these errors, however, as determined through such suitable blanks as could be devised, is not great enough to destroy the usefulness of tli.< method. The chief error arises from oxilonged U group 2, eight were found to be below 25 per cent. No attempt was made to identify any of the aromatic substances used. Tluy are present in very small quantities and are quite harmless. 7. ASII. The value of an ash determination becomes evident from a consideration of its variation. If some attempt has bwn made to dcbitter the extract by application 'f lime, si.dii. anunoniuni salts, or magnesia, it is possible, that through contamination or solution these may greatly increii.-e the ash in amount. Such was found to be tli'> case. The colour of the ash, when heated strongly in a muffle is also a good indication of the nature of the sample. The ash from an aromatic extract containing glycerin and licorice will be greyish white. The ash from samples containing excess of liuie salts will be pure white. The ash of genuine samples will be some shade of greer. depending on the amount of manganite salts present. This manr^anese comes from the bark and is sufficiently sol 'ble in the water extract to be found in this way in the ash. The calcium in the ash is not a constituent which might come from peroolatioa ■A the bark and the solution of calcium salts. Thase salts are not removed to any extent by boiling the bark in wat' r, and are evidently present in the bark as oxalate and carbonate. A table of the ash values follows. It will be seen that in classes 1 and 2, which are aromatic and nonde. :« the ash was a beautiful green colour. 13 Tnble* dealing with the ash of aevonty-seven samples: — Table 6. (irouj) 1, 1 (Jroiip 2. I 1 ! Rroup 8. 1 to 1!)% 1 Below 1 ' 1 to 5"„ 1 1 5 ., 2 1 1 to 15 5 ., 10 ;^.> 2 2 5 1 IB „ 2 ^ 10- .. 15 18 2 5 „ 3 5 2 „ 25 2 15 .. 20 5 3 5 4 4 2 5 „ 3 2 .. 2 5 1 4 1) ,, r.o 3- „ 3 6 1 30 .. 40 1 5 ., 55 1 3 5 4 „ 4 „ 4 5 Total 4 1 10 Total 8 Total 59 It would stM'in from our oxperience that a rangi of from 0-7 to 1-1 per cent for ■.':.'■ iisli of gonuino liquid extracts of cascara would not be unjust. Any extracts either iil'ive or l>elow these limits were found to bo abnormal in some respect. 8 MANGANESE NUMBER. An attempt is here made to take advantage of the fact that the bark of Rhamnus , irshinna <'ontains a relalivt'ly large quantity of manganese which is soluble by the i!,itliocr should he a direct measure of the hark equivalent of the extiMc t. Thus we hiive devel.ipcd what may be (I'liind n^ u MAN- QANKSE Xr.MliKU. This is tlio per cent W/V of maii,s;ane.-p x ](J(M)0(). It is neces- sary i'(ir us to place uur lower limit at 0()(>l'3 per cent, as all official methods may not give the same result if the detail varies. The amount uf nian>;anese extracted from cas- cara bark should he appruximatelj pruiwrtinnal to the solids extracted. That is the |M:'r cent of manganese in the total solids of a genuine extract shoi 'd be approximately constant, provided the method of ex Taction is iniiform. Considering all our results where extraction may not have l>een uniform, this numlxr ranges from Z)! to 0'025 for sarrplts deemed genuine. If this number falls below this, it is evident that the solids of this extract arc not nil cascara solids. This test is of value in distinguish- ing extracts of Rhamnus cnUforn'ua and Ilhamnus purshinna. Only one sample of Rhamnus cnllfornica was available. Tliis was mature bark of tlio same order of thickness as the cascara giving us our lower limits. Its total manganese content was 0-0027 per cent. This gives a correspondingly low extractive of 0008 per cent. It is thus apparent that an extract from this bark would have a much lower man- ganese number than nn extract from llhnmnas purshiana. Whether or not some of the extracts examined which show low manganese numbers have been prepared from this bark is a matter of inference. Examination of Rhamnun franfjuJa proved that the bark contained on the average about three times as much manganese as RAamnus purshiana and e.xtracted about four times as much by the same procedure. For mature bark 0-0248 per cent Mn. was found present. For one sample of thinner hark 0-0626 per cent Mn. was determined. This in itself is quite remarkable as it is by far the highest per cent of manganese so far determined in any organic substances of tiiis nature from data available. All these calculations arc made on air-dry samples whose moisture content ran from 7 to 7 5 per cent. Before coming to the application of this determination, and its value in a study of aromatic extracts, it is necessary to discuss the manganese content of licorice root, and the more common laxative drugs such as senna, rhubarb, aloes and wahoo bark. Work was d'lne on these similar to that above. The total manganese content of senna leaves was 0-0040 iK>r cent, rludiarb 0-0034 per cent, licorice root 0-OO2i5 per cent, wahoo liark 0020 per cent, and barbadoes aloes OOOOfi per cent. The licorice and the *eiina are the only two that will be mentioned. Licorice occurs in nearly all aromatic prei)aratioii3 and senna is often sold in admixture with cascara. Water extracts of these showed very small amounts of manganese to be extracted. It is thus seen that when these drugs lisplace cascara the manganese content will be very much lowered. On the other hand if they are present in addition to the cascara extract the total manganese content would only be slightly raised by their presence and the percentage of total manganese based on total solids would be much below that of a genuine extract. Thus even while considering aromatic extracts it is safe to say that their manganese content varies directly with their cascara content. It was found best to work on lOcc. of the extract, or on 10 grammes of the bark. The ammonium persulphate method with silver salt as catalyser was used. The sample was completely ashed and taken up directly with about l,5cc. of concentrated sul- phuric acid in platinum. This was heated till the acid fumed freely. This was then washed either into a beaker or a volumetric flask. If the ashing has not been complete this solution may be filtered on dilution and again ashed. For small amounts up to 0-004 per cent manganese good work may he accomplished by using a volumetric flask of lOOcc. capacity. The colour obtained on this dilution may be compared with that of standard permanganate solution made up as nearly as possible like the solution tc be tested with special regard for duplicate acid concentrations. For percentages higher than this, and using a 10 gramme sample the colour will be so deep that a larger volume of solution must be used. Unless the solution is sufficiently dilute a hydrated form of manganese will precipitate out. For |k«i 15 a 10 (jraiiime sample nini:in(? 002 per rent manganese a dilution of at least 400cc i- no('(\S9nry in order to avoid the formation of the hydrati'd form on the addition of t!i • .inimonium persulphate. One cc. of silver nitrate solution made from 5 grammes of till.'! salt per lOOci-. was added as a catalyser. The solution was then warmed to fill. lit 80" C, and a gramme of anvmonimn pcrsiiliihato was added. The solution was thru allowed to stand on a steam bath. The .olour did not always come at the same r,itt> but it was certainly complete at the end of one hour. It was then cooled and titrated with standard sodium arsenite solution or if sample contained low percentages (if iiiaupanese it was compared colorometrically. We were able to check results work- ;iil: both ways or either way. A 1 ..bio follows in which the manganese numbers are given as d^ned above. Srvciity six samples were tested in this manner. Tablk 7. (iroup 1. Sainiilen. (tniii|)2. (Iroup .1. K.1112M iif .Manganew. Range cif Manganese Oto 50 Sample.*. Kaiigcdf Manganc'He. Saniplea. 11 Ml .'lO 3 1 1 2 1 Tdt.il « ■> 1 .•» 2 1 2 1 oooooooSoS .' 100 50 „ 100 100 „ 1.50 150 „ 200 200 ., 2.'iO 250 ,. 40t) 400 .. 450 B Ill" • I.tO i:.'i . 200 6 1 ■> 100 10 ^■»i iM 6 3 i 450 ., 600 13 600 , TCO 1 I Ti.tiil 15 Total .-.:! From this it will be seen that a large number of aromatic extracts and trade i iirations are exceedingly low in cascara extract. It may be doubted if some of II I'lintain even more than a trace. The fluid extracts appear at their true advan- imder this tost. It is to be noted that an aronintio extract properly prepared does ;il its cascara content by this test. The higher numbers in groups one and two w tliis. 9. COLOUR REACTIONS AND TESTS. The Borntrager reaction is most general for emodin-bearing drugs. If the aque- ■ .- extract is acidulated and extiacted with benzol and the extract washed with w it.r a red colouration will appear in the aqueous layer when this is made alkaline. T!;is test holds good in the presence of emodin or other anthraquinone compounds. <^'i-cara will respond to the test in greater dibition than f ny of the other drugs that 'line in this class. Senna fails to always respond to this t«st in a satisfactory manner ill no conclusive evidence of its presence is to be gained in this way. Its presence, li'i'vi.ver. does not destroy the test when the slightest trace of cascara is present. I'bi nn.pntluilein of course will mask tho*e tests. It may be removed by the method if Warren Amer. J. Phami. 86. 1014, p. 444. This procedure could not be applied t . -d many samples where its pre-sence was not even suspected. Thorr - difference 1:1 the colour given by cascara alone, and phenolphthalein alone, that may be dis- t ijiiished. The cascara is a deeper red and i^ more the colour of methyl orange. 1 Mil in admixture there is a difference in the colour which is quite distinct from t' , t given by either of the substances alone. Moreover the phenolphtalein colour imi 16 ^f - a •*! fades when the solution i? made strongly alkaline and allowed to stand. In thii way all samples were tested and compared with standards and in no ease was any evidence of tlie presenoe of phenolphtlialcin observetl. It was found impossible to detect other emodin-bearing dru^s in the presence of siuh InrRe quantities of ca«eara. All colour reactions where alkali'ic salts are usetl as a basis and where the formation of rinps of different shades is depended upon were foun4 xintrustworthy. In every ase tlic eascara masked such faint ditleniuo!* as are to be noted when comparing genuine individi\.i extract?. A pure extract of rhubarb will frive on ether extraction n blue colouration when broMit in contiict with solution of ferrous sulphate. When one tries to follow this reaction in the presence of Ml per cent caseara e-xtract the difficulty is greatly increased because although caseara dot« not give the same shade of blue it does give a colouration which may be sufficiently dense to make the detec- tion of rhubarb almost impossible. It i« thus quite evident that small percentages of eniodin-bearing dnigs are much more likely to be missed than they are to be positively idcntitied when present in small ind unknown admixture with caseara. Hubbiird reviews (Jour. Ind. and Enp. Chcm., 1917, p. MS) the generally known colour reactions for thcM> drups. He comludes that senna is the most difficult to detect. In the presence of amnioniuni thic.-yanato the ether Kxtract of senna is said to give a yellow to brownish colour, also with ammonium molybdate. We were unable to obtain these colourations and in each case observed no colour change. A good method ,or the detection of senna would be of great assistance in the examination of caseara mixtures as this drug is the one most likely to be found in admixture in many trade preparations of caseara. The absolute detection of aloes has been probably better worked out than any of the others. Mossier, Pharm. Post. 4«, 1U17, p. 3i:!, claims tlio ability to detect 0-2 g. of aloe.s in 5 grammes of rhubarb or casoarn. The fluorescence test for aloes in the pre.sonoe of caseara, using borax solution with the etlier extract, is certainly not dclieato enough to l>e of much value when tiie caseara is in any great exces=. lu general it may be said, that the extracts of these drugs give a red colouration in solutions where the hydroxyl ion is present in exccs^^. In the Bomtrager reaction ammonia is used directly. Borax solution amounts t.) lactically the same thing since it gives an alkaline solution through hydrolysis. lass, Pi f'hlorinated lime i- in tiie same class. Any alkaline salt will give the same red colouration that is obtained by ammonia in the Borntriiger reaction and neutral or acid salts will not give it. Shades r differences in colouration may be uue to the presence of various cations in such a variety of salts. The depth of colour produced by equivalent amounts of caseara. ah)es, rhubarb and senna, ranges from strong to weak in the order named alxive. The Bomtrager reaction wa^ carried out on sevciity--.ix samides. In one case tlip emodin reaction was di-tinctly ii(>gative. In fourteen samples the reaction was very faint. This shows the jiresence of only traces of caseara at best. All these fifteen .-amples come in groups 1 and 2. Although adulteration of tlie>e extracts by other drugs was not particularly suspected, tests were attempted on a n\inil)cr of samples for the presence of aloes and rhubarb by means of the borax test and ferrous sulphate. In no ease were tluse tost« deemed to be positive although they cannot be taken as absolutely conclusive. Some samples were declared to contain senna. We w( re unable to positively identify the presence of this dru^'. It must be stated once asaiu here that we liave nc-t tried to classify the=e Sfitni-'.i^s in this part of our report strictly according to the way tliey were sold to our inspectors. The general public cannot be expected to apiireeiate the difference between aroniatic and tluid extracts of caseara. Although the simple name Caseara Sagrada refers strictly speaking to a bark and not to any particular extract, yet a large number of extracts were sold simply as " Caseara Sagrada." This implies nothing on fhcir A. .»7 |urt at* to the nature of tlioir composition. Tlii* miiv in one sense be considered a .am: of misl)randinir. It really i» the r)utcome of the public's attempt to prescribe for :i-iii, Hulifitx liiic.kl.'y.-. I.til. .. . NutiDiiul I 'ru({ t Chtiii. Co, lldifax. c'uifw A b'rarter, Nt'W (ilac- p.iv. N. S. T. II. Cocliruiie, NfW (ilaii ({im-, N. S. 5377."i.V. C. nil, Nb» (ila«n M) 1 W23 17 !e 1 o:.Kr \i\ 32 1 OIIKI 10 m 27 W 27 15 22 '»» T.t 14 2S 1» 23 BO ir. 2il 7«S(111 7fltll2 I I 78B13 76614 I 5377S K1774 5377r. K [■. MACKKKN, IXSl'KCTOK. 1 0«12 1506 1 24 !W 63fiM lulls C. KKRGUSOX, IXSVKCTOR. m so BULLETIN No. 38fi m liih .1 S I 3 •B ii Niliiii* anil AililtfM "t( \'fiir nr Kurni«hfr »" ({"••'i *'y thr Vi-mlnr. Kiiriiiiihvr. C ! IlwpoFtnr'ii Kaiiort. U< not *ii ex|ir**«fiM>ii ..f i:i 71214 .1. A I,..I,.rr. olBSt. •Imjui, '/mmIw-i*. A. C. Ki;i net i*'ur, M94 St. .Ifjin, t^tuU'i'. Alf. .Ii>li'iii. •.\.HSt V . II. Kiniii iir. lliD St. .Iran, .l. Iiihn W y •' t h HniH. I'aiki- l>«vii, Co. W. Hc>m.T C.>. Burrnuf()t^ Well- DISTRUI OK l^l'KBKC I'KOVIXCK Tim.' 18 Kxtr.*»it»' Hn- idf» 'ie Cft* c-irii.Sn^rHdfi Cftscim SaKrada. .■>t(2".i .5023 Kn(ff-n<' KonnntT. Stp. .IiTiJllil. .1. M. |)r..w, M.D.. Iju-lmtc, IM;. E. (). f'li.iitiir, KraMT vill.. I2m<,. 12 .. 1 ..'lOiNat. Dnior. lu.y 4 7-*> •Mt linrroujfhH Wfll- cfiiiie A Cii Tciioiiio I'har- iiiacal. niSTKICT OF THKKK RIVF:RS .Tune 12 13 2oi I 31 21 21 r'H..*cara .Sagrada. 7449 71.58 riiannari- ' ;.-..irr.y,!l lli .l.iliHti.. i l*r. .T. .\. .Sirra/in.t . . . . St. C.ii.iii-M.' r.ian i . il'ark.. Davis Co., i WalkiTvill... .:.). Wytli Bri«., I I'hilati.'Iphia. 7481 rhaniaci.. N.ini.and, aiiotp. 1 7.') !Nyal.«, Ltd Thr.-" Kiv.Ts. 7490 Dam.- TurKH.in. S..ih1. 7491 .r. F.. Ch.vali.T S,.r. ' 7493 W. \Veilhrt'nner..*vtrel •' I'kff" 3 ,. 3 „ 7"> Ly;.ian's, Ltd,, .Montrpal. Nat. Drug & C h f m. Co., Montreal. Keg. X... 3. 31 I Mil II) KXTUACT C'ASCARA SACKAUA. 1 = n.-..it«..r Analv in. , c 1 ^ I : ^. . '"; ft . 4 tf •7 —.a ill ?■= s i ^ 1 " -c-r •a jt s I 5x 5A a^ s '; ■5 ■3 _ 1 1> « -r •" -X Jt 1 5 r '4 ^. s s i / ' «•; 1 i- •/ < ** ^. X - — U >^ \ W. K. riKLAMl. IN'Sl'HCTOK. 1 7 mi 37 1 :.>i .Ml .'^1 M : ;«(i 8207 ii; si 17 (KJ 2 OH 57 111 17 (W 2!l 72 17 (JH 2S Mi Hut M,.y Bur Annn ntic. e« An> tiiatic.l pill II h W. llc'iime Arum 7130r> 7I2I16 71207 71208 713011 71210 71211 71212 71213 71214 N 1 \|)1K1'.\ AND A I'Kr.f.KTIKK, TKMrnRARY IN'SI'KCrroKM. !■ 1.1 \lf..- Il..| l.v v..i: Vi Vi, •.'2 78 1 m :i 7."i N"iic. N'< •no . 1 '.i". Non*'. I'rwnt. Faint. . .■|fi20 ■>l .':H: 2i; !i8 lliO n '.17 ;-"ii fl iilD'i 4 1 13 42 1 : ::: .\,.n,., ! :.■■! il 80 .M-73|.\..m- 1 21 (Mli ,. 23 28! „ !I3 88 t!l 31 1 78 1 70| 30 2 44; Wl 2 X) 3 .-pfi 30 ,-102 01)40 10 42 Nnlln. None. Piwitive 7449 roiiio 00 " Frewnt. " 7458 0014 1 iX)13 8 38 ft 84 " None. \'rv fain I. 7481 74UO 0' 11003 ) 0005 2 (iC 393 2fi M 16 20 Pn«'nt. Neg- tlvn. Poaitire 7491 7493 22 ■fi III i BULLETIN No. 386- 1 Nature of 4 Naiim aiiil AilHn <,f V.'iuliir. T Sam pi*'. - o ■f 3 - y. Ctwt. N'.iiiii- aiic! ArtdrMis of Manu factiirer or Kumiiilixr, a« (jiven by th« Vendiir. Manufa7 T. H. E. HriKlpiir, St. Hvacintlip. T. E. Viger. St. H.Vi>- cintlif. (■ II Ht.t vf* Itouchard, Sh('rl>ro*)k*'. \V. .1. H. McK»-nzip, Sh»^rbr"i*»ke. K. C. Friiwr, Slii-r hn>okf. 12 o/.. 12 .. . 12 .. 12 .. 12 M 12 .. . 12 .. 3.00 1 20 2 2; l.!K) 3.00 3 (Ni Id I'iirkH l)a\ in, Montreal, lolm W y e t h, I'hiladt'lpliia. H. K. Wanipolt". C Fro(*wt, Mont- ival. .1. Wyfth. , Pat ke Dii vio, Walk.rvillc. .lolin W y .■ t h Bros., I'liila (Ictphia. UISTRICT OF MOXTREAL- AuK. 17 Cascara SuKfada. 1 1 17 ■ 20 74.S68:K. Martimau. St. 12 07.. I,»wri-nw B011I..I I Montreal. 743fi!t;TipiienB Plianii.-uy, 12 .. 12SN St. Ij»wrenci' Boiil., Montreal. 74370 1' ■ L«liic DtUK Co.. 12 .. . .St. Lawrence Honl., Montreal. 74371 M. Freeniaii. lOfiX 1 St. Lawreni'e Buul., Montreal. 71372 Kra-er ft IVrKeron, 31>oti<. Fairniount Avenne Montreal. 1.25 I 00 1 00 1.00 2.60 C. E. Froiist Co. McKwen & Co. . .lolin W y « t h UroK. Parke lJavin Co F. W. Homer, Ltd. Aromatic. . mSTRiCT OF VALLEYFIELl) 1 Fnne 20 ( .. 21 .. 2S .. 30 July 13 Ca»earii 171311 Sairradft 74.H42 74.343 74344 ■74345 V. v.. Saini.l.T!-, lt...l 12 oz. 2 2.n ford. IMJ. I I A. lioiirne,,!;., St.;12 .. l.'iO .lolin», VM i Ceo. W. .lolinston, 12 .. 1 35 Cowantivilli'. P.t^. l)r, Ijir.K.-he, Valley 12 .. 1 60 Held. VAl .lamesFortiine, H\int-12 .1 2.40 infcdon, V\\. ,r..hn Wyeth A Bro. (',trk<- I>;fi- fV Burrough Well come Co. St*'arnj«. Lvman Knox Co., Ltd. 23 LIQUID EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. Reaulu of AnalysiM. fl 3 s 1 i 3 X J 3.= 11 a >» 1 .3 ■s 3 4 p •3 d X < H di < S <^ X. 'J ;j Uh Z K. HLOXDIN, TEMPORARY INSPECTOR. 1 070 2S96 28-43 1 7C 1 04 109 0038 7-70 None... None. . . Positive 73891 1 075 16 62 28-37 1 M t>8 lao 0067 6 02 None . . . None.. . Positive 73892 1 I'SD 1 40 83-22 None. 3-67 loy 0013 1 40 3703 Present. Faint. . . 761)1 riui 14 04 47-48 „ 6 10 Trace TrBce. 44 9-98 " ■• 7602 1 07'.' 17 10 25 72 1-84 68 299 00099 6 40 None... None. . Pcwitivu 7ti03 1 07" 17 28 29-97 1-82 102 490 0163 r. 96 " ■■ " 7605 I U7'.' 16 28 27-80 2 14 72 274 O-00U9 D 45 " ■ 7607 .1. r. CO.STIGAN, INSPECTOR. 1 051 1 I'.li 1 040 \m. 1 o.V 20 ti8 2 StI 14 01 19 30 21 02 22 50 68 97 15-96 31-11 17 40 1 12 None. 3 32 1 04 76 1 72 72 1 19 42 270 422 G23 109 190 0119 0062 0390 0025 0-0137 710 2 60 4 60 5 70 4 60 None. . . 27 70 None.. . N«me.. . Present. Nt»ne, . . Positive b'aint. . . Positive 74368 74369 74370 74371 74372 .1 .1 C(>.ST1(!AN, ACTING INSPECTOR. 1 (iTO I "71! 1 it;s 1 «.is 16 62 19 98 20-68 1 32 3 7(1 26 20 37 76 28-72 68 97 12 72 1 76 None, 1 40 None. 68 69 6 14 884 3 74 59 270 Trace. 280 34 219 oior» Trace. 0099 0018 0-0172 6 62 2 04 8-63 3 93 2-80 None. 21 22 None.., None. . . Present. None.. . Present Positive Faint. . . Positive Faint. . . Positive 74341 74343 74343 74344 74346 i ^i 1 |!;'i jj fi 1 1 y -4 pli '1 34 BULLETIN No. 38G 3 Nature of Sample. Name and Addrf^ft of Vendor. r.wt. Natiir and Addre«M r Fiiniif*h«T, a<- )her. Inspectors KeiKjrt. (Ih not an 'Xpre^sionof opinio)).) DISTUIt'T or OTTAWA- 1917. Liquid Ex- tract Caa- 7751H l>. lielanger, Main St.. Hull. 10 Win. 1 "i" CliHin. C... cara S a - grada. .. 22 ,, 77.M9 Allnn & Cu liran. , 12 ,. 1 ;':> l>u rrnuf^lt s ,V ' NfiM'an and hunk W'flU-oni*'. St»., Ottawa. „ 26 It 77521 T. Paynieat. Clarencf and Dall 'iu«it< Sts., Ottawa. 10 „ \.rM K. R .Shuttl... wuith Clu ni. Co., Torontd. .. 27 ,, 77522 Til.- A. K. Kea Uru^f U .. 1 7.". .li)lin Wveth li Ci>., Ottawa. ISlus.. I'ilila- r*) S. S. .Mills, l'ii'.. H. K. \\'anii)ole ('..., I'litli. Concentrat- ed bitter- leHH ]> r e - |>aratiunof Ca». Sag 3 year old bark, as- Hayed to different stren^rtli. M 28 KaHafifrt .... 77W4 Win. .1 (t h n M t '. n . 12 .1 1 ;t.". K. Stt'anis A !'.>., .\ imlataUe H. evt. 0( Smith's Kails. Wintlsor. prime Itark of Kliani. nils I'ur- sliiana. DI.HTRICT OK KIN(iSTl)N- Junu 13 Liquid Kx- tract Cas car* S a Krada. 7M375 78370 78377 78378 78379 78380 78381 \V. K. Austin* Kings- ton. Kstateol C. S. Prouse, Kingston. A. P. Chown, Kinf^s- ton. MahfHHl l>rtitr Co., Kingstcu. K. C. Clarke, Rll.- ville. I). M. Waters, ll-lle- ville. C. B. AlIiKon, Picton 12 07.S, 12 .. 12 .. 8 .. 12 .. .. 1 50 1 20 76 1.80 1 05 Harii>U(fli, Well- come Co., Lon- don. .1. Wyetli Bros., Philadelphia. P»rke. Davis (,'(..,' Walker ville. Steams, Wind sor. .1, Wveth Brtia., Philatlelphia. .Stearns, Wind sor. 25 LIQUID EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. RcHults of Aiialynu. I. I 1-3Q C s c3 fn Z . d s «' 1.^ 3^ si §5 e •c ■g < ^ l-S i§S ^ 1 o 55 RICKEY. INSPECTOR \MKS HOOAN, INSPECTOR. IN4, 1 00 C«- 91 None. 221 281 ; is:; i-4oi 74'75i . i I I i ui;ii. 21341 arWi 2 00 1 'm\ 17-.-iOi 32'4i; 3-4t>| 1 i "!I4; 16 28 I ! MK-.j ir.oo ; is:' i-fio 84 23 2 80 33341 3 20 68 65 None. )0042 3-98 452 iO OOGl 054 jo 0311 136 0042 218 54.'> IflO 0064 0163 0028 4 74 6 GO 7 33 30 ',t3 None 34 20 None . . Pinitive 6 23 6 97 1K> 24 38 78375 „ ., .. 78376 78S77 „ .. ,. ., 78378 78379 1. .. ., .. 78380 " Faint. 78381 m o ■B Nuturf of 36 BULLETIN No. 386.- \aiiif anti A'ldiv!*^ (if Wnti^T. Owt. Name ftii'l AHdri-s.'* of Manu- factnrrr wt'>r'» (Is not an exprt'HHion of upinion.) DISTRICT OF KIMJSTON- un 1917. June 19 „ 19 " 19 M 19 " 19 " 21 „ 21 21 Li(iuid tract cara grada, Kx. ;«;i82 783IM 783S4 78385 7a.'i8»! 78387 783.88 78389 W. A. Wriglit, Pictoii E. W. duif, I'icUn. .r. H. Dickey, Treii ton. Out. K. 1'". Fraser, Trenton, Ont. .1. Shurie, Trt-ntoii, Ont. McDerinicI & .Tury, IVterlKjrtt. W". J. Kent, I'eter- boro. Will. Maiiill. Peter 8 orj>. 1.20 9 ,. 90 9 M 90 74.. 1 10 9 „ 75 9 .. 1.80 9 ,. 7."> 9 .. 1.50 Stearnii, Wind B<>r. Burrou(th», Well- come Co., Lon- tlon. .Stearns, Winil- Da V ie Walker Parke, Co,. villr. I. Wyeth Hnw., Philadelphia. Lyman, Toronto. DISTRICT OK TORONTO- i-M ■- : : ? ik '^ ■ i wki^i A June 21 M 21 ., 21 .. 23 .. 2r> ., 26 .. 26 M 37 .. 27 " 37 r.iq. Kxt. Cascara. 77901 77'.t03 .. 77904 ,. 77905 77906 „ T7907 „ 77908 .. 77(109 ,. .. 77910 .. 77911 . MisH(;.(tallaKlier,756 12nz Broadview Ave., T.ironto. .1. T. H. Halkwell, 257 12 Danforth Ave., To- roiito. I Hoo|>er's Drug Store, 12 209 Hlo<.r St., K., Toronto. i F. W. SieveriKh», 13 Sherlxiume & Wil- ton, Tonmto. '.The T. Katon Co., 12 Ltd.jt^ieen 4 Yonge St., Toriinlo. •Wni. Adams, 267 9 '^leen St.. W., To- ronto, i W. .T. A. (^arnahan, 1 393 Chtirih St., To- ronto. ) W. C. Avirv, 700 12 Yonee Sf ,Toront.< )TlieI.yman Bn>«. 4 Sboti". Co., Ltd , 71 Fnint St., K..Tor.)nto. I The Drug Trading 3 Co.,Ltd.,100ntar!o St., Toronto. 1 30 1 00 40 1 ^.-^ 1 00 1 08 1.50 2 00 1.71 1.40 r. Wyeth 4 Co., Philadeli>hi». C. F.. Fro.*»t 4 Co., .Montreal. National Dnig 4 (Chemical Co., Toronto. Vendors F. Stearns 4 Co. Windsor. Biirroiighs, Well- come Co., Lon- don. H. K. Wamiwle ('•,, Perth. .1. •.. yeth 4 Bros., Phil* delphia. F. Stearns Co., Ltd., Windsor. E. G. West 4 Co.. To roiito. LIQUID EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. Ktwults (if AiKilysi'i. 1 = '5 v >? z. ■': i ^^ jt jj big s ?. c 3 ?,t 5/; HU «-^ c - 7-S 1^ *». ■^ 1 O 'u'Ifl- 1 M.i;; U 04 31 37 1 (His 61 22-11 I iiTnl 22 -20 1 L'l U-80 iH'i" 21 38 II! 2)> l(i 80 B6 16 31 :V5 2if37 60 38 2.^ 22 18 r>o 27 93 2 72 1 1"> IflO None. 1 18 1 62 None 1 88 in 2 24fii.I. <;. Karii, Wmxl '12 i stock. Out. I (i52.'iO, Standard Drug Co., 12 I l>ondon. ! l>B2i-)2:K. .1. Childx, l,.,ndonjl2 East. C->2.w|e. f. Harvey, St.|l2 i Thomas. Windsor. 1 .If.i.I. Wyeth ft Bro., Phil.ide!phia. i OO'Knw^tCo., Mon I I treal. ll.SiiiBurrouKhs Well come Co., Lon- ' don. d..Vii DISTRICT OF NORTHERN ONTAHIO- ■luly .^jCaacara. 7»•il.^ Curtis Defoe I Haileybury. Co.. J 12 20 I. Wyeth A Bro.,|L y m a n s Philadelphia. I Ltd., Mon- I treal. 29 LIQUID EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. RiMulta of Analysis. i a . J' 1 u 1 ;1 . *« < 1? p. 1' i >> .1 II I l>A(iKK, ACTIXd INSl'KCTOK. 1 <••■:' 23 Sii 1 fi;:. 211 f (I 1 l^'l; 11I-9K 1 'CI. l!l 64 1 M>| 20 00 li'Ti.; 16 2X i 1 ■•:i;i 25 66 ! 1 Id' 22-08 \ 1 Hi,(il IH'SO 1 "ii" 19-9S 38 67 4 Ot' 1 r,0 21S ;0 tioer) HOfi Noiif.. 31 41 34'4« 26 89 23 6'.t 30 47 1 2*> » '.w ; Ml 'O 012C' 7!* I 681 1-662| 2 48>l(ll) Vi ;0 0032 11-37 4Snit? 0>. rj'.Zh.jl ;l;"i llailcyluiry. ' j niirrouyhs W't-l) riiii* Co., Lon i • Ion. I IH-TiUCT OK MANITOBA- .lull'- •2H .Inly 5 " ;«i .•» " % 31 ■>t 24 2. Aug. 2 lie !(i. K\tr»ct C a K c a r a Sagrada. 1 75392 75393 „ 7.">3!Ki ., .. 7h39» M 753!»!l .. 7:i4(IO .. 795ir. M 79niB .. .. 79617 M 79531 (i. O.Hill, 308 Nairne tVve., Klinwo«>d. J, W. Hewith, Melita .McCiilloHgh's Drug Store, 912 Roeser Ave., Brandon. Kennedy's Pharmacy, Brandon. Robertson'a I>fUg Store, Brandon. Hatching's Drug Store, 068 Tenth St., Brand(.n, Limo Drug Co., 407 Selkirk Ave,, Win- niiwg. Bartlett'a Drug Store, 410 Selkirk Ave., Winnipeg. McLenna'a Drug Stoie, 593 .Selkirk Ave., Winnlp^. Brathwaite Drug Store. 288 Main St. Winnipeg. 12 ozs. 12 12 12 12 12 10 9 12 12 l.M 1.7i 8(1 2 75 I M 3.00 2.00 1.60 1.50 1 50 C. E. Krosht. Muiitr»al. I'arke Havn 4 ("o., Walk^T- ville. Burronghb Well cughM Well comeCo.jMon treal. Parke Davir< Ijo., Walkerville. Burrough* Well- come Co., Lon- don. C. K. Froaat, Montreal. Burronghs Well- come Co., liOn. don. 91 LIQIIU EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. ■{•■HtiltK of Analynis. •3 3 i !^ X 3 ?,!: •C-- o X -a -^ °U ■T. -< **. ,1 I .J 5 X. (•.. •./ri/. L'l.jl 27 ')4 1 44 1 i:'. W\ 012U ,1 I. COSCKOVK. IXSt'KC'loK. 1 "7 1 I'T'.ii 1 '"i>; 1 "7!' 1 n7| 1 "71 1 '"w 1 ".'n 1 "7H 10 2*1 2086 23 01 111 52 22 55 :w (H 2S 41 22 18 18 88 22 55 24 1(1 28 on 27 »! 21 7(. 28 40 28 70 27 10 23 5;i 20 27 80 7 0<» N»tn»'. . . 'Non<'. . I'o-iitiv** 78til>' 75392 75393 7689r. CiMt. NftiiU' »nil Ailinu Co. , London i3 OO 13 00 3 («) I I'arkclMvisA Co.,' Walkerville I Burrouglis WVU-j come Co. , fjundon Unknown ' DISTRICT OF NORTHERN SASKATCHKWAX- Ji.ly 31 Lif|. Kxtract of CftHcara Sagrada. 78?.07iL. A. Brown. North Battle-' 12 ozk ! 1 iKjjLTnited Drug Co I (ord. ' Toronto. 7K.")09 .1. H. Abljott, 12 2 i«iC. E. Fro«»t, M.,n ; I tr»'al. DISTRICT OF ALBERTA - .lime 14 .. 14 14 .. 21 „ 21 ,. 23 2S ., 29 ., 29 July 9 Liq. Kxtract of Cascara Sagrada. 52683 .52684 .52685 52686 52687 52688 52690 52691 52692 Wendell Maclean, Calgary. }3bot.»;3 MctJill'ii Drug Store, CalgaryiS J.J. Weinfield Drug Co ,j3 Ltd.. Calgary. v.. M. Ciirimnter, EdniontonlS I H. L. Hunt, Edmonton 13 Mooney Drug Co., Leduc . . 13 Rume Pingle. Medicine Hat;3 Kenney and Allen, Leth- bridge. J. D. Higinbotham, Leth- bridge. Harvey Drug Co., Calgary. . OOlBurioughs Well-',, I comeCo.jIjondon Nat. DiugA Cliem ' Co., Montreal, i I 20 F. Steams Co., Ltd., Windsor. Nat. Drug & Chem. Co., Montreal. Burroughs W^H- come Co., Mont- real. C. E. FroBstfcCo., Montreal. F. Steams & Co,, Ltd., Windsor Burroughs Well- come Co^I^indon 93 MQllD EXTRACT CA8CARA 8A0RADA. In-i*-! t"r'* Reiiort. il« ti"t an cYpnHHiiun . f i)|iint(>n, } Hf«ultM uf Analyata. I 5 5 \2 I. II HAM., INSl'KCTOR. 1 065 1 002 1 UG4 1 077 1(>»3 1 073 I WM 1173 1 070 1070 19 08 lit 96 19 9fi 2:vi» 2(1 15 2H « 23 01 n 70 22 65 23 19 .1 M HAMS, INSl'KCTOR. 1 104 1 054 I A W R. MARKLEY, INSPECTOR. *t\\ -I !iiat«Hi Hi i:iiMiiM I'urthUna. ('; Ka.vigrft 1 191 1 184 1 061 I 1 162 1'18S I 1-061 I 1 064 ; 1 186 ! 1 1S8 1 19 2 51 19 28 7 01 093 20 S3 23 28 20 18 1 06 22 7H 21 nt 22 78 36 24 28 tM 27 30 23 10 51 20 24-90 25 80 Pivwnt ,. BO I 4;i 10 21-19 19 20 •a i 'A 77U8U 77042 77063 77«i4 77 1« 17 17 24 34 24 Kit. f '*iK.'Hra SaKriula (W41«'K. \S. Ha/lfwi-id, Tr»il. IM44<> tW4.\« 6X4:!' «>846<) \V. 11. Wn'niiian, KimaUikI T. Stout, RcwsUnil Poruir & liook Co., N..U,.i. Cit\ Drug h, Stiitionery Cu., l2ou. 2 IM) « .. 1 •& 13 ., :! 00 12 .. •-' 00 12 .. 2 .Vi 12 M 1 .'H) K St.arn« Co , Windwir. N»t. I*ruKftCh<-ni. Co., Montrial. I'ark)' Dkvin Co , VValkcrville. 0. K. FriMitAC..., Montreal. HiimURha W.lj- cotUH, Moiitruat. Davii* ft Lawrt'nct*, Montreal. DISTRICT OF VANCOL'VEK ■lone 22 22 22 23 2;i 25 26 26 Liquid K X ■ tract Chh cara .Sii |];rada. 75H.V1 75854 7;Vfj.-i 7.">H.'J<; 7ri«,-)7 758,Vtj 7iW5ll 7r)8»i 75861 I Bruailw.iv Phuriujicy, Hroad- wuy and (IraiivUile, Van- couver. CiUininglKim Dnif? Store, 13th and Griinville. Vim eouver .John M. Wliite, 11th Ave. and Main St., Vanctmver. Paeiit, l>ru« Stores, Ltd.. 7th ; e. and Main St., VaitC'uver. O. C. Uutledtf.-, Cwlai St. and 4th Ave.. Vancouver LaWH Urug Store, 2; V.i Main St., Vaneouver. .1. H. Moian, 476 Broadway W., \'ancouver. MacLenn«r'x UruK Sl<"re. 7.50 Cohiniliia St., Van eouver Cunninghiini Drug St«)res, Nelson and Dennian St«., Vancouver. .VIcDnffee Bros., 76 Cordova •St. E., Vancouver. l2oM. '"■ 12 ., 1 50 12 .. I r^i 12 .. 1 85 12 .. 1 50 12 .. 4 40 12 .. 2 00 12 ,. 2 IK) 12 .■ im 12 „ 2-20 !■'. Stearna ft Co., Windsor. C. E. Fro^t A Co., Montreal. J. A. Temiorten, Ltd., Vancou- ver. Nat. DruaACheni. Ci >. of Canada. Parke-Uavirt ft Co., WalkerviUe. Nat. OrngftCheui. Co. of Canada. Parke-Dav ia ft Co. , WalkerviUe. P". Stearm ft Co. Windsor. Parke Davikft ('o. WalkerviUe. dIkStrict of victchia- July 13 Liquid Ex tract Caa- cara Sa grula. 75802 ■), B. HiHlgini. Nanaimo. .. 11 oz^. 2 75 Parke-Uaviuft Co. WalkerviUe. . S5 LIQUID EXTRACT CASCAUA SAGRADA. I Rmulto >i( AnklyaU. i;.,..r.. (|< >u>t an nj tTiinn\. (ilMlimHI IKT lOlt IX. HI B i *^ r '. if a Colour reaction unins thr I'thylntidp. pxtract ijf thx I'AKKKK, INSI'F.rTOK _ 1 <>.Hin 1 OMl 1 1)748 I 07:m 1 1H90 I (W2H 17 44 17 »' 22 i«; \i i>7 la 11 07 2!t 11 "> Jit 71) ;«) u 2ti :tt» tl7 2'.! 31 (K) |)tH'|» r»' 17 OS •) «: .'1 92 17 Oti 22 42 18 M) 22 31 31 57 ilM

Manufacturer. Fjrniaher. c '^ ■g A 3 , s ■ £ ^ '/: ^ o- , w UISTKICT OK VICTOIUA- 1917 lulv 13 Liquid Kx I 768!*:) tract Ca^ I tara Sa- graila. . I 758'.'4 . I 7589.^ . I 758!»6 .' 7589' .; 7.'>89S .} 76809 .; 7591KI i 75901 K. C. Steariuan, Nanaiiiio ..jl2oz9. Ivels I'nainiacy, 12W) Dour- 10 las St., N'ietoria. r;eria. ^aronson & Khvin, Cook and Fort 3t«., Vict^ina. !l2 i 2 -SoiC. K.FiosM. Mont- real. ;l 2,j burrouKhs-Well come Co., Lon- I don. 1 ,');( '. K. KroKst, M ont- real. IWi rarke-l)avi«4C>)., Walkerville. f - 37 LIQl'ID EXTRACT CASCARA SAGRADA. InciH'C tor's Keix)rt. [U not an exprension (i[iinion). RetulUof Ar-.'y«'. Sp. gr. 15 6° C. Gnmmea per 100 cc. Coloui -eactMin mmy, the y*." ,i oxide extra ' ot t:'.>> dealcohu izeil aiaterial. m ■f tea > 11-^f' '■2 •3 o lo 05.5 I i '111 6 a I S5 Coii'imltd. 1 0651 1 1917 I 1930 1 0881 11218 I 0730 1 0743 1 0623 1 0761 15 31 78 86 14 88 15 77 15 41 16 43 14 69 19 33 21 54 66-36 66 58 30 90 39 15 25 98 26 18 23 23 29 26 Deep Red Red. Deep Red . Red Deep Red Pinkiih Brown. Faint Brown Pinkiah Brown Faint Brown Pinkiah Brown. Deep Red Brown. 76893 Slight Red Brown. 75894 Deep Red Brown. 75896 75896 •I 76897 75898 ,. 75899 .. 75900 " 75901